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 >
 
 LONDINIANA
 
 LONDON : 
 
 SHACKELL AND BAYLIS, JOHNSOX's-COURT, FLEET-STREET.
 
 LONDINIANA; 
 
 OR, 
 
 iSeminfecences 
 
 OF THR 
 
 BRITISH METROPOLIS 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 CHARACTERISTIC SKETCHES, 
 
 ANTIQUARIAN, TOPOGRAPHICAL, DESCRIPTIVE, 
 AND LITERARY. 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD WEDLAKE BRAYLEY, 
 
 F.S.A. M.R.S.L. &C. &C. 
 
 The Man who stood on the Acropolis, 
 
 And looked down over Attica ; or he 
 Who has sail'd where picturesque Constantinople is, 
 
 Or seen Tombuctoo, or hath taken tea 
 In small-eyed China's crockery-ware metropolis, 
 
 Or sat amidst the bricks of Nineveh, 
 May not think much of London's first appearance, — 
 But ask him what he thinks of it a year hence ? " 
 
 Lord Byron. 
 
 IN FOUR VOLUMES. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 LONDON: 
 HURST, CHANCE, AND CO. 
 
 1829.
 
 STACK ANNEX 
 
 Gil 
 
 113 Ji 
 
 ANALYTICAL TABLE 
 
 CONTENTS, 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 Page 
 Entertainment of Christian IV., King of Denmark, . 1-5 
 Christian's visit to the Queen, Anne of Denmark . .His 
 entry into London, and particulars of the Banquets 
 given for his amusement. .Sad disaster of the Queen 
 ofSheba. 
 Lord Mayors . . . . . . 5-T 
 
 Exemptions from serving the office of Lord Mayor. . 
 Impressing for Choristers . . . .7-9 
 
 Ordinance in the time of Henry VI. for pressing Min- 
 strels. .Complaint of Thomas Tusser. 
 Henry the Sijcth ..... 9 
 
 Verses composed by him. • 
 Monument of Gower, the Poet . . . 9-11 
 
 Some account of Gower. . Editions of his Poem " De 
 Confessione Amantis" . . Description of his Monument 
 in St. Saviour's, Southwark 
 Queen Elizabeth ..... 11-10 
 
 Character and Disposition of the Maiden Queen, by Sir 
 John Hariugton. .Her Subtlety, Fondness for Dress, 
 and Tyranny to her Ladies, 
 b 
 
 733 

 
 VI ANALYTICAL 
 
 Printing . . . . . .16-16 
 
 Foreign Compositors in the reign of Eiizabetb. 
 
 /restminsier Alley. — yionume7if of Lady Nightingale 17-19 
 Lady Xighting.-ile's Monument the work of Roubiliac. 
 . .The Subject described. .Critical Remarks. 
 
 Sheriffs of London ..... 19-32 
 Particulars of tiie Sheriffdon, by Richard Hoare, Esq. 
 . .Three Lord Mayors in one Year. .Transportation 
 of Felons. .Custom of collecting Charity for the City 
 Prisoners. .Origin of the Easter Entertainments.. 
 Court Baron, and Court Leet . .Court of Conservancy 
 ..Exemption from serving the office of Sheriff.. 
 Mode of Prcclaimiug St. Bartholomew Fair in 1741. 
 
 Whitehall, anciently called York Place . . I7*-56* 
 Hubert de Burgh erects a mansion on this site. .Be- 
 queathed to the Black Friars.. Sold to Walter 
 Gray, Aichbi>hopof York, and made the Archiepis- 
 copal Palace of that see. . Splendid establishment 
 and pompous living of Cardinal Wolsey atYork Place. 
 . . Wolsey 's disgrace and retirement to Asher. .York 
 Place occupied by King Henry VIII., who erects 
 additional buildings there, and annexes the whole, 
 together with St. James's Park, to his ancient Pa- 
 lace of Westminster. . . .Marriage of that Sovereign 
 with Anne Boleyn, at York Place. .Early occurrence 
 of the appellation W/iitekaU . .Uemy reviews a 
 grand muster of arme 1 Citizens from the Gate-hous3. 
 -.His death.. Splendour of Whitehall iii Queen 
 El'zabeth's reign. .Erection of a Banquetting House 
 for the Eu terrain ment of a French Embassy in 1581 
 ,. Gorgeous Triumph in the Tilt-yard. .Hentzner's 
 Account of Whitehall in 1.598.. Anecdotes and De- 
 cease of Queen Elizabeth. . Diversions at Whitehall 
 in the reigns of James I. and Charles I, .Masque of 
 " Blacknesse.".. Marriage of the Princess Elizabeth 
 . .Designs for a new Palace by Inigo Jones. .Ban- 
 fiuettipg-house. .Or'I nances for selliijg the Pictures
 
 TA13LE OF CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 . .Suite of Whitehall in the veii^n of CLarle.-; 11.. 
 Curious Dials. . Enterluiiiment of llie Morooco Am- 
 bassador. .Deatli of Charles II. .Popish Chapel of 
 James II. .Destruction of Whitehall by fire. .Cock- 
 pit Gate. .Busts. 
 Speakers of the Ilouae of Commons . • 32-33 
 
 Custom of Ihs Speaker to disparage his own abilities 
 . .Speech of Sir Christopher Yelverton. 
 Ejctrnordbiar]] Eixape from DjiUh . . . 33-37 
 
 Remarkable Raoovery after Suspension, of William 
 Duell. .Extraordinary Recovery of Anne Greene, at 
 Oxford . . Epigram on the subject. 
 Ingenious Mechanism . . . .37-39 
 
 Instance of skilful workmanship in chaining up aFiea. 
 Marshulsea Priso}i, Southwark . . • 3S-39 
 
 Army Surgeons in tbe time of Henry VIII. . Tgaorance 
 of, and committal of njany of them to the Marshalsea. 
 
 Lady Jane Grey 39-40 
 
 Account of her early years, by her tutor, Ascham.. 
 Lines written by that Lady in the Tower. 
 Roijul Society .... 40-43 
 
 Dr. Wallis's account of the ori^^in of that Society.. 
 Charter of lucorporation granted by Charles II.. . 
 Curious Letter from Sir Isaac Newton. 
 Character of a Gull .... 43-45 
 Epigrams by Christopher Mariow and Sir John Davis 
 of a Gull— Meditations of a Gull. 
 Admiral Vernon, and the Duchess of Marlborouich . 45-46 
 Vernon stigmatized by Lord Byron as " the Butcher.'' 
 . .Anniversary of his Birth-day. 
 Provisionsm Queen Elizabeth'' s Reign . . 46-48 
 
 Prices of Provisions from an old Household account for 
 the years 1594 and 1595. 
 WaUc of Robin Conscience througli London . 48-55 
 
 Analysis and Extracts from the satirical ballad of 
 " Robin Conscience, or Couscionable Robin," illus- 
 Irating the habits of tbe Londoners, 
 b Z
 
 Vlll ANALYTICAL 
 
 Eaalcheap, and the Boar's Head Tavern . . 55-61 
 
 Abode of Dame Quickly. ." London licke Penny,'' a 
 satirical soug. .Geoffrey Crayon. .Tlie Boar's Head 
 the 'Chief Tavern in London'. .Goldsmith's " Re- 
 verie''. .Anecdote of the Princes Thomas and John, 
 sons of Henry IV. .Epitaph on Robert Preston, the 
 Boar's Head Drawer 
 Westmiufiter Abbey. —Monument of the Great Earl of 
 
 Chatham ...... 62-64 
 
 Designed by Bacon. .Description of the Monument, 
 and critical remarks. .Anecdote of George III. 
 Fire of London, — Conduits destroyed . . 64-65 
 
 Quaint account of the " Spoiling of the City Conduits." 
 Parish Churches erected in London, by Sir Christopher 
 
 Wren, after the Great Fire . . . 66-70 
 
 Sir Christopher Wren appointed Assistant Surveyor- 
 General to Sir John Denham. .Succeeds him in 
 oflace. .Enumeration of Parish Churches erected by 
 Sir Christopher. .Cost of Building each. .Other Pub- 
 lie Works erected by the same Architect. .Repairs 
 of Westminster Abbey. 
 St. Paul's Cathedral.— Walkers in Paul's . . 70-74 
 
 Disorderly Conduct in St. Paul's. .Ancient Inscription 
 on the doors. .St. Paul's, a thoroughfare for Porters. 
 . . Lines for Donations . . Irreverent practices in the 
 time of Elizabeth. .Houses built against the walls. 
 Great Plague of London.— Story of the Blind Piper. 74-76 
 
 Anecdote of the Blind Piper, as related by De Foe. 
 Merchant Taylors' Co77ip any and Hall . . 76-84 
 
 Origin of the Company. . Confirmation from Edward I. 
 - .The Pilgrim . . Incorporated by Edward IV. . Rein- 
 corporated by Henry VII. .Members of the Company 
 . .Splendid Entertainment given to James I.. .History 
 and Description of the Hall. .Extracts from the 
 Company's books, relating to the above Entertaiu- 
 mer. t.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX 
 
 God save the King, and Non nobis Domitie. — Epitaph 
 onSal.Pavij .... 84-88 
 
 Mr. Richard Clarke's origin of our National Anthem, 
 "God save the King''. . " Non nobis, Domine," com- 
 posed by William Byrde .** God save the King" at- 
 tributed to Dr. Bull, by Mr. Clarke, but erroneousl;-. 
 Epitaph on S.P. [Salomon Pavy], by Ben Jonson. . 
 Some account of that youth. 
 Pentonville, and St. James's Chapel . . 88-89 
 
 Origin of the name of Pentonville. .Chapel erected . . 
 Description of the Chapel. 
 Clothworker's Company and Hall . . 89-90 
 
 Clothworker's Company Incorporated by Edward IV. 
 . . Reincorporated by Queen Elizabeth. . Description 
 of the Hall 
 Forced Loans in Queen Elizabeth's Reign . 90-91 
 
 Benevolences, and forced Loans. .Assessment on the 
 City Companies in Queen Elizabeth's reign. 
 IVestminster Abbey. — Shrine of St. Edward the Con- 
 fessor ..... 91-100 
 Chapel of Edward the Confessor — Edward's decease; 
 and offerings made at his tomb by William the 
 Norman. .Coronation of William. .Miracles and 
 Canonization of King Edward. .Translation of his 
 remains by Archbishop Becket ; and retranslation 
 into the New Shrine, erected by Henry III.. The 
 Shrine described. . Inscriptions. .Mistakes as to the 
 Italian artist Cavalini. .Reliques deposited in St. 
 Edward's chapel .. Veneration of his Kiemory. . 
 Particular observances on St. Edward's Day. . 
 Mortal seizure of Henry IV. .Offerings at St. Ed- 
 ward's shrine after the victory at Azincourt. .Offer- 
 ings of Edward IV. .Oblations of Richard III. 
 JVesfminster Abbey, ancient Coronation Chair, and 
 
 Prophetic Stone . . . J 00- 121 
 
 Coronation Chair. .Prophetic or Fatal .Stone. .Tradi-
 
 X ANALYTICAL 
 
 tioijiiry story of its having been Jacob's pillow. , 
 Account of this Stone by Fordun, in his " Scoto 
 Chronico}c''\ . Aecouut of, by Holinsbed. .Mentioned 
 in the nianusci'ipt additions to Robert of Gloucester's 
 Chronicle. .History of the Stone in " Wintownis 
 Chronikii'^ .Brought into Ireland. . Its property of 
 issuing souuds. .Taken into Scotland. .Inclosed in a 
 wooden chair. .Last of the Scottish kings cro\%ned in 
 th's seat. .Removed from Arjyie to Scone, by Ken- 
 neth II. .Conveyed to London by Edward I. .Vast 
 importance attached to it by the Scots .. Conference 
 between Edward III. and David, Kingof Scotland. . 
 Description of the Prophetic Stone. .Its raineralo- 
 gical character .. How described by ancient Histo- 
 rians. .Coronation Chair made in Edward the First's 
 reign.. Description of the same in its ancient and 
 present state. .Coronation of Charles II . . Chair made 
 lor the coronation of Queen Mary. 
 FishniQiigers^ Company and Htill . . 12] -125 
 
 Jup.ction of the two companies of Salt and Stock Fish- 
 mongers. .Incorporated by Henry VIII.. Fined in 
 the reijin of Edward I.. Strong prejudice excited 
 against them . .Disputes between the Company and 
 the Goldsmiths.. Their Hall destroyed by the Fire 
 of London. .Rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren.. 
 Pulled down in 1827. . Statue in wood of Sir Wi!!!am 
 Walworth, Knt. .Lines beneath the statue. . Sir Wil- 
 liam's burial, and fune-f-al pall. .Pictures. 
 Great and Little Turnstiles, Holism . . 125-128 
 
 Derivation of the two Turnstiles. . Books published at 
 the Turning Siila in Kolborn. .Strype's account of 
 Great Turnstile. . New Turnstile. 
 Deanery at Westminster. — Jernsaleni Chamber, and 
 
 Death of Henry IF. , . College Hall and Kitchen 1 26- 1 30 
 
 Deanery, formerly tiie abode of the Abbots of West- 
 minster, .built by Abbot Litlingtou. .Pictures in the
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI 
 
 Deanery. .Painted Ghiss. .Tapestry. .Puiuting of 
 Richard II.. Death of Heary IV. in the Jerusalem 
 Chamber.. The College Hall, now Dining Hall of 
 the Westminster Scholars. .The Abbot's Kitchen. 
 Vintners Company and Hall . . . 130, 134 
 
 Vintinarij and Tabernarij. .Price of Gascoij-rne and 
 Rhenish wines. .Merchant Vintners. . Privileges 
 granted to the Vintners' Company. .Vintners' Hall. 
 . .Stody Place. . Destroyed by the fire. .Description 
 of the present edifice. . the Couit Room. . Portraits. 
 ..An Aldermannic Jeu d'Ejprit. 
 Eishopsgate Street.— iMansion, and Blo'jraphical Sketch of 
 Sir Paul Pindar . . . . 134-137 
 
 ALinsion of Sir Paul.. his family, .apprenticed to an 
 Italian merchant, .appointed Ambassador to the 
 Grand Stignor. .made a Farmer of the Customs. . 
 furnishes the Crown with Money and Jewels, .large 
 Diamond, .his Manufactory of Alum, .his immense 
 riches. .Suicide of his Executor. .Buried at St. Bo- 
 tolph's, Bisbopsgate. .his Leaden Coffin, .his Gifts 
 towards the repairing of St. Paul's. 
 Ben Jonson's Masque of Christmas — Places in Lon- 
 don in James the First's Reign . . 137-140 
 Masque *' presented at Court'' in 1616. .The Drama- 
 tis Personae. .Extracts from the song of Old Christ- 
 mas. .Bosom's Inn. .Fill-pot Lane. .Scalding Alley 
 ..Distaff Lane. .Pur Alley- .Honey Lane. .Thread- 
 needle StVeet. .Penny Rich Street. .Crooked Lane. 
 Clothwor/cers' Company arid Hall - - 140-141 
 Incorporation of the Clothwovkers by Edward the 
 IVth ; and Reincorporation by Queen Elizabeth. . 
 Clothworkers' Hall. .Screen. .Carved Statues of 
 James I. and Charles L 
 Dec npitatio n of La dy Jane Grey . . 141-144 
 Lady Jane beheaded in 1554. .Her heroism, as stated 
 by Howes. .Account of her behaviour on the Scaf-
 
 Xll ANALYTICAL 
 
 fold, from a rare tract.. Lines scratched on the 
 walls of her Prison ascribed to her. .Translation 
 of the same. 
 
 Chris fs Hospital, Newgate Street , . 145-16 
 
 Grey Friars.. Their settlement in London.. John 
 Ewin. .Library founded by Whittington . .Friary sur- 
 rendered to Henry the Eighth.. Church used as a 
 , depository for French goods . . Illustrious persons 
 buried there. .Necessities of the Poor. .Establish- 
 ments founded by Henry. .Exhortation of Bishop 
 Ridley.. Zeal of Edward the Sixth, who writes to 
 Sir Richard Dobbs, Lord Mayor, in favour of the 
 Poor. .Establishment of Christ's Hospital. .Endow- 
 ments. .Benefactions. .Establishment at Hertford. . 
 Dress of the Boys.. Christ Church suffers in the 
 great fire.. New Church built by Sir Christopher 
 Wren. .Building of Christ's Hospital. .Mathemati- 
 cal School.. Old Hall .. Writing School. .Lavatory 
 ..Grammar School.. The New Hall particularly 
 described. . Public Suppers. .Dietary of the Boys. . 
 Course of Instruction. .Scholarships. .Government 
 of the Hospital.. Portraits. .Inscription under the 
 portrait of Sir Richard Dobbs . . Extensive Charities 
 vested in the Governors. 
 
 Aerostation. — Vincent Lnnardi. — Adam and Eve Tea- 
 
 Gardens .... 161-165 
 
 First aerostatic experiment in England. .Lunardi's in- 
 tended Ascent from Chelsea — Attempt of De Moret 
 . .Lunardi accommodated with the Artillerj-Ground 
 . . His Balloon exhibited at the Lyceum . . The 
 Prince of Wales witnesses his Ascent. . Fright of the 
 Country People on his descent at Ware.. His se- 
 cond Ascent, and imminent danger. .Falls within 
 the Adam and Eve Tea Gardens. .Hogarth's march 
 to Finchley..Totenhall. 
 
 Bridewell Hospital , Bridge Street , Blackfriars 1 6<5- 1 69 
 
 Ancient Palace. .Residence of Wolsey. .Extortions of
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Xlll 
 
 Henry VIII... That monarch rebuilds Bridewell. . 
 Bridge over the Fleet. .Question of Henry's mar- 
 riage with Katharine of Arragon. .London filled 
 with dissolute persons. .Letter of Bishop Ridley to 
 Sir William Cecyl.. Charter of Bridewell Hospital 
 granted by Edward VI.. .His portrait in the ancient 
 Chapel. .Lines inscribed under it.. Extent of the 
 Hospital, as delineated in Ralph Aggas's Plan of 
 London.. The Hall. .Portraits. .Committee Room 
 ..Chapel.. Tread Mill. 
 Faubert's Vassage — Riding Academy . . 169-171 
 
 Faubert's Passage. .Swallow Street. .Riding Academy 
 established by Major Faubert. .Description of it by 
 Evelyn. .Converted into Livery Stables. 
 Temple Bar — Butchers' Roiv . . 171-176 
 
 Ancient Bar across the Street. .Temple Bar, the pre- 
 sent edifice erected by Sir Christopher Wren. .Des- 
 cription of the building. .Traitors' heads placed on 
 it.. Singular story concerning the head of Counsel- 
 lor Layer. .Dr. Rawlinson. .Butcher Row. .Market 
 granted by Edward I.. .Betty's Chop House. .Resi- 
 dence of Count Beaumont.. Due de Sully lodged 
 there .. Ireland's Shakspeare forgeries.. Neighbour- 
 ing Inns. 
 Lndgate^Prison Thoughts . . 176-178 
 
 Ludgate. .Bowyer's Row. .Fabulous origin of Lud- 
 gate. -Rebuilt by the Barons.. Statues. .Ludgate 
 converted into a free prison. .Enlarged by the libe- 
 rality of Stephen and Agnes Forster. .Inscription on 
 it. .Damaged by the Fire. .Repaired. .Pulled down 
 ..Statue of Queen Elizabeth fixed against the 
 wall of St. Dunstan's Church.. Browning's Prison 
 Thoughts. .Verses on Patience. 
 Dr. Franklin— Duke Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields 178-180 
 
 Franklin's arrival in London. .Engaged as a Compo- 
 sitor. .Lodges in Duke Street. .His suppers .Account 
 of an English Nun.
 
 XIV ANALYTICAL 
 
 Prices of Wearing' Apparel in the Reign of Edward 
 
 the Sixth. . . . . 180-181 
 
 Peter Martvr, aud Bernardinns Ocbin invited into this 
 country.. Original bill oi' their expenses. .Extracts 
 concerning their Wearing Apparel. 
 St. Saviour's Church, or St. Mary Overy's,Southwark \S\-IS5 
 Account of ihe orig;in of St. Mary Overy's, by Stow. . 
 Questioned by Maitland and others. .Austin Canons 
 settled here.. The Priory " burned''. .Rebuilt in 
 the reign of Kenry IV...Gower, the poet, a great 
 benefactor. .Buried here. .Surrender of the Priory 
 to Henry VIII., .Pension of Prior Liusied. .Church 
 made parochial. .Description of the Church.. Re- 
 cent repairs. .Curious screen. 
 Bangor House, Shoe Lane . . , 1 §5-1 87 
 
 Map ascribed to Ralph Aggas. .Situation of Bacgor 
 House, .residence of Bishop Doulben. .the messuage 
 purchased by Sir John Barkslead. .deserted as an 
 episcopal residence, .pulled down. .Oldborne Hall. 
 
 Thavie's Ian, Holborn . . . J 87-188 
 
 Mansion and bequests of John Thavy. .bis Inn pur- 
 chased by the benchers of Lincoln's Inn, and made 
 an Inn of Chancery. .Sold to Thomas Middleton, 
 Esq.. .destroyed b\ fire.. the present buildings ad- 
 judged to be extra-parochial. 
 Billingsgate ..... 189-191 
 
 A Water Gate of the City . .attributed to Belin . . made a 
 Free Port. .Account of it by Stow. .Recent Improve- 
 ments at Billingsgate.. Character of the ** Fisher- 
 women,'' by Lupton. 
 Council Chamber of King Henry the Eighth . 101-192 
 Wood-cut of the Council Chamber, in Hall's Chronicle. 
 . . Ftic-simile in Eibdin's " Typographical Anti- 
 quities.". .Council Chamber described. 
 Warwick House, Cloth Fair,— Lady HoUancVs Mob 192-193 
 Warwick House erected in Queen Elizabeth's Reign.
 
 TABLE OF CO.NTENTS. XV 
 
 ..Residence of Robert, P'iirl of Warwick . .Cloth 
 Fair..MidiiigLt Proclamation of St. Ruriholomew'!* 
 Fair. 
 
 Curl (sJe House, Lambetlt . . . 193-195 
 
 When built .. called Rochester Place.. residence of 
 Bisbop Fisher. .The Bishop's Cook boiled alive in 
 Smithfield. .Exchange made with Henry the Vlllth 
 . .Called Carlisle House. .Sold by the Parliament. . 
 How occupied, .pulled down 
 
 White Conduit House, Islington . . 195-19T 
 
 Origin of the name. .Ancient Conduit. . Description of 
 the grounds iu 1774. .AVhite Conduit Loaves. - 
 Graham, the aeronaut. .Minor Vauxhail. .Dobney's 
 Bowling Green.. Ducking Pond. 
 
 niietstone's Far/c, Lincoln's Inn Fields . 197-198 
 
 " Le Spencer's Lond.''. . Houses erected in the Reign 
 of Charles the Second. .Phillip's Rents. .Pargiter's 
 Court. .Vicious inhabitants of Whetstone Park. 
 
 The Charter House .... 198-223 
 
 Derivation of the name — Chartreuse. .No Alan's Land 
 . .Pardon Church, Hawe and Chapel. .New Church 
 Hawe — Sir Walter de Manny. . Foundation of a Con- 
 vent for Carthusian Monks. .Surrendered to Henry 
 VIII. . Piior Hov.ghtou, and others, executed for 
 denying the King's Supremacy. .Cruelties towards 
 the Monks.. Their Alms-giving. .Revenues of the 
 Convent. .Singular Vision of a Carthusian Monk.. 
 Grant of the Site of the Charter-house. . Purchased 
 by Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk. .Visits of 
 Queen Elizabeth. .Execution of the Duke of Norfolk. 
 ..James the First holds his Court here. .Sketch of 
 the life of Thomas Sutton, Esq. ..His education, 
 travels, and marriage.. SaiUng of the Spanish 
 Armada delayed by his agency. .Lends money on 
 interest and mortgage... designs the foundation of an 
 Hospital. .Purchases the Charter House. .Charter
 
 XVI ANALYTICAL 
 
 granted by King James. . Nominates a Master. . His 
 death. . Claims made by his Nephew. . Act of Confir- 
 mation. .Buildings- .Great Hall. .Chapel . . Monu- 
 ment of the Founder. .Brooke Hall. .Governor's 
 Room. .Court Room. . Anniversary. .Old Carthusian 
 Melody . . Library . . Governors . . Pensioners and 
 Scholars. .Education.. Exhibitions and Ecclesiasti- 
 cal Preferments. .The Green and Wilderness.. 
 Charter House Square.. Revenues. 
 
 Old Bailey — Birth-Place of Camden — Memoir of Peter 
 
 Bales— Green Arbour Court . . 223-22T 
 
 Ancient state of the Old Bailey. . Birth and notice of 
 Camden.. His strict regard to veracity. .Peter 
 Bales, the celebrated Penman. . Instance of his skill. 
 Curious Epigram. .Arms of Calligraphy. .Little Old 
 Bailey.. Green Arbour Court. . Residence of Gold- 
 smith, the Poet. .Prynne's " Histrio-Mastix'' sold 
 there. .Break-neck Stairs. 
 The Strand — Various Mansions of the Nobility and 
 
 Prelates .... 227-230 
 
 Ancient state of the Strand. .Essex House. .Chapel of 
 St. Spirit. . Arundel House. .Chester's Ion.. Strand 
 Bridge. .Bishop of Chester's Inn.. Bishop of Wor- 
 cester's Inn. .Somerset House.. Stone Cross.. May- 
 Pole. .Savoy.. Worcester House. .Salisbury House. 
 . .Ivy Bridge. . Durham House. .York House. . Nor- 
 thumberland House. .Wimbledon House. .Exeter 
 House. 
 
 Durham House, Salisbury House, and Worcester 
 House .... 230-23 
 
 Durham House, .an Inn of the Bishops of Durham. . 
 Exchanged with Henry VIII. for Cold Harborougli 
 ..Converted into a Royal Palace, .Tournament at 
 Westminster. .Durham House bestowed by Ed- 
 ward IV. on his sister Elizabeth .Marriage hereof 
 Lady Jane Grey. .Reversion granted by Queen
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVll 
 
 Mary to the see of Durham. .New Exchange. .Adel- 
 phi erected on the site of Durham Place. .Salisbury 
 House. .Salisburj' Street. . IMiddle Exchange. . Wor- 
 cester House, formerly called Carlisle House. .Rus- 
 sel House and Bedford House. .Beaufort Buildings. 
 Old London Bridge . . . 236-272 
 
 Early meatiou of a Bridge over the Thames, by Dion 
 Cassius. .Irruption of Olaf the Dane. .Attack on the 
 City by Sweyn.. Tolls at Bylyngesgate. .Stow's 
 Account of the Foundation of the Bridge. .Descrip- 
 tion of the Bridge by Snorro SturJesonius, and tri- 
 umphal songs of the Norse Bards. .Canute's 
 Trench. .Swept away by a Tempest.. The Bridge 
 rebuilt by William Rufus, and again by Peter of 
 Colechurch .. Erection of a new Stone Bridge.. 
 Death and interment of Peter of Colechurch.. 
 Dreadful calamity by Fire.. Towers or Gates.. 
 Drawbridge. .Five arches carried away by the ice. 
 . .Head of Wallace placed on the northern Tower. 
 . . Grand Passage of Arms. . Entrance into the City 
 of King Richard and his Queen, Isabel. .Pageant 
 on the Bridge. . Dangerous passage beneath. .Insur- 
 rection of Jack Cade.. Attack by the Bastard Fal- 
 conbridge. .Insurrection of Sir Thomas Wyatt.. 
 View of the Bridge in Queen Elizabeth's reign.. 
 Ravages by Fire. .Buildings removed from the 
 Bridge in 1756. .Description of its condition at that 
 period. .Erection of a temporary Bridge of Timber 
 . .Description of the Ancient Chapel. .Fish Pond in 
 the Sterling. . Nonsuch House. . A])plications to Par- 
 liament for power to erect a New Bridge. .The first 
 Stone laid. .The New Bridge. .Discoveries made in 
 laying the Foundations. .Coins^ Seals, cfec. .Statue 
 of Harpocrates. .Manner of the construction of the 
 Old Bridge. . Howel's imitation of Sannazario's 
 Sonnet to the Citv of Venice.
 
 XVIII ANALYTICAL 
 
 Tower of London in Henry the Sixth's Reign — Charles, 
 Duke of Orleans . . . 272-274 
 
 Oldest View of the Tower and City of London. . Ma- 
 nuscript Volume of Sonnets, &c. by Charles, Duke 
 of Orleans. .Illuminated Drawing of the Tower 
 described . . Brief notices of the Duke of Orleans. 
 Suffolk or Kort/iU!ttberIand House, Strand . 274-277 
 
 Ancient Kospital of St. Mary de Rouncival. .Becomes 
 the possession of the Earl of Northampton, who 
 erects a splendid Mansion on its site. .Northampton 
 House.. Suffolk House. .Northumberland House. 
 Scotland Yard .... 277-280 
 Ancient Palace of the Kings of Scotland. .Residence 
 of Margaret, sister of Henry VIIT... State of, in 
 the reign of Charles I. . .House of Sir John Vanbrugb. 
 ..Anecdote of Lord Herbert of Cherbury. 
 St. James's ChurcJu Piccadilly . . 250-2S3 
 
 Erected by Sir Christopher Wren. .Made parochial. . 
 The interior described— Baptismal Font.. Notice of 
 the Altar, by Evelyn. 
 Black Friars, near Holborn — Lincoln's Inn • 283 
 
 Establishment of Black Friars near "Oldborne". .Their 
 removal to the present Bhickfriars. .Site of their 
 old house, granted to Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln 
 ..Demesne of the Bishop of Chichester. .Lincoln's 
 Inn . . The Hall . . Gate House . . Chapel . . Searle's 
 Court, or Lincoln's Inn New Square. .Stone Build- 
 ings. .Library. .Six Clerks' Office. .Gardens. 
 Clerkenwell Close— Cromivell Place . . 287-288 
 
 Pveputed residence of Oliver Cromwell. .Occupied by 
 the noted Justice Blackborougb.. Cromwell Place. 
 Salters' Company and Hall . . 288-291 
 
 Incorporation of the Company. .Government. .Salters' 
 Hall.. Oxford Place.. The New Hall. . Elect ion 
 Hall. .Wailing Room. .Curious record of Ancient 
 Festivity.
 
 TAIiLE OF CONTENTS. XlX 
 
 Bartholomew Fair, Smithfcld - . 291-296 
 
 Privileiie of lioldiug a Fair, granted by Henry II. to 
 St. Bartholomew's Priory. .Cloth Fair. .Court of 
 '' Pied-poudre"... Reprint of a rare Tract. 
 
 Stepney— Pxesidence of Denn Colet . . 297-298 
 
 Dean Cole t, founder of St. Paul's School. .Declaims 
 against Romish abuses .Colet Place. 
 
 Roifal H'lnwne Sociehj . . . 298-301 
 
 Origin of the Society. .Dr. Hawes. .Rewards offen^d 
 by him.. Persons saved from premature death.. 
 Processes for the Resuscitation of suspended anima- 
 tion, particularly fromdrowuing. .Receiving Houses. 
 
 St. James s Palace . . • . 301-309 
 
 Hospital for Leprous Maidens. ..Visitations of the Ab- 
 bots of Westminster. .Palace erected by Henry VIII. 
 ...Supposed Architect.. Additions made by Charles I. 
 ..Gallery of Staines. .Chapel Royal. .German 
 Chapel. .Friery.. Becomes a general residence of 
 ourSovereijyns. .Georoe IV. born here.. Royal Li- 
 brary . . Euildinc^s . . Margaret Nicholson. .Queen 
 Caroline's Library. .Pictures. .Yeomen. .Garrison 
 of St. James's 
 
 London, in the Interregnum . . 310-312 
 
 Proclamations torestrainbuilding in London. .Sapient 
 remarks of King James. .Inefficacy of restrictive 
 ordinances. .View of London. 
 
 LI3T OF PLATSS IN VOL. II. 
 
 London, in ]V}57 ..To ftce the Title Page. 
 Royal Palace, Whitehall, Eastern or River Front, as de- 
 signed by Inigo Jones n* 
 
 • Ditto. Western or Street Front .... 44*
 
 XX LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 Palace of Whitehall in Charles the Second's reigu, anuo 
 
 16S0 50» 
 
 Whitehall, (fee. from St. James's Park, about 1720 . . 56* 
 
 -Vrerchant Tailors' Hall 76 
 
 Westminster Abbey, Chapel of St. Edward the Confessor 91 
 
 Fishmongers' Hal], in June 1827 1:2/ 
 
 Vintners' Hall 130 
 
 Remains of Sir Paul Pindar's Mansion, Bishopsgate Street, 
 
 1^06 134 
 
 Lodge of Sir Paul Pindar, about 1760 137 
 
 Clothworkers' Hall 140 
 
 Christ Church Hospital, in 1720 145 
 
 Christ's Hospital, within the Cloisters, 1800 • ... 154 
 
 Bridewell Hospital, in 1720 165 
 
 Temple Bar, from Butcher Row, 1800, looking east . . 171 
 Church of St. Mary Overie, or St. Saviour, Southwark, 
 
 about 1660 ISl 
 
 Council Chamber of King Henry VIII 191 
 
 The Charter-House, about 1720 198 
 
 Durham House, Salisbury House, Worcester House, about 
 
 1630 230 
 
 Old London Bridge, in 1825 236 
 
 Tower of London, in Henrj- the Sixth's reign 272 
 
 Suffolk House, about 1630 274 
 
 Scotland Yard , 277 
 
 The Font in St. James's Church, Piccadilly .... 280 
 
 Lincoln's Inn, about J 720 - . , 283 
 
 Buildings in Clerkenwell Close, in 1791 287 
 
 Salters' Hall 288 
 
 Dean Colet's House, Stepney 297 
 
 St. James's Palace 301
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 ENTERTAINMENT OF CHRISTIAN IV. 
 
 Christian the Fourth, King of Denmark, came to 
 England on the 17th of July, J 606, on a visit to the 
 Queen, Anne of Denmark, his sister ; and he con- 
 tinued in this country till the 11th of the following 
 month. During his residence here, he was treated 
 with extraordinary magnificence and revelling. His 
 entry into London was graced by the citizens with a 
 similar display of pageantry as had been customary at 
 the coronation of their own sovereigns. Both James 
 and Christian rode through the city in grand proces- 
 sion, preceded by the Lord Mayor, bearing a golden 
 sceptre, and followed by a most splendid train of 
 British and Danish nobility. ** Upon the Great Foun- 
 tain, in Cheapside," Stow says, " was erected the 
 Bower of the Muses ; and near the Pageant, by the 
 Goldsmith' s-row, where sat the great elders of the 
 
 VOL. I. B
 
 2J LONDINIANA. 
 
 city, in scarlet robes, the Recorder made a solemn 
 oration in Latin, and presented the King of Denmark 
 with a curious cup of massy gold."* Several of the 
 conduits ran with wine ; and at that in Fleet-street 
 was a pleasant pastoral device, with songs, " where- 
 with the Kings were much delighted." On the follow- 
 ing day the royal Dane visited the principal public 
 buildings, and a few days afterwards he was splendidly 
 banquetted. Of this carousal, and of the general 
 hilarity and riot occasioned by Christian's visit. Sir 
 John Harington, Queen Elizabeth's godson, has given 
 the following particulars, in a letter, from London, to 
 Mr. Secretary- Barlow, inserted in the first volume of 
 the Ifiigre Antiqucr. 
 
 " I came here a day or two before the Danish king 
 came, and from the day he did come untill this hour, I 
 have been well nigh overwhelmed with carousal and sports 
 of all kinds. The sports began each day in such manner 
 and such sorte, as well nigh persuaded me of Mahomet's 
 paradise. We had women, and indeed wine too, of such 
 plenty, as would have astonished each sober beholder. 
 Our toasts were magnificent, and the two loyal guests did 
 raost lovingly embrace each othei- at table. I think the 
 
 * The gooJ citizens had probably divined his majesty of Den- 
 mark's taste for drink mg-, and therefore concluded that a cup 
 would be an acceptable present. Howell, in his ' Familiar 
 Letters, describes an entertainment given by the same mo- 
 narch, in 1632, at Rhensburgh : from which the king, after 
 giving thirfy-five toasts, was carried away in his chair; and 
 mon of his officers were so drunk that they could not rise 
 till late the next day.
 
 LONDINTANA. 3 
 
 Dane hath strangely wrought on our good English nobles ; 
 for those whom I never could get to taste good liquor, now 
 follow the fashion and wallow in beastly delights. The 
 ladies abandon their sobriety, and are seen to roll about in 
 intoxication. In good sooth the parliament did kindly to 
 provide his majestie so reasonably with money, for there 
 hath been no lack of good livinge ; shews, sights, and 
 banquetings from morn to eve. 
 
 " One day a great feast was held, and after dinner, the 
 representation of Solomon in his Temple and the Coming 
 of the Queen of Sheba was made ; or, as I may better 
 say, was meant to be made, before their majesties, by de- 
 vice of the Earl of Salisbury and others. But idas ! as all 
 earthly thinges do fail to poor mortals in enjoyment, so did 
 prove our presentment hereof. The lady who did play 
 the queen's part, did carry most precious gifts to both their 
 majesties ; but, forgetting the steppes arising to tlw; canop}-, 
 overset her caskets into his Danish majesties lap, and fell 
 at his feet, though I rather think it M'as in his face. Much 
 was the hurry and confusion ; but cloths and napkins were 
 at hand to make all clean. His majesty then got up and 
 would dance with the Queen of Sheba: but he fell down 
 and humbled himself before her, and was carried to an inner 
 chamber, and laid on a bed of state, which was not a little 
 defiled with the presents of the queen, which had been 
 bestowed on his garments ; such as wine, cream, jelly, 
 beverage, cakes, spices, and other good matters. The 
 entertainment and show went forward, and most of the 
 presenters went backward, or fell down ; wine did so 
 occupy their upper chambers. Now did appear, in rich 
 dress, Hope, Faith, and Charity. Hope did essay to speak, 
 but wine rendered her endeavours so feeble that she with- 
 drew, and honed the king would excuse h^r brevity : 
 B 2
 
 4 LONDlNIANi^. 
 
 Faith was then all alone, for I am certain she was aot 
 joyned with good works, and left the court in a staggering 
 condition : Charity came to the king's feet, and seemed 
 to cover the multitude of sins her sister had committed ; 
 in some sorte she made obeysance and brought giftes, but 
 said she would return home again, as there was no gift 
 which Heaven had not already given his majesty ! She 
 then returned to Hope and Faith, who w ere both sick and 
 spewing in the lower hall. Next came Victory, in bright 
 armour, who presented a rich SM'ord to the king, who did 
 not accept it, but put it by with his hand ; and by a strange 
 medley of versification, did endeavour to make suit to the 
 king. But Victory did not triumph long ; for, after much 
 lamentable utterance, she was led away like a silly captive, 
 and laid to sleep in the outer steps of the anti-chamber. 
 Now did Peace make entry, and strive to get foremoste to 
 the king; but I grieve to tell how great wrath she did 
 discover unto those of her attendants ; and much contrary 
 to her semblance, most rudely made war with her olive- 
 branch, and laid on the pates of those who did oppose 
 her coming. 
 
 '' I have much marvelled at these strange pageantries, 
 and they do bring to my remembrance what passed of this 
 sort in our queen's days, of which I was sometime an 
 humble presenter and assistant ; but I ne'er did see such 
 lack of good order, discretion, and sobriety, as I have now 
 done. I have passed much time in seeing the royal sports 
 of hunting and hawking, where the manners w^ere such as 
 made me devise [that] the beasts were pursuing the sober 
 creation, and not man in quest of exercise or food. I will 
 now, in good sooth, declare to you, who will not blab, that 
 the Gunpowder fright is got out of all our heads, and we 
 are going on, hereabouts, as if the Devil was contriving 
 every man should blow up himself, by wild riot, excess,
 
 LONDIMANA. 5 
 
 and devastation of time and temperance. The great ladies 
 do go well-masked, and indeed it be the only shew of 
 their modesty to conceal their countenance ; but alack ! 
 they meet with such countenance to uphold their strange 
 doings, that I marvel not at aught that happens. The 
 lord of the mansion [the Earl of Salisbury], is overwhelmed 
 in preparations at Theobalds, and doth marvelously please 
 both Kings with good meat, good drink, and good speeches. 
 I do often say (but not aloud), that the Danes have again 
 conquered the Britains, for I see no man, or woman either, 
 that can now command himself, or herself. I wish I was 
 at home : — O rus qumido te aspiciam ? — and I will, before 
 the prince Vaudemont cometh." 
 
 LORD MAYORS. 
 
 There are numerous instances in the city archives, 
 of persons being exempted from serving the office of 
 Lord Mayor ; although not without some special cause, 
 as age, infirmity, sickness, &c. In the 19th of Henry 
 VI., John Reynolds was excused on account of sick- 
 ness, during life, and " not to be put in election." In 
 the 16th of Edward IV., the common council ordered 
 that neither Matthew Phillips, nor Richard Bernes, 
 aldermen, should be elected, or admitted mayor, during 
 life. Sir William Taylor, in the 19th of the same 
 reign, late lord mayor, was discharged from serving 
 again, against his will, on account of his great age, 
 &c. In the 9th of Henry VII., John Ward was ex- 
 empted for ever ; and, in return, he gave " of his own 
 free will " a quantity of lead to the new aqueducts. 
 In the 10th, 13th, 14th, and 17th of the same reign, 
 it was ordained by the common council, that Sir
 
 h LONDINTANA. 
 
 Henry Colet, knt., William White, Robert Tate, and 
 Sir William Martin, all of whom " had honourably 
 and laudably served the office of mayor," should not 
 be obliged to serve again without their own consent. 
 In the 14th of Henry VHT., Alderman Fenrother was 
 excused for three years, upon paying 100 marks in 
 ready money. In the following year Alderman George 
 Monoux was elected mayor, and on his neglecting to 
 appear after being divers times called upon by letter 
 and otherwise, he was ordered to be fined lOOOZ. 
 sterling ; and on the 13th of October, x^lderman Baldry 
 was elected in his stead. At the same time that 
 Monoux was fined, it was enacted by the court, that 
 whatsoever alderman should, in future, be chosen, and 
 absent, or withdraw, himself from the city, '' only to 
 the intent that he will not take upon him the charge 
 of the same mayoralty," he should forfeit 1000/. 
 The next year Alderman Monous, on his petition and 
 bill of supplication, alleging his great age and feeble- 
 ness, and offering to give a brew-house, adjoining to 
 the bridge-house, in Southwark, to the city, in consider- 
 ation of being discharged from the office of alderman, 
 had the decree against him revoked, and his request 
 granted on some especial conditions. In the 2 2d of 
 Henry VHI., Sir William Boteler was exempted for 
 continued impotency and sickness ; and in the 21st of 
 Ehzabeth, Alderman Box '* was respited from the 
 office of mayor, through ill health, and upon payment 
 of 200/." During the Protectorate, anno 1652, Sir 
 Simon Edmunds, lord mayor elect, " declaring his
 
 LONDINIANA. 7 
 
 inability of health and body, being in the 73d year of 
 his age, for executing the said office," was exempted 
 for ever, on the payment of 600/. In 1704, Sir Thomas 
 Cooks was excused from serving by the common 
 council ; and Sir Owen Buckingham was elcv'ted in his 
 room. In 1709, Sir Jeffery Jeflferies was exempted, 
 after election, he being then ill at Bath. In 1740, 
 Alderman George Heathcote, M. P., who had executed 
 the office of sheriff in the preceding year, was excused 
 on the pleas of ill-health, the fatiguing employment he 
 had just been discharged from, and the more than 
 ordinary attendance which he should be obliged to 
 give, the next sessions, in parliament. 
 
 IMPRESSING FUR CHORISTERS. 
 
 The evils of impressing seamen to man the navy 
 has been frequently the theme of indignant remark ; 
 but it is little known that in former times, even Min- 
 strels and Singing children might be pressed into the 
 service of the crown ; and that parents were liable to 
 have their offspring torn from their homes to become 
 choristers in the royal chapels. Warton notices an 
 ordinance of the time of Henry the Sixth for ** press- 
 ing minstrels ;" and Strype informs us, that in the 
 year 1 550, a commission was granted to Phillip Van 
 Wilder, gentleman of the privie chamber, *« to take to 
 the king's use," in " anie churches or chapells within 
 England, such and so many singing children and 
 choristers as he and his deputy thought good." Again, 
 in the following year, the master of the king's chapel
 
 8 LONDINIANA. 
 
 had licence " to take up, from time to time, as many 
 Children to serve the King's Chapel as he shall think 
 fit." Thomas Tusser, the well-known agricultural 
 poet, writing of himself in queen Elizabeth's reign, 
 thus complains : — 
 
 " Then for my voyce 
 I must (no choice) 
 Away; offeree 
 Like posting-horse. 
 For sundry men 
 Had placards, then. 
 
 Such child to take 
 (The better breaste. 
 The lesser reste) 
 To serve the queen ; 
 For time so spente 
 I may repente, 
 And sorrow e make." 
 
 At the time when Tusser was thus impressed for 
 the queen's chapel, he was a chorister in the collegiate 
 church of Wallingford, in Berkshire. He afterwards 
 became a musician, a farmer, a grazier, and a 
 poet ; but his success was not equal to his industry. 
 His " Five Hundred Pointes of good Husbandrie " is 
 both an entertaining and a judicious work. Much 
 curious information may be gathered from it, illustrative 
 of the customs of his age ; and there is a sprightliness 
 and vigour in many of the lines, which enliven the 
 subject, and occasionally verge both into pleasantry and
 
 LONDINIANA, 9 
 
 wit. His directions for the culture of a Hop-garden 
 conclude with the following epigrammatic point : — *■ 
 
 " * The Hop,' for his profit, I thus do exalt, 
 It strengtheneth drinke, and it favoureth malt ; 
 And being well brewed, long kept it will last. 
 And drawing abide, — if ye draw not too fast." 
 
 HENRY THE SIXTH. 
 
 It is not generally known that this meek-spirited, 
 but bigotted and priest-ridden sovereign was a humble 
 votary of the Muses. The following curious, and not 
 inelegant verses appear to have been composed by him 
 whilst in a state of suffering ; and, probably, when 
 made a prisoner by Sir James Haryngton. 
 
 " Kingdomes are but cares ; 
 State ys devoyd of staie ; 
 Ryches are redy snares. 
 And hastene to decaie. 
 
 " Plesure ys a pryvie pryeke 
 
 Which vyce doth styll provoke ; 
 Pompe, unprompt ; and fame, a flayme ; 
 Power, a smoulderyng smoke. 
 
 " Who meenethe to remofFe the rocke 
 Owte of the slymie mudde. 
 Shall myre hymselfe, and hardlie scape 
 The swellynge of the flodde." 
 
 Nug<E Antiqucc. 
 
 MONUMENT OF GOWER, THE POET. 
 
 GowER, the earliest of our poets of distinguished 
 reputation, was the friend and contemporary of Chau-
 
 10 LO>JDINIANA. 
 
 cer, who thus speaks of him, and the '^ pJiilosophicair* 
 Strode, at the end of his '* Troilus and Cressida,"" 
 " O morall Gower, this boke I directe 
 To thee, and to the philosophical! Strode, 
 To vouchsafe, ther nede is, to correcte 
 Of your benignitees and zeles good." 
 
 Gower's poem " De Confessione Amantis," was 
 first printed by Caxton, in September, 1483, and by 
 Berthelette, in " Fletestrete," in 1532, and again in 
 March, 1554. The Address to the Reader, in the 
 latter edition, includes the following particulars of his 
 monument, in St, Mary Overies Church, now St. 
 Saviour's, Southwark. 
 
 " John Gower prepared for his bones a restynge place 
 in the Monasterie of Saint Marie Overes, where somewhat 
 after the olde facion, he lieth right sumptuousely buried, 
 with a garlande on his head, in token that he in his life 
 daies flourished freshely in literature and science. And the 
 same monumente in remembrance of hym erected, is on 
 the north side of the foresaid churche, in the chapell of 
 Sainte John, where he hath of his owne foundacion a 
 masse daily songe. And moreover, he hath an obite 
 yerely, done for hym within the same churche, on Fridaie 
 after the feaste of the blessed pope Saynte Gregorie. 
 
 " Beside, on the wall where he lieth, there be painted 
 three Virgins, with crownes on their heades, one of the 
 whiche is written Cbaritie, and she holdeth this devise in 
 her honde. 
 
 " E7i toy qui es Fitz de Dieu le Fere 
 Sauve soit, qui gist sonz cest piere** 
 
 " The second, is written Mercie, whiche holdeth in 
 hir hande this devise ;
 
 LONDINIANA. 11 
 
 " O hone Jesu^ fait ta mercie^ 
 Al Almey dont le corps gist icy." 
 " The third of them is writteo Pitee^ whiche holdeth 
 in hii' hande, this devise folowynge : — 
 
 " Pur ta pite Jesu regarde, 
 
 Et met eest alme in sauve garde ^ 
 
 " And thereby hangeth a table, wherein appereth that 
 whosoever praith for the soule of John Gower, he shall so 
 oft as he so doth have a M and D daies of pardon." 
 
 When St. Mary Overies was rebuilt in the reign of 
 Richard II., and Henry IV., Gower was " an especial 
 benefaiCtor to that worke." Stow, who says, ' that he 
 had neither a garland of ivie nor of roses,' describes 
 his * Image,* thus : — 
 
 " The haire of his head aburne, long on his shoulders, 
 but curling up; and a long forked beard: on his head a 
 chaplet, like a coronet of foure roses; an habite of pur- 
 ple, damasked down to his feete; a collar of esses of gold, 
 about his necke, and vnder his feete the likenesse of three 
 bookes, which he compiled;" viz: 1. Speculum Meditantisy 
 written in French : 2. Vox Clamanti^y in Latin ; and 5, Con* 
 fessio Amantis^ in English.* 
 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH. 
 
 Sir John Harington, in a letter written to his 
 friend Mr. Robert Markham, in 1606, and published 
 
 • Stow adds, " This last is printed. Vox Clamantis, with his 
 Cronica Tripartita, and others both in Latine, and Freiach, never 
 printed, I have, aqd doe possesse; but Speculum Meditantt's, 
 I never saw, though heard thereof to be in Kent,'' Vide "Survay 
 of London;*' p. 1$5, Ddd 4 : Edit. iai8.
 
 12 LONDINIi\NA. 
 
 ill the ^ XugcB Antiques.' has thus curiously delineated 
 the character and disposition of our Maiden Queen. 
 
 " I marvell to thynk what strange humors do conspire 
 to patch up the natures of some myndes. The elements 
 do seem to strive which shall conquer and rise above the 
 other. In good soothe, our late Queene did enfolde them 
 all together. I blesse her memorye, for all hir goodnesse 
 to me and my familie; and now wyll I shewe you what 
 strange temperament she did sometyme put forthe. Hir 
 mynde was oftime like the gentle aire that comethe from 
 the westerly pointe in a summer's morn : 'twas sweete and 
 refreshinge to all arounde hir. 
 
 " Her speech did winne all affections, and hir subjectes did 
 trye to shewe all love to hir commandes; for she woude 
 saye, * hir state did require her to commande, what she 
 knew hir people woude willingely do from their owne love 
 to hir.* Herein did she shewe hir wysdome fullie : for 
 who did chuse to lose her confidence; or who woude 
 wythholde a shewe of love and obedience, when their 
 Sovereign said it was their own choice, and not hir com- 
 pulsion? Surely she did plaie well her tables to gain 
 obedience thus wythout constraint: again, she coude put 
 forthe such alteracions, when obedience was lackinge, as 
 lefte no doubtynges whose daughter she was. I saie thys 
 was plain on the Lorde Deputy's cominge home, when I did 
 come into her presence : she chaffed muche, walkede fastly 
 to and fro, looked with discomposure in her visage; and, 
 I remember, she catched my girdle when I kneelede to 
 hir, and swore, * By God's Son I am no Queen ; that ma7i 
 is above me. Who gave him commande to come here so 
 soon? I did sende hym on other busynesse.' It was 
 longe before more gracious discourse did fall to my hear- 
 ynge ; but I was then put oute of my trouble, and bid * Go
 
 LONDINIAN-4. 13 
 
 home.' I did not stay to be bidden twise; if all the 
 lyrshe rebels had been at my heels, I shoude not have had 
 better speede, for I did now flee from one whom I both 
 lovede and fearede too. 
 
 " Hir Highnesse was wont to soothe hir rufflede temper 
 wyth readinge every mornynge, when she had been stirred 
 to passion at the council, or other matters had overthrown 
 hir gracious disposition. She did much admire Seneca's 
 wholesome advisings, when the soul's quiet was flown 
 awaie; and I saw much of hir translating thereof. — By 
 art and nature together so blended, it was difiiculte to 
 fynde hir right humour at any tyme. Hir wisest men and 
 beste counsellors were oft sore troublede to knowe her 
 wyll in matters of state : so covertly did she pass hir judge- 
 mente, as seemed to leave all to their discreet manage- 
 ment; and, when the busynesse did turn to better advan- 
 tage, she did moste cunningly commit the good issue to 
 hir own honour and understandinge; but, when ought fell 
 oute contrarie to hir wyll and intente, the council were 
 in great straite to defende their owne actinge, and not 
 blemyshe the Queen's goode judgemente. Herein hir 
 wyse men did oft lacke more wysdome; and the Lorde 
 Treasurer, [Burleigh,] woude ofte shed a plenty of tears 
 on any miscarriage, well knowynge the difiiculte parte was, 
 not so muche to mende the matter itself, as his mistresse's 
 humour: and yet he did most share hir favour and good 
 wyll ; and to his opinion she woude oft- tyme submit hir 
 owne pleasure in great matters. She did keepe him till 
 late at nyghte, in discoursinge alone, and then call oute 
 another at his departure, and try the deptheof all arounde 
 hir sometyme. Walsingham had his turn, and each dis- 
 plaied their witte in pryvate. 
 
 " On the morrowe, everye one did come forthe in hir 
 presence and discourse at large; and, if any had dissembled
 
 14 LONDINIANA. 
 
 withe hir, or stood not well to his advysinges before, she 
 did not let it go unheeded, andsometymes, not unpunished. 
 Sir Christopher Hatton was wont to saye, * The Queen 
 did fishe for men's souls, and had so sweete a baite, that 
 110 one coude escape hir net-work.' In truthe, I am sure 
 hir speeche was such, as none coude refuse to take de* 
 lyghte in, when frowardness did not stand in the way. I 
 have seen hir smile, soothe with great semblance of good 
 likinge to all arounde, and cause everie one to open his 
 moste inwarde thought to hir; when, on a sudden, she 
 woud ponder in pryvate on what had passed, write down 
 all their opinions, draw them out as occasion required, and 
 sometyme disprove to their faces what had been delivered 
 a month before. Hence she knew every one's parte, and 
 by thus Jishinge, as Hatton sayed, she caught many poor 
 fish, who little knew what snare was laid for them. 
 
 " I will now tell you more of hir Majesty's discretion 
 and wonder-working to those about her, touchynge their 
 myndes and opinions. She did oft aske the ladies around 
 hir chamber, if they lovede to thinke of marriage ? And 
 the wise ones di<i conceal well their liking hereto; as 
 knowing the Queene's judgment in this matter. Sir Mat- 
 thew Arundel's fair cosin, not knowing so deeply as hir 
 fellowes, was asked one day hereof, and simply said — * she 
 had thought muche about marriage, if her father did con- 
 sent to the man she lovede.' ' You seem honeste, F faithe,' 
 said the Queen ; ' I will sue for you to your father.' The 
 <iamsel was not displeased hereat; and, when Sir Roberta 
 Arimdel came to cowi'te, the Queene askede him hereon, 
 and pressede his consentinge, if the match was discreet. 
 Sir Roberte, muche astonied at this news, said, * he never 
 heard his daughter had liking to any man, and wantcde to 
 gain knov/ledge of hir affection ; but woude give free con- 
 sente to what was mostc pleasinge to hir Highnesse wyli
 
 LONDINMNA. 15 
 
 and aclvyse.* — * Then I will do the reste,' saith the 
 (2ueene. The ladie was called in, and the Queene tould her 
 father had given his free consente. * Then,' replied the 
 ladie, ' I shall be happie, and please your grace.' * So thou 
 shake; but not to be a foole and marry e. I have his 
 consente given to me, and I vow thou shalte never get it 
 into thy possession : so, go to thy busynesse. I see thou 
 art a bolde one, to owne thy foolishnesse so readilye.' 
 
 " I coude relate manye pleasante tales of hir Majestie's 
 outwittiuge the wittiest ones ; for few knew how to aim 
 their shaft against hir cunninge. We did all love hir, for 
 she said she loved us, and muche wysdome she shewed in 
 thys matter. She did well temper herself towards all at 
 home, and put at variance all abroad ; by which means 
 she had more quiet than hir neighbours. I need notjpraise 
 her frugality; but I wyll tell a storie that fell oute when I 
 was a boye. She did love riche cloathing, but often chid 
 those that bought more finery than became their state. It 
 happenede that Ladie M. Howarde was possesede of a rich 
 border, powderd wyth golde and pearle, and a velvet 
 suite belonginge thereto, which moved manie to envye ; 
 nor did it please the Queene, who thoughte it exceeded hir 
 owne. One daye the Queene did sende privately, and got 
 the ladie's rich vesture, which she put on herself, and came 
 forthe the chamber amonge the ladies ; the kirtle and 
 border was far too shorte for her Majestie's heigth ; and 
 she askede every one, ' How they liked her new-fancied 
 suit ?' At lengthe, she askede the owner herself, ' if it was 
 not made too short, and ill-becoming?' which the poor 
 ladie did presentlie consente to. ' Why then, if it become 
 not me, as being too short, I am minded it shall never be- 
 come thee, as being too fine ; so it fitteth neither well.' 
 This sharp rebuke abashed the ladie, and she never
 
 16 LONDINIANA. 
 
 adorned her therewith any more. I believe the vestment 
 was laid np till after the Queene's death. 
 
 " As I did bear so much love towarde hir Majestie, I 
 know not well how to stop my tales of hir virtues, and 
 sometimes hir faults, for ne7no nascitur sine —, saith the 
 poet ; but even her errors did seem great marks of sur- 
 prizing endowments. — When she smiled, it was a pure sun- 
 shine, that every one did chuse to baske in, if they could ; 
 but anon came a storm from a sudden gathering of clouds, 
 and the thunder fell in wondrous manner on all alike. 
 I never did fynde greater show of understandinge and 
 lerninge, than she was bleste wyth ; and whoever liveth 
 longer than I can, will look backe and become laudator 
 tempons actir — 
 
 PRINTING. 
 
 In the early part of Elizabeth's reign, an Epitome, 
 under the title of a " Bref Abstract, or Short Sume,'* 
 of several books of the Bible, was printed at London, 
 with the ensuing verses in the title page, from which 
 it appears that foreign compositors were at that period, 
 employed in this city. 
 
 " Such faltes as you herein may finde, 
 I pray you be content ; 
 And do the same with will and mynde 
 That was then our intent. 
 
 " The prvnters were outlandish men, 
 The faltes they be the more, 
 Which are escapyd now and then, — 
 But hereof are no store."
 
 LONDINIANA. 1? 
 
 I 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. — MONUMENT OF LADY 
 NIGHTINGALE. 
 
 This monument, the work of Roubiliac, and the 
 last which he ever executed, except that of the great 
 musician Handel, stands on the east side of St. Mi- 
 chael's Chapel, which originally formed a part of the 
 North transept. Though generally called the Monu- 
 ment of Lady Nightingale, who was the daughter of 
 Washington, Earl Ferrers, it records also the memory 
 of her husband, Joseph Gascoigne Nightingale, Esq., 
 and was erected in 1761, pursuant to the will of their 
 son, Washington George Nightingale, Esq.: Lady 
 Nightingale died in August, 1734, aged twenty-seven, 
 and her husband, in July, 1752, aged fifty-six. 
 
 The sentiments excited by this production, which 
 ranks with the choicest specimens of sculpture, either 
 of ancient or modern times, are fraught with associa- 
 tions of the dee[.est interest. It principally consists of 
 three figures, in statuary marble ; namely, a group of 
 Lady Nightingale and her Husband, and a personifica- 
 tion of the ideal ' grim monster,' Death. The latter 
 is represented as a complete skeleton, in shroud-like 
 habiliments, bursting hideous from his darksome 
 cavern, (which forms the base of the monument,) and 
 raising his fatal dart to pierce the bosom of the lady, 
 who appears sinking to the grave in the final stage of 
 sickness and debility. With mingled horror and dis- 
 may, her husband, rushing forward, extends his right 
 arm to repel the threatening shaft ; whilst, with his 
 
 VOL. I. c
 
 18 LONDINIANA. 
 
 left, he fondly clasps to his breast the dying female, 
 whose languid helplessness, and utter destitution of 
 strength, beautifully contrasts with the attitude and 
 muscular exertion of her affectionate partner, thus 
 vainly endeavouring to protect her from Death's un- 
 erring aim. Admitting the propriety of the design, 
 in giving a visible presence to the gi'isly King of Ter- 
 rors, the expression and pathos displayed in this com- 
 position are of the very highest character. The im- 
 patience of Death to secure his prey is forcibly marked 
 by the distorted attitude in which he rushes from his 
 sepulchral cave at the base of the tomb, and grasps 
 his destructive dart; yet the truth and correctness of 
 the anatomy, and the vast animation which the Sculp- 
 tor's talents has bestowed on this wonderful arrange- 
 ment of ' unhearsed' bones, cannot be too highly 
 praised: the difficult task of giving stabiHty to such a 
 figure is accomplished by the judicious cast and dis- 
 position of the drapeiy. Every sympathetic feeling of 
 the mind and heart is awakened by the contemplation 
 of this extraordinary performance ; and a throb of real 
 anguish fills the breast, on viewing the alarmed coun- 
 tenance of the afflicted husband, thus striving, ineffec- 
 tually, to shield his beloved wife from the blow which 
 consigns her an early victim to the gloomy mansions 
 of the dead. It is almost impossible to speak of such 
 a masterly work without a degree of admiration border- 
 ing on enthusiasm ; yet, even the language of enthusiasm 
 itself would hardly be too energetic to do justice to its 
 merits. The genius that could conceive, and the
 
 LONDINIANA. 19 
 
 abilities which could execute so noble a composition, 
 will for ever rank the name of Rouhiliac in the highest 
 class of human intelligence. It has been his to ex- 
 press the severe pangs of conjugal affliction, when 
 about to be bereaved of its every hope ; to pourtray the 
 last expiring struggle of female imbecility ; and to 
 realize the daring idea of the poet Milton, by creating 
 a soul, 
 
 " under the ribs of Death.'* 
 
 If there be any thing that detracts from the grace- 
 fulness of this design, it is that the Statue being rather 
 smaller than the life, possesses less dignity than the 
 heroic style requires ; but the air of truth and nature, 
 which pervades the whole, fully compensates for this 
 presumed deficiency. A rustic niche of dove-coloured 
 marble, nearly similar to the basement, affords relief to 
 the principal figures, and contains within its concave 
 recess, an artless inscription in memory of the de^ 
 ceiased lady and her consort. 
 
 SHERIFFS OF LONDON. 
 
 The following particulars relating to the office of 
 Sheriff, are derived from a manuscript copy of the 
 Journal of Richard Hoare, Esq. during the year of his 
 Shrievalty, in 1740-41, in his own hand-writing, 
 which is now in the possession of his grandson, Sir 
 Richard Colt Hoare, Bart., of Stourhead, in Wiltshire. 
 The above year became memorable in the City Annals, 
 from there having been three Lord Mayors during its 
 c 2
 
 20 LONDISIANA. 
 
 progress, viz. Sir John Salter, Knight; Humphry 
 Parsons, Esq., and Daniel Lambert, Esq. 
 
 Mr. Hoare, who was a Banker, in Fleet Street, and 
 principal of the respectable House which, instituted by 
 one of his predecessors, still bears the family name, 
 was elected Alderman of the Ward of Farringdon with- 
 out, on St. George's Day, 1740, in the place of Sir 
 Frencis Child, who died on the preceding Sunday, 
 April the 20th. This honour was conferred upon him, 
 whilst he was at Bath, and quite unexpectedly ; and 
 equally so, was his election to the Sheriffdom, con- 
 jointly with Mr. Alderman Marshall, on the Midsum- 
 mer-day following. Shortly afterwards, they gave 
 bonds under the penalty of 1000/. to undertake and 
 enter upon the office on the ensuing Michaelmas eve ; 
 and *' thereupon, became each entitled to 100/. out of 
 the forfeitures of those, who had this year been nomi- 
 nated to be Sheriffs by my Lord Mayor, but had paid 
 their fines to be excused." 
 
 In the intermediate time they prepared for the due 
 execution of their duties, chose their Under-Sheriffs, 
 &c. ; and, " as it is customary for each Sheriff to pre- 
 side over the two Counters separately, my brother 
 Marshall chose that in the Poultry, and the care of 
 Wood-Street Counter was under my direction, and we 
 agreed, at our joint expense, to give the usual livery 
 gowns to the officers of both, although they are greater 
 in number at the Poultry than in mine ; in recom- 
 pence for which, it was settled that we should equally 
 share in the sale of the places upon any vacancy."
 
 LONDIMANA. 21 
 
 On Sunday, the 28th of September, the Sheriffs 
 elect met at ten o'clock in the morning, at Draper's 
 Hall, '* and there entertained several of the Court of 
 Aldermen, and sixteen of the Court of Assistance of 
 each of the Companies, viz : the Goldsmith's and the 
 Drapers, with the usual breakfast of roast beef, burnt 
 wine," &c. He continues, — 
 
 " Upon notice sent to us, that the Lord Mayor, with 
 George Heathcote, and Sir John Lequesne, Aldermen and 
 Sheriffs for the last year were attending at the Council 
 Chamber, Guildhall, we all repaired thither ; the gentle- 
 men of the Court of Assistance walking two by two, tlie 
 senior Sheriff's Company on the right hand, the Alder- 
 men following in their coaches; in which, we, though 
 Sheriffs-elect, took our rank as Aldermen. Upon coming 
 up to the area of Guildhall, the two Companies made a 
 lane for the Aldermen to pass through, and after having 
 waited on my Lord Mayor to Guildhall Chapel, to hear 
 divine service, we returned back to the Court of the Hust- 
 ings, which being opened by the Common Cryer, we were 
 summoned to come forth and take the oath of office; 
 which we accordingly did, together with the oaths of al- 
 legiance and abjuration; and the same was also adminis- 
 tered to Mr. Tims, (Clerk to St. Bartholomews,) as Under 
 Sheriff, he kneeling all the while. — 
 
 " When this was over, the gold chains were taken off 
 from the former Sheriffs, and put on us; and then the 
 Court being dissolved, the Lord Mayor went home, at- 
 tended by the former Sheriffs, and we returned back to 
 Draper's Hall to our dinner, provided for the Court of 
 Aldermen and Courts of Assistance, at which the senior 
 Alderman took the chair as president, and the rest of the
 
 22 LONDINIANA. 
 
 Aldermen and Gentlemen of Guild hall took their places at 
 the upper table, whilst we, the Sheriffs, sat at the head of 
 the second table, with the gentlemen of the Courts of As- 
 sistance of our two Companies. When dinner was over, 
 and the healths of the royal family were drank, the Cryer 
 proclaimed the health and prosperity to the two Sheriffs* 
 Companies in the following manner; that is to say, * Pros- 
 perity to the worshipful Company of Drapers, and pros- 
 perity to the worshipful Company of Goldsmiths: to the 
 Goldsmiths and Drapers, and Drapers and Goldsmiths^ 
 prosperity to both :' and this is so usually done, naming 
 each Company first alternately, to prevent any dispute 
 concerning preference or priority. 
 
 " After dinner, we all retired to one table in the inner 
 room, at which we, though Sheriffs, were placed under- 
 neath all the Aldermen; for whatever rank an Alderman 
 may be in point of seniority, yet during the year he serves 
 as Sherifli he is to give place, and follow the rest of his 
 brethren, both at the court, and all processions and enter- 
 tainments. About six o'clock, the late Sheriffs, having 
 left the Lord Mayor at his house, attended us to Guildhall, 
 where we were met by our own and the former Under- 
 Sheriffs, together with the Secondaries and Keepers of 
 the prisons; and the names of the respective prisoners in 
 each gaol being read over, the Keepers acknowledged 
 them one by one, to be in their custody; and then ten- 
 dered us the keys, which we delivered back to them again, 
 and after having executed the indentures, whereby we 
 covenanted and undertook the charge of oiu" office, we 
 were invited, according to custom, to an adjoining tavern; 
 and there partook of an entertainment of sack and wal- 
 nuts, provided by the aforesaid keepers of the prisons. 
 
 ** Monday, September 29th. This being Michaelmas-
 
 LONDINIANA. 23 
 
 day, my brother Sheriff and I sat out for the first time in 
 our new equipages and scarlet gowns, attended by our 
 beadles, and the several officers of our Counters, and 
 waited on the Lord Mayor, at Merchant Taylors' Hall, 
 at which he kept his Mayoralty, and proceeded with him 
 from thence, as is customary, to Guildhall, where the 
 Livery-men of the City were summoned to attend at the 
 Court of Hustings for the election of a new Lord Mayor 
 for the year ensuing. The Recorder made a speech to the 
 Liverymen, * apprising them of the custom and manner of 
 choosing a Lord Mayor; which, he observed, was for the 
 Common Hall to nominate two of the Aldermen who had 
 served Sheriffs, to the Court of Aldermen, who had then 
 a right to elect either of them into that great office, and 
 which ever that the Court so fixed on, the Common Hall 
 was bound to accept.* When he had ended, the Lord 
 Mayor and Court of Aldermen retired into the Council 
 Chamber, and left us to preside at the election, attended 
 by the Common Sergeant and other officers. The me- 
 thod of voting is, by each Alderman going up to the 
 Recorder and Town Clerk, who sit at a separate part of 
 the room, and telling the person he would choose, a 
 Bcratch is made under each respective name." 
 
 On the day following, the two Sheriffs again went 
 to Guildhall, with the same Company as on the pre- 
 ceeding day, and waiting on the Lord Mayor in the 
 Council Chamber, requested that his Lordship and the 
 Recorder would present them at his Majesty's Court of 
 Exchequer. Each Sheriff then paid the usual fees, 
 viz. 6/. 135. 4.d. to the Lord Mayor, and 3/. 6s. 8d, 
 to the Recorder ; after which, they proceeded to the 
 Three Cranes' Stairs, in Upper Thames Street, " the
 
 24 LONDINTANA. 
 
 Lord Mayor first ; we, the Sheriffs, next ; the Recorder 
 and Aldermen following in coaches, the Companies 
 walking before us." 
 
 - " From thence we went to Westminster in the City 
 barge, taking place of all the Aldermen : and our two 
 Companies attended in the Goldsmiths' barge, as before 
 agreed on, adorned with half the colours, and rowed 
 with half the watermen belonging to the Drapers' Com- 
 pany. On landing, the Companies went first, the Lord 
 Mayor next, then the Recorder with a Sheriff on each 
 side, and last the Aldermen. On our approaching the 
 bar of the Exchequer [in Westminster Hall,] the Re- 
 corder, in a speech, presented us to the Court, one of 
 the Barons being seated there for that purpose, signi- 
 fying the choice the Citizens had made, and that, in 
 pursuance of our charter, we were presented to his 
 Majesty's Justices for his royal approbation ; and the 
 Baron accordingly approving the choice, he, and the 
 Clerks of the Exchequer, were invited to our dinner ; 
 then the late Sheriffs were sworn to their accounts, and 
 made their proffers ; and the senior Alderman 'present 
 cut one twig in two, and bent another, and the Officers of 
 the Court counted six horse- shoes and hob-nails. 
 
 " This formality, it is said, is passed through each year, 
 by way of suit and service for the citizens holding some 
 tenements in St. Clement's Danes, as also some other 
 lands ; but where they are situated no one knows, nor doth 
 the City receive any rents or profits thereby. 
 
 " This done, we returned in the same order to the 
 Three Cranes, and from thence, in our coaches, to dinner 
 at Drapers' Hall ; where my Lord Mayor, Aldermen, 
 Gentleman of Guildhall, and guests invited, dined at one 
 table, and we, the Sheriffs, at the head of another, with
 
 LONDINIANA. 2b 
 
 the Court of Assistance of each of our Companies ; and 
 the Clerks of the Exchequer by themselves at another 
 table. After dinner, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, &c. 
 returned into a separate room, where we sat with them at 
 the head of the table, one on each side of the Lord 
 Mayor ; our two Companies were in another room, and 
 the greatest part of the Clerks of the Exchequer remained 
 in the hall.'* 
 
 On the 7th of October they " settled a point " with 
 the keeper of Newgate in regard to the transportation 
 of felons. That was, that the keeper should deliver 
 them to the merchant, *' who contracts to carry them 
 over," at the door of Newgate, and there discharge 
 himself of any further custody ; but leaving him and 
 his officers the privilege of protecting them down to 
 the water side, according to any private agreement 
 betv/een him and the merchant ; it being fully under- 
 stood that the Sheritis should not be responsible for 
 their charge " from the time of their first delivery." 
 
 " Wednesday, Oct. 29th. This being our grand feast 
 day, my Lord Mayor, Humphry Parsons, Esq., sent his 
 summons to attend at Guildhall, by ten o'clock, and that 
 he would set out from thence, to Westminster, precisely 
 at eleven, in order to be back to our entertainment more 
 early. What added magnificence to this day's Shew was, 
 that his lordship's coach was drawn by six horses, adorned 
 with grand harnesses, ribbons, &c., a sight never before seen 
 on this occasion. — The Lord Chancellor and some of the 
 Judges dined with us : the whole entertainment was hap- 
 pily conducted with great order and decency, and the 
 company was broken up by about one o'clock in the 
 morning. —
 
 26 LONDINIANA. 
 
 " Wednesday, Nov. 5th. This being the commemora- 
 tion of the Gunpowder Plot, we, the Sheriffs, attended my 
 Lord Mayor from Guildhall to St. Paul's ; and as his lord- 
 ship's coach was, on this occasion, drawn as before by six 
 horses, which he intended to do on every public occasion, 
 it caused a more than ordinary concourse of people in 
 the streets." 
 
 On Sunday, the 11 th of January, Mr. Hoare, in his 
 scarlet gown, with the Lord Mayor, and several of the 
 Aldermen, received the Holy Communion, in St. Law- 
 rence's church, in pursuance of the statutes, to qualify 
 themselves to act as magistrates ; and on the following 
 day, being Plough Monday, he attended the Lord Mayor 
 at Guildhall, " to receive the several presentments of 
 the respective wardmote inquests of each ward, — and 
 at the same time to swear in all new constables for the 
 ensuing year." On Wednesday, the 14th, the quarter 
 sessions commenced, " when it is usual for the several 
 common councilmen to take the oaths of Allegiance ;" 
 which was done accordingl /. 
 
 " Friday, February 20th. Waited on my Lord Mayor to 
 Bow church, in my scarlet, to hear a sermon upon the 
 propagation of the gospel in foreign parts; to which the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury also came in his state coach, 
 and with grand solemnity, attended by seven or eight 
 Bishops,and great numbers of gentlemen of that society." 
 
 The Lord Mayor (Humphry Parsons,) died on the 
 evening of March the 21st, 1741 ; on the 23d, Daniel 
 Lambert, Esq. was elected to succeed him, and the 
 same evening he was presented to the Lord Chancellor, 
 and approved of in the usual manner.
 
 LONDINIANA. 27 
 
 ** Wednesday, March 25th. This day the new Lord 
 Mayor went in grand state and procession by land to the 
 Tower-gate, on Tower-hill, to be there presented to, and 
 sworn in before the Constable of the Tower, according to 
 the charter and ancient custom and usage when a Lord 
 Mayor happened, as in this case, to be chosen out of term 
 time ; and, consequently, cannot be presented to the 
 Barons of the Exchequer sitting at Westminster. Just at 
 the entrance of the Tower-gate, a large booth was built 
 up, with .seats and benches at the upper end, in the middle 
 of which the right honourable Lord Cornwallis, Constable 
 of the Tower, was seated, attended by the of&cers and 
 servants belonging to him ; to whom the Lord Mayor was 
 conducted and presented, and sworn in the same manner 
 as before the Barons of tlie Exchequer." , 
 
 On the 28th of March, being Easter Eve, the Sheriffs 
 attended the Lord Mayor *' through the s'reets, to col- 
 lect charity for the prisoners in the city prisons, 
 according to annual custom ;" and on the Monday 
 following, they accompanied his lordship, in proces- 
 sion, with the rest of the court of aldermen to St. 
 Bride's church to hear the ''Spital, or Hospital Sermon 
 preached before the governors of the several hospitals 
 and charity schools of the city ; and to which " all 
 the charity children of the several schools, as also 
 those of Christ's hospital, go in procession, and are 
 seated in the galleries," This sermon is " generally 
 preached by a Bishop," and that on the following day, 
 in the same church (which is likewise attended by the 
 corporation,) by a Dean. On the third Day in Easter 
 week, the 'Spital sermon is preached by a Doctor in 
 Divinity.
 
 28 LONDINIANM. 
 
 Speaking ot the Easter Entertainments, our Journalist 
 states the following particulars as the cause of their 
 origin : — 
 
 " The original institution of those entertainments was 
 occasioned by the Lord Mayor and the two Sheriffs being 
 accustomed to, separately, ask such of their friends who 
 were Aldermen or Governors of the Hospitals, whom they 
 saw at church, to dine with them at their own houses. 
 But in process of time, it was agreed that the Lord Mayor 
 should invite all that were at church on the first day ; and 
 the two Sheriffs, in their turn, on the next succeeding days. 
 Hence, by degrees, they began to invite other of their 
 friends ; and the Aldermen bringing their Ladies, other 
 ladies were also invited, so that the private houses not 
 being large enough, they began to entertain at their re- 
 spective halls : whence it is now brought to pass, that these 
 Easter entertainments are become the chiefest articles of 
 expense both to the Lord Mayor and the two Sheriffs." 
 
 " Monday, April 6th. The sessions began at Guildhall, 
 but the Lord Mayor dispensed with the absence of the 
 Sheriffs, on account that we this day were obliged to attend 
 at Westminster, where w^e were to make our proffers at the 
 Exchequer by a tender of 40s. ; and which was accordingly 
 made by one of the secondaries at the Tally-office ; by 
 which, and the annual rent of 300/., the citizens of London 
 hold and enjoy the Shenfwick of London and Middlesex 
 according to their charter. Afterwards we entertained all 
 the Exchequer ofiicers, according to ancient custom, with 
 fijty-two calves' heads, dressed in different manners." 
 
 On the ?Oth of April the Sheriffs accompanied the 
 Lord Mayor to hold a Court Baron and Court Leet at 
 the Mitre in St. James's parish, in Duke's-place, which
 
 LONDINIANA. 29 
 
 is '" a franchise within the liberty of London. After 
 a Jury had been sworn, &c., the names of the inha- 
 bitants being called over, those who were absent and 
 sent no excuse were amerced, but those who sent 
 *' their excuses by their friends, paid only leet pence." 
 The Court then granted licences to the public houses, 
 and swore in the headboroughs, constables, and other 
 officers. 
 
 On the 27th of May the SheriiTs (by invitation, they 
 having no concern with the jurisdiction of the court,) 
 attended the Lord Mayor to Stratford, in Essex, and 
 Greenwich, in Kent, to hold " his Court of Con.ser- 
 vancy of the Navigation and Fishery of the River 
 Thames, from Staines-bridge, in Middlesex, down to 
 the mouth of the river Medway, at Sheerness, beyond 
 the Nore ;" he " being personally, himself, by virtue 
 of his office, the sole Conservator." On returning, 
 " a little after ten o'clock," the party attempted to 
 land at the King's Stairs at the Tower, " but they 
 being shut, and, after waiting some time, the Wardour 
 refusing to open them," they were obliged to proceed 
 to the common stairs near that fortress. 
 
 " Soon after, the Major of the Tower came to my Lord 
 Mayor to acquaint him, that ' he was sorry for the refusal 
 of which the Wartlour had been guilty, whom he had or- 
 dered to strict duty, and would oblige him to come and 
 ask pardon for his insolence.' Upon this apology, it was 
 agreed that no further notice or complaint should be 
 made ; for it is to be known that the Lord Mayor of this 
 City has the privilege of going through the Tower to take 
 water, or on his landing at the King's Stairs, sending 
 reasonable notice of such his intention."
 
 30 LONDINIANA. 
 
 At a Common Council, held on the 17th of June, 
 it was ordered that every person wlio had paid the 
 customary fine of 400/. and " twenty marks more 
 towards the maintenance of the ministers of the several 
 prisons of this city," with the usual fees, should be 
 exempted for ever, from serving the office of Sheriff, 
 "unless he should at any time become an Alderman." 
 Previously to that act, the payment of the fine excused 
 only for one year. 
 
 " Tuesday, June 2od. Attended the Lord Mayor to a 
 Court of Aldermen, at which Abel Aldridge, who had been 
 nominated for Sheriff, came with siv Compurgators^ and, 
 (according to the act of Common Council, Sir J. Bar- 
 nard, Mayor,) swore he was not of the value of 15,000/. 
 in money and separate debts ; and his Compurgators 
 swearing also, that they believed what he swore to be 
 true, he was excused from serving the said office, without 
 payment of any fine." 
 
 On the 2 2d of August the Sheriffs waited on the 
 Lord Mayor at Guildhall, " and from thence went in 
 procession to Smithfield, with city oflBcers and trum- 
 pets to proclaim Bartholomew Fair." On the 2d of 
 September, " this day being kept solemn in comme- 
 moration of the Fire of London," they went to St. 
 Paul's in their " black gowns, and no chains, and 
 heard a sermon on the said occasion." On the 8th of 
 September the Sheriffs waited on the Lord Mayor, in 
 procession, " the city music going before, to proclaim 
 Soiithwark Fair, as it is commonly called, although 
 the ceremony is no more than our going in our coaches 
 through the Borouajh, and turning round by Saint
 
 LONDINIANA. 31 
 
 George's church, back again to the Bridge House ; and 
 this to signify the licence to begin the fair." The 
 Journahst adds : — •" On this day the sword-bearer 
 wears a fine embroidered cap, said to have been worked 
 and presented to the city by a monastery." 
 
 "Monday, September 2 1st, being St. Matthew's Day, 
 waited on my Lord Mayor to the great hall in Christ's 
 Hospital, where we were "met by ^ several of the Presi- 
 dents and Governors of the other Hospitals within the 
 City; and being seated at the upper end, the Children 
 passed two by two, whom we followed to the church, 
 and after hearing a sermon, came back to the Grammar 
 School, where two boys made speeches in commemora- 
 tion of their benefactors, one in English, the other in 
 Latin ; to each of whom it is customary for the Lord 
 Mayor to give one guinea, and the two Sheriffs half- 
 a-guinea a piece, as we did. Afterwards, the Clerk of 
 the Hospital delivered to the Lord Mayor a list of the 
 several Governors to the several Hospitals nominated 
 the preceding year. Then the several beadles of all the 
 Hospitals came in, and laying down their staves on the 
 middle of the floor, retired to the bottom of the hall. 
 Thereupon the Lord Mayor addressed himself to the 
 City Marshal, enquiring after their conduct, and if any 
 complaint was to be made against any one in particular ; 
 and no objection being made, the Lord Mayor ordered 
 them to take up their staves again : all which is done 
 in token of their submission to the Chief Magistrate, 
 and that they hold their places at his will, though 
 elected by their respective governors. We were after- 
 wards treated in the customary manner with sweet cakes 
 and burnt wineJ*
 
 32 LONDINIANA. 
 
 The shrievalty of Mr. Hoare, and his brother officer, 
 expired on the 28th of September, and about seven 
 o'clock in the evening the indentures with the new 
 sheritis were executed at Guildhall, " and the charge 
 of the gaols and all other trusts relating to this great 
 and hazardous, though otherwise honourable, employ- 
 ment, delivered over to them. And after being re- 
 galed with sack and walnuts, 1 returned to my ovrn 
 house in my private capacity, to my great consolation 
 and comfort." 
 
 In concluding this account of a Manuscript, v.'hich 
 illustrates so many of the customs and privileges of the 
 city, it should be mentioned that it includes various 
 notices of the treats o? dinners which the Lord Mayor 
 and the Sheriffs give by turns to the Judges, Sergeants, 
 &c. at the beginning and end of the respective terms ; 
 as well as of the manner of delivering petitions to the 
 House of Commons, which is generally done by the 
 Sheriff ; the City having a right to present Petitions 
 by an officer of its own, and without the intervention 
 of any member. 
 
 SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. 
 
 Although broken in two or three recent instances, 
 it was for centuries the custom of the Speakers elect of 
 the House of Commons to descant in strong disparage- 
 ment of their own abilities when called to the chair. — 
 Sir Christ. Yelverton was singularly eloquent on such 
 an occasion, as we learn from Sergeant D'Ewes's 
 " Journal," (p. 549) under the date 1597.
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 WHITEHALL ; ANCIENTLY YORK HOUSE. 
 
 The site of Whitehall was originally occupied 
 by a noble n^.ansion, erected by Hubert de Burgb, Earl 
 of Kent, and Chief Justice of England in the reign of 
 Henry the Third. Dugdale states, that the Monks of 
 Westminster, in consideration of 140 marks of silver, 
 and the yearly tribute of a wax taper, of three pounds 
 weight, on the feast of St. Edward, granted to Hubert 
 de Burgh, the inheritance of certain houses, with a 
 court and a free chapel, within the liberties of West- 
 minster;* and among the Tower records are seven l 
 uranis to the same nobleman, of , houses, a court, 
 chapel, &c. in the town of Westminster, and also of 
 lai:d called More, lying between the Hospital of St. 
 James and the moor, or marsh, of John Chancellor. On 
 the decease of Earl Hubert, in 1242, he left this estate 
 to the Church of the Black Friars, near " Oldborne," 
 in which he was buried. Soon afterwards, that Broiher- 
 hood sold it to Walter Gray, Archbishop of York, wlio 
 made it his town residence, and dying in l253, be-, 
 queathed it, as an archiepiscopal Palace to his See, for 
 tne use of his successors: from that appropriation, it 
 acquired the name of York Place. 
 
 On the promotion, in 1514, of the regal-minded 
 Wolsey to the See of York, which was quickly followed 
 by his elevation to the rank of Priest-Cardinal, and 
 Legate de latere, York Place became the scene of the' 
 most gorgeous hospitality and courtly pomp, wliicii it 
 
 * EiigdHle's '- Baroi-.rgp," vol. i.p. 699. 
 VCL. II. C *
 
 18* LONDINIANA. 
 
 was possible for ecclesiastical ostentation to display. 
 It was at York Place that, " ranking himself with 
 Princes," Wolsey, to all "that sought him," was 
 ** sweet as summer," and, shining in " the full meri- 
 dian of his glory," attained *' the highest point of all 
 his greatness."* His household, according to his 
 checker roll, amounted to " about the sum of five hun- 
 dred persons ; — besides his retainers, and others, being 
 suitors, that most commonly were fed in his halL'^f 
 His establishment, or family, as it was called, included 
 nine or ten young Lords, (each of whom had servants,) 
 sixteen chaplains, four counsellors, " learned in the. 
 laws," and many other persons. 
 
 " He had also," says Cavendish, who was one of his 
 gentlemen ushers, and from whose curious narrative of the 
 Cardinal's Life these particulars are derived, " a great 
 number daily attending on him, both of noblemen and 
 worthy gentlemen, of great estimation and possessions, 
 with no small number of the tallest yeomen that he could 
 get in all this realm In his Hall he had, daily, three es- 
 pecial tables, furnished with three principal officers ; that is 
 to say, a Steward, which was always a dean or a priest ; a 
 Treasurer, a knight; and a Comptroller, an esquire; which 
 bore always, within his house, their white staves. In his 
 privy Kitchen he had a Master Cook, who went daily in 
 damask satin, or velvet, with a chain of gold about his 
 neck. In his Chapel, he had a Dean, who was always a 
 great clerk and a divine; a Sub-dean ; a Repeater of the 
 quire ; a Gospeller, a 'Pisteller, and twelve singing Priests : 
 
 * Vide Singer's edition of Cavendish's " Lile of Cardinal 
 Wolsey," vol. i. p. 39. 
 f Shakspeare's " Henry the Eighth," Acts 3 and 4.
 
 LONDINIANA. 19* 
 
 of Scholars, he had first, a Master of the children ; twelve 
 singing children ; and sixteen singing men. But to speak 
 of the furniture of his Chapel passeth my capacity to de- 
 clare the number of the costly ornaments and rich jewels 
 that were occupied in the same continually ; for I have 
 seen there, in a procession, worn forty-four copes of one 
 suit, very rich, besides the sumptuous crosses, candlesticks, 
 and other necessary ornaments to the comely furniture of 
 the same. He had two cross bearers, and two pillar 
 bearers ;* and in his chamber, his High-Chamberlain, his 
 
 * The high decree of pomp io which Wolsey (who to his other 
 dignities added the office of the Chancellorship) was accus- 
 tomed to proceed from York Place to Westminster Hall, has 
 been described in another article : vide vol. iii. p. 52. Like 
 all other Cardinals, WolsCj', in accordance with the very early 
 practice of the Romish Church, rode upon a 7nule, and his 
 crosses and pillars, which were of silver, were borne before him, 
 the former by priests, the latter by laymen ; and he U thus 
 represented in his Majesty's fine painting of Le Champ de Drop 
 d' Or, which has been lately removed from the apartments of the 
 Society of Antiquaries, to Windsor Castle. Cavendish says, *' He 
 had two great Crosses of silver, whereof one of them was for his 
 Archbishoprick, and tHe other for his Legatcy, borne always 
 before him whither soever he went or rode, by two of the most 
 tallest and comeliest priests that he could get within all this 
 realm ; and the satirist Roy, in his tract intituled * The 
 Treatous,' thus notices the fact : — 
 
 " ' Before him rydeth two Prestes stronge. 
 
 And they beare two Crosses right longe, 
 Gapinge in every man's face : 
 
 After them follow two Lay -men secular. 
 
 And each of them holdinge a Pillar 
 In their handes instead of a mace. 
 
 Then followeth my Lord on his mule, 
 
 Trapped with gold,' <fec." 
 c 2*
 
 :0* 
 
 LON DINT ANA. 
 
 Vice-Chamberlain, twelve Gentlemen ushers, daily waiters, 
 &c. Then had he of Gentlemen, cup-bearers, carvers,: 
 servers, andjvaiters, forty persons ; of yeomen ushers he 
 had six; of grooms in his chamber, eight; of yeomen of 
 his chamber, he had forty-six daily to attend upon hh 
 person ; he had also a Priest there3 which was his Almoner, 
 to attend upon his table at dinner," 
 
 Cavendish enumerates many other persons, who 
 " were daily attendant" upon the Cardinal, ** in his 
 house, down-lying and up-rising;" and then proceeds 
 to descnbe the sumptuous state in which he always re- 
 paired to Westminster Hall, and to the Court at Green- 
 wich. The following summary of Wolsey's mr.nner of 
 living at York Place, cannot be perused without much 
 interest : — 
 
 " Thus in great honour, triumph, and glory, he reigned 
 a long season, ruling all things within this Realm apper- 
 taining unto the King, by his wisdom ; and also all other 
 weighty matters of foreign regions, with which the King 
 of this Realm had any occasion to intermeddle. All 
 ambassadors of foreign potentates were always dispatched 
 by his discretion, to v/hom they had always access for 
 their dispatch. His House was, also, always resorted and 
 furnished with noblem.en, gentlemen, and other persons, 
 with going and coming in and out, feasting and banquet- 
 ting all ambassadors diverse times, and other strangers 
 right nobly. 
 
 " And when it pleased the King's Majesty, for his re- 
 creation, to repair unto the Cardinal's House, as he did 
 divers times in the year, there wanted no preparations, or 
 goodly furniture, with viands c f the finest sort that could 
 be provided for money or friendship. Such pleasures were
 
 LONDINIANA. 21* 
 
 there devised for the King's comfort and consolation as 
 might be invented, or by man's wit imagined. The ban- 
 quets were set forth, with masks and mummeries, in so 
 gorgeous a sort, and costly manner, that it was a heaven 
 to behold. There wanted no dames, or damsels, meet or 
 apt to dance with the maskers, or to garnish the place for 
 the time, with other goodly disports : then was there all 
 kinds of music and harmony set forth, with excellent 
 voices both of men and children."* 
 
 Many important Councils were held at York Place 
 whilst Wolsey resided there, and particularly that of 
 the bishops and other learned divines, scholars and 
 casuists, which was summoned by his legantine autho- 
 rity, to consult on the King's scruples in regard to his 
 marriage with Katharine of Arragon. There, also, on 
 AUhallow's-Day, 1527, King Ilenry and the French 
 Embassy were magnificently banquetted on their re- 
 turn from St. Paul's Cathedral ; where the Cardinal, 
 assisted by twenty-four bishops and mitred abbots, had 
 solemnized mass with extraordinary pomp, in confir- 
 mation of the treaty for a perpetual peace and amity, 
 which he had himself negociated with Francis the 
 First, at Amiens, in the preceding August.f 
 
 * Cavendish's " Life of Wolsey," pp. 47 — 49, The author 
 continues his detail by a curious and picturesque description of a 
 Masque, in which the King (Henry VIII.) was the chief actor; 
 and the consequent feast and banquettings of the most superb 
 kinds. For this the reader will refer to Holinshed*s "Chronicles," 
 ^vol. iii. pp. 763 — 765: edit. 1808), the full and quaint 
 phraseology of that writer suiting better with the subject, than 
 ihe terse severity of modern diction. 
 
 t Cavendish states, that " after the last agnus," the Car-
 
 22* LONDIKIAKA. 
 
 The disgrace of Wolsey was immediately connected 
 with the breaking up of the commission court, which 
 had sat at Blackfriars, in the summer of 1529, on the 
 question of the divorce. The King's chagrin at the 
 avocation to Rome, at the precise moment when he 
 expected a decision in his favour, and his own impe- 
 rious haughtiness, which had procured him many ene- 
 mies in the council, were the leading causes of his fall. 
 About the middle of October, in the above year, he 
 was ordered by the King's letters, to deliver up the 
 great seal, and depart for Asher (now Esher), in Surry, 
 a seat belonging to his bishopric of Winchester. Hall 
 states, that '* the Cardinal removed out of his house 
 with one crosse, saying that, * he would he had never 
 borne more,' meaning that by his crosse, that he bare 
 as legate, whiche degre taking was his confusion." 
 
 Before his departure, Wolsey directed that all his 
 plate and costly stores should be laid ready to be deli- 
 vered up to the King, together with inventories of every 
 article ("for the order of that house was such, as that 
 every officer was charged by indenture with all such 
 parcels as belonged to their office"), and then leaving 
 the whole in charge of his treasurer. Sir William Gas- 
 
 dinal, " as a firm oath and assurance of this perpetual Peace," 
 divided the Sacrament between the King and the Grand Mas- 
 ter of France, whilst kneeling together at the high altar. The 
 French ambassadors were the Mareschal de Montmorency, Grand 
 Master; the Bishop of Bayonne, the President of Rouen, and 
 Monsieur d^Humiers ; their suite consisted of upwards of eighty 
 persons.
 
 LOXDINIANW. S3* 
 
 coigne, he " look his barge at his privy stairs, and 
 so went by water to Putney," on his way to Asher.* 
 
 Wolsey had scarcely quitted York Place than it was 
 occupied by the King, who, about the end of Novem- 
 ber, gave audience there to a deputation of the Lower 
 House of ParUament, which had been reproached by 
 Bishop Fisher with proposing measures "tending to 
 the destruction of the Church," from " a lacke of 
 
 * " In his Gallertfy' Cavendish says, " there was set divers 
 tables, whereupon a great number of rich stufls of silk, in whole 
 pieces, of all colours, as velvet, satin, damask, caflfa, taffeta, 
 grograine, sarcenet, <fec., and also a thousand pieces of fine 
 Holland cloth. — Furthermore, there was also all the walls 
 of the gallery hanged with cloth of gold and tissue of divers 
 makings, and cloth of silver, likewise, on both the sides, and 
 rich clothes of baudkin, of divers colours. There also hung 
 the richest suits of copes, of his own provision (which he 
 caused to be made for his colleges at Oxford and Ipswich), that 
 ever I saw in England. Then had he two chambers, adjoining 
 to the gallery, the one called the Gilt Chamber, and the other, 
 most commonly, the Coimcil Chamber, wherein were set, in 
 each, two broad and long tables, upon tressels, whereupon was 
 set such a number of plate of all sorts, as were almost incredi- 
 ble. In the Gilt Chamber was set out upon the tables, nothing 
 but all gilt plate ; and a cupboard, standing under a window, 
 was furnished all wholly with plate of clean gold, whereof some 
 was set with pearl and rich stones. And in the Council Cham- 
 ber, was set all white plate and parcel gilt ; and under the tables, 
 in both the chambers, were set baskets with old plate, which 
 was not esteemed worthy to be occupied, and books containing 
 the value and weight of every parcel, laid by them, ready to be 
 seen ; so also were books set by all manner of stuffs, contain- 
 ing the contents of every thing." — " Life of Wolsey," pp. 182, 
 184 — Singer's edition.
 
 21^ LOXDINIANA. 
 
 taith."* Shortly afterwards, on the 6th of December, 
 the King advanced the Viscounts Rochford and Fitz- 
 Walter, and the Lord Hastings, to the Earldoms re- 
 spectively of Wiltshire, Sussex, and Huntingdon, in 
 this mansion. 
 
 In the begjinning of 1533, after AVolsey had been 
 condemned in a PremwmVe, (by which all his property 
 was forfeited to the Crown,) and whilst he yet *' lay at 
 Asher," the King required from him a full and entire 
 recognition of his own right, and that of his successors, 
 to York Place. Wolsey was in no condition to dispute 
 the mandate, and therefore gave the recognizance de- 
 manded ;t yet not without stating that it was neither 
 
 • OtJ that occasion, on a day Nvhen the King was at leisure, 
 Hall saj^s, " Thomas Audeley, tbe Speaker, and thirtie of the 
 chief of the common house, came to the Kynges presence in his 
 Palace at Westminster, whiehe before was called Yorke Place, 
 and there very eloquently declared what a dishonour to the Kyng 
 and the realme, it was to say, that they which were elected for 
 tbe wjsest men of all the Sheres, Cities, and Boroughes within 
 the realm e of England, shoulde be declared in so noble and open 
 jjresence to lacke faith ;'' &c. The King, in consequence of 
 this complaint, required an explanation from the Bishop, who 
 alleged, that his had reference only to the Bohemian?, to whom 
 he had alluded in hfs speech ; " which blind answer," continues 
 the chronicler, " pleased the Commons nothing at all." Vide 
 HalFs " Chronicle,'' pp. 178, 179 ; 21st. of Hen. VIII. 
 ■' t In this singular instrument, which is printed in the *' Col- 
 lections," appended by Fiddes to his Life of the Cardinal, awl 
 which wa^ recorded in the King's Bench and Chancery Courts, 
 rit Westminster, respectively, on the 7th and J 1th of Februarj', 
 Io30, York Pliice '\s stated to consist of one messuage, two 
 gardens, and three acres of land, with appurtenances, in the towa 
 of Westminster..
 
 just nor conscientious to require from him the surrender 
 of the patrimony of his See. Hall says, " the Chapiter 
 of the Cathedral Church of Yorke, by their writing, 
 confirmed the same feoffement, and then the King 
 changed the name, and called it the Kinges Manor of 
 Westminster, and no more Yorke Place." 
 
 Having thus secured the inheritance of this demesne 
 to the Crown, the King immediately began to enlarge 
 and improve it, by erecting additional buildings, and 
 connecting them with the adjoining park of St. James; 
 where also, about the same period, he built a new 
 Palace on the site of the ancient Hospital. 
 
 King Henry commenced his improvements at York 
 Place, by causing to bs erected there a new gallery, 
 which Wolsey, but a short time prior to his fall, had 
 *' newly set up" at Asher. He also erected a spacious 
 room for entertainments, an elegant gate-house across 
 the street, and a sumptuous gallery which overlooked 
 the tilt-yard, and formed the line of communication 
 between York Place and St. James's Park. On the 
 Park side also, he built a tennis-court, cock-pit, and 
 bowling-alleys, for he was fond of those diversions, as 
 well as of tilts and tournaments, and the more athletic 
 exercises. The gate-liouse is generally considered to 
 have been designed by Holbein,whom the King had lately 
 taken into his own service ; he had also allotted him 
 apartments in his palace, and an annual salary of 200 
 florins. That the pencil and talents of that great artist 
 were employed to decorate the interior of York Place 
 is unquestionable. Peacham states, that he painted 
 the chapel there, and says, that St. James, Joseph of
 
 ^6* LOXDINIANA. 
 
 Arimathea, Lazarus rising from the Dead, &c., were 
 his work.* 
 
 It does not appear when the appellation Whitehall 
 was first given to this palace ; but that it was not gene- 
 rally employed till Queen Elizabeth's reign, is quite 
 certain. It is evident, however, from a curious in- 
 strument in Rhymer's " Fcedera," that one of the 
 buildings of York Place was so called in Henry's time : 
 that document records the delivery of a new Great 
 Seal to Sir Thomas Audley, Knight, which was done, 
 " prsefato regetunc apud le Whitehall,^ prope Palatium 
 
 * Vide Feachum's " Complete Gentleman," p. 109, edit, 
 1622. — Whilst the works at York Place were in progress, the 
 King[ was also inclosing a park, and building another palace 
 on the site of St. James's Hospital, as shewn by the following 
 passage from Slew's " Chronicle," under the date 1531 : — 
 
 " This yeere King Henry tooke into his hands the Hospitall 
 of St. James's, neere vnto Charing Crosse, and all the medowes 
 to the same belonging, compounding with the sisters of that 
 house, they to have pensions during their lives: and then builded 
 in place of the said Hospital, a goodlie mansion, retaining still 
 the name of St. James's. Hee also inclosed a parke with a 
 wall of brick, nowe indifferently serving to the saide mansion, 
 as also to his place of fFhitehall, at Westminster." 
 
 t Fiddes says, that Wolsey " built a great part" of York 
 Place, (" Life of Card. Wolsey," p. 49T,) yet I never met with 
 any corroboration of that fact, except in Storer's Metrical 
 History of the Cardinal's " Life and Death," <fec. (4to. 1599), 
 in which are these lines :— 
 
 " Where fruitful Thames salutes the learned shoare, 
 Was this graue Prelate and the muses placed ; 
 And by those waues he builded had before
 
 LONDINIANA. 27* 
 
 suum Westmonasteriense in le Banket Chamber^ ibidem 
 existente,"— on the 6th of September (24th Hen.VIII.) 
 anno 1532.f 
 
 One of the most important events, in its conse- 
 quences, that ever perhaps was recorded in history, 
 was the marriage, in this Palace, of King Henry and 
 Anne Boleyn, which was solemnized on the 25th of 
 January, 1533. On that day, says Stow, *' King Henry 
 privily married the Lady Anne Boleine, in his closet 
 at Whitehall, being S. Paules day." They were mar- 
 
 A Royall House, with learned muses graced, 
 
 But by his death imperfect aod defaced. 
 ' O blessed walls and broken towers,' (quoth he,) 
 * That neuer rose to fall again with me.' " 
 
 It is not improbable that the White Hall, properly so 
 called, was erected by Wolsey, and obtained its name from 
 the newness and freshness of its appearance, when compared 
 with the ancient buikling;s of York Place. Shakspeare, in his 
 Play of " King Henry VIII.," makes one of the interlocutors 
 say, in describing the coronation of Queen Anne Boleyn : — 
 
 " So she parted, 
 And with the same full state paced back again 
 To York place, where the feast is held.'' 
 
 To this is replied, 
 
 " Sir, you 
 Must no more call it York- Place, that is past ; 
 For since the Cardinal fell, that title's lost : 
 'Tis now the King's, and called— Whitehall.^'' 
 i Vide Rymer's " Fcedera," torn. vi. pars. it. p. 173. edit. 
 tertia.
 
 ^28* LOKDINIANA. 
 
 vied by Dr. Rowland Lee, who was shortly after " made 
 Bishop of Chester, then Bishop of Coventry and Lich- 
 field, and President of Wales."* 
 
 The period of the completion of King Henry's im- 
 provements at York Place and St. James's, is tolerably 
 well ascertained by an Act of Parliament which was 
 passed in the summer of the year ] 536 (2Sth Hen.VlIL 
 cap. 12), for the annexation of those estates to the an- 
 cient Palace of \Yestminster. After reciting that " the 
 Old Palace" was then, and had been long time before, 
 in utter ruin and decay, the Act states, that the 
 King had lately obtained one great Mansion Place and 
 House (which had belonged to the Archbishopric of 
 York), near the said Palace, and that upon the soil end 
 ground thereof he had " most sumptuously and curi- 
 ously builded, and edified many, and distinct, beauti- 
 ful, costly, and pleasant Lodgings, Buildings, and 
 
 * Lingard, whose great aim has been to debase Queen Anne 
 Boleyn, and disparage the Reformation, intimates that the mar- 
 riage ceremony was performed " in a garret, at the western 
 end of the Palace of Whitehall." But the tenor of his work 
 is to support Catholicism, and his " History" is that of a parti- 
 san. — Hall states, that the marriage took place on St. Erken- 
 -wald's Day (November 14th) 1532, immediately on the King's 
 return from Calais ; and Holinshed, evidently on his authority, 
 affirms the same. Stow's account, however, is strongly corro- 
 borated by a letter of Archbishop Cranmer, quoted by Burnet, 
 which, speaking of Queen Anne's coronation, in June 1533, 
 says, " she was married much about Sainte Paule's daye laste 
 (January 25tb), as the condicion thereof dothe well appere, by 
 reason she ys nowe somewhat bigge with chylde."
 
 LONDHNfANA. 529* 
 
 Mansions," and adjoining thereunto " had made a 
 Park, and walled and environed it round with brick 
 and stone, and there devised and ordained many and 
 singular commodious things, pleasures, and other 
 necessaries, apt and convenient, to appertain to so noble 
 a Prince, for his pastime and solace ;" wherefore it 
 was enacted, " that all the said Ground, Mansion, and 
 Buildings, together with the said Park, and the entire 
 space between Charing Cross and the Sanctuary at 
 Westminster, from the Thames on the east side, to the 
 Park Wall westward, with all the houses, tenement?;, 
 lands, &c., and also the soil of the ancient Palace, 
 should from thenceforth be deemed the King's whole 
 Palace of Westminster, and be called and named the 
 King's Palace at JFest minster ^ for ever," and " enjoy 
 all the like prerogatives, liberties, jurisdictions, and 
 privileges, as appertained to the ancient Palace." 
 From that time until its destruction by fire in Kin<? 
 William's reign, Whitehall was the chief metropolitan 
 residence of all our Sovereigns, and many important 
 and most interesting events occurred within its pre- 
 cincts and neishbourhocd. 
 
 On the 8th of May, 1539, there was a grand muster 
 of armed citizens, by order of the King, as a prepara- 
 tory step against ihe invasion threatened by the Ca- 
 tholic Potentates. The show, as described by Holin- 
 shed, was extremely splendid. Upwards of 15,000 
 persons, including gunners, pikemen, archers, billmen, 
 &c., passed in review before the " King's Maiestie, 
 which at that time sat in his jYew Gate House, at his
 
 30* LONDINIANA. 
 
 Palace of Westminster."* The adjoining Gallery also, 
 both in that and the succeeding reigns, was frequently 
 occupied by the Sovereign and Court during the tour- 
 naments, justings, and other martial diversions in the 
 Tilt-yard. 
 
 Henry the Eighth signed his Will in the *' Palays 
 of Westminster (Whitehall), on the 30th of December, 
 1547; and he died there on the 28th of January, 
 1547-8. 
 
 In Queen Elizabeth's reign, Whitehall was the very 
 focus of regal splendour ;f but perhaps it never shone 
 with more radiancy than on the coming of the noble 
 
 * Holinshed's " Chronicle," vol. iii. p. 810, edit. 1808. 
 The citizens were musfereii in the fields about Mile End, Beth- 
 nal Greene, Stepney, and Radclifte. Each ward was led on by 
 its proper Alderman, and the whole by Sir William Forman, the 
 Lord Mayor. " The foremost capteine, at nine of the clocke in 
 the morning, by the Little Conduit, came and entered into 
 Paules Church-yard, and from there directlie to Westminster, 
 and so through the Sanctuarie, and round about the Parke of 
 St. James's, and vp into the field, coming home through Hol- 
 bome ; and as the first capteine entered again to the Little 
 Conduit, the last of the muster entered Paules Church-yarde, 
 which was then about loure of the clocke in the afternoon. 
 The number, beside the wiflers, and of other waiters, was fif- 
 teene thousand." — Ibid. 
 
 t Holinshed, speaking of the first Parliament in Elizabeth's 
 reign, anno 1559-60, says, " On Wednesdaie, the five and twen- 
 tieth of Januarie, the parlement began, the Queenes Maiestie 
 riding in hir parliament robes, from hir palace oi Whitehall,vnto 
 the Abbeie Church of Westminster,with the Lords Spirituall and 
 Temporall attending hir, likewise in their parlement robes."
 
 LONDINIAXA. 31* 
 
 Commissioners from France, to treat of a marriage 
 between the Queen and the Due d'Anjou, in tlie 
 Springof 1581. On that occasion a new Banquetting 
 House was erected for their reception, which is thus 
 described by Holinshed : — 
 
 " This yeere (against the coming of certain Commis- 
 sioners out of France into England), by hir Majesties 
 appointment, on the sixth and twentith daie of March, in 
 the morning (being Easter daie), a Banketling House was 
 begun at Westminster, on the south-west side of hir Ma- 
 iesties palace of Whitehall, made in manner and forme of 
 a long square, three hundred thirtie and two foot in mea- 
 sure, about thirtie principals made of great masts, being 
 fortie foote in length a peece, standing upright ; betwene 
 euery one of these masts, ten foot asunder and more. 
 The walks of this house were closed with canuas, and 
 painted all the outsides of the same most artificiallie,with 
 a worke called rustike, much like stone. This house had 
 two hundred, ninetie and two lights of glasse. The sides 
 within the same house were made with ten heights of de- 
 grees for people to stand vpon, and in the top of this 
 house was wrought cunninglie vpon canuas, works of iuie 
 and hoUie, with pendants made of wickar rods, garnished 
 with baie, iuie, and all manner of strange flowers gar- 
 nished with spanglesiof gold, as also beautified with hanging 
 toseans madeof hoUie and iuie, with all manner of strange 
 fruits, as pomegranats, orenges, pompions, cucumbers, 
 grapes, carrets, with such other like, spangled with gold, 
 and most richly hanged. Betwixt these workes of baies 
 and iuie were great spaces of canuas, which was most 
 cunninglie painted, the clouds with starres, the sunne and 
 sunne-beams, with diuerse other cotes of sundrie sorts 
 belonging to the Qu^enes Maiestie, most richlie garnished
 
 32* LONDIXIAXA. 
 
 with gold. There were of all manner of persons working 
 on this house, to the number of three hundred seven- 
 tie and fiue; two men had mischances, the one broke his 
 leg, and so did the other. This house was made in three 
 wc-eks and three days, and was ended the eighteenth diiie 
 of Aprill ; and cost one thousand seuen hundred fortie 
 and foure pounds, nineteene shillings, and od monie, as I 
 w,is crediblie informed by theworshipfuU maister, Thomas 
 Graue, surueior vnto hir Maiesties workes, who serued and 
 gaue order for the same, as appeareth by record."* 
 
 The French Embassy arrived in London about the 
 20ih of April, and shortly after, " being accompanied 
 of the nobilitie of En2:land, they repaired to the 
 Court and Banketting House, prepared for them at 
 Westminster, where her Maiestie, 
 
 decus illffi Britanniim, 
 
 Gemmaque non alijs inuenienda loci>,) 1 
 
 with amiable countenance and great courtesie received 
 ihera, and afterward in that Place most roiallie 
 fe-isted and banketted them."t 
 
 On the following Whit-Monday and Tuesday, a 
 most gorgeous Pageant and Tournament, or Triumph, 
 as it was denominated, was exhibited in tiie tilt-yard, 
 for the entertainment of the foreign visitors. The gal- 
 lery at the end of the tilt-yard, where the Queen was 
 seated, " was called," says Holinshed, " and not 
 without cause, the Castelle or Fortresse of perfect 
 Beautie, for as much as her Highnesse shouH be there. 
 
 * ilolinshed'i " Chronicles," vo). iv, p. 434. f IbiJ.
 
 LONDINIANA. r33* 
 
 included." This was assaulted by the four Foster- 
 Children of Desire, after being summoned by a " de- 
 lectahle song," of which the first verses were as fol- 
 low : — 
 
 Yield, yield, yield, you that this Fort do hold, 
 Which seated is in spotless Honour's field ; 
 
 Desire's great force, no forces can withhold. 
 Then to Desire's desire, O yield ! O yield ! 
 
 Yield, yield, O yield — trust not to Beauty's pride ; 
 
 Fairness, though fair, is but a feeble shield. 
 When strong Desire, which Virtue's love doth guide. 
 
 Claims but to gain his due — yield, yield, O yield ! 
 
 Wooden guns (cannon), charged with sweet powder 
 and sweet waters, " verie odoriferous and pleasant," 
 were then " shot off" against the Fortress of Beauty, 
 from a " rowling trench, or mound of earth," that 
 was wheeled up to the walls, and an attack was made 
 with " pretie scaling ladders," and "flowers, and such 
 fancies and devices," were thrown in, *' as might seem 
 fit shot for Desire." 
 
 Whilst the challengers, viz. *' the Earle of Arundel, 
 the Lord Windsore, Maister Philip Sidneie, and Mais- 
 ter Fulke Greuill," were thus engaged, each at the 
 head of his band of partizans, in very sumptuous ap- 
 parel, the Defenders of Beauty entered the tilt-yard, 
 and a regular "^ tourneie" and "justing" took place, 
 in the course of which the renowned Sir Hamj 
 Lee, K. G., the Queen's devoted knight, brake '^ his 
 
 D*
 
 S4* 
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 six staves," and many others justed " right vaUantly'* 
 until the approach of night separated the combatants. 
 
 On the following day, the four Foster-children of 
 Desire entered " in a brown chariot (verie finelie and 
 curiouslie decked), as men sore wearied and halfe 
 overcome," whilst " verie doleful musicke" was played 
 by a concealed band, within the chariot, in which 
 also Desire herself, represented by "a beautiful ladie," 
 sat *' upon the top," in company with the knights. 
 On approaching the Queen, an " herald at arms,'' 
 expressed the challengers' ** despair of victory," yet, 
 as " their soules should leave their bodies rather than 
 Desire should leave their soules," they besought her 
 Highness '* to vouchsafe the eies of her peerless 
 beauty, upon their " death or overthrow."* 
 
 " Then went they to the tournie, where they did verie 
 noblie, as the shiuering of the swords might verie well 
 testifie ; and after that to the barriers, where they lashed 
 it out lustilie, and fought couragiouslle, as if the Greeks 
 and Troians had dealt their deadlie dole. No partie was 
 spared, no estate excepted, but ech knight induced to win 
 the golden fleece that expected either fame or the fauor 
 of his mistresse, which sporte continued all the same dale. 
 And towards the euening the sport being ended, there was 
 a boie sent vp to to the Queene, clothed in ash coloured 
 garments, in token of humble .submission, who having an 
 olive branch in his hand, and falling downe prostrate on 
 his face, and then kneeling vp, concluded this noble exer- 
 cise," by requesting her Highness to admit the challengers 
 
 * Holinshcd's " Chronicles," vol. iv, pp. 435-445.
 
 LONDINIAXA. 35* 
 
 as her perpetual bondmen, notwithstanding their degene- 
 racy and unworthyness in making " violence accompanie 
 desire." 
 
 This '^ amorous foolerij,^^ as Pennant has justly 
 styled it, was ended by the maiden Queen giving to all 
 her Knights " praise and great thanks." " And thus 
 ceased," says Holinshed, " these courtly triumphs, set 
 forth with the most costlie braverie and gallantness." 
 At that time her Majesty was nearly forty-eight years 
 of age, yet, in the set speeches of the Pageant, the 
 flattering blandishments addressed to her were as highly 
 flavoured as could have been offered to a virgin beauty 
 of eighteen. 
 
 Hentzner,* the German traveller, who came to Eng- 
 land in the year 1598, styles Whitehall, a palace 
 ** truly royal ;" but his personal description of its so- 
 vereign mistress is by no means prepossessing. 
 
 • Hentzoer's "Journey into Ecgland," p. 29: Walpole's 
 edition. Hentzner enumerates the " folJowing things," as 
 *' worthy of observation" at Whitehall : 
 
 I. The Royal Library, well stored with Greek, Latin, Italian 
 and French books : among the rest, a little one in French, upon 
 parclinienf, in the hand-writing of the present reignina; Queen, 
 Elizabeth, thus inscribed : — To the most high, puissant, and 
 redoubted Prince, Henry VIII. , of the Name, King of Eiig- 
 land, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith : Elizabeth, 
 his most humble Daughter, Health and Obedience. 
 
 All these books are bound in velvet of dillerent colours, 
 though chiefly red, with clasps of gold and silver ; some have 
 pearls and precious stones set in their bindings. 
 
 II. Two little silver cabinets, of exquisite work, in which
 
 36* LONDINIANA. 
 
 Some curious anecdotes of the Court, in the latter years 
 of Elizabeth, may be found in the letters of Rowland 
 Whyte, published with the Sydney State Papers. 
 
 the Queen keeps her paper, and which she uses for writing 
 boxes. 
 
 III. The Queen's bed, ingeniously composed of woods of 
 different colours, with quilts of silk, velvet, gold, silver, and 
 embroiderj'. 
 
 IV. A little chest, ornamented all over with pearls, in which 
 the Queen keeps her bracelets, ear-rings, and other things of 
 extraordinary value. 
 
 V. Christ's Passion, in painted glass. 
 
 VI. Portraits ; among which are, Queen Elizabeth, at six- 
 teen years old ; Henry, Richard, Edward, Kings of England ; 
 Rosamond ; Lucrece, a Grecian bride, in her nuptial habit ; the 
 Genealogy of the Kings of England ; a picture of King Ed- 
 ward VI., representing, at first sight, something quite deformed, 
 till by looking through a small hole in the cover, which is put 
 over it, you see it in its true proportion ; Charles V., Emperor ; 
 Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, and Catherine, of Spain, 
 his wife; Ferdinand, Duke of Florence, with his Daughters; 
 one of Philip, King of Spain, when he came into England and 
 married Mary ; Henry VII., Henry VIII,, and his Mother. 
 Besides many more of illustrious men and women ; and a pic- 
 ture of the Siege of Malta. 
 
 VII. A small Hermitage, half hid in a rock, finely carved in 
 wood. 
 
 VIII. Variety of Emblems, on paper, cut in the shape of 
 shields, with mottos, used by the nobility at tilts and tourna- 
 ments, hang up here for a memorial. 
 
 IX. Different instruments of Music, upon one of which two 
 persons may perform at the same time. 
 
 X. A piece of Clock-work, an ^Ethiop riding upon a Rhi- 
 noceros, With four atteudauts, who all make their obeisance,
 
 LONDINIAKM. 37* 
 
 Under the date May the 12th, 1600, the writer says, 
 " Her Majestie is very well ; this day she appointes 
 to see a Frenchman doe feates in the Conduit Court. 
 To-morrow she hath commanded the beares, the bull, 
 and the ape to be baited in the Tilt-yard : vpon Wed- 
 nesday she will have solemn dawncing.* Yet, even 
 then, although in her 67th year, and pursuing those 
 diversions with apparent zest, her heart was ill at ease. 
 Essex, her favourite, was in disgrace, and under 
 restraint, and her Majesty, when at a masque at the 
 Lord Cobliam's house, in the Blackfriars, '* to grace 
 the marriage of Lord Herbert," on being wooed "to 
 dance" by j^ffection, ejaculated " Affection is false !" 
 yet **she rose and danced.''^ 
 
 Almost immediately after the decease of Queen 
 Elizabeth, at Richmond (24th of March 1602-3), the 
 Lords of the Council met in the orchard at Whitehall, 
 to despatch a messenger with the tidings to her succes- 
 sor, but her kinsman, Robert Carey, afterwards Earl 
 of Monmouth, quitting the Palace by stealth, was the 
 first to apprise the Scottish monarch of his long-coveted 
 accession to the English throne.:]: 
 
 when it strikes ihe hour ; these are all put into motion by wind- 
 ing up the machine. 
 
 In a garden joining to this palace, there is a jet d'eaii, with 
 a sun-dial, at which while strangers are looking, a quantity of 
 wafer, forced by a wheel, which the gardener turns at a dis- 
 tance, through a number of little pipes, plentifully sprinkles those 
 that are standing around. 
 
 * Sydney's Papers, vol. ii, p. 194. 
 
 t Ibid. p. 203. 
 
 t Vide " Memoirs of his own Life.''
 
 Ji8* LONDINIANA. 
 
 In the reigns of James the First, and Charles, his 
 successor, pageantry and show were domiciled^ if the 
 expression be allowable, at Whitehall ; and on many- 
 occasions the palace was rendered a complete theatre 
 for scenic display. Walpole, speaking of King Charles, 
 (but his language, in several respects, is applicable to 
 both sovereigns), says, — "The Pleasures of his court 
 were carried on with much taste and magnificence. 
 Poetry, painting, music, and architecture, were all 
 called in to make them rational amusements. Ben 
 Jonson was the laureat ; Inigo Jones, the inventor of 
 the decorations ; Laniere and Ferabosco composed the 
 symphonies; and the King, the Queen, and the young 
 nobility, danced in the interludes."* 
 
 The accession of King James to the English throne 
 was first proclaimed at Whitehall, and one of his first 
 acts of sovereignty after reaching the Palace was to 
 confer the order of knighthood upon 300 persons, in 
 the Garden there. *' Before the year went about,*' 
 Baker says, he bestowed the same honour upon " God 
 knows how many hundreds."f 
 
 » Walpole's "Works," vol. iii, p. 271, 4to. From the 
 above application of Walpole's language to King James's court, 
 we must except the taste and dancing of that monarch. James had 
 no taste, and was too weak and ungain in his limbs for dancing. 
 
 t Baker's " Chronicle," p. 40^, edit. 1T30. We learn from 
 Winwood's " Memorials," that Knighthood was in this reign 
 held so cheap, that the '' Lady Elizabeth's followers" were 
 permitted to put " themselves in equipage" on the eve of her 
 nuptials with the Count Palatine, by keeping " as it were, an 
 open market to all commers for £150 a-man," Vol. iii. p. 431.
 
 LONDINIANA. 39* 
 
 Masks and Mummings, as Sir Dudley Carletoii 
 styles them, were quickly introduced at court, after the 
 arrival from Scotland of Anne of Denmark, the royal 
 consort. One of the earliest displays was on the mar- 
 riage of Sir Philip Herbert, the King's favourite, with 
 Lady Susan Vere, on St. John's Day (27th of Decem- 
 ber) 1604-5. That ceremony was performed in the 
 Chapel at Whitehall ; the nuptial dinner was served 
 in the Great Chamber ; the masque was played in the 
 Hall ; and the new married couple were lodged in the 
 Council Chamber.* On the following Twelfth-Day y 
 
 Of the popular tradition of King James bestowing the knightly 
 honour on a Loin of Beef, and hence Sir- Loin, see Nichols's 
 " Progresses," &c. of that monarch, vol. iii. p. 401, note. 
 
 * Sir Dudley Carleton gives us a curious picture of the 
 courtly revelries on that occasion :— ** The Court was great, and 
 for that day put on the best bravery. Prince Henry and the 
 Duke of Hoist, the Queen's brother, led the bride to church, 
 and the Queen followed her from thence. The King gave her, 
 and she in her tresses and trinkets, brided and bridled it so hand- 
 somely, that the King said '* if he were unmarried he would 
 not give her, but keep her for himself." There was no small 
 loss that night of chaines and Jewells, and many great ladies 
 were made shorter by the skirts, and were well enough served 
 that they could keep cut no better. The King [who for the 
 bride's jointure had given £500 per annum, in land], in his shirt 
 and night gown, gave them a reveille matin before they were 
 up, and spent a good time in or upon the bed, — choose which you 
 will believe. No ceremony was omitted of bride-cakes, point*, 
 garters, and gloves, which have been ever since the livery of the 
 court ; and at night there was sewing into the sheet, casting off 
 the bride's left hose, with many other pretty sorceries."— Win- 
 wood's '' Memorials," vol. ii. p. 43.
 
 40* LONDIKIANA. 
 
 the young prince, Charles, was created Duke of York, 
 with great pomp, at Whitehall; and at night, the 
 Queen's masque of " Blacknesse'' (for the charge of 
 which £3,000 had been previously delivered) was 
 *' personated" in the Banquettins; House. The Queen, 
 with eleven of the raost beautiful ladies of her Court, 
 were the chief masquers and dancers, in character of 
 the Daughters of JVz^er, " because," Jonson says, "it 
 was her Maiesties will to have them Black-Mores at 
 first.*" In Sir Dudley Carleton's somewhat ironical 
 description of this performance, he acquaints us, that 
 '' their apparell was rich, but too light and curtezan- 
 like for such great ones.^f 
 
 After the splendid ceremony of creating Prince Henry 
 Prince of Wales, at Westminster, on the 1 2th of June 
 1610, the banquet was given at Whitehall : the next 
 day " was graced with a most glorious Maske'* there, 
 which was continued " till within half an hour of the 
 
 • Vide Ben Jonson's " Works," p. 893, fol. d616. From 
 the Poet's account of this masque of Blachnesse, as well as of 
 that of Beavtie, which was represented by the Queen and her 
 ladies in tbe Banquet ting-house on Twelfth Night, 1608-9, it is 
 evident that both perspective and moveable scenery was then used; 
 there was great ingenuity displayed also in the construciion of 
 the machinery. Another masque, of similar *' invention," called 
 " TTie Queenes,'''' was also performed by the same parties at 
 Whitehall, on the 23d of February 1609. 
 
 t Winwood's •* Memorials," vol. ii, p. 44. As it is impossi- 
 ble to enlarge on these pageantries, we must refer for further 
 accounts to the same work, vol. iii, pp. 179-181, and 434 ; and 
 also to various parts of Nichols's '' Progresess," &c. of King 
 James,
 
 tONDlKTANA. 41* 
 
 Sun's, not setting, but rising ;" and on the third day, 
 was a grand " tilting-match, a gallant sea-fight, and many 
 rare and excellent fireworks, which were seen by almost 
 half a million of people." 
 
 The marriage of the Princess Elizabeth with the 
 Elector Palatine, on St. Valentine's-Day, 1612-13, was 
 solemnized at Whitehall, with a degree of sumptuous- 
 ness verging upon Eastern splendour. On that occa- 
 sion, the ceremony was performed upon a raised stage 
 in the middle of the chapel, and no persons were ad- 
 mitted under the degree of a baron, " saving the three 
 Lords Chief Justices." " It were no end," says a spec- 
 tator of these vanities, " to write of the curiositie and 
 excess of bravery both of men and women, with the 
 extreme daubings of cost and riches."* Different 
 masques were represented by the Lords, and by the 
 members of the Temple, Lincoln^s Inn, and Gray's 
 Inn ; that of the Lords is described to have been '* very 
 rich and sumptuous, yet long and tedious, and with 
 many devices, more like a play than a maske." A 
 new (temporary) marriage room, was erected for 
 the entertainment of the guests ; and fireworks were 
 displayed both in the gardens and on the river Thames, 
 the cost of which amounted to more than £9,000. 
 
 It was the intention of King James to have built a 
 magnificent Palace at Whitehall, and Inigo Jones made 
 
 * Winwood's " Memorials," ut supra. The jewels worn 
 by James and his Queen were said to be worth a million ster- 
 ling. Vide Miss Benger's " Memoirs of Elizabeth, Queen of 
 Bohemia," vol. i, p. 33T.
 
 42* LONDINIANA. 
 
 a splendid series of designs for that purpose ; but the 
 extravagance of the Court rendered the scheme abor- 
 tive, and no part of the intended structure was erected 
 except the Banquetting House, which is almost the 
 only part of Whitehall palace that now remains.* 
 
 Three sets of engravings have been published, but 
 with considerable variations from each other, of the 
 Palace designed by Inigo Jones. The earliest of these 
 consists of views of the fronts in Campbell's " Vi- 
 truyius Britannicus," printed in 1717; the next, of 
 
 * We learn from Howes' Edition of S tow's " Annales," 
 (p. 891), that "the old, rotten, sleight-builded Banquetting- 
 house," which had been erected by Queen Elizabeth, was pulled 
 down by King James in 1606, and " new builded" in the fol- 
 lowing year, " verj' strong and stately, being every way larger 
 than the first : there were also many fayre lodgings new builded 
 and increased." In the same work (p. 1031), the following 
 particulars are given of the destruction of the new building by 
 fire. ^' xibout ten a clocke in the morning, vpon Tuesday the 
 12 of January [1619], the faire Banquetting-house at Whitehall, 
 was vpon the sodaine all flaming a fire, from end to end^ and 
 side to side, before it was discerned or descryde, by any persoos 
 or passengers, either by scent or smoke ; at sight whereof, the 
 Court being sore amazed, sent speedy ne^es to the great Lords 
 of the Councell, who were then but newly set in the Guildhall 
 in London, about excessive and disorderly buildings, but they all 
 arose and returned to Whitehall, and gave directions to the mul- 
 titude of people to suppresse the flame, and by hooke to pull 
 downe some other adjoining buildings, to preuent the furious 
 fire, and so by their care, and the peoples labour, the flame was 
 quite extinct by twelve a clocke : besides the Banquetting-house, 
 there were diners lodgings burned, and the writings in the oflice 
 of the Privy signet, which was vnder the Banquetting-house."
 
 LONUINIANA. 43* 
 
 elevations, plans, sections, &c., amounting to fifty- 
 seven plates, in Kent's first volume of Jones's " De- 
 signs," published in 1727 ; and the last, of large 
 prints of the four fronts, &c. published by Lord Bur- 
 lington, in 1748 and 1749. Those in the "Vitru- 
 vius Britannicus," Dallaway says, "are not genuine;" 
 and Walpole, when speaking of the Banquetting- 
 house, which he characterizes as " so complete in 
 itself, that it stands a model of the most pure and 
 beautiful taste," throws a degree of doubt on the views 
 published by Lord Burlington. His words are : — 
 
 " The four great sheets are evidently made up from 
 general hints; nor could such a source of invention and 
 taste, as the mind of Inigo, ever produce so much same- 
 ness. The strange kind of cherubims on the towers at the 
 end, are preposterous ornaments, and whether of Inigo or 
 not, bear no relation to the rest. The great towers in the 
 front are too near, and evidently borrowed from what he 
 had seen in Gothic, not Roman buildings. The circular 
 court [within the quadrangle] is a picturesque thought, 
 but without meaning or utility. The whole fabric, how- 
 ever, was such a glorious idea, that one forgets for a mo- 
 ment, in the regret for its not being executed, the confir- 
 mation of our liberties, obtained by a melancholy scene 
 that passed before the windows of that very Banquetting- 
 house."* 
 
 From a letter of Pope, addressed to Jervas, the pain- 
 ter, in November 1716, it appears that '* the original 
 designs of Inigo Jones's Whitehall," were then in the 
 
 Walpole's " VYorks" vol. iii. p. 270, 4to edit.
 
 44* LONDINIANA. 
 
 possession of Dr. Clarke, of All Soul's College, in 
 Oxford ; and the poet's editor, Warlon, states, that 
 the Doctor bequeathed them to the library of Wor- 
 cester College,* wherein, most probably, they yet 
 remain. 
 
 The Banquetting-house still forms one of the best 
 features of our metropolitan architecture; although, 
 from the decay of the stone in its sculptured foliage, 
 and general dressings, it has a worn and ragged ap- 
 pearance. It was commenced soon after the fire in 
 1619, and was finished within three years.f Nicholas 
 Stone, who was the master-mason, was employed on it 
 two years (as appears from his own notes, published 
 by Walpole), during which time he was '* payed 
 four shillings and tenpence the day." At a somewhat 
 later period, Inigo Jones, as surveyor-general of the 
 works, was allowed only 8s. 4d. per day, with £46 
 per annum, for house rent, exclusive of a clerk and 
 incidental expenses. 
 
 It will be seen from the annexed Views of the River 
 and Street Fronts of the intended Palace (which have 
 been reduced from the large prints published by Lord 
 Burlington), that had the building been completed 
 according to Inigo Jones's designs, it would have com- 
 prised four Pavilions of similar character to the pre- 
 sent Banquetting-house, exclusive of its square 
 towers at the angles, its magnificent central compart- 
 ments, and its internal courts ; and we cannot but 
 
 * Warton's " Works of Alexander Pope, Esq." vol. iii. p. 322. 
 f Howes' Stow's " Annales," p, 1031.
 
 LONDIKIANA. 45* 
 
 lament, with Walpole, that an edifice conceived in a 
 style of so mucfi grandeur, and so truly worthy of 
 becoming the abode of a British Sovereign, should, 
 from any cause, have been suffered to remain incom- 
 plete.* 
 
 King James had little predilection for refined plea- 
 sures, but his sons, both Henry and Charles, possessed 
 greater taste, and gave due encouragement to the fine 
 arts. Prince Henry laid the foundation, at Whitehall, 
 of that noble collection which his brother completed, 
 but which the unhappy occurrence of the Civil Wars 
 was the means of dispersing throughout Europe.f 
 
 Walpole has given a curious list of the masques and 
 triumphs (in which Inigo Jones was concerned) which 
 were 'presented' at Whitehall, in the time of Charles 
 the First, whose consort took as active a part in those 
 
 * Colin Campbell, who, in his " Vitruvius Britannicus," has 
 eulogised the design of the entire Palace, in very hyperbolical 
 terms, speaks thus fancifully of the Banquetting- house. — " Here 
 our excellent Architect has introduced Strength with Politeness, 
 Ornament with Simplicity, Beauty with Majesty ; it is without 
 Dispute, the first Room in the World." 
 
 f This collection was principally contained in a building 
 called the Cabinet, or Cabinet Room, which had been designed 
 for Prince Henry by Inigo Jones, and, according to Walpole, 
 "was erected about the middle of Whitehall, running across 
 from the Thames towards the Banquetting-house, and fronting 
 westward to the Privy Garden." Pennant says, that the Cabi- 
 net Room stood on the site of the Duke of York's house, now 
 Lord Melbourne's ; but as Walpole refers to Vanderdori's Cata- 
 logue of King Charles's Collection, his authority is the most 
 prelerable.
 
 46* LONDIXIANA. 
 
 diversions, as Anne of Denmark had done in the pre- 
 cedino; reio-n.* 
 
 King Charles, in the early part of his reign, engaged 
 Rubens to paint the ceiling of the Banquetting-house, 
 for which work that inimitable artist w^as paid £3000 ; 
 and he was also knighted at Whitehall, on the 21st of 
 February 1630. The subject is the Apotheosis of 
 James I., which is represented in nine compartments, 
 and is chiefly indicative of that monarch's love of 
 peace.f By a remarkable fatality, the scaffold for the 
 decapitation of King Charles veas erected in the in- 
 closed court (now the pubhc street) , in front of this 
 edifice, through which he was led immediately to his 
 execution. Pennant, in speaking of the Banquetting- 
 house, thus aptly remarks, — " Little did James think 
 
 * Among tbe Strafford Papers (vol. ii. p. 130), there is a 
 letter dated November 9tb, 163T, in which the writer, speaking 
 of two masques which were to be exhibited that winter, says, 
 " A great room is now building only for this use, betwixt the 
 Guard-chamber and Banquetting-house, of fir, only weather- 
 boarded, and slightly covered. At the marriage of the Queen 
 of Bohemia, I saw one set up there, but not of that vastness that 
 this will be, which will cost too much money to be pulled down, 
 and yet down it must when the masks are over." — Of this build- 
 ing there is a further notice in the " Journals" of the House of 
 Commons, July 16th, 1645, viz. "Ordered, that the boarded 
 Masque-house at Whitehall, the Masque-house at St. James's, 
 and the Courts of guard be forthwith pulled down and sold 
 away." 
 
 t This painting was repaired by Kent in the reign of 
 George II., and again about fifty years ago, by Cipriani, who 
 *• had £2090 for his trouble,'^ as Pennant was infornied.
 
 LOXDINIANA. 47* 
 
 that he was raising a pile from which his son was to 
 step from the throne to the scaffold." 
 
 Several years prior to that event, Whitehall had 
 been seized by the Parliament, and on the 23d of July 
 1645, the ascendant fanatics passed a series of votes, 
 ordering (among other things), that "all such pictures 
 and statues" as were at York House, " as are without 
 2iny superstition, shziW be forthwith sold, for the benefit 
 of Ireland and the North." It was likewise ordered, 
 that " all such pictures there as have the representa- 
 tion of the second person in Trinity, or of the Virgin 
 Mary, shall be forthwith burnt.''* 
 
 During the Protectorate, Oliver Cromwell princi- 
 pally resided at Whitehall ; but after the Restoration it 
 was immediately occupied by Charles the Second. f 
 Whatever might have been its former character, this 
 Palace in his reign became the scene of the most open 
 and licentious profligacy, mingled with a political 
 baseness and tergiversation, altogether destructive of 
 the best interests of the nation. This prostration of all 
 moral principle, conjoined to the religious bigotry of 
 
 • Many curious particulars of the sale and dispersion of King 
 Charles's collection of pictures, statues, tapestries, jewels, cS'C, 
 will be found in Walpole's " Anecdotes of Painting," under 
 that reign. Evelyn, under the date of February lltb, 1656, 
 says, " I ventured to go to Whitehall, where of many yeares 
 I had not been, and found it very glorious and well furnished, as 
 far as I could safely go, and was glad to find they had not much 
 defaced y* rare piece of Henry VII., &c. done on the walles of 
 tfae Kinges Privy Chamber."
 
 48* LOi^DINIANA. 
 
 James the Second, deservedly led to the expulsion of 
 the Stuarts in the year 1688.* 
 
 Whilst Cromwell was in possession of Whitehall, 
 he exerted himself to preserve such parts of the Royal 
 collection as had not been sold or stolen. He also 
 purchased a number of the late King's pictures (in- 
 cluding the Cartoons of Raphael) , and thus contributed 
 to preserve a nucleus for the re-collecting in the next 
 reign, of many of the rich specimens of the fine arts, 
 which had been dispersed in the Civil War. 
 
 Shortly before the arrival of Catherine of Braganza, 
 Charles the Second's betrothed consort, that monarch 
 received the Lords and Commons at Whitehall, and, 
 from the speech which he then delivered, we may form 
 some idea of the state of the public streets at that pe- 
 riod : — " The mention of my wife's arrival puts me 
 in mind to desire you to put that compliment upon 
 her, that her entrance into the town may be with more 
 decency than the ways will now suffer it to be ; and to 
 that purpose, I pray you would quickly pass such laws 
 as are before you, in order to the mending those waysy 
 and that she may not find Whitehall surrounded with 
 water. '^ 
 
 * The Memoirs of the Count de Grammont, and the respec- 
 tive Diaries of Evelyn and Pepys, afford a curious insight of 
 the private history and profligate manners of the Court of 
 Whitehall, froni^ the revival of the Monarchy to the eve of the 
 Revolution. Some ingenious scenes, partly grounded upon those 
 authorities, have also, been introduced by Sir Walter Scott, in 
 his " Peveril of the Pea /' and by Horace Smith, in his Bram.- 
 bletye House."
 
 lonuiniana. 49* 
 
 In the " Travels" of Mons. Jorevin de Rochford, 
 printed at Paris, in the year 1672, is the following 
 passage relating to this Palace about that period : — 
 
 " Whitehall consists of a great court, surrounded by 
 buildings, without either symmetry or beauty worth men- 
 tioning, having a chapel which occupies an entire face of 
 that court, and looks towards the gate through which one 
 enters, where, on the right hand, there is a great pavilion 
 with many windows, which seems newly built, and fronts 
 towards the place before the palace ; but on the side 
 looking to the river there is a garden, in which is a par- 
 terre, many statues of marble and bronze, well executed, 
 and a terrace by the side of the river * These would be 
 the most striking parts of this palace, were it not that on 
 the other side there is this advantage, that one may from 
 
 * 111 the Privy Garden, at WhitehalJ, was a curious Dial, or 
 rather set of Dials, coustructed for King Charles, when Prince 
 of Wales, by Edmund Gunter, Professor of Astronomy at 
 Gresham College, of which, by command of King James, he 
 pubUshed a "Description" in 1624, m quarto. The masonry 
 v;as wrought by Nicholas Stone, who was paid £46 for his 
 labour. " 'Jhese Dials were placed,'^ Gunter says, " on a stone, 
 which at tbe base was a square of somewhat more than four 
 feet and a half, the height three feet and three quarters, and, 
 uuwrought, contained above eighty feet, or five tonne of stone. 
 Five Dials were described on the upper part, viz. one on each of 
 the four corners, and a fifth in the middle, which was the chief of 
 all, the great horizontal concave. Besides the dials at the top, 
 there were others on each of the sides, east, west, north and 
 south." Gough states, that this Dial was defaced by the drunken 
 frolics of a nobleman in Charles the Second's reign, but remained 
 till that of George the Second. In Andrew Marvel's verses on 
 the Statue at Charing Cross, it is thus alluded to :—
 
 52* LONDINIANA. 
 
 mouth, Nelly [Gvvynne], &c. concubines, and cattell 
 of that sort, as splendid as Jewells and excesse of bra- 
 very could make them.*" 
 
 On the 28th of July 1683, Prince George of Den- 
 mark, was married to the Lady Anne (afterwards 
 Queen Anne) , the Duke of York's daughter, at White- 
 hall. In March 1684, there was so great a concourse 
 of people, with their children, " to be touched for the 
 evil," at this Palace, " that 6 or 7 were crushed to death 
 by pressing at the Chirurgeon's doore for tickets."t 
 
 * " Memoirs," p. 539. Evelyn has been particularly lavish in 
 his description of the apartments of the Duchess of Portsmouth. 
 In one place, he states them to be " curiously furnished, and 
 with ten times the richnesse and glory beyond the Queenes j" 
 and in another, he enters into the following curious details : — 
 
 " Following his Ma^y this morning thro' the gallerie, I went, 
 with the few who attended him, into the Dutchess of Ports- 
 mouth's dressing-roome, within her bed-chamber, where she 
 was in her morning loose garment, her maids combing her, 
 newly out of her bed, his Ma}y and the gallants standing about 
 her; but that which engaged my curiosity was the rich and 
 splendid furniture of this woman's apartment, now twice or 
 thrice pulled down and rebuilt to satisfie her prodigal and ex- 
 pensive pleasures, whilst her Ma^>^ dos not exceede some gentle- 
 men's ladies in furniture and accommodation. Here I saw the 
 newfabriq of French tapissry, for designe, tendernesse of worke, 
 and incomparable imitation of the best paintings, beyond any 
 thing I had ever beheld. Some pieces had Versailles, St. Ger- 
 man's, and other palaces of the French King, with huntings, 
 figures and landskips, exotiq fowls, and all to the life rarely don. 
 Then for Japan cabinets, screenes, pendule clocks, greate vases of 
 wrought plate, table stands, chimney furniture, sconces, branches, 
 braseras, (fee, all of raassie silver, and out of number, besides 
 some of her Ma'>" best paintings."— Ibid. p. 563. 
 
 t Ibid. p. 571.
 
 LONDINIANA. 53* 
 
 Charles the Second was seized with an apoplectic fit 
 in his bed-chamber at Whitehall, on Monday, the 1st 
 of February 1685, and he died on the Saturday fol- 
 lowing, after receiving extreme unction and the Sacra- 
 ment, according to the rites of the Romish Church, 
 from the hands of Father Hudlestone, a Catholic priest, 
 who had assisted in his escape from Worcester.* His 
 illness had been quite unexpected, as may be inferred 
 from the following passage in Evelyn : — 
 
 " I can never forget the inexpressible luxury and pro- 
 faneness, gaming and all dissoluteness, and, as it were, total 
 forgetful nesse of God (it being Sunday evening), which 
 this day sennight I was witnesse of, the King sitting and 
 toying with his concubines, Portsmouth, Cleaveland, and 
 Mazarine, &c., a French boy singing love songs, in that 
 glorious gallery, whilst about 20 of the great courtiers 
 and other dissolute persons were at Basset, round a large 
 table, a bank of at least ^2,000 in gold before them ; 
 upon which two gentlemen who were with me made 
 reflections with astonishment. Six days after was all in 
 the dust !" 
 
 Immediately after Charles's decease, a council was 
 held here, and his brother James was proclaimed king 
 at Whitehall Gate, in the " very forme his grandfather 
 K. James I. was, after y^ death of Queene Elizabeth.'* 
 
 * Charles had been a concealed Romanist during his whole 
 reign, and the measures of his Government cannot be properly 
 understood without adverting to that fact. Many singular cir- 
 cumstances attending his illness and decease, Mill be found 
 recorded in Evelyn's " Memoirs," vol. i, pp. 580-583 ; and 
 Ellis's " Original Letters," 1st series, vol. iii, pp. 333-338 ; and 
 2d series, vol. iv, pp. 74-80.
 
 54* LOKDINTANA. 
 
 x\bout a week afterwards, the new King went " to 
 masse publickly ia y^ little Oratorie at the Duke's 
 lodgings, the doorcs being set wide open." On the 
 5th of March, Evelyn writes, *' To my great griefe I 
 saw the new pulpit set up in the Popish Oratorie, at 
 Whitehall, for the Lent preachins;, masse being publicly 
 said, and the Romanists swarming at Court with greater 
 confidence than had ever been seene in England since 
 the Reformation.*' 
 
 In the summer of the same year, the King com- 
 menced a new range of buildings on the garden side, 
 at Whitehall, including a Chapel and lodgings for the 
 Queen (Mary d'Este), a council chamber, and other 
 offices; all of which were completed in the following 
 year. Evelyn states, that the embroidery of the 
 Queen's bed cost £3,000, and that the carving about 
 the chimney-piece, by Gibbons, was *' incomparable." 
 He also describes the new chapel as very sumptuously 
 fitted up, and enriched with four statues, in white 
 marble, by the same artist, of St. John, St. Peter, St. 
 Paul, and the Church. The altar-piece was the Salu- 
 tation, which, with other paintings, was by Verrio. In 
 a closet opposite to the altar, was a throne, '* very glo- 
 rious" for the King and Queen. 
 
 The intemperate and unceasing endeavours of the 
 Court to restore Popery, and again subjugate the 
 nation to the superstitions of Catholicism, produced 
 the glorious Revolution of 1688 ; — and on the 17th of 
 December in that year, the bigot King James quitted 
 Whitehall and his Throne for ever ! " On the fol- 
 lowing day," Evelyn says, " the Prince of Orange
 
 LONDINIANA. 55* 
 
 comes to St. James's, and fills Whitehall with Dutch 
 guards." 
 
 On the 13th of February 1689, Mary, Princess of 
 Orange, arrived at this Palace, and, on the succeeding 
 day, her husband and herself were proclaimed King and 
 Queen of England, to which dignity they had been 
 raised by the Convention Parliament. 
 
 But the glories of Whitehall were now verging to a 
 close. The destructive element of fire was destined to 
 be its ruin. Of the first accident of this kind, Evelyn 
 speaks thus, under the date April 10th, 1691 :— "This 
 night a sudden terrible fire burnt down all the build- 
 ings over the stone gallery at Whitehall, to the water 
 side, beginning at the apartment of the late Dutchesse 
 of Portsmouth (vv^^ had been pulled down and rebuilt 
 no lessc than 3 times to please her) , and consuming 
 other lodgings of such lewd creatures, who debauch'd 
 both K. Cha. 2, and others, and were his destruction.'' 
 
 The second and final catastrophe occurred on the 
 4th of January 1697-8, when the entire Palace, except 
 the Banquetting-house, some inferior offices, and two 
 or three noblemen's lodgings, fell a prey to the flames. 
 Evelyn, in one expressive line, thus generalizes the 
 destruction : — " Whitehall burnt ; nothing but walls 
 and ruins left." 
 
 Besides their Majesties' apartments, about 150 houses, 
 " most of which were the lodgings and habitations of 
 the chief nobility," were destroyed, and about twenty 
 others are stated to have been blown up with gunpow- 
 der to prevent further damage. Sir Christopher Wren, 
 whose apartments as surveyor-general were within the 
 Palace, and the Lord Cutts,who commanded the troops.
 
 56* LONDINIANA. 
 
 gave great assistance on this occasion ; yet in the con- 
 fusion, besides what the fire destroyed, several of the 
 royal pictures, and many other valuables, were either 
 lost or stolen. 
 
 In the reign of George the First, the Banquetting- 
 hoase was converted into a chapel, and that monarch 
 first granted a stipend of £30 yearly to twelve clergy- 
 men, six from each University, who officiate a month 
 each, in due succession. It is now appropriated to the 
 use of the Guards, and several of the Eagles and tro- 
 phies taken from the French at Waterloo, during the 
 war with Buonaparte, have been placed near the ahar. 
 Here, also, on every IMaunday Thursday, the King's 
 eleemosynary bonnty is distributed to poor and aged 
 men and women. 
 
 In the annexed print, taken from the Parade within 
 St. James's Park, are shewn the buildings of White- 
 hall, as they appeared about the year 1720, as well as 
 the Horse Guards and Admiralty. Of the Gate-houses 
 there delineated, the one with the dome-capped turrets 
 stood at the north end of King-street, and was pulled 
 down in 1723, in order to improve the road to the 
 Parliament House. The other, called the Cockpit Gate, 
 supposed to have been designed by Holbein, and which 
 had been long used as the State Paper Office, was re- 
 moved in 1750, to widen the street. It was built of 
 stone, mingled with squared ffints, and ornamented with 
 busts in terra cotta, three of which, considered to be 
 those of the Henries VII. and VIIL, and Bishop 
 Fisher, are now at a mansion called Hatfield Priory, 
 near Witham, in Essex.
 
 LONDINIANA. 33 
 
 " Your speaker,'^ said Yelverton, "ought to be a man 
 big and comely, stately and well-spoken ; his voice great, 
 his carriage majestical; his nature haughty, and his purse 
 plentiful and heavy. But, contrarily, the stature of my 
 body is small, myself not so well-spoken, my voice low, my 
 carriage lawyer-like, and of the common fashion; my 
 nature soft and bashful, my purse thin, light, and never 
 yet plentiful.'* 
 
 This apology was, as usual, disregarded ; and Yel- 
 verton filled the speaker's seat without detracting from 
 its dignity. 
 
 About four years previously to the above occurrence, 
 (anno 1593,) as we are informed by the same journalist, 
 the Lord Keeper Puckering, in his reply to the speak- 
 er's three customary demands, explained "liberty of 
 speech," to be nothing more than the " liberty of say- 
 ing Aye and No ! " 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY ESCAPE FROM DEATH. 
 
 The following remarkable event is related in Hoare's 
 Journal of his Shrievalty, under the date of Monday, 
 November the 24th, 1740. 
 
 "This day, (in pursuance of a warrant from his Majesty,) 
 was appointed for the execution of the following malefac- 
 tors in Newgate, condemned the last sessions :— William 
 Duell, William Meers, Thomas Clack, alias Clarke, 
 Eleanor Mumpman, and Margery Stanton, alias Raggety 
 Madge. But two other men, viz. Abraham Hancock and 
 George White, condemned the sessions before, received 
 a reprieve for eight days longer. At this execution a most 
 extraordinary event happened ; for William Duell, aged 1 7 
 years, indicted for a rape, robbery, and murder, and con- 
 
 VOL. II. D
 
 34 LONDINIAN.A. 
 
 victed of the rape, after having been hung up by the neck, 
 with the others as above, for the space of twenty-two minutes^ 
 or more, was cut down, and being begged by the Surgeons* 
 Company, was carried in a hackney- coach to their hall, to 
 be anatomized. Bat just as they had taken him out of 
 the coach, and laid him on a table at that place, in order 
 to make the necessary preparations for cutting him up, he 
 was, to the great astonishment of the surgeon and assis- 
 tants, heard to groan ; and upon examination, finding he 
 had some other symptoms of life, some of the sui-geons let 
 him blood, and after having taken several ounces, he began 
 to stir, and in a short space of time was able to rear him- 
 self up, but could not immediately speak, so as to be heard 
 articulately. Upon this, messages were sent to my brother 
 sheriff and me, and the news was soon spread about, inso- 
 much that by about five o'clock in the afternoon, a very 
 great mob had gathered about the hall, which intimidated 
 us and our officers from attempting to carry him back to 
 Tyburn this same day, in order to hang him up again, and 
 complete his execution; as we might have done by virtue 
 of our warrant, which was to execute him any time in the 
 day. Therefore we kept him here till about twelve o'clock 
 in the night, when the mob being dispersed, we signed a 
 warrant for his recommitment to Newgate; whither he 
 was accordingly carried in a hackney-coach, and being 
 put into one of the cells and covered up, and some warm 
 broth given him, he began so fai* to recover as to be able 
 to speak, and ask for more victuals, but did not as yet seem 
 so sensible as to remember what had happened." 
 
 Two days afterwards the sheriffs waited on the 
 Duke of Newcastle, Secretary of State, to know his 
 jMajesty's pleasure regarding the disposal of the crimi-
 
 LONDINIANA. 35 
 
 nal who had thus strangely escaped dissection and 
 death ; and who was then in Newgate, *' fully recovered 
 in health and senses." His Grace desired them to 
 draw up a narrative of the circumstances, in writing, 
 which was done accordingly ; and it was added, that 
 the prisoner had been found guilty on no other evidence 
 but his own confession before a Justice of Peace. 
 
 " The story of the lad's recovery was now become the 
 common topic of conversation, numbers of people going 
 every hour to Newgate to see, and ask him questions ; 
 and though he was at best but a poor senseless, illiterate 
 boy, and remembered nothing, (as I was told by several 
 who saw him) of his being carried to execution, no, nor 
 even of his being brought to trial ; yet there were abun- 
 dance of Grub-street papers cneA about the streets, giving 
 an account of the wonderful discoveries he had made in 
 the other world, of the ghosts and apparitions he sav/, and 
 such like invented stuff) to get a penny. 
 
 " The conjectures of his not dying under the execution 
 are various ; some suggesting it was because he was not 
 hung up long enough ; others, that the rope was not 
 rightly placed ; others, from the light weight of his body. 
 But the true reason, as I was informed, and which was ac- 
 counted for physically, was, that he had been in a high 
 raging fever since his commitment to Newgate, and was for 
 the most part light headed and delirious, and consequently 
 having no impression of fear upon him, and his blood 
 circulating with violent heat and quickness, might be 
 the reason why it was the longer before it could be 
 stopped by suffocation ; and this likewise accounted for 
 his not knowing any thing that had happened (he being so 
 ill) either at his trial or execution." 
 D 2
 
 36 LONDINIANA. 
 
 It oes not appear from Mr. Hoare's Journal, whether 
 Duell received a pardon, but the Gentleman's Magazine 
 for December in the above year, informs us that he was 
 ordered to be transported for life. It states, also, that 
 when one of the servants at Surgeons' Hall, was washing 
 the body for dissection, he found the breath to come 
 quicker and shorter, on which a surgeon took some 
 ounces of blood from him, and in two hours he was able 
 to sit up in a chair. — The rape and murder had been 
 committed at Acton, on a woman named Sarah Griffin. 
 
 That this was by no means the only instance of the 
 resuscitation of the human body after it had been con- 
 veyed to Surgeons' Hall for dissection, is evident from 
 the following curious order, made at a court of assis- 
 tants on the 13th of July, 1587, which has been 
 copied from the minute hooks of the Company. 
 
 " Item. Yt ys agreed that yf any bodie which shall at 
 anie tyme here after happen to be brought to o'r hall for 
 the intent to be wrought uppon by Thanathomistes of o'r 
 Companie, shall revyve or come to lyfe agayne, as [has] of 
 late hathe ben seene, the charges aboute the same bodie so 
 revivinge, shal be borne, levied, and susteyned, by such 
 person, or persons, who shall so happen to bringe home 
 the bodie. And further shall abide suche order or ffyne, as 
 this Howse shall award." 
 
 Another instance of extraordinary recovery after 
 suspension has been thus related in the fourth volume 
 of the Oxoniana. 
 
 " Anne Greene, a person unmarried, was indicted, ar- 
 raigned, cast, condemned, and executed, for kilHng her child;,
 
 LONDINJANA. 37 
 
 at the assizes at Oxford, December 14, 1650. After some 
 hours her body being taken down, and prepared for dissec- 
 tion in the anatomy school, some heat was found therein, 
 which by the doctors was improved into her perfect reco- 
 very. Charitable people interpret her so miraculous pre- 
 servation, a compurgator of her innocence. Thus she 
 intended for a dead, continues a living anatomy of divine 
 providence, and a monumentof the wonderful contrivances 
 thereof. If Hippolytus, revived only by poetical fancies, 
 was surnamed Virbius, because twice a man, why Mvlierbia^ 
 by as good proportion may be applied to her, who since is 
 married, and liveth in this country in good reputation. "* 
 Among other epigrams on this subject, the following 
 with the translation was written by Dr. Ralph Bathurst. 
 In puellam iVffo>ioT|Wov a patibulo reviviscentum. 
 Quae nuper medicos vespillonesque fefellit, 
 Et non unius victima mortis erat, 
 Quam bene Ketricis titulum meruisse putanda est. 
 Cum poterat Stamen sic renovare suum. 
 Englished thus : 
 
 Thou more than mortal, that with many lives 
 Hast mock't the sexton, and the doctor's knives ; 
 The name of spinster thou mayest justly wed, 
 Since there's no halter stronger than thy thread. 
 
 INGENIOUS MECHANISM. 
 
 Stow, in his " Summarie of the Chronicles of Eng- 
 land," anno 1604, p. 3'i8, under the date 1579, re- 
 cords the following remarkable instance of skilful 
 workmanship by a citizen. 
 
 * Fuller's Worthies. For a longer account of Anne Greene, 
 see Morgan's Phoenix Britaiinicus.
 
 38 LONDINIANA. 
 
 " This yeare Markc Scaliot, Blackesmith, citizen of 
 London, for triall of his workmanshippe made one hanging 
 Locke of iron, Steele, and brasse, of eleven severaU peeces, 
 and a pipe key, all cleane wrought, which weighed but one 
 graine of golde. He also at the same time made a chaine 
 of golde of fortie three linkes, to the which chaine the 
 locke and key being fastened, and put about a Flea's necke, 
 she drew the same with ease. All which locke and key, 
 chaine and fley weighed but one graine and a halfe; a 
 thing most incredible, but that I myselfe have seene it."* 
 
 MARSHALSEA PRISON, SOUTHWARK. 
 
 Among the inhabitants of this noted prison in 
 Henry the Eighth's reign, was *' a rabblement" of 
 army surgeons, who had accompanied the troops to 
 France, and whose incapacity became so apparent at 
 the Siege of Montreuil, " the soldiers dying so fast of 
 very slight wounds," that the Duke of Norfolk found 
 it expedient to appoint a commission to examine the 
 medical department on the spot. One of the commis- 
 sioners was named John Gale, a sensible rational pro- 
 fessor, who in his " Office of a Chirurgeon," has given 
 the ensuing curious result of the inquiry. 
 
 " We found," says Gale, "many who took upon them 
 the names of surgeons, and the wages also. We de- 
 manded of them with whom they were brought up. They 
 with shameless faces would answer, one cunning man, 
 or another, which was dead. We then demanded what 
 chirurgery stuff they had to cure men with? And they 
 
 * The margin say«, " The lock and key weighed but one 
 wheat corne ;'' and the ** chain but halfe a wheat corn."
 
 LONDINIANA 39 
 
 would shew us a pot, or box, which they had in a budget, 
 wherein there was such trumpery as they did use to grease 
 horses' heels with ; and others that were coblers and tinkers, 
 they used shoemakers' wax, with the rust of old pans, and 
 made therewithal * a noble salve,' as they did term it. In 
 the end, this worthy rabblement was committed to the 
 Marshalsea, and threatened by the Duke's Grace to be 
 hanged for their worthy deeds, ejicept they would declare 
 the truth, what they were, &c. And in the end they did 
 confess as I declared to you before ; that some were sow- 
 gelders, some horse-gelders, with tinkers and coblers." 
 
 LADY JANE GREY. 
 
 The following curious account of the early years of 
 this unfortunate queen, whose sovereignty began and 
 ended in the short space of nine days, is extracted 
 from the " ScJioolmaster'"' of the learned Roger Ascham, 
 who on visiting her at her father's seat in Leicester- 
 shire, found her studying the Phardon of Plato. 
 
 "After salutation," he writes, "and dewty done, and 
 after some other tauke, I asked her, * why she wolde loose 
 such pastime in the parke ?' [where the rest of the fami- 
 ly were pursuing a stag.] Smiling, she answered me, * I 
 wisse all their sport in the parke is but a shadow to the 
 pleasure that I find in Plato. Alas, good folkes ! they 
 never felt what trewe pleasure meant ! * 'And how came 
 you. Madam,' quoth I, ' by this knowledge of pleasure? 
 and what did chieflie allure you to it ; seeinge not many 
 women, and but very fewe men, have attained thereunto?' 
 ' I will tell you,' quoth she, * and tell you a truth which 
 perchaunce ye will marvell at : one of the greatest benefites 
 that God gave me is, that he sent me so sharpe and severe
 
 40 LONDINIANA. 
 
 parentes, and so jenlle a schoolmaster; for when I am in 
 presence eyther of father or mother; whether I speake, 
 keepe silence, sitt, stand, or go; eate, drinke, be merie or 
 sad ; be sowying, playing, dauncing, or doing anie thing else, 
 I must do it, as it were, in suche measure, weighte, and 
 number, even so perfectlie as God made the world, or else 
 I am so sharplie taunted, so cruellie threatened, yea, pre- 
 sentlie, sometimes, with pinches, nippes, bobbes, (and 
 other waies which I will not name for the honour I bear 
 them) so without measure misordered, that I thinke myself 
 in hell, till time come that I must go to Mr. Elmer, [after- 
 wards Bishop of London, in Elizabeth's reign;] who 
 teacheth me so pleasantlie, so jentlie, and with such faire 
 allurements to learning, that I thinke alle the times 
 nothing whiles I am with him ; and when I am called from 
 him, I fall on weepinge :" — 
 
 The great proficiency in erudition of this ill-fated 
 Lady was singularly exercised, when almost in her 
 last hours, it prompted her to write with a pin, on the 
 •walls of her prison in the Tower, the folloiving lines : 
 
 Non aliena puteSy homini quae ohtingere possunt 
 Sors aliena mihiy tunc erit ilia tibi. 
 And, 
 
 Deojuva7ite, nil nocet livor mollis; 
 Et non juvante, nil juvatlahor gravis. 
 Post tenebras spero lucem. 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY. 
 
 The ensuing particulars of the origin of this 
 society, have been extracted from the memorials of 
 his own life, written by the Rev. Dr. Wallis, in a 
 letter to Dr. Thomas Smith, now preserved in Smith's
 
 LONDTNIANA. 41 
 
 collection of MSS. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. 
 Dr. Wallis was born at Asbford in Kent, on the 23d 
 of November, 1616, and dying at Oxford on the 
 28th October, 1703, when within a few days of eighty- 
 seven years of age, he was buried in St. Mary's church 
 in that city. He is well known as one of the first and 
 most eminent of our decipherers and mathematicians. 
 
 " About the year 1645, while I lived in London, (at a 
 time, when by our Civil wars, academical studies were 
 much interrupted in both our Universities) beside the 
 conversation of divers eminent divines, as to matters 
 theological, I had the opportunity of being acquainted 
 with divers worthy persons, inquisitive into natural philo- 
 sophy, and other parts of human learning; and particu- 
 larly of what hath been called the New Philosophy, or 
 Experimental Philosophy. 
 
 " We did, by agreement, divers of us, meet weekly in 
 London, on a certain day, to treat and discourse of such 
 affairs. Of which number were Dr. John Wilkins, (after- 
 wards Bishop of Chester,) Dr. Jonathan Goddard, Dr. 
 George Ent, Dr. Glisson, Dr. Merrit, (Drs. in Physic) 
 Mr. Samuel Foster, then Professor of Astronomy at Gres- 
 ham College, Mr. Theodore Haak, (a German of the 
 Palatinate, and then resident in London, who I think gave 
 the first occasion, and first suggested those meetings) and 
 many others. 
 
 " These meetings we held sometimes at Dr. Goddard's 
 lodgings in Wood-street, (or some convenient place near) 
 on occasion of his keeping an operator in his house for 
 grinding glasses for telescopes and microscopes ; some- 
 times at a convenient place in Cheapside, and sometimes 
 at Gresham College, or some place near adjoining.
 
 42 LONDINTANA. 
 
 " Our business was, (precluding matters of theology and 
 state affairs) to discourse and consider of philosophical 
 enquiries, or such as related thereto; as physick, anatomy, 
 geometry, astronomy, navigation, staticks, magnetics, chy- 
 micks, mechanicks and natural experiments ; with the 
 state of those studies, as then cultivated at home and 
 abroad. We there discoursed of the circulation of the 
 blood, the valves in the veins, the venas lactece, the lympha- 
 tick vessels, the Copernican hypothesis, tlie nature of 
 comets and new stars, the satellites of Jupiter, the oval 
 shape (as it then appeared) of Saturn, the spots in the 
 Sun, and its turning on its own axis, the inequalities and 
 selenography of the Moon, the several phases of Venus 
 and Mercury, the improvement of telescopes, and grinding 
 of glasses for that purpose ; the weight of air, the possibi- 
 lity or impossibility of vacuities and nature's abhorrence 
 thereof; the Torricellian experiment in quicksilver; the 
 descent of heavy bodies, and the degrees of accelleration 
 therein ; and divers other things of like nature. Some of 
 which were then but new discoveries, and others not so 
 generally known and embraced as they now are ; with 
 other things appertaining to what hath been called the 
 new philosophy, which from the times of Galileo, at Flo- 
 rence, and Sir Francis Bacon, (Lord Verulam) in England, 
 hath been much cultivated in Italy, France, Germany, and 
 other parts abroad, as well as in England. 
 
 " About the year 1648-9, some of our company being 
 removed to Oxford, (first Dr. Wilkins, then I, and soon 
 after Dr. Goddard) our company divided. Those in Lon- 
 don continued to meet there as before, and we with them 
 when we had occasion to be there ; and those of us at 
 Oxford, with Dr. Ward, (since Bishop of Salisbury,) Dr. 
 Ralph Bathurst, (now president of Trinity College in
 
 LONDINIANA. 43 
 
 Oxford,) Dr. Petty, (since Sir William Petty,) Dr. Willis, 
 (then an eminent Physician in Oxford,) and divers others 
 continued such meetings at Oxford, and brought such 
 studies into fashion there ; meeting first at Dr. Petty's 
 lodgings in an apothecary's house, because of the con- 
 venience of inspecting drugs and the like, as there was 
 occasion ; and after his removal to Ireland (though not 
 so constantly) at the lodgings of Dr. Wilkins, the Warden 
 of Wadham College ; and after his removal to Trinity 
 College in Cambridge, at the lodgings of the Honourable 
 Mr. Robert Boyle, then resident for divers years in 
 Oxford. 
 
 " Those meetings in London continued, and after the 
 King's return in 1660, were increased by the accession of 
 divers worthy and honourable persons ; and were after- 
 wards incorporated by the name of the Royal Societt/y Sfc, 
 and so continue to this day." 
 
 The Charter of Incorporation of the Royal Society, 
 was granted by Charles the Second, in the year 1663. 
 Until the year 1824, when it was raised to four 
 guineas, the yearly payment of each member con- 
 tinued to be Jifty-two shillings^ at which sum it had 
 been oricfinally fixed. A letter from the great Sir 
 Isaac Newton, is said to be still preserved in the 
 archives of this society, stating that he could not 
 afford to pay more than one shilling weekly ! 
 
 CHARACTER OF A GULL. 
 
 The following Epigrams, characteristic of one branch 
 o^ the dandyism of Queen Elizabeth's days, are de- 
 rived from a small octavo volume attributed to Chris- 
 topher Marlow and Sir John Davis, and containing a
 
 44 LONDINIANA. 
 
 translation of all Ovid's Elegies by the former writer, 
 and forty-five epigrams by the latter. There is no 
 date on the title page ; but it must have been pub- 
 lished before the 1st of June, 1599, as Marlow's trans- 
 lation of the Eleo;ies was so strongly tainted with the 
 licentious profligacy of the original, that ths volume 
 was burnt at Stationers' Hall, in pursuance of an order 
 then made by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the 
 Bishop of London. 
 
 Of a Gull 
 Oft in my laughing rimes I name a Gull, 
 
 But this new terme will many questions breede : 
 Therefore at first I will expresse at full, 
 
 Who is a true and perfect Gull indeed. 
 A GlUI is he who feares a velvet gowne, 
 
 And when a wench is brave dares not speake to her : 
 A Gull is he which traverseth the towne, 
 
 And is for marriage knowne a common woer ; 
 A Gull is he, which while he proudly weares 
 
 A silver-hilted rapier by his side, 
 Indures the lyes and knockes about the eares, 
 
 Whilst in its sheath his sleeping sword doth bide. 
 A Gull is he which weares good handsome cloathes ; 
 
 And stands in presence stroaking up his hayre; 
 And fiUes up his imperfect speech with oathes, 
 
 But speakes not one wise word throughout the yeare. 
 But to define a Gull in terms precise, — 
 A Gull is he which seemes and is not wise. 
 
 Meditations of a Gull, 
 See yonder melancholic gentleman. 
 
 Which, hoode-winked with his hat, alone doth sit ;
 
 LONDINIANA. 45 
 
 Think what he thinkes, and tell me if you can, 
 
 What great affaires troubles his little wit. 
 He thinks not of the war 'twixt France and Spaine, 
 
 Whether it be for Europe's good or ill ; 
 Nor whether the Empire can itselfe maintaine 
 
 Against the Turkish povv'r encroaching still ; 
 Nor what great towne in all the Netherlands 
 
 The States determine to besiege this spring ; 
 Nor how the Scottish policy now stands. 
 
 Nor what becomes of the Irish mutining. — 
 But he doth seriously bethinke him whether. 
 
 Of the gulled people he be more esteem'd 
 For his long cloake, or his great blacke feather, 
 
 By which each Gull is now a gallant deem'd. 
 Or of a journey he deliberates, 
 
 To Paris Garden, cock-pit or the play. 
 Or how to steal a dog he meditates. 
 
 Or what he shall unto his mistresse say : — 
 Yet with those thoughts he thinkes himselfe most fit. 
 
 To be of counsell with a King for wit. 
 
 ADMIRAL VERNON AND THE DUCHESS OF 
 MARLBOROUGH. 
 
 Admiral Vernon, whom Lord Byron in the open- 
 ing canto of Don Juan, has stigmatized as " the But- 
 cher j'^ became a popular favourite after his capture of 
 Porto Belle, in November, 1739. In the following 
 year, the anniversary of his birth day, namely, No- 
 vember the 12th, was kept in the City, and indeed 
 throughout England, with great rejoicings, bonfires, 
 &c. and " such illumination of houses, as scarce was 
 known to be before in memory of any one." On
 
 46 LONDIMANA. 
 
 that occasion the Duchess Dowager of Marlborough 
 presented two does to the Lord Mayor, and one doe 
 to each Sheriff, for the purpose of feasting their 
 friends ; and on the 1st of January following, his Lord- 
 ship and the Sheriffs waited upon the Duchess at her 
 house in St. James's to return their acknowledgments. 
 — '* She received us," says Mr. Hoare, in the MS. 
 Journal already quoted, " in her usual manner, sit- 
 ting up in her bed, and expressed much satisfetc- 
 tion for the compliment and great honour, as she 
 said, w-e had done her, in returning our thanks ; and 
 after an hour's conversation upon indifferent matters, 
 we retired." 
 
 The Gentlcmaiis Magazine for the same year, states 
 that Vernon's birth-day was distinguished in a very 
 extraordinary manner, by ringing of bells and public 
 dinners in many places ; and in the evening by the 
 greatest rejoicings, bon-fires and illuminations in Lon- 
 don and many other cities that had been known for 
 many years. *' Don Blass was burnt in some places, 
 and at Chancery-lane end was a pageant, whereon 
 was represented Admiral Vernon, and a Spaniard on 
 his knees offerins: him a sword, a view of Porto Bello, 
 &c. Over the Admiral was v/ritten, Venit, vidit, 
 vicit, and under him, Vernon semper viret,'' 
 
 PROVISIONS IN QUEEN ELIZABETH'S REIGN. 
 
 The general prices of provisions, &c. in London, in 
 the latter part of Elizabeth's reign, may be estimated 
 from the under-written items, which form a portion
 
 LONDINIANA. 47 
 
 of an old household account for the years 1594 and 
 1.j95, belonging to an iniiabitant of the Parish of St. 
 Michael Bassishaw. 
 
 1594. £ s. d. 
 
 Paid unto Thomas Francis, his quarter's wages, 
 
 due March 25th . . . 13 4 
 
 Paid to Margeret Jurden, as aforesaid . 6 8 
 
 Paid 26th of March, for 104lb. of butter, re- 
 ceived out of Gloucestershire, whereof lelb. 
 at 3d. ob. the pound, and the rest at 3d. the lb. l 6 8 
 For salte for the said butter . ...006 
 
 Paid for carriage of the said butter, from Bristol 
 
 to London . . . . .046 
 
 Paid 29th of Marche, for a fore-quarter of 
 lambe with the head 
 
 Paid for a capon 
 
 Mne stone of beef, at 18c/. the stone . 
 
 For a quart of Malmsey 
 
 For 4lb. of soape .... 
 
 Paid April 3d for a lambe 
 
 For a dozen of pigeons 
 
 For 28 eggs ..... 
 
 Paid April 6th, to Mr. Sterie, for 3 pecks of fine 
 flour ..... 
 
 Paid for a side of veal 
 
 For a calve's head .... 
 
 For 3 pints of strawberries, June 6 
 
 For a pecke of pease, June 8 
 
 For another pecke, June 14 
 
 A pint of olives .... 
 
 A bush ell of bay salt .... 
 
 A pint of claret wine 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 : 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iO 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 3
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1 O 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 48 LONDINIANA. 
 
 A quart of strawberries, June 29 
 
 A pecke of oysters, July 31 
 
 Six artichokes, August 3 
 
 Two roapes of onyons 
 
 Half a pecke of filbirdes, August 1 9 
 
 Half a hundred of oranges, Feb. 9, 1595 .009 
 
 WALK OF ROBIN CONSCIENCE THROUGH LONDON. 
 
 The satirical ballad of " Robin Conscience, or Con- 
 scionable Robin, in his progress through Court, City 
 and Country," which was first published at Edin- 
 burgh in 1683, and has been since printed in the 
 *« Harleian Miscellany," contains many local particu- 
 lars of this city, some of which possess considerable 
 interest. The piece itself, is too long for insertion 
 here, but an analysis with extracts will afford both 
 amusement and information. 
 
 Robin Conscience is represented as relating his own 
 adventures, and the ill-treatment and rebuffs which he 
 constantly met with on telling his name. He says, — 
 " I first of all went to the Court 
 Where lords and ladies did resort. 
 My entertainment there was short 
 
 Cold welcome ! 
 As soon as e'er my name they heard, 
 They ran away full sore afear'd, 
 And thought some goblin had appear*d 
 From hell come:" 
 
 Being banished from Court, he went to Westminster 
 Hall, but was treated with equal indignity by the 
 lawyers: —
 
 LONDINIANA. 4'^ 
 
 " 'Twas no great matter, some they said. 
 
 If Conscience quite were knock'd i' th' head," 
 
 and Robin departed hastily lest they should execute 
 their threats. He fares no better among the shop- 
 keepers in the city, and quitting them for ever, pro- 
 ceeds to the Friday horse-market in Smithfield. 
 
 " Where being come, incontinent 
 The horse-coursers with one consent 
 
 Did chide me ; 
 " And said I was a preaching elf. 
 And they could get more store of pelf 
 
 Beside me. 
 " I told them of a cheating trick. 
 Which makes the horses run and kick 
 By putting in an eel that's quick, 
 
 r th' belly." 
 
 His freedom displeased his hearers, and leaving them 
 in dudgeon, he next visited the brokers in Long-lane ; 
 but there both men and women were in arms against? 
 him, * all crying,' — 
 
 " Away with Conscience from this lane, 
 For we his presence do disdain : — 
 They said ifl came there again 
 
 Among them, 
 " They said they'd band me back and side ; 
 Being menaced, away I hie'd ; 
 Thus worldlings think, that when I chide, 
 I wrong them." 
 
 The butchers used him with equal incivility, and 
 the butter-women and bakers in Newgate-market, who 
 
 VOL. II. B
 
 50 LONDINIAN^. 
 
 sold by short weight, affrighted him by their brawiiiig. 
 He proceeds, 
 
 " Thu3 chid of them, my way I took, 
 Unto Pye-corner, where a cook 
 Glanc'd at me as the Devil did look 
 
 O'er Lincoln. 
 " ' Conscience,* quoth he, * thou shew'st not wit 
 In coming to this place unfit ; 
 I'll run thee thorow with a spit ; 
 
 Then think on 
 " Those words to thee which I have said, 
 I cannot well live by my trade, 
 If I should still require thy aid. 
 
 In selling : 
 " Sometimes one joint I must roast thrice. 
 Ere I can sell it at my price; 
 Then here's for thee (who art so nice) 
 
 No dwelling'. 
 " Perforce he drave me backward still. 
 Until I came unto Snow-hill ; 
 The sale-men there, with voices shrill 
 
 Fell on me. 
 " I was SQ irksome in their sight. 
 That they Qonjured me to flight, 
 Or else they swore, (such was their spight) 
 
 * They'd Stone me."* 
 
 At Tum-again-lane, the 'tish-wives and wenches,* 
 treated him with Bdling.^giiie contumely ; and, 
 * Their bodges, which for half-pecks go 
 They vowed at my head to throw : 
 . Nq Conscience they were bred to kuow 
 • ■ But prativ*^.
 
 LONDINIA^fA. 51 
 
 " Away, thus frighted by those icolds, 
 To Fleet-street straight my love it holds, 
 Where men, whose tongues were made in tilouids 
 
 Of flattery ; 
 Did cry, ' what lack you, country-tti^n ?* 
 But seeing me, away they ran. 
 As though the enemy had began 
 
 His battery. — 
 " The haberdashers, that sell hats. 
 Hit Robin Conscience many pats, 
 And, like a company of cats. 
 
 They scratch'd me. 
 " The mercers and silk-men also. 
 That live in Pater-noster-row, 
 Their hate against poor Conscience shew : 
 
 And, when I 
 " Came to that place, they all did set 
 On me, * cause I their gain would let. 
 Who will both swear and lye to get 
 
 One penny.' 
 
 In Cheapside, they threatened him with death, for 
 intruding into such a ' golden place ;' and a cheese- 
 monger whom he meets in Bread-street, hies from 
 him with * winged feet.' In Fish-street, the lads who 
 wish for a perpetual Lent, swear that he shall not 'guide 
 a stall there.' This want of courtesy drives him to the 
 Royal Exchange, but the merchants in the lower part 
 utterly refuse to consort with him, and rebut his 
 advances in these words: 
 
 " * For we have trafflck without thee ; 
 
 And thrive best, if thou absent be. "• " 
 E 2
 
 62 LONDINIANA. 
 
 " Now I, being thus abusM below. 
 Did walk up stairs, where on a row 
 Brave shops of ware did make a show 
 
 Most sumptuous. 
 " But, when the shop-folk me did spy, 
 They drew their dark light instantly. 
 And said, in coming there, was I 
 
 Presumptuous. 
 " The gallant girls that there sold knacks 
 Which ladies and brave women lacks. 
 When they did see me they did wax 
 
 In choler. 
 " Quoth they, 'we ne'er knew Ck)nscienc€ ye 
 And, if he comes our gains to let. 
 We'll banish him, he'll here not get 
 
 One scholar. 
 " I, being jeered thus and scorn'd. 
 Went down the stairs, and sorely mourn'd 
 To think that I should thus be turn'd 
 
 A begging. 
 " To Grace-church-street, I went along. 
 Where dwelt a great ungracious throng 
 That will deceive both old and young 
 With cogging 
 " As drapers, poulterers, and such 
 "' Who think they never get too much ; 
 
 The word Conscience to them is Dutch, 
 
 Or Spanish ; 
 
 " And harder too, for speech they'll learn, 
 With all their heart, to serve their turn. 
 But Conscience, when they him discern. 
 They banish."
 
 LONDINIANA. 53 
 
 Proceeding; over the Bridg-e into Southwark, he was 
 used still more unkindly than in London ; and, instead 
 of the welcome which he had hoped to find, was sub- 
 jected to derision and mockery. 
 
 " All sorts of men and women, there, 
 Ask'd how I durst to them appear. 
 And swore my presence they would clear 
 
 Abandon. 
 " Then I, being sore athirst, did go 
 Into an alehouse in the Row, 
 Meaning a penny to bestow 
 
 On strong beer ; 
 " But, 'cause I for a quart did call, 
 My hostess swore, * she'd bring me small, 
 Or else I should have none at all.' 
 
 Thus wrong'd there, 
 " I bade her on her licence look, 
 * Oh Sir,' quoth she, * ye are mistook, 
 I have a lesson without book 
 
 Most perfect : 
 " If I my licence should observe, 
 And not in any point to swerve. 
 Both I and mine, alas ! should starve, 
 
 Not surfeit. 
 
 " Instead of a quart-pot of pewter, 
 I fill small jugs, and need no tutor; 
 I quart'ridge give to the geometer 
 
 Most duly ; 
 " And he will see, and yet be blind; 
 A knave, made much of, will be kind, 
 If you be one. Sir, tell your mind 
 Most truly.
 
 H LONDINIANA. 
 
 " * No, no/ quoth I, * I am no knave. 
 No fellowship with such I have; 
 My name is Robin Conscience, brave, 
 That wander 
 
 " From place to place, in hope that some 
 Will as a servant give me room ; 
 But all abuse me, where I come. 
 
 With slander 
 
 " Now, when my hostess heard me tell 
 My name, she swore * I should not dwell 
 With her, for I would make her sell 
 
 Full measurer 
 
 " She did conjure me to depart ; 
 
 ' Hang Conscience,* quoth she, * give me art 
 
 I have not got, by a penny a quart. 
 
 My treasure.' — 
 
 " So out of doors I went with speed, 
 And glad she was to be thus freed 
 Of Conscience, that she thence might speed 
 In frothing." 
 
 Poor Robin is alike repulsed by the jailer of the 
 King's Bench, and the harlots of Blackman Street. 
 The "rooking rascals in St. George's Field," who 
 "all the year build their hopes on cheating," and 
 were " close playing at nine pins," rebuffed his ad- 
 vances with similar scorn — he proceeds : 
 
 " I left them in their wickedness. 
 And went along in great distress. 
 Bewailing of my bad success. 
 
 And speed.
 
 LONDINIANA. 56 
 
 ** A wind-mill standing there hard by, 
 Towards the same then passed I, 
 But when the miller did me spy, 
 
 He cryed, 
 " * Away with Conscience, 1*11 none such, 
 Tiiat smell with honesty so much, 
 I shall not quickly fill my hutch 
 
 With due toll; 
 " But must, for every bushel of meal 
 A peck, if not three gallons, steal ; 
 Therefore with thee I will not deal. 
 
 Thou true soul.' " 
 
 Having been thus altogether expelled from the city 
 and its neighbourhood, Robin proceeded into the 
 country, yet without finding a resting place, till heaven 
 directed him to a spot, ''^ where poor folks wrought 
 most sorely;'' and being there "well entertained,'* 
 he fixed his abode with them. — The poem concludes 
 with the following stanza 
 
 " And so I'll bring all to an end : — 
 It can no honest man offend, 
 For those, that Conscience do defend, 
 It praises. 
 
 " And if that any gall'd jade kick. 
 The author hath devis'd a trick. 
 To turn him loose, i' th' fields to pick 
 Up daisies." 
 
 EASTCHEAP, AND THE BOAR'S HEAD TAVERN. 
 
 Eastcheap, the ancient abode of mine hostess, 
 Dame Quickly, the region of wit, wine, and wassail.
 
 56 LONDINIANA. 
 
 the resort of the madcap Prince of Wales, and his boon 
 companions old Jack Falstaff, Poins, Pistol, Bardolph, 
 Peto, Gadshill, and Nym, was famous for its convivial 
 jmiketting long before it became customary to frequent 
 taverns, or banquet in ale-houses. Stow, referring to 
 Lydgate's " London-licke Penny^" a satirical song of 
 Henry the Fifth's time, tells us that in Eastcheap, 
 "the Cookes cried hot ribbes of beefe rosted, pies 
 well baked, and other victuals : there was clattering 
 of pewter pots, harpe, pipe, and sawtrie, yea by cocke, 
 nay by cocke, for greater oathes were spared, &c.," 
 and on his own knowledge he reports, that though 
 "now a flesh market of butchers there dwelling, it 
 had sometime also cooks mixed amongst the butchers, 
 and such other as sold victuals ready dressed of all 
 sorts. For of old time when friends did meet, and 
 were disposed to be merry, they went not to dine and 
 suppe in taverns, but to the Cookes where they called 
 for meate what them liked, which they alwaies found 
 ready dressed, and at a reasonable rate."* But alas ! 
 how grievously is the scene changed since the up- 
 roarious days of Falstaff and honest Stow. " The 
 madcap Royster,'* as that most spirited sketcher of de- 
 parted and departing customs, * Geoffrey Crayon, 
 Gent.,'f hath delineated with a pencil tinged by regret, 
 " has given place to the plodding tradesman ; the 
 clattering of pots, and the sound of ' harpe and saw- 
 trie,' to the din of carts, and the accursed dinging of 
 the dustman's bell ; and no song is heard, save, haply, 
 
 • " Survey of London/' edit. 1618. p. 404. f " Sketches/* <fec.
 
 LONDINIANA. 67 
 
 the strain of some syren from Billingsgate, chanting 
 the eulogy of deceased mackarel." 
 
 The Boar's Head Tavern, the memory of which 
 the pages of the immortal Shakspeare has consigned 
 to a duration as lasting as his own, was doubtless the 
 immediate offspring of one of the banquetting houses 
 of which Stow has spoken ; for what better sign than 
 the Boar's Head could have been adopted for a cook's- 
 shop ? But instead of ribs of roast beef, the viands were 
 probably of a different kind, namely, roast pork and 
 brawn ! Be that as it may, we all know that the Boar's 
 Head, in Eastcheap, was the accustomed sojourn of 
 Falstaff, and the scene of his joyous revelry when 
 associated in bands of convivial fellowship with that 
 *' sworn brother to a leash of drawers," the Corinthian 
 Prince of Wales. And let no snarling Zoilus presume 
 to dispute the point, under pain of being adjudged to 
 sift the corn and have the chaff for his pains, by 
 affirmino: that the aforesaid Boar's Head was a mere 
 invention of the poet, a castle in the air ! For is not 
 the very sign itself, sculptured in stone, still remaining 
 fixed up in front of the dwellings that have taken 
 place of the original tavern, which was destroyed dur- 
 ing the fearful conflagration of London, in the year 
 1666 ? It is true that the Boar's Head just mentioned 
 bears the date of 1668, but that only referred to the time 
 of rebuilding the premises, which continued to be occu- 
 pied as a tavern till the early part of the reign of George 
 the Third. Maitland, whose history was first published 
 in 1739, informs us that the words " This is the chief 
 Tavern in London,'" were written under the sign ; but
 
 58 LONDINIANA. 
 
 its trade was even then declining, if wc may credit 
 that delightful essayist Goldsmith, who, in his pleasant 
 •* Reverie at the Boars Head Tavern, in Eastcheap," 
 amidst much fanciful speculation has inserted some 
 particulars of the real history of this far-famed house 
 of entertainment. — But let us go hack a little. 
 
 The earliest notice of this place occurs in the testa- 
 ment of William Warden, who in the reign of Richard 
 the Second, gave " all that his tenement, called the 
 Boars Head, Eastcheap^ to a College of Priests or chap- 
 lains, founded by Sir William Walworth, Lord Mayor, 
 in the adjoining church of St. Michael, Crooked Lane. 
 Whether at that time it was a tavern, or a cook's re- 
 sidence, does not appear ; but very early in the next 
 reign, if any confidence can be reposed in the locality 
 of Shakspeare's scenes, it became the resort of old 
 Jack Falstaff and Prince Hal ; but subsequently it was 
 converted into a residence for the priests, to whose 
 college it had been devised. 
 
 Goldsmith, in his "Reverie'" forgetting the destruc- 
 tion of the former building in the Great Fire, speaks of 
 the tavern existing in his time, as the identical place 
 vi^hich Falstaff frequented. *'Here," says the essayist, 
 "by a pleasant fire, in the very room where old Sir 
 John Falstaff cracked his jokes, in the very chair which 
 was sometimes honoured by Prince Henry, and some- 
 times polluted by his immortal merry companions, I 
 sat and ruminated, and now and then compared past 
 and present times together. The room also conspired 
 to throw my reflections back into antiquity : the oak 
 floor, the Gothic windows, and the ponderous chimney-
 
 LONDINTANA. 69 
 
 piece had long ivithstood the tooth of time, and my 
 imagination presented in vivid colouring the succes- 
 sive scenes whch Shakspeare has dramatized. I fan- 
 cied myself in ' the Dolphin chamber, at the round 
 table, by a sea-coal fire,' where FalstafF was swearing 
 
 * upon a parcel-gilt goblet' to marry Dame Quickly, 
 and make her * a Lady,' as she was washing the wound 
 on his head, which had been broken by the Prince 
 
 * for likening his father to a singing-man of Windsor.' 
 In short the entire adventures of the merry knight 
 from his exploit at Gads Hill, until his departure for 
 
 * Arthur's bosom, in a burning quotidian tertian, when 
 his nose was as sharp as a pen, and 'a babbled of green 
 fields,' were progressively exhibited to the mind's eye ; 
 which at length became so exalted in its hallucinations, 
 that the shade of Dame Quickly appeared visible 
 before me, and thus paraphrastically continued the 
 history of the Boar's Head."* 
 
 " My body was no sooner laid in the dust, than the 
 friar and several of his convent came to purify the tavern 
 from the pollution with which they said I had filled it. 
 Masses were said in every room, relics were exposed upon 
 every piece of furniture, and the whole house washed with 
 a deluge of holy water. My habitation was soon converted 
 into a monastery; instead of customers now applying for 
 sackandsugar, my rooms were crowded with images, relics, 
 saints, whores, and friars. Instead of being a scene of 
 
 • Printer^s Devil, Mem. After the words * tooth oi time,' I 
 find nothing like the remainder of this paragraph in the 
 quoted " Reverie I " — Editor. Indeed ! then call it mine.
 
 60 LONDINIANA. 
 
 occasional debauchery, it was now filled with continued 
 lewdness; the prior leading the fashion, and the whole 
 convent imitating his pious example.*' 
 
 After much loquacious narration respecting the ima- 
 ginary conduct of the various hostesses of this tavern, 
 the visionary Dame relates the following anecdote, but 
 on what authority Goldsmith refers it to the Boar's 
 Head, remains to be discovered. 
 
 " Kings themselves have been known to play off, at 
 primero, not only all the money and jewels they could part 
 with, but the very images in churches. The last Henry 
 played away, in this very room, not only the four great 
 bells of St. Paul's Cathedral, but the fine image of St. 
 Paul, which stood upon the top of the spire, to Sir Miles 
 Partridge, who took them down the next day, and sold them 
 by auction." 
 
 Stow, speaking of the year 1410, 11 th of Henry 
 the Fourth, at which time " there was no tavern 
 then in Eastcheap," acquaints us, in immediate con- 
 nection with his former statement of friendly entertain- 
 ments being made in "the cook's dwellings," that 
 the King's sons, Thomas and John, *« being in East- 
 cheap at supper, (or rather at breakefast, for it was 
 after the watch was broken up, betwixt two or three 
 of the clocke after midnight) a great debate happened 
 betweene their men, and others of the court, which 
 lasted one houre, till the maior and sheriffes, with 
 other citizens appeased the same." For this inter- 
 ference the mayor, alderman, and sheriffs were cited 
 to appear before the King, *' his Sonnes, and divers 
 lords, being highly moved against the citie." Gas-
 
 LONDINIANA. 61 
 
 coTgne, the chief justice, advised the citizens, " to put 
 them in the King's grace ; " but they replied " that 
 they had not offended, but, according to the law, had 
 done their best in stinting debate, and maintaining of 
 the peace : upon which answere," continues the his- 
 torian, " the King remitted all his ire, and dismissed 
 ihem." Might not Shakspeare from this very occur- 
 rence, have been led to fix upon Eastcheap for the 
 scene of the festive revelries of Prince Henry and the 
 never-to-be forgotten Sir John Falstaff ? 
 
 The back windows of the Boar's Head, or rather of 
 the present houses upon its site, look into the adjacent 
 burying-ground of St. Michael's : and it is a some- 
 what curious fact that it contains an inscribed grave- 
 stone in memory of one Robert Preston, who was a 
 drawer, or waiter, at this tavern in the early part of 
 the last century. He died on the 6th of June, 1720 : 
 the poetical part of his epitaph is as follows. 
 
 " Bacchus, to give the toping world surprise, 
 Produc'd one sober Son, and here he lies. 
 Though nurs'd amongst full hogsheads, he defied 
 The charms of wine, as much as others' pride. 
 O reader, if to justice thou 'rt inclin'd. 
 Keep honest Preston duly in thy mind ; 
 He drew good wine, took care to fill his pots. 
 Had sundry virtues that outweigh'd his spots. 
 You that on Bacchus have the like dependance. 
 Pray eopy Bob in measure and attendance."
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. MONUMENT OF THE GREAT 
 
 EARL OF CHATHAM. 
 
 — Bacon there 
 Gives more than female beauty to a stone, 
 And Chatham's eloquence to marble lips.— Cowper. 
 
 This monument, which immortalizes the memory of 
 William Pitt, the first Earl of Chatham, who died 
 on the 1 1th of May, 1778, in the 70th year of his age, 
 stands on the west side of the North transept, in the 
 above edifice, within a few yards of the vault wherein 
 the ashes of that great man lie buried. It is, princi- 
 pally, of statuary marble ; and vras designed and exe- 
 cuted by the late John Bacon, R. A. ; in consequence 
 of a vote of Parliament, by which 6000/. was granted 
 for the purpose ; but out of that sum the sculptor was 
 obliged to pay about 700/. in fees to the Dean and 
 Chapter of Westminster, exclusively of the expenses 
 attending its erection ! 
 
 This magnificent performance is conceived and exe- 
 cuted in a style of colossal grandeur worthy of the 
 exalted character whom it commemorates. The 
 lower part consists of an expansive basement, on 
 which is Britannia, seated upon a rock ; and at her 
 feet are incumbent figures of the Ocean and the Earth. 
 In the middle of the design, upon a sarcophagus, are 
 the figures of Prudence and Fortitude ; and immedi- 
 ately over them, in a niche at the upper part of the 
 pyramid which forms the back ground, is a statue of
 
 LONDINIANA. 6^ 
 
 the Eail, iii his Parliamentary Robes, in an attitude that 
 bespeaks him to be engaged in debate. There is an 
 air of imposing greatness in this composition, and a 
 degree of classic elegance in its allegory, which have 
 but few, if any, equals among our public monuments ; 
 the general sentiment being, that, by the united exer- 
 cise of that Prudence and Foriitude which distinguished 
 the illustrious Deceased as Minister of the Country, 
 Great Britain had risen triumphant, both by Sea and 
 Land, over all the efforts which had been aimed 
 against her Independence, her Prosperity, and her 
 National ascendancy. The vastness of the figures, 
 the excellency of their execution, and the interesting 
 pyramidical grouping in which they are arranged, 
 evince the possession of extraordinary talents in the 
 Sculptor, as well as of superior judgment. It may be 
 mentioned also, that the inscription on the base of the 
 monument was of his writing. His late Majesty 
 George the Third, after approving and adopting it, said 
 to the artist, — '* Now, Bacon, mind you do not turn 
 author ; stick to your chisel :" — -an injunction, as 
 politely complimentary to the writer of the inscrip- 
 tion, as it was indicative of his own foresight of the 
 possibility, that a vanity in aiming at distinction in 
 more than one branch of science, might constitute an 
 impediment to greater attainment in that department, 
 for which by nature and study the individual addressed 
 was more evidently designed. Even the minor parts of 
 this monument are conceived in a good taste. Ocean is 
 represented as leaning on a Dolphin ; the Earth re-
 
 '64 LONDINIANA. 
 
 clines on a globe, having her brow crowned with 
 fruits, which also lie in profusion on the basement, 
 mingled with corn and flowers; and Britannia holds 
 the trident of Neptune in her right hand; her left 
 rests on her shield. Each of these figures measures 
 eight feet. Prudence, whose symbol is a snake 
 twisted round a mirror, and Fortitude, who is cha- 
 racterised by the shaft of a column, and clothed in a 
 lion's skin, are each seven feet high: the height of 
 the Earl's statue is similar. The entire elevation 
 of this monument, from the ground to the top of the 
 pyramid, is nearly thirty-three feet. 
 
 FIRE OF LONDON. CONDUITS DESTROYED. 
 
 The following quaint account of the * Spoiling of 
 the City Conduits' is extracted from Rolle's Account 
 of the Burning of London in the Year 1666 ; " com- 
 memorated and improved in One Hundred and Ten 
 Discourses, Meditations, and Contemplations." — Medi- 
 tation XL. 
 
 " As nature, by veins and arteries, some great and some 
 small, placed up and down all parts of the body, minis- 
 treth blood and nourishment to every part thereof; so was 
 that wholesome water, which was as necessary for the 
 good of London, as blood is for the good and health of 
 the body, conveyed by pipes, wooden or metalline, as by 
 veins, to every part of that famous city. If water were, as 
 we may call it, the blood of London, then were its several 
 Conduits, as it were, the liver and spleen of that city; 
 (which are reckoned as the fountains of blood in human 
 bodies,) -for that the great trunks of veins conveying blood
 
 LOM;INI.4NA. 65 
 
 about the body, are seated therein as great roots fixed in 
 the earth, shooting out their branches divers and sundry 
 ways : but alas ! how were their livers inflamed, and how 
 unfit have they since been to do their wonted office. They 
 were lovely streams indeed, which did refresh that noble 
 city, one of which was always at work, pouring out itself 
 when the rest lay still. Methinks these several conduits 
 of London stood like so many little, but strong forts, to 
 confront and give check to the great enemy fire, as any 
 occasion should be. There methinks the water was as it 
 were, intrenched and ingarrisoned. The several pipes and 
 vehicles of water that were within these conduits, all of 
 them charged with water, till by the turning of the cock, 
 they were discharged again, were as so many soldiers 
 within these forts, with their musquetry charged, ready to 
 keep and defend these places. And look how enemies are 
 wont to deal with these castles, which they take to be 
 impregnable, and despair of ever getting by them; that is, 
 to attempt the storming of them by a close siege, — so went 
 the fire to work with these little castles of stone, which 
 were not easy for it to burn down, (witness their standing 
 to this day;) spoiled them, or almost spoiled them, it hath 
 for the present, by cutting off those supplies of water 
 which had vent to flow to them, melting those leaden 
 channels in which it had been conveyed, and thereby 
 as it were, starving those garrisons which it could not take 
 by storm. As if the fire had been angry with the poor 
 old tankard-bearers, both men and women, for pro- 
 pagating that element which was contrary to it, and 
 carrying it upon their shoulders as it were in state and 
 triumph; it hath even destroyed their trade, and threatens 
 to make them perish by fire who had wont to live by 
 water." 
 
 VOL. II. F
 
 66 LONDINIANA. 
 
 PARISH CHURCHES ERECTED IN LONDON li\ SlK 
 CHRISTOPHER WREN, AFTER THE GREAT FIRE. 
 
 After the dreadful Conflagration of London, in 
 September, 1666, Sir Christopher Wren was appointed 
 Assistant Surveyor-general to Sir John Denham (whom 
 he succeeded in March, 1668) and principal architect 
 for rebuilding the city. His noble plan for the im- 
 provement of the capital has been mentioned in the 
 account of the Great Fire in the preceding volume ; 
 but the disputes about the ground, being private pro- 
 perty, and the tenacity with which the citizens 
 adhered to the sites of their old houses, unfortunately 
 prevented the accomplishment of a design which must 
 have rendered London the most beautiful metropolis 
 on the globe. All the talents of that extraoidinary 
 genius were brought into action by the complicated 
 and vast extent of the business which he had now to 
 direct and superintend ; and so great was his applica- 
 tion during the subsequent years of his life, that to em- 
 ploy the words of the " Parentalia," " the number and 
 variety of his works form such a body of civil architec- 
 ture, as will rather appear to be the production of a 
 whole century, than of the life and industry of one 
 man, of which no parallel instance can be given." 
 
 The following is a complete List of the Parish 
 Churches which were built in London after the fire, 
 by this great architect ; together with the periods of 
 their erection, and the total amount of the artificers' 
 bills for each fabric : the latter information, except in
 
 LONDINIANA. 67 
 
 one or two instances, was extracted from the original 
 ledgers, which once belonged to Sir Christopher, but 
 are now preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. 
 The dates are annexed from other sources; but prin- 
 cipally from the " Parentalia ; " they mark the time 
 of the completion of the churches. 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 1 Allhallows the Great, Upper Thames- 
 
 street, 1683 - - 5641 9 9 
 
 2 , Bread-street, 1634 ; (steeple, 
 
 1697) - - - 3348 7 2 
 
 3 , Lombard-street, 1694 - 8058 15 6 
 
 4 St. Alban's, Wood-street, 1685 - 3165 8 
 
 5 St. Andrew's, Holborn, 1687; (tower 
 
 new faced, 1704) about - - 9000 
 
 6 , Wardrobe, Black Friars, 
 
 1692 
 
 7 St. Anne and Agnes, Aldetsgate, 1680 
 
 8 St. AnihoJin's, Budge-row, 1682 
 
 9 St. Augustin and St. Faith, Watling- 
 
 street, 1682, (spire 1695) 
 
 10 St. Bartholomew's, Royal Exchange, 
 
 (except the tower) 1679 
 
 11 St. Bennet's, Gracechurch-street, 1685 
 12 and St. Peter's, Paul's 
 
 Wharf, 1683 
 
 13 Fink, Threadneedle-street, 
 
 1673 
 
 14 St. Bride's, Fleet -s'reet, 1680 ; (further 
 
 ornamented, 1699) - -11,430 5 11 
 
 15 Christ Church, Newgate-street, 1687; 
 
 (spire, 1704) - - .11,778 9 6 
 
 f2 
 
 7060 
 
 16 11 
 
 2448 
 
 10 
 
 5685 
 
 5 10? 
 
 3145 
 
 3 IG 
 
 5077 
 
 1 1 
 
 4583 
 
 9 51 
 
 3328 
 
 18 10 
 
 4129 
 
 16 10
 
 68 LONDINIANA. 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 16 St. Christopher le Stocks, partly rebuilt, 
 
 1671 ; (repaired, &c. 1696) - 2098 12 7 
 
 17 St. Clement's Danes, Strand, about 
 
 1682* .... 8786 17 0^ 
 18 , Eastcheap, 1686 - 4365 3 4^ 
 
 19 St. Dionis Back- Church, Fenchurch- 
 
 street, repaired 1674 ; (tower 1684) 5737 10 8 
 
 20 St. Dunstan's in the East, repaired, 
 
 1668; (Spire, 1698-f-) - - 1075 18 2 
 
 21 St. Edmund the King, Lombard-street, 
 
 1690 . ^- - 5207 11 
 
 22 St. George's, Botolph-lane,^ 1677 - 4509 4 10 
 
 23 St. James's, Garlick Hill, 1683 - 5357 12 10 
 24 , Westminster, 1683, about - 8500 
 
 25 St. Lawrence, Jewry, near Guildhall, 
 
 1677 - - - 11,870 1 9 
 
 26 St. Magnus, London Bridge, 1676; 
 
 (tower 1705) - - 9579 19 10 
 
 27 St. Margaret Pattens, Rood-lane, 1687 4986 18 8 
 
 28 .^ , Lothbury, 1690 - 5340 8 1 
 
 29 St. Martin's, Ludg ate, 1684 - 5378 9 7 
 
 30 St. Mary Abchurch, 1686 - - 4922 2 4i 
 
 31 St. Mary's, Aldermanbury, 1677 - 5237 3 6 
 
 32 St. Mary, Aldermary, Eow-lane, 1711 3457 15 9 
 
 33 St. Mary-le-bow, Cheapside, 1673, 
 
 £.8071 18 1 ^ 15,460 6 8| 
 Spire of do. 1675-80 7388 8 
 
 73,-. 
 1 i\5. 
 
 * The tower of St. Clements' Danes wns erected by Gibbs 
 in 1T19. 
 
 t The body of St. Dunstan's iu the East was rebuilt by 
 Dance in 1822.
 
 LONDINIANA. G9 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 34 St. Mary Magdalen's, Old Fish-street, 
 
 1685 - - - 4291 12 9^ 
 
 35 Somerset, Thames-street, 
 
 1695 - - - 6579 18 U 
 
 36 at Hill, Billingsgate, repaired, 
 
 1672 - - - 3980 12 3 
 
 37 Woolnoth, Lombard-street, 
 
 repaired,* 1677 
 
 38 St. Matthew's, Friday-street, 1685 - 2301 8 1 
 
 39 St. Michael's, Basin ghall-street, 1679 - 2822 17 1 
 
 40 , Queen-hithe, 1677 - 4354 3 8 
 
 41 , Cornhill, (except the 
 
 tower t) 1672 - - - 4686 10 4 
 
 42 , Crooked-lane, 1688 - 4541 5 11 
 
 43 Royal, College Hill, 
 
 1694 - - - 7445 7 9 
 
 44 , Wood-street, 1675 - 2554 12 11 
 
 45 St. Mildred's, Bread-street, 1683 - 3705 13 6^ 
 
 46 , Poultry, 1676 - 4654 9 7| 
 
 47 St. Nicholas, Cole Abbey, Old Fish- 
 
 street, 1677 - - - 5042 6 11 
 
 48 St. Olave's, Jewry, 1676 - - 5580 4 10 , 
 
 49 St. Peter's, Cornhill, 1681 - - 5647 8 2 
 
 50 St. Sepulchre's, Snow Hill, 1674 - 4993 4 
 
 51 St. Stephen's, Walbrook, 1676 - 7652 13 8 
 52 , Coleman-street, 1676; - 4020 16 6 
 
 * St. Mary Woolnoth's Church was rebuilt by Hawksmoor in 
 J719. 
 
 t St. Michael's tower was rebuilt from Wreu'g designs in 
 1T22.
 
 70 LOXDINIANA. 
 
 
 
 £. s, d. 
 
 53 St. Vedast's, Foster-lane, interior rebuilt, 
 
 
 (steeple 1697) 
 
 1853 15 6 
 
 54 St. Swithin's, Cannon-street, 1679 
 
 4687 4 6 
 
 Besides these churches, Sir Christopher rebuilt 
 the Custom House, which was commenced in 1668, 
 and again burnt in 1718; Temple Bar, 1670-1672; 
 the Monument, 1671-1677; St. Paul's Cathedral, 1675- 
 1710; Greenwich Observatory, or Flamstead House, 
 1675; Chelsea Hospital, 1682-1692; Frontispiece to 
 the Middle Temple, 1684-1688; College of Physi- 
 cians, finished 1689; the Mint, or Moneyer's Hall, 
 in the Tower, 1691 ; Greenwich Hospital (mostly) 
 began 1696; Marlborough House, Pall Mall; Hamp- 
 ton Court Palace; Winchester Palace, began 1683; 
 the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford ; Trinity College 
 Library, Cambridge ; the Chapel at Emanuel College, 
 Cambridge ; many of the City Halls ; and various 
 other public and private buildings. He also finished 
 the western towers, and superintended the repairs of 
 Westminster Abbey, from the year 1698 until his 
 decease in 1723. 
 
 ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL. — WALKERS LN PAULS. 
 
 The phrase Paul's Walkers, or Walkers in Pauls, 
 is familiar to every one acquainted with the dramatic 
 literature of the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James 
 the First ; yet but very few have an idea of the disor- 
 derly and profane conduct that was practiced in St. 
 Paul's Cathedral for upwards of a century ; namely.
 
 LONDIXIANA. 71 
 
 from the era of the Reformation to that of the Com- 
 monwealth. To those wlio are acquainted with the 
 decent order and propriety of regulation now observed 
 in cur Cathedral churches and other places of divine 
 worship, it must appear "surpassing strange," 
 that ever such an extended catalogue of improper 
 customs and disgusting usages, as are noticed in various 
 works, should have been formerly admitted to be 
 carried on in St. Paul's; and more especially, that they 
 should have been so long exercised, as to be defended 
 on the plea of *' prescription." 
 
 " At every door of this Church," says Weever, 
 "was anciently this verse depicted ; and in my time 
 it might be perfectly read at the Great South Door." 
 
 " Hie Locus sacer esty hie nulli mingere fas est,"' 
 
 It was customary also for beggars to solicit chanty 
 even within the doors of the church ; which was like- 
 wise made a common thoroughfare for porters and 
 carriers, as an admonition to whom the following lines 
 were sometimes affixed to a pillar, over an iron box 
 kept to receive donations. 
 
 " All those who shall enter within the church doore 
 With burden or basket, must give to the poor; 
 And if there be any aske what they must pay, 
 To this box a penny, — ere they pass away " 
 
 These nuisances had became so great, that in the 
 time of Philip and Mary, the Common Council found 
 it necessary to pass an act, subjecting all future of-
 
 72 LONDIMANA. 
 
 fenders to certain pains and penalties. From that 
 act, it seems the church was not only made a 
 common passage-way lor ale, beer, bread, fish, flesh, 
 fardels of stuff, &c., but also for " mules, horses, and 
 other beasts." This statute, however, must have proved 
 only a temporary restraint (except probably as to 
 the leading of animals through the church ;) for in the 
 reign of Elizabeth, as we learn from the third volume 
 of Malcolm's "Londinium Redivivum," (p. 71.) 
 idlers and drunkards were indulged in lying and 
 sleeping on the benches at the choir door ; and other 
 usages, too nauseous for description, were also fre- 
 quent here. 
 
 Among the curious notices relating to the irre- 
 verent practices pursued in this church in the time of 
 Ehzabeth, collected by the same writer from the ma- 
 nuscript presentments on Visitations, preserved among 
 the archives at St. Paul's, are the followinc/-; 
 
 " 159S. * We thinke it a verye necessarye thinge that 
 everye quorister should bring with him to church a Testa- 
 ment in English, and tome to every chapter as it is daily 
 read, or some other good and godlye prayer-booke, rather 
 than spend theyr t^me in talke, and hunting after spur- 
 money, whereon they set their whole minds, and do often 
 abuse dyvers if they do not bestow somewhat on them.' * 
 
 • Spur-money was an exaction from persons who entered the 
 Cathedral booted and spurred ; the gentlemen of the choir were 
 preremptory in iheir demand, and threatened imprisonment in 
 the choir for tiie ni^ht to all who refused tliem a pecuniary gift. 
 This custom is still prevalent among the juvenile members of the 
 Chapel Royal at Windsor, and the choiristers at Lichfield, and
 
 LONDINIANA. 73 
 
 " In the upper quier, where the comon (communion) 
 table dothe stande, ther is met unreverente people, 
 ivalldng with their halts on their heddes, comonly all the 
 service tyuie, no man reproving them for yt. 
 
 " Yt is a greate disorder in the churche that porters, 
 butchers, and water-bearers, and who not, be suffered (in 
 special tyme of service) to carry and recarry whatsoever, 
 no man withstanding them, or gainsaying them," &c. 
 
 The notices of encroachments on St. Paul's, in the 
 same reign, are equally curious. The chantry, ynd 
 other chapels, were completely diverted from their 
 ancient purposes ; some were used as receptacles for 
 stones and lumber, another was a school, another a 
 glazier's workshop ; and the windows of all were in 
 general broken. Part of the vaults beneath the church 
 was occupied by a carpenter ; the remainder was held 
 by the bishop, the dean and chapter, and the minor 
 canons. One vault, that ought to have been used for a 
 burial-place, was converted into a wine-cellar, and a 
 way had been cut into it tlu'ough the wall of the 
 building itself. 
 
 The shrowds and cloisters under the Convocation- 
 house, " where, not longe since, the sermons in foul 
 weather were wont to be preached, were made a lay- 
 stall for boardes, truncks, and chests, being lett oute 
 
 some other cathedrals. At the time (he above presentment was 
 made, spurs were generally worn by the bucks and dashers of 
 the age, to v.hom Ben Jouson alludes in a scene in the Alchy- 
 niist, where Subtle advises Able Drugger to place a " loadstone 
 under the threshold, ^o draw in tlie gallants thai uear spurs,''^
 
 74 LONDINIANA. 
 
 unto trunk-makers ; whereby, by means of their daily 
 knocking and noyse, the church is greatly disturbed." 
 More than twenty houses also had been built against 
 the outer walls of the Cathedral ; and part of the very 
 foundations was cut away to make offices. One of 
 those houses had a closet literally dwj; in the wall ; 
 from another was a way, through a window, into a 
 ware-room in the steeple ; a third, " partly formed by 
 St. Paul's, was lately used as a play-house^'"' and 
 the owner of a fourth, " baked his bread and pies in 
 an oven excavated within a buttress." 
 
 GREAT PLAGUE OF LONDOX. — STORY OF THE BLIND 
 PIPER. 
 
 Among the anecdotes connected with the Great 
 Plague, most persons have heard the story of the " Blind 
 Piper,'* who, having been taken up in the streets 
 when stupidly intoxicated, was thrown into a dead-cart, 
 but coming to himself whilst in the cart, he " set up 
 his pipes," which frightening the buryers, they all ran 
 away. De Foe, in his "Journal of the Plague Year,'* 
 relates the tale differently. He says the circumstance 
 occurred within the bounds of " one John Hayward," 
 who was under-sexton (during the time of the plague) 
 of the parish of St. Stephen, Coleman-street, without 
 ever catching the infection. 
 
 " This John told me,'* says our author, " that the fellow 
 \fas not blind, but an ignorant, weak, poor man, and 
 usually walked his rounds about ten o'clock at night, and 
 went piping along' from door to door, and the people
 
 LONDINIANA. 75 
 
 usually took him in at the public-houses, where they 
 knew him, and would give him drink and victuals, and 
 sometimes farthings ; and he, in return, would pipe and 
 sing, and talk simply, which diverted the people, and thus 
 he lived. During the plague the poor fellow went about 
 as usual, but was almost starved; and when any body 
 asked how he did, he would answer, ' the dead-cart had 
 not taken him yet, but had promised to call for him next 
 week.' It happened one night that this poor fellow, 
 having been feasted more bountifully than common, fell 
 fast asleep, " and was laid all along upon the top of a 
 bulk or stall, in the street near London Wall, towards 
 Cripplegate, and, that upon the same bulk or stall, the 
 people of some house hearing a bell, which they always 
 rung before the cart came, had laid a body, really dead 
 of the plague, just by him, thinking too, that this poor 
 fellow had been a dead body as the other was, and laid 
 there by some of the neighbours. 
 
 Accordingly, when John Hayward, with his bell and 
 the cart, came along, finding two dead bodies lie upon 
 the stall, they took them up with the instruments they 
 used, and threw them into the cart, and all this while the 
 piper slept soundly. From hence they passed along, and 
 took in other dead bodies, till, as honest John Hayward told 
 me, they almost buried him alive in the cart, yet all this 
 while he slept soundly. At length the cart came to the 
 place where the bodies were to be thrown into the ground, 
 which, as I do remember, was at Mount Mill, and as the 
 cart usually stopt some time before they were ready to 
 shoot out the melancholy load they had in it, as soon as the 
 cart stopped, the fellow awakened, and struggled a little 
 to get his head out from among the dead bodies, when 
 raising himself up in the cart, he called out * Hey! where
 
 76 LONDINIANA. 
 
 am I? ' This frightened the fellow that attended about 
 the work ; but, after some pause, John Hayward, recover- 
 ing himself, said, ' Lord, bless us ! there's somebody in 
 the cart not quite dead.' So another called to him, and 
 said, ' Who are you ?' The fellow answered, ' I am the 
 poor piper. Where am I?' * Where are you?' says 
 Hayward, ' why you are in the dead- cart, and we are 
 agoing to bury you.' * But I an't dead tho', am I ? ' says 
 the piper, which made them laugh a little, though, as 
 John said, they were heartily frightened at first ; so they 
 helped the poor fellow down, and he went about his 
 business." 
 
 MERCHANT TAYLORS' COMPANY AND HALL. 
 
 This ancient and respectable Company arose from 
 a Guild or Fraternity, dedicated to St. John Baptist ; 
 and called " time out of mind," says Stow, " Taylors 
 and Linen Ar7Jiourers of London." This Guild re- 
 ceived a confirmatiou from Edward the First, in his 
 28th year, with power to "hold a feast, at Midsummer, 
 to choose a master and wardens." At that period, and 
 during a long succession of years, the master was 
 denominated "the Pilgrim, — as one that travelled for 
 the whole Conipanie, and the four wardens were then 
 called Purveyors of Alms."* In the year 1466, a 
 more regular incorporation took place, under the au- 
 thority of the Letters Patent of Edward the Fourth, 
 who was himself a freeman of this company, as all 
 his predecessors in the sovereignty had also been 
 
 • Stow's "Survey," edit. 1633: p. 142.
 
 LONDIXIA^A. 77 
 
 from the time of Edward the Third. Henry the Se- 
 venth, who was likewise a member, re-incorporated 
 the company in the year 1503, by the new description 
 of " The Master and Wardens of the Merchant Taylors, 
 of the Fraternity of St. John Baptist," &c. This was 
 done, according to Stow, "for that divers of that Fra- 
 ternitie had (time out of mind) beene great Merchants, 
 and had frequented all sorts of marchandises into most 
 partes of the world, to the honor of the Kinge's realme, 
 and to the great profit of his subjectes, and of his pro- 
 genitors ; and the men of the said mistirie, had, 
 during the time aforesaid, exercised the buying and 
 selling of all wares and marchandises ; especially of 
 woollen clothe, as well in grosse, as by retayle, 
 throughout all this realme of England, and chiefly 
 within the said citie." 
 
 The members of this Company compose a very 
 affluent body, consisting principally of merchants, 
 mercers, drapers, taylors, &c. to the amount of up- 
 wards of 500 in number. They are governed by a 
 Master, four Wardens, and about forty Assistants. 
 In the long list of distinguished characters, who have 
 been enrolled among its freemen, are included eleven 
 sovereigns, about as many princes of the blood-roval, 
 thirteen dukes, two duchesses, nearly thirty arch- 
 bishops and bishops, fifty earls, five countesses, 
 between seventy and eighty lords and barons, up- 
 wards of twenty lord mayors, fifteen abbots and 
 priors, many knights, esquires, and other persons of 
 the greatest respectability.
 
 78 LONDINIANA. 
 
 One of the most eminent Taylors fprofessionally so) on 
 Record, was Sh' John Hawkivood, who, was the son of 
 Gilbert de Hawkwood, a tanner of Sible Hedingham, in 
 Essex, in which church a monument was erected to his 
 memory, by his executors. He was usually stiled, " Johannes 
 Acutes," and is stated, in the jocular language of Fuller, to 
 have " turned his needle into a sword, and his thimble into 
 a shield." During his apprenticeship to a taylor in this 
 City, he was pressed, and sent into France ; where, through 
 his valour and talents, he was promoted from the station 
 of a private soldier to the rank of captain, and was also 
 honoured with knighthood. After the peace made in 1560, 
 he became a leader among the military adventurers, or com- 
 panies, called the " Late-commers," and having greatly 
 signalized himself as commandant of the White Bands, 
 his aid was solicited by Barnabas, (brother to the Duke of 
 Milan,) who was then at war with the state of Mantua. 
 In this new service, his prowess and gallantry gave so 
 much satisfaction, that Barnabas bestowed on him his 
 daughter in marriage, together with an estate of consi- 
 derable value. He afterwards assisted Pope Gregory the 
 Twelfth, in recovering the revolted cities of Provence, and 
 was rewarded with dominion over five towns. He next 
 entered into the pay of the Florentines, and served them 
 with such great success and fidelity, that on his decease, 
 " after infinite victories obtained,, and an incomparable re- 
 nown amongst all men for the same," he was most 
 honourably buried in the Great Church at Florence, 
 where a noble monument was raised to his memory, agree- 
 ably to a vote of the Senate."* He died full of years and 
 
 • An engraving of this monument has been made and pub- 
 lished under the direction of iLe Society of Autiquarici.
 
 LONI INIANA. 79 
 
 glory, in 139 1. Sir Ralph Blaclcwell, who is stated to liave 
 been his fellow apprentice, and was also knighted for his 
 valour by Edward the Thirtl, was u member of this Com- 
 pany. Pennant says, " he founded the Hall which bears 
 his name," but that assertion like many others in his 
 " London," was made without sufficient authority. Among 
 the other eminent persons enrolled as Merchant Taylors, 
 were the celebrated historians, Speed and Stow ; both of 
 whom, likewise, were taylors by profession. 
 
 In Howes' edition of " Stowe's Annals," under the 
 date 1607, is an account of a splendid entertainment 
 given to James the First, Prince Henry, and " very- 
 many of the nobility, and other honourable personages," 
 by the Merchant Taylors, on the day of tlieir annual 
 feast, (July the 16th) and election of Master and 
 Wardens. " Against their coming," says our author, 
 " the Lord Mayor gave his attendance there, and at 
 the Hall gate presented his Majestie with the sword, 
 who presently gave it him againe, who bare it before 
 the King into t!ie upper large dining roome, anciently 
 called the King's chamber," &c. Here the King 
 v/as feasted '* very royally and joyfully," and after- 
 wards presented with a *' purse of golde," by the 
 Master ; the " Clerk of the Hall," shewing him, 
 at the same time, a roll of all the dignified mem- 
 bers that had ever belonged to this Company. The 
 purse was *' graciously received" by the monarch, 
 who in return stated, that " he was himself free of 
 another Company, but that the Prince, his eldest 
 son, should become a Merchant Taylor," and that 
 " he would see, and be a witness, when the garland
 
 80 LONDIMANA. 
 
 should be put on his head." Then all " descended 
 into the Great Hall, where the Prince dined ;" and 
 he also, having first been presented with a " purse of 
 golde," and shewed the roll, declared that he would 
 become a freeman, *' and therewithal commanded 
 one of his Gentlemen, and the Clerk, to go to all the 
 Lords there present, and require all of them that loved 
 him, and were not free of other Companies, to be free 
 of his Company;" this was of course acceded to, and 
 James, during the whole ceremony, " stood in a new 
 window, made for the purpose," and beheld all *' with 
 a gracious kingly aspect." * 
 
 Merchant Taylors' Hall, is situated in Threadneedle- 
 street, on an extensive site, originally occupied by the 
 " principal messuage" of a worshipful gentleman, 
 named Edmund Crepin, who in the year 1331, (sixth of 
 Edward III.) " for a certain sum of money," made it 
 over in trust for the Company^jto John de Yakesley, the 
 King's pavilion-maker.f Tliis messuage was afterwards 
 called the New Hall, or Taylor's Inn, to distinguish it 
 from the ancient Hall of the Company, which stood in 
 Basing-lane.:}: The present structure was erected soon 
 after the Fire of London, but was much altered and mo- 
 dernized about forty years ago. It is a capacious, but 
 irregular, edifice of brick ; the front exhibits a portal, 
 consisting of an arched pediment, supported on columns 
 of a composed order, with an ornamental niche 
 
 * Howes' Stow, p. 890, 801. 
 t Stew's Sor. 1) 143. edit. 1597. + Ibid. \u 189. edit. 1633.
 
 LONDINIAKA. 81 
 
 above: in the pediment are the Company's arms.* 
 The Hall is a very spacious apartment, with large mul- 
 lioned windows on each side. At the lower end is a 
 stately screen, of the Corinthian order, supporting a 
 music gallery, and along the sides are ranged numer- 
 ous shields, displaying the arms of different masters 
 of the Company. At the upper end, behind the 
 master's seat, are inscribed in golden letters the names 
 of all the sovereigns, princes, and other persons of 
 high rank, who have been free of this community. 
 Here also, are whole length portraits of William III. 
 and Queen Mary, together with a modern painting of 
 SirC, S. Hunter, Bart., who was Lord Mayor in 1814. 
 Among other paintings on the flats of the staircase and 
 in the upper rooms, are portraits of the following Lord 
 Mayors: Sir Thomas White, Knt., 1553, the founder 
 of St. John's College, Oxford ; Sir Thomas Rowe, 
 Knt., 1563; Sir William Turner, Knt., 1669; Sit 
 Patience Ward, Knt., 1681 ; Sir William Pritchard, 
 Knt., 1683, ^ndSirJohn Salter, Knt. 1740. Here, also, 
 is a modern painting by the late N. Ciarkson, of 
 Henry VIII. presenting his Charter of Incorporation to 
 
 * The Merchant Taylors' arms are, argent, a tent royal 
 between two imperial mantles gules, lined ermine; on a chief 
 azure, a lion passant guardant or ; crest, a holy lamb in glory, 
 proper ; supporters, two Arabian camels ; motto, " Cvicordiu 
 parv<B res crescunt." The arms were granted by Sir Thomas 
 Holne, Knt. Clarencieux, in 1480: the crest and supporter 
 by Robert Cooke, Clarencieux, in 1585. 
 
 VOL. II. G
 
 8- LONlilNIANA. 
 
 the Company ; an old half-length of Henry VIII., and 
 a very fine picture of his late Royal Highness Fred- 
 erick, Duke of York, as Commander-in-Chief, by Sir 
 Thomas Lawrence, which was completed in June 
 }827, and for which the artist was paid £500. 
 independently of the cost of the frame. 
 
 It appears from the minute books of this Company, 
 that a short time prior to the entertainment given to 
 James I. on the 16th of July, 1607, a meeting was 
 held '* to advise and consult howe every thirge may be 
 performed for the reputacion and creditt of the Com- 
 pany, and to give His Majesty best lykeing and con- 
 tentments," and "Sir John Swynnerton [alderman] is 
 entreated to conferr with Mr. Beniamyn Johnson, the 
 poet, about a speech to be made to welcome His Ma- 
 jesty, and for musique and other inventions which may 
 give liking and delight to His Majesty, by reason that 
 the Company doubt that there scholemaster and schollers 
 be not acquainted with suche kind of Entertaynements.'* 
 The master and wardens, also, were " intreated to 
 cause discreet men to make special search in and 
 about the house and hall, and all the rooms adjoin- 
 ing, to prevent all villany and dangers, from all 
 which we do most humbly beseech Almighty God 
 to bless and defend His Majesty. God save the 
 King." 
 
 The account of the entertainment itself, as recorded 
 in the Company's books, is as follows : — 
 
 " At the upper end of the Hall there was sat a chair of 
 estate, where His Majesty sat and viewed the Hall ; and
 
 LONDINIANA. 83 
 
 a very proper childe, well spoken, being clothed like an 
 Angel of Gladness, with a taper of frankincense burning 
 in his hand, delivered a short speech, containing 
 xviii verses, devised by Mr. Ben. Johnson, which pleased 
 His Majesty marvelously well; and upon either side of 
 the Hall, in the windows near the upper end, were galle- 
 ries or seats, made for music, in either of which were 
 seven singular choice musicians, playing on their lutes, 
 and in the Ship which did hang aloft in the Hall, three 
 rare men and very skilful, who song to His Majesty ; and 
 over the King sonnetts and loude musique, wherein it is 
 to be remembered that the multitude and noyse was so 
 great that the lutes nor songs could hardly be heard nor 
 understood. And then his Majesty went up into the 
 King's chamber, where he dined alone at a table which 
 was provided only for His Majesty and the Queen, (but 
 the Queen came not), in which chamber were placed a 
 very rich pair of organs, whereupon IMr. John Bull,* 
 doctor of music, and a brother of this Company, did play 
 all the dinner-time ; and Mr. Nathaniel Gyles, Master of 
 
 * Dr. Bull and Mr. N. G}les were soon afterwards admitled 
 to the freedom, and into the livery, of the Company, without 
 paying any fees, in reward for "their paynes when the King 
 and Prince dined at the Hall, and their love and kindness in 
 bestowing the niu-ique which was performed by them, their 
 associates and children, in the King's chamber, gratis ; whereas 
 the musicians in the great Hal], exacted unrea&onahle sums of 
 the Company for the same." Vide Minute Books.— Howes, in 
 his additions to Stow's " Annals,'' afier mentioning the luta- 
 nists in the windows, and " in the ayre between them a gallant 
 shippe triumphant, wherein were three rare menne like saylors,'* 
 says, " there wus also in the Hall the rnusique of the ctVy." 
 G 2
 
 84 
 
 LOXDIXIANA. 
 
 the children of the King^s chapel, together with Dr 
 Montague, Bishop of Bath and Wells, and dean of His 
 Majesty's chapel, Lenard Davis, sub-dean, and divers 
 synging men, Robert Stone, William Byrde, Richard 
 GranweH, Crie: Sharpe, Edmund Browne, Thos. Wood- 
 son, Henrie Eveseede, Robert Allison, Jo. Hewlett 
 Richard flumley, Thos. Goold, William Laws, Elvvay 
 Bevin, and Orlando Gibbons, Gen. extraordinary, and 
 the children of the said chapel, did sing melodious songs at 
 the said dinner; after all which His Majesty came down 
 to the great Hall, and sitting in his chair of estate, did 
 hear a melodious song of farewell by the three rare men 
 in the shippe, being apparelled in watchet silk, like 
 seamen, which song so pleased His Majesty, that he caused 
 the same to be sung three times over." 
 
 GOD SAVE THE KING, AND NON NOBIS DOMINE — 
 EPITAPH ON SAL. PAVY. 
 
 In Mr. Richard Clarke's industrious, but certainly 
 unsuccessful attempt to trace the origin of our " .A'*a- 
 tional Anthem, entitled God save the King,^^ it is 
 stated that the words were written by Ben Jonson, and 
 the music composed by Dr. Bull, for the entertainment 
 given to King James in Merchant Taylors' Hall, as 
 described in the preceding article. He affirms, also, 
 that the Grace which, as appears from Howes, was 
 sung at the King's table, by the children of His 
 Majesty's chapel, was no other than Xon nobis Do- 
 mine, and that it was composed on the same occasion, 
 by William Byrde, one of the *' singing men," men- 
 tioned in the above extract from the Company's 
 records.
 
 LONDINIANA. 85 
 
 The general argument by which Mr. Clarke endea- 
 vours to substantiate his opinion is, that the words 
 both of the Anthem and of the Grace have an imraC" 
 diate reference to the then recent discovery of the 
 gunpowder plot, and to the particular form of prayer 
 and thanksgiving ordained by Parliament to commem- 
 orate that discovery. But all this is mere inference, 
 and the words in question might as well be referred 
 to the Restoration of Charles II. as to the preservation 
 of James I. Not any of the poetry written by Ben 
 Jonson for the Merchant Taylors is known to be extant, 
 and the verses of the anthem cannot be traced to his 
 time. In respect to the music, IMr. Clarke corroborates 
 his argument by adducing the contents or index of a 
 manuscript volume of Dr. Bull's composition (after- 
 wards in the collection of Dr. Pepusch), as printed in 
 Ward'-s " Lives of the Professors of Gresham College," 
 in which the fifth piece is called '* God save the 
 King,'" and this he considers to be *' a positive, 
 incontrovertible, and undeniable claim, by Dr. Bull, 
 to that tune, as composed by him, in honour of 
 James I."* Unfortunately, however, for this hypo- 
 thesis, the identical volume to which the index relates, 
 and which was recently in the possession of the late 
 Dr. Kitchiner, furnishes an incontestable proof that 
 there is not the least similitude between the National 
 Anthem and the '• God save the King," composed by 
 Dr. Bull. On that point Dr. Kitchiner's words are 
 
 * See Clarko's " Account of the Nnlionnl Antliem," <!^c. p. 72,
 
 86 LONDINIANA. 
 
 remarkably stroiig;, for instance, " Dr. Bull's compo- 
 sition is a sort of ground or voluntary for the organ, of 
 the four notes C, G, F, E, with twenty-six different 
 bases, and is no more like the Anthem now sung than 
 a frog is to an ox."* 
 
 Whatever the presumption may be, and even that is 
 not particularly strong, Mr. Clarke has advanced no 
 proq/' that the Kon nobis Domine was either composed 
 by Byrde, or first sung at King James's table. — His 
 supposition that the " child well spoken, and clothed 
 like an x\ngel of Gladness," was the Sal. Pavy, on 
 whom Ben. Jonson wrote the following epiVap^, is alto- 
 gether untenable. f 
 
 * Vide *' Loyal and National Songs of England," Intro, p. 6. 
 In the same work, Dr. Kilchiner has given an accurate copy of 
 Dr. Bull's piece, which, he says, was transcribed for him by 
 Mr. Edward Jones, bard to the King, who at the same time "put 
 it into our modern notation. Dr. Bull's being on six-line staves, 
 with a multiplicity of clefts, in its original form was illegible, 
 except by a musical antiquary, and too complicated to be 
 playable without such an arrangement." — Ibid. 
 
 f Had the youth, commemorated by Ben Jonson, been living 
 at the period of the entertainment given to King James in 1607, 
 which was four years after that monarch's accession, he would 
 unquestionably have been styled " of the King's chapel," instead 
 of " Queen Elizabeth's," as in the epitaph. There can hardly, 
 indeed, be a doubt but that he died before the Queen, for his 
 name appears as a " principal comedian'' in Jonson's" Cynthia s 
 Revels,'^ when first acted in 1600, and again in the '■'■Poetaster ,>' 
 as acted in 1601. Now, admitting the former year to be that in 
 which his reputation as an actor became established, we may
 
 .ONDINIANA. 
 
 87 
 
 Epitaph on S. P., a Child of Queen Elizabeth's 
 Chapel. 
 
 Weepe with me all you that read 
 
 This little storie, 
 And know for whom a tear you shed. 
 
 Death's selfe is sorry. 
 'Twas a child, that so did thrive 
 
 In grace and feature, 
 As Heaven and Nature seem'd to strive 
 
 Which own'd the creature. 
 Yeeres he number'd scarce thirteene 
 
 When Fates turn'd cruell. 
 Yet three fiU'd Zodiackes had he beene 
 
 The stage's iewell ; 
 And did act (what now we mone) 
 
 Old men so duely, 
 As sooth the Parcce thought him one, 
 He plai'dso tr. ely. 
 
 So, by error, to his fate 
 
 They all consented, 
 But viewing him since (alas, too late !) 
 
 They have repented. 
 
 conclude that his decease occurred either in 1602 or early in 
 1603, as " the three-filled zodiacs,'' during which, as tbe poet 
 expresses, he had been the " Stage's Jewel," would then have 
 expired. To which of the above plays Mr. Clarke alludes as 
 •' Tfie Comical Satyre^' in which Pavy acted, is dubious, as 
 those words form the secoBdary title i<i both piece*.
 
 88* LONDINIAN.A. 
 
 And have sought (to give new I irth} 
 
 In bathes to steepe him ; 
 But, being so much too good for earthy 
 
 Heaven vows to keepe him. 
 
 PENTONVILLE, AND ST. JAMES'S CHAPEL, 
 
 Pentonville derived its name from the late Henry 
 Penton, Esq., who was the chief proprietor of the 
 estate : he died in Italy in the latter part of the last, 
 century. With the exception of White-Conduit 
 House, the house attached to Dohney's Bowling- 
 Green, and a few other buildings, the whole of this 
 extensive district has sprung up within the last sixty 
 years. As the population increased, it became neces- 
 sary to study the better conveniency of the inhabitants, 
 who had previously been obliged to resort for religious 
 worship to St. James's, Clerkenwell, (in which parish 
 Pentonville is situated,) and the present chapel was 
 erected by subscription, about the year 1788, under 
 the provisions of the Toleration Act. In 1790, in 
 consequence of an application to Parliament, the 
 trustees for rebuilding St. James*s Church were 
 empowered, or rather constrained, to purchase the 
 new chapel at the expense of 5000/., and annex it 
 for ever to their own church, as a chapel of ease for 
 the inhabitants of Pentonville. All rents and surplice 
 fees were reserved to the minister of Clerkenwell, 
 together with an annual stipend of 20/. subject to 
 certain payments ; he also was authorised to appoint 
 the curate, in perpetuity.
 
 LONDIMIANA. 89 
 
 The Chapel is a well-built and notunhandsome fabrir, 
 dedicated to St. James, and occupying a pleasant emi- 
 nence on the north side of the New Road leading to 
 Pancras and Paddington. It is constructed, princi- 
 pally, with brick, but has a stone frontispiece, com- 
 posed by pilasters supporting an entablature and 
 pediment : on the roof is a small cupola. The interior 
 is neatly arranged, and the altar-piece, which stands 
 within a semicircular recess at the norJi end of the 
 chapel, is ornamented with a well-executed picture of 
 Christ raising the damsel Tabitha. 
 
 CLOTHWORKERS' COMPANY AND HALL. 
 
 The Clothworkers' Company, though a very ancient 
 Guild, was not incorporated till the year 1482, when 
 Edward IV. granted the members his letters patent, by 
 the style of " The Fraternity of the Assumption of the 
 Blessed Virgin Mary, of the Sheermen of London;'* 
 but this appellation was changed on their re-incorpora- 
 tion by Quetn Elizabeth, to that of *'the Master, 
 Wardens, and Commonalty of Freemen of the Art 
 and Mystery of Clothworkers of the City of London." 
 EHzabeth's Charter was confirmed by Charles I. in 
 1634. This Company is governed by a Master, four 
 Wardens, and a Court of about forty Assistants. 
 
 Clothworkers Hall, a small building, principally of 
 red brick, is situated on the east side of Mincing Lane, 
 Fenchurch Street. The Hall is a lofty apartment, 
 wainscotted to the ceiling, which is richly stuccoed 
 with compartments of fretwork and other ornaments.
 
 90 LONDINIANA. 
 
 At the upper end are carved statues, as large as life, 
 of James I. and Charles J., in their royal robes;* and 
 in the windows are various shields of arms of Masters, 
 &.C. in large compartments. 
 
 FORCED LOANS IN QUEEN ELIZABETH'S REIGN. 
 
 Different periods of our history have been irarked 
 by pecuniary impositions on the people, under the 
 appellations of benevolences and forced loans, but it is 
 not so generally known that the Lord Mayor acting under 
 the orders of Government, and in a state emergency, 
 had power to assess the City Companies in the way of 
 oan, in proportion to their affluence, yet that such 
 was the fact, appears from the Precepts issued to each 
 Company, in Queen Elizabeth's reign, and a copy of 
 which is here given from the Records of the Ironmon- 
 gers' Company. 
 *' By the Maior ; 
 
 ** Theis are to will and comannd youe, that 
 forthw'*' youe prepare in a redynes, the sume of LX£. 
 of the stocke of youre halle, (and if you have not so 
 moche in store, then you shall borrow the same at 
 ynterest, at th' only costs and lossisof yo' halle;) *o be 
 
 * The Ciotbworkers' arms are, sable, a chevron ermine, 
 between two habiet* in chief, and a thistle in base, proper : 
 erest, a ram passant; supporters, griffin.c, aix)tted sable; 
 motto, " My Trust is in God alone.'^ The amis were granted 
 by TJiosias Benolt, Clarencieux, in 1530; the crest and sup. 
 porters by Robert Cooke, Ciarencieux, in 158T,
 
 LONDINIANA. 91 
 
 lent to the Queen's Ma*'* for 1 wholl yeare ; not in any 
 wise cawsing any brother of yo' companye to bear any 
 p'ticular charge, or losse, towards the same, but 
 on lye of the rents and stocke of yo' said hall ; w*"** 
 soiiie of LX£. you shall pay uppon Twysdaye next 
 comyng in the mornyng, at Mr. Stonley's howse in 
 Aldarsgate Strete; and thtar you shall receive an 
 aquyttaunce for the same in forme appoynted. Fayle 
 youe not hereof as you will awnswer for the contrarye 
 at your p'yll. Yeoven at the Gwyldhall of London, 
 the XXVII of August, 1575." 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBKY SlilU^JE OF ST. EDWARD 
 
 THE CONFESSOR. 
 
 In the Chapel of St. Edward the Confessor , which 
 originally formed the eastern termination of the Abbey 
 Church, lie inhumed the remains of the royal founder 
 himself, encircled by the ashes of kindred sovereigns, 
 some of whom were the greatest and most heroic that 
 ever swayed the British sceptre. King Edward's Shrine 
 stands nearly in the middle of the chapel, and had 
 formerly an ahar attached to it, at which multitudes of 
 every degree have made their oblations, and, in the 
 credulous fullness of their hearts, besought the inter- 
 cessional agency of the sainted monarch, either for the 
 cure of disease, or for the remission of retributional 
 punishments for acknowledged sins. 
 
 Edward s decease occurred on the 5th of January, 
 1065-66, and he was interred on the 12th of that 
 month, before the high altar, within the church which
 
 92 LONDINIANA. 
 
 he had erected upon this spot, in place of tl.at 
 which most authorities have attributed to King Sebert. 
 His peculiar sanctity had obtained for his memory such 
 great repute, that William the Norman, on acquiring 
 possession of the kingdom, and who, indeed, affected 
 to derive his claims to the throne from Edward's will, 
 made it one of his first cares to perform his devotions 
 at his tomb ; and two palls to lay over it are enumerated 
 among the rich offerings which he made on that occa- 
 sion. On the Christmas-day following he was crowned 
 by the side of Edward's sepulchre ; and at a subse- 
 quent period he caused a more curious and costly tomb 
 to be erected over his remains, than that which had 
 previously covered them. 
 
 Among the miracles attributed to King Edward, even 
 in his life time, was that of curing the glandular 
 swelHngs in the neck, since called the king's evil ; and 
 many extraordinary cures are reputed to have been 
 wrought at his tomb, in every description of disease 
 and infirmity. These miracles so enhanced his repu- 
 tation that he was rega^'ded as a saint long previously 
 to his canonization, to which honour he was admitted 
 by a bull of Pope Alexander III., dated on the 7th of 
 the Ides of February, 1161. The remains of the 
 sainted monarch were afterwards solemnly translated 
 by Archbishop Becket into a new and " precious 
 feretry," or shrine, prepared by Henry II., at the 
 Archbishop's suggestion. This removal took place 
 on the 3d of October, 1163, nearly ninety-nine years 
 after Edward's interment: yet his body, according to
 
 LONDINIAKA. 93 
 
 the monkish historians, was still entire and uncor- 
 rupted, and his garments fresh and undecayed. Tlie 
 anniversary of this translation was observed with great 
 ceremony, and to tliose by whom it was strictly and 
 religiously kept, were granted Indulgences of nineteen 
 years and one hundred and three days, with participa- 
 tion in all spiritual benefits, and a remission of a 
 seventh part of their sins.* When the choir and eastern 
 division of the Abbey Church had been sufficiently 
 completed by Henry III. for the celebration of divine 
 service, that monarch gave orders for the re-translation 
 of the body of St. Edward into the new Shrine which 
 he had prepared for it in this chapel, a ceremony which 
 was performed with great solemnity, and the anniver- 
 sary (October 13, 1269), was duly celebrated for 
 nearly three centuries afterwards. 
 
 This Shrine is evidently the work of two distinct 
 periods ; the styles of composition as well as materials 
 of its upper and lower divisions, being essentially 
 different. All the ancient part is of stone, curiously 
 inlaid with mosaic ; its general form is a parallelogram, 
 surmounted by an entablature and standing on a base- 
 ment step. Its height, including the cornice, is nine 
 feet; its width, at the west end, five feet four inches 
 
 * We are informed by Matthew of Westmin&ter, thnt Bene- 
 dict, a clerk of Winchesl'^r, and John, a layman from Ireland, 
 both of whom were possessed by devils, came purposely 
 on the day of his translation, to receive benefit from St. Edward, 
 and that on seeing his che-^t exalted, the devils were instantly 
 cast out.
 
 94 LONDINIANA. 
 
 and a half, and its length nine feet five inches. On 
 each side are three recessed arches, or niches, trefoil- 
 headed, and separated by pilasters, above which is 
 a range of seven compartments, once panelled with 
 lozen2;es of porphyry,* (placed alternately upright and 
 lengthwise) within involved guilloche borderings. The 
 entablature was originally supported at the east end by 
 two spiral or twisted pillars, only the capital of one of 
 which now remains ; and at the west end by a mosaic 
 facing:, resting on similar pillars, but the latter have no 
 capitals, and their plinths, if such there be, are 
 embedded in the pavement. The sides, back, and 
 soffite of every arch have been enriched with mosaic 
 pannellings of various patterns, not any two arches 
 exhibiting a corresponding design; yet the tesserae, 
 though fixed in a very strong cement, have been 
 mostly picked out, not so much, perhaps, from mere 
 wantonness, or purposed mischief, as from the super- 
 stitious veneration of devotees.f On the lower fascia 
 
 * At the west end of this shrine, two lozenges of porpbyrj-, 
 each about nine inches in width, still remain: in 182 1 there 
 was also a third lozenge, but th;it was stolen by some workman 
 on refitting the Church after the coronation of George IV. 
 
 + Such great sanctity is still attached to this Shrine, that a 
 part of the sione basement sear, ou the east side of the south 
 transept, has been worn into a deep hollow by the feet of 
 devout Catholics, who occasionally attend here early of a morn- 
 ing, and who, Ironi that point, can just obtain a view of the 
 upper division of the shrine. It is still, also, within the recol- 
 lection of some aged members of lh=.s Church, (hat previously to
 
 LONDINIANA. tS 
 
 of the architrave was the following jingling inscription, 
 in Roman characters. The letters inserted in italics, as 
 here printed, may yet be traced by the indents visible 
 in the cement. 
 
 Anno milleno — domini, cvm septuageno 
 
 Et bis CENTENO — CVM COMPLETO QVASI DENO, 
 Hoc OPVSEST FACTVM — QYOBVBTRVSDvxitinactvm, 
 Romanvs civ is : — homo cavsam noscere si vis, 
 Rex fvit Henricvs — Sancti presentis amicvs. 
 In place of the above verses, which it is probable were 
 effaced at the Reformation, the following inscription 
 is partly visible, in gilt capitals on a dark ground, which 
 Widmore, in his *' History of Westminster Abbey," 
 attributes to Abbot Feckenham. The words in italics 
 are supplied from that writer. 
 
 On the south side — omntbvs insignis : virtv- 
 
 TVM : LAVDIBVS: HEROS: SANCTVS: EDWARDVS. 
 
 On the east end — Confessor, rex venerandus : quinto 
 die. 
 
 On the north side — Jani moriens 1065. svper : 
 
 iETHERA : SCANDIT. SVRSVM CORDA. I. F. 
 
 The upper division of the Shrine, which is compa- 
 ratively modern, and of wainscot, consists of two 
 
 the French Revolution, the very dust and sweepings of the 
 Shrine and Chapel of St. Edward were also preserved, and 
 exported to Spain and Portugal in barrels ! But even in that 
 trade, adulterations were practised, and much unholy dust, 
 swept from other chapels, was mingled with the rubbish of tbij 
 Shrine.
 
 96 I.O>iDINlAKA. 
 
 Stories of unequal dimensions. On each side of the 
 lower story, are six semicircular arches, panelled and 
 separated from each other by pilasters of the Ionic 
 order, and at each end is a broad flat arch, flanked by 
 similar pilasters. The other story has four arches on 
 each side, and two at the ends, separated by coupled 
 pilasters of the Corinthian order. Each story had its 
 proper entabkture, but these have been nearly demo- 
 lished, and the whole was surmounted by a gable roof, 
 which has been entirely destroyed. All this wood- 
 work (which was probably erected by Abbot Fecken- 
 ham, in Queen Mary's reign) was inlaid, to correspond 
 in some measure with the mosaic enrichments of the 
 ancient shrine. The present coffin of the pious 
 Edward, which may be seen from the parapet 
 of Henry V.'s Chapel, is deposited within the ancient 
 stone- work, about the height of the architrave. It was 
 made by order of James II. (who commanded the old 
 coffin to be enclosed within it) of strong planks, two 
 inches thick, cramped or banded with iron. The 
 entire height, from the pavement to the top of the 
 shrine, is fourteen feet nine inches. Originally the 
 upper part of the shrine was plated with gold, and 
 adorned v»'ith precious stones, and the whole is re- 
 corded to have been so admirably wrought that the 
 workmanship exceeded the materials. 
 
 This Shrine, as well as the adjacent monument of 
 King Henry III. has been generally ascribed to Pietro 
 Cavalini, on the authority of Vertue and Walpole, 
 but there is eveiy reason to believe that the words
 
 LOXDINIANA. 97 
 
 Pelrus duxit in actum, Romanis Civis, &c. in the 
 ancient inscription, given above, referred to some other 
 artist. 
 
 According to Vasari, Cavalini was a disciple of 
 Giotto, and, like his master, practised in mosaic, as 
 well as in painting; but it appears, from the same 
 authority, that Giotto was not born till the year 1276, 
 nor his pupil till 1 279. Now, St. Edward's Shrine, 
 according to the original inscription, was completed in 
 1270, the authenticity of which date is substantially 
 corroborated by our ancient chroniclers, who all attest 
 that St. Edward's remains were translated into the 
 new Shrine in 1269. Walpole has misunderstood Va- 
 sari, and then taxed him with confounding his own 
 account.* Weever states, that Abbot Ware, who was 
 twice at Rome, viz. first in 1260 for confirmation, and 
 again in 1267 on a mission from the King, brought 
 with him, on returning to England, " certain workmen, 
 and rich porphyry stones, whereof he made that 
 singular, curious, and rare Pavement before the high 
 altar ; and with those stones and workmen he did also 
 
 * Vertue, (vide "Walpole's Works/' vol. iii. p. 24, edit. 1798), 
 supposed Cavalini to have designed those beautiful crosses wbicb 
 Edward I. erected in memory of Eleanor, his first Queen : but 
 it is extremely doubtful whether Cavalini was ever in England. 
 The crosses were certainly the work of English artists ; and are 
 altogether difiFerent, as well in design and style as in materials 
 and execution, from either of the monuments attributed to 
 Cavalini, whether at Westminster or at Strawberry Hill. 
 
 VOL. II. H
 
 98 
 
 LOXDIXTANA. 
 
 frame the Shrine of Edivard the Confessor:' It is pro- 
 bable, therefore, tl:at the artist called Petrus in the in- 
 scription, was one of those persons whom Abbot Ware 
 brought from Rome, on his return from his last journey 
 in 1267. 
 
 Among the numerous Reliqnes deposited in this 
 Chapel, and which were under the direct charge of the 
 Keeper of the Feretry (who was chosen from among the 
 senior monks), was the crystalline vessel of our 
 Saviour's Blood, which had been sent by the Knights 
 Templars from the Holy Land in 1247, as a present 
 to Henry HI., and was attested by Robert, Patriarch of 
 Jerusalem, to have trickled from our Saviour's wounds 
 at his Crucifixion. The famous Stone, also, which 
 was marked with the impression of the foot of Christ, 
 as ind nted at his Ascension, and had been brought 
 into England by the Friars' Preachers, was another of 
 the holy reliques which were here kept, and had been 
 given by Henry HI., toiiether with a thorn of Christ's 
 crown, and various remains of Saints, including an 
 arm of St. Sylvester, and a tooth of St. Athanasius ! 
 Here, likewise, was preserved a large piece of our 
 Saviour's cross, richly adorned with gold, silver, and 
 precious stones, which had been brought from Wales 
 by Edward 1. in the year 1285 ; and, also, the skull 
 of St. Benedict, which had been given by Edward HI. 
 When these inestimable valuables Avere not exposed to 
 the awe-struck gaze of the devotee, they were lodged 
 in a secure repository, the site of which is now occu- 
 pied by the tomb of Henry the Vth.
 
 LONDINIANA. 99 
 
 The very high degree of veneration in which the 
 Confessor's memory was held, may be partly appre- 
 ciated from the preceding account : yet a few other 
 particulars, connected with this subject, may not be 
 uninteresting. On St. Edward's day, viz. that of 
 the anniversary of his translation, the principal citizens 
 of London, in their corporate capacity, were accus- 
 tomed to visit his Shrine ; and at the same time, grand 
 processions with waxen tapers were made to it by all 
 the religious communities of tiie metropolis. The 
 splendours of the festival were frequently heightened 
 by the presence of the sovereign and his court, and 
 we are informed that in the year 1390, Richard IT. 
 (who had selected the Confessor as his patron saint) 
 and his Queen sat crowned in this Church, with their 
 sceptres in their hands, during the celebration of mass 
 on this anniversary. But it was not on this day alone 
 that Edward's memory was thus honoured; on all 
 extraordinary occasions, and at the three great feasts of 
 Christmas, Easter, and Whitsuntide, his Shrine was 
 the principal resort of the people. Here vows were 
 made, thanks returned, prayers offered up, and bene- 
 fits solicited. Superstition and leal piety were equally 
 realous in their devotions; and every rank of society, 
 from the prince to the vagrant, flocked Inther to make 
 their oblations. At this Shrine, Henry IV. on March 
 20th, 1413, who had bean some time afflicted with 
 an apoplectic disease, was seized with his last mortal 
 fit, whilst performing his devotions to St. Edward, 
 when on the eve of his departure for the Holy Laud. 
 H 2
 
 loo 
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 In the year 1415, on the morrow after the Festival 
 of St. Simon and St. Jude, when the news of the 
 great battle of Agincourt had arrived in London, the 
 Queen, Henry IV. 's widow, and her attendants, made 
 their offerings at St. Edward's Shrine in gratitude for 
 the victory ; and on the same day, the Mayor, Alder- 
 men, and Livery of London, with all the religious 
 men of the different orders, came hither in solemn 
 procession to offer up their thanksgivings for the same 
 ever-memorable triumph. Here, also, Edward IV., on 
 the 3d of March, 1 460, made his offerings ; after hearing 
 the singing of Te Deum, on the occasion of the people 
 assenting to his being King, when the question was 
 asked them in Westminster Hall, where he had pre- 
 viously sat to hear their determination, with St. Ed- 
 ward's sceptre in his hand. At this Shrine, likewise, 
 Richard III. and his Queen made their oblations before 
 their coronation, in the choir, on the 6th of July, 1483, 
 after having walked in procession, barefooted, from the 
 King's seat, or bench, in Westminster Hall. Many 
 other instances of the distinguished reverence paid to 
 St. Edward's remains, are incidentally related by diffe- 
 rent historians.* 
 
 * The Sivord and S/iield which Dart savs, were " carried be- 
 fore Edward III., in France," are kept in this Chapel. The 
 Sword is seven feet three inches in length and weighs eighteen 
 pounds. The Shield has been stript of its covering, but has a 
 JininsT of leather and buckram. It is of plain wood, three feet 
 two inches long, and one foot ten inches wide.
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 101 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY^ ANCIENT CORONATION CHAIR, 
 AND PROPHETIC STONE. 
 
 Near St. Edward's Shrine at Westminister, stands 
 that celebrated object of popular curiosity, the old Co- 
 ronation Chair ; in which the golden diadem has been 
 placed upon the brows of all our sovereigns from the 
 time of Edward II. Yet it is not the Chair alone (al- 
 though in itself a work of much interest, when atten- 
 tively examined), but the far-famed " prophetic," or 
 ** fatal stone," inclosed within the frame-work, 
 that constitutes the great focus of attraction to the 
 Historian and the Antiquary. 
 
 Tradition has identified this Stone wiihthat on which 
 the Patriarch Jacob reposed his head when he saw 
 the Vision of the ladder reaching to Heaven, with the 
 Angels of God ascending and desceriding, in the plain 
 of Luz, Its known history, however, carries it back 
 to a period so remote, that this legend was scarcely 
 necessary to procure for it respect and veneration ; and 
 whether it were originally an Egyptian or a Celtic 
 monument, it furnishes a very remarkable proof of 
 the wide diffusion of a most ancient practice observed 
 in the inauguration of Kings ; namely, by placing 
 them either upon, or near to, an elevated stone, at th^ 
 moment of investing them with the plenitude of regal 
 power. This custom had its origin in the East, where 
 it spread extensively, and is alluded to in many
 
 102 
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 passages of the Old Testament, and it certainly became 
 general among the Celtic and Scandinavian nations.* 
 
 The fullest account of this Stone given by any single 
 writer, is that by Fordun, who, in his *' Scoto 
 Chronicon,''^ which was composed in the reign of 
 Edward III., has devoted an entire chapter to its early 
 history ; the substance of his statement is as follows. 
 
 " There was a certain King of Spain, of the Scottish 
 race, called Milo, having many sons ; one, however, 
 named Simon Brek, he loved above all the others, 
 although he was neither the elder nor the heir. His 
 father, therefore, sent him to Ireland with an army, and 
 gave him a marble Chair^ carved with very ancient art by 
 a skilful workman, in which the Kings of Spain, of the 
 Scottish nation, were wont to sit when inaugurated, from 
 which cause it was carefully brought into his region, as if it 
 were an anchor. This Simon having reached the above 
 island with a great army, reduced it under his dominion, 
 
 • The connecting the Prophetic Stone with the vision of Jacob 
 was, most probably, an invention of the Monks of Westminster ; 
 or the most ancient document in which it was thus described, 
 was a Tablet, formerly suspended above the Chair in St. Ed- 
 ward's Chapel. Camden, who himself uses the phrase " Saao 
 Jaeobi, ut vocant, (fee," has given the inscription as follows : — 
 '' Si quid habent veri vel Chronica, cana fidesve, 
 
 Clauditurhac Cathedra, nobilis ecce Lapis: 
 Ad caput eximius Jacob quondam Patriarcha 
 
 Quem posuit, cernens numina mirapoli. 
 Quem tulit ex Scotis spolians quasi victor honoris, 
 
 Edwardus Primus, Mars velut Armipotens, 
 
 Scotorum Domitur, noster valid issimus Hector, 
 
 Anglorum Decus, et Gloria Militiye.'^
 
 LONDINIAXA. 103 
 
 and reigned in it many years. He placed the aforesaid Stone, 
 or Chair, at Themor, the royal residence, a noted place, 
 at which his successors were accustomed to reside, dis- 
 tinguished with kingly honours. GatheliiSy as some say, 
 brought this Chair, with other regal ornaments, with him 
 from Egypt into Spain. Others relate, that Simon Brek, 
 having anchored on the Irish Coast, was forced by con- 
 trary winds to withdraw his anchors from the billowy 
 surge, and whilst strenuously labouring to that end, 
 a stone, in the form of a Chair, cut out of marble, 
 was hauled up with the anchors into the ship. Receiiang 
 this, both as a precious boon from Heaven, and as a cer- 
 tain presage of future dominion; he, trembling with 
 excessive joy, adored his gods for the gift, as if they had 
 absolutely appointed him to the kingdom and the crown. 
 It was there prophesied, likewise, that he and his pos- 
 terity should reign wherever that Stone should be found : 
 from which divination some one made this metrical 
 prophecy, which, according to the common opinion, has 
 frequently proved to be true : — 
 
 " Ni fallat Fatum, Scoti quocunque locatum 
 Invenient Lapidem, regnare tenentur ibidem." 
 
 In Holinsbed's Chronicle is a long account of the 
 above-named Gathelus, who is there said to have been 
 a Greek, ' the sonne of Cecrops, who builded the citie 
 of Athens.' 
 
 After leaving Greece, " Gathelus resided some time 
 in Egypt, where he married Scota, the daughter of 
 King Pharaoh ; but being alarmed at the judgment de- 
 nounced by Moses, who was then in Egypt, he quitted 
 that country with many followers, and landed in Spain ;"
 
 104 LONDINIANA. 
 
 here he "builded a citie, which he named Brigantia ;'* 
 yet not without great opposition from the native Spaniards. 
 Having at length succeeded in making peace with his 
 neighbours, he sat " vpon his Marble Stone, in Brigantia, 
 where he gave lawes and ministered justice vnto his 
 people, thereby to menteine them in wealth and quietnesse. 
 This Stone was in fashion like a seat, or chaire, having 
 such a fatall destiny (as the Scots say) following it, that 
 whereever it should be placed, there should the Scotish 
 men reigne and have the supreme governaunce." 
 
 In the manuscript additions, made by an anonymous 
 writer, in the reign of Henry VI., to the rhymins; 
 Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester (now preserved in 
 the College of Arms), it is stated, that 
 
 *' The Scottes yclupped were 
 Aftur a woman that Scote hyght, the dawter of Pharaon, 
 Yat broghte into Scotlond a whyte marble Ston, 
 Yat was ordeyed for thare Kyng, whan he coroned wer. 
 And for a grete Jewyll long hit was yhold ther. — 
 Kyng Edward wyth the lang Shankes from Scotland hit 
 
 fette, 
 Besyde the Shryne of Seynt Edward at Westminstre ther 
 
 hitte sette." 
 
 In the Lowland Scotch of *« Wintownis Chronikil," 
 which was written by the Prior of the very ancient 
 Monastery of St. Serfs Inch, in Loch Levin, between 
 the years 1420 and 1424, the history of the Stone is 
 thus given in the ninth chapter of the third book. 
 This commences by stating, that in the time of the 
 brothers Romulus and Remus, there was a mighty king
 
 LONDINfANA. 105 
 
 reigning in Spain, who had many sons, one of whom 
 was " Simon Brek :" 
 
 " A gret Stdne )jhis King Jjhan had, 
 
 Dat fore )?is Kyngis sete wes made. 
 
 And haldyne wes a gret jowale 
 
 Wytht-in >e Kynryk of Spayne hale. 
 
 Dis King bad f^is Simon ta 
 
 DatStane, and in-tyl Yrlandga, 
 
 And wyn fjat Land and occupy, 
 
 And halde }jat Stane perpetually 
 
 And make it his sege ^-are 
 
 As Jjai of Spayne did it of are." — 
 
 Simon Brek (continues the Chronicle) having arrived 
 at, and conquered Ireland, 
 
 " Dare he made a gret Cyt6 
 And in it syne Jjat Stane gert he 
 Be set, and haldyn for jowale 
 And Chartyr of Jjat Kynryke hale."— 
 
 Fergus, the son of Eric, a lineal descendant from 
 Brek, long afterwards 
 
 " Broucht \>\s stane wyth-in Scotland 
 Fyrst qwhen he come and wane Jjat land. 
 And fyrst it set in Ikkolmkil, 
 And S.une }jare-eftyr it wes broucht tyl : 
 And Jjare it was syne mony day 
 Qwhyll Edward gert have it away.'* — 
 
 " Now will l\>e Werd rehers 
 As I fynd of )jat Stane in wers ; 
 
 '* Kifallat Fatum, Scoti, qiiocunq; locatwn, 
 Inuenient Lapidem, regnare ttnentur ibidem"
 
 106 LOXDINIA^A. 
 
 " But gyf werdys falyhand be, 
 Qwhare-evyr l^at Stane yhe segyt se, 
 Dar.ftsall J^e Scottis be regnand, 
 And Lorddys hale oure all \>at land." 
 
 Sir James Ware states, from the Irish historians, 
 that this Stone was brought into their country by the 
 colony of the Tuath de Danans, and that it had the 
 property of issuing sounds resembling thunder when- 
 ever any of the Royal Scythian Race placed themselves 
 on it for inaugumtion, and that he only was crowned 
 monarch of Ireland, under whom, when placed on it, 
 the Stone groaned or spake. Fergus, the first King of 
 Scotland, who was descended from the blood-royal of 
 Ireland, " is said to have been crowned upon this Fatal 
 Stone, which, as we find in the Histories of Scotland, 
 he had from Ireland about the year of the world 3641, 
 and 330 years before Christ, and he placed it in 
 Argyle, where it continued until the reign of King 
 Kenneth II., who, A. D., 840, having vanquished the 
 Picts near Scone, inclosed the Stone in a Wooden 
 Chair, and deposited it in the monastery there, to 
 serve for the inauguration of the Kings of Scotland.^^* 
 
 Its place in Ireland was the Hill of Tarah ; and for 
 
 * " Antiquities of Ireland,'' Vol. ii., pp. 10 and 24. Ac- 
 cording to Pennant, its station, when in Argylesbire, was the 
 Castle of Dunstaflfnage, and be has given an engraving of an 
 ivory image, found in the rains of that Castle, which represents 
 a King with a book in his hand, sitting, as he supposes, in the 
 ancient Chair, "whose bottom was the Fatal Stone." Vide 
 " Tour to the Hebrides/' vol. ii. p. 409, and vol. iii. p. 117,
 
 LONDINIANA. 107 
 
 some ages the supreme kings of that country were 
 placed upon it at the time of inauguration. When 
 mentioning the ancient names of Ireland, Sir James 
 says, also, that " it was called Innis-fail, or the 
 Island of Destiny, from the Fatal Stone, called Lia- 
 fail,''"' which was the Irish designation of this stone. 
 
 Chalmers asserts, that the last of the Scottish Kings 
 who *'had the felicity to be crowned in this essential 
 seat, was Alexander III ; and it is said that the Earl of 
 Fife, as it was his privilege to do, (from hereditary right) 
 placed the King in Cathedrum Marmoreum,''^ Har- 
 dyng, however, whose metrical "Chronicle " was partly 
 composed in Henry the Sixth's reign, (and with whom, 
 on this point, several ancient historians agree) speaking 
 of John Baliol, affirms that he was crowned 
 
 " In the Minster of Scone, within Scotlad grond, 
 Sittyng vpon the regal Stone full sound, 
 As all the K3'nges there vsed had afore. 
 On Sainct Andrewes day, with al joye therefore.*" 
 Buchanan, speaking of Kenneth II., in his Scotish 
 History, says, that *' having enlarged his kmgdom, and 
 settled wholesome laws for the good administration of 
 the government, he further endeavoured to confirm the 
 royal authority by mean and trivial things, almost 
 bordering on superstition itself." There was ** a 
 Marble Stone,'' •\ he continues, "which Simon Breccus 
 
 * ''Caledonia," vol. i. p. 4(38. 
 
 + '* Saxum Marmoreitm, (fee.'* " Kennethus in Cathedram 
 ligneam inclusum." Vide " Rerurn Scot. Hist.'' Lib. vi., p. 1<56. 
 edit. 1697.
 
 108 LONDINIANA. 
 
 is reported to have brought out of Spain into Ireland, 
 and which Fergus, the son of Ferchard, is also said to 
 have brou2:ht over into Scotland and placed in Argyle. 
 This Stone Kenneth removed out of Argyle to Scone, 
 by the river Tay, and placed it there inclosed in a 
 Chair of wood. The Kings of Scotland were wont to 
 receive both the regal title and insignia, sitting in 
 that chair, till the days of Edward I., King of Eng- 
 land." Holinshed, speaking of the removal of this 
 Stone to Westminster, calls it a " Chaire of marble,''^ 
 probably from the old translation of Boece, which 
 thus mentions it : «* In this Chiar all Kinges of Scot- 
 land war ay crownit quhil y* tyme of Kyng Robert 
 Bruse ; in quhais tyme besyde mony othir cruellies 
 done by Kyng Edward lang schankis, the said chair of 
 merbyll was taiken be Inglismen and brocht out of 
 Scone to London, and put into Westmonistar, quhare 
 it remainis to our dayis.'* 
 
 The internal dissentions of Scotland in the latter part 
 of the thirteenth century, were extremely favourable 
 to the designs of Edward I., who, having formed a 
 league with Bruce against John Baliol, defeated the 
 latter in a desperate battle near Dunbar, in April, 1296 ; 
 and quickly subduing all Scotland, resolved to deprive 
 the nation of every vestige of its independence. With 
 that intent he caused the crown, sceptre, and Inaugura- 
 tion Stone* with all the pubhc archives, charters, 
 
 • If entire credence could be given to the "Metrical History 
 of Sir William Wallace,^' written by Blind Harry, we must
 
 LONDINIANA. 109 
 
 jewels, &c., to be conveyed to London, there to remain 
 as lasting memorials of his conquests, and of the entire 
 subjugation of the Scots. 
 
 In the wardrobe account of Edward I., under the 
 head of ** Jewels remaining at the end of the twenty- 
 seventh year, of those which were some time the King 
 of Scotland's," are enumerated, *' a large silver Cup 
 
 believe that Edward I., after he had dethroned and imprisoned 
 Baliol, was himself crowned King of Scotland upon this very 
 Stone ; but the circumstance does not appear to be mentioned 
 by any other historian, although so extremely consonant to Ed- 
 ward's Policy. 
 
 King Edward past, and Corspatrick to Scone, 
 
 And there he gat homage of Scotland sone. 
 
 For nane was left ye realmefor to defend, 
 
 For John Ballioll yan to Montros yai send 
 
 And him depryuit i'or ay of this kingrik, 
 
 Than Edward his self was callit ane Royall Rik, 
 
 The crown he tuik upon thesamein stake 
 
 That Gatheliis send with his sonefra Spayne. 
 
 Quhen Yber Scot first into Scotland came. 
 
 That Canmore syne, King Fergus had to name, 
 
 Brochtit to Scone, and gart it stabill thair 
 
 Quhair Kingis was crownit viii hudreth yeir and mair, 
 
 Befoir the tyme yat King Edward it fand, 
 
 Thir Jowellis he gart tiirs in Ingland, 
 
 In Loundoun set in witness of that thing. 
 
 By conqueis yan of Scotland maid him King. 
 
 Quhair ye Stane standis, Scotland suld maisterbe, 
 Godcheis ye tyme for Margaretis airis to se.
 
 110 LONDINIANA. 
 
 and a great Stone, upon which the Scottish Kings were 
 accustomed to be crowned."* 
 
 Walsingham, in his " Ypodigma Neustree," says 
 that Edward, in returning by the Abbey of Scone, 
 took from thence the Stone wliich the Kings of Scot- 
 land were wont to use for a throne at the time of 
 Coronation, and brought it to Westminster ; ordering 
 it to be thenceforth made the chair of the officiating 
 priests : andHardyng, in his before mentioned *' Chro- 
 nicle," who evidently derived his information from that 
 writer, but with an amplification, which shews that he 
 had himself seen the Chair, has thus stated the circum- 
 stances of the removal in homely verse : — 
 
 *' And as he came homewarde, by Skene away, 
 The Regal theve of Scotland then he brought 
 And sent it forth to Westmynster for ay 
 To be there in a Cheire clenely wrought 
 For a Masse Priest to syt in, when he ought 
 Wh che there was standying besyde the Shryne 
 In a Cheire of oW Lyme made fid fyne. 
 
 Matthew of Westminster informs us, under the date 
 1297, that the King, coming to Wes'.rainster on the 
 morrow of St. Botolph, offered to the blessed King 
 Edward, through whose virlues he had acquired them, 
 the Regalia of the Scotisb Kingdom ; namely, the 
 
 * " Jocaliaremaueiicia, &c." videlicit, 
 *' Ciphus argenii, pond' 21.11s. 6d. precii. 
 ** Urui PfcTRA Magn'a super qiiam Reges Scocie solebant 
 coronari." Vide " Ward. Ace.'' Lib. Quotidianus.
 
 LONDIJsIANA. Ill 
 
 Throne, the golden Sceptre and the ('rown. Grafton, 
 who says this offering was made on the 18th of June, 
 includes the " Cloth of Estate '* among the regalia, 
 but he makes no mention of the Fatal Stone.* 
 
 Rapin, after alluding to the intention of King Edward 
 to unite the two kingdoms, and mentioning his removal 
 into England of the Scotish regalia, &c., together with 
 " the famous Stone on which the inauguration of their 
 Kings was performed," proceeds thus ; — " The people 
 of Scotland had all along placed in that Stone a kind 
 of fatality. They fancied that whilst it remained in 
 their country the State would be unshaken, but the 
 moment it should be elsewhere removed, great 
 revolutions would ensue; for this reason Edward 
 carried it away, to create in the Scots a belief that the 
 time of the dissolution of their monarchy was come, 
 and to lessen their hopes of recovering their liberty."f 
 Nothing, indeed, can shew the vast importance 
 attached to the possession of this Stone by the Scots, in 
 a more forcible point of view, than the circumstance 
 that it was not only made the subject of an express 
 
 **' Cbron." p. 177. Edit. 1569. It would seem that botli 
 the Crown and Sceptre, as well as Ihe Royal Seat, were still 
 preserved in the Abbey Church in Camden's time. His words 
 are, after speaking of the offering to God, (Deo obtulit, drc.) of the 
 Crown, Sceptre, and Throne, — " Quod qiiidem Solium adhuc in 
 hac Regia Capella servatur, cum saxo Jacobi, ut vocant. im- 
 posito." Vide. " Reges, Regiiia?, Nobilis, et alij in Ecc. Col. 
 B. Petri West, sepulli.'' Small 4 to. 1603. 
 
 t *' History of England." Vol. i. p. 375,
 
 112 LONDINIANA. 
 
 article in a treaty of Peace, but, also, of a political Con- 
 ference between Edward III. and David II., King of 
 Scotland. 
 
 For our knowledge of the first of these facts we 
 are indebted to the industrious author of the Intro- 
 duction to the "Calendars of ancient Charters,'* who 
 discovered a Writ of Privy Seal, dated at Bordesly, 
 July the 1st, 1328 (being shortly after the treaty with 
 Scotland was signed), and directed to the A.bbot and 
 Convent at Westminster, wherein the King, (Edwaidlll.) 
 after reciting that '* his Council had, in his Parliament 
 held at Northampton, agreed that the Stone whereupon 
 the Kings of Scotland used to sit at the time of their 
 Coronation, and which was then in the keeping of that 
 Abbot and Convent, should be sent to Scotland, and 
 that he had ordered the Sheriffs of London to receive 
 the same from them by indenture, and cause it to 
 be delivered to the Queen mother^''' commands the 
 Abbot and Convent "to deliver up the said Stone to 
 those Sheriffs, as soon as they should come to them 
 for that purpose."* Notwithstanding this command, 
 it is clear that the Coronation Stone never was given 
 up, although many ancient records, jewels, and muni- 
 ments were actually delivered to the Scots, in pursuance 
 of the Treaty. 
 
 The eleventh head of the Conference held at London 
 between Edward III. and David, King of Scotland, in 
 
 * Ayloffe's Calendars," p. 58. Introduct. Ex autographo 
 penes Decanum et Capitulum West.
 
 LONDINIAXA. 113 
 
 the year 1 363, is thus breifly detailed by Dalrymple : 
 ** The King, after having been crowned King of 
 England, to come regularly to the kingdom of Scotland, 
 and to be crowned King, at Scone, in the Royal Chair, 
 whichistobedeliveredup by the English. The ceremony 
 of the coronation to be performed by persons whom tlie 
 Court of fiome shall depute for that purpose."* Even 
 this agreement remained equally unfulfilled with the 
 former one, and the Stone was still permitted to 
 retain its place in St. Edward's Chapel, and it has 
 ever since continued there. 
 
 This venerable Stone is placed within the frame- 
 work of the Chair, beneath the seat, and has at Ccich 
 end^ a circular iron handle affixed to a staple let into 
 the stone it?e!f, so that it may be lifted up. It is of 
 an ob Ions: form, but irregular; measuring twenty-six 
 inches in length, sixteen inches and three quarters in 
 breadth, and ten inches and a half in thickness. As 
 far as can be ascertained from inspecting it in its 
 present inclosed situation, it bears much resemblance 
 to the Dun-stones, such as are brought from Dundee 
 in Scotland, and used for various purposes. It is a 
 sandy, granular stone, a sort of debris of sienite, 
 chiefly quartz, with light and reddish-coloured felspar 
 and also light and dark mica, with probably some 
 dark green hornblende, intermixed : some fragments of 
 a reddish-grey clay slate, or schist, are likewise in- 
 
 * Annals of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 155. 
 VOL. H. I
 
 114 LOXDINIAXA. 
 
 eluded in its composition.* — On the upper side, (but 
 hidden by the seat of the Chair) there is also a dark 
 brownish-red coloured flinty pebble, which, from its 
 hardness, has not been cut through, though imme- 
 diately crossed by the indent above-mentioned. 
 
 'I'radition intimates, as vve have seen, that this Stone 
 was originally brought from Egypt, and it is a remark- 
 able fact, when mineralogically considered, that the 
 substances composins; it accord, in the grains, with the 
 sienite of Pliny, the same as Pompey's pillar at 
 Alexandria, but the particles are much smaller. 
 Geologists will perhaps determine how far this may 
 agree with any formation succeeding the sienite in the 
 Egyptian quarries. 
 
 It will be ssen by the foregoing particulars with 
 what little precision or correctness, in a descriptive 
 point of view, our ancient historians have mentioned 
 this Stone. Fordun calls it *' a Marble Chair, carved 
 with ancient art by skilful v/orkmen;" and again, '* a 
 Marble Stone, wrought hke a chair." Boece styles it 
 ** a Chair of Marble," and "the Fatal Marble;" 
 Hemingford, "a Stone made concave like a round 
 Chair;" Knighton, " a Stone whereon the Scotish 
 Kings were wont to be placed at their coronations ;" 
 Walsingham, " a Stone used for a Throne;" Matthew of 
 
 * The writer vas favoured with the above mineralogical 
 description of tlie Stone, by the late Mr. Sowerby, who accom- 
 panied him to the Abbey Churcb, for the purpose of examiniDj 
 its com|io>itiua.
 
 LONDIXIAXA. ilo 
 
 Westminster, '* a Tribunal, or Royal Seat ;" Bishop 
 Leslie, " a Marble Chair;" and Holinshed, " a Chair 
 of Marble" and " a Marble Stone :" Buclianan alone, 
 though he errs in calling it " a Marble Stone," has, with 
 due propriety, attached the epithet "rude or unwrought.'* 
 Among the moderns who have fallen into similar inaccu- 
 racies, is the laborious Carte, who styles it " the famous 
 Stone Chair," and Dr. Henry, who calls it " the Fatal 
 Chair." It is obvious, however, that all the above 
 writers refer to the same object, and what that really 
 is, the preceding description will clearly testify. 
 
 The Coronation Chair is composed of oak, and is 
 still firm and sound, though much disfigured by wanton 
 mutilations and the effects of time. The mode of its 
 construction so decidedly accords with the general cha- 
 racter of the architecture of Edward the First's rei2;n, 
 that no hesitation could be felt by any one conversant 
 with the subject, in ascribing it to that period, even 
 were there no document extant to support the conjec- 
 ture. Whatever may have become of the original 
 chair in which Kenneth is reported to have had the 
 Stone inclosed, and which does not appear ever to 
 have been brought into England, it is certam that the 
 present Chair was purposely made for the reception of 
 this highly-prized relique of ancient customs and 
 sovereign power. This fact is rendered evident by the 
 *' Wardrobe Accounts" of Edward's time, which 
 have been published under the direction of the Society 
 of Antiquaries. Among the entries of the year 1300. 
 are the follov/ing particulars relating to " a step'* 
 I 2
 
 ]16 L()N1;INIANA. 
 
 which had been recently made " ad pedem nova 
 Cathedrce in qua Petra Scocie reponitury 
 
 " To Master Walter, the painter, for the costs and 
 expenses incurred by him about making one step at 
 the foot of the new Chair (in which is the Stone from 
 Scotland), set up near the altar before St. Edward's 
 Shrine, in the Abbatial Church at Westminster, in 
 pursuance of the order of the King in the month of 
 March, and for the wages of the carpenter and painter 
 for painting the said step, and for gold and divers 
 colours bought for the painting of the same, together 
 with the making of one case for covering the said 
 Chair, as appears from the particulars in the Wardrobe 
 Book, 1/. 195. 7dr* 
 
 The resemblance of this Chair to the mode of 
 architecture prevalent in our first Edward's time, is par- 
 ticularly observable in the forms of the heads and turns 
 of the pannelled arches which ornament the back and 
 sides ; and it was equally so in the shields which for- 
 merly surrounded the frame-work of the seat. It is a 
 wide elbow Chair, with a flat seat, immediately under 
 which is the '* Prophetic Stone :^^ this rests on a kind 
 
 * It would appear from an official warrant copied into 
 Walpole's '* Anecdotes of the Art?," vol. i., Ibat Master Walter, 
 the painter, presumed to be the same artist who decorated the 
 Chair, had been employed by Henry III. (Anno 1267), to paint 
 the King's chamber in the palace at Westminster ; and there 
 can hardly be a reasonable doubt but that he was also employed 
 (i<n the decorative works then carrying on in the Abbey Ciiurch.
 
 LONDIXIAXA. 117 
 
 of middle frame, eleven inches from the ground, 
 supported at the corners by four crouching lions on a 
 bottom frame, or plinth. All around, on a level with 
 the Stone, was originally ornamented with beautiful 
 tracery, in quarterly divisions, each containing an 
 heater shield (emblazoned witharms), in accordance with 
 that fashion of the pointed arch which prevailed in the 
 thirteenth century. There were originally ten of these 
 divisions, and four of them, with the shields, remained till 
 the late coronation ; but they were subsequently stolen, 
 and even the tracery itself is entirely gone in front, so 
 that the Stone is now fully exposed to view. The 
 back is terminated by a high pediment, along each 
 angle of which were five crockets on a scotia, or con- 
 cave moulding. Below the latter, on each side of the 
 pediment, is a smooth flat division, about three inches 
 broad, that once contained decorations, presumed to 
 be armorial bearings, emblazoned on small plates of 
 metal of different sizes and forms, alternately small and 
 large, the cement for the adhesion of which still 
 remains. The whole Chair has been completely 
 covered with gilding and ornamental work ; including 
 a Regal figure, and a variety of birds, foliage, and 
 diapering, much of which may yet be distinguished on 
 a close inspection. The thickness of the whiting 
 ground, laid on to receive the leaf gold, may bs seen in 
 almost every part. At the back of the seat, within- 
 side, are some faint traces of a male figure, sitting, in a 
 royal robe, a small portion of the bottom of which, 
 together with a foot and shoe (the latter somewhat
 
 118 LONDIXIANA. 
 
 sharp-pointed) are still visible, but they were much 
 more so within memorj'-. Below the elbow, on the 
 left side, is distinguishable a running pattern of oak 
 leaves and acorns, with red breasts and falcons on the 
 oaken sprays, in alternate order ; a different pattern of 
 a diapered work is shewn on the riglit, or opposite 
 side, as well as within the tiers of pRnnelled arches 
 which adorn the outer sides and back of the Chair. 
 These rich adornments are so much discoloured by the 
 ravages of lime, or otherwise damaged by wanton 
 mischief, that it requires an attentive eye to trace them 
 with effect ; the best way to do this is to place the 
 head close to the seat, and then to look upwards wdth 
 minute and fixed attention. Most of the above orna- 
 ments seem to have been wrought by means of minute 
 punctures made in the whiting ground, after the flat 
 gilding was executed ; otl er parts appear as thorgh 
 they had been impressed or stamped with an ins;ru- 
 ment. Within the spandrils, connected with the upper 
 tier of arches at the back, were formerly, according to 
 Mr. Carter, enamelled ornaments representing foliage :* 
 but the ornament? thus al'uded to were vot enamelled ; 
 they consisted of sn.all sprigs, depicted on a m.etallic 
 ground, either gilt or silvered, and covered with plain 
 or coloured glass, as may yet be seen in three or four 
 places. The diapering within the pannels, as far as 
 
 * Vide " Ancient Architecture of England." vol.il. pi. vi., in 
 which, likewise, ure several representations of (be Chair and iis 
 ornuraent«.
 
 LONDTNIAXA. 119 
 
 can now be traced, was composed of running patterns 
 of vine and oak branches. 
 
 Among the other disfigurements of this Chair, many 
 nails, large and small, with tacks and brass pins, have 
 been driven in all over the angles, both on the inner 
 and outer sides, most probably to fasten the cloth of 
 gold, or tissue, with which it has been covered at the 
 times of coronations. Sandford particularly mentions 
 *' the Scotch (Regal) Chair, cased with cloth of gold,*' 
 and a *' cover of gold tissue for St. Edward's Chair," in 
 his account of the coronation of James II. ; but it is 
 not represented as so covered in the view which he has 
 given of that ceremony. 
 
 The lions which appear to support the Chair, are 
 but clumsily executed, and very defective in point of 
 form ; they were doubtless first attached after the 
 original step, mentioned in tlie Wardrobe Account, 
 had been destroyed : a new face was made to one of 
 them prior to the coronation of his present Majesty, 
 George IV. The entire height of the Chair is six feet 
 nine inches and a half; its breadth, at bottom, three feet 
 two inches ; width, ditto, two feet ; breadth of the 
 seat, two feet five inches ; depth of ditto, one foot 
 six inches ; from tiie seat to the ground, two feet 
 three inches and a half; height of elbows, from ihe 
 se;it, one foot two inches. 
 
 Notwithstanding the assertion of Walsingham, that 
 Edward I. gave this Chair for the use of the officiating 
 priests at Westminster, '^^ fieri celehraniiam Caihedram 
 Sacerdotumy" and which Hardyng has limited to the
 
 1^0 LOXDTNIANA. 
 
 ♦* Mass Priest,^'' there is every reason to presume that it 
 has been regularly used as the coronation Chair of all our 
 sovereigns, from the time of Edward II. In Sfrutt's 
 •* Hopba Anjel-cyjijian," is a representation of the latter 
 monarch in a Chair of state, which was evidently intended 
 for that under review.* Camden calls it *'the Royal 
 Chair or Throne ;t and Selden, speaking of this vene- 
 rable remain, employs the words *' on it are the Co- 
 ronations of our Sovereigns.* Cgilby, in his account 
 of the coronation of Charles 11., expressly designates 
 it by the name of St. Edward's ancient Chair, which, 
 he says (covered all over with cloth of gold), was first 
 placed on the right side of the altar ; and at a subse- 
 quent part of the ceremony, removed into ** the 
 middle of the isle, and set right over against the altar, 
 whither the King went and sate down in it, and then 
 the Archbishop brought St. Edward's crown from the 
 altar and put it upon his head.'"§ James II. was 
 
 * Vol.iii. pi. 27. The engraving is from a fine MS. of the 
 fourleenlh centur)-, iireserveJ in the library of Benei College, 
 Cambridge. 
 
 •f '* Regis Reginae/' &c. 
 
 I Vide Drayton's " Poly-Olbion," Song xvii. 
 
 § "Coronation of Charles II.'' It appears from that work, that 
 when the King retired info St. Edward's Chapel (after the 
 ceremony) the crown and "all the rest of the regalia," together 
 with St. Edward's robes, which the Xing had worn, were placed 
 upon St. Edward's Altar : at what subsequent period that altar 
 was destroyed does not appear, but there is not now the least 
 part of it remaining.
 
 LOXDIKT^XXA. 121 
 
 crowned in the same Chair, as appears from Sand ford, 
 as were also William of Orange, Queen Anne, and 
 all our succeeding Sovereigns to the present time. 
 
 During the preparations for the late coronation, the 
 frame-work of this Chair was strengthened with iron 
 braces, and the Prophetic Stone more securely fixed. 
 At the same time, the old crockets and turrets at the 
 back were sawn otF, and new ones of a different cha- 
 racter substituted, under the direction ohhe Upholsterers 
 employed by the Board of Works ! Soon after the 
 ceremony, however, the new crockets, &c. were taken 
 away, and the Chair left in a more dilapidated state 
 than before, although a positive promise had been 
 given to the present writer tha tthe old parts should be 
 preserved and restored. 
 
 With this Chair another is kept, which is staged to 
 have been made for the coronation of Queen Mary, 
 consort of William III. It is wholly unornamented, 
 but similar in its general form to the ancient one, of 
 which it is an unskilful attempt to imitate. 
 
 fishmongers' company and hall. 
 
 The Fishmongers' Company, as it now exists, was 
 formed by the junction of the tv/o Companies of 5a/i 
 Fishmovgers and Stock Fishmongers ^ and was incor- 
 porated by Henry VIII. by the name of *'the Wardens 
 and Commonalty of the Mystery of Fishmongers,'' &c. 
 in the year 1536. The Salt Fishmongers had been 
 first incorporated so early as 1 433, the Stock FLsh-
 
 122 LONDINIANA. 
 
 mongers not till 1509; yet long before either of those 
 dates, the Fishmongers were united as a brotherhood ; 
 and, from the great extent of their trade during the 
 pre\-alence of the Catholic rehgion, they had obtained 
 great sway and affluence. In the reign of Edward I. (anno 
 ]v?90) they were fined 500 marks for b^ing guilty 
 of forestalling, contrary to the laws and constitutions of 
 the city ; and during the following century, so strong 
 a prejudice had been excited against them, from charges 
 of fraudulent dealing, that, in 1382, the Parliament 
 enacted that *' no Fishmonger should for the future be 
 admitted Mayor of the City." This prohibition, how- 
 ever, was removed in the following year. About that 
 time there seems to have been a very strong prejudice 
 existing against these traders ; and in the Parliament 
 then held, INicholas Exton, speaker for the Fish- 
 mongers, *' prayed the King to receive him and the 
 Company under the immediate Royal protection, lest 
 they might receive corporeal hurt." This request 
 originated from the various street tumults, wherein the 
 Fishmongers were the objects of popular indignation 
 and insult. For a considerable period, also, there 
 were continued disputes between this Company and 
 the Goldsnnti.s in rrgard to precedence, so mu(h so, 
 indeed, that the Lord Mayor and aMermen were obliged 
 to repel the mutinous from the City by proclamation.* 
 
 ♦ From the great demand for Fisb in the times of Catholic 
 superstition, the Fishmongers formed one of the chief trades of 
 the metropolis. Tlieir stalls, or stand iogs, were principally on
 
 LONDINIANA. 123 
 
 Before the union of the two Companies, we learn 
 from Stow, that the Fishmongers had " six several 
 Halls ; in Thames Street, twain, in New Fish Street, 
 twain, and in Old Fish Street, twain ;" but after their 
 joint incorporation they agreed to have but one, namely 
 " in the house given unto them by the Lord Fanhope 
 (Sir John Cornewell), in the parish of St. Michael, 
 Crooked Lane."* The fabric here mentioned Wc.s de- 
 stroyed by the fire of London ; after which the late Hall, 
 (delineated in the annexed print) was erected from the 
 designs ot Sir Christopher Wren ; and it may be consi- 
 dered as a noble specimen of his intention to orna- 
 
 Fish Street Hill; aud many -vrealthy individuals of that craft 
 dwelt upon the spot, whose names shine conspicuously in 'he 
 annals of civic honour, as Lovekin, Turk, Sir William Wal- 
 worth, Sir Stephen Foster, and others. The ancient statutes of 
 this Company are to be found in the Lil/er Horn, still kept at 
 Guildhall; accordin,^ to which, (circa 1320) no Fishmonger 
 was lo i>uy tish be3ond the bounds appointed, which were, the 
 Chapel on London Bridge, Baynard's Castle, and Jordan's 
 Quay, near Billingsgate. No fish were to be boug^ht from any 
 boat, unless fiist brought to land. No fishmonger was either to 
 buy or sell any fre.sh fish before mass was ended at the Ci:;apel 
 upon the Bridge; but salt fish might be sold alter /jriwje. 
 
 * The Fishmongers' arn.s are, azure, three Dolphins, naiant 
 in pale, between two pairs of Lucies, in salterwise, proper, 
 crowned, or; on a cliief, gules, three couple of keys, cross^ed, as 
 the crowns ; supported on the dexter side by a merman, armed, 
 and on the sinister by a mermaid, holding a mirror in her left 
 band : crest, two arms sustaining a crown: motto, •* All worship 
 he to God only.'*
 
 124 LOXDIXIANA. 
 
 ment the bankg of the river Thames with stately man- 
 sions, had his entire plan for rebuilding the city b?en 
 carried into effect. In consequence of the site of the 
 new London Bridge having been fixed at a short 
 distance westward from the old Bridge, and of the 
 Company having sold a portion of their land to the City 
 for the purpose of forming a new Street, the ma erials 
 of Fishmongers' Hall were sold by auction in July 
 1827, and the whole building has been since pulled 
 down. For the small portion of ground purchased by 
 the City the Company was paid a very considerable 
 sum, which is intended to be expended towards de- 
 fraying the charges of a more splendid edifice to be 
 built near the same spot. 
 
 Behind the seat of the Prime-warden, in the late 
 Hall, within a niche, was a full-sized statue, carved in 
 wood, and painted in proper colours, of Sir William 
 Walworth, Knt., who was represented in the dress of 
 his time, his right hand grasping a real dag2;er, 
 reported to be (but without any truth) the identical 
 weapon with which he struck Wat Tyler from his 
 horse, in Smithfield.* Below the niche were these lines : 
 
 Brave Walworth, Knight, Lord Mayor, yt slew 
 Rebellious Tyler in his alarmes. 
 The King, therefore, did give in lieu 
 The dagger to the Cytyes arms. 
 
 * Walpole sajs, that the above statue was made by Edw 
 Pierce, the statuary and architect, who died in 1696,
 
 LONDINIANA. 125 
 
 In the fourth year of Richard II., A. D. 1381, Sir 
 W. Walworth was buried in the neighbouring Church 
 of St. Michael, and this Company still preserve his 
 funeral Pall, which is curiously embroidered with 
 gold. They have likewise an interesting plan of the 
 splendid Show which was exliibittd at the time of his 
 inauguration as Mayor, in 1380. Among the portraits 
 belonging to this Company, is a very fine picture of 
 the late gallant Admiral, Earl St, Vincent, and two 
 portraits of the Margrave drnd Margravine of Anspach^ 
 executed by Romney, in 1797. They have also eight 
 curious pictures of many different kinds of Fish, by 
 Spiridione Roma, which are grouped with much skill, 
 and correctly coloured. The Fishmongers were 
 anciently accustomed to make a great display of 
 pageantry whenever any one of their Company 
 was advanced to the Mayoralty, and about fifty Lord 
 Mayors are enumerated among its members. They 
 are governed by a Prime and five other Wardens, and 
 a Court of Assistants. 
 
 GREAT AND LITTLE TURNSTILE, HOLBORN. 
 
 These much-frequented thoroughfares, the former a 
 straight passage, the latter a crooked alley, derived their 
 names from the Turning Stiles, which two centuries ago, 
 stood at their respective ends next Lincoln's-lnn Fields, 
 and which were so placed both for the conveniency of 
 foot passengers, and to prevent the straying of cattle, 
 the Fields being at that period used for pasturage. The
 
 126 LONDINIANA. 
 
 genuine edition of Sir Edwin Sandys's curious work, 
 entitled *' Europce Speculum, or a View or Survey of 
 the State of Religion in the Westerne Part of the 
 World,'* 4to., printed in 1G37, was " sold by George 
 Hutton, at the Turning Stile in Holborne.'* The 
 English Translation of Bishop Peter Camus's "Admi- 
 rable Events," printed in 1639, 4to., was also "sold in 
 Holborn, in Turnstile Lane,'''' Strype says, (anno 1720) 
 *' Great Turnstile Alley is a place inhabited by shoe- 
 makers, senipsters, and milliners, for which it is of a 
 considerable trade and well noted." Its present occu- 
 pants can hardly be classed, their trades being mostly 
 different, as dealers in cutlery and hardware, butchers, 
 dress, bonnet, and glove makers, a tobacconist, 
 pastry-cook, fruiterer, &c. Little Turnstile is chiefly 
 inhabited by brokers and petty chandlers. Near to it 
 is Xew Turnstile, built in 1685, which has recently 
 undergone a thorough repair, and is inhabited by small 
 shopkeepers. 
 
 DEANERY AT WESTMINSTER JERUSALEM CHAMBER, 
 
 AND DEATH OF HENRY IV. — COLLEGE HALL AND 
 KITCHEN. 
 
 This Deanery, which was originally the abode of 
 the x^bbots of Westminster, was built by Albot Litling- 
 ton in the reigns of Edward III. and Richard II., 
 together with the Jerusalem Chamber and the College 
 Hall and Kitchen. These buildings are all connected 
 with each other, and inclose a small quadrangular 
 paved court, the only entrance to which is from the
 
 LONDINIANA. 127 
 
 passage leading into the cloisters from Great Dean's 
 Yard. In the Deanery are several large and hand- 
 some apartments : among the few pictures contained in 
 them, is a good lialt'-length of Queen Elizabeth^ when 
 middle-aged, in an embroidered dress, elaborately- 
 painted; this was presented by the Queen to Dean 
 Goodman. The other portraits are those of the Deans 
 Andreius, Dolben, Sprat, Altcrburi/, a three-quarter 
 length; Bradford, JFilcocks, a half-length, holding 
 a plan of the Abbey Church in his right hand ; Pearce, 
 Thomas, by Vandergutch ; Horsley, and Vincent, by 
 Owen. Here, also, is a north-west view of the Abbey 
 Church of Westminster, with a procession of the 
 Knights of the Bath, in the time of George II ; a good 
 bust of Dean Wilcocks in marble, and plaster casts of 
 Henry HI., Henry VII., and Elizabeth, the latter's 
 Queen, from their respective monuments in the Abbey 
 Church. 
 
 Some remains of painted glass of Henry the Eighth's 
 time, and somewhat later, are preserved in the windows 
 of the apartments communicating with the Jerusalem 
 Chamber, and in the small ante-room, in an orna- 
 mented niche, probably for a piscina. The chamber 
 itself, which is thirty-eight feet in length, and nine- 
 teen feet in width, was repaired in the summer of 1820. 
 The ceiling is coved ; the chimney-piece is of cedar, 
 but has been painted to imitate grained oak ; it is 
 curiously carved in the style of James the First's reign, 
 when it was first erected, at the cost of Dean Williams : 
 it consists of two divisons of panneUing, &c., having
 
 128 LONDINIANA. 
 
 cornices, supported by Ionic columns. In the centre 
 pannel are the following arms: Quarterly, first and 
 fourih, a chev. erm. between three Saiacens heads in 
 profile, couped ; second and third, a chev. between 
 three stag's heads, caboshed and attired. This coat 
 is placed between the arms of the See of Lincoln, on 
 the dexter, and those of the College of Westminster on 
 the sinister side ; the whole being in one shield, for 
 Dr. John Williams^ Bishop of Lincoln and Dean ot 
 Westminster, who, in 1641, was advanced to the See 
 of Canterbury. The same arms are represented in 
 the large north window, together with seven small 
 historical and scriptural subjects, in stained and 
 painted glass, which, from their peculiar style of 
 design and mode of execution, may be referred to 
 Richard the Second's reign. Against the side walls, 
 disposed in frames, are some considerable remnants of 
 the old tapestry hangings of the Choir of the Abbey 
 Church, and against the south wall is the well-known 
 curious painting of King Richard II., sitting, in his 
 regal paraphernalia, in the Coronation Chair.* 
 
 Henry IV. breathed his last in this Chamber, into 
 which he had been brought when seized with his final 
 illness whilst v/orshipping at St. Edward's Shrine, on 
 the 20th of March, 1413. At that period he was pre- 
 paring for a voyage to the Holy Hand, having recently 
 
 * This picture was carefully cleaned a few years ago, by the 
 late Mr. Charles Mass, whose extraordinary talents for paiatiog; 
 on enumel aud gkss were of the higbeit rauk.
 
 LONDINIANA. 129 
 
 assumed the Cross in consequence of a prediction that 
 *' he should die in Jerusalem^'' which had been made 
 to him in the early part of his life. " He became so 
 syke/' says Fabian, *' whyle he was makynge his 
 prayers, to take there his leve, and so to spede hym 
 upon his iournaye, that such as were aboute hym 
 feryd that he wolde have dyed right there ; wherefore 
 they, for his comforte, bare hym into the Abbottes 
 place, and lodged hym in a chamber, and there, upon 
 a paylet, leyde hym before the fyre.*'* Shortly after, on 
 recovering his senses, he enquired where he was, and 
 on being told in the Jerusalem Chamber, he adverted to 
 the prophecy, and finding his death to be approaching, 
 employed his last moments in giving counsel to his 
 son, the Prince of Wales ; then recommending his 
 soul to God, he expired. 
 
 The College Hall (formerly the Abbot's Hall) is 
 spacious and well-proportioned ; the roof is supported by 
 strong beams, and the wall partly lined by a pannelled 
 wainscotting ; at the south end is a large music gallery, 
 now used as a pantry. In the middle of the floor, 
 which is paved with stone, is a raised circular hearth, 
 with a hollow surrounding it, for the combustion of 
 wood, as was usual in great halls in ancient times. 
 On the corbels, below the timbers of the roof, are 
 the arms of St. Edward the Confessor, the Abbey of 
 Westminster, and Abbot Litlington ; and on the north 
 wall are painted those of the College of Westminster ; 
 Trinity College, Cambridge ; and Christ Church, 
 
 * Fabino's " Chronicle,'' pp.576, 577, edit. ISIO. 
 VOL. II. K
 
 130 L(.NUINIAXA. 
 
 Oxford. This is now the Dining hall of the Wesi- 
 minster scholars : the Abbot's Kitchen is likewise ap- 
 propriated to their use. 
 
 vintners' company and hall. 
 
 The Vintnefs Company was originally composed of 
 the two bodies denominated Vintinarij ana Taberjiarij , 
 the former being the importers and wholesale dealers 
 in wine, and the latter the retailers, who kept taverns 
 and cellars in different parts of the city for selling it in 
 small quantities. " These vintners," says Stow, " as 
 well Englishmen as strangers borne, were of old time 
 great Bourdeaux merchants of Gascoyne and French 
 wines ;" and they were hence denominated the *' Mer- 
 chant Wine-tunners of Gascoyne." We learn from 
 the same authority, that in the reign of Edward III., 
 Grascoigne wines were sold in London, " not above 
 iiij pence, and Rhenish wine not above sixe pence the 
 gallon." The above sovereign empowered the " Mer- 
 chant Vintners'' to carry on an exclusive importation 
 trade for Wine, from Gascony, in the year 1365 ; yet 
 it was not till the fifteenth of Henry VI., anno 1437, 
 that *• the successors of those Vintners and Wine- 
 drawers, that retailed by the gallons, pottell, quart, 
 and pynte," were incorporated by the appellation of 
 " the Master, Wardens, Freemen, and Commonalty 
 of the Mystery of Vintners of the City of London." 
 All the freemen of the Company have the privilege of 
 retailing wine without a license. The further pri- 
 vilege was granted to them in the time of Charles I., 
 anno 1637, " to sell a penny in a quart above the
 
 LOXDINIANA. 131 
 
 rates set, to dress meat, and to sell beer and sugar ;" 
 but for this they agreed " to pay his Majesty forty 
 shillings upon every tun of wine retailed or vended." 
 
 Vintners' Hall is a respectable brick building, 
 situated on the south side of Upper Thames Street, 
 immediately contiguous to the new road leading to 
 the Southwark Bridge. Upon this spot stood a large 
 mansion, called Stody Place, or the *' manor of the 
 Vintry," which was given to the Company ** with the 
 tenements round about,*' by Sir John Stody, or Stodie, 
 who was Lord Mayor in 1357. Here, says Stow, 
 " the Vintners builded for themselves a faire Hall, 
 and also thirteen alms-houses for thirteen poor 
 people.*' These were destroyed by the great fire in 
 1666, after which the present fabric was raised: it 
 forms three sides of a quadrangle and has a dwarf 
 wall, with iron gates and a palisade in front : the gates 
 have stone piers, which are sculptured with grapes 
 and vine leaves. The Hall, occupying the south side, 
 is a spacious and lofty apartment, paved with marble, 
 and neatly wainscotted. Here are many shields of arms 
 of Masters of the Company, and, in different windows, 
 are the Company's arms,* and also those of Charles II. 
 In the same window with the latter, (which is over 
 a recess, on the north side,) is a sun-dial, with a fly 
 upon it, " painted curiously." In the Court Room 
 
 * The Vintners' arms are, sable, a chevron between three 
 ttflas argent. These arms were granted by Roger Legb, Claren- 
 cieux, in 1447, and confirmed by Thos, BenoiU, Clarencieux, 
 in the 22d of Henry VIII. 
 
 K 2
 
 132 LONDINIANA. 
 
 are full-length portraits of Charles II., James II., 
 Mary d'Este, Prince George of Denmark, and others, 
 and an excellent head of Benjamin Kenton, Vintner, 
 who was Master of this Company, in 1776, and who 
 died in May, 1800, at the age of eighty-two, having 
 bequeathed nearly £65,000 to diflferent charitable es- 
 tabHshments and uses : of this, he left £2,000 to the 
 general fund of the Vintner's Company and £2,500 
 for the rebuilding, &c. of their alms-houses at Mile 
 end.* 
 
 This Company enumerates among its founders, 
 seven kings and queens, and among its members, 
 many Lord Mayors and Sheriffs, commencing with the 
 reign of Henry III. It is governed by a Master, three 
 Wardens, and a Court of twenty-eight Assistants. 
 
 After a splendid entertainment given by this Com- 
 pany some years ago, the following jeu d'esprit ap- 
 peared in a publication of the day : — 
 
 " The Court of Aldermen at Vintners^ Hall. 
 
 Port let me absorp, 
 Said Alderman Thorp ; 
 This claret's quite sour. 
 Said Alderman Flower ; 
 Port against claret. 
 Said Alderman Garrett; 
 
 ♦ Mr. Kenton was bom at the corner o£ Field Gate in White- 
 chapel Road, where his mother kept a green-stall. By his 
 industry and perseverance as pot-boy, waiter, and publican, 
 though with no other education than what he received at u 
 charity-shoul, h« realised a Ibilune of more than £100,000
 
 LONmi^JlAXA. 183 
 
 I like either if good, 
 Said Alderman Wood ; 
 Sham-pag-nay, a spur 'tis, 
 Said Alderman Curtis ; 
 Champaigne, not Shampagnay, 
 Said Alderman Magnay ; 
 'Tis true what he saith man, 
 Said Alderman Waithman ; 
 This port's of a flat kin. 
 Said Alderman Atkin; 
 The crust is quite thin, 
 Said Alderman Glyn ; 
 Its heat is prodigious, 
 Said Alderman Bridges ; 
 Some sherry forthwith. 
 Said Alderman Smith ; 
 I can't get it down. 
 Said Alderman Brown ; 
 Its as dead as a herring, 
 Said Alderman Perring ; 
 Its as cold as a church. 
 Said Alderman Birch ; 
 If so, then pray egg it. 
 Said Alderman Hey gate; 
 No mixture — wine solely. 
 Said Alderman Scholey ; 
 Some liqueurs from that box. 
 Said Alderman Cox ; 
 Ah ! some nice usquebaugh. 
 Said Alderman Shaw ; 
 'Tis not in the dinner bills. 
 Said Alderman Venables ; 
 Now if this way some Nantz lay, 
 Said Alderman Ansley;
 
 V'j4: londiniana. 
 
 Ah ! Nantz is life's bunter, 
 
 Said Alderman Hunter ; 
 
 Then with Nantz keep our romps on, 
 
 Said Alderman Thompson. 
 
 BISHOPSGATE STREET. — MANSION, AND BIOGRA- 
 PHICAL SKETCH, OF SIR PAUL PINDAR. 
 
 On the west side of Bishopsgate Street without, 
 near the London Hospital, is the Mansion formerly 
 inhabited by Sir Paul Pindar, but now degraded into 
 a public-house, bearing his head for its sign. The 
 name of that gentleman stands eminently conspicuous 
 in our mercantile annals. He was descended from an 
 ancient and respectable family, and born at Welling- 
 borough, in Northamptonshire, in the year 1566. 
 Having received a good education, he was apprenticed 
 at the age of seventeen, to an Italian merchant of 
 London, who employed him in the latter years of his 
 servitude as his factor at Venice. He afterwards con- 
 tinued trading in that city, and the Levant, on his own 
 account, for fifteen years, when, having acquired a 
 plentiful fortune he returned to England. His probity, 
 knowledge of languages, and great repute as a mer- 
 chant, induced the Turkey Company strongly to recom- 
 mend him to James the First, who, in consequence, 
 in 1611, appointed him Ambassador to the Grand 
 Seignor, and he remained nine years resident at Con- 
 stantinople, to the great advantage of English com- 
 merce. On his return, in 1620, King James proffered 
 him the Lieutenancy of the Tower, but he declined 
 that office; he was, however, prevailed on to become
 
 LONDINIANA. 135 
 
 one of the Farmers of the Customs, and whilst in that 
 situation, he advanced considerable sums of money, 
 both to James himself, and his successors, which were 
 never afterwards repaid. He also furnished the crown 
 with jewels, "to his infinite loss and prejudice;"* 
 and assisted Charles the Second with gold, when at 
 Oxford, in 1643 and 1644, " for transportation,'* as 
 it is quaintly expressed, by his biographer, *' of the 
 Queen and her children. "f 
 
 Among the services rendered to his country by this 
 gentleman, was the support which he gave to the 
 manufacture of alum; which was introduced from the 
 Papal dominions into Yorkshire, by one of his Italian 
 friends, about the year 1608. The first works were 
 set up at the expense of the crown, which retained the 
 monopoly of this trade, until it was finally abolished 
 by the Parliament in 1643, previously to which, Sir 
 Paul had farmed the manufacture during twenty-eight 
 years, at an annual rent of £12,000. He derived 
 great sums from this monopoly, although his grant 
 obliged him to supply all parts of England with alum 
 at £20. per ton ; which was caly one-third of tiie 
 price that had been formerly charged on its importa- 
 tion from Italy. 
 
 In the year 1639, the estate of Sir Paul Pindar, 
 
 * Sir Paul Pindar brought from Turkey a large diamond, 
 valued at £30,000, which James I, wished to obtain ou credit ; 
 but the merchant wisely declined the contract, yet favoured his 
 sovereign with the use of the diamond, on state or particular 
 occasions. Charles the First afterwards became the purchaser. 
 
 t Vide European Magazine, for April, 179T.
 
 136 
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 ** as cast up'' by his own cashiers, and consisting ** of 
 ready money, allum, and good debts upon tallies and 
 obligations from noblemen and others at court,'* was 
 computed at the enormous sum of £215,600; yet, 
 from the distractions of the times, the subsequent civil 
 war, and the bad faith of many whom he had trusted, his 
 losses were so great, and his affairs became so perplexed, 
 that his executor, William Toomes, (who had long been 
 his accountant and assistant,) found his expectations so 
 entirely frustrated, that he committed suicide, in 1655, 
 " and was found a felo de se^ 
 
 Sir Paul Pindar died on the 2'3nd of August, 1650, 
 at the advanced age of eighty-four, and was buried in 
 St. Botolph's Church, Bishopsgate, to which he had 
 been a considerable benefactor. His *' leaden coffin,'* 
 Malcolm says, " may at this time, be seen by the 
 curious, with a hole in it, through which the venj 
 curious may possibly touch a part of his decayed 
 body."* He was an inhabitant of that parish, as his 
 epitaph informs us, twenty-six years ; and *' eminent 
 for piety, charity, loyalty, and prudence." His Man- 
 sion is still remarkable for its bow front, and ample 
 extent of windows ; but it has been otherwise much 
 
 * See "LoncUDiiim Redivivum," vol. i. p. 330. In the same 
 work, are numerous extracts from the parish books, relating to 
 the gifts and charities of this worthy man. In two instances, in 
 1637 and I64T, he is stated to have paid £,2. for a license, for 
 three years, to eat flesh on fish days! The arms of Sir Paul, 
 viz. a chevron between tljree Lions' heads, erased, ermine, 
 crowned or, appear among the ornaments of the ceiling of his 
 ancient dining-room.
 
 LONDI^s^ANA. 137 
 
 altered. At a little distance, in Half-Moon Alley, is 
 an old structure, ornamented with figures, as repre- 
 sented in the annexed print ; which is traditionally 
 reported to have been the Keeper's Lodge, in the Park 
 attached to Sir Paul's residence ; and mulberry trees, 
 and other park-like vestiges in this neighbourhood, are 
 still within memory. 
 
 Whitelock says, " that Sir Paul Pindar is remem- 
 bered to have laid out £19,000, of his own money, 
 towards repairing St. Paul's Cathedral;'* and also, 
 " that in 1649, he, and the other old commissioners of 
 the Custom?, offered to advance £100,000 for the 
 Parliament, provided a debt of £300,000 owing by the 
 last King was secured to them ;" but that offer was not 
 accepted.* 
 
 BEN JONSON'S masque OF CHRISTMAS. — PLACES 
 IN LONDON^ IN JAMES THE FIRST's REIGN. V 
 
 This Masque " was presented at Court," in 1616. 
 It is more valuable for the light which it affords, as to 
 the costume exhibited by the characters introduced in 
 the Christmas Mummeries of that period, than for any 
 other quality. But this singularity attends it, that all 
 the dramatis personce are denizens of the City. Old 
 Gregory Christmas, the devisor of the Masque, and 
 *' as good a Protestant as any in his parish," comes 
 out of Pope's Head Alley ; Robin Cupid is *« a 'pren- 
 tice in Love Lane, with a bugle-maker, that makes 
 
 * Whitelock's " Memorials/' pp. 17 and 410.
 
 138 LONDINT.ANA. 
 
 of your bobs, and bird-bolts for ladies;" and Venu3, 
 his mother, is a tyre-woman of Pudding Lane. The 
 Masquers, viz. Mis-Rule, Carol, Minc'd Pie, Gambol, 
 Post and Pair, New- Year's- Gift, Mumming, Wassel, 
 Offering, and Baby-Cake, are the sons and daughters 
 of Old Christmas, from whose Song, on presenting 
 them to his audience, the following are gleanings :— 
 
 ** And now to ye, who in place are to see. 
 
 With roll and farthingale hooped ; 
 I pray you know, though he want his bow, 
 
 By the wings, that this is Cupid. 
 
 And he leads on, though he now be gone. 
 
 For that was only his rule : 
 But now comes in, Tom o^ Bosom^s-Inn* 
 
 And he presenteth Mis-rule. 
 
 Which you may know, by the very show. 
 
 Albeit you never ask it : 
 For there you may see what his ensigns be. 
 
 The rope, the cheese, and the basket. 
 
 This Carol plays, and has been in his days 
 
 A chirping boy and a kill-pot : 
 Kit Cobler it is, I'm a father of his, 
 
 And he dwells in the lane call'd Fill-pot, 
 
 * Bosom's-Iim, a corruption from Blossom's Inn, as Stow 
 informs us, " bath to Signe St. Lawrence the Deacon, in a bor- 
 der of Blossoms or Flowers." — " Survey of London,'' p. 4S9, 
 edit. 1618. This Ion still exists in St. Lawrence Lane, and has 
 the sam^ si^u.
 
 LOXDIJ^IANA. 131) 
 
 But who is this ?— O, my daughter Cis j 
 
 Minc'd-pie, with her do not dally, 
 On pain o' your life : she's an honest cook's wife. 
 
 And comes out of Scalding-alky. ^ 
 
 Next in the trace, comes Gambol in place; 
 
 And to make my tale the shorter. 
 My son Hercules, tane, out oi Distaff-lane, 
 
 But an active man, and a porter. 
 
 Now Post and Pair, old Christmas's heir. 
 
 Doth make, and a gingling sally : 
 And wot you who, 'tis one of my two 
 
 Sons, card-makers in Fur-alley. 
 
 Next in a trice, with his box and his dice, 
 
 Mac-pipin my son, but younger. 
 Brings Mumming in ; and the knave will win. 
 
 For a' ^tis a costermonger. 
 
 But New-year's gift of himself makes shift. 
 
 To tell you what his name is : 
 With orange on head, and his gingerbread, 
 
 Clem. Waspe of Honey lane 'tis. 
 
 This, I you tell, is our jolly Wassel, 
 
 And for Twelfth-night more meet too : 
 She works by the ell, and her name is Nell, 
 
 And she dwells in Threadneedle-street too. 
 
 f Sealding-alley, Stow says, was so called, as " nearest to 
 the most ancient denomination thereof, which was 'Scalding 
 House,' alias ' Scaltiing-wike,' and Scalding-lane, as ai)peareth 
 by good records extant, of two hundred years continuance.'* 
 Ibid. p. 470. It was near the present Mansion House. Fene- 
 riteh-street was a short avenue, connecting Bucklersbury with 
 St. Swithin's Lane.
 
 140 LON DIN TANA. 
 
 Then Offering, he, with his dish and his tree, 
 
 That in every great house keepeth, 
 Is by my son, young Little-worth, done, 
 
 And in Penny rich street he sleepeth. 
 
 Last, Baby cake, that an end doth make 
 
 Of Christmas merry, merry vein-a, 
 Is child Rolan, and a straight young man, 
 
 Though he come out of Crooked-lane-Si.'^ 
 
 CLOTHWORKERS' COMPANY, AND HALL. 
 
 The Clothworker's Company, though a very ancient 
 Guild, was not incorporated till the year ] 482, when 
 Edward thelVth granted the members his letters patent, 
 by the style of "= The Fraternity of the Assumption of 
 the Blessed Virgin Mary, of the Sheermen of Lon- 
 don;" but this appellation was changed on their 
 re-incorporation by Queen Elizabeth, to that of 
 " The Master, Wardens, and Commonalty, of Free- 
 men of the Art and Mystery of Clothworkers of the 
 City of London." Elizabeth's Charter was confirmed 
 by Charles the First, in the year 1634. This Com- 
 pany is governed by a Master, four Wardens, and a 
 Court of about forty Assistants. Its Members possess 
 considerable estates, both in their own right, and in 
 trust for charitable purposes, their annual expenditure 
 for which is stated at about £1,500. 
 
 Clothworkers' Hall is a small building, prin- 
 cipally of red brick, on the east side of Mincing Lane, 
 Fenchurch Street ; the front is ornamented with four 
 fluted columns, crowned with Corinthian capitals, of 
 stone, and supporting a frieze and cornice. The Hall
 
 LONDINIANA. 141 
 
 is a lofty apartment, wainscotted to the ceiling, which 
 is richly stuccoed with compartments of fret- work, and 
 other ornaments. The arms of England, of the City, 
 and Company, and of various Masters and benefactors, 
 are exhibited in large compartments, of richly-colom'ed 
 glass, in the windows. The screen is of oak, with 
 four pilasters of the Corinthian order, supporting an 
 entablature, and compass pediment. At the upper 
 end of the Hall are carved statues, as large as life, of 
 James the First , and Charles the First, in their royal 
 robes.* 
 
 DECAPITATION OF LADY JANE GREY. 
 
 The misfortunes and early fate of this accomplished 
 lady, whose enforced assumption of a few days' sove- 
 reignty was expiated upon a scaffold, still excites a 
 commiserating sigh from the feeling heart. She was 
 beheaded on the green within the Tower, on the 12th 
 of February, 1554. Her Christian resignation and 
 heroism, in the last moments of life, have been often 
 alluded to by historians ; and that their eulogiuras are 
 not overcharged, will be seen by the following extracts. 
 In Howes' " Chronicle," is this passage : 
 
 " This Lady being nothing at all abashed, neither with 
 feare of her owne death, which then approached, neither 
 
 • The Clothworkers' arms are, sable, a chevron, ermine, be^ 
 tween two habicks, in chief, and a thistle in base, proper : crest, 
 a ram, passant ; supporters, griffkis, spotted sable : motto, " My 
 trust is in God alone.'^ The arms were granted by Thomas 
 Benoilt, Clarencieux, in 1530 ; the crest and supporters by Robert 
 Gooke, Clarencieux, in J 587.
 
 142 LONDINIANA. 
 
 with the sight of the dead carcase of her husband, when 
 he was brought into the Chapell; came foortli, the Lieu- 
 tenant leading her, with countenance nothing abashed, 
 neither her eyes any thing moistened with teares, (al- 
 though her gentlewomen, Elizabeth Tylney and Mistress 
 Helen, wonderfully wept,) with a book in her hand, where- 
 in she prayed untill she came to the said scaffold, whereon 
 when she was mounted, she was beheaded." 
 
 A still more particular account of her behaviour on 
 the scaffold, is to be found in an exceedingly rare 
 tract, (neither noticed by Ames, nor Herbert,) which, 
 though without date, bears internal evidence of having 
 been printed immediately subsequent to her decapi- 
 tation. That portion of the tract regarding the Lady 
 Jane is as follows : 
 
 The Elide of the Lady Jane Dudley, daughter to the Duke 
 of SuffolkCi upon the Scaffolde, at the houre of her death 
 being the 12 day of Feb, 
 
 ** Fyrst, when she was mounted on the scafFolde, she 
 sayd to the people standinge thereabout; * Good people, 
 I com hether to die, and by a lawe I am condemned 
 to the same. The facte, indede, against the Queenes 
 highnes was unlawful, and the consenting thereunto by 
 me, but touching the procurement and desyre thereof by 
 me, or on my halfe, I doo wash my hands thereof in in- 
 nocencie, before God and the face of you, good christian 
 people this day,' and therewith she wrung her handes in 
 which she had her booke. Then she sayd, * I pray you 
 all, good christian people to bear me wytnes that I dye a 
 true christian woman, and that I looke to be saved by 
 none other mene but only by the mercy of God, in the
 
 LONDINfANA. 14i:J 
 
 merites of the blood of his onlye sonne Jesus Christe, and 
 I confesse when I dyd know the word of God, I neglected 
 the same and loved myselfe and the world, and therefore 
 this plagge or punyshment is happely and worthely hap- 
 pened unto me for my sinnes. And yet I thanke God of 
 his goodnes that he hath thus geven me a tyme and respet 
 to repent. And now, good people, while I am alyve, I 
 pray you to assyst me with your prayers.' And then she 
 knelyng downe, she turned to Fecknam, saying, * Shall I 
 say this psalm ?' and he said, * Yea.' Then she said the 
 psalm of * Misereri mei Deus,' in English, in most devout 
 manner to thende. Then she stode up, and gave her 
 mayde Mistres Tylney her gloves and handkercher, and 
 her booke to Maistre Thomas Brydges, the lyveteuantes 
 brother. Forthwith she untyed her gowne. The hangman 
 went to her to have helped her off therewith, then she 
 desyred him to let her alone, turning towardes the two 
 jentlewomen, who helped her of therewith, and also her 
 Frose paste * and neckecher, giving to her a fayre hand- 
 kercher to knytte about her eyes. Then the hangman 
 kneled downe, and asked her forgevenes, whome she for- 
 gave most willingly. Then he willed her to stand upon 
 the strawe, which doing, she saw the blocke. Then she 
 sayd, * I pray thee dispatche me quickly.' Then she 
 kneeled downe, saying, * Wil you take it of before I lay 
 me downe ?' And the hangman answered her, * No, 
 Madame.' She tyed the kercher about her eyes. Then 
 feeling for the blocke, saide, * What shal I doo, where is 
 it ?' One of the standers by guiding her thereunto, she 
 layde her head downe upon the blocke, and stretched 
 forth her body, and sayd, ' Lorde, into thy handes I com- 
 raende my spirite.' And so she ended." 
 
 • The particular kind of ornament designated by these words, 
 is not at present known.
 
 144 LONDl^^IAXA. 
 
 The lines which this unfortunate lady is said to 
 have scratched with a pin on the walls of her prison 
 in the Tower ; viz. 
 
 Non aliena putes homini quce obtingere j^ossunt, 
 Sors hodierna mihi eras erit ilia tibi ; 
 
 have been thus diversely translated : 
 
 To mortars common fate thy mind resign, 
 My lot to-day, to-morrow may be thine. 
 
 Think not, O mortal, vainly gay, 
 
 That thou from human woes art free ; 
 
 The bitter cup I drink to-day. 
 
 To-morrow may be drank by thee. 
 
 Of the following lines, ascribed also to Lady Jane, 
 the annexed translations have been given : '^ 
 
 Deo juvante, nil noeet livor malus ; 
 Et non juvante, niljuvat labor gravis : 
 Post tenebraSf spero lucem. 
 
 Whilst God assists us, envy bites in vain. 
 If God forsake us, fruitless all our pain. 
 
 I hope for light after the darkness. 
 
 Harmless all malice, if our God be nigh ; 
 Fruitless all pains, if he his help den}. 
 Patient I pass these gloomy hours away. 
 And wait the morning of eternal day ! 
 
 * Vide Nicola.x'a recently published, aud very 'jnteresthig 
 Life of Lady Jane Grey," p, 61.
 
 LONDINIANA. 145 
 
 CHRIST^S HOSPITAL, NEWGATE STREET. 
 
 Christ's Hospital was originally a religious 
 house of the Mendicant order of Grey Friars, or Friars 
 Minors ; of whom, five priests and four laymen came 
 from Italy, early in Henry the Third's reign, anno 
 1224. The priests settled at Canterbury, and founded 
 a monastery there, the first of that order in England ; 
 the others, proceeding to London, were, according to 
 Stow, " for some short while lodged with the Friars' 
 Preachers in Oldborne ;'' but shortly afterwards they 
 obtained a mansion in Cornhill, which belonged to 
 John Travers, who was then Sheriff; '-in which house 
 they made themselves celles, and inhabited there for a 
 certain time." But their numbers rapidly increasing, 
 they removed, through the liberality of John Ewin, 
 mercer, to " a voyd plot of ground, neere to Saint 
 JVicholas'' Shambles,'^ (the present site of Christ's 
 Hospital,) *' and erected there very beautiful build- 
 ings." Ewin, besides the purchase of the ground, 
 *' builded a great part at his own charge," and after- 
 wards entered the order as a lay brother.* 
 
 From the donations of the rich and powerful, a 
 splendid Church, and other edifices, were progressively 
 annexed to the original foundation, until it became one 
 of the most extensive houses in London. An important 
 addition was also mado by the executors of the far-famed 
 Whittington, who, in 1429, founded a Library, which 
 wasl09 feet in length, and 31 feet in breadth. This was 
 
 • Stow's <' Survey," p. 589, eilit. 1618. 
 VOL. II, L
 
 146 LONDINIANA. 
 
 completed in the following year, " and all seeled with 
 wainscot, having twenty-eight deskes, and eight double 
 settles of wainscot." Within three years afterwards, it 
 was furnished with books, at a charge of £556 10s. ; 
 of which, the founders" bare foure hundred pounds."* 
 This Friary was surrendered to Henry the Vlllth, on 
 the 12th of November, 1538 ; when its annual valua- 
 tion was stated at £32. 19s. lOd, The Church was, 
 for some years, used as a depository for French prize 
 goods, and all its splendid monuments were, in con- 
 sequence^ either defaced or destroyed. Stow% who has 
 given a long list of the noble persons interred here, 
 concludes his narration with these words : — 
 
 " All these, and five times so many more, have beene 
 buried there, whose monuments are wholly defaced; for 
 there were nine tombes of alabaster and marble, environed 
 with strikes of iron, in the quire, and one tomb in the 
 body of the Church, also coped with iron, all pulled downe, 
 besides sevenscore gravestones of marble, all sold for fiftie 
 pounds, or thereabouts, by Sir Martin Bowes, goldsmith^ 
 and alderman of London, of late time buried there." 
 
 Among the numerous individuals of rank and afflu- 
 ence who were deposited in the Church of the Grey 
 Friars, were four Queens ; namely, Margaret, second 
 consort of Edward I., 1317; Isabel, wife of Edward II., 
 
 * Stow's '' Survey," p. 590. " The rest was borne by Doc- 
 tor Thomas ^yincbel.sey, a friar there ; auJ for the writing out 
 of D. Nic/iohts de Lira, bis Worke?, in two volumes, to bt> 
 chained ih^xe, lOOmurkes.v Ibid.
 
 LONDINIANA. l47 
 
 who expiated a maturity of crime by an imprisonment 
 of twenty-eight years, in Rising Castle, 1358; Joan of 
 the Tower, Queen of Scots, her daughter, 1362 ; and 
 Isabel, wife of the Baron William Fitzwarin, and 
 some time Queen of the Isle of Man. Beatrix, Duchess 
 of Bretagne, daughter of Henry III., and many potent 
 noblemen, knights, and esquires, were also buried 
 here, together with several Lord Mayors. 
 
 The necessities of the poor, after the dissolution of 
 the Monasteries, (from which for ages they had been 
 accustomed to receive their daily alms-dole,) became 
 more and more calamitous with every passing year, 
 until, at length, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, it was 
 found requisite to devise a general plan of relief by 
 instituting the poor laws. Prior, however, to the in- 
 troduction of that necessary measure, several impor- 
 tant establishments had been founded to mitigate the 
 sufferings of the indigent, to instruct the uneducated, 
 and to check profligacy. The credit of those founda- 
 tions has principally, and deservedly, been given to 
 King Edward the Sixth ; yet it should not be forgot- 
 ten, that the "stern Harry," his parent, was the first to 
 begin this benign work of charity, by assigning the 
 Church of the Grey Friars, and the Hospital of St. 
 Bartholomew, in Smithfield, to the Mayor and Com- 
 monalty of London, " for releeving the poore." This 
 gift was publicly made known to the citizens, in a ser- 
 mon preached by Bishop Ridley, at St. Paul's Cross, 
 on January the 3d, 1546-7. Within a twelvemonth 
 afterwards, an agreement was made between the same 
 nioniiich and the City, by which ihe Church and
 
 148 
 
 LOMDINIAXA. 
 
 precincts of the Grey Friars ; the Hospital, Church, and 
 appurtenances of St. Bartholemew ; together with tlie 
 parishes of St. Nicholas in the Shambles, and St. Ewin 
 in Newrgate Market, and so much of St. Sepulchre's 
 parish as was within Newgate, were consolidated into 
 a new parish, to be called Christ Church ; that appel- 
 lation was to be given to the Church of the Grey 
 Friars and Henry endowed it with lands for the main- 
 tenance of divine service, reparations, &c. to the 
 amount of 500 marks yearly.* 
 
 King Henry died about a fortnight after the signing 
 of that agreement; and it is probable that the confusion 
 of the times, during the early years of his successor, 
 prevented any immediate steps being taken to com- 
 plete the monarch's intention. But at length the good 
 Bishop Ridley (who had been translated from Roches- 
 ter to London), in a sermon preached at Westminster 
 before the young King Edward, so forcibly exhorted 
 the rich and powerful to be '* merciful! to the poor," 
 and to **travaile by some charitable way and meanes 
 to comfort and relieve them," that the attentive sove- 
 reign " did suddenly, and of himselfe, send to the said 
 bishop, willing him not to depart until that he had 
 spoken with him." 
 
 Stow, who gives us this information, from the " very 
 Report of Bishop Ridley, (wherein we may see v/hat 
 
 * Stow's ''Survey," p. 69 i. *' Moreover, he gave them 
 [the City] the Hospita]lof Bethelem, with the Laver of Brasse, 
 in the Cloister^ by estimation, eighteenefootein length, and two 
 foote and a halfe in depth." Ibid. p. 592,
 
 LON'DINIANA. 149 
 
 fruit followed upon his Sermon,) set downe by Mr. 
 Richard Grafton," continues thus : 
 
 ** And so soone as the King's Maiesty was at leisure, 
 hee called for him, and caused him to come vnto him in a 
 great gallery at Westminster, where (to his knowledge, and 
 the King likewise told him so,) there was present no more 
 persons than they two; and therefore made him to sit downe 
 in one chaire, and hee himselfe in another, (which, as it 
 seemed, even before the comming of the Bishop, there 
 purposely set,) and caused the Bishop, maugrehis teeth, to 
 be covered, and then entred [into] communication with 
 him." * 
 
 In the conversation that ensued, the King, with much 
 earnestness, requested information as to the best means 
 by which the duties inculcated in the Bishop's sermon 
 could be performed. Ridley, who had had no idea of 
 the purpose for which he was delayed, was so surprised 
 at the question, and at the King's evident zeal, that 
 •*hee could not well tell what to say;" but after a 
 pause, he suggested, that the King should send a letter 
 to the Lord Mayor, " wiUing him to call vnto him such 
 assistants as he should think meete, to consult of this 
 matter, for some order to be taken therein." 
 
 Edward immediately adopted this advice, and made 
 the Bishop " tarry untill the letter was written, and his 
 hand and signet set thereto." He then commanded 
 him, " not only to deliver the sayd letter himselfe, but 
 also to signifie vnto the Maior, that it was the King's 
 especial request, and expresse commandement, that the 
 
 • Stow's "Survey," p. 593, edit. 1618.
 
 150 LONDTNT.ANA. 
 
 Maior should therein travell'; and so soon as he might 
 conveniently, give him knowledge how far he had pro- 
 ceeded therein." On the same night, the Bishop, who 
 was much dehghted with his mission, had an interview 
 with Sir Richard Dobbs, the then Mayor, *' who joy- 
 ously received this letter, and agreed with all speed to 
 forward the matter, for hee also favoured it very 
 much." 
 
 " And the next day, behig Monday, he desired the 
 Bishop of London to dine with him, and against that time 
 the Maior promised to send for such men as he thought 
 meetest to talke of this matter, and so he did. He sent 
 first for two Aldermen and six Commoners, and afterward 
 more were appointed to the number of twenty-four. In 
 the end, after sundry meetings, (for, by the raeanes and 
 good diligence of the Bishop, it was well followed,) they 
 agreed vpon a Booke, that they had devised, wherein, first* 
 they considered on nine speciall kinds and sorts of poore 
 people, and those they brought into three degrees'; 1. The 
 Poore by Impotencie ; that is to say, the fatherless poore 
 man's child ; the aged, blinde, and lame; the diseased per- 
 son, by leprosie, dropsie, &c. 2. The Poore by Casualtie ; 
 that is to say, the wounded soldier; the decayed house- 
 holder; the visited with any grievous disease. 3. The 
 Thriftlesse Poore; that is to say, the riotous, that con- 
 sumeth all; the vagabond, that will abide in no place; 
 the idle person, as strumpets and others, 
 
 ** For these sorts of poore, three seuerall houses were 
 prouided. First, for the Innocent and Fatherlesse, which 
 is the Beggers Child, and is (indeed) the seed and breeder 
 of beggary, they prouided the house that was the late 
 Gray Friers in London, and called it by the name of
 
 LONUIXIANA. 151 
 
 Christs Hospitall, where poore children are trained vp in 
 the knowledge of God, and some vertuous exercises, to the 
 ouerthrow of beggary. 
 
 " For the second degree, was proiiided the Hospitalls of 
 S. Thomas in Southwarke, and Saint Bartholomew in 
 West Smithfield, where are continually (at leastj 200 dis- 
 eased persons, which are not only there lodged, and 
 cured, but also fed and nourished. 
 
 " For the third degree, they prouided Bridewell, where 
 the vagabond and idle strumpet is chastised, and compelled 
 to labour, to the ouerthrow of the vicious life of idle- 
 nesse. 
 
 " They prouided also for the honest decaied Hous- 
 holder, that he should bee relieued at home at his house, 
 and in the Parish where he dwelled, by a weekely reliefe 
 and pension. And in like manner they prouided for the 
 Lazer, to keepe him out of the Citie, from clapping of 
 dislics and ringinf^ of Beh, to the great trouble of the 
 Citizens, and also to the dangerous infection of many : 
 that they should bee relieued at home at their houses, by 
 seuerall pensions."* 
 
 Such, then, Avas the interesting and important 
 course of proceedings under which ChrisCs Hospital, 
 and its coevals, became established. When the Report 
 was made to the King, he gave a ready assent to the 
 proposed plan, and granted a Charter of Incorporation 
 to the City, under the title of " The Mayor, Common- 
 alty, and Citizens of the City of London, Governors of 
 the Possessions, Revenues, and Goods of the Hospitals 
 of Edward the Sixth, King of England, of Christ, 
 Bridewell, and St. Thomas the Jpostle,'^ &c. Stow, 
 
 * Stow's " Survey," pp. 595, 59S, edit. 1618.
 
 152 LONDINIANA. 
 
 says, that a void place had been left in the patent for 
 the insertion of the annual amount to which lands 
 might be held in mortmain, or without licence, and 
 that the King, " with his owne hand wrote this summe ; 
 • 4000 raarkes by the year ;' and then sayd in the hearing 
 of his Councell, * Lord ! I yeeld thee most hearty 
 thanks, that thou hast given me life thus long to finish 
 this ivork to the Glory of thy J^'^ame,' After which 
 foundation established, he lived not above two daies ; 
 whose Ufe would have been wished equall to the 
 patriarches, if it had pleased God so to have prolonged 
 it.'^ 
 
 Besides the sites and appurtenances, respectively, of 
 the above establishments, King Edward endowed them 
 with lands, to the amount of £600 yearly, which had 
 previously belonged to the decayed Hospital of the 
 Savoy.* 
 
 Since the time of that amiable Prince, his benevolent 
 intentions have been nobly forwarded by the munifi- 
 cence of private individuals, and Christ's and St. 
 Thomas's Hospitals have, in particular, become great 
 and flourishing institutions. The benefactions to 
 rhrist's Hospital, alone, have been so considerable, 
 and the value of its property so much increased, that 
 its general and aggregate expenditure, of late years, 
 may be averaged at upwards of £41,000 per annum : 
 of that sum about £7,000 is paid in salaries to officers 
 and servants in London, and at Hertford. At the latter 
 
 • Vide the article Savoy, in the fourth volume of this 
 work.
 
 LONDINIANA. 153 
 
 place there is a subordinate establishment for eighty 
 girls, and all the youngest boys. 
 
 Stow says, that *' the repairing of the Gray Friers 
 for the poore fatherlesse children, began in the year 
 1552," and that almost 400 children were admitted in 
 the month of November. " On Christmas-day," he 
 adds, " in the afternoone, while the Lord Maior and 
 Aldermen rode to Pauls, the children of Christs Hos- 
 pitall stood from Saint Lawrence-lane end in Cheape, 
 towards Pauls, all in one livery of russet cotton, 340 in 
 number ; and at Eastt r next, they were in blue, at the 
 Spittle, and so have continued ever since."* 
 
 Among the earliest benefactors to this Hospital, were 
 Sir William Chester, Knight and Alderman, and John 
 Calthorp, Citizen and Draper, who were at the charge 
 of building the walls adjoining St. Bartholomew's Hos- 
 pital, and also "covered and vaulted the Towne-ditch, 
 from Aldersgate to Newgate, which (before) was very 
 noysome and contagious to the sayd Hospitall."f A 
 
 * The dress of the Blue-coat boys is the nearest approach to 
 the Monkish Costume which is now worn. What is called the 
 coat, was the ancient tunic ; this is of a dark-blue cloth, fitted 
 close to the body, but with Icose skirts. The under coat, or 
 yellow, as it is technically termed, was the sleeveless, or under 
 tunic of the Monastery. The girJle round the waist wjis like- 
 wise a monastic appendage ; but the breeches are a subsequent 
 addition. Yellow worsted stockings, a very small, round, flat 
 cap, of black worsted, and a neck-band, complete the dress. 
 
 t Stow's " Survey," p, 597. " This Hospitall being thus 
 erected, and put into good order, there was one Richard Castell, 
 alias Casteiler, shoemaker, dwelling in Westminster, a man of 
 great trauaile and labour in his faculty with his owne hands,
 
 154? LOXDINIANA. 
 
 considerable part of the space thus gained, is now a 
 play-ground, but is still called the Ditch. 
 
 This Hospital suffered materially in the great fire 
 of 1666, and the old Church was then destroyed. The 
 present Church was designed and built by Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren, between the years 1687 and 1705 ; and 
 now serves for the united parishes of Christ Church 
 and St. Leonard's, Foster-lane. It is of stone, and has 
 a lofty columnated steeple at the west end, rising from 
 a massive square tower : the interior, which consists 
 of a nave and two aisles, is 1 1 4 feet in length, and 8 1 feet 
 in breadth. On the north and south sides are very 
 large galleries, and at the west end is another for the 
 use of the scholars of Christ's Hospital, with a stately 
 organ in the centre ; the v/hole interior is handsomely 
 fitted up and wainscotted. 
 
 The buildings of Christ's Hospital are of various 
 periods ; but there is scarely any parts of the ancient 
 friary remaining, except the cloisters and buttery. 
 
 and such a one as was named The Cocke of JVestminster ^ 
 because both Winter and Summer he was at his worke before 
 foure of the clocke in the morning. This man thus truely and 
 painefully labouring for his lining, God blessed and increased his 
 labours so aboundantly, that he purchased lands and tenements 
 in Westminster, to the yerely value of fortie and foure pounds. 
 And hauing no child, with the consent of his wife (who suruiued 
 him, and was a vertuous good woman) gaue the same lands 
 wholly to Chrisls Hospitall aforesayd, to the reliefe of the Inno- 
 cent and Fatherlesse Children, and for the succour of the misera- 
 ble sore and sicke, harboured in the other Hospitals about 
 London.'' Ibid.
 
 LONDINIANA. 155 
 
 After the great fire, the first important addition was 
 the Mathematical School, which was founded by 
 Charles the Second in 1672, for the instruction of 
 forty boys in navigation : he also endowed it for seven 
 years with £1000, and a perpetual annuity of 
 £370. 10s. (payable out of the Exchequer), for edu- 
 cating and placing out yearly ten boys in the sea- 
 service. The rebuilding of the South front, which was 
 effected by the munificent Sir Robert Clayton, at an 
 expence of about £7000, was commenced in 1675. 
 The old Hall, which stood over the west cloister, but 
 has recently been pulled down, was erected by Sir 
 John Frederick, knight and alderman, about the year 
 1680. The Writing School was begun in 1694, by 
 Sir John Moore, knight and alderman, and finished 
 " at his sole charge." It stands on the west side of 
 the play-ground before-mentioned, and, from being 
 supported on pillars, the under part, called the New 
 Cloister, affords a retreat for the boys in bad weather : 
 part of this space was inclosed in 1819, for the erec- 
 tion of a Lavatory. In 1705, the Ward over the east 
 cloister was rebuilt by Sir Francis Child, knight and 
 alderman. The new Grammar School, which stands 
 on the north side of the ditch play-ground, was built 
 in 1795, partly with a sum of money bequeathed for 
 that purpose by John Smith, Esq. Behind the latter 
 is the Infirmary, which was erected in 1822. 
 
 But the most magnificent and last built part of this 
 Hospital is the new Hall, of which the first stone was 
 laid by his late Royal Highness, Frederick Duke of 
 York, on April the 28th, 1825. This noble fabric is
 
 156 LONDINIA!^A. 
 
 in the Tudor style of architecture, and was designed 
 by, and erected under the superintendence of, John 
 Shaw, Esq. the present architect to this estabhshment. 
 It stands partly on the ancient wall of London, and 
 partly on the foundations of the refectory of the Gray 
 Friars. The southern or principal front faces New- 
 gate-street, to which it will shortly be open, it being 
 intended to remove the intervening houses, and inclose 
 the area with an iron railing. This front is supported 
 by buttresses, and has an octagon tower at each ex- 
 tremity ; the summit is embattled, and ornamented 
 with pinnacles ; the upper part of the western tower 
 is to be appropriated as an observatory. On the 
 ground story is an open arcade (187 feet in length, and 
 16^ feet in width), for the shelter and recreation of 
 the boys in hot or wet weather ; a meeting-room for 
 the Governors, the hospital wardrobe, &c. with the 
 staircases and passages of communication. The Dining 
 Hall, with its lobby and organ gallery, occupies 
 the entire upper story, which is 187 feet long, 51 feet 
 wide, and 47 feet high ; it is approached by a prin- 
 cipal stone staircase at the east end, and by others in 
 the octagon towers, and at the back, communicating 
 with the kitchen. On the south side are nine large and 
 handsome wmdows; at the west end is a dais, or stage, 
 for the Governors ; and along the west and north sides 
 are galleries for the accommodation of visitors during 
 the Public suppers* and particular ceremonies, when 
 
 • The public siippew are very interesting to strangers : they 
 take place on every Sunday evening from Christnnas to Eiister.
 
 LONDINIAXA. 157 
 
 the relations of the children, and other company, are 
 admitted on a proper introduction. At the east end is a 
 screen ; and along the Hall, are five ranges of tables, in 
 three divisions, for the boys, v^ho take their daily meals 
 in this apartment : the present number is about 750.* 
 
 * The Dietary of the boys is very simple ; anH, although in 
 the instance of breakfast, it might doubtless be improved to a 
 more comfortable meal, yet^ as a long experience has proved its 
 general healthfulness, the Governors have been averse to change. 
 The routine for a week is the routine of the year. For break- 
 fast, bread alone, with beer, (but water is generally preferred by 
 the boys,) is allowed ; for supper, bread and cheese, except on 
 Sundays, when all have bread and butter. The dinners are as 
 follow : Sundaj-, roast beef; Monday, milk-porridge, with 
 bread and butter ; Tuesday, roast mutton ; Wednesday, rice- 
 milk^ with bread and butter ; Thursday, boiled beef ; Friday, 
 boiled mutton ; Saturday, pea-soup, with bread and butter. 
 This arrangement has, at different times, exercised the gastro- 
 nomic wit of the boys, but the most popular of their poetic 
 pleasantries is the following : 
 
 " Sunday, all saints, 
 Monday, all souls, 
 Tuesday, all trenchers, 
 Wednesday, all bowls, 
 Thursday, tough jack, 
 Friday, no better, 
 Saturday, pea- soup, with bread and butter. '^ 
 
 The mode in which the boys take their meals, gives us a toler- 
 able idea of the primitive manners of the cloister. They eat 
 their meat off wooden trenchers, and lade their soup out of 
 wooden bowls, with wooden spoons. Leather jacks are used to 
 contain the beer, which is poured into small piggins for general 
 circulation.
 
 158 LONDINIANA. 
 
 The arcade beneath the Hall, is built with blocks of 
 Heytor granite, highly wrought; the remainder of the 
 front is of Portland stone : the back-front and end 
 walls are of brick : the roof is covered with lead. The 
 basement story contains the kitchen, (which is Q7 feet 
 in length, and 33 feet in width,) butteries, cellars, and 
 other requisite appendages.* 
 
 The elegance and good taste displayed in this Hall 
 augur most favourably for the grandeur, solidity, and 
 conveniency of the whole pile, when rebuilt according 
 to the plans and designs, which, under the direction of 
 the Governors, Mr. Shaw has prepared for that pur- 
 pose. The old buildings of the Hospital had been 
 altered, enlarged, and augmented, at difterent periods, 
 without any regard to symmetry, or architectural ar- 
 rangement ; they were also becoming ruinous and un- 
 safe: in consequence of which, the Governors, in 1803, 
 determined to rebuild the whole, as soon as a sufficient 
 sum of money could be raised to accomplish the work. 
 A part of the general revenues of the Hospital w^as 
 therefore appropriated to the establishment of a 
 building fund ; and with that, aided by a grant of 
 £5000 from the Corporation of London, and many 
 private benefactions, this grand undertaking has been 
 
 * In the second volume of Britton and Pugin's " Illustrations 
 of the Pulilic Buildings of London," is an elevation, with plans, 
 of the Hall and basement floor of this Edifice. The numerous 
 interesting plans, sections, views, and elevations of modern 
 metropolitan buildings, contained iu that v. ork, render it one of 
 the most Ust'ful that the fccicutific architect and amateur can 
 possess.
 
 LONDINIANA. 159 
 
 commenced by the erection of the noble edifice de- 
 scribed above. The scale upon which the new arrange- 
 ments are designed, is for the accommodation of one 
 thousand children. 
 
 From 130 to 150 boys are admitted annually into 
 this foundation, exclusive of 90 children whom the 
 bequests of deceased benefactors^ have rendered it 
 imperative to receive. The presentations are dis- 
 tributed among the Governors according to a particular 
 routine. 
 
 " The boys are taught, to the utmost extent that is 
 usual in other great schools, — reading, writing, arithmetic, 
 all classical learning, and Hebrew : part in mathematics, 
 and part in drawing. According to a recent regulation, 
 all the boys proceed as far in the classics as their age and 
 talent will allow. They all leave at fifteen, except those 
 who are intended for the University, or the sea. 
 
 " A sufficient number complete the classical course of 
 education, to fill up the University exhibitions as they 
 become vacant. About 200 are taught in the classics at 
 Hertford, and are transferred to the London establish- 
 ments as vacancies occur, through the senior boys leaving 
 the school. 
 
 " There are seven exhibitions or scholarships for Cam- 
 bridge, and one for Oxford, belonging to this institution ; 
 the value of which at Cambridge, is J, 60 ^Jtr annum; and 
 at Pembroke Hall an additional exhibition from the 
 College, making about ^£"100 for the four years, and £50 
 for the last three years ; to which may be added the 
 Bachelor's and Master's Degrees, which are defrayed by 
 the Hospital. The Oxford exhibitions are ^10 more, 
 or £'70. The Governors discharge all fees of entrance.
 
 160 LONDINIANA. 
 
 5C20 towards furnishing the room, j€io for books, and d'iO 
 for clothes, making at least ^€"50 for the outfit. "* 
 
 The government of Christ's Hospital is vested in 
 the Lord Mayor and Aldeimen, and twelve of the 
 Common Council, chosen by lot out of their own 
 body ; who are assisted in the general management by 
 such persons as have become Governors by benefac- 
 tions of £400, or upwards ; but the immediate direction 
 is vested in the Treasurer and a Committee, who, from 
 time to time, report upon the state of the foundation 
 to the General Courts. The arms of this Hospital are, 
 argent, a cross gules, in the dexter chief, a dagger of 
 the first {City of London) ; on a chief azure, between 
 two fleurs-de-lis or, a rose argent. 
 
 Among the Portraits of Founders, Presidents, and 
 Benefactors, preserved here, is a half-length by Holbein, 
 of Edward the Vltli, who is represented with a very 
 fair and delicate countenance ; a ditto of Charles the 
 Had, by Sir Peter Lely ; Jaraes the ILid. ; Sir 
 Richard Dohbs, knight ; and a Mr. St. Amand, 
 grandfather of James St. Amand, Esq., who, in 
 August 1749, bequeathed it to the Hospital, together 
 with the residue of his property, on condition that the 
 said picture should never be alienated; but if that trust 
 was violated, the bequest was then devised to the 
 
 • Wilson's " Brief History of Christ's Hospital," p. 34. This 
 little work contains many useful particulars of the internal 
 econonoy of the Hospital, modes of admittance, and general re- 
 gulations.
 
 LONDlNfANA. 161 
 
 University of Oxford. Strype has given the following 
 inscription, as under the portrait of the first President : 
 
 ** Sir Richard Dobbs, Knight, Maior, anno 1552. 
 
 Chnsfs Hospital erected was, a passing deed of Pity, 
 What time Sir Richard Dodds was Maior of this most 
 
 famous City : 
 Who careful was in Government, and furthered much the 
 
 same; 
 Also a Benefactor good, and joyed to see it Frame. 
 Whose Picture here his Friends have put, to put each 
 
 Wight in mind. 
 To imitate his Vertuous Deeds, as God hath us assigned." 
 
 Besides the numerous trusts which have been com- 
 mitted to the Governors of this Hospital, for purposes 
 immediately connected with the foundation itself, the 
 management of several other extensive charities have 
 been vested in them ; and particularly, that devised by 
 William Hetherington, Esq., of an annual pension of 
 £10 to 400 blind persons. 
 
 AEROSTATION, — VINCENT LUNARDI. — ADAM AND 
 EVE TEA-GARDENS. 
 
 The first aerostatic experiment successfully made in 
 England, was that by Vincent Lunardi, an Italian, .who 
 came over to tliis country, as secretary to the Neapo- 
 litan Ambassador, Prince Caramanico, in the year 
 1784. It was his intention to have ascended from the 
 gardens of Chelsea Hospital, permission having been 
 granted him by the King, and the Governor, Sir George 
 Howard ; but that permission was afterwards with^ 
 
 VOL, II. M
 
 162 LONDINIANA. 
 
 drawn, under a well founded apprehension, that, in 
 case of failure, the Hospital might have been exposed 
 to the insults of a mob.* 
 
 Through the kindness of Sir Watkin Lewis, who, 
 at that period, was Colonel of the City Artillery Com- 
 pany, Lunardi was eventually accommodated with the 
 use of the Artillery Ground, at Moorfields, on engag- 
 ing to give one hundred guineas to the distressed 
 family of Sir Bernard Turner. His balloon, which 
 was spherical in form, and 32 1 feet in diameter, was 
 composed of oiled silk, arranged in alternate stripes of 
 blue and red. This immense globe, inflated with 
 common air, was, for some time exhibited at the 
 Lyceum ; but, from the base conduct of the then pro- 
 prietor of the exhibition room, Lunardi was compelled 
 to obtain assistance from the magistrates, to remove, by 
 force, his machine and apparatus to the Artillery 
 Ground. 
 
 On Wednesday,' September the 15th, 1784, the day 
 appointed for the ascent, every avenue leading to the 
 spot was at an early hour crowded to excess, and 
 
 • A Frenchman of the name of De Moret, determined to be 
 beforehand with Lunardi in this, his first attempt, and accord- 
 ingly appointed a day for bis ascent previous to that fixed upon 
 by him, and near the same spot at a garden in Chelsea. Hloret 
 attempted to inflate his balloon with rarified air, according to 
 the mode which had been practised by Montgolfier, in France ; 
 but, by some accident in the process, it sunk upon the fire ; and 
 the populace, who regarded the whole as an imposture, rushing 
 in, completely destroyed the machine, besides levelling the 
 fences, and commilting other devastations throughout the whole 
 neighbourhood.
 
 LONDINIANA. 163 
 
 Moorfields, then entirely open, was covered by a 
 dense multitude. From feelings of alarm, however, 
 lest the mob should break in, if the experiment proved 
 unfavourable, there was little company upon the 
 ground itself; but the Prince of Wales was present, 
 and repeatedly expressed his wishes for the safety of 
 Lunardi, and of Mr. Biggin, a gentleman of fortune, 
 and science, who was to accompany him in his aerial 
 voyage. The Prince was also particularly attentive to 
 the process of inflating the balloon, which was done by 
 inflammable air, {obtained by the action of sulphuric 
 acid upon zinc and iron filings,) under the direction of 
 the late eminent chemist. Dr. George Fordyce. 
 Through the impatient clamour of the multitude, (the 
 hour fixed for the ascent having long [elapsed,) the 
 machine could not be completely filled, and when the 
 daring aeronauts entered the gallery, which was at- 
 tached to the net work, its buoyancy was found to be 
 inadequate to carry up both individuals. Lunardi, 
 therefore, determined to ascend without his companion, 
 and at five minutes after two o'clock the ropes were 
 cut, and the balloon rose majestically into the air, 
 amidst the loudest acclamations of thousands and tens 
 of thousands who witnessed the scene. " The effect," 
 to employ the words of Lunardi himself, " was that of 
 a miracle on the multitudes which surrounded the 
 place, and they passed from incredulity and menace, 
 into the most extravagant expressions of approbation 
 and joy."* 
 
 * Vide Lunardi -s " Account of the First Aerial Voyage i a 
 England/' p. 30. 
 
 m2
 
 164 LONDINIANA. 
 
 Wlieii at the elevation of about sixty or eighty feet, 
 the balloon for a few seconds remained stationary, but 
 on throwing out some ballast, it slowly ascended to an 
 immense height; yet, the atmosphere being very clear, 
 it was scarcely ever invisible to the eye. At half 
 past three o'clock, Lunardi first descended in a corn- 
 field, on the common at North Mimms, where he 
 landed a cat, which, together with a dog and a pigeon, 
 had been chosen to accompany him. After a short 
 interval, he again rose into the air, and was slowly 
 wafted towards Ware, in Hertfordshire, near which, at 
 twenty minutes past four, he finally alighted in a 
 spacious meadow. Some labourers, who were at 
 work there, were so terrified at the machine, that no 
 intreaties could prevail on them to approach it, not 
 even when a young woman had courageously set the 
 example, by taking hold of a cord which the aeronaut 
 had thrown out. Assistance, however, was at hand, a 
 crowd of people assembled from the neighbourhood, 
 and, together with General Smith, and several other 
 gentlemen, who had followed Lunardi on horseback 
 from London, aided him to disembark, and to secure 
 his balloon. 
 
 This successful excursion induced Lunardi to make 
 a second ascent, from the Artillery Ground, on the 
 16th of May, 1785, in a new, and still more magnifi- 
 cent balloon than he had before used; but, in this 
 instance, his good fortune partially forsook him : for, 
 when at a great height in the air, the machine burst, 
 and descended with vast rapidity. From the rent, 
 however, being boniewhid below tiie upper hemisphere
 
 LOXDTNTANA. 165 
 
 of the balloon, it retained sufficient air to support an 
 oblique course, until it fell within the Adam and Eve 
 Tea-gardens, at the upper extremity of Tottenham- 
 court-road. The aeronaut was only slightly injured. 
 
 In Hogarth's March to Finchley, the soldiers are 
 represented as halting for refreshment at the Adam and 
 Eve ; but the house and gardens have been completely 
 altered since the time of that artist, and several modern 
 dwellings now occupy a part of the grounds. In former 
 times, these premises formed the site of the ancient 
 manor-place of TotenhalL 
 
 13RIDEWELL HOSPITAL, BRIDGE-STREET, BLACK- 
 FRIARS. 
 
 Bridewell was anciently a palace belonging to the 
 Kings of England, where they frequently resided and 
 held their courts ; it afterwards came into the posses- 
 sion of the celebrated Cardinal Wolsey, upon whose 
 downfall it again reverted to the crown. It was in this 
 palace that Henry VIII. summoned to appear before 
 him the heads of all the religious houses in England, 
 and from those who refused to acknowledge his supre- 
 macy, he extorted large sums of money. In 1522, 
 that monarch rebuilt Biidewell in a most magnificent 
 manner for the reception of Charles the Fifth, who, 
 however, preferred to lodge in the house of the Black 
 Friars, which was situated on the other side of the 
 river Fleet, over which a temporary bridge was thrown, 
 which passing through the City wall, formed a com- 
 munication between that house and the palace, in 
 which his suite were accommodated. In 1528, Car-
 
 166 LONUINIANA. 
 
 dinal Campeius '* was brought to y° kinges presence 
 then living at Brydewel by y* cardinal of Yorke and 
 was caryed in a chayer of Criraosin veluet borne 
 between iiii persones, for he was not able to stand, 
 and the cardynall of Yorke and he sat both on the 
 ryght hand of the kinges throne, and there one Fraun- 
 cisci secretary to cardinal Campeius made an eloquent 
 cracion in the latin tongue :"* and the same King, 
 ** caused al his nobilitie, Judges and counsaylors w* 
 diners other persons to come to his palace of Bryde- 
 well on sonday the viii day of Noueber at after none 
 in his great chamber, and there" delivered a speech 
 to them, concerning his marriage with Katharine of 
 Arragon.f In the following year, Henry and his 
 Queen resided here while the question of their mar- 
 riage was pending at the Blackfriars; after which, 
 taking a dislike to the place, he let it fall to decay ; in 
 which state it remained until its appropriation, in the 
 following reign, to charitable purposes. 
 
 After the general suppression of the monasteries and 
 other religious houses, London became filled with 
 multitudes of dissolute and necessitous persons, who, 
 before that period, had depended on ecclesiastical 
 charity for their support. It therefore became neces- 
 sary to adopt some plan for the correction of offenders, 
 and to afford a refuge and relief to such as were in 
 actual want. The first person who endeavoured to 
 effect this laudable and charitable purpose, was the 
 pious Bishop Ridley, who, in a letter to the King's 
 
 * Hall's Chronicle, fol. 180. t Ibid.
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 167 
 
 Secretary, Sir William Cecyl, Knight, thus singularly, 
 yet emphatically, pressed his suit : — 
 
 " Good Mr. Cecyly I must be a suitor unto you in our 
 Master Christ's Cause. I beseech you be good unto him. 
 The Matter is, Sir: Alas! he hath lein too, too long 
 abroad, as you do know, without Lodging, in the Streets 
 of London, both hungry, naked and cold. Now, thanks be 
 unto Almighty God, the Citizens are willing to refresh 
 him, and to give him both Meat, Drink, and Cloathing 
 and Firing; but, alas! Sir, they lack Lodging for him. 
 For, in some one House, I dare say, they are fain to lodge 
 three Families under one Roof. Sir, there is a wide, large, 
 empty House of the King's Majesty, called Bridewelly that 
 would wonderfully well serve to lodge Christ in, if he 
 might find such good Friends in the Court to procure in 
 his Cause. Surely, I have such a good Opinion 'in the 
 King's Majesty, that if Christ had such faithful and 
 hearty Friends, that would heartily speak for him, he 
 should undoubtedly speed at the King's Majesty's Hands. 
 Sir, I have promised my Brethren, the Citizens, to move 
 you, because I do take you for one that feareth God, and 
 would that Christ should lie no more abroad in the Street.'** 
 
 In accordance with this, and other petitions, made 
 by the citizens, that young and virtuous Prince, Ed- 
 ward the Sixth, by a charter, bearing date the 26th of 
 June, 1552, and which charter was afterwards con- 
 firmed by Queen Mary, granted the Palace of Bride- 
 well for the above purpose, and, amongst other things, 
 endowed it with a great part of the revenues of the 
 Savoy. In 1608, twelve large granaries were erected 
 in this Hospital, at the expense of the City, capable 
 
 * Strype's Slow's " London," vol. i, p, 179.
 
 168 
 
 LONDINIAKA. 
 
 of containing six thousand quarters of corn, and two 
 storehouses for coals. In the ancient Chapel, which, 
 says Strype, " was inlarged and beautified, at the proper 
 Cost and Charge of the Governors and Inhabitants of 
 this Precinct, in the year of our Lord 1G20," was a 
 portrait of Edward the Sixth, under which were the 
 following lines:^— 
 
 " This Edward, of fair Memory the Sixt, 
 In whom, with Greatness, Goodness was commixt, 
 Gave this Bridetvell, a Palace in old times. 
 For a Chastening House of vagrant crimes." 
 
 In the plan of London attributed to Ralph Aggas, the 
 buildings and gardens of this Hospital appear to ex- 
 tend from their present site all the way to the Thames, 
 on the bank of which, a large castellated mansion is 
 represented. After the dreadful fire in 1666, by which 
 almost the entire pile was destroyed, this Hospital was 
 rebuilt in the maiyier represented in the annexed print, 
 in two quadrangles, the principal of which fronted the 
 Fleet River, now a vast barrel-like sewer under the 
 middle of Bridge Street. The old hall still remains, 
 but the committee-room, prisons, chapel, &c. have 
 been built since the commencement of the present cen- 
 tury, and thiC whole now forms only one large quad- 
 rangle. The hall, which is upwards of one hundred 
 feet in length, and forty in breadth, is lined with 
 wainscotting, and furnished with long mahogany tables 
 and forms, at which the governors dine annually in 
 June. Over the fire-place, at the west end, is a large, 
 and nearly square picture, by Holbein, of King Edward
 
 lokdiniana. 169 
 
 the Sixth, presenting his Charter for this Hospital to 
 the Lord Mayor (Sir George Bowes) and Citizens of 
 London. The figures of Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, 
 Lord Chancellor ; Thomas, Earl of Pembroke, and 
 five other great officers of state, are introduced in this 
 piece, in which, also, is a head of Holbein himself. 
 The other pictures exhibit full-lengths of Charles L, 
 sitting ; James H. ; and the following Presidents, viz. 
 Sir William Turner,1669; Sir Robert Gefferey, 1686; 
 Sir William Withers, 1708, a very large equestrian 
 picture, with St. Paul's in the back-ground; Sir 
 Thomas Rawlinson, 1706; Sir Samuel Garrard, bart., 
 1710; William Benn, Esq., 1747; Sir Richard Glyn, 
 bart., 1759; Sir James Sanderson, 1793; and Sir 
 Richard Carr Glyn, bart., 1799 : the above dates shew 
 the years of their respective mayoralties. In the 
 Committee-room is a portrait of Richard Clark, Esq., 
 the present venerable Chamberlain of the City, taken 
 in 17S1. The Chapel is a plain edifice, having a 
 gallery for the prisoners on the south and west sides, 
 supported by Tuscan columns. The prisoners are 
 chiefly vagrants and disorderly persons, including 
 street-walkers : the sexes are kept separate, and em- 
 ployed in working a tread-mill. 
 
 FAUBERT'S PASSAGE. — RIDING ACADEMY. 
 
 Faubert's Passage, which now forms a paved com- 
 munication for foot passengers, between Regent-street 
 and King-street, was, until the late improvements, a 
 narrow thoroughfare for carriages, between the latter 
 named place and Sivallow Streets It derives its name
 
 170 LONDINIANA. 
 
 from one Monsieur, or Major Faubert, who came over 
 from Paris, in 1681, and established a Riding Academy 
 there, on premises, which, prior to that time, had 
 been the residence of the Countess of Bristol. Evelyn, 
 in his Diary, mentions, that " the Council of the Royal 
 Society had it recommended to them, to be Trustees 
 and Visitors, or Supervisors, of the Academy, which 
 Monsieur Faubert did hope to procure to be built by 
 subscription of worthy gentlemen and noblemen, for 
 the education of youth, and to lessen the vast expense 
 the nation is at yearly by sending children into France 
 to be taught military exercises. We thought good to 
 give him all the encouragement our recommendation 
 could procure." 
 
 In another part of the same Diary, dated Decem- 
 ber 18th, 1684, the following description is given, of 
 the exercises practised at this Academy: — "I went 
 with Lord Cornwallisto see the young gallants do their 
 exercise, Mr. Faubert having newly rail'd-in a manage 
 and fitted it for the Academy. There were the Dukes 
 of Norfolk and Northumberland, Lord Newburgh, and 
 a nephew of (Duras) Earle of Feversham. The ex- 
 ercises were, — 1. Running at the ring; — 2. Flinging 
 a javehn at a Moor's head ; — -3. Discharging a pistol 
 at a mark ; — and, lastly. Taking up a gauntlet with the 
 point of a sword ; all these perform'd in full speede. 
 The Duke of Northumberland hardly miss'd of suc- 
 ceeding in every one, a dozen times, as I think. The 
 Duke of Norfolk did exceeding bravely. Lords New- 
 burgh and Duras seem'd nothing so dextrous. Here I 
 saw the difference of what y° French call ' belle homme
 
 LONDINIANA. 171 
 
 d cheval,* and ' ton homme d cheval;^ the Duke of 
 Norfolk being the first, that is, rather a fine person on 
 a horse ; the Duke of Northumberland being both in 
 perfection ; namely, a graceful person, and excellent 
 rider. But the Duke of Norfolk told me, he had not 
 ben at this exercise these twelve yeares before. There 
 were in the field y^ Prince of Denmark, and the Lord 
 Landsdown, sonn of y^ Earle of Bath, who had been 
 made a Count of y'' Empire last summer for his ser- 
 vice before Vienna." 
 
 From the above extracts, it appears, that Faubert's 
 Riding Academy was as fashionable a lounge for the 
 noblemen and gallants of that period, as Tattersals is 
 at the present day. When Swallow Street was pulled 
 down, to effect the grand improvements which have 
 taken place in this part of the metropoHs , the greater 
 part of this passage, including the Riding School, 
 which had been converted into livery stables, shared 
 the same fate, and but one of the original houses is 
 now left standing. 
 
 TEMPLE BAR. — BUTCHER ROW. 
 
 Temple Bar divides the City of London from the 
 liberty of Westminster: in ancient times, they were 
 merely separated by a chain, or bar, placed across the 
 street, which, from its immediate vicinity to the Tem- 
 ple, acquired the appellation which it still bears. In 
 after ages, this bar gave place to an erection of timber, 
 raised across the street, with a narrow gateway under- 
 neath, and an entrance on the south side to the house 
 above. After the fire of London, Sir Christopher
 
 172 L02JD1NIAXA. 
 
 Wren erected the present edifice, which was com- 
 menced in 1670, and finished in 1672. It is built of 
 Portland stone, and rusticated, having a large flattened 
 arch in the centre, and two small semicircular ones for 
 foot passengers laterally. Over the gateway is an 
 apartment, with a semicircular arched window on the 
 eastern and western sides ; the whole is crowned with 
 a sweeping pediment. On the west fafade are two 
 niches, in which are placed statues of Charles the 
 First, and Second, in Roman costume ; and over the 
 key-stone of the centre archway, are the royal arms ; 
 on the eai't, in similar niches, are statues of Queen 
 Elizabeth and James the First. This gate is always 
 closed, and opened with great formality, on state occa- 
 sions ; and the King, according to civic etiquette, can- 
 not enter the City, without first knocking, and asking 
 permission of the Lord Mayor. 
 
 On Temple Bar were formerly placed the heads of 
 those persons who were decapitated for high treason : 
 the last which was thus exhibited was that of Simon, 
 Lord Lovat, who was executed on Tower Hill, for the 
 rebellion of 1745. One of the iron poles, or spikes, 
 on which they were placed, was only removed at the 
 commencement of the present century. 
 
 In Nichols's " Literary Anecdotes," is the following 
 singular passage, relating to the head of Counsellor 
 Layer, which had been thus fixed upon Temple Bar. 
 Layer was executed for high treason, at Tyburn, on 
 May the 17th, 1723, and died in the steady mainte- 
 nance of his principles. Dr. Rawlinson was a non- 
 juror, and a distinguished antiquary. He lived at
 
 LONDINIANA. 173 
 
 London Ifouse, Aldersgate Street, the ancient palace 
 of the Bishops of London : — 
 
 " When the head of Layer was blown off Temple Bar, 
 it was picked up by a gentleman in the neighbourhood, 
 [Mr. John Pearce, an attorney,] who shewed it to some 
 friends at a public house, under the floor of which, I have 
 been assured, it was buried. Dr. Rawlinson, meanwhile, 
 having made inquiry after the head, with a wish to pur- 
 chase it, was imposed on with another instead of Layer^s, 
 which he preserved as a valuable relique, and directed it 
 to be buried in his right hand." The Doctor died on 
 the 6th of April, 1755, and was interred in St. Giles's 
 Church, Oxford. 
 
 The irregular buildings shewn in the annexed print, 
 formed the lower part of Butcher Row, which, before 
 the improvements made here, about thirty years ago, 
 occupied most of the open space from opposite Ship- 
 yard to the end of Picket Street.* The ground plot 
 was that of a long, obtuse-angled triangle, of which 
 the western line was formed by the vestry-room and 
 alms-houses of St. Clement's : the sides and west end 
 contained shops of various classes, the most respect- 
 able of which were on the Strand side, opposite 
 Thanet Place. Butcher Row, properly so called, 
 originated in a flesh market, granted, in the 21st of 
 Edward the 1st, to "Walter le Barbur, for the con- 
 venience 0^ the foreign butchers, as they were termed. 
 
 ♦ Picket Street was so called, from respect to Mr. Alderman 
 Picket, Ihroii^ii wbose zealous exertions and perseverance the 
 improvemeuli in this quarter were chiefly carried into cfTcct.
 
 174 LONDINIANA. 
 
 that is, of those persons who brought mep.t from the 
 country, in carts, and sold it just without the bounds 
 of the City liberties. They were at first stationed in 
 stands, or shambles, as is yet common in many 
 country places ; but before, and in Queen Elizabeth's 
 reign, houses were built here, chiefly of wood and 
 plaster, with over-hanging stories, and of various 
 heights. These, in process of time, became inhabited 
 by tradesmen and shopkeepers of many different 
 descriptions :* one of them was the celebrated Betty's 
 Chop-house. 
 
 On the north side (at a short distance from Ship- 
 yard) was a large mansion-like edifice, of five stories, 
 which had latterly been divided into two houses, but 
 was single in James the Pirst's reign, and then in- 
 habited by Count Beaumont, the resident envoy from 
 the French Court. Here, for one night, was lodged 
 the famous Due de Sully, who, in ] 603, when Mar- 
 quis de Rosny, had baen appointed ambassador extra- 
 ordinary from Henry the Fourth, King of France, to 
 
 * At a low broker's shop in the western part of Butcher Row, 
 that^' wicked tvight, young Wylliam Henry Irelau?ide," pur- 
 chased the two drawings, engraved in his father's publication of 
 the spurious Shakspeare Manuscripts. Ooe of them, he trans- 
 mogrified into something like a resemblance of the Warwick- 
 shire Bard; and in the corners of the other design, he portrayed 
 his armorial bearings with the initials W. S., a pair of scales, and 
 a knife, and inserted the titles o several of his plays : from 
 these altered subjects, it was most ^f/^-e/y decided by the 07««(eMr5 
 of Shaksperian Lore, that the first was a portraiture of the poet 
 himself, in the part of Bassanio, and the other a elelineation of 
 Shylock, the Jew, in the same drama.
 
 LOKDINIANA. - 175 
 
 congratulate King James on his accession to the 
 English Throne. On that occasion the office of 
 Master of the Ceremonies was first instituted, and 
 given, with a yearly salary of £200, to Sir Lewis Lew- 
 kenor;* who, accompanied by Count Beaumont, 
 attended the Marquis on his landing at Dover. The 
 arrangements for his reception were very deficient ; 
 and yet more so for that of his return, which con- 
 sisted of upwards of two hundred gentlemen. The 
 following passage in the " Memoirs de Sully," renders 
 the fact of his lodging here unquestionable : — "As for 
 myself, I sup'd and lay at Beaumont's, and din'd there 
 the next day, for so short a time had not been suffi- 
 cient to procure and prepare me lodgings, until the 
 Palace of Arundel, which was destin'd for me, could 
 be got ready ; but this greatly embarrass'd my retinue, 
 which could not all be lodgM in Beaumont's house, 
 and, therefore, apartments were sought in the neigh- 
 bourhood. "f The ambassador's own accommodations 
 could not have been particularly commodious, as the 
 rooms were small and low, — four, six, and eight upon 
 
 * Lervkenor's Lane, in High Holborn, derived its name from 
 this gentleman, who had a bouse and gardens on its site. 
 
 -|- These were probably found in the several large Inns and 
 Taverns which existed near the spot, of which the principal were, 
 the Ship Tavern, the Swan, the Crown, the Robin Hood, the 
 White Hartjthe Bear and Harrow,the Holy Lamb, and the Angel. 
 The Angel Inn is still a large establishment, at the bottom of 
 Wych Street, much frequented by travellers and professional 
 gentlemen from the western counties. The situation of most of 
 the others are known by the courts and alleys deriving names 
 from them.; and vestiges of one or two still remain.
 
 176 LOXDINIANA. 
 
 a floor, and lit only by casement windows. The ceil- 
 ings were traversed by large unwrought beams, in dif- 
 ferent directions ; and a well stair-case, illumined only 
 by a sky-light, run up the middle, in the rudest style. 
 In front, were several roses and crowns, fleur-de-lis, 
 dragons, and other ornaments, together with the date 
 1581, twice repeated. 
 
 LUDGATE. — PRISON THOUGHTS. 
 
 LuDGATE was anciently one of the principal gates 
 of the city, and was situated at the western extremity 
 of what was formerly denominated Bowyer^s Row, but 
 is now called Ludgate Hill, between the present Lon- 
 don Tavern and St. Martin's Church. Its first erection 
 is attributed by Geoffery of Monmouth (but without any 
 credible foundation,) to the British King Lud, about 
 sixty-six years before the birth of Christ. In 1 21 7, it was 
 either new built, or substantially repaired by the con- 
 federated barons, (who were in arms ^inst King 
 John,) with the'ruins of the stone houses of the Jews, 
 which had been destroyed. In 1260, it was again 
 repaired, and ornamented with statues of King Lud, 
 and other sovereigns, which, " in the raigne of Ed- 
 ward the Sixt," says Stow, " had their heads smitten 
 off", and were otherwise defaced, by such as iudged 
 every Image to bee an Idoll, and in the raigne of 
 Queene Mary were repayred, as by setting new heads 
 on their old bodies, &c." Early in Richard the 
 Second's time, this gate was converted into a free 
 prison ; but in process of time its privileges were 
 violated, and it became a place of great oppression.
 
 LONDINIAN.A. 177 
 
 Batween the years 1454 and 1463, it was much en- 
 larged, with a new building towards the south, for the 
 comfort of the prisoners, by the liberality of Dame 
 Agnes Forster, and the executors of Stephen, her 
 husband ; in memory of which, the following Unes, in- 
 scribed on copper, were placed against it : — * 
 
 " Deuout soules that passe this way, 
 
 for Stephen Forster, late Maior, heartily pray. 
 
 And Dame Agiies his spouse, to God consecrate, 
 
 that, of pitie, this house made of Londoners in Ludgate. 
 
 So that for lodging and water, prisoners here nought pay, 
 as their keepers shall all answereat dreadful doomes day. 
 
 Ludgate was greatly damaged by the fire of 1 666 ; 
 but it was afterwards repaired, and continued to be 
 occupied as a prison until 1760, when it was pulled 
 down, and the street thrown open. On the east side 
 were effigies of King Lud and his two sons, in niches ; 
 and on the west side was a statue of Queen Elizabeth : 
 
 * The tradition concerning the origin of this benevolent ami 
 charitable design, will be found in the Appendix to Strype's 
 Stow ; it is also (he foundation of Rowley's Comedy, of " A 
 Woman never Vext, or the Widow of Cornhill," which has 
 lately been revived, with alterations by Planche. lu the first 
 scene of the fifth act, is the following passage : 
 
 3Irs, S. Foster. But why remove the prisoners from Lud- 
 gate ? 
 
 Stephen Foster. To take the prison down, and build it new, 
 With leads to walk on, chambers large and fair ; 
 For when myself lay there, the noxious air 
 Choked up my spirits. None but captives, wife, 
 Can know what captives feel. 
 
 VOL. II. N
 
 ] 78 LONDINIANA. 
 
 the latter was afterwards fixed up against the east 
 wall of St. Dunstan's Church, where it still remains. 
 The other statues lie disregarded in the small adjoining 
 church-yard. 
 
 A quarto tract, intituled Prison Thoughts y by Thomas 
 Browning, Citizen and Cook of London, a prisoner in 
 Ludgate, *' where poor citizens are confined and starve 
 amidst copies of their freedom," was published in that 
 prison, by the author, in 1682. It is written both in 
 prose and verse, and probably gave origin to Dr. Dodd's 
 more elaborate work on the same subject. The fol- 
 lowing is inserted as a specimen of the poetry : 
 
 " On Patience. 
 
 Patience is the Poor Man's Walk, 
 Patience is the Dumb Man's Talk, 
 Patience is the Lame Man's Thighs, 
 Patience is the Blind Man's Eyes, 
 Patience is the Poor Man's Ditty, 
 Patience is the Exil'd Man's City, 
 Patience is the Sick Man's Bed of Down, 
 Patience is the Wise Man's Crown, 
 Patience is the Live Man's Story, 
 Patience is the Dead Man's Glory. 
 
 When your Troubles do controul, 
 In Patience then possess your Soul. 
 
 DR. FRANKLIN. — DUKE STREET, LINCOLN*S-INN- 
 FIELDS. 
 
 This celebrated philosopher and statesman, on his 
 first arrival in London, on Christmas-eve, 1724, en-
 
 LON DINT ANA. 179 
 
 gaged himself as a compositor, in the office of Mr. 
 Palmer, a printer, in Bartholomew-close ; he continued 
 there nearly a twelvemonth, and afterwards removed to 
 Watts's printing-office, near Lincoln's-inn-fields, where 
 he endeavoured to improve the habits of the workmen, 
 in respect both to sobriety and industry. During his 
 employment by Mr. Watts, he lodged at an Italian 
 warehouse, in Duke Street, opposite to the Romish 
 Chapel, kept by a widow lady and her daughter. The 
 old lady was the daughter of a Protestant clergyman, 
 but had been converted to the Catholic faith by her 
 husband ; and being confined with the gout, Franklin 
 was frequently permitted to spend the evenings with 
 her. " Our supper," he says, (in his interesting 
 "Memoirs*' of his own life,) "was only half an 
 anchovy each, on a very little slice of bread and butter, 
 and half a pint of ale between us : but the entertain- 
 ment was in her conversation." In the garret of the 
 same house lived an old maiden lady, who had for- 
 merly been in a nunnery abroad, but the country not 
 agreeing with her, she returned to England, where she 
 adopted the conventual mode of life, as nearly as cir- 
 cumstances would allow. She had resided many years 
 in the same room, living on water gruel only, and 
 using no fire but to boil it. Everyday a priest attended 
 to hear her confession ; and when she was once asked, 
 " hov/ she could possibly find so much employment for 
 
 * In this office he was designated the " Water American,'- 
 from always drinking vater, in preference to the strong beer 
 drank by the otiier Vvorkmeii. 
 
 N 2
 
 182 I.ONDIXIANA. 
 
 by a mayden, named Mary, vnto the which House and 
 Sisters she left, (as was left to her by her parents) the 
 ouer-sight and profites of a Crosse Ferrie, or trauerse 
 ferrie ouer the TJmmeSy there kept before that any bridge 
 was builded. This House of Sisters, was after, by Swithen, 
 a noble lady,conuerted vnto aColledge of Priests, who in 
 place of the Ferrie, builded a bridge of timber, and from 
 time to time kept the same in good reparations j but lastly 
 the same bridge was builded of stone, and then in the 
 yeere 1106, was this church againe founded for Canons 
 Regular, by William Pont de h Arch and William Daiinct/^ 
 knights, Normans.* 
 
 This account, which our chronicler professes to 
 have had ** by report of Bartholomew Linsted, alias 
 Fowler,"-|- the last prior of this foundation, has been 
 questioned by Maitland and others, as incredible, and 
 even the existence of a religious house on this spot 
 prior to the Conquest has been denied. Yet, as Stow 
 had both an opportunity to converse with Prior Lin- 
 sted, who was Uving till the year 1553, and also to 
 consult ancient records, which Maitland but seldom 
 attended to, we may surely consider his account as en- 
 titled to the better confidence. 
 
 In regard to a Saxon establishment of religious, that 
 fact is ascertained by the Domesday Book, which states, 
 that Odo, Bishop of Baieux, " had one monastery, and 
 one harbour in Southwark;" and be it recollected, 
 that no other religious foundation in this district ever 
 made claim to so early an origin as St. Mary's. 
 
 * '' Survey of London,'' pr 773, edit. 1618. f Ibid. p. 48.
 
 LONDINIANA. 183 
 
 Soon after the Austin Canons were settled here, 
 GifFard, Bishop of Winchester, became " a good be- 
 nefactor," and enlarged the church. Henry the First 
 granted to the Canons the Church of St. Margaret on 
 the Hill, (which afterwards was converted into a Town 
 Hall and Prison), and King Stephen gave them the 
 stone house which had belonged to \Villiam Pont de 
 I'Arch, at Dowgate. 
 
 About the year 1207, this Priory was " burned, 
 wherefore the Canons did found an hospitall neere 
 vnto their priory, where they celebrated vntill the 
 priory was repay red : which hospitall was after (by 
 consent of Peter de la Roch, Bishop of Winchester) re- 
 moued into the land of Anicius, Archdeacon of Surrey ^ 
 in the year 1228, a place where the water was more 
 plentiful!, and the ayre more wholsome, and was dedi- 
 cated to Saint Thomas* The same bishop founded a 
 large chapel within St. Saviour's Church, which was 
 dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, and, eventually, be- 
 came the parish church of the neighbourhood. 
 
 In the reigns of Richard the Second, and his suc- 
 cessor, Henry the Fourth, this church was rebuilt. 
 Gower, the poet, whom Stow records as " an especial 
 benefactor to that worke,"f was buried in the north 
 aisle, where he had founded a chantry. This priory 
 was surrendered to Henry the Eighth, on October the 
 27th, 1539, at which time its annual revenues were 
 
 * Stow's <' Survey," p. 774. 
 
 t Vide pp. 9-11, of the present volume, for an account of 
 Gower's Monument.
 
 182 
 
 LONDIXIANA. 
 
 by a niayden, named Mary, vnto the which House and 
 Sisters she left, (as was left to her by her parents) the 
 ouer-sight and profites of a Crosse Ferrie, or trauerse 
 ferrie ouer the TJiames^ there kept before that any bridge 
 was builded. This House of Sisters, was after, by Swithen, 
 a noble ]ady,conuerted vnto aColIedge of Priests, who in 
 place of the Ferrie, builded a bridge of timber, and from 
 time to time kept the same in good reparations ; but lastly 
 the same bridge was builded of stone, and then in the 
 yeere 1106, was this church againe founded for Canons 
 Regular, by William Pont de Is Arch and William Bauncy^ 
 knights, Normans* 
 
 This account, which our chronicler professes to 
 have had " by report of Bartholomew Linsted, alias 
 Fowler,"t the last prior of this foundation, has been 
 questioned by Maitland and others, as incredible, and 
 even the existence of a religious house on this spot 
 prior to the Conquest has been denied. Yet, as Stow 
 had both an opportunity to converse with Prior Lin- 
 sted, who was living till the year 1553, and also to 
 consult ancient records, which Maitland but seldom 
 attended to, we may surely consider his account as en- 
 titled to the better confidence. 
 
 In regard to a Saxon establishment of religious, that 
 feet is ascertained by the Domesday Book, which states, 
 that Odo, Bishop of Baieux, " had one monastery, and 
 one harbour in Southvvark;" and be it recollected, 
 that no other religious foundation in this district ever 
 made claim to so early an origin as St. Mary's. 
 
 * '^ Survey of London/^ pr 773, edit. 1618. f Ibid. n. 4S.
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 183 
 
 Soon after the Austin Canons were settled here, 
 Giffard, Bishop of Winchester, became " a good be- 
 nefactor," and enlarged the church. Henry the First 
 granted to the Canons the Church of St. Margaret on 
 the Hill, (which afterwards was converted into a Town 
 Hall and Prison), and King Stephen gave them the 
 stone house which had belonged to William Pont de 
 I'Arch, at Dowgate. 
 
 About the year 1207, this Priory was " burned, 
 wherefore the Canons did found an hospitall neere 
 vnto their priory, where they celebrated vntill the 
 priory was repayred : which hospitall was after (by 
 consent of Peter de la Roch, Bishop of JFinchesfer] re- 
 moued into the land of Anicius, Archdeacon of Surrey ^ 
 in the year 1228, a place where the water was more 
 plentifull, and the ayre more wholsome, and was dedi- 
 cated to Saint Thomas* The same bishop founded a 
 laroje chapel within St. Saviour's Church, which was 
 dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen, and, eventually, be- 
 came the parish church of the neighbourhood. 
 
 In the reigns of Richard the Second, and his suc- 
 cessor, Henry the Fourth, this church was rebuilt. 
 Gower, the poet, whom Stow records as *' an especial 
 benefactor to that worke,"t was buried in the north 
 aisle, where he had founded a chantry. This priory 
 was surrendered to Henry the Eighth, on October the 
 27th, 1539, at which time its annual revenues were 
 
 * Stow's *' Survey,^' p. 774. 
 
 t Vide pp. 9-11, of the present volume, for an account of 
 Gower*s Monument.
 
 184 
 
 LONDINIAXA. 
 
 valued at £624. 6s. 6d., and Linsted, the then prior, 
 had a pension assigned to bjmof£100 yearly. Shortly 
 after, the inhabitants of the borough of Southvvark 
 purchased the priory church of the King, *' Dr. Ste- 
 phen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, putting thereto 
 his helping hand ;" and in the following year it was 
 made parochial, by the designation of St. Saviour's, 
 under an Act of Parliament which united the two pa- 
 rishes of St. Mary Magdalen and St. Margaret at Hill, 
 into one. 
 
 This noble structure, which is one of the largest 
 parish churches in the kingdom, is built in the con- 
 ventual form, with a lofty tower rising from the inter- 
 section of the nave and transept, and a spacious chapel 
 dedicated to St. Mary, at the east end, at the back of 
 the chancel. Some very appropriate repairs have 
 been recently made under the direction of George 
 Gwilt, esq., architect, both exteriorly and within the 
 church. About two years ago, on the removal of the 
 old and heavy altar screen, which was of wood, a 
 richly decorated stone screen, designed in the pointed 
 style, was discovered behind it, but much of the finer 
 parts of the sculpture had been purposely cut away. 
 We are indebted to Hollar for the spirited etching of 
 this church, from which the annexed print has been 
 copied. It was executed for Dugdale's " Monasticon,*' 
 before the rude hand of spoliation had deprived the 
 edifice of several of its most characteristic and vene- 
 rable features. The large window in the transept has 
 particularly suff^ered ; and it were highly to be wished 
 that the same judicious mind which superintended the
 
 LONDINIANA. 185 
 
 late reparations, should be employed in restoring not 
 only that window but the entire fabric to its original 
 grandeur.* 
 
 BANGOR HOUSE, SHOE LANE. 
 
 In the curious map ascribed to Ralph Aggas, great 
 part of the ground from Shoe Lane to Chancery Lane 
 is represented as gardens, with trees and detached 
 houses intermingled ; but long prior to that delineation, 
 the Bishops of Bangor had a mansion, garden, &c. 
 within that plot, as may be seen by the following 
 statement in the catalogue of Patent Rolls : — 48 Ed. IIL 
 Rex amortizarit Epo Bangoren', in successione unum 
 Messuag : unam placeam terree, ac unam gardinum 
 cum aliis sedificiis, in Shoe Lane, London." The 
 situation of that messuage, place, and other buildings, 
 which was immediately behind St. Andrew's Churchy 
 and Court, and Thavie's Inn, is still indicated by the 
 mean footway called Bangor Court. 
 
 The last prelate who appears to have occupied the 
 episcopal mansion, was Bishop Doulben, who having 
 been previously Vicar of Hackney, contributed thirty 
 pounds for repairing the causeway leading from Clapton 
 and Hackney to Shoreditch, of which he informed his 
 late parishioners, by a letter dated from Bangor House, 
 in Shoe Lane, on the 11th of November, 1633. He 
 
 * The Epitaph on Mr. Alderman Humble, inserted in vol. iii, 
 p. 50, was written by Francis Quarles, the ingenious author of 
 '* Emblems," " Divine Fancies,'' and other serious Poems. It 
 i$ printed in his " Argalus and Partbenia,'^
 
 186 LOXDIXIANA. 
 
 died at Bangor House, on the 27th of the same month, 
 and was interred at Hackney, where there is a good 
 bust of him in white marble. 
 
 In 1647, tJie reversion of this messuage, with the 
 attached " waste ground," containing 168 feet in 
 length, and 144 in breadth, was purchased of the 
 Trustees for the sale of Bishops' Lands, by Sir John 
 Barkstead, knight, with intent to build there ; and in 
 an Act of Parliament passed in 1657, against the 
 erection of new buildings, an exemption is made in 
 his favour, in respect to his having given more for his 
 purchase than he otherwise would " but for his pur- 
 pose of erecting messuages and tenements thereon, and 
 in consideration of that place being both dangerous 
 and noisome to the passengers and inhabitants near 
 adjoining." 
 
 Whether Sir John availed himself of this privilege, 
 does not appear ; but the negative seems probable, as 
 the estate reverted to the See of Bangor immediately on 
 the Restoration in 1660. It was afterwards deserted 
 as an episcopal residence, and having been leased out, 
 some mean dwellings were built upon the grounds ; 
 yet a garden, with lime trees, and a rookery, were re- 
 maining about seventy years ago. Every vestige of 
 the mansion itself was destroyed during the autumn of 
 1828 : it had been divided into numerous tenements, 
 which were occupied by between two and three hun- 
 dred persons, of the lowest classes of society, chiefly 
 Irish. An octangular projection, of two stories, in 
 front, was the almost only remain of its former con- 
 sequence. The ground which has been cleared and
 
 LONDINIANA. 187 
 
 levelled, is now annexed to the southern church-yard 
 of St. Andrew's. 
 
 Opposite Bangor Court, on the east side of Shoe 
 Lane, was an old house, called '^ Oldborne Uall,"' 
 which, even in Stow's time, " was letten out in divers 
 tenements." Its last remains were occupied a few years 
 ago, as a coal shed and broker's shop. Almost all the 
 buildings between that spot and Stone-cutter Street, 
 have been very recently demolished, to make room for 
 the new Fleet Market, which is now in a rapid course 
 of erection. 
 
 thavie's inn, holborn. 
 
 Thavie's Inn, which appears to have been the 
 most ancient of all the Inns of Court, or Chancery, 
 was, in the reign of Edward the Third, the hospitium 
 or mansion of John Thavy or Tavye, a citizen and 
 armourer, and was rented of him by " Apprentices of 
 the Law." On his decease, he bequeathed it, together 
 with his own tenement and three shops, to Alice, his 
 wife, directing the whole to be sold after her death ; 
 the produce of the Inn to be appropriated to find a 
 chaplain in St. Andrew's Church, to pray for the souls 
 of himself, and his wife, and of all the faithful de- 
 ceased, for ever ; and that of his House, &c. to the 
 repairs of St. Andrew's Church.* In the reign of 
 
 * Ths site of this property is now covered with ten respecta- 
 ble houses, besides the small paved square near the Church, 
 called St. Andrew's Court. Its present rental is about £800 per 
 annum. When St. Andrew's Church was rebuilt in 1670, the 
 expense is said to have been principally defrayed with the pro* 
 ceeds of Thavie's beejuests.
 
 188 LONDINIANA. 
 
 Edward the Sixth, Thavie's or Davey's Inn, as it was 
 then called, came into the possession of Gregory 
 Nicholas, citizen and mercer, of whom it was pur- 
 chased by the Benchers of Lincolns Inn, and consti- 
 tuted one of the Inns of Chancery ; *' the Principals 
 and Fellows of which," says Du2;dale, in his *' Origines 
 Juridiciales," ** paid them the annual rent of iii 1. vi s. 
 viii d. as an acknowledgement." 
 
 Thavie's Inn remained in the possession of that 
 Society till the year 1771, when the Lord Chief 
 Justice Mansfield, and other feoffers, sold and conveyed 
 it to Thomas Middleton, Esq., who resold it to Arthur 
 Jones, Esq. from whom the titles of the present owners 
 of the houses here are considered to be derived. 
 Soon afterwards the old Inn was destroyed by fire. Its 
 site is now occupied by a double range of brick build- 
 ings, principally inhabited by professional gentlemen 
 and hardware merchants from the towns of Sheffield 
 and Birmingham.* 
 
 ♦ Several lawsuits have been instituted in respect to the 
 liability of Thavie's Inn to assessments for the Poor Rates; but 
 the issue has been favourable to the inhabitants ; in memorial of 
 which, the following inscription, on a small brass plate, hasl^en 
 recently fixed up against the first house on the west side : — 
 
 " Thavie's Inn, founded by John Thavie, Esquire, in the reign 
 of Edward the Third ; Adjudged to be Extra-parochial, in the 
 Court of King's Bench, Guildhall, in the Causes, Eraser against 
 the Parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, on the 7th day of July, 1823, 
 and, Marsden against the same Parish, on the 17(h day of Octo- 
 ber, 1826. This Memorial of the antiquity and privileges of 
 this Inn, was erected during the Treasurership of Francis Paget 
 Watson, Esq. Anno Domini mdcccxxvii. Lex amicus est."
 
 LONDINIANA. 189 
 
 BILLINGSGATE. 
 
 Billingsgate was anciently one of the water 
 gates of the city, which Geoffrey of Monmouth, with 
 his usual love of the fabulous, attributes to Belin, a 
 King of Britain, about four hundred years before the 
 birth of Christ ; and says, that " when he was dead, 
 his body being burned, the Ashes, in a vessell of 
 Brasse, were set upon a high pinnacle of stone ouer 
 the same Gate." This place has for several centuries 
 been used as a market to supply the metropolis with 
 fish ; but it was first made a free port for that purpose 
 by Act of Parliament in 1699. 
 
 Stow says,* " it is a Port or Harborough for ships and 
 boats, commonly arriving there with fish, both fresh and 
 salt, shell fishes. Salt, Oranges, Onions, and other fruits and 
 roots, Wheate, Rie, and Graine of diuers sorts for seruice 
 of the City, and the parts of this Realme adjoining. This 
 gate is now more frequented than of old time, when the 
 Queenes Hith was used, as being appointed by the Kings 
 of this Realme, to be the speciall or only Post for taking vp 
 
 * '' Survey of London," p. 390. In the " Chrooicon" of John 
 Brompton, is the following list of the Tolls to be given at 
 " Bylyngesgate.'^ " If a small ship come up to Bylyngesgate, 
 it shall give one halfpenny of toll: if a greater one which hath 
 sails, one penny: if a small ship, or the hulk of a ship, come 
 thereto, and shall lie there, it shall give four pence for the toll. 
 For ships which are filled with wood, one log of wood shall be 
 given as toll. In a week of bread toll shall be paid for three 
 iiays ; the Lord's day, Tuesday, and Thursday."
 
 190 LONDINIANA. 
 
 of all such kind of Marchandises brought to this City by 
 strangers and Forrenners ; because the Draw-bridge of 
 timber at London Bridge, was then to be raised, or drawne 
 up for passage of ships without tops thither." 
 
 Very considerable improvements have been made at 
 Billingspjate of late years, both in the quay or wharf, 
 for unloading, and in the houses and stands of the 
 market place. The management, also, both of the 
 market and its frequenters, has been subjected to some 
 excellent regulations, under the superintendence of the 
 City authorities. 
 
 The abusiveness of the Billingsgate fishvjromen is 
 proverbial; coarse invective, and clamourous, rude 
 scolding, having for ages been colloquially termed 
 Billingsgate. In Lupton's " Country and City Car- 
 bonadoed," is the following whimsical character of 
 the 
 
 Fisherv^omen. 
 
 " These crying, wandering, and travelling creatures, 
 carry their shops on their heads: and their store-house is 
 ordinarily Billingsgate, or the Bridge-foot ; and their 
 habitation Turn-again-lane. They set up every morning 
 their trade afresh. They are easily set up and furnished ; 
 get something, and spend it jovially and merrily. Five 
 shillings a basket, and a good cry, is a large stock for one 
 of them. They are merriest when all their ware is gone. 
 In the morning they delight to have their shop full ; at 
 even they desire to have it empty. Their shop's but 
 little ; some two yards compass, yet it holds all sorts of 
 fish, or herbs, or roots, strawberries, apples or plums, 
 cucumbers, and such like ware. Nay, it is not destitute
 
 LONDINIAXA. 191 
 
 sometimes of nuts and oranges and lemons. They are free 
 in all places, and pay nothing for shop rent, but only find 
 repairs to it. If they drink out their whole stock, it's but 
 pawning a petticoat in Long-lane, or themselves in Turn- 
 bull-street, for to set up again. They change every day 
 almost J for she that was this day for fish, may be to-mor- 
 row for fruit, next day for herbs, another for roots ; so that 
 you must hear them cry, before you know what they are 
 furnished withal. When they have done their fair, they 
 meet in mirth, singing, dancing, and in the middle (a 
 parenthesis) they are scolding : but they do use to take 
 and put up words, and end not till either their money, or 
 wit, or credit, be clean spent out. Well, when in any 
 evening they are not merry in a drinking-house, it is sus- 
 pected that they have had bad return, or else have paid 
 some old score, or else they are bankrupts. They are 
 creatures soon up, and soon down." 
 
 COUNCIL CHAMBER OF KING HENRY THE EIGHTH. 
 
 In the first edition of Hall's " Chronicle," printed 
 by Richard Grafton in 1-548, at the back of fol. cclxiij, 
 is a very beautiful and spiritedly-executed wood-cut, 
 representing Henry the Eighth presiding in Council. 
 The King is seated upon his throne, in a chamber lined 
 ■with tapestry, wrought into a regular pattern of alter- 
 nate roses and fleurs-de-lis. The roof is of arched 
 timber work, divided into square compartments, dia- 
 gonally intersected, and having an ornamental pendant 
 at each point of intersection. At the back of the 
 throne, which has a fringed canopy, enriched with 
 •festoons and tassels, are the royal arms and sup- 
 porters of the Tudor family.
 
 19i^ LONDINIANA. 
 
 That most industrious inquirer into the History of 
 Printing, the Rev. T. F. Dibdin, has published an exact 
 facsimile of this '^ extraordinary specimen of art," 
 in the third volume of his " Typographical Antiqui- 
 ties," and from that copy the annexed print has been 
 reduced. Mr. Dibdin imagines it to have been de- 
 signed by Hans Holbein, and engraven by some foreign 
 artist in Germany, or the Lov7 Countries. " The 
 original drawing," he remarks, " if in being, must be 
 invaluable, as there is every reason to think that the 
 Portraits, as well as the architectural disposition of the 
 room, are copies from originals." The impression in 
 Hall's " Chronicle," when in large and fine condi- 
 dition, is highly estimated by collectors. 
 
 WARWICK HOUSE, CLOTH FAIR — LADY HOLLAND'S 
 MOB. 
 
 This mansion, w^hich, at the present time, has no 
 pretensions to antiquity in outward appearance, is 
 thought to have been built in Queen Elizabeth's reign ; 
 and within memory the arms of England, as quartered 
 in the time of that sovereign, were remaining in a 
 window on the first floor. It was inhabited by Ro- 
 bert, Earl of Warwick, the parliamentary general, to 
 whose ancestor, Sir Robert Rich, knt. Chancellor of 
 the Court of Augmentations, the Priory of St. Bartho- 
 lomew, and its appurtenances, within the Great Close 
 of St. Bartholomew's, had been sold by Henry the 
 Eighth, in May 1544, for the sum of £1064. lis. 3d. 
 At that period, Cloth Fair was within the precincts of
 
 LOXDINTANA. 193 
 
 the Great Close ; and as a right to continue St. Bar- 
 tholomew's Fair, as when in possession of the prior 
 and convent, was included in the grant, it devolved to 
 the Earls of Warwick and Holland, the descendants of 
 Sir Robert Rich : and hence the origin of that " up- 
 roarious rabblement," called Lady Holland's Moh, 
 which assembles to proclaim the fair, on the eve, or 
 rather midnight of St. Bartholomew. Warwick House 
 is now occupied by a cloth dealer. 
 
 CARLISLE HOUSE, LAMBETH. 
 
 Carlisle House was erected about the year 1 1 97, 
 by Gilbert de Glanville, Bishop of Rochester, on a 
 plot of ground which he had reserved for that purpose, 
 when he exchanged the manor of Lambeth* for that 
 of Darent, in Kent, with Hubert Walter, Archbishop 
 of Canterbury : at which time it was called Rochester 
 Place, and was used as an inn or lodging house by the 
 Bishops of Rochester, whenever they came to London 
 to attend parliament. In consequence of several dis- 
 putes having arisen between the Archbishops of Can- 
 terbury and the Bishops of Rochester, respecting the 
 access to this house from the river, (which GJanville 
 had not taken the precaution to secure), John de 
 Shepey, who was bishop of the see in 1357, obtained 
 leave from Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, to erect a 
 bridge at Stangate for the convenience of himself and 
 family to land from the Thames. The last prelate of 
 
 • Vide Account of Lambeth Palac*", vol. iii. p. 303. 
 o
 
 194 LONDINIi\NA. 
 
 the see of Rochester, who resided at Carlisle House, 
 was the unfortunate Bishop Fisher, who was beheaded 
 on Tower Hill in 1535, for denying the king's supre- 
 macy.* In 1540, Bishop Heath exchanged this house 
 with Henry VHI. for the mansion of the prior of St. 
 S within, adjoining Winchester Palace, Southwark, 
 which monarch granted it to Robert Aldridge, Bishop of 
 Carlisle, in exchange for that prelate's inn in the 
 Strand, which was called Carlisle Place. ^ From that 
 time the mansion obtained the name of Carlisle House ; 
 yet it does not appear to have ever been inhabited by 
 the bishops of that see, and from the successive altera- 
 tions which it underwent in the following century, 
 every trace of its original character was lost. After 
 the abolition of the episcopacy, this estate was sold by 
 the parliamentary trustees, in February 1647, to Mat- 
 thew Hardy, for £220., but it reverted to the see of 
 Carlisle at the Restoration. Since that period it has 
 
 * In 1531, a most horrid murder was committed at Carlisle 
 House, by Richard Roose, the bishop's cook: " by throwing 
 some poison into a vessel replenished with yest or barme, stand- 
 ing in the said bishop's kitchen, at his place in Lambeth Marsh, 
 ha not only poisoned seventeen persois of his family, but also 
 certain poor peo^de which resorted to the said bishop's place, and 
 were there charitably fed ; two of whom died." For which 
 deed, says Hall, he *' was boyled in Smythfeld, the Teneber 
 Wednisday foUowyng, to therrible example of all other,'' Vide 
 Hall's " Chronicle,'' xxivth Hen, viii. fol. cc, 
 
 t This mansion was afterwards called Worcester House ; its 
 site is now occupied by Beaufort Buildings. Vide Strype's 
 Stow, vol.ii. p. 114, edit. 17=55.
 
 LONDINIANA. 195 
 
 been variously occupied, and been progressively used 
 as a pottery, a tavern, a brothel, and a school. In the 
 last occupation, Carlisle House maintained a distin- 
 guished reputation for more than thirty years ; but 
 during the present summer (1 828), it has been entirely 
 pulled down, to make room for new dwellings between 
 the Back Lane and Hercules Buildings. 
 
 WHITE CONDUIT HOUSE, ISLINGTON. 
 
 White Conduit House obtained its name from 
 an ancient stone Conduit, standing at a little distance 
 ou the north-vi^est side, which was built over a small 
 spring, or head of water, that in times past supplied the 
 Charter House, by means of leaden pipes extending to 
 that foundation. The extreme pleasantness of this 
 situation, has for many years rendered it a very attrac- 
 tive spot to the London populace in their recreative 
 excursions, and particularly on a Sunday afternoon in 
 Summer, when the City *' pours forth its congregated 
 throngs," and the labours of the week are forgotten in 
 the exhilaration of sunshine and fresh air. The gardens 
 are then crowded to an excess ; and on other fine 
 evenings also, this place has many visitors ; some at- 
 tracted by its bowling green and Dutch-pin grounds, 
 and others by the harmony of a fine-toned organ, with 
 occasional singing, which stands in the long room. 
 The anonymous author of *' The Sunday Ramble^'''' 
 which was first published in 1774, has given the fol- 
 lowing description of the grounds : — " The garden is 
 formed into several pleasing walks, prettily disposed; 
 o 2
 
 19G LOXDTNIAXA. 
 
 at the end of the principal one is a painting, which 
 serves to render it much longer in appearance than it 
 really is ; and in the middle of the garden is a round 
 fish-pond, encompassed with a great number of very 
 genteel boxes for company, curiously cut into the 
 hedges, and adorned with a variety of Flemish and 
 other paintings ; there are hkewise two handsome tea- 
 rooms, one over the other, as well as several inferior 
 ones in the dwelling-house." The fish-pond men- 
 ■ lioned in this extract was filled up about twenty years 
 ago, and has been planted over ; the small paintings 
 have been defaced or removed, and a new dancing and 
 other rooms built, but in other respects the gardens are 
 nearly the same as they then were. The " WTiite 
 Conduit Loaves'' have long been famous, and before 
 the great augmentation in the price of bread, during 
 the Revolutionary war with France, they formed one of 
 the regular " London Cries.'* 
 
 From these gardens, Graham, the intrepid aeronaut, 
 has several times ascended in his balloon, in the course 
 of the last three years. As a means also of increasing 
 their celebrity, they were opened in the summer of 1 827 
 as a BlinorVauxhall, with fireworks, rope-dancing, and 
 other amusements ; but the magistrates having seri- 
 ously objected to that display^ the scheme was obliged 
 to be given up. 
 
 Nearly a century has now passed since White 
 Conduit House has maintained its fame ; yet, " such is 
 the mutability of human affairs," as Scott's Baillie 
 Mucklethrift would express it, that ere long we may 
 rationally expect it to be numbered, like Dobnefs
 
 LONDIXIANA. 197 
 
 Bowling Greeny with the places that were.* Its plea- 
 santness has of late years been much deteriorated by 
 the new streets that have arisen on all the neighbour- 
 ing fields ; and as the population increases, its umbra- 
 geous walks, alcoves, and shady bowers, will doubtless 
 become more valuable when covered with houses than 
 by any other mode of occupation. The famous Duck- 
 ing Pond, called the Basin, immediately without the 
 gardens, to the north, has been filled up, and a new 
 carriage road crosses its site. 
 
 whetstone's park, lincoln's-inn-fields. 
 
 The slip of ground between the north side of Lin- 
 coln's Inn Fields and Holborn, now occupied by the 
 avenue called Whetstone's Park, is in old deeds 
 named '*Le Spencer's Lond;'' and a deep ditch which 
 anciently separated it from those fields, and extended 
 nearly to Drury Lane, had the appropriate designation 
 of ** Spencer's DigJ*^ On this ground, which, from 
 lying open and waste, was frequently the scene of low 
 dissipation, houses were first erected, on the eastern 
 part, by Mr. Whetstone, in Charles the Second's time, 
 a vestryman of St. Giles's, and from him it obtained 
 
 * Dohney's, or, more correctly, D'Aubigney^s, Boicling 
 Green, is now occupied by a group of houses called Dobney's 
 Place, near the bottom of Penton Street, and almost opposite 
 to the Belvidere Tavern and Tea Gardens. About fifty years 
 ago, equestrian performances were exhibited there, by a clever 
 rider named Price, whilst similar feats were exhibited by a rival 
 named Sampson, in a close behind the Old Hats, near Islington 
 Turnpike.
 
 198 LONDINIANA. 
 
 the name of Whetstone's Park. On the other half, 
 the houses were continued by a Mr. Philhps, and called 
 Phillip's Rents. Several of the courts communicating 
 with Holborn, were built about the same time, particular- 
 ly Pargiter's Court, by a person of that name, but now 
 called Feathers'' Court, from a neighbouring sign in 
 Holborn. Gate Street, and Great and Little Turn- 
 stiles, were, as their names imply, avenues leading into 
 Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 
 Strype in his edition of Stow's " London," Anno 
 1723, says that " Whetstone Park, at the backside of 
 Holborn, was once famous for its infamous and vicious 
 inhabitants, which some years since were forced away;'* 
 and Butler, our inimitable satirist, has thus alluded to 
 its profligacy : — 
 
 " And makes a brothel of a palace, 
 Where harlots ply, as many tell us. 
 Like brimstones in a Whetstone Alehouse.'* 
 
 Dryden also, in his " Limberham," alludes to it as 
 a well known harbouring place for dissolute females ; 
 who, in reference to the Park, have, by another author, 
 been designated " wanton does.^^ 
 
 THE CHARTER HOUSE. 
 
 The modern appellation of the Charter House is 
 derived (or, more properly, corrupted) from the French 
 Chartreuse, the name of the place where the first Car- 
 thusian convent was founded in France, by Bruno, an 
 austere canon of Cologne and Rheims. In 1349, a
 
 LONDINIANA. 199 
 
 destructive pestilence which had been raging through- 
 out the whole of Europe and Asia, made its appearance 
 in this metropolis, and caused the death of the greater 
 part of its inhabitants, so that the burial grounds of 
 the churches soon became entirely filled. At that crisis, 
 Ralph Stratford, the then Bishop of London, purchased 
 a piece of ground, consisting of three acres, called 
 *' JVb Man's Land,'' near St. John's Hospital, at Cler- 
 kenwell, which he consecrated for a burial place, and 
 having enclosed it with a brick wall, erected a chapel, 
 in which prayers for the souls of the deceased were 
 offered up, and which was afterwards designated Par" 
 don Church Hawe and Chapd. A short time afterwards 
 Sir Walter de Manny* purchased an adjoining plot of 
 ground, lying southward, called " Spittle Croft,'' con- 
 taining thirteen acres and one rood, which was conse- 
 crated for the like purpose, and was called the New 
 Church Hawe. In this ground, in which he also 
 erected a Chapel, it is recorded that upwards of 50,000 
 persons were interred. 
 
 In 1360, it was the intention of Sir Walter de Manny 
 to found a college for a dean and twelve secular priests, 
 on this spot ; for which purpose, says Dugdale, he had 
 obtained a bull from Pope Clement the Sixth : in this 
 
 * This nobleman was a native of Hainault, and greatly dis- 
 tinguished hjmself under Edward the Third, in his wars with 
 the King of France. He came into England with his ro5al 
 mistress, Philippa of Hainault, on her marriage with Edward 
 the Third ; and died shortly after he had founded this convent. 
 He was buried in the choir of the chapel, his remains being 
 attended to the grave by the king and the whole court.
 
 200 LONDINIAXA. 
 
 benevolent design, however, he was at that time pre- 
 vented by the French wars ; but in a few years after- 
 wards, Michael de Northburgh, Bishop of London, 
 having at his death bequeathed £2000 for founding a 
 convent for monks of the Carthusian order , Sir Wal- 
 ter obtained a grant from Edward III. in 1371, to 
 found the said convent on his ground, called the Xew 
 Church Hawe, in honour of God and the Virgin Mary, 
 by the appellation of the " Salutation of the Mother 
 of God." This establishment acquired the name of 
 the Charter House, and the original endowments were 
 so much augmented by benevolent persons, that at the 
 time of its surrender to Henry the Eighth, on the 10th 
 of June 1537, its clear annual revenues amounted to 
 between six and seven hundred pounds. 
 
 Prior, however, to that event, this convent was placed 
 under the management of the King's commissioners, 
 and considerable pains were taken, both by preaching 
 and admonitory advice, to overcome the refractoriness 
 of the monks, in regard to the succession and supre- 
 macy. On the latter point the Carthusians were parti- 
 cularly untractable, and their obduracy led to the most 
 fatal consequences, for they were selected as the first 
 victims of the law which constituted the King supreme 
 head of the English church. John Howghton, Prior of 
 the Charter House, with the Carthusian priors of Ax- 
 holm and Belleval, the vicar of Isleworth, and a 
 Brigetine monk of Sion, were all condemned for high 
 treason in denying the supremacy (Lingard affirms, 
 through Cromwell intimidating the jury), on the 29th 
 of April 1535; and, five days afterwards, they " were
 
 LONDTNIANA. 201 
 
 drawrij hanged, and quartered at Tiborne, and their 
 heads and quarters set on the gates of the citie, all save 
 one quarter [that of Prior Houwhton] which was set on 
 the Charter House at London."* Notwithstanding this 
 appalling exhibition, the firmness of the Carthusians 
 was not subdued, and on the 18th of the following- 
 June, Mydlemore, the procurator, and two other 
 monks of this house, named Exmew and Newdigate, 
 were also hanged, disbowelled and dismembered at 
 Tyburn, for the like offence. What adds to the ex- 
 treme barbarity of these inflictions is, that the three 
 last unfortunate sufferers were kept chained in an up- 
 right position for thirteen days previously to the exe- 
 cution of their sentence.f 
 
 It is a trite remark, that persecution in religion 
 renders obstinacy inflexible, — it proved so here, and 
 although every kind of persuasive means were em- 
 ployed to remove the scrupulous adherence of the 
 monks to papal supremacy, those means were but par- 
 tially successful, and in May 1537, ten more persons of 
 this brotherhood were committed close prisoners to 
 Newgate, " for their traitorous behaviour," in ques- 
 tioning the King's assumption of the Pope's authority. 
 When thus incarcerated, five of these miserable vic- 
 tims perished within six weeks, for want of air, exer- 
 cise, and sufficient food ; a similar fate progressively 
 befel four others, and the hapless survivor, after lan- 
 
 * Stow's " Chronicle," p. 963. 
 
 t Smythe's " Historical Account of the Charter House/ 
 quarto, p. 74.
 
 202 LONDINIANA. 
 
 guishing in prison above four years, was at length dis- 
 patched by the hands of the executioner, on the 4th 
 of November 1541. 
 
 From a letter preserved in the British Museum,* 
 which had been addressed to Cromwell, the vicar-ge- 
 neral, in September 1535, by Jasper Fyloll, who, on 
 the execution of PriorHowghton, had been placed here, 
 both as a superintendent and a spy, we learn that the 
 expenditure of the monks in alms-giving was most 
 profuse, and that although " theyr rent of asyse," or 
 clear annual revenue, *' amounted to £642. 4s." only, 
 " the proctour hath accompted for Mli. a yere," the 
 deficiency being "borne of the benevolence and charitye 
 of the citie of London." The writer then proceeds : — 
 
 " Nowe, they (the monks) not regarding this derthe, 
 nether the increase of ther sup'fluous nomber, nether yet 
 the decay of the said benevolence and charyte, wold have 
 and hathe that same fare co'tynuall that then was usid, 
 and wold have like plentye of brede, and ale, and fyshe, 
 gevyn to strangers, in the butterye, and at the butterye 
 door, and as large distributions of bread and ale, to all 
 their sS'ants, and to vagabunds at the gate, as was then 
 uside, which cannot be. Wherefor, under the favour of 
 yo* w'shipe, hit semythe to be moche necessary to mynche 
 eyther the nomber, or deyntye fare, and also, the sup'fluus 
 gift of brede and ale. 
 
 " These Charter-howse monks wold be callyd solytary, 
 but to the cloyster doer ther be xxiiii keys, in the hands of 
 xxiiii psons, and hit is lyk many letters unp'fytable, tales 
 
 • Vide BibU Cot. Cleopatra, E. iv,
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 and tydings, and su'tyme puse to cell comythe and goyth 
 by reason thereof. Also to the buttrey dore there be xxii 
 sundrye keys, in xxii men's hands, wherein symythe to be 
 small husbandrye." 
 
 In another letter to Cromwell from the same person, 
 dated in October, he gives the following information as 
 to the cause of the pertinacity of the Carthusians in 
 refusing to submit to the king's wish : — 
 
 " Hit ys no greete mVayle, thogh many of these m'nkes 
 have heretofore offendid God and the kyng, by theyre 
 fowle errowrs, for I have fownde in the p'^or and proctours 
 cells, iii or iiii sondrye p'ntyde books from beyonde the see, 
 of as fowle errors and heresyes as may be, and not one or 
 ii books be new p'ntydj alone, but hundreds of them ; 
 wherefore, by yo*r maistershypes favour, hit semythe to be 
 more necessarye that these cells be better serchide, for I 
 can p''ceve fewe of them, but they have greate pleasure 
 in reding of such erronyus doctours, and littyl or none in 
 reding of the Newe Testament, or in other good booke." 
 
 When this foundation was surrendered to the king, 
 as stated above, in June 1537, its yearly revenue, ac- 
 cording to Dugdale, was £624. Os. 4d. ; its gross in- 
 come, Speed says, was £736. 2s. 7d. William Traf- 
 ford, the then prior, had a yearly pension of £20. 
 allotted to him, and £5. per annum was allowed to 
 each of the sixteen other monks who signed the deed 
 of surrender.* 
 
 * The following singular declaration is preserved in the Cot- 
 tonian volume before referred to, (E, iv. p. 149), and whether 
 the story of this Vision arose frona the wanderings of a naorbid
 
 204 LONDINIANA. 
 
 Shortly afterwards, the site and buildings of the 
 Charter House were granted to John Brydges and 
 Thomas Hales ; the former yeoman, and the latter 
 
 imagination, or had been devised to sustain a falling cause, it 
 appears to have furnished matter of serious charge against the 
 monk Darley, the word Crimina having been written, in ano- 
 ther hand, at the corner of the relation. It is necessary to re- 
 collect, that the statutes of the Carthusians were so strict, that 
 the brethren were interdicted all speech with each other, as well 
 as with strangers, without a special license from their superior. 
 
 *' V^ y^, I, Jo/m Barley, monke of y^ Charthouse, besyde Lon. 
 had in my tyme liceoce to pray w^ a father of o*" religion, named 
 Father Rahy, a very old man, in so moch, when he fell seke, 
 and lay upon hys deth bed, and aft"" y* tyme he was anelede, 
 and had recevyd all ye sacramens of the church, in y^ p^sens of 
 all y^ Co'vent, and when all they war departed, I sayd unto bym, 
 good Father Raby, yff y^ ded may come to y^ qwyke, I be- 
 seech yow to c'm to me : and he said, yea, and mediately he 
 dyed, ye same night which was in ye clensyng days last past, 
 An°o XV. xxxiiii, an sens that I nev ded thynke upon him, to 
 Saynt Jhon day ye Baptist last past. 
 
 " Itm, y^ same day, at v of y^ cloke at aft'none, I beying in 
 contemplac'on in o"" entre in o"" sell, sodanly he appered unto me 
 in a monks habit, and said to me, why do ye not folow o"" Fa- 
 ther? And I sayd, wherefor ? — he sayd, for he is inter in hevyn 
 next unto angells ; and I said, wher be all o*" other fathers which 
 died as well ? — he answer and said, y^y be well, but not so well 
 as he — and y" I said to hym, father, how do yo' ? and he an- 
 swered and said, well enought — and 1 said father, shall T pray 
 for yow ? — and he said 1 am well enought, but prayer both for 
 yo"' an other doith good — and so sudaniy vanyshed away. 
 
 ^'Itm, upon Saturday next aft. at v of the clocke in ye 
 momnyng, in y^ same place, in o"" entre, he appered to me 
 agayn, wt a large whyte herd, and a whyte staf in his hands.
 
 LONDINIANA. 205 
 
 groom of the King's " hales [trammels, or nets] and 
 tents," for their joint lives, in consideration of their 
 safe keeping of the King's tents and pavilions which 
 had been deposited there. Three years afterwards, they 
 were again surrendered to the King, who immediately 
 re-granted them to Sir Edward North, a statesman and 
 lawyer,* who was raised to the peerage in the first 
 year of Queen Mary, and who invested Brydges and 
 Hales with an annuity of £10. per annum, in con- 
 sideration of the surrender of all their claims upon the 
 Chartreuse. His son, Roger, the second lord, sold this 
 estate inMay,1565, for the sum of £2,500, to Thomas 
 Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk, with the exception 
 of Rutland Court, and the adjoining houses, eastward, 
 
 lyftynge it up, whereapon I was aftrn}'d, and than lenynge upon 
 hys staff, sayd to me, I am sorry yt I lyved not to I had been a 
 marter — and I said, 1 thinke y^^ be as well as y^was a m'ter — and 
 be sayd, nay, Fox ; my lord of Rochester , and o"" Father, was 
 next unto angells in hevyn: — and then I said, Father, what eles? 
 — and then he answerd and sayd. the angells of peace dad 1am- 
 ment and nnirne w^ owt mesur — and so vanyshed away. 
 
 " Written by me, John DarJey, monk of yc Carthows, 
 
 y^ xxvii day oS June, y^ yere of or Lord Good affor- 
 
 said.^-" 
 
 * Queen Elizabeth frequently paid visits to her courtiers, and 
 
 twice honoured the Charter House with her presence, when it 
 
 was in the possession of Sir Edward North. On the 19th of 
 
 November, 1558, two days after her accession, she ** was 
 
 brought," says Stow, " to the Charter-house, v^' here she stayed 
 
 manydayes;'' and in the month of July, 1561, she sojourned 
 
 there four days, even after Sir Edward had been dismissed from 
 
 her Privy Council.
 
 ^6 LONDINTANA. 
 
 into Goswell Street. That nobleman made the Char- 
 ter House his chief residence ; and in 1570, after he 
 had been confined in the Tower for nearly a twelve- 
 month, on account of his secret correspondence, and 
 projected match, with Mary Queen of Scots, he was 
 suffered to return to it, under the free custody of Sir 
 Henry Nevil, the plague having begun " to v/ax hot" 
 in the above fortress. Whilst thus partially at liberty, 
 he renewed his correspondence with the Queen of 
 Scots, but his designs were betrayed, and within five 
 weeks, he was again committed to the Tower : the 
 cipher or key of his letters was found concealed under 
 the roofing tiles of the Charter House. He was after- 
 wards condemned for high treason, and was decapi- 
 tated on Tower Hill, June the 22d, 1571. His estates, 
 which had reverted to the crown, were subsequently 
 restored by the Queen, to his descendants, and, in the 
 division, this demesne was allotted to Lord Thomas 
 Howard, of Walden, his second son, but the eldest by 
 his second wife, Margaret, daughter of the Lord 
 Chancellor Audley. 
 
 On the entry into London of James the Firet, on the 
 7th of May, 1603, that sovereign, from especial respect 
 to the Howard family, which had suffered so greatly in 
 his mother's cause, visited Lord Thomas, at the Char- 
 ter House, to which he was conducted in a splendid 
 procession from Stamford Hill, through Islington. Being 
 magnificently entertained by his noble host, he kept 
 his court there four days ; prior to his departure, 
 on the 11th of May, he conferred the honour of knight- 
 hood upon upwards of eighty gentlemen ; and on the
 
 LONDINIANA. 207 
 
 23d of the following July, he created Lord Howard, 
 Earl of Suffolk. 
 
 We are now verging upon the time when the Char- 
 ter House became the seat of the noble institution 
 which still flourishes there, and was devised by the 
 ever-to-be gratefully remembered, Thomas Sutton, 
 Esq, for the " sustentation and relief of poore, aged, 
 maimed, needy, or impotent people," and for the 
 *' instructing, teaching, maintenance and education of 
 poor children or scholars."* 
 
 Mr. Sutton was fraternally descended from a Saxon 
 family of the same name, and maternally, from the 
 noble line of Stapleton, of whom Sir Miles Stapleton 
 was one of the first Knights of the Order of the Garter. 
 His father was Steward of the Courts belonging to the 
 Corporation of Lincoln ; and he was born at Knaith, 
 in that county, in the year 1531. Of his early life, 
 little is known : he is supposed to have received his 
 education at Eton and Cambridge ; and to have re- 
 moved from the latter place in 1553, in which year he 
 entered himself a student of Lincoln's Inn. Shortly 
 afterwards, he left England on his travels, and prior 
 to his return in 1562 visited Holland, France, Spain, 
 and Italy. In those countries he acquired that know- 
 ledge of commercial policy and different languages 
 which so eminently contributed to his future affluence. 
 On the recommendation of the Duke of Norfolk, he 
 became Secretary to the Earl of Warwick ; by whose 
 
 * Vide Letters Patent of King JameS; bearing date on the 
 22d of June, in his 9tb year, anno 1611.
 
 208 LCNDINIAXA. 
 
 influence, in February, 1569, upon the breaking out 
 of the northern rebeUion, he was appointed Master 
 General of the Ordnance in the North, for life ; and in 
 the spring of 1573, he commanded one of the batteries 
 employed in reducing Edinburgh Castle. Soon after- 
 wards, he obtained a lease of the Manors of Gateshead 
 and Wickham, near Newcastle, wherein several rich 
 veins of coal were discovered, and these were worked 
 so advantageously, that in a few years their owner was 
 reputed to be worth £50,000. In 1582, he raarried 
 Ehzabeth, widow of John Dudley, of Stoke Newington, 
 Esq. ; at which time, his town residence was the 
 ancient stone mansion at Broken Wharf, formerly pos- 
 sessed by the Earls and Dukes of Norfolk. 
 
 After his marriage, IMr. Sutton for many years 
 devoted himself to mercantile affairs and pecuniary 
 negociations, and the tradition of the Charter House is, 
 that it was by his agency, King Philip's bills were 
 returned protested from the bank of Genoa, by which 
 the sailing of the Spanish Amiada was delayed for 
 almost a year."* It is stated also, that he fitted out 
 and commanded the bark Sutton, of seventy tons and 
 thirty men, in the memorable year 1588 ; and that the 
 same vessel afterwards captured for him a Spanish ship 
 and cargo, valued at £20,000. 
 
 * Sir Thomas Gresham has generally had the credit cf the 
 ^Iful negociations which led to this result ; yet it is impossible 
 that Sir Thomas could have been the agent, as his decease cc- 
 cnrred in 1-579, which was several yerrs before the Spanish 
 expedition was iu any forwardness.
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 209 
 
 In May, 1594, Mr. Sutton resigned his northern 
 office of Master General of the Ordnance ; and during 
 the remainder of his life, he chiefly directed his atten- 
 tion, in respect to business, to the lending of money 
 upon interest and mortgage ; by which pursuit, during 
 the extravagant profusion of our nobility and gentry, 
 in the early years of King James's reign, he became 
 possessed of many estates, and greatly augmented his 
 former riches. In these transactions, he has been 
 accused of much usurious conduct, but there does not 
 appear to be any valid evidence to support that charge. 
 There is, however, abundant testimony to prove, that 
 many artful and impudent demands were made upon 
 his purse, and that he sustained great obliquy from 
 refusing to comply with the insulting petitions which 
 were continually preferred to him. 
 
 As early as the year 1594, if not long previously, 
 Mr. Sutton had resolved to devote a portion of his wealth 
 to the foundation of an Hospital and Free-school; 
 his arrangements for which were gradually matured, 
 and probably extensively altered, after the decease of 
 his lamented wife in June, 1602: that lady was em- 
 balmed, and buried with great funeral pomp at Stoke 
 Nev/ington, in the vault with her first husband. 
 
 In the completion of his design, whether from a 
 difficulty of arranging all the legal points necessary to 
 give stability to his intended Hospital, or from what- 
 ever other cause, there appears to have been an undue 
 procrastination, of which Mr. Sutton was himself con- 
 scious ; and Dr. Fuller says, that " he used often to repair 
 to a private garden, where he poured forth his prayers 
 
 VOL. II. p
 
 210 LONDINIANA. 
 
 to God, and was frequently overheard to use this ex- 
 pression : — '* Lord, thou hast given me a large and 
 liberal estate, give me also AN HEART TO make 
 
 USE THEREOF."* 
 
 At length, in the year 1609, Mr. Sutton obtained an 
 Act of Parliament, empowering him to erect and esta- 
 blish his Hospital and School at Hallingbury Bouchers, 
 or Little Hallingbury, in Essex, a very healthful spot, 
 which is still part of the Hospital estates. But he 
 afterwards changed his mind, and treated with the Earl 
 of Suffolk, for the purchase of the Charter House, 
 which on the 9th of May, 1611 , was conveyed to him, 
 by deed, for the sum of £13,000. The Earl's in- 
 fluence with King James to obtain the necessary Char- 
 ter of Incorporation, was, however, included in that 
 price; and on the 22d of the following month, Mr. 
 Sutton had the joyful satisfaction to receive the King's 
 letters patent and license of mortmain, for the com- 
 pletion of his long projected establishment. His 
 scheme had many enemies, and he encountered much 
 opposition from those (even among the great and 
 mighty in the land) who avariciously sought to become 
 the inheritors of his treasures. 
 
 At that period, Mr. Sutton was sutfering from the 
 usual infirmities of age, and on being soon afterwards 
 seized with a slow fever, he hastened to complete the 
 final arrangement of all his affairs. On the 30th of 
 October, he nominated the Rev. John Hrtton, Vicar 
 
 * Fuller's <( Church History," B. x. p. 66,
 
 LOXDTNIANA. 211 
 
 of Littlebury, in Essex, to be the first Master of the 
 Hospital, (an office which he had himself intended to 
 occupy, if health had so permitted,) and on the 1st of 
 November he conveyed all the estates specified in the 
 letters patent, to the sixteen governors named therein, 
 in trust for the Hospital,* This munificent gift, which 
 Fuller designates, " the master-piece of Protestant 
 English charity," not only included the Charter House 
 itself, but also upwards of twenty manors and lord- 
 ships, with .many other valuable estates, in the counties 
 of Essex, Lincoln, Wilts, Cambridge, and Middlesex. 
 
 On the 28th of November, Mr, Sutton executed his 
 last will, by which he distributed considerable re- 
 maining property in various acts of benevolence and 
 charity; and, besides numerous legacies to relations and 
 friends, he bequeathed £1000 to the treasury of his 
 Hospital, ** to begin their stock with, and to defend 
 the rights of the house." He died a fortnight after, 
 on the 12th of December, at his residence in Hack- 
 ney, where his bowels were interred, and his body 
 embalmed; but the latter, on the 28th of May, 1612, 
 was conveyed in solemn pomp to Christ Church, Lon- 
 don, and there deposited in a vault, until his tomb in 
 the Charter House Chapel could be prepared to receive 
 it. Newcomb, in his " Repertorium," says, that six 
 thousand persons attended the funeral, and that the 
 procession from Dr. Law's House, in Paternoster Row, 
 where the corpse had been rested, to Christ Church, 
 lasted six hours. The subsequent repast, which was 
 
 * Smjthe's " Historical Account," p. 170. 
 p 2
 
 212 LOXDINIANA. 
 
 given to the Company by his executors, at Stationers' 
 Hall, cost £159. 9s. lOd.* 
 
 Scarcely had Mr. Sutton's remains been consi^^ned 
 to the sepulchre, when his nephew and heir-at-law, 
 Simon Baxter, who had attended the funeral as chief 
 mourner, laid claim to the inheritance of all that had 
 been settled on the Hospital, and attempted by force to 
 obtain possession of the Charter House. This last 
 attempt was frustrated by the vigilance of the porter, 
 Mr. Richard Bird, who had been a faithful servant to 
 his uncle ; and the legal proceedings terminated alike 
 vmsuccesfully for the claimant. From the Privy Coun- 
 cil, to which Baxter had presented a petition, the 
 case was referred to the King's Bench and Chancery 
 Courts ; and after it had been drawn into a special ver- 
 dict, and solemnly argued in the Exchequer Charaher, 
 before the twelve Judges, it was unanimously decided 
 in favour of the Hospital, and the Lord Chancellor 
 
 ♦ Among the articles provided for this funeral entertainment, 
 were 32 neat's-tongues, 40 stone of beef, 24 marrow-bones, and 
 a lamb, 48 capons, 32 geese, 4 pheasants, 12 pheasant's pullets, 
 12 godwit«, 24 rabbits, 6 hearnshaws, 48 turkey chickens, 48 
 roast chickens, 18 house pidgeons, 72 field pidgeons, 36 quails, 
 48 ducklings, 160 eggs, 3 salmons, 4 congers, 10 turbots, 2 
 dories, 24 lobsters, 4 mullets, a firkin and keg of sturgeon, 3 bar- 
 rels of pickled oysters, 16 gammons of bacon, 4 Westphalia 
 gammons, 16 fried tongues, 16 chicken pies, 16 pasties, 16 
 made dishes of rice, 16 neat's-tongue pies, 16 custards, 16 
 dishes of bait, 1 quince pies, 16 orange pies, 16 forst back- 
 meats, 16 gooseberry tarts, 8 redeare pies, 6 dishes of white 
 bait, and 6 grand salads. — Malcolm's " LondiQium Redi\ivum," 
 vol i. p. 410.
 
 LONDINIANA. SIS 
 
 Ellesmere, gave his final decree, establishing its lega- 
 lity, on the 1st of July 1613. This result, however, 
 though strictly just, was, in some covert way, connected 
 with a gift of £10,000 from the governors to King 
 James, under the specious pretence of appropriating it, 
 as a deed of charity, towards the repairs of Bervnck 
 Bridge * 
 
 Opposition now ceased, and the governors assembled 
 to devise the necessary statutes for the management of 
 the Hospital, and treatment of its inmates. But, in a 
 few years, some cause of alarm arose, and they deemed 
 it necessary to apply to parliament for an act of con- 
 firmation. This, on a second application, was obtained 
 
 * The letter recommending this appropriation, was signed by 
 Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury,, and Andrews, Bishop of Ely, 
 " Supervisors of the last will of Mr. Sutton," on the 26th of June 
 1613; the decree was given on the 1st of July. King James, 
 In a letter under the Privy Seal, on the 8th of July, acknow- 
 ledges himself " well pleased to accept thereof," and on the lOth 
 of July, the tally was struck in the Exchequer for the receipt 
 of the £10,000. That sum was afterwards inserted among the 
 free gifts and benevolences, under the head of" Money extraor- 
 dinary', raised since his Majest>''s coming to the crown." Mal- 
 colm gives the following summary in respect to the property 
 bequeathed in Mr. Sutton's will. He left £12,110. 17s. 8d. ia 
 legacies, and near £4,000 was found in his chest. His gold 
 chain weighed 54 ounces, and was valued at £162. His damask 
 gown, faced with wrought velvet, and set with buttons, was 
 appraised at £10; his jewels at £59, and his plate at 
 £218. 6s. 4d. The total expenses of his funeral amounted to 
 £2,228. 10s. 3d., and his executors had received from the time 
 of his decease to 1620, £45,163. 9s. 9d.— " Lond. Redivivum," 
 vol. i.p. 413.
 
 214 LOXUINIANA. 
 
 in the early part of 1629, and the future stability and 
 permanence of the foundation was thus effectually 
 secured. 
 
 The Charter House presents an irregular mass of 
 buildings, erected at various periods, with little but 
 their conveniency to recommend them. Some im- 
 provements, however, have recently been made, and a 
 new and suitable range of dwellings are now raising 
 for the accommodation of the pensioners, their old 
 apartments having fallen into decay. The Great Hall. 
 which is connected with the old refectory and cloisters 
 of the lay brothers of the Carthusian monks, appears 
 to have been built in Henry the Eighth's reign, and to 
 have been fitted up by the Duke of Norfolk, in that of 
 his successor, for a banquetting room. On the east 
 side is a large fire-place, surmounted by a richly-carved 
 chimney piece, having in the centre the Howard arms ; 
 above it is a gallery. At the north end is an oaken 
 screen, with fluted columns of the Composite order, 
 supporting a spacious music gallery, ornamented in 
 front with caryatides crowned with fruit. An excel- 
 lent portrait of Mr. Sutton, seated, and holding a plan 
 of the Charter House in his right hand, is suspended 
 above the dais at the south end ; and on the west side 
 are three mulUoned windows, in one of which is a 
 large square compartment, filled with fragments of 
 stained glass, representing a conflict on a bridge, a 
 ship, one or two coats of arms, and portions of other 
 objects. In the middle of the roof, which is crossed 
 by large beams, resting on corbel brackets, is the lan- 
 tern, as usual in old halls.
 
 LONDINTz^NA. 
 
 9A5 
 
 In the Chapel, which is of brick, and divided inte- 
 riorly into two aisles, by Tuscan columns, is an organ 
 gallery, elaborately carved with numerous heteroge- 
 neous ornaments, in the style of James the First's time. 
 Here, at the north-east corner, in a most inappropriate 
 situation in respect to light, is the superb and admi- 
 rably-wrought Monument of the Founder. It was 
 executed by Nicholas Johnson, Edmund Kinsman, and 
 Nicholas Stone, ** citizens and free-masons of London," 
 who, on the 24th of November, 1615, gave their 
 receipt for £100, as the last payment of the sum of 
 £400, for which they had contracted to penbrm this 
 work. This monument, which is twenty-live feet in 
 height, and thirteen in breadth, consists, in the lower 
 part, of a rich canopy of the Composite order, sur- 
 mounting a recessed tomb, or pedeslal, whereon lies 
 the effigies of the deceased. The hands are in the 
 attitude of prayer; he wears a plaited ruff, and a 
 black gown, furred ; and his beard and hair are grey. 
 At the back of the recess, stand two military figures, 
 in habits of his age, supporting an inscribed tablet, 
 over which are small figures of Time, and a Genii, 
 sitting near a skull and hour-glass : the Inscription is 
 as follows : — 
 
 " Here lieth buried the body of Thomas Sutton, late 
 of Castle-Camps, in the County of Cambridge, Esquire; at 
 whose only Costs and Charges this Hospital was founded, 
 and endowed with large Possessions for the relief of Poor 
 Men and Children. He was a Gentleman, born at 
 Knaith, in the County of Lincoln, of worthy and honest 
 Parentage He lived to the age of Seventy nine years, 
 and deceased the 1 2th of December, leil."
 
 216 LOXBIXIAXA. 
 
 Above the cornice of this division, is a finely 
 sculptured bas-relief, in which above fifty small whole- 
 length figures are introduced, sitting and standing 
 around a Preacher ; at the sides are Faith and Hope, 
 and two boys, expressive of Rest and Labour. Over 
 the second cornice, in the centre, are the arms, 
 crest, and mantling of Mr. Sutton, viz : or, on a 
 chevron gules, three crescents of the first, between 
 three amulets of the last ; crest, a Talbot's head : at 
 the sides are small statues of Peace and Plenty. The 
 whole is surmounted by a figure of Charity, elevated 
 upon a pedestal; on each side of which is a Genii, 
 seated, with a trumpet in one hand, and the other 
 placed upon a skull. This monument is inscribed, 
 *' Sacred to the Glory of God^ in grateful Memory of 
 Thomas Sutton, Esquire.''* 
 
 Among the other sepulchral memorials, is a bust of 
 John Law, Esq., a Procurator of the Arches, and one 
 of Mr. Sutton's executors, ob. 1641 ; a kneeling figure 
 of Francis Beaumont, Esq., the 4th Master of the Hos- 
 pital, who was buried in the vault under the founder's 
 tomb, ob. 1624; and inscribed tablets for Thomas 
 Walker, LL.D., who was schoolmaster here forty-nine 
 years, ob. 1728 ; Andrew Tooke, A. M., his successor, 
 the translator of Forney's "Pantheon," ob. 1731; 
 and Dr. John Christopher Pepusch, the celebrated 
 
 * Mr. Sutton's body was deposited in the vault whicb had 
 been prepared for it in this chapel (and which cost £9. 19s. lOd.) 
 in March, 1616-17. It was brought from Christ Church, by the 
 pensioners, by torch-light. On this occasion, £4. 6s. 8d. was 
 expended for bread, biscuit, conafits, marmalade, suckett, jelly, 
 figs, raisins, and wines.
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 21' 
 
 musician, who was organist in this chapel, ob. July 
 the 20th, 1752 ; aged eighty-five years. 
 
 In the piazza, fronting the chapel, is a large and 
 handsome apartment, called Brooke HalU which is 
 traditionally said to have been occupied (after the 
 Restoration, and with leave of the governors) by Mr. 
 Robert Brooke, a former schoolmaster, who had been 
 expelled during the Parliamentary ascendancy in 1643, 
 for refusing to subscribe to the solemn league and 
 covenant. His portrait, which is on pannel, and sus- 
 pended over the fire-place, represents him as in the act 
 of reading ; and on the table before him, are various in- 
 signia of the scholastic art ; at the sides, are the words, 
 ^^And gladly would he learn, and gladly teach, 1624." 
 
 The Master's house is entered from an rrchvvay, and 
 includes a capacious suit of apartments, and a large 
 gallery. Among them is the Governor's Room, which 
 is very splendidly fitted up, and approached by a vast 
 staircase of the Elizabethan age, most elaborately carved 
 with a profusion of minute ornaments. In this room 
 is an elegant chimney-piece of the Corinthian order, 
 surmounted by the founder's crest, and between the 
 pillars is the venerable picture of Mr. Sutton, aetalis 
 79, anno 1611, from which Vertae made his engra- 
 ving for Dr. Bearcroft's History of this Foundation : 
 the frame is enriched with emblematical carvings, 
 finely executed, of aged men, boys consulting globes, 
 mathematical instruments, scrolls, and the Sutton 
 arms. The other pictures comprise whole lengths of 
 Charles the Second ; Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, sitting ; William, Earl of Craven, in ar- 
 mour, the romantic admirer of the Empress Palatine ;
 
 218 LOXDINIANA. 
 
 George \^illiers, second Duke of Buckingham ; George 
 Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury ; and the ill-fated Duke 
 of Monmouth : and half lengths of the Lord Chan- 
 cellor Shaftesbury, and Dr. Thomas Burnet ; the latter, 
 which was executed by Sir Godfrey Kneller, the doc- 
 tor's friend, is very highly finished. 
 
 The old Court Room claims attention, as being one 
 of the very few apartments now remaining in London, 
 of Queen Elizabeth's time ; but the emblazonmgs of 
 the armorial insignia, which formerly enlivened the 
 stuccoed panelling of the ceiling, have been obliterated 
 by white-wash ; the Duke of Norfolk's motto, " Sola 
 virtus iiivicta,'^ is inscribed upon several parts of the 
 borders. The walls are hung with tapestry, but in 
 many places the colours are faded, almost to oblitera- 
 tion. Here is a stately architectural chimney-piece, 
 the basement Tuscan, the upper part Ionic, lavishly 
 enriched with gilding and painting on pannels, &c. 
 containing the figures of Mars and Blinerva ; Faith, 
 Hop?, and Charity; and representations of the Annun- 
 ciation and Last Supper : the arms of Mr. Sutton, and 
 of James the First, have also been introduced ; but these 
 are of a posterior age to the other parts. This room 
 is now usod only for the celebration of the Jlnniversary 
 of the Foundation, which is kept on the 12th of 
 December; on this occasion, among other joyous ditties, 
 is always sung the old Carthusian melody, terminating 
 in full chorus, with this verse : — 
 
 "Then blessed be the memory 
 
 Of good old TJiomas Sutton ; 
 Who gave us lodging — learning. 
 
 And he gave us beef and mutton.'*
 
 LONDINIANA. 219 
 
 Adjoining to the above room is the Library, which 
 was founded with the collection of Daniel Wray, Esq. 
 Deputy Teller of the Exchequer, who died in 1783, 
 at the advanced age of eighty-two years. He left his 
 books to be disposed of by his widow, who, knowing 
 his attachment to the Charter House, in which he had 
 been educated, offered them on very reasonable terms 
 to the governors, who cheerfully purchased them. 
 Over the fire-place is a good portrait of Mr. Wray, 
 copied by Powell, from a picture by Dance. 
 
 The Governors of this Foundation, including the 
 Master of the Charter House, who is always one by 
 virtue of his office, are sixteen in number, and in them 
 is vested the entire direction of all its concerns, of 
 whatever kind. They form a body-corporate, and on 
 every vacancy, another person is chosen to succeed by 
 the majority. At present, the King is at their head, 
 with the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and the 
 others are some of the first noblemen in the land : all 
 have an equal right to present scholars and pensioners 
 in rotation. The principal Officers, are the master, 
 preacher, master of the school, registrar and steward 
 of the courts, receiver, auditor, reader and librarian, 
 writing-master, physician, surgeon, apothecary, organ- 
 ist, manciple, and surveyor. The entire internal 
 economy of the establishment is vested in the Master : 
 the manciple, or house steward, provides the diet of 
 the hospital, for which he is *' to pay in ready money. ^^ 
 
 Eighty Pensioners and forty-two Scholars are sup- 
 ported on this establishment. The former, according to 
 the original statutes devised by Mr. Sutton's executors.
 
 2S0 LOXDINIANA. 
 
 should be " gentlemen by descent, and in poverty ; 
 soldiers that have born arms by sea or land ; mer- 
 chants decayed by piracy, or shipwreck, or servants in 
 houshold to the King and Queen's Majesty." But 
 these limitations were rescinded in April 1642, upon 
 the ground that the Letters Patent of King James 
 *' authorised the erection of the Hospital for « poor, 
 aged, maimed, needy, or impotent people' in general, 
 without any distinction whatever."* In practice, it 
 has been known that improper persons have occasion- 
 ally been presented, and even "cast serving-men"f 
 have been admitted into the Institution, although very 
 contrary to the intentions of its founder. But this last 
 abuse was checked by a resolution of the governors, 
 proposed about thirty years ago, by Lord Hawkesbury, 
 (first Earl of Liverpool,) who had been a Scholar at 
 the Charter House. Every pensioner has a separate 
 apartment, and proper attendance ; he is also amply 
 dieted at the expense of the Hospital, and allowed 
 twenty pounds yearly, for wearing apparel and other 
 necessaries. By the general regulations, no person 
 can be admitted under the age of fifty years, unless 
 maimed in war. It is but seldom, however, that any 
 pensioner is presented at such an early age ; and an 
 entire renovation of this class of the Hospital inhabit- 
 ants is averaged to take place in every ten or twelve 
 years. Every pensioner admitted, must, by a recent 
 regulation, have been a housekeeper. 
 
 * Smythe's " Historical Account," p. 253. 
 f Vide ** Letter to King James," from Sir Francis Bacon, 
 ibid. p. 212.
 
 LONDINIANA. 221 
 
 Boys are admitted into the School at any age 
 between ten and fifteen years, but cannot remain on 
 the establishment above eight years. They are in- 
 structed in writingj, arithmetic, and every branch of 
 classical learning ; and for those who complete the 
 usual course of education here, and are properly 
 qualified, twenty-nine exhibitions, of £80 per annum 
 each, are provided at the two Universities.* There 
 are also, eleven Ecclesiastical Preferments in the gift 
 of the Governors, which, according to the statutes, 
 " should be conferred upon the Scholars brought up 
 within the Hospitall." By a most judicious and im- 
 portant regulation, introduced by the late Dr. Matthew 
 Raine, Schoolmaster, and which ought to be followed 
 in every seminary throughout the kingdom, every 
 scholar is provided with a separate bed. 
 
 The grounds, which extend from the Hospital build- 
 ings to Wilderness Row and Goswell Street, sre 
 variously appropriated. The Greeny on the north side 
 of which is the new School, is a square plot, of about 
 three acres, devoted to the amusement of the scho- 
 lars, whilst the Wilderness, which is shaded with fine 
 trees, and laid out in gravel and grass walks, is re- 
 served for the recreation of the pensioners and other 
 members of this foundation. The kitchen garden 
 occupies somewhat more than an acre of ground. 
 
 * An apprentice fee of £60 is now given with those qualified 
 scholars, whose parents or guardians prefer putting them to 
 trades to sending them to College. Bat this occurs in very few 
 instances : one of them may excite a smile, namely, that of 
 Henrt/ Siddo}is, who was apprenticed to his uncle, Mr. J. P. 
 Kcmlile/' to learn the Histrioaic An and Mystery."
 
 0Q9 
 
 LONDIXIANA. 
 
 Numerous remains of human bones, and even per- 
 fect skeletons, have been uncovered at different times, 
 in digging the foundations of houses in Charier House 
 Square, which had anciently the name of Charter 
 House Yard, and was, doubtless, used for interments 
 in the wide-spreading pestilence of 1348. The north 
 side of this square is partly occupied by the entrance 
 and boundary wall of the old monastery, and partly 
 by respectable houses, as are also the three other sides 
 of the quadrangle. The area is inclosed by a neat 
 iron railing, and shaded by two intersecting avenues of 
 old trees. In the centre of this area was anciently 
 a small chapel, used in the Catholic times for ex- 
 piatory masses. Several of the officers of the Charter 
 House have their residences in this Square. 
 
 Besides the Scholars upon the foundation, there are 
 upwards of 170 boys educated in the Charter House 
 School, the terms for whose board and education have 
 been fixed by the Governors at £57. 12s. per annum; 
 but from the necessary extra charges, the entire cost 
 varies, for each boy, from £75 to £55 a year. They 
 arc raosdy accommodated at two large boarding-houses 
 in Charter House Square, kept by Masters of the 
 School. Many persons of high rank and eminence 
 have, in consequence of these arrangements, received 
 their early education within the walls of the Charter 
 House. 
 
 From the archives preserved in the muniment room, 
 it may be calculated that nearly £100,000 was ex- 
 pended by Mr. Sutton, on the purchase of the nume- 
 rous estate s which he bestowed on this foundation !
 
 LONDINIANA. 2T^ 
 
 The present rental of those estates is reputed to exceed 
 £25,000. per annum. 
 
 OLD BAILEY BIRTH-PLACE OF CAMDEN MEMOIR 
 
 OF PETER BALES — GREEN ARBOUR COURT. 
 
 *' The Old Bayhj,'' says Stow, " runneth downe 
 by the Wall, upon the Ditch of the City, called 
 Hounds Ditch, to Ludgate. I haue not read how this 
 street tooke that name, but it is like to have risen 
 of some Court of old tyme there kept ; and I finde, 
 that in the yeere 1356, the 34 of Edward the 3, the 
 tenement and ground vpon Hounds Ditch, betweene 
 Ludgate on the south, and J\'^ewgate on the north, was 
 appointed to John Cambridge, Fishmonger, Chamber- 
 laine of London, whereby it seemcth that the Cham- 
 berlaines of London have there kept their courts, as 
 now they doe in the Guild Hall; and till this day, the 
 maior and justices of this city have kept their sessions 
 in a part thereof, now called the Sessions Hall, both 
 for the City of London, Z-nd. Shire of Middlesex." 
 
 " Lower downe in the Old Bayly, is at this present 
 a Standard of Timber, with a cocke, or cockes, deli- 
 uering faire spring water to the inhabitants, and is the 
 waste of the water serving the prisoners in Ludgate.* 
 It is scarcely necessary to mention, that the atove 
 Standard has long been removed. 
 
 The learned Camden, to whose various publications 
 our historians and antiquaries have been so greatly 
 indebted, was the son of a painter-stainer, and born 
 
 * Stow's " Survey," p. T29, edit. 1618.
 
 J^24 LOXDIXIANA. 
 
 at his father's house in the Old Bailey, on the 2d of 
 May 1550. He died at his residence at Caiselhurst, 
 in Kent, on the 9th of November 1623, and was in- 
 terred on the 19th of the same month, at Westminster 
 Abbey, the whole college of Heralds, in their proper 
 costume, attending his funeral. His strict regard to 
 veracity, could not, perhaps, be more strongly asserted, 
 than by his concluding words to the preface of his 
 *' Annals of Queen Elizabeth's reign." Describing 
 his work, he says, " Whatever it be, I dedicate and 
 consecrate it at the Altar of Truth, to God, to my 
 Country, and to Posterity,'*'* 
 
 Another celebrated inhabitant of the Old Bailey, 
 was 
 
 Peter Bales, the celebrated penman of Queen 
 Elizabeth's reign, who was born in the year 1547, 
 but the place of his nativity is uncertain. Wood says, 
 '^ he spent several years in sciences amongst the Oxo- 
 nians, particularly, as it seems, in Gloucester Hall ; 
 but that study, which he used for diversion only, 
 proved at length an employment of profit."* 
 
 The first notice that we find of the skill of this mas- 
 ter is in 1575, when, as Holinshed acquaints us, he 
 " contriued and writ within the compasse of a Penie, 
 in Latine, the Lord's Praier, the Creed, the Ten Com- 
 mandments, a praier to God, a praier for the Queene, 
 his posie his name, the daie of the moneth, the yeare 
 of our Lord, and the reigne of the Queene. And on 
 the seuenteenth of August next following, at Hampton 
 
 * A. Wood's " Atbeaae Oxoniensis," vol. i. col. 289.
 
 LOXDINTANA. 225 
 
 Court, he presented the same to the qiieene's maies- 
 tie in the head of a rinGr of gold, couered with a 
 christallj and presenied therewith an excellent specta- 
 cle, by him deuised for the easier reading thereof : 
 wherewith hir maiestie read all that was written therein 
 with great admiration, and commended the same to 
 the lords of the councell, and the ambassadors, and 
 did weare the same manie times vpon her finger."* 
 In 1586, Bales was employed (probably as a decy- 
 pherer, as well ixs to counterfeit different hand-writings) 
 by Sir Francis Walsingham, Secretary of State, at the 
 time that the conspiracies of Mary, Queen of Scots, 
 were discovered with the Papists. In 1590, we find 
 him master of a writing-schooU at the upper end of 
 the Old Hailey, and he instructed the sons and daugh- 
 ters of several persons of distinction, both at home and 
 abroad. During his residence there, he published his 
 first work, intituled, " The Writing School Master,''^ 
 in three parts, which was imprinted at London, in 
 quarto, by T. Or win. At the end of that book is the 
 folio v/ing Epigram : — 
 
 " Sw'ifty True^ and Faxr^ good Reader, I present. 
 
 Art, Pen, and Hand, have play'd their parts in me : 
 Mind, Wit, and Bye, do yield their free consent ; 
 
 Skill, Ride, and Grace, give all their gains to thee : 
 Swift Art, True Pen, Fair Hand, together meet. 
 Mind, Wit, and Ej/e, SkUl, Rule, and Grace to greet." 
 
 In 1595 he had a trial of skill with Daniel Johnson, 
 
 * Holiiiihed's ♦'* Chronicles/' v. 4, p. 330 : edit. 180S. 
 VOL. II. Q
 
 226 LONDINIANA. 
 
 a person eighteen years younger than himself, from 
 whom he bore off the prize, a Golden Pen, of the value 
 of twenty pounds. On this occasion, John Davies, 
 his rival in the art, published the following satirical 
 and ill-natured Epigram in his " Scourge of Folly :^' — 
 
 *' The Hand^ and Golden Pen, Clopkonian 
 
 Sets on his Sign, to shew, O proud, poor Soul, 
 
 Both where he wonnes, and how the same he won. 
 From Writers fair, though he writ ever foul : 
 
 But by that Hand, that Pen so borne hath been 
 From. Place to Place, that for the last half Yeare 
 
 It scarce a sen'night at a Place is seen ; 
 
 That Hand so plies the Pen, though ne'er the neare. 
 
 For when Men seek it, elsewhere it is sent, 
 
 Or there shut up, as for the Plague or Rent, 
 Without which staj/ it never still could stand, 
 Because the Pen is for a Punning Hand.'' 
 
 From this it would appear that Bales was in distressed 
 circumstances and it was a common saying in the 
 reign of James I., when any spendthrift was likely to 
 be arrested for debt, and required bail, that '* he 
 needed the friendship of Peter Bales.'' Sir George 
 Buck, a contemporary writer, in his "Discourse on the 
 Third Universiiy of England," printed at the conclu- 
 sion of Howes's " Stow's Annals," acquaints us, that 
 the " arms of Calicjraphy, viz. azure, a pen or, were 
 given to Bales, as a prize, where solemn trial was made 
 for mastery in this art, among the best pen-men in 
 London." 
 
 On the north-east side of this street, in the part 
 which was anciently called the Little Old Bailey, is a
 
 LONDINIANA. 227 
 
 small square of mean houses, named Green Arbour 
 Court, in which Goldsmith, the poet, once resided, in a 
 miserable apartment at No. 12. Here he is said to 
 have composed his ' Vicar of Wakefield,' his ' Tra- 
 veller,' and other pieces ; and when his landlady had 
 arrested him for rent, Dr. Johnson kindly assisted him 
 by selling the former work to Miller, the bookseller, 
 for sixty pounds.* It appears from the title-page, 
 that Prynne's " Histrio-Mastix," was printed " for 
 Michael Sparke, and sold at the Blue Bible, in Greene 
 Arbour, in Little Old Bayly, 1633." There is every 
 reason to believe that, in ancient times, this spot was 
 the site of a strong Fort or outwork, in front of the 
 city, and in Sea-coal Lane, at the bottom of Break-neck 
 Stairs, which lead out of Green Arbour Court towards 
 Fleet Market, are considerable remains of massive stone 
 walls. 
 
 THE STRAND — VARIOUS MANSIONS OF THE NOBI- 
 LITY AND PRELATES. 
 
 In ancient times the Strand was an open space, 
 extending from Temple Bar to the village of Charing, 
 sloping down to the river, and intersected by several 
 streams from the neighbouring high grounds, which in 
 this direction emptied themselves into the Thames. In 
 after ages, when the residence of the court at West- 
 minster had become more frequent, and the Parliament 
 was held there, the Strand, being the road thence from 
 the City, became the site of several mugnificent man- 
 
 * Bosv.eli's " Life of Dr. JobnsoD,"' vol. 1, p. 395. fifth edit. 
 Q 2
 
 228 LOXDINIAXA. 
 
 sions belonging to the nobility and clergy, most of 
 which were situated on the south side, and had large 
 gardens extending to the water's edge. 
 
 The first of these mansions from Temple Bar, was 
 Exeter House, an inn belon^ino; to the BishoDs of Exe- 
 ter, afterwards called Paget House, and Leicester 
 House, and finally Essex House, from being the resi- 
 den(?e of the favourite of Queen Elizabeth ; under the 
 latter appellation it has given name to the street, now 
 built upon the spot where it formerly stood. Between 
 that mansion and the present Milford Lane, was a 
 Chapel, dedicated to the Holy Ghost, called St. Spirit, 
 " vpon what occasion founded," says Stow, " I have 
 not read."* To the west of this chapel was an Inn, 
 belonging to the Bishop of Bath, called Hampton 
 Place, and afterwards ./Arundel House, standing on the 
 site of the present Arundel Street. Further to the 
 west\Tard was an Inn of Chancery, called Chester's Inn, 
 and Strand Inn, near which the Bishop of Landaff 
 had also an Inn, At a short distance from the latter 
 place, was the Strand Bridge, *' and vnder it," says 
 Stow, " a lar.e or way dowr. to the landing-place on 
 the bank of the Thames,"* the site of which is still 
 marked by Strand Lane. Not far from the bridge 
 stood the Bishops of Chester'' s Inn (" commonly called 
 Lichfield and Coi(enfne,"f) and adjoining it the 
 Bishop of Worcester^ s Inn, both of which were pulled 
 down by the Protector Somerset in 1549, when he 
 
 * Stow's •' Survey," p. 829, edit. 1618. 
 
 t Ibid. p. 130, edit. 1618. J Ibid.
 
 LONDINIANA. 229 
 
 erected Somerset House. Opposite the Bishop of Wor- 
 cester's Inn, formerly stood a stone cross, at which, 
 says Stow, " the justices itinerants sate without Lon- 
 don ;"* near this spot afterwards was erected the May 
 Pole, which was removed in 1718. The next man- 
 sion was the Palace of the Savoy, adjoining to the 
 walls of which were the gardens of the Bishop of 
 Carlisle's Inn, afterwards called Worcester House, now 
 the site of Beaufort Buildings. The next in succession, 
 was Salisbury House, which has given name to Salis- 
 bury and Cecil Streets. Proceeding onwards, and pass- 
 ing over Ivy Bridge, lhe magnificent structure of Dw- 
 ham House presented itself, which at one period was a 
 royal palace. Nearly adjoining was an Inn belonging 
 to the Bishops of Korwich, afterwards called York 
 House, from becoming the residence of the Arch- 
 bishops of York, when their former mansion at White- 
 hall was converted into a royal palace by Henry the 
 Eighth. York Stairs, at the bottom of Buckingham 
 Street, still marks the water-gate of the estate, which 
 subsequently became the property of George Villiers, 
 Duke of Buckingham, whose names and titles are per- 
 petuated in the various streets, &c. built upon it. The 
 last mansion near the village of Charing, and now the 
 only remaining one, was called Northampton House, 
 afterwards Suffolk House, and now Northumberland 
 Bouse, from being the residence of the Dukes of 
 Northumberland. 
 
 Stow's " Survey," p. 130, edit. 1618.
 
 230 LONDINT-^NA. 
 
 On the north side, the Strand presented but few 
 houses of note. Wimbledon House, on the spot lately- 
 occupied by D'Oyley's Warehouse, which had been 
 erected by Sir Edward Cecil, was burnt down in 1628. 
 At a little distance, westward, was Burghley House, 
 afterwards Exeter House, and now partly occupied by 
 Exeter Change ; on the other part, and its attached 
 ground, were erected the several streets and alleys re- 
 ceiving names from the Cecil family. 
 
 DURHAM HOUSE, SALISBURY HOUSE, AND WORCES- 
 TER HOUSE. 
 
 Durham House, (with its appendages,) formerly 
 an Inn belonging to the Bishops of Durham, occupied 
 an extensive plot of ground, now covered by the build- 
 ings, called the ^delphi. It was erected, according to 
 Stow, by Thomas de Hatfield, Bishop of Durham,* 
 and Strype quotes the following entry connecting it 
 with that prelate, from a manuscript in the Bodleian 
 Library : " Manerium, sive Hospitium Episcopale 
 Londoniae cum Capella et Cameris, sumptuosissime 
 construxit." But Pennant says, that it was only 
 rebuilt by Hatfield, and owes its original foundation to 
 Anthony de Beck, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Bishop 
 of Durham in the reign of Edward the First. f In the 
 26th of Henry the Eighth, Tonstal, the then Bishop of 
 Durham, exchanged this mansion with the King for 
 another in Thames Street, called " Cold-harborough,'' 
 
 * " He was made Bishop of the See in the year 1345, and sat 
 Bishop there 36 years." Strype's Stow, vol. 2. p. 5't6. 
 t Pennant's " London," p. 120.
 
 LOXDINIANA. 231 
 
 and it was converted i: to a royal palace. During the 
 same reign, in 1540, a grand tournament was held at 
 Westminster, which lasted six days, after which the 
 challengers rode to Durhiim House, where, says Stow, 
 " they not only feasted the King, Queen, [Anne of 
 Cleves,) Ladies, and all the Court, but also they 
 cheared all the Knights and Burgesses of the Commons 
 House in the Parliament, and entertained the Mayor of 
 London, with the Aldermen and their Wives, at a 
 Dinner, &c. The King gave to every of the said 
 Challengers and their Heirs for ever, in Reward of 
 their valiant activity, 1 00 Marks, and a House to dwell 
 in, of yearly Revenue, out of the Lands pertaining to 
 the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.'*''* Edward 
 the Sixth bestowed Durham House, or Durham Place, 
 as it v/as then called, on Lis sister Elizabeth during the 
 term of her life ; previously to which, in that monarch's 
 reign, a mint had been established here, under the 
 direction of Sir William Sharington. It afterwards 
 became the residence of John Dudley, Earl of Nor- 
 thumberland; and here, in May 1553, says Holinshed, 
 were solemnized three marriages. " The first was 
 betweene the lord Gilford Dudlie, the fourth sonne of 
 the duke of Northumberland, and the ladie Jane, eldest 
 daughter to Henrie duke of Suftblke, and the ladie 
 Frances his wife, who was the daughter of Marie second 
 sister to King Henrie the eight, first maried to Lewes 
 the French king, and afterwards to Charles Brandon 
 duke of Suffolke. The second mariage was betweene 
 the lord Herbert, son and heire to William earle of 
 
 • Strype's Stow, vol. 2. p. 577.
 
 23.2 LOMDiyiAXA. 
 
 Peaibroke, and the Jadie Katharine second daughter of 
 tiie said ladie Frances, by the said Henrie duke of 
 Suffolke. And the third was between e Henrie lord 
 Hastings, sonne and heire to Francis earle of Hunting- 
 ton, and ladie Katharine, youngest daughter to the 
 forenamed duke of Northumberland."* Here also 
 Dudley formed his ambitious designs of investing the 
 unfortunate Lady Jane with the regal dignity, for which 
 regretted assumption, she suffered on the scaffold. Queen 
 Mary again granted this mansion in reversion to the 
 See of Durham, and Sir Walter Raleigh, to whom it 
 had been given by Elizabeth, was obliged to surren- 
 der it on the death of that Queen to Toby Matthew, 
 the then Bishop, who was afterwards created Arch- 
 bishop of York, 
 
 In 1608, the New Exchange was built by the Earl 
 of Salisbury on the site of the stables of Durham House, 
 which fronted the Strand, and which, Strype says, 
 ** were old, ruinous, and ready to fall, and very un- 
 sightly in so public a passage to the Court and West- 
 minster." It was partly built according to the plan 
 of the Royal Exchange, with cellars beneath, over 
 which was a paved walk, and above were the shops, 
 which were principally occupied by sempstresses 
 and milliners. At its opening, it was honoured by 
 the presence of the King (James I.) and his Queen, 
 who named it " The Bursse of Britain."' -f 
 
 * Holinshed's " Chronicle,'^ vol 3. p. 1063, edit. 1808. 
 
 t In November, 1653, a fatal affair happened at this place : 
 a quarrel having: arisen between Mr. Gerard, (a gentleman at 
 that time engaged in a plot against CroniwellJ and Don Pan-
 
 LONDINFANA. 233 
 
 In 1640, this mansion was purchased of the See of 
 Durham, for the annual sum of £:200, by Philip, Earl 
 of Pembroke and Montgomery, who pulled it down 
 and erected several tenements on its site. In 1737, 
 the Exchange was also pulled down, and its site covered 
 with houses. This estate was afterwards purchased of 
 the Earl of Pembroke by four brothers, architects, of 
 the name of Adam, who erected on it that stately pile 
 of buildings, named by them the AdeJphi, from the 
 Greek word a,hx<^oi, brothers. At the north-west 
 corner of Durham-yard, which is a steep, and partly 
 under-ground, avenue, leading from the Strand to the 
 wharfs on the river-side, was recently to be noticed a 
 last remaining vestige of an ancient stone wall, which 
 has been covered with cement, and forms a kind of 
 abutment to the adjoining shop. It will be seen from 
 the annexed print, that the buildings of Durham Place 
 were extensive, and that those near the Thames were 
 embattled and strengthened with towers. 
 
 Salisbury House stood between the noble man- 
 sions of the Earl of Worcester and Bishop of Durham. 
 It was a large and handsome structure, surmounted by 
 turrets, erected by Sir Robert Cecil, (second son of 
 Lord Burghley,) Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, 
 
 taleon Sa, (brother to the Portuguese Ambassador,) the latter, 
 the next day, came to the Exchange, accompanied by assassins, 
 who, mistaking another person then walking with his brother 
 and mistress, for Mr. Gerard, seized upon him, and put him to 
 death. For this crime he was condemned to die ; and, by a sin- 
 gular coincidence, he suffered on the same scaffold with Mr. 
 Gerard, whose plot had been discovered.
 
 234 LONDINIANA. 
 
 and Lord Treasurer to James the Flr?t; who was 
 created Earl of Salisbury* in 1 605, that title having lain 
 dormant since the execution of Margaret, Countess of 
 Salisbury, the last of the Plantagenets, in 1541. At 
 the death of this Earl, his successor divided this 
 edifice into two separate mansions, called Gi-cat Salis- 
 bury House, and Little Salisbury House, the latter of 
 which was let to persons of quality ; it was afterwards 
 divided into several tenements, which were at length 
 pulled down, and its site converted into Salisbury 
 Street, which, being very narrow and steep, was but 
 indifferently inhabited ; but has since been rebuilt, on 
 a more commodious plan, by James Paine, Esq., 
 architect. 
 
 Another part of these premises, adjoining Great 
 Salisbury House, and over the long gallery there, was 
 afterwards converted into a mart for millinery and other 
 fashionable articles, and was known by the name of the 
 Middle Exchange. It consisted of a long room, ex- 
 tending from the Strand to the Thames, lined on each 
 side with s'.iops ; and at the end was a passage, with 
 a handsome flight of steps leading to the river. " It 
 had the bad Luck," says Strype, ** to have the nick- 
 name given it of the JVliore' s-nest : whereby, with the 
 ill Fate that attended it, few or no people took shops 
 there, and those that did were soon weary and left 
 them."f The estate again reverting to the Earl of 
 
 * Mr. Moser says, " tbat it had probably been the spot 
 whereon the town residence of the Earls of Salisbury had stood 
 from the time of the Normans.'^ 
 
 t Strype's Slow, vol. 2. p. 115.
 
 LONDINIANA. 235 
 
 Salisbury, lie pulled down the Exchange, to^jether 
 with the whole of Great Salisbury House, and erected 
 Cecil Street on its site, about the year 1696. 
 
 Worcester House stood near Ivy Bridge, on 
 the spot now occupied by Beaufort Buildings; its 
 grounds, which extended to the river, were bounded on 
 the east by the buildings of the Savoy, and on the 
 west by the gardens of Salisbury House. In the 
 time of Henry the Eighth this mansion belonged to 
 the See of Carlisle, and was known by the name 
 of Carlisle House ; but in the reign of that monarch, 
 it was exchanged by Bishop Heath with the King for 
 Rochester Place, at Lambeth. It next came into the 
 possession of the Earl of Bedford, when it was called 
 Bedford House, and Russell House. It was afterwards 
 inhabited by the Earls of Worcester, whence it ac- 
 quired the name of Worcester House,*ai\d Edward, the 
 last earl of that title, died there, on the 3d of March, 
 
 * " Coucerning Buildinof the old House," says Strype, " there 
 goes this story : That there beiog a very hirge Walnut-tree 
 growing in the Garden, which much obstructed the eastern 
 Prospect of Salisbury House, near adjoining, it was proposed to 
 the Earl of Worcester's Gardener, by the Earl of Salisburyt 
 or his Agent, that if he could prevail with his Lord to cut down 
 the said Tree, he should have £100, which Offer was told the 
 Earl of Worcester, who ordered him to do it, and tuke the £100, 
 both which were performed to the great Satisfaction of the Earl 
 of Salisbury, as he thought; but, there being no great Kindness 
 betwixt the two Earls, the Earl of Worcester soon caused to be 
 built, in the Place of the Walnut-tree, a large brick House, 
 which then took away the whole east Prospect,''— 'Strype's StoWj 
 vol, 2. p. 114.
 
 236 LONDIXIANA. 
 
 1627. From him it desceDded to his eldest son, Henry, 
 who was created Duke of Beaufort, when it again 
 changed its name to that of its new occupier. The 
 celebrated Lord Cliancellor Clarendon lived in this 
 mansion for a short time, whilst his own house was 
 building: paying for it the then enormous rent of 
 £500 a year. 
 
 The Duke of Beaufort having purchased Bucking- 
 ham House at Chelsea, caused this mansion, wliich was 
 in a very dilapidated state, to be pulled down, and 
 erected a smaller house for himself, for transacting his 
 business in town, which was afterwards, through the 
 carelessness of a servant, burnt down. The site and 
 grounds are now occupied by Beaufort Buildings ^ 
 {which mostly consist of large and respectable houses), 
 and by different wharfs on the river side. 
 
 OLD LONDON BRIDGE. 
 
 With the exception of Dion Cassius, no mention 
 is made by any historian of a bridge over the River 
 Thames in the Roman times ; but that writer has in- 
 cidentally noticed one, when recording the invasion of 
 Britain, by the Emperor Claudius, in the year 44. 
 His account, in substance, is, that " The Britons, re- 
 treating upon the River Thames, where it falls into 
 the sea, (it being, from inundation, stagnant,) readily 
 passed over, from knowing both the firm and the easily- 
 fordable parts, whilst the Romans, in following them, 
 were much endangered : upon which, swimming back, 
 another party, crossing by a Bridge a little higher up, 
 came up with and slew many of the Britons, but pur-
 
 LONDINIANA. 237 
 
 suing the rest incautiously, were themselves entangled 
 in the marshes, and had a great number lost."* 
 
 But little reliance can be placed upon this infor- 
 mation ; for as Dion Cassius wrote almost two cen- 
 turies after the invasion by Claudius, and as no other 
 authority ever alluded to a Bridge across the Thames, 
 earlier than the tenth century, the probability is, that 
 his statement was either founded on incorrect materials, 
 or that he mistook some stream flowing into the 
 Thames for the river itself. 
 
 The " Saxon Chronicle," in noticing the irruption 
 of Olaf, or Aniaf, the Dane, [or rather Norwegian 
 King,] under the date 993, acquaints us, that " he 
 sailed with 390 ships to Staines, which having plun- 
 dered without opposition, he returned to Sandwich." 
 Hence it has been inferred, that there was no Bridge 
 across the Thames at London, at that period, or it 
 would have been fortified by the citizens, and this in- 
 cursion prevented. But William of Malmesbury, in 
 mentioning the attack on the City by Sweyn, King of 
 Denmark, in the following year, viz. 994, informs us, 
 
 * The origiiuil passage is subjoined : vide Dijnis " HistoriiB 
 Roraanae," toni. ii. p. 95%. Lib. Ix. Sect. xx. 
 " avciyj.vDr^G-ci,iT.jiV 5' huvSiy ru3v BocTtwtjuv IttI tov TafAtcav Trora/ixoy, 
 
 xal pa^twg ayrov ita^aVTaiv, aii xal to. g-s^i^ct ra T£ ivnoca, rov 
 y^jijflou ax.Pi^M; sI^otjuv o4 ^Vuifjuuoi iTTaxoT^ovSn^avTig a-^-ffi, Taxirn 
 fj.ey la^aMcrav, ^ia\n^a[X£VMV ^' avOig rZv KfXTuJv, xal Tiyujy ire^wv dia 
 yi^-jia; oXtyov atuj hiXSovruJV, ToXXayoSiv re ctjua avToTi irooasfxi^ay, 
 yjct\ z-iXkoxj; avTMv Karixo-^av tov; T€ Xoiitov; aTteoia'A'c'n'Tiv; I'mctuj- 
 xovT£;, s'; T£ 'iKn ^iKrhi^o^ci Icr'imdoyfVnX avyjizvg anijocthay."
 
 S38 LONDINTANA. 
 
 that Sweyne's fleet ran ^^ foul of the Bridge ■* and 
 again, when a second time besieged by Sweyn, he 
 says, that '' the enemy was partly overthrown, and 
 part was destroyed in the River Thames, over which, 
 in their precipitation and fury, they never looked for 
 the Bridge."* 
 
 Among the statutes of King Ethelred II., inserted by 
 Brompton in his " Chronicon," we find the following 
 passage relating to London Bridge : " Concerning the 
 Tolls given at Bylynges2;ate. — Whoever shall come to 
 the Bridge, in a boat in which there are fish, he him- 
 self being a dealer, shall pay one halfpenny for toll ; 
 and if it be a larger vessel, one penney." 
 
 Although it is thus evident that the Bridge existed 
 in the Saxon times, we have no other account of its 
 origin than what is given by Stow in the following 
 passage : — 
 
 " The originall foundation of London bridge, by report 
 of Bartholmew Linsted, alias Fowle, last Prior of S. Marie 
 Queries Church in Southwarke, was this : a Ferrie beeing 
 kept in place where now the Bridge is builded, at length 
 the Ferri-man and his wife deceasing, left the same Ferrie 
 to their only daughter, a maiden, named Mary, which with 
 the goods left by her parents, as also with the profits rising 
 of the said Ferrie, builded a house of Sisters, in place where 
 now standeth the East part of S. Mary Queries Church, 
 aboue the Queere, where she was buried, vnto the which 
 house she gaue the ouersight and profits of the Ferry. But 
 afterwards, the said house of Sisters being couerted into a 
 Colledge of Priests, the Priests builded the Bridge of Tim- 
 
 * Malmesbury's'' De Gestis Regum :" fol. 38^edit. 1596.
 
 LONDIXIANA. 239 
 
 ber, as all other the great Bridges of this land were, and 
 from time to time kept the same in good reparations ; till 
 at length, considering the great charges of repairing the 
 same, there was (by ayd of the Citizens of London and 
 others) a Bridge builded with Arches af stone, as shall be 
 shewed."* 
 
 In the writings of Snorro SlurlesoniuSj^ an Icelandic 
 historian, there is a very curious account of an assault 
 on London Bridf]:;e in the year 1008, by the united 
 forces of Ethelred the Second, surnamed the Unready, 
 (whose imposts at Billingsgate are mentioned above,) 
 and his then ally, Olaf, the Norwegian Prince. At that 
 period, the Danes were in possession both of the City 
 and the Bridge, and had also a strong outwork in 
 " Sudurvirke,''^ Southwark, consisting of an inner pile, 
 or rampait, " formed of wood, stone, and turf," de- 
 fended by " a broad and deep ditch." This, as well 
 
 * Stow's " Survey,' ' p. 48: edit. 1618.— There is a very 
 curious and scarce tract of 30 pages, entitled : " The True 
 History of the Life and sudden death of old John Over?, the rich 
 Ferry- Man of London, shewinjj, how he lost his life by his owu 
 covetousness. And of his daughter Mary, who caused the 
 Church of St. Mnry Overs in Southwark to be built ; and of the 
 building of London Bridge. London: Printed for T. Harris at 
 the Looking-Glass on London Bridge: and sold by C. Corbet at 
 Addison's Head, in Fleet-street, 1744. Price six-pence." Of 
 this tract there are two editions, one in 12mo. bearing the date 
 163T ; the other in 8vo. 1744. It is almost needless to remark, 
 that this tract is entirely legendary, and undeserving of the least 
 degree of credit. 
 
 f Vide Johnstone's " Antiquitates Celio-SeandioB,'' 4to. 
 printed at Copenhagen, in 1786. Suorro wrote in the 13th cen- 
 tury, and vvas assassinated in VM\.
 
 240 LOXDIXIAXA. 
 
 as the Bridge, had already been unsuccessfully attacked 
 by Ethelred, when ic was determined in Council that 
 a simultaneous assault by land and by water should 
 be made, and Olaf prepared for the encounter by- 
 erecting great scaffolds upon his ships, of sufficient 
 size and strength, " not only to afford space for engas:- 
 ing hand in hand, but also a base firm enough for the 
 play of his engines, in case they should be pressed 
 upon from shore." Snorro prefaces his details of the 
 battle by the following description of the Bridge : — 
 
 '' There was, at that time, a Bridge erected over the 
 River between the City and South wark, so wide, that if 
 two carriages met they could pass each other. At the 
 sides of the Bridge, at those parts which looked upon the 
 River, were erected Ramparts and Castles that were de- 
 fended at the top by penthouse-bulwarks and sheltered 
 turrets, covering to the breast those who were fighting in 
 them : the Bridge itself was also defended by piles fixed 
 in the bed of the River." 
 
 In describing the attack, he proceeds thus : — 
 
 " The Fleet, as well as forces, being now ready, they 
 rowed towards the Bridge, the tide being adverse ; but no 
 sooner had they reached it, than they were violently as- 
 sailed from above with a shower of missiles and stones, of 
 such immensity that their helmets and shields were shat- 
 tered, and the ships themselves considerably injured. 
 Many of them, therefore, retired : but Olaf, the King, and 
 his Norsemen, having rowed their Ships close up to the 
 Bridge, made them fast to the piles with ropes and cables, 
 with which they strained them, and the tide seconding 
 their united efforts, the piles gradually gave way, and were 
 withdrawn from under the Bridge. At this time, there
 
 LONDINIANA. 241 
 
 was an immense pressure of stones and other weapons, so 
 that the piles being removed, the whole Bridge brake 
 down, and involved in its fall the ruin of many : numbers, 
 however, were left to seek refuge by flight ; some into the 
 City, others into Southwark." 
 
 This event and its sequent advantages, so intimidated 
 the citizens, that they submitted to receive Elhelred as 
 King. The Norse bards, Ottar Suarti and Sigvatus, 
 celebrated Olaf 's triumph in their songs ; a specimen 
 of which, as translated in the *' Chronicles of London 
 Bridge," is here given : 
 
 " That was truly the sixth fight which the mi.hty King 
 fought with the men of England ; wherein King Olaf, — 
 the Chief himself a Son of Odin, — valiantly attacked the 
 Bridge at London. Bravely did the swords of the Volscs 
 defend it, but through the trench which the Sea Kings, 
 the men of Vikesland, guarded, they were enabled to 
 come, and the plain of Southwark was full of his tents."* 
 
 In the year 101 G, the Danes, under the command of 
 
 * Vide *' Chronicles,'' p. 24. To that verj' interesting com- 
 pilation (by Mr. R. Thomson), we are indebted for all the 
 above particulars of Olaf's victory, as well as foi' 'arious other 
 parts of this article. King Olaf, Anlaf, or Olave, appears to 
 have been converted to Christianity in England ; and his 
 memory was so much revered by the Londoners, that no less than 
 thiee Churches within the City, and one in Southwark, were 
 consecrated to his lame, after his enrolment in the Calendar of 
 Saints : viz. St. Olave, Jewry ; St. dave, Hart Street ; St. 
 Olave, Silver Street; and St. Olave, Tooley Street. Olaf was 
 tiiain in battle by his Pagan subjects at Stichstadt, to the north 
 ol Drontheim, in the year 1030. 
 
 VOL. IT. R
 
 242 LONDINIANA. 
 
 Canute, having advanced up the river with their fleet, 
 were impeded in their progress by the Bridge, when, 
 according to the " Saxon Chronicle," *' they sank a 
 deep ditch on the south side, and dragged their ships 
 to the west side of the Bridge." This trench is sup- 
 posed to have commenced at Rotherhithe, and con- 
 tinuing in the form of a semicircle, to have entered the 
 Thames again at the lower end of Chelsea Reach. 
 William the Conqueror, in the year 1067, in a charter 
 to the Abbey Church of St. Peter's Westminster, con- 
 firmed to the monks there, a Gate in London, called 
 Botolph's Gate, with a Wharf, " at the Head of 
 London Bridge.''' In November, 1091, in consequence 
 of a violent tempest, the river was so swollen, as en- 
 tirely to sweep away the Bridge, and inundate the banks 
 on each side to a considerable distance. Six years after- 
 wards, William Rufus imposed a heavy tax upon his 
 subjects for rebuilding the Bridge, and executing other 
 considerable works which he had then in progress. In 
 1135, it suffered greatly from fire, but was soon re- 
 paired, yet not so substantially as to last many years ; 
 since, according to Stow, " the same Bridge, in 1 163, 
 was not onely repaired, but new made of timber, as 
 afore, by Fetcr of ColecliurcU, Priest and Chaplain."* 
 We are now arrived at the period when a Bridge of 
 Stone was first erected over the river Thames, at London ; 
 an event connected with the extraordinary fact, that 
 Peter of Colechurch was the architect of the new fabric 
 of stone, as he had been of the preceding one of 
 
 * Stow-s '« Survey,'' p. 50 ; edit. 1618.
 
 LONDINIANA. 248 
 
 timber.* The instability of a wooden Bridge, over 
 such a wide and rapid part of the stream, and the 
 frequent necessity for expensive repairs, were doubt- 
 kss the leading causes which led to this erection. 
 
 Radiilphus de Diceto, who wrote about 121.0, when 
 the new Bridg-e had but recently been finished, states 
 
 from his own knowledge, that Peter, tlie Curate of 
 Colechurch, was a native of London. He commenced 
 its foundations about the year 1 176 (22d of Henry II.), 
 " neere vnto the bridge of timber, but somewhat more 
 towards the west ;"f the original bridge having stood 
 
 * St. Mary Cole-church stood in the Poultry, at the south 
 cad of Conie-hope Lane, (now Grocer's Alley,) " of old time 
 so called,'' says Stow, " of a Signe of three Conies hanging over 
 a PouUer's stall at the Lane's end." This Church was " named 
 of one Cole, that builded it vpon a vault aboue ground, so that 
 men are forced to ascend vp thereunto by certain steps." Henry 
 the Fourth, iu the 1st year of his reign, granted licence to Wil- 
 liam Marshall and others, to found a Brotherhood of St. 
 Katharine witliin it, because Thomas a Becket and St. Edmund 
 were baptized there, *' thus expressed," Strype says, " in the 
 Record iu the Tower : — In Eccles. de S. Maria de ColechurdL- 
 juxla magnum Aqueduct, in qua Ecclaia S. Thomas de Cantuar. 
 et S. Edmund, P\.ex baptizata fuerunt.'' This Church, which 
 was a small fabric, belonged to the Mercers' Company, of which 
 Gilbert Becket, th<:! Archbishop's father, was a member, and it 
 will also be recollected, (vide vol. i. p. 233,) that he dwelt in 
 the Mercery. It was destroyed by the fire inlG QQ ; after which, 
 the parish was annexed to St, Mildred's Poultry : the living was 
 a Curacy. 
 
 f Stow 's ^' Survey," p. 50 ; edit. 1618. Stow's information 
 ■was most probably acquired from the Collections on the An- 
 tiquities of Lotidon, made by Leiand, and which had come into 
 his own possession. 
 
 R 2
 
 S44 
 
 LOXDINIANA. 
 
 contiguous to St. Botolph's Wharf. " The King as- 
 sisted in the work," yet in what manner, we are not 
 informed; though it has been inferred, from the popu- 
 lar saying of " London Bridge was built upon Wool- 
 packs," — that it was by the proceeds of a tax upon 
 wool : one thousand marks, or pounds, was also given 
 by Cardinal Hugo di Petraleone, the Pope's Legate, 
 and Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury.* This Bridge 
 was thirty-three years in building; but in 1205, four 
 yoars prior to its completion, Peter of Colechurch di^d ; 
 he was buried with much appropriateness, within the 
 centre pier, in the crypt of a large chapel, dedicated to 
 St. Thomas, wliich had been erected there, at the sole 
 charge of the Master-mason ; but the name of this last 
 benefactor has not descended to us.f 
 
 * Leland's '' Itinerary," vol. vii. P. I. p. 1:2 ; edit. 1768-69. 
 
 -f- The fact of the interment of Peter of Colechurch within ihe 
 Chapel upon London Bridge, is substantiated by the Annals of 
 Waverley. Maitland says, *' In the middle [of the Chapel] was 
 situate a sepulchral IMonument, of the length of seven feet and a 
 half, and the breadth of four : the remains whereof were lately 
 (A. D. 1T3T) discovered by Mr. Yaldvvyn, the present inhabi- 
 tant, when he repaired the staircase, which is built over it." 
 Vide " History of London," vol. i. p. 46, by Entick ; but 
 neither in that, nor in Maiiland's own edition of 1739, is there 
 any mention of Mr. Yaldwyn's discovering '' the remains of 
 a body," as mistakenly apprehended by the ingenious editor of 
 the "Chronicles of London Bridge." We may, therefore, 
 be allowed to conjecture, that if due care be taken, when the 
 old Bridge is pulled down, as most probably it will in the course 
 of two or three years, the bones and ashes of its venerable archi- 
 tect will still be found.
 
 LONDINIANA. 245 
 
 About four years before the decease of Peter of 
 Colechurch, King John, in a letter missive, dated from 
 Molinel, in France, to the Mayor and Citizens of Lon- 
 don, recommended Isenbert, Master of the Schools of 
 Xainctes, (who had constructed the bridge of Xainctes 
 and Rochelle,) to finish the new Bridge, yet there 
 is no evidence of tlie success of that recommendation; 
 and, on the contrary. Stow informs us, that *' it 
 was finished in 1209, by the worthy Merchants of 
 London, Serle, Mercer, IVilliam Almaine, and Bene- 
 dict J5ofeM;nVe, principall Masters of that worke." The 
 same writer, referring to three different authorities, gives 
 the following particulars of a dreadful calamity which 
 occurred on the Bridge, soon after its completion : 
 
 " In the yeere 1212, on the tenth of July at night, the 
 Borough of Southwarke, vpon the Southside the river of 
 Thames, as also the Church of our Lady of the Canons 
 there, beeing on fire, and an exceeding great multitude of 
 people passing the bridge, either to extinguish and quench 
 it, or else to gaze and behold it ; suddenly the North part, 
 by blowing of the South winde, was also set on fire, and 
 the people which were euen now passing the bridge, per- 
 ceiuing the same, would haue returned, but were stopped 
 by the fire, and it came to passe, that as they staled or pro- 
 tracted time, the other end of the bridge also, namely the 
 South end, was fired, so that the people thronging them- 
 selues between the two fires, did nothing else but expect 
 present death. Then came there to aide them many ships 
 and vessels, into the which the multitude so unaduisedly 
 rushed, that the ships being thereby drowned, they all 
 perished. It was said, that through the fire and ship- 
 wrack, there were destroied about three thousand persons.
 
 246 LONDINIANA. 
 
 whose bodies were found in part, or half burned, besides 
 those that were wholly burnt to ashes, and could not be 
 found." 
 
 From the above account it may be inferred, that 
 various buildings had been raised at each extremity of 
 the Bridge, even at that early period ; although, after 
 this disaster, nothing, perhaps, but its defensive towers 
 were for awhile suffered to be rebuilt. In Decembel", 
 1213, King John, by a precept addressed to the Mayor 
 and Sheriffs, and still preserved among the Close Rolls 
 in the Tower, commanded that " the Halfpence'' which 
 were then taken of" foreign merchants," should " be 
 given to the work of London Bridge." 
 
 The precise period at which the Gates, or Towers, 
 were first erected, is involved in obscurity; yet there can 
 be little doubt, but that their origin was as early as that 
 of the fabric itself. Even the TVooden Bridge appears to 
 have had some defence of this kind, for the Danish 
 writer, Suhm, informs us, that when Canute removed 
 the body of St. Elphage, from St. Paul's to Canter- 
 bury, " warriors, clad in armour, were stationed on 
 the Bridge, and along the banks of the river ; and 
 others, by order of the King, raised a riot at the Gate, 
 to divert the attention of the citizens."* The original 
 Towers were built at the extremities of the Bridge, the 
 one on the South wark, and the other on the London 
 side : but in 1426, a third Tov/er was erected at the 
 north end of the draw -bridge, which crossed the intCT- 
 
 See " Londiuiana," vol. i, p. 265.
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 S4Y 
 
 vening space between the sixth and seventh piers from 
 the south side, and was occasionally raised up to admit 
 the passage of vessels to and from Queenhithe, which 
 had long been the principal wharf for lading and un- 
 lading within the city. 
 
 Henry the Third, in 1269, granted the custody of 
 the Bridge (which twenty years before he had taken 
 from the City, ordering the proceeds to be paid into 
 the Exchequer) to his Queen, Eleanor of Provence. 
 In consequence of that alienation from, its regular guar- 
 dians, the Bridge became so ruinous, that Edward the 
 First, in his 9th year, anno 1281, commanded collec- 
 tions for its repair to be made " everywhere through- 
 out the realm," stating in his letters patent, that without 
 '' some speedy remedy, not only the sudden fall of the 
 Bridge, but also the destruction of innumerable people 
 dwelling upon it, may suddenly be feared." The same 
 monarch, also, in the following year, in two different 
 letters patent, ordered certain tolls to be taken of every 
 one crossing the Bridge, for three years, to be appro- 
 priated towards its reparations ; and he likewise 
 granted, for the same purpose, several pieces of land 
 within the city, to the Mayor and Citizens ; to whom 
 the regular keeping of the Bridge appears to have 
 been then restored. 
 
 In the severe winter of 1282, five of the arches were 
 " borne downe and carried away" by the ice; and in 
 1289, Stow says, " the Bridge was so sore decaied for 
 want of reparations, that men were afraid to passe 
 thereon." A subsidy was, in consequence, granted 
 for its support, and " a great collection or gathering was
 
 248 LONDINIANA. 
 
 made of all Archbishops, Bishops, and other Eccle- 
 siastical persons." The sums thus obtained being 
 insufficient for the required purposes, King Edward, by 
 difterent letters patent, dated in 12S8, 1301, and 1305, 
 ordered a Pontage to be levied, for maintaining the 
 Bridge ; the term under each patent being limited to 
 three years.* 
 
 In August, 1305, the dissevered head of the brave 
 but ill-fated Sir William Wallace was fixed upon a 
 pule on the northern Tower of London Bridge ; and 
 in the following year, that of Simon Frizel, or Frazer, 
 was placed by its side. These were the first instances 
 of this kind of dei^radation to which the Bridge w^as 
 appropriated, though in after ages such scenes became 
 frequent. 
 
 On St. George's Day, 1390, a grand " Passage of 
 Arms" took place on London Bridge, between David 
 Lindsay, Earl of Craufort, a Scottish knight, and Lord 
 John de Weils of England, in which the former proved 
 victorious, after three courses on horseback with spears; 
 Lord Wells at the third course having been " borne 
 out of his saddle." The challenge had been given by 
 Lord Wells, in Scotland, and a safe conduct (after- 
 wards twice or thrice renewed) was issued for Lindsey 
 and his retinue, — including twelve other knights — by 
 Richard the Second, who was himself present at the 
 
 • In the trauslation of the last patent, givr-n in Thomson's 
 " Chronicles," pp. 155-159, there is a very curious enumeration 
 of the numerous articles of merchandize and trade, that Nverc at 
 that period in transit over and under London Bridge.
 
 LONDTNIANA. 249 
 
 combat, with most of bis nobility. Stow, speaking of 
 this encounter, says, "at that time, the Bridge being 
 coaped on cither side, was not replenished with houses 
 built thereon, as since it hath been, and now is."* 
 
 The next memorable circumstance connected with 
 this fabric, occurred on November the 13th, 1396, 
 when King Richard and his youthful consort, Isabel, of 
 France, entered the City from Southwark, in vast 
 pomp, on their way to the Tower. The Bridge was so 
 thronged with spectators, that nine persons were 
 pressed to death in the crowd, among whom was the 
 prior of Tiptree, in Essex, and a worshipful matron of 
 Cornhill. 
 
 Henry the Fifth, on his return from France, after the 
 tattle of Azincourt, was conducted from Blackheath 
 into the City, in grand cavalcade, and on London 
 Bridge a Pageant was devised to receive him, of which 
 Lydgate, the monk of Bury, thus writes : — 
 
 ** To London brygge tlienne rood oure kyng. 
 
 The Processions there they mette hym ryght, 
 " Ave Rex Anglorum^^ thei 'gan syng, 
 
 " Flos Mundi," thei seide, goddys knight. 
 To London brygge when he com right, 
 
 Vp to the gate, ther strode on by 
 A gyaunt, that was full grim of myght. 
 
 To teche the Frensshe men curtesy. 
 Wot ze right well that thus it was, 
 Gloria tibi Trinitas. 
 
 * Stow's " Survey," p. 52 : edit. 1618. This author, as well 
 as most other historians, has referred the above feat of arms to
 
 ^^^ LONDINIAXA 
 
 And at the cirawe brigge that is faste by. 
 
 Two Toures there were vp pight, 
 An Antelope and a Lyon stonding hym by, 
 
 Above them Seynt George oure ladyes knyght, 
 Be syde him many an Angell bright. 
 
 * Benedictus,' thei gan synge; 
 
 * Qui venit in nomine domini goddys knight,* 
 
 * Gracia Dei," with zow doth sprynge. 
 Wot ze right well that thus it ivas, 
 Gloiia tibi Trinitas.'"'* 
 
 That the passing beneath London Bridge at certain 
 states of the tide, was not less dangerous in former 
 times than at present, is evident from a circumstance 
 recorded in Stow's '' Chronicles," under the year 1428, 
 and also in the Harleian MS. No. 565, folio 87b, from 
 which the following is an extract :— 
 
 "Also this same yere," says the record, " the viij day 
 of November, the Duke of Norfolk, with many a gentil 
 man, squyer, and yoman tok his barge at Seynt Marye 
 Overye, be twen iiij and v of y'^ belle a yens nyzt, and 
 
 the year 1395 ; yet that it actually look place in 1390, is proved 
 by various records and authorities, quoted in Tbomsou's " Chro- 
 nicles,'' pp. 186-203. 
 
 * Besides the above, several other splendid Pageants have 
 on different occasions been exhibited on this bridge, the most 
 remarkable of which were those devised to celebrate the return 
 of Henry the Sixth, after his Coronation at Paris, as Kin^ of 
 France, in 1431 ; and the marriage of the same King with Mar- 
 garet of Anjou, in 1445. There was also a costly Pageant of 
 St. Katharine and St. Ursula displayed here, on the nuptials of 
 Priace Arthur, son of Henry VII. with Katharine of Arragon.
 
 LONDINIAX.A. 551 
 
 proposyd to passe thorugh London Bregge. Where of the 
 tbrseid barge, thorugh misgouemance of stearyng, fell 
 vp on the pyles, and ouerwhehiiyd. The whyche was 
 cause of spyllyng many a gentil man and othere; the 
 more ruthe was ! But as Gode wolde y* Duke him self 
 and too or iij othere gentyl men, seying that myschief, 
 leped vp on y^ pyles, and so were saved thorugh helpe of 
 them that weren a bove y*" Brigge with castyng downe of 
 ropes." The Duke of Norfolk, to whom this misfortune 
 happened, was John Mowbray, the second of that title, 
 who had served under King Henry V. in France, and who 
 died October the 19th, 1452. 
 
 On the 14th of January 1437, as we learn both from 
 Stow and Fabian, *' the great stone Gate, and tower 
 standing upon it, next Southwark, fell suddenly down 
 into the river, carrying with it '*twoof the fairest 
 arches" of the Bridge, and yet," adds Stow, " no man 
 perished in body, which was a great worke of God." 
 
 In 1450, on the night of the 5th of July, London 
 Bridge was the scene of a desperate conflict between 
 the principal citizens, headed by Sir Matthew Gough, 
 and the insurgents under Jack Cade. The skirmish 
 lasted the whole night, both the assailants and the 
 assailed being alternately driven to the " stoulpes" 
 at each extremity of the Bridge. At length " at ix of 
 the clocke in the mornynge, both parties beynge 
 faynte, wery, and fatigate, agreed to desist from fight, 
 and to leve battayl to the next day."* Shortly after. 
 
 • Hall's "Chronicle," fol. Ixxiii. thirty-eighth of Hen. VI. 
 It was upon this occasion, that Jack Cade, on his first entrance
 
 252 LONDIXIAXA. 
 
 the rebels dispersed on obtaining a general pardon ; but 
 a reward having been proclaimed for the apprehension 
 of Jack Cade, he was slain near Hothfield, in Kent, and 
 his head was placed upon a spike over the Bridge- 
 gate at London. 
 
 In May 1471, a daring attack was made upon the 
 city by Thomas Neville, generally called the Bastard 
 Falconbridge, who, under pretence of releasing Henry 
 the Sixth from his captivity in the Tower, had collected 
 a number of persons of desperate fortune, whose main 
 object was plunder. His assault upon the Bridge, from 
 Southwark, was repulsed with much loss, though 
 during the conflict *' he burned the gate and all the 
 houses to the drawbridge." 
 
 Among the measures pursued to oppose the entrance 
 of Sir Thomas Wyatt into the City, from Southwark, 
 during his insurrection against Queen Mary, in Febru- 
 ary 1553, was cutting away the drawbridge, and more 
 strongly fortifying the other defences. Between the 
 years 1577 and 1579, the drawbridge tower was re- 
 built, and the heads of those executed for treason, 
 which had stood upon the old tower, were removed to 
 the tower at the Southwark end, which was thence- 
 forth called the Traitor s Gate. Hentzner, in the 
 account of his " Journey into England," in 1597, 
 
 into the City (from which he was afterwards exchided through 
 the ill conduct of his followers) is said to have cut the ropes of 
 the drawbridge with his sword, and on his advance to Loudon 
 Stone, to have used the noemorable words, " Now is Mortimer 
 Lord of London."
 
 LOXUIXI.^NA. 253 
 
 states, that they counted upwards of thirty heads placed 
 upon iron spikes on the Tower of London Bridge. 
 
 There is a very curious view of this Bridgje, exe- 
 cuted by Norden, about the end of Queen Ehzabeth's 
 reign, but not pubHshed till the latter part of that of 
 James the First. From the descriptive eulogy attached 
 to it, the following is an extract: — 
 
 " This famous Bridge is adorned with sumptuous build- 
 ings, and statelie and beautifull houses on either side, 
 inhabited by wealthy citizens, and furnished with all man- 
 ner of trades, comparable in it selfe to a little citie, whose 
 buildings are so artificially contriuecj, and so firmly com- 
 bined, as it seemeth more than an ordinary streete ; for it 
 is as one continuall vaute or roofe, except certain void 
 places, reserved from buildings, for the retire of passen- 
 gers from the danger of carres, carts and droues of cattle, 
 vsually passing that way. — The vaults, sellers, and places 
 in the bowels, as. it were, of the same Bridge, are many 
 and admirable, which arte cannot discover to the outward 
 view." 
 
 In 1G33, on the 11th of February, a fire broke out 
 at the house of a needle maker, near St. Magnus' 
 Church, at the north end of the Bridge, occasioned 
 *' by the carelessness of a maid-servant setting a tub of 
 hot sea-coal under a pair of stairs," It raged with 
 great fierceness, through the night and next day, till 
 all the houses, forty-three in number, were destroyed 
 to the first vacancy on the Bridge ; which commenced 
 at the seventh pier. This north end, says Blome, one 
 of Stow's conlinuators, " lay unbuilt for many years, 
 only deal boards were put up on both sides to prevent 
 people's falling into the Thames ;" and those pales
 
 ^54i LONDINIANA. 
 
 were held together by " cross beams." Afterwards, 
 however, a building of timber^ " very substantial and 
 beautiful," was completed in 1 G46, at the *' north end" 
 of the part last burnt. " The houses were three stories 
 high, besides the cellars which were within and be- 
 tween the piers ; and over the houses were stately 
 platforms, leaded, with rails and ballusters about them ; 
 and some had pretty little gardens with arbors."* 
 
 The intermediate palings rem-ained for several years 
 lons^er, as appears from an incidental notice in Pepys's 
 " Diary," where speaking of a furious storm of wind, 
 which raged during the night and morning of January 
 the 24th, 1665-6, he says, that in his way through 
 Horslydowne, " it was dangerous to walk the streets, 
 the bricks and tiles so falling from the houses that the 
 streets were covered with them, and whole chimneys, 
 nay, whole houses, in two or three places, blown down. 
 But above all, the pales of London Bridge en bodi 
 sides were blown away, so that we were fain to stoop 
 very low, for fear of blowing off the bridge." 
 
 In the great fire of September 1666, the pile of 
 houses so lately rebuilt, was again consumed. Pepys 
 
 * Vide Str)pe's Stow, vol. i.B. l.p. 66; edit. 1720. Fronj a 
 singular inadvertency, the editor of the recently -published 
 *' Chronicles'' of this fabric, questions Blome's correctness in 
 regard to the above pile, although in his own vv'ood-cut of the 
 north end of the Bridge, on p. 407, copied from Hollar's prospect 
 of London, before the fire of 1666, that building, as described 
 by Blome, forms the principal feature; viz. that" having a 
 gate in it, surmounted by the King's arms," The appearance of 
 London Bridge about this period may he seen in the Frontispiece 
 to this volume.
 
 LONDINIAXA. 2oO 
 
 mentions, that he saw the houses "at that end of the 
 Bridge, all on fire ;"* and Vincent, in his rhapsodical 
 yet curious tract, intituled '' God's terrible Advice to 
 the City," thus more circumstantially describes the 
 conflagration : 
 
 " The fire rushed down the Hill towards the Bridge, 
 crossed Thames Street, invadeth Magnus Church at the 
 Bridge-foot, and though that Church was so great, yet it 
 was not a sufficient barricade against this conqueror; but 
 having scaled and taken this fort, it shooteth flames with 
 so much the greater advantage round about, and a great 
 Building of houses upon the Bridge is quickly thrown to 
 the ground : then the conqueror being stayed in its 
 course at the Bridge, marcheth back towards the City." 
 
 Within the succeeding eighteen or twenty years the 
 entire Bridge Vv'as replenished with new buildings upon 
 a more systematic plan than had previously existed, the 
 old houses in the southern part having been pulled 
 down, and again rebuilt, under the general direction 
 of the corporate oflBcers; yet, though various improve- 
 ments were then made, the transit over the Bridge was 
 fraught with numerous inconveniences, and the street 
 '' though garnished," asBlome says, '' with good tini- 
 ber buildings, well inhabited by sufficient tradesmen,"f 
 was still dark, narrow, and dangerous. 
 
 On the 8th of September 1725, a fire, which began 
 at a brush-maker's, near St. Olave's Church, Tooley 
 Street, burnt down about sixty houses, on both sides of 
 
 * Pepys's " Diary," vol. iii. p. 17. 
 
 t Strype's "Stow," vol. i. B. ii. p. 180 ; edit. 1720.
 
 ^6 LOXDINIANA. 
 
 the way, to the Bridge-gate, which being of stone, 
 stopped the further progress of the flames. The Gate 
 itself, however, was so much damaged, that it was 
 thought necessary to rebuild it about two years after- 
 wards. 
 
 The erection of a Bridge at Westminster between 
 the years 1739 and 1750, led to a great improvement 
 in the state of London Bridge ; for the Corporation, 
 under an Act of Parliament, obtained in 1756, were 
 empowered to remove all the buildings, enlarge the 
 avenues, and generally to make such alterations as 
 should be deemed requisite. The condition of the 
 Bridge, at that period, is thus described by a contem- 
 porary writer. 
 
 " Nineteen disproportioned arches, with sterlings in- 
 creased to an amazing size hy frequent repairs, supported 
 the street above. Across the middle of the street were 
 several lofty arches, extending from one side to the other, 
 the bottom part of each arch terminating at the first story, 
 and the upper part reaching near the tops of the build- 
 ings. These arches were designed to support the houses 
 on each side of the street and were therefore formed of 
 strong timbers bolted into the houses, which, being 
 covered with lath and plaster, appeared as if built with 
 stone. The back part of the houses near the Thames had 
 neither uniformity nor beauty, the line being broken by 
 a great number of closets that projected from the build- 
 ings, and hung over the sterlings. This deformity was 
 greatly increased by the houses extending a considerable 
 distance over the sides of the bridge, and some of them 
 projecting farther over it than the others, by which means 
 the tops of almost all the arches, except those that were
 
 I;0NDINIANA 257 
 
 nearest, were concealed from the view of the passengers 
 on the quays, and made the bridge appear like a multitude 
 of rude piers, with only an arch or two at the end, and 
 the rest consisting of beams, extending from the tops of 
 the flat piers, without any other arches, quite across the 
 river."* 
 
 Three vacancies had been left in different parts of 
 the Bridge, both to admit a view of the Thames, and 
 afford a retreat from occasional obstruction in the tho- 
 roughfare, vi^hich was of very contracted dimensions, 
 its general width varying from twelve feet only, to 
 twenty feet. One of these vacancies, that is, the (irst 
 from the north end, over the eighth arch, was dignified 
 by the appellation of London Square, There was no 
 paved way for foot passengers, whose safest and most 
 general course of passing over the bridge, was to 
 follow some carriage. 
 
 The new improvements were conducted by a Com- 
 mittee, and between 1755 and 1762, the Bridge as- 
 sumed the appearance which is represented in the 
 annexed print. All the houses and gates were re- 
 moved ; two of the middle arches were taken down, 
 and a single arch constructed in their place ; a regular 
 balustrade was erected on each side the Bridge; foot- 
 paths, of seven feet wide, each, were laid ; and a 
 carriage-way ft^rmed of the width of thirty-one feet.f 
 
 * Vide Harrison's " London,'' fol. n't 6. 
 
 t Another most essential improvement v/as made about the 
 same time, namely, by opening a foot-way throiig;h the tower of 
 St, Magiuis' Church ; in proseiMiting \rhicb, t'ae solid juigmeut 
 
 VOL. II. S
 
 258 LOXDTNIAXA. 
 
 Whilst this work was in progress, a temporary 
 Bridge of timber, both for foot passengers and car- 
 riages, was raised upon the sterhngs of the old one ; 
 but the first Bridge thus erected was destroyed by a fire, 
 which appears to have been kindled by incendiaries, 
 on the night of the 10th of April, 1758; the old 
 drawbridge was also then burnt. Very great incon- 
 venience from the stopping of all intercourse between 
 the City and Southwark, except by water, resulted 
 from this occurrence : but such prompt measures were 
 taken by the corporate authorities, that another wooden 
 Bridge was completed within a month's time, and an 
 armed watch was regularly kept to prevent a second 
 conflagration. 
 
 In the two large prints, published in the years 1747 
 and 1748, by Vertue, who was then an inhabitant of 
 Brownlow Street, Drury Lane, the west front and in« 
 terior of the ancient Chapel on the centre pier of 
 London Bridge, are distinctly represented. Stow in- 
 forms us, that on its erection it was "then endowed 
 for two priests, four clerks, &c., besides chantries since 
 
 and penetrating foresight of Sir Christopher Wren, the builder 
 of the church, was demonstrably shewn. That great architect 
 had contrived and executed his work with such prescient skill, 
 that but little more was necessary to be done, to eflect the de- 
 sired improvement, than to clear away the fillings up of the 
 arched recesses in the basement story, the arches themselves and 
 their abutting piers being of sufficient strength to sustain the 
 entire weight of the superincumbent mass. Sir Christopher 
 had erected the body of St. Magnus' Church between the years 
 1676 and 1650. and the steeple about 1*05.
 
 LONDINIANA. 259 
 
 founded by John Hatfield and others.*' In Henry the 
 Sixth's reign there were four chaplains serving in it, 
 and the oblations and other profits, as appears from 
 INewcourt's *' Repertorium,'^ appear to have been 
 sufficiently valuable to occasion a controversy between 
 the bridge-master and the rector of St. Magnus* 
 Church ; this was settled by an agreement, covenanting 
 that the rector should be paid xxd. annually, at Mi- 
 chaelmas, for ever, and that all other profits should be 
 for the use of the chapel and the bridge. It is most 
 probable that all regular service in this Chapel was 
 suspended about the era of the Reformation ; yet we 
 are informed in Smith's " Ancient Topography of 
 London," that " long within legal memory the ser- 
 vice was performed every Sabbath and Saint's Day." 
 For upwards of a century, however, it is known to 
 have been occupied as a shop and warehouse, and 
 almost every external feature of its sacred appropria- 
 tion had been obliterated. 
 
 It should be remarked, that this Chapel was prin- 
 cipally built upon the great central pier, or sterling, 
 which projected about fifty feet eastward, further into 
 the stream than any of the others. The west front, 
 which alone stood upon the bridge, was forty feet in 
 height, and thirty in width. It was supported by four 
 buttresses, crowned with crocketted pinnacles, and 
 finished by a low gable, surmounted by a cross. In 
 the middle compartment, which was about twice the 
 width of the others, was a pointed window, separated 
 by a rauUion into two lights, and having a quatrefoil 
 in the apex ; in each side compartment was a pointed- 
 s2
 
 S60 LONDINIANA. 
 
 arch doorway. The interior was divided into two 
 stories, viz. an upper chapel and a crypt; these were 
 each about sixty feet in length, terminating at the east 
 end in a semi-hexagon. There were thirteen windows 
 in each story, viz. five on each side, and one in each 
 division eastward ; all these, which were handsomely 
 pointed, were similar in form and arrangement, every 
 window consisting of two ranges of arched divisions, 
 surmounted by a lozenge. In the chapel, in front of each 
 intervening pier, was a lofty shaft, carried up to the roof, 
 which was strondy framed of timber, but had proba- 
 bly been originally vaulted like the crypt. In the lat- 
 ter, which was about twenty feet high, was a groined 
 toof, supported by stone ribs, which sprung from a 
 continued series of clustered columns in front of each 
 pier. From each cluster seven ribs branched, and at 
 every intersection was a sculptured boss, of a varied 
 design; among them were cherubs, a group of four 
 episcopal heads, and a crowned head, probably Richard 
 Coeur de Lion, grouped with four masks ; near the en- 
 trance was a bason, or piscina, for holy water.* 
 
 * The above description has been drawn up from Vertue's 
 prints, whose sketches and measurements were taken in the 
 year 1744. At that time, however, many diJapidations had 
 been made, and his delineations must be regarded as shewing 
 the Chapel as it originally was, rather than the state of it in his 
 own time. In the perspective view of the Crypt, he has intro- 
 duced the figures of those well known antiquaries, Dr. Ducarel, 
 and Samuel Gale, Esq. ; the latter of whom was one of the 
 revivers of the Society of Antiquaries in 1717, and their fir.-.t 
 treasurer. Vcrlue'» engraving.-, were devised uuder Mr. Gule'i
 
 LOXDINrA^TA. 
 
 261 
 
 This Chapel was pulled down in the autumn of 
 1 760, but the workmen had much difficulty in demo- 
 lishing it, the cement being of extreme tenacity, and 
 the stones strongly clamped together with iron. '* An 
 antique marble font, curiously engraved, and several 
 ancient coins," &c. were found in it at that period.* 
 The upper chapel was converted into apartments ; but 
 the crypt had been used as a paper warehouse many 
 years : and though the floor was alwpys from eight to 
 ten feet under the surface at high-water mark, yet the 
 masonry was so gv)od that no water ever penetrated. 
 From the crypt was a winding staircase, descending to 
 the river ; and " in front of the bridge pier was a 
 square fish-pond, formed in the sterling, into which 
 the fish were carried by the tide, and there detained 
 by a wire grating placed over it."f 
 
 patronage, and both himself and Dr, Ducarel assisted him in his 
 measurements : the former is standing on the left, holding u 
 plan of the Chapel, and the latter is stooping on one knee, with 
 a rule. Vide Nichols's '* Literary Anecdotes," vol. iv, p. 552 j 
 and vol. vi. p. 402. 
 
 When Vertue made his sketches, the Chapel-house was te- 
 nanted by a haberdasher, named Baldwin, who was born there; 
 and when, at the age of seventy-one, he had been ordered to go 
 to Chiselhurst for a change of air, he found that he could not 
 sleep in the country for want of the noise he had been always 
 accustomed to when living on the bridge ! Ibid. vol. vi. p. 402, 
 note. 
 
 • Vide *' London Chronicle," of Aug. Hth, 1760. 
 
 t Thomson's " Chronicles," p. 516. The author adds, " An 
 ancient servant of London Bridge, now verging upon bis hun- 
 dredth summer, well remembers to have gone dov.i) through tlie 
 chapel to fi«h in thi? pond."
 
 26^ 
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 Independently of this structure, the most remarkable 
 building upon London Bridge was the famous A^07i5?/c/t 
 House, which, from the arms over the arch- way, appears 
 to have been of the EHzabethan age, and, from other 
 circumstances, to have been erected here a short time 
 prior to the year 1585. This singular and very curi- 
 ous building was constructed in Holland, entirely of 
 wood, and being brought over, was put together with 
 wooden pegs only, not a single nail being used in 
 the whole fabric. It stood to the north of the draw- 
 bridge, over the seventh arch from the Southwark 
 end of th3 Bridge, overhanging the river on each side. 
 At each of its corners was a square tower, crowned 
 with a Kremlin spire, and in the centre a rich, elabo- 
 rately-carved gable. It was four stories in height ; the 
 whole was richly ornamented with carved panels, and 
 gilded and jasper-coloured columns. In the front was a 
 profusion of transom casement windows, with carved 
 wooden galleries before them. Over the arch- way, 
 which was the width of the drawbridge, were placed 
 the arms of St. George, the city of London, and those 
 of Elizabeth, viz. France, and England, quarterly, sup- 
 ported by the Lion and Dragon.* 
 
 Since the alterations in the early part of the late 
 reign, the history of this fabric presents but little in- 
 terest, it being chiefly confined to the frequent neces- 
 sity of repairs, and other measures adapted to its 
 preservation. The passage or water-way beneath the 
 
 * Vide Thomson's '' Chronicles," pp. 344-347, in which 
 the description is interestingly iiliistrated by wood-cuts.
 
 LONDINIANA. S63 
 
 arches, or locks, as they were technically called (and 
 with much propriety, as the free course of the tides 
 was always obstructed by the sterlings), was progres- 
 sively deteriorated by those reparations ; and the stabi- 
 bility of the Bridge itself, for any extended term of 
 years, became, in the opinion of several experienced 
 engineers, extremely questionable. The subject, at 
 length, engaged the attention of the House of Com- 
 mons; and " the Select Committee upon the improve- 
 ment of the Port of London," in their third Report, 
 strenuously recommended the ereciioD of a new Bridge, 
 for which several plans and designs were given, in an 
 attached volume of engravings. Nothing, however, in 
 furtherance of that recommendation was done for nearly 
 twenty years, — the city, in which the conservancy of 
 the Bridge, and the management of the Bridge House 
 Estates, had for centuries been vested, being disin- 
 clined to engage in such an undertaking. At length, 
 in 1820, in consequence of several petitions from 
 craft and barge-owners, lightermen, &c. representing 
 the dangerous state of the navigation, and the insuffi- 
 ciency of the water-way for the increased traffic on 
 the Thames, a special committee of the House of 
 Commons was appointed on the subject; and, after the 
 examination of many witnesses, and a vast mass of 
 evidence, it was again, in a Report, dated May 25th, 
 1821, strongly recommended to erect a new Bridge.* 
 
 * From the examiuationof R. F. Newman, Esq. Comptroller 
 of the Bridge -House Estates, it appeared, that London Bridge 
 produced an income of je30,.503. 7s. 8d., of which the rental of
 
 S64 LONDTXTANA. 
 
 Although this second recommendation was not im- 
 mediately acted on, it had a decided influence on 
 public opinion ; and, at length, the Corporation, in June 
 1822, oiiered premiums of £250, £150, and £100, 
 for the three best designs that might be sent in for 
 inspection. This produced about one hundred draw- 
 ings, which were referred for examination to the 
 Messrs. Nash, Soane, Smirke, and Montague, the three 
 former being ranked among our first architects, and 
 the other being the principal surveyor to the city. In 
 the following January, the premiums were adjudged to 
 three plans, which, on a more minute inquiry, were 
 found not to be suited to the situation ; and a design 
 of the late John Rennie, Esq., was ultimately adopted. 
 
 Application was then made to Parliament for 
 the necessary powers to erect a new Bridge, improve 
 avenues, &c. ; and on the 4th of July, 1823 (4th of 
 George IV.), the act for those purposes received the 
 royal assent. Under the provisions of this statute, 
 {which is to remain in force for ten years,) the site of 
 the New Bridge was fixed at the distance of about 
 
 the above estates amounted, in 1820, to £25,80^5. 13s. 2d. It 
 further appeared, that the city was indebted to the Bridge. House 
 the sum of £45,383. 4s. 6d, of which £36,383. 4s. 6d. was in 
 cash, and £9,000. in 3 per cent. Consols; and that its capital 
 in the funds, exchequer bills, and floating cash, amounted 
 to £80,108. Us. Id. 
 
 * Mr. Rennie had thus the unparalleled fortune of immortally 
 associating his name with three of our Metropolitan Bridges^ 
 namely, Waterloo Bridge, Southwark Bridge (uf cast iron), and 
 London Bridge.
 
 LONDTNJANA. ^(i5 
 
 tliirty-four yards westward, from the old Bridge, which 
 is to remain open as a thoroughfare until the former be 
 completed. The Jirst pile of the coffer-dam for laying 
 the foundation of the first pier, was driven, on the 
 Southwark side, on Monday, March the 15th, 1824, 
 and the^/-5^ stone within that coffer-dam was laid, with 
 great ceremony, on the 15th of June, 1825, by the then 
 Lord Mayor (John Garratt, Esq.), in presence of his 
 late Royal Highness, Frederick, Duke of York, and 
 many other persons of distinguished birth, rank and 
 eminence.* 
 
 The New Bridge, now in progress, consists of five 
 seroi-elHptical arches, the respective spans of which 
 are as follow: — centre arch, 150 feet; second and 
 fourth arches, 140 feet; land arches, 130 feet; the 
 width of the centermost piers is 24 feet, and of the 
 others, 22 feet ; the abutments at the base are 73 feet.f 
 
 The architectural features of this structure are of the 
 most simple kind, and well suited to harmonize with 
 the bold character of the arches. The piers have plain 
 rectanglar buttresses, standing upon plinths, and the 
 pier-ends which support the same, have an effect from 
 the River infinitely more grand than that of any other 
 Bridge that has been hitherto erected over the Thames. 
 
 * For a very particular account of this ceremony, see Thom- 
 son's " Chronicles," pp. 635-664 ; it is illustrated with four 
 beautifully-executed wood-cuts, shewing the interior and fittings 
 up of the coffer-dam ; and a fifth cut, representing the elegant 
 silver trowel that was used in laying the first stone. 
 
 f The exterior of this Bri^lge will be of three sorts of granite ;
 
 266 LONDINTANA. 
 
 The stairs at each end are also in good keeping with 
 the rest of the work, and will consist of two straight 
 flights of steps, of about 22 feet wide, from high-water. 
 The road- way will have an easy ascent from each end 
 of the Bridge ; the parapet is to be plain, with a hand- 
 some block cornice. 
 
 This vast work is now in a great state of forward- 
 ness, and its principal features are fully developed. 
 All the piers and abutments are completed, and the last 
 key stone of the City land arch was driven on the 
 19th of November, 1828, with some ceremony, by the 
 Right Hon. the Lord Mayor (Wm. Thompson, Esq.), 
 accompanied by several Aldermen, and other persons of 
 distinction. Many other parts are in an equally for- 
 ward state, and it is expected that this noble pile will 
 be opened for the public, in about two years from the 
 present period. 
 
 Under the Act of Parliament for the re-building of 
 
 the eastern side being of purple Aberdeen, the western of the 
 light-grey Devonshire Haytor, and the arch stones of botb, 
 united with the red-browQ of Peterhead ; the heartings of the 
 piers are of hard Bramley-Fall, Derby, and Whitby stone. 
 These materials are roughly shaped at the quarries^ and alter 
 being carefully wrought at the Isle of Dogs, are finally dressed 
 and fitted to their places at the Bridge. The Pier-foundations 
 are formed of piles, chiefly beech, pointed with iron, and driven 
 about twenty feet into the blue clay of the bed of the River, about 
 four feet apart, hav Tit> two rows of sills, e. ch averaging about a 
 foot square, and filled in with large blocks of stone, upon which 
 is laid a six-inch beech planking, bearing the first course of 
 masonry. Vide Thomson's " Chronicles," p. 629.
 
 LONDINIANA. 267 
 
 London Bridge, the Lords of the Treasury are to dis- 
 burse £150,000 towards the expenditure ; and £42,000 
 has been since granted by the Treasury to increase the 
 width of the Bridge six feet beyond what had at first 
 been determined on, by which acts they reserve to 
 themselves the power of a superintendence over the 
 whole work. The work is executed under the general 
 direction of Messrs. George and John Rennie, the sons 
 of the late Mr. John Rennie, and under the constant 
 superintendence of Mr. WilHam Knight and Mr. Hoi- 
 linsworth.the resident engineers. The contractors for 
 building it are Mr. WilHam JoUiffe and Sir Edward 
 Banks, who have undertaken to complete it in six 
 years from March 2nd, 1824, for the sum of £460,000, 
 in addition to which there is a separate contract of 
 £42,000 for widening the Bridge six feet ; £30,000 
 has also been set aside as the probable expenditure 
 required for maintaining the Old Bridge, &c. The 
 contractors are bound down in sureties to the amount 
 of £200,000, to complete this great work within the 
 prescribed time. 
 
 For the following interesting particulars of the dis- 
 coveries made in laying the foundations of the new 
 structure, the author is indebted to the kindness of 
 Mr. Knight — whose zeal for the success of this great 
 undertaking is equalled only by his industry in all his 
 professional pursuits : — 
 
 " In dredging round the parls where the coffer daras 
 were required, a great quantity of miscellaneous mat- 
 ter was brought up, amongst which were numerous 
 coins, consisting of several Roman ones, both of brass
 
 ^268 LONDTNTANA. 
 
 and silver, Saxon and Danish, and various English, of 
 different reigns ; a considerable number of gold pieces 
 of the Seventh and Eighth Henrys ; several ancient 
 seals ; a crucifix, broaches, and gold rings, which were 
 evidently of monastic periods ; ancient daggers and 
 swords; a beautiful little statue of a horse, of theRoman 
 era, of the most exquisite workmanship, equal in many 
 respects (particularly about the head and neck) to those 
 in the Elgin marbles. These discoveries were chiefly 
 made about the western points of the old sterlings, on 
 the city side, where a series of banks has been 
 formed by the strength of the current, through the 
 small locks of the old Bridge. A great portion was 
 discovered both round the parts where the last coffer- 
 dam was formed, and near the embankment. 
 
 " Upon the spot now occupied as the stairs on the east 
 side of the bridge, amongst the upper surface of the bed 
 of the river (which consisted apparently of burnt ruins), 
 were found between thirty and forty gold sovereigns, 
 half sovereigns, and angels of the HenriesVII. and VIII. 
 Upon excavating the earth and other obstructions (which 
 consisted of three separate lines of old embankments, 
 constructed of elm and fir piles) , at about thirty feet from 
 the surface, a considerable quantity of Samian ware was 
 found, which was unfortunately broken by the labourers 
 in digging ; but, from the pieces which were preserved, 
 the ware appears to have beon of the most beautiful 
 workmanship. Many ancient keys were also found 
 upon the line of the abutments of the new Bridge, 
 next the sterlings ; old watches, and ancient seals ; and 
 in that line of the river near the Cliapel sterling, was
 
 LONDINIANA. 2(59 
 
 found a large leaden seal, with the inscription of 
 P. P. Urbanus VI. ; on the reverse the heads of Peter 
 and Paul : it appears to have been attached to some 
 document, and most probably to the Pope's Bull. The 
 Roman coins found are those of Alexander ; Antoninus 
 Pius (several large brass) ; Constantine (on the reverse 
 side of several of which is the Sun) ; Faustina, both 
 of the senior and junior Empresses; Maximihus, Te- 
 tricus, Magnentius, Posthuraius, Crispus, Valens, Vic- 
 torinus, Gallienus ; several of Trajan and Vespasian ; 
 Gordianus, Tacitus, Adrian, Antonia, Domitian,Nero ; 
 also silver ones of the Emperors Heliogabalus, Cara- 
 calla, and Tiberius. 
 
 ** The Saxon, Danish, and English coins are all of sil- 
 ver, and consistof a Saxon penny of Archbishop Wilfred ; 
 Danish pennies of Canute; Saxon pennies of Ethel- 
 red II. ; a halfpenny and pennies of Henry V., struck at 
 Calais; pennies, halfpennies, and farthings of Edward I.; 
 a twopence of Edward III. ; a fourpence of Edward IV. ; 
 a halfpenny of Richard I. ; pennies of Henry VIII. , 
 some struck by Cardinal Wolsey; halfpennies and 
 a fourpence of Philip and Mary ; PortculUs halfpennies 
 of Queen Elizabeth ; also a halfpenny, three farthings, 
 penny, twopence, threepence, fourpence, sixpence, and 
 three haltpence, of the same Queen ; a Rose penny, 
 twopence, and shillings of James I ; Rose pennies and 
 twopences, halfpence, sixpences, shillings, and half- 
 crowns of Charles I. ; farthings and sixpences of Wil- 
 liam and Mary ; and also a number of royal tokens, 
 and farthings of copper, in the reign of Charles I. 
 
 *' Several jetton-, or counter.^, of brass and other
 
 S70 LONDIXTAXA. 
 
 base metals, which were used for the purposes of cal- 
 culation ; many tradesmen's tokens, and a small 
 bronze statue of Harpocrates, which has been deposited 
 in the British Museum, were also discovered."* 
 
 The manner in which the Old Bridge was constructed 
 is described in the " Chronicles of London Bridge,'* 
 from the communication of Mr. Knight, and illustrated 
 by a wood-cut section of the north pier of the great arch. 
 In removing two of the old piers lately, for the purpose 
 of relieving the navigation, an opportunity presented 
 itself of practically ascertaining the mode in which 
 the foundations were laid of the original Bridge, 
 which was discovered to be 20 feet wide. On the 
 outsides of the piers were three rows of elm stumps, 
 from about 5 to 6 feet in length, upon these were sills 
 
 * "The Harpocrates was presented to the British Museum, in 
 November, 1825, by Messrs. Ruudle and Co. of Ludgate Hill. 
 The figure is about two inches and a half in height, and one io 
 breadth ; and represents the son of Osiris as a winged boy, with 
 Lis finger pointing to his mouth, as God of Silence ; the horns 
 emblematical of his mother Isis, on his head ; and at his feet 
 his other attributes of a dog, a tortoise, an owl, and a serpent 
 twined round a staff; by the number of which we may guess 
 the figure to have been made in Greece, after the time of Alex- 
 ander the Great. The style of sculpture is firm and massive j 
 and on the back is a strong rivet, through which pass a large 
 ring, and a very delicate chain of pure gold crossing like four 
 belts in front ; it being probably of that class of figures which 
 Winckleman states to have been worn as amulets, or the attri- 
 butes of Priests." — Thomson's "Chronicles,'' p. 628. There 
 was also a beautiful antique bronze lamp discovered, represent- 
 ing a head of Bacchus, wreathed with ivy.— Ibid. p. 62T.
 
 T;()XiirNIANA. 211 
 
 of oak* about 9 incites in thickness, laid upon a mass 
 of Kentish rubble, mixed with tiint, chalk, &c., thrown 
 in irregularly, but without cement, and confined by the 
 sterling, or ancient coffer-dam itself, which was left 
 standing around each pier. The first course of the 
 ancient masonry, which is well banded together, and 
 perfectly sound, is laid at from two feet three inches 
 to three feet, under low-water mark ; a circumstance 
 that accounts for the long time spent in building the 
 Bridge, as the workmen must have waited to take ad- 
 vantage of the neap or low tides. 
 
 This account cannot, perhaps, be more amusingly 
 concluded than by Howel's imitation of Sannazarjo's 
 Sonnet to the City of Venice, but which the English 
 versifier has limited to " the stupendous site and struc- 
 ture" of Old London Bridge : — 
 
 When Neptune from his billows London spyde. 
 Brought proudly thither by a high Spring-Tyde, 
 As through a floating Wood He steer'd along, 
 And dancing Cadles cluster'd in a throng ; 
 When He beheld a mighty Bridg give law 
 Unto his Surges, and their fm-y awe. 
 When such a shelf of Cataracts did roar, 
 As if the Thames with Nile had chang'd her Shoar ', 
 When He such massy walls, such Towrs did eye. 
 
 * The Oak found here was saturated completely through with 
 water, but was perfectly sound, after the lapse of 6.52 years; 
 out of this, several snuff-boxes, and other mementos, have beea 
 formed, together with all the implements used on the occasion 
 of laying first stones in the piers and abutments — such as 
 panares, plumb rules, levels, mallets, *fec.
 
 272 LONDINIANA. 
 
 Such Posts, such Irons upon his back to lye ; 
 When such vast Arches He observ'd, that might 
 Nineteen Rialtos make for depth and height ; 
 When the Cerulean God these things survayd, 
 He shook his Trident, and astonish'd said. 
 Let the whol Earth now all Her wonders count 
 This Bridg of Wonders is the Paramount ! 
 
 TOWER OF LONDON IN HENRY THE SIXTH's REIGNi 
 CHARLES, DUKE OF ORLEANS. 
 
 As a curious illustration of the preceding article, we 
 may ref?r to the oldest view cf the Tower and City of 
 London, which is known to be extant, and of which 
 the annexed print is a reduced representation. The 
 original forms one of the beautiful Illuminations of a 
 Manuscript Volume of Sonnets and other Pieces, writ- 
 ten by Charles, Duke of Orleans (grandfather to Louis 
 the Twelfth, King of France), during his ten years' 
 imprisonment in the Tower, in Henry the Sixth's 
 reign, and now preserved among the Royal Manuscripts 
 in the British Museum. In the upper part of this 
 delineation is shewn the eastern side of Old London 
 Bridge, with its street of g^able-ended houses, and the 
 ancient chapel of St. Thomas. Beyond the Bridge, 
 and along the banks of the river, is a large mass of 
 buildings, including the spires and towers of various 
 churches, among which the lofty steeple of Old St. 
 Paul's is very conspicuous. 
 
 But the most curious part of the picture is that 
 which represents the Tower, and in which the several 
 circumstances of the imprisonment, cc<ptivity, and re-
 
 LONDINIANA. 373 
 
 lease of the Duke of Orleans, are ingeniously repre- 
 sented. On the river, in front, is a boat making for 
 tlie Tower, in which is the Duke, seated and guarded. 
 He next appears as a captive in the White Tower, 
 (which is thrown open by an arch, to shew the inte- 
 rior) writing his poems; he is also shewn as looking 
 from a window upon the procession which is to con- 
 duct him from prison. He is last represented as 
 quitting the White Tower, and receiving the congra- 
 tulations of a knight on his attainment of liberty ; a 
 groom, with saddle-horses, stands near ; and his full 
 release is indicated by the procession departing 
 through the Tower gates. The Duke's dress, which 
 is similar throughout, is a robe of imperial blue, en- 
 riched with gold, and trimmed with ermine. 
 
 This nobleman was taken prisoner at the battle of 
 Azincourt, in 1416, by Henry the Fifth ; and his near- 
 ness in blood to the Crown of France occasioned his 
 confinement in England for twenty-four years. He was 
 first imprisoned at Windsor, but was removed in about 
 a year to Pontefract Castle, in Yorkshire, whence, in 
 1430, he was again removed to the Tower of London, 
 in which he remained till November 1440, when he 
 was released, *' with a great formality of instruments," 
 his ransom having been fixed at 100,000 francs. By 
 Isabel, his first wife, the widow of King Riclmrd the 
 Second (who had been sent back to France), he had 
 an only daughter, named Joan : that lady was married 
 to John, Duke of Alcn9on, by whom slie became the 
 mother of Louis the Twelfth. Whilst the Duke of 
 
 VOL. II. T
 
 ^74> LONDTKIANA. 
 
 Orleans was imprisoned in the Tower, 400 marks 
 a-year were allowed for his support. 
 
 The Manuscript is inscribed upon vellum, in the 
 common black script of the 15th century. It is inti- 
 tuled, " Grdce entiere sur le gouverneraent da Prince, 
 en la rime ^ prose, avec Peinctures.''^ The poems 
 tire chiefly amatory, with complaints of his imprison- 
 ment intermingled, and fond remembrances of his 
 native country. The several illuminations are spi- 
 ritedly executed, though pencilled with great minute- 
 ness. In the frontispiece are the arms of France and 
 England, several times repeated, and also the Red 
 Rose, the badge of Henry the Seventh, supported by a 
 greyhound and a red dragon. Hence it would appear, 
 that this particular manuscript was completed in the 
 reign of that sovereign. Among the sonnets are three 
 short " chansons^^ in English, which have been 
 printed by Ellis, in the first volume of his " Speci- 
 mens of the Early English Poets." 
 
 SUFFOLK, OR NORTHUMBERLAND HOUSE, STRAND. 
 
 Suffolk House, or, as now called, Northumber- 
 land House, stands on the ancient site of an Hospital 
 or Chapel of St. Mary, founded in the time of Henry 
 the Third, by William Mareschall, Earl of Pembroke, 
 on a piece of ground which he had given to the priory 
 of Rouncival, or De Rosida Falls, in Navarre. That 
 Chapel, says Speed, was suppressed among the alien 
 priories in the reign of Henry the Fifth, but it was 
 afterwards restored for a Fraternity by Edward the
 
 LOXDINIANA. 275 
 
 FourUi. After the Dissolution, its site, according to 
 Tanner, -was granted by Edward the Sixth, in the third 
 year of his reign, to Thomas Car warden. 
 
 This estate afterwards came into the possession of 
 Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton, Lord Privy Seal, 
 who erected a splendid mansion thereon, designated 
 JSfoTthampLon House, in which he died in 1614. From 
 that nobleman it descended to his kinsman, Thomas 
 Howard, of Walden, Earl of Suffolk, when it received 
 the name of Suffolk House, and was so called until the 
 marriage of Elizabeth, the daughter of Tlieophilus, 
 second Earl of Suffolk, with Algernon Percy, tenth 
 Earl of Northumberland, in the year 1642, when it 
 was transferred into that family, and has since acquired 
 the name of Northumberland House. 
 
 This edifice originally formed three sides of a spa- 
 cious quadrangle, the fourth side remaining open to 
 the gardens and river Thames. Its reputed architect 
 was Bernard Jansen ; but the frontispiece near the 
 street has been ascribed to Gerard Christmas, who de- 
 signed Aldersgate, which was rebuilt in the same 
 reign, namely, that of James the First. At that pe- 
 riod, the principal apartments were on the Strand side ; 
 but after the estate became the property of Earl Alger- 
 non (who disliked the noise of so public a thorough- 
 fare), the quadrangle was completed by a fourth side, 
 (including the state rooms) towards the river, under 
 the direction of Inigo Jones. The entire pile was built 
 in a mixed style of architecture, and had dome-crowned 
 towers at the angles, in the Dutch style. 
 
 Evelyn, in his "Diary," under the date 1654, 
 T 2
 
 -76 LONDINIANA. 
 
 when speaking of Audley End, in Essex, which had 
 been erected by the Lord Treasurer Suffolk, says, 
 *' instead of railes and balusters, there is a bordure of 
 capital letters, as was lately also on Suffolk House, 
 neere Charing Crosse, built by the same Lord Treas^"* 
 There is also another passage in the same " Diary,''' 
 relating to this mansion, under the date June 8, 1658. 
 " I went," says Evelyn, " to see the Earl of Northum- 
 berland's pictures, whereof that of y® Venetian Senators, 
 [the Cornaro Family, which is still one of the greatest or- 
 naments of this mansion, and of which there is a fine 
 print by Baron], and another of Andrea del Sarto, viz. a 
 Madona, Christ, St. John, and an Old Woman, &c. ; a St. 
 Catharine, of Da Vinci, with divers Portraits by Vandyke ; 
 a Nativity, by Georgione ; the last of our blessed kings, 
 Charles I., and y" Duke of York, by Lely ; a Rosarie, by 
 y® famous Jesuits of Bruxelles ; and severall more. This 
 was in Suffolk House, the new front towards y^ gardens 
 is tollerable, were it not drown'd by a too massie and 
 clomsie pair of stayres of stone, without any neate inven- 
 tion." f 
 
 • Walpole coDceives that the letters spoken of expressed the 
 name and titles of the Earl of Northampton (the founder of 
 this house), in Latin. It is probable that they were taken down 
 when Inigo Jones completed the quadrangle for Earl Algernon. 
 Camden states, that at the funeral of Queen Anne, of Denmark, 
 (James the First's consort), a young man among the specta- 
 tors Mas killed by tfie fall of the letter S from iJie top of North- 
 ampton House. Vide " Annates Jacobi Regis,'" p. 45, 4to. 
 This shews that the border of capitals was on the screen, or 
 frontispiece, next the Strand. 
 
 t This collection of pictures has been greatly increased since 
 Evelyn's time, and now forms a very magnificent assemblage. 
 There is, likewise, a very noble library in this mansion.
 
 LONDINIANA. 277 
 
 In the spring of 1660, after General Monk had 
 taken up his quarters at Whitehall, he was invited to 
 this house by Earl Algernon, and here, in secret con- 
 ference with him and other nobihty and gentry, some 
 of those measures were concerted which led to the 
 speedy restoration of the monarchy. 
 
 On the 7th of February 1749-50, this estate, with 
 the title of Earl of Northumberland, devolved upon 
 Sir Hugh Smithson, Bart., by the decease of Algernon, 
 seventh Duke of Somerset, his father-in-law. That 
 gentleman, pursuant to an Act of Parliament, passed in 
 the same year, assumed the name and arms of the 
 illustrious race of Percy ; and on the 18th of October 
 1 766 f he was elevated to the Dukedom of Northum- 
 berland. Considerable improvements were made here 
 by that nobleman ; two new wings were annexed to the 
 garden front, the quadrangular court was faced with 
 stone, and great part of the northern front was rebuilt ; 
 but the central division, which includes the entrance gate- 
 way, still exhibits the original work of Gerard Christ- 
 mas, and is a curious example of his time. Many 
 other alterations and repairs have been since made, 
 and particularly after the fire here in March 1780, 
 which consumed most of the upper rooms on the 
 Strand, or northern side. 
 
 SCOTLAND YARD. 
 
 Scotland Yard derives its name from an ancient 
 Palace of the Kings of Scotland, formerly standing on 
 the spot, which, on the authority of Strype, who quotes 
 from a pamphlet printed in 1548, was built by Kynald, 
 or Kenneth III, King of Scotland, in the year 959, on
 
 278 LONDINIANA. 
 
 a piece of ground which had been granted him for that 
 purpose by King Edgar, to whom he did homage for 
 his kingdom, and by whom he was enjoined to come 
 every year into England, to assist in the '* forming of 
 laws."* His posterity enjoyed it till the reign of 
 Henry the Second, when, in consequence of the defec- 
 tion of WiUiam the First, then King of Scotland, it 
 was forfeited to the English crown. It eventually 
 became the residence of Margaret, sister of Henry the 
 Vnith., upon the death of her husband, James the 
 IVth. of Scotland, who was slain at Flodden Field in 
 1513. The same Queen was also entertained here 
 with great mao-nificence, at the reconciliation with her 
 brother, on her second marriage with Archibald 
 Douglas, Earl of Angus. It was afterwards deserted 
 as a royal abode, and the old buildings gradually gave 
 place to other and meaner erections, which occupied 
 the ground until a recent period. In Charles the 
 Second's reign, Scotland Yard formed an adjunct to 
 Whitehall, as may be seen by referring to the ground 
 plot of that Palace in the present volume. It was 
 then inhabited, anno 1630, by officers and other per- 
 
 * The Scottish Kings appear to have been anciently regarded 
 as members of the English Parliament ; and there are instances 
 among the Tower records, of the issuing of writs to summon their 
 attendance. In Pinkerton's " Iconographia Scotica" is an en- 
 graved representation of Edward the First sitting in Parliament 
 with Alexander, King of Scots, on his right, and Llewellyn, 
 Prince of Wales, on his left hand : this is stated to have been 
 taken from a copy of an ancient limning, formerly in the English 
 College of Arms. When the Scottish Sovereigns, in later times, 
 attended to do homage for their fiefs of Cumberland and West- 
 moreland, they usually lodged in their Palace in Scotland Yard,
 
 LOMDINIANA. 279 
 
 sons belonging to the Court, amongst whom was Sir 
 John Denham, the Surveyor Genral ; the Comptroller 
 of the Works, the master carpenter, glazier, and mason, 
 clerk of the works, poulterers, &c.* 
 
 The celebrated Sir John Vanburgh had a house in 
 Scotland Yard, in 1708, which excited the ridicule of 
 several of his contemporary wits, and particularly of 
 Dean Swift, who wrote two satirical poems on the sub- 
 ject, in one of which he says : 
 
 " Now Poets from all quarters ran, 
 To see the house of brother Van ; 
 Look'd high and low, walkM often round. 
 But no such house was to be found : 
 One asks the waterman hard by, 
 " Where may the Poet" s palace lie ?" 
 Another of the Thames inquires 
 If he has seen its gilded spires? 
 At length they in the rubbish spy 
 A thing resembling a Goose-pyeP 
 
 * As Edward, Lor I Herbert of Cherbury, was riding through 
 Scotland Yard, in James the First's reign, attended by two of 
 his lackies, he was attacked by Sir John Ayres and four ruflSans, 
 who attempted to assassinate him, upon an ill grounded sus- 
 picion of a criminal connection between him and the Lady Ayres. 
 Lord Herbert defended himself (one of his servants having imme- 
 diately fled,) with great bravery, and a great partof the time with 
 little more than the hilt of his sword, which had been broken in 
 the commencement of the affray ; and, at last, with the assistance 
 of some gentlemen, who came up during the struggle, he put his 
 assailants to flight, but not until he had received a stab in the 
 right side. Sir John Ayres was afterwards apprehended, for this 
 attempted murder; but it does not appear that he was ever 
 brought to punishment.
 
 J280 LONDINIANA. 
 
 This fabric, which was erected according to the 
 peculiar taste of Sir John, was a mixture of the Grecian 
 and Gothic styles of architecture ; yet not by any 
 means so conteniptible as the Dean's satire would 
 indicate. 
 
 In the annexed print, which was copied from a 
 large engraving by Edward Rooker, Scotland Yard is 
 represented as it appeared about 1770 ; but nearly all 
 the old buildings have been demolished, and an entire 
 new character given to this spot by the erection of new 
 streets, and large and handsome houses, within the 
 last eight or ten years. 
 
 ST. James's church, Piccadilly. 
 
 This edifice, which has nothing exteriorly to re- 
 commend it, possesses one of the most elegant int&riors 
 that the metropolis, perhaps, can display. It was 
 erected by our great architect. Sir Christopher Wren, 
 and is one of the best constructed and most perfect of 
 his designs. It was founded in the latter part of the 
 reign of Charles Ilnd, by Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. 
 Alban's, as a chapel of ease to St. Martin's, and con- 
 secrated July the 13th, 1684. In the first year of the 
 succeeding reign it was made parochial, by an Act of 
 Parliament, intituled, "^ An Act for erecting a New 
 Parish, to be called the parish of St. James* s, within 
 the Liberty of Westminster :^^ thus making another di- 
 vision of the immense parish of St. Martin in the 
 Fields, from which St. Paul's, Covent Garden, had 
 been previously severed.
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 281 
 
 The exterior is principally of brick-work, but has 
 rustic quoins and other facings of Portland stone. At 
 the west end is a tower, surmounted by a clock spire, 
 rising to the height of about 150 feet. The interior 
 is divided into a nave, and two aisles, by a double 
 range of Corinthian columns, placed on square pa- 
 nelled piers, which serve also to support the galleries ; 
 from these pillars spring a semicircular arched roof, 
 divided into sunk and enriched panels, and intersected 
 by arches which run through to the external walls. 
 At the east end, over the altar, is a large window, ori- 
 ginally designed for Raffaelle's celebrated Transfigura- 
 tion : it consists of two stories of columns, the lower- 
 most of which is of the Corinthian order ; the upper 
 (the centre intercolumniation of which is connected by 
 a semicircular arch) is of the Composite order. The 
 body of the church, which is 84 feet in length, 68 
 feet in breadth, and 40 feet in height, is capable of 
 containing 2,000 persons, with ease and comfort. 
 The organ, which is of superior excellence, was the 
 gift of Queen Mary in 1691 ; it is said to have been 
 made by order of King James, and designed for his 
 Catholic Chapel at Whitehall. The carving of the 
 altar-piece is the work of that celebrated artist, Gribe- 
 lin Gibbons, and is deserving of great praise, parti- 
 cularly the foliage. The enclosure of the altar is of 
 white marble, ornamented with pierced scrolls of 
 bronze.* 
 
 • The scrolls were formerly of marble, but during some late 
 repairs of the cburcb, they vvere so much dilapidated as to require
 
 f?82 LOXDINIANA. 
 
 The Baptismal Font, also from the chisel of Gibbons, 
 is a most beautiful specimen of art. It is sculptured 
 in white marble, and is between four and five feet in 
 height ; the circumference at the top of the basin is 
 about six feet. The shaft which supports it represents 
 the Tree of Life, with the serpent twining round it, 
 and offering the fatal apple to Eve, who, together with 
 Adam, are recHning against it : these figures, which 
 are most delicately sculptured, are about eighteen inches 
 in height. On the basin are sculptured three scriptu- 
 ral subjects in basso-relievo : viz. — St. John baptizing 
 our Saviour, the baptizing of the Eunuch by St. Philip, 
 and the Ark of Noah, with tiie dove bearing the olive 
 branch, the type of peace to mankind There seems 
 formerly to have been a pipe passing down the shaft 
 from the interior, secured by a plug, in order to carry 
 off the water. This font, as appears from the annexed 
 print (copied from Vertue's engraving) had formerly a 
 suspended cover, ornamented with foliage, and sur- 
 mounted by the figure of an angel in the act of flying, 
 above which, on the chain which suspended it, were a 
 group of four cherubs.* 
 
 Evelyn, in his " Diary," thus notices the altar of this 
 church : — " December 16th, 1684, I went to see the 
 
 removal, when their place was supplied by similar ones in 
 bronze. 
 
 * This cover is said to have been stolen about thirty years 
 ago ; but, however that may be, it was subsequently hung up as 
 a kind of sign, at a spirit shop, in the immediate neighbourhood 
 of the Church.
 
 L0NDINIAN.\. 283 
 
 New Church at St. James's, elegantly built ; the allar 
 was especialy adorn'd, the white marble enclosure 
 curiously and richly carved, the flowers and garlands 
 about the walls, by Mr. Gibbons, in wood ; a pelican, 
 with her young at her breast, just over the altar, in the 
 carv'd compartment and border, invironing the purple 
 velvet fringed, with I. H. S. richly embroder'd, and 
 most noble plate, were given by Sir R. Geere, to the 
 value (as was said) of £200. There was no altar any 
 where in England, nor has there been any abroad, 
 more handsomely adorned." 
 
 BLACK FRIARS, NEAR HOLBORN. — LINCOLN'S INN. 
 
 On part of the ground now occupied by Lincoln's 
 Inn, the Friars Preachers, or Black Friars, had for- 
 merly an establishment, or Home, as the phrase was. 
 That Order first came into England, in 1221, and set- 
 tled " without the Wall of the City, by Oldbourne, near 
 unto the old Temple." Hubert de Burgh, Earl of 
 Kent, was a great benefactor to this foundation, to 
 which he gave his palace at Westminster, and was 
 afterwards buried in their church ; Margaret, the 
 widow of Geffery, Earl Marshal], and sister to the 
 King of Scotland, was also interred there. " In the 
 yeere 1250," says Stow, '* the Fryers of this Order of 
 Preachers, thorough Christendome, and from Jersusa- 
 lem, were by a Conuocation assembled together, at this 
 their house by Oldbourne, to entreat of their estate, to 
 the number of 400, hauing meate and drinke found 
 them of Almes, because they had no possessions of
 
 284 LONDI^IANA. 
 
 their owne. The first day the King came to their 
 Chapter, found them meate and drinke, and dined with 
 them. Another day the Queene found them meate 
 and drinke ; afterward tlie Bishop of London, then the 
 Abbot of Westminster, of S. Albans, Waltham, and 
 others. In the yeere 1276, Gregory Rokesley, Maior, 
 and the Barons of London, granted, and gave to Robert 
 Kilwerhiji Archbishop of Canterburie, two lanes or 
 waies next the street of Baynards Castell, and the Tower 
 of Mountfichet to be destroyed. On the which place 
 the said Robert builded the late new Church, with 
 the rest of the Stones that were left of the said Tower. 
 And thus the Black Fryers left their Church and House 
 by Oldbourne, and departed to their new."* 
 
 In the 16th of Edward the First, the old House of the 
 Black Fryars was given by the King to Henry de Lacy, 
 Earl of Lincoln, on the grounds or site of which he 
 erected an Inn, where he frequently resided and died 
 in 1310. Tradition says, that this Earl being " a per- 
 son well affected to the study of the Law" assigned 
 Lincoln'' s Inn, as it was called, to the Professors of the 
 Law, as a residence; and they afterwards acquired a 
 considerable part of the adjoining demesne, southward, 
 of the Bishops of Chichester.j That estate had originally 
 belonged to a John Heriirum, or Herlizini, but having 
 been forfeited to Henry the Third, was granted by him 
 
 --* Stow's "Survey," p. 825 ; edit. 1618. 
 
 t Chichester Place, on the west side of Cbancerj' Lane, and 
 Bishop's Court, opposite to it on the east side, still indicate the 
 exact site of the aucient Palace and Gardens of the Bishop of 
 Chichester.
 
 LONDINFANA. 285 
 
 in 1228, to Ralph de Nova Villa, or Neville, Lord 
 Chancellor and Bishop of Chichester. Richard 
 Sampson, who held that See in Henry the Eighth's 
 reign, sold the inheritance of this House, with an 
 attached Garden, called Coiterel Garden, to the brothers 
 William and Eustace Sulgard, who were eminent legal 
 practitioners, and his grant was confirmed by the Dean 
 and Chapter of Chichester. Sir Edward Sulgard, knt. 
 the son and heir of Eustace, conveyed the whole, in the 
 22nd of Elizabeth's reign, to the Benchers and Society 
 of Lincoln's Inn, in fee, for the sum of £520. 
 
 The most ancient part of Lincoln's Inn, is the Hall, 
 which was erected in 1506 : it is 62 feet in length, 
 and 32 feet in breadth ; the windows, which are in the 
 pointed style, contain numerous coats of arms. At the 
 upper end, over the bench occupied by the Lord Chan- 
 cellor, who occasionally holds his court here, is 
 Hogarth's picture of Paul hefore Felix. The Gate- 
 house in Chancery- lane was erected in 1518, by Sir 
 Thomas Level, knt., a fellow of, and also a great bene- 
 factor to, this Inn ; but its venerable appearance has 
 been much deteriorated by the modern alterations of 
 the windows. It is a brick building, with square 
 towers on the flanks ; over the pointed archway, towards 
 the street, are the royal arms, with those of De Lacy 
 on the dexter, and of Sir Thomas Lovel on the sinister 
 side; underneath is the date 1518. The Chapel wb.s 
 erected in 1623, from the designs of Inigo Jones, but 
 in 1791 it underwent great alterations and repairs, 
 under the superintendence of Mr. Wyatt. In the win- 
 dows are many emblazoned coats of arms. Underneath
 
 286 LOKDTNTAXA 
 
 the chapel are the cloisters, which, until 1791, was the 
 general hurial place of the Society, but since that 
 period the benchers only have had the privilege of 
 interment there. 
 
 Searle's Court, or what is now denominated Lincoln's 
 Inn New Square (which occupies the space formerly 
 called Fickett's Place, or Little Lincoln's Inn Fields), 
 was finished in 1697 : it was principally built by 
 Henry Searle, Esq., whose arms, with those of the 
 Lnn, are over the gateway next Carey Street. In the 
 centre of this square, v/hich is neatly gravelled, was 
 formerly an ornamental column and fountain, as shewn 
 in the annexed print. It was erected from a design 
 by Inigo Jones, and was of the Corinthian order, with 
 a sun-dial placed at the top : at the angles of the pedes- 
 tal were infant Tritons, who spouted water from their 
 shells: its place is now occupied by a gas-lamp. 
 
 Stone Buildings is a handsome range of houses, 
 facing the gardens, which was erected by the late Sir 
 Robert Taylor, and forms part of a general plan which 
 w^as then in contemplation for rebuilding the entire 
 Inn. They are let out as chambers, and likewise con- 
 tain the Library of the Society, v/hich consists of books 
 and manuscripts, chiefly collected by Sir Matthew 
 Hale. Adjoining to this range is the Six Clerks Office, 
 a handsome structure of stone, situated on the west 
 side of Chancery-lane : this office was formerly held 
 in a building called the Herfitt Inn, which stood oppo- 
 site the Rolls Office. 
 
 Lincoln's Inn Gardens are extensive and pleasant ; 
 on the western side is a raised terrace.
 
 LONUTNTANA. S87 
 
 CLERKENWELL CLOSE. — CROMWELL PLACE. 
 
 On the west side of Clerkenwcll Close, about thirty 
 years ago, stood the old brick Buildings, represented 
 in the annexed print, in the raiddleraost of which, the 
 Protector, Oliver Cromwell, is traditionally said to have 
 been once a resident ; but there does not appear to be 
 any valid ground for that report.* It is probable that, 
 originally, the three houses formed only one mansion, 
 consisting of a recessed centre with wings ; yet the for- 
 mer, with its twin stacks of large chimneys in front, and 
 plain parapet, had an air of greater age than the other 
 parts. One of the most notorious occupants of this 
 division, was the well-known trading justice, Mr. Wil- 
 liam Blackborough, who died there, at an advanced age, 
 on the 16th of September, 1794. Both himself, and 
 Mr. Justice Girdler, who lived on the south side of 
 Clerken well Green, had hired barkers, (like the second- 
 hand-clothes dealers of Monmouth Street,) patrolling 
 near their doors in quest of customers ; and they 
 would both occasionally give credit for warrants, to 
 encourage litigation, and promote the obtaining of fees. 
 This house was nearly destroyed a few years ago, by 
 
 * " There is scarcely a village near London," says Lysous, 
 " in which there is not one house, at least, appropriated by tra- 
 dition to Cromwell, though there is no ]ierson to whom they 
 might be appropriated with less probability. During the whole 
 of the Civil Wars, Cromwell was with the army ; when he was 
 Protector, he divided his time between Whitehall and Hampton 
 Court."— Lysons's " Environs of London," vol. i. p. .370.
 
 ^88 LONDINIANA. 
 
 an accidental fire, when inhabited by a stove-grate 
 maker ; and has been since repaired in a different 
 style. Cromwell Place, a small contiguous court, has 
 its name from the tradition noticed above. 
 
 SALTERS' COMPANY. AND HALL. 
 
 The Salter s' Company, although of considerable 
 antiquity, as appears from a grant of a Livery made 
 by Richard the Second, in 1394, was not regularly 
 incorporated till the reign of Queen Elizabeth ; but that 
 Princess, in the year 1558, granted them a Charter, 
 under the appellation of " The Master, Wardens, and 
 Commonalty of the Art or Mystery of Sailers, of 
 London.'* The Members are " usually termed Dry- 
 Salters, and deal in logwood, cochineal, potashes, and, 
 in short, in almost every chemical preparation."* 
 They are governed by a Master, two V/ardens, and a 
 Court of Assistants. 
 
 Salters' Hall, which stands on the west side of 
 Oxford Court, St. Swithin's Lane, and has been very 
 recently rebuilt, is the fourth that has bc4onged to this 
 Company. The original Hall stood in Bread Street, 
 and was destroyed by fire, in 1539; as was, also, the 
 " re-edified" building, in the conflagration of 1666. 
 The site of the present edifice was formerly occupied 
 by the mansion and gardens of the Prior of Tortington, 
 which, after the Dissolution, was granted to John de 
 Vere, Earl of Oxford, and thence obtained the appel- 
 lation of Oxford Place. Edward, his grandson, dis- 
 
 * Vide Malcolm's " Loud. Rcdivivum," vol iv, p. 023.
 
 LOXIJINIANA. 289 
 
 sipated his great inheritance, from motives of pique 
 and indignant feeling against Lord Burghley, whose 
 daughter he had married ; and this estate was pur- 
 chased by Sir Jolm Hart, who kept his Mayoralty here 
 in 1589. His eldest daughter married Sir George 
 Bolles, Lord Mayor in 1617, and their descendants 
 alienated the premises to the Salters' Company, by 
 whom the late Hall, or that represented in the annexed 
 engraving, was erected, after the destruction of the 
 ancient buildings in the Great Fire. It was a small 
 edifice of brick, the entrance opening under an arcade 
 of three arches, springing from square pillars, fluted. 
 
 The new Hall, which is of stone, was built by 
 Henry Carr, Esq., architect, between the years 1823 
 and 1827; and it was opened on the 23d of May, in 
 the latter year. The portico, which consists of four 
 columns of the Ionic order, supporting an entabla- 
 ture, &c., is surmounted by the Company's arms and 
 supporters.* From the entrance hall, which is very 
 spacious, a handsome flight of stairs ascends to the 
 Great Hall, which is a lofty and elegant apartment, 
 partly coved, and having a magnificent chandelier, 
 twenty-two feet in height, suspended from a small 
 lantern-light, in the centre. At the east end are carved 
 
 * The Salter's arms are, per chevrou, azure and gules, three 
 covered salts, or, sprinkling argent : supporters, leopards, each 
 gorged with a crown, chained ; crest, a man's hand, holding a 
 salt, as the former : molto, Sal sapit Omnia. The arras were 
 granted in the 20th 5ear of Henry VIll, by Thomas Benoilr, 
 Clareucieux ; ihe crest and supporters, by Robert Cooke, ClU" 
 rencieiix, in 1-587, 
 
 VOL. II. U
 
 f<J90 LONDIKIANA. 
 
 the arms and motto of the company, and at the west, is 
 a small music g;dlery. Several banners are suspended 
 from the ceiling : and over the archways of the doors 
 are busts of George III. and George IV. ; Frederick, 
 Duke of York ; Lord Nelson, and the Duke of Wel- 
 lington. On the ground floor are the council-room, 
 council dining room, waiting room, and Election Hall. 
 In the latter are whole lengths of Charles I. ; Mr. 
 Bernard Hyde, a benefactor in 1630; Mr. William 
 Robson, a benefactor in 1633, who gave the Company 
 £5,000. for charitable uses ; and Adn. Charpenlier, 
 the artist, a donor in 1760, painted by himself: over 
 the chimney is a small picture of William III., on 
 horseback ; and against the walls are placed armorial 
 shields of the different masters, members of the com- 
 pany, who have filled the civic chair. Here also is a 
 carved chair, with the Company's arms curiously inlaid 
 at the back. In the Waiting Roomy in which views of 
 the building, lists of the benefactors, and plans of the 
 estates are suspended, is a curious record of ancient 
 festivity, viz : — 
 
 " A Bill of Fare for Fifty People of the Company of Sailers y 
 A.B. 1506." 
 
 £. s. d. 
 
 56 chickens 4 5 
 
 1 swan and 4 geese 7 
 
 9 rabbits 1 4 
 
 2 rumps of beef tails 2 
 
 6 quails , 1 6 
 
 2 oz. pepper 2 
 
 2 oz. cloves and mace 4
 
 LONDINIANA. ^1 
 
 1 1 ounce saffron , O o 6 
 
 3lbs. sugar 8 
 
 2 lbs. raisins 4 
 
 ] lb. dates O 4 
 
 li lb. comfits 2 
 
 Half. bund, eggs 2 
 
 4 gallons of curds 4 
 
 1 do. gooseberries 2 
 
 Bread 1 1 
 
 One kilderkin of ale 2 3 
 
 Herbs 1 O 
 
 2 dishes of butter O O 4 
 
 4 breasts of veal 15 
 
 Bacon 6 
 
 Quar. load of coals 4 
 
 Faggots 2 
 
 3] gallons of Gascoigne wine 2 4 
 
 One bottle Muscovadine O 8 
 
 Cherries and tarts O 8 
 
 Verjuice and vinegar 2 
 
 Paid the cook o 5 4 
 
 Perfume 2 
 
 One bushel and a half of meal 8 
 
 Water 3 
 
 Garnishing the vessels 3 
 
 £\ 13 2j 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW FAIR, SMITHFIELD. 
 
 The privilege of holding a Fair in Smithfield, at 
 Bartholomew Tide, was granted by Henry the Second 
 to the adjoining priory of St. Bartholomew, to be held 
 u 2
 
 ^92 LOXDINIAXA. 
 
 on the eve, the day, and the morrow of that festival. 
 It was, at first, kept on the spot stiil called Cloth Fair, 
 and was attended by all the clothiers and drapers, who 
 had stands or booths within the precinct walls of the 
 priory, the gates of which were locked at night, and a 
 watch set for the protection of their goods. This fair 
 was afterwards prolonged for the space of a fortnight, 
 but having become the scene of great dissoluteness, 
 it was in 1708, by an order of the Common Council, 
 reduced to the term which had been assigned in the 
 original grant. At the time of this fair, a court of 
 " Pied-poudre," is still held, daily, for the settlement 
 of disputes respecting " debts and contracts" arising 
 during its continuance. 
 
 In the year 1641, a curious Tract, now extremely 
 rare, of which the following is a copy, was "printed 
 for Richard Harper, at the Bible and Harpe, in Smith- 
 field :— 
 
 BARTHOLOMEW FAIRE ; 
 
 OH, 
 
 Variety of Fa)LcieSi where you may Jiiid a Faire of 
 
 Wares, and all to 'please your Mind, 
 
 wilh 
 
 The severall enormityes and misdemeanours, which 
 
 are there seene and heard. 
 
 Bartholomew Faire begins on the twenty-fourth day 
 of August* and is then of so vast an extent, that it is 
 
 * Now the 4th of September, by the alteratiou of style iu 
 1756.
 
 LO\DTNIANA.. S93 
 
 contained in no lesse than four parishes, namely, Christ- 
 Church, Great and Little Saint Bartholomewes, and 
 Saint Sepulchres. Hither resort people of all sorts, 
 High and Low, Rich and Poore, from cities, townes, 
 and countrys; of all sects, Papists, Atheists, Anabap- 
 tists and Brovvnists ; and of all conditions, good and bad, 
 vertuous and vitious, Knaves and Fooles, Cuckolds and 
 Cuckoldmakers, Bauds and Whores, Pimpes and Pan- 
 ders, Rogues and Rascalls, the little Loud-one and the 
 witty Wanton. 
 
 And now that wee may the better take an exact 
 survay of the whole Faire, first let us enter into Christ- 
 Church Cloys ters, which are now hung so full of 
 pictures, that you would take that place, or rather 
 mistake it, for Saint Peters in Rome ; onely this is the 
 difference, those there are set up for worship, these here 
 for sale ; but by the way, I'le tell you a tale of a precise 
 Puritan, who came in all hast from Lincolne to London 
 purposely to see the Faire, where he had never bin 
 before, and coming out of Newgate Market, through 
 Christ Church into the Cloysters, and elevating the snow 
 bals of his eyes, he presently espyes the picture of Christ 
 and his twelve Apostles, with the virgin Mary, and many 
 other Saints departed, at which sight the very thought 
 and strong conceit of superstition set such a sharp edge 
 upon the pure mettle of his inflamed zeale, that very 
 manfully, like a man of valour, and son of Mars, he 
 steps to a stall wel stor'd with twopeny halberts, and 
 woodden backswords, where having arm'd himself Cap 
 a Pea, (as he thought) he begins in a violent passion, to 
 exclaime against the Idolatry of the times, that it was 
 growne abominable ; protesting that the whore o{ Bahilon 
 was crept into Christ Church, and that the good motions 
 of the Spirit had brought him to towne, to make a sacri-
 
 294 LONDINIANA. 
 
 fice of those Idle IdoUsy to his just anger and holy indig- 
 nation, which begot no small laughter to the multitude, 
 which throng'd about him, that put him into such a chafe, 
 in so much that at the last, like Hosicleare, the Knight of 
 the sunne, or Don Quixo^ most furiously he makes an 
 assault and battery upon the poore innoceut pictures, till 
 the Shopkeepers apprehending him had him before a Con- 
 stable, who forthwith comitted my little furie to the 
 Stockes, where we will leave him to coole his heeles, 
 whilst we take a further view of the Faire. And now 
 being arrivM through the long walke, to Saint Bartholo- 
 mewes hospitall ; that place (me thinkes) appeares to me, 
 a sucking Exchange, and may be so termed, not unfitly ; 
 for there many a handsome Wen h exchanges her maiden- 
 head for a small favour, as a moiety of bone-lace, a slight 
 silver bodkin, a hoopt-ring, or the like toye ; for shee 
 comes not thither with her Sweet-heart, to serve her owne 
 turne only, but also to satisfie his desire ; according to the 
 old saying, one good turne deserves another. 
 
 Let us now make a progresse into Smith-field, which is 
 the heart of the Faire, where in my heart I thinke there 
 are more Motions in a day, to be seene, then are in a 
 terme in Westminster Hall to be heard. But whilst you 
 take notice of the severall Motions there, take this caution 
 along with you, let one eye watch narrowly that no ones 
 hand make a motion into your pocket, which is the next 
 way to moue you to impatience. 
 
 The Faire is full of gold and silver-drawers: just as 
 Lent is to the Fishmonger, so is Bartholomew Faire to the 
 Pickpocket; it is his high harvest, which is never bad, but 
 when his cart goes up Holborne. 
 
 The Citty-marshalls are as dreadfuU to these yongsters, 
 as the Plague is to our London actors ; that restraines 
 them from playing, and they hinder these from working :
 
 LONDINIANA. S95 
 
 you may quickly know these nimble youths, and likely find 
 them very busie bodyes in quarrells, which nothing con- 
 cerne them, and sometimes in discourie with theire 
 wenches, (the sisters of the scabard) for the most part to 
 be found in a croud or throng of people. Iheir buttocks 
 walke up and down the Faire very demurely : the end of 
 their perambulation is to be taken up by some countrey- 
 Gull, or City-cockscombe, and then your hand is no sooner 
 in one of their plackets, but theirs is as nimble in one of 
 your pockets ; and if you take not heed of them, they will 
 give you fairings with the poxe. 
 
 Some of your Cutpurses are in fee with cheating Cos- 
 termongers, who have a trick now and then to throw 
 downe a basket of refuge peares, which prove choake- 
 peares to those that shall loose their hats or cloaks in 
 striving who shall gather fastest. They have many dainty 
 baits to draw a bit, and (if you be not vigilant) you shall 
 hardly escape their nets : fine fowlers they are, for every 
 finger of theirs is a lime twigge, with which they catch dot- 
 terels. They are excellently well read in Physiognomy ; 
 for they will know how strong you are in the purse by 
 looking in your face ; and for the more certainty thereof, 
 they will follow you close, and never leave you till you 
 draw your purse, or they for you, which they'l be sure to 
 have, (if you looke not to it) though they kisse New-gate 
 for it. 
 
 It is remarkable, and worth your observation, to behold 
 and heare the strange sights, and confus'd noise in the 
 Faire. Here a Knave in a fooles coate, with a trumpet 
 sounding, or on a drumme beating, invites you and would 
 faine perswade you to see his puppets : there a Rogue like 
 a wild woodman, or in an Antick' ship (shape) like an In- 
 cubus, desires your company, to view his motion ; on the 
 other side, Hocus Pocus with three yards of tape or ribbin
 
 296 LONDINIANA. 
 
 in's hand, shewing his art of Legerdemaine, to the admi- 
 ration and astonishment of a company of cockoloaches. 
 Amongst these you shall see a gray Goose-cap (as wise as 
 the rest,) with a " what do ye lacke,'* in his mouth, stand 
 in his boothe, shaking a rattle, or scraping on a fiddle, 
 with which children are so taken that they presently cry 
 out for these fopperies ; and all these together make such 
 a distracted noise, that you would thinck Babell were uot 
 comparable to it. Here there are also your Gamesters in 
 action ; some turning of a whimsey, others throwing for 
 pewter, who can quickly dissolve a round shilling into a 
 three halfepenny saucer. 
 
 Long-lane at this time looks very faire, and puts out 
 her best cloathes, with the wrong side outward, so turn'd 
 for their better turning off; and Cloth Faire is now in 
 great request : well fare the ale-houses therein ; yet better 
 may a man fare (but at a dearer rate) in the Pig market, 
 alias Pasty-nooke, or Pye corner, where pigges are al 
 houres of the day on the stalls piping hot, and would cry 
 (if they could speak) " come eate me ;" but they are so 
 damnable deare, and the reckonings for them are so saucy, 
 that a man had as good licke his fingers in a baudy house, 
 as at this time come into one of those houses, where the 
 fat greasy ho?tesse instructs Nick Froth her tapster, to 
 aske a shilling more for a pig's head of a woman big with 
 child, in regard of her longing, then of another ordinary 
 customer; these unconscionable exactions, and excessive 
 inflammations of reckoning made that angle of the Faire 
 too hot for my company ; therefore I resolv'd with myself 
 to Bteere my course another way, and having once got out, 
 not to come again in hast. 
 
 Now farewell to the Faire ; you who are wise, 
 Preserve t/our Pulses, whilst you please your eyes.
 
 LONpiNIANA. S9T 
 
 STEPNEY. RESIDENCE OF DEAN COLET. 
 
 Stepney was the residence of the celebrated Dean 
 Colef, the eminent founder of St. Paul's School, whose 
 father, Sir Henry Colet, knt., was twice Lord Mayor of 
 London, in the years 14S6 and 1495, and lies buried 
 in Stepney Church. Before his preferment to the 
 Deanery of St. Paul's, in 1505, Dr. Colet held the 
 vicarage of this parish, and he continued to reside here 
 for several years after his resignation of the living. His 
 mansion was at the north end of White-Horse Street, 
 near to the present Ratcliffe Workhouse ; and its ap- 
 pearance, when standing, about thirty years ago, is 
 shewn in the accompanying print, which was executed 
 from a drawing by the late Mr. John Ireland. 
 
 Lysons says, that Dr. Colet /' was one of the first 
 declaimers against the abuses of the Romish religion, 
 and very instrumental in paving the way for the Refor- 
 mation." Upon his founding St. PauPs School, he 
 gave his house at Stepney to the Head Master, as a 
 country residence; and its site is now occupied by two 
 messuages, called Colet Place, which are let for the 
 advantage of the Masters, (who have not resided at 
 Stepney for many years,) and in front of which, is a 
 bust of the Dean. In a letter from Sir Thomas More, 
 to thU eminent divine, who was then abroad, he says, 
 '* if the discommodities of the city offend you, yet 
 may the country, about your parish of Stepney, afford 
 you the like delights, to those which that affords you 
 wherein you nowkeepe.*'* Dean Colet died on the 
 
 * More'? Life of Sir Toomas More, p. 23: edit. 1726.
 
 ^98 LONDINI.ANA. 
 
 16th of September, 1519, in his 53rd year, at his 
 house, which he had built, near the palace at Sheen, 
 or Richmond, in Surrey, and was buried in the choir of 
 St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 ROYAL HUMANE SOCIETY. 
 
 The Royal Humane Society owes its origin to the 
 philanthropic exertions of the late Dr. Havves. This 
 beneficent individual was born at Islington, on the 
 28th of November, 1 736, at the Old Thatched House 
 Tavern, which his father had kept for several years. 
 He first attracted the notice of the public in 1773, by 
 calling their attention to the resuscitation of persons 
 apparently dead, but particularly from drowning. In 
 this, his laudable design, he encountered considerable 
 opposition and ridicule, as its practicability was at that 
 time generally disbelieved ; but, by offering rewards, 
 at his own expense, to persons who should, within a 
 cf^rtain period from the occurrence of an accident, 
 rescue the bodies of drowned persons, between West- 
 minster and London Bridges, the lives of several 
 persons were snatched from apparent death. In the 
 following year, with the Co-operation of his friend Dr. 
 Cogan, the Humane Society was formed, at a meeting 
 which they called of their friends, at the Chapter Coffee 
 House. It was " instituted to collect and circulate the 
 most approved and effectual Methods for Recovering 
 the apparently Drowned or Dead ; to suggest and 
 provide proper Apparatus for, and to bestow Rewards 
 on all who assist in, the Preservation or Restoration of 
 Life." Since the establishment of this Institution, the
 
 LONDINIAXAi 299 
 
 lives of nearly GOOO persons have been rescued from 
 a premature death by drowning, and other cases of 
 suspended animation ; and rewards have been given to 
 no less than 21,000 persons, who have risked their 
 own lives in endeavouring to save those of their 
 fellow creatures. 
 
 The resuscilative processes, recommended by the 
 Humane Society, are not confined to apparent death 
 from suffocation by water, but extended to the proper 
 treatment for suspension of animation by hanging, 
 noxious airs and vapours, lightnings, still birth, smo- 
 therings, excessive cold, drinking cold liquids in sultry 
 weather, and the several poisons of oxalic acid, lauda- 
 num, arsenic, and monkshood, or night shade.* 
 
 Death may usurp on nature many hours. 
 And yet the fire of Life kindle again, 
 The over-pressed spirits. I have heard 
 Of an Egyptian had nine hours lien dead. 
 By good apph'ance was recovered. 
 
 Shakspeare. 
 
 * For the particular methods of treatment in all this variety of 
 cases, the reader will refer to the very valuable Report of the 
 Society, (the 54th), published in 1828. During the preceding 
 year, out of 195 cases, 175 had proved successful, and of those, 
 ten were instances of still-horn infants, who had been restored 
 to animation, at the City of London Lying-in Hospital, by the 
 assi luous and continued practice of the Matron. The Report 
 contains two wood-cuts of the Apparatus for Resuscitation, and 
 also a lithographic print of a Self-acting Safety Rod, devised by 
 Lieut. Ackerly, R. N., for the preservation of Seamen and 
 others, upset in boats. 
 
 The following condensed Manual, for " UeUoring Life to the
 
 300 LONDINIAXA. 
 
 This very praiseworthy Institution is governed by a 
 numerous Committee, whose meetings are held in 
 Bridge Street, Blackfriars. His present Majesty is 
 Patron. During the skaiting season, the Society has 
 four men in regular attendance at the Serpentine river, 
 in Hyde Park ; two men at the Canal in St. James's 
 Park, and two men at the sheet of water in the Regent's 
 Park. They are provided with ice ladders, ropes, 
 boats, and all other necessary apparatus ; and in Hyde 
 Park, this Society has a principal Receiving-House, 
 erected on the north side of the Serpentine river, on a 
 
 apparently Drowned," (taken chiefly from the Reports of the 
 Humane Society,) was drawn up by J. J. Wilkinson, Esq. an 
 eminent special pleader, of the Temple. From its very obvious 
 utility, it is here reprinted : — 
 
 " Cautions. — Avoid all rough usage. Do not hold up the 
 body by the feet. (By these absurd practices, hundreds of lives 
 are annually sacrificed.) Do not roll the body on casks, or rub 
 it with salt, or spirits, or infuse tobacco. — Lose not a Movient. 
 Carry the body, the head and shoulders raised, to the nearest 
 house. Place it in a warm room. Let it be instantly" stripped, 
 dried, and wrapped in hot blankets, which are to be renewed 
 when necessary. Keep the month, nostrils, and the throat, free 
 and clean. Apply warm substances to the back, spine, pit of the 
 stomach, arm-pits, and soles of the feet, — rub the body with 
 ftettferf flannel, or warm hands. Attempt to restore breathing, 
 by gently blowing nith bellows into one nostril, closing the 
 mouth and the other nostril; press down the breast carefully 
 with both hands, and then allow it to rise again, and thus imi- 
 tate natural breathing. Keep up the application of heat. Con- 
 tinue the rubbing, and increase it when life appears, and then 
 give a tea-spoonful of warm water, or of very weak wine, or 
 spirits and warm water. Persevere for six hours. Send quickly 
 for Medical Assistavcc— 250,000 copies printed since 1^23."
 
 LONDINIANA. »30l 
 
 plot of ground granted by his late Majesty. There are 
 also, nearly one hundred appointed receiving houses 
 (chiefly publicans), in the metropolis and its surround- 
 ing vicinity. 
 
 ST. James's palace. 
 
 The site of St, James's Palace vi^as originally occu- 
 pied by an Hospital, founded by some Citizens of 
 London, and 'dedicated to St. James, for the reception 
 of "fourteen Sisters, Maidens, that were leprous, living 
 chastely and honestly in Divine Service."* The pre- 
 cise period of its foundation is involved in great ob- 
 scurity ; but there is much reason to believe that it was 
 erected prior to the Norman conquest ; and we find 
 that it was visited in the year 1100, by Gislebcrt, 
 Abbot of St. Peter's, Westminster. This visitation was 
 most probably grounded on the Abbot's claim to the 
 original endowments of the Hospital, which consisted 
 of two hides of land, with their appurtenances, in the 
 parish of St. Margaret, Westminster, that were held of 
 the Abbots of Westminster.f At a subsequent period, 
 
 * Strype's Stow, vol. ii. p. 578; edit. 1755. 
 
 t In the reign of Edward the Third, Abbot Henley had a long 
 contest with the King's Treasurer respecting this right. In the 
 course of ages, St. James's Hospital bad been visited by several 
 different Abbots ; but as some of them were Treasurers to the 
 King, it was now contended, that those visitations had been 
 made in that character, and not in right of their abbatial dig- 
 nity. Henley, on the contrary, affirmed that several Abbots who 
 had not been Treasurers, and in particular, his immediate pre- 
 decessor, had visited there, and had made regulations, corrected 
 abuses, and devised penance for oflenders. As this dispute could
 
 ^O.'^ LONDINIANA. 
 
 Other lands, to the yearly value of £06, wore also given 
 by the Citizens ; in consequence of which, a Brother- 
 hood of six chaplains and two laymen was annexed to 
 this Hospital, for the celebration of Divine and other 
 services. " After this," says Stow, "sundry devout 
 Men of London gave to this Hospital four Hides of 
 Land in the field of Westminster ; and, in Hendon, 
 Calcote, and Hamstead, eight Acres of Land and 
 wood," &c. In 1290, Edward the First granted the 
 privilege of an annual Fair to this establishment, to be 
 held on the Eve of St. James, and the six following 
 days. It appears from Flete, that this Hospital was 
 rebuilt by Abbot Berkynge, of Westminster, in Henry 
 the Third's reign ; and in 1450, its perpetual custody 
 was granted by Henry the Sixth to Eton College. 
 
 The favourable situation of St. James's Hospital 
 attracted the regard of Henry the Eighth, who, in his 
 
 not be amicably arranged, it was, at length, in June, 1342, 
 brought before a jury, who gave a full verdict for the Abbot, on 
 these grounds ; first, that the Hospital was within the parish of 
 St. Margaret, where the Abbots had immemorially possessed an 
 exclusive jurisdiction, which had been confirmed to them by 
 certain Bulls of Pope Clement the Third ; and secondly, that 
 the Abbots, and no other persons, had solely exercised every kind 
 of visitatorial power over the said foundation. Notwithstanding 
 this verdict, the suit was continued by the Treasurer, and was 
 still pending, when both himself and the Abbot died. Wid- 
 more says, " an author" intimates, that the next Treasurer, 
 William de Edyndon, Bishop of Winchester, " succeeded in 
 depriving the Abbey of its right, through the indolence of Abbot 
 Byrcheston." — Brayley and Neale's " History and Antiquities 
 of the Abbey Church of S:. Peter, Westminster," vol. i. p. 73.
 
 LONDINIANA. 80J 
 
 23d year, anno 1532, obtained it in exchange from 
 the above college, for Chattisham, and other lands, in 
 Suffolk. Then dismissing its inmates, he granted pen- 
 sions to the Sisterhood, and having pulled down the 
 ancient structure, he erected a '* goodly Palace" upon 
 its site : he also formed the Park of St. James's, by 
 inclosing the adjoining fields with a brick wall. 
 
 The architect of " St. James's Manor House," as 
 it was then called, is not known ; but there is some 
 reason to believe that it was erected under the direction 
 of Cromwell, Eurl of Essex. Holbein is also said to 
 have furnished the plan, which is not improbable, as 
 he certainly was engaged in some of the royal palaces, 
 and received a salary from the crown. 
 
 Only a small part of Henry's building now remains, 
 and that is in a purer style of architecture than any 
 of the other designs of Holbein : in the iiUing-in of 
 the spandrils of some of the arches, the Florentine (or 
 rather the Flemish) manner is conspicuous, particularly 
 in the chimney-piece of the Presence Chamber, the 
 ornamented compartments over the arch of which 
 contain Tudor badges, and the initials H. A., united 
 by a knot : from this latter circumstance we may infer 
 that the Palace was originally built for the reception of 
 the unfortunate Anne Boleyn.* 
 
 In 1610, the House and Manor of St. James's, with 
 their appurtenances, except the Park and the King's 
 
 * In 1529, Queen Katherine was commanded to remove 
 from court ; and in the same year, " his Highness [(he King], 
 rode in his progress with Mistress Anne Bo'ejn,"' into Noith- 
 amptcashire.
 
 304? LONDINIANA. 
 
 Stables at the Mews, were granted to Prince Henry, on 
 whose lamented death, in 1612, they reverted to the 
 crown. Various additions w^ere made to this Palace 
 by Charles the First, and most of his children were 
 born in it ; here, also, he formed a gallery of statues, 
 which was principally obtained for him by Sir Ke- 
 nelm Digby, from the Duke of Mantua, and from the 
 Temple of Apollo, at Delos. During that reign, the 
 Chapel Royal, a part of the original mansion, was 
 fitted up, and the unfortunate monarch attended divine 
 service in it immediately before his execution.* The 
 Queen's Chapel, now called the German Chapel, was 
 erected for Catharine of Braganza, in the court now 
 called the FrieTy.f The first stone was laid by Don 
 Carlos Colonna, and the Queen first heard mass there 
 on Sunday, the 21st September, 1 662, when Lady Cas- 
 tlemaine, though a'protestant, and the King's avowed 
 mistress, attended her as one of the maids of honor.t 
 
 * From hence, " the King," says Whitelock, " walked 
 through the Park, guarded with a Reginfient of Foot, and parti- 
 zans, to Whitehall." — Whitelock's " Memorials," p. 3T4. In 
 jnxtn-position with this circumstance, it may be mentioned, that 
 the plan of the Restoration of Charles the Second, was partly 
 concerted at St. James's, between Sir Joliu Granville and 
 General Monk. 
 
 t It derived that appellation from the Conveulu;il;Establish- 
 nient founded tbere by the above Queen, under the direction of 
 Cardinal Howard, her Majesty's almoner. 
 
 + Vide Pepys's " Diary,'' vol. i, p. 312. Our author, with 
 much naivete, says, "The Queeue coming by in her coach, I 
 crowded after her, and I got up to the room where lier closet is, 
 and there stood, and saw the hue aUcir,ornauieu«s,aud ihe .fryers
 
 LONDINIANA. 305 
 
 After the Restoration, James, Duke of York, had 
 his residence here, which is spoken of by contempora- 
 ries as splendidly adorned ; one room was embellished 
 with pictures of the Court Beauties, by Sir Peter Lely. 
 Here, also, he lodged on the night before his corona- 
 tion, and in the morning proceeded through the Park 
 to Whitehall. 
 
 On the 18th of December 1688, William, Prince of 
 Orange, came to St. James's, where, three days after- 
 wards, the Peers assembled, and the household and 
 other officers of the abdicated sovereign laid down their 
 badges.* King William occasionally held councils 
 here, but mostly resided at Hampton Court. 
 
 On the conflagration at Whitehall, in William the 
 Third's reign, anno 1697, there was no place in 
 London fit for the reception of the court, except St. 
 James's, and, in consequence, it became the principal 
 Palace of our succeedino; monarchs. Queen Anne 
 constantly resided here, when in town, and in her 
 reign the palace was much enlarged. Queen Caroline, 
 George the Second's consort, died at St. James's, in 
 1737.t Some of the state rooms were enlarged on 
 
 in their habits, and the priests come in with their fine crosses, 
 and many other fine things." — Ibid. 
 
 * Evelyn says, « All the world goes to see the Prince at St. 
 James's, where there is a greate Court. There I saw him : he 
 is very stately, serious, and reserved. '' — Diary, vol. i, p. 660. 
 
 t The fourth plate of Hogarth's "Rake's PiOgress," pub- 
 lished in 1735, represents the arrest of Rakewell as he is going 
 to Court, on the ist of March, Queen Caroline s birth-dav - 
 the Palace of St. James is shewn in the lack ground. 
 
 VOL. II. X 1
 
 306 LONDINIAKA. 
 
 the accession of George the Third, and the court was 
 held here during his whole reign, although his domestic 
 residence was at Buckingham House.* His present 
 Majesty was born at St. James's, on the 12th of Au- 
 gust 1761, and shortly afterwards the Queen's bed 
 was removed to the Great Drawing Room, and com- 
 pany were admitted to see the Prince on Drawing-room 
 days, which were every Thursday. The last Drawing 
 Room held in that reign was on the 18th of January 
 1 809, three days after which a fire broke out in the 
 east wing of the Palace, and totally destroyed their 
 Majesties' private apartments, together with those of the 
 Duke of Cambridge. 
 
 After the general peace in 1814, the State Apart- 
 ments, which form a large and important division of 
 the building, were fitted up for the reception of the 
 Emperor of Russia, who received the Lord Mayor, with 
 the congratulations of the City, on the 11th of June. 
 The King of Prussia and Marshal Blucher were in- 
 mates of the palace at the same time. 
 
 In 1822, a general alteration and repair was made 
 in this edifice, by T. F. Hunt, Esq., the resident 
 architect, under the direction of the Board of Works ; 
 and a new banquetting-room, of magnificent dimen- 
 sions, decorated in the style of Louis the Fourteenth's 
 time, was then added to the suite. 
 
 The Royal Library at St. James's, was originally 
 
 * The centre part of Buckingham House now forms the 
 nucleus of a large Palace, which has been in progress abont 
 tlirtte years, but is still unfinished.
 
 LONDINIANA. S07 
 
 founded by Edward the Sixth, who appointed Bartho- 
 lomew Trahuon, keeper, with a salary of £20. It 
 was enriched by the collections of the celebrated anti- 
 quary, Leland. James the First refounded this library, 
 and, among other gifts, added the collection of the 
 learned Isaac Casaubon,* 
 
 St. James's Palace is a very extensive and irregular 
 pile, principally of brick, incorporated with the stone 
 remains of the ancient hospital. The principal en- 
 trance, which fronts St. James's Street, (and is shewn 
 in the annexed print, copied from a large engraving 
 by Edward Rooker), is by a lofty gate-house, opening 
 into a quadrangular court, having a colonnade on the 
 west side. It was at the garden entrance, opposite 
 
 * The Queen's Library, at St. James's, was built for Caro- 
 line, consort of George the Second, by the celebrated Kent. It 
 occupied the site of the noble mansion erected for the late Duke 
 of York, on the west side of the Stable Yard, now the pro- 
 perty of the Marquis of Stafford. Within it were two finely- 
 executed marble busts of George II. and Queen Caroline, by 
 Rysbrack ; these have been recently conveyed to Windsor Castle, 
 by command of His present Majesty ; who has likewise directed 
 the removal to the same place of the three noble Pictures which 
 belonged to King Henry the Eighth, and were suspended in the 
 meeting room of the Society of Antiquaries, by direction of 
 George the Third. With praise-worthy liberality, however, he 
 has, in return, commanded a donation of two annual Medals, 
 of fifty guineas value, each, to be bestowed, under certain con- 
 ditions, on the Members of that Society . The pictures were 
 removed from the Society's apartments on the 2d of December, 
 1828. 
 
 X 2
 
 LONDINIANA. 
 
 Marlborough House, that, on August the 14th, 1786, 
 an attempt was made on the life of his late Majesty, 
 by an insane woman, named Margaret Nicholson, who 
 struck at him wi(h a knife, which she had concealed 
 behind a pretended petition, but the blow was warded 
 off by a page.* 
 
 There are many excellent Pictures in the various 
 apartments of this palace. In the Gallei-y is a 
 series of Royal Portraits, from Henry the Eighth to 
 King William, except Edward the Sixth. Henry VHI. 
 by Holbein, and Cliarles I., by Vandyke, are particu- 
 larly fine. In the Ball Room (where the corpse of his late 
 Royal Highness, Frederick, Duke of York, laid in state, 
 in January 1827), are portraits of Queen Anne, George L 
 and George II. ; together with two large pieces of the 
 Battles of Lisle and Tournay. The Jlnte-Room con- 
 tains a portrait of George III. ; with the Naval Battles 
 of the first of June and Trafalgar, the former by 
 Loutherbourg, the latter, by Turner. In the Throne 
 Room^ is a portrait of George IV., by Lawrence, and 
 pictures of the Battles of Vittoriaand Waterloo, by Jones. 
 The King's Closet contains a fine portrait of Philip the 
 Second, of Spain, and St. Manin dividing his Cloak, 
 by Rubens. In the rooms on the ground floor, which 
 include the private apartments of his Majesty, there 
 is also a very fine collection of pictures, among which 
 
 • Margaret Nicholson was afterwards confined as a maniac, 
 and after a captivity of forty-two years, she died in New Bethlem, 
 in May 1828. Sne was between eighty and ninety years oJdl 
 at the time of her decease.
 
 LOKDINIANA. 309 
 
 is the celebrated composition, by Haydon, of the Mock 
 Election for the Borough of Tenterden, a scene that 
 actually took place within the walls of the King's 
 Bench Prison, in July 1827. 
 
 The Yeomen of the King's Guard are considered to 
 be constantly on duty in this Palace. The muster roll 
 is called at 12 o'clock every morning, in the Guard 
 Chamber which is their regular station ; the ceremony 
 paid to all the Royal Family, and the most distinguished 
 personages, termed ** The Honours of the Guard Cham- 
 ber," on the Levee and Drawing Room Days, is well 
 known to the frequenters of the Court. When the 
 King dines in state, the duty of the Yeomen is to 
 bring up the dishes, as well as to keep order in the 
 Presence Chamber. 
 
 St. James's Palace is a garrison, constantly pro- 
 tected by a military guard of honour ; one of the three 
 regiments of Foot Guards Is relieved alternately in the 
 principal court of the Palace, every mornins at eleven 
 o'clock, when the ceremony of delivering the keys, 
 and exchanging the regimental standard, takes place, 
 during the performance of the bands of music, who 
 always attend on those occasions.* 
 
 The house in Cleveland Row, represented in the 
 annexed print, opposite the Palace, is now down ; it 
 
 * The King's Guard consists of a captain's guard; and there 
 are also officer's guards at Buckingham House and the Tilt- 
 j'ard : all other guards are under non-commi«sioned officers. 
 A table is kept in the Palace for the Officers of the Foot and 
 Life Guard?, on duty; the latter are stationed at the Horse- 
 Guards, and patrol the Park during the night.
 
 810 LONDINIANA. 
 
 has been replaced by the St. James's hotel. The house 
 on the right of the view is the Suttling-house of the 
 garrison : that beyond the gate is occupied by the Board 
 of Green Cloth. 
 
 LONDON, IN THE INTERREGNUM. 
 
 During the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James 
 the First the metropolis was very much enlarged, not- 
 withstanding the several restrictive proclamations issued 
 by those sovereigns. In July 15S0, all persons were 
 prohibited from building houses within three miles of 
 any of the city gates of London; and in June 1602, 
 another proclamation was made, both for *' restraining 
 the increase of buildings," and the " voyding of in- 
 mates" in the cities of London and Westminster, and 
 for the space of three miles distant. These mandates, 
 however, were comparatively inefficacious ; and Stow 
 informs us, by a particular detail of the increase in his 
 own time, that there was not only a great augmenta- 
 tion of buildings in every part of the vicinity, but 
 likewise within the walls of London itself, where the 
 sites of many large mansions had been covered with 
 lesser edifices. 
 
 On the accession of King James, and particularly 
 after the Union of the two Kingdoms in 1605, a con- 
 siderable number of his countrymen settled in the 
 metropolis, which was partly the cause of the great 
 extension of the city in his reign. At that period the 
 streets were so extremely narrow, that " opposite 
 neighbours," sa5^s D'Avenant, " might shake hands 
 without stirring from home."
 
 LONDINIANA. 311 
 
 In 1607, in consequence of the vast consumption of 
 timber in the metropohs, which rendered that material 
 " scarce for shipping," all new buildings were again 
 prohibited within one mile of the City, and it was 
 ordered, that " for decency, as by reason that all great 
 and well grown woods were much spent and wasted, 
 all persons thenceforward should build their fore-fronts 
 and windows either of brick or of stone." Among 
 other arguments for limiting the increase of metropo- 
 litan buildings, was the notable remark by King James, 
 that " the growth of the Capital resembled that of the 
 head of a rickety child, in which an excessive influx 
 of humour drained and impoverished the extremities, 
 and at the same time generated distemper in the over- 
 loaded part.* 
 
 During the early part of Charles the First's reign, 
 the suburbs of London, particularly in the neighbour- 
 hoods of Spitalfields and Westminster, were greatly 
 increased ; and, although the Civil War put a stop to 
 any further extension for some years, the rage for build- 
 ing became so general after the settlement of the Com- 
 monwealth, that in 1657, it was judged necessary to 
 pass an Act of Parliament, which inflicted a penalty 
 
 * Lord Bacon informs us, that this " Scottish Solomon,'* 
 who dealt out his wishes like commands, in oracular apo- 
 thegms and pedantic proverbs, was wont to be very earnest 
 with the country gentlemen to abandon London for their coun- 
 try seats ; and that he would sometimes say to them, " Gentle- 
 men, at London you are like ships in a sea, which shew like 
 nothing ; but in your country villages you are ships in a river, 
 which look like great things."
 
 312 LONDIXIANA. 
 
 of £ 1 00 upon every person who should erect " any 
 dwelling-house, out-house or cottage, without assign- 
 ing four acres of ground to each respectively," in and 
 about the suburbs of tha metropolis. This ordinance 
 proved as ineffective as all former ones ; the impulse 
 of population overpowered restraint, and new streets 
 and clusters of buildings progressively sprung up on 
 all the outskirts of London, which, from the vast aug- 
 mentation in modern times, are now become integral 
 parts of the capital. 
 
 The view of " London in 1657," which fronts the 
 title-page, was copied from Hollar's etching, which is 
 attached to HoweVs " Perlustration of the Cities of Lon- 
 don and Westminster." The original sketch was most 
 probably made at an earlier period, by some years, than 
 the date specified, and, like Hollar's larger prospect of 
 London before the Fire in 1666, was chiefly taken from 
 the tower of St. Mary Overy's Church. It is particularly 
 curious from shewing the state of Winchester House, 
 and the sites of the different Theatres on Bankside, 
 as well as of the numerous buildings on London Bridge, 
 and generally, of the Cathedral of St. Paul, and of the 
 Churches and Castles of the metropolis, as they ap- 
 peared before the Great Fire. 
 
 END OF VOLUME II. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 SHACKKLt. AND BAVLIS, J0UNS0.\'Si^OURT, FLSST-STREB T.
 
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