From the Library of 
 Professor David Mellinkoff 
 
 Who donated his collection 
 
 TO THE 
 
 UCLA School of Law 
 
 Hugh & Hazel Darling 
 
 Law Library 
 
 August 1 999 
 
 "Cleansed of words without reason, much 
 of the language of the law need not be 
 
 PECULIAR AT ALL. AnD BETTER FOR IT." 
 
 The Language of the Law 
 BY David Mellinkoff
 
 
 American Dictionary 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE 
 
 Based on the Latest Conclusions of the Most Eminent Philologists 
 
 AND 
 
 COMPRISING MANY THOUSANDS OF NEW YORDS WHICH MODERN 
 
 LITERATURE, SCIENCE AND ART HATE CALLED INTO 
 
 EXISTENCE AND COMMON 1\SAGE 
 
 Together with Pronunciations the most approved ; Etymologies m^ed on the researches of Skeat 
 
 Wedgwood, and their co-laborers ; and Definitions which ifichAe new meanings sanctioned 
 
 by good modern usage, and old meatiings found in the works\f several of the old 
 
 masters of the language, but never before published imny Lexicon. 
 
 (SotniiiUb an5 ebiteb nnber tt)e immebiate Buiicroisionvf 
 
 PROFESSOR DANIEL LYONS. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 PETER FENELON COLLIER & SON 
 
 MCM
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 ^T is confidently expected that this dictionary will commend itself to all those 
 who favor books of reference on the multum in parvo plan. Every accepted 
 word in the English language will be found in its pages ; and, in addition, many 
 technical terms which the advance of modern science and the recent rapid 
 spread of useful knowledge in the United States have made part and parcel of 
 our popular literature : also many old words and meanings found in the writings of the 
 EHzabethan and Queen Anne periods. It has been found necessary to enlarge upon many 
 words, whose full and real meaning is not adequately disclosed by a mere definition. To all 
 definitions which do not apply in this country, the American meaning has been added. Local 
 meanings, words and phrases ; provincialisms, both English and American, and a few slang 
 words and phrases — all of which are instructive as showing the natural growth, and in some 
 cases the debasement, of the pure stock of our language — are given for what they are worth, 
 and only in such instances as are to be met with in early and recent standard works. 
 
 The etymology of each word will be found at the end of the definition of the primitive 
 word. These etymologies will be found to dififer materially from those found in other diction- 
 aries, of even recent date. As it is only within the past twenty-five years that the etymology 
 of English words has attained even the semblance of an exact science, these new etymolo- 
 gies will be found, in general, more correct than those of any preceding work. The industrious 
 labors of Skeat, Wedgwood and other recent authorities on English philology, leave the most 
 patient lexicographer with many open questions upon his hands. For this very sufficient 
 reason, the editors of this dictionary announce, simply, that they have given the latest and 
 what to them seem the most imperative conclusions of the science of English philology — a 
 science which, though rapidly progressing, is still, on the whole, quite incomplete. 
 
 We have but to add that, in general, the aim of the editors of the " American Dictionary 
 of the English Language " has been to give to the public a convenient lexicon which will 
 decide all questions about words, which arise in the course of general reading, and to give to 
 the American reading public the latest, most authentic and most complete conclusions of 
 English philology. 
 
 New York, March i, 1892.

 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 "TTTHEN" Pope wrote ** The proper study of mankind 
 
 VV is man," he g'ave to the world a most palpable 
 truism. It seems to us of this a^e of science, that the 
 much-quoted assertion was hardly worth the penning. 
 Every science now leads up to and down to man. In 
 him chemistry has its highest exponent ; zoology, its 
 acme ; astronomy, the final object of its search among 
 the planets as well as the final object of solar and 
 planetary influences. If we search the stratified rocks 
 of geology, we find his imprint and those of his animal 
 " ancestors " in Evolution. Geographical exploration 
 finds him, or the remnants of him, wellnigh every- 
 where. Archaeology excavates and deciphers hiero- 
 g'h'phics, and lo ! the buried city and the long-locked 
 mausoleum give up the dead rulers and chieftains of 
 prehistoric ages. 
 
 For centuries learned men studied the various lan- 
 guages and dialects of the earth. They brought the 
 dead languages of ancient civilizations into schools and 
 colleges. More recently they studied the rude and un- 
 couth languages and dialects of barbarous and savage 
 tribes. They sagely guessed at the origin of modern 
 words, and many of their guesses were printed in 
 books and studied as philology. Naturally, the fount- 
 ain-head from which flowed the stream of their inves- 
 tigations was the Syro-Chaldaic, the supposed original 
 language of the Semitic people, spoken in the cradle of 
 the human race. On this basic line the dead lan- 
 guages, and many of the languages of modern Europe, 
 were studied, their roots were unearthed and deci- 
 phered, and the older French, Gerrian and other Con- 
 tinental savants piled up a philological literature of 
 enormous proportions, hopelessly locked against the 
 nonprofes^onal, and for the most part utterly worth- 
 less, in the light of modern philological research. 
 
 The philological savants of England and America 
 were content to follow the German and French scholars 
 in this line of investigation. The old and misleading 
 line of philological research was not seriously taken up 
 to any extent, in even the highest English and American 
 institutions of learning. No original investigations 
 were attempted. The French and German scholars 
 had pre-empted the field, and the occasional echo heard 
 at Oxford or Harvard was from some imported Orient- 
 alist who had studied and travelled among cuneiform 
 inscriptions and had finished his studies at Paris or 
 Berlin. 
 
 The exception to this, in this country, is of course 
 the great " Webster's Unabridged Dictionary'," so long 
 valued for its depth and for its patient and painstak- 
 ing selection of the results of French and German 
 philological research up to the date of its publication. 
 But the investigations, the systematized canons of 
 derivation, and the classification of root-forms to be 
 found in that great work of a laborious lifetime, will 
 live in history as the magnificent ruin of a noble struct- 
 ure which but for a few short years outlived its 
 builder. In modern editions of the "Unabridged," 
 the bulk of the philological canons and systems, which 
 
 cost their author so much to get together, must be 
 omitted; though, despite all this, there is but one 
 "Webster's Unabridged." 
 
 Modem English etymology divides all languages 
 into Aryan and non-Aryan. Our language is one of 
 the former ; Hebrew and Arabic belong to the latter 
 classification. It is easy to conclude, therefore, that no 
 English word is derived from a Hebrew or an Arabian 
 root ; and that no word of either Hebrew or Arabian 
 extraction could come into the English unless the word 
 was actually borrowed and made a part of the latter 
 through custom and constant usage. If the English- 
 speaking people could not come in contact with the 
 people of Arabia or Palestine, we would have no He- 
 brew or Arabian words in our language. In the early 
 ages of civilization, peaceable inter - visitations be- 
 tween even neighboring peoples were few and infre- 
 quent ; and between distant peoples, absolute non-inter- 
 course was the rule with very slight exception. Two 
 very important facts must be noted, as the natural 
 and inevitable result of this. 
 
 First, the two original divisions of languages found 
 at the dawn of written history — the Ar^^an and the 
 non- Aryan — had a tendency to diverge more and more 
 widely from each other as time advanced. Each grew 
 and developed and changed along different basic lines, 
 and in obedience to different climatic, social, moral and 
 even physiological influences. Under primitive con- 
 ditions the divergence of the two languages had a 
 tendency to more and more estrange the nations and 
 peoples speaking them, to build up widely differing 
 systems of government, religion, and the other con- 
 comitants of civilization. At this day, therefore, we 
 should not expect to find words in the English — one of 
 the Aryan family of languages — whose roots are trace- 
 able to a non-Aryan language, such as the Hebi-ew. 
 
 We must note, secondly, that two peoples of the 
 Aryan race, and whose remote ancestors originally 
 spoke the same language, might, in the course of ages, 
 become so widely separated as to develop finally into 
 very different and differently-speaking communities. 
 The original word — spoken exactly alike before their 
 separation — would become modified so that it would 
 be different in sound. The fact, therefore, that an 
 English word sounds ver^' much like a word we may 
 find in some other language does not prove, or even 
 tend to prove, that the two words are related. On the 
 contrary, if the two words in question had been origi- 
 nally the same word, they would now be very different — 
 would look but very little, if any, alike ! In the studj' of 
 linguistic roots we must be cautious, go slow, and not 
 be led astray by mere appearances. 
 
 The comparative study of languages, which is now 
 absolutely essential to the proper studj' of English ety- 
 mology, has a most important aid in the comparative 
 study of peoples — their manners, customs, religious be- 
 liefs and superstitions, their folk-lore and their legend- 
 ary literature. And, converselj% since the new era of 
 comparative philology has dawned upon the world of 
 
 (V)
 
 M. 
 
 INTRODUCTION'. 
 
 learning-, much valuable information has been obtained 
 concerning- ancient and mediaeval peoples and their re- 
 lations to eacli other at certain periods when history 
 itself leaves many important questions in doubt. In the 
 study of borrowed words, particulai'ly, is this the case. 
 Words introduced into English from the Old High Ger- 
 man and other languages of the Continent are admir- 
 abl3' handled by Skeat and his co-laborers, so as to 
 tlirow much needed lig-ht upon even so recent a period 
 as the seventeenth and eig-hteenth centuries. 
 
 In order to follow the changes and modifications of 
 root-forms from the parent stem to the present English 
 word, it will be necessary at the outset to have care- 
 fully studied Grimm's Law, a condensed summary of 
 which will be found elsewhere. This Law maj- be justly 
 regarded as the key to modern English etymology, as 
 well as its foundation and vital jM-inciple. 
 
 The historj'' of the Eng-lish language most familiar 
 to nil persons of fair education is that it was at first 
 Anglo-Saxon ; that, after the Norman Conquest, in 
 ty 1066, many new words were introduced from the French 
 of that time ; and that, down to our own day, new words 
 have been constantly added, formed larg-ely from the 
 Latin and Greek. From the earliest Saxon times down 
 to the present, this history'- has been divided into peri- 
 ods and epochs, each marking the rise, progress and 
 decay of some distinctive variety of literature. We 
 have, for example, the epochs of Chaucer, Spenser, 
 Shakespeare, the Restoration, Queen Anne, the G^org-- 
 ian, and, in our own day, tlie modern epoch of the En- 
 g-lish langnage, with a well-defined and somewhat vary- 
 ing development in the United States and in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 These epochs have been studied with reference to 
 the development of English literature rather than the 
 English language. This study has given glory and re- 
 nown to the illustrious masters with whose names the 
 English language shall be forever associated ; but it 
 tells us nothingr of the birth, parentage and growth of 
 the words which have been the masters' servants — at 
 times their slaves and playthings. 
 
 And yet these little words in their root-forms were 
 serving- the human race long-, long- before the Saxon 
 set foot on Britain ; and they will continue to deUght, 
 and give comfort, and preserve for unborn g-enerations 
 the beautiful, the sublime, the good and the true 
 thoughts and mind-pictures of the masters, long- after 
 the lai-ge majority of present and past litterateurs have 
 ceased to be named, in litei-ary circles ! 
 
 These words have a venerable history, back in those 
 early days when man — and lovely woman — firet learned 
 they had two tong-ues, one in each head ! When words 
 — these very root-forms unearthed by the learned Skeat 
 and his co-laborers — first came into fashion the race was 
 indeed in its infancy, non-progressive and unenteipris- 
 ing. At that early day, we stand truly at the dawn of 
 a new era. Man begins to speak in words, and his 
 fellow-man understands him. Then comes a separa- 
 tion, and different tribes, races and nations set up, 
 each one for itself. 
 
 Is not the histoiy of words, from their parent-forms 
 to their present fair and harmonious proportions, a his- 
 tory worth writing and studying? In so doing- we 
 shall not be studying- or glorifying the ideas of great 
 individuals, the greatest of whom must reach total or 
 partial obli^^on with the lapse of ages ; but we shall 
 be stud;ynng- and marking- the prog-ress of the human 
 species itself, from its primitive or primeval helpless- 
 ness to its reign of universal empire, acquired by the 
 " communication of thought by means of words." ' We 
 shall find men of a race all but extinct leaving- perhaps 
 
 some strange inscription on a buried temple or burial 
 vault, by which inscription the learned will discover 
 their descendants and trace a connection between the 
 living words of to-day and the words first uttered by 
 the human voice. We shall see the human race in its 
 dispersion to the various habitable portions of the 
 globe carrying with it to its new-found homes the 
 precious g'ift of articulate language, developing into 
 forms as various as the scattered habitations them- 
 selves, but still maintaining intact the germ, the root, 
 common to the ditferent members of the orig-inal 
 linguistic family. 
 
 Ag-es pass, and men begin to visit the homes of 
 races that were not of the same family. A conquering 
 strang-er race brings new and strange words to its 
 conquered foe, along with its chains and its oppressions, 
 but the language of the enslaved and captive race 
 does not wholly perish. After long ag-es words of the 
 captive race are found in the language of the con- 
 queror. Sometimes they are kept because they have 
 the same sounds ; but they are not of the same parent 
 stock — one was Aryan, the other non-An-an. 
 
 Again, two long-sepai'ated tribes, members of the 
 same linguistic family, are brought into contact. Their 
 words do not sound alike. Words with the same mean- 
 ing- have invariably a different sound, and neither tribe 
 adopts any of the words of the other. Thus their 
 words, descended from the same parent-form, continue 
 to grow more and more divergent, at the same time 
 preserving a certain nniformitij of variation. 
 
 It is the triumph of modern etymology that it gives 
 the rule to determine what this uniformity is and in 
 what words it is found. 
 
 Coming down to the Fall of the Roman Empire, we 
 find two polished, higlily-finished languages in Europe, 
 the Greelc and the Latin. The northern races that 
 completed the overthrow and shared the spoils of the 
 Empire of the West found their richest treasure, 
 without appreciating it, in the smooth, precise and 
 musical language of Virgil, Horace and Cicero. 
 
 The Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, found a Celtic 
 tongue on the island of Britain in 449. The familiar 
 modifications of the Latin, now known to us as French, 
 Spanish and Italian, began their development at this 
 time. It is highly probable that the Old English, or 
 Anglo-Saxon, had received additions from the Latin 
 which ante-date the additions and modifications which 
 affected it after the Norman Conquest. The same is 
 probably true of the Teutonic dialect spoken by the 
 German Fi-anks before Clovis crossed into Gaul ; and 
 also of the Celtic dialects spoken in Gaul and Britain, 
 respectively, before the Anglo-Saxon and Frankish 
 conquests of those countries. On this view of the case, 
 the "English " which resulted from the amalgamation 
 of the Celtic-Latin-Germanic Norman-French with the 
 Celtic-Saxon of England must have been a very com- 
 plex and heterogeneous compound. 
 
 But time works many wonders. The Church Latin 
 of the Ages of Faith no doubt added its contributions 
 to the Old English vocabulary. It aided in toning 
 down the harshness of the early French to the Romance 
 dialects which succeeded. When the Conqueror won 
 at Hastings, he brought a less uncouth language to 
 enrich the vocabulary of England than that which was 
 used by his pirate ancestors. 
 
 The study of Latin in the monasteries and univer- 
 sities of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the 
 use of that language by the scholars and churchmen of 
 England, gave to many of the productions of English 
 authors of that time a decidedly Johnsonese tone and 
 pretentiousness.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 vu 
 
 During all this time simple, short words were 
 quietly resting- in the bosom of Old English. Some 
 were related to the Swedish, Old High German, Scan- 
 dinavian and Gothic. Some were Celtic in disguise, 
 carried captive by the Franii and Roman, in Gaul, and 
 by the Saxon, in Britain ! These little words did not 
 die. And they were related — many of them — to the 
 smoothly-flowing Latin of Cicero, and the roai'ing, 
 rolling, resonant Greek of Demosthenes and Homer. 
 These little words came to us from the tribal settle- 
 ments of primeval man. They are Aiyan or Indo- 
 European, and they do not come to us from the Semitic 
 Hebrew or Syro-CJhaldaic, and cannot, at present, be 
 traced to the cradle of the human race. The3' are the 
 imperishable little words that Swift loved and could 
 use so effectually to strike his hardest blows. They 
 are also the " toughest " riddles that modern English 
 etj'mology gives us to solve — they are so old, so often 
 hunted down and so little. 
 
 We must now briefly review the different languages 
 which have contributed to the present structure and 
 form of English words — either by adaptation or by 
 natural descent. There is a class of words of Old Low 
 German descent. The terra includes a limited class of 
 words, whose precise origin is enveloped in obscurity. 
 "If not precisely English, they come very near it," 
 says Skeat. The chief difficulty about tliem is that 
 the time of their introduction into English is uncer- 
 tain. Either they belong to Old Friesian and were 
 introduced by the Friesians who came over to England 
 with the Saxons, or to some form of Old Dutch or Old 
 Saxon, and may have been inti'oduced from Holland, 
 possibly even in the fourteenth century, when it was 
 not uncommon for Flemings to visit England, for com- 
 mercial and other purposes, and end by taking up their 
 residence there. 
 
 The introduction of Dutch words into Eng-lish re- 
 ceived little attention until Skeat took up the subject. 
 History shows that England's relations with Holland 
 were often very close. We read of Flemish mercenary 
 soldiers being employed by the Normans, and of Flem- 
 ish settlements in Wales, "where," says old Fabyan, 
 "they remained a long whyle.- but after, they sprad 
 all Englande ouer." 
 
 Histor3- tells us of the alliance between Edward III. 
 and the free towns of Flanders ; and of the importation 
 of Flemish weavers by the same monai'ch. The wool 
 used by the cloth-workers of Flanders grew on the 
 backs of English sheep ; closer relations between the 
 two countries grew out of the brewing trade and the in- 
 vention of printing, and were secured by the new bond 
 of tlie Protestant faith. Caxton spent thirty years in 
 Flanders (where the first English book was printed) 
 and translated the Low German version of "Reynard 
 the Fox." Tyndale settled at Antwerp to print his New 
 Testament. After Antwerp had been captured l)y the 
 Duke of Parma "a third of the merchants and manu- 
 facturers of the ruined city," says Mr. Green, " are 
 said to have found a refuge on the banks of the 
 Thames." All this must have affected the English 
 language at that time ; and it is tolerably certain that 
 during the fourteenth, fifteentli and sixteenth centuries, 
 particularly tlie last, several Dutch words were intro- 
 duced into England. 
 
 Scandinavian or old Danish words were introduced 
 into England by the Danes and Northmen who settled 
 in the country at various times before the Conquest. 
 Their language is best represented by Icelandic, owing 
 to the curious fact that, ever since the first coloniza- 
 tion of Iceland by the Northmen, about S74, the lan- 
 guage of the settlers has been preserved with but 
 
 slight changes. Hence, instead of its being strange 
 that English words should be borrowed from Icelandic, 
 it must be remembered that this name represents, for 
 philological purposes, the language of those Northmen 
 who, settling in England, became ancestors of some of 
 the leading families in the country' ; and, as they set- 
 tled chiefly in Northumbria and East Anglia, parts of 
 England not stricth- represented hy Anglo-Saxon, 
 "Icelandic" has come to be English of the English. 
 Skeat, in some cases, derives " Scandinavian " woi-ds 
 from Swedish, Danish or Norwegian ; but, he explains, 
 this means that the Swedish, Danish or Norwegian 
 words are the best representative of the Icelandic that 
 can be found. The number of words adopted into mod- 
 ern English from the Swedish and Danish is very 
 small. 
 
 The German language is pi'operly called High 
 German, to distinguish it from the other Teutonic 
 dialects, which belong to Low German. This, of all 
 Teutonic languages, is the furthest removed from 
 English, and the one from which fewest words are 
 directly borrowed, though there is a verj' general 
 popular notion (due, says Skeat, to the utter want of 
 philological training among English-speaking people) 
 that the contraiy is the case. A knowledge of Ger- 
 man is often the sole idea by which an Englishman or 
 an American regulates his "derivations " of Teutonic 
 words ; and he is better pleased if he can find the 
 German equivalent of an English word than by any 
 true account of the same word, however cleai-h' ex- 
 pi'essed. Yet it is well-established, b^' Grimm's Law 
 of sound-shift ings, that the German and the English 
 consonantal systems are very different. Owing to the 
 replacement of the Old High German p by the Modern 
 German b, and other changes, English and German 
 now approach each other more nearly than Grimm's 
 Law suggests ; but we may still observe the following 
 very striking difference in the dental consonants : 
 
 English : d i th day, tooth, thorn, foot. 
 
 German : t z {ss) d tag, zahn, dorn, fuss. 
 
 The number of words in English that are borrowed 
 directly from tlie German is quite insignificant, and 
 they ai'e all of late introduction. It is more to the 
 purpose to remember that there ai'e, nevertheless, a 
 considerable number of German words that were bor- 
 rowed indii'ectly, viz., through the French. Examples 
 of such words are, brawn, dance, gay, ynard, halbert, etc., 
 many of which would hardly be at once suspected. It 
 is precisely in accounting for these Frankish words 
 that German is so useful to the English etymologist. 
 The fact that we are highly indebted to German writers 
 for their excellent philological work is very true and 
 one to be thankfully acknowledged ; but that is quite 
 another matter altogether. 
 
 The influence of French upon English is too well 
 known to require comment. But the method of the 
 derivation of French words from Latin or German is 
 often very difficult, and requires the gi'eatest care. 
 There are numerous French words in quite common 
 use ; such as aise. ease, f rancher, to cut, which have 
 never yet been clearly solved ; and the solution of 
 many others is highly doubtful. Latin words often 
 undergo the most curious transformations, as may be 
 seen by consulting Brachet's Historical Grammar. 
 What are called " learned " words, such asmobUe, which 
 is merely a Latin word with a French ending, present 
 no difficulty : but the " popular " woi'ds in use since the 
 first formation of the language are distinguished by 
 three peculiarities : (1) the continuance of the tonic ac- 
 cent, (2) the suppression of the short vowel, (3) the loss 
 of medial consonant. The last two pec uliai'i ties tend to
 
 VIU 
 
 INTRODUCTIOlff. 
 
 disguise the origin, and require much attention. Thus, 
 m the Latin bonitatem, the short vowel i, near the mid- 
 dle of the word, is suppressed ; whence F. honte, E. 
 bounty. And again, in the Latin ligare, to bind, the 
 medial consonant g, standing between two vowels, is 
 lost, producing the F. Her, whence E. liable. 
 
 The result is a great tendency to compression, of 
 which an extraordinarj' but well-known example is the 
 Low Latin mtaticum, reduced to edage by the suppression 
 of the short vowel t, and again to eage by the loss of 
 the medial consonant d ; hence F. dge, E. age. 
 
 One other peculiarity is too important to be passed 
 over. With rare exceptions, the substantives (as in 
 all the Romance languages) are formed from the accu- 
 sative case of the Latin, so that it is commonly a mere 
 absurdity to cite the Latin nominative, when the form 
 of the accusative is absolutely necessar3' to show how 
 the French word arose. 
 
 French may be considered as being a wholly un- 
 original language, founded on debased Latin ; but it 
 must at the same time be remembered that, as history 
 teaches us, a certain part of the language is necessarily 
 of Celtic origin, and another part is necessarily Frank- 
 ish, that is. Old High German. It has also clearly 
 borrowed words freely from Old Low German dialects, 
 from Scandinavian (due to the Normans), and, in later 
 times, from Italian, Spanish, etc., and even from En- 
 glisli and many entirely foreign languages. 
 
 The other Romance languages, i. e., languages of 
 Latin origin, are Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Pro- 
 vengal, Romansch and Wallachian. English contains 
 words borrowed from the first four of these, but there 
 is not much in them that needs special remark. The 
 Italian and Spanish forms are often useful for com- 
 parison with, and consequent restoration of. the crushed 
 and abbreviated Old French forms. Italian is remark- 
 able for assimilation, as in ammirare (for admirare) to 
 admire, ditto (for dido), a saying, whence E. ditto. 
 Spanish, on the other hand, dislikes assimilation, and 
 
 carefully avoids double consonants; the only conso. 
 
 nants that can be doubled are c, n, r, besides II, which 
 is sounded as E. I followed by y consonant, and is not 
 considered as a double letter. The Spanish n is sounded 
 by y consonant, and occurs in dueha, Englished as 
 duenna. Spanish is also remarkable as containmg 
 many Arabic (Moorish) words, some of which have 
 found their way into English. The Italian infinitives 
 commonly end in -are, -ere, -ire, with corresponding past 
 participles in -ato, -uto, -ito. Spanish infinitives com- 
 monly end in -ar, -er, -ir, with corresponding past par- 
 ticiples in -ado, -ido, -ido. In all the Romance lan- 
 guages, substantives are most commonly' formed, as 
 in French, from the Latin accusative. 
 
 Words of Celtic origin form a particularly slippery 
 subject to deal with, for want of definite information 
 on their older forms in a conveniently accessible ar- 
 rangement. That English has borrowed several words 
 from Celtic cannot be doubted, but we must take care 
 not to multiply the number of these unduly. Again, 
 " Celtic " is merely a general term, and in itself means 
 nothmg definite, just as " Teutonic " and " Romance " 
 are general terms. To prove that a word is Celtic, we 
 must first show that the word is borrowed from one of 
 the Celtic languages, as Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Cornish 
 or Breton, or that it is of a form which, by the help ol 
 these languages, can be fairly presumed to have ex- 
 isted in the Celtic of an early period. The chief diflB- 
 culty lies in the fact that Welsh, Irish, Cornish and 
 Gaelic have all borrowed English words at various 
 periods, and Gaelic has certainly also borrowed some 
 words from Scandinavian, as history tells us must have 
 been the case. We gain, however, some assistance by 
 comparing all the languages of this class together, and 
 again, by comparing them with Latin, Greek, San- 
 skrit, etc., since the Celtic consonants often agree with 
 these, and, at the same time, differ from Teutonic. 
 Thus the word boast is probably Celtic, since it appears 
 in Welsh, Cornish and Gki^lic.
 
 CANONS FOR ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 The Rev. Walter W. Skeat ^ves us the following 
 excellent synopsis of this important suhject in his 
 " Etymolog-ical Dictionary of the English Language " : 
 
 " In the course of the work, I have been led to adopt 
 the following canons, which merely express well-known 
 principles, and are nothing new. Still, in the form of 
 definite statements, they ai'e worth giving: 
 
 •' 1. Before attempting an etymology, ascertain the 
 earliest form and use of the word ; and observe chro- 
 nology. 
 
 " 2. Observe history and geograpliy ; borrowings 
 are due to actual contact. 
 
 "3. Observe phonetic laws, especially those which 
 regulate the mutual relation of consonants in the vari- 
 ous Aryan languages, at the same time comparing the 
 vowel-sounds. 
 
 "4. In comparing two words, A and B, belonging to 
 the same language, of which A contains the lesser 
 number of syllables, A must be taken to be the more 
 original word, unless we have evidence of contraction 
 or other corruption. 
 
 "5. In comparing two words, A and B, belonging to 
 the same language and consisting of the same number 
 of syllables, the older form can usually be distinguished 
 by observing the sound of the principal vowel. 
 
 " 6. Strong verbs, in the Teutonic languages, and 
 the so-called ' irregular verbs ' in Latin, are commonly 
 to be considered as primary, other related forms being 
 taken from them. 
 
 "7. The whole of a word, and not a portion onl,y, 
 ought to be reasonably accounted for ; and, in tracing 
 changes of form, any infringement of phonetic laws is 
 to be regarded with suspicion, 
 
 " 8. Mere resemblances of fgrm and apparent con- 
 nection in sense between languages which have differ- 
 ent phonetic laws or no necessary connection are com- 
 monly a delusion, and are not to be regarded. 
 
 " 9. Wiien words in two different languages are 
 more nearly ahke than the ordinary phonetic laws 
 would allow, there is a strong probability that one lan- 
 guage has borrowed the word from the other. Truly 
 cognate words ought not to be too much alike. 
 
 •' 10. It is useless to offer an explanation of an En- 
 glish word which will not also explain all the cognate 
 forms. 
 
 " These principles, and other similar ones well 
 known to comparative philologists, I have tried to ob- 
 serve. Where I have not done so, there is a chance 
 of a mistake. Corrections can only be made by a more 
 strict observance of the above canons. 
 
 " A few examples will make the matter clearer. 
 
 " 1. The word surJoin, or sirloin, is often said to be 
 derived from the fact that the loin was knighted as Sir 
 Loin by Charles II., or (according to Richardson) by 
 James I. Chronology makes short work of this state- 
 ment, the word being in use long before James I. was 
 born. It is one of those unscrupulous inventions with 
 which English ' etymology ' abounds, and which many 
 
 people admire because they are * so clever.' The num. 
 
 ber of those who literally prefer a story about a word 
 to a more prosaic account of it is only too large. 
 
 "As to the necessity for ascertaining the oldest 
 form and use of a word there cannot be two opinions. 
 Yet this primary and all-important rule is continually 
 disregarded, and men are found to rush into *etj-molo- 
 gies ' without the slightest attempt at investigation or 
 any knowledge of the history' of the language, and 
 think nothing of deriving words which exist in Anglo- 
 Saxon from German or Italian. They merely ' think it 
 over,' and take up with the first fancy that comes to 
 hand, which they expect to be ' obvious ' to others be- 
 cause they were themselves incapable of doing better ; 
 which is a poor argument, indeed. It would be easy to 
 cite some specimens which I have noted (with a view 
 to the possibility of making a small collection of such 
 philological curiosities), but it is hardly necessary. I 
 will rather relate my experience — viz.: that 1 have fre- 
 quently set out to find the etymology of a word with- 
 out any preconceived ideas about it, and usually found, 
 that, by the time its earliest use and sense had been 
 fairly traced, the etymology presented itself unasked. 
 
 "2. The history of a nation generally accounts for 
 the constituent parts of its language. When an early 
 English word is compared with Hebrew or Coptic, as 
 used to be done in tiie old editions of "Webster's Dic- 
 tionar^'," history is set at defiance ; and it was a good 
 deed to clear the later editions of all such rubbish. As 
 to geography, there must always be an intelligible geo- 
 graphical contact between races that are supposed to 
 have borrowed words from one another; and this is 
 particularly true of olden times, when travelling was 
 less common. Old French did not borrow words from 
 Portugal, nor did Old English borrow words from 
 Prussia, much less from Finnish or Esthonian or Cop- 
 tic, etc., etc. Yet there are people who still remain 
 persuaded that Wliifsunday is derived, of all things, 
 from the German Pfingsten. 
 
 " 3. Few delusions are more common than the 
 comparison of L. aim with E. care, of Gr. 5A<f with 
 E. whole, and of Gr. x°i"c with E. charity. I daresay 
 I myself believed in these things for many years, 
 owing to that utter want of anj' approach to any 
 philological training, for which England in general 
 has long been so remarkable. Yet a \eYy slight 
 (but honest) attempt at understanding the English, 
 the Latin and the Greek alphabets soon showw 
 these notions to be untenable. The E. care, A. S. . 
 cearu, meant, originall.y, sorrow, which is only a second- J 
 ary meaning of the Latin word ; it never meant, orig- 
 inally, attention or painstaking. But this is not the 
 point at present imder consideration. Phonetically, 
 the A.S. c and the L. c, when used initiall.y, do not cor- 
 respond ; for where Latin writes c at the beginning of 
 a word, A. S. has h, as in L. cel-are-=-A. S. liel-an, to 
 hide. Again, the A. S. ea, before r following, stands " 
 for original a, cearu answering to an older cam. But 
 
 (ix)
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the L. cnra. Old Latin coira, is spelt witli a long n, 
 originally a diphthong-, which cannot answer exactly to 
 an ori.siual a. Ic remains that these woi'ds both con- 
 tain the letter rin common, which is not denied ; but 
 this is a slight ground for the supposed equivalence 
 of words of which the primary senses were different. 
 The fact of the equivalence of L. c to A. S. h is com- 
 monly known as being due to Grimm's Law. The 
 popular notions about Grimm's Law are extremely 
 vague. Manj' imagine that Grimm made the law not 
 many j'ears ago, since which time Latin and Anglo- 
 Saxon have been bound to obey it. But the word laio 
 is then strangely misapprehended ; it is only a law in 
 the sense of an observed fact. Latin and Anglo-Saxon 
 were thus differentiated in times preceding the eai'liest 
 record of the latter, and the difference might have been 
 observed in the eighth century if anyone had had the 
 wits to observe it. When the difference has once been 
 perceived, and all other A. S. and Latin equivalent 
 words are seen to follow it, we cannot consent to estah- 
 lish an exception to the rule in order to compare a single 
 (supposed) pair of words which do not agree in the 
 vowel-sound, and did not originalh' mean the same thing. 
 "As to the Gr. sAof, the aspirate (as usual) rep- 
 resents an original s, so that oTm^ answers to Sans. 
 sarva, all. Old Lat. solhis, whilst it means ' whole ' In 
 the sense of entire or total. But the A. S. liAl 
 (which is the old spelling of wlioU) has for its initial 
 letter an h, answering to Gr. «, and the original sense 
 is ' in sound health,' or ' hale and hearty,' It may 
 much more reasonably be compared with the Gr. 
 (ca^lijf ; as to which see Curtius, i. 172. As to x^P^^, the 
 initial letter is x^ a guttural sound answering to Lat. 
 h or g, and it is. in fact, allied to L. gratia. But in 
 charity, the ch is French, due to a peculiar pronuncia- 
 tion of the Lat. c, and the Fr. charite is, of course, 
 due to the L. ace. caritatem, whence also Ital. 
 caritaie or carith, Span, caridad, all from L. cams, 
 with long a. When we put top'c and ccirus side bj* 
 side, we And that the initial letters are different, 
 that the vowels are different, and that, just as in the 
 case of cearu and cura, the sole resemblance is that 
 thej' both contain the letter r/ It is not worth while 
 to pursue the subject further. Those who are con- 
 firmed in their prejudices and have no guide but the 
 ear (which they neglect to train), will remain of the 
 same opinion still ; but some beginners may perhaps 
 take heed, and if they do, will see matters in a new 
 light. To all who have acquired any philological 
 Imowledge, these tbiDgs are wearisome. 
 
 "4. Suppose we take two Latin words such as cari- 
 tas and cams. The former has a stem car-i-tat- ; the 
 latter has a stem car-o-, which may very easily turn 
 into car-i-. We are pei-fectly confident that the ad- 
 jective came first into existence, and that the sb. was 
 made out of it by adding a suffix ; and this we can tell 
 by a glance at the words, by the very form of tliem. 
 It is a rule in all Aryan languages that words started 
 from monosyllabic roots or bases, and were built up 
 by supplying new suffixes at the end ; and, the greater 
 the number of suffixes, the later the formation. When 
 apparent exceptions to this law present themselves, 
 they require especial attention ; but as long as the law 
 is followed, it is all in the natural course of things. 
 Simple as this canon seems, it is frequently' not ob- 
 served ; the consequence being that a word A is said 
 to be derived from B, whereas B is its own offspring. 
 The result is a reasoning in a circle, as it is called ; we 
 go round and round, but there is no progress upward 
 and backward, which is the direction in which we should 
 travel. Thus Richardson deriveschine from ' Fr. ecMne,' 
 and this from ' Fr. ecliiner, to chine, divide, or break the 
 back of (Gotgrave), probably from the A. S. cinan, to 
 chine, chink or rive.' From the absurdity of deriving 
 the ' Fr. ecliiner ' from the * A. S. cinan ' he might have 
 been saved at the outset, by remembering that, instead 
 of echine being derived from the verb erhiner, it is ob- 
 vious that ecliiner, to break the back of, is derived from 
 echine, the back, as Gotgrave certainly meant us to 
 understand ; see eschine, eschiner in ' Gotgrave's Dic- 
 tionary.' Putting eschine and eschiner side by side, the 
 shorter foi-m is the more original. 
 
 "5. This canon, requiring us to compare vowel' 
 sounds, is a little more difficult, but it is extremely im* 
 portant. In manj' dictionaries it is utterly neglected, 
 whereas the information to be obtained from vowels is 
 often extremely certain ; and few things are more 
 beautifully regular than the occasionally complex, yet 
 often decisive manner in which, especiailj* in the Teu- 
 tonic languages, one vowel-sound is educed from an- 
 other. The very fact that the A. S. e is a modification 
 of 6 tells us at once that fkdan. to feed, is a derivative 
 otfdd, food ; and that to derive food iromfeed is simply 
 Impossible. In the same waj' the vowel e in the verb 
 to set owes its \evy existence to the vowel a in the past 
 tense of the verb to sit; and so on in countless in- 
 stances. 
 
 "The other caQous require no particular com- 
 ment."
 
 SPEECH AS A BARRIER BETWEEN MAN AND BEAST. 
 
 If we ask. Are irrational animals endowed with the 
 faculty of speech ? we are met by three sections of ad- 
 vanced scientists at the ver^' threshold of the discus- 
 sion. The skeptic is in doubt as to whether there is 
 any such distinction as the distinction between rational 
 and irrational animals. The agnostic does not know — 
 and claims no one else can know — whether there is any 
 such distinction or not. The monistic philosopher, 
 Ernst Heinrich Haeclcel, endeavors to prove in "Evo- 
 lution of Man " that Reason, as a frontier post be- 
 tween Man and Beast, is altogether untenable. Either 
 we must take Reason in its narrow sense, argues 
 Haeckel — and in that case it is lacking in most Men as 
 well as in the lower animals; or we must take it in its 
 broader and lower sense, in which case it is present in 
 such animals as the Hoi'se, Elephant, Dog and Ape, as 
 well as in the human species. Under such circum- 
 stances it is evident that we cannot satisfactorily dis- 
 cuss the question bj' beginning at either Reason or 
 Speech as a barrier between Man and Beast. If the 
 atheistic evolution or development theory has been 
 established, there is no distinction or barrier between 
 Man and Beast, except a mere matter of higher devel- 
 opment in the former than in the latter. Beasts have 
 both Speech and Reason as well as Man has, and there 
 is no barrier here. Going still fui-ther down the scale 
 of organisms, we reach forms of life which have noth- 
 ing but skulless brain-bladdei's. The Mind in these 
 organisms cannot develop with its organ, the brain, 
 for the brain has not ^^et differentiated in them. At 
 this point in the scale, at all events, development of 
 Mind has not yet begun. 
 
 We hold that atheistic evolution cannot stand, un- 
 less it stands as an entirety. The question is not. Does 
 Reason develop in connection with its organ, the brain ? 
 as Haeckel discusses it; but does Reason develop 
 gradually' all along the line — from the undifferentiated 
 Amoeba, up through skulless brain-bladders, and, 
 finall3% in connection with its organ, the brain, in the 
 higher Beasts and in Man ? Was it Reason, or merely 
 intelligence, which was developing, all along the line, 
 until Man came upon the scene ? If it is Reason, as 
 between Man and the higher Beasts, wliy not Reason, 
 as between the primitive slime and Protomonas 'i 
 
 If we begin to call it Reason, as distinct from intel- 
 ligence., anv where in the line of development, why not 
 begin at Man ? Does not Man — even the Austi'alian 
 Bushman — show an intelligence wliich even in its de- 
 gradation is quite distinct from the intelligence of 
 the Ape ? Haeckel quotes with approval the lines of 
 Goethe's " Mephistopheles " : 
 
 " He calls It Reason, but thou see'st 
 Its use but makes him beastlier than the beast." 
 
 Instinct keeps the beast within the bounds of 
 nature, but reason conferred upon the Bushman, and 
 upon others besides the Bushman, is a dangerous 
 possession. It controls nature. Here is the dividing 
 line. This is human Reason, with its almost limitless 
 
 powers of investigation ; its ability to stifle the voice 
 of instinct, not only for high good, but for base evil ; 
 its strange, contradictory* power of either looking 
 forward to a higher destiny in a Hereafter, or of 
 looking backword to the unclean Ape, as a near 
 relative, without the faintest idea of ever associating 
 with it, or trying to form it into a new political party. 
 Whereas the Anthropoid Apes are supposed to have 
 differentiated from common Apes, and finalh' into ]\Ien, 
 mostly by withdrawing themselves from association 
 with the coarser Apes, this human Reason is capable, 
 in the case of Ernst Haeckel, of looking upon the 
 Anthi'opoid Ape as a more suitable ancestor than a 
 "God-like Adam," and nevertheless develops into a 
 giant intellect of the nineteenth century. Man can 
 think as he sees fit about his relations with Apes and 
 "other cattle," and yet remain Man; but if the 
 Anthropoid Apes had not gone off by themselves and 
 commenced to chatter and talk and g'et their heads to- 
 gether, so the coarser Apes could not understand them, 
 they would never have differentiated ; and even Evolu- 
 tion itself could never have changed them into even 
 Bushmen, much less into the sagacious Lake-Dwellers 
 of Switzerland, or the liberty-loving Mound-Builders of 
 these States. 
 
 With these limitations as to the development of 
 human from brutal intelligence, we have no objections 
 to urge against a notable article in t\\Q Atlantic Monthly 
 for September, 1891, by Mr. E. P. Evans, on " Speech as 
 a Barrier between Man and Beast." In reply to Max 
 Miiller's dictum that " no animal has ever spoken," 
 Mr. E. P. Evans asserts that parrots and I'avens utter 
 articulate sounds as distinctly as the average cockney, 
 and in most cases make quite as intelligent and edify- 
 ing use of them for the expression of ideas. Again : 
 *' In the course of ages, and as the result of long proc- 
 esses of evolution and transformation, monkeys have 
 learned to speak, but when they have acquired this 
 faculty we call them men." 
 
 If we call them Men, instead of Monkeys, when they 
 have gamed the power of speech, the question is, Do 
 we, as it were, call them by their right name ? Is it 
 proper, scientific, to make the distinction ? If it is not, 
 then Man is not only descended from the unclean Ape, 
 but he is a shameless pretender, usurper and tyrant. 
 He snatches from the monkey the priceless heritage 
 of speech, and hies him to cities and towns, leaving in 
 the woods of barhai-ous countries the sagacious little 
 animals which lie has robbed — and which now, pei'- 
 foi'ce, chatter and pine away, while Man takes com- 
 fort and enjoys even free speech. On the other hand, 
 if it is true tliat Man alone can justly lay claim to the 
 power of speech, then, of course, speech is a barrier 
 between man and beast. Is it an insurmountable 
 baiTier? According to Mr. E. P. Evans, when the 
 Monkey speaks we call it Man. In this sense the 
 barrier of speech is an insurmountable barrier; where 
 speech begins the beast ends. 
 
 But does human speech develop from brutal speech ? 
 
 (xi)
 
 xn 
 
 ESTTRODUCTIOK 
 
 Max Muller stops at roots or "phonetic cells " as "ul- 
 timate facts in the analysis of lang'uag'e,'' and virtually 
 saj's to the philologist, "Thus far shalt thou go, and 
 no further, and here shall thy researches be stayed." 
 "The scholar," he declares, "begins and ends with 
 these phonetic types ; or, if he ignores them, and 
 traces words back to the cries of animals or to the in- 
 terjections of men, he does so at his peril. The philos- 
 opher goes beyond, and he discovers in the line which 
 separates rational from emotional language, concept- 
 ual from intuitional knowledge — in the roots of lan- 
 guage he discovers the true barrier between Man and 
 Beast." 
 
 Replying to this argument, Mr. Evans declares 
 that the philologist, who recognizes in the roots of 
 language the Ultima Tluile beyond which he dare not 
 push his investigations, confesses thereby his incom- 
 petenc,y to solve the problem of the origin of language, 
 and must resign this field of inquiry to the zoopsychol- 
 ogist, who, freeing himself from the trammels and 
 illusions of metaphysics, seeks to find a firm basis for 
 his science in the strict and sj'stematic study of facts. 
 Imagine the folly of the physiologist who should say 
 to his fellow-scientists : " In your researches you must 
 begm and end with cells. If, in studying oi'ganic 
 structures, you go back of cells and endeavor to dis- 
 cover the laws underlying their origin, you do so at 
 your peril. Beware of the dangerous seductions of 
 C3'toblast and cytogenesis and treacherous quagmires 
 of protoplasm." 
 
 In this, Mr. E. P. Evans presumes that the " origin 
 of cells" has been clearly traced. If there is good ad- 
 vice to be found an\'where on the subject of the shad- 
 owy development and spontaneous generation which 
 precedes the cell in atheistic evolution, that advice 
 would be. Do not say you understand how primitive 
 slime in the bottom of the primordial sea ever became 
 a thing of life and a cell — unless you do understand it. 
 Unless you see that such might have been the fact, do 
 not say that j'ou so see. If the tracing of the roots of 
 human language from the roots of brutal language is 
 to depend on anything like the arguments adduced by 
 Haeckel in his attempt to make cells out of primitive 
 slime, then indeed do the roots of monkey language 
 need careful mulching for a few more winters. 
 
 But Mr. Evans admits it is only natural that the 
 philologist should think thus, being so absorbed in the 
 laws which govern the transmutation of words that he 
 comes to regard these metamorphoses as finalities, and 
 never goes behind and beyond them. We must look, 
 therefore, not to comparative philology, but to com- 
 parative psychologj', for the discovery of the origin of 
 language. Philolog^^ has to do with" the growth and 
 development of speech out of roots, which are assumed 
 to be ultimate and unanalyzable elements, like the 
 purely hypothetical particles which the physicist calls 
 atoms ; but as to the natum and genesis of roots them- 
 selves the philologist of to-day is as puzzled and per- 
 plexed as was the old Vedic poet, when, in the presence 
 of the universe and its mysterious generation, he could 
 only utter the pathetic and helpless cry, "Who, indeed, 
 knows, who can declare, whence it sprang, whence this 
 evolution ? " 
 
 " Show me only one root in the language of ani- 
 mals," says Max Miiller, "such as ah, to be sharp and 
 quick, and from it two derivatives, as asva, the quick 
 one — the horse — and acutus, sharp or quick-witted ; 
 nay, show me one animal that has the power of form- 
 ing roots, that can put one and two together, and 
 realize the simplest dual concept ; show me one animal 
 that can think and say 'two,' and I should say that. 
 
 so far as language is concerned, we cannot oppose Mr. 
 Darwin's argument, and that Man has, or at least may 
 have been, developed from some lower animal." 
 
 Mr. Evans replies that according to the theory of 
 evolution the language of animals has not yet reached 
 the root stage and never can reach it ; for it would 
 then become articulate speech, and be no longer the 
 language of animals, but the language of Man. But 
 this is surely no evidence or indication that one may 
 not grow out of the other ; on the contrary', it rather 
 suggests the possibility of such growth and develop- 
 ment. 
 
 We cannot be certain, however, that animals may 
 not have general concepts. When a dog, in eager pur- 
 suit of some object, yelps, (th-al-, how do we know that 
 this sharp utterance, which expresses the strong and 
 impatient desire of the dog- to overtake the object, may 
 not stand in the canine mind for the general concept 
 of quickness? It is used in pursuing all animals and 
 inanimate things — bii-d, hare, squirrel, stick or stone — 
 and cannot therefore denote any single one of them, 
 but must haA'e a general signification. For aught we 
 know, the language of animals maj' be made up of un- 
 developed roots vaguely expressive of general con- 
 cepts, or may even contain derivative soimds. 
 
 Mr. Darwin asserted that, since becoming domesti- 
 cated, the dog has learned to bark in as manj- as five 
 or six distinct tones: eagerness, as in the chase ; an- 
 ger, as well as growling ; the yelp or howl of despair, 
 when shut up ; the baj'ing at night ; the bark of joj-, 
 when starting on a walk with his master; and the 
 very distinct one of demand or supplication, as when 
 wishing for a door or window to be opened. 
 
 Says Mr. E. P. Evans: "This variety of tones, 
 expressing ditferent desires and emotions in an animal 
 that, in its wild state, could not bark at all, marks a 
 very considerable advance in the power of vocal utter- 
 ance as the result of association with man." 
 
 In closing this xery curious and highly entertaining 
 article, Mr. Evans thinks it would be superfluous to 
 multiph- instances of the capability of understanding 
 articulate speech manifested by monkeys, horses, dogs, 
 cats, elephants, birds, and other animals that acquire 
 this power, as children do, through the ear and by the 
 exercise of attention. The\- also show a nice discrim- 
 ination in distinguishing between words similar in 
 sound. A parrot or a raven masters a new sentence 
 by repeating it, and working at it, just as a school- 
 boy solves a hard problem. These birds associate 
 sounds with objects, and thus invent names for them. 
 Every dog is a "bow-wow," and every cat a " miau- 
 miau." The denotive term has an onomato-poctic 
 origin, and by the process of generalization is applied 
 to all animals of the species ; it is not necessary- that 
 the parrot should have heard each individual dog bark 
 or cat mew before giving it its appropriate name. A 
 raven belonging to Gotthard Heidegger, a clergyman 
 and rector of the gymnasium in Zurich, was constantly 
 picking up woixls dropped in general conversation, and 
 using them afterward in the most surprising manner. 
 
 Even animals whose larsTigeal apparatus is not 
 structurally adapted to the production of articulate 
 sounds maj' be taug'ht to utter them. Leibnitz men- 
 tions a dog which had learned to pronounce thirty 
 words distinctly. In the Dumfries Jovrnul of January, 
 lS-39, an account is given of a dog which called out 
 " William " so as to be clearly understood ; and Mr. 
 Romanes cites the case of an English terrier which had 
 been taught to say, " How are you, grandmam ? " 
 The careful and systematic experiments now being 
 made in this direction bv Professor A. Graham Bell
 
 SPEECH AS A BARRIER BETWEEN MAN AND BEAST. 
 
 xGi 
 
 aud other scientists are exceedingly interesting, and 
 may lead to important results. 
 
 In view of these facts, it is evident that the barrier 
 between human and animal intelligence, once deemed 
 impassable, is becoming more and more imperceptible, 
 and with the rapid progress of zoopsychological re- 
 search will soon disappear altogether. " When we re- 
 member," says Professor Sayce, "the inarticulate 
 clicks which still form part of the Bushman's lan- 
 guage, it would seem as if no line of division could be 
 drawn between Man and Beast, even when language 
 is made the test." Apes make use of similar clicks 
 for a like purpose, and these sounds are doubtless sur- 
 vivals of speech before it became distinctively articulate. 
 
 Whatever maj' be the value of the facts presented 
 by Mr. Evans, it cannot be disputed that the whole 
 theory of atheistic evolution has one apparently insur- 
 mountable barrier to overcome before it can be gen- 
 erally accepted by the great majority of men. This 
 barrier Haeckel calls " human arrogance." Man's in- 
 stinctive dislike to be told that he is the same — only a 
 little different, owing to adaptation — as the Ape that 
 grins at him in the menagerie and pa3's no taxes ; and 
 that Man's mind, " the human reason " which evolu- 
 tionists are wont to ridicule, does not separate him 
 from the American Ape with the flat nose that claims 
 relationship with the Mound-Builders, nor from the 
 foreign Ape with the up-and-down nose, that used to 
 throw cocoanuts, worth ten cents each, at English 
 sailors, to keep the sailors from climbing the trees to 
 get them: this instinctive dislike is called "human 
 arrogance." Haeckel avers that this prejudice is very 
 unbecoming in people who sometimes lay claim to a 
 proper and highly becoming humility of spirit. 
 
 We propose to show, among other things, that in 
 this Haeckel, and all who believe as he does, are turn- 
 ing traitor to their own species. If the struggle for 
 existence and progress among organisms are at work 
 among all living beings, let us think we are not related 
 to the Ape and such cattle, even if we are. Was it 
 not such arrogance as this, according to evolution, that 
 caused a few choice Apes to go off by themselves as a 
 select set and develop into Men-Apes, then into Ape- 
 Men, and, finally, to drop the J2}e from their family 
 name altogether ? Did not this arrogance in the cour.se 
 of time cause them to go in out of the rain and cold 
 and heat, so that thej' eventually shed their hair, for 
 the most part ? What caused them to get their heads 
 together and talk, instead of chattering, so that the 
 "cawser " Apes could not know what they were saying 
 — if it was not arrogance ? Could anything but arro- 
 gance impel them to make flint arrowheads with which 
 to kill the cave-bear for a grand reception dinner of the 
 select set, instead of climbing a tree to get away from 
 Bruin? Mere "humiUtyof spirit " and knowing "Man's 
 Place in Nature " as well as a disciple of Huxley saj's 
 he does, would have caused the bottom to drop out of 
 the whole enterprise ; and the other Apes would have 
 the laugh on the select few, who had great expectations 
 and absurd pretensions without the ability to realize on 
 them. 
 
 Huxley's Law gives, in substance, the following ac- 
 count of the " Place in Nature " occupied, for exam- 
 ple, bj' your baby boy, one year old, in whom neither 
 reason nor speech has yet awakened : " Your child 
 is less above the Ape of the future, and perhaps of 
 the present, than a human of the future, or perhaps 
 of the present, is above him. This child may be 
 nearer to the Ape in every essential characteristic 
 than he is to a highly-developed human. When your 
 child is old enough to study, let him first learn 
 
 'Man's Place in Nature' from the 'only' Huxley. 
 He will then entertain a fellow-feeling for the Ape 
 as an unfortunate, poor relation who was left behind 
 in 'natui-al selection or the struggle for existence,' 
 etc., even more so than for a next-door neighbor who 
 lacks force of character and general organic strength, 
 because of certain habits and traits in his parents. 
 Your child should be trained to point with pride to an 
 ambitious, go-ahead Ape-Man from which came chil- 
 dren who could build a fire and others iv7iich hung head 
 downward from a tree by their tails — and are doing it 
 yet — to amuse some attractive female Ape. 
 
 "It is far nobler to have such an ancestor, who had 
 two kinds of children, some with erect mien, who broke 
 the old Man- Ape's heart by their insubordination, ar- 
 rogance and strange, outlandish, articulate chattering 
 — this is the crowd you and your child are descended 
 from — and others, whe were only collateral relatives 
 to your child and you, and who stayed with their pro- 
 genitor, comforted his declining years by making him 
 eat at the second table, if he could find anj'thing, and 
 finally let him die and rot on top of the ground to save 
 funeral expenses. It is far nobler, we monists say, to 
 have such a versatile, though badly used ancestor, 
 than to be descended from a God-like Adam, whom the 
 ' black International,' and the rest of the churches tell 
 you about, for the sole purpose of getting your money, 
 tickling your vanity and keeping you in ecclesiastical 
 leading strings. Bear in mind, now, we do not say 
 that Man is descended from the Ape. In fact, we hold 
 that these low-down, flat-nosed, long -tailed American 
 Apes are not in any way connected with Man's de- 
 scent, and only very slightly, as a mere offshoot, with 
 man's pedigree. What we say and can easily prove, 
 if you will just bear in mind the natural descent of 
 Man from the lower animal, is this : That Men and 
 Apes are both descended from the same parent ; that 
 this same parent form is probably extinct ; that if it 
 is not, we will probably find him somewhere in Africa 
 or Asia. It or he is either black, j^ellow or brown ; 
 either Mongolian, Malaj' or Ethiopian. The real Apes 
 that you and your little boy are descended from never 
 came to America until thej^ became Men." 
 
 Exciting prejudice against the development theory 
 is entirely uncalled for, as intense prejudice against it 
 already exists. We distinctly disclaim any attempt to 
 do so in asking the reader to take monism home to him- 
 self, especially the "Ape Question." The argument 
 that the foregoing enforces and illustrates is this . 
 Adaptation is one of the mechanical causes of athe- 
 istic evolution. In this a prominent factor is a sense 
 of superiority, pride, arrogance, on the part of indi- 
 viduals of a species who are about to change their 
 habits of life, to submit to the mechanical cause or law 
 of adaptation — to develop, as man is said to have done, 
 from the Ape-Man parent form. This is a fixed and 
 unalterable law ; it is necessary, this causal connection 
 between a sense of superiority, pride and arrogance, 
 and the change in the habits of life. If that sense of 
 supei'iority was necessar^^ as between Ape-Men and 
 other Ape-Men — the sense of superiority on the part of 
 Man toward Apes — the customary " arrogance " is 
 much more necessary, and Man cannot think that he is 
 allied to Apes. The atheistic evolutionists are men. 
 Therefore they cannot think that their views on the 
 Ape Question are anything but arrant nonsense. Their 
 readers are Men, therefore they cannot think what 
 these monistic books try to prove. As between Men, 
 those individuals compelld, by atheistic evolution, to 
 rise not at all or very slo /ly above their present con- 
 dition, cannot think themselves equal to those above
 
 XIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 them ; and those who are compelled to rise cannot but 
 look down upon their weaker brethren. This last is a 
 distinction within the species ; tlie other is a distinction 
 between one species and another. Finally, what the 
 human mind cannot think — but must think the con- 
 trary — is not true. Therefore, by the atheistic evolu- 
 tionist's own laws, and according- to his necessary con- 
 nection between cause and effect, Man is not descended 
 from, nor allied to, the Ape nor an Ape-Man form. 
 
 In this we are grasping a really vital point, if con- 
 nection between cause and effect everywhere is neces- 
 sary, inevitable. When Man differentiated from Ape- 
 Men, as the latter had previously differentiated from 
 Apes, it was necessary that the "progressive element," 
 the " only " Men in the one case, and the " only " Ape- 
 Men in the other, should consider themselves, after a 
 few generations, as entirely distinct from Apes in the 
 one case and Ape-Men in the other. Now, instead of 
 a few generations, give us an epoch, or even an age, or 
 a few thousand years ; then give us a general migration 
 
 to a country where Apes and Ape-Men did not intrude 
 
 to remind the emigrants of their discreditable pedi- 
 gree ; add Heredity and Adaptation and the Struggle 
 for Existence; contemplate the weeding out of the 
 ne'er-do-weels ; bring Natural Selection upon the scene, 
 whereby male and female of the weaker class, and of 
 others more worthy, are snubbed and jilted and swin- 
 dled out of their property and given over to dishonest 
 guardians, executors, administrators and assigns, and 
 allowed to die bachelors and old maids; let this con- 
 tinue among the emigrants for a few thousand years, 
 and we will show you a race under the control of the 
 fixed and unalterable laws of Heredity and Adaptation 
 to such an extent that they cannot think themselves 
 allied to Apes or Ape-Men. And what the human 
 mind cannot think — but must think the contrary — is 
 false. At all events, '.vhy waste time and talents try- 
 ing to make the human species think -that, the con- 
 trary of which the " only " evolution theory compels 
 us to think ? 
 
 Table of Divisions of the Aryan Languages. 
 
 The English language^the- offspring of the Anglo-Saxon — is one of the Low Oerman dialects which 
 form pare of the Teutonic branch of the Indo-European or Aryan languages. 
 The Aryan languages may be divided into six principal branches: 
 
 L 
 
 n. 
 
 m. 
 
 IV. 
 
 T. 
 
 VX 
 
 ISDIAS. 
 
 Persic. 
 
 CELTia 
 
 GE^C(>-LAT1*I. 
 
 TBimnnc: 
 
 Slavonic 
 
 The Teutonic branch is divided into three classes, the Low German, High GennaQ and Scandma- 
 ▼ian : 
 
 1. Mceeo-tiothic, preserved in Ul- 
 
 ShUas's trauBlatiODGf tte 
 os^els. 
 
 2. Aiiglo-baxon. 
 L liOwGermaB. ' En^^lish. 
 
 a Old Sason. 
 
 4. Frisian. 
 
 5. Dntch. 
 ift Flemish. 
 
 XSlTrOKIC. 
 
 XL Hlgb Qennaii. 
 
 i\. O. 
 •(a M 
 Is. x- 
 
 1. Old High German. 
 Middle High Germoi. 
 "'ew High Grermaa. 
 
 1. Icelandic, 
 m. Scandinavian. ^ | ^°S"^ 
 4. Danish. 
 
 The Celtic branch is divided into ; 
 
 t. GUidhelic or Erse. 
 1. Irish. 
 
 a. Scottish GaeUa 
 & Manx. 
 
 a. Gyniric. 
 
 1. Welsh. 
 
 2. Cornish (now exQnaQk. 
 8. Breton.
 
 Grimm"s Law of the Interchange of Consonant Sounds. 
 
 The evidence that the group of languages known as 
 the Aryan languages form a family — that is, are all 
 sister-dialects of one common mother-tongue — consists 
 in their grammatical forms being the same, and in their 
 having a great many words in common. In judging 
 whether an individual word in one of these tongues is 
 really the same with a word in another of the tongues, 
 we are no longer guided b3' mere similarity of sound ; 
 on the contrary, identity of sound is generally a pre- 
 sumption that a proposed etymology is wrong. Words 
 are constantly undergoing change, and each language 
 follows its own fashion in making those changes. Cor- 
 responding words, therefore, in the several languages 
 must, as a rule, in the long course of ages have come 
 to differ greatly ; and these differences follow certain 
 laws which it is possible to ascertain. Unless, then, a 
 proposed identification accord with those laws, it is in- 
 admissible. We are not at liberty to suppose any ar- 
 bitrary omission of a letter, or substitution of one let- 
 ter for another, as was the fashion in the old guessing 
 school of etymology. 
 
 Of the laws of interchange of sounds in the Indo- 
 European family, the most important is that known as 
 Grimm's Law, so called after the famous German phi- 
 lologist who investigated it. It exhibits the relations 
 found to exist between the consonant sounds in three 
 groups of the Aryan languages — namely, (1) the Clas- 
 sical, including Sanskrit, Greek and Latin ; (2) Low 
 German, which we may take Gothic and English as 
 representing ; (3) High German, especially Old High 
 German, in which the Law is more consistently' carried 
 out than in modern High German. 
 
 The scope of the Law is confined to the interchanges 
 among the following consonant sounds, which are here 
 arranged so as to show their relations to one another : 
 
 Sharp. Flat. Aspirate. 
 
 Labial p b f(v) 
 
 Iilngno-dental ... ....t d th(z) 
 
 Guttural k(c) g ch(7i) 
 
 The horizontal division into three orders depends on 
 the organ chiefly used in the utterance. The differ- 
 ences between the vertical series are more easily felt 
 than described. Pronounce first ip and then ib ; in the 
 first the lips are completely closed, and the sound or 
 voice from the larynx abruptly cut off. In the second 
 the lips are also completely shut, but a muffled voice is 
 continued for a moment ; it is produced by the vocal 
 chords being still kept in a state of tension, and the 
 breath eontinuing to issue through them into the cavity 
 of the mouth for a brief space after the lips are closed. 
 Next pronounce if; in this, although the voice-sound 
 abruptly ceases, the lip-aperture is not so completely 
 
 closed but that a thin stream of breath continues to 
 escape with the sound of a whisper. Hence the name 
 aspirate given to such articulations. Now, inter- 
 changes do take place between members of these 
 vertical series — that is, one sharp takes the place of 
 another, as in Welsh, pen ; Gaelic, Ain ; or in Rus- 
 sian, i^Bodor for TAeodore. Such instances, however, 
 are comparatively rare and sporadic. It is between 
 members of the horizontal orders that interchanges 
 chiefly take place — that is, labials with labials, dentals 
 with dentals, etc.; and it is with these interchanges 
 that Grimm's Law deals. 
 
 The substance of the Law may be presented in a 
 tabular form, as follows : 
 
 (1) Classical Sharp. 
 
 (2) Low German Aspirat 
 
 (8) High German.... Flat. 
 
 Flat Aspirate. 
 
 Sharp. Flat. 
 
 Aspirate. Sharp. 
 
 The table may be thus read : A classical sharp labial, 
 asp, is represented in Low German by the aspirate 
 labial /, and in High German by the flat labial b ; and 
 so of the other orders. 
 
 EXAMPLE& 
 (A) Interchange or Labials. 
 
 CLASSICAL. 
 Sans., Gr., L. pater.. 
 Gr. pteron (peteron).. 
 
 L. pulex 
 
 L. rapina 
 
 Gr. kannabis 
 
 L. /ra{n)go 
 
 Gr. phn,Li. /n 
 
 LOW GERMAN. 
 E. /ather, Goth, fadrs 
 
 E. feather 
 
 E. Vlea, Scot /lech... 
 A.S. rea/, E. reaiie. ... 
 
 E. hemp 
 
 E. break, Goth, brikan 
 E.be 
 
 0. H. OEEHAN. 
 vatar. 
 
 I'edar, Ger. feder. 
 1)lo, Ger. /Idh. 
 roub. 
 
 hana/, Ger. han/. 
 prechan, Ger. brechen 
 pirn (I am). 
 
 (B) INTEKCHANGB OF Ln?GtT0-DENTAI.8. 
 
 L. tennis 
 
 L. tectum 
 
 Gr. odont, L. dent 
 
 L. tiingna (— lingua). 
 Gr. thngater. 
 
 Gr. thei, L. /era 
 
 E.tWn 
 
 E. t/iatch, Goth. thak. 
 E. tooth, Goth. 
 
 tunthus. 
 
 E. tongue 
 
 E. daughter, Gfoth. 
 
 dauhtar. 
 
 E. deer 
 
 dunni, Ger. diinn. 
 
 dach. 
 
 Zand, Ger. zalm. 
 
 znnga. 
 tobtar. 
 
 tier. 
 
 (C) Interchange or GtnrtrRALa 
 
 E. halt 
 
 E. ?ieart 
 
 E. eight, Goth, ahtan. 
 
 E. knee 
 
 E. acre, Goth. aTcrs... 
 E. goose 
 
 E. {/arden.Goth. gards 
 
 L. claudus 
 
 Gr. kard-, L. cord-.... 
 
 L. octo 
 
 Gr. gonu 
 
 L. ager 
 
 Gr. Chen, L. anser 
 
 (— ?!anser) 
 
 L. /lortus 
 
 It will be observed that there are a good many ex- 
 ceptions to the Law, especially in the case of the 
 aspirates; the influence of adjoining letters often 
 causes anomalies. The Law holds good oftenest in 
 the beginning of words. 
 
 ?ialz. 
 
 Tierza. 
 
 ahte, Ger. acTit 
 
 chnio. 
 
 achuT, Ger. acker. 
 
 kans, Ger. gans. 
 
 karto, Ger. garten.
 
 List of Abbreviations. 
 
 aoc according. 
 
 occits accusative. 
 
 adj adjective. 
 
 adu adverb. 
 
 agri agriculture. 
 
 aig algebra. 
 
 anat anatomy. 
 
 arch architecture. 
 
 arlth arithmetic. 
 
 astr astronomy. 
 
 B. Bible. 
 
 hook-k book-keeping. 
 
 hot botany. 
 
 c century. 
 
 c/ compare. 
 
 chem chemistry. 
 
 cog cognate. 
 
 comp comparative. 
 
 ccmj conjunction. 
 
 conn connected. 
 
 contr contraction. 
 
 corr c6rmption. 
 
 demons. demonstrative. 
 
 Diet Dictionary. 
 
 dim diminutive. 
 
 dub donbtfuL 
 
 e»p especially. 
 
 ety etymology. 
 
 fern feminine. 
 
 fig figuratively. 
 
 fol followed. 
 
 fort fortification. 
 
 Amer American. 
 
 At Arabic. 
 
 A.S .....Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 Bav Bavarian. 
 
 Bobem. Bohemian. 
 
 Bret. Breton. 
 
 Celt Celtic. 
 
 ChaL Chaldean. 
 
 Com Cornish. 
 
 Dan Danish. 
 
 Dut Dutch. 
 
 E English. 
 
 Finn Finnish. 
 
 Flem Flemish. 
 
 Fr French. 
 
 Fris. Frisian. 
 
 freq frequentatlTe. 
 
 gen genitive. 
 
 geol geology. 
 
 geom geometry. 
 
 gram grammar. 
 
 gun gunnery. 
 
 her. heraldry. 
 
 hoii horticultore. 
 
 Inf infinitive. 
 
 int interjection. 
 
 inten intensive. 
 
 jew jewelry. 
 
 lit literally. 
 
 mas masculine. 
 
 math mathematics. 
 
 mech mechanics. 
 
 med medicine. 
 
 mil] military. 
 
 miyi mineralogy. 
 
 mus music. 
 
 myth mythology. 
 
 71., Tis noun, nouns. 
 
 nat. hist natural history. 
 
 naut nautical. 
 
 Tieg negative. 
 
 obs. obsolete. 
 
 opp opposed. 
 
 opt optic. 
 
 orig originally. 
 
 p participle. 
 
 paint painting. 
 
 pa.p. past participle. 
 
 GaeL Gaelic. 
 
 Ger German. 
 
 Goth Gothic. 
 
 Gr Greek. 
 
 Heb Hebrew. 
 
 Hind. Hindustani. 
 
 Hon Hungarian. 
 
 Ice Icelandic 
 
 It. Irish. 
 
 It. Italian. 
 
 li Latin. 
 
 Lith Lithuanian. 
 
 M. E Middle English. 
 
 Mex Mexican. 
 
 Norm Norman. 
 
 Norw. Norwegian. 
 
 pass passive. 
 
 pa.t past tenaa. 
 
 pert perfect. 
 
 perh perhaps. 
 
 pers i>erson. 
 
 pfx prefix. 
 
 phil philosophy. 
 
 pi plural. 
 
 poet poetical. 
 
 poss possessive. 
 
 Pr.Bk Book of Common 
 
 Prayer. 
 
 pr.p present participla 
 
 prep preposition. 
 
 pres present. 
 
 print printing. 
 
 prlv privative. 
 
 prob probably. 
 
 pron pronoun. 
 
 prov provincial. 
 
 rhet rhetoric. 
 
 sig signifying. 
 
 sing singular. 
 
 superl superlative. 
 
 term termination. 
 
 Test Testament. 
 
 theol theology. 
 
 unk unknown. 
 
 v.i verb intransitive. 
 
 c.t verb transitive. 
 
 aool zoology. 
 
 O. Fr Old French. 
 
 O. Ger. Old German. 
 
 Pera Persian. 
 
 Port Portuguese. 
 
 Prov Provencj-al. 
 
 Rom Romance. 
 
 Russ Russian. 
 
 Sans Sanskrit. 
 
 Scand. Scandinavian. 
 
 Scot Scottish. 
 
 Slav Slavonic. 
 
 Sp Spanish. 
 
 Sw Swedish. 
 
 Teut Teutonic 
 
 Turk Turkish. 
 
 W Welrfi.
 
 A DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 A 
 
 a. t.he indeflaite article, a broken-down 
 
 form of An, and used before words be- 
 °:inaiag with the sound of a consonant. 
 [See An.] 
 
 A, used at one time before participles, as 
 in " She lay a dying." It is now admit- 
 ted only colloquially. 
 
 ABACK, a-bak', adv. {naut.) said of sails 
 pressed backward against the mast by 
 the wind — hence, TAKEN ABACK, taken 
 by surprise. 
 
 ABACUS, ab'a-kus, n. a counting-frame 
 or table : (arch.) a level tablet on the 
 capital of a column. 
 
 ABAFT, a-baft', adv. or prej}., on the aft 
 or hind part of a ship : behind. 
 
 ABANDON, a-ban'dun, v.t. to give up : to 
 desert : to yield (one's self) without re- 
 straint. 
 
 ABANDONED, a-ban'dund, adj. given up, 
 as to a vice : very wicked. — n. Abandon- 
 ment, a-ban'dun-ment, act of abandon- 
 ing : state of being given up. 
 
 ABASE, a-bas', v.t. to cast down: to hum- 
 ble : to degrade. — n. Abasement, a-bas'- 
 nient, state of humiliation. 
 
 aBASH, a-bash', v.t. to confuse with 
 shame or guilt. — n. Abashment, a-bash'- 
 nient, confusion from shame. 
 
 ABATE, a-bat", v.t. to lessen : to mitigate. 
 — v.i. to grow less. 
 
 ABATEMENT, a-bat'ment, n. the act of 
 abating : the sum or quantity abated : 
 \ker.) a mark of dishonor on a coat-of- 
 arnis. 
 
 IBATIS, ABATTIS, a'bat-is, n. (fort.) a 
 rampart of trees felled and laid side by 
 side, with the branches towards the 
 enemv. 
 
 ^^ATTOIR, a-bat-war', n. a slaughter- 
 house. 
 
 ABAXIAL, ab-ak'si-al, at^. not iu the 
 axis ; specificalij", in botany, applied to 
 the embryo when out of the axis of the 
 seed. Also Abaxile. 
 
 ABBA, ab'a, n. in Chaldee and Syriac, a 
 father. 
 
 ABBACY, ab'a-si, n. the office of an 
 abbot. 
 
 ABBATIAL, ab-bashal, Abbatical, ab- 
 bat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to an abbey. 
 
 ABBESS, ab'es, n. the superior of a relig- 
 ious community of women. [Fern, of 
 Abbot.] 
 
 ABBEY, ab'e, n. a monastery of persons 
 of either sex presided over by an abbot 
 or abbess ; the church attached to it : — 
 ;>/. Abbeys. [Fr. abbaye — L. abbatia — 
 Abba.) 
 
 \BBOT, ab'ut, n. the father or head of an 
 abbey.— -/em. Abb'ess. [L. abbas, ab- 
 f/rt/i.s — AbbaJ 
 
 \BHREV1ATE, ab-bre'vi-at, v.t. to make 
 brief or short : to abridge. [L. abbrevio, 
 •atum — ab, intensive, and brevis, short. 
 See Brief.] 
 
 ABBREVIATION, ab-bre-vi-a'shun, n. a 
 shortening : a part of a word put for the 
 whole. 
 
 ABBREVTATOR, ab-br5'vi-at-ur, n, one 
 who abbreviates. 
 
 A— ABOMINATE. 
 
 ABDICATE, ab'di-kat, v.t. to renounce or 
 give up (a high office). — n. Abdica'tion. 
 [L. ab, from or off, dico, -atum, to pro- 
 claim.] 
 
 ABDOMEN, ab-do'men, n. the lower part 
 of the Ijellv. [L.l 
 
 ABDOMINAL, ab-dom'in-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the al)donien. 
 
 ABDUCTION, ab-duk'shun. n. the carry- 
 ing away, esp. of a person by fraud or 
 force. [L. ab, from, duco, ductum, to 
 draw.] 
 
 ABDUCTOR, ab-dukt'ur, n. one guilty of 
 abduction : a muscle that draws away. 
 
 ABEAM, a-bem', adv. (naut.) on the beam, 
 or in a line at riglit angles to a vessel's 
 length. [Pfx. a (A.S. on, on), on, and 
 Beam.] 
 
 ABECEDABY, a-be-se'da-ri, n. a first 
 principle or element : rudiment. "Such 
 rudiments or abecedaries." — Fuller. 
 
 ABED, a-bed', adv. in bed. [Prefix a, on, 
 and Bed.] 
 
 ABERRANT, ab-er'ant, adj., wandering 
 from the right or straight path. [L. ab, 
 from, erro, to wander.] 
 
 ABERRATION, ab-er-a'shun, n. a wander- 
 ing from the right path : deviation from 
 truth or rectitude. 
 
 ABET, a-bet', v.t. to incite by encourage- 
 ment or aid (used ciiiefly in a bad .sense) : 
 — pr.p. abett'ing ; pa.p. abett'ed. — n. 
 Abetment, a-bet'ment. — n. Abettor, 
 a-bet'ur. [O. Fr. abeter — d ( — L. ad, to), 
 and beter, to bait, from root of Bait.] 
 
 ABEYANCE, a-b.a'ans, n. a state of sus- 
 pension or expectation. [Fr. — d (L. ad, 
 to), and buyer, to gape in expectation, 
 from imitative root 6a, to gape.] 
 
 ABHOR, ab-hor', v.t. to slirink from with 
 horror : to detest : to loathe : — pr.p. ab- 
 horr'ing; pa.p. abhorred'. [L. See Hor- 
 ror.] 
 
 ABHORRENCE, ab-horens, n. extreme 
 hatred. 
 
 ABHORRENT, ab-hor'ent, adj. detesting : 
 '•epugnant. 
 
 ABHORRING, ab-hor'ing, n. (B.) object of 
 great hatred. 
 
 ABIDE, a-bid', v.t. to hide or wait for : to 
 endure : to tolerate. — v.i. to remain in a 
 place, dwell, or stay : — pa.t. and pa.p. 
 abode'. — adj. Abiding, continual. [A.S. 
 abidan — pfx. a=Goth. MS=Ger. er, and 
 bidan, to wait.] 
 
 ABIGAIL, ab'i-gal, n. a lady's maid. 
 [From Abigail, 1 Sam. xxv.] 
 
 ABILITY, a-b.l'i-ti, n. quality of being 
 able : power : strength : skill ; — pi. 
 Abilities, the powers of the mind. 
 [M. E. liability Fr. habilcte — L. habili- 
 tas — habilis, easily handled, fit, apt, 
 able, from habeo, to have, hold. See 
 
 ABIOGENESIST, a-bi'5-jon-e-sist, n. a be- 
 liever in abiogenesis. a theory based on 
 spontaneous generation as oppo.sed to 
 sexual generation : or, more explicitly, 
 the production of life or living beings 
 under certain physii al conditions with- 
 out the intervention of antecedent living 
 forms. Also Abiooenist. Abiogeny, 
 same as Abiogenesis. Abjogenetic, adj. 
 
 of, pertaining to, or produced by, abio 
 
 genesis. 
 
 ABIRRITATE, ab-ir'ri-tat, v.t. in medicine, 
 to deaden, as the vital phenomena of the 
 tissues : to debilitate. Ablrritattve, 
 ab-ir'ri-tat-iv, adj. tending to abirritate. 
 
 ABJECT, ab'jekt, adj. east away : mean : 
 worthless. — adv. Ab'jectly. [L. ab- 
 jectus — cast away — ab, away, jado, to 
 throw.] 
 
 ABJECTION, ab-jek'shun, Abjectness, 
 ab'jekt-nes, n., a mean or low state ; 
 baseness. 
 
 ABJURE, ab-]Oor', v.t. to renounce on 
 oath or solemnly. — n. ABJURATION, ab- 
 joor-a'shun. [L. ab, from, ^tro, -atum, 
 to swear.] 
 
 ABLACTATION, ab-lak-ta'shun, n. a wean- 
 ing. [L. ab. from lacto, to suckle — lao, 
 lactis, milk.] 
 
 ABLATIVE, ab'lat-iv, adj. used as a n. 
 The name of the sixth case of a Latin 
 noun. [L. ahlat'ims — ah, from, /ero, 
 latum,, to take ; as if it indicated taking 
 away, or privation.] 
 
 ABLAZE, a-blaz', adv., in a blaze : on fire. 
 
 ABLE, a'bl, adj. (comp. A'bler ; superl. 
 A'BLEST), having sufficient strength, 
 power, or means to do a thing : skillful. 
 —adv. A'BLY. [See Ability.] 
 
 ABLEGATE, ab'leg-at, n. in the Roman 
 Catholic Church a special commissioner 
 charged with conveying his insignia of 
 office to a newly appointed cardinal. 
 
 ABLUTION, ab-loo'shun, n. act of wash- 
 ing, esp. the body, preparatory to relig- 
 ious rites. [L. dblutio — ab, away, luo= 
 lavo, to wash.] 
 
 ABNEGATE, ab'ne-gat, v.t., to deny. \U 
 ah, awav, and negro, to deny. See Ne- 
 gation.] 
 
 ABNEGATION, ab-ne-ga'shun, n. denial: 
 renunciation. 
 
 ABNORMAL, ab-nor'mal, adj., not normal 
 or according to rule : irregular. — n, Ab- 
 nor'mity. [L. nb. away from. Normal,.] 
 
 ABOARD, a-bOrd', adv. or prep., onboard: 
 in a ship. [Fix. o, on, and Board.] 
 Used also of things on shore, as aboard 
 a railway train, etc. [Amer.] 
 
 ABODE, a-bod', n. a dwelling-place : stay, 
 [Abide.] 
 
 ABODE, a-bod', pa.t. and pa.p. of Abide. 
 
 ABOLISH, ab-ol'ish, v.t. to put an end to : 
 to annul. [Fr. aholir — L. aboleo, -itum 
 — ab, from, olo, olesco, to grow — ab here 
 reverses the meaning of the simple 
 verb.] 
 
 ABOLITION, ab-ol-ish'un, n. the act of 
 aholisliing, 
 
 ABOLITIONIST, ab-ol-ish'un-ist, n. one 
 who seeks to abolish anything, esp 
 slavery. 
 
 ABOLif IONIZE, ab-ol-ish'un-iz, v.t. to 
 imbue with the doctrines or principle* 
 of an abolitionist. 
 
 ABOMINABLE, ab-om'in-a-bl, adj. hate- 
 ful, detestabl". — adv. Abom'inably.— Ji. 
 Abom'inableness. [See Abominate.] 
 
 ABOMINATE, ab-om'in-St, v.t. to abhor: 
 to detest extremely. [L. abominor, 
 -atus — to turn from as of bad omen 
 See Omen.] 
 
 (J)
 
 ABOMINATION 
 
 ACCAD 
 
 ABOMINATION, ab-om-in-a'shun, h. ex- 
 treme avei'sion : anything abominable. 
 
 ABORIGINAL, ab-o-rij'in-al. adj. first, 
 primitive. 
 
 ABORIGINES, ab-o-rij'in-ez, n.pl. the 
 original inhabitants of a country. [L. 
 See Origin.] 
 
 ABORT, ab-ort', v.i. to miscarry in birt!i. 
 [L. uborior, abortus— ab, orior, to rise — 
 ab liere reverses the meaning.] 
 
 ABORTICIDE, arbort'i-sid, n. in obstetrics, 
 tlie destruction of a monstrous fetus in 
 utero. 
 
 ABORTION, ab-or'shun, )(. premature de- 
 livery : anything that does not reach 
 maturity. 
 
 ABORTIVE, ab-ort'iv, adj. born untimely : 
 unsuccessful : producing nothing : ren- 
 dering abortive. (Obs.) — adv. Abort'- 
 
 mEI.Y. — n. ABORT'rVENESS. 
 
 ABOUND, ab-ownd', v.i. to overflow, be 
 in great plenty : (with in) to possess in 
 plenty. [L. abundo, to overflow as a 
 river, from unda, a wave.] 
 
 ABOUT, a-bowt', prep, round on the out 
 side : around : here and there in : near 
 to : concerning : engaged in. — adv. 
 around : nearly : here and there. — 
 Bring aboxtt, to cause to take place. — 
 Come about, to take place. — Go about, 
 to prepare to do. [A.S. abutan — a, on, 
 be, by, Mia?!, outside.] 
 
 ABOVfe, a-buv', pre}]-, on the up side : 
 higher than : more than. — adv. over- 
 head : in a higher position, order, or 
 power. — Above one's bend, out of one's 
 power : beyond reach. (Amer.) [A.S. 
 abufan — o, on, be, by, nfan, high, up- 
 wards, which is an adv. formed from iif 
 
 ABOVE-BOARD, a-buv'-bord, adj. above 
 the board or table : open. 
 
 ABRADE, ab-rad', v.t., to scrape or rub 
 off. [L. ab, off. rado, rasum, to scrape.] 
 
 ABRiVSION, ab-ra'zhun, n. the act of rub- 
 bing off. 
 
 ABREAST, a-brest', adv. with the breasts 
 in a line : side by side : (naut.) opposite 
 to. [a, on, and BREAST.] 
 
 ABRIDGiE, a-brij', v.t. to make brief or 
 short : to shorten : to epitomize. [Fr. 
 abreger — L. abbreviare. See ABBRE\^- 
 ateJ 
 
 ABRIDGMENT, a-brlj'ment, n. contrac- 
 tion : summary. 
 
 ABROAD, a-brawd', adv. on the broad or 
 open space : out of doors : in another 
 country. 
 
 ABROGATE, ab'ro-gat, v.t. to repeal (a 
 law). [L. ab, away, rogo, -atum, to a-sk ; 
 because when a law was proposed the 
 people were "asked" (to sanction or re- 
 ject it).] 
 
 ABROGATION, ab'ro-ga'shun, n. act of 
 repe.alinsr. 
 
 ABROGATIVE, ab-ro'ga-tiv, adj. tending 
 to abrogate : capable of abrogating or 
 annulling. 
 
 ABRUPT, ab-rupt', adj. the opposite of 
 gradual, as if broken off: sudden : unex- 
 pected. — n. an abrupt place. — adv. Ab- 
 RCPT'LY. — n. Abrupt'ness. [L. abrup- 
 tns — ab, off, rumpo, riiptum, to break.] 
 
 ABSCESS, ab'ses, n. a collection of puru- 
 lent matter within some tissue of the 
 bodj'. [L. abscessus — abs, away, cedo, 
 eessttm, to go, to retreat.] 
 
 ABSCOND, abs-kond', v.i. {lit.) to hide 
 one's self : to quit the country in order 
 to escape a legal process. [L. abs, from 
 or away, condo, to hide.] 
 
 ABSENCE, abs'eus, n. the being away or 
 not present : want : inattention. 
 
 ABSENT, abs'ent, adj., being away ; not 
 present : inattentive. [L. abs, away 
 from, ens, entis, being — swm, esse, to be. 
 See Entitt.] 
 
 ABSENT, abs-ent', v.t. to keep one's self 
 away. 
 
 ABSENTEE, abs-ent-e', n. one yvho lives 
 away from his estate or his office. 
 
 ABSENTEEISM, abs-ent-e'izm, n. the prac- 
 tice of a land-owner living at a distance 
 from his estate. 
 
 ABSEY-BOOK, ab-se-book, n. (that is, an 
 a b c book) a primer, which sometimes 
 included a catechism. " And then comes 
 answer like an absey-book." — Shak. 
 
 ABSINTH, ab'sinth, n. spirit flavored with 
 wormwood. [Fr. — L. absinthium, worm- 
 wood — Gr.] 
 
 ABSINTHIC, ab-sin'thic, adj. of or pertain- 
 ing to absintluum or wormwood, or to an 
 acid obtained from it. 
 
 ABSOLUTE, ab'sol-ut, adj. free from 
 limits or conditions : complete : unlim- 
 ited : free from mixture : considered 
 without reference to other things : un- 
 conditioned, unalterable : unrestricted 
 by constitutional checks (said of a gov- 
 ernment) : (gram.) not immediately de- 
 pendent. — adv. Ab'solutelt. — n. Ab'sol- 
 UTENESS. [L. absolutus, pa.p. of absolvo. 
 See Absolve.] 
 
 ABSOLUTION, ab-sol-u'shun, n. release 
 from punishment : acquittal : remission 
 of sins by a priest. 
 
 ABSOLUTISM, ab'sol-ut-izm, n. a govern- 
 ment where the ruler is yvithout restric- 
 tion. 
 
 ABSOLUTIST, ab'sol-ut-ist. adj. of or per- 
 taining to absolutism : despotic. " All 
 these things were odious to the old gov- 
 erning classes of France ; their spirit was 
 absolutist, ecclesiastical, and military." — 
 John Morley. 
 
 ABSOLVE, ab-zolv', v.t., to loose or set 
 free : to pardon : to acquit ; also, to fin- 
 ish : accomplish. (Obs.) [L. ah, from, 
 solvo, solutum, to loose. See Solve.] 
 
 ABSORB, ab-sorb', v.t., to such in: to 
 swallow up : to engage wholly. [L. ab, 
 from, sorbeo. sorptum, to suck in.] 
 
 ABSORBABLE, ab-sorb'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be absorbed. — n. Absc RBABIL'ITY. 
 
 ABSORBENT, ab-sorb'- ;nt, adj. imbibing: 
 swallowing-. — n. that which absorbs. 
 
 ABSORPTION, ab-sorp'shun, n. the act of 
 absorbing : entire occupation of mind. 
 
 ABSORPTIVE, ab-sorpt'iv, adj. having 
 power to absorb. 
 
 ABSQUATULATE, ab-squat'u-lat, v.i. to 
 run away, especially in disgrace, as from 
 debt. (Amer.) 
 
 ABSTAIN, abs-tan', v.i. to Jiold or refrain 
 from : also, v.t. to hinder : to obstruct : 
 to debar : to cause to keep away from. 
 "Abstain men from marrying."- -J/iZ- 
 ton. [Fr. abstenir — L. abs, from, teneo, 
 to hold. See Tenable.] 
 
 ABSTEMIOUS, abs-tem'i-us, adj temper- 
 ate : sparing in food, drink, or enjoy- 
 ments. — adv. Abstem'iouslt. — ». Abs- 
 TEJi'iousNESs. [L. abstemius — abs, from, 
 temefum, strong wine.] 
 
 ABSTENTION, abs-ten'shun, n. a refrain- 
 ing. 
 
 ABSTERGENT, abs-terj'ent, adj. serving 
 
 T *-\ {^ 1 f n 11 'sf* 
 
 ABSTERSION, abs-ter'shun, n. act of 
 cleansing by lotions. [L. abstergeo, 
 -tersum, to wipe away.] 
 
 ABSTINENCE, abs'tin-ens, n. an abstain- 
 ing or refraining, especially from some, 
 indulgence. 
 
 ABSTINENT, abs'tin-ent, adj. abstaining 
 from : temperate. [See Abstain.] 
 
 ABSTRACT, abs-trakt', v.t., to draw away: 
 to separate : to purloin. [L. ab.i, away 
 from, tra}w, traetum, to draw. See 
 Trace 1 
 
 ABSTRACT, abs'trakt, adj general, as op- 
 posed to particular or individual : the 
 opposite of abstract is concrete : a red 
 
 color is an abstract notion, a red rose is 
 a concrete notion : an abstract noun is 
 the name of a qualitj' apart from the 
 thing, as redness. — n. summary : abridg- 
 ment : essence. — adv. Abs'tractlt. — n 
 Abs'tractness. [L. abstractus, as if a 
 quality common to a number of tilings 
 were drawn away from the things and 
 considered by itself.] 
 ABSTRACTED, abs-trakt'ed, adj. absent it. 
 mind. — adv. Abstract'edly. — n. Abs 
 tract'edness. 
 ABSTRACTION, abs-trak'shun, n. act oJ 
 abstracting- : state of being abstracted . 
 absence of mind : the operation of the 
 mind by which certain qualities or at- 
 tributes of an object ai-e considered 
 apart from the rest : a purloining. 
 ABSTRLTSE, abs-troos', adj. hidden : re- 
 mote from apprehension : difficult to be 
 understood. — adv. Abstruse'ly. — n. Abs- 
 truse'ness. [L. abstrusus, thrust away 
 (from observation) — trudo, trusum, to 
 thrust.] 
 ABSUED, ab-surd', adj. obviouslv unrea- 
 sonable or false. — adv. Absurd ly. [L. 
 absurdus — ab, from, surdus, harsh-sound- 
 ing, deaf.] 
 ABI5URDITY, ab-surd'i-ti, ABSURDNESS, 
 ab-surd'nes, n., the quality qf being ab- 
 surd : anj-thing absurd. 
 ABUNDANCE, ab-und'ans, n. ample sufB- 
 
 ciency : great plenty. [See Abound.] 
 ABUNDANT, ab-und'ant, adj. plentiful.— 
 
 adv. Abund'ajjtly. 
 ABUSE, ab-uz', v.t. to use wrongly : to 
 pervert : to revile : to violate. [L. ab, 
 asvay (from what is right), utor, tisus, 
 to use.] 
 ABUSE, ab-iis', n. Vl use : misapplication ; 
 
 reproach. 
 ABUSIVE, ab-iis'iv, adj., containing or 
 practicing abuse. — adv. Abus'ively. — n 
 Abus'iveness. 
 ABUT, a-but', v.i. to end: to border (on); 
 —pr.p. abutt'ing ; pa.p. abutt'ed. [Fr. 
 aboutir, from bout, the end of anything. 
 See Butt, the end.] 
 ABUTMENT, a-but'ment, n. that which 
 abuts : (arch.) what a limb of an arch 
 ends or rests on. 
 ABYSM, a-bizm', n. a form of Abyss. [O. 
 Ft. abysme, from Lat. abyssimus, super, 
 of abysstis, bottomless.] 
 ABYSMAL, a-bizm'al, adj. bottomless : un- 
 ending. 
 ABYSS, a-bis', n. a bottomless gulf : a deep 
 mass of water. [Gr. abyssos, bottomless 
 — a, without, byssos, bottom.] 
 ACACLA., a-ka'shi-a, n. a genus of thorny 
 leguminous plants with pinnate leaves. 
 [L.— Gr. akakia — ake, a short point.] 
 ACADEMIC, ak-a-dem'ik, n. a Platonic 
 philosopher : a student in a college. 
 ACADEiacisii, ak-a-dem'i-sizm, n. the 
 system or mode of teaching at an acad- 
 emy : an academical mannerism, as of 
 painting. Academics, ak-a-dem'iks, n. 
 the Platonic philosophy : Platonism. 
 [See Academy'.]^ 
 ACADEMIC, -AL, ak-a-dem'ik-al, adj. of 
 
 an academy. — adv. Academ'ICALLY. 
 ACADEMICIAN, ak-ad-em-ish'yan, n. 
 
 member of an academy. 
 ACADE3IY, ak-ad'em-i, n. (orig.) th* 
 school of Plato : a higher scliool : a so 
 ciety for the promotion of science or art 
 [Gr. Akademia, th^ name of the gardes 
 near Athens where Plato taught.] 
 ACANTHUS, a-kan'tlius, n. a prickly 
 plant, called bear's breech or brankur- 
 sine : (arch.) an ornament resembling its 
 leaves used in tlie capitals of the Corin- 
 thian and Composite orders. [L. — Gr. 
 akanthos—ake, a point, anthos, a flower 
 — the prickly plant.] 
 ACCAD, ak'ad, n. 1, a member of one of the
 
 ACCADIAJS 
 
 ACCUMULATOR 
 
 primitive races of Babylonia : one of the 
 aoiuinaut race at the time to which 
 the earUest contemporaneous records 
 reach back. Tiiis race is beUeved to 
 have belonged to the Tm-anian family, 
 or to have been at any i-ate non-Semitic. 
 Also written Akkad. " The Accadi, or 
 Aeeads, were the ' Highlanders ' who had 
 descended from the mountainous region 
 of Elam on tlie east, and it was to them 
 that the Assj'rians ascribed the origin of 
 Chaldean civilization and writing." — A. 
 H. Scnjce. 2, the language of this race : 
 Accadian. 
 
 4CCADIAN, ak-ka'di-an, adj. belonging to 
 the Accads or prmiitive inhabitants of 
 Babylonia. Also written Akilvdian. 
 
 iVCCADIAN, ak-ka'di-an, ?(. 1, an Accad : 
 2, the language of the Accads, a non- 
 Semitic and ))robably Turanian speech 
 spoken in ancient Babylonia previously 
 to the later and better known Semitic 
 dialect of the cuneiform inscriptions. A 
 kindred dialect, the Sumarian, seems to 
 have been in use at the same time in 
 Babylonia. 
 
 ACCEDE, ak-sed', v.i. to agree or assent. 
 [L. accedo, accessum, to go near to — ad, 
 to, cedo, to go. See Cede.] 
 
 ACCELERATE, 'ik-sel'er-at, v. t. to increase 
 the speed of : to hasten the progress of. 
 [L. accelero, -atnm — ad, to, celer, swift. 
 See Celertty.] 
 
 ACCELERATION, ak-sel-er-a'shun, n. the 
 act of hastening : increase of speed. 
 
 ACCELERATIVE, ak-sel'er-at-iv, adj. 
 quickening. 
 
 ACCENT, ak'sent, n. modulation of the 
 voice : stress on a syllable or word : a 
 mark used to direct this stress : in 
 poetry, language, words, or expressions 
 in general. [L. accentus, a tone or note 
 — ad, to, cano, to sing.] 
 
 ACCENT, ak-sent', v.t. to express or note 
 
 ACCENTUAL, ak-sent'u-al, adj. relating 
 
 ACCENTUATE, ak-sent'u-at, v.t. to mark 
 or pronounce with accent : to make 
 prominent : to lay stress upon : to em- 
 phasize : to give prominence to : to mark 
 as of importance ; as, he accentuated the 
 views of the party on this question. — 
 Accentuation, ak-sent-u-a'shun, n. the 
 act of placing or of pronouncing accents. 
 
 ACCEPT, ak-sept', v.t. to receive : to agree 
 to : to promise to pay : (B.) to receive 
 with favor. [L. accipio, acceptum — ad, 
 to. capio, to take.] 
 
 ACCEPTABLE, ak-sept'a-bl, adj., to be 
 accepted : pleasing : agreeable. — adv. 
 Accept' ABLY. 
 
 ACCEPTABLENESS, ak-sept'a-bl-nes, AC- 
 CEPTABILITY, ak-sept-a-bU'i-ti, n., 
 quality of being acceptable. 
 
 ACCEPTANCE, ak-sept'ans, n. a favorable 
 reception : an agreeing to terms : an 
 accepted bill. 
 
 ACCEPTATION, ak-sept-a'shun, n. a kind 
 reception : the meaning of a word. 
 
 ACCEPTER, ak-sept'er, ACCEPTOR, ak- 
 sept'iu:, Ji. one who accepts. 
 
 ACCESS, ak-ses', or ak'ses, n. liberty to 
 come to, approach : increase. [See Ac- 
 cede.] 
 
 A.CCESSARY, ak'ses-ar-i. Same as Acces- 
 sory. 
 
 ACCESSIBLE, ak-ses'i-bl, adj., that may be 
 approached. — adv. Access'IBLY. — n. Ao- 
 cessibil'ity. 
 
 ACCESSION, ak-sesh'un, «., a coming to: 
 increase. 
 
 ACCESSORY ak'ses-or-i, a4/. additional: 
 contributing to : aiding. — n. anything ad- 
 ditional : one who aids or gives counte- 
 nance to a crime. — adj. AOCKSfSdB'XAIj, 
 relating to an accessory. 
 
 ACCIDENCE, ak'sid-ens, w. the part of 
 grammar treating of the inflections of 
 words (because these changes are "acci- 
 dentals " of words and not ' " essentials ">. 
 
 ACCIDENT, ak'sid-ent, n. that wliich hap- 
 pens : an unforeseen or unexpected event : 
 chance : an unessential quality or prop- 
 erty. [L. accido, to fall to, to happen — 
 ad, to, cado, to fall.] 
 
 ACCIDENTAL, ak-sid-ent'al, adj. happen- 
 ing by chance : not essential. — n. any- 
 thing not essential. — adi'. Accident' jVLly. 
 
 ACCIPITRAL, ak-sip'i-tral, adj. of or per- 
 taining to the Accipitres or birds of prey ; 
 having the character of a bird of prey. 
 " Of temper most accipitral, hawkish, 
 aquiline, not to say vulturish." — Carlyle. 
 
 ACCLAIM, ak-klan/, ACCLAMATION, 'ak- 
 klam-a'shun, /;. a shout of applause. [L. 
 acclamo — ad, to, clamo, -atutn, to shout. 
 See Claim.] 
 
 ACCLAMA'TOR, ak-kla-ma'ter, n. one who 
 expresses joy or applause by acclamation. 
 " Acclamators v/ho had RUed . . . the air 
 with ' Vive le Roy.' " — Evelyn. 
 
 ACCLAMATORY, ak-klam'a-tor-i, adj. ex- 
 pressing acclamation. 
 
 ACCLIMATE ak-kllm'at, ACCLnLA.TIZE, 
 ak-ldlm'at-iz, v.t. to inure to a foreign 
 climate. [Fr. acclimater, from a and 
 climat. See Climate.] 
 
 ACCLIBIATION, ak-kllm-a'shun, ACCLIM- 
 ATATION, ak-kllm-at-a'sliun, ACCLIM- 
 ATIZATION, ak-khm-at-i-za'shiin, n. the 
 act of acclimatizing : the state of being 
 accUniatized. [The first form of the 
 word is anomalous, the second is that 
 used in French, and the third is that 
 most in use in English.] 
 
 ACCLIVITY, ak-kUv'i-ti, n. a slope up- 
 wards, opp. to Declivity, a slope down- 
 wards. [L. ad, to, cliviis, a slope, from 
 root of clino, to slope.] 
 
 ACCOLADE, ak-ol-ad, n. blow over the 
 neck or shoulder with a sword, given in 
 conferring knighthood. [Tr. — L. ad, to, 
 collum, neck.] 
 
 ACCOMMODATE, ak-kom'mod-at, v.t. to 
 adapt : to make suitable : to supply : to 
 adjust. [L. ad, to, eo7nmodus, fitting. 
 See Commodious.] 
 
 ACCOMMODATING, ak-kom'mod-at-ing, 
 p.adj. afl'ording accommodation : oblig- 
 ing. 
 
 ACCOMMODATION, ak-kom-mod-a'shun, 
 n. convenience : fitness : adjustment : a 
 loan of money. 
 
 ACCOMMODAtlVE,ak-kom'mod-at-iv,acy. 
 furnishing accommodation : obliging. 
 
 ACCOMPANIMENT,ak-kum'pan-i-ment,?J. 
 that which accompanies : instrumental 
 music along with a song. 
 
 ACCOMPANIST, ak-kum'pan-ist, n. one 
 who accompanies a singer on an instra- 
 ment. 
 
 ACCOMPANY, ak-kum'pan-i, v.t. to keep 
 coiiipany with : to attend. [Fr. accom- 
 pagncr. See COMPANY.] 
 
 ACCOMPLICE, ak-kom'plis, n. an iisso- 
 ciate, esp. in crime. [L. ad, to, complex, 
 -icia, joined.] 
 
 ACCOMPLISH, ak-kom'plish. v.t. to com- 
 plete : to efl'ect : to fiiliill : to equip. [Fr. 
 afcomplir — L. ad, to, covipleo, -plere, to 
 fill up. See Complete.] 
 
 ACCOMPLISHABLE, ak-kom'plish-a^bl, 
 adj. that may be accompUshed. 
 
 ACCOMPLISHED, ak-kom'plisht, adj. 
 complete in acquirements : especially 
 graceful acquirements : polished. 
 
 ACCOMPLISHMENT, ak-kom'plish-ment, 
 »i. completion : ornamental acquirement. 
 
 ACCORD, ak-kord', v.i. to agree : to be in 
 correspondence. — v.t. to grant. [Fr. ac- 
 corder — L. ad, to. cor, cordi.f, the neart.] 
 
 ACCORD, ak-kord', n. agreement : har- 
 mony : (with own) spontaneous motion. 
 
 ACCORDANCE, ak-kord'ans, n. a^ee 
 ment : conformity. 
 
 ACCORDANT, ak-kord'ant, adj. agreeing : 
 corresponding. 
 
 ACCORDING, ak-kord'ing, p.adj in ac- 
 cordance : agreeing. — According as, an 
 adverbial phi'ase=in proportion. — Ac- 
 cording to, a prepositional phrase=ic 
 accordance with or agreeably to. 
 
 ACCORDINGLY, ak-kord'ing-li, adv. in 
 agreement (with what precedes). 
 
 ACCORDION, ak-kord'ion, n. a small keyed 
 musical instrument with bellows. [From 
 Accord.] 
 
 ACCOST, ak-kost', v.t. to speak first to : 
 to addi-ess. [Fr. accoster — L. ad, to, 
 
 ACCOST ABLE, ak-kost'a-bl, adj. easy of 
 access : affable. 
 
 ACCOUCHEMENT, ak-kooch'mong, n. de- 
 livery in child-bed. [Fi\ f), and couche, 
 a bed. See Couch.] 
 
 ACCOUCHEUR, ak-koo-sher', n. a man 
 who assists women in childbirth.— /em. 
 Accoucheuse, ak-koo-shez'. [Fr.] 
 
 ACCOUNT, ak-ko^vnt', v.t. to reckon: to 
 judge, value. — v.i. (with for) to give a 
 reason. [O. Fr. accomter — L. ad, to, 
 computare, to reckon. See Compute, 
 Count.] 
 
 ACCOUNT, ak-kownt', n. a counting: 
 statement : value : sake. 
 
 ACCOUNTABLE, ak-kownt'a-bl, adj. lia- 
 ble to account : responsible. — adv. Ac- 
 count' ably. 
 
 ACCOUNTABLENESS, ak-kownt'a-bl-nes, 
 ACCOUNTABILITY, ak-ko^vnt-a-bil'i-ti, 
 n. liability to give account. 
 
 ACCOUNTANT, ak-kownt'ant, n. one who 
 keeps or is skilled in accoimts. 
 
 ACCOUNTANTSHIP, ak-kowTit'ant-ship, 
 n. the employment of an accountant. 
 
 ACCOUTRE, ak-koo'ter, v.t. to dress or 
 equip (esp. a warrior) •.—-pr.p. accou'- 
 tring ; pa.p. accou'tred. [Fr. aecoutrer 
 — of doubtful origin.] 
 
 ACC0UTRElMENTS,ak-koo'ter-ments,7f.jp?. 
 dress : military equipments. 
 
 ACCREDIT, ak-kred'it, v.t. to give credit, 
 authority, or honor to. [Fr. accrediter 
 — L. ad. to, credo, -itmn, to trust. See 
 Credit.] 
 
 ACCREMENTITIAL, ak-kre-men-ti'shal, 
 adj. in physiol. of or pertaining to the 
 process of accrementition. 
 
 ACCREMENTITION, ak-kre-mer_ ti'shon, 
 n. in physiol. the process of producing 
 or developing a new individual by the 
 growth, extension, and .separation of a 
 part of the parent : genmiation. 
 
 ACCRESCENCE, ak-ki-es'ens, n. graduai 
 growth or increase. 
 
 ACCRESCENT, ak-kres'ent, adj., growing: 
 increasing. [L. ad, in addition, cresco, to 
 grow.] 
 
 ACCRETION, ak-lcre'shun, n. a 
 to : increase. 
 
 ACCRUE, ak-ki-66', v.i. to spring, come. 
 [Fr. accroitre, pa. p. accru — L. ad, to, 
 cresco. to grow.] 
 
 ACCUMBENT, ak-kumb'ent, adj., lyinn 
 
 ' down or reclining on a couch. [L. ad, 
 to, cuvibo, to lie.] 
 
 ACCUMULATE, ak-kum'ul-at, v.t., to heap 
 or pile up : to amass. — v.i. to increase 
 greatly. [L. — ad, to, cumulus, a heap.] 
 
 ACCUMULATION, ak-kum-ul-a'shun w. a 
 heaping up : a heap, mass, or pUe. 
 
 ACCUMULATIVE, ak-kum'ul-at-iv adj 
 heaping up. 
 
 ACCUMULATOR, ak-kflm'ul-at-ur, n. one 
 who accumulates : in elect, same as 
 Condenser. The name is now especially 
 upplied to a kind of battery devised by 
 ^l. CamUle Faure, by nie.ins of which 
 ■plectric energy can be stored and ren 
 dered portahle. Each battery forms s 
 
 growmg
 
 ACCURACY 
 
 ACTINISM 
 
 , cj'lindrical leaden vessel, containing al- 
 ternate sheets of metallic lead and 
 minium wrapped in felt and rolled into a 
 spiral wetted with acidulated water. On 
 being charged with electricitj- the energy 
 may be stored till required for use. 
 
 ACCURACY, ak'kura-si, n. correctness; 
 
 ACCURATE, ak'kur-at, adj. done itnth 
 
 care: exact. — adv. Ac'cirately.— n. 
 
 -NESS. [L. ad, to, cura. care.] 
 ACCURSED, ak-kurs'ed, adj. subjected to 
 
 a curse : doomed : extremely wicked. 
 
 [L. ad, and Curse.] 
 ACCUSABLE, akkuz'a-bl, adj. that may 
 
 ACCUSATION, ak-kuz-a'shun. n. the act 
 of accusing : the cliarge brought against 
 any one. 
 
 ACCUSATIVE, ak-kuz'a-tiv, adj. accusing, 
 — n. {gram.) the case of a noun on which 
 the action of a verb falls (in English, the 
 objective). 
 
 ACCUSATORY, ak-kuz'a-tor-i, adj. con- 
 taining accusation. 
 
 ACCUSE, ak-kuz', v.t. to bring a charge 
 against : to blame : to indicate : to 
 evince : to show : to manifest. "Am- 
 phialus answered . . . with such excus- 
 ing himself that more and inore accused 
 his love to Philoclea." — Sir P. Sidney. 
 [L. accuso—ad, to, causa, cause.] 
 
 ACCUSER, ak-kuz'er, ii. one who accuses 
 or brings a charge against another. 
 
 ACCUSTOM, ak-kus'tum, v.t. to make 
 familiar by custom : to habituate. [Fr. 
 accoutumer. See Custom.] 
 
 ACCUSTOMED, ak-kus'tumd, p.adj. usual : 
 frequent : habituated. 
 
 ACE, as, re. the one of cards and dice. [Fr. 
 — L. as, unity — as, Tarentine Doric form 
 of Gr. heis, one.] 
 
 ACERBITY, as-er'bi-ti, n. bitterness: 
 sourness : harshness : severity. [L. 
 acerbus, harsh to the taste — ace?', sharp 
 —root, ak, sharp.] 
 
 ACETATE, as'et-at, n. a salt of acetic acid 
 which is the sour principle in vinegar. 
 
 ACETIC, as-et'ik, adj., of vinegar: sour. 
 [L. acetum, vinegar — aeeo, to be sour.] 
 
 ACETIFY, as-et'i-fi, v.t. or v.i., to turn info 
 vinegar. — n. Acetification, as-et-i-fi-ka'- 
 shun. [L. acetum, vinegar, and /acio, to 
 make.] 
 
 ACETOUS, as-e'tus, adj. sour. 
 
 ACHE, ak, n. a continued pain. — v.t. to be 
 in continued pain : — pr.p. ach'ing : pa.}). 
 ached'. [A.S. ece, ceee : M.E. ake.\ 
 
 ACHIEVABLE, a-chev'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be achieved. 
 
 ACHIEVE, a-chev', v.t., to bring to a head 
 or end : to perform : to accomplish : to 
 
 fain, win. [Fr. achever — chef, the head, 
 ee Chief.] 
 
 ACHIEVEMENT, a-chev'ment, n. a per- 
 formance : an exploit : an escutclieon. 
 
 ACHROMATIC, a-krom-at'ik, adj. trans- 
 mitting light without color, as a lens. 
 [Gr. a, priv., and chroma, color.] 
 
 ACHROMATISM, a-krom'at-izra, n. the 
 state of being achromatic. 
 
 ACICULAR, as-ik'u-lar,adj., needle-shaped r 
 slender and sharp-pointed. [L. acicula, 
 dim. of acus, a needle— root ak, sharp.] 
 
 &CID, as'id, adj., sharp : sour. — n. a sour 
 substance : (chem.) one of a class of sub- 
 stances, usually sour, which turn vege- 
 table dyes to red, and combine with alkar 
 lies, metallic oxides, etc., to form salts. 
 [L. rtceo, to be sour — root ak, sharp.] 
 
 ACIDIFIABLE, as-id'i-fi-a-bl, adj. capable 
 of being converted into an acid. — n. 
 Acidifica'tion. 
 
 ACIDIFIC, as-id-if'ik, adj. producing acidity 
 or an acid : acidifying. 
 
 ACIDIFY, as-id'i-fi,'u.i., to make acid: to 
 convert into au acid ; — |>r.p. acid'ifying ; 
 
 pa.jj. acid'ifled. [L. aeidus, sour, and 
 facio, to make.] 
 
 ACIDITY, as-id'i-ti, ACIDNESS, as'id-nes, 
 n. the quality of being acid or sour. 
 
 ACIDULATE, as-id'u-lat, v.t. to make 
 slightly acid. 
 
 ACIDULENT, a-sid'u-lent, adj. being some- 
 what acid or sour : cross : tart : peevish. 
 " Anxious acidtdent face." — Carlyle. 
 
 ACIDULOUS, as-id'u-lus, adj. slightly sour: 
 subacid : containing carbonic .icid, as 
 mineral waters. [L. acidulu.'i, vlim. of 
 aeidus, sour. See Acm.] 
 
 ACIERAGE, a'se-er-aj, v. [Fr. aaier, steel.] 
 A process by which an engraved copper- 
 plate or an electrotype from an engraved 
 plate of steel or copper has a him of 
 iron deposited over its surface by elec- 
 tricity, in order to protect the engraving 
 from wear in printing. By this means 
 an electrotype of a fine engraving which, 
 if printed directly from the copper, would 
 not yield 500 good impressions, can be 
 made to yield 3,000 or more. Wlienever 
 the film of iron becomes so worn as to 
 reveal any part of the copper under- 
 neath, it is removed and a fresli coating 
 deposited ; and in this way as many as 
 30,000 good impressions have been print- 
 ed from the electrotype of a finely-en- 
 graved plate. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGE, ak-nol'ej, v.t. to own a 
 knou'ledge of : to admit : to own : to con- 
 fess. [Pfx. a ( — A.S. on, on), and Knowl- 
 edge. J Acknowledge the corn, to ac- 
 knowledge or confess a charge or impu- 
 tation. (Amer.) 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT, ak-nol'ej-ment, n. 
 recognition : admission : confession : 
 thanks : a receipt. 
 
 ACME, ak'nie, n. the top or highest ^loiref .• 
 the crisis, as of a disease. [Gr. Akme — 
 ake, a point.] 
 
 ACNE, ak'ne, n. a small pimple on the 
 face. fGr.] 
 
 ACOLYTE, ak'o-llt, ACOLYTH, ak'o-lith, 
 n. an inferior church officer. [Gr. akolou- 
 thos, an attendant.] 
 
 ACONITE, ak'o-nit, n. the plant wolf's- 
 bane or monk's-hood : poison. [L. aooni- 
 turn — Gr. akoniton.] 
 
 ACORN, a'korn, ?i. the seed or fruit of the 
 oak. — adj. A'corned. [A.S. cecern came 
 to be spelled ac-cern, acorn, from suppos- 
 ing it compounded of oak and kern or 
 corn, seed : cecern may be the dim. of ac, 
 oak, as Ger. eichel, is of eiche ; but it is 
 more probably derived from acer or akcr, 
 a field (see Acre), and meant primarily 
 " the fruit of the field." (Skeat).] 
 
 ACOTYLEDON, a-kot-i-le'dun, n. a plant 
 tcithout distinct cotyledons or seed-lobes. 
 — adj. Acotyle'donous. [Gr. a, neg., 
 and kotyU'dun. See Cotyledon.] 
 
 ACOUSTIC, a-kowst'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 the sense of hearing or to the theory 
 of rounds. [Gr. akoustikos — akoud, to 
 hear.] 
 
 ACOUSTICS, a-kowst'iks, n. tlie science of 
 sound. 
 
 ACOUSTICALLY, a-kous'tik-al-h, adv. 
 in relation to or in a manner adapted to 
 acoustics. Prof. Tyndatl. 
 
 ACQUAINT, ak-kwant, v.t. to make or let 
 one to know : to inform.— ^j. adj. Ac- 
 QUAINT'ed. [O. Fr. accointer, Low L. 
 accognitare — L. ad, to, cognif us, known.] 
 
 ACQUAINTANCE, ak-kwant'ans, n. fa- 
 miliar knowledge : a person whom we 
 know. — Acquaint' anceship, n. familiar 
 knowledge. 
 
 ACQUIESCE, ak-kwi-es', v.i., to rest satis- 
 fied or without making opposition : to 
 assent. [L. acquiesco — ad, and quies, 
 rest.] 
 
 ACQUIESCENCE, ak-kwi-es'ens, n. quiet 
 assent or submission. 
 
 ACQUIESCENT, ak-k wi-es'ent, adj. resting 
 satisfied : easy: submissive. 
 
 ACQUIRABLE, ak-kwir'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be acquired. 
 
 ACQUIRE, ak-kwir', v.t. to gain : to attain 
 to. [L. acquiro, -quisitum — ad, to, and 
 qucero, to seek — as if, to get to some- 
 tiling sought.] 
 
 ACQUIREMENT, ak-kwir'ment, n. some- 
 thing learned or got by effort, and not a 
 gift of nature. 
 
 ACQUISITION, ak-kwiz-ish'un. n. the art 
 of acquiring : that which is acquired. 
 
 ACQUISITIVE, ak-kwiz'it-iv, adj. desirous 
 to acquire. — n. ACQUIs'irrVENESS. Ac- 
 QUIST, ak-kwist', n. acquisition (Obs.). 
 
 ACQUIT, ak-kwit', v.t. to free : to release : 
 to declare innocent : — pr.j). acquitt'ing ; 
 pa.p. acquitt'ed. [Fr. acquitter — L. ad, 
 quiet-, rest — to give rest from an accusa- 
 tion. See Quit.] 
 
 ACQUITTAL, ak-kwit'al, n. a judicial dLs 
 charge from an accusation. 
 
 ACQUITTANCE, ak-kwit'ans, n. a dis- 
 charge from an obligation or debt : a re- 
 ceipt. 
 
 ACRE, a'ker, n. a measure of land contain- 
 
 ^ ing 4,840 sq. yards. [A.S. aecer, G«r. 
 acker, L. ager, Gr. agros. Sans, ajra, a 
 field.] 
 
 ACREAGE, a'ker-aj, n. the number of 
 acres in a piece of land. 
 
 ACRED, a'kerd, adj. possessing acres or 
 land. 
 
 ACRID, ak'rid, adj. biting to the taste; 
 pungent : bitter. [L. acer, acris, sharp 
 — root ak, sharp.] 
 
 ACRIDITY, a-krid'i-ti, ACEIDNESS, ak-'- 
 rid-nes, n. quality of being acrid: a 
 sharp, bitter taste. 
 
 ACRIMONIOUS, ak-ri-mon'i-us, adj. sharp 
 bitter. 
 
 ACRIMONY, ak'ri-mun-i, n. bitterness o* 
 feeling or language. [L. acrimonia - 
 acer, sharp.] 
 
 ACROBAT, ak'ro-bat, n. a rope-dancer : a 
 tumbler : a vaulter. — adj. Acrobat'ic. 
 [Gr. akrobateo, to walk on tiptoe. Of or 
 pertaining to an acrobat or his perform- 
 ance ; as, acrobatic feats : acrobatic en- 
 tertainments : akron, the top, and bainu, 
 to go.] 
 
 ACROGEN, ak'ro-jen, n. aplant Unit grows 
 at the top chiefly, as a tree-fern. — adj. 
 Acrog'enous. [Gr. akron, extremitj-, 
 top, gen-, to generate.] 
 
 ACROPOLIS, a-kro'pol-is, n. a citadel, esp. 
 that of Athens. [Gr. akropolis — akros, 
 the highest, polls, a city.] 
 
 ACROSS, a-kros', prep, or adv., cross-wise : 
 from side to side. [Pfx. a ( — A.S. on, on), 
 and Cross.] 
 
 ACROSTIC, a-kro'.stik, n. a poem of which, 
 if the first or the last letter of each line 
 betaken ;n succession, they will spell a 
 name or a sentence. [Gr. akros, ex- 
 treme, and stichos, a line.] 
 
 ACROTISM, ak'ro-tizm, n. in med. an 
 absence or weakness of the pulse. [Gr. 
 rt, priv., and krotos, a beating.] 
 
 ACT, akt, v.i. to exert force or influence : 
 to produce an efl'ect : to behave one's 
 self. — v.t. to perform : to imitate or play 
 the part of. — )(. something done or do 
 ing : an exploit : a law : a jiart of a play 
 [L. ago, actum, Gr. ago, to put in mo 
 tion. Sans, aj, to drive.] 
 
 ACTABLE, akt'a-bl, adj. capable of being 
 acted or performed : practically possible, 
 "Is naked truth actable in true life'' 
 — Tennyson. 
 
 ACTING, akt'ing, n. action : act of per- 
 forming an assumed or a dramatic part. 
 
 ACTINISM, ak'tin-izm, n. the chemical 
 force of the sun's rays, as distinct from 
 light and heat. [Gr. aktis, aktinos a 
 ray.]
 
 ACTINOLOGY 
 
 ADMINISTER 
 
 ACI'^NO^/y^Y, ak-ti nol'o-ji, n. that 
 branch of science \vhich investigates 
 the powui- of ^utilig-ht to c;uise chem- 
 ical action. [Gi-. aktis, aktinos, a raj', 
 and logos, a discoui-se.] 
 
 ACTINOPHOROUS, ak-ti-nof'or-us, adj. 
 having ray-hke spines. [Gr. aktis, akti- 
 nos, a rav, and phero, I carry.] 
 
 A.CTION, ak'shun, n. a state of acting : a 
 deed : operation : gesture : a battle : a 
 lawsuit. 
 
 ACTIONABLE, ak'shun-a-bl, adj. liable to 
 a lawsuit. 
 
 ACTIONLESS, ak'shon-les, adj. unfit to be 
 made the subject of a legal action : not 
 actionable. 
 
 ACTIVE, akt'iv, adj. that acts : busy : 
 nimble : (gram.) transitive. — adv. Act- 
 ively. — ns. ACTIV'ITY, Act'iveness. 
 
 ACTOR, akt'ur, n. one who acts : a stage- 
 player. 
 
 ACTRESS, akt'res, n. a female stage- 
 player. 
 
 ACTUAli, akt'a-al, adj. real : existing in 
 fact and now, as opp. to an imaginary 
 or past state of things. — adu. Act'uaixy. 
 — n. Actual'ity. 
 
 ACTITAL, ak'tu-al, n. something actual or 
 real. "Not . . . ac<uoZs, but only Egyp- 
 tian budget estimates." — Fort. Rev. 
 
 ACTUALIST, ak'tu-al-ist, n. one who deals 
 with actualities : opposed to idealist- 
 Orote. 
 
 ACTUALIZE, akt'u-al-iz, v.t. to make act- 
 ual. 
 
 ACTUARY, akt'u-ar-i, n. a registrar or 
 clerk : one who makes the calculations 
 connected with an insurance office. [L. 
 actunriiis (scriba), an amanuensis, a 
 clerk.] 
 , ACTUATE, akt'u-at, v.t. to put into or in- 
 vite to action : to influence. [L. actus, 
 action. See ACT.] 
 
 \CTURIENCE, ak-tu'ri-ens, n. a desire for 
 action. Orote. (Rare.) [Fi-om act, and 
 urio, the termination of Latin desidera- 
 tive verbs.] 
 
 ACUMEN, ak-u'men, n., sharpness : quick- 
 ness of perception : penetration. [L. See 
 Acute.] 
 
 ACUPRESS, ak'u-pres, v.t. in surg. to stop 
 hemorrhage in bv means of acupressure. 
 
 ACUPRESSURE, ak-u-presh'ur, n. a mode 
 of arresting hemorrhage from cut arter- 
 ies, by inserting a needle into the flesh so 
 as to press upon the mouth of the artery. 
 [L. acus, a needle, and Pressure.] 
 
 ACUPUNCTURE, ak-u-pungkt'ur, n. an 
 operation for reheving pain hy punctur- 
 ing the flesh with needles. [L. acus, a 
 needle, and Puncture.] 
 
 ACUTE, ak-ut', adj., s/wirp-pointed : keen : 
 opp. of dull : shrewd : shrill. — adv. 
 Acutely, ak-at'li. — n. Acute'ness. — 
 ACXJTE ANGLE, an angle less than a right 
 angle. — Acute disease, one violent and 
 rapid, as opp. to Chronic. [L. acutus, 
 pa.p. of acuo, to sharpen, from root ak, 
 sharp.] 
 
 AD. or ADV., n. abbreviation of advertise- 
 ment. (Amer.) 
 
 ADAGE, adTij, n. an old saying: a proverb. 
 [L. adagium, from ad, to, and root of aio, 
 
 J to say.] 
 
 ADAMANT, ad'a-niant, n. a very hard 
 stone : the diamond. [L. and Gr. ada- 
 mas, -ant OS — a, neg., and damao, to 
 break, to tame. See Tame.] 
 
 ADAMANTINE, ad-a-man'tin, a<^'. made 
 of or like adamant : that cannot be 
 broken or penetrated. Also Adaman- 
 tean. (Obs.) 
 
 ADAMANTOID, ad-a-mant'oid, n. a crys- 
 tal characterized by being bounded by 
 forty-eight equal triangles. [Gr. ada- 
 mos, tne diamond, and eidoa, resem- 
 blance.] 
 
 ADAPT, ad-apt', v.t., to make apt or fit : to 
 accommodate. |Fr., L. adaptare — ad, 
 to, and apto, to fit.j 
 
 ADAPTABLE, ad-apt'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be adapted. — re. Adaptabil'ity. 
 
 ADAPTATION, ad-apt-n'shun, n. the act 
 of making suitable : fitness. 
 
 ADAYS, a-diiz', adv. nowadays : at the 
 present time. [Pfx. a, on, and Days.] 
 
 ADD, ad, v.t. to put (one thing) to (an- 
 other) : to sum up : with to, to increase. 
 [L. — addo — ad, to, do, to put.] 
 
 ADDENDUM, ad-den'dum, n., a thing to 
 be added: an appendix.— pi. Adden'da. 
 [L. See Add.] 
 
 ADDER, ad'er, n. a kind of serpent. [A. 
 S. ncedre ; Ger. atter is for natter. An 
 adder came by mistake into use for a 
 nadder ; the reverse mistake is a newt 
 for an etct or eft.} 
 
 ADDICT, ad-dikt', v.t. to give (one's self) 
 up to (generally in a bad sense). [L. 
 addieo, addietum — ad, to, dico, to de- 
 clare.] 
 
 ADDICTED, ad-dikt'ed, adj. given up to. 
 — ns. Addict'ednbss, Addic'tion. 
 
 ADDITION, ad-dish'un, n. the act of add. 
 ing : the thing added : the rule in arith- 
 metic for adding numbers together : ti- 
 tle, honor. 
 
 ADDITIONAL, ad-dish'un-al, adj. that is 
 added. 
 
 ADDLE, ad'dl, ADDLED, ad'dld, adj., dis- 
 eased : putrid : barren, empty. — Addle- 
 headed, Addle-pa'i'ED, having a head or 
 pate with addled brains. [A.S. adl, dis- 
 ease, orig. inflammation, from ad, a 
 burning ; akin to Lat. cestus, a glowing 
 heat ; Gr. aithos, a burning.] 
 
 ADDRESS, ad-dres', v.t. to direct : to speak 
 or write to : to court : to direct in writ- 
 ing. — n. a formal communication in writ- 
 ing : a speech : manners : dexterity : 
 direction of a letter : — pi. Address'es, 
 attentions of a lover. To address one's 
 SELF TO A task, to set about it. [Fr. 
 adresser See Dress, Direct.] 
 
 ADDUCE, ad-dus', v.t. to bring forward: 
 to cite or quote. [L. adduco — ad, to, 
 and dueo, to bring.] 
 
 ADDUCIBLE, ad-dus'i bl, adj. that may 
 be adduced. 
 
 ADDUCTOR, ad-dukt'ur, n. a muscle which 
 draws one part towards another. [See 
 Abductor.] 
 
 ADEEM, a-dem', v.t. in law, to withdraw, 
 revoke, or take away, as a grant, a leg- 
 acy, or the like. [L. aclimo, to take away.l 
 
 ADfiEP, a-dep', ady. deeply. "Weshouf 
 so adeep down creation's profound." — E. 
 B. Browning. (Rare.) 
 
 ADENOPHCROUS, ad-e-nof or-ua, adj. iB 
 zool. and hot. bearing glands. [Gr. aden, 
 a gland, and phero, to bear.] 
 
 ADEPT, ad-ept or ad'ept, adj. completely 
 skilled. — n. a proficient. [L. adeptvs 
 (artem), having attained (an art), pa.p. 
 of adipiscor, to attain — ad, to, and 
 apiscor. Sans, op, to attain.] 
 
 ADEQUATE, ad'e-kwSt, adj., equal to: 
 proportionate : suflBcient. — adv. Ad'e- 
 quately. [L. adcequatus, made equal — 
 ad, to, and cequus, equal.] 
 
 ADEQUATENESS, ad'e-kwat-nes, Ade- 
 quacy, ad'e-kwa-si, n. state of being 
 adequate : sufficiency. 
 
 ADHERE, ad-her', v.i., to stick to: to re- 
 main fixed or attached. [L. ad, to, lujereo, 
 hcesiim, to stick.] 
 
 ADHERENCE, ad-her'ens, n. state of ad- 
 hering : steady attachment. 
 
 ADHERENT, ad-her'ent, adj. sticking to.- 
 n. one who adheres : a follower : a par- 
 tisan. 
 
 ADHESION, ad-hezhun, n. the act of ad- 
 hering or sticking to : steady attach- 
 ment. [See Adhere.] 
 
 ADHESIVE, ad-hes'iv, adj. sticky : apt tc 
 adliere. — adv. Adhes'ively. — n. Adhes'- 
 rvENESS. 
 
 ADIAPHORIST, adi-af'o-rist, n. a follower 
 of Melanchtlion in the sixteenth century, 
 who maintained that, in matters indif- 
 ferent, charity was to be preferred to 
 uniformit}', and that obedience was due 
 to the imperial power. The Adiaphorists 
 also accepted the interim of Charles V, 
 [See Interim, 2.] [Gr. adiaphora, indif- 
 ferent or non-essential things.] 
 
 ADIAPHORISTIC, ad-i-af-o-ris'tik, adj. 
 of or pertaining to the Adiaphorists, or 
 to the controversies between the follow- 
 ers of Luther and Melanchthon. 
 
 ADIEU, a-du', adv. (I commend you) to 
 God: farewell, — n. a farewell. [Fr. d 
 Dieu, to God.] 
 
 ADIPOSE, ad'i-pOz, adj. fatty. [L. adeps^ 
 adipis, soft fat.] 
 
 ADIPSOUS, a-dip'sus, adj. tending tc 
 quench thirst, as certain fruits. [Gr. 
 priv. a, and dipsa, thirst.] 
 
 ADIT, ad'it, n. an opening or passage, esp. 
 into a mine. [L. aditus — ad, to, eo, itum, 
 to go.] 
 
 ADJACENT, ad-jas'ent, adj., lying near to : 
 contiguous. — n. ADJACENCY, ad-jas'en-si, 
 — adv. Adjac'ently. [L. ad, to, jaceo; 
 to lie.] 
 
 ADJECTIVE, ad'jekt-iv, re. a word added 
 to a noun, to qualify it, or, rather per- 
 haps, that adds some property to a noun. 
 — adv. Ad'jectively. — adj. Adjectival. 
 [L. adjectivum (Komen), an added (noun) 
 — adjicio, -jectum, to throw to, to add — 
 ad, to, jacio, to throw.] 
 
 ADJOIN, ad-join , v.i. to lie next to. [See 
 Join.] 
 
 ADJOINING, ad-join'ing, adj. joining to : 
 near : adjacent. 
 
 ADJOURN, ad-jurn , v.t. to put off to aa 
 other day ■ to postpone. [Fr. ajoiirnet 
 — ad, to, and jour, day. See JOURNAL.] 
 
 ADJOURNMENT, ad-jurn'ment, re. the act 
 of acliourning : the interval it causes. 
 
 ADJUDGE, ad-juj', v.t. to decide. [See 
 Judge.] 
 
 ADJUDICATE, ad-jOo'di-kat, v.i. to pro- 
 nounce judgment. — res. Adju'dica'tion, 
 Adju'dicator. [See Judge.] 
 
 ADJUNCT, ad'junkt, adj., joined or added 
 to. — re. the thing joined or added. [L. 
 See Join.] 
 
 ADJUNCTIVE, ad-junkt'iv,ady. joining.-- 
 Adjunctively, ad junkt'iv-li. Adjunct- 
 LY, ad-junkt'li, adv. in connection with. 
 
 ADJURATION, ad-joor-S'shun, n. the act 
 of adjuring : the charge or oath used in 
 adjuring. 
 
 ADJURE, ad-joOr', v.t. to charge on oath 
 or solemnly. [L. — ad, to, juro, -atum, 
 to swear.] 
 
 ADJUST, ad-just', v.t. to arrange prop- 
 erly : to regulate : to settle. [O. Fr. 
 ajouster. Low L. adjuxtare, to put side 
 by side— L. jiucta, near: from root jug, 
 seen in L. jungo, to join, E. Yoke.] 
 
 ADJUSTMENT, ad-just'ment, re. arrange- 
 ment. 
 
 ADJUTANCY, ad'joot-ans-i, re. the oflice 
 of an adjutant : assistance. 
 
 ADJUTANT, ad'joot-ant, n. an officer who 
 assists the commanding officer of a gar- 
 rison or regiment : a large species ot 
 stork or crane found in India. — Adju 
 tant-General, an officer who performs 
 similar duties for the general of an army 
 [L. adjvto=adjuvo — ad, to, juvo, to as- 
 sist.] 
 
 ADJUTATOR, ad'ju-ta-ter, re. [L. adjuto, 
 to assist. See Agitator, 2.1 
 
 ADMEASUREMENT, ad-mezh'ur-meut, n= 
 the same as measurement. 
 
 ADMINISTER, ad-niin'is-ter, v.t. to act aa 
 server or minister in a performance : to
 
 ADMINISTRATION 
 
 6 
 
 ADVISABLE 
 
 supply : to conduct. [L. ad, to, and 
 
 MiMSTER.J 
 
 ADMINISTRATION, arl-min-is-tra'shun, n. 
 The act of adiuiaistering : the power or 
 parlj' that administers. 
 
 ADMI^aSTRATIVE, ad-min'is-tra-tiv. ac^. 
 that administers. 
 
 ADMINISTRATOR, ad-min-is-tra'tur, n. 
 one who inanag-es or directs : he who 
 mauag-es the affairs of onedj-ing without 
 makinij a wiU.—fem. Aditcnistra'trix. 
 
 — )!. ABMINISTRA'TOESmP. 
 
 ADMIRABLE. ad'niu-a-Dl, adj. worthy of 
 being admired. — adv. AD'mRkBLY. — n. 
 Admirableness. 
 
 ADMIR.\L, ad tnir-al, n. a na%'al officer of 
 tlie liighest rank. [Fr. amiral, from Ar. 
 amir, a lord, a chief.] 
 
 ADMIRALTY, ad mir-a! ti, n. tlie board of 
 commissioners for the administration of 
 naval affairs. 
 
 ADMIRATION, ad-mir-a'shun, n. the act 
 of admiring : (obs.) wonder. 
 
 ADMIRE, ad-ralr', v.t. to have a high opin- 
 ion of : to love.— adv. AdmIr ixgly. [Fr. 
 admirer— Li. ad, at, miror, to wonder.) 
 
 ADMIRER, ad-mir'er, n. one who admires ; 
 a lover. 
 
 ADMI&SIBLE, ad-mis'i-bl, adj. that may 
 be admitted or allowed. — n. Admissibil- 
 ity. 
 
 ADMISSION, ad-mish'un. Admittance, ad- 
 mit ans, n. the act of admitting : leave 
 to enter^ 
 
 ADMISSIVE, ad-mis'lv, adj. having the 
 nature of an admission : containing an 
 admission or acknowledgment. " More 
 adm,ixsive than excusatory." — Lamb. 
 
 ADMIT, ad-mit', v.t. to allow to enter ; to 
 let in : to concede ; to be capable of : — 
 pr.p. admitting : pa.p. adraitt'ed. [L. 
 admitto, -missum — ad, to, mitto, to allow 
 to go.] 
 
 ADMIXTURE, ak-miks'tur, n. what is 
 adiled to the chief ingredient of a mix- 
 ture. 
 
 ADMONISH, ad-mon'ish, v.t. to warn . to 
 reprove mildlj'. [L. ad, to, and moneo, 
 to put into the mind, akin to Ger. maJi- 
 nen, to remind ; Grr. menos, spirit, mind; 
 Sans, man, to think.] 
 
 ADMONITION, ad-mon-ish'un, n. kind re- 
 proof: counsel: advice. Obsolete form 
 in old authors, Abmokishitent. 
 
 ADMONITORIAL, ad-mon-i-to n.-a', adj. 
 reproving : admonishing : having the 
 manner of an admonitor. '■ Miss Tox 
 .... has acquired an adnioniturial 
 tone, and a liabit of improving passing 
 occasions." — Dicken.s. 
 
 ADMONITORY, ad-moni-tor-i, adj. con- 
 taining admonition. 
 
 ADO, a-dOO', n. a to do : bustle : trouble. 
 [Contr. of at do, a form of the inf. bor- 
 rowed from the Scandinavian.] 
 
 ADOBE, a-dob', n. sun-baked brick used foi* 
 building houses in New Mexico, and 
 other parts of the Mexican border region. 
 (Amer.) 
 
 ADOLESCENCE, ad-o-les'ens, n. the period 
 of vouth. 
 
 ADOLESCENT, ad-o-lesent, adj., growing 
 to manliood. [L. ad, to, and olenco, to 
 grow, allied to alo, to nourisli.] 
 
 ADONIS, a-do'uis, n. a kind ot wig former- 
 ly worn. " He puts on a fine flowing 
 adonis or white periwig." — Graves. 
 
 ADOPT, ad-opt', v.t. to choose : to take as 
 one's own what is another's, a-s a child, 
 etc. [L. adopto — ad, to, and opto, to 
 wish, choose.] 
 
 ADOPTABILITY, ardopt-a-bil'i-ti, n. the 
 state of being adoptable : the capability 
 cf being adopted : also, that which can 
 be .idopted or made use of. " The aelect 
 adoptabilities. "—Carlyle. 
 
 ADOPTABLE, a-dopt'a-bl, ck^'. capable of, 
 
 fit for, or Torthy of being adopted, 
 " The Liturgj' or adoptable and gener- 
 ally adopted set of prayers." — Carlyle. 
 
 ADOPTION, ad-op'shun, n. tlie act of 
 adopting : the state of being adopted. 
 
 ADOPTIVE, ad-opt'iv, adj that adopts or 
 is adopted. 
 
 ADORABLE, ad-r,r'a-bl, adj. worthy of be- 
 ing adored. — adv. Ador'ablt. — n. Ador'- 
 
 ABLEXESS. 
 
 ADORATION, ad-or-a'shun, n. divine wor- 
 ship • homage. 
 
 ADORATORY, a-dnr ar-to-ri, n. a place of 
 worship : a church or chapel. Soutliey. 
 
 ADORE, ad-or'. v.t. to worship, to love in- 
 tensely. — adv. Ador'Inglt. [L. ad, to, 
 oro, to speak, to pray. See Oracle.] 
 
 ADORER, ad-or er, n. one who adores : a 
 lover. 
 
 ADORN, ad -orn , v.t. to deck or dress. Also 
 obsolete form of pa.j). Adorxed. [L. 
 ad, to, orno, to deck : Sans, varna, color.] 
 
 ADORNMENT, ad-orn'ment, n. ornament : 
 decoration. 
 
 ADOWN; a-down , adv. and prep. down. 
 
 ti^.S, of-dune — of, from, dun, a hill. See 
 •OWN, a bank.] 
 
 ADRIFT, a-drift', adj. or adv. floating as 
 driven (by the wind) : moving at ran- 
 dom. [Lit. "on drift," a representing 
 A.S. on, on. See Drift.] 
 
 ADROIT, a-droit', adj. dexterous, skillful. 
 — adv. Adroitly, a-droit'li. — re. Adroit'- 
 NESS. [Fr. d, droit, right — L. directus, 
 straight. See DIRECT.] 
 
 ADSCirmOUS, ad-sit-lsh'us, adj., added 
 or assumed : additional. [L. adscisco, 
 -scitivni, to take or assume — ad, to, scisco, 
 to inquire — scio, to know.] 
 
 ADSIGNIFIUATION, ad'sig-oit-i-ka-shun, 
 n. an additional signification. 'And in 
 this opinion (viz. that there is no aduig- 
 nijication of manner or time in t!i:it 
 which is called the indicative raoi>rl. t.'O 
 adsiwiijication of time in tiiat wiuch is 
 caUedthe present participlel I am' nei- 
 ther ne^' nor singular." — Hor^tc 'I'ooke. 
 
 ADUl.ATION. ad-Q-la'shun, n. fawning: 
 flattery. [L. adulor, adulatus, to {avra 
 upon.] 
 
 ADULATORY, ad'u-la-tor-i, adj. flattering. 
 
 ADULT, ad-ult', adj., grown : mature. — •«. 
 a grown-up person. [L. adultiis — ado- 
 
 .•^.<tCO. to grow. See ADOLESCENT.] 
 
 AiiULTERATE. ad-ult'er-at. i:t. to cor- 
 r;ipt : to make impure (by mixing). [L. 
 (idit'tero — ad. to, alter, other ; as if, to 
 iiinl.e other than genuine.] 
 
 AltL'LTERATION, ad-ult-er-a'shun, n. the 
 :i<-t of adulterating: the state of being 
 :id!ilterated. 
 
 ADULTERER, ad-ult'er-er, n. a man guilty 
 oi' adulterv. — fem. Adult'eress. 
 
 ADU'LTERI'NE. ad-ult'er-in, adj. resulting 
 from afliiltery : spurious. — n. the off- 
 spiin^ cf adiUten;'. 
 
 ADULTEROUS, ad-ult'er-us, adj. guilty of 
 adulterv. 
 
 ADULTERY, ad-ult'er-i, n. violation of the 
 marriage-bed. [See Adulterate.] 
 
 ADUMBRATE, ad-umbr'at or ad'-, v.t. to 
 give a faint shadow of : to exhibit imper- 
 fectly. — n. Adcmbra'tion. [L. ad, to, 
 iimhni, a shadow.] 
 
 ADUSK. ardusk', adj. or adv. in the dusk 
 or twilight: dark. "To die and leave 
 the world adusk."—E. B. Brmcning. 
 (Rare.) 
 
 A.D^'ANCE, ad-vans', v.t. to put forward, 
 or to the i-an : to promote to a higher 
 oHioo : to encourage the progress of : to 
 l)ropose : to supply beforehand. — v.i. to 
 move or go forward : to make progress : 
 to rise in rank. — n. progress : improve- 
 ment : a gi\-ing beforehand. — In ad- 
 VASOE. beforehand. ADV.4NCED FE5L4iE, 
 3. woman who claims the rights and 
 
 privileges of men as to voting, etc. Now 
 fallen into disuse. (Amer.) [Fr. avancer 
 — Prov. avant, abans, before — L. ah ante, 
 from beforej 
 
 ADVANCEMENT, ad-vans'ment, n. pro- 
 motion : improvement : payment of 
 money in advance. 
 
 ADVANTAGE, ad-vant'Sj, n. superiority 
 over another : gain or benefit. — v.t. to 
 benefit or profit. [Fr. avantage. It 
 vantaggio—Fr. avant, before. See Ad- 
 vance.] 
 
 ADVANTAGEOUS, ad-vant-a'jus, adj of 
 advantage : useful. — adv. Advanta'- 
 geously. — n. Advanta'geousness. 
 
 ADVENT, ad'vent, n., a comiug or arri- 
 val : the first or the second coming of 
 Christ : the four weeks before Christmas. 
 [L. adveutus — ad, to, venio, to come.l 
 
 ADVENTITIOUS, ad-vent-ish'us, adj acci- 
 dental : foreign. — adv. Ad'VENTT'tiously. 
 J See Advent.] 
 •VENTUAL, ad-vent'ii-al, adj. relating 
 to Advent. 
 
 ADVENTURE, ad-vent'ur, n. a risk o? 
 chance : a remarkable incident -an en- 
 terprise. — v.i. to attempt or dare. — v.t. 
 to risk or hazard. [O. Fr. — L. adventii- 
 rus, about to come or happen, fut.p. of 
 advenio. See Advent. ] 
 
 ADVENTURER, ad-vent'^ur-er, n. one who 
 engages in hazardous enterprises.— /e7Ji. 
 Advent'tjeess. 
 
 ADVENTUROUS ad vent'ur-us. Adven- 
 turesome, ad-vent'ur-sum, adj. enter- 
 prising-, -adv. Adtent'ueously. — n. Ad- 
 vent'urousness. 
 
 ADVERB, ad'verb. n. a word added to a 
 verb, adjective, or other adverb to ex- 
 press some modihcatioD of the meaning 
 or an accorapanjiug circumstance. fL. 
 adrerbiupi— ad, to, verbvm, a word. It 
 !<- so railed, not because it is added to s 
 I rill, but because it s a word (verburn, 
 joined to, oi supplemental of, othet 
 words.] 
 
 AD^T:RBTAL, ad-verb'i-al, adj pertaining 
 to an ail verb. — adv. Adverb'IALLY. 
 
 ADVERBL4.LIZE, ad-verb'i-al-iz, v.t to 
 give the form or force of an adve:.-b to : 
 to use as an adverb. 
 
 ADVERSARY, aci'vers-ar-i, n. an oppo- 
 nent : an enemy. — ^The Adversary, 
 Satan. [ L. ad versariiis. See .iVdverse.] 
 
 ADVERSATIVE, ad-versa-tiv, adj. denot- 
 ing opposition, contrariety, or variety. 
 J See jU) VERSE.] 
 •VERSE, ad'vers, adj. acting in a con- 
 trary direction : opposed to : unfortu- 
 nate. — adv. Ad'versely. — n. Ad'verse- 
 NESS. [L. adversus — ad, to, and verto, 
 v ersn m , to t urn.] 
 
 ADVERSITY, ad-vers'i-ti, n. adverse cir- 
 cnmstances : affliction : misfortune. 
 
 ADVERT, ad-vert', v.i. (used ^vith to) to 
 turn the mind (to) : to regard or ob- 
 serve. [L. ad, to, and verto, to turn.] 
 
 ADVERTENCE, ad-vert'ens, ADVERT- 
 ENCY, ad-vert'en-si, n. attention to : 
 heedfulness : regard. 
 
 ADVERTISE. ad-vert-I/ or ad'-, v.t., to 
 turn attention to : to inform : to give 
 public notice of. [Fr., from L. See Ad- 
 vert.] 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT, ad-vert'iz-ment or ad- 
 vert-Iz'ment, n. the act of advertising or 
 making known : a public notice in a 
 newspaper or periodical. 
 
 ADVERTISER, ad-vert-iz'er, n. one '(vhc 
 advertises : a paper in which advertise- 
 ments are published. 
 
 ADVICE, ad-vTs', n. counsel: in pi. intelli- 
 gence. [O. Ft. advis, Fr. avis — L. ad 
 vinim, according to what is seen or 
 seems best.] 
 
 ADVISABLE, ad-vlz'a-bl, adj. that maybe 
 advised or recommended : prudent :'ex^
 
 ADVISE 
 
 AFFRIGHT 
 
 pedient- — adv. Advis'ably. — ns. Advis- 
 abil'ity, Advis'ableness. 
 
 ADVISE, ad-viz', v.t. to give advice or 
 counsel to : to inform. — v.t. ( — WITH) to 
 consult : pr.p. advis ing- : pa.p. advised'. 
 [O. Fr. adviser, from adms or avis. See 
 Advice.] 
 
 ADVISE, ad-vize', v.t. to consider : to take 
 advice. (Obs.) 
 
 ADVISED, ad-vizd', acfj. deliberate : cau- 
 tious. — adv. Advis'edly. — ii. Advised- 
 NESS, ad-vlz'ed-nes, deliberate considera- 
 tioQ : prudent procedure. 
 
 ADVISEMENT, ad-vlz'ment, n. same as 
 advice (Old English). 
 
 ADVISER, ad-viz'er, n. one who advises or 
 gives advice. 
 
 ADVOCACY, advo-ka-si, n. a pleading 
 for : defence. [See Advocate.] 
 
 ADVOCATE, ad'vo-kiXt, n. one who pleads 
 the cause of another esp. in a court of 
 law. — v.t. to plead in favor of. — n. 
 Advoca'tion. [L. advocatus — advoco, 
 -atum — ad, to, voco, to call : to call in 
 (another to help, as in a lawsuit or in 
 sickness).] 
 
 ADVOWER, ad-vou'er, n. the owner of an 
 advowson : a patron. [See Advowson.] 
 
 ADVOWSON, ad-vow'zun, n. the right of 
 patronage or presentation to a church 
 benefice. [O. Fr. — Low L. advoeatio, 
 right of the patron — L. advocatus, a 
 patron.] 
 
 ADZ, ADZE, adz, n. a carpenter's tool con- 
 sisting of a thin arched blade with its 
 edge at right angles to the handle. [A.S. 
 adesa.} 
 
 ^DILE, C'dil, n. See Edile. 
 
 ^DCEOLOGY, e-de-ol'o-ji), n. tliat part of 
 niedic-al science which treats of the or- 
 gans of generation : also, a treatise on 
 or account of the organs of generation. 
 [Gr. aidoia, the privy parts, and logos, a 
 di.scourse.J 
 
 ^GIS, e'jis, n. (orig.) a shield given by- 
 Jupiter to Minerva : anything that pro- 
 tects. [L. — Gr. aigis.] 
 
 ^GITHOGNATH^,e-gi-thog'na-the,n.jjZ. 
 in Huxley's classification of birds, drawn 
 from their osseous structure, a suborder 
 of Carinata;, having the bones of the 
 palate disposed as in the sparrow and 
 other passerine birds. [Gr. aigithos, a 
 sparrow, and gnathos, the jaw.] 
 
 ^GITHOGNATHOUS, E-gi-thog'na-thus, 
 adj. of or pertaining to the iBgithog- 
 nathae. 
 
 ^NEID, e'ne-id, n. an epic poem written 
 by Virgil, the hero of which is ./Eneas. 
 [L. JEneis, -idos.'\ 
 
 ^OLIAN. e-<")'li-an, ac^. pertaining to or 
 acted on by the wind, [^^olus, the god 
 of the winds.] 
 
 .ffiOLOTROPIC, e-ol-o-trop'ik, adj. applied 
 to bodies unequally elastic in different 
 directions : opposed to isotropic. Sir W. 
 Thompson. [Gr. aiolos, changeful, and 
 trope, a turning-.] 
 
 ^ON, 5'on, n. apei-iodof time,anageorone 
 of a series of ages, eternity. [Gr. aion.'X 
 
 AERATE, a'er-i1t, v.t. to put air into : to 
 supply -with carbonic acid. fL. aiir, air.] 
 
 AERATION, a-er-a'shun, n. exposure to 
 the air. 
 
 AERIAL, fi-er'i-al, adj. belonging to the 
 air : inhabiting or existing in the air : 
 elevated, lofty. 
 
 AERIE, ii'ri or C'ri, n. See E-niY. 
 
 AERIFORM, a'er-i-forni, adj. having the 
 /or»t or nature of air or gas. [L. agr 
 and /orwa.] 
 
 AEROKLINOSCOPE, a-er-o-klin'o-skOp, n. 
 an apparatus constructed to show the 
 direction of the wind in connection with 
 the barometric pressure. [Gr. acr. air, 
 klino, to bend or incline, and skopeo, I 
 •view.] 
 
 AEROLITE, a'er-o-Ut, n. a meteoric stone. 
 
 JGr. aer, air, lithos, a stone.] 
 UROMETER, a-er-om'e-ter, n. an instru- 
 ment for measuring the density of air 
 and gases. [Gr. aer, and METER.] 
 
 AERONAUT, S'er-o-nawt, n. one who as- 
 cends in a balloon. [Gr. aer, air, nautes, 
 sailor.] 
 
 AERONAUTICS, a-er-o-nawt'iks, n. the 
 science or art of navigating the air in 
 balloons. 
 
 w^ROSE, 5'ros, adj. having the nature of 
 or resembling copper or brass : coppery. 
 [L cerosus, containing brass or copper.] 
 
 AEROSIDERITE, ri-er-0-sid'er-It,_?i. an iron 
 meteorite. [Gr. aer, air, and sideros, iron.] 
 
 AEROSIDEROLITE, iT-er-G-sid'er-o-lit, n. 
 a meteor containing both stone and iron. 
 [Gr. aer, air, sideros, iron, and lithos, a 
 stone.] 
 
 AEROSTATICS, a-er-o-stat'iks, n. the 
 science of the equilibrium of air or of 
 elastic fluids ; the science of raising and 
 gadding balloons. [Gr. aer, air, statikos, 
 relating to equilibrium. See Statics.] 
 
 AEROSTATION, S-er-O-strt'shun, n. the art 
 of raising and guiding balloons. 
 
 ^STHEMATOLOGY, es-thc-ma-tol'o-ji, n. 
 the doctrine of the senses, or the appa- 
 ratus of the senses : that part of physio- 
 logical anatomy which treats of the 
 senses. Dunglison. [Gr. aisthema, a per- 
 ception, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 .aiSTHESIOLOGY, Cs-the-si-ol'o-ji, n. the 
 doctrine or branch of knowledge con- 
 cerned with the sensations. Dunglison. 
 [Gr. aisthesis, perception, and logos, dis- 
 course.] 
 
 ^STHESODIC, Es-the-sod'ik, adj. capable 
 of conducting sensation : said of the gray 
 matter of the spinal cord, which can con- 
 vey sensory impressions to the sensorium 
 though itself insensible. [Gr. aisthesis, 
 sensation, and hodos, a path.] 
 
 ESTHETE, Cs'thGt, n. one devoted to 
 the principles or doctrines of sesthetics : 
 specifically applied in a semi-contemptu- 
 ous way to one who carries the cultiva- 
 tion of the sense of the beautiful to a 
 ridiculous extent. 
 
 ESTHETIC, es-thet'ik, ^sthetioal, r-s- 
 thet'ik-al, adj. pertaining to sesthetics. — 
 adv. ^sthet'ically. 
 
 uSlSTHIiTICS, Cs-thct'iks, n. the feeling of 
 beauty in objects, the science of taste : 
 the pliilosopiiy of the fine arts. ^Qr. 
 aisthetikos, perceptive — aisthanomat, to 
 feel or perceive.] 
 
 AFAR, a-faK, adv., at afar distance. [Pfx. 
 a, and Fae.] 
 
 AFFABLE, af'farbl, adj. condescending : 
 easy to speak to. — adv. Af'fably. — nji. 
 Affabil'ity, Af'fableness. [Fr. — L. 
 affabilis — affari, to speak to — ad, to, and 
 fari, to speak.] 
 
 AFFAIR, af-fur', n.. that which is to be 
 done : business : an engagement or bat- 
 tle of minor importance : — pi. transac- 
 tions in general : public concerns. [Fr. 
 affaire, O. Fr. afaire — <« and faire — L. 
 ad, and /acer , to do. Cf. E. Ado.] 
 
 AFFECT, af-fekt', v.t., to act upon: to 
 produce a change upon : to move the 
 feelings. [L. affioio, affectum — ad, to, 
 faeio, to do.] 
 
 AFFECT, af-fekt', v.t. to strive after : to 
 make a show or pretence of : to lovo : 
 (B.) to pay court to. — v.i. to be inclined 
 to : to prefer. (Obs.) [L. affecto, freq. 
 of (iflicio. See Al-'FECT above ] 
 
 AFFECTATION af-fekt-a'shun, n. a striv- 
 ing after or an attempt to assume what 
 is no t natural or real : pretence. 
 
 AFFECTED, af-fekt'ed, adj. touched with 
 a feeling (either for or against) : full of 
 afl'ectaUon : feigned.— ady.AFFECT'EDLY. 
 — n. Affect'edness. 
 
 AFFECTING, af-fekt'ing, adj. ha-«ring 
 power to move the passions : pathetic.^ 
 adv. Affect'djgly. 
 
 AFFECTION, af-fek'shun, n. kindness or 
 love : attachment : an attribue or prop- 
 erty. [L. See Affect.] 
 
 AFFECTIONATE, af-fek'shun-at, adj. full 
 of affection : loving. — adv. Affec'tion- 
 ATELY.— n. Affec'tionateness. 
 
 AFFECTIONED, af-fek'shund, adj. (B.) 
 disposed. 
 
 AFFERENT, af'fer-ent, ax^. (anat.) bring- 
 ing to, applied to the nerves that convey 
 sensations to the nerve centres. [L. a/- 
 ferens — ad, to, and /ero, to carry.] 
 
 AFFIANCE, af-fi'ans, n., faith pledged to: 
 marriage contract : trust. — v.t, to pledge 
 faith : to betroth. [O. Fr. affiana.. It. 
 ajjidanza, confidence — L. ad, to, fides, 
 faith.] 
 
 AFFIDA"STT, af fi-da'vit, n. a written dec- 
 laration 071 fiath. fLow L. affidavit, 3d 
 pers. sing. perf. of u "^do, to pledge one's 
 faith.] 
 
 AFFILIATE, af-fil'i-at, v.t. to receive into 
 a family as a son, or into a society as a 
 member. [L. ad, to, filius, a son.] 
 
 AITILIATION, af-fil-i-a'shun, n. act of 
 receiving into a family or society as a 
 member : (laiv) the assignment of an 
 illegitimate child to its father. 
 
 AFFINITION, af-fl-ni'shon, n. the state or 
 quality of being affined : mental affinity 
 or attraction. (Rare.) 
 
 AFFINITY, af-fin'i-ti, n. nearness of kin, 
 agreement, or resemblance : relationship 
 by marriage, opposed to consanguinity or 
 relationship by blood : (ehem.) the pecul- 
 iar attraction between the atoms of two 
 simple substances that makes them com- 
 bine to form a compound. [L. affinitaa 
 — affmis, neighboring — ad, at, Jinis,[ 
 boundary.] 
 
 AFFIRM, af-ferm', v.t. to assert confident 
 ly or positively. [L. affirmo — ad,firmus, 
 firm. See FIRM.] 
 
 AFFIRM ABLE, af-ferm'a^bl, adj. that may 
 be affirmed. — n. AFFIRM' ANT. 
 
 AFFIRMATION, af-fer-ma'shun, n. act of 
 asserting ; that which is affirmed : a sol- 
 emn declaration. 
 
 AFFIRaL\.TI\^E, af-ferni'at-iv, adj. or n. 
 that affirms or asserts. — adv. Affirm'- 
 
 ATIVELY. 
 
 AFFIX, af-fiks', v.t., to fix to : to add : to 
 attach. [L. affigo, -fixum — ad, to, figo, 
 to fix. See Fix.] 
 AFFIX, at'fiks, n. a .syllable or letter put to 
 
 the end of a word, called also POSTFIX, 
 
 Suffix. 
 AFFLATUS, af-fla'tus, n. inspiration. [See 
 
 Inflation.] 
 AFFLICT, af-flikt', v.t. to give continued 
 
 pain, distress, or grief. — pa.p. afflicted, 
 
 beaten down. (Obs.) [h. ad, to, Jligo, ta 
 
 d;ish — to the ground.] 
 AFFLICTION, af-flik'shun, n. distress or 
 
 its CclUSG. 
 
 AFFLICTIVE, af-flikt'iv, ac^'. causing dis- 
 
 AFFLUENCE, afflOO-ens, n. abundance: 
 wealth. 
 
 AFFLUENT, af'flOO-ent, adj. abounding: 
 wealthy. — n. a stream flowing into a 
 river or lake. [L. affluo — ad, to, Jluo, to 
 flow.] 
 
 AFFORD, af-ford', v.t. to yield or produce c 
 to be able to sell or to expend. [M. E. 
 aforthen, from A.S. geforthian or for- 
 tliian. to further or cause to come forth.] 
 
 AFFRAY, af-fra', n. a fight causing alarm : 
 a brawl. [Fr. effrayer, to frighten ; O, 
 Fr. esfreer, to freeze -with terror — Low L 
 e.vfri'gidare, to chill. See Frigid.] 
 
 AFFRIGHT, af-frit', v.t., to frighten.— 
 n. sudden fear. [A.S. afyrhtan. See 
 
 i"ElQHT.]
 
 AFFRONT 
 
 8 
 
 AGRAFFE 
 
 AFFRONT, af-frunt', v.t. to meet front to 
 front : to insult openly. — n. contemptu- 
 ous treatment. [Fi-. \tffronter — L. ad, 
 to. front-, the forehead.] 
 
 AFFUSION, af-fu'zhun, n. the act of iJOwr- 
 ing tipon or sprinkling:. [L. ad, to, 
 fundo, fiisum, to pour.] 
 
 AFIELD, a-fPld', adv. to, in, or on the 
 field. 
 
 AJLOAT. a-flot', adv. or adj. floating : at 
 sea : unfixed. 
 
 AFLOW, a-flo', adj. or adv. in a loose, 
 waving state : flowing. " With gray 
 hair aflow." — 'l^^l^ttier. (Rare.) 
 
 AFOOT, a-foot', adv., on foot. 
 
 AFORE, a-for', prep, (obs.) before. 
 
 AFOREHAND, a-for'hand, adv. before the 
 regular time of accomplishment : in ad- 
 vance. 
 
 AFORESAID, a-for'sed, adj., said or 
 named before. 
 
 AFORETIME, a-for'tim, adv., in former or 
 past times. 
 
 AFRAID, a-friid', adj. struck with fear : 
 timid. [From root of AFFRAY.] 
 
 AFRESH, a-fresh', adv. anew, [a, on, and 
 Fresh.] 
 
 AFRICANDER, afrik-an-der, n. a native 
 of Cape Colony or the neighboring re- 
 
 fions born of white parents. 
 RICANIZE, af'rik-an-ize, v.t. to place 
 under the control of African negroes. 
 (Amer.) 
 
 AFT, aft, adj. or adv. behind : near or tow- 
 ards the stern of a vessel. [A.S. ceft, 
 which is short for cefter.'\ 
 
 AFTER, aft'er, adj. behind in place : later 
 in time : more toward the stern of a ves- 
 sel. — prep, behind, in place : later, in 
 time : following, in search of : in imita- 
 tion of : in proportion to : concerning. — 
 adv. subsequently : afterward. [A.S. 
 after, comp. of af, or of, the primary 
 meaning being more off, further away ; 
 -/er as a compai-ative affix is seen inXi. 
 alter, E. o-ther. See Of.] 
 
 AFTERACT, aft'er-aUt, 7i. an act after or 
 subsequent to another. 
 
 AFTERBIRTH, aft'er-berth, n. the plar 
 centa and membranes which are expelled 
 from the womb after the birth. 
 
 AFTERCLAP, aft'er-klap, n. an additional 
 and generally unjust demand, beyond 
 the bargain originallv made. (Amer.) 
 
 AFTERCROP, aft'er-krop, n., a crop com- 
 ing after the first in the same year. 
 
 AFTER-DINNER, aft'er-din-er, adj. hap- 
 pening or done after dinner ; as, an 
 after-dinner speech : sometimes used 
 substantively " An aftei'-dinner's nap." 
 — Tennyson. 
 
 In after-dimier talk 
 Across the walnuts and the wine. — Tennyson. 
 
 AFTERMATH, aft'er-math, n. a second 
 crop of grass. [See Mow, Meadow.] 
 
 AFTERMOST, aft^er-most, adj. hindmost. 
 [A.S. ceftemest ; Goth, af-tuvia, -tuma, 
 being -equiv. to L. -tumus in op-tumus, 
 best. Goth, has also af-tum-ists=A.S. 
 cef-tem-est, which is thus a double super- 
 lative. In aftermost, r is intrusive and 
 -most is not the adv. most.'] 
 
 AFTERNIGHT, aft'er-nit, adv. in the 
 evening:. (Amer.) 
 
 AFTERNOON, aft'er-nSon, n. the time be- 
 tween noon and evening. 
 
 AFTERPIECE, aft'er-p5s, n. a farce or 
 other minor piece performed after a 
 plav. 
 
 AFTER-SHAFT, aft'er-shaft, n. in ornith. 
 a supplementary or accessory shaft fur- 
 nished with barbs or fibres, given oil at 
 the point of junction of the shaft and 
 quill of most feathers except those of the 
 wings and tail. 
 
 AFTERWARD, aft'er-ward. Afterwards, 
 aft'er-wardz, adv. in after-time : later : 
 
 subsequently. [A.S. cefter, and weard, 
 towards, in direction of.] 
 
 AGA, a'ga. n. a Turkish commander or 
 chief officer. [Turk, agha, Pers. ak, 
 aka, a lord.] 
 
 AGAIN, a-gen', adv. once more : in re- 
 turn : back. [A.S. on-gean, again, oppo- 
 site ; Ger. ent-gegcn.'] Also pronounced 
 a-gSn', at least in poetry, as evidenced 
 by following passages. 
 
 When she was eased nf her pain. 
 
 Came the sood lord Athelstane, 
 
 When her ladyship married again. — Thackeray. 
 O that 'twere possible 
 After long grief and pain 
 To find the arras of my true love 
 Round me once again 1 — Tennyson. 
 
 AGAINST, a-genst', prep, opposite to : 
 in opposition to : in provision for. 
 [Formed from again, as tvhilst from 
 u'hile.] 
 
 AGAPE, a-gap', adj. or adv. gaping from 
 wonder, expectation, or attention. [Lit. 
 " on gape," from prefix a (for A.S. on, 
 on), and Gape.] 
 
 AGATE, ag'at. ?j. a precious stone com- 
 posed of laj'ers of quartz, of different 
 tints. [Gr. achates, said to be so called be- 
 cause first found near the river Achates 
 in Sicily.] 
 
 AGE, aj, n. the ordinary length of human 
 life : the time during which a person 
 or thing has lived or existed : mature 
 years : legal maturity (at 31 years) : a 
 period of time : a generation of men: a 
 century. — v.i. to grow old : — pr.p. ag'ing; 
 pa.p. 3ged. [Fr. age, O. Fr. edage — L. 
 cetas^old L. cevitas — L. cevum, age ; 
 cog. witli E. Ever.] 
 
 AGED, ilj'ed, adj. advanced in age : hav- 
 ing a certain age. — n.pl. old people. 
 
 AGEING, Sj'ing, n. in calico-printing, a 
 process during which the color pre- 
 \nously deposited on the outside of the 
 fibre gradually penetrates it and becomes 
 more firmly attached. 
 
 AGENCY, aj'ens-i, n. the office or business : 
 operation or action of an agent. 
 
 AGENDA, aj-*nd'a, n., things to be done: 
 a memorandum-book : a ritual. [L. 
 agendus, fut. p. pass, of ago, to do.] 
 
 AGENT, aj'ent, n. a person or thing that 
 acts or exerts power : one intrusted with 
 the business of another. [L. ago, to do. 
 See Act.] 
 
 AGGLOMERATE, ag-glom'er-at, v.t. to 
 make into a ball : to collect into a mass. 
 — v.i. to grow into a mass. [L. glomus, 
 glomeris, a ball. See Clew, Globe.] 
 
 AGGLOMERATION, ag-glom-er-a'shun, n. 
 a growing or heaping together : a mass. 
 
 AGGLUTINATE, ag-gloOfin-ftt, v.t. to 
 cause to adhere by glue or cement. [L. 
 agglutino — ad, to, gluten, glue. See 
 Glue.] 
 
 AGGLUTINATION, ag-gloot-in-a'shun, n. 
 the act of uniting, as by glue : adhesion 
 of parts. 
 
 AGGLUTINATIVE, ag-gloot'in-at-iv, adj. 
 tending to or having power to cause ad- 
 hesion. 
 
 AGGRANDIZE, ag'grand-Iz, v.t., to make 
 great or larger : to make greater in 
 power, rank, or honor. [Fr., from L. ad, 
 to, and grandis. large.] 
 
 AGGRANDIZEMENT, ag-grand-Iz'ment, n. 
 act of aggrandizing : state of being ag- 
 grandized. 
 
 AGGRAVATE, ag'grav-at, v.t. to make 
 worse : to provoke. [L. ad, to, gravis, 
 heavy. See Grave.] 
 
 AGGRAVATION, ag-grav-a'shun, n. a 
 making worse : any quaUty or circum- 
 stance which makes a thing worse. 
 
 AGGREGATE, ag'greg-at, v.t. to collect 
 into a mass : to accumulate. [L. aggrego, 
 -atum, to bring together, as a flock — ad, 
 to, grex, gregis, a flock.] 
 
 AGGREGATE, ag'greg-at, adj. formed of 
 parts taken together. — n. the sum total 
 — adv. Ag'gregately. 
 
 AGGREGATION, ag-greg-a'shun, }(. act oJ 
 aggregating : state of being collected to- 
 gether : an aggregate. 
 
 AGGRESSION, ag-gresh'un, n. first act of 
 hostility or injury. [L. aggredior, -gressiu 
 —ad. to. gradior, to step.] 
 
 AGrGRESSrVE, ag-gres'iv, adj. making the 
 first attack. — n. Aggress'iveness. 
 
 AGGRESSOR, ag-gres'ur, n. one who at- 
 tacks first. 
 
 AGGRIEVE, ag-grev', v.t. to press heavily 
 itpon : to pain or injure. [O. Fr. agrever, 
 Sp. agraviar — L. ad, to, and gravis, 
 heavy. See Grief, Grieve.] 
 
 AGHAST, a-gast', adj. stupefied with hor- 
 ror. [Properly agast ; M. E. agasten. to 
 terrify ; A.S. intens. pfx. a, and gcestan, 
 to terrify. The primary notion of the 
 root gees- (Goth, gais-) is to fix, slick ; 
 to root to the spot with terror. See 
 Gaze.] 
 
 AGILE, aj'il, adj., active: nimble. [L. 
 agilis — ago, to do or act.] 
 
 AGILITY, aj-il'i-ti, n. quickness of motion: 
 nimbleness. 
 
 AGIO, a'ji-o. n. the difference in value be- 
 tween metallic and paper money : dis- 
 count. [It. aggio, agio, rate of exchange, 
 same as agio, ease, convenience.] 
 
 AGITATE, aj'i-tat, v.t. to keep moving : to 
 stir violently : to discuss. [L. agito, 
 freq. of ago, to put in motion. See 
 Act.] 
 
 AGITATION, aj-i-ta'shun, n. commotion ; 
 pertm-bation of mind : discussion. 
 
 AGITATOR, aj'i-tat'ur, ?(. 1, one who ex- 
 cites pubUc commotion : 2, a name given 
 to certain oflicers in the time of Crom- 
 well appointed by the army to manage 
 their concerns. There were two from 
 each regiment. [In tliis sense the propei 
 spelling is probably Adjutator, meaning 
 not one who agitates but one who 
 assists.] " They proceeded from those 
 elective tribunes called agitators, who 
 had been established in every regiment 
 to superintend the interests of tb'S army." 
 — Hallam. 
 
 AGLOW, a-gio', adj. very warm : red-hot. 
 [See Glow.] 
 
 AGMATOLOGY, ag-ma-tol'o-ji, n. !n surg. 
 that department of the science which 
 treats of fractures ; also, a treatise on 
 fractures. [Gr. agma, agmatos, a frac- 
 ture, and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 AGMINATE, ag'min-at, AGMINATED, 
 ag'min-at-ed, adj. crowded : closely 
 packed : specifically applied in anat. to 
 certain glands or foUicles in the small 
 intestine. Called also Peyer^s Glands. 
 [L. agmen, agminis, a crowd, a iDand.] 
 
 AGNATE, ag'nat, adj. related on the 
 father's side : allied. — n. a relation by 
 the father's side. [L. — ad, to, nascor, to 
 be born. See Cognate.] 
 
 AGNOSTIC, ag-nos'tik, n. one who holds 
 that we knozv nothing of the super- 
 natural. — n. Agnos'ticism. [a, privar 
 tive, and Gr. gnostikos, good at knowing. 
 See Gnostic] 
 
 AGrO, a-go', AGONE, a-gon', adv., gone : 
 past : since. [Pa.p. of A.S. agan, to pass 
 away — inten. pfx. a, and gan, to go.t 
 
 AGOG, a-gog*, adj. or adv. eager. [Ety, 
 doubtful.] 
 
 AGOING, a-go'ing, adv., going on : current. 
 
 AGONIZE, ag'o-niz, v.t. to struggle, suffei 
 agony. 
 
 AGONIZING, ag-'o-niz-ing, adj. causing 
 agony. — adv. Ag'onizenglt. 
 
 AGONY, ag'o-ni. n. a violent struggle^, 
 extr eme s uffering. [Gr. — agon, contest.] 
 
 AGRAFFE, AGRAFF, a^graf, n. a sort 
 of clasp or hook. " An agraffe set with
 
 AGRAPHIA 
 
 ALCOHOLIZE 
 
 brilliants."— Sir W. Scott. [Fr. agrafe, 
 a hook, a clasp. See Aggrappes.] 
 
 Braided tresses, and cheeks of bloom, 
 
 Diamond agraff siud foam-white plume. — Landor. 
 
 AGRAPHIA, a-graf'i-a. n. in pathol. a form 
 of aphasia, in which the patient is unable 
 to express ideas bj- written .signs. [Gr. a, 
 priv.. and grajilui, to describe, to write. 
 See Aphasia.]' 
 
 AGRARIAN, ag-ra'ri-an, adj. relating to 
 land : applied especially to Roman laws 
 for the equal distribution of the public 
 lands. [L. agrarius — ager, a field. See 
 Acre.] 
 
 AGRARIANISM, ag-ra'ri-an-izm, n. an 
 equal di\"ision of lands. 
 
 AGREE, a-gre', r.i. to be of one mind : to 
 concur : (fol. by to) to assent to : (fol. by 
 u-ith) to resemble, to suit : — pa. p. agreed . 
 [Fr. agreer, to accept kindly — L. ad, to, 
 and gratits. pleasing.] 
 
 AGREEABLE, a-gre'a-bl, adj. suitable: 
 pleasant. — adv. Agree' ably. 
 
 AGREEABLE^rESS, a-gre'a-bl-nes, n. suit- 
 ableness : conformity : quaUty of pleas- 
 ing. 
 
 AGREEMENT, a-gre'ment, n. concord: 
 conformitv : a bargain or contract. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL, ag-ri-kult'ur-al, adj. 
 relating to agriculture. 
 
 AGRICULTURE, ag'ri-kult-ur, n. the art 
 or practice of cultivating the land. [L. 
 agricidtura — ager, a field, eultura, culti- 
 vation. See Culture.] 
 
 AGRICULTURIST, ag-ri-kult'ur-ist, n. one 
 skilled in agriculture. 
 
 AGRIN, a^grin', adj. or adv. in the act or 
 state of grinning : on the grin. " His 
 visage all agrin." — Tennyson. 
 
 AGRIOLOGIST, ag-ri-ol'o-jist, n. onewho 
 makes a comparative study of human 
 customs, especialh' of the customs of man 
 in a rude or unci\Tlized state. Max Mid- 
 ler. [Gr agrios, pertaining to a wild state, 
 and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 AGRIOLOGY, ag-ri-ol'o-ji, n. the com- 
 parative study of the customs of man in 
 his natural state. 
 
 AGRONOMIAL, ag-ro-no'mi-al, adj. same 
 as Agronomic. Lord Lytton. 
 
 AGROPE, a-grop', adv. gropingly. E. B. 
 Broiniing. 
 
 AGROUND, a-grownd', adv. stranded. 
 [Prefix a, on, and GROUND.] 
 
 AGRYPXOTIC, ag-rip-not'ik, n. in med. 
 something which tends to drive away 
 sleep. [Gr. agrypnos, sleepless.] 
 
 AGUE, il'gu, n. a fever coming in period- 
 ical fits, accompanied wth sliivering : 
 chilliness. [Fr. aigu, sharp — L. acutus. 
 See Acute.] 
 
 AGUISH, a'gu-ish, adj. having the quali- 
 ties of an ague : chiUy : shivering. 
 
 AH, a, int. an exclamation of surprise, 
 joy, pity, complaint, etc. [Fr. — L. ; Ger. 
 ach.] 
 
 AHA, a-ha', int. an exclamation of exvilta- 
 tion, pleasure, surprise, or contempt. 
 
 AHEAD, a-hed', adv. fm-ther on : in ad- 
 vance : headlong. [Prefix a, on, and 
 Head.] 
 
 AHOY, a-hoi', int. a nautical term used in 
 hailing. [Form of int. HOY.] 
 
 AHULL, a-nul', adv. (naut.) with sails 
 furled, and helm lashed, driving before 
 the wind, stern foremost, [a, on ( — A.S. 
 on, and HuLL.] 
 
 AID, ad, v.t. to help, assist. — n. help: as- 
 sistance: an auxiliary: subsidy. — adj. 
 Aidless. [Fr. airier— L. adjutare — ad, 
 and jnro. j»ttim, to help.] 
 
 AIDE-DE-CAMP, ad'-de-kong, n. a mili- 
 tary officer who assists the general : — 
 1)1. Aides-de-camp. [Fi-. , assistant of the 
 camp.] 
 
 AIDER, ad'er, n. one who brings aid : a 
 helper. 
 
 ATT., al. v.t. to give pain : to trouble. — v.i. 
 to feel pain : to be in trouble. — n. trouble : 
 indisposition. [A.S. eglan, to pain. See 
 Awe.] 
 
 AILMENT, al'ment, n. pain : indisposition : 
 disease. 
 
 AIM, am. v.i. (with at) to point at with a 
 weapon : to direct the intention or en- 
 deavor. — v.t. to point, as a weapon or 
 firearm.—)!, the pointing of a weapon : 
 the thing pointed at : design : intention. 
 [O. Fr. esmer, to reckon — L. cestimare, to 
 estimate. See Estlmate.] 
 
 AIMLESS, am'les, adj. without aim. 
 
 AINO, i'no, n. one of a tribe found in the 
 interior of Yesso, in the south of Sakhalin 
 and the Kurile Islands, supposed to be 
 the remains of the aboriginal population. 
 They are remarkable for their hirsute- 
 ness, in many cases the bodies, and still 
 more frequently the legs and arms, being 
 covered with short, bristly hair. The 
 word is also used adjectively. 
 
 AIR, iir, Ji. the fluid we breathe : the at- 
 mosphere : a hght breeze : a tune : the 
 bearing of a person : — pi. affectation. — • 
 v.t. to expose to the air : to dry : to ex- 
 pose to warm air. [Fr. — L. aer — Gr.] 
 
 AIR-BED, ar'-bed, n. a bed for the sick, in- 
 flated with air. — j\jr-cell, ar'-sel, n. a 
 cavity containing air. — Am-CUSHION, ar'- 
 koosh'un, n. an air-tight cushion, which 
 can be inflated. — AlE-ENGrNE, ar'-en'jin, 
 71. an engine put in motion by air ex- 
 panded by heat. — Air-gun, ar'-gun, n. a 
 gun which discharges bullets by means 
 of compressed air. — AIRINESS, ar'i-nes, 
 n. state of being airy : openness : liveli- 
 ness. — Airing, ar'ing, ?;. exposm-e to the 
 air or fire : a short excursion in the open 
 air. — Air-jacket, ar'-jak'et, n. a jacket 
 with air-tight ca\'ities, which being in- 
 flated renders a person buoyant in water. 
 — Airless, ar'les, adj. void of air : not 
 having free communication with the 
 open air. — Air-pump, ar'-pump, n. an in- 
 strmnent for pumping the air out of a 
 vessel. — Air-tight, ar'-tlt, adj. so tight 
 as not to admit air. — Air-vessel, ar'- 
 ves'el, n. a vessel or tube containing air. 
 
 AIRWARDS, ar'werds, adv. up in the air : 
 upwards. "Soar airicaras again." — 
 Tliaekeray. 
 
 AIRY, ar'i, adj. consisting of or relating to 
 air : open to the air : like air : imsub- 
 stantial : light of heart : sprightly.^ — adv. 
 Air'ily. 
 
 AISLE, il, n. the wing or side of a church : 
 the side passages in a church. [Fr. aile, 
 O. Fr. aisle — L. axilla, ala, a wing.] 
 
 AISLED, ild, adj. having aisles. 
 
 AJAR, a-jiir', adv. partly open. [Lit. "on 
 the turn." A.S. on, on, cyrr, a turn. See 
 Chae, work.] 
 
 AXE, old English spelling of ache. 
 
 AKIMBO, a-kim'bo, adv. with hand on hip 
 and elbow hent outward. [Pfx. a, Celt. 
 cam, crooked, with superfluous E. Bow.] 
 
 AKIN, a-ldn', adj., of kin: related by 
 blood : having the same properties. [Of 
 and Kin.] 
 
 AKKAD, AKKADIAN. See Accad, Ac- 
 
 CADIAN. 
 
 ALABASTER, al'a-bas-ter, n. a semi-trans- 
 parent kind of gyjisum or sulphate of 
 lime : the fine limestone deposited as 
 stalagmites and stalactites. — adj. made 
 of alabaster. [Gr. alahagtros, said to be 
 derived from Alabastron, a town in 
 
 EgJ-pt-] 
 
 ALACK, a-lak', int. an exclamation de- 
 noting sorrow. [Prob. from M. E. lak, 
 loss. See Lack.] 
 
 ALACK-A-DAY, a-lak'-a-da, int. an excla- 
 mation of sadness. [For, "ah ! a loss to- 
 day."] 
 
 ALACRITY, a-lak'ri-ti, n. briskness : cheer- 
 
 ful readiness : promptitude. [L. alacris^ 
 brisk.] 
 
 ALAMODE, a-la-mod', adv., according to 
 the mode or fashion. [Fr. d la morfe.J 
 
 ALARM, a-larm', n. notice of danger : sud- 
 den surprise with fear : a mechanical 
 contrivance to arouse from sleep. — v.t. to 
 call to arms : to give notice of danger : 
 to fill with dread. [Fr. alarme — It. alF 
 arme. to arms — L. ad, to, arma, arms.] 
 
 ALARMIST, a-lurm'ist, n. one who excites 
 alarm : one given to prophesjing dan- 
 ger. — adj. AlaRm'ist, alarming. — adv. 
 Alar^i'ingly. 
 
 ALARLTJI, a-liir'imi, n. and v.t. Same as 
 Alarm. 
 
 ALAS, a-las', int. expressive of grief. [PY. 
 helas — L. lassus, wearied.] 
 
 ALB, alb, n. a u-liite Unen vestment reach- 
 ing to the feet, worn by priests. [L. 
 albus. white.] 
 
 ALBANY-BEEF, awlb-ny-bf f, n. the stur- 
 geon, a fish which ascends the Hudson 
 river as far as Albany, and a part of whose 
 flesh resembles beef. (Amer.) 
 
 ALBATROSS, al'ba-tros, n. a large, long- 
 winged, web-footed sea-bird, in the South- 
 ern Ocean. [Corr. from Span, alcatraz, 
 a white pelican.] 
 
 ALBEIT, awl-be'it, adv. although: not- 
 withstanding. [Be it all.] 
 
 ALBESCENCE, al-bes'ens, n. the act or 
 state of growing white or whitish. [L. 
 albesco, to grow white, from albiis, white.! 
 
 ALBINO, al-bl'no, n. a person or animal 
 whose skin and hair are unnaturally 
 ichite. and pupil of the ej'e red : — pi. 
 Albi'nos. [It. albino, whitish — L. albus, 
 white.] 
 
 ALBUM, al'bum, re. among the Romans, a 
 u-hite tablet or register : a book for the 
 insertion of portraits, autographs, etc. 
 
 iL. albus, white.] 
 BUMEN, al-bu'men, n., the white of 
 eggs : a like substance found in animal 
 and vegetable bodies. [L. — allnis, white.] 
 
 ALBIBliNIFORM, al-bu-min'i-form. adj. 
 formed hke or resembling albumen. 
 
 ALBUMINIMETER, al-bu-mi-nim'e-ter, h. 
 an instrument for measuring the quan- 
 tity of albumen contained in any sub- 
 stance 
 
 ALBUMINOID, al-bu'min-oid, adj. Uke al- 
 bumen. [Albumen and Gr. eidos, form.] 
 
 ALBUMINOUS, al-bu'min-us, adj. like or 
 containing albumen. 
 
 ALBURNUM, al-burn'um, n. in trees, the 
 «'7i ite and soft parts of wood between the 
 inner bark and the heart-wood. [L. — 
 albus. white.] 
 
 ALCALDE, al-kal'da, ?!., a judge. [Sp. — 
 Ar. al-kadi — kadaj, to judge.] 
 
 ALCHEMIST, al'kem-ist, re. one skilled in 
 alchemv. 
 
 ALCHEMY, ALCHYMY, al'ki-mi, n. the 
 infant stage of chemistry, as astrology 
 was of astronomy. A cliief pursuit of 
 the alchemists was to transmute the 
 other metals into gold, and to discover 
 the elixir of hfe. Also, in old authors, a 
 mixed metal formerly used for various 
 utensils, hence a trumpet. Milton. [Ar. 
 at=the; Gr. ckeo, to pour, to melt, to 
 mix : hence chymeia or chemeia, a mix- 
 ing, and chymic or chemic, applied to the 
 processes of the laboratorj'. See Chem- 
 istry.] 
 
 ALCOHOL, al'ko-hol. re. pure spirit, a liquid 
 generated by the fermentation of sugar 
 and other saccharine matter, and form- 
 ing the intoxicating element of ferment- 
 ed liquors. [Ar. al-kohl — al, the, qochl, 
 fine powder.] 
 
 ALCOHOLIC, al-ko-hol'ik, adj. of or like 
 alcohol. 
 
 ALCOHOLIZE, al'kc-hol-lz, v.t. to convert 
 into alcohol : to rectify.
 
 ALCOHOLOIVrETER 
 
 10 
 
 ALLOMORPHIC 
 
 ALCOHOLOIHETER, al-kii-hol-om'e-ter, n. 
 an insti-umeat for ascertaiaing- the 
 strength of spirits. [AlCOUOL and METER.] 
 
 ALCORAN, arko-niu, n. Koran wth the 
 Ai-abic article prefixed. 
 
 AlCOVE, al'kOv or al-kuv', n. a recess in a 
 
 room : any recess : a shady retreat. [It. 
 
 ileova ; Sp. alcoba, a place in a room 
 
 aUed off to hold a bed— Ar. al-gobah, a 
 
 tent.] 
 
 4LDER, awl'der, n. a tree usually growmg 
 in moist «fround. [A.S. alor ; Ger. eller, 
 L. aViius!] 
 
 ALDERJIAN, awl'der-man, n. now a civic 
 disTiitai-y next in rank to the mayor. — 
 adj. Aldekman'ic. [A. S. eaklor (from 
 eald, old), senior, chief: ealdor-man, 
 ruler, king, chief magistrate.] 
 
 ALDERN, awl'dern, adj. made of alder. 
 
 ALDESTE, al'dln, adj. applied to books 
 printed by Aldus Manutius of Venice, in 
 16th c. 
 
 ALE, al, n. a strong drink made from malt: 
 a festival, so called from the liquor 
 drunk. — Ale-berry, a beverage made 
 from ale. — Ale-hocse, a house in which 
 ale is sold. [A-S. ealu; Ice. 61; Gael, ol, 
 drink.] 
 
 ALEE, a-le', adv., on tlie tee-side. [See 
 Lee.] 
 
 ALEJIBIC, al-em'bik, n. a vessel used by 
 the old chemists in distUlation. [Ar. al, 
 the, anbiq — Gr. ambilcs, a cup.] 
 
 ALERT, al~ert', adj. watchful: brisk.— 
 Upon the alert, upon the watch. — n. 
 Alert'ness. [It, all' erta, on the erect — 
 erto. L. erecttts, erect.] 
 
 ALETHOSCOPE,a-le"tbo-skDp,»i. an optical 
 instrument by means of which pictures 
 are made to present a more natural and 
 life-Uke appearance. [Gr. alethes, true, 
 and skopeo, to view.] 
 
 ALE-WIFE, al'^vTf, n. a fish of the same 
 genus as the shad, about a foot in length, 
 common on the east coast of the tJnited 
 States. (Amer.) 
 
 ALEXANDRIAN, al-e^an'dri-an, a^'., 
 relating to Alexandria in Egypt : relat- 
 ing to Alexandei: 
 
 ALEXANDRINE, al-egz-an'drin, n. a rhym- 
 ing verse of twelve syllables, so called 
 from its use in an old French poem on 
 Ale.vander the Great. 
 
 ALEXEPYRETIC, a-lek-si-pi-ret'ik, ac^. in 
 7ned. same as Febrifcge. [Gr. afearo, to 
 ward off, and pyretos, a fever.] 
 
 ALFALFA, al-fal'fa, n. a name given to a 
 valuable pasture and forage plant : the 
 lucerne (Medicago sath-a). [Sp.] 
 
 ALGJE, al'je, n. (hot.) a division of plants, 
 embracin": sea- weeds. [L., pL of alga, 
 sea-weed.] 
 
 ALGEBRA, al'je-bra, n. the ecience of cal- 
 culating by symbols, thus forming a 
 kind of universal ai-ithmetic. [Sp. from 
 Al-. al-Jabr, the resetting of anything 
 broken, hence combination.] 
 
 ALGEBRMC, -AL, al-je-bra'ik, -al, adj. 
 pertaining to algebra. — ^Algebea'IST, n. 
 one skilled in algebra. 
 
 ALGOID, al'goid, adj. resembling the aigaa 
 or aquatic plants. [L. alga, a sea-weed, 
 and Gr. eidos, resemb lanc e.] 
 
 ALGONKIN, ALGONQUIN, al-gonTdn, n. 
 a family of North American Indians, 
 which contaited many tiibes, and form- 
 iy occupied the valley of the Mississippi 
 ?"nd all the covmtry eastward : a memoer 
 cJ this family. 
 
 ALGUM, aJ'gum. Same as AuiUG. 
 
 ALIAS, ali-as, adv. otherwise. — n. an as- 
 sumed name. [L. alias, at another time, 
 otherwise — alius, Gr. alios, other.] 
 
 ALIBI, al'i-bi. n. the plea that a pei-son 
 charged with a crime was in another 
 place when it was committed. [L. — 
 alius, other, ibi, there.] 
 
 ALIEN, SJ'yen, adj. foreign : different in 
 natm'e : adverse to. — n. one belonging 
 to another country : one not entitled to 
 the rights of citizenship. [L. alienus 
 — alius, other.] 
 
 ALIENABLE, afyen-a-bl, adj. capable of 
 being transferred to another. — ?i. AUEN- 
 
 ABIL'ITY. 
 
 ALIENAGE, al'yen-aj, n. state of being an 
 alien. 
 
 ALIENATE, al'yen-at, v.t. to transfer a 
 right or title to another: to withdraw 
 the affections: to misapply. — adj. with- 
 drawn : estranged. — n. Aliena'tion. [L. 
 See Alien.] 
 
 ALIGHT, a-lit', v.i. to come down (as from 
 a horse) : to descend : to fall upon. [A.S. 
 alihtan, to come down. See Light, v.i.] 
 
 ALIGHT, a-Iit', adj. on fi.'-e : lighted up. 
 [a, on, and LIGHT. See Light, n.] 
 
 ALIGN, a-lin', v.t. to reg-ulate by a hne : to 
 arrange in line, as troops. [Fr. aligner 
 — L. ad, and linea, a hne.] 
 
 ALIGNMENT, a-lln'ment, 7i. a laying out 
 by a Une : the gi-ound-plan of a x-ailway 
 or road. 
 
 ALIKE, a^llk', adj. like one another : hav- 
 ing resemblance. — adv. in the same man- 
 ner or form : similarly. [A.S. onlic. See 
 Like.] 
 
 ALIMENT, al'i-ment, n., nourishment: food. 
 [L. alimentum — alo, to nourish.] 
 
 ALIMENTAL, al-i-ment'al, adj. supplying 
 food. 
 
 ALDIENTARY, al-i-ment'ar-i, adj. pertain- 
 ing to aliment : nutritive. — n. AliMENTA- 
 TION, al-i-men-ta'shua, the act or state of 
 nourishing or of being nourished. — n. 
 {phren.) Allmentiveness, al-i-ment'iv- 
 nes, desire for food or drink. 
 
 ALDIONY, al'i-mun-i, Ji.an allowance for 
 support made to a wife when legally sep- 
 arated from her husband. 
 
 ALIQUOT, al'i-kwot, adj. such a part of a 
 number as wLU divide it without a re- 
 mainder. [L. aliquot, some, several — 
 alius, other, quot, now many.] 
 
 ALIVE, a-llv', aty. in life : susceptible. 
 [A.S. 0)1 life.] 
 
 ALKALI, al'ka-li or -li, n. (chem.) a sub- 
 stance which combines with an acid and 
 neutnilizes it, forming a salt. Potash, 
 soda, and lim'> ai'e alkahes ; thej' have 
 an acrid taste (that of soap), and turn 
 vegetable blues to green. See AciD : — 
 nl. Alkalies. [Ar. al-kali, ashes.] 
 
 ALKALBIETER, ai-ka-lim'e-ter, n. an in- 
 strument for measuring the strength of 
 alkalies. 
 
 ALKALINE, al'ka-lln or -lin, adj. ha^•in"■ 
 the properties of an ulkaU. — n. Alkalis - 
 
 ITT. 
 
 ALKALOID, alTf a-loid, n. a vegetable prin- 
 ciple possessing in some degree alkaline 
 Croperties. — acy. pertaining to or resem- 
 hng alkali. [ALKALI and Gr. eidos, form 
 or resemblance.] 
 
 ALKORAN, n. same as Alcoran. 
 
 ALL, awl, adj. the whole of : every one of. 
 — adv. wholly : completely : entirely. — n. 
 the whole : everytning. — All IK ALL, 
 everj-thing desired. — All *S one, it is 
 just the same. — ^Ax ALL, in the least de- 
 gree or to the least extent. [A.S. eal, 
 Ger. all, Gael, uile, W. oil] 
 
 ALLAH, aHa, n. the Arabic name of the 
 one God. [Ar, al-ildh, "the worthy to 
 be adored."] 
 
 ALLAY, al-la', v.t. to lighten, relieve : to 
 make quiet. [O. Fr. oteger—L. alleviare 
 — ad, and tern, light, confused with A.S. 
 a-leegan. to lay down.] 
 
 ALLEGATION, " al-le-gS'shun, «. an as- 
 sertion. 
 
 ALLEGE, al-le,i', v.t.'to produce as an ar- 
 gument or plea : to a.ssert. [L. allege, 
 to send one person to another to confer 
 
 with him : to mention or bring forward 
 — ad, to, and lego, -atum, to send.] 
 
 ALLEGIANCE, al-lej'i-ans, n. the duty of 
 a subject to his liege or sovereign. [L. 
 ad, to, and Liege.] 
 
 ALLEGrOEIC, -AL, al-le-gor'ik, ^1, adj- w 
 the form of an aUegorj : figurative. ~ 
 adv. Allegor'ically. 
 
 ALLEGORIZE, al'le-gor-Iz, v.t. to put is 
 form of an allegory. — v.i. to use allegory.- 
 
 ALLEGORIZATION, alle-gor-i-za'shon, n, 
 the act of turning into allegory : alle^ 
 gorical treatment. 
 
 ALLEGORY, alle-gor-i, n. a description of 
 one thing under the image of another. 
 [Gr. alios, other, and agoreuO, to speak.] 
 
 ALLEGRO, al-le'grO, adv. and n. {nvus.) a 
 word denoting a brisk movement. [It. 
 — L. alacer, brisk.] 
 
 ALLELUIA, ALLELUIAH, al-le-l66'ya. 
 Same as Halleluiah. 
 
 ALLEVIATE, al-leVi-at, v.t. to make light : 
 to mitigate. — n. Alletia'TION. [L. ad, 
 levis, light. ] 
 
 ALLEY, al'U, n. a walk in a garden : a 
 passage in a city narrower than a street : 
 —pi. At.t. 'f.vs. [Ft. aMe, a passage, fi-om 
 aUer, to go, O. Fr. aner, from L. adnare, 
 to go to by water. Cf. Arrive.] 
 
 ALL-FOOLS'-DAY, awl-fo6lz'-da, n. April 
 first. [From the sportive deceptions prac- 
 ticed on that day.] 
 
 ALL-FOURS, awf-for^, n.pl. (preceded by 
 on) on fom- legs, or on two hands and 
 two feet. 
 
 ALL-HAIL, awl-hal', int., all health, a 
 plirase of salutation. [See Hail, int.] 
 
 ALL-HALLOW, awl-hallo, ALL-HAL- 
 LOWS, awl-hal'loz, n. the day of all the 
 Holy Ones. See All-saints. [All and 
 HallowJ 
 
 ALLIANCE, al-ll'ans, n. state of being al 
 hed : union by mai-riage or treaty. [Set 
 Ally.] 
 
 ALLIGATION, al-li-ga'shun, n. (arith i a 
 rule for finding the price of a compoand 
 of iDgredients of different values. [L. 
 alligatio, a binding together — ad, to, and 
 ligo, to bind.] 
 
 ALLIGATOR, al'U-gar-tur, n. an animal of 
 the crocodile family found in America. 
 fSp. el lagarto — L. lacerta, a lizai-d.] 
 
 ALLITERAL, al-lit'er-al, adj. same as Al- 
 literative. [See Alliteration.] 
 
 ALLITERATION, al-Ut-er-a'shun, n. thd 
 recurrence of the same letter at the be- 
 ginning of two or more words following 
 close to each other, as in " apt allitera- 
 tion's artful aid." [Fr.— L. ad, to, and 
 litera, a letterj 
 
 ALLITERATIVE, al-lit'er-a-tiv, <M^'. per- 
 taining to alliteration. 
 
 ALLOCATE, al'lo-kat, i:t., to place: to as- 
 sign to each his share. [L. ad. to, and 
 locus, a place.] 
 
 ALLOCATION, al-lo-ka'shun, n. act of al- 
 locating : allotment : an allowance madt> 
 upon an account. 
 
 ALLOCHROUS, al-lok'rus, adj. of various 
 colors : generally applied to minerals. 
 [Gr. allochroos, allochrous — alios, other, 
 and chroa, color.] 
 
 ALLOCUTION, al-lo-loi'shun, n. a forma* 
 address, esp. of the Pope to his clergy, 
 [L. ad, to, and lomtor, locutus, to speak.] 
 
 ALLODIAL, al-lO'di-al, ac(j. held inde- 
 pendent of a superior : freehold :— op- 
 posed to Feudal. 
 
 ALLODIUM, al-16'di-um, n. freeho.d es 
 tate : land held in tlie possession of the 
 owner mthout being subject to a feudal 
 superior. [Low L. allodium, most prob. 
 from Ice. aldr, old age, and othal, a home- 
 stead ; alda-othal, a property of ages.] 
 
 ALLOMORPHIC, al-16-mor'flk, ad^. per- 
 taining to or possessing the quahties of 
 allomorphism.
 
 ALLOMORPHISM 
 
 11 
 
 ALTO 
 
 ALLOMORPHISM, al-lo-mor'flzm, n. that 
 property of certain substances of assum- 
 ing a different form, the substance i-e- 
 maining otherwise unchanged. [Gr. alios, 
 other, and morphe. form.] 
 
 ALLOMORPHITE, al-lo-mor'fit, n. a va- 
 riety of barji;a having the form and 
 cleavage of anhydrite. 
 
 ALLOPATHY, al-lop'arthi, n. a name given 
 by homeopathists to the current or or- 
 thodox medical practice. — adj. Allo- 
 PATmc— >t. Allop'athist. [See Home- 
 opathy.] 
 
 AT LOT. al-Iot', r\f. to divide as by lot: to 
 distribute in portions : to parcel out : — 
 jM'.jj. allotting : pa.j). allott'ed. [L. ad, 
 to. and Lot.] 
 
 ALLOTMENT, al-lot'ment, 71. the act of 
 allotting : part or share sJlotted. 
 
 ALLOTRIOPHAGY, al-lot'ri-of'a-gi, n. 
 in (lied, a depraved appetite for some par- 
 ticulai' article of food or for noxious or 
 not eatable substances. [Gr. allotrios, 
 belonging to another, and phago, to eat.] 
 
 ALLOraOPY, al-lot'ro-pi, n. the property 
 in some elements, as Carbon, of existing 
 in more than one form. [Gr. alios, an- 
 other, and tropos, form.] 
 
 ALLOW, al-lo\v', v.t. to grant : to permit : 
 to acknowledge : to abate. [Fr. allouer, 
 to grant — L. ad, to, and loco, to place. — 
 Allow, in the sense of approve or saric- 
 tion, as used in B. and by old writers, 
 has its root tn L. laitdo, to praise.] 
 
 ALLOWABLE, al-low'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be allowed : not forbidden : lawful. — 
 adv. Allow' ABLY. — n. Allow'ableness. 
 
 ALLOWANCE, al-low'ans, n. that which 
 is allowed : a stated quantity : abate- 
 ment. 
 
 ALLOY, al-ioi', v.t. to mix one metal with 
 another : to reduce the purity of a metal 
 by mixing a baser one with it. — ti. a mix- 
 ture of two or more metals (when mer- 
 cury is one of the ingredients, it is an 
 AlIALaAM) : a baser metal mixed with a 
 finer : anything that deteriorates. [Fr. 
 aloi, standard of metals, aloyer. It. alle- 
 gare, to alloy — L. ad legem, according to 
 law.] 
 
 ALL-SAINTS'-DAY, awl-sants'-da, n. No- 
 vember 1, a feast of the Roman Catholic 
 Church in honor of all (lie saints. [See 
 All-hallows.] 
 
 ALL-SOULS'-DAY, awl-solz'-da, n. the 
 second day of November, a feast of the 
 Roman Catholic Church held to pray for 
 all souls in purgatory. 
 
 ALLUDE, al-lud', v.i. to mention sUghtly 
 in passing : to refer to. [L. ad, a,t,liido, 
 . liisum, to play.] 
 
 ALLURE, al-lur', v.t. to draw on as by a 
 lure or bait : to entice. [L. ad, to, and 
 Lltie.] 
 
 ALLURE, al-lar', n. same as Allurement. 
 Longfellow. (Rare.) 
 
 ALLURING, al-lui-'ing, adj. enticing. — 
 adv. Alluk'ikgly. — n. Allure'ment. 
 
 ALLUSION, al-lu'zhun, n. an indirect ref- 
 erence. 
 
 ALLUSIVE, aJ-lus'iv, adj. alluding to : 
 hinting at : referring to indirectly. — adv. 
 Allusively. 
 
 ALLUVIUM, al-lu'vi-um, n. the mass of 
 water-borne matter deposited by rivers 
 on lower lands: — pi. Alld'vlj.. — adj. 
 ALLu'vLiL. [L. — alluo, to wash to or on 
 — ad, and lHO=^lavo, to wash.] 
 
 ALLY, al-li', v.t. to form a relation by 
 marriage, friendship, treaty, or re.sem- 
 blance :—pa.p. allied'. [Fr. — L. alligo, 
 -are — ad, ligo, to bind.] 
 ALLY, al-ir, n. a confederate : a prince or 
 state united by treaty or league -.—pi. 
 Allies'. 
 
 ALMANAC, al'mA-nak, n. a register of the 
 days, weeks, and months of the year, 
 
 etc. [Fr. — Gr. almenichiaka (in Euse- 
 bius), an Egj-ptian word, prob. sig. " daUy 
 observation of things." 
 
 ALMIGHTY, awl-mit'i, adj. possessing aU 
 might or power : omnipotent. — The Al- 
 snciHTY, God. 
 
 ALMIGHTYSHIP, awl-mit-i-sliip, n. the 
 state or quaUty of being almighty : om- 
 nipotent. Cowley. 
 
 ALMOND, a'mund, n. the fruit of the 
 almond-tree. [Fr. amande — L. amygda- 
 lum — Gr. amygdale.} 
 
 ALMONDS, a'mundz, n.pl. the tonsils or 
 glands of the throat, so called from their 
 resemblance to the fruit of the almond- 
 tree. 
 
 ALMONER, al'mun-er, n. a distributer of 
 alms. 
 
 ALMONRY, al'mun-ri, n. the place where 
 alms are distributed. 
 
 ALMOST, awl'most, adv. nearly. [Prefix 
 al, quite, and Most.] 
 
 ALMS, amz, n. reUef given out of pitv to 
 the poor. [A.S. oelmcesse, through late 
 L., from Gr. eleemosyne — eleos, compas- 
 sion.] 
 
 ALMS-DEED, amz'-ded, n. a charitable 
 deed. 
 
 ALMS-HOUSE, amz'-hows, n. a house en- 
 dowed for the support and lodging of 
 the poor. 
 
 ALMUG, al'mug, n. a tree or wood men- 
 tioned in the Bible, kind imcertain. 
 [Heb.] 
 
 ALNASCHARISM, al-nas'ker-izm, n. an 
 action or conduct like that of Alnaschar, 
 the hero of a well-known story in the 
 " Arabian Nights " ; anj'thing done dur- 
 ing a daj^- dream or reverie. "With 
 maternal alnascharism she had, in her 
 reveries, thrown back her head with dis- 
 dain, as she repulsed the famUv advances 
 of some wealthy but low-born "heiress." — 
 Miss Edgeworth. 
 
 ALOE, al'o, M. a genus of plants with 
 juicy leaves yielding the gum called 
 aloes. [Gr. atoe.] 
 
 ALOES, al'oz, n. a purgative drag, the 
 juice of several species of aloe. 
 
 ALOFT, a-loft', adv. on high : overhead : 
 (naut.) above the deck, at the mast-head. 
 [Prefix a ( — A.S. ov), on, and Loft.] 
 
 ALONE, al-ou', adj. single : solitai-y. — adv. 
 singly, by one's self. [Al (for All), 
 quite, and Oxe.] 
 
 ALONG, a-long', adv. by or through the 
 length of: lengthwise: throughout :, on- 
 ward : (fol. by with) in company of. — 
 prep, by the side of : near. [A.S. and- 
 lang — prefix and-, against, and Long.] 
 
 ALOOF, a-l66f , adv. at a distance : apart. 
 Used as a prep, in old authors. [Prefix 
 a ( — A.S. on), on, and LoOF. See Loop, 
 Luff.] 
 
 ALOUD, a-lowd', adv. with a loud voice : 
 loudly. [From A.S. on, on, and hlyd, 
 noise, Ger. laut. See Loud.] 
 
 ALOW, a-lo', adv. in a low place :^opp. to 
 Aloft. 
 
 ALP, alp, n. a high mountain : — pi. Alps, 
 specially apphed to the lofty mountain- 
 ranges of Smtzerland. [L.-— Gael, alp, a 
 mount;un : allied to L. albus, white — 
 wliite with snow.] 
 
 ALPACA, al-pak'a, n. the Peruvian sheep, 
 akin to tlie llama, having long silken 
 wool : cloth made of its wool. [Peru- 
 vian.] 
 
 ALPEN-STOCK, alp'n-stok, n. a long stick 
 or staff used by travellers in climbing the 
 Alps. [Ger.] 
 
 ALPHA, al'fa, n. the first letter of the 
 Greek alphabet : the first or beginning. 
 [Gr. alpha — Heb. aleph, an ox, the name 
 of the first letter, which in its original 
 figure resembled an ox's head.] 
 
 ALPHABET, al'fa-bet, n. the letters of a 
 
 language arranged tn the usual order. [Gr. 
 alp}ia,l)eta, the first two Greek letters.] 
 
 ALPHABETIC. -AL, al-fa-bet'Lk, -al, adj. 
 relating to or in the order of an alphabet. 
 — adv. Alphabet'ically. 
 
 ALPINE, alp'in or alp'in, adj. pertaining 
 to the Alps, or to any lofty mountains : 
 very high. 
 
 ALREADY, awl-i-ed'i, adv. previously; or 
 before the tftiie specified. 
 
 ALREADY, awl-red'i, adj. existing now : 
 being at the present time or for some 
 time past : present. " Lord Hobart and 
 Lord Fitzwilliam are both to be earls to- 
 morrow ; the former, of Buckingham, 
 the latter by his already title."— S Wal- 
 pole. 
 
 ALSO, awl'so, adv. in like manner : further. 
 [All, quite, just ; so, in that or the same 
 manner.] 
 
 ALTAR, awlt'ar, n., a. high place on which 
 sacrifices w ere anciently offered : in 
 Christian churches, the communion 
 table : (jig.) a place of worship. [L. 
 altare — altus. high.] 
 
 ALTARPIECE, awlt'ar-pes, n. a painting 
 or decorations placed over an altar. 
 
 ALTER, awl'ter, v.t. to make other or dif- 
 ferent : to change : to geld, as animals 
 (Amer.).— r.z. to become different : to 
 vary. [L. alter, other, another — al (root 
 of alius, other), and the old comparative 
 suflnx -ter=E. -ther.] 
 
 ALTERABLE, awl'ter-a-bl, adj. that may 
 be altered. — adv. Al'terably. 
 
 ALTERATION, awl-ter-a'shun, n. change. 
 
 ALTERATIVE, awl'ter-at-iv, adj. having 
 power to alter. — n. a medicine that 
 makes a change in the \'ital functions. 
 
 ALTERCATE. jU'ter-kat, v.i. to dispute or 
 wrangle. [L. altercor. -catus, to bandy 
 words from one to the other (aWer).] 
 
 ALTERCATION, al-ter-ka'shun, n. conten- 
 tion : controversv. 
 
 ALTERN ANTHERA, awl-ter-nan'ther-a. n. 
 a genus of plants belonging to Amaran- 
 thace<e, so called from the staraens being 
 alternately fertile and barren. Thej' 
 have opposite leaves, and small tribrac- 
 teate flowers, arranged in heads. Sev- 
 eral species are grown in gardens for the 
 sake of their riclily-colored fohage. 
 
 ALTERNATE, al'ter-nat or al-tePnat, v.t. 
 to cause to follow by turns or one after 
 the other. — v.i. to happen by turns : to 
 follow eveiy other or second time. [L. 
 alter, other.] 
 
 ALTERNATE, al-tei-'nat, adj., one after the 
 other : by turns. — adv. Alter'nately. 
 Old spelling, Altern for both adj. and 
 adv. Milton. 
 
 ALTERNATION, al-ter-na'shun, n. the act 
 of alternating: interchange. 
 
 ALTERNATIVE, al-ter'nat-iv, adj. offering 
 a choice of two things. — n. a choice be- 
 tween two things. — adv. Alter'na- 
 titely. 
 
 ALTERNIZE, al-ter-niz', v.t. to cause to fol- 
 low alternately : to alternate. "A tete- 
 a-tete altemized with a trio by my son." 
 Miss Burney. (Rare.) 
 
 ALT-HORN, alt'horn, n. a musical instru- 
 ment of the sax-horn famUy, often i-e- 
 E lacing the French horn m military 
 ands. 
 
 ALTHOUGH, awl-^/jo', conj. admitting aU 
 that : notwithstanding that. [See 
 Though.] 
 
 ALTIFY, al'ti-fl, v.t. to heighten: to exag- 
 gerate. (Rare.) "Every county i» 
 given to magnify — not to say altify — 
 their own things therein." — Fxdler. 
 
 ALTITUDE, alt'i-tud, n., height. [L. 
 
 altitudo — alius, high.] 
 ALTO, alt'o, n. (orig.) the highest part 
 sung by males : the lowest voice in 
 women. [It. — L. altus, high.]
 
 ALTOGETHER 
 
 12 
 
 AMICABLE 
 
 ALTOGETHER, awl-too-g'ef/t'er, adv., all 
 together : wholly : completelj* : without 
 exception. 
 
 ALTO-RELIEVO, ALTO-RILIEVO, alt'o- 
 re-le'vo, n., high relief : flgm-es projected 
 by at least half their thickness from the 
 ground on which they are sculptured. 
 [It. alto, bJgh. See Relief.] 
 
 4LTRU1SM, al'troo-ism, n. the principle of 
 li\'ing and acting for the interest of 
 others. [L. alter, another.] 
 
 ALUM, al'uiu, ii. a mineral salt, the double 
 sulphate of alumina and potash. [L. 
 dlunien.] 
 
 ALUMINA, al-u'min-a, ALTBIINE, al'u- 
 min, H. one of the earths : the characteris- 
 tic ingredient of common clay. Alumina 
 is a compound of alumiuiuin and oxy- 
 gen. [L. alumen, alum.] 
 
 ALUMINOUS, al-u'min-us, adj. containing 
 alum, or alumina. 
 
 ALUMINUM, al-u'min-ura, ALUMINIUM, 
 al-u-min'i-um, n. the metallic base of 
 alumina, a metal reserabhng silver, and 
 remarkable for its lightness. 
 
 ALUMNUS, al-um'nus, n. one educated 
 at a college is caUed an alumnus of that 
 coUege •.—pi. Alum'OT. [L. from alo, to 
 nom-ish.] 
 
 ALWAYS, awl'waz.ALWAY, awl'wa, adv. 
 tlirough all ways : continually : forever, 
 
 AM, am, the first person of the verb To he. 
 [A.S. eom ; Gr. eimi ; Lat. sum for esum ; 
 Sans, asmi — as, to be.] 
 
 AJLilN, a -man', adv., with main or 
 strength : with sudden force. [Pfx. a 
 and Main.] 
 
 AMALGAM, a-mal'gam, n. a compound of 
 mercury with another metal : any soft 
 mixture. [L. and Gr. malagma, an emol- 
 lient — Gr. malasso, to soften.] 
 
 AM ILGAMATE, a-maFgam-at, v.t.to mix 
 mercury with another metal : to com- 
 pound. — v.i. to unite in an amalgam : to 
 blend : to intermarry, as the black and 
 white races. (Amer.) 
 
 AMALGAMATION, a-roaJ-gam-a'shun, n. 
 the blending of different things. 
 
 AJL4.NTJENSIS, a-man-ii-en'sis, n. one who 
 wi-ites to dictation : a copyist : a secre- 
 tary. [L. — ab, tvow, and mantis, the 
 hand.] 
 
 AMARANTH, -US, a'mar-anth, -us, n. a 
 genus of plants with richly colored flow- 
 ers, that last long; without withering, as 
 Love-lies-bleeding. [Gr. amarantos, un- 
 fading — a, neg., and root mar, to waste 
 away ; allied to Lat. mori, to the.] Old 
 form, Amarint. Milton. 
 
 AMARANTHINE, a-mar-anth'in, adj. per- 
 "taining to amaranth : unfading. 
 
 AJVIASS, a-mas', v.t. to gather in large 
 quantity : to accumulate. [Fr. amasser 
 — L. ad, to, and massa, a mass.] 
 
 AMATEUR, am-at-ar', n. one who culti- 
 vates a particular study or art for the 
 love of it, and not professionally. [Fr. — 
 L. a mato r, a lover — amo, to love.] 
 
 AMATIVE, am'at-iv, adj., relating to love: 
 amorous. [From L. amo, -atum, to love.] 
 
 AMATIVENESS, am'at-iv-nes, n. propen- 
 sity to love. 
 
 AMATORY, am'at-or-i, adj., relating to, or 
 causing love : affectionate. 
 
 AJMA^E, a-maz*, v.t. to put the mind in a 
 viaze: to confound \vith surprise or 
 wonder. — n. astonishment : perplexity. 
 [Prefix a, and Maze.] 
 
 ILMAZE, a mas', v.i. to wonder : to be 
 amazed. 
 
 Madam, amaze not; see his majesty 
 
 Return'tl with crlory from the Holy Land, — Peele. 
 
 AMA2rEDNESS, "a-maz'ed-nes, AMAZE- 
 MENT, a-maz'ment, n. a feeling of sur- 
 prise mixed ^vith wonder. 
 
 AMAZINQ,a-maz'ing,j9.acy.causing amaze- 
 ment : astonishing. — adv. Amaz'inoly. 
 
 AMAZON, am'az-on. n. one of a fabled 
 nation of female warriors : a masculine 
 woman : a virago. [Ety. dub., perhaps 
 from Gr. a, priv., mazos, a breast ; they 
 were said to cut off the right breast that 
 they might use their weapons more 
 freely.] 
 
 AMAZONIAN, am-az-Cn'ian, adj. of or like 
 an Amazon : of masculine manners: war- 
 like. 
 
 AMBASSADOR, am-bas'a-dur, n. a diplo- 
 matic minister of the highest order sent 
 by one sovereign power to another.— /enj. 
 AlIBASS'ADKESS. — adj. Ambassador'ial. 
 [It. ambasciadore, L. ambactus, derived 
 by Grimm from Goth, aiidbalits, a ser- 
 vant, whence Ger. amt, office.] 
 
 AMBER, am'ber, «. a yellowish fossil resin, 
 used in making ornaments. [Fr. — Ar. 
 anbar.] 
 
 AMBERGRIS, amTjer-grfs, n. a fragrant 
 substance, of a gray color, found on the 
 sea-coast of warm countries, and in the 
 intestines of the spermaceti whale. [Am- 
 ber and Fr. gris, gray.] 
 
 AMBIDEXTER, amb'i-deks'ter, n. one who 
 uses both hands with equal facility : a 
 double-dealer.— ady. AMBroEX'TROUS. [L. 
 ambo, both, dexter, right hand.] 
 
 AMBIENT, amb'i-ent, adj., going round: 
 surrounding : investing. [L. ambi, about, 
 iens, ientis, pr.p. of eo, to go.] 
 
 AMBIGXHTY, amb-ig-u'i-ti, AMBIGUOUS- 
 NESS, amb-ig'ti-us-nes, n. uncertainty or 
 doubleness of meaning. 
 
 AMBIGUOUS, amb-ig'u-us, adj. of doubt- 
 ful signification : equivocal. — adv. AM- 
 biq'UOUSLY. [L. ambiguus — ambigo, to 
 go about — ambi, about, ago, to drive.] 
 
 AMBITION, amb-ish'un, n. the desire of 
 power, honor, fame, excellence ; also, 
 grudge, spite (Amer.). [L. ambitio, tlie 
 going about, i.e., the canvassing for 
 votes practiced by candidates for office in 
 Rome — ambi, about, and eo, itum, to go.] 
 
 A3IBITI0NIST. ain-bi'shon-ist, ?i. an ambi- 
 tious person : one devoted to self-aggi-an- 
 dizement. " A selfish ambitionist and 
 quack. " — Carlyle. 
 
 AMBITIOUS, amb-ish'us, adj. full of ambi- 
 tion : desirous of power : aspiring : indi- 
 cating ambition. — adv. Ambi'tiously. — 
 n. Ambi'tiousness. 
 
 AMBLE, am'bl, v.i. to move as a horse by 
 lifting botli legs on each side alternatelj' : 
 to move affectedly. — (i. a pace of a horse 
 between a trot and a walk. [Fr. ambler 
 — L. ambulo, to walk about.] 
 
 AMBLER, am'bler, n. a horse that ambles. 
 
 AMBROSIA, am-bro'zloi-a, n. the fabled 
 food of the gods, which conferred im- 
 mortality on those who partook of it. 
 [L. — Gr. ambrosios=ambrotiis. immortal 
 — a, neg., and brotos, mortal, for mrotos. 
 Sans, mrita, dead — mri (L. mori), to die.] 
 
 A5IBR0SIAL, am-bro'zlii-al, adj. fragrant : 
 delicious. — adv. Ambro'stat.t.Y. 
 
 AMBROSIAN, am-bro'zlii-an, adj. relating 
 to ambrosia: relating to St. Ambrose, 
 bishop of Milan in the 4th century. 
 
 AMBRY, am'bri, n. a niche in churches in 
 which the sacred utensils were kept : a 
 cupboard for Nnctuals. [O. Fr. armarie, 
 a repository for arms ; Fr. armoire, a 
 cupboard — L. armarium, a chest for arms 
 — arma, arms.] 
 
 AMBULANCE, amTjul-ans, n. a carriage 
 which serves as a movable Ijospital for 
 the wounded in battle. [Fr. — lu ,ambu- 
 tans, -antis, pr.p. of ambulo, to walk 
 about.] 
 
 AMBULATORY, am'bul-at-or-i. adj. hav- 
 ing the power or faculty of walking: 
 moving from place to place, not station- 
 ary. — n. any part of a Duilding intended 
 for walking^in, as the aisles of a church. 
 
 AliUBUSCAJDE, am'busk-ad, n. a hiding to 
 
 attack by surprise : a body of troops Ir 
 concealment. [Fr. embus,-. i.le — It. t»t- 
 boscare, to he in ambusli — iw in ind 
 bosco, a wood, from root of Bdsh.J 
 
 A-MBUSH, am'boosh, n. and v. same mean- 
 ings as Ambuscade. [0. Fr. embmche 
 See AMBUSCi>E.] 
 
 AMEER, a-mer', n. a title of honor, also < f 
 an independent ruler in Mohammodar 
 countries. [Ar. amir. See Admiral.] 
 
 AMELIORATE, a-mel'yor-at, v.t., to make 
 better : to improve. — v.i. to grow better 
 — adj. Amel'iorative. — n. Ameliora' 
 TION. [L. ad, to, and melior, better.] 
 
 AMEN, a'men', ii'men', int. so let it be ', 
 [Gr. — Heb. amen., firm, true.] 
 
 A3IEN, a'men, v.t. 1, to say amen to: to 
 approve : to homologate. (Rare.) " Is 
 there a bishop on the bench that has not 
 amen'd the humbug in lus lawn sleeves, 
 and called a blessing over the kneeUng 
 pair of perjurers ? " — ThacKeray. 2, to 
 end : to finish. " This very evening 
 have I ainen'd the volume." — Southey, 
 
 AMENABLE, a-men'a-bl, adj. easy to be 
 led or governed : liable or subject to. — 
 adv. Ajcen'ably. — ns. Amenabil'ity, 
 Amen'ableness. [Fr. amener, to lead— 
 a=L. ad, and mener, to lead — Low L 
 minare, to lead, to drive (as cattle) — L 
 minari, to threaten.] ■ 
 
 AMEND, a-mend', v.t. to correct : to im- 
 prove. — v.i. to grow or become better. — 
 adj. Amend' ABLE. [Fr. amender for emen- 
 der — L. emendo, -are, to remove a fault 
 — e, ex, out of, and menda, a fault.] 
 
 AMENDMENT, a-mend'ment, n. correc- 
 tion : improvement. 
 
 AMENDS, a-mendz', n.pl. supply of a loss 
 compensation. 
 
 AMENITY, am-en'i-ti, 7i.,jp?easa7i<?ifo',<, a* 
 regards situation, climate, manners, ^i. 
 disposition. [Fr. atnenite — L. amoiniKu! 
 — amoenus, pleasant, from root of amo 
 to love.] 
 
 AMERCE, a-mers', v.t. to punish by a fine 
 [O. Fr. amercier, to impose a fine— L 
 iiiercc.s. wages, fine.] 
 
 AMERCEMENT, a-mers'ment, n. a penal- 
 ty inflicted. 
 
 AMERICAN, a-mer'ik-an, adj., pertaining 
 to America, especially to tne United 
 States. — n. a native of America. [From 
 America, so called accidently from Amer- 
 igo Vespucci, a navigator who explored 
 part of the continent after its discovery 
 by ColumhusJ 
 
 A3iERICANIZE, armer'ik-an-iz, v.t. to ren- 
 der American. 
 
 AMERICANISM, a-mer'ik-an-izm, n. a 
 word, phrase, or idiom peculiar to Amer-* 
 leans. 
 
 AMETHYST, a'meth-ist, n. a bluish-violet 
 variety of quartz of which drinking-cups 
 used to be made, which the ancients 
 supposed prevented drunkenness. — ac^j. 
 Amethyst DTE. [Gr. amethystos — a, neg., 
 inethyo, to be drunken — methu, wine, 
 Eng. mead. Sans, madhu, sweet.] 
 
 AMIABILITY, am-i-a-bU'i-ti, A3IIABLB 
 NESS, am'i-a-bl-nes, n. quality of being 
 a.miable, or of exciting love. 
 
 AMIABLE, am'i-a-bl, adj., lovable: worthj 
 of love. — adv. A'miably. [Fr. amiable 
 friendly — L. amicabilis, from amicus, a 
 friend ; there is a confusion in meanicp 
 vrith Ft. aimable, lovable — L. amabilis- 
 amo, to love.] 
 
 AMIANTHUS, a-mi-anth'us, n. the fines*, 
 fibrous variety of asbestus; it can \>^ 
 made into cloth which when stained ;s 
 readily cleansed by fire. [Gr. amiantott, 
 unpoliutable — a, neg., and miaino t<? 
 soil.] 
 
 AMICABLE, am'lk-arbl, adj., friendly. - 
 adv. Am'icably. — ns. AMiCABn.'rrY, Ajf- 
 ICAbleness. [L. amicabilis — amo.tolove.l
 
 AMICE 
 
 13 
 
 ANATHEMA 
 
 A-lMICE. am'is, n. a flowing cloak formerly 
 worn by priests and pilgrims : a linen 
 garment worn by priests about the 
 shoulders while celebrating mass. [O. 
 Fr. amis, amict — L. amictus — amicio, to 
 wrao about — amb, about, and jacio, to 
 throw.] 
 
 OIID. a-mid', AMIDST, a-midst', prep. , in 
 the middle or midst : among.^ — adv. Amid'- 
 SHIPS. half-way between the stem and 
 stern of a ship. [Prefix a, on, in, and 
 A.S. mid, middle.] 
 
 AMIR, a-mer'. Same as Ameer. 
 
 AMISS, a-mis', adj. in error : wrong. — adv. 
 in a faulty manner. [a, on, and Ice. 
 viissa, a loss. See Miss.] 
 
 A3IITY, am'i-ti, n..friendshi2): good-wUl. 
 [Fr. amitie^ami — L. amicus, a friend. 
 See AmcABLE.] 
 
 A5IMIRAL, am'mi-ral, n. admiral ; also a 
 sliip. (Obs.) 
 
 A3IMONIA, am-mon'-i-a, n. a pimgent gas 
 jdelded by smeUing-salts, and by burning 
 feathers, etc. [From sal-ammoniac, or 
 smelling-salts, first obtained near the 
 temple of Jupiter Ammon.] 
 
 AMMONIAC, -AL, am-monl-ak, -i'ak-al, 
 adj. pertaining to or having the proper- 
 ties of ammonia. 
 
 AMMONITE, am'mon-Tt, n. the fossil shell 
 of an extinct genus of mollusks, so called 
 because they resembled the horns on the 
 statue of Jupiter Amnion, worshipped as 
 a ram. 
 
 AMMUNITION, am-mun-ish'un, n. any- 
 thing used for munition or defence: 
 military stores, esp. powder, balls, bombs, 
 etc. [L. ad, for, munitio, defence — munio, 
 to defend.] 
 
 AMNESTY, am'nest-i, n. a general pardon 
 of political offenders. [Gr. a-mnestos, 
 not remembered.] 
 
 AMCF.RA, a-meb'a, n. a microscopic animal 
 capable of undergoing many changes of 
 form at will i^pl. Amceb'^. [Gr. ameibo, 
 to change.] 
 
 AMCENOMANIA,a/-me'no-ma'ni-a,n. a form 
 of mania in which the hallucinations 
 are of an agreeable nature. [L. amcenus, 
 pleasant, and Gr. mania, madness.] 
 
 AMONG, a-mung', AMONGST, a-mungst', 
 prep, of the number of : amidst. [A.S. 
 on-gemang — mcengan, to mingle.] 
 
 AMOROUS, am'or-us, adj. easily inspired 
 with love : fondly in love : relating to 
 love.— adv. Am'orously. — n. Am'orous- 
 NESS. [L. amor, love.] 
 
 AMORPHOUS, a-morfus, adj. without 
 regular shape, shapeless. [Gr. a, neg., 
 and morphe, form.] 
 
 AilOUNT, a-mownt', v.i. to mount or 
 rise to : to result in. — n. the whole sum : 
 the effect or result. [O. Fi-. amonter, to 
 ascend — L. ad, to, mons, a mountain.] 
 
 AMOUR, am-o6r', n. a love intrigue. [Fr. 
 — L. amor, love.] 
 
 AMPHIBIA, am-fl'bi-a, AMPHIBIALS or 
 AMPHIBIANS, n.pl. animals capable of 
 livingboth under water and on land. — adj. 
 Amphi'bious. [Gr. amphi, both, bios, life.] 
 
 AMPHIBLASTIC, am-fi-blas'tik, adj. in 
 physiol. a term apphea to the series of 
 ova intermediate between the holoblastio 
 or mammalian ova, and the meroblastic, 
 or ova of birds or reptiles. 
 
 'iMPHICTYONIC, am-fik-ti-on'ik, adj. 
 The Amphictyonic Council was an old 
 Greek assembly composed of deputies 
 from twelve of the leading states. [Gr. 
 amphiktyones, orig. dub.] 
 
 AMPHIGORIC, am-fl-gor'ik,adj.of,relating 
 to, or consisting of amphigory : absurd : 
 nonsensical. 
 
 AMPHIGORY, am'fl-gor-i, n. a meaning- 
 less rigmarole : nonsense verses or the 
 like : a nonsensical parody. [Fr. amphi- 
 gouri.'\ 
 
 AMPHISB^NA, am-fis-be'na, n. a serpent 
 that can go both ways, forward or back- 
 ward. [Gr. amphis, amphi, on both 
 sides, baino, to go or walk.] 
 
 AMPHITHEATRE, am-fi-the'a-ter, n. an 
 oval or ciicular edifice having rows of 
 seats one above another, around an open 
 space, called the arena, in which public 
 spectacles were exhibited : anything like 
 an amphitheatre in form. [Gr. amphi, 
 round about, theatron, a place for seeing- 
 — fheaomai, to see.] 
 
 AMPLE, am'pl, adj. spacious : large 
 enough : liberal. — adv. Aja'PLY. — n. Asi'- 
 PLENESS. [L. amphis, large.] 
 
 AMPLIFICATION, am'pli-fl-ka'shim, n. 
 enlargement. 
 
 AMPLIFY, am'pli-fi, v.t. to make more 
 copious in expression : to add to. [L. 
 amphis, larg-e, and f ado, to make.] 
 
 AMPLITUDE, am'pli-tud, n. largeness : 
 the distance from the east point of a 
 horizon at which a heavenly body rises, 
 or from tlie west point at which it sets. 
 
 AMPUTATE, am'put-at, v.t. to cut off, as a 
 Hmb of an animal. — n. Amputa'tion. 
 [L. amb, round about, jmto, to cut.] 
 
 AMRITA, am're-ta, n. in Hindu myth, the 
 ambrosia of the gods : the beverage of 
 immortality, that resulted from the 
 churning of the ocean by the gods and 
 demons. [Sans. amritam,,ivom o, priv., 
 and mri, to die ; akin to L. mors, death. 
 See Mortal.] 
 
 AMUCK, a-muk', adv. wildly : madly. 
 [Malay, amok, intoxicated or excited to 
 madness.] 
 
 AMULET, am'u-let, n. a gem, scroll, or 
 other object carried about the person, as 
 a charm against evil. [L. amidetum, a 
 word of unknown origin ; curiously like 
 the mod. Ar. himalah, -at, lit. "a car- 
 rier," often applied to a shoulder-belt, by 
 which a small Koran is hung on the 
 breast.] 
 
 AMUSE, a-miiz', v.t. to occupy pleasantly : 
 to beguile with expectation. [Fr. 
 amitser. 1 
 
 AMUSEMENT, a-muz'ment, n. that which 
 amuses : pastime. 
 
 AMUSING, a-niuz'ing, adj. affording 
 amusement : entertaining. — adv. Amus- 
 ingly. 
 
 AMYLOID, am'il-oid, n. a half-gelatinous 
 substance Uke starch, found in some 
 seeds. [Gr. amylon, the finest flour, 
 starch ; lit. " unground " — a, neg., myle, 
 a mill, and eidos, form.] 
 
 AN, an, adj., one: the indefinite article, 
 used before words beginning \vith the 
 sound of a vowel. [A.S. an. See One.] 
 
 AN, an, co?y. if. [A form of And.] 
 
 ANA, a'na, a suffix to names of persons or 
 places, denoting a collection of memora- 
 ble sayings, as Johnsoniana, sayings of 
 Dr. Johnson. [The neuter plural termi- 
 nation of L. adjectives in -a?M/.s=portain- 
 ing to.] 
 
 ANABAPTIST, an-a-bapt'ist, n. one who 
 holds that baptism ought to be admin- 
 istered only to adults (by immersion), 
 and therefore that those baptized in in- 
 fancy might to be baptized again. — n. 
 Anabapi'ism. [Gr. ana, again, baptizo, 
 to dip in water, to baptize.] 
 
 ANACHORISM, a-nak'o-rizm, n. something 
 not suited to or inconsistent with the 
 country to which it is referred. J. R. 
 Lowell. [Modelled on anachronism, from 
 Gr. ana, here implving error or diverg- 
 ence, and (4i6ra, a country.] 
 
 ANACHRONISM, an-a'kron-izm, n. an error 
 in regard to time, whereby a thing is 
 assigned to an earlier or to a later age 
 than what it belongs to.— adj. AnaCHRON- 
 iST'ir. [Gr. ana, backwards, chronos, 
 time, j 
 
 ' live " — " evil." — adj. Ana- 
 -AL. [Gr. ana, again, grapho, 
 
 adj. pertaining to or near 
 
 ANACONDA, an-a-kon'da, n. a large snake, 
 a species of boa, found in South America, 
 
 ANACREONTIC, an-a-kre-ont'ik, adj. after 
 the manner of the Greek poet Anacreo7i : 
 free. 
 
 AN.<EMIA, an-em'i-a, n. a morbid want of 
 blood: the condition of the body after 
 great loss of blood. [Gr. a, an, neg. 
 haima, blood.] 
 
 ANESTHETIC, an-es-thet'ik, adj. produc- 
 ing insensibility. — n. a sulistance, as 
 chloroform, that produces insensibility. 
 [Gr. a, an, neg., aisthesis, sensation — 
 aisihanomai, to feel.] 
 
 ANAGLYPH, an'a-ghf, n. an ornament 
 carved in relief. — adj. Anaglypt'ic. [Gr. 
 ana, up, glyphb, to carve.] 
 
 ANAGRAM, an'a-gram, ?i. a word or sen- 
 tence formed by rewriting (in a different 
 order) the letters of another word or sen- 
 tence : 
 
 QRAMMAT'IC, - 
 
 to write.] 
 
 ANAL, an'al, 
 the anus. 
 
 ANALGESIA, an-al-je'si-a, n. in pathol. 
 absence of pain whether in health or 
 disease. Dunglison. [Gr. an, priv., and 
 algos, pain.] 
 
 ANALOGICAL, an-a-loj'ik-al, adj. having, 
 or according to, analogy. 
 
 AJSTALOGOUS, an-a'log-us, adj. having 
 analogy : bearing some resemblance to : 
 similar. 
 
 ANALOGUE, an'a-lCg, n. a word or body 
 bearing analogy to, or resembling an- 
 other: (o»ia<.) an organ which performs 
 the same function as another, though 
 differing from it in structure. [See 
 HOMOLOGDE.] 
 
 ANALOGY, an-a'lii-ji, n. an agreement or 
 correspondence in certain respects be- 
 tween things otherwise different : rela« 
 tion in general : likeness. [Gr. ana 
 according to, and logos, ratio.] 
 
 ANALYZE, an'a-liz, v.t. to resolve a whole 
 into its elements : to separate into com- 
 ponent parts. — adj. Analyz'able. [Gi-. 
 ajia, up, lyb, to loosen.] 
 
 ANALYSIS, an-a'lis-is, n. a resolving or 
 separating a thing into its elements or 
 component parts -.^pl. Ana'l"^"pes. [See 
 Analyze.] 
 
 ANALYST, an'al-ist, n. one skilled in 
 analysis. 
 
 ANALYTIC, -AL, an-a-lit'ik, -al, adj. per- 
 taining- to analysis : resolving into first 
 principles. — adv. Analyt'ically. 
 
 ANAPEST, an'a-pest, n. (in verse) a foot 
 consisting of three sjdlables, two short 
 and the third long, or (in Eng.) two un- 
 accented and the third accented, as ap- 
 pre-hend'. [Gr. anapaistos, reversed, 
 because it is the dactyl reversed.] 
 
 ANAPESTIC, -AL, an-a-pest'ik, -al, adj. 
 pertaining to or consisting of anapests. 
 
 ANAPHRODISIA, an-af'ro-diz'i-a, n. the 
 absence of venereal power or desire : im- 
 potence. [Gr. an, priv., and aphrodisios, 
 venereal, from Apthrodite, the Greek 
 goddess of love.] 
 
 ANAPODEICTIC, an-ap'o-dik'tik, adj. in- 
 capable of being demonstrated. [Gr. an, 
 priv., and apodeiktikos, demonstrable.] 
 
 ANAPTOTIC, an-ap-tot'ik, adj. in philol. 
 appUed to languages which have a tend- 
 ency to lose the u.^e of inflections. [Gr 
 ana, back, a.nA ptosis, inflection.] 
 
 ANARCHIST, an ark-ist, n. one who pro- 
 motes anarchy. Old form ANARCH. 
 
 ANARCHIZE, an'ar-klz, v.t. to put into a 
 state of anarchy or confusion. 
 
 ANARCHY, an'ark-i, n. the ivant of gov- 
 ernment in a state : political confusion. — 
 adjs. Anaboh'ic, Anarch'ical. [Gr. a, 
 an, neg., arche, government.] 
 
 ANATHEMA, an-a'tliem-a, n. (orig.) an
 
 a:^athematize 
 
 14 
 
 ANKLE 
 
 offering made and set up in a temple : an 
 ecclesiastical curse : anj' person or thing 
 anathematized. [Gr. ana, up, tithemt, 
 to set.] 
 
 AXATHEMATIZE. an-a'them-at-Iz, v.t. to 
 pronounce accursed. 
 
 ANATOMIC, -AL, an-a-tom'ik, -al, adj. re- 
 lating to anatomy. 
 
 4JX ATOMIZE, an-a'tom-Iz, i:t. to dissect a 
 body : (Hg.) to lay open minutely. [From 
 
 ASATOMT.] 
 
 ANATOMIST, an-a'tom-ist, n. one skilled 
 in anatomy. 
 
 ANATOJIY, an-a'tom-i, n. the art of dis- 
 secting- any organized body : science of 
 the structure of the body learned by dis- 
 section. [Gr. ana, up, asunder, temno, 
 to cut.] 
 
 AKBURY, an'ber-i, n. a disease in turnips, 
 in wliich the root becomes divided into 
 a number of parts — hence the popular 
 name Fingers and Toes. [Fi-om A.S. 
 ainpre, a crooked swelling vein.] 
 
 ANCESTOR, an'ses-tur, n. one from whom 
 a person has descended : a forefather. — 
 fern. An'cesteess. — adj. Ances'tral. [O. 
 Ft. ancestre — L. antecessor — ante, before, 
 cedo. cessum, to go.] 
 
 ANCESTRY, an'ses-tri, n. a line of ances- 
 tors : hneage. 
 
 ANCHOR, angk'ur, n. a hooked iron instru- 
 ment that holds a ship by sticking into 
 the ground : (fig.) anything that gives 
 stability or security. — v.t. to fix by an 
 anchor : to fasten. — v.i. to cast anchor : 
 to stop, or rest on. [Fr. ancre — L. ancora 
 — Gr. angkyra, from angkos, a bend — root 
 angk. bent. Conn, with Akgie.] 
 
 ANCHORAGE, ang-k'ur-aj, n. grovmd for 
 anchoring : duty imposed on ships for 
 anchoring. 
 
 ANCHORET, angTior-tt, ANCHORITE, 
 ang'kor-it, n. one who has withdi-awn 
 from the world : a hermit. [Gr. anacho- 
 retes — aiia. apai-t, chOreo, to go.] 
 
 ANCHORITISH, ang-ko-rit'ish, adj. of or 
 pertaining to an anchorite, or his mode 
 of life : anchoretic. " Sixty years of 
 religious reverie and anchoritish self- 
 denial." — De Quincey. 
 
 ANCHORITISM, angTio-rlt-izm, n the 
 state of being secluded from the world : 
 the condition of an anchorite. 
 
 ANCHORLESS, ang'ker-les, adj. being 
 without an anchor : hence, dinfting : un- 
 stable. " My homeless, anchorless, un- 
 supported nund." — Charlotte Bronte. 
 
 ANCHOVY, an-cho^a, n. a small fish of 
 the herring- kind from which a sauce is 
 made. [Sp. and Port, anchova; Fr. an- 
 chois. Of doubtful ety.] 
 
 ANCIENT, an'shent, adj. old : belonging 
 to former times. — n.pl. .An''cients, those 
 who lived in remote times : in i?., elders. 
 — adv. AN'crENTLY. — a. An'cientn'ess. 
 [Ft. ancien — Low L. antiamis, old — L. 
 ante, before, prob. conn, -with And. See 
 Antiqife.] 
 
 ANCIENT, an'shent, n. (obs.) a fiag or its 
 bearer : an ensign. [Corr. of Fr. eii- 
 seigne. See Ensign.] 
 
 ANCILLARY, an'sil-ar-i, adj. subservient. 
 [L. ancllla, a maid-servant.] 
 
 ANCORIST, ang'ko-rist, n. one withdra-wn 
 from the world : a hermit : an anchoret, 
 or anchoress. " A woman lately turned 
 an ancorist." — Fuller. 
 
 AND, and, conj. signifies addition, and is 
 ased to connect words and sentences : in 
 M.E. it was used for if. [A.S., and in 
 the other Teut. lang. : prob. allied to L. 
 (nite. Gr. an ft, over against.] 
 
 ANDANTE, an-dan'te, adj., going easily: 
 moderately slow : expressive. [It. — an- 
 dare, to go.] 
 
 ANDIRON, andl-urn, n. the iron bars 
 which support the ends of the logs in 
 
 a wood-fire, or in which a spit turns. 
 [Ety. dub.] 
 
 ANECDOTAL, an'ek-dot-al, ANT:CD0TI- 
 CAL, an-ek-dot'i-kal, adj., in the form of 
 an anecdote. 
 
 ANECDOTARIAN, an'ek-do-ta'ri-an, n. one 
 who deals in or retails anecdotes : an an- 
 ecdotist. " Our ordinary anecdotarians 
 make use of Ubels." — Hoger yorth. 
 
 ANECDOTE, an'ekdot, n. an incident of 
 private life : a short story. [Gr., not 
 published — a. an, neg., and efcdofos, pub- 
 lished — ek, out, and didomi, to give.] 
 
 ANELE, an-el', v.t. to anoint with oil: to 
 administer extreme unction. [A.S. on- 
 elan — on, on, and ele, oil.] 
 
 ANEJIOMETER, a-nem-om'et-er, n. an in- 
 strument for measuring the force of the 
 u-ind. [Gr. anemos, wind, and Meter.] 
 
 ANEMONE, a-nem'o-ne. n. a plant of the 
 crowfoot family. [Said to be from Gr. 
 anemos, v\'ind, because some of the spe- 
 cies love exposed situations.] 
 
 ANEROID, an'e-roid, adj. noting a barom- 
 eter by which the pressm-e of the air is 
 measured urithout the use of liquid or 
 quicksilver. [Gr. a, neg., neros. wet.] 
 
 ANETIC, a-net'jk, adj. in med. reliev-ing or 
 assuaging pain : anodyne. [Gr. anetikos, 
 relaxing.] 
 
 ANEURISM, an'iir-izm, n. a soft tumor, 
 arising from the widening up or dilata- 
 tion of an artery. [Gr. aneurisma — ana, 
 up, eurys, wide.] 
 
 ANEW, a^nii', adc. afi-esh : again. [M. E. 
 of-new — A.S. of. Of, and New.] 
 
 ANGEL, an'jel, n. a di\dne messenger : a 
 ministering spu-it : an old E. coin^lOs., 
 bearing the figru-e of an angel. — adjs. 
 Angeuc, an-jel'ik, Angel'ical. — ach\ 
 Angel'ically. [Gr. angelos, a messen- 
 ger. ] 
 
 ANGELHOOD, an'jel-hod, n. the state or 
 condition of an angel : the angelic nature 
 or character. E. B. Browning. 
 
 ANGELOLATRY, an-jel-ol'a-tri, n. the 
 worship of angels. [E. angel, and Gr. 
 latreia, worship.] 
 
 ANGER, ang'ger, n. a strong passion ex- 
 cited bj' injury. — v.t. to make angiy. 
 [Ice. angr : alUed to ANGUISH.] 
 
 ANGEVIN, an'je-vin, adj. of or pertaining 
 to Anjou, a former pro-vince in the north- 
 west of France. 
 
 ANGINA, anj-i'na, n. applied to disea.ses in 
 which a sense of tightening or suffoca- 
 tion is a prominent symptom. [L. See 
 Anguish.]^ 
 
 ANGLE, ang'gl, n. a corner: the point 
 where two lines meet : (geom.) the in- 
 clination of two straight Unes which 
 meet, but are not in the same straight 
 line. [Fr. — L. angulus: cog. with Gr. 
 angkylos : both from root angk, ak, to 
 bend, seen also in ANCHOR, j\jrKLE.] 
 
 ANGLE, ang'gl, n., a hook or bend : a flsh- 
 ing-rod with line and hook. — v.i. to flsh 
 with an angle. — v.t. to entice : to try to 
 
 fain by some artifice. [A.S. angel, a 
 ook. allied to Anchor.] 
 ANGLER, ang'gler, n. one ■\\'ho fishes with 
 
 an angle. — Angling, ang'gling, n. ths 
 
 art or practice of fishing with an angle. 
 ANGLICAN, ang'glik-an, adj., English. 
 
 [See Engush.J 
 ANGLICANISM, an^'glik-an-izm, n. at- 
 tachment to English institutions, esp. 
 
 the English Church : the principles of 
 
 the EngUsh Chiu-ch. 
 ANGLICISM, ang'glis-izra, n. an English 
 
 idiom or peciiliarity of language. 
 ANGLICIZiS, ang'glis-Iz, v.t. to express in 
 
 English idiom. 
 ANGLO-, ang'gl©, pfx., English — used in 
 
 composition : as Anglo-Sa.ron, etc. 
 ANGLOMANIA, ang"'glo-man'i-a, n. a 
 
 mania for what is English : an indiscrim- 
 
 inate admiration of English instiiu^ 
 tions. 
 
 ANGLO-SAXON, ang'glo-saks'un, adj ap- 
 plied to the earhest form of the English 
 language : the term Old English is no\» 
 preferred by some. 
 
 ANGRY, ang^gri, adj. excited -with angei : 
 inflamed. — ANGRILY, ang'gri-h, adv. 
 
 ANGUISH, ang'g%%-ish, n. excessive pain o? 
 body or mind : agonj'. [Fr. angoisse — L. 
 angustia, a strait, straitness — ango, to 
 press tightly : to .strangle. See Anger.] 
 
 ANGULAR, ang'gul-ar, adj. having an 
 an angle or corner : (fig.) stiff in man- 
 ner : the opposite of ea,sy or graceful. — 
 ?!. Axgclae'ity. 
 
 ANIGHTS, a^nlts', adv., of nights, at night. 
 
 ANILE, an'Q, adj. old-womanish : imbecile. 
 — Anility, an-il'i-ti, n. [L. anus, an old 
 woman.] 
 
 ANILINE, an'il-in, n. a product of coal-tar, 
 extensively used in dyeing. [Anil, an 
 indigo plant, from -which also it is made.] 
 
 ANBIAJDVERSION, an-im-ad-ver'shun, n. 
 criticism, censure, or reproof. 
 
 ANIJIADVERT, an-im-ad-vert', v.i. to 
 criticise or censure. [L., to turn the 
 mind to — animus, the mind, ad, to, and 
 verto, to turn.] 
 
 ANIMAL, an'im-al, n. an organized being, 
 having hfe, sensation, and voluntai-y 
 motion : it is distinguished from a plant, 
 which is organized and has life, but not 
 sensation or volimtary motion ; the name 
 sometimes implies the absence of the 
 higher facidties peculiar to man. — adj. 
 of or belonging to animals : sensual. [L. 
 — anima, air, life, Gr. anemos, wind — ao. 
 aemi. Sans, an, to breathe, to blow.] 
 
 ANDIALCULE, an-im-al'kul, n., a sjnall 
 animal, esp. one that cannot be seen by 
 the naked eye : — pi. Anhsial'ccles, or 
 ANUlAi'cTJLA. [L. animalculum, dim of 
 animal.] 
 
 ANIMALISM, an'im-al-izm, n. the state of 
 being actuated by animal appetites only -. 
 sensuahtv. 
 
 ANIMATE' an'im-at, v.t. to give life to : 
 to enliven or inspirit. — adj. hving^ : pos- 
 sessing animal life. [See ANrMALr] 
 
 ANIMATE, au'i-mat, v.i. to become en- 
 livened or exhilarated : to rouse. " Mr. 
 Arnott, animating at this speech, glided 
 behind her chair." — Miss Burney. 
 
 ANIMATED, an'im-at-ed, ac^. lively : fuU 
 of spirit. 
 
 ANBl A,TION, an-im-a'shun, n. liveliness : 
 vigor. 
 
 ANIMISM, an'im-izm, n. theory -n'hich re- 
 gards the belief in spirits, that appear in 
 di-eams, etc., as the germ of religious 
 ideas. [L. anima, the soul.] 
 
 ANIMOSITY, au-im-os'i-ti, n. bitter ha- 
 tred : enmity. [L. animositas, fullness 
 of spirit. See ANIMAL.] 
 
 ANIMUS, an'im-us, n. intention : spirit : 
 prejudice against. [L. animus, spirit, 
 soul, as dist. from anima, the mere life. 
 See Antmal.] 
 
 ANISE, an'is, n. aromatic plant, the seeds 
 of which are used in making cordials. 
 'Gr. anvion.] 
 
 SOMETRIC, a-nrs5-met'rik, adj. a 
 term applied to crystals which are de- 
 veloped dissimilarly in the three axiaJ 
 directions. [Gr. anisos, unequal, and 
 metron, a measure.] 
 
 ANISOTROPE, an'i-86-tr6D, ANISOTROP- 
 IC, an'i-so-trop'ik, adj. na-ving different 
 properties in different directions : not 
 isotropic : a^olotropic. 
 
 ANKER, angk'er, n. a liquid measure used 
 on the continent, formerly in England, 
 varying from about seven to nine gallons. 
 
 rput.] 
 
 ANKLE, angkl, n. the joint between the 
 foot and leg, forming an an^le or bend..
 
 ANKLET 
 
 15 
 
 ANTHROPOID. 
 
 [AM. anclecnr, cog. with G«r. enkel, and 
 conn, with A>'GLE.] 
 
 ANKLET, angk'let, n. an ornament for the 
 ankle. 
 
 ANNA, an'a, ?i.. an Indian coin worth 3 cts. 
 
 ANNALIST, an'al-ist, n. a writer of annals. 
 
 ANNALS, an'alz, n.pl. records of events 
 under the years in which they happened: 
 vear-books. [L. annales — annus, a yeai'.] 
 
 ASNEAL. an-el', i:t. to temper glass or 
 metals by subjecting- them to great heat 
 and gradually cooling : to heat in order 
 to fix colors on, as glass. — n. AskeajJisg, 
 [A.S. ancdan, to set on fire — celan, to 
 burn.] 
 
 ANNELIDA, an-el'i-da, n. a class of ani- 
 mals having a long body composed of 
 numerous rings, as worms, leeches, &c. 
 [L. annellus, dim. of annulus, a ring.] 
 
 ANNEX, an-neks', v.t. to add to the end: 
 to affix. — n. something added. [L. — ad, 
 to, necto. to tie.] 
 
 ANNEXATION, an-neks-a'shun, n. act of 
 annexing. 
 
 ANNIHILATE, an-nl'hU-at, v.t. to reduce 
 to nothing : to put out of existence. [L. 
 ad, to, nihil, nothing.] 
 
 ANNIHILATION, an-nl-hU-a'shun, n. state 
 of being reduced to nothing : act of de- 
 stro\'ing. 
 
 ANNI\T;RSAEY, an-m-vers'ar-i, adj., re- 
 turning or happening every year; annual. 
 — n. the day of the year on which an 
 event happened or is celebrated. [L. an- 
 7UIS, a year, and verto, versum, to turn.] 
 
 ANNOlliNATE, an-nom'in-at, v.t. to name: 
 especially, to give a punning or allit- 
 erative name to. (Rare.) "How then 
 shall these chapters be annominated f " — 
 Soiithey. 
 
 ANNOTATE, an'not-at, v.t., to make notes 
 upon. [L. annoto — ad, to, noto, -atum, 
 to markV) 
 
 ANNOTATION, an-not-a'shim, n. a note of 
 explanation : comment. 
 
 ANNOTATOR, an-not-at'ur, n. a writer of 
 notes : a commentator. 
 
 ANNOUNCE, an-nowns', v.t. to declare : to 
 give pubUc notice of.-^7i. Aknounce'ment. 
 [Ft. annoncer, L. anminciare—ad, to, 
 7iunc'o, -are, to deUver news.] 
 
 ANNOY, an-noi', v.t. to trouble : to vex : 
 to tease : — pr.p. Annoy'ing ; 2}<^-P- ■^- 
 noyed'. [Ft. ennuyer, It. annoiare — L. 
 in odio es.ie, to be hateful to.] 
 
 ANNOYANCE, an-noi'ans, n. that which 
 annoys. 
 
 ANNUAL, an'nu-al, adj., yearly: coming 
 every year : requiring to be renewed 
 every year. — n. a plant that lives but 
 one year : a book published yearly. — adv. 
 An'xuallt. [L. annualis — annus, a 
 vearj 
 
 ANNUITANT, an-nu'it-ant, n. one who re- 
 ceives an annuity. 
 
 ANNUITY, an-nu i-ti, n. a sura of money 
 myable yearly. [L. annus, a year.] 
 
 ANNUL, an-nul', v.t. to make null, to re- 
 duce to nothing : to abolish : — pr.p. An- 
 ntjll'inq : 2>(i-P- ArornuLED'. [Fr. annuler 
 — L. ad, to, nullus, none.] 
 
 ANNULAR, an'nul-ar, adj. ring-shaped. 
 [L, annulus or anulus, a ring — dim. of 
 anus, a rounding or ring.] 
 
 ANNULulTED, an'nul-at-ed, adj. formed or 
 di\'ided into rings. [L. See ANNULAR.] 
 
 ANNUNCIATION, an-nun-si-a'shun, n. the 
 act of announcing. — Annunciation-day, 
 the anniversary of the Angel's salutation 
 to the Virgin Mary, the asth of March. 
 [L. See Announce.] 
 
 ANODYNE, an'o-din, n. a medicine that al- 
 lays paia. [Qr.a, an, neg.,and odj^ie.pain.] 
 
 ANOINT, an-oint', v.t., to smear with oint- 
 ment or oil : to consecrate with oU. [O. 
 Fr. enoindre — L. inungo, inunctum — m, 
 and ungo, to smear.] 
 
 ANOINTED (the), an-oint'ed, n. the Mes- 
 siah. 
 
 ANOMALOUS, an-om'al-us, adj. irregular : 
 deviating from rule. [Gr. atiomalos — a, 
 an, neg., and homatos, even — homos, 
 same.] 
 
 ANOMALY, an-om'al-i, n. irregiUarity : 
 deviation from rule. [See Anomalous.] 
 
 ANON, an-on', adv., in one (instant): im- 
 mediate!}'. 
 
 ANONYME, an'on-im, n. an assumed or 
 false name. [See Anonymous.] 
 
 ANONYMITY, an-on-im'i-ti, n. the quality 
 or state of being anonymous. 
 
 ANONYMOUS, an-on'im-us, adj., icanting 
 a name : not having the real name of the 
 author. — adv. Anon'ymously. [Gr. ano- 
 nymos — a, an, neg., and onoma, name.] 
 
 ANOTHER, an-uWi'er, adj. not the same : 
 one more : any other. [A.S. an, one, 
 and Other.] 
 
 ANSERINE, an'ser-in or -in, adj., relating 
 to the goose or goose-tribe. [L. anser; 
 cog. with E. Goose (wliich see), Sans. 
 hamsa.Y 
 
 ANSEROUS, an'ser-us, adj. of or pertain- 
 ing to a goose or geese : like a goose : 
 hence, foohsh : silly : suuple. Sydney 
 Smith. 
 
 ANSWER, an'ser, v.t. to reply to : to sat- 
 isfy or solve : to suit. — v.i. to reply : to 
 be accountable for : to correspond. — n. 
 a reply : a solution. [Lit. " to swear 
 again-st," as in a trial by law, from 
 A.S. and-, against, sicerian, to swear.] 
 
 ANSWERABLE, an'ser-a-bl, adj. able to 
 be answered : accountable : suitable : 
 equivalent. — adv. -An'swerably. 
 
 ANT. ant, n. a small insect : the emmet. — 
 n. Ant'hill, the hillock raised by ants to 
 form their nest, [A contr. of Emmet — 
 A.S. cemete.] 
 
 ANTACID, ant-as'id, n. a medicine which 
 counteracts acidity. [Gr. anti, against, 
 and Acid.] 
 
 ANTAGrONISM, ant-ag'on-izm, jj,, a con- 
 tending or strugghug against: opposi- 
 tion. [Gr. anti, against-— ogon, contest. 
 See Agony 1 
 
 ANTAGONLST, ant-ag'on-ist, n., one who 
 contends or struggles with another: an 
 opponent. [Gr. antagonistes. See An- 
 tagonism.] 
 
 ANTAGONIST, an-tag^on-ist, ANTAGON- 
 ISTIC, ant-ag-on-ist'ik, adj. contending 
 against, opposed to. 
 
 ANTAGHDNIZE, ant-ag'o-nlz, v.t. to act in 
 opposition to : to counteract : to hinder. 
 (Rare.) ' ' The active principle of valerian 
 root is . . . found to greatly deaden the 
 reflex excitabiUty of the spinal cord, thus 
 antagonizing the operation of strych- 
 nine." — Amer. Ency. 
 
 ANTARCTIC, ant-arWik, adj., opposite the 
 Arctic : relating to the south pole or to 
 south polar regions. [Gr. antt, opposite, 
 and Arctic] 
 
 ANTE, an'te, n. a bet placed in opposition 
 to the dealer's bet in playing the game 
 of poker — hence to ante, to bet. 
 
 ANTECEDENT, an-te-sed'ent, adj., going 
 before in time : prior. — n. that wliicn pre- 
 cedes in time : (gram.) the noun or pro- 
 noun to whicli a relative pronoun refers : 
 — pi. previous principles, conduct, his- 
 tory, etc. — adv. Anteced'ently. — n. 
 Anteced'ence. [L. ante, before, cedens, 
 -entis ; pr.p. of cedo, eesstan, to go.] 
 
 AIsTTECHAMBER, an'te-cham-ber, n. See 
 Anteroom. 
 
 ANTE-CHOIR, an'te-kwTr, n. in arch. 
 that part between the doors of the choir 
 and the outer entrance of the screen, 
 under the rood-loft, forming a sort of 
 lobby or vestibule. Ency. Brit. Called 
 also FoRE-CHom. 
 
 ANTEDATE, an'te-dat, v.t., to date before 
 
 the true time : to anticipate. [L. ante, 
 before, and Date.] 
 
 ANTEDILUVIAN, an-te-di-lu'vi-an, adj. 
 existing or happening before the Deluge 
 or the Flood. — n. one who Jived before 
 tlie Flood. [See Deluge.] 
 
 ANTELIOS, an-te'h-os, n. the position of a 
 heavenly body when opposite or over 
 against the sun : used also adjectively 
 [Gr. antelios. opposite the sun — anti 
 against, and helios, the sun.] 
 
 AINTELOPE, an'te-lop, n. a quadruped in 
 termediate between the deer and goat. 
 [Etv. dub.l 
 
 ANTEMERIDIAN, an-te-me-ri'di-an, adj., 
 before midday or noon. [See Meridian.} 
 
 ANTE>-NAVE, au'te-nav, n. in at-ch. same 
 
 as Galilee (which see). 
 AJ^TENN^, an-ten'e, n.pl. the feelers or 
 horns of insects. [L. antenna, the yard 
 or beam of a sail.] 
 
 ANTENUPTIAL, an-te-nupsh'al, a(^:, be- 
 fore nuptials or meirriage. [L. ante, 
 before, and Nuptial.] 
 
 ANTEPENULT, an-te-pen-ult', n. the syl- 
 lable before the penult or next ultimate 
 syllable of a word ; the last syllable of a 
 word but two. — adj. Antepenult'imate. 
 [L. ante, before, and Penult.] 
 
 ANTERIOR, an-te'n-or, adj., before, in 
 time, or place : in front. [L., comp. of 
 ante, before.] 
 
 ANTEROOM, an'te-room, n., n room before 
 another : a room leading into a principal 
 apartment. [L. ante, before, and Room.] 
 
 ANTHELIOS, an-the'li-os, n. same as Ante- 
 lios. 
 
 ANTHELSUI^IC, an-thel-mint'ik, adj., 
 destroying or expelling worms. [Gr. 
 anti, against, and helmins, helmintos. a 
 wonn.J 
 
 ANTHEM, an'them, n. a piece of sacred 
 music sung in alternate parts : a piece ot 
 sacred music set to a passage from Scrip 
 ture. [A.S. antefeu — Gr. antiphona— 
 anti, in return, phone, the voice.] 
 
 ANTHEjM, an'them, v.t. to celebrate ci 
 s;ilute with an anthem or song. Keats. 
 
 ANTHER, au'ther, n. the top of the sta- 
 men in a flower, which contains the pollen 
 or fertilizing dust. [Gr. antheros, flow- 
 ery, blooming.] 
 
 ANT-HILL. See under Ant. 
 
 ANTHOGRAPHY, an-thog'ra-fl, n. that 
 branch of botany which treats of flow- 
 ers : a description of flowers. [Gr. an- 
 thos, 3 flower, and graphs, description.] 
 
 ANTHOID, an'thoid, adj. having the form 
 of a flower : resembling a flower. [Gr. 
 anthos, a flower, and etdos, form.] 
 
 ANTHOLOGY, an-thol'oj-i, jj. (lit.) a 
 gathering or collection of jloivers : a col- 
 lection of poems or choice literai-y ex- 
 tracts. — adj. Antholog'ical. [Gr. an- 
 thos, a flower, lego, to gather.] 
 
 ANTHRACITE, an'thias-it, 71, a kind of 
 coal that burns without flame, etc. [Gr. 
 anthrax, coal.] 
 
 ANTHRAX, an'thraks, n. a malignant boil : 
 a splenic fever of sheep and cattle. [L. — 
 Gr. anthra.r, c oal. ] 
 
 ANTHROPOCENTRIC,an-thr5'po-sen'trik, 
 adj. appellative of or pertaining to any 
 theory of tlie universe or solar system in 
 whicli man is Iield to be the ultimate end, 
 and in which he is assumed to be the 
 chief or central part of creation. [Gr, 
 anthropos. a man, and kentron, a centre] 
 
 ANTHROPOGENIC, an-thro'po-je'nik, adj. 
 of or pertaining to actlu'opogeny. 
 
 ANTHROPOGENY, an-thro'poi'en-i, n. 
 the science of the origin and develop- 
 ment of man. [Gr. anthropos, man, 
 and gennao, to beget.] 
 
 ANTHROPOID, an'throp-oid, adj., in the 
 form of or resembling man, [Gr. OTt- 
 thropos, man, eidos, form.]
 
 ANTHROPOLOGY 
 
 IG 
 
 APHASLl 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGY, an-thiop-oroj-i, n. the 
 natural history of maa in its widest 
 sense, treating of his relation to the 
 brutes, the different races, etc. — adj. 
 A:<thropolog'ical. [Gr. aHthrdpos,ma.n, 
 and logos, discoavse— lego, to say.] 
 
 A.NTHROPOMORPHISM, an-throp-o- 
 morf'izm, n. the representation of the 
 Deity in the form of man or with bodily 
 parts : the ascription to the Deity of hu- 
 man affections and passions. — adj. An- 
 THROPOMORPH'IC. [Gr. anthropos, man, 
 morphe. form.] 
 
 AXTHROPOPHAGI. an-throp-of'aj-i, n.jil, 
 man-eaters, cannibals. — ANTHROPOPHAG- 
 OUS, an-throp-of'ag-us, adj. [Gr. anthro- 
 pos, man. phago. to eat.] 
 
 ANTHROPOPHAGY, an-throp-ofaj-i, n. 
 cannibalism. 
 
 ANTIANARCHIC, an'ti-an-ar'kik, adj. op- 
 posed to anarchy or confusion. "Your 
 antianarehic Girondins." — Carlyle. 
 
 ANTIC, ant'ik, adj. odd : ridiculous. — n. 
 a fantastic figure : a buffoon : a trick. 
 [Fr. antique—^, antiquus, ancient — ante, 
 before. Doublet of Antique.] 
 
 ANTICHRIST, an'ti-krist, )(. the great op- 
 poser of Christ and Christianity. [Gr. 
 anti. against, and Christ.] 
 
 ANTICHRISTIAN, an-ti-krist'yan, adj. re- 
 lating to Antichrist : opposed to Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 ANTICIPATE, an-tis'ip-at, v.t. to be before- 
 hand with (another person or thing), to 
 forestall or preoccupy : to foresee. [L. 
 anticipo, -atum — ante, before, capio, to 
 take.] 
 
 ANTICIPATION, an-tis-ip-a'shun, n. act of 
 anticipating : foretaste : previous no- 
 tion : expectation. — adj. Anti'cipatory. 
 
 ANTICLIMAX, an-ti-kllm'aks, n., the op- 
 posite of climax : a sentence in which the 
 ideas become less important towards the 
 close. [Gr. anti, against, and CiXMAX.] 
 
 ANTICLINAL, an-ti-klin'al, adj , sloping 
 in opposite directions. ^n. (geol.) the line 
 from which the strata descend in op- 
 posite directions. [Gr. anti, against, 
 kiiiio, to lean.] 
 
 ANTICYCLONE, an'ti-sl-klon, n. a meteor- 
 ological phenomenon presenting some 
 features opposite to those of a cyclone. 
 It consists of a region of high barometric 
 pressure, the pressure being greatest in 
 the centre, with light winds flowing out- 
 wards from the centre, and not inwards 
 as in the cyclone, accompanied with great 
 cold in winter and with great heat in 
 summer. 
 
 ANTIDOTE, an'ti-dot, n. that which is 
 given against anything that would pro- 
 duce bad effects : a counter-poison : (Jig.) 
 anytliing that prevents evil. — adj. An'ti- 
 DOT.vL. [Gr. antidotes — anti, against, 
 diilo)ni. to o;ive.] 
 
 ANTILOGOUS, an-tQ'o-gus, adj. in elect. 
 applied to that pole of a crystal which is 
 negative when being electrified by heat, 
 and afterwards, when cooUng, positive. 
 
 AJ^IMONY, an'ti-mun-i, n. a brittle 
 white-colored metal much used in the 
 arts and in medicine. — adj. Antimon'ial. 
 [Ety. dub.] 
 
 ^JNTINOMIAN, an-ti-nom'i-an, n. one who 
 holds that the law is not a rule of life 
 undei' the Gospel. — adj. against the law : 
 pertaining to the Antinomians. — n. Anti- 
 som'ianism. [Gr. anti, against, nomos, a 
 lawj 
 
 ANTIPATHY, an-tip'ath-i, ?!. disUke : re- 
 pugnance : opposition. — adj. Antipa- 
 thet'ic. [Gr. anti, against, pathos feel- 
 
 ANTIPHLOGISTIC, an-ti-floj-ist'ik, adj., 
 acting against heat, or inflammation. 
 [Gr. anti, against, phlogiston, burnt — 
 phlego, to burn.] 
 
 ANTIPHON, an'tU-6n, ANTIPHONY, an- 
 tif'6n-i, 71., alternate chanting or singing. 
 [Gr. anti, in return, and phone, voice. A 
 doublet of Anthem.] 
 
 ANTIPHONAL, an-tif'6n-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to antiphony. — n. a book of anti- 
 phons or anthems. 
 
 ANTIPODES, au-tip'od-ez, n.pl. those liv- 
 ing on the other side of the globe, and 
 whose feet are thus opposite to ours. — 
 adj. Antip'odal. [Gr. anti, opposite to, 
 2MUS, podos, a foot.] 
 
 ANTIPOPE, an'ti-pop, n. an opposition 
 pope : a pretender to the papacy. [Gr. 
 anti, against, and Pope.] 
 
 ANTIQUARY, an'ti-kwar-i, n. one who 
 studies or collects ancient thing-s : one 
 skilled in antiquities. — adj. Antiquarian, 
 an-ti-kwar'i-an. — n. Ajjtiquar'ianism. 
 [From Antique.] 
 
 ANTIQUATED, an'ti-kwat-ed, adj., groim 
 old, or out of fashion : obsolete. 
 
 ANTIQUE, an-tek', adj. ancient : old-fash- 
 ioned. — n. anj^thiug very old : ancient 
 relics. — n. Antique'ness." [Fr. — L. an- 
 tiquum, old, ancient — ante, before.] 
 
 ANTIQUITY, an-tik'wi-ti, n., ancienttimes: 
 great age : a relic of the past. 
 
 ANTISABBATARIAN, an-ti-sab-at-a'ri-an, 
 n. one who opposes the observance of 
 the Lord's day with the strictness of the 
 Jewish Sabbath. [Gr. a7iti, against, and 
 Sabbatarian.] 
 
 ANTISCORBUTIC, an-ti-skor-but'ik, adj. 
 acting against scurvy. — n. a remedy for 
 scurvy. [Gr. anti, against, and SCOR- 
 BUTIC.] 
 
 ANTISEPTIC, an-ti-sept'ik, adj. and n., 
 counteracting putrefaction. [Gr. anti, 
 against, and sepo, to make putrid.] 
 
 ANTISTROPHE, an-tis'trof-e, n. (poet.) 
 the stanza of a song alternating with 
 the strophe. [Gr. anti, against, and 
 Rtropftp 1 
 
 ANTITHESIS, an-tith'e-sis, n. a figure in 
 which thoughts or words are set in con- 
 trast : opposition -.—pi. Antith'eses, -sez. 
 — adj. Antithetic, -al. — adv. Antiteth'- 
 ICALLY. [Gr. anti, against, tithemi, to 
 place.] 
 
 ANTI-TRADE, an'ti-trad, n. a name given 
 to any of the upper tropical winds wliich 
 move northward or southward in the 
 same manner as the trade-winds, which 
 blow beneath them in the opposite direc- 
 tion. These great aerial currents descend 
 to the surface, after they have passed the 
 limits of the trade-winds and form the 
 south-west, or west-south-west winds of 
 the north temperate, and the north-west, 
 or west-north-west winds of the south 
 temperate zones. 
 
 ANTITYPE, an'ti-tip, n. that which corre- 
 sponds to the type : that which is pre- 
 figured bj' the tj-pe. [Gr. anti, corre- 
 sponding to, and Type.] 
 
 ANTLER, ant'ler, n. the branch of a stag's 
 horn. — adj. Ant'lered. [Ety, dub.] 
 
 ANTONY''-OVER, an'to-ni-6ver, n. a game 
 at ball played by two parties of boys on 
 opposite sides of a schoolhouse, over 
 which the ball is tlu-own. (Amer.) 
 
 ANTOZONE, ant'6-zon, n. a compound for- 
 merly supposed to be a modification of 
 oxygen, and to exhibit qualities directly 
 opposed to those of ozone, but now known 
 to be the peroxide of hydrog-en. 
 
 ANUS, an'us, n. the lower orifice of the 
 bowels. [L., for as-nus, "sitting-part," 
 from root as, to sit.] 
 
 ANVIL, an'^^l, n. an iron block on which 
 smiths hammer metal into shape. ['A.S. 
 anjilt, on Jilt— on Jillan, to strike down 
 or fell. See FELL, v.t.'] 
 
 ANXIETY, ang-zi'e-ti, n. state of being 
 anxious. 
 
 ANXIOUS, angk'shus. adj. uneasy regard- 
 
 ing something doubtful : solicitous. — n. 
 An'xiocsness. — adv. An'xiously. PL. 
 anxius — ango, to press tightly. Se« i 
 Anger, Anguish.] " 
 
 ANY, en'ni, adj., one indefinitely: some: 
 whoever. — adv. An'ythinq (B.), at all.— 
 An'ywise, in any way. [A.S. oenig — an, 
 one.] 
 
 ANYBODY, en'ni-bo-di, n. 1, any one per 
 son : as, anybody can do that. — 2, a well- 
 known person : a person of importance 
 or celebritj' : as, is he anybody ? [Colloq.] 
 
 ANYONE, en'ni-wun, n. any person : any- 
 body. 
 
 ANYRATE, en'ni-rat, n. used only in the 
 phrase at anyrate : that is, whatever con- 
 siderations are to be taken account of : 
 under any circumstances : whatever else : 
 as, you at anyrate need not reproach 
 me : he was going there at anyrate. 
 
 ANYWHEN, en'ni-when, adv. at any time. 
 "Anvwhere or anytvhen." — De Quincey. 
 (Rare.) 
 
 ANYWHERE, en'ni-hwar, adv. in any 
 place. 
 
 ANYWHITHER, en'm-h\nth-eT, adv. to 
 any place. 
 
 AOrJlAN, a-6'ni-an, adj. pertaining to 
 Aonia in Greece, or to the Muses sup- 
 posed to dwell there. 
 
 AORIST, a'or-ist, n. the name of certain 
 tenses in the Greek verb expressing in- 
 definite time. — adj. indefinite : undefined. 
 [Gr. aoristos, indefinite — a, priv., and 
 horos, a limit.] 
 
 AORTA, a-or'ta, n. the great artery that 
 rises up from the left ventricle of the 
 heart. — adjs. Aor'tal, Aor'tic. [Gr. 
 aorte — aeiro, to raise up.] 
 
 APACE, a-pas', adv. at a quick pace 
 swiftly : fast. [Prefix a, and Pace.] 
 
 APART, a-part', adv. separately : aside. 
 [Fr. aparte — L. a parte, from the part 
 or side.] 
 
 APARTMENT, a-part'ment, n. a separate 
 room in a house. [Fr. appartement, a 
 suite of rooms forming a complete dwell- 
 ing, tlirough Low L., from L. ad, and 
 partire, to divide — pars, a part.] 
 
 APATHY, ap'ath-i, n.,u-ant of feeling: 
 absence of passion : indifference. — adj. 
 Apathet'ic. [Gr. a, priv., pathos, feel- 
 ing.] 
 
 APE, ap, n. a tailless monkey : a sUly imi- 
 tator. — v.t. to imitate, as an ape. [A.S. 
 apa, Ger. affe.] 
 
 APEAK, a-pek', adv. (naut.) the anchor is 
 apeak when the cable is drawn so as to 
 bring the ship's bow directly over it. [o, 
 on, and Peax.] 
 
 APEDOM. ap'dum, APEHOOD, ap'hud, n. 
 the state of being an ape, or of being 
 apish. "This early condition of ape- 
 dom." — De Quincey. 
 
 There's a do^-faced dwarf 
 That gets to godship somehow, yet retains 
 His apehood. — Broimiing. 
 
 APERIENT, a^pe'ri-ent, adj., opening: 
 mildlj' purgative. — n. any laxative medi- 
 cine. [L. aperio, to open.] 
 
 APERITIVE, a-per'it-iv, n. an aperient. 
 " Gentle aperitives." — Richardson. 
 
 APERTURE, a'pert-ur, n., an opening: a 
 hole. [L. apertura — aperio, to open.] 
 
 APEX, a peks, n., the summit or point :— 
 pi. Apexes, a'peks-ez, Apices, ap'i- 
 sez. [L.] 
 
 APHANAPTERIX, af-an-ap'ter-iks, n. a 
 genus of large RalUne birds, incapable of 
 flight, the remains of which are found in 
 the post-tertiary deposits of Mauritius. 
 They survived into the hiunan period, 
 and were exterminated at a compara- 
 tively late date. [Gr. aphanes, obscure, 
 and pteryz, a wing.] 
 
 APHASIA, a-fa'zi-a, n. in pathol. a symp- 
 tom of certain morbid conditions of the
 
 APHASIC 
 
 17 
 
 APPLE 
 
 nervous system, in which the patient 
 loses the power of expressing icieas by 
 means of words, or loses the appropriate 
 use of words, the vocal organs the while 
 remaining intact and the inteUigence 
 sound. There is sometimes an entire 
 loss of words as connected with ideas, 
 and sometimes only the loss of a few. In 
 one form of the disease, called Aphemia. 
 the patient can tliink and write, but can- 
 not speak ; in another, called Agraphia, 
 he can think and speak, but cannot ex- 
 press his ideas in ^vriting. In a great 
 majority of cases where post-mortem 
 examinations have been made, morbid 
 changes have been found in the left 
 frontal convolution of the brain. [Gr. 
 a. priv., a.nA phasis, speech.] 
 
 APHASIC, a-fa'zik, adj. of or pertaining 
 to aphasia. 
 
 APHASIC, a-fa'zik, n. a person affected 
 with aphasia. 
 
 APHELION, af-el'j-un, n. the point of a 
 planet's orbit farthest away from the sun. 
 
 JGr. apo. from, helios. the sun.] 
 •HELIOTROPISM, af-e'h-ot'ro-pizm, n. 
 in bot. a tendency to turn away from the 
 sun or the hght, as opposed to Helio- 
 TROPISM (which see). Darici7i. [Gr. apo, 
 away from, helios, the sun, and trope, a 
 turning.] 
 
 APHEMIA. a-fe'mi-a, n. in pathol. a form 
 of aphasia in which the patient can 
 think and write, but cannot speak. See 
 Aphasia. [Gr. a, priv., and phemi, I 
 speak.] 
 
 APHERESIS, af-e're-sis, n. the taking of a 
 letter or syllable from the beginning of 
 a word. [Gr. <yJO, from, haireo, to take.] 
 
 APHORISM, af'or-izm, n. a brief pithy 
 saying : an adage. [Gr. aphorizo, to 
 mark ofiF by boundaries — apo, from, and 
 horos, a hmit.] 
 
 APHORIZMING, af-or-iz'ming, adj. much 
 given to the use of aphorisms. "There 
 is no art that hath been more cankered 
 in her principles, more soiled and slab- 
 bered with aphorizming pedantry, than 
 the art of policy." — Milton. 
 
 APHORISTIC, -AL, af-or-ist'ik, -al, adj. m 
 the form of an aphorism. — adv. APHOR- 
 
 LST'ICALLY. 
 
 4PHR0DISIAN, af-ro-diz'i-an, adj. of, or 
 pertaining to, or given up to unlawful 
 sexual pleasures. [Gr. aphrodisios, per- 
 taining to sexual pleasures, from Aphro- 
 dite, the goddess of love.] "Tliey 
 showed me the state nursery for the 
 children of those aphrodisian dames, 
 their favorites." — C. Reade. 
 
 APIARY, ap'i-ar-i, n. a place whe«e hees 
 are kept. [L. apiarium — a2ns, a bee.] 
 
 APIECE, a-pes', adv., in piece: to each. 
 
 APISH, ap'ish, adj. Uke an ape : imitative : 
 foppish.— orfy. Ap'ishly. — n. Ap'ishness. 
 
 APOCALYPSE, a-pok'al-ips, n. the name 
 of the last book of the New Testament. 
 — adj. ApoCjVL,ypt'ic, -al. [Gr., a reve- 
 lation, an uncovering — apo, from, ka- 
 lypto, kalypsu, to cover.] 
 
 APOCOPE, a-polc'op-e, n., the cutting off 
 of the last letter or syllable of a word. 
 [Gr. apo, off, kopto, to cut.] 
 
 AJ'NCEA, ap-ne'a, n. in med. absence of 
 respiration : insensible respiration : as- 
 phyxia. [Gr. a, priv., and pnoie, a 
 breathing, from j^neO, to breathe.] 
 
 APOCRYPHA, a-pok'rif-a, n. certainbooks 
 whose inspiration is not admitted. — adj. 
 Apoc'ryphal. [Gr., "things hidden" — 
 apo. from, krypto, to hide.] 
 
 APOGEE, ap'o-je, n. the point in the 
 moon's orbit furthest axvay from the 
 earth. [Gr. apo. from, ge, the earth.] 
 
 APOGEOTROPISM, ap'o-ge-ot'ro-pizm, n. 
 a tendency to turn or bend in opposi- 
 tion to gra\'ity. or away from the cen- 
 H 
 
 tre of the earth, as opposed to Geotrop- 
 ISM (wliich see). Darwin. [Gr. npo, away 
 from, ge, the earth, and trope, a turning.] 
 
 APOLOGETIC, -AL, a-pol-oj-et'ik, -al, adj. 
 excusing : said or written in defence. — 
 adc. Apoloqet'ically. 
 
 APOLOGETIC, a-pol-oj-et'ik, n. an apol- 
 ogy. • ' Full of deprecatories and apolo- 
 getics." — Roger North. 
 
 APOLOGETICS, a-pol-oj-et'iks, n. branch 
 of theology concerned with the defence 
 of Christianity. 
 
 APOLOGIZE, a-pol'oj-iz, v.i. to make ex- 
 cuse. 
 
 APOLOGIST, a-pol'oj-ist, n. one wno makes 
 an apology : a defender. 
 
 APOLOGUE, a'pol-og, n. a moral tale . <i 
 fable. [Fr. — Gr. apologos, a fable — apo, 
 from, logos, speech.] 
 
 APOLOGY, a-pol'oj-i, n. something spoken 
 to ward off an attack : a defence or justi- 
 fication : an excuse. [Gr. — apo, from, 
 logos, speech.] 
 
 APOPHTHEGM, a'po-them, n. a form of 
 Apothegm. 
 
 APOPLECTIC, -AL, a-po-plekt'ik, -al, adj. 
 of or predisposed to apoplexy. 
 
 APOPLEXY, a'po-pleks-i, n. loss of sensa- 
 tion and of motion by a sudden stroke. 
 [Gr. apoplexia — tqxj, from, away, and 
 plesso, to strike.] 
 
 APOSIOPESTIC, ap'o-si-o-pes'tik, adj. of 
 or pertaining to an aposiopesis. "That 
 interjection of surprise . . . with the 
 aposiopestic break after it, marked thus, 
 g; dc." Sterne. 
 
 APOSTASY, AP'OSTACY, a-post'a-si, n. 
 abandonment of one's reUgion, prin- 
 ciples, or partj'. [Gr. "a standing 
 away " — apo, from, stasis, a standing.] 
 
 APOSTATE, a-post'at, n. one guilty of 
 apostasy : a renegade. — adj. false : trai- 
 torous : fallen. — Apostatize, arpost'at-Iz, 
 v.i. to commit apostasy. 
 
 APOSTLE, a-pos'l, n. one sent to preach 
 the Gospel : speciallj', one of the twelve 
 disciples of Christ. — Apostleship, a-pos'l- 
 ship, n. the office or dignity of an apostle. 
 — Apostooc, -Ai, a-pos-tol'ik, -al, adj. 
 [Gr., one sent away, apo, away, stello, to 
 send.] 
 
 APOSTROPHE, a-post'rof-e, n. (rhet.) a 
 sudden turning away from the subject 
 to address some person or object present 
 or absent : a mark ('), showing the omis- 
 sion of a letter. [Gr. apo, from, and 
 Strophe, a turning/] 
 
 APOSTROPHIZE, a-post'rof-Iz, v.t. to ad- 
 dress by apostrophe. 
 
 APOTHECARY, a-poth'ek-ar-l, n. one who 
 dispenses medicine. [Gr. apotheke, a 
 storehouse — apo, away, and tithemi, to 
 place.] 
 
 APOTHEGM, a'po-them, n. a terse pointed 
 remark : an aphorism. [Gr. apo, fi-om, 
 out, }}hthenr/omai, to speak plainly.] 
 
 APOTHEOSIS, a-po-the'o-sis, n. deifica- 
 tion. [Gr., a setting- aside as a god — apo, 
 away trom what he was, theos, a god.] 
 
 APPAL, ap-pawl', v.t. to terrify : to dis- 
 may.— ^r.jj. appall'ing : jm.p. appalled'. 
 [Ace. to Skeat, from Celtic pall, to 
 weaken, and not from O. Fr. apalir, to 
 grow palej 
 
 APPANAGE, ap'pan-aj, w. a provision for 
 younger sons : aliment. [Fr. apanage — 
 L. ad. and panis, bread.] 
 
 APPARATUS, ap-par-at'us, n. things pre- 
 pared or provided : set of instruments or 
 tools. [L. ad, to, paratus, prepared.] 
 
 APPAREL ap-par'el. n. covering for the 
 body : dress. — v.t. to dress, adorn : — jyr.p. 
 
 suit— pare??, like— L. par, equal, hke.] 
 APPARENT, ap-par'cut, adj. that may be 
 
 seen : evident : seeming. — adv. App.\r'. 
 ENTLT. — n. Appae'entness. [L. ap- 
 parens. See Appear.] 
 
 APPARITION, ap-par-ish'vm, n., an ap- 
 pearance : something only apparent, not 
 real : a ghost. — adj. Appaei'tionai,. [See 
 Appear.] 
 
 APPARITOR, ap-par'it-or, n. an oflficer 
 who attends on a coiu-t or on a magis- 
 trate to execute orders. [L. — root of 
 Appear.] 
 
 APPEAL,, ap-pel', v.i. to call upon, have 
 recourse to : to refer (to a witness Oi 
 superior authority). — v.t. to remove E 
 cause (to another court). — n. act of ap« 
 pealing. — adj. Appeal'able. [L. appello, 
 -atum, to address, call by name.] 
 
 APPi^ALINGNESS, ap-pel'ing-nes, n. the 
 quality of appeaUng or beseeching, as 
 for mercy, aid, sj-mpathy, or the like. 
 "Ready sympathj' . . . nlade him alive 
 to a certain a^ipealingness in her be- 
 ha\'ior towards him ." — George Eliot. 
 
 APPEAR, ap-per', v.i. to become visible : 
 to be present : to seem, though not real. 
 [L. appareo — ad, to, pareo, paritum. to 
 come forth.] 
 
 APPEARANCE, ap-per'ans, n. the act of 
 appearing : the thing seen : apparent 
 likeness : arrival : show. 
 
 APPEASE, ap-pez', v.t. to pacify: to quiet: 
 to allay. — adj. Appeas'able. [Fr. apiaiser 
 — L. ad, to, j>ax, pads, peace.] 
 
 APPELLABILITY, ap-pel'a-bal-ti, n. the 
 state or quaUty of being appealable. 
 
 APPELLABLE, ap-pel'a-bl, adj. capable of 
 being appealed : appealable. 
 
 APPELLANT, ap-pel ant, n. one who ap- 
 peals. 
 
 APPELLATE, ap-pel'at, adj. relating to 
 appeals. 
 
 APPELLATION, ap-pel-a'shun, n. that by 
 which anytliing is called : a name. [See 
 Appeal.]' 
 
 APPELLATIVE, ap-pel'at-iv, n. a name 
 common to all of the same kind, as chs- 
 tinguished from a proper name. — adj. 
 common to many : general. 
 
 APPEND, ap-pend', v.t., to hang one thing 
 to another : to add. [L. ad, to, pendo, 
 to liang.] 
 
 APPENDAGE, ap-pend'aj, n. something 
 appended. 
 
 APPENDIX, ap-pend'iks, n. something ap- 
 pended or added : a supplement -.—pL 
 Append'ixes, -iks-ez, Append'ices, -is-ez. 
 
 APPERTAIN, ap-per-tan', v.i., t« belong 
 to. [Fr. from L. ad, to, pertineo, to be- 
 long. See Pertain.] 
 
 APPETENCE, ap'pet-ens, APPETENCY, 
 ap'pet-ens-i, n., a seeking after : desire, 
 especially sensual desu-e. [L. ad, to, 
 peto, to seek.] 
 
 APPETIZE, ap'pet-Iz, v.t. to create or 
 whet appetite. 
 
 APPETIZER, ap'pet-Iz-er, n. something 
 which whets the appetite. 
 
 APPETITE, ap'pet-it, n. natural desire: 
 desire for food: hunger. [Fi-., from L. 
 appetittts — appeto. See Appetence.] 
 
 APPLAUD, ap-plawd', v.t. to praise by 
 clapping the hands : to praise loudly : to 
 extol. [L. applaudo — ad, to, plaudo. 
 plausum, to clap. See Explode.] 
 
 APPLAUSE, ap-plawz', n. praise loudly 
 expressed : acclamation. — adj. Applaus 
 n-E. 
 
 APPLE, apl, n. the fruit of the apple-tree 
 —The apple of the eye, the eye-bal! 
 Apple brandy, a kind of brandy distiller 
 from cider. APPLE BUTTER, a sauce made 
 of apples stewed down in cider, which is 
 put away like butter in tubs for use dur- 
 ing the winter, Apple jack, same as 
 apple brandy. Apple sutmp, a New 
 Eneland disfi consisting of apples and 
 molasses baked within a bread pie ia ac
 
 APPLIANCE 
 
 Iron pot. (Amer.) [A.S. cepl: the word 
 is found in all the Teutonic tongues, in 
 the Celtic and the Slavonic] 
 
 APPLIANCE, ap-pll'ans, n. anything ap- 
 plied : means used. 
 
 APPLICABLE, ap'plik-a^bl, adj. that may 
 oe applied: suitable. — adv. Ap'plicablt. 
 — ns. Applicabil'itt^ Ap'plicableness. 
 
 APPLICAJSTT, ap'plik-ant, n, one who ap- 
 plies : a petitioner. 
 
 APPLICATION, ap-pUk-a'shun, n. the act 
 of appl3rtng : the thing appUed s close 
 tliought or attantion : request : solicita- 
 tion. 
 
 APPLY, ap-plT, v.t. to lay or put to : to 
 employ : to fix the mind on. — z:i. to suit 
 or agree : to have recoiu-se to : to make 
 request : — pr.p. applVing ; jja.p. affiled'. 
 [O. Fr. apUer, L. applieo, -are — aa, to, 
 plico, -atum, to fold?] 
 
 APPOINT, ap-point', v. ^ to fix : to settle : 
 to name to an office : to equip. [O. Fr. 
 apointer, Prov. apaintar. Low L. appuno- 
 tare — L. ad, to, punctuni, a point.] 
 
 APPOINTJtlENT, ap-point'ment, n. settle- 
 ment : situation: arrangement: — p'. 
 equi))ments. 
 
 APPORTION, ap-por'shun, v.t., to portion 
 out : to di\'ide in just shares. — n. Appor'- 
 •noKJEENT. [L. ad, to, and Portion.] 
 
 APPOSITE, ap'poz-Tt, adj. adapted : suit- 
 able. — udr. APPOSITELY. — n. Ap'posite- 
 NESS. [L. appositus, pa.p. of appono, to 
 put to — ad, to, pono, to put.] 
 
 APPOSITION, ap-poz-ish'un, n. the act of 
 adding : state of being placed together or 
 against : (gram.) the annexing of one 
 noun to another, in the same case or 
 relation, in order to explain or limit the 
 first. [See Apposite.] 
 
 APPRAISE, ap-praz*, v.t., to set a price on: 
 to value with a view to sale. FFr. ap- 
 precier, O. Fr. apreiser, L. apprelio, -are 
 — ad, to, pretium, price.] 
 
 APPRAISEMENT, ap-praz^ment, n. a valu- 
 ation. 
 
 APPRAISER, ap-praz'er, n. one who values 
 property. 
 
 APPRECIATE, ap-pre'slii-at, v.t. {lit.) to set 
 a price on : to estimate justly — used fig- 
 m-atively: also to raise the value of. 
 (Amer.)— adj. Appee'ciable. — adv. Ap- 
 pre'ciablt. [L. appretiatus, pa.p. of 
 appretio. See Appraise.] 
 
 APPRECIATION, ap-pre-shi-a'shun, n. the 
 act of setting a value on : just estimation. 
 
 -APPRECIATIVE, ap-pre'shi-at-iv, APPRE- 
 CIATORY, ap-pre'shi-at-or-i, adj. imply- 
 ing appreciation. 
 
 APPREHEND, ap-pre-hend', v.t., to lay 
 hold of: to seize oy authority : to catch 
 the meaning of : to understand : to fear. 
 — adj. Apprehens'ible. [L, apprehendo 
 — ad, to, prehendo, -hensum, to lay hold 
 of, from jjrce and root liend, which is for 
 hed, the n being intrusive, and this akin 
 to English get. Compare Gr. chandano 
 — ^root chad, to hold.] 
 
 APPREHENSION, ap-pre-hen'shun, n. act 
 of apprehending or seizing : arrest : con- 
 ception : fear. 
 
 APPREHENSIVE, ap-pre-hens'iv, adj. 
 fearful : suspicious. — n. Apprehens'IVE- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 APPRENTICE, ap-prent'is, n. (lit.) a 
 learner : one bound to another to learn 
 
 I a trade or art. — v.t. to bind as an appren- 
 tice. [Fr. apprenti, O. Fr. apprentia — 
 apprendre — L. apprehendere, to leam. 
 See Apprehend.] 
 APPRENTICESHIP, ap-prent'is-ship, n. 
 
 the state of an apprentice, 
 APPRISE, ap-priz", v.t. to give notice : to 
 inform. [Fr. apprendre, pa.p. appris, 
 to instruct, from root of Apprehend.] 
 APPROACH, ap-proch', v.i. to draw near : 
 to approximate. — xi.t. to come near to : 
 
 express 
 
 18 
 
 to resemble. — n. a drawing nea? to : ac- 
 cess : a path or avenue. — adj. Approach'- 
 ASLE. [Fr. approcher. Low L. appro- 
 piare—h. ad, to, prope, near.] 
 
 APPROBATE, ap'pro-bat, v.t. to 
 approbation of. (Amer.) 
 
 APPROBATION, ap-prob-a'shun, n. ap- 
 proval. [See Approve.] 
 
 APPROPINQUITy, ap-pro-ping'lrsvi-ti, n. 
 the state of being near : nearness. Lamb. 
 
 APPROPRIATE, ap-pro'pri-at, v.t. to take 
 to one's self as one's own : to set apart 
 for a purpose. — adj. set apart for a par- 
 ticular purpose : peculiar : suitable. — 
 adv. Appro'priately. — n. Appro'priate- 
 NESS. [L. approprio, -atnm — ad, to, 
 proprixis, one's own. See Proper.] 
 
 APPROPRIATION, ap-pro-pri-a'shun, n. 
 the act of appropriating : appUcation to 
 a particular purpose. 
 
 APPROVAL, ap-proov'al, n. the act of ap- 
 proving: approbation. 
 
 APPROVE, ap-proov', v.t. (lit.) to esteem 
 good : to be pleased vrith : to commend : 
 to sanction.— adu. Approv'ingly. [Fr. 
 approuver, Prov. aprobar, L. approbo, 
 -atum — ad, to, and probo, to test or try 
 — probns, good.] [prove. 
 
 APPROVEN, ap-proov'n, old pa.p. of Ap- 
 
 APPROVER, ap-proov'er, n. one who ap- 
 proves : (law) an accomplice in crime 
 admitted to give evidence against a pris- 
 oner. 
 
 APPROXIMATE, ap-proks'im-at,ady. ,near- 
 est or nest : approaching correctness. — 
 v.t. to come near, to approach. — adv. 
 Approx'imately. [L. approximo, -atum 
 — ad, to, proximns, nearest, superlative 
 of prope, near. See Approach.] 
 
 APPROXIMATION, ap-proks-im-a^shun, n. 
 an approach. 
 
 APPURTENANCE, ap-pur'ten-ans, n., that 
 which appertains to : an appendage. — 
 adj. Appur'tenant. [Fr. appartenance, 
 O. Fr. apurtenaunse, from root of Ap- 
 pertainJ 
 
 APRICOCK, a'pri-kok, n. old form of Apri- 
 cot. 
 
 APRICOT, a'pri-kot, n. a fruit of the plum 
 kind. [O.E. apricock. Fr. abrieot. The 
 Fr. abrieot was from Port. aIbricoque= 
 Ar. al-barquq. But barquq is a corrup- 
 tion of Low Gr. prailcolcion, which is 
 simply the L. prcecoquum or prcecox, 
 early ripe. See Precocious.] 
 
 APRIL, a'pril, n. the fourth month of the 
 year, when the earth opens to bring forth 
 fruits, etc. [L. Aprilis==aperilis — aperio, 
 to open.] 
 
 APRON, a'prun, n. a cloth or piece of 
 leather worn before one to protect the 
 dress. — adj. A'proned. [O.E. and Fr. 
 naperon — Fr. nappe, cloth, table-cloth. 
 Low L. mappa, a napkin.] 
 
 APRONFiFiR, a-prun-er', n. one who wears 
 an apron ; a tradesman or shopman. 
 " Some surly aproneer." — Bp. Gauden. 
 
 APROPOS, a-pro-p6', adv., to the purpose: 
 appropriately : in reference to. [Fr. d 
 propos. See Propose.] 
 
 APSE, aps, n. an arched recess at the end 
 of the choir of a church. [See Apsis.] 
 
 APSIDAL, ap'sid-al, adj. pertainino: to the 
 apsides, or to the apse of a church. 
 
 APSIS, ap'sis, H. one of the two extreme 
 points in the orbit of a planet, one at the 
 greatest, the other at the least distance 
 from the sun •.—pi. Ap'sides. [L. apsis 
 — Gr. hapsis, a connection, an arch — 
 hapto, to connect. See Apt.] 
 APT, apt, adj. liable : ready : quick. [L. 
 aptus, fit — apo, to join ; cog. with Gr. 
 hapto.'] 
 APTERYX, ap'ter-iks, n. a bird found in 
 New Zealand, wingless and tailless. [Gr. 
 a, priv., pteryx, wing.] 
 APTINUS, ap-tfnus, n. a genus of coleop- 
 
 ARBOR 
 
 terous insects belonging to the Carabt 
 da?. [See BosibaRDIER-BEETLE.] 
 
 APTITUDE, apt'i-tud, »i. fitness: tend 
 ency : readiness. — adv. Apt'ly. — n. Apt*- 
 NESS. [Low L. aptitudo — root of Apt.] 
 
 AQUA-FORTIS, a'kwa-for'tis, n. (lit.) 
 strong water: nitric acid. [L. aqua, 
 •water, fortis, strong.] 
 
 AQUAMANILE, ak'wa-ma-nTle, n. the 
 basin in which, according to the ancient 
 church ceremony, the priest washes his 
 hands in celebrating the mass. Also a{>- 
 pUed to vessels of the ewer Idnd formerly 
 used in private houses, and frequently 
 made into grotesque forms representing 
 a real or fabulous animal or the like. 
 [From L. aqua, water, and manure, to 
 flow.] 
 
 AQUARIUM, akwa'ri-um, n. a tank or 
 vessel for xraier plants and animals : a 
 pubhc collection of such tanks: — pL 
 Aqua'ricms or Aqua'ria. [L. — aqua, 
 water.] 
 
 AQUARIUS, a-kwa'ri-us, n., the water- 
 bearer, a sign of tlie zodiac. [L. aqua, 
 water.] 
 
 AQUATIC, a-lvwat'ik, adj., relating to 
 water: Uving or growing in water. — 
 Aquatics, a-kwat'iks, n. amusements on 
 the water, as boating, etc. 
 
 AQUA-VIT^, a'k^va-vI'te, n. (lit.) water of 
 life, a name given to ardent spirits. [L. 
 aqua, water, I'itce, of Ufe, vita.] 
 
 AQUEDUCT, aVwe-dukt, n. an artificial 
 channel for conveying water. [L. aqua, 
 water — duco, ductum, to lead.] 
 
 AQUEOUS, a'kwe-us, adj. watery: depos- 
 ited bv water. 
 
 AQUILtNE, ak'wU-in or -tn, adj. relating 
 to the eagle : hooked, like an eagle's beak, 
 JTL. aquila.] 
 
 ARAB, ar'ab, n. a native of Arabia: a 
 neglected or homeless boy or girl, usually 
 
 ARABESQUE, ' ar'ab-esk, adj. after the 
 manner of Arabian designs. — n. a fan- 
 tastic painted or sculptured ornament 
 among the Spanish Moors, consisting of 
 fohage and other pai-ts of plants curi- 
 ously intertwined. [Fr. — It. arabesco ; 
 -esco corresponding to Eng. -ish.] 
 
 ARABIAN, ar-ab'i-an, adj. relating to Ar- 
 abia. — n. a native of Arabia. 
 
 ARABIC, ar'ab-ik, adj. relating to Arabia, 
 or to its language. — n. the language of 
 Arabia. [L. Arabicus.] 
 
 ARABLE, ar'a-blj adj. fit for ploughing or 
 tillage. [L. arabilis — aro ; cog. ^ith Gr. 
 aroo, to plough, A.S. erian, E. Ear, v.t., 
 Ir. araini.] 
 
 ARAMAIC, ar-a-ma'ik, ARAMEAN, ar-a- 
 me'an, adj. relating to Aramaea, the 
 whole of the country to the N.E. of 
 Palestine, or to its language, a branch of 
 the Semitic. 
 
 ARBITER, arTjit-er, n. one chosen by par- 
 ties in controversy to decide between 
 them : a judge having absolute power of 
 decision : an umpire •.-fern. Arbitress. 
 [L. — nr=ad, to, and bito (cog. with Gr. 
 bavno), to go or come ; sig. one who 
 comes to look on, a witness, a judge.] 
 
 ARBITRAMENT, ur-bit'rarment, n. the de- 
 cision of an arbiter : determination • 
 choice. 
 
 ARBITRARY, arT)ltr-ar-i, adj. depending 
 on the wiU (as of an arbiter) : not bo'ino 
 by rules : despotic : absolute. — adv. AE' 
 bitrarily. — n. Ar'bitrariness. 
 
 ARBITRATE, ar'bitr.at, v.i. to act as an 
 arbiter: to determine. — n. Arbitra'tion 
 
 ARBITRATOR, arTai-tra-tur, n. same as 
 Arbiter.— /era. AR'BrrRATRrr. 
 
 ARBOR, arTjuT, n. an inclosad seat in a 
 garden, covered with branches of trees, 
 plants, etc.: a bower, [Acorr ot harbor, 
 a shelter.1 
 
 I
 
 ARBOREOUS 
 
 19 
 
 ARITHMETIC 
 
 ABBOREOUS, ar-bor'e-us, adj., of or be- 
 loug-ing to trees. [L. arboreus — arbor, a 
 tret.] 
 
 ARBORESCENT, ar-bor-es'ent, adj. grow- 
 ing: or formed like a tree. — n. Arbores'- 
 CENCE. [L. arborescn, to become a tree — 
 arbor, a tree.] 
 
 ARBORETUM, Sr-bor-efum, n. a place in 
 which specimens of trees and shrubs are 
 cultivated -.—pi. AEBOReT'A. [L. — arbor, 
 a tree.] 
 
 ARBORICULTURE, ar'bor-i-kult-ur, n., 
 the culture of trees, esp. timber-ti-ees. — 
 adj. Arboricul'tuiul. — ?(. Arboricul'- 
 TURIST. [L. arbor, and Culture.] 
 
 ARBUTE, iir'but, ARBUTUS, iir'but-us, n. 
 the strawberry tree: an evergreen shrub, 
 which bears fruit resembling tlie straw- 
 berry. [L. arbutus, akin to arbor, tree.] 
 
 ARC, iirk, n. a segment of a circle or other 
 curve.^ELECTRic -VRC, in electric light- 
 ing, the li^ht emitted by an electric cur- 
 rent in crossing over the small interval of 
 space between the carbon points. Called 
 also Voltaic arc. [Fi\ — L. arcus, a 
 bow.] 
 
 ARCADE, ark-ad', n. a walk arched over : 
 a long arched gallery, lined with .shops 
 on both sides. [Fr.— L. areata, arched. 
 See ArchJ 
 
 ARCADIAN^ ark-ad'i-an, <xdj. pertaining 
 to Arcadia, a district in Greece: pastoral: 
 rural. 
 
 ARCANU^I, iirk-Hn'um, n. a secret : a 
 mystery : — pi. Arcan'a. [L. — arcanus, 
 secret, closed — area, a chest.] 
 
 ARCH, arch, n. a construction of stones or 
 other materials, arranged in the line of 
 a curve, so as by mutual pressure to sup- 
 port each other. — v.t. to cover with an 
 arch : to bend into the form of an arch. 
 [From Fr. arc, as ditch is from dyke — L. 
 arcus, a bow.] 
 
 ARCH, firch, adj. cunning : sly : waggish : 
 mirthful : shrewd. — adv. AECH'ly. — n. 
 Arch'ness. [A.S. earg, timid, slothful ; 
 cog. with Ger. arg, mischievous, bad.] 
 
 ARCH, arch (iirk, before a vowel), adj. used 
 as a prefix : the first or chief. [A.S. arce, 
 from Lat. and Gr. archi-, — Gr. a 
 beginning.] 
 
 ARCHEOLOGY, 'urk-e-ol'oj-i, n. knowl- 
 edge of ancient art, customs, etc.: the 
 science of Fatiquities. — adj. Arch.eolog'- 
 ICAL. — a<*v. Arch^oloo'ically. — n. 
 ArcHvEOL'ogist. [Gr. archaios, ancient 
 — arche, beginning, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 ARCHAIC, -AL, ariv-fi'ik, -al, adj., ancient: 
 obsolete. [Gr. archaikos — archaios, an- 
 cient — archi, beginning.] 
 
 ARCHAISM, firk'a-izm, n. an archaic or 
 obsolete word or phrase. 
 
 ARCHAIST, ar-ka'ist, n. an antiquarian : 
 an archaeologist. E. B. Browning. 
 
 ARCHjVNGEL, ark-an'jel, n. an angel of 
 the highest order. — adj. Aechangel'ic. 
 [Arch, chief, and Angel.] 
 
 ARCHBISHOP, arch-bish'up, ?;., a chief 
 bishop : the bishop of a province as well 
 as of his own diocese. — n. Archbish'- 
 opRic. [Arch, cliief, and Bishop.] 
 
 ARCHBISHOPESS, arc'h-bish'up-es, n. the 
 wife of an archbishop. Miss Bumey. 
 
 ARCHDEACON, arch-de'kn, n., a chief 
 ckacon : the officer ha^'ing the chief 
 supervision of a dioce.se or part of it, 
 next under the bishop. — 7i. Archdea'- 
 CONKY, the office, jurisdiction, or residence 
 of an archdeacon. — n. Archdea'conship, 
 the office of an archdeacon. [Arch, chief, 
 and Deacon.]^ 
 
 ARCHDIOCESE, arch-dl'o-sez, n. the dio- 
 cese of an archbishop. 
 
 ARCHDUKE, arch-duk', n., a chief duke : 
 a prince of Austria. — fern. Archduch'ess. 
 — adj. Archdu'cal. — ns. Archduch'y, 
 Archduke'dom, the territory of an arch- 
 
 arche, 
 
 duke or archduchess. [Arch, chief, and 
 Duke.] 
 
 ARCHER, arch'er, n. one who shoots with 
 a bow and arrows : — fern. Arch'eress. 
 [Fr. — arc, L. arcus, a bow.] 
 
 ARCHERY, arch'er-i, n. the art of shooting 
 with the bow. 
 
 ARCHETYPE, ark-e-tip, ?;. the original 
 pattern or model. — adj. Archetyp'al. 
 [Gr. arche=archi-, original, and typos, 
 a model.] 
 
 ARCHIDIACONAL, Srk-i-di-ak'on-al, adj. 
 pertaining to an archdeacon. [Gr. archi- 
 ls here taken du-ectly fi-om Greek. See 
 Archdeacon.] 
 
 ARCHIEPISCOPAL, iirk-i-ep-i'skop-al, adj. 
 belonging to an archbishop. — Archiepis'- 
 COPACY, n. dignitv or pro^^nce of an 
 archbishop. [See Episcopal.] 
 
 ARCHIPELAGO, ark-i-pel'a-go, n. the chief 
 sea of the Greeks, or the jEgean sea : 
 a sea abounding in small islands. [Gr. 
 archi-, cliief, jjclagos, sea.} 
 
 ARCHITECT, ark i-tekt, n. one who de- 
 signs buildings and superintends theii- 
 erection : a maker. [Gr. architekton — 
 archi-, chief, and tekton, a builder.] 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, ark'i-tekt'ur. «., the art 
 or science of building: structure. — adj. 
 Architect' URAL. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE, ark'i-tekt'ur, v.t. to con- 
 struct : to build. 
 
 This was archi tectur^d thus 
 By the j,^reat Oceauus. — Keats. 
 
 ARCHITRAVE, ark'i-trav, n., the chief 
 beam : {arch.) the lowest division of the 
 entablature resting inunediately on the 
 abacus of the column. [It. from Gr. 
 archi-, chief, and L. trabs, a beam — the 
 chief beam.] 
 
 ARCHIVES, ark'Ivz, n. the place in which 
 government records are kept : pubUc 
 records. [Fr. — Gr. archeion — at die, gov- 
 ernment.] 
 
 ARCHIVIST, ark'iv-ist, n. a keeper of 
 archives or records. 
 
 ARCHON, ark'on, n. one of nine chief 
 magistrates who at one time governed 
 ancient Athens. [Gr. archo, to be first, 
 to rule.] 
 
 ARCHWAY, arch'wa, n. a way or passage 
 under an arch. 
 
 ARCOSOLIUM, ar-ko-s6'h-um, n. a term 
 applied to tliose receptacles for dead 
 bodies of martyrs in the Catacombs which 
 consist of a deep niche cut in the rocky 
 wall, arched above, and under the arch 
 a sarcoj)hagus excavated in the sohd 
 rock. 'The flat cover of the sarcophagus 
 might be used as an altar: and such 
 tombs were often riclily ornamented. 
 [L.L., from L. arcus, an arch, and solium, 
 a sarcophagus, a throne.] 
 
 ARCTIC, arkt'ik, adj. relating to the con- 
 stellation the Great Bear, or the north. 
 [Gr. arktos, a bear.] 
 
 ARCTOGEAL, ilrk-to-je'al, adj. of or per- 
 taining to the colder parts of the north- 
 ern hemisphere. " The great arctogeal 
 province." — Huxley. [Gr. aretos, the 
 north, and gea, the earth. 1 
 
 ARDENCY, ard'en-si, ARDOR, Srd'or, n. 
 warmth of passion or feeling: eager- 
 ness. 
 
 ARDENT, ard'ent, ctdj., burning: fiery: 
 passionate. — adv. Ard'ently. [L. ardeiis 
 — ardeo, to burn.] 
 
 ARDUOUS, ard'u-us, adj. difficult to ac- 
 complish : laborious. — adv. Ard'uOUSLY. 
 — n. Ard'uousness. [L. arduus, high, 
 akin to Celt, ard, high, height.] 
 
 ARE, ar, tlie plural of the present indica- 
 tive of the verb to be. [JI.E. ar-en was 
 the northern form which took the place 
 of A.S. sindon. Dan. er-es, ar-en^=as-en ; 
 er-e=es-e : the root is as-, to be seen in 
 L. es-se, S'um for es-um. See Was.] 
 
 AREA, a're-a, n. any plane surface or in- 
 closed space : the sunken space around 
 the basement of a building- : (geom.) the. 
 superficial contents of any figure. [L.] 
 ARENA, a-re'na, n. an open space strewed 
 with sand for combatants : any place 
 of pubhc contest. — adj. Arena'ceous, 
 sandy. [L. arena, sand.] 
 ARENATED, ar'e-na-ted, adj. reduced or 
 
 ground into sand. [L. arena, sand.] 
 AREOPAGITE, ar-e-op'aj-It, n. a member 
 
 of the Areopagus. 
 AREOPAGUS ar-e-op'ag-us, «., Mars' 
 Hill, on whicli the supreme court of an- 
 cient Athens was held : the court itself. 
 [L. — Gr. Areios pages, liill of Ares — or 
 Mars.] 
 ARETAICS, ar-e-ta'iks, ?i. in ethics, same 
 as Aretology. Orote. [Gr. arete, virtue.] 
 ARETOLOGY, ar-e-tol'o-ji. n. that part of 
 moral phdosopliv whicli treats of virtue, 
 its nature, and tlie means of attaining to 
 it. [Gr. arete, virtue, and logos, dis- 
 course.] 
 ARGENT, arj'ent, adj. made of, or like 
 silver. [_Fr. — L. argentum, silver — Gr. 
 argos, white.] 
 ARGILLACEOUS, arj-iU-a'shus, adj of the 
 nature of clay. [L. argilla — Gr. argilos, 
 white clay — argos, white.] 
 ARGONAUT, iir'go-nawt, n. one of those 
 who sailed in the ship Argo in search 
 of the golden fleece. [Gr. Argo, and 
 nautes. a, sailor.] 
 ARGO.SY, ar'go-si, n. a large merchant- 
 vessel riclily laden. [Prob. from the ship 
 Argo. See Argonaut.] 
 ARGUE, arg'u, v.t. to prove by argument : 
 to discuss. — v.i. to ofi'er reasons : to dis- 
 pute :~X}r.x>. ar'guing ; pa.p. ar'gued. 
 [L. arguo, to prove — from root of Gr. 
 argos, clear, and so==to make clear.] 
 ARGUMENT, arg'u-ment, n. a reason of- 
 fered as proof : a series of reasons : a 
 discussion : subject of a discourse. [L. 
 argumentum. See Argue.] 
 ARGUMENTATION, arg-u-ment-a'shun, 
 n. an arguing or reasoning. — adj. ARGU- 
 MENT' ative. — adv. Argument' ATIVELY. 
 —n. Aegutvient'ativeness. 
 ARGUS, iirg'us, n. a mj-thological being, 
 said to have had a hundred eyes, some of 
 which were always awake : any very 
 watchful person. [Gr. — argos, bright.'] 
 ARIAN, a'ri-an, adj., pertaining to Arius 
 of Alexandria (4th c), who denied the 
 divinity of Christ. — n. one who adheres 
 to the doctrines of Arius : a Unitarian. 
 — Arianism, a'ri-an-izm, n. the doctrines 
 of the Arians. 
 ARID, arid, adj., dry : parched. — ns. Arid'- 
 
 ITY, Ar'idness. [L. aridus.'] 
 ARIES, a'ri-ez, n., the Ram, the first of the 
 signs of tlie zodiac, which the sun en- 
 ters on March 31. [L.] 
 ARIGHT, a-rit', adv. in a right way : 
 
 rightly. 
 ARISE, a-riz', v.i., to rise up: to come into 
 view: to spring: — pa.t. ai-ose, a-roz' ; 
 jja.p. aris'en. [Prefix a (as in Abide), 
 and Rise.] 
 ARISTOCRACY, ar-is-tok'ras-i, n., govern- 
 ment by the best men or nobles: the 
 nobihty or chief persons of a state. [Gr 
 aristos, best, and kratos, power.] 
 ARISTOCRAT, ar'is-to-krat or ar-is'- n 
 one who belongs to or favors an aris 
 tocracy : a haughty person. — Aristo= 
 CRATic, -AL, ar-is-to-krat'ik, -al, adj. 
 belonging to aristocracy. — adv. AEISTO- 
 
 CRAT'ICALLY. 
 
 ARISTOTELIAN, ar-is-to-te'li-an, adj. re- 
 lating to Aristotle or to his philosophy. 
 
 ARITHMETIC, ar-ith'met-ik, n. the science 
 of numbers : the art of reckoning by 
 figures. — adj. .:Vbithmet'ical. — adv. AR- 
 ithmet'ically. [Gr. arithmetike {techne.
 
 ARITHMETICIAN 
 
 30 
 
 ARTICULATE 
 
 art), relating to numbers — arithmos, 
 number.] 
 
 AJRITHMETICIAN. ar-ith-me-tish'yan, n. 
 one skilled in arithmetic. 
 
 ARITHMOCRACY, ar-ith-mok'ra-si, n. 
 rule or government by a majoritj'. "A 
 democracy of mere nmnbers is no democ- 
 racy, but "a mere brute arithmocracy." — 
 Kinc/sley. 
 
 ARITHMOCRATIC, a-rith'mo-krat'ik, adj. 
 of or pertaining to an arithmocracy or 
 rule of numbers. "American democ- 
 racy, being merely aritJimocratic, pro- 
 vides no representation whatsoever for 
 the more educated and more experienced 
 minority. "' — Kingsley. 
 
 ARK. ark, n. a chest or coffer : a large 
 floating vessel : a large, flat boat used 
 on some of the western rivers of the 
 United States, to transport merchandise. 
 [A.S. arc — L. area, a chest — arceo, to 
 guard.] 
 
 ARM, arm, n. the limb extending from the 
 shoulder to the hand : anj'thing project- 
 ing from the main body, as an inlet of 
 the sea : (fig.) power. — )i. Aem'ful. — adj. 
 A R m'l ess. — n. Akm'let, a bracelet. 
 [A.S. ; cog. with L. armus, the shoulder- 
 joint, Gr. harinos, a joint. From root 
 ar-. See ARMS.] 
 
 ABM, arm, n. a weapon : a branch of the 
 militarj' service. [Sing-, of Arms.] 
 
 ABM, arm, i\t. to nirnish with arms or 
 weapons : to fortify. — v.i. to take arms. 
 [L. anno, to arm — amia, weapons. See 
 Arms.] 
 
 AR MAD A, arm-a'da, n. a fleet of armed 
 ships. [Sp. — L. armatus, armed — armo, 
 to arm.] 
 
 ARMADILLO, arm-a-dill'o, n. a small 
 quadruped, having its bodj- armed with 
 a bony shell : — pi. Armadlll'os. [Sp. 
 dim. of armado, armed.] 
 
 ARMAMENT, arm'a^ment, n. forces armed 
 or equipped for war : the guns, etc., >vith 
 which a ship is armed. [L. armamenta 
 — arma.] 
 
 ABMENIAN, ar-me'ni-an, adj. belonging 
 to Armenia, a country of Western Asia. 
 — n. a native of Armenia. 
 
 ABMINIAN, ar-min'yan, adj. holcUng the 
 doctrines of Arminius. — n. a follower of 
 Arminius. a Dutch di^-ine, who denied 
 the CaUnnistic doctrine of election. — n. 
 
 ARjnS'lANISM. 
 
 ABMIPOTENT. arm-i'pot-ent, adj., power- 
 ful in arms. [L. arma, arms, potens, 
 -enfis, powerful.] 
 
 ARMISTICE, iirm'ist-is, n. a short suspen- 
 sion of hostilities : a truce. [Fr. — L. 
 arma, arms, sisto, to stop.] 
 
 AB5IORIAL, arm-6r'i-al, adj. belonging to 
 armor, or to the anns of a family. 
 
 ARMORIC, ar-mor'ik, n. the language of 
 the inhabitants of Armorica. the ancient 
 name for Brittany. [L. Armoricus — 
 Celt. ar. on, mor, the sea.] 
 
 ARMOR, arm'ur, n. defensive ai-ms or 
 dress : plating of ships of war. — n. 
 Arji'or-bearer. — adj. a!bm'or-plated. 
 
 ARMORER, arm'ur-er, n. a maker or re- 
 pairer of, or one who has the charge of 
 armor. 
 
 ARMORY, arm'ur-i, n. the place in which 
 arms are made or kept : a collection of 
 ancient .'irmor. 
 
 ARMPIT, arm'pit, 7i. the pit or hollow un- 
 der the siioiilder. 
 
 ARMS, armz, n.pl. weapons of offence and 
 defence : war : hostility : armorial en- 
 signs. [L. ai^ma, (lit.) "fittings;" Gr. 
 harmona, the tackling of a ship — root 
 or-, to fi t : conn. i%-ith ARM. the Umb.] 
 
 ARMSWEEP, arm'swep. n. the length of 
 reach or swing of an arm. Browning. 
 (Poetical.) 
 
 ARIVIY, arm'i, n. a large body of men armed 
 
 for war and under mUitary command : a 
 host. [Fr. armee — L. armata.^ 
 
 ABOMA, a-ro'ma, ?i. sweet smell : the odor- 
 ous principle of plants : ijig.) flavor of any 
 kind. [Gr.] 
 
 ABOMATIC, ar-o-mat'ik, adj. fragrant : 
 spicy. 
 
 ABOSE, a-roz', past tense of Arise. 
 
 ABOUND, a-rownd', prep, on aU sides of. — 
 adv. on every side : in a circle. [A, on, 
 and Round.] 
 
 AROUSE, a-rowz', v.t. Same as Rouse. 
 
 ARPENT, ar'oang, n. an acre. [Fr.] 
 
 ARQUEBUSE, ARQUEBUSS, ar'kwi-bus, 
 11. an old-fashioned hand-gun. [Fr. 
 arqiiebuse, from Dut. haakbits — haak, 
 hook, and bus, box, barrel of a gun ; 
 Ger. hakenhuchse.'\ 
 
 ARRACK, ar'ak, ?i. an ardent spirit used 
 in the East. [Ar. araq, juice or sweet.] 
 
 ARRAIGN, ar-ran', v.t. to call one to ac- 
 count : to put a prisoner upon trial : to 
 accuse publicly. — /;. Arraign'ment. [O. 
 Fr. aragnier, Fr. ai-raisonnei — Low L. 
 arrationare — L. ad. to, ratio, reason.] 
 
 ARRANGE, ar-ranj', v.t. to set in a rank 
 or row : to put in order : to settle. [Fr. 
 arranger — a ( — L. ad, to), and ranger. 
 See Range.] 
 
 ARRANGEMENT, ar-ranj'ment. n. act of 
 arranging : classification : settlement. 
 
 ARRAlfT, ar'rant, adj. downright, noto- 
 rious (used in a baxl sense). [Corr. of 
 arghand, pr.p. of argh, the northern 
 form of A.S. eargian, to be a coward, 
 Ger. arg, bad.] 
 
 ABBAS, ar'ras, n. tapestry. [From Arra.-i 
 in Northern France, where first manu- 
 factured.] 
 
 ARRAY, ar-ra', n. order : dress : equipage. 
 — v.t. to put in order : to arrange : to 
 dress, adorn, or equip. [O. Fr. arroi, 
 array, equipage — L. ad, and a Teut. root, 
 found either in O. Ger. rat (Ger. rath), 
 counsel, E. Read, or in E. Ready, Qer. 
 be-reit.] 
 
 ARREAB, a'rer, v.t. to cause to rise : to 
 raise up: to rear. "A desperate pre- 
 siunption arreared. " — Fuller. 
 
 ABREAR, ar-rer', n. that wliich is in the 
 rear or behind : that which remains un- 
 paid or undone (used mostlj' in pi.) ; also, 
 the rear. " The arrear consisting of be- 
 tween three and four thousand foot."— 
 Heylin. [Fi-. arriere, behind — L. ad, to, 
 retro, back, behind.] 
 
 ARREST, ar-rest', v.t. to stop : to seize : to 
 apprehend by legal authority. — )). stop- 
 page : seizm'e by warrant. [FV. arreter 
 for arrestei — L. ad, to, resto, to stand 
 still.] 
 
 ABBIEBO, ar-ri-a-ro', Ji. a muleteer. [Sp.] 
 
 ARRIVAli. ar-rlv'al, n. the act of arriving : 
 persons or tilings that arrive. 
 
 ABRIVE, ar-rlv', v.i. (fol. by at) to reach 
 any place : to attain to any object. [Fr. 
 arrirer — Low L. adripare — L. ad, to, 
 ripa, a bank ; as if, to reach the bank.] 
 
 ARROGANCE, ar'rog-ans, ABROGANCY, 
 ar'rog-ans-i, n. undue assumption of im- 
 portance. 
 
 ABBOGANT, ar'rog-ant, adj. claiming too 
 much : overbearing. — adv. Ar'rogantlt. 
 
 ARROGATE, ar'rog-ilt, v.t. to claim as 
 one's own : to claim proudly or unduly. 
 [L. arrogo — ad, to, rogo, rogatum, to ask, 
 to claim.] 
 
 ARRONDISSEMENT. ar-ron'des-raang, n. 
 a subdivision of a French department. 
 [Fr. — arrondir. to make round — L. ad, 
 and Fr. rond. See Round.] 
 
 ARROW, ar'ro, n. a straight, pointed 
 weapon, made to be shot from a bow. — 
 n. Arrow-head, ar'ro-hed. — • Arrow- 
 headed, ar'ro-hed'ed. adj. shaped hke the 
 head of an arrow. [A.S. aretce : Ice. or, 
 akin perhaps to Ice. orr, the swift.] 
 
 ARROWLET, a'ro-let, n. a little arrow 
 Teuny.'ion. 
 
 ABROWROOT, ar'ro-root, n. a starch ob- 
 tained from the roots of certain plants 
 growing chiefly in W. Indies, and much 
 used as food for invalids and children. 
 [Said to be so named because used by 
 the Indians of S. America as an antidote 
 against wounds caused by poisoned ar- 
 rows.] 
 
 ARROWY, ar'ro-i, adj. of or like arrows. 
 
 ABBOYO, ar-ro'yo, n. a ra\'ine. [Sp.] 
 
 ABSENAL, ar'se-nal, n. a public magazine 
 or manufactory of naval and military 
 stores. [Fr. and Sp. ; from Ar. di'ir, "a 
 house, and cina'at, trade. 
 
 ARSENIC, ar'sen-ik. n. a mineral poison : 
 a soft, gray-colored metal. [Gr. arsen, 
 male : the alchemists fancied some met- 
 als male, others female.] 
 
 ABSENIC, -AL, ar-sen'ik, -al, adj. com- 
 posed of or containing arsenic. 
 
 ABSON, iirs'on, n. the crime of willfully 
 burning houses or other buOdings. [(3. 
 Fv. a7-son — L. ardeo, ar»um, to burn.] 
 
 ART, iirt, 2d pers. sing, of the present 
 tense of the verb to be. [A.S. eart.] 
 
 ABT, art, n. practical skiU guided by rules : 
 the rvdes and methods oif doing certain 
 actions : a profession or trade : contriv- 
 ance : skill : cunning : artifice. [L. ars, 
 artis. from root ar-, to fit. See Arm.] 
 
 ABTERIALIZE, ar-te'ri-al-Iz, v.t. to make 
 arterial. 
 
 ARTERY, ar'ter-i, Ji. a tube or vessel 
 which conveys blood from the heart. — 
 adj. Arte'rial. [L. — Gr. arteria, orig. 
 the windpipe, the bronchiae, then applied 
 to the arteries : perh. conn, with artao, 
 I fasten to, hang from.] 
 
 ARTESIAN, ar-te'zhan, adj. appUed to 
 wells made by boring until water is 
 reached. [Fi-om Artois (anc. Artesiuni). 
 in the nortn of France, where these wells 
 are said to have been first made.] 
 
 ARTFUL, iirt'fool, adj. full of art : cun- 
 ning-. — adv. Art'fclly. — h. Art'fulness. 
 
 ABTHBOGBAPHY, ar-throg'ra-fi, n. in 
 anat. a description of the joints. [Gr. 
 arthron, a joint, and graphs, descrip- 
 tion.] 
 
 ARTHUBIAN, ar-thu'ri-an, adj. of or per- 
 taining to King Arthur, or to the legends 
 connected with him and his knights of 
 the Round Table. " Among the writers 
 of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- 
 turies the historical existence of Arthur 
 was, wdth a few rare exceptions, denied, 
 and the Artlutrian legend regarded pure- 
 ly as an invention of the worthj chron- 
 icler, Geoffrej' of Monmouth." — Ency. 
 Brit. 
 
 ABTIAJD, ar'ti-ad, n. in chem. a name given 
 to an element of even equivalency, as a 
 dyad, tetrad, etc. : opposed to a perissad, 
 an element of imeven equivalency, such 
 as a monad, triad, etc. 
 
 ARTICHOKE, ar'ti-chok, n. an eatable 
 plant with large scalj' heads, like the 
 cone of the pine. [Fr. artichaut. It. ar- 
 ticiocco. Sp. alcachofa. Ax. alharshaf.] 
 
 ARTICLE, art'i-kl, n. a separate elenient. 
 member, or part of anj'tliing : a particu- 
 lar substance : a single clause, or term ; 
 (grain.) one of the particles, an or a and 
 the. — t\t. to di'aw up or bind by articles. 
 [L. articuhis, a little joint — artus, a joint 
 — root ar-. to join. 
 
 ARTICULAR, ar-tik'ul-ar, adj., belonging 
 to the joints. [See Article.] 
 
 ARTICULATE, ar-tik'ul-at, adj. distinct . 
 clear. — v.t. to joint : to form into dis- 
 tinct sounds, syllables, or words. — v.i. 
 to speak distinctly. — aflr. Artic'xjlately. 
 — n. Artic'ulateness. [L. articulo, 
 -atum, to furnish with joints, to utter 
 distinctly. See Article.]
 
 ARTICULATION 
 
 21 
 
 ASSAIL 
 
 ARTICULATION, ar-tik-ul-a'shun, n., a 
 joining, as of the bones : distinct utter- 
 ance : a consonant. 
 
 ARTIFICE, art'i-fis, n. a contrivance : a 
 trick or fraud. [L. artijicium — artifex, 
 -ftcis, an artificer — ars, artis, and faeio, 
 to make.] 
 
 ARTIFICER, ar-tif' is-er, n. a workman : 
 an inventor. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL, art-i-fish'yal, adj., made by 
 art: not natural: cultivated: not in- 
 digenous : feigned. — adv. Aktific'ially. 
 [See Artifice.] 
 
 ARTILLERIST, ar-til'er-ist, n. one skilled 
 in artillery or gunnerj'. 
 
 ARTILLERY, ar-til'er-i, n. offensive weap- 
 ons of war, esp. cannon, mortars, etc. : 
 the men who manage them : a branch 
 of the military service : gunnery. [Fr. 
 artillerie — O. Fr. artiller, to arm : from 
 a supposed Low L. artiUare — L. ars, artis, 
 art.] 
 
 ARTILLERY-MAN. ar-til'er-i-man, n. a 
 soldier of the artillery. 
 
 ARTISAN, iirt'i-zan, n. one skilled in any 
 art or trade : a mechanic. [Fr. artisan, 
 It. artigiano = L. as if artitianus — 
 arfitus, skilled in the arts — ars, artis, 
 art.] 
 
 ARTIST, art'ist, n., one who practices an 
 art, esp. one of the fine arts, as painting, 
 sculpture, or architecture. [Fr. artiste, 
 Ital. artista — L. ai-s, artis, art.] 
 
 ARTISTIC, -AL, art-ist'ik, -al, adj- accord- 
 ing to art. 
 
 ARTLESS, art'les, adj. guileless : simple. — 
 n. Art'lessness. 
 
 ARUSPICY, a-rus'pi-si, n. divination by 
 inspection of the entrails of beasts. [L. 
 artispicium, orig. dub.] 
 
 ARYAN, a'ri-an, adj. relating to the family 
 of nations otherwise called Indo-Euro- 
 pean (comprehending the inhabitants of 
 Europe — except tlie Turks, Magyars and 
 Finns — and tiiose of Armenia, Persia, 
 and N. Hindustan), or to their lano-uages. 
 [Sans, arya, excellent, prob. allied to Gr. 
 aristos, the best.] 
 
 AS. az, adv. and eonj. similarly : for ex- 
 ample : while : in like manner. [As is a 
 corr. of also — A.S. eal-swa, al so, case, als ; 
 Ger. als. The primary meaning is, just 
 so. quite in that way.] 
 
 AS. rel. pro. from the Scand. [O. Ic, es. 
 Mod. Ic. er. This use of as is provincial.] 
 
 ASAFETIDA, as-a-fet'i-da, n., fetid asa, 
 a medicinal gum, having an offensive 
 smell, made from a Persian plant called 
 aza. 
 
 ASBESTOS, a-sbest'os, n. an incombustible 
 mineral, a variety of hornblende, of a 
 fine fibrous texture, resembling flax. 
 [Gr. (lit.) unquenchable — a, neg., sbestos, 
 extinguished.] 
 
 ASCEND, as-send', v.i., to climb or mount 
 up : to rise : to go backwards in the or- 
 der of time. — v.t. to climb or go up on. 
 [L. ascendo, ascensum — ad, and scando, 
 to climb, Sans, skand, to leap upwards.] 
 
 ASCENDANT, as-Send'ant, adj. superior : 
 above the horizon. — n. superiority : {as- 
 trol.) the part of the ecliptic rising 
 above the horizon at the time of one's 
 birth : it was supposed to have com- 
 manding influence over the person's 
 !ife. hence the phrase, in the ascend- 
 ant. 
 
 ASCENDENCY, as-send'en-si, n. control- 
 ling influence. 
 
 ASCENSION, as-sen'shun, n. a rising or 
 going up. [L. ascensio — ascendo.] 
 
 ASCENSION-DAY, as-sen'shun-da, n. the 
 festival held on Holy Tiuu-sday, ten days 
 before Whit-simday, to commemorate 
 Clirist's ascension to heaven. 
 
 ASCENT, as-sent', n. act of ascending : 
 way of ascending : degree of elevation. 
 
 ASCERTAIN, as-ser-tan', i\^ to determine : 
 to obtain certain knowledge of. — adj. 
 Ascertain' ABLE. [O. Fr. acertainer. 
 See Certain.] 
 
 ASCETIC, as-set'ik, n., one rigidly self- 
 denying in rehgious observances : a strict 
 hermit. — adj. excessively rigid : austere : 
 recluse. — n. Asceticism, as-set'i-sizm. 
 [Gr. asketes, one that uses exercises to 
 train himself.] 
 
 ASCHAM, as'kam, n. in archery, a large 
 case fitted up with the necessary drawers 
 and compartments for the reception of 
 the bow, arrows, string, and other neces- 
 sary accoutrements. [After Roger As- 
 cham, wlio in 1544 published " Toxophi- 
 lus," a celebrated treatise on archery.] 
 
 ASCITITIOUS, as-sit-ish'us, adj. See 
 Adscititious. 
 
 ASCRIBE, a-skrib', v.t. to attribute, im- 
 pute, or assign. — adj. Ascrib'able. [L. 
 ascribo, -scriptum — ad, to, scribo, to 
 write.] 
 
 ASCRIPTION, a-skrip'shun, n. act of as- 
 cribing or imputing. 
 
 ASEITY, a-se'i-ti, n. the state or condition 
 of liaving an independent existence. 
 '■ The absolute being and aseity of God." 
 — Prof. W. R. Smith. " By what mysteri- 
 ous light have you discovered that aseity 
 is entail'd on matter?" — Oentleman In- 
 structed, 1704. [L. a, from, and se, one's 
 self : I't. the state of being from or by 
 on°'s self.] 
 
 ASF. ash, n. a well-known timber tree. — 
 adj ASH'EN. [A.S. CBSC, Ger. esche. Ice. 
 ask' .\ 
 
 ASHAMED, a-shamd', adj., affected Viith 
 shame. [Pa. p. of old verb ashame — pfx. 
 a, inten., and Shame.] 
 
 ASHES, ash'ez, n.pl. the du.st or remains 
 of anything burnt: the remains of the 
 human body when burnt (fig.) a dead 
 body. [A.S. cesce, Ice. a.ska ] 
 
 ASHLAR, ash'lar, ASHLE"^, ash'ler, n. 
 (lit.) stones laid in rows : hewn or squared 
 stone used in facing- a wall, as distin- 
 guished from rougn, as it comes from 
 the quarry. [Fr. aisselle, dim. of ais, a 
 plank ; L. assis, a plank — a&^da, a little 
 plank, a shingle. Such little wooden 
 boards were used to face walls before 
 stones, and squared stones took the 
 name. ] 
 
 ASHORE, a-shor', adv., onshore. [Pfx. a, 
 and Shore.] 
 
 ASH-WEDNESDAY, ash-wenz'da, n. the 
 first day of Lent, so called from the 
 Roman Catholic custom of sprinkling 
 ashes on the head. 
 
 ASHY, ash'i, adj. of or like ashes : ash- 
 colored : pale. 
 
 ASIDE, a-sid', adv., on or to one side : pri- 
 vately. 
 
 ASININE, as'in-in, adj. of or like an ass. 
 rSee Ass 1 
 
 ASININITY, as-i-nin'i-ti, n. the quality of 
 being asinine : obstinate stupidity. 
 
 ASIPHONATE, a-sl'fon-at, adj. of or per- 
 taining to the Asiphonata : not possess- 
 ing a respiratory tube or siphon. H. A. 
 Nicholson. 
 
 ASK, ask, v.t., to seek : to request, inquire, 
 beg, or question. — v.i. to request : to 
 make inquiry. [A.S. acsian, ascian, 
 Ger. heischen, Ice. ceskja, Sans, ish, to 
 desire.] 
 
 ASKANCE, a-skans', v.t. to turn aside, as 
 the eyes : to make look with indiffer- 
 ence. 
 
 O, how are they wrappM in with infamies 
 Tiiat from tlieir own misdeeds askance tlieir eyes. 
 
 — i^hak. 
 
 ASKANCE, a-skans', ASKANT, a-skant', 
 adv. sideways : awry : obliquely. [O. 
 Fr. a scanche ,• It. schiancio, aslope, from 
 the root of Slant.] 
 
 ASKEW, a-sku', adv. on the Skew : awrj-, 
 ASKINGLY, ask'ing-U, adv. in an entreat- 
 ing manner : with expression of request 
 or desire. 
 
 How askingly its footsteps hither bend I 
 It seems to say, " And have I found a friend ? " 
 
 — Coleridge 
 
 ASLANT, a^slant', adj. or adv. on tht 
 Slant : obliquely. 
 
 ASLEEP, a-slep', adj. or adv. in sleep : 1, 
 sleeping. 2, having a peculiar nunib, or 
 prickly feeling, as in the hands or feet. 
 "Hislegge . . . was all aslepe, and in a 
 manner sterke stiff." — Udall. 3, stunned : 
 senseless. " So saying, she . . . gave 
 Susy such a douse on the side of the head 
 as left her fast asleep for an hour and up- 
 ward." — H. Brooke. 
 
 ASLOPE, a-slop', adj. or adv. on the Slope. 
 
 ASMEAR, a-smer', adj. smeared over : be- 
 daubed. "I came into Smithfield. and 
 tlie shameful place, being all asmear 
 with filtli, and fat, and blood, and foam, 
 seemed to stick tome." — Dickens. 
 
 ASP, asp, ASPIC, asp'ik, n. a very veno- 
 mous serpent. [Fr.-^L. and Gr. aspis.] 
 
 ASPARAGUS, as-par'a-gus, n. garden 
 vegetable. [L. — Gr. asparagos.] 
 
 ASPECT, as'pelct, n. 'oot : vdew : appear- 
 ance : position in relation to the points 
 of tlie compass : the situation of one 
 planet with respect to another, as seen 
 from the earth. [L. aspeetus — ad, at, 
 specio, to look.] 
 
 ASPEN, asp'en, n. the trembling poplar.— 
 adj. made of, or like the aspen. [A.S. 
 (esp. Ger. aS2X.'\ 
 
 ASPERITY, as-per'i-ti, n., roughness : 
 harshness. [Fr. — L. asperitas — asper, 
 rough.] 
 
 ASPERSE, as-pers', v.t. to slander or ca- 
 lumniate. [L. aspergo. -spersmn — ad, to, 
 on, spargo. to scatter.] 
 
 ASPERSION, as-per'shun, n. caliimny : 
 slander. 
 
 ASPHALT, as-falt', ASPHALTUM, as- 
 falt'um, )(. a hard, bituminous substance, 
 anciently used as a cement, and now for 
 paving, etc. — adj. Asphalt'ic. [Gr. 
 a.'>phaltos, an Eastern word.] 
 
 ASPHODEL, as'fo-del, n. a kind of Uly. 
 [See Daffodil.] 
 
 ASPHYXIA, a-sfiks'i-a, n. (lit.) suspended 
 animation, sutt'ocation. ^ad/. AsPHYX'- 
 iated. [Gr., a stopping of the pulse — a, 
 neg., sphyzo, to tlu'ob.] 
 
 ASPIRANT, as-plr'ant, n. one who aspires : 
 a candidate. 
 
 ASPIRATE, as'pir-at, v.t. to pronounce 
 with a full breathing, as the letter h in 
 house. — n. a mark of aspiration ( ' ) : an 
 aspirated letter. — n. ASPIRATION, as-pir- 
 a'shun. n. pronunciation of a letter with 
 a full bi-eathing. [L. ad, and spiro, to 
 breathe.] 
 
 ASPIRE, as-pir', v.i. to desire eagerly : to 
 aim at high things. — adj. Aspie'ing.— 
 aclv. Aspir'inglt. — Aspira'tion, n. eager 
 desiie. [L. aspiro, -atum — ad, to, spiro. 
 to breathe.] 
 
 ASQUAT, a-skwot', adv. in a squat or hud- 
 dled up manner: coweringly. "Sitting 
 a.iquat between my mother and sister. ' 
 — Richardson. 
 
 ASQUINT, a-skwint', adv. towards the 
 corner of the eye : obliquely. [Pfx. a. 
 on, and Squint.] 
 
 ASS. as, n. a well-known quadruped of tlie 
 horse family : (Jig.) a dull, stupid fellow 
 [A.S. assa. The word, orig. perhaps Se- 
 mitic, has spread into all the Eur. lang. ; 
 it is a dim. in all but Eng. — L. as-inus. 
 Gel-, cx-el.] 
 
 ASSAFETIDA. same as Asafetida. 
 
 ASSAIL, as-sfd . v.t. to assault : to attack, 
 — adj. Assail'able. [Fr. assaillir, L, 
 assilire — ad, upon, and salio, to leap.]
 
 ASSAILANT 
 
 ASTRINGENl 
 
 ASSAILANT, as-sal'ant, n. one who assails 
 or attacks. 
 
 ASSASSIN, as-sas'sin, n. one who kills by 
 surprise or secretly. [Fi\ — Ar. haslmhin, 
 the followers of an Eastern robber-chief, 
 who fortified themselves for their adven- 
 tures by hashish, an intoxicating drink 
 made from hemp.] 
 
 ASSASSINATE, as-sas'.sin-at, v.t. to murder 
 bv surprise or secret assault. 
 
 ASSASSINATION, as-sas-sin-a'shun, n. se- 
 cret murder. 
 
 ASSAULT, as-sawlt', v. a sudden attack : 
 a storming', as oi a town. — v.t. to make 
 an assault or attack upon. [Fr. assaut, 
 O. Fi-. asalt — L. ad, upon, sculiis, a leap. 
 See Assail.] 
 
 ASSAY, as-sa', v.t., to examine or weigh 
 accurately : to determine the amount of 
 metal in an ore or alloy. — c.i. to attempt : 
 to essay. — n. the determination of the 
 quantity of metal in an ore or alloy : the 
 thing tested. [See Essay.] 
 
 ASSEGAI, as'se-ga, n. a spear or javelin 
 used by the Kaffirs of S. Africa. [Sp. 
 azagaya — Ar. al-khaziq.} 
 
 ASSEMBLAGE, as-sem'blaj, n. a collection 
 of persons or tilings. 
 
 ASSEJIBLE, as-sem'bl, v.t. to call or bring 
 to the same place, or together : to collect. 
 — v.i. to meet together. [Fi\ assembler. 
 Low Lat. assimulare — L. ad, to, simul, 
 together, at the same time ; Gr. homos, 
 A.S. sam, same ; Sans, .saw, together.] 
 
 ASSEMBLY, as-sem'bli, ii. a collection of 
 individuals assembled in the same place 
 for any purpose. 
 
 ASSENT, as.-sent', v.i., to thinhimth : agree. 
 — n. an agreeing or acquiescence : com- 
 pUance. — adv. Assent'ingly. [L. — ad, 
 to. sentio, to think.] 
 
 ASSERT, as-sert', v.t. to declare strongly: 
 to affirm. [L. assero, assertum, to lay 
 hold of, declare — ad, to, sero, to join, 
 knit.] 
 
 ASSERTION, as-ser'shim, n. affirmation. 
 
 ASSESS, as-ses', v.t. to fix the amount of, 
 as a tax : to tax : to fix the value or 
 profits of, for taxation : to estimate. — 
 adj. Assess' ABLE. [Fr. asseob — L. assi- 
 dere, assessum, to sit by, esp. of judges 
 in a court (in Low L. to set, fix a tax), 
 from ad, to, sedeo, to sit.] 
 
 ASSESSMENT, as-ses'ment, n. act of assess- 
 ing : a valuation for the purpose of taxa- 
 tion : a tax. 
 
 ASSESSOR, as-ses'or, n. a legal adviser who 
 sits beside a magistrate. — adj. AsSESSO- 
 RiAL, as-ses-6'ri-al. [See Assess.] 
 
 ASSETS, as'sets, n.pl. the property of a 
 deceased or insolvent person, considered 
 as chargeable for all debts, etc. : the en- 
 tire property of all sorts belonging to a 
 merchant or to a trading association. 
 [M.E. aseth, Fr. assez, enough — L. ad, to, 
 sati^, enough.] 
 
 ASSEVERATE, as-seVer-at, v.t. to declare 
 seriou-ili/ or solemnly. — n. Asseveea'tion. 
 [L. a-ssevero, -atum — ad, to, severus, seri- 
 ous. See Severe.] 
 
 ASSEVERATORY, as-sev'er-a-to-ri, adj. 
 of the nature of an asseveration : sol- 
 emnly or positively affirming or .aver- 
 ring " After divers warm and assevera- 
 tory answers made by Mr. Atkins, the 
 captain stopped short in his walk." — 
 Roger Tiorth. 
 
 ISSLBILATION. a-sib'i-la'shon, n. the act 
 of making sibilant : specifically, in philol. 
 the assimilation of a dental or guttm-al 
 consonant wth a following t-sound, as in 
 the word nation, in wliich in pronunciar 
 tion the ti is assibilated. 
 
 ASSIDUITY, as-sid-u'i-ti, n. constant ap- 
 plication or diligence. [L. assiduitas— 
 assiduHx See ASSIDUOUS.] 
 
 ASSIDUOUS, aa-sid'u-us, adj. constant or 
 
 unwearied in application : diligent. — adv. 
 Assid'uously. — n. Assid'uousness. [L. 
 assiduus, sitting close at — ad, to, at, 
 sedeo, to sit.] 
 
 ASSIGN, as-sin', v.t., to sign or mark out to 
 one : to allot : to appoint : to allege : to 
 transfer. — n. one to whom any property 
 or right is made over. — Assignable, as- 
 sin'a-bl, adj. that may be assigned. [Fr. 
 assigner — L. assignare, to mai-k out — ad, 
 to, sigmim.. a mark or sign.] 
 
 ASSIGNATION, as-sig-na'shun, n. an ap- 
 pointment to meet, used chiefly of love- 
 appointments : the making over of any- 
 thing to another. 
 
 ASSIGNEE, as-sin-e', n. one to whom any 
 right or property is assigned i^pJ. the 
 trustees of a sequestrated estate. 
 
 ASSIGN3IENT, as-sin'ment, n. act of as- 
 signing : anytliing assigned : the writing 
 by which a transfer is made. 
 
 ASSIMILATE, as-sim'il-at, v.t., to make 
 similar or like to : to convert into a like 
 substance, as food in our bodies. — n. As- 
 similation. [L. assimilo, -atum — ad, to, 
 similis, Uke.] 
 
 ASSIMILATI^^E, as-sim'U-at-iv, adj. hav- 
 ing the power or tendency to assimilate. 
 
 ASSIST, as-sist', v.t. to help. [L. assisto, 
 to stand by — ad, to, sisto, Gr. histemi, to 
 make to stand.] 
 
 ASSISTANCE, as-sist'ans, n. help : relief. 
 
 ASSISTANT, as-sist'ant, adj. helping or 
 lending aid. — n. one who assists: a 
 helper. 
 
 ASSIZE, as-slz', v.t., to assess : to set or fix 
 the quantitj' or price. — n. a statute set- 
 tUng the weight, measure, or price of 
 anything : — pi. the sessions or sittings of 
 a court held in English and Canadian 
 counties twice a year, at wliich causes 
 are tried bj- a judge and jury. [O. FV. 
 assise, an assemblv of judges, a set rate 
 — asseoir — L. assicleo.'] 
 
 ASSIZER, as-slz'er, n. an officer who in- 
 spects weights and measures. 
 
 ASSOCIATE, as-so'shi-at, v.t. to join with, 
 as a friend, or partner : to unite in the 
 same body. — v.i. to keep companj' with : 
 to combine or unite. [L. associo — ad, to, 
 socius, a companion.] 
 
 ASSOCIATE, as-so'shi-at, adj. joined or 
 connected with. — n. one joined or con- 
 nected with another : a companion, 
 friend, partner, or ally. 
 
 ASSOCIATION, as-so-shi-a'shun, n., act of 
 associating : union or combination : a 
 society of persons joined together to pro- 
 mote some object. 
 
 ASSOILZIE, as-soil'ye, v. to free one ac- 
 cused from a charge : a Scotch law term, 
 the same as the archaic assoil, to absolve 
 from sin, discharge, pardon. [Tlirough 
 Fr. from L. absolvere.\ 
 
 ASSONANCE, as'son-ans, n. a correspond- 
 ence in sound : in Sp. and Port, poetry, 
 a kind of rhjiue, consisting in the coin- 
 cidence of the vowels of the correspond- 
 ing syllables, without regard to the con- 
 sonants. [L. ad, to, sonans, sounding.] 
 
 ASSONANT, as'son-ant, adj. resembling m 
 sound. 
 
 ASSORT, as-sort', v.t. to separate into 
 classes : to arrange. — v.i. to agree or be 
 in accordance with. [Fr. assortir — L. 
 ad, to, sors, a lot.] 
 
 ASSORTMENT, as-sorfmcnt, n. act of as- 
 sorting : quantity or number of things 
 assorted : variety. 
 
 ASSUAGE, as-swaj', v.t. to soften, miti- 
 gate, or allay. — v.i. to abate or subside. 
 [O. Ft., formed as if from a L. assua- 
 vinre — suavis. mild.] 
 
 ASSUAGEMENT, as-swaj'ment, n. abate- 
 ment : mitigation. 
 
 ASSUASIVE, as-swa'siv, a4J- softening, 
 mild. [See Suasivb.] 
 
 ASSUME, as-sum', v.t. to take upon ones 
 self : to take for granted : to arrogate : 
 to pretend to possess. — v.i. to claim un- 
 duly : to be arrogant. [L. — ad, to, suvio, 
 suviptiim, to take.] 
 
 ASSUMING, as-suni'ing, adj. haughty : 
 arrogant. 
 
 ASSUMPTION, as-sum'shun,n. act of 
 assuming : a supposition. [L. See As 
 
 SUME.] 
 
 ASSURANCE, ash-shoor'ans, n. confi. 
 dence : feehng of certainty : impudence : 
 positive declaration : insurance, as ap- 
 plied to lives. 
 
 ASSURE, ash-shoor', v.t. to make sure ->>• 
 secure : to give confidence : to tell posi- 
 tively : to insure. [Fr. assurer — ad, and 
 sur. sure. See Sure.] 
 
 ASSURED, ash-shoord', adj. certain : with- 
 out doubt : insured : overbold. — adv. 
 Assur'edly. — n. Assur'edness. 
 
 ASSYRIOLOGIST, as-sir'i-ol'o-jist, n. one 
 skilled in or well acquainted with the 
 antiquities, language, etc., of ancient 
 Assyria. 
 
 ASTER, as'ter, n. a genus of plants with 
 compound flowers, like little stars. [Gr. 
 astPr. a star.] 
 
 ASTERISK, as'ter-isk, n. a star, used in 
 printing, thus * : in the ' Qreek Ch. an 
 appliance in the form of a star or cross, 
 with the ends bent to serve as supports, 
 placed during the Hturgy over the paten 
 so as to keep the cover of the latter 
 from touching the sacred bread. [Gr. 
 asteriskos, dim. of aster, a star.] 
 
 ASTERN, a-stern', adv. on the stern : to- 
 wards the hinder part of a ship : behind. 
 [See Stern, n.] 
 
 ASTEROID, as'ter-oid, n. one of the minor 
 planets revolving between Mars and 
 Jupiter. — adj. Asteroid'al. [Gr. aster, 
 a star, eidos, form.] 
 
 ASTHMA, ast'ma, n. a chronic disorder oi 
 the organs of respiration. [Gr. — ao, 
 aemi, to breathe hard.] 
 
 ASTHMATIC, -AL, ast-mat'ik, -al, a<y 
 pertaining to or affected by asthma. 
 
 ASTONIED, as-ton'id, pa.p. of obs. v 
 Astony. 
 
 ASTONISH, a.s-ton'ish, v.t. to impress with 
 sudden surprise or wonder : to amaze : 
 [M. E. astonien, due to a confusion of 
 A.S. sfunian (see Stun) and O. Fr. es- 
 tonner (Fi\ etonner) — Low L. extonare, 
 — L. ex, out, tonare, to thunder.] 
 
 ASTONISHING, as-ton'ish-ing, adj. very 
 wonderful : amazing. — adv. Aston'ish- 
 
 INGLY. 
 
 ASTONISHMENT, as-ton'ish-ment, n. 
 amazement : wonder. 
 
 ASTOUND, as-townd', v.t. to amaze. [M.E. 
 astonien : a doublet of Astonish.] 
 
 ASTRAGAL, as'tra-gal, n. {arch.) a small 
 semicircular molding or bead eneirchng 
 a column : a round molding near the 
 mouth of a cannon. [Gr. astragalos, cue 
 of the vertebne, a molding.] 
 
 ASTRAKHAN, as'tra-kan, n. a name given 
 to sheep-sldns with a curled woolly sur- 
 face obtained from a variety of sheep 
 found in Bokhara, Persia and SjTia: 
 also, a rovigh fabric with a pile in imita^ 
 tion of this. 
 
 ASTRAL, as'tral, adj. belonging to the 
 stars : starry. [L. astrtim, a stai- ; conn. 
 with Star.] 
 
 ASTRAY, a-stra', adv. out of the right 
 wav. [Prefix a, on, and Stray.] 
 
 ASTRICTION, as-trik'shun, «. a binding or 
 contraction. [L. See Astringent.] 
 
 ASTRIDE, a-strid', adv. with the legs 
 apart, or across. [Pfx. a, on, and 
 
 ASTRINGENT, as-trinj'ent, adj., binding: 
 contracting : strengthening : — n. a n.edi> 
 cine that causes contraction. — adv. As-
 
 ASTROGEXY 
 
 23 
 
 ATTESTATION 
 
 TRTN'O'ENTLT. — n. Astring'exct. [L. as- 
 tringo — arl. to. stringo. to bind.] 
 
 ASTEOGENY, as-troj'e-ni. n. the creation 
 or evolution of the celestial bodies. H. 
 Spencer. [Gr. astron, a star, and gennao, 
 to produce.] 
 
 ASTROLABE, as'tro-Iab, n. an instnunent 
 for measuring' the altitudes of the sun or 
 stars at sea, now superseded by Hadley's 
 quadrant and sextant. [Gr. astron, a 
 star, lab, lambano, I take.] 
 
 ASTROLOGER, as-trol'c-jer, n. one versed 
 in astrolog'v. 
 
 ASTROLOGUE, as'tro-log, n. an astrologer. 
 Tom D'Urfet/. 
 
 ASTROLOGY, as-trol'o-ji, n. the infant 
 stage of the science of the stars (now 
 called Astronomy) : it was occupied 
 chiefly in foretelling- events from the 
 positions of the heavenly bodies. — adj. 
 AsTROLOG'ic, -AL. — adv. Astrolog'ical- 
 LY. [Gr. astrologia — astron, star, logos, 
 knowledge.] 
 
 ASTROXOMER, as-tron'o-mer, n. one 
 versed in a.stronomy. 
 
 ASTRONOMY, as-tron'om-i, n. the laws or 
 science of the stars or heavenly bodies. — 
 adj. AsTRONOM'ic. — adi\ Astronom'ical- 
 LT. [Gr. ustronomia — astron, star, nomos, 
 a law J 
 
 ASTUCIOUS, as-tu'shus, adj. designmg: 
 subtle : astute. " Louis . . . like all n.s- 
 tucious persons, was as desirous of look- 
 ing into the hearts of others as of con- 
 cealing his own." — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 ASTUCITY, as-tu'si-ti, ?!. the quality of 
 being a-stute : astuteness. "With as- 
 tticity, with swiftness, with audacity." — 
 Carli/le. 
 
 ASTUTE, ast-ut', adj., crafty: cunning: 
 shrewd : sagacioas. — adv. Astute'lt. — 
 n. Astute ness. [L. asttttus — astiis, 
 craft, akin perhaps to Acdte.] 
 
 4SUNDER, a-sun'der, adv. apart : into 
 parts : separately. [Pfx. a = on, and 
 Sunder.] 
 
 ASURA, as'u-ra or arsu'ra, n. in Hind, 
 myth, one of the demons born from the 
 thigh of Brahma while the quality of 
 darkness pervaded his body. Asura is a 
 general name for all the giants and dem- 
 ons who composed the enemies of the 
 gods and the inhabitants of Patala ; and 
 a special designation for a class of these 
 of the first order. Garrett. 
 
 ASYLtrxi, a-sil'um, n. a place of refuge 
 for debtors and for such as were accused 
 of some crime : an institution for the 
 care or relief of the unfortunate, sucli as 
 the blind or insane : any place of refuge 
 or protection. [L. — Gr. asylon — a, priv., 
 syle, right of seizure.] 
 
 ASYMPTOTE, a'sim-tot, n. (math.) a line 
 that continually approaches nearer to 
 some curve witliout ever meeting it. — 
 adj. AsYMPTOT'iCAL. [Gr. asrjmptotos, 
 not coinciding — a, not, syn, with, ptotos, 
 apt to fall — pipto, to fall.] 
 
 AT, at, prep, denoting presence, nearness, 
 or relation. [A.S. cet : cog. with Goth, 
 and Ice. at, L. ad ; Sans, adhi, on.] 
 
 ATAVISM, at'av-izm, n. the recurrence of 
 any peculiarity or disease of an aticestor 
 in a later generation. [L. atavus — avus, 
 a grandfather.] 
 
 ATE, at or et, did eat, pat. of Eat. 
 
 A.THANASIAN, ath-a-naz'yan, adj. relat- 
 ing to Athanasius, or to the ci-eed attrib- 
 uted to him. 
 
 ATHEISM, a'the-izm, n. disbelief in the 
 existence of God. [Fr. atheisme — Gr. a, 
 priv. and tkeos. God.] 
 
 ATHEIST, a'the-ist. n. one who disbelieves 
 in the existence of God. 
 
 ATHEISTIC, -AL, a-the-ist'ik, -al, adj. re- 
 lating to or containing atheism. — adv. 
 Atheist'ically. 
 
 ATHEN^LTM, ATHENEUM. ath-e-ne'um, 
 n. a temple of Athena or Minerva at 
 Athens, in which scholars and poets 
 read their works : a public institution 
 for lectures, reading, etc. [Gr. Athe- 
 naion — Athena or Athene, the goddess 
 Minerva.] 
 
 ATHENIAN, a-the'ni-an, adj.. relating to 
 Athens, the capital of Greece. — n. a nar 
 five of Athens. 
 
 ATHERMANCY, a-ther'man-si, n. the 
 power or property of absorbing radiant 
 heat : corresponding to opacity in the 
 case of light ; as, the athermanci/ of ole- 
 fiant gas and of other compound gases. 
 Prof. Tyndall. [Gr. a, priv.jandrtenHai- 
 MO. I heat.] 
 
 ATHIRST, a-therst', adj., thirsty: eager 
 for. [A.S. of, very, and Thirst.] 
 
 ATHLETE, ath'let, n., a contender for vic- 
 torj- in feats of strength : one vigorous 
 in body or mind. [Gr. athletes — athlos, 
 contest.] 
 
 ATHLETIC, ath-let'ik, adj. relatmg to ath- 
 letics : strong, ^^gorous. 
 
 ATHLETICS, ath-let'iks, n. the art of 
 wrestling, running, etc. : athletic exer- 
 cises. 
 
 ATHROB, a^throb', adj. or adv. throbbing : 
 in a throbbing or palpitating state or 
 manner. E. B. Browning. 
 
 ATHWAJRT, a-thwawrt', 2>^ep. across. — 
 adv. sidewise : wrongly : perplexingly. 
 [Prefix a, on, and Tetwart.] 
 
 ATLANTEAN. at-lan-te'an. adj., relating 
 to, or like Atlas: strong: gigantic. [See 
 Atlas.] 
 
 ATL ANTES, at-lan'tez, n.pl, figures of 
 men used instead of columns. [From 
 Atlas.] 
 
 ATLANTIC, at-lan'tik, adj. pertaining to 
 Atlas, or to the Atlantic Ocean. — ?i. the 
 ocean between Europe, Africa, and Amer- 
 ica. [From Movmt Atlas, in the north- 
 w^est of Africa.] 
 
 ATT, AS, at'las, n. a collection of maps. 
 [Gr. Atlas (the bearer), a god who bore 
 the world on his shoidders, and whose 
 figure used to be given on the title-page 
 of atla.ses — prob. from a (euphonic), and 
 tlao, to bear.] 
 
 ATMOSPHERE, at'mo-sfer, n. the air that 
 siu-rounds the earth : {fig.) any surround- 
 ing influence. [Gr. atmos, air, sphaira, 
 a sphere.] 
 
 ATMOSPHERIC, -AL, at-mo-sfer'ik. -al, 
 adj. of or depending on the atmosphere. 
 
 ATOLE, a'tol, n. Indian corn gruel. [Sp.] 
 
 ATOM, at'om, n. a particle of matter so 
 small that it cannot be cut or divided : 
 anything very small. — adjs. Atomic, 
 a-tom'ik, Atomical, a-tom'ik-al. [Gr. 
 atomos — a, not, temnb, to cut.] 
 
 ATOMISM, at'om-izm, n. the doctrine that 
 atoms arranged themselves into the uni- 
 verse. 
 
 ATOMIST, at'om-ist, n., one who believes in 
 atomism. 
 
 ATONE, at-on', v.i. (with /or) to give satis- 
 faction or make reparation. — v.t. to ex- 
 piate. [At and one, as if to set at one, 
 reconcile ; the old pronunciation of one 
 is here preserved, as in only.l 
 
 ATONEMENT, at-6n'ment, n. the act of 
 atoning : reconciliation : expiation : repar 
 ration. 
 
 ATRABILIARY, at-ra-bil'yar-i, adj. of a 
 melancholy temperament : hj-pochon- 
 driac. [L. ater, atra, black, bdis, gall, 
 bile. See Bele.] 
 
 ATROCIOUS, a-tro'shus, adj. extremelv 
 CTniel or "nicked : heinous. — adv. Atro - 
 ciousLT. — n. Atro'ciousness. [L. atrox, 
 atroci.i, cruel.] 
 
 ATROCITY, a-tros'i-ti, n. shocking wicked- 
 ness or cruelty. 
 
 ATROPHY, a'trof-i, n. a wasting away 
 
 from want of noiu-Lshment owing to 
 some defect in the organs of nutrition, 
 [Gr. a. priv., and trophe, nourishment. 
 
 ATTACH, at-tach', v.t. to bind or fasten : 
 to seize : to gain over. [Fr. attacher, 
 from a ( — L. ad) and Tack. J 
 
 ATTACHABLE, at-tach'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be attaclied. 
 
 ATTACHE, at-tash-a', n. a young diplo-' 
 matist attached to the suite of an am- ■ 
 bassador. [Fi'.] 
 
 ATTACHMENT, at-tach'raent, m. a bond of 
 fldeUty or affection : the seizure of any 
 one's goods or person by virtue of a legal 
 process. 
 
 ATTACK, at-tak', v.t. to fall upon vio- 
 lently : to assault : to assail with un- 
 friendly words or writing. — n. an assault 
 or onset: severe criticism or calumny. 
 [Fr. attaquer. See Attach, of which it 
 Ls a doubtlet.] 
 
 ATTAIN, at-tan', v.t. to reach or gain by 
 effort : to obtain. — v.i. to come or aiTive : 
 to reach. [Fr. atteindre — L. attingo, -ere 
 — ad, to, tango, to touch.] 
 
 ATTAINABILITY, at-tan-a-bil'i-ti, n. state 
 of being attainable. 
 
 ATTAINABLE, at-tan'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be reached. — n. Attain' ablesess. 
 
 ATTAINDER, at-tan'der, n. act of attaint- 
 ing: (latv) loss of civil rights through 
 conviction for high treason. [Fr. at- 
 teindre, to come to, reach ; O. Fi% attain- 
 dre, to convict, from L. attingo. See 
 Attain.] 
 
 ATTAINJIENT, at-tan'ment, n, act of at- 
 taining : the thing attained : acquisition. 
 
 ATTAINT, at-tant', v.t. to convict : to de- 
 prive of rights for being convicted of 
 treason. [See Attainder, Attain.] 
 
 ATTAR OF ROSES. See Otto. 
 
 ATTEMPER, at-tem'per, vJ. to mix in due 
 proportion : to modify or moderate ; to 
 adapt. [L. attempero — ad, to, and tern- 
 pcro. See TEMPER.] 
 
 ATTEMPT, at-temt', v.t., to try or en- 
 deavor : to make an effort or attack 
 upon. — v.i. to make an attempt or trial. 
 — n. a trial : endeavor or effort. [Fr. 
 attenter — L. attenio—ad, and tenijjto, 
 tento. to trv — tendo, to stretch.] 
 
 ATTEND, at-tend', v.t. to give heed to : to 
 wait on or accompany : to be present at : 
 to wait for. — t».i. to yield attention : to 
 wait. [L. attendo — ad, to, tendo, to 
 stretch.] 
 
 ATTENDANCE, at-tend'ans, n. act of at- 
 tending : presence : the persons attend- 
 ing. 
 
 ATTENDANT, at-tend'ant, adj. giving at- 
 tendance : accompanving. — n. one who 
 attends or accompanies : a servant : 
 what accompanies or foUows. 
 
 ATTENT, at-tent', adj. (B.) giving atten- 
 tion. 
 
 ATTENTION, at-ten'shun, n. act of attend- 
 ing : steady application of the mind : 
 heed : care. [L. atte)itio — attendo. See 
 Attend.] 
 
 ATTENTIVE, at-tent'iv, adj. fuU of atten- 
 tion : mindful. — adv. Attent'ively. — n. 
 Attent'iveness. 
 
 ATTENUATE, at-ten'u-at, v.t., to make 
 thin or lean : to break down into finer 
 parts. — v.i. to become thin or fine : tc 
 grow less. [L. attenvo, -aturn — ad tc 
 tennis, thin.] 
 
 ATTENUATE, at-ten'u-at, ATTENUATED 
 at-t<m'€i-at-ed, acy. made thin or slender r 
 made less viscid. — re. Attenuation, at- 
 ten-ii-a'shun. 
 
 ATTEST, at-test', v.t., to testify or bear 
 untness to : to afiSrm : to give proof of, 
 to manifest. [L. attestor — ad, to, testis. 
 a witness.] 
 
 ATTESTATION, at-test-a'shun, n. act of 
 attesting.
 
 ATTIC 
 
 24 
 
 AUROCHS 
 
 ATTIC, at'ik, adj., pertaining to Attica or 
 to Athens : chaste, elegant. — n. Att'ic- 
 ISM. a chaste, elegant expression. [L. 
 attieus — Gr.J 
 
 ATTIC, at'ik, w. {ai'ch.) a low story above 
 the cornice that terminates the main 
 part of an elevation : a sky-lighted room 
 in the roof of a house. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 A.TTIRE, at-tir', v.t. to dress, array, or 
 adorn : to prepare. — n. dress : orna- 
 mental dress : (B.) a woman's head-dress. 
 [O. Fi'. atirer, from a^ad, and a Teut. 
 root found in Ger. zier, ornament, A.S. 
 tir. si^lendor. See TiRE, dress.] 
 
 ATTITUDE, at'ti-tud, ?;. posture or posi- 
 tion : gesture. — adj. Attitud'INAI,. [Fr., 
 from It. attitudine, a fit position — L. 
 aptitudo — apfus, fit.] 
 
 ATTITUDINIZE, at-ti-tud'in-iz, v.i. to as- 
 sume affected attitudes. 
 
 ATTORNEY, at-tur'ni, n. one legally au- 
 thorized to act for another : one legally 
 quaMfied to manage cases in a court of 
 law ; a solicitor : a soUcitor or attorney 
 prepares cases and does general law busi- 
 ness, while a barrister pleads before the 
 courts : — pi. Attor'neys. — n. ATTORNEY- 
 SHIP, at-tm-'ni-ship. [O. Fr. atorne, Low 
 L. attornattis — atorno, to commit busi- 
 ness to another — L. ad, to, and torno, to 
 turn.] 
 
 ATTORNEY-GENERAL, at-tur'ni- 
 jen'er-al, n. in England, the chief law- 
 officer of the crown, whose duty it is to 
 manage cases in which the crown is 
 interested : in the United States, one of 
 the President's Cabinet, who is the legal 
 adx-iser of the Government, and must 
 represent the United States in all suits 
 brought against it. The individual 
 States have an officer with similar duties. 
 
 ATTRACT, at-trakt', v.t., to draw to or 
 cause to approach : to allure : to entice. 
 [L. attraho, attractus — ad, to, traho, to 
 draw.] 
 
 ATTRACTABLE, at-trakt'a-bl, adj., that 
 may be attracted. — 7i. Attractabil'ity. 
 
 ATTRACTION, at-trak'shun, n., act of at- 
 tracting : the force which draws or tends 
 to draw bodies or their particles to each 
 other : that which attracts. 
 
 ATTRACTIVE, at-trak-t'iv, adj., having the 
 power of attracting : alluring. — advs. 
 ATTRACT'rvELY, Attract'ingly. — n. At- 
 
 TRACT'rVENESS. 
 
 ATTRACTIVITY, at-trak-tiVi-ti, n. attrac- 
 tive power or influence. 
 
 ATTRIBUTE, at-trib'ut, v.t. to ascribe: 
 assign, or consider as belonging. — adj. 
 Attrib'utable. [L. attribuo, -tributum 
 — 17(/. to, tribuo, to give.] 
 
 ATTRIBUTE, at'trib-ut, n. that which is 
 attributed : that which is inherent in : 
 that wliich can be predicated of any- 
 thing : a quality or property. 
 
 ATTRIBUTION, at-trib-u'shun, n. act of 
 attributing : that which is attributed : 
 commendation. 
 
 ATTRIBUTIVE, at-trib'ut-iv, adj. express- 
 ing an attribute. — n. a word denoting an 
 attribute. 
 
 ATTRIST, a-trist', v.t. to grieve : to sad- 
 den. " How then could I write when it 
 was impossible but to attrist you 1 when 
 I could speak of nothing but unparallel- 
 sd horrors." — H. Walpole. [Preflx at 
 for ad, and L. fristis, sad.] 
 
 ATTRITION, at-trish'un, w. the rubbing 
 of one thing against another : a wearing 
 bv friction. fL. ad, and tero, tritum, to 
 rubj 
 
 ATTUNE, at-tun', v.t., to put in tune: to 
 make one sound accord with another : to 
 arrange fitly. [L. ad, to, and Tune.] 
 
 AUBADE, o-bad, n. open-air music per- 
 formed at daybreak, generallv at the 
 door, or under the window, of the person 
 
 whom it is intended to honor. [Fr.] 
 Distinguished from Serenade (which 
 see). Longfellow. 
 
 AUBURN, aw'burn, adj. reddish brown. 
 [The old meaning was a hght yellow, or 
 lightish hue ; Low L. alburnus, whitish 
 — L. albus, white.] 
 
 AUCTION, awk'shun, ?i. a pubUc sale in 
 which one bidder iiicreases the price 
 on another, and the articles go to him 
 who bids highest. [L. auctio, an increas- 
 ing — augeo, auctum, to increase.] 
 
 AUCTIONEER, awk-shun-er', one who is 
 licensed to sell by auction. 
 
 AUDACIOUS, aw-da'shus, adj., daring: 
 bold : impudent. — adr. Auda'ciously. — 
 ns. Auda'ciousness, Audacity, aw-das'i- 
 ti. [Fr. audaeieux — L. audax — audeo, 
 to darej 
 
 AUDIBLE, awd'i-bl, adj., able to be heard. 
 — adv. Aud'ibly. — n. Aud'ebleness [L. 
 audibilis — audio, to hear, conn, with Gr. 
 ous, otos, the ear.] 
 
 AUDIENCE, awd'i-ens, n. the act of hear- 
 ing : admittance to a hearing : an as- 
 sembly of hearers. 
 
 AUDIENT, aw'di-ent, adj. playing the 
 part of a hearer : listening. E. B. Brown- 
 ing. [L. audiens, hearing. See Audi- 
 ence.] 
 
 AUDIOMETER, aw-di-om'et-er, n. an in- 
 strument, among the constituted parts 
 of which are an induction-coil, a micro- 
 phone key, and a telephone, devised to 
 measure ■with precision the sense of hear- 
 ing. [L. audio, to hear, and Gr. metron, 
 measure.] 
 
 AUDIOMETRIC, aw'di-o-met'rik, adj. of 
 or pertaining to audiometry. 
 
 AUDIOMETRY, aw-di-om'et-ri, n. the test- 
 ing of the sense of hearing, especially by 
 means of the audiometer. 
 
 AUDIPHONE, aVdi-fon, n. an acoustic 
 instrument by means of which deaf per- 
 sons are enabled to hear, and even deaf- 
 mutes can be taught to hear and to 
 speak. The essential part of the instru- 
 ment is a fan-shaped plate of hardened 
 caoutchouc which is very sensitive to the 
 influence of sound waves. The sufferer 
 from deafness holds the instrument in 
 his hand and touches the top-edge against 
 his upper teeth ; and the sounds are col- 
 lected and conveyed by the teeth to the 
 auditory nerve without having to pass 
 through the external ear. [L. audio, to 
 hear, and Gr. phone, a sound.] 
 
 AUDIT, awd'it, n. an examination of ac- 
 counts by one or more duly authorized 
 persons. — v.t. to examine and adjust. 
 [L. auditus, a hearing — audio, to hear. 
 See Audible.] 
 
 AUDITOR, awd'it-or, n., a hearer: one 
 who audits accounts. — n. Aud'itorship. 
 
 AUDITORIUM, awd-it-or'i-um, n. in an 
 opera-house, public hall, or the like, the 
 space allotted to the hearers. 
 
 AUDITORY, awd'it-or-i, adj. relating to 
 the sense of hearing. — n. an audience : a 
 place where lectures, etc., are heard. 
 
 AUGEAN, aw-je'an, adj. filthy : difficult. 
 [From Augeas, a fabled king of Elis in 
 Greece, whose stalls, containing 3,000 
 cattle, and uncleaned for 30 years, were 
 cleaned by Hercules in one day.] 
 
 AUGER, aw'ger, n. a carpenter's tool used 
 for boring holes in wood. [A corr. of 
 nauger, A.S. nafegar — nafu, a nave of a 
 wheel, gar, a piercer. See Nave (of a 
 wheel), GrORE, a triangular piece.] 
 
 AUGHT, awt, n. a ivhit : ought : anything : 
 a part. [A.S. airiht — a, short for an, 
 one, and inht, a wight, a thing.] 
 
 AUGMENT, awg-ment', v.t. to increase : to 
 make larger. — v.i. to grow larger. [L. 
 augmentum, increase — augeo, to increase, 
 Gr. au^atiO.] 
 
 AUGMENT, awg'ment, n. increase : (gram.) 
 a prefix to a word. 
 
 AUGMENTATION, awg-ment-a'shun, n. 
 increase : addition. 
 
 AUGMENTATIVE, awg-ment'at-iv, adj. 
 having the quality or power of aug- 
 menting. — n. (gram.) a word formed 
 from another to express increase of its 
 meaning. 
 
 AUGUR, aw'gur, n. among the Romans, 
 one who foretold events by observing 
 the flig-ht and the cries of birds : a 
 diviner : a soothsayer. — v.t. to foretell 
 from signs. — v.i. to guess or conjecture. 
 [L., prob. from avis, bird, and root gar, 
 in L. garrire, to chatter, Sans, gir, 
 speech.] 
 
 AUGURY, aw'gur-i, n. the art or practice 
 of auguring : an omen. — adj. AuGURAL, 
 aw'gur-al. [L. augurium — atigur.'\ 
 
 AUGUST, aw-gust', adj. venerable : im- 
 posing : majestic. — adv. August'ly. — n. 
 August'ness. [L. augustus — augeo, to 
 increase, honor.] 
 
 AUGUST, aw'gust, n. the eighth month of 
 the year, so called after C^sar Augustus, 
 one of the Roman emperors. 
 
 AUGUSTAN, aw-gust'an, adj. pertaining 
 to Augustus (nephew of Julius Caesar, 
 and one of the greatest Roman emper- 
 ors) or to the time in which he lived : 
 classic * refined 
 
 AUGUSTINE, aw-gust'in, AUGUSTINIAN, 
 aw-gus-tin'i-an, n. one of an order of 
 monks, so called from St. Augustine. ' 
 
 AUK, awk, n. a web-footed sea-bird, found 
 in the Northern Seas. [Low L. alca, 
 Ice. cdka.'\ 
 
 AULIC, awi'ik, adj. pertaining to a royal 
 court. [L. aulicus — aula, Gr. a^de, a 
 royal court.] 
 
 AUNT, ant, n. a father's or a mother's 
 sister. [O. Fr. ante — L. aniita, a father's 
 sister.] 
 
 AURELIA, awr-el'ya, n. the chrysalis of 
 an insect, from its golden color. [L. au- 
 rum, gold.] 
 
 AUREOLA, awr-eo-la, AUREOLE, awr'e- 
 61, n., the gold-colored light or halo vi^ith 
 wliich painters surround the head of 
 Christ and the saints. [L. aureolus, dim. 
 of aureus, golden.] 
 
 AURICLE, awr'i-kl, n. the external ear : — 
 pi. the two ear-like cavities of the heart. 
 [L. auricida, dim. of auris, the ear.] 
 
 AURICOMOUS, awr'ik-o-mus, adj. 1, hav- 
 ing golden hair : 3, applied to a prepara- 
 tion which gives a golden hue to the 
 hair. Lord Lytton. [L. aurum, gold, 
 and coma, hair.] 
 
 AURICULA, awr-ik'iil-a, n. a species of 
 primrose, also called bear's-ear, from the 
 shape of its leaf. 
 
 AURICULAR, awr-ik'ul-ar, adj., pertain- 
 ing to the ear : known by hearing, or by 
 report. — Auricular confession, secret, 
 told in the ear. — adv. Auric'CLAhly. 
 [See Auricle.] 
 
 AURICULATE, awr-ik'ul-at, adj., ear- 
 shaped. [Low L. auriculatus — ^L. auri- 
 cida.] 
 
 AURIFEROUS, awr-ifer-us, adj., bearing 
 or Yielding gold. [L. aurifer — aurum, 
 golcl, fero, to bear.] 
 
 AURIFIC, aviT-Lf'ik, adj. capable of trans- 
 muting substances into gold : gold-mak- 
 ing. " Some experiments made vfitb. an 
 aurifio powder." — Southey. [L. aurum, 
 gold, and facio, to make.] 
 
 AURIFORM, awr'i-form, aM., ear-shaped. 
 [L. auris, ear, and Form. J 
 
 AURIST, awr'ist, n. one skiUed in diseases 
 of the ear. 
 
 AUROCHS, awr'oks, n. the Eui-opean bison 
 or wild ox. [Ger. auerochs, O. Ger. 
 urohso — Ger. ur (L. urns, Gr. cmros). a 
 kind of wild ox, and oehs, ex.]
 
 AURORA 
 
 25 
 
 AVOCATION 
 
 AURORA, aw-ro'ra, 7i. the dawn : ia 
 po*try, the goddess of dawn. [L. for 
 a K.wisa : cog. with Gr. eos : from a root 
 seen in Sans, usli, to burn.] 
 
 AURORA BOREALIS, aw-ro'ra bo-re-a'lis, 
 n.. the northern aurora or light: a me- 
 teor seen in northern latitudes. — Aurora 
 AUSTRALIS, a ws-tra'Us, n . a meteor in the 
 S. hemisphere. [L. boreaUs, northern 
 — horeas, the nortli wind. See Austral.] 
 
 AURORAL, aw-ro'ral, adj. relating to the 
 aurora. 
 
 AUSCULTATION, aws-kult-a'shun, it. the 
 art of discovering diseases of the lungs 
 and heart by applj'ing the ear to the 
 chest, or to a tube in contact %\-ith the 
 chest. [L. ausculto. to listen, from ausi- 
 eiila for auricula. See Auricle.] 
 
 AUSCULTATORY, aws-kult'a-tor-i, adj. 
 r-i'lating to auscultation. 
 
 AUSONLAN, aws-o'ni-an, adj. of or per- 
 taining to Italy or the Italians. Long- 
 fellow. (Poetical.) [L. *4 iisoni a, a poetical 
 term for the whole Italian peninsula, 
 ft'om Ausones, the name g^ven to the 
 primitive inhabitants of middle and 
 lower Italy.] 
 
 AUSPICE, aw'spis, n. an omen drawn from 
 observing birds : augury — generally used 
 in 2)1. Auspices, aw'spis-ez, protection : 
 patronage. [Fr. — L. auspicium — aiispex, 
 auspici^, a bird-seer, from avis, a bird, 
 sijccio, to observe.] 
 
 AUSPICIOUS, aw-spish'us, adj. having 
 good auspices or omens of success : favor- 
 able : fortunate. — adi\ Auspi'ciouslt. — 
 
 It. AUSPI'CIOUSNESS. 
 
 AUSTERE, aws-ter', adj. harsh : severe : 
 stern. — adv. Austere'ly. [L. aiisterus — 
 Gr. (nisteros — auo, to dry. 
 
 AUSTERENESS, aws-ter'nes, AUSTER- 
 ITY, aws-ter'it-i, ?i. quaUty of being 
 austere : severity of manners or life : 
 harshness. 
 
 AUSTRAL, aws'tral, adj., southern. [L. 
 australis — auster, the south wind.] 
 
 AUSTRALASIAN, aws-tral-a'shi-an, adj., 
 pertaining to Australasia, or the coun- 
 tries that lie to the south of Asia. 
 
 AUSTRALIAN, aws-trali-an, adj., of or 
 pertaining to Australia, a large island 
 between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. — 
 n. a native of Australia. 
 
 AUSTRIAN, aws'tri-an, adj., of or pertain- 
 ing to Austria, an empire of Central 
 Europe. — n. a native of Austria. 
 
 AUTHENTIC, -AL, aw-thent'ik, -al, adj. 
 having authority or genuineness as if 
 from the author's own hand: original: 
 genuine : true. — adv. Authen'tically. 
 [Gr. authentSs, one who does anything 
 with his own hand — autos, self.] 
 
 AUTHENTICATE, aw-thent'ik-at, v.t. to 
 make authentic : to prove genuine. 
 
 AUTHENTICATION, aw-thent-ik-a'shun, 
 n. act of authenticating : confirmation. 
 
 AUTHENTICITY, aw-thent-is'it-i, »i. qual- 
 ity of being authentic : genuineness. 
 
 AUTTHOR, a^vth'or, n., one who originates 
 or brings into being : a beginner or first 
 mover : the writer of an original book : — 
 fern. Auth'oress. [Fr. auteur, L. auctor 
 — augeo, auctum, to cause things to in- 
 crease, to produce.] 
 
 AUTHORITATIVE, awth-or'it-at-iv, adj. 
 having authority : dictatorial. — adv. 
 Author'itatively. — n. Author'itative- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 AUTHORITY, awth-or'it-i, n. legal power 
 or right : power derived from office or 
 character : weight of testimony : permis- 
 sion : — pi. Author'ITIES, precedents : 
 opinions or saj'ings carrying weight : 
 persons in power. 
 
 AUTHORIZE. a^vth'or-Iz, v.t. to give au- 
 thority to : to sanction : to establish by 
 authority.— >i. Aithoriza'tion. 
 
 AUTHORSHIP, awth'or-ship, n. state of 
 being an author. 
 
 AUTOBIOGRAPHER, aw-to-bl-og'raf-er, 
 n. one wlio writes his own life. 
 
 AUTOBIOGRAPHY, aw-to-bi-og'raf-i, n., 
 the biography or life of a person written 
 by hii/i.-ielf. — adjs. Autobiograph'ic, Au- 
 tobioguaph'ical. [Gr. autos one's self, 
 bios, life, grapho, to write.] 
 
 AUTOCRACY, aw-tok'ras-i, n. an absolute 
 government by one man : despotism. 
 [Gr. autos, self, kratos, power.] 
 
 AUTOCRAT, aw'to-krat, n. one who rules 
 by his own power : an absolute sovereign. 
 — adj. Autocrat'ic. [Gr. autokrates — 
 autos, self, kratos, power.] 
 
 AUTO-DA-FE, aw'to-da-fa', n. the execu- 
 tion of persons who were condemned by 
 the Inquisition to be burned :—pl. Autos- 
 da-fe. [Port., from auto, L. actus, act ; 
 da, L. de, of ; and fe, L. jides, faith — an 
 act of faith.] 
 
 AUTOGONY, aw-tog'o-ni, n. the genera- 
 tion of simple organisms fi'om an in- 
 organic formative fluid. Rossiter. [Gr. 
 autos, self, and gone, generation, birth.] 
 
 AUTOGRAPH, aw'to-graf, n., one's oivn 
 haxiAwriting : a signature. — adj. AUTO- 
 graph'ic. [Gr. autos, self, graphe, 
 writing.] 
 
 AUTOKINETICAL, aw'tO-ld-net'i-kal, adj. 
 self-moving. Dr. H. More. [Gr. autos, 
 self, and kineo, to move.] 
 
 AUTOMATISM, aw-tom'at-izm, 71. auto- 
 matic action : power of self-moving. 
 
 AUTOMATIZE, aw-tom'a-tiz, v.t. to make 
 an automaton or self-acting machine of. 
 "A god-created man, all but abnegating 
 the character of man ; forced to exist, 
 automatized, mummy-wise ... as Gen- 
 tleman or Gigman." — Carlyle. 
 
 AUTOMATON, aw-tom'a-ton, n., a self- 
 moving macliine, or one which moves by 
 concealed macliinery : — -jjZ. Autom'atons 
 or Autom'ata. — adjs. Automat'ic, Auto- 
 mat'ical. [Gr. automatos, self-moving 
 — autos, self, and a stem mat-, to strive 
 after, to move.] 
 
 AUTONOMIST, aw-ton'o-mist, n. one who 
 advocates or favors the principle of 
 autonomy. 
 
 AUTONOMY, aw-ton'om-i, n. the power or 
 right of self-government. — adj. Auton'- 
 OMOUS, self-governing. [Gr. — autos, and 
 nomos, law.] 
 
 AUTOPSY, aw'top-si, n., personal inspec- 
 tion, esp. the examination of a body after 
 death. [Gr. — autos, self, and opsis, 
 sight.] 
 
 AUTORIAL, aw-to'ri-al, adj. of or pertain- 
 ing to an author. "Testing the autorial 
 power." — Poe. 
 
 AUTOTHEISM, aw-to-the'izm, n. the wor- 
 ship of one's self ; excessive self-esteem. 
 Nineteenth Century. 
 
 AUTOTHEIST, aw-to-the'ist, n. one given 
 to autotheism ; one who makes a god of 
 himself. " He begins to mistake more 
 and more the voice of that very flesh of 
 his, which he fancies he has conquered, 
 for the voice of God, and to become witli- 
 out knowing it an autotheist." — Kingsley. 
 
 AUTUMN, aw'tum, n. the third season of 
 the year wlien fruits are gathered in, 
 popularly comprising the months of 
 August, September, and October. — adj. 
 Autum'nal. [L. autmnnus, auctumnus 
 — augeo, auctum, to increase, to produce.] 
 
 AUXILIAR, awg-zil'i-ar. 71. an auxiliary. 
 " My au.viliars and aUies."— Sir. H. Tay- 
 lor. 
 
 AUXILIARY, awg-zil'yar-i, adj. helping, 
 -^n. a helper : an assistant : (gram.) a 
 verb that helps to form the moods and 
 tenses of other verbs. [L. — auxilium, 
 help — augeo. to increase.] 
 
 AVAIL, a-val', v.t., to be of value or service 
 
 to . 1,0 benefit. — v.i. to be of use : to an- 
 swer- the purpose. — n. benefit : profit : 
 ser'/ice. — Avails, profits : proceeds. 
 (A_ner.) [Fr. — L. ad, to, valeo, to be 
 strong, to be worth.] 
 
 AVAILABLE, a-val'a-bl, adj. that one may 
 avail one's self of : profitable : suitable, 
 — adv. Avail' ABLY. 
 
 A VAILABLENESS, a-val'a-bl-nes, AVAUr 
 ABILITY, a-val-a-bil'i-ti, n. quaUty of 
 being available : power in promoting an 
 end in view : validity. 
 
 AVALANCHE, av'al-ansh, n. a mass of 
 snow and ice sliding down from a moun- 
 tain : a snow-sUp. [Fr. — avaler, to sUp 
 down — L. ad, to, vallis, a valley.] 
 
 AVARICE, av'ar-is, n. eager desire for 
 wealth : covetousness. [Fr. — L. avaritia 
 —avarus, greedy — aveo. to pant after.] 
 
 AVARICIOUS, av-ar-ish'us, adj. extremely 
 covetous : greedy. — adv. Avari'CIOUSLY. 
 
 — 71. AVARl'CIOUSNESS. 
 
 AVAST, a-vast', int. (naut.) hold fast! 
 stop ! [Dut. ho7id vast, hold fast.] 
 
 AVATAR, a-va-tiir', })., the descent of a 
 Hindu deity in a visible form : incarna- 
 tion. [Sans. — ava, away, down, and tara, 
 passage — tri, to cross.] 
 
 AVAUNT, arvawnf, int. move on : be- 
 gone ! [Fr. ava7it, forward — L. ab, 
 from, a7ite, before.] 
 
 AVE, a've, Ji., be well or happy: hail, an 
 address or prayer to the Virgin Mary : in 
 full, Ai^e Mari'a. [L. aveo, to be well or 
 propitious.] 
 
 AVENGE, a-venj', v.t. (B.) to inflict pun- 
 ishment for. — n. AVENGEMENT, a-venj'- 
 ment. [Fr. venger — L. vindicare. See 
 Vengeance.] 
 
 AVENGER, a-venj'er, n. one who avenges. 
 
 AVENOUS, a-ve'nus, adj. in bot. wanting 
 veins or nerves, as the leaves of certain 
 plants. 
 
 AVENUE, aVen-u, n. an alley of trees 
 leading to a house : in Amer. a wide 
 street. [Fr., from L. ad, to, venio, to 
 come.] 
 
 AVER, a-ver', v.t. to declare to be true: 
 to affirm or declare positively : — pr.p. 
 averr'ing ; pa.p. averred'. [Fr. avirei — 
 L. ad, and vents, true.] 
 
 AVERAGE, aver-aj, n. the mean value or 
 quantity of a number of values or quan- 
 tities. — adj. containing a mean value. — 
 v.t. to fix an average. — v.i. to exist in, or 
 form, a mean quantity. [Low L. aver- 
 agiiim, carrying service due to a lord by 
 his tenants with their averia or cattle ; 
 loss, expense in carrjang — averium, 
 " havings," goods, cattle — ^O. Fr. aver — 
 L. habere, to have ; confused with Dut. 
 averij, Fi\ avarie — Ar. awar, damage ; 
 hence a contribution towards damage to 
 a cargo formerly levied on each mer- 
 chant in proportion to the goods car- 
 1-ied.] 
 
 AVERMENT, a-ver'ment, n. positive asser- 
 tion. 
 
 AVERSE, a-vers', adj. having a disincMna- 
 tion or hatred : disUking. — adv. Averse'- 
 LY. — n. Averse'ness. [L. aversus, turned 
 away, pa.p. of averto. See A\T5RT.] 
 
 AVERSION, a-ver'shun, n. disUke : hatred : 
 the object of disUke. [See Avert.] 
 
 AVERT, a-vert', v.t. to tumfroni or aside : 
 to prevent. [L. averto — ab, from, verto, 
 to turn.] 
 
 AVIARY, a'vi-ar-i, n. a place for keeping 
 birds. JL. aviarium — avis, a bird. 
 
 AVICUL'TURE, a'vi-kul-tur, n. the breed- 
 ing and rearing of birds. Baird. 
 
 AVIDITY, a-vid'it-i, n. eagerness : greedi- 
 ness. [L. aviditas — avidxis, greedy — 
 aveo, to pant after.] 
 
 AVOCATION, a-vo-kashim, n. formerly 
 and properly, a diversion or distraction 
 from one's regular emplojinent : now.
 
 AVOID 
 
 26 
 
 BACKSLIDE 
 
 one"s proper business^ VOCATION : busi- 
 ' ness which calls for one's time and atten- 
 tion. [L. avocatio, a calling away — ab, 
 from, foco, to call.] 
 
 AVOID, a-void', v.t. to try to escape from : 
 to shun.— adj. Avoid' able. [Pfx. a=Fr. 
 es='L. ex. out, and Void.] 
 
 AVOIDANCE, a-void'ans, 71. the act of 
 avoiding' or shimning' : act of annullinpf. 
 
 AVOIRDUPOIS, av-er-du-poiz', adj. or n. 
 a system of weights in which the lb. 
 equals 16 oz. [Fr. avoir diipois, to have 
 (of the) weight — L. habeo, to have, pen- 
 snm, that wliich is weighed.] 
 
 AVOUCH, a-vowch'. v.t. to avow: to as- 
 sert or own positively. [Fr. d, and O. 
 Fr. vocher — L. voco, to call. See VorCH.] 
 
 AVOW, a-vow', v.t. to declare openly : to 
 own or confess. — adv. Avow'edly. — adj. 
 Avow' ABLE. [Fr. avotter. orig. to swear 
 fealty to — L. ad, and votum, a vow. See 
 Vow] 
 
 AVOWAL, a-vow'al, n. a positive declara^ 
 tion : a frank confession. 
 
 AWAIT, a-wat', v.t. to wait or look /o?' ; to 
 be in store for : to attend. [Through Fr. 
 from root of Ger. tcacht. a watch. See 
 Wait.] 
 
 AWAKE, a-wak', v.t. to rouse from sleep : 
 to rouse from a state of inaction. — v.i. to 
 cease sleeping : to rouse one's self : — 
 pa. p. awaked' or awoke'. — adj. not 
 asleep : vigilant. [A.S. awaean — a- (Ger. 
 er-. Goth. MS-, Ice. or-), inten. or causal, 
 and u-acan, to wake.] 
 
 AWAKEN, a-wak'n, v.t. and v.i. to awake. 
 
 AWAKENING, a-wak'n-ing, n. the act of 
 awaking or ceasing to sleep : a revival of 
 religion. 
 
 AWARD, a-wawTd', v.t. to adjudge : to de- 
 termine. — n. judgment : final decision, 
 esp. of arbitrators. [O. Fr. eswardeir or 
 esgardeir, from es=L. ex and a Teutonic 
 root seen in E. Ward.] 
 
 AWARE, a-war', adj. wary: informed. 
 [From an A.S. gewcer, from prefix ge- 
 and iner. cautious. See Wary.] 
 
 AWAY, a-wii', adv. out of the way : ab- 
 sent. — int. begone !— {I cannot) Away 
 wiTH=bear or endure : A'svay with (liim) 
 i=take away : (make) Aw.\.Y wiTH=de- 
 stroy. ■ [A.S. aweg — a, on, xceg, way, (lit.) 
 •• on one s w^ay."] 
 
 AWE. aw, n. reverential /ear .• dread. — v.t. 
 to strike with or influence by fear. [Ice. 
 agi, A.S. cge. fear : cog. with Gael, eag- 
 Itul. Gr. achos, anguish. F'rom root ag-, 
 seen in Akgeh. Anxious.] 
 
 AWEARY, a-we'ri. n. weary. [Pfx. a, 
 and Weary.] 
 
 A^VE-STRUCK, aw'-struk, adj. struck or 
 affected with awe. 
 
 AWFUL, aw'fool, adj. full of awe. — adv. 
 Aw'ftjlly. — n. Aw'fulness. 
 
 AWHILE, arhwil', adv. for some time : for 
 a short time. [Pfx. a, and Wehle.] 
 
 AW^KWARD. aw-k'ward, adj. clumsy : un- 
 graceful. — adv. Awk'wardly. — n. Awk'- 
 WARDNESS. [M.E. aicV:, contrary, wrong, 
 and A.S. •irard, direction.] 
 
 AWL, awl, 71. a pointed instrument for 
 boring small holes in leather. [A.S. a;/.] 
 
 AWN, awn, n. a scale or husk : beard of 
 corn or grass. — adj». Awned, Awn'less. 
 [Ice. ogn: Ger. ahne; from root ak-, 
 shai-p, seen in Acute.] 
 
 AAVNING, awn'ing, n. a covering to shel- 
 ter from the sun's rays. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 AWOKE, a-wok', did awake — past tense of 
 Aw.uiE. 
 
 AAVRY, a-ri', adj. twisted to one side : 
 crooked : wrong : perverse. — adv. un- 
 evenly : perversely. [Pfx. o, on, and 
 Wry.] 
 
 AXE, aks, n. a well-known instrument for 
 hewing or chopping. — AXE TO GRIND, a 
 member c^ Congress who supports some 
 
 favorite project which makes him ap- 
 pear generous, while he acts from a self- 
 ish motive, is said to have an axe to 
 grind. (Amer.) [A.S. (e.r; L. ascia: Gr. 
 axine, perhaps from root ak-, .sharp.] 
 
 AXEMAN, aks'man, n. one who wields an 
 axe : one who cuts down trees : a wood- 
 man. Whittier. 
 
 AXIOM, aks'yum, 7!. a self-evident truth : 
 a universally received principle in an art 
 or science.— adjs. Axiomat'ic, Axiomat'- 
 ICAL. — adv. Axiomat'ically. [Gr. ax- 
 ioma — axioo, to think worth, to take for 
 granted — axios, worth.] 
 
 AXIS, aks'is, n. the a.vle, or the line, real 
 or imaginary, on wliich a body revolves : 
 — pi. Axes, aks'ez. — adj. Ax'ial. [L. 
 axis: cf. Gr. axon. Sans, aksha, A.S. 
 ear.] 
 
 AXLE, aks'l, AXLE-TREE, aks'1-tre, n. 
 the pin or rod in the nave of a wheel on 
 which the wheel turns. [Dim. from A.S. 
 eax, and axle ; Sw. axel.\ 
 
 AY, AYE, 1, adv., yea: yes : indeed. — 
 Aye, i, n. a vote in the affirmative. [A 
 form of Yea.] 
 
 AYAH, a'ya, n. a native Indian waiting- 
 maid. 
 
 AYE, a, adf., ever: alwaj's : for ever. 
 [Ice. ei, ever, A.S. a ; conn, with Age, 
 
 E^-ER.] 
 
 AYRY, a'ri, n. a hawk's nest. [See Eyry.] 
 
 AZIMUTH, az'im-uth, n. the arc of the 
 horizon between the meridian of a place 
 and a vertical circle passing tkrough any 
 celestial body. [Ar. al saint, the direc- 
 tion. See Zenith.] 
 
 AZOTE, a-zot', ??. nitrogen, so called be- 
 cause it does not sustain animal life. — 
 adj. Azot'ic. [Gr. a, neg., and zao, to 
 live.] 
 
 AZURE, a'zhur, adj. of a faint blue: sky- 
 colored. — n. a delicate blue color : the 
 sky. [Fr. azur, corr. of Low L. lazur, 
 lazulum, azolum, blue ; of Pers. origin.] 
 
 B 
 
 BAA, ba, n. the cry of a sheep. — v.i. to 
 cry or bleat as a sheep. [From the 
 soimd.] 
 
 BABBLE, bab'bl, v.i. to speak like a baby : 
 to talk childishly : to tell secrets. — v.t. 
 to prate : to utter. [E. ; connected «ith 
 Dut. babbelen, Ger. babbeln, Fr. babiller, 
 from ba, ba. representing the first at- 
 tempts of a chUd to speak.] 
 
 BABBLE, bab'bl, BABBLEMENT, bab'bl- 
 ment, BABBLING, bab'bling, v. idle 
 senseless talk. 
 
 BABBLER, bab'bler, n., oneivho babbles. 
 
 BABE, bab, BABY, bal)i, n. an infant: 
 child. — adj. B.i'BYiSH. — n. Ba'byhood. 
 [Ba, ba. See Babble.] 
 
 BABEL, ba'bel, n. a confused combination 
 of sounds. [From Heb. Babel (confusion), 
 where the language of man was con- 
 founded.] 
 
 BABOON, ba-bo6n', n. a species of large 
 monkey, having a long face, dog-hke 
 tusks, large lips, and a short tail. [Fr. 
 baboimi ; remoter origin dtib.l 
 
 BACCARA, bak'ka-ra, BACCARAT, balc'- 
 ka-rat, a game of cards introduced from 
 France into England and America. It 
 is played by any number of players, or 
 rather bettors, and a banker. The latter 
 opens the play by dealing two cards to 
 each bettor, and two to himself, and 
 covering the stakes of each individual 
 with an equal sum. The cards are then 
 examined, and those belonging to the 
 bettors wliich when added score nine 
 points, or nearest that number, take 
 their own stake and the banker's. Should 
 
 he. however, be nearest the winning 
 number of points, he takes all the stakes 
 on the table ; in any case he takes the 
 stakes of the players who have not 
 scored so near the winning points as 
 himself. Various other numbers, as 19, 
 29, 18, 28. etc., give certain advantages 
 in the game. Court cards count as ten 
 points, the others according to the num 
 ber of pips. [Fr., origin unlcnown.] 
 
 BACCHANAL, bak'ka-nal, BACCHANA- 
 LIAN, bak-ka-na'li-an, n. a worshipper 
 of Bacchus : one who indulges in drunken 
 revels. — adj. relating to drunken revels. 
 [L. Bacchus, Gr. Bacchos, the god of 
 wine.] 
 
 BACCHANALIA, bak-ka-na'U-a, BAC- 
 CHANALS, bak'ka-nalz. v. pi. orig. 
 feasts in honor of Bacchus: drunken 
 
 BACCIFORM, bak'si-form. adj. shaped like 
 a berry. [L. bacca, a berry, and forma, 
 form.] 
 
 BACHELOR, bach'el-or. n. an unmarried 
 man : one who has taken his first degree 
 at a imiversity. — ns. Bach'elorhood, 
 Bach'elorship". [O. Fr. bacheler. a 
 young man. Ety. disputed ; according 
 to Brachet fTom Low L. baccalarius, a 
 farm - servant, originally a cow-herd ; 
 from baccalia, a herd of cows ; and this 
 from bacca. Low L. for vacca, a co\»-.] 
 
 BACILLUS, ba-sU'lus, 71. a species of rod-hke 
 microscopic organisms belonging to the 
 genus Bacterium. Certain diseases are 
 beUeved to be caused by these bodies 
 being introduced into the system. 
 
 BACK, bak, n. the hinder part of the body 
 in man, and the upper part in beasts : 
 the hinder part. — ndr. to the place from 
 which one came : to a former state or 
 condition : behind : in return : ag-ain. — 
 Back and forth, backward and forward. 
 (Amer.) — v.t. to get upon the back of: 
 to help, as if standing at one's back : tc 
 put backward.— y.j. to move or go back. 
 — To back out, to retreat from difficulty : 
 to withdraw from an engagement or 
 contest. (Amer.) [A.S. ocec, Sw. bak, 
 Dan. bag.] 
 
 BACKBTTE. bak'blt. v.t. to speak e\-il of 
 any one behind his back or in his ab- 
 sence. — ns. Back'biter, Back'biting. 
 
 BACKBONE, bak'bon, 7). the bone of the 
 back, the vertebral column ; also, firm- 
 ness, stabilitv of purpose, euergv. (Amer.) 
 
 BACKDOOR, bak'dor. n. a door in the 
 hack part of a building. 
 
 •BACKED, balvt. adj. provided with a back : 
 — used in composition, as Hump-backed. 
 
 R A CK F.R, bak'er, n. one who backs or sup- 
 ports another in a contest. 
 
 BACKGAMMON, bak-gam'un, n. a game 
 
 Slayed by two persons on a board with 
 ice ant} fifteen men or pieces each. 
 [Ety. dub., perhaps A.S. bcec, back, and 
 gamen. game.] 
 
 BACKGROUND, bak'grownd, n. gi-ound at 
 the back : a place of obscurity : the space 
 behind the principal figures of a picture. 
 
 BACK-HANDED, balc'-hand-ed, adj. with 
 the hand tm-ned backward (as of a blow) : 
 indirect. 
 
 BACK-PIECE, bak'-pes, BACK-PLATE, 
 bak'-plat, n. a piece or plate of armor for 
 the back. 
 
 BACK-SCRAPER, bak'-skrap-er, BACK- 
 SCRATCHER, bak'-skrach-er, n. same as 
 Scratch-back, 2. " A back-scratcher of 
 which the hand was ivorv." — Southey. 
 
 BACKSHEESH, BACKSHISH, bak'shesh, 
 n.. a gift or present of monej', in the East. 
 [Pers.] 
 
 BACKSLIDE, bak-slid', v.i. to slide or fall 
 back in faith or moraJs : — pa.p. backsUd' 
 or back.sUdd'en. — ns. Backslid'er, Back-
 
 BACKSTAIRS 
 
 27 
 
 BALL 
 
 BACKSTAIRS, bak'starz. n.pJ. back or pri- 
 „ vaie stairs of a house. — adj. secret or 
 underhand. 
 
 BACK-STRING, bak'-string, «. a leading- 
 string: by which a cliild is supported or 
 gruided from behind. "The back-string 
 and the bib." — Coicper. 
 
 BACKWARD, b.ik'ward, BACKWARDS, 
 bak'wardz, adi: towards the back : on 
 the back : towards the past : from a bet- 
 ter to a worse state. [Back and affix 
 W.VRD- Waiids, in the direction of.] 
 
 BACKWARD, bak'ward.arf/'. keeping back : 
 unniUing : slow : late ; also, basliful, 
 timid. (Anier.) — adv. Back'wardlt. — n. 
 Back'wardxess. 
 
 BACKWOODS, bak'woodz, n.pl.. the for- 
 est or uncultivated part of a country be- 
 yond the cleared country, as in N. Amer. 
 — n. Backwoods'jiax. 
 
 BACON, ba'kn, n. swine's flesh salted or 
 pickled and dried. — To save one's bacon, 
 to preserve one's self from harm. (Amer.) 
 [O. Fi\— O. Dutch, bak, a pig-.] 
 
 BACONL\N. bak-on'i-an, adj. pertaining 
 to Lord Bacon (1.561-1626), or to his phi- 
 losophy, which was inductive or based on 
 experience. 
 
 BAD, bad, adj. ill or evil : wicked : hiu-t- 
 ful : — comp. Worse ; superl. Worst. 
 [Ety. dub., perhaps from Celt, baodh, 
 looiish. wicked.] 
 
 BADDISH, bad'ish, adj. somewhat bad : 
 not very good. [Bad, and dim. terminal 
 tion ish.J 
 
 BADE, bad, past tense of Bid. 
 
 BADGE, baj, 7i. a mark or sign by which 
 one is known or distinguished. [Low L. 
 bagia, a mark, baga, a ring, from a Teut. 
 root, seen in A,S. beah, a ring, mark of 
 distinction.] 
 
 BADGER, baj'er, n. a burrowing animal 
 about the size of a fox, eagerly hunted 
 by dogs. — v.t. to pursue with eagerness, 
 as dogs hunt the badger : to pester or 
 worry. [A corr. of" bladger — O. Fr. 
 bladier. Low L. bladariiis, a corn-dealer, 
 from bladum, corn, because the creature 
 was beheved to store up com. Ace. to 
 Diez, bladum is from Tu.ablatum, " carried 
 awav." See Ablative.] 
 
 BADI>rAGE, bad'in-azh, n. light playful 
 talk : banter. [Fr. badinage — badin, 
 plaj'ful or bantering.] 
 
 BADLY, bad'U, adv. in a bad manner : not 
 well: imperfectly: wrongly.-Ji. Bad'kess. 
 
 BADMINTON, bad-min'ton, n. a kind of 
 claret-cup or summer beverage, so called 
 from being invented at the Duke of Beau- 
 fort's seat of that name. " Soothed or 
 stimulated by fragrant cheroots or beak- 
 ers of Badnunton.'' — Disraeli. 
 
 BAFFLE, baf'fl, v.t. to elude or defeat by 
 artince : to check or make ineffectual. 
 rO. Fr. bcfler, to deceive, to mock ; It. 
 beffa. a scoffing.] 
 
 BAG, bag, n. a sack or pouch. — wt. to put 
 into a bag : to capture : — pr.p. bagg'ing : 
 pa.p. bagged'. [A.S. bmlg, bag, belly ; 
 Celt, bag, balg, belly, wallet.] 
 
 BAG-A.SSE, ba-ga.s', n. the dry remains of 
 the sugar-cane, after the "juice has all 
 been pressed out — ^used as fuel in boiUng 
 the juice. (Amer.) 
 
 BAGATELLE, bag-a-tel', n. a trifle: a 
 game played on a board with nine balls 
 and a cue. [Fr.; It. bagatella, a conjur- 
 er's trick, a trifle.] 
 
 BAG-FOX, bag'-foks, n. a fox kept in con- 
 finement, and slipped from a bag, when 
 no other victim of a himt is to l)e had. 
 Miss Ferrier. 
 
 BAGGAGE, bag's j. )i. the tents, provisions, 
 and other necessaries of an armv : travel- 
 ler's luggage. [Fr. bagage — O. Fr. bagues, 
 goods or effects ; from Celt, bag, a 
 bundle.] 
 
 BAGGAGE, bag'aj, 7i. a worthless woman: 
 a saucv female. [Fr. bagasse, a prosti- 
 tute.] ■ 
 
 BAGGING, bag'ing, n. cloth or material 
 for bags : usually made of hemp, when 
 used for packing cotton. (Amer.) 
 
 BAGGY, bag'i, adj. loose Uke a bag. 
 
 BAGMAN, bag'man, n. a commercial 
 traveller. 
 
 BAGNIO, ban'yo, n. a house of Ul-fame. 
 [It. bagno — L. balneum, a bath.] 
 
 BAGPIPE, bag'plp, n. a musical wind-in- 
 strument, consisting of a leathern bag, 
 wliich acts as a bellows, and pipes. — n. 
 Bag'piper. 
 
 BAH, ba, int. an exclamation of disgust or 
 contempt. 
 
 BAIL, bal, n. one who procures the release 
 of an accused person by becoming guar- 
 dian or security for his appearing in 
 court : the security given. — v. t. to set a 
 person free by giving security for him : 
 to release on the security of another. 
 [O. Fr. bail, a guardian, a tutor ; Low L. 
 baila, a nurses from L. bajulus. a carrier.] 
 
 BAIL, bal, n. one of the cross pieces on the 
 top of the wicket in cricket ; also, the 
 handle of a pail, bucket or kettle. (Amer.) 
 [O. Fr. bailies, sticks, a paUsade.] 
 
 BAIL, bal, v.t. to clear (a boat) of water 
 with bxickeis. — To bail one's own boat, 
 to mind one's own business without 
 waiting for help from others. (Amer.) 
 
 iDut. balie, a tub, Fr. bailie (whence 
 )iez derives the Dut. word). Also spelled 
 Bale.] 
 
 BAILABLE, bal'a-bl, adj. admitting" of 
 bail. 
 
 BAILIE, bal'i, w. a municipal officer in Scot- 
 land corresponding to an alderman. [Fr. 
 bailli, land-steward, officer of justice. 
 See Baiuff.] 
 
 BAILIFF, bal'if, n. a shei-iffs officer: an 
 agent or land-steward. [O. Fr. baillif 
 (old form of bailli, see Bailie); from root 
 of Bail.] 
 
 BAILIWICK, bal'i-wik, n. the jurisdiction 
 of a bailiff. [O. Fr. baillie, lordship, au- 
 thority, and A.S. wic — L. vicus, a village, 
 station.] 
 
 BAIRN, barn, n. a child. [Scot, bairn, 
 A.S. beam — beran, to bear.] 
 
 BAIT, bat, n. food put on a hook to aUure 
 fish or make them bite : any allurement : 
 a refreshment taken on a journey. — v.t. 
 to set food as a lure : to give refreshment 
 on a jom"ney. — v.i. to take refi-eshment 
 on a journej-. [See Bait, v.] 
 
 BAIT, bat, v.t. to provoke an animal by in- 
 citing dogs to bite it : to harass. [Ice. 
 beita, from root of Bite.] 
 
 BAIZE, has, n. a coarse wooUen cloth. 
 [From pi. of Fr. baye ; so called from its 
 color. See Bay, a(^'.] 
 
 BAKE, bak. v.t. to dry, harden, or cook by 
 the heat of the sun or of fire : to prepare 
 food in an oven. — v.i. to work as a baker. 
 [A.S. bacan; cog. with Ger. backen, to 
 bake, Gr. phogo, to roast.] 
 
 BAKEHOUSE, bak'hows, n. a house or 
 place used for baking in. 
 
 BAKER, bak'er, n. one who bakes bread, 
 etc. 
 
 BAKERY, balv'er-i, 7i. a bakehouse. 
 
 BiVKING, bak'ing, n. the process by which 
 bread is baked : the quantity baked at 
 one time. 
 
 BAKING-POWDER, bak'ing-pou-der, n. a 
 powder used in baking bread chiefly as a 
 substitute for yeast. The common in- 
 gredients are powdered tartaric acid, bi- 
 carbonate of soda, and potato farina. 
 
 BALANCE, bal'ans, n. an instnmient for 
 weighing, usually formed of two dishes 
 or scales hanging from a beam supported 
 in the middle : act of weighing two 
 things : equality or just proportion of 
 
 weight or power, as the balance o} 
 pou-er : the sum required to make the 
 two sides of an account equal, hence the 
 surplus, or the sum due on an account : 
 also the remainder of anything ; as, the 
 " balance of the partj' stayed." (Amer.) 
 — v.t. to weigh in a balance : to counter- 
 poise : to compare : to settle, as an ac- 
 count. — i\i. to have equal weight oi 
 power, etc.: to hesitate or fluctuate, 
 [Fi-. — L. bilan.r, having two scales — bis. 
 double, lan-x, lands, a dish or scale.] 
 
 BALANCE -HANDLED, bal'ans-han-dld, 
 adj. a term applied to table-knives which 
 have the weight of the handle so ad- 
 justed that when the knives are laid on 
 the table the blades do not touch the 
 table-cloth. 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET, bal'ans-shet, n. a sheet 
 of paper showing a summary and bal- 
 ance of accounts. 
 
 BALANIFEROUS, bal-a-nifer-us, ac^\ 
 bearing, jielding, or producing acorns. 
 [L. balanus, Gr. balanos, an acorn, and 
 fero, to bear.] 
 
 BALANOID, bal'a-noid, adj. having the 
 form or appearance of an acorn : relat- 
 ing or pertaining to the cirriped family 
 Balanidaj or acorn shells. 
 
 BALANOID, bal'a-noid, n. a cirriped of the 
 family Balanid.e or acorn-sheUs. 
 
 BALCC)NY, balk'on-i, n. a platform or gal- 
 ler3' outside the window of a room. Tit. 
 baleone ; from O. G«r. balcho (Grer. oal- 
 ken), a beam, cog. with E. Balk in the 
 obs. sense of beam, partition.] 
 
 BALD, bawld, adj. ^\-ithout hair on the 
 head : bare, unadorned. — adv. Baid'- 
 LY. — n. Bald'ness. [Orig. "shining," 
 "white," Celt. 6a/, "white" spot; or 
 conn, with Bold, which in Goth, balihai 
 meant the "brave," "shining," Ice 
 Baklr. " LightgoA."] 
 
 BALDERDASH, bawA'der-dash, n. idle 
 senseless talk : anj-thing junibled to- 
 gether without judgment. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 BALDHEAD, bawld'hed, n. a pei-son bald 
 on the head. 
 
 BALDICOOT, bawl'di-kot, n. 1, the com- 
 mon coot. Hence — 2, (Jig.) a monk, on 
 account of his sombre raiment and 
 shaven crown. " Pi-ince.sses that . . . 
 demean themselves to hob and nob ^"itb 
 these black baldicoots." — Kingsley. 
 
 BALDRIB, bawld'rib, n. 1, a piece cut 
 froru the side of a pig lower down than 
 the spare-rib, and consisting- of a rib 
 with flesh devoid of fat on it. " Bald rib, 
 griskin, chine, or chop." — South. Hence 
 — 2, (fig.) a lean, lanky person. T. Mid- 
 dleton. (Rare.) 
 
 BALDRICK, bawld'rik, n. a warrior's belt. 
 [O. Fr. baldric, from O. GSer. balderieh, 
 girdle.] 
 
 BAXE, btil, »!., a ball, bundle, or package 
 of goods. — v.t. to make into bales. [See 
 B.VIX.] 
 
 BALE, bal, v.t. to throw out water. [See 
 BailO 
 
 BALEEN, ba-len', n. the whalebone of com- 
 merces^ [Fr. — L. baltena, whale.] 
 
 BALEFUL, bal'fool, adj. fuU of misery^ 
 destructive : full of sorrow, sad. — adv, 
 Bale'fully. [Obs. E. bah, A.S. bealo 
 Ice. bol, woe, e^•il.] 
 
 BALK, bawk, v.i. to stop abruptly in one's 
 course, as a sulkj- horse. (Amer.) 
 
 BALK, bawk, Ji. a hinderance or disap 
 pointment. — v.t. to check, disappoint, or 
 elude : to stop short at : omit. [A.S. 
 balca, a heap or ridge, also a beam, a 
 
 Xartition; conn, with Bar. SeeBALCO.NY.] 
 LL, bawl, n. anything round : a bullet : 
 a well-known game. [Fr. Ixtllc. Weitj-and 
 has shown that this is a Romance woi-d, 
 as in It. pnlla — Or. pallo, to swing, akin 
 to ballo, to throw.]
 
 HALL 
 
 28 
 
 BAPTIST 
 
 BALL, bawl, n. aa entertainment af danc- 
 ing. [Ft. bal — It. and Low L. oai,.are, 
 to dance, from Gr. baho to thro^% the 
 game of ball-throwing having been as- 
 sociated with music and dancing.] 
 
 BALLAD, ball'ad, n. a short narrative 
 poem : a popular song. [Fr. ballade. It. 
 tallata, from ballare, to dance ; a song- 
 sung in dancing.] 
 
 aALLADMONGER, baU'ad-mung-ger, n. 
 a dealer in ballads. 
 
 BALLAST, bal'last, n. heaw matter placed 
 in a ship to keep it steady when it has 
 no cargo : that which renders anything 
 steady. — x\t. to load with ballast : to 
 make or keep steady. [Dut. ; ety. best 
 seen in Dan. hag-last or ballanf, from 
 bag, " behind,'' the Back, and last, 
 load ; a load placed behind or under to 
 steady a ship.] 
 
 BALLET, ball'a, n. a theatrical exhibition 
 acted chiefly in dancing. [Fr. dim. of 
 bal. a dance.] 
 
 BALLISTA, ball-is'ta, n. a military engine 
 in the form of a cross-bow, used by the 
 ancients for throwing heavy arrows, 
 darts, lar^e stones, etc. [L.— Gr. ballo, 
 to throw.] 
 
 BALLOON, baU-oon', n. a lar^e bag, made 
 of light material, and filled with a gas 
 lighter than common air, so as to make 
 it ascend. — BALLOONING, the operation of 
 inflating shares or stock by publishing- 
 fictitious favorable reports or the like. 
 (Stock exchange slang.) [Fr. ballon— 
 balle. a ball ; the on is augmentative.] 
 
 BALLOT, bal'ut, n., a little ball or ticket 
 used in voting : the act of secret voting 
 by putting a ball or ticket into a box. — 
 v.i. to vote by ballot : — jyr.p. ball'oting ; 
 pa. p. ball'oted. [Fi\ ballotte, dim. of 
 balle. a ball. See Ball.] 
 
 3ALL-PR00F, bawl'-proor, adj. proof 
 against balls discharged from firearms. 
 
 BALLROOM, bawl'room, n. a room for 
 balls or dancing. 
 
 BALM, bam, ?t. an aromatic plant : a frrv 
 grant and healing ointment obta-ned 
 from such a plant : anything that heals 
 or soothes pain. [Fi-. baiime, O. Fr. basme 
 — L. balsamum. See Bajsam.j 
 
 BALJIY, bam'i, adj. frag'rant : soothing : 
 bearing balm. 
 
 8ALNE0GRAPHT, bal-ne-og'ra-fl, n. a de- 
 scription of baths. DmiglisoH. [L. bal- 
 neum, a batn, and Gr. gruphe, a descrip- 
 tion.] 
 
 BALNEOLOGV, bal-ne-ol'o-ji, n. a treatise 
 on baths or bathing : the branch of 
 knowledge relatino- to baths and bath- 
 mg. Dunglison. [L. balneum, a bath, 
 and Gr. logos, a discourse.] 
 
 BALNEOTHERAPIA. bal'ne-o-ther-a^pl'a, 
 BALNEOTHERAPY.bal'ne-o-ther-a-pi.n. 
 the treatment of disease by baths. Dun- 
 glL-ion. [L. balneum, a bath, and Gr. 
 therapeia, medical treatment.] 
 
 BALSAM, bawl'sam, n. the name of cer- 
 tain plants : a resinous oily substance 
 flo\ving from tnem. [L. balsamum — Gr. 
 balsamon — Heb. baal, a prince, and scha- 
 man. oil.] 
 
 BALSAMIC, bal-sam'ik, adj. soothing. 
 
 BALUSTER, bal'ust-er, n. a small pUlar 
 used as a support to the rail of a stau- 
 case, etc. — adj. Balustered, bal'ust-erd. 
 [Fi. balustre — Low L. balaustium — Gr. 
 oalaustion, the flower of the pomegran- 
 ate : from the similarity of form.] 
 
 BALUSTRADE, bal'ust-rad, ?). a row of 
 balusters joined by a raU. 
 
 BAMBOO, bam-boo', n. a gigantic Indian 
 reed or grass, with hollow-jointed stem, 
 and of hard texture. [Malay.] 
 
 BAMBOOZLE, bam-boo'zl. v.t. to deceive : 
 to confound. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 BAS, ban, n. a proclamation : a denuncia- 
 
 tion : a curse. [A.S. ge-bann, a procla- 
 mation, a widely diffused Teut. word, 
 O. Ger. pannan, orig. meaning to "sum- 
 mon to trial." See Abandon.] 
 
 B.£lNALITY, ba-nal'i-ti, n. the state of be- 
 ing banal, trite, or stale : commonplace- 
 'less : vulgarity or triviality in expres- 
 sion. [Fr. banal ite.l 
 
 BANANA, ba-na'na, n. a gigantic herba- 
 ceous plant, remarkable for its nutritious 
 fruit. 
 
 BAND, band, n., that which binds to- 
 gether : a tie. A.S. bend, from bindan, 
 to bind. See Bind.] 
 
 BAND, band n. a number of persons bound 
 together for any common purpose : a 
 bodj' of musicians —v.t. to bind together. 
 — v.i. to associate. [Fr. bande, from 
 Ger. band, bond, thing used in binding — 
 binden, E. Bind. See Banner.] 
 
 BANDAGE, band'aj, n. a strip of cloth 
 used to bind up a wound or fracture. — 
 v.t. to bind with such. 
 
 BANDAjSTA, bandanna, ban-dan'a, n. a 
 kind of silk or cotton colored handker- 
 chief, originallv from India. 
 
 BAI^BOX, band'boks, n. a thin kind ol 
 box for holding bands, caps, etc. 
 
 BANDIT, ban'dit, n. an outlaw : a robber : 
 —pi. Ban'dits or Banditt'i. [It. bandito 
 — Low L. bannire, bandire, to proclaim, 
 from Ban.] 
 
 BANDOG, ban'dog, n. properly band-dog, 
 a large, fierce dog (which, on account of 
 its fierceness, was kept bound or chained). 
 
 BiVNDORE, bp.n-dor', n. a widow's veil for 
 covering the head and face. Prior, 
 
 BANDS, bandz, n.pl. a portion of the dress 
 worn by clergymen, barristers, etc. — a 
 relic of the ancient amice. 
 
 RANDY, baa'di, n. a club bent at the end 
 for str>kmg a ball : a game at ball with 
 s\ich a club. — v.t. to beat to and fro as 
 witn a bacdy : to toss from one to an- 
 other (as words), like playing at bandy : 
 —pa.p. ban'died. [Fr. bander, to bend 
 — Ger. band, a tie, string.] 
 
 BANDY-LEGGED, ban'di-legd, adj. nav- 
 ing bandy or crooked legs. 
 
 BANE, ban, n., destruction : death : mis- 
 chief : poison. [A.S. bana, a murderer ; 
 Ice. bani, death.] 
 
 BANEFUL, ban'fool, adj. destructive. — 
 adv. Bane'fully. 
 
 BANG, bang, n. a heavy blow. — v.t. to 
 beat : to strike violently. [Ice. bang, a 
 hammering ; originally perhaps from the 
 sound.] 
 
 BANG, BANGUE, bang, n. an intoxicat- 
 ing drug made from Indian hemp. [Pers. 
 bang.\ 
 
 BANIAN. See Banyan. 
 
 BANISH, ban'ish, v.t. to condemn to exile : 
 to drive away. [Fr. bannir — Low L. 
 bannire, to proclaim, from Ban, and see 
 Abandon. J 
 
 BANISHJIENT, ban'ish-ment, n. exile. 
 
 BANISTER, ban'ist-er, Ji. corruption of 
 Baluster. 
 
 BANJO, banjo, n. a musical instrument 
 hKe a fiddle. [Corr. of Fr. bandore or 
 pandore — ^L. pandura — Gr. pandoura.'\ 
 
 BANJORE, ban'jor, n. Same as Banjo. 
 Miss Edqeworth. 
 
 BANK, bangk, n. a mound or ridge of 
 earth : the earthy margin of a river, 
 lake, etc. : rising ground in the se&.—v.t 
 to inclose -with a bank. [A.S. banc, 
 Ger. bank. Conn, with Bench through 
 the idea of " thing ridged or raised."] 
 
 BANK, bangk, ?;. a place where money is 
 deposited T an institution for the keep- 
 ing, lending, and exchanging, etc., of 
 money. — vt. to deposit in a bank, as 
 money. [Fr. banque — It. banco, a bench 
 on which the Italian money-changers dis- 
 played their money— Grer.6a(ifc,E. BENCH.] 
 
 BANKABLE, bangk'a-bl, a^. received at 
 a bank, as bUls : discountable, as notes. 
 ( Amer. ) 
 
 BANK-BILL, bangk'-bil, n. a bank-note. 
 (Amer.) 
 
 BANKER, bangk'er, n. a vessel engaged in 
 the Newfoundland fisheries. (Amer.) 
 
 BANKER, bangk'er, n. one who keeps » 
 bank : one employed, in banking busi- 
 ness. 
 
 BANKING, bangk'ing, n. the business of a 
 banker. — adj. pertaining to a bank. 
 
 BANKLESS, banglc'les, adj. without banks 
 or Limits. " The bankless sea." — Davies. 
 
 BANK-NOTE, bangk'-uot, n. a note issued 
 by a bank, which passes as money. 
 
 BANKRUPT, bangk'rupt,)?. one who breaks 
 or fails in business : an insolvent person. 
 — adj. insolvent. [Bank, a bench, and 
 L. rnptiis. broken.] 
 
 BANKRUPTCY, bangk'rupt-si, n. the state 
 of being or act of becoming bankrupt. 
 
 BANK-STOCK, bangk'-stok, n. a share or 
 shares in the capital stock of a bank. 
 
 BANNER, ban'er. n. a mUitarj' standard . 
 a flag or ensign. [Fi'. banniire. It. ban- 
 diera — Low L. bandum, a standard, from 
 Ger. band, a band, a strip of cloth, a 
 waving or fluttering cloth, used as a flag 
 — Ger. binden. See Band, Bind.] 
 
 BANNERED, ban'erd, adj. furmsbed with 
 banners. 
 
 BANNERET, ban'er-et, n. a higher ciass of 
 knight, inferior to a baron. [Fr., dim. of 
 Banner.] 
 
 BANNOCK, ban'nok, n. a cake of Indian- 
 meal fried in lard. 
 
 BANNS, banz, n.pl. a proclamation of mar- 
 riage. [From Bxs.] 
 
 BANQUET, bangk'wet, n. a feast: any 
 rich treat or entertainment. — v.t. to give 
 a feast to. — v.i. to fare sumptuously. — n, 
 Banq'uet-house. [Fi-. — It. banchetto, 
 dim. of banco, a bench or table — Ger. 
 bank. See Bank, a bench.] 
 
 BANQUETTE, ban-kef, n. a name for a 
 sidewalk in Louisiana. 
 
 BANSHEE, ban'she, n. a female fairy in 
 Ireland and elsewhere, who usually ap- 
 pears and utters a peculiar shrieking- wail 
 before a death in a particular family to 
 which she is attached, [Ir. bean, a wo- 
 man, sidhe, a fairy.] 
 
 BANTAM, bantam, n. a small variety of 
 the common fowl, brought from the 
 East Indies, and supposed to be named 
 from Bantam in Java. — adj. of the ban- 
 tam breed. 
 
 BANTER, bant'er, v.t. to assail with good- 
 humored raillery : to joke or jest at ; 
 also, to challenge to a match : to provoke 
 to a wager. (Amer.) — n. humorous rail- 
 lery : jesting-. [Ety. dub. J 
 
 BANTING, bant'ing, n. a system of diet 
 for reducing superfluous fat. [From "W. 
 Banting of London, who recommended 
 it to the public in 1863.] 
 
 BANTLING, bant'ling, n. a child. [So 
 called from the bands in which it is 
 wrapped.] 
 
 BANYAN, ban'yan, n. one belonging to 
 the caste of merchants in India. — Ban- 
 yan-day, a daj' without meat. [Sans. 
 banij, a merchant.] 
 
 BANYAN, ban'yan, n. the Indian fig-tree 
 whose branches take root and spread 
 over a large area. [So called by the 
 English because the Banyans (merchants) 
 held their markets under it. ] 
 
 BAOBAB, ba'o-bab, n. a large African tree. 
 fW. African.] 
 
 BAPTISM, bapt'izm, n. immersion in or 
 sprinkling with water as a reUgious cere- 
 mony. — adj. Baptism' AL. 
 
 BAPTtST, bapt'ist, n. one who baptizes . 
 one who approves only of adult baptism 
 bv immersion.
 
 BAPTISTERY 
 
 29 
 
 BARROW 
 
 BAPTISTERY, bapt'ist-er-i, n. a place 
 where baptism is administered. 
 
 BAPTIZE, bapt-Iz'. v.t. to administer bap- 
 tism to : to christen. [Gr. baptizO — bapto, 
 to dip in water.] 
 
 BAR, bar, n. a rod of any solid substance : 
 a bolt : a hinderance or obstruction : a 
 bank of sand or otlier matter at the 
 mouth of a river : the railing that in- 
 closes a space in a tavern or in a court of 
 law : any tribunal : the pleaders in a court 
 as distinguished from the judges : a divis- 
 ion in music. — v.t. to fasten or secure, as 
 with a bar : to hinder oi exclude : — pr.j}. 
 barr'ing ; pa.p. barred'. [Fr. barre. It. 
 barra : of Celtic origin.] 
 
 BARB, barb, n. the beard-like jag near the 
 point of an arrow, fish-hook, etc. — v.t. to 
 arm with barbs, as an arrow, etc. [Fr. — 
 L. barba, a beard.] 
 
 BARB, barb, n. a swift kind of horse, the 
 breed of which came from Barbarj* in 
 Nortli Africa. 
 
 BARB AC AN, bar'ba-kan, BARBICAN, 
 bar'bi-kan, n. an outer work or defence 
 of a castle, esp. before a gate or bridge. 
 [Low L. barbacana. prob. from Pers.] 
 
 BARBADOS-NUT. biir-ba'doz-nut. n. the 
 physic-nut, a product of Curcas purgaiis 
 (Jotropha Curcas). [See Cuecas.] 
 
 BARBARESQUE, bar-bar-esk', adj. charac- 
 teristic of barbarians : barbarous. De 
 Quincey. (Rare.) 
 
 BARBARIAN, bar-bar'i-an, adj. uncivil- 
 ized : savage : without taste or refine- 
 ment. — n. an uncivilized man, a savage : 
 a cruel, brutal man. [L. barbarus, Ur. 
 barbaros — bar, bar, an imitation of unin- 
 telligible sounds — applied by the Greeks 
 (and afterwards the Romans) to those 
 speaking a different language from 
 
 themselves.] 
 civilized. 
 
 BARBARIC, bar-bar'ik, adj. foreign : un- 
 
 BARBARISM, bar'bar-izm, n. savage life : 
 rudeness of manners : an incorrect form 
 of speech. 
 
 BARBARITY, bar-bar'i-ti, n. savageness : 
 cruelty. 
 
 BARBARIZE, bar'bar-Iz, v.t. to make bar- 
 barous. 
 
 BARBAROUS, bar'bar-us, adj. uncivilized ; 
 rude : savage, brutal. — adv. Bar'bak- 
 
 OUSLY. — ?!. BaE'BAROUSNESS. 
 
 BARBECUE, barb'e-ku, v.t. to roast whole, 
 
 as a pig. [Ety. dub.] 
 BARBEL, barb'el, n. a fresh-water fish 
 
 with beard-like appendages at its mouth. 
 
 [O. Fr. barbel — L. barba, a beard.] 
 BARBER, barb'er, n. one who shaves 
 
 beards and dresses hair. [Fr. — L. barba, 
 
 a beard.] 
 BARBERRY, barTjer-i, n. a thorny shrub 
 
 with red berries, common in hedges. 
 
 [Low L. and Sp. berberis — Ar. barbaris.'] 
 BARBICAN, bar'bi-kan, n. same as Bar- 
 
 BACAN. 
 
 BARD, bard, n. a poet and singer among 
 
 the ancient Celts : a poet. [Celtic] 
 BARDIC, baid'ik, adj. pertaining to bards 
 
 or their poetry. 
 BARE, bar, adj. uncovered, naked : poor, 
 
 scanty : unadorned : mere or by itself. — 
 
 v.t. to strip or uncover. — adv. Bare'ly. 
 
 — n. Baee'ness. [A.S. beer; Ger. baar, 
 
 bar : Ice. ber.] 
 BARE. bar. old pa.t. of Beak. 
 BAREFACED, bar'fast, adj. with the face 
 
 uncovered : impudent. — adv. Bake'- 
 
 FACEDLY.— Jl. BaRE'FACEDNBSS. 
 
 BARGAIN, bar'gin, n. a contract or agree- 
 ment : a favorable transaction. — Into 
 THE BAKGAIN, over : above : besides. — 
 r.t. to make a contract or agreement : 
 to chaffer. [Fr. bargidgiier — Low L. 
 barcaniare ; ace. to Diez from burca, a 
 boat, used in carrying goods about.] 
 
 BARGE, barj, n. a boat used in the unload- 
 ing of large vessels : a pleasure or state 
 boat. [O. Fr. barge — Low L. bargia. 
 Prob. a doublet of B.UlK. a barge.] 
 
 BARIC, bar'ik, adj. pertaining or relating 
 to weight, more especially the weight of 
 the atmosphere as measured by tlie bar- 
 ometer. [Gr. barys, heavy.] 
 
 BARILLA, bar-il'a, n. an alkaline ash ob- 
 tained by "burning several marine plants 
 (that grow chiefly on the east coast of 
 Spain), used for making soap, glass, etc. 
 [Sp.] 
 
 BARITONE, bar'i-ton, n. same as BaKY'- 
 TONE. 
 
 BARK, bark, n. the noise made by a dog, 
 wolf, etc. — v.i. to yelp Uke a dog : to 
 
 clamor. — To BARK UP THE ■iVKONG TREE, 
 to mistake one's object : to pursue the 
 wrong course to obtain it. In hunting, a 
 dog drives a squirrel or other game into 
 a tree, where by barking he attracts its 
 attention until the hunter arrives. Some- 
 times the game escapes, or the dog is 
 deceived, and barks up the wrong tree. 
 [A.S. beorcan, probably a variety of 
 breotn, to crack, snap. See Break.] 
 
 BARK, BARQUE, bark, n. a barge: a ship 
 of small size : technicallj', a three-masted 
 vessel with no square sails on her mizzen- 
 mast. [Fr. barque — Low L. barca ; 
 peril, from Gr. baris, a bout.] 
 
 BARK, bark, n. the outer rind or covering 
 of a tree. — v.t. to strip or peal the bark 
 from. — To BARK a SQUIRREL, to strike 
 with a rifle ball the bark on the upper 
 side of a branch on which tlie anim.il sits, 
 so that the concussion kills it without 
 mutilation. (Amer.) [Dan. bark, Ice. 
 borkr.] 
 
 BARKEN, bark'en, adj. consisting or made 
 of bark. "Barken knots." — ^^ltittier. 
 (Rare.) 
 
 BARLEY, biir'li, n. a grain used for food, 
 but chiefly for making malt. [A.S. bcerlia 
 — &ere(Scot.6ea/')and lie=lee,].eek., plant; 
 W. barllys — bara, bread, lli/s, a plant ; 
 akin to L. far, corn — from root of to 
 bearj] 
 
 BARLEY-CORN, bar'li-korn, n. a grain of 
 barley : a measure of length=the third 
 part of an inch. 
 
 BARM, biirm. n. froth of beer or other fer- 
 menting liquor used as leaven : yeast. 
 [A.S. beorma, Dan. bdrme ; akin to L. 
 fermentum, Eng. breu\} 
 
 BARMAID, bar' mad, n. a female who waits 
 at the bar of a tavern or beer-shop. 
 
 BARMECIDE, bar'me-sld, adj. imaginary 
 or pretended. [Fron: a story in the 
 "Arabian Nights," in which a beggar is 
 entertained by one of the Barmecide 
 princes on an imaginary feast.] 
 
 BARMY, barm'i, adj. containing barm or 
 yeast. 
 
 BARN, barn, n. a building in which grain, 
 hay, etc., are stored. — v.t. to store in a 
 barn. — nn. Babn-door, barn'-dor. Barn- 
 yard, barn'-yartl. [A.S. berern, con- 
 tracted bern, from bere, barley, era, a 
 house.] 
 
 BARNABY-BRIGHT, bar'na-bi-brit, n. the 
 day of St. Barnabas the Apostle, the 11th 
 of June, which in old style was the day 
 of tlie summer solstice, or as put by the 
 old rhyme : •• Barnaby-bright. tlie longest 
 day and the shortest niglit." "The 
 steward . . . adjourned tlie court to 
 SaTOa6//-6r((7/i< that they might have day 
 enough before them." — Addison. 
 
 BARNACLE, biir'na-kl, n. a shell -fish 
 which adheres to rocks and the bottoms 
 of ships : a kind of goose. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 BARNACLES, bar'na-klz, n. -spectacles. 
 [O. Fr. berkie, dim. from L. beryllus, 
 beryl, crystal ; Ger. brille.] 
 
 BAROME'TER, bar-om'et-er n. an instru- 
 
 ment by vi^hich the weight of the atmos- 
 phere is measured and changes of weath- 
 er indicated. — adj. Baromet'ric— cidt'. 
 Baromet'rically. [Gr. baros, weight ; 
 mefron. measure.] 
 BAROMETRY, ba-rom'et-ri, n. the art or 
 operation of conducting barometrical 
 measurements, experiments, observa 
 tions, or the like. 
 
 A scrap of parchment hun^ by geometry, 
 
 ( .\ ^'reat retmement in barometry). 
 
 Can, like the stars, foretell tlje weather.— Swi/t. 
 
 BARON, bar'on, n. a title of rank next 
 above a baronet and below a viscount, 
 being the lowest in the House of Peers : 
 a title of certain judges : in feudal times, 
 the peers or great lords of the realm. 
 [Fr. haron : in the Romance tongues the 
 word meant a man as opposed to a wo- 
 man, a strong man, a warrior ; either 
 from Celtic bar, a hero, fear, a man, or 
 from O. Ger. bar, man. (O. Ger. bairan, 
 E. Bear, to carrv).] 
 
 BARONAGE, bar'on-ilj, n. the whole body 
 of barons. 
 
 BARONESS, bar'on-es, n. a baron's wife. 
 
 BARONET, bar'on-et, n. a title of rank 
 next above a knight and below a baron — 
 the lowest hereditary title in England. 
 [Dim. of Baron.] 
 
 BARONETAGE, bar'on-et-aj, n. the whole 
 body of baronets. 
 
 BARONETCY, bar'on-et-si, n. the rank of 
 baronet. 
 
 BARONIAL, bar-on'i-al, adj. pertaining to 
 a baron or barony. 
 
 B^VRONY, bar'on-i, jk the territory of a 
 baron. 
 
 BAROUCHE, ba-roosh', n. a double-seated 
 four-wheeled carriage with a falling top. 
 [It. barrocio—h. birotus, two-wheeled; 
 from bis, twice, rota, a wheel.] 
 
 BARQUE, bark. n. same as Bark, a ship. 
 
 BARRACLADE, bar'ra-klad, n. a home 
 made napless blanket. [D. baare klede 
 ren, bare cloths.] 
 
 BARRACK, bar'ak, n. a hut or building 
 for soldiers, esp. in garrison (generally 
 used in the plural). [Fr. baraque. It. 
 baracca. a tent ; cf. Celtic barrachad, a 
 hut.] 
 
 BARRANCA, bar-rang'kaw, n. a deep ra- 
 vine produced suddenly by heavy rains, 
 and having steep banks. Used on Mexican 
 boi'der. (Amer.) 
 
 BARRAQUE, bar-rak', n. a roof on four 
 posts for sheltering hay or other produce. 
 [Fr. baraque, barrack.] 
 
 BARREL, bar'el, n. a round wooden vessel 
 made of bars or staves : the quantity 
 which such a vessel contains: anything 
 long and hollow, as the barrel of a gun. 
 — v.t. to put in a barrel. [Fr. baril — barre. 
 See Bar.] 
 
 BARREL-VAULT, bar'el-vawlt, n. the 
 simplest form of vault, having a semi- 
 circular roof. [See Vault.] 
 
 BARREN, bar'en, adj. incai)able of bearing 
 offspring : unfruitful : dull, stupid. — Bar- 
 rens, in the United States, elevated 
 lands or plains on which grow small 
 trees, unfit for timber. — n. Barr'exness. 
 
 - [Fr. brehaigne, O. Fr. baraigiie.] 
 
 BARRICADE, bar'ik-ad, n. a temporary 
 fortification raised to hinder the advance 
 of an enemy, as in the street fights at 
 Paris. — v.t. to obstruct : to fortifj*. [Fr 
 — barre, a bar. See Bar.] 
 
 BARRIER, bar'i-er, n. a defence against 
 attack : a limit or boundary. [Fr. bar- 
 riere.] 
 
 BARRISTER, bar'is-ter, w. one who is quali- 
 fied to plead at the bar in an English 
 law-court. 
 
 BARROW, bar'ro, n. a siiiall hand or wheel 
 carriage used to bear or convey a load. 
 [A.S. beretve — beran, to bear.]
 
 BARROW 
 
 30 
 
 BATTALION 
 
 BARROW, bar'ro, n. a mound raised over 
 graves in foi'iuer times. [A.S. beorh — 
 beorgan, to protect.] 
 BARTER, bar tcr, v.t. to give one thing in 
 exchange for another. — v.i. to traffic by 
 exchanging. — ». traffic by exchange of 
 commodities. [O. Fr. bareter.} 
 BARYCENTRIC, bar-i-sen'trik, adj. of, 
 pertaining, or relating to the centre of 
 gra\nty. — B.yrycenteic calculus, an ap- 
 plication to geometry of the mechanical 
 theory of tlie centre of gravity, executed 
 in two distinct ways, according- as metri- 
 cal or descriptive geometrical properties 
 are to be investigated. [Gr. barijs, heavy, 
 and kentroa, centre.] 
 
 BARYTONE, bar'i-ton', n. a deep-toned 
 male voice between bass and tenor. [Gr. 
 barys, hea\'j', deep, and tonos, a tone.] 
 
 BASALT, bas-awlt', n. a hard, dark-colored 
 rock of igneous origin. — adj. BaSALT'ic. 
 [L. basaltes (an African word), a marble 
 found in Ethiopia.] 
 
 BASALTOID, ba-sawlt'oid, adj. allied in 
 appearance or nature to basalt : resem- 
 bling basalt. [Basalt, and Gr. eidos, re- 
 semblance.] 
 
 BASE, has, n. that on which a thing rests : 
 foot : bottom : foundation : support : the 
 chief ingredient.— !\?. to found or place 
 on a base i—pr.p. bas'iug ; pa.p. based. 
 [Fr. — L. — Gr. basis — bainu, to step.] 
 
 BASE, has, n. a skirt which hung down 
 from the waist to the knees of a knight 
 when on horseback. [From Base, adj.] 
 
 BASE, bas, adj. low in place, value, esti- 
 mation, or principle : mean : vile : worth- 
 less : {New Test.) humble, lowly. — adv. 
 Base'ly. — n. BASE'^fESS. [Fi\ bas — Low 
 L. bassus, thick, fat, a vulgar Roman 
 word, found also in name Bass-iis.] 
 
 BASE-BAJjL. bas'-bawl, jj. a favorite game 
 of ball iu the United States, so-called 
 from the bases, four in number, set down 
 so as to mark the form of a diamond, and 
 which designate the circuit each player 
 must complete, in order to score a run, 
 after striking the ball. 
 
 BASE-BORN, bas'-bawrn, adj. born of low 
 parentage : illegitimate by birth : mean. 
 
 BASE-BURNER, bas'-bern-er, n. a base- 
 burning surface or stove. 
 
 BASE-BURNING, bas'-bern-ing, adj. burn- 
 ing at the base. — Base-burning furnace 
 or STOVE, one in wliich the fuel bui-ns at 
 the bottom, and is renewed from a self- 
 acting hopper or chamber above. 
 
 BASELESS, bas'les, adj. without a base or 
 foundation. 
 
 BASEMENT, bas'ment, n. the base or low- 
 est story of a building. 
 
 BASE-SPIRITED, bas'-spir-it-ed, adj. 
 mean-spirited. 
 
 BASE-STRING, bas'-string, n. the string 
 of a musical instrument that gives the 
 lowest note. 
 
 BASE- VIOL, bas'-vi-ol, n. Same as Bass- 
 viol. 
 
 BASHAW, ba-shaw", n. com. written 
 Pasha or Pacha (which see). 
 
 BASHFUL, bash'fool, adj. easily confused : 
 modest: shy: wanting confidence. — adv. 
 Bash'fullt.— )i. Bash'fulness. [From 
 root of Abash.] 
 
 BASIHYAL, ba-si-hi'al, adj. in anat. re- 
 lating to or connected with the body or 
 basal portion of the hyoid bone. [See 
 Hyoid.] 
 
 B.VSILICA, baz-U'ik-a, n. among the Ro- 
 mans, a large hall for judicial and com- 
 mercial purposes, many of which were 
 afterwards converted into Cliristian 
 churches : a magnificent church biult 
 after the plan of the ancient basilica. 
 [L. basilica, Gr. basilike (oikia, a house), 
 belonging to a king,from basileus,a. king.] 
 
 BASILISK, baz'il-isk, n. a fabulous serpent 
 
 having a crest on its head like a crown : 
 in modern zoology, a kind of crested 
 lizard. [G. basiliskos, dim. of basileus, a. 
 king.] 
 
 BASIN, bas'n, n. a wide open vessel or 
 dish : any hollow place containing water, 
 as a dock : the area drained by a river 
 and its tributaries. [Fr. bassin. It. bacino. 
 Low L. bacchimis, perhaps f;"om the Cel- 
 tic bac, a cavity.] 
 
 BASIOCCIPITAL, ba'si-ok-sip'i-tal, adj. in 
 anat, pertaining to or connected witli 
 tlie base of tlie occipital bone. 
 
 BASIPETAL, ba-sip'e-tal, adj. tending to 
 tlie centre. "Specifically, in bot. a term 
 applied to a leaf in which the axis ap- 
 pears first, and on its sides the lobes and 
 leaflets spring from above downwards, 
 the base being developed after the tip. 
 [L. basis, a base, and pt'fo, to seek.] 
 
 BASIS, bas'is, n. the foundation or that on 
 which a thing rests : the pedestal of a 
 cohimn : the groundwork or first prin- 
 ciple : — pi. Bases, bas'ez. [See Base, 
 foundation.] 
 
 BASISPHENOID, ba-si-sfe'noid, adj. in 
 anat. pertaining to or connected with 
 the base or posterior portion of the 
 sphenoid bone. 
 
 BASK, bask, i:i. to lie in the warmth or 
 sunshine. [From an O. Scand. form of 
 Bathe.] 
 
 BASKET, bas'ket, n. a vessel made of 
 plaited twigs, rushes, or other flexible 
 materials. [W. basged — basg, network, 
 plaiting.] 
 
 BASKET - BEAGLE, bas'ket-be-gl, n. a 
 beagle used in hunting a hare that was 
 slipped from a basket to be coursed. 
 " Gray-headed sportsmen, who had sunk 
 from fox-hounds to basket-beagles and 
 coursing." — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 BASKET-HARE, bas'ket-har, n. a captive 
 hare slipped from a basket to be coursed 
 in the absence of other game. 
 
 BASKET-HILT, bas'ket-hilt, n. the hilt of 
 a sword with a covering wrought like 
 basket-work to defend the hand from in- 
 
 BASKET-MEETING, bas'ket-met-ing, n. a 
 picnic much in vogue in the United 
 States. It derives its name from the 
 practice of each member's bringing- pro- 
 -visions in a basket. 
 
 BASQUE, bask, adj. relating to Biscay, a 
 district of Spain, or to the language of 
 its natives. 
 
 BAS-RELIEF, ba-re-lef , n. Same as Bass- 
 relief. 
 
 BASS, bas, n. the low or grave part in mu- 
 sic. — adj. low, deep, grave. — v.t. to sound 
 in a deep tone. [See Base, low.] 
 
 BASS, bas, n. Same as Bast (which see). 
 
 BASSOON, bas-66n', »i. a musical wind- 
 instrument of a bass or very low note. 
 [It. basso7ie, augment, of basso, low, 
 from root of Base.] 
 
 BASS-RELIEF, bas'-re-lef, n. (scrdpture) 
 figures which do not .stand far out from 
 the ground on which they are formed. 
 [It. basso-rilievo. See Base, low, and 
 Relief.] 
 
 BASS-VIOL, bas'-'vi-ol, n. a musical instru- 
 ment with four strings, used for playing 
 the bass : the -violoncello. [See Bass, 
 low, and Viol.] 
 
 BAST, bast, n. the inner bark of the lime- 
 tree : matting made of it. [A.S. bcest ; 
 Dan., Sw., G«r. bast.] 
 
 BASTARD, bast'ard, n. a child born of 
 parents not man-ied. — adj. born out of 
 wedlock : not genuine : false. [Fr. bd- 
 tard ; O. Fr. Jils de bast, son of bast, bast 
 or b&t being a coarse saddle for beasts of 
 burden, and indicating contempt.] 
 
 BASTARDIZE, bast'ard-iz, v.t. to prove to 
 be a bastard. 
 
 BASTARDY, bast'ard-i, n. the state of 
 
 being a bastard. 
 BASTfi, bast, v.t., to beat with a stick. 
 
 [Ice. beysta, Dan. boste, to beat.] 
 BASTE, bast, v.t. to drop fat or butter 
 over meat wliile roasting. [Etj*. un- 
 known.] 
 BASTE, bast, v.t., to sew slightly or with 
 long stitches. [O. Fr. bastir, from O. 
 Ger. bestan, to sew.] 
 
 BASTILLE, bast-el', n. an old fortress in 
 Paris long used as a state pri.son, and 
 demolished in 1789. [Fr. — O. Fr. bastir 
 (Fr. batir), to build.] 
 
 BASTINADE, bast-in-ad', BASTINADO, 
 bast-in-ad'o, v.t. to beat with a baton 
 or stick, esp. on the soles of the feet 
 (a form of punishment in the East) : — 
 jjr.jj. bastinad'ing or bastinad'oing ; pa.p. 
 bastinad'ed or bastinad'oed. — ns. Bastin- 
 aDE', BASTlNaD'o. [Sp. bastonada, Fr. 
 bastonnade — baston, baton. See Baton.] 
 
 BASTION, bast'^-rm, n. a kind of tower at 
 the angles of a fortification. [Fr. — O. 
 Fr. bastir, to build.] 
 
 BASTIONARY', bas'ti-on-a-ri. adj. pertain- 
 ing- to or consisting of bastions ; as, 
 systems of bastionary fortification. 
 
 BAT, bat, 11. a heavy stick for beating or 
 striking : a club for striking the ball in 
 base-ball and cricket : a piece of brick. — 
 v.i. to use the bat in cricket : — pr.p. 
 batt'ing ; pa.jj. batt'ed. [Celt, bat, the 
 root of beat, an imitation of the sound 
 of a blow.] 
 
 BAT, bat, n. an animal with a body like a 
 mouse, but which flies on wings attached 
 to its fore-feet. [M.E. and Scot, bakke 
 — Dan. bakke. Ice. letherblaka, leather- 
 flapper.] 
 
 BATCH, bach, n. the quantity of bread 
 baked or of anytliing made at one tmie. 
 [From Bake.] 
 
 BATE, bat, v.t. and v.i. Same as Abate. 
 
 BATEMENT- LIGHT, bat'ment-llt, n. in 
 arch, one of the hghts in the upper part 
 of a window of the perpendicular style, 
 abated, or only half the mdth of those 
 below. 
 
 BATH, bath, n. water for plunging the 
 body into : a bathing : a house for bath- 
 ing : — pi. Baths, bathz. [A.S. bceth ; 
 cog-, with Ger. bad.] 
 
 BATH, biith, «. the largest Jewish liquid 
 measure, containing about 8 gallons. 
 [Heb. " measured."] 
 
 BATHE, hhtk. v.t. to wash as in a bath: to 
 wash or moisten with any liquid. — v.i. to 
 be or he in water as in a bath. — n. the 
 act of taking a bath. [A.S. bathian — 
 bceth.] 
 
 BATHOS, ba'thos, n. a ludicrous descent 
 from the elevated to the mean in writ- 
 ing or speech. [Gr. bathos, depth, from 
 bathys, deep.] 
 
 BATING, bat'ing, prep., abating, except- 
 ing. 
 
 BATLET, bat'let, n. a wooden mallet used 
 bv laundresses for beating clothes. [Dim. 
 of Bat.] 
 
 BATON, "bat'on, n. a staff or truncheon, 
 esp. of a policeman : a marshal's staff. 
 [Fr. b&ton — Low L. basto, a stick ; of un- 
 known origin.] 
 
 BATRACHIAN, ba-tra'ki-an, adj of or be 
 longing to the frog tribe. [Gr. batrachoe, 
 a frog.] 
 
 BATRACHOPHIDIA, bat'ra-ko-fid'i-a, n.jA. 
 Same as Ophiomorpha. [Gr. batrachos, 
 a fi"og, and ophis, a serpent.] 
 
 BATSMAN, bats'man, n. one who wields 
 the bat at base-ball, cricket, etc. 
 
 BATTALION, bat-al'yun, n. in the infantry 
 of a modern army, the tactical unit or 
 unit of command, Ijeing a body of soldiers 
 convenient for acting together (number- 
 ing from 500 to 1,000) ; several companies
 
 BATTAILOUS 
 
 31 
 
 BEAR-WARD 
 
 form a battalion, and one or more bat- 
 talions a reg-imeut : a body of jnen drawn 
 up in battle-array. [Fr. ; from root of 
 Battle.] 
 
 BATTAILOUS, bat'il-us, adj. arrayed for 
 battle, or appearing to be so. [See Bat- 
 tle.] 
 
 BATTEN, bat'n, v.i. to grow fat : to live in 
 .u.xury. — v.t. to fatten : to fertilize or en- 
 ricii. [Ice. batna, to grow better. See 
 Better.] [as Baton.] 
 
 dATTEN, bat'n, n. a piece of bosird. [Same 
 
 BATTER, bafer, v.t., to beat with successive 
 blown : to wear with beating or by use : 
 to attack with artillery. — n. ingredients 
 beaten along with some liquid into a 
 paste. — Batter-cake, a cake of Indian 
 meal, made with buttermilk or cream : 
 (arch.) a backward slope in the face of a 
 wall. [Fr. battre. It. battere — L. bat- 
 tuere ; conn, with Beat.] 
 
 BATTER, bat'er, ?(,. one who uses the bat 
 at base-ball or cricket. 
 
 BATTERING-RAM, bat'er-ing-ram, n. an 
 ancient engine for battering down walls, 
 consisting of a large beam with an iron 
 head like that of a ram, suspended in a 
 frame. 
 
 BATTERY, bat'er-i, n. a number of can- 
 non with their equipment : tlie place on 
 which cannon are mounted : t''e men 
 and liorses attending a battery ; an in- 
 strument used in electric and galvanic 
 expe -iments : (law) an assault by beating 
 or wounding. 
 
 BATTING, bat'ing, n. the management of 
 a bat in playing games. 
 
 BATTLE, bat'l, n. a contest between oppos- 
 ing armies : a fight or encounter. — v.i. to 
 ioin or contend in fight. [Fr. batcille — 
 battre, to beat. See Batter.] 
 
 BATTLE, bat'l, n. the body of an army. 
 
 BATTLE-AXE, bat'1-aks, n. a kind of axe 
 formerly used in battle. 
 
 BATTLEDOOR, BATTLEDORE, batl-dor, 
 Ji. a light bat for strildng a ball or shut- 
 tle-cock. [Sp. batidor, a beater, a wash- 
 inc-beetle.] 
 
 BATTLEMENT, batl-ment, n. a waU or 
 parapet on the top of a building with 
 openings or embrasures, orig. used only 
 on fortifications. — adj. Batt'lemented. 
 [Prob. from O. Fr. bastillcment — bastir, 
 to build.] 
 
 BATTUE, Dat-too', n. a sporting term : in 
 a battue, the woods are beaten and the 
 game driven into one place for the con- 
 venience of the shooters. [Fr. — battre, 
 to beat.] 
 
 BAUBLE, ba^vTjl, n. a trifling piece of 
 finery : a child's plaything. [Fr. babiole 
 — It.'babbole, toys — oabbeo, a simpleton.] 
 
 BAUDRIC, bawd'rik. Same as Baldeick. 
 
 BAWBLE, bawTil. Same as Bauble. 
 
 BAWD, bawd, n. a procurer or procuress 
 of women for lewd purposes. — jj.Bawd'rt. 
 [O. Fr. baud, bold, wanton, from root of 
 BoldJ 
 
 BAWDY, bawd'i, adj. obscene : unchaste. 
 — n. Bawd'iness. 
 
 BAWL, bawl, v.i. to shout or cry out loud- 
 ly. — n. a loud cry or shout. [Ice. baula, 
 to bellow.] 
 
 BAY. ba, adj. reddish-brown inclining to 
 chestnut. [Fr. bai, It. bajo — L. badius, 
 chest nut-colored. ] 
 
 BAY. ba, n. the laurel-tree : — pi. an honor- 
 ary garland or crown of victory, orig. of 
 laurel : literary excellence. [Fr. bate, a, 
 berrv — L. bacca.] 
 
 BAY, ba, n. an inlet of the sea, an inward 
 bend of the shore ; also, in the U. S., ap- 
 plied to a tract of low swampy land 
 covered with bay-trees. [Fr. baie — Low 
 L. baia, a harbor ; ety. dub. Ace. to 
 Littre from Baice, name of a town on 
 the Campanian coast.] 
 
 BAY, ba. v.i., to bark, as a dog at his 
 game. — v.t. to bark at : to follow with 
 barking. — At BAY, said of hounds, when 
 the stag turns and checlcs them, makes 
 them stand and bark. [O. Fr. abbayer 
 — L. ad, and baubari, to yelp.] 
 
 BAY-ICE, ba'-Is, ?i. ice recently formed on 
 the ocean. 
 
 BAY-LEAF, ba'-lef, n. the leaf of the sweet- 
 bay or laurel-tree (La urus nobilis). These 
 leaves are aromatic, are reputed stimu- 
 lant and narcotic, and are used in medi- 
 cine, cookery, and confectionery. 
 
 BAY-SIAHOCaNY, ba'-ma-hog-an-i, n. 
 Same as Bay-wood. 
 
 BAYONET, ba n-et, »i. a dagger for fixing 
 on the end of a mu->ket. — v.t. to ;itab 
 with a bayonet. [Fr. baiorn:ite — Ba;/- 
 onne, in France, where it was first 
 made J 
 
 BAYOU, bi'oo, n. the outlet of a lake, i 
 chann 1 for water. (Amer.) 
 
 BA"_S, baz, n. a garland. [See Bay, a 
 burel.] 
 
 BAY-SALT, bfl'-sawlt, n. sart obtained 
 from sea-water bj' evaporation, esp. from 
 S' -t-marshe;: along tb coast of France, 
 -tc. [See Bay, an inht.] 
 
 BAY-WINDOW, ba'-win-d5, n. a window 
 projecting so as to form a bay or r-^cess 
 within. 
 
 BAY - woe r, ba'-wood, «. that variety of 
 mahogany exported from Hondmas. It 
 is softer and less finely marked than the 
 variety known as Spanish mahogany, 
 but is the largest and most abundant 
 kind. [See Mahogany.] 
 
 BAZAAR, BAZAR, ba-zai-', n. an Eastern 
 market-place or exchange : a largo liall 
 or suite of rooms for the sale of goods. 
 [Arab, bazar, a market.] 
 
 BDELLIUM, del'i-um, n. a kind of gum. 
 [Gr. bdellion, from H<'b. bedolach.] 
 
 BE, be, v.i. to live : to exist : to have a 
 certain state or quality : — pr.p. be'ing 
 pa.p. been (bin). [A.S. bcoyi ; Ger. bin ; 
 Gael, bi, to exist ; W. byw, to live ; Gr. 
 phud, L. fui, Jio, Sans, bhu, to be, origi- 
 nally meaning, to grow.] 
 
 BEACH, bech, ?i. the shore of the sea or of 
 a Jake, especially when sandy or pebbly : 
 t) strand. [Ice. balcki, a variety of 
 '■„nkj 
 
 P /ACHED, becht, adj. having a beach: 
 driven on a beach. 
 
 BEACHry, bech'i, adj. having a beach or 
 beaches. 
 
 BEACON, be'kji. n. a fire on an eminence 
 used as a sign of danger : anything tliat 
 warns of danger. — v. t. to act as a beacon 
 to : to Ught up. [A.S. beacen, a beacon, 
 a sign ; conn, with Beckon.] 
 
 BEAD, bed, n. a little ball pierced for 
 stringing, used in counting the prayers 
 recited, also used as an ornament : any 
 small ball. — ^To draw a bead, to fire, 
 from the practice of the Western hunts- 
 man, in taking aim, of gradually raising 
 the front sight, which resembles a bead, 
 to a level with the hind sight, and firing 
 the moment the two are in a line. 
 (Amer.) [A.S. bed, gebed, a prayer, from 
 hiddan. to pray. See Bid.] 
 
 BEADING, bo.l'ing, n. 1, in arch, a mold- 
 ing in imitation of .. bead : 2, a prepara- 
 tion added to weak spirituous liquors to 
 cause them to carry a bead, and to hang 
 in pearly drops about the sides of the 
 bottle \>r glass when poured out or 
 shaken, it bnng a popular notion that 
 spii-it is strong in proportion as it shows 
 such globviles. A very small quantity 
 of oil of vitriol or oil of almonds mixed 
 with rectified spirit is often used for this 
 purpose. 
 
 BEADLE, bed'l, n. a messenger or crier of 
 a court : a petty officer of a church, col- 
 
 lege, parish, etc. [A.S. bydel — beddan, 
 to proclaim, to bid.] 
 
 BEAD-ROLL, bed'-rol, m. among R. Catho- 
 lics, a roll or list of the dead to be prayed 
 for. [See Bead.] 
 
 BEADS5IAN, bedz'man, n. one employed 
 to pray for othere. — fern. BEADS'wojLiN. 
 
 BEAGLE, be'gl, n. a small hound chieflj 
 used in hunting hares. [Etj-. unknown, j 
 
 BEAK, bek, n. the bill of a bird : anj-thing 
 pointed or projecting: in the ancient 
 galley, a pointed iron fastened to the 
 prow for piercing the enemy's vesseL — 
 adj. Beak'ed. [Fr. bee — Celt, bcic, akin 
 t( Peak, Pike.] 
 
 BEAKER, bok'er, n. a large drinking-bowl 
 or cup, [Ice. bikarr (Scot, bicker) — Low 
 L. bicarium, ace. to Diez from Gr. bikos ; 
 of Eastern origin.] 
 
 JEAK-HEAD, bek'ned, n. an ornament re- 
 sembling the head and beak of a bird, 
 used as an enricluuent of molding-s in 
 N Tman architecture. 
 
 BEAM, bem, n. a large and straight piece 
 . f timber or iron forming one of the 
 main supports of a building, ship, etc.: 
 the part A a balance from which the 
 scales hang : the pole of a carriage : a 
 cylinder of wood in a loom : a ray of 
 light. — 1>.'. to send forth light : to sliine. 
 [A.S. beam, a tree, stock of a tree, a ray 
 of light ; G-er. baum, a tree ; Gr. phyma, 
 a growth — -p/fy-, to grow.] 
 
 BEAMILY, bera'i-li, adv. m a beamy or 
 beamin ■ manner : radiantly. " A bright 
 halo, sliining beamily." — Keats. 
 
 BE.^MLESS, bem'les, adj. without beams : 
 emittiug no rays of light. 
 
 BEAMY, bem i, adj. shining. 
 
 BEAN, ben, n. the name of several Irinds 
 of pulse and their seeds. [A.S. bean 
 Gor. bohne. W. XTaen, L. faba.] 
 
 BEAR, bar, v.t. to carry or support : to ec: 
 ure : to behave or conduct one's self ; 
 to bring forth or produce. — To bear a 
 HAUT), to assist : to be active and not 
 delay. (Amer.) — v.i. to suffer : to be par 
 tienl : to press (with on or npon) : to be 
 situated : — pr.p. bear'ing ; pa.f. bore ; 
 pa.p. borne (but the pa.p. when uSed 
 to mean "brought forth" is bom). 
 [A.S. beran ; Goth, bairan, L. fero, Gr. 
 phero. Sans, bhri.] 
 
 BEAR, bar, n. a rough wild quadruped, 
 with long sliaggv hair and hooked 
 claws : any brutal or iU-behaved per- 
 son : (a.stron.) the name of two constel- 
 lations, the Great and tiie Little Bear. 
 [A.S. bera ; Grer. bur; L. fera, a wild 
 beast, akin to Gr. ther, JEol. ^j/igr.] 
 
 BEARABLE, barVbl, adj. that may be 
 borne or endured. — adv. Be.ar'ably. 
 
 BEARD, herd. n. the hair that grows on 
 the chin and adjacent parts ; pricldes on 
 the ears of corn : the oai-b of an arrow : 
 the gills of oysters, etc. — v.t. to take by 
 tlie beard : to oppose to the face. [A.S."; 
 W. barf, Gnu: hart, Russ. boroda, L. 
 barba.'] 
 
 BEARDED, berd'ed, adj. having a beard : 
 pricklv : barbed. — adj. Beard'less. 
 
 BEAREk, bar'er, n. one who or that which 
 bears, esp. one who assists in carrying a 
 body to the grave : a carrier or mes- 
 senger. 
 
 BEAR-GARDEN, bar'-gSr-dn^ n. an inclos 
 ure where bears are £ept : a i-ude turbu 
 lent assembly. 
 
 BE^VRING, bar'ing, n. behavior : situation 
 of one object with regard to another; 
 relation. 
 
 BEARISH, bar'ish, adj. like a bear. 
 
 BEAR'S-SKIN, bai-z'-skin, n. the skin of a 
 bear : a shaggy woollen cloth for over- 
 coats. 
 
 BEAR- WARD, bar'-wawrd, n. a warden or 
 keeper of bears.
 
 BEAST 
 
 32 
 
 BEFALL 
 
 BEaST, best, n. an irrational animal as op- 
 posed to man : a four-footed animal : a 
 brutal person. [O. Fr. beste, Fr. bete—L. 
 bestia.] 
 
 BF,aSTIN(tS. best'ingz. Same as Biestings. 
 
 BtASTLY, oest'U, adj. like a beast in ac- 
 tions or beiiavior ; coarse : obscene. — n. 
 Be.\st'liness. 
 
 BEAT, bet, v.t, U. Strike repeatedly: to 
 brealv or bruise r to strike, as bushes, in 
 order to rouse game : to thrash : to over- 
 come. — I'.i. to grive strokes repeatedly: 
 to thrcb : to dash, a.s a flood or storm : — 
 pr.p. b. at'ing ; jm.t. beat : pa.p. beat'en. 
 -r^i. a stroke : a stroke recurring at in- 
 tervals, or its sound, as of a watch or 
 the pulse . a round or course : a place of 
 resort. — adj. weary: fatigued. [A.S. 
 beatan, from root hat, imitative oi tbe 
 sound of a sharp blow . hence Bat, 
 Butt.] 
 
 BEATEN, bet'n, adj. made smooth or bard 
 bv beating or treading : worn by use. 
 
 BEATER, bet'er, 7i. one that beats or 
 strikes : a crushing instrument. 
 
 BEATIFIC, -AL. be-a-tif'ik al, adj. maK 
 ing supremely liappy. 
 
 BEATIFICATION, be-at-i-fika'shun n. act 
 of beatifying : {R. C. Church) a declara- 
 tion by tKe pope that a person is blessed 
 >n heaven. 
 
 BEATIFY, be-at'i-fi, v.t., to make blessed or 
 ha])py : to bless with eternal happiness 
 in heaven. [L. beatus, blessed, and fado, 
 to make.] 
 
 BEATING, bet'ing, n. the act of stnlring : 
 chastisement by blows : regular pulsa- 
 tion or throbbing. 
 
 BEATITUDE, be-at'i-tud, n. heavenly liap- 
 piness, or happiness of the highest kind : 
 — pi. sayings of Christ in Matt, v., de- 
 claring the possessors of certain lartues 
 to be blessed. [L. beatitudo — beatus, 
 blessed.] 
 
 iJEAU, bo, M., a fine, gay man. fond of 
 dress : a lover : — pi. BeaXjX, boz. —fern. 
 Belle. [Fr. beau, bel — L. bellus, tine, 
 
 fay, a contr. of benulus, dim. of benus, 
 onus, good.] 
 
 BEAU-IDEAL, bo-Td-e'al, n., ideal excel- 
 lence, or an imaginary standard of per- 
 fection. 
 
 BEAUJOLAIS, bo-zho-la, n. a variety of 
 light red Bui-gundy wine. 
 
 BEAU-MONDE, bo-mongd', n. the gay or 
 fashionable rvorld. [Fr. beau, gay, and 
 mo;iJ^s, world.] 
 
 BEAUTEOUS, bu'te-us, adj. full of beauty: 
 fair : handsome. — adv. Beau'teously. — 
 n. BEAu'TEOtrsiress. 
 
 BEAUTIFIER, bu'ti-fl-er. n. one who or 
 that which be.iutifies or makes beautiful. 
 
 BEAUTIFUL, b:i'ti-fool, adj. fair: beaute- 
 ous : applied by uneducated people both 
 in England and the Um'ted States to 
 anj'thing pleasing or good, indiscrimi- 
 na tely. — a dv. Beau'tifully. 
 
 BEAUTIFY, bu'ti-n,i\^ tomakebeautifiU: 
 to grace : to adorn. — v.i. to become beau- 
 tiful, or more beautiful. [Beauty, and 
 L. facto, to make.] 
 
 BEAUTY, bu'ti, n. a plea.sing assemblage 
 of qualities in a person or object : a par- 
 ticular grace or excellence : a beautiful 
 person. [Fi-. beaute, from beau.] 
 
 \iEAUTY-SLEEP, bu'ti-slep, n. the sleep 
 taken before midnight, and popularly re- 
 garded as the most refreshing poi-tion of 
 the night's repose. "A medical man, 
 who may be called up at any moment, 
 must make sure of his beauty-sleep." — 
 Kingsley. 
 
 BEAUTY-SFOT. bu'ti-spot, n. a spot or 
 patch put on the face to heighten beauty. 
 
 BEAA^ER, bev'er, n. an amphibious quad- 
 ruped valuable for its fur : the fur of the 
 beaver : a bat made ol the beaver's fur : 
 
 a hat. [A.S. befer : Dan. baerer. dor. 
 biber, Gael, beabhar, L. fiber.] 
 
 BEAVER, bev'er, n. that part of a helmet 
 which covers the face. [So called from 
 a fancied likeness to a child's bib, Fr. 
 baviere, from bare, slaver.] 
 
 BEBLOTCH, be-bloch', v.t. to cover with 
 blots or blotches, as of ink. Southey. 
 
 BEBOOTED, be-bot'ed, j3. and adj. an em- 
 phatic form of Booted. " Couriers . . . 
 bestrapped and bebooied.'" — Carlyle. 
 
 BECALM, be-kam', v.t. to make calm, still, 
 or quiet. 
 
 BECAME, be-kam', i)ct.f. of Become. 
 
 BECAUSE, be-kawz', conj. for the rea.son 
 tliat : on account of : for. [A.S. be, by, 
 and Cause.] 
 
 BECK, bek, n. a brook. [Ice. behkr ; Ger. 
 bach.] 
 
 BECK, bek, n. a sign with the finger or 
 head : a nod. — v.i. to make .such a sign. 
 [A contr. of Beckon.] 
 
 BECKON, bek'n, v.t. to nod or make a 
 sign to. [A.S. beacnian — beucen. a sign. 
 See Beacon.] 
 
 BECLOUD, be-klowd', v.t. to obscure by 
 clouds. 
 
 BECOME, be-kum', v.i. to pass from one 
 state to another : to come to be : (fol. by 
 of) to be the fate or end of. — v.t. to suit 
 or beSt : — pa.t. became'; />r/ .p. become'. 
 [A.S. becumau — pfx. be, and Come.] 
 
 BECOMING, be-kum'ing, adj. suitable to : 
 graceful. — adv. Becom'ingly. 
 
 BECORONET, be-ko'ro-net, v.t. to adorn, 
 as with a coronet : to coronet. Carlyle. 
 
 BECURSE, be-kers', v.t. to shower curses 
 on C. Reade. 
 
 BED, bed, n. a couch or place to sleep on : 
 a plot in a garden ; a place in which any- 
 thing rests ; the channel of a river : ygeoX.) 
 a layer or stratum. — v.t. to place in bed : 
 to sow or plant : to lay in layers -.—pr.p. 
 bedd'ing : pa.p. bedd'eS. — h.s.Bed'chamb'- 
 EE, Bedd'ing. [A.S oed : Ice. bedr, Ger. 
 belt.] 
 
 BEDAUB, be-dawb', v.t. to daub over or 
 smear with any thick and dirty matter. 
 
 BEDCHAIR, bed'char, ii. a cnair wnth a 
 movable back to support a sick person as 
 in bed. 
 
 BEDECK, be-dek', v.t. to deck or orna- 
 ment. 
 
 BEDEVIL, be-deVil, v.t. to throw u-o 
 disorder and conjfusion, as if by tL ' 
 devil. 
 
 BEDEW, be-du', v.t. to moisten gently, as 
 with dew. 
 
 BEDFELLOW, bed'fel'6, n. a sharer of the 
 same bed. 
 
 BEDIADEM, be-di'a-dem, v.t. to crown or 
 adorn witli a diadem. Carlyle. 
 
 BEDIGHT, be-dit', adj. adorned. [Pfx. be, 
 and Dight.] 
 
 BEDIM, be-dim'. v.t. to make dim or dark. 
 
 BEDIZEN, be-dfz'n, v.t. to dress gaudily. 
 
 BEDIZENMENT. be-diz'n-ment, n. the act 
 of bedizening : the state of being be- 
 dizened : that which bedizens. " The 
 beilizenment of the great spirit's sanctu- 
 arj' with .skulls." — Kingsley. "Strong 
 Dames of the Market . . . with oak- 
 branches, tricolor bedizenment." — Car- 
 lyle. 
 
 BEDLAM, bed'lam, n. an asylum for luna- 
 tics : a m.idhouse : o place of uproar. — 
 adj. fit for a madhouse. [Corrupted from 
 Bethlehem, the name of a monasterj' in 
 London, afterwards converted into a 
 madhouse.] 
 
 BEDLAJtflTE. bed'lam-it, n. a madman. 
 
 BEDOUIN, bed^oo-in. n. the name given 
 to those Arabs who live in tents and 
 lead a nomadic life. [Fr. — ^Ar. badaiciy, 
 dwellers in the desert.] 
 
 BEDRENCH, be-drensh', v.t. to drench or 
 
 BEDRID, -DEN, bed'rid, -dn, adj. confined 
 to bed by age or sickness. 
 
 BEDROOSl, bed'room, n. a room in wiiich 
 there is a bed : a sleeping apartment. 
 
 BEDSTEAD, bed'sted, n. a frame for sup- 
 porting a bed. 
 
 BEDTICK, bed'tik, n. the tick or cover in 
 wliich feathers, etc., are put for bedding 
 
 BEE, be, M. a four-winged insect that 
 makes honey. — n. Bee-line, the most 
 du-ect road from one point to another 
 like the honey-laden bee's way home 
 to the hive. [A,S. beo : Ger. biene.] 
 
 BEE, be, n. an assemblage of people, 
 generally neigiibors, to unite their labors 
 for the benefit of one individual or 
 family, .^t such meetings dancing and 
 much mtrriment are usually introduced 
 at the brealdng up. (Amer.) 
 
 BEECH, bech, ?!. a common forest tree 
 wth smooth, silverj'-looking bark, and 
 producing nuts, once eaten l)y man, now 
 only by pigs. — adj. Beech'en. [A.S. bece, 
 boc : Ger. buche, Lat. fagus, Gr. phegos 
 — from root of phagb, to eat.] 
 
 BEE-EATER, be'-et'er, n. a bird aUied to 
 tlie king-tisher, which feeds on bees. 
 
 BEEF, bef, ?;. the flesh of an ox or cow : — 
 p?. Beeves, used in orig. sense, oxen. — 
 adj. consisting of beef. [Fi-. boeuf. It. 
 bove — L. hos, boi-is ; cf. Gr. 6ow«, Gael. 
 bo. Sans, go, A.S. cii.] 
 
 BEEF-EATER, bef -et'er, n. a popular name 
 for a yeoman of the sovereign's guard, 
 also of the warders of the Tower c.' 
 London. [The obv-ious ety. is tlie right 
 one, there being no such form as buffet ier, 
 as often stated. Cf. A.S. hldf-aeta lit. 
 " loaf-eater," a menial servant.] 
 
 BEEFSTEAK, bef'stak, n. a steak or slice 
 of beef for broiling. 
 
 BEEF-WITTED, bef'-wit'ed, adj. duU or 
 heavy in wits : stupid. 
 
 BEEHIVE, be'hlv, ?i. a case for bees tc 
 live in. 
 
 BEE-LINE, be'-Un, n. a direct or straight 
 line — as the bee flies home to the hive. 
 (Amer.) 
 
 BEEN, bin, pa.p. of Be. 
 
 BEE-NETTLE, be'-net-l, n. a species of 
 hemp-nettle ; Oaleopsis versicolor. 
 
 BEER, ber, n. a liquor made by fermenta- 
 tion from malted barley and hops. |-iS. 
 beor : Fr. biere, Ger. bier ; prob. from 
 root of Ferment.] 
 
 BEERY, ber'i, adj. of or affected by beer. 
 
 BEESTINGS, best'ingz. See Biestings. 
 
 BEESWAX, bez'waks, );. the wax collected 
 by bees, and used by them in construct- 
 ing their cells. 
 
 BEET, bet, n. a plant with a carrot-shaped 
 root, eaten as food, from which sugar is 
 extracted. [A.S. bete, Ger. beete, Fr. bette 
 — L. beta.] 
 
 BEET, bet, v.t. to mend, as a fire, by add- 
 ing fuel ; to bete : hence, to rouse : to 
 encourage. [Old EugUsh and Scotch. 
 See Bete.] 
 
 It heats me. It beets me. 
 
 And sets me a' on flame. — Bunts. 
 
 BEETLE, be'tl, n. an insect with hard 
 cases for its wings. [A.S. bitel — bitan, 
 to bite.] 
 
 BEETLE, be'tl, n. a heavy wooden mallet 
 used to beat with. — v.i. to jut or hang 
 out like the head of a beetle or mallet 
 [A.S. bitl, hytel, a mallet — beatan, tc 
 beat.] 
 
 BEETLE-BROWED, be'tl-browd, cidj 
 with overhanging or prominent brow. 
 
 BEETROOT, bgt'root, n. the root of the 
 beet plant. 
 
 BEEVES, bevz, n.pl. cattle, oxen. [See 
 Beef.] 
 
 BEFALL, be-fawl', v.t. to fall upon or hap- 
 pen to : to betide. — v.i. to happen or 
 come to pass :—pr.p. befall'ing ; pa.i. be 
 
 I
 
 BEFETTER 
 
 SS 
 
 BELL-PUNCH 
 
 fell' ; pa.p. befall'en. [A.S. hefeaUan. 
 See Fa ll.] 
 
 8EFETTEK, be-fet'er, v.t. to confine with 
 fetters : hence, to deprive of freedom. 
 ■• Tongue-tied, befettered, heavy-laden 
 nations. " — CarlyJe. 
 
 BEFIT, be-fit', r.^ to fit, or be suitable to : 
 —pr.p. befitt'ing ; pa.jx befitt'ed. [Pfx. 
 be. and Fit.] 
 
 BEFOOL, be-fool', v.t. to make a fool of, 
 or deceive. 
 
 BEFORE, be-for', prep, at the fore part, ot 
 in front of : in presence or sigrht of : pre- 
 vious to : in preference to : superior to. 
 — adv. in front : sooner than : hitherto. 
 [A.S. be-foran. See Fore.] 
 
 -lEFOREHAND, be-for'hand, adv. before 
 the time : bv way of preparation. 
 
 ■r^EFOUL, be-foul'," r.f. to dirty : to soil : to 
 tarnish. " Law'yers can hve without be- 
 fouling each other's names." — TroUope. 
 
 3EFRIEXD, be-frend', v.t. to act as a 
 friend to : to favor. 
 
 BEFRILL, be-fril', v.t. to furnish or deck 
 with a frUl or frills. " The vicar's white- 
 haired mother, bef rilled . . , with dainty 
 cleanliness." — George Eliot. 
 
 BEFRIZZ, be-friz', v.t. to curl the hair of : 
 to frizz. '■ Befrizzed and bepowdered 
 courtiers;." — Contemp. Hev. 
 
 dEFUUDLE, be-fud'l, v.t. to stupefy or 
 muddle with liquor : to make stupidly 
 drunk. 
 
 BEG, beg, v.i. to ask alms or charity : to 
 live by asking' alms. — v.t. to ask earnest- 
 ly : to Deseech : to take for granted : — 
 pr.p. begg'ing ; pa./>. begged'. [A.S. 
 bed-ec-ian, contr. bed'eian,beggen, a fre- 
 quentative, to ask often, from Mddan, to 
 ask. See Bead, Bid.] 
 
 BEGET, be-get', v.t. to be the father of : 
 to produce or cause : to generate : to pro- 
 duce as an effect, to cause : — pr.p. begett'- 
 ■ng; pa.f. begat', begot'; pa.p. begot', 
 oegott'en. [A.S. begrt^an, to acquire. See 
 Get.] 
 
 BEGETTER, be-get'er, n. one who begets : 
 a father. 
 
 BEGGAR, beg'ar, n. one who begs : one 
 who Uves by begging. — v.t. to reduce to 
 beggary : to exhaust. 
 
 BEGcGARLY, beg'ar-U, adj. poor: mean: 
 contemptible. — adv. meanly. — n. Begg'- 
 
 AKLINESS. 
 
 BEGGARY, beg'ar-!, 7). extreme poverty. 
 BEGIFT, be-gift', v.t. to confer gifts on : 
 
 to load with presents. Carlyle. 
 BEGIN, be-gin , v.i. to take rise : to enter 
 
 on lometbing new : to commence. — v.t. 
 
 to enter on : to commence : — pr.p. be- 
 
 ginn'ing; pa.t. began'; pa.p. begun' 
 
 [A.S. beginnan (also onginnan), from be, 
 
 and ginnan, to begin.] 
 BEGINNER, be-^n'er, n. one who begins : 
 
 one who is beginning to learn or practice 
 
 anything. 
 BEGINNING, be-gin'ing, n. origin or com 
 
 mencement : rudiments. 
 BEGIRD, be-gerd', v.t. to gird or bind with 
 
 a girdle : to surround or encompass : — 
 
 f.t. begirt', begird'ed ; pa.p. begirt'. 
 ;e Gird.] 
 IRDLE, be-ger'dl, t\t. to surround or 
 encircle, as with a girdle. *' Like a ring 
 of iron they . . . begirdle her from 
 shore to shore." — Carlyle. 
 SEGIRT. be-gert', v.t. Same as Begird 
 ' also jHt.t. and pa.p. of Begird. 
 ' BEGLARE, be-glar', v.t. to glare at or on. 
 (A humorous coinage.) "So that a by- 
 stander %vithout beholding Mrs. Wilfer 
 at all must have known at whom she 
 was glaring by seeing her refracted from 
 the countenance of the beglared one." — 
 Dickenx. 
 aEGONE, be-gon', int. (lit.) be gone. In 
 WokBEOONE, we have the pa.p. of A.S. 
 
 began, to go round, to beset — ^beset with 
 woe. 
 
 BEGOT, be-got', BEGOTTEN, be-got'n, 
 pa.p. of Beget. [deeply. 
 
 BEGRIME, be-grim', v.t. to grime or soil 
 
 BEGROAN, be-gron', v.t. to receive vrith 
 groans : to assail with groans, as a mairW 
 of disapprobation. " Patriot Brissot, be- 
 shouted this day by the patriot giaeiies, 
 shall find himself begroaned by chevo, on 
 account of his limited pp.Wiatism." — 
 Carlyle. 
 
 BEGUILE, be-gil', v.t. to chefct or deceive : 
 to cause to pass unnoticei what may he 
 attended with tedium ot pain. — adv. 
 BeGUIL'INGL\. — 11.9. Becjuement, Be- 
 
 oriL'ER. [See Guile.] 
 
 BEGUM, be'giun, n. a Hindu princess or 
 lady of rank. 
 
 BEGUN, be-gun', pa.p. of Bfgdj. 
 
 BEHALF, be-haf , n. favor or benefit : 
 sake, accoimt : part. [A.S. healf, half, 
 part ; on healf e, on the side of.] 
 
 BEHAVE, be-hav', v.t. ('i\'ith self) to bear 
 or carry, to conduct. — v.i. to conduct 
 one's self: to act. This word, when 
 used intransitively and reflexively, has 
 sometmies, in coUoq'oial langruage, a 
 
 food sense, having the force of to he- 
 ave well, to conduct one's self well, the 
 modifying adverb being impUed ; as, the 
 boy \vill get his hoUdays if he behaves ; 
 behave yourselves and you will be duly 
 rewarded. [A.S. behabban, to restrain, 
 from habban, to have, to use.] 
 
 BEHAVIOR, be-hav'yur, n. conduct: 
 manners or deportment. 
 
 BEHEAD, be-hed', v.t. to cut off the head. 
 
 BEHEADING, be-hed'ing, n. th^ act of 
 cutting off the head. [HOLD. 
 
 BEHELD, be-held', pa.t. and pa.p. of Be- 
 
 BEHEMOTH, be'he-moth, n. an animal 
 described in the book of Job, p'-ob. the 
 hippopotamus. In Milton, the elephant. 
 [Heb. "betists," hence '"great oeast."] 
 
 BEHEST, be-hest', n. command : charge. 
 [A.S. behces, vow, from be, and Tubs, 
 command — hatan ; Goth, haitan, to call, 
 to name.] 
 
 BEHIND, be-hind', prep, at the back of : 
 after or coming after : inferior to. — adv. 
 at the back, in the rear : backward : past. 
 [A.S. behindan; Ger. hinten. See Hind.] 
 
 BEHINDHAND, be-hind'hand, adj. or adv. 
 being behind : tardv, or in arrears. 
 
 BEHITHER, he-hith'er,prep. on this side of. 
 " Two miles behither CUfden." — Evelyn. 
 
 BEHOLD, be-hold', v.t. to look upon : to 
 contemplate. — v.i. to look : to fix the at- 
 tention z—pa.t. and pa.p. beheld'. — imp. 
 or int. see I lo 1 observe t [A.S. be- 
 healden, to hold, observe — pfx. be. and 
 healdan, to hold.] 
 
 BEHOLDEN, be-hold'n, adj. bound in 
 gratitude : obliged. [Old pa.p. of Be- 
 hold, in its orig. sense.] 
 
 BEHOLDER, be-hold 'er, n. one who be- 
 holds : an onlooker. 
 
 BEHOOF, be-ho6f, n. benefit: conven- 
 ience. YSee Behoove.] 
 
 BEHOOVE, be-hoov', v.t. to be //, right, 
 or necessai^ for — now only ased imper- 
 sonally with it. [A.S. behofian, to be fit, 
 to stand in need of; connected with 
 Have, Ger. haben, L. habeo, to have, 
 habilis, fit, suitable.] 
 
 BEIGE, bazh, Ji. a light woollen fabric, 
 made of wool of the natural color, that 
 is, neither dyed nor bleached. [Fr.] 
 
 BEING, be'ing, n. existence : any person or 
 thing existing. [From the pr.p. of Be.] 
 
 BE.JUCO, ba-hci'ko, n. a slender, reed-like, 
 twining' plant of Central America. 
 [American Spanish.] 
 
 The serpent-like bejuco winds his spiral fold on fold 
 Round the tall and stately ceiba till It withers in his 
 hold. —Whitlit^ 
 
 BELABOR, be-la'bur v.t. to beat soundly. 
 BELATED, bfe-lat'ted, actf. made too late: 
 benighted. 
 
 BELAY, bo-la' v.t, to fasten a rope by 
 wiRding it round a pin. [Dut. be-leggen, 
 cog. with Lay, v.] 
 
 jOELCH, belsh, v.t. to throw out wind 
 from the stomach : to eject violently. 
 — n. eructation. [A.S. bealcan, an imi 
 tation of the soundj 
 
 BELDAM, BELDAME, bel'dam, n. an old' 
 woman, esp. an ugly one. [Fr. bel, fan 
 (see Belle), and Dame, orig. fair dame, 
 used ironicallv.] 
 
 BELEAGUER, "be-leg'er, v.t. to lay siegs 
 to. [Dut. belegeren, to besiege ;" conn, 
 with Belay. 1 
 
 BELFRY, bel'fri, n. the part of a steepU 
 or tower in which bells are hung. [Orig. 
 and properly, a watch-tower, from O. Fr, 
 berfroi, O. Ger. bercfrit — O. Ger. f rid, a 
 tower, bergan, to protect.] 
 
 BELIE, be-li', v.t. to give the lie to: to 
 speak falsely of : to counterfeit : — p>''-P- 
 bel/ing; pia-P- belied'. [A.S. be, and 
 LieJ 
 
 BELIEF, be-Ief , n. persuasion of the truth 
 of an^-thing : faith : the opinion or doc- 
 trine believed. 
 
 BELIEVAPLE, be-lev'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be beheved. 
 
 BELIEVE, be-le'v', v.t. to regard as true 
 to trust in. — v.i. to be firmly persuaded 
 of anji;hing : to exercise faith : to think 
 or sujjpose. — adv. Beuev'ingly. [With 
 prefix be- for ge-, from A.S. gelyfan. For 
 root of lyfan. see Lea've, n.\ 
 
 BELIEVER, be-lev'er, n. one who believes : 
 a professor of Christianity. 
 
 BELIKE, be-llk', adv. probably : perhaps. 
 [A.S. pfx. be, and Like] 
 
 BELL, bel, v. a hollow vessel of metaT 
 with a tongue or clapper inside, which 
 rings when moved : anj-thing bell- 
 shaped. — Bear the bell, to be first oi 
 superior, in allusion to the bell-wethet 
 of a flock, or to the leading horse of a 
 team wearing bells on his collar. [A.S. 
 bella, a bell — bellan, to sound loudly.] 
 
 BELLADONNA, bel-a-don'a, n. the plant 
 Deadly Nightshade, used in small doses 
 as a medicine. [It. bella-donna, fair 
 lady, from its use as a cosmetic] 
 
 BELLE, oel, «., a fine or handsome young 
 hull/: a beauty. [Fr., fem. of Beau.] 
 
 BELLES-LETTkES, bel-let'r, n. the de- 
 partment of Uterature, such as poetry 
 and romance, of which the chief aim is 
 to please by its beauty. [Fr. belle, fine, let- 
 tres, learning — lettre, L. litera, a letter.] 
 
 BELLETRISTIC, bel-let-ris'tik, adj. per 
 taining or relating to belles-lettres. 
 
 BELI^HANGER, bel'-hang'er, n. one whr 
 hangs or puts up beUs. 
 
 BELLICOSE, bel'ik-os, adj. contentious: 
 [L. bellicosus — bellum, war.] 
 
 BELLIED, bel'id, adj. swelled out, ot 
 prominent, like the belly — used gener- 
 ally in composition. 
 
 BELLIGERENT, bel-i'jer-ent, adj., carry- 
 ing on war. — n. a nation engaged in 
 war. [L. belligero, to carry on war — 
 bellum, war, gero, to carry. See Duel- 
 Jest.] 
 
 BELLMAN, bel'man, n. a toxvn-crier, whc 
 rings a bell when giving notice of any 
 thing. 
 
 BELL-MARE, bel'-mflr, n. a mare clioset 
 to lead a drove of mules in the South 
 west. (Amer.) 
 
 BELLOW, bel'S, v.i. to low: to make » 
 loud resounding noise. — n. a roaring 
 IFrom root of Bell.] 
 
 BELLOWS, bel'oz or bel'us, n. an Instru- 
 ment to blow with. [A.S. bcelig, a bag 
 Gael, balg: conn, \vitn Belly, Bag.] 
 
 BELL-PUNCH, bel'-punsh, n a small
 
 BELL-SHAPED 
 
 34 
 
 BESET 
 
 punch fitted to the jaws of a pincers- 
 shaped instrument, combined with a 
 httle bell wliich sounds when tlie pimch 
 makes a perforation. Such punches are 
 generally used to cancel tickets, as in 
 tramway cars, etc.. as a check on the 
 eonductors, the ringing of the bell indi- 
 cating to tlie passenger that liis ticket 
 has been properly punched, and that the 
 blank cut lias passed into a receptacle in 
 the instrmuent from which the blanks 
 are taken and counted by an official of 
 the companj'. Other forms of bell- 
 punches .are in use, as a combined tell- 
 tale and bell, the ringing of which indi- 
 cates to an official at some distance that 
 the instrument has been duly pressed. 
 
 BELL-SHAPED, bel'-shapt, adj. shaped 
 like a bell. 
 
 BELL-WETHER, bel'-we^/i'er, n. a wether 
 or sheep wliich leads the flocks with a 
 bell on his neck. 
 
 BELLY, bel'i, n. the part of the body be- 
 tween the breast and the thighs. — v.t. to 
 swell out : to fill. — i\i. to swell : — pr.j}. 
 belVving ; pa.ji. bell'ied. [From root of 
 Bag"] 
 
 BELLi'-BAND, bel'i-band, n. a band that 
 goes round tlie belly of a horse to secure 
 the saddle. 
 
 BELLYFDX, bel'i-fool, n. as much as fills 
 the belly, a sufficiency. 
 
 BELONG, be-long', v.i. to be one's prop- 
 erty : to be a part : to pertain : to have 
 residence. (A.S. langian. to long after ; 
 cf. Dui. helangen.'\ 
 
 BEIONGIXG, be-long'ing, n. that which 
 belongs to one — used generally in the 
 plural. 
 
 BELOVED, be-luvd', adj. much loved : 
 very dear. 
 
 BELOW, be-lo', prep, beneath in place or 
 rank : not worthy of. — adv. in a lower 
 place : (fig.) on earth or in hell, as op- 
 posed to heaven. \Be, and Low.] 
 
 BELT, belt, n. a girdle or band : igeog.) a 
 strait. — v.t. to surround with a belt : to 
 encircle. — adj. Belt'ed. [A.S. belt ; Ice. 
 helti, Gael, bait, L. halteus, a be't.] 
 
 BELVEDERE, bel've-der, n. (in Italy) a 
 pavilion or look-out on tlie top of a build- 
 ing. [It. — bello, beautiful, vedere, to see 
 — L f>e//i(sand indere.'\ 
 
 BEM'^ET, be-met', v.t. to meet. 
 
 Our very lovin<r sifter, well beinet. — Shah. 
 
 BES'-ITRE, be-mi'ter, v.t. to adorn with a 
 nijtre. Carlyle. 
 
 BEMOAN, be-mon', v.t. to moan at : to 
 lament. 
 
 BEMOUTH, be-iuou/;i', v.t. to utter with 
 an affected, big, swelling voice : to 
 mouth. " In Mil tonic blank bemouthed." 
 — Southey. 
 
 BEMURMXIR; be-mur'mur, v.t. 1, to mur- 
 mur round. " Bemurmured now by the 
 hoarse-flowing Danube." — Carlyle. 2, to 
 greet with mui'iiiurs, as of discontent or 
 the hke. " So fare the eloquent of France, 
 bem itrnut red, besliouted. " — Carlyle. 
 
 BEMUZZLE, be-inuz'l, v.t. to put a muzzle 
 on : to muzzle. Carlyle. 
 
 BENCH, bensh, n. a long seat or form : a 
 mechanic's work-table : a judge's seat : 
 the body or a.ssembly of judges. — v.t. to 
 place on or furnish \vith benches. [A.S. 
 beuc : cog. with Grer. 6a)iA% and conn, 
 with E. Bank, a ridge of earth.] 
 
 BENCHER, bensh'er, n. a senior member 
 
 ' of an inn of court. 
 
 BEND, bend, v.t. to curve or bow : make 
 crooked : to turn or incline : to subdue. 
 — v.i. to be crooked or curved : to lean : 
 to bow in submission : — pa.p. bend'ed or 
 bent. — n. a cuiwe or crook. [A.S. ben- 
 dan, to bend, from Bast}, a string ; a 
 bow was " bent " by tightening the band 
 or string.] 
 
 BENE, ben, n. a prayer : a request : an 
 entreaty. }\'ordsivorth. (Provincial En- 
 glish.) [A.S. ben, a prayer.] 
 
 BENEATH, be-neth', j^re/j. under, or lower 
 in place : unbecoming. — adv. in a lower 
 place : below. [-A-S. pfx. be, and neo- 
 than, beneath. See Nether.] 
 
 BENTHDICK, ben'e-dik, BENEDICT, ben'e- 
 dikt, H. a newly-married man : also, a 
 bachelor. [From Benedick, a character in 
 Shakespeai-e"s Much Ado About Xothing, 
 who begins as a confirmed bachelor and 
 ends by marrying Beatrice.] 
 
 BENEDICTINE, ben-e-dikt'in, n. one of an 
 order of monks named after St. Benedict, 
 called also Black Friars from the color of 
 their dress. 
 
 BENEDICTION, bea-e-dik'shun, n. a bless- 
 ing : the solemn act of imploring the 
 blessing- of God. [L. benedictio — bene, 
 well, dico, dictum, to say.] 
 
 BENEDICTORY, ben-e-dikt'or-i, adj. de- 
 claring a benediction : expressing ^vishes 
 for good. 
 
 BENEFACTION, ben-e-fak'shun, n. the 
 act of doing good : a good deed done or 
 benefit conferred. [L. bene/actio. See 
 Bejstefice.] 
 
 BENEFACTOR, ben-e-fak'tor, n. one who 
 confers a benefit. — fern. Benefac'tress. 
 
 BENEFICE, ben'e-fis, n. an ecclesiastical 
 h\dng. [Fr. — Ij.beneficium, a kindness — 
 benefacere, to benefit — bene, well, faeio, 
 to do. In Low L. benefieitim meant a 
 gift of an estate.] 
 
 BENEFICED, ben'e-fist, adj. having a 
 benefice. 
 
 BENEFICENCE, be-nef'i-sens, n. active 
 goodness : kindness : charity. 
 
 BENEFICENT, be-nefi-sent, adj., doing 
 good : kind : charitable. — adv. Benef'- 
 icently. 
 
 BENEFICIAL, beu-e-flsh'al, adj., doivrj 
 good : useful : advantageous. — adv. Bene- 
 
 FIC'IALLY. 
 
 BENEFICIARY, ben-e-fish'i-ar-i, n. one 
 who holds a benefice or receives a benefit. 
 — adj. holding in gift. 
 
 BENEFIT, ben'e-fit, n. a favor : advantage : 
 a performance at a theatre, the proceeds 
 of which go to one of the company. — 
 v.t. to do good to. — v.i. to gain advan- 
 tage : — lir.j}. ben'efiting ; pa.p. ben'e- 
 fited. [Fr. bienfait — L. bene/actum.] 
 
 BENEVOLENCE, be-neVol-ens, n., good- 
 tnll : disposition to do good : an act of 
 kindness : {E. Hist.) a species of tax 
 arbitrarily le\'ied by the sovereign, and 
 represented by him as a gratuit3-. [L. 
 benevolent ill— bene, well, volo, to wish.] 
 
 BEN'rEVOLENT, be-nev'ol-ent, adj., well- 
 u-ishing: disposed to do good. — adv. 
 Benev'olextly. 
 
 BENGAL-LIGHT, ben-gawl'-llt, n. aspecies 
 of firework producing a very viWd blue 
 light, much used for signals V)v sliips. 
 
 BENIGHTED, be-nit'ed, adj. overtaken by 
 night : involved in darkness : ignorant. 
 [Be, and Night.] 
 
 BENIGN, ben-Tn', adj. favorable : gracious : 
 kindly. [O. Fr. benigne — L. benignus= 
 benig'enus, weU-born, of gentle nature — 
 bemi.'i, bonus, good, and gen, root of 
 gigno, to produce.] 
 
 BENHGNANT, ben-ig'nant, adj. kind : gra- 
 cious. — adv. Besig'Nantly. [L. benig- 
 nns.] 
 
 BENIGNITY, ben-ig'nit-i, n. goodness of 
 disposition : kindness : graciousness. 
 
 BE^^GNLY■, ben-in'li, adv. kmdly : gra- 
 ciously. 
 
 BENISON, ben'i-zn. n., benediction, bless- 
 ing. [O. Fr. benei^on — L. benedictio. 
 See Benediction.] 
 
 BENJAillN, ben'ja-min, n. a kind of top- 
 coat or overcoat worn by men. 
 
 BENT, bent, jja.f. sLud pa.p. of Bend. 
 
 BENT, bent, n. leaning or bias : fixed ten- 
 dency or set of the mind. [From Bend.] 
 
 BENT," bent, n. a coarse grass. [A.S, 
 beonet.} 
 
 BENTHAMISM, ben'tham-izm, n. that 
 doctrine of ethics or of social and poUti- 
 cal economy taught bj- Jeremy Benf/iam, 
 the sum of wliich may be thus stated : — 
 The greatest happiness of the greatest 
 number is the end of all true moral 
 action. Nature lia\ing placed mankind 
 under the government of two sovereign 
 masters. Pleasure and Pain, it is for 
 them alone to point out what we ought 
 to do. This doctrine is the foundation 
 of Utilitarianism (which see). 
 
 BENTHAMITE, beu'tham-it, n. one who 
 holds or favors the doctrine of Bentham- 
 ism. 
 
 BENTTMB, be-num', v.t. to make 7iumb or 
 torpid. 
 
 BENZINE, ben'zin, n. a substance pre- 
 pared from coal-tar naphtha, used in re- 
 moving grease stains from cloth. [From 
 Benzoin".] 
 
 BENZOIN, ben-zo'in, n. a fragrant, me- 
 dicinal resin, obtained from the Styrax 
 benzoin, a tree of Sumatra. [Of Arab, 
 orig.] 
 
 BEPOMMEL, be-pmn'mel, v.t. to pommel 
 or beat soundly : to give a good drub- 
 bing to. '■• Bepommelled and stoned by 
 irreproachable ladies of the straitest sect 
 of the Pharisees." — Tliaclceray. 
 
 BEQUEATH, be-kwef/i', v.t. to give or 
 leave bj" will : to hand down, as to pos- 
 terity. [A.S. be, and cicethan, to say, to 
 tell. See Quoth.] 
 
 BEQUEST, be-kwest', n. something be- 
 queathed or left bv will : a legacy. 
 
 BERASCAL, be-ras'ljal, v.t. to call or ad- 
 dress bj' the opprobrious term i-ascal 
 Fielding. 
 
 BEREAVE, be-reV', v.t., to rob or mak« 
 destitute : — 2)a.2}. bereaved' or bereft', 
 [Pfx. be, and Reave. A.S. reafian.] 
 
 BEREA\"EMENT, be-rev'ment, 7i. heavy 
 loss, esp. of friends bv death. 
 
 BEREFT, be-reft', jjn.jj. of Bereave. 
 
 BERGAMOT. ber'ga-mot, n. a fragrant oil 
 obtained from the Bergamot pear. 
 [From Bergamo, a town of Lombardv in 
 Italy.] 
 
 BERIBAND, be-rib'and, BERIBBON, be- 
 rib'on, v.t. to adorn or deck with a rib- 
 bon or ribbons. "Nut-brown maids 
 bedizened and beribanded." — Carlyle 
 " Rouged and beribboned." — Miss Burney. 
 
 BERRIED, ber'id, adj. having bercies. 
 
 BERRY, ber'i, n. any small juicy fruit. 
 [A.S. berige : Ger. beere ; Dut" bezie ; 
 Goth, basi; Sans, bhas, to eat.] 
 
 BERTH, berth, n. a sliip's station at an- 
 clior : a room or sleeping-place in a ship : 
 a situation or place of employment. [A 
 form of BlETH.] 
 
 BERTHAGE, berth'aj, n. a charge made 
 on vessels occupying a berth in a dock or 
 harbor. 
 
 BERYL, ber'il, n. a precious stone of a 
 greenish color. [L. and Gr. beryllus.'\ 
 
 BESCOUR, be-skour', v.t. to scour over : to 
 overrun. " France too is bescoured by a 
 devil's pack, the baying of wliich . . 
 still sounds in the mind's ear." — Carlyle. 
 
 BESEECH, be-sech', v.t. to seek or ask 
 from urgently : to implore or entreat :— 
 pr.p. beseecli'ing ; 2ya.t. and ^ja.jj. be- 
 sought (be-sawt'). — adv. Beseech'ingly 
 [A. is. be, and secnn, to seek.] 
 
 BESEECH INGNESS, be-sech'ing-nes, n. 
 the state or quality of being beseeching 
 or earnestlv solicitous : entreatv. George 
 Eliot. 
 
 BESEEM, be-sem', v.t. to be seemlv or fit 
 for. [Pfx. be, and Seem.] 
 
 BESET, be-set', v.t. to surround or inclose '
 
 BESETTING 
 
 35 
 
 BIBLIOLATRY 
 
 to waylay : to perplex -.—pr.p. besett'- 
 ing ; pa.t. and XKi.p. beset'. [A.S. bi- 
 settan. to siurround.] 
 
 BESETTING, be-set'ing, adj. confirmed : 
 habitual, 
 
 BESHOUT, be-shoiit', v.t. to greet or re- 
 ceive with shouts. Caiiyle. 
 
 BESIDE, be-sid', prep., by the side of: over 
 and above : distinct from. — Beside one's 
 SELF, out of one's wits or reason. [A.S. 
 he. by, and Side.] 
 
 BESIDE, be-sId', BESIDES, be-sid/, adv. 
 moreover : in addition to. 
 
 BESIEGE, be-sej', v.t. to lay siege to : to 
 beset with armed forces : to throng 
 round. — n. BESIEGER, be-sej'er. [Be, and 
 Siege.] 
 
 BESING, be-sing', v.t. to praise or cele- 
 brate in song. " The Charter which has 
 been so niucli hesiuig." — Dickens. 
 
 BESilEAR, be-smer', v.t. to smear over or 
 daub. 
 
 BESOM, be'zum, n. an implement for 
 sweeping. [AS. besem, hes-mu.] 
 
 BESOT, be-sot , v.t. to make sottish, dull, 
 or stupid -.—pr-p. besott'ing ; jjo.jj. be- 
 sott'\^d. 
 
 BESOUGHT, be-sawt', pa.t. and pa.2}. of 
 Beseech. 
 
 BESPAKE, be-spak'. pa.p. of Bespeak. 
 
 BESPATTER, be-spafer, v.t. to spatter or 
 sprinkle with dii"t or anj-thing moist : to 
 defame. 
 
 BESPEAK, be-.spek', v.t., to speak for or 
 engage beforehand : to betoken. [Be, 
 and Speak.] 
 
 BESPEAK, be-spek', v.t. to speak, or speak 
 to. [Prefix be, and Speak.] 
 
 BESPEECH, be-spech', v.t. to annoy or tor- 
 ment by much speech-making. Carlyle. 
 
 BESPOUT. ue-spout', v.t. to annoy or ha- 
 rass \vith much loud, empty speaking. 
 Carlyle. 
 
 HESPY, be-spf, i\t. to subject to espion- 
 age : to set spies upon. " His own 
 friends of the j^eople . . . bespied, be- 
 headed. " — Ca rlyle. 
 
 BEST, best, adj. (serves as superl. of Good) 
 good in the highest degree : first : liigh- 
 est : most excellent. — n. one's utmost 
 endeavor : the highest perfection. — adv. 
 (superl. of Well) in the highest degree : 
 in the best manner. [A.S. betst, betest, 
 be.tt. See Better.] 
 
 BESTEAD, be-sted*, p.adj. situated : 
 treated. [Pfx. be, and Stead.] 
 
 BESTEAD, BESTED, be-sted', v.t. toplace 
 or dispose : to assist, to serve. [Prefix 
 he. Stead, place.] 
 
 BESTIAL, best'i-al, adj. like a beast : \Tle : 
 sensual. [L. bestiahs. See Beast.] 
 
 BESTIALIZE, best'i-al-Tz, v.t. to make like 
 :■ beast. 
 
 BESTIALiry, best-i-al'i-ti, n. beastliness. 
 
 BESTL^RLAN, bes-ti-a'ri-an, n. one who 
 takes an interest in the land treatment 
 of beasts ; the term has l)een applied to 
 those persons who oppose vivisection, 
 and was invented by Darwin. [L. bestia, 
 a beast : the word was suggested by hip- 
 manitarian.l 
 
 BESTIR, be-ster', v.t. to put into lively ac- 
 tion. 
 
 BESTOW, be-st5', v.t. to stow, place, or 
 put by : to give or confer : to apply. 
 \Hff Stow.] 
 
 BESTOWAL, be-stO'al, n. act of bestow- 
 in^' : disposal. 
 
 6ESTRAP, be-.strap', v.t. to confine -with a 
 strap or straps. "The .young lion's 
 whelp has to grow up all bestrapped, be- 
 muzzled." — Carlyle. 
 
 IBESTRIDE, be-strld', v.t. to stride over: 
 to sit or stand across -.—pa.t. bestrid', 
 bestrode' : pa.p. bestrid', bestridd'en. 
 [Spp Stride.] 
 
 BESTUD. be-stud', v.t. to adorn with studs. 
 
 BET, bet, 11. a wager : something staked 
 to be lost or won on certain conditions. 
 — v.t. and i. to lay or stake, as a bet : — 
 ^jr.«. b ett'ing ; pa.t. and 2?a.p. bet or 
 bett'ed. [Ety. dub. ; either A.S. bad, a 
 pledge, akin to Wed, Wager, or a contr. 
 of Abet.] 
 
 BETAKE, be-tak', v.t. (^^•ith self) to take 
 one's self to : to apply or have recourse : 
 —pa.t. betook' ; pa.p. betak'en. [A.S. 
 be. and Ice. talca, to deliver.] 
 
 BETEL, be'tl, n. the betel-nut, or nut of 
 the areca palm, with lime and the leaves 
 of the Betel-Pepper, is chewed by the 
 Malays as a stimulant. [East, word.] 
 
 BETHlNK. be-thingk', v.t. to think on or 
 call to mind : to recollect (generally fol- 
 lowed bj' a reflective pronoun). — v.i. to 
 consider -.—pa.t. and pa.p. bethought 
 (be-tliawf). [A.S. bethenean, Ger. 6c- 
 denken. See 'Think.] 
 
 BETIDE, be-tid', v.t, to happen to: to be- 
 fall. [A.S. pfx. be, and tidan, to happen. 
 See Tide.] 
 
 BETIMES, be-tlmz', adv. in good time : 
 seasonably. [Pfx. be, and Time.] 
 
 BETOKEN, be-to'kn, v.t. to show by a 
 sign : to foreshow. [A.S. getacnian. 
 See Token.] 
 
 BETOOK, be-took', pa.t. of Betake. 
 
 BETRAY, De-tra', v.t. to give up treacher- 
 ously : to disclose in breach of ti-ust : to 
 discover or show. [Pfx. be, and Fr. trahir. 
 It. tradire — L. tradere, to deliver up.] 
 
 BETRAYAL, be-tra'al, n. act of betrajang. 
 
 BETRAY'ER, be-tra'er, n. a traitor. 
 
 BETROTH, be-troth', v.t. to contract or 
 promise in order to marriage : to affiance. 
 (Be. and TROTH or Trith.] 
 
 BETROTHAL, be-troth'al, BETROTH- 
 MENT, be-troth'ment, w. an agreement 
 or contract with a view to marriage. 
 
 BETTER, bet'er, adj. (serves as comp. 
 of Good) good in a greater degree : 
 preferable : improved. — adv. (comp. of 
 Well) well in a greater degree : more 
 fully or completely : with greater ad- 
 vantage : — -j:)?. superiors. — v.t. to make 
 better, to improve : to benefit. [A.S. 
 bet (adv.), betera, better, Goth, batiza, 
 Ger. besser : root bat, good ; it is in all 
 the Teutonic lang. See Boot.] 
 
 BETTER, bet'er, n. one who bets. 
 
 BETWEEN, be-twen'. BETWIXT, be- 
 twikst', pirep. in the middle of twain 
 or tico : in the middle or intermediate 
 space : from one to another. [A.S. he- 
 tireonan. betweox, betivuxt — be, and 
 ttcegen, twa, two, twain.] 
 
 BETWEENITY, be-twen'i-ti, n. the state 
 or quality of being between : intermedi- 
 ate condition : t)iat wliich occupies an 
 intermediate space, place, or position. 
 " To rejoin heads, tails and betiveem'tie.9." 
 — Southey. ' The house is not Gothic, 
 but of that betiveenity that intervened 
 when Gothic declined and Palladian was 
 creeping in." — H. Walpole. 
 
 BEVEL, iieVel, n. a slant or inclination of 
 a surface : an instrument openmg like a 
 pair of compasses for measuring angles. 
 — adj. having the form of a bevel : slant- 
 ing. — v.t. to form ^^'itIl a bevel or slant : 
 — pr.p. bevelling ; jia.p. bev'elled. — 
 Bevel-gear (inech.), wheels working on 
 each other in different nlanes. the cogs 
 of the wheels being bevelled or at obliii^ue 
 angles to the shafts. [Fr. biveau, an m- 
 strumeut for measuring angles.] 
 
 BEVERAGE, bev'er-aj, ii., drink: any 
 agreeable liquor for drinking. [O. Fi-. ; 
 It. beveraggio—bevere — ^L. bibere, to 
 drink.] 
 
 BEVY, hev'i. n. a brood or flock of birds, 
 especially of quails : a company, esp. of 
 ladies. [It. bei'a, a drink, a company for 
 drinking.] 
 
 BEWAIL, be-wal', v.t. to lament. [See 
 Wail.] 
 
 BEWARE, be-war', v.i. to be on one's 
 guard : to be suspicious of danger : to 
 take care. [The two words be ware run 
 together. See Wakt.] 
 
 BEWHISKER, be-whis'ker, v.t. to furnish 
 with whiskers : to put whiskers oo^ 
 '•She who bewhiskered St. Bridget."^ 
 Sterne. " Striplings beivhiskerea with 
 burnt cork." — Irving. 
 
 BEWILDER, be-wil'der, v.t. to perplex oi- 
 lead astray. — n. Bewil'derment. [Be, 
 and prov. E. icildern, a wilderness.] 
 
 BEWING, be-wing', v.t. to give or add 
 wings to. " An angel-throng bewinged." 
 —Poe. 
 
 BEWITCH, be-wic»>', v.t. to affect by witch- 
 craft : to fascir.jte or charm. [See 
 Witch.] 
 
 BEWITCHERY, be-wich'er-i, BEWITCH- 
 MENT, be-wich'ment, 7). fascination. 
 
 BEWITCHING, be-wich'ing, adj. charm- 
 ing- : fascinating. — adv. Bewitch'ixgly. 
 
 BEWRAY, be-ra', v.t. (B.), to accuse : to 
 point out : to betray. [A.S. pfx. be, and 
 icregan, to accuse.] 
 
 BEY, ba, n. a Tnrkisli governor of a town 
 or province. [Turk, beg, pronounced ba, 
 a governor.] 
 
 BEYOND, be-yond', prep, on the farther 
 side of : farther onward than : out of 
 reach of. [A.S. be-geond — pfx. be, and 
 geond, across, beyond. See YoN, Yo.v- 
 der.J 
 
 BEZEL, bez'l, n. the part of aringin whicl 
 the stone is set. [O. Fr. bisel, Fr. biseau ; 
 of uncertain oi-igin.] 
 
 BHANG, bang, n . Same as Bang, Bangue. 
 
 BI-, an old form of the Anglo-Saxon prefix 
 now usually written be ; as, bifore. bt 
 yon)=before ; bigav^\)ega.n ; hiheste'=- 
 behest ; Inside, bi,'»/de^=heside ; bitireetie 
 ^between ; etc. Chaucer. 
 
 BIAS, br'as, n. a weight on one side of k 
 bowl (in the game of bowling), making 
 it slope or turn to one side : a slant or 
 leaning to one side : an inclination of 
 the mind, prejudice. — i\t. to cause to 
 turn to one side : to prejudice or 
 possess ; pp. bi'ased or bi'assed. 
 biais : prob. L. bifax, two-faced- 
 twice, fades, the face.] 
 
 BIB, bib, /(. a cloth put under an infant's 
 chin. [M.E. bibben, to imbibe, to tipple, 
 because the cloth imbibes moisture — L. 
 bibere, to drink.] 
 
 BIB, bilj, 11. a fish of the same genus as 
 the cod and haddock, also called the 
 Pout. 
 
 BIBBER, bib'er, n. a tippler : chiefly used 
 in composition, as (B.) wine-bibber. [L. 
 hibo, to drink.] 
 
 BIBLE, bi'bl, n. the sacred writings of the 
 Christian Church, consi.sting of the Old 
 and New Testaments. [Fr. — L. and Gr. 
 biblia, pi. of Gr. biblion, a little book, 
 hiblo.i. a book, from In/blos, the pap^TUs. 
 of wliich paper was made.] 
 
 BIBLICAL, bil)'lik-al, adj. of or relating to 
 the Bible : .scriptural. — adv. Bib'lically. 
 
 BIBLICALITY, bib-li-kal'i-ti, n. something 
 relating to, connected with, or contained 
 in the Bible. Carlyle. 
 
 BIBLICIST, bib'Us-ist, n. one versed in bib- 
 lical learning. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHER, bib-li-og'raf-er, n. one 
 versed in bibliography or the history of 
 books. — adj. BibliogRAPU'ic. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY, bib-li-og'raf-i, n., the de- 
 scription or knowledge of books, in regard 
 to their authors, subjects, editions, and 
 history. [Gr. biblion, a book, grapho, to 
 write, describe.] 
 
 BIBLIOLATRY, bil)-li-ol'at-ri, n. super- 
 stitious reverence for the Bible. [Or. 
 biblion, a book, latreia, worship.] 
 
 ■r pre- 
 
 [Fr. 
 
 1— ors.
 
 BIBLIOLOGY 
 
 36 
 
 BIM ANGUS 
 
 eiBLIOLOGY, bib-li-ol'oj-i, ri. an account 
 of books : biblical literature, or theology. 
 [Gr. biblion. a book, logos discourse.] 
 
 BIBLIOMANIA, bib-li-o-man'i-a, n. a 
 mania for possessing rare and curious 
 books. [Gr. biblion. a book, and Mania.] 
 
 BIBLIOMANIAC, bib-li-o-man'i-ak, n. one 
 who has a mania for possessing- rare and 
 curiou.'s books. 
 
 8IBLI0P0LE, bib'li-o-pol, BIBLIOPOD- 
 IST. bib-li-op'ol-ist. n. a bookseller. [Gr. 
 biblion. a book, poleb, to sell.] 
 
 BIBULOUS, bib'u-lus, adj., drinking or 
 sucking in : spongy. [L. bibubis — bibo, 
 to drink.] 
 
 BICARBONATE, bi-kar'bon-at. n. a car- 
 bonate or salt having- two equivalents of 
 carbonic acid to one equivalent of base. 
 [L. bi- (for dri-. from duo, two), twice, 
 
 and CARBONATE.] 
 
 BICAVITARY, bl-kav'i-ta-ri, adj. consist- 
 mg of or possessing two ca\ities. [L. 
 prefix bi-, two. twice, and E. cainty.] 
 
 BICE, bis, 7!, a pale blue or green paint. 
 [Fr. bis, bise : orig. unknown.] 
 
 BICENTENARY, bl-sen'te-na-ri. n. 1, that 
 which consists of or comprehends two 
 hundred : the space of two hundred 
 years : 2, the commemoration of any 
 event that happened two hundred years 
 before, as the birth of a great man. [L. 
 prefi-K bi-. two, twice, and E. centenary.l 
 
 BICENTENARY, bl-sen'te-na-ri, adj. re- 
 lating to or consisting of two hundred : 
 relating to two hundred years : as, a 
 bicentenary celebration. 
 
 BICENTENNIAL, bl-sen-ten'ni-al, adj. 1, 
 consisting of or lasting two hundred 
 years : a-s, a bicentennial period : 2, oc- 
 curring every two hundred years. 
 
 BICEPS, bi-seps, n. the muscle in front of 
 the arm between the shoulder and elbow. 
 [L. bicej^s, two-headed — bis, twice, and 
 cajyut. head.] 
 
 BICIPITAL, bl-sip'it-al, adj. (anat.), having 
 tu-o heads or origins. [See Biceps.] 
 
 BICKER, bik'er, v.i. to contend in a petty 
 way : to quiver : to move quickly and 
 tremulously, as running water. [Ace. 
 to Skeat, bicker ^pick-er, or peek-er, to 
 pecA; repeatedly wth the beak.] 
 
 BICONVEX, bi-kon'veks, adj. convex on 
 both sides : double convex, as a lens. 
 See Lens. [Prefix bi-, two, twice, and 
 convex:] 
 
 BICORNE, bi-korn', n. one of two mon- 
 strous beasts (the other being Chichev- 
 ache — which see) mentioned in an old 
 satirical poem alluded to by Chaucer in 
 the " Clerk's Tale." Bicorne is repre- 
 sented as feeding on patient husbands, 
 while Chichevache feeds on patient wives, 
 and the point of the satire consists in 
 representing the former as being fat and 
 pampered with a superfluity of food, 
 while the latter is very lean, owing to 
 the scarcity of her diet. 
 
 BICYCLE, bi'sikl, n. a velocipede with two 
 wheels, arranged one before the other. 
 TL. bis. twice, and Gr. kyklos, a circle.] 
 
 BICYCLING, bi'sik-ling, n. the art or 
 practice of managing or travelling on a 
 bicyc-c. 
 
 BID, b:i, v.t, to offer : to propose : to pro- 
 claim : to in\nte : to command -.^pr.p. 
 bidd'ing ; pa.t. bid or bade ; pa.p. bid, 
 bidden.--?i. an offer of a price. [A.S. 
 beodan, Goth, bjxidan, Ger. bieten, to 
 offer.] 
 
 BID, bid, v.t., to ask for: to pray (nearly 
 obs.). [A..S. biddan, Goth, bidjan : the 
 connection with Bid, to command, is 
 dub. See Bead.] 
 
 BIDDABLE, bid'a-bl, adj. obedient to a bid- 
 ding or command : willing- to do what is 
 bidden : complying. " She is exceed- 
 ingly attentive and useful ; . . . indeed I 
 
 never saw a more biddable woman." — 
 Dickens. 
 
 BIDDER, bid'er, n. one who bids or offers 
 a price. [command. 
 
 BIDDING, bid'ing, n. offer : invitation : 
 
 BIDE, bid, v.t. and v.i. Same as Abide, to 
 wait for. [A.S. bidan, Goth, beidan.] 
 
 BIDING bid ing, n., abiding: stay. 
 
 BIENNIAL, bl-en'yal, adj. lasting tivo 
 years: happening' once in two years. — 
 n. a plant that lasts two years. — adv. 
 BlENX'lALLY. [L. biennalis^}is, twice, 
 and annus, a j'ear.] 
 
 BIER, ber, n. a carriage or frame of wood 
 for bearing tliedead to the grave. [A.S. 
 beer: Ger. bah re, L. fer-etnim. From 
 root of Beak, v.] 
 
 BIESTINGS, best'ingz, Ji. the first milk 
 from a cow after calving. [A.S. bysting ; 
 Ger. biest-milch.] 
 
 BIFACIAIj, bl-fa'shyal, adj. having tioo 
 like faces or opposite surfaces. [L. bis, 
 twice, and Facial.] 
 
 BIFURCATED, bl-furk'at-ed, adj., two- 
 forked : having two prongs or branches. 
 TL. bifurcKS — bis, twice, furca, a fork.] 
 
 BIFURCATION, bi-furk-a'shun. ?;. a fork- 
 ing or division into two branches. 
 
 BIG, big, adj. large or great : pregnant : 
 great in air, mien, or spirit. [JI.E. biijg, 
 Scot, bigly, prob. from Ice. byggi-ligr, 
 habitable — byggja, to settle, conn, with 
 bua, to dwell. Fi-om " habitable " it 
 came to mean " spacious," " large."] 
 
 BIGAMIST, big'am-ist, n. one who has 
 committed bigamy. 
 
 BIGAJMY, big'am-i. n. the crime of having 
 two wives or two husbands at once. [Fr. 
 — L. bis, twice, and Gr. gamos, marriage.] 
 
 BIGGIN, big'in, n. a child's cap or hood. 
 [Fr. beguin, from the cap worn bj' the 
 Beguines, a religious society of women in 
 France.] 
 
 BIGHT, bit, n., a bend of the shore, or 
 small bay : a bend or coil of a rope. 
 [Cf. Dan. and Swed. bugt. Dut. bogt, from 
 root of Goth, biugan. A.S. beogan, Ger. 
 biegen, to bend, E. boic] 
 
 BIGNESS, big'nes, n. bulk, size. 
 
 BIGOT, big'ot, n. one blindly and obsti- 
 natelj' devoted to a particular creed or 
 party. [Fr. ; variously derived from the 
 oath By God, used, ace. to the tale, by 
 the Norman Rollo, and then a nickname 
 of the Normans ; Beguine, a religious 
 society of women ; Visigoth, a Western 
 Goth ; and Sp. bigote, a moustache.] 
 
 BIGOTED, big^3t-ed, adj. having the quali- 
 ties of a bigot. 
 
 BIGOTRY, big'ot-ri, n. blind or excessive 
 zeal, especially in religious matters. 
 
 BIJOU, be-zhoo', n. a trinket : a jewel : a 
 little box :—pl. Bijoux, be-zhoo'. [Fr.] 
 
 BIJOUTRY, be-zho6'tri, n. jewelry : small 
 articles of virtu. 
 
 BILATERAL, bl-lat'er-al, adj., hatnng two 
 sides. [L. bis. twice, and Lateral.] 
 
 BILBERRY, bil'ber-i, «. caUed also Whor- 
 tleberry, a shrub and its berries, wliich 
 are dark-blue. [Dan. bollebaer, ball- 
 berry (cf . BiLLLAEDS) ; Scot, blaeberry ; 
 Ger. blaubeere.] 
 
 BILBO, bU'bo, n. a rapier or sword : — pi. 
 Bilboes, bil'boz, fetters. [From Bilboa 
 in Spain.] 
 
 BILE, bil, n. a thick yellow bitter fluid 
 secreted by the liver : {jig.) ill-humor. 
 [Fr.— L. bills, allied to fel, fellis, the 
 gall-bladder.] 
 
 BILEVE, v.i. to stay behind ; to remain. 
 Chaucer. [A.S. bel'ifan — be, and lifan, to 
 stay behind ; comp. D. blijven, G. bleiben. 
 
 BILGE, bilj, n. the bulging part of a cask : 
 the broadest part of a ship's bottom. — 
 v.i. to spring a leak by a fracture in the 
 bilge, as a ship. [See^BCLGE, Belly.] 
 
 BILGE-WATER, bilj'-waw'ter, n. the foul 
 
 water which gathers in the bilge or bot- 
 tom of a ship. 
 
 BILIARY, bil'yar-i, adj. belonging to or 
 conveying bile. 
 
 BILINGUAL, bl-hng'wal, adj. of or con- 
 taining tivo tongues or languages. [L. 
 bilingnis — bis, twice, lingua, tongue.] 
 
 BILIOUS, bil'jTis, adj. pertaining to or 
 affected "oj' bile. 
 
 BILITERAL, bl-lit'er-al, n. a word, root, or 
 syllable formed of two letters. A. H. 
 Sayce. 
 
 BILK, bilk. v.t. to elude : to cheat. [Per- 
 haps a dim. of Balk.] 
 
 BILL, bil, j(. a kind of battle-axe : a hatchet 
 with a hooked point for pruning. [A.S. 
 bil ,- Ger. beil.] 
 
 BILL, bil, n. the beak of a bird, or any- 
 thing like it. — v.i. to join bills as doves : 
 to caress fondly. [A.S. bile, the same 
 word as the preceding, the primarj' mean- 
 ing being, a cutting implement.] ' 
 
 BILL, bil, Ji. an account of money : a draft 
 of a proposed law : a written engage- 
 ment to pay a sum of money at a fixed 
 date : a placard or advertisement : any 
 written statement of particulars. — BiLL 
 OF exchange, a written order from one 
 person to another, desiring the latter to 
 pay to some specified person a sum of 
 money at a fixed date. — Bill of lading, 
 a paper signed by the master of a ship, 
 by which he makes himself responsible 
 for the safe deliverj' of the goods speci- 
 fied therein. — Bill of fare, in a hotel, 
 the list of dishes or articles of food. — 
 Bill of health, an official certificate of 
 the state of health on board ship before 
 sailing. — Bill of mortality, an official 
 account of the births and deaths occur- 
 ring within a given time. [(Lif.) a sealed 
 paper, from Low L. billa — bulla, a seal 
 See BijLL, an edict.] 
 
 BILLET, bil'et, n., a little note or paper . 
 a ticket assigning quarters to soldiers.— 
 v.t. to quarter or lodge, as soldiers. [Fr 
 — dim. of Bill.] 
 
 BILLET, bil'et, 7i. a small log of wood used 
 as fuel. [Fr. billot — bille, the young 
 stock of a tree, prob. of Celt, orig.* perh, 
 allied to Bole, the trunk of a tree.] 
 
 BILLET-DOUX, bil-e-doo'. ?i., a siveet note: 
 a love-letter, [Fr. billet, a letter, doux, 
 sweet.] 
 
 BILLIARDS, bil'yardz, n. a game played 
 on a rectangular table, with ivory balls, 
 which the players, by means of cues or 
 maces, cause to strike against each other. 
 FFr. billard— bille, a ball.] 
 
 BILLINGSGATE, bil'ingz-gat, n. foul lan- 
 guage like that spoken at Billingsgate 
 (the gi-eat Ssh-market of London). 
 
 BILLION bil'yun, n. a million of millions 
 (1,000,000,000,000); or, according to the 
 French method of numeration, one thou- 
 sand millions (1,000,000,000). [L. bis, 
 twice, and Million.] 
 
 BILLMAN. bO'man, n. a soldier armed 
 with a bill. 
 
 BILLOW, bil'o, n. a great wave of the sea 
 swelled by the wind. — v.i. to roll in large 
 waves. [Ice. bylgja ; Sw. bolja. Dan. 
 bolge. a wave— root belg, to swell. See 
 Bilge. Bulge.] 
 
 BILLOAA^, bU'o-i, adj. swelling into bil- 
 lows. 
 
 BILLY, bil'li, n. 1, same as Slabbing 
 BILLY ; 2, stolen metal of any kind 
 (Slang) : 3, a small metal bludgeon that 
 may be carried in the pocket (Slang). 
 
 BIMANA, bi'man-a, n. animals ha\-ing 
 two hands : a term applied to the highest 
 order of mammalia, of which man is the 
 type and only species. [L. bis, twice, 
 and nianus, the hand.] 
 
 BIMANOUS, bl-man-us, adj., having two 
 hands.
 
 BIMENSAL 
 
 3? 
 
 BISTER 
 
 BIMENSAL, bl-mens'al, adj. liappening 
 once in two months : bimonthly. [L. bis, 
 and mensis, a month.] 
 
 BIMETALLISM, bi-met'al-izm. ?;. that sys- 
 tem of coinage which recognizes coins of 
 two metals, as silver and gold, as legal 
 tender to any amount, or in other words, 
 the concurrent use of coins of two metals 
 as a circulating medium at a fixed rela- 
 tive value. "This coinage was super- 
 seded by the bimetallic (gold and silver) 
 coinage of Crccsus, and bimetallism was 
 the rule in Asia down to Alexander's 
 time in the fixed ratio of one to thirteen 
 and a half between tlie two metals." — ■ 
 Ai-ademy. 
 
 BIMETALLIST, bl-met'al-ist, n. one who 
 favors bimetallism or a currency of two 
 metals. " Among the advocates of a 
 ilouble currency on the Continent have 
 i>een many eminent economists. Yet an 
 Englishman might almost as well avow 
 himself a protectionist as a bimetallist." 
 — Academy. 
 
 BIX. bin, 11. a place for storing corn, wine. 
 — v.f. to put into or store in a bin ; as, to 
 bin liquor. [A.S.] 
 
 BIXARY, bl'nar-i, adj. composed of two : 
 twofold. [L. binarius — fnm, two by two 
 — bis. twice.] 
 
 BIX AURAL, bi-nawr'al, adj. 1, having two 
 ears : 2, pertaining to both ears : fitted 
 for being simultaneously used by two 
 ears ; as, a binaural stethoscope, which 
 has two connected tubes capped by small 
 eai--pieces. [L. Mnus, double, and auris, 
 the ear.] 
 
 6rXD, bind, v.t. to tie or fasten together 
 with a band : to sew a border on : to 
 fasten together (the leaves of a book) 
 and put a cover on : to obUge bj' oath 
 or agreement or duty : to restrain : to 
 render hard -.—pa-t. and jya.p. bound. 
 [A.S. bindan ; cog. with Ger. binden, 
 Sans, bandli. Cf. Bakd, Bend, and Bun- 
 dle.] 
 
 BIXDER, bind'er, n. one who binds, as 
 books or sheaves. — Self-binder, a har- 
 vesting macliine which cuts, binds and 
 throws aside the ripe grain in sheaves. 
 
 BIXDERY, bind'er-i, n. an estabhshment 
 in which books are bound. (Amer.) 
 
 BIXDIXG, bind'ing, adj. restraining : obli- 
 gatory. — n. the act of binding : anji;hing 
 that binds : the covering of a book. 
 
 BIXDWEB, bind'web, n. in anat. the con- 
 nective tissue uniting the gray cellular 
 with the white fibrous matter of the 
 brain and spinal cord : neuroglia. 
 
 BIXDWEED, bmd'wed, n. tlie convolvulus, 
 a genus of plants so called from their 
 twining or binding-. 
 
 BIXXACLE, bin'a-kl, n. (naiit.) the box in 
 which on shipboard the compass is kept. 
 [Formerly bittacle — Port, bitacola — L. 
 habitaeutum, a dwelling-place — habito, 
 to dwell.] 
 
 BIXOCULAR, bin-ok'ul-ar, adj. having 
 tivo eyes : suitable for two eyes [L. bis, 
 and oculus, eye.] 
 
 BIXOMIAL, bl-nom'i-al, adj. and n. in 
 algebra, a quantity consisting of two 
 terms or parts. [L. bis, twice, and 
 nomen. a name, a term.] 
 
 BIOBLAST, biTi-blast, n. in biol. a minute 
 mass of transparent, amor])hous pro- 
 toplasm having formative power. [Gr. 
 bios, life, and blastos, a germ.] 
 
 BIODYNAMIC, bi'6-di-nam'ik, adj. per- 
 taining or relating to vital force, power, 
 or "nergy. [Gr. bios, life, and dynamis, 
 force.] 
 
 BIOGENESIS, bi-6-jen'e-sis. n. in Uol. 1, 
 that department of science which specu- 
 lates on tlie mode by which new species 
 have been introduced : specifically, that 
 view of this doctrine which holds that 
 
 lining organisms can spring only from 
 living parents. Biogenesis is opposed to 
 abiogenesis. and was first %'igorously sup- 
 ported by Redi, an ItaUan philosopher of 
 the seventeenth century : 2. the history 
 of life development generally, as distin- 
 guished from ontogenesis, or the historj' 
 of individual development, and from 
 phylogenesis, or the history of genealogi- 
 cal development. [Gr. bios, life, and 
 genesis, generation, from root of gigno- 
 mai or ginomai, to be born.] 
 
 BIOGENESIST, bi-o-jen'e-sist, BIOGE- 
 NIST, bi-oj'e-nist, n. one who favors the 
 theory of biogenesis. 
 
 BIOGENY, bi-oj'e-ni, n. Same as BIOGENE- 
 SIS. Huxley. 
 
 BIOGRAPHEE, bi-og'ra-fe', n. one whose 
 life has been written : the subject of a 
 biography. "There is too much of the 
 biographer in it (Foster's " Life of Dick- 
 ens"), and not enough of the biographee." 
 — Athenceum. 
 
 BIOGRAPHY, bl-og'raf-i, n., a written ac- 
 count or history of the life of an indi- 
 vidual : the art of writing such accounts. 
 — n. Biog'rapher, one who writes biog- 
 raphy. — adjs. Biograph'ic, Biograph'- 
 ICAL. — adv. Biograph'ically. [Gr. bios, 
 Hfe, grapho, to write.] 
 
 BIOLOGY, bi-ol'oj-i, n. the science that 
 treats of life or of organized beings. — 
 adj. Biolog'ICAl. [Gr. bios, life, logos, a 
 discourse.] 
 
 BIOMAGNETIC, bi'o-mag-net'ik, adj. per- 
 taining or relating- to biomagnetism. 
 
 BIOMAGNETISM, bl-o-mag'net-izm, n. 
 Same as Animal Magnetism. See under 
 Magnetism. [Gr. bios, life, and Mag- 
 netism.] 
 
 BIOMETRY, bi-om'et-ri, n. the measure- 
 ment of life : specifically, the calculation 
 of the probable duration of human life. 
 [Gr. bios, life, and metron, a measure.] 
 
 BIOPLASM, bi'o-plazm, n. a name sug- 
 gested by Dr. Beale for the albmninoid 
 substance constituting the living matter 
 of the elementary part or cell in plants 
 and animals. Called by him also Ger- 
 minajl Matter. It appers to diifer from 
 protoplasm chiefly in being informed 
 with life. [Gr. liios, life, and plasma, 
 anything formed, from 2ilass6, to form.] 
 
 BIOPLASMIC, bl-O-plaz'mik, adj. consist- 
 ing of or pertaining to bioplasm. "The 
 physical basis of life seems to be struc- 
 tureless and apparently homogeneous 
 bioplasmic matter." — Nicholson. 
 
 BIOPLASTIC, bi-o-plas'tik, adj. Same as 
 Bioplasmic. 
 
 BIPARTITE, bi'part-It or bi-part'it, adj., 
 divided into two like parts. [L. bis, 
 twice, partitus, divided^;^^''^*''! to 
 diWde.] 
 
 BIPED, bl'ped, n. an animal with two feet. 
 — adj. having two feet. [L. bipes — bis, 
 twice, ped-. foot.] 
 
 BIPENNATE, bi-pen'at, BIPENNATED, 
 bi-pen'at-ed, adj., hainng two wings. [L. 
 —bis, penna, a wing.] 
 
 BIQUADRATIC, bi-kwod-rat'ik, n. a quan- 
 tity twice squared, or raised to the fourth 
 power. [L. bis, twice, and quadratus, 
 squared.] 
 
 BIRAMOUS, bl-ra'mus, adj. possessing or 
 consisting of two branches : di\-iding into 
 two branches, as the limbs of cirripedes. 
 H. A. Nicholson. [L. prefix In, two, 
 twice, and ratnus, a branch.] 
 
 BIRCH, berch, v.t. to beat or punish with 
 a birch rod. 
 
 There I was hirched, there I w.as brcl. 
 There Uke a little Ailam fed 
 From LearniiiiT's woeful tree.— Hood. 
 
 BIRCH, berch. n. a hardy forest-tree, with 
 smooth, white bark, and very durable 
 \vood : a rod for punishment, consisting 
 
 of a birch twig or twi^s. [A.S. birce. 
 Ice. biork. Sans, bhurja^ 
 
 BIRCH, -EN, berch, -'en, adj. made of 
 birch. 
 
 BIRD, herd, n. a general name for feath- 
 ered animals. — i\i. to catch or snare 
 birds. [A.S. brid, the young of a bird, a 
 bird : either from root of BREED (bredan, 
 to breed) or of BiRTH (beran, to bear).] 
 
 BIRD-BAITING, berd'-bat-ing, n. the 
 catching of birds with ciap-nets. 
 Fielding. 
 
 BIRD-FAX'^CIER, berd'-fan'si-er, n. one 
 who has a fancy for rearing birds : one 
 who keeps bii'ds for sale. 
 
 BIRDLIME, berd'lim, ?i. a .sticky sub- 
 stance used for catching birds. 
 
 BIRD-OF-PARADISE, berd-ov-par'a-dls, 
 n. a kind of Eastern bird %vith splendid 
 plumage. 
 
 BIRD'S-EYE, berdz'-T, adj. seen from 
 above as if by the eye of a fljang bird. — 
 n. a kind of tobacco. 
 
 BIREME, bl'rem, n. an ancient vessel with 
 two rows of oars. [Fr. — L. biremis — bis, 
 twice, and remus, an oar.] 
 
 BIRK, berk, n. Scotch and prov. E. for 
 Birch. 
 
 BIRTH, berth, n. a ship's station at anchor. 
 [Same as Berth.] 
 
 BIRTH, berth, n. the act of bearing or 
 bringing forth : the offspring born : dig- 
 nit3- of family : origin. [A.S. beorth, a 
 birth — beran, to bear.] 
 
 BIRTHRIGHT, berth'rit, n. the right or 
 privilege to which one is entitled by birth. 
 
 BISCUIT, bis'kit, ?!. hard dry bread in 
 small cakes : in the United States, a 
 peculiar kind of hot tea-roll, usually fer- 
 mented, and eaten warm : a kind of un- 
 glazed earthenware. [{Lit.) bread twice 
 cooked or baked (so prepared by the Ra 
 man soldiers) ; Fr. — L. bis, twice ; Fr. 
 cuit, baked — L. coquo, coctum, to cook 
 or bake.] 
 
 BISECT, bi-sekt', v.t., to cut into tiro equal 
 parts. [L. bis, twice, and seco, sectum, 
 to cut J 
 
 BISECTION, bl-sek'shun, n. division into 
 two equal parts. 
 
 BISEXUAL, bi-sek'shoo-al, adj., of both 
 se.ves : (bot.) applied to flowers w-hich 
 contain both stamens and pistils within 
 the same envelojie. [L. bis, twice, and 
 Sexual.] 
 
 BISHOP, bish'op, ri. one of the higher 
 clergy who has charge of a diocese : 
 also, one of the pieces in the game of 
 chess, having- its upper section carved 
 into the shape of a mitre. [A.S. bisceop 
 — L. episcopus — Gr. episkopos, an over- 
 seer — epi, upon, skopeo, to \iew.] 
 
 BISHOPRIC, bish'op-rik, n. the office and 
 jurisdiction of a bishop : a diocese. [A.S. 
 ric, dominion.] 
 
 BISHOPSHIP, bish'up-ship, n. Same as 
 BisHOPDOM or Bishopric. Milton. 
 
 BISMUTH, biz'muth, iu a brittle metal of 
 a reddish-white color used in the arts 
 and in medicine. [Ger. bismuth, wiss- 
 muth ; orig. unk.] 
 
 BISON, bi'son, n. a large wild animal like 
 the bull, witli shaggy hair and a fatty 
 hump on its shoulders. [From L. and 
 Gr. ; but prob. of Teutonic origin.] 
 
 BISQUE, bisk. n. a species of unglazed 
 poi-eelain. twice passed through the fur- 
 nace. [Fr., from root of Biscuit.] 
 
 BISSEXTILE, bis-sext'il, n. leap-year.— 
 adj. pertaining to leap-j'ear. \L. bis, 
 t^vice, and se.vtvs, sixth, so caUed be- 
 cause in every fourth or leap year the 
 si.cth day before the calends of March, or 
 tlie '24th' February, was reckoned tuice.] 
 
 BISTER. BISTRE, "bis'ter. n. a brown color 
 made from the soot of wood. [Fr. : orig. 
 unknown.]
 
 BISULPHATE 
 
 38 
 
 BLASTOMERE 
 
 BISULPHATE, bl-sul'fat, n., a double sul- 
 phate. [L. bis, twee, and Sulphate.] 
 
 BIT, bit, n. a bite, a morsel : a small piece : 
 the smallest degree : a small tool for bor- 
 ing' : the part of the bridle which the 
 horse holds in his mouth. — v.t. to put the 
 bit in the mouth -.—pr.p. bitt'ing ; pa.p. 
 bitt'ed. [From Bite.] 
 
 BITCH, bicli, ». the female of the dog-, 
 wolf, and fox. [A.S. bicce. Ice. bikkia^ 
 
 BITE, bit, v.t. to seize or tear with the 
 teeth : to sting or pain : to wound by 
 reproach : — pa.t. bit ; pa.p. bit or bitt^'en. 
 — n. a grasp by the teeth : something 
 jitten off : a mouthful. — n. Bit'djg. — 
 adj. BlT'lNG. [A.S. bitan ; Goth, beitan, 
 Ice. bita, G«r. beissen ; akin to L. fid-, 
 Sans, bhid, to cleave.] 
 
 BITHEISM, bl'the-izm, n. a belief in the 
 existence of two Gods. [L. prefix bi, 
 two, twice, and Theism.] 
 
 BITTER, bit'er, v.t. to make bitter: to 
 give a bitter taste to. "Would not 
 horse-aloes bitter it (beer) as well ? " — 
 Dr. Wolcot. 
 
 BITTER, bit'er, adj., biting or acrid to 
 the taste : sharp : painful. — n. any sub- 
 stance ha\ing- a bitter taste. — adj. Bitt'- 
 
 ERISH. — adl'.BlTT'ERLT. — n. BiTT'ERSESS. 
 
 [A.S. — bitan, to bite.] 
 
 BITTERN, bit'ern, n. a bird of the heron 
 family, said to have been named from 
 the resemblance of its voice to the loll- 
 ing of a bidl. [M.E. bittour — Fr. — Low 
 L. butorius (bos, tatirus).] 
 
 BITTERS, bit'erz, n. a liquid prepared 
 from bitter herbs or roots, and used as a 
 stomachic. 
 
 BITUMEN, bi-tu'men, n. a name applied 
 to various inflammable mineral sub- 
 stances, as naphtha, petroleum, asphal- 
 tum.— adj. Bitu'minous. [L.] 
 
 BIVALVE, bi'valv, n. an animal ha-s-ing a 
 shell in fwo valves or parts, like the ov- 
 ster : a seed-vessel of like kind. — adj. 
 having two valves. — adj. Bivai.y'ijlar. 
 JL. bis. twice, valva, a valve.] 
 
 BrVOUAC, biv'oo-ak, n. the lying out all 
 night of soldiers in the open air. — v.t. to 
 pass the night in the open air -.^pr.p. 
 biv'ouacking ; p)0-P- biv'ouacked. [Fr. 
 — Ger. beiwachen, to watch beside— oe«, 
 by. ivachen, to watch.] 
 
 BI-WEEKLY, bi'wek'li, adj. properly, oc- 
 curring once in two weeks, but in Eng. 
 ticice m every week. [L. bis, twice, and 
 Week.] 
 
 BIZARRE, bi-zar', adj. odd : fantastic : 
 extravagant. [Fr. — Sp. bizarro, high- 
 spirited/] 
 
 BLAB, blab, v.i. to talk much : to tell 
 tales. — v.t. to tell what ought to be kept 
 secret -.—pr-p. blabb'ing ; jm.p. blabbed. 
 [An imitative word, found in Dan. 
 hlabbre, Ger. plappern.] 
 
 BLACK, blak. adj. of the darkest color ; 
 without color : obscure : dismal : sullen : 
 horrible. — n. black color : absence of 
 color : a negro : mourning. — v.t. to 
 make black: to soil or stain. — adj. 
 Black'ish. — n. Black'ness. [A.S. blac, 
 bkec. black.] 
 
 BLACKAMOOR, blak'a-moor, n., a black 
 Moor : a negro. 
 
 BLACK- ART, blak'-art, v. necromancy : 
 magic. [Ace. to Trench, a translation 
 of Low L. nigromantia, substituted 
 erroneously for the Gr. necromanteia 
 (see Necromancy), as if the first syl- 
 lable had been L. niger. black.] 
 
 BLACK-BACK, blak'-bak, n. the great 
 black -backed gull (Larus 7narinus}. 
 Kingsley. 
 
 BLACKBALL, blak'bawl. v.t. to reject in 
 voting by putting a black ball into a 
 ballet -box. [the bramble. 
 
 BLACKBERRY, blakT)er-i, n. the berry of 
 
 BLACKBIRD, blakljcrd, n. a species of 
 
 thrush of a black color. 
 BLACKBOARD, blak'bord, n. a board 
 
 painted black, used in schools for writ- 
 ing, forming figures, etc. 
 BLACK-CATTLE, blak'-kat'l, n. oxen, 
 
 bulls, and cows. 
 BLACKCOCK, blak'kok, n. a species of 
 
 grouse, common in the north of England 
 
 and in Scotland. 
 BLACK-CURRANT, blak'-km-'ant, n. a 
 
 garden shrub with black fruit used in 
 
 making' preserves. 
 BLACK-DEATH, blak'-deth. n. a name 
 
 given to the plague of the fourteenth 
 
 century from the black spots which 
 
 appeai-ed on the skin. 
 BLACKIEN, blak'n, v.t. to make black: to 
 
 defame. 
 BLACK-FLAG, blak'-flag, n. the flag of a 
 
 pirate, from its color. 
 BLACKFRIAR. blak'frl-ar, n. a friar of the 
 
 Dominican order, so called from his 
 
 black garments. 
 BLACKGUARD, blag'ard, n. (orig. apphed 
 
 to the lowest menials about a court, who 
 
 took charge of the pots, kettles, etc.) a 
 
 low, ill-conducted fellow. — adj. low: 
 
 scurrilous. — n. Black'gcaedism. 
 BLACK-HEART, blak'-hart, n. a species of 
 
 cherry of many varieties, so called from 
 
 the fruit being' heart-shaped and having 
 
 a skin nearly black. 
 
 The unnettett black-hearts ripen dark. 
 
 All thine, ai^ainst the garden wslU.— Tennyson. 
 
 BLACEIING, blak'ing. n. a substance used 
 
 for blacking leather, etc. 
 BLACKLE AD, blak-led', n. a black mineral 
 
 used in making pencils, blacking grates, 
 
 etc. 
 BLACKLEG, blak'leg, n. a low gambling 
 
 fellow. 
 BLACK-LETTER, blak'-let'er, n. the old 
 
 English (also called Gothic) letter 
 
 (Black-lcttcr) 
 
 BLACKMAIL, blak'mal, n. rent or tribute 
 formerly paid to robbers for protection. 
 [Black "and A.S. mal. tribute, toll.] 
 
 BLACK-ROD, blak'-rod. n. the usher of 
 the order of the Garter and of parlia- 
 ment, so called from the black rod which 
 he carries. 
 
 BLACKSMITH, blak'smith, n. a smith 
 who works in iron, as opposed to one who 
 works in tin. 
 
 BLACKTHORN, blak'thorn, n. a species of 
 dark-colored thorn : the sloe. 
 
 BLADDER, blad'er, n. a tliin bag distended 
 with liquid or air : the receptacle for the 
 urine. [A.S. blcedr — hlawan : O. G«r. 
 blahan, blajan, to blow ; Ger. blase, 
 bladder — blasen, to blow ; cf. L. flat-us, 
 breath.] 
 
 BLADE, blad, n. the leaf or flat part of 
 grass or corn : the cutting part of a 
 knife, sword, etc. : the flat part of an 
 oar : a dashing fellow. [A.S. bleed ; Ice. 
 blad. Ger. Matt.] 
 
 BLADED, blad'ed, adj. furnished with a 
 blade or blades. 
 
 BLAIN, blan, n. a boil or blister. [A.S. 
 blegen, a blister, prob. Trom blaican, to 
 blow.] 
 
 BLAMABLE, blam'a-bl, adj. deserv-ing of 
 blame: fault}'. — adv. BL4.m'ably. — n. 
 Blam'able.n'ESS. 
 
 BLA:ME, blam, v.t. to find fault with: to 
 censure. — n. imputation of a fault : 
 crime : censure. [Fr. bUimer, blasmer-^ 
 Gr. blasphemed, to speak ill. See Blas- 
 pheme.] 
 
 BLAMEFLTL, blam'fool, adj. meriting 
 blame : criminal. — adv. Blame'fully. — 
 n. Blame'etlness. 
 
 BLAMELESS, blam'les, adj. ^vithout 
 blame : guiltless : innocent. — adv. 
 Blame'lessly. — n. Blame'lessness. 
 
 BLAMEWORTHY, blSmwur-tti, adj. 
 worthy of blame : culpable. 
 
 BLANC, blank, adj., tchite. [A form of 
 Blank.] 
 
 BLANCH, blansh, v.t. to whiten. — v.i. to 
 grow white. [Fr. blanchir — blanc, white. 
 See Blan-k.I 
 
 BLANC-MANGE, bla-mawngzh', n. a 
 white jelly prepared with milk. [Fr. 
 blanc. •vvliite, manger, food.] 
 
 BLAND, bland, adj.. smooth: gentle', 
 mild. — adv. Bland'ly. — )i. Bland'ness. 
 [L. bhmdiis. perh.= mla(n)dus = F,. mild.') 
 
 BLANDISHMENT, bland'ish-ment, n. act 
 of expressing fondness : flattery : win- 
 ning expressions or actions. [Fr. blan- 
 dissement, O. Fr. blandir, to flatter — L. 
 blandns, mild.] 
 
 BLANK, blank, v.t. to make pale, and so 
 confound. 
 
 BLANK, blangk, adj. without writing or 
 marks, as in tehite paper : empty : vacant, 
 confused : in poetry, not ha-ving rhvme. 
 — n. a paper without writing : a ticket 
 having no mark, and therefore valueless : 
 an empty space. — adv. Blank'ly. — n. 
 Blank'ness. [Fr. blanc, from root of 
 Grer. blinken, to glitter — O. H. Ger. 
 blichen, Gr. phlegein, to shine.] 
 
 BLANK-CARTRIDGE, blangk'-kar'trij, n. 
 a cartridge without a bullet. 
 
 BLANKET, blangk'et, n. a white woollen 
 covering for beds : a covering for horses, 
 etc. [Fr. blanchet, dim. of blanc, from 
 its usual white color.] 
 
 BLANKETING, blangk'et-ing. n. cloth for 
 blankets : the punishment of being tossed 
 in a blanket. 
 
 BLANK-VERSE, blangk'-vers, n. verse 
 without rhyme, especially the heroic 
 verse of five feet. 
 
 BLARE, bliir, i:i. to roar, to sound loudly, 
 as a trumpet. — n. roar, noise. [M.E. 
 blaren, orig. blasen, from A.S. blcesan, to 
 blow. See Blast.] 
 
 BLASPHEME, blas-fem', v.t. and v.i. to 
 speak impiously of, as of God : to curse 
 and swear. — n. Blaspjbem'er. [Gr. blas- 
 phemeii — blapto, to hurt, phemi, to speak. 
 See Blame.] 
 
 BLASPHEMOUS, blas'fem-us, adj. con- 
 taining blasphemy: impious. — adv. Blas'- 
 
 PHEMOrSLY. 
 
 BLASPHEMY, blas'fem-i, n. prof ane speak- 
 ing : contempt or inthgnity offered to 
 God. 
 
 BLAST, blast, n., a blowing or gust of 
 wind : a forcible stream of air : sound of 
 a wind instrimaent : an explosion of gim- 
 powder : anything pernicious. — v.t. to 
 strike with some pernicious influence, to 
 blight : to affect with sudden violence or 
 calamity : to rend asunder mth gun- 
 powder. [A.S. blcest — blcesan, to blow ; 
 Ger. blasen.] 
 
 BLAST-FURNACE, blast'-fur'nas, n. a 
 smelting furnace into which hot air is 
 blown. 
 
 BLASTIDE, blas'tid, Ji. in biol. a minute 
 clear space on the segments of the fecun- 
 dated ovum of an organism, which is 
 the primary indication of the eytoblast 
 or nucleusr [Gr. blastos, a germ, and 
 eidos. resemblance.] 
 
 BLASTING, blast'ing, n. the separating of 
 masses of stone by means of an explosive 
 
 BLASTOGENESIS. blas-to-jen'e-sis, ??. in 
 biol. reproduction by gemmation or 
 budding. [Gr. blastos, a germ, and 
 genesis, generation.] 
 
 BLASTOMERE, blas'to-mer. n. in biol. a 
 portion of fecundated protoplasm which 
 divides from other parts of the o\'um 
 after impregnation, and may remain 
 united as a single cell-aggregate, or some 
 or all of which may become separate
 
 BLASTOSPHERE 
 
 39 
 
 BLOW 
 
 organisms. [Gr. hlaston, a g'erm, and 
 meros, a portion.] 
 BLASTOSPHERE, blas'to-sfer, n. in biol 
 the lioUow globe or sphere originating 
 from the formation of blastomeres on the 
 periphery of an impregnated ovum. [Gr. 
 blastos. a germ, and Sphere.] 
 6LAST0STYLE, blas'to-stil, n. a term ap- 
 plied by Prof. AUman to certain column- 
 shaped zooids in the Hydrozoa which are 
 destined to produce generative buds. [Gr. 
 bkistof, a germ, and stylos, a column.] 
 BLATANT, blat'ant. adj., bleating or bel- 
 lowing: noisy. [A.S. biceton, to bleat.] 
 BLAZE, blaz, n. a rush of light or of 
 flame : a bursting out or active display. 
 — v.i. to burn with a flame: to throw 
 out light. [A.S. blcese, a torch, from 
 root of Blow.] 
 BLAZE, blaz, BLAZON, bhVzn, v.t. to 
 proclaim, to spread abroad. — To Blaze A 
 TREE, to make a white mark by cutting 
 off a piece of the bark. [Same as Blare : 
 Blazon is the M. E. blasen, with the n 
 retained.] 
 BLAZON, bla'zn, v.t. to make public : to 
 display : to draw or to explain in proper 
 terms, the figures, etc., in armorial bear- 
 ings. — n. the .science or rules of coats of 
 arms. [Fr. blason, a coat of arms, from 
 root of Blaze.] 
 BLAZONRY, bla'zn-ri, n. the art of draw- 
 ing or of deciphering coats of arms : 
 heraldry. 
 BLEACif, blech, v.t. to make pale or 
 white : to whiten, as textile fabrics. — v.i. 
 to grow white. [A.S. bhician, to grow 
 pale, from root of Bleak.] 
 BLEACHER, blech'er, w. one who bleaches, 
 
 or that which bleaches. 
 BLEACHERY, blech'er-i, n. a place for 
 
 bleaching. 
 «LE ACHING, blech'ing, yi. the process of 
 
 whitening or decolorizing cloth. 
 3LEAK. blek, adj. colorless : dull and 
 cheerless : cold, unsheltered. — adv. 
 Bleak'ly.— M. Bleak'ness. [A.S. bkec, 
 blCic, pale, shining ; a different word from 
 blac (without accent), black. The root is 
 blican, to shine.] 
 BLEAK, blek, n. a small white river-fish. 
 BLEAE, bier, adj. (as in Blear-eyed, blGr'- 
 Td; sore or inflamed : dim or blurred with 
 inflammation. [Low Ger. bleer-oged, 
 " blear-ej'ed."] 
 BLEAT, blet, v.t. to cry as a sheep. — n. the 
 crj' of a sheep. [A.^. bJcetan ; L. balare, 
 Gr. bleche, a bleating ; root bla-; formed 
 from the sound.] 
 BLEATING, blet'ing, n. the crj' of a sheep. 
 BLEED, bled, v.i. to lose blood : to die by 
 slaughter : to issue forth or drop as 
 blood. — v.t. to draw blood from : — pa.t. 
 and pn.p.hXed. [A.S. bledan. See Blood.] 
 BLEEDING, bled^ing, n. a discharge of 
 
 blood : the operation of letting blood. 
 BLEMISH, blcm'ish, n. a stain or defect : 
 reproach. — v.t. to mark with any deform- 
 ity : to tarnish : to defame. [Fr. bUme, 
 pale, O. Fr. blesmir, to stain— Ice. blA- 
 man, livid color — bl&r, Blue.] 
 BLENCH, blensh, i\i. to shrink or start 
 
 back : to flinch. [From root of Blink.] 
 BLEND, blend, v.t., to mix together: to 
 confound. — (•.(". to be mingled or mixed : 
 —pa.p. blend'ed and blent. — n. Blend, a 
 mixture. [A.S. blandan.'\ 
 BI EPHARIS, blef ar-is, n. a genus of fishes 
 allied to the mackerel and the dorj', and 
 including the hair-finned dory (B. criiti- 
 tua). a fish found on the Atlantic shores 
 of North America. [Gr. blepharis, an 
 eyelash, referring to the long filaments 
 proceeding from the fins.] 
 BLESS, bles, v.t. to invoke a blessing 
 upon : to make joyous, happy, or pros- 
 perous ; to wish happiness to : to praise 
 
 or glorify -.—pa.p. blessed' or blest. [A.S. 
 blessian, blet.tian, to ble.ss ; from blitli- 
 siaii or blissioii, to be blithe — blithe, 
 happy ; or from blotaii, to kill for sacri- 
 fice, to consecrate.] 
 BLESSED, bles'ed, adj. happy : prosper- 
 ous : happy in heaven. — (idi: Bless'- 
 
 EDLY. — It. BLESS'EDNESS. 
 
 BLESSING, bles'ing, n. a wish or prayer 
 for happiness or success : any means or 
 cause of happiness. 
 BLEST, blest, po.p. of Bless. 
 BLEW, bloo, pa.t. of Blow. 
 BLIGHT, but, n. a disea.se in plants, which 
 blasts or withers them ; anything that 
 injures or destroys. — v.t. to'affect with 
 blight : to blast I to frustrate. [Perh. 
 from A.S. bleee, pale, livid.] 
 
 BLIND, blind, adj. wthout sight : dark : 
 ignorant or undiscerning : without an 
 opening. — n. something to mislead: a 
 window-screen : a shade. — v.t. to make 
 blind : to darken, obscure, or deceive : to 
 dazzle. — adv. Blind'ly. — n. Blind'ness. 
 [A.S. blind : Ice. blindr.] 
 
 BLINDFOLD, blind'fold, adj. having the 
 eyes bandaged, so as not to see : thought- 
 less : reckless. — I'.i. to cover the eves : to 
 mislead. [M. E. blindfellen. froin A.S. 
 fyllan, feUan, to fell or strike down — 
 " struck blind ; " not conn. with/oW.] 
 
 BLINDWORM, blTnd'wurm, ii. a small rep- 
 tile, like a snake, ha\ing eyes so small 
 as to be supposed blind. 
 
 BLINK, blingk, v.i. to glance, twinkle, or 
 wink : to see obscurely, or with the ej'es 
 half closed. — v.t. to shut out of sig!.L ; to 
 avoid or evade. — n. a glimpse, glance, or 
 wink. [A.S. blican, to glitter ; Dut. 
 blinken.] 
 
 BLINKARD. blingk'ard, n. one who blinks 
 or has bad eyes. 
 
 BLINKERS, blingk'erz, n. pieces of leather 
 on a horse's bridle which prevent him 
 seeing on the side. 
 
 BLISS, blis, n. the highest happiness. [A. 
 S. blis — blithsian, blissian, to rejoice — 
 blithe, joyful.] 
 
 BLISSFUL, blis'fool, adj. happy in the 
 highest degree. — adv. Bliss'FCLLY. — n. 
 Bliss'pi-lness. 
 
 BLISTER, blis'ter, n. a thin bubble or blad- 
 der on the skin, containing watery mat- 
 ter : a pustule : a plaster applied to raise 
 a blister. — v.t. to raise a blister. [Dim. 
 of Blast.] 
 
 BLISTERY. blis'ter-i, adj. full of blisters. 
 
 BLITHE, Uith.adj. happy : gay : uprightly. 
 — adv. Blithe'ly. — «. 'Blithe'ness. [A. 
 S. blithe, joyful. See Bliss.] 
 
 BLITHESOME, bll«;'sum, adj. joyous.— 
 adv. Blithe'somely. — n. Bltthe'some- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 BLOAT, blot, i:t. to swell or puff out : to 
 dry by smoke (applied to fish). — v.i. to 
 swell or dilate : to grow tvu-gid. — p.adj. 
 Bloat'ed. [Scan., as in .Sw. biota, to 
 soak, to steep — blot, soft.] 
 
 BLOATER, blot'er, n. a herring partially 
 dried in smoke. 
 
 BLOCK, blok, n. an unshaped mass of 
 wood or stone, etc. : the wood on which 
 criminals are beheaded : (meeh.) a pulley 
 together with its framework : a piece of 
 wood on which something is formed : a 
 connected group of houses : an obstruc- 
 tion : a blockhead. — v.t. to inclose or 
 shnt up : to obstruct : to shape. fW^idely 
 spread, but ace. to Skeat, of Celt, orig., 
 Gael, ploc, O. Ir. blog, a fragment. See 
 Plfo.] 
 
 BLOCKj^DE, blok-ad', n. the blocking up 
 of a place by surrounding it with troops 
 or by .ships. — v.t. to block up by troops 
 or ships. 
 
 BLOCKHEAD, blok'hed, n. one wth a 
 head like a block, a stupid fellow. 
 
 BLOCKHOUSE, blok'hows, n. a smaU tem- 
 porary fort generally made of logs. 
 BLOCKISH, blok'ish," adj. hke a block: 
 
 stupid : dull. 
 BLOCK-TIN, blok'-tin, n. tin in the form 
 
 of blocks or ingots. 
 BLONDE, blond, n. a person of fair com- 
 plexion with light hair and blue eyes : — 
 opp. to Brunette. — adj. of a fair com- 
 plexion : fair. [Fi\] 
 BLOND-LACE, blond'-las, n. lace made of 
 
 silk, so called from its color. 
 BL0NDNT:SS, blond'nes, n. the state of 
 being blond : fairness. " With this in- 
 fantine blondtiess. showing so much ready 
 self-possessed grace." — George Eliot. 
 
 BLOOD, blud, n. the red fluid in the arter- 
 ies and veins of men and animals : kin- 
 dred, descent : temperament : bloodshed 
 or murder : the juice of anj-thing, esp. if 
 red. — In hot or cold blood, under, or 
 free from, excitement or sudden i^assion. 
 — Half-blood, relationship through one 
 parent only. [A.S. blod — root blotcaii, to 
 bloom ; cog. with O, Fris. blod, Ger. 
 blut.] 
 
 BLOODHEAT, blud'het, n. heat of the 
 same degree as that of the human blood 
 (about {tS° Fahr.) 
 
 BLOODHORSE, blud'hors, n. a horse of 
 the purest and most hio^lily prized blood, 
 origin, or stock ; called also blooded 
 horse. (Amer.) 
 
 BLOODGUILTLESS, blud'gOUes, adj. 
 free from the guilt or crime of shedding 
 blood, or murder. Walpole. 
 
 BLOODHOUND, blud'hovrad, n. a large 
 hound formerly employed in tracking 
 human beings : a blood-thirsty person. 
 
 BLOODSHED, blud'shed, n. the shedding 
 of blood: slaughter. 
 
 BLOODSHOT, blud'shot, adj. (of the eyei 
 red or inflamed with blood. 
 
 BLOODY, blud'i, adj. stained with blood : 
 murderous, cruel. 
 
 BLOODY-FLUX, blud'i-fluks, n. dysen- 
 tery, in which the discharges from the 
 bowels are mixed with blood. 
 
 BLOODY-S\\^AT. hlud'i-swet, n. a sweat 
 accompanied with the discharge of blood. 
 
 BLOOM, bloom, v.i. to put forth blossoms : 
 to flower : to be in a state of beauty or 
 vigor : to flourish. — )?. a blossom or 
 flower : the opening of flowers : rosy 
 color : the prime or highest perfection of 
 any tiling.— p. arf/. Bloom'ing. [Ice. blom, 
 Goth. blo?na, from root of A.S. blSwan, 
 to bloom, akin to lj.Jfo-reo, to flower.] 
 
 BLOOM, bloom, v.t. to produce in full 
 bloom or beautj'. 
 
 BLOOMY, blooru-i, adj. flowery : flouiish- 
 ing. 
 
 BLOSSOM, blos'om, n. a flower-bud, the 
 flower that precedes fruit. — v.i. to put 
 forth blossoms or flowers : to flourish 
 and prosper. [A.S. blOstma, from root 
 of Bloom.] 
 
 BLOT, blot, n. a sjx>t or stain j an oblitera- 
 tion, as of something written : a stain in 
 reputation. — v.t. to spot or stain : to ob- 
 literate or destroy : to disgrace -.—ijr.p. 
 blott'ing; pa.p. blotfed. [Scand., as in 
 Dan. plet. Ice. bleftr, a spot. Cf. Ger. 
 
 £lat.'<ch, a splash, and Ice. oUmtr, moist ; 
 . flnid-vs.'] 
 BLOTCH, bloch, n. a dark spot on the skin, 
 a pustule. — ndj. Blotched'. [Acc. te 
 Skeat, blotch==blatch, from black, as 
 bleach from bleak.] 
 BLOTTING-PAPER, blot'ing-pa'per, w, 
 
 misizod paper, used for absorbing ink. 
 BLOUSE, blowz, n. a loose outer garment 
 
 BLoiisi 
 
 BLOUSED, blowzed, p. and adj. wearing a 
 blouse. " A bloiised and bearded French- 
 man or two." — Kingsley. 
 
 BLOW, bio, ;i. a stroke or knock : a sud
 
 BLOW 
 
 40 
 
 BOIL 
 
 den misfortune or calamity. [A.S. bleo- 
 vciH is doubtful ; found in Dut. blouweu, 
 to dress (beat) flax, Ger. bldiien, to beat 
 hard, anc? L. Jiig- in Inflict, Flagella- 
 tion. Derivative Blue.] 
 BLOW, bio, v.i. to bloom or blossom : — 
 pr.j). blow'ing ; pa.p. blown. [A.S 
 bljican, Ger. bluhen. See Bloom, Blos 
 
 SOM.J 
 
 :SLOW, bio, v.i. to produce a current ot 
 air : to move, as air or the wind. — v.t. to 
 dri .'e air upon or into : to drive by a cur- 
 rent of air : to sound as a wind instru- 
 ment -.—pa.t. blew (bloo) ; pa.p. blown. — 
 Blow upon, to taint, to make stale. 
 [A.S. blawan ; Ger. bUlhen, blaseii ; L. 
 /fore.] 
 
 BLOWPIPE, blo'pip, 71. a pipe through 
 which a current of air is blown on a 
 flame, to increase its heat. 
 
 BLOWN, blon, p.adj. out of breath, tii-ed : 
 swelled : stale, worthless. 
 
 BLOWZE, blowz, n. a ruddy, fat-faced 
 woman. — adjs. Blowzed', Blowz't, rud- 
 dy, or flushed with exercise. [From root 
 of Blush.] 
 
 BLUBBER, blub'er, n. the fat of whales 
 and other sea animals. — v.i. to weep in a 
 noisy manner. [Blubber, Blabber, etc., 
 are extensions of bleb, blob ; they con- 
 tain the root idea of "puffed-up," and 
 are formed in imitation of the sound of 
 the bubliling or foaming of a liquid.] 
 
 BLUDGEON, blud'jun, n. a short stick 
 with a hea\'y end to strike with. [From 
 root of Block.] 
 
 BLUE, bloo, n. the color of the sky when 
 unclouded : one of the seven primary 
 colors. — adj. of the color blue. — n. Blue'- 
 NESS. [Found in Ice. blar, cog. with 
 Ger. blau; originally meaning livid, the 
 color caused by a Blow.] 
 
 BLUEBELL, bloo'bel, n. a plant that 
 bears blue bell-shaped flowers. 
 
 BLUEBOOK, bloo'book, n. a book contain- 
 ing some official statement, so called 
 from its blue cover. 
 
 BLUE-BOTTLE, bloo'-botl, n. a plant 
 with blue bottle-shaped flowers that 
 grows among corn : a large blue fly. 
 
 BLUE-JACKET, bloo'-jak'et, n. a seaman, 
 as distinguished from a marine. 
 
 BLUE-STOCKING, bloo'-stok'ing, n. a lit- 
 erary lady : applied in Dr. Johnson's time 
 to meetings held by ladies for conversa- 
 tion with certain literary men, one of 
 whom always wore blue stockings. 
 
 BLL'FF, bluf, adj. blustering : outspoken : 
 steep. — n. Blltf'ness. [Prob. Dut.] 
 
 BLUFF, bluf, M. a high steep bank over- 
 looking the sea or a river. 
 
 BLUISH, bloo'ish, adj. slightly blue. — n. 
 Blu'ishness. 
 
 BLUNDER, blun'der, v.i. to make a g^ross 
 mistake, to flounder aljout. — n. a g^oss 
 mistake. [From root of BLUNT.] 
 
 BLUNDERBUSS, blun'der-bus, n. a short 
 hand-gun, with a wide bore. [Corr. of 
 Dut. donderbus — dander, thunder, bus, a 
 box, barrel of a gun, a gun ; Ger. donner- 
 bi'ichse.] 
 
 BLUNT, blunt, adj. having a dull edge or 
 point : rough, outspoken, dull. — v.t. to 
 dull the edge or point : to weaken. — adj. 
 Butv't'ish. — adv. Blunt'ly. — n. Blunt'- 
 NESS. [Orig. sleepy, dull ; Dan. blunde, 
 to sluniber, akin to Blind.] 
 
 k'LUR, blur, n. a blot, stain, or spot. — v.t. 
 to blot, stain, obscure, or blemish : — 
 pr.p. blurring ; pa.p. blurred'. [A vari- 
 ety of Blear.] 
 
 BLURT, blurt, v.t. to utter suddenly or 
 unadvisedly. [From Blare.] 
 
 BLUSH, blush, n. a red "■low on the face 
 caused by shame, modesty, etc. : any 
 reddish color : sudden appearance. — i\i. 
 to show shame or confusion bj' growing 
 
 red in the face : to grow red. [A.S. 
 blyse, a blaze. See Blaze, Blowze. J 
 
 BLUSTER, blus'ter, v.i. to make a noise 
 like a blast of wind : to bully or swagger. 
 — n. a blast or roaring as of the wind : 
 bullying or boasting language. [An 
 augmentative of Blast.] 
 
 BLUSTERY, blus'ter-i, adj. blustering: 
 blusterous : raging : noisy. " A hollow, 
 blustery, pusillanimous, and unsound one 
 (character)." — Carlyle. 
 
 BO, bo, int. a word used to frighten 
 children. 
 
 BOA, bo'a, n. a genus of serpents, which 
 includes the largest species of serpents, 
 the Boa-constrictor : a long serpent- 
 like piece of fur worn round the neck by 
 ladies. [Perh. conn, with L. bos, an ox.] 
 
 BOAR, bor, n. the male of swine. [A.S. 
 bar.'\ 
 
 BOARD, bord, n. a broad and thin strip of 
 timber : a table to put food on : food : a 
 table round which jiersons meet for some 
 kind of business : any council or author- 
 ized body of men, as a school board : 
 the deck of a ship. — On Board, in U. S., 
 same as Aboard. — v.t. to cover with 
 boards : to supply with fnoA at fixed 
 terms : to enter a ship : to attack.— i'.;'. 
 to receive food or take meals. [A.S. 
 bord, a board, the side of a ship ; Ice. 
 bord, the side of a ship ; found also in 
 Celt. ; conn, either with Bear or with 
 Broad.] 
 
 BOARDER, bord'er, n. one who receives 
 board (food) : one who boards a sliip. 
 
 BOAivDING, bord'ing, n. the act of cover- 
 ing with boards : the covering itself : act 
 of boarding a ship. 
 
 BOARDING-SCHOOL, bord'ing-skool, n. 
 a school in which board is given as well 
 as instruction. 
 
 BOARD-WAGES, bord'-waj'ez, n. wages 
 allowed to servants to keep themselves 
 in food. 
 
 BOAST, host, v.i. to talk vaingloriously : to 
 brag. — v.t. to brag of : speak proudly or 
 confidently of : to magnify or exalt one's 
 self. — n. an expression of pride : a brag : 
 the cause of boasting. [M.E. bost — W. 
 bost. Gael, bosd, a bragging.] 
 
 BOASTFUL, bost'fool, adj. given to brag. 
 — adv. Boast'fully. — n. Boast'pulness. 
 
 BOASTING, bost'ing, n. ostentatious dis- 
 play : vaunting. 
 
 BOaI", bot, n. small open vessel usually 
 moved by oars : a small ship. — v.i. to go 
 in a boat. [A.S. bat; Dut. boot; Fr. 
 bat-eau ; Gael, bata.] 
 
 BOATABLE, bot'a-bl, adj. capabie of being 
 navigated with boats. (Amer.) 
 
 BOATHOOK, bot'hook, n. an iron hook 
 fixed to a pole used for pulling or push- 
 ing off a boat. 
 
 BOATING, bot'ing, n. the art or practice 
 of sailing in boats. 
 
 BOATMAN, bot'man, n. a man who has 
 charge of a boat : a rower. 
 
 BOATSWAIN,b6t'swan(coUoquiallyb6'sn), 
 J?, a petty officer on board sliip who looks 
 after the boats, rigging, etc., and calls 
 the seamen to duty [{Lit.) a boat's swain 
 or servant. From A.S. bdtswdn — bat, a 
 boat, mvdn, a lad.] 
 
 BOB, bob, v.i. to move quickly up and 
 down, to dangle : to fish with a bob. — 
 v.t. to move in a short jerking manner : 
 — pr.p. bobb'ing ; pa.p. bobbed'. — n. a 
 short jerking motion : a slight blow : 
 anything tliat moves with a bob or 
 swing : a pendant. [Perhaps imitative, 
 like Gael, bog, to agitate, babag, baban, 
 a tassel.] 
 
 BOBBIN, bob'in. n. a small piece of wood 
 on which thread is wound. [Fr. bobine, 
 perhaps from Gael, baban. a tassel.] 
 
 BOBBINET, bob-m-et' or bob'in-et, n. a 
 
 kind of fine netted lace made by m* 
 chines. 
 
 BOBOLINK, bob'o-lingk, n. aNorth Ameri- 
 can singing bird, found in the northern 
 states in spring and summer. [At first 
 Bob Lincoln, from the note of the bird.] 
 
 BOB-SLED, bob'-sled, ?;. a sled for the 
 transportation of large timber from the 
 forest to a river or public road : also a 
 farmer's road sled. (Amer.) 
 
 BOBWIG. bob'wig, n. a short wig. 
 
 BOCK-BEER, BOCK-BIER, bok'ber, )j. 
 a double strong variety of lager-beer, 
 darker in color than the ordinary kinds, 
 less bitter in taste, and considerablv 
 more intoxicating. [Gr. bock-bier, buck 
 or goat beer, so called, it is said, fi-om 
 making its consumers prance and tum- 
 ble about like a buck or a goat.] 
 
 BOOKING, bok'ing, ?t. a kind of baize or 
 woollen cloth, used to cover a floor or to 
 protect carpets. (Amer.) 
 
 BODE, bod, v.t. to portend or prophesy. — 
 v.i. to be an omen : to foreshow. [A.S. 
 bodian, to announce — bod, a message ; 
 allied to BiD.] [called in Canada, 
 
 BODETTE, bo-det', ?;. a cot bedstead, so 
 
 BODICE, bod'is, n. a woman's stays, for- 
 merly' called bodies, from fitting close tc 
 the body. 
 
 BODIED, bod'id, adj. having a body. 
 
 BODILESS, bod'i-les, adj. without a body : 
 incorporeal. 
 
 BODILY, bod'i-ly, adj. relating to the body, 
 esp. as opposed to the mind. 
 
 BODKIN, bod'kin, n., a small dagger: a 
 small instrument for pricking holes or 
 for dressing the hair : a large blunt 
 needle. [Prob. W. bidog.] 
 
 BODY, bod i, n. the whole frame of a man 
 or lower animal : the main part of an 
 animal, as distinguished from the limbs : 
 the main part of anything : matter, as 
 opposed to spirit : a mass : a person : a 
 number of persons united by some com- 
 mon tie. — v.t. to give form to : to em- 
 bodv : — pr.p. bod'jang ; pa.p. bod'ied. 
 [A.S. bodig.} 
 
 BODYGUARD, bod'i-giird, n. a guard to 
 protect the person, esp. of the sovereign. 
 
 BODY-POLITIC, bod'i-pol'it-ik, n. the col- 
 lective body of the people in its political 
 capacity. 
 
 BQiiOTIAiN, be-5'shyan, adj. pertaining- to 
 Boeotia in Greece, noted for the dullness 
 of its inhabitants : hence, stupid, dull. 
 
 BOG, bog, n. soft ground : a marsh or quag- 
 mire. — adj. Bogg'y. [Ir. bogach ; Gael. 
 bog.] 
 
 BOGGLE, bog'l, v.i. to stop or hesitate, as 
 if at a bogle : to make difficulties about a 
 thing ; also to embarrass. (Amer.) 
 
 BOGLE, bog'l, n. a spectre or goblin. 
 [Scot, bogle, a ghost ; W. bicg, a goblin. 
 See Bug.] 
 
 BOGMOSS. bog'mos, n. a genus of moss 
 plants. 
 
 BOGUS, bo'gus, adj. counterfeit, spurious. 
 [An Amer. cant word, of very doubtful 
 origin.] 
 
 BOHEA, bo-he', n. the lowest quality of 
 black tea. [Chinese.] 
 
 BOHEMIAN, Do-he'mi-an, w. and adj. ap- 
 plied to persons of loose and irregular 
 habits. — ?i. Bohe'mianism. [Fr. bohe- 
 mien, a gipsy, from the belief that these 
 wanderers came from Bohemia.] 
 
 BOIL, boil, v.i., to bubble up from the actioa 
 of heat : to be hot : to be excited or agi- 
 tated. — v.t. to heat to a boiling state : 
 to cook or dress by boiling.- — Boiling- 
 point, the temperature at which liquid* 
 begin to boil under heat. [O. Fr. boilir 
 — L. biillire — bulla, a bubble.^ 
 
 BOIL, boil, n. an inflamed sweUing or 
 tumor. [A.S. byl : Ger. beule ; Ice. bola 
 from the root of Bulge.]
 
 BOILER 
 
 41 
 
 BOOTLESS 
 
 BOILER, boil'er, n. one who boils : that ia 
 'vhich anvthing is boiled. 
 
 BOISTEROUS, bois'ter-us, adj., wild: 
 noisy : turbulent : stormy. — adv. BoiS'- 
 TEROUSLY. — n. BoIS'TEEOUSNESS. [M.E. 
 
 boistous — W. bwyst, wildness.] 
 
 BOISTEROUS, bois'ter-us, adj. strong. 
 
 BOLD, bold, adj. daring or courageous : 
 forward or impudent : executed with 
 spirit : striking to the sight : steep or 
 abrupt. — adv. Bold'ly. — n. Bold'ness. — 
 T'j MAiTF. BOLD, to take the liberty, to 
 make fi-ee. [A-S. bald ; O. Ger. paid ; 
 O. Ft. baud, Goth, baltlis. Ice. ballr.] 
 
 BOLE, bol, 71., the round stem or body of a 
 tree. [Ice. bolr, from its round form. 
 C onn. with Bowl, a cup, Bulge, Boil, a 
 swelUng, and Bag.] 
 
 I.'JLL, bol, n. one of the round heads or 
 sided-vessels of flax, poppy, etc. : a pod 
 or capsule : a Scotch diy measm-e ^ six 
 imperial bushels, not now legally in use. 
 [A form of BowL, a cup, and sig! "thing 
 round."] 
 
 BCiLLED, bold, swollen : podded. [Pa.p. 
 of M.E. bollen, to swell.] 
 
 BOLSTER, bol-ster, n. a long round pUlow 
 or cushion : a pad. — v.t. to support with 
 a bolster : to hold up. [A.S. bolster ; 
 from root of BowL.] 
 
 BOLT, bolt, 11. a bar or pin used to fasten 
 a door, etc. ; an arrow ; a thunderbolt. 
 — v.t. to fasten with a bolt : to throw or 
 utter precipitatel}' : to swallow hastily. 
 — v.i. to rush away (like a bolt from a 
 bow) : to start off suddenly, said origi- 
 nally of a horse starting from his course, 
 afterwards appUed to politicians who sud- 
 denly desert tlieir party : as to bolt the 
 nomination of an objectionable candi- 
 date. [A.S. and Dan. bolt, Ger. bolzen ; 
 from root of Bole, of a tree.] 
 
 BOLT, bolt, v.t. to sift, to separate the 
 bran from, as flour : to examine by sift- 
 ing : to sift through coarse cloth. [O. Fr. 
 biuter, or buleter=bureter — from bure — 
 Lew L. burru, a coarse reddish-brown 
 cloth — Gr. pyrros, reddisb^/jyr^FiRE.] 
 
 BOLTING-HUTCH, bolt'ing-huch, n. a 
 hutch or large box into which flour 
 falls when it is bolted. 
 
 BOLT-UPRIGHT, bolt'-up-rit'. adv. up- 
 right and straiglit as a bolt or arrow. 
 
 BOLUS, bolus, 71. a rounded mass of any- 
 thing : a large pill. [L. bolus, Gr. bolos, 
 a lump.] 
 
 BOilAREA. bo-ma're-a, 7i. a genus of ama- 
 ryllidaceous tn-ining plants, natives of 
 South America. 
 
 BOMB, bum, ?t. a hollow shell of iron filled 
 with gunpowder, and discharged from a 
 mortar, so as to explode when it falls. 
 [Fr. bombe — L. bombus, Gr. bo7nbos, a 
 hunmiing sound ; an imitative word.] 
 
 BOMBARD, bum-bard', v.t. to attack with 
 bombs. — n. Bomb.\kd'ment. — 7i. Bom- 
 bardier'. 
 
 BOMBASINE, BOMBAZINE, bum-ba-zen', 
 n. a twilled fabric of silk and worsted. 
 [Fr. bombasin — Low L. bombaeinium — 
 Gr. bomby.v, silk. See Bombast.] 
 
 BOMBAST, bum'bast, n. (oi-ig.), cotton or 
 any soft material used for stuffing gar- 
 ments : inflated or high-sounding Tan- 
 fuage. [Low L. bo7nbax, cotton — Gr. 
 oniby.r. silk.] 
 
 BOMBASTIC, bum-bast'ik, adj. high- 
 sounding : inflated. 
 
 BOMB-PROOF, bum'-proof, adj. proof or 
 secure against the force of bombs. 
 
 B03IB-VESSEL, bum'-ves-el, ?*. a vessel 
 for carrying the mortars used in bom- 
 barding from the sea. 
 
 BONBON, bong^bong, 7i. a sweetmeat. 
 
 iPr., " very good " — bon, good.] 
 ND, bond, n. that which binds, a band : 
 link of connection or union : a writing 
 
 of obhgation to pay a sum or to perform 
 a contract. — In bond, the state of being 
 deposited or placed in a bonded ware- 
 house or store : — pi. imprisonment, cap- 
 tivity. — adj. bound : in a state of ser\-i- 
 tude. — v.t. to put imported goods in the 
 customs' warehouses till the duties on 
 them are paid. [A.S. ; a variation of 
 band — bindan, to bind.] 
 
 BONDAGE, bond'aj, ?i. state of being 
 bound : captivity : slavery. [O. Fr. — 
 Low L. bondagium, a kind of tenure. 
 Ace. to Skeat, this is from A.S. bonda, a 
 boor, a householder, from Ice. bondi= 
 buandi, a tUler, a husbandman.] 
 
 BONDED, bond'ed, p. adj. secured by bond, 
 as duties. 
 
 BONDING, bond'ing-, 7i. that arrangement 
 by which goods remain in the customs' 
 warehouses tUl the duties are paid. 
 
 BONDMAN, boud'man, n. a man slave. — 
 ns. Bond'maid, Bond'woman. 
 
 BONDSMAN, bondz'man, n. a bondman or 
 slave: a surety. 
 
 BONE, bon, ti. a hard substance forming 
 the skeleton of an animal : a piece of the 
 skeleton of an animal. — v. t. to take the 
 bones out of. as meat. [A.S. ban : Ger. 
 bein, Goth, bain, bone, leg ; W. bo7i, a 
 stem or stock.] 
 
 BONE- ASH, bon'-ash, 7i. the remains when 
 bones are burned in an open furnace. 
 
 BONE-BLACK, bon'-blak, ?i. the remains 
 when bones are heated in a close vessel. 
 
 BONE-CAVE, bon'-kav, ?i. a cave in which 
 are found bones of extinct animals, some- 
 times together with the bones of man or 
 other traces of his contemporaneous ex- 
 istence 
 
 BONE-DUST, bon'-dust, n. ground or pul- 
 verized bones, used in agriculture, for 
 fertilizing the soil. 
 
 BONE-GLUE, bon'-glu, 7i. an inferior kind 
 of glue obtained from bones.] 
 
 BONE-SETTER, bon'-set'er, ji. one whose 
 occupation is to set broken and dislocated 
 bones. 
 
 BONFIRE, bon'fir, ?i. a large fire in the 
 open air on occasions of public rejoicings, 
 etc. [Orig. a fire in which bones were 
 burnt.] 
 
 BON-MOT, bong'-mo, 7i., a good or witty 
 saving. [Fr. bon, good, 7not, word.] 
 
 BONNE-BOUCHE, bon-boosh', n. a deUc- 
 ious mouthful. [Fr. bonne, good, bouche, 
 mouth.] 
 
 BONNET, bon'et, 7i. a covering for the head 
 worn by women : a cap. — J). adj. Bonn'- 
 eted. [Fr. — Low L. bonneta, orig. the 
 name of a stuff.] 
 
 BONNY, bon'i, adj. beautiful : handsome : 
 gay.— adc. BoNN'lLT. [Fr. bon, bonne — 
 L. bonus, good ; Celt, bain, baine, white, 
 fair.] 
 
 BONNY-CL.\BBER, bon'ni-klab'ber. 7i. 
 tliick milk from which the whey is 
 drained to get tlie curds out. (Amer.) 
 
 BONUS, bon'us, 7t. a premium beyond the 
 usual interest for a loan : an extra divi- 
 dend to shareholders. [L. bonus, good.] 
 
 BONY, bon'i, adj. full of, or consisting of, 
 bones. 
 
 BONZE, bon'ze, n. a Buddhist priest. [Jap. 
 bozii, a pi-iest.] 
 
 BOOBY, boob'i, n. a silly or stupid fellow : 
 ;i water-bird, of the pelican tribe, remark- 
 
 able for its apparent stupidity. [Sp. bobo, 
 a dolt ; O. Fr. holm, stupid. — L. balbus, 
 
 stuttering.] 
 
 BOOBYISM, b5'bi-izm, n. the state or qual- 
 ity of being a bool)v : stupidity : foolish- 
 ness. '•Lamentable ignorance and 6006)/- 
 ism on the stage of a private theatre." — 
 Dickens. 
 
 BOOK, book, n. a collection of sheets of 
 paper bound together, either printed, 
 written on, or blank : a literary composi- 
 
 tion : a division of a volume or subject.— 
 v.t. to write in a book. [A.S. 60c, a book, 
 the beech ; Ger. buaite, the beech, buch, 
 a book, becausetheTeutonsfirst wrote on 
 beechen boards.] 
 
 BOOK-CLUB, book'-klub, m. an association 
 of persons who buy new books for circu 
 lation among themselves. 
 
 BOOKING-CLERK, book'ing-klerk, n. the 
 clerk or official who suppUes passengers 
 with tickets at a booking-office. 
 
 BOOKISH, book'ish. adj. fond of books, ac- 
 quainted only with books. — ?i. Book'ish- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING, book'-kep'ing, 71. the 
 art of keeping accounts in a regular and 
 systematic manner. 
 
 BOOK-LEARNING.book'-lern'ing.w.learn- 
 ing got from books, as opposed to practi- 
 cal knowledge. 
 
 BOOKPLATE, book'plat, 71. a label usuaUy 
 pasted inside the cover of a book, bearing 
 the owner's name,crest,or peculiar device. 
 
 BOOK-POST, book'-post, n. the depart- 
 ment in the Post-office for the transmis- 
 sion of books. 
 
 BOOKWORM, book'wurm, 7i. a worm or 
 mite that eats holes in books : a hard 
 reader : one who reads without discrimi- 
 nation or profit. 
 
 BOOKWRIGHT, book'rit, »i. a writer of 
 books : an author : a term of slight con- 
 tempt. Kingsley. 
 
 BOOM, boom, n. a pole by which a sail is 
 stretched : a chain or bar stretched across 
 a harbor. [Dut. boom, a beam, a tree.] 
 
 BOOM, boom, v.i. to make a hollow sound 
 or roar. — 71. a hollow roar, as of the sea, 
 the cry of the bittern, etc. [From a Low 
 Ger. root found in A.S. by7ne, a trumpet, 
 Dut. boinmen, to drum ; like Bomb, of 
 imitative origin.] 
 
 BOOMERANG,I)o6m'e-rang,n. a hard-wood 
 missile used by the natives of Australia, 
 shaped Uke the segment of a circle, and 
 so made that when thrown to a distance 
 it returns towards the thrower. (Aus- 
 tralian.) Applied also to any scheme 
 or plan which turns against its author. 
 (Amer.) 
 
 BOON, boon, 72. a petition : a gift or favor. 
 
 ilce. bun, a prayer; A.S. ben.] 
 ON, boon, adj. (as in boon companion) 
 gay. merry or kind. [Fr. bon — L. bonus, 
 good.] 
 
 BOOR, boor, 71. a coarse or awkward per- 
 son. [Dut. boer (Ger. baiter), a tiller of 
 the sou — Dut. boinven : cog. with Ger. 
 bauen, A.S. buan, to till.] 
 
 BOORISH, boor'ish, adj. like a boor : awk- 
 ward or rude. — adv. Boor'ishly. — n. 
 Boor'ishness. 
 
 BOOST, boost, v.t. to lift or push one up a 
 tree or over a fence. (Amer.) 
 
 BOOT, boot. 71. a covering for the foot and 
 lower part of the leg generally made of 
 leather : an old instrument of torture for 
 the legs : a box or receptacle in a coach : 
 7i.pl. the servant in a hotel that cleans 
 the boots. — v.t. to put on boots. ["Fr. 
 botte. a butt, or a boot, from O.Ger. hiaen, 
 a cask. See Bottle, Butt.] 
 
 BOOT, boot, v.t. to profit or advantage. — 
 71. advantage: profit. — To Boot, in addi 
 tion. [A.S. bot. compensation, amends, 
 whence betan, to amend, to make Bet- 
 
 TER.l 
 
 BOOTEE, boo-t^', 71. a boot without a top, 
 or a shoe made like a boot without a leg 
 (Amer.) 
 
 BOOTH, booth, 71. a hiit or temporary erec- 
 tion formed of slight materials. [Ice. 
 Imth : Ger. bude : also Slav, and Celt., 
 as Gael. both, hut.] 
 
 BOOTJACK, boot'jak. n. an instrument for 
 taking off boots. [Boot and Jack.] 
 
 BOOTLESS, boat'les, adj. without boot c
 
 BOOT-STOCKIXG 
 
 43 
 
 BOW 
 
 profit -. useless. — adv. Boot'lessly.— ?!. 
 Boot'lessness. 
 
 BOOT-STOCKING, bcit'stok-ing. n. a large 
 stocking which covers the leg Uke a jacK- 
 boot. -'Jiis boot-stockings comiag high 
 above the knees." — Southey. 
 
 BOOTY, boot'i, ti. spoil taken in war or by 
 force : plunder. [Ice. byti. shave— byta, 
 to divide.] 
 
 BO- PEEP, bo-pep', n. a game among chil- 
 dren in which one peeps from behind 
 something and cries "Bo." 
 
 BORACIC, bo-ras'ik, adj. of or relating to 
 borax. — BoRACic acid, an acid obtained 
 by dissolving borax, and also found native 
 in mineral springs in Italy. 
 
 BOE.AJX, bo'raks. n. a mineral salt used for 
 soldering and also in medicine. [Fr. — Ar. 
 hiiraq.] 
 
 BORDER, bord'er, n. the edge or margin of 
 anything : the march or boundary of a 
 country: a flower-bed in a garden. — v.i. 
 to approach: to be adjacent. — v.t. to make 
 or adorn with a border : to bound. [Fr. 
 bord. hordure : from i-oot of Board.] 
 
 BORDERER, bord'er-er. n. one who dwells 
 on the border of a country. 
 
 BORE, bor, v.t. to pierce so as to form a 
 hole : to weary or annoy. — n. a hole made 
 by boring : tlie size of the cavity of agun: 
 a' person or thing that wearies. [A.S. 
 borian, to bore, from bor, a borer : Ger. 
 bohren ; allied to L. foro. to bore, Gr. 
 pharyn.v. the gullet.] 
 
 BORE. bor. did bear. pa.t. of Bear. 
 
 BORE, bor, n. a tidal flood wliieh rushes 
 with great force into the mouths of cer- 
 tain rivers. [Ice. bdra. a wave or swell, 
 from root of to Be.vr or hft.] 
 
 BOREAL, bo're-al, adj. pertaining to the 
 north or the north wind. 
 
 BOREAS, bo're-as, (i. the north wind. [L. 
 and Gr.] 
 
 BORX. havrra.pa.p. of BeaB. to bring forth. 
 — Not born in the woods to be scared 
 BY AN OWL, too much used to danger to 
 be easily frightened. (Amer.) 
 
 BORNE, born, j^cp- of Bear, to carrv. 
 
 BOROGLYCERIDE. bo-ro-gli'se-rld. ~n. an 
 antiseptic compound introduced by Prof. 
 Barff, consisting of 93 pai-ts of glvcerine 
 to 62 piirts of boracic acid, to wliich is 
 added, when used to preserve meat, 
 oysters, milk, eggs,etc.. about fifty times 
 its weight in water. 
 
 BOROUGH, bur'o.n. a town with a corpora- 
 tion : a town that sends representatives 
 to parliament. Applied also to certain 
 towns in Pennsylvania. [A.S. burg, btirh, 
 !L citv, from beorgan, Ger. bergen, to pro- 
 tect."] 
 
 BOROtJGHMONGER. bur'6-mung'er.»i. one 
 who buys or sells the patronage of bor- 
 oughs in Great Britain. 
 
 BORROW, bor'6. v.t. to obtain on loan or 
 trust : to adopt from a foreign source. — 
 (i.Borr'ower. [A.S.borgian — borg, borh, 
 a pledge, security: akin to Borough, from 
 the notion of securitv.] 
 
 BOSCAGE, bosk'aj, ». thick foliage : wood- 
 land. [Fr. boscage, bocage — Low L. boscus 
 (hence Fr. bois), conn, with Ger. biisch, 
 E. bitsh.] 
 
 BOSH, bosh, n. used also as int., nonsense, 
 foolish talk or opinions. [Turk, bosh, 
 worthless, frequent in Morier's popular 
 novel 4i/es/ia (1834).] 
 
 BOSKY, bosk'i,a(y. woody or bushy: shady. 
 
 BOSOM, booz'um. n. the breast of a human 
 being.orthe part of the dress which covers 
 it : l^gf.)the seat of the passions and feel- 
 ings : the heart : embrace, inclosure. as 
 within the arms : any close or secret re- 
 ceptacle. — adj. (in composition) confiden- 
 tial : intimate. — v.t. to inclose in the 
 bosom. [A.S. bosm, Ger. bttsen.'\ 
 BOSS, bos, n. a knob or stud : a raised or- 
 
 nament. — v.t. to ornament with bosses. 
 [Fr. bosse. It. bozza. a swelhng, from O. 
 Ger. bozen, to beat.] 
 
 BOSS, bos, 71. a master, an employer of 
 labor, a politician who holds control of 
 large patronage and uses his influence for 
 selfish and partisan purposes. Also a 
 name for the buffalo among Western 
 huntsmen. (Amer.) 
 
 BOSSY, bos'i. adj. ha\'ing bosses. 
 
 BOT_\NIZE. bot'an-iz. vri. to seek for and 
 collect plants for studv. 
 
 BOTANIST, bot'an-ist, 'n. one skilled in 
 botany. 
 
 BOTANY, bot'a^ni, n. the science of plants. 
 — adj. BOT an'ic. — adv. Botaic'icallt. [Gr. 
 botane, herb, plant — bosko. to feed, L. 
 vescor, I feed myself ; perh. cog. with 
 A.S. icoed.] 
 
 BOTCH, boch, n.. a sicelling on the sldn : a 
 clumsy patch: ill-finished work. — v.t. to 
 patch'or mend clumsily : to put together 
 unsuitably or unskilifully. [From root of 
 Boss.] 
 
 BOTCHER, boch'er, n. one who botches. 
 
 BOTCHY, boch'i, adj. marked with or full 
 of botches. 
 
 BOTH, both, adj. and pron.. the two: the 
 one and the other. — conj. as well : on the 
 one side. [Ice. bathi, Grer. beide ; A.S. 
 6d ; of. L. am-bo, Gr. am-plio. Sans, ubha, 
 orig. ambha.] 
 
 BOTHER, hoth'er, v.t. to perplex or tease. 
 [Peril, fi-ora Ir. biiaidliirt, trouble.] 
 
 BOTTLE, bofl, n. a bundle of hay. [Dim. 
 of Fr. botte, a bundle, fi-om root of Boss.] 
 
 BOTTLE,bot'l.n.a hollow vessel for holding 
 Uquids : the contents of such a vessel. — 
 v.t. to inclose in bottles. [Fr. bouteille, 
 dim. of botte, a vessel for liquids. From 
 root of Boot. Butt.] 
 
 BOTTLE-BELLIED, bot'1-bel-hd. adj. hav- 
 ing a belly shaped like a bottle : having 
 a swelling out prominent belly. "Some 
 choleric, bottle-bellied, old spider." — W. 
 Innng. 
 
 BOTTLED, hot'li, p.adj. inclosed in bottles: 
 shaped or protuberant like a bottle. 
 
 BOTTLER, bot'ler, n. one who bottles : spe- 
 cifically, one \\ nose occupation it is to put 
 liquors, as viine. spirits, ale. etc., into 
 bottles, and sell the bottled liquor. 
 
 BOTTOM, bot'um, n. the lowest part of any- 
 thing : that on which anything rests or 
 is founded : low land, as in a valley : the 
 keel of a ship, hence the vessel itself. — 
 v.t. to found or rest upon. — adj. Bott'om- 
 less. [A.S. botin : Gei\ boden : conn. 
 with L. fundus, bottom, Oael.bond, boicn, 
 the sole.] 
 
 BOTTOMRY, bot'um-ri, n. a contract by 
 which money is borrowed on the security 
 of a ship or bottom. [From Bottom, a 
 ship.] 
 
 BOLfDOIR, bood'war. n. a lady"s private 
 room. [Fi-. — bonder, to pout, to be 
 sulky.] 
 
 BOUGEI. bow, n. a branch of a tree. [A.S. 
 bog, boh. an arm, the shoulder (Ger. b^tg, 
 the shoulder, the bow of a ship) — ^A.S. 
 hugan, to bend.] 
 
 BOUGH, bow, v.t. to cover over or shade 
 with boughs. 
 
 a mossy track, all over toughed 
 For half a mile or more. — Coleridge. 
 
 BOUGHT, bawt. pa.t. and pa.p. of Btty. 
 
 BOULDER, bold'er.n.a large stone rounded 
 by the action of water : (geol.) a mass 
 of rock transported hy natural :igencies 
 from its native bed" — adj. containing 
 boulders. [Ace. to Wedg^vood, from 
 Swed. bullra, Dan. buklre, to roar Uke 
 thunder, as large pebbles do.] 
 
 BOULEVARD, bool'e-var, n. a promenade 
 formed by leveling the old fortifications 
 of a town. [Fr. — Ger. bollvxrk. See Bul- 
 wark.] 
 
 BOULEVER.SEMENT. l)(.|-ver.s-man. n. the 
 act of overthrowing or overturning : the 
 state of being overthrown or overturned; 
 overthrow: overturn: subversion: hence, 
 generally, convulsion or confusion. [Fr.] 
 
 BOUNCE, bowns, v.i. to jump or spring 
 suddenly : to boast, to exaggerate. — n, 
 a heavy, sudden blow: a leap or spring: 
 a boa-st : a bold he. [Dut. bonze n. to strike 
 from bon.i. a blow, from the sound.] 
 
 BOUNCER, bowns'er, n. one who bounces; 
 something- big : a bully : a liar. 
 
 BOUND, bownd. pa.t. and ^w./). of Bind. 
 
 BOUND, bownd, n. a limit or boundary. — 
 v.t. to set bounds to: to limit, restrain, 
 or surround. [O.Vr.bonne — LowL. bodina 
 — Bret. bonn. a boundary.] 
 
 BOUND, bownd. v.i. to spring or leap. — n. 
 a spring or leap. [Fr. hondir, to spring, 
 in O. Fr. to rebound — L. bombitare. See 
 Boom, the sound.] 
 
 BOLTND, bownd. adj. ready to go. [Ice. 
 buinn, pa.p. of bua, to prepare.] 
 
 BOUNDARY, bownd'a-ri, n. a\isiblebound 
 or limit : border : termination. 
 
 BOUNDEN, bownd'n, adj., binding : re- 
 quired : obUgatorv. [From Bind.] 
 
 BOUNDLESS, bownd'les, adj. having no 
 bound or limit : vast. — n. Boun'D'less- 
 NESS. 
 
 BOUNTEOUS, bown'te-us or bown'tyus, 
 BOUNTIFUL, bown'ti-fool. adj. liberal in 
 giving : generous. — adrs. Boun'teously, 
 Bouts/tifully. — ns. Boun'teousness, 
 BouVtifclness. [From Bounty.] 
 
 BOUNTY, bown'ti, n. liberahty in bestow- 
 ing gifts : the gift bestowed : money of- 
 fered as an inducement to enter the army, 
 or as a premium to encourage any branch 
 of industry. [Fr. bonte, goodness — L. 
 bonitas — bonus, good.] 
 
 BOUQUET, boo'ka, n. a bunch of flowers : 
 a nosegay. [Fr.— iiosgitef, dim. oibois, a 
 wood— It. l-osco. See Boscage. Bush.] 
 
 BOURBON, bur'bun, n. anv old fashioned 
 party which acts unmindful of past ex- 
 perience. (Amer.) 
 
 BOURG. burg. n. same as Burgs. Borough. 
 
 BOURGEOIS, bur-.iois'. n. a kind of print- 
 ing type, larger than brevier and smaller 
 than' longprimer. [Fr. — perh. from the 
 name of the typefounder.] 
 
 BOURGEOISIE, boorzh-waw'ze.ji.the mid- 
 dle class of citizens, esp. traders. [From 
 Fr. liourgeois, a citizen, from root of 
 Borough.] 
 
 BOURGEON, bur'jun, v. i. to put forth 
 sprouts or buds : to grow. [Fr. bourgeon. 
 a bud. shoot.] 
 
 BOURN, BOURNE, born or boorn. n. a 
 boundai-y, or a limit. [Fr. oorne, a limit. 
 See Bouxd.] 
 
 BOURN. BOURNE, born or boorn, Ji. a 
 little stream. [A.S. biinui, a stream ; 
 Scot, burn, a brook ; Goth, brunna, a 
 spring.] 
 
 BOURSE, boors, n. an exchange where 
 merchants meet for business. [Fr. bourse. 
 See Purse.] 
 
 BOUSE, booz, v.i. to drink deeply. [Dut. 
 buysen. to drink deeply — buis, a tube or 
 flask : allied to Box.] 
 
 BOUT. bowt. n. a turn, trial, or round : au 
 attempt. [Doublet of BiGHT ; from root 
 of Bow. to Dend.] 
 
 BOVINE, bo'vin, adj. pertaining to cattle 
 [L. bos, bovis, Gr. bous. an ox or cow.] 
 
 BOW, how, v.t., to ?(e«^ or incline towards: 
 to subdue. — v.i. to bend the body in salut 
 ing a person : the curving forepart of a 
 ship. [A.S. bugan. to bend ; akin to L. 
 fugio. to flee, to yield.] 
 
 BOW, bo, n. a bent piece of wood for shoot- 
 ing arrows : anj-thing of a bent or curveii 
 shape, as the rainbow : the instrument 
 by which the strings of a vioUn are 
 sounded. [A.S. boga.]
 
 BOWELS 
 
 43 
 
 BRAWNY 
 
 BOWELS, bow'elz, n.pl. the interior parts 
 oi the body, the entrails : the interior 
 part of anything: : (fig.) the heart, pitv. 
 Tenderness. [Fr. boyau. O. Fr. hoel — L. 
 ''■itellns, a sausage, also, an intestine.] 
 
 B'JWER. bow'er, n. an anchor at the bow 
 or forepart of a ship. [From Bow.] 
 
 BOWER, bow'er, 7i. a sliady inclosure or 
 recess in a garden, an arbor. [A.S. bur, 
 ■.i chamber ; Scot, byre — root A.S. bi'uin, 
 -.. dwell.] 
 
 AVERY, bow'er-i,ad/.containing bowers: 
 -hady. — )?. the name of a busy, crowded 
 treet in New York Citv. 
 ■WIE-KNIFE, b6'i-nifr«. a dagger-knife 
 ■vorn in tlie Southern States of America, 
 ~o named from its inventor.Coloneli?o(tve. 
 
 ' i\VL. bol, H. a wooden ball used for roU- 
 
 Lig along the ground. — v.t. and i. to play 
 
 ..t bowls : to roll along like a bowl : to 
 
 throw a ball, as in cricket. [Fr. boule — 
 
 L. bulla. See Boil, v.] 
 
 BOWL. bol. «. a round drinking-cup : the 
 loiind hollow part of anrthing. [A.S. 
 • 'Olla. See BOLE.] 
 
 Bi-iWLDER. bold'er, n. same as BodiJ)er. 
 
 BCiWLINE, bo'lin, n. (Ht.) the line of the 
 bow or bend : a rope to keep a sail close 
 to tlie wind. 
 
 BiJWLING-GREEN.bol'ing-gi-en.yi.agreen 
 . .r grassy plat kept smooth for bowling. 
 
 BijWMA!^. bo'man, n. an archer. 
 
 BOWSHOT,b6'shot,«.the distance to which 
 an arrow can be shot from a bow. 
 
 B JWSPRIT, bo'sprit, n. a boom or spar 
 irojecting fromthebow of a ship. [Bow 
 H ad Sprit.] 
 
 Ei;iWSTRING-, bo'string. n. a string with 
 ■vhich the Turks strangled offenders. 
 
 BOW-WINDOW, bo'-windo, n. a bent or 
 semi-circular window. 
 
 BOX. boks. n. a tree remarkable for the 
 hardness and smoothness of its wood : a 
 ease or receptable for holding anytliing : 
 the contents of a box : a small house or 
 lodge : a private seat in a theatre : the 
 driver's seat on a carriage.— To be ix a 
 BOX, to be in difficulty, or in a compro- 
 mising position. (Amer.) The phrase TO 
 BE IX THE WEONO BOX has. it Seems, a re- 
 spectable antiquity. "If you will hear 
 how St. Augustine expoundeth that place, 
 you shall perceive that you are in a wrong 
 box.'" — Ridley (1554). " I perceive that 
 you and I are in a xvrong bo.v." — J. Udall 
 (1588). — v.t. to put into or furnish with 
 boxes. [A.S. box — 1,. buxus, Gr. pyxos, 
 the tree, pyxia. a box.] 
 
 BOX, boks. » . a blow on trie head or ear with 
 the hand. — v.t. to strike witli the hand or 
 fist. — v.i. to fight with the fists. [Dan. 
 bask, a sounding blow ; of. Ger. pochen, 
 to strike.] 
 
 BOXEN, boks'n, adj. made of or like box- 
 wood. 
 
 BOXING-DAY, boks'ing-da, n. in England, 
 the day after Christmas when bo.xes or 
 presents are given. 
 
 BOXWOOD, boks'wood.M.wood of the box- 
 tree. 
 
 BOY. boy, >i. amale child : al.ad. — n. Boy'- 
 HOOD. — adj. Boy'ish. — adv. Boy'ishly. — 
 n. Boy'ishxess. [Fris. boi, Dut. boef, Ger. 
 biihe. L. pHpu.9.] 
 
 BOYCOTT, boy'kot. v.t.to combine in refus- 
 ing to work to, to buy or sell with, or in 
 feneral to give assistance to, ov have 
 ealings with, on account of difference of 
 opinion or the like in social and political 
 matters : a word introduced under the 
 auspices of the Land League of Ireland 
 in 1880. [From Captain Boycott, who 
 was so treated by his neighbors in Ireland 
 in 1881.] 
 
 BRACE, bras. n. anything that draws to- 
 gether and holds tightly : a bandage : a 
 pair or couple : in printing, a mark con- 
 
 necting two or more words or lines ( [ ) : 
 — 2)1. straps for supporting the trousers : 
 ropes for turning the yards of a ship. — 
 v.t. to tighten or strengthen. [O. Fr. 
 brace. Fr. bra.s, the arm, power — L. bra- 
 chium, Gr, brachion, the arm, as holding 
 together.] 
 
 BRACELET, bras'let, n. an ornament for 
 the wrist. [Fr., dim. of O. Fr. brae. See 
 Brace.] 
 
 BRACH. brak, brach,n.adogfor the chase. 
 [O. Fr. braclie, from O. Ger. bracco.] 
 
 BRACHIAL, brak'i-al, adj. belonging to 
 the arm. [See Brace.] 
 
 BRACING, bras'ing. adj. giving strength 
 or tone. [From Brace.] 
 
 BRACKEN, brak'en, n. fern. [See Brake.] 
 
 BRACKET, brak'et, n. a support for some- 
 thing fastened to a wall :—pl. in printing, 
 the marks [ ] used to inclose one or moi-e 
 words. — v.t. to support by brackets : to 
 inclose by brackets. [Dim. formed from 
 Brace.] 
 
 BRACKISH, braVish. adj. saltish : applied 
 to water mixed with salt or «-ith sea- 
 water. — n. Brack'ishness. [Dut. brak, 
 refuse ; conn, with Wreck.] 
 
 BRACT, brakt, 7i. an irregularly developed 
 leaf at the base of the flower-stalk. — adj. 
 Brac'teal. [L. bractea, a thin plate of 
 metal, gold-leaf.] 
 
 BRADAWL, brad'awl, n. an awl to pierce 
 holes. [For inserting brads, long, thin 
 naUs.] 
 
 BRAG. brag,v.j'. to boast or bluster : — pr.p. 
 bragg'iug ; pa.p. bragged. — n. a boast or 
 boasting : the tiling boasted of : a game 
 at cards. [Prob. from a root brag, found 
 in all the Celtic languages. See Br.i.ve.] 
 
 BRAGGADOCIO, brag-a-do'shi-o, n. a 
 braggart or boaster : empty boa-sting. 
 [From Braggadochio,<i boastful character 
 in Spenser's Faery Queen.] 
 
 BRAGGART, brag'art, adj. boastful. — n. a 
 vain boaster. [O.Fr. brngfard, vain, brag- 
 ging, from root of Bracj.] 
 
 BRAHMAN, bra'man, BRAHOTN, bra'min, 
 n. a person of the highest or priestly caste 
 among the Hindus, — adjs. Brahsian'ic, 
 -AL, Br.^hmin''ic, -al, [From Brahma, the 
 Hindu Deitv.] 
 
 BRAHM.A.NISJI, bra'man-izm, BRAHMIN- 
 ISM, bril'min-izm, n. one or the religions 
 of India, the worship of Brahma, 
 
 BRAID, brad, v.t., to plait or entwine. — n. 
 cord, or other texture made by plaiting, 
 [A.S. bredan, bregdan; Ice. bregda, to 
 weave.] 
 
 BRAIN, bran. n. the m.ass of nervous mat- 
 ter contained in the sloiU : the .seat of 
 the intellect and of sensation : the in- 
 tellect. — v.t. to dash out the brains of. 
 [A.S. brcegen : Dut. brein.] 
 
 BRAINLESS, bran'les, adj. without brains 
 or understanding : sillv. 
 
 BRAIN-SICKNESS, brun'-sik'nes. n. disor- 
 der of the brain : giddiness : indiscretion. 
 
 BRAKE, brak, obs. pa.t. of Break. 
 
 BRAKE, brak, n, a fern : a place over- 
 grown with ferns or briers : a thicket, 
 [Low Ger. brake, brushwood ; Ger. brach, 
 fallow.] 
 
 BRAKE, brak, n. an instrument to break 
 flax or hemp : a carriage for breaking- 
 in horses : a bit for horses : a contrivance 
 for retarding the motion of a wheel. 
 [From root of Break.] 
 
 BRAKY, brak'i, adj. full of brakes : thorny : 
 rough. 
 
 BRAMBLE, bram'bl, n. a wild prickly'plant 
 bearing black berries : any rough prickly 
 shrub. — adj. Bram'bly. " [A.S. bremel; 
 Dut. braam, Ger. brom.] 
 
 BRAN, bran, n.. the refuse of grain : the 
 inner husks of corn sifted from the flour. 
 [Fr. bran, bran — Celt, bran, bran, re- 
 fuse.] 
 
 BRANCH, bransh, n. a shoot or arm-like 
 limb of a tree : anything like a branch : 
 any offslioot or subdivision. — v.t. to di- 
 \'icle into branches. — v.i. to spread out as 
 a branch. — adjs. Branch'less, Branch'y. 
 
 iFr. branche — Bret, branc. an arm ; Low 
 J. branea, L. brachium. See Brace.] 
 
 BRANCHL^, brangk'i-e. n.pl., gills.— adj. 
 Braxcuial, brangk'i-al. [L.] 
 
 BRANCHLET, bransh'let, n. a little branch. 
 
 BRAND, brand, n. a piece of wood burning 
 or partly burned : a mark burned into 
 anything with a hot iron : a sword, so 
 called from its glitter : a mark of in- 
 famy. — v.t. to biu'n or mark with a hot 
 iron : to fix a mark of infamy upon. 
 [A.S., from root of Burn,] 
 
 BRANDISH, brandish, v.t. to wave or 
 flourish as a brand or weapon. — n. a wav- 
 ing or flourish. [Fr. brandir, from root 
 
 of BRjUJD.] 
 
 BRAND-NEW. brand'-nu, adj. quite new 
 (as if newly from the fire). 
 
 BRANDY, braud'i, n. an ardent spirit dis- 
 tilled frona wine. [Formerly brandwine. 
 — Dut. brandewijn — branden, to burn, to 
 distil, and ivijn, wine ; cf. Ger. brant- 
 wein.] [sew. 
 
 BRAN-NEW, bran'nu, adj. Corr. of Brand- 
 
 BRASIER, bra'zher, 7i. a pan for holding 
 burning coals. [Fr., from the root of 
 Brass.] 
 
 BRASS, bras. n. an alloy of copper and 
 zinc : (^g.) impudence : — pi. monumental 
 plates of brass inlaid on slabs of stone 
 in the pavements of ancient churclaes : 
 also the brass musical instruments in a 
 band or orchestra. In its colloquial and 
 slang senses the use of the word is by no 
 means modern ; namely : 1. money. " We 
 should .scorn each bribing varlet's 6ra.ss. " 
 — Bo. Hall. 2. impudence : shameless- 
 ness. ' ' She in her defence made hira 
 appear such a rogue that the chief jus- 
 tice wondered he had the brass to appear 
 in a court of justice.'" — Roger Xorth. 
 [A.S. braes ; Ice. bras, solder : from 
 brasa to harden by fire, Swed. brasa, 
 fire.] 
 
 BRASS-BAND, bras'-band, n. a band or 
 company of musicians who pei'form on 
 brass instruments, 
 
 BRASSY, bras'i, adj. of or like brass : im- 
 pudent. 
 
 BRAT, brat, n. a contemptuous name for a 
 child. [A.S. brati. W.. Gael. brat, a rag ; 
 prov. E. brat, a child's pinafore.] 
 
 BRAVADO, brav-a'do, n. a display of 
 bravery : a boastful threat •.—pi. BraV.V- 
 does. [Sp. bravada, from root of Br.WE.} 
 
 BRAVE, brav, adj. daring, coui-ageous : 
 noble. — v.t. to meet boldly : to defy. — n. 
 a bully: an Indian warrior. — adv. Br.\.ve'- 
 LY. [Fr. brave : It. and Sp. bravo : from 
 Celt., as in Bret, braga. to strut about, 
 Gael, breagh, fine. See Brag.] 
 
 BRA'VERY, brav'er-i, n. courage : heroism : 
 finerj'. 
 
 BRAVO, brav'o, n. a daring villain : a hired 
 assassin -.—pi. Bravoes, orav'oz. [It. and 
 Sp.] 
 
 BRAVO, brav'o. int. well done : excellent. 
 [It.] 
 
 BRAVURA, brav-oor'a, n, (mtis.) a term 
 applied to songs that require great spirit 
 in execution, [It.] 
 
 BR.IWL. brawl, n, a noisy quarrel. — v.i. tc 
 quarrel noisily : to murmur or gurgle, 
 rw. bragal, to yociferate. which, ace. to 
 Skcat. is a freq. of Braq.] 
 
 BRAWN, brawn, n. mu.scle : thick flesh, 
 esp. boar's flesli : muscular strength. [O. 
 Fr. hraon, from O. Ger. brato, flesh (for 
 roasting) — O. Ger. pratan (Ger. braten), 
 to roa.st.] 
 
 BRAWN"V^ brawn'i, adj. fleshy : muscular : 
 strong.
 
 BRAY 
 
 14 
 
 BRIDE 
 
 BRAY, bra, v.t., to break, pound, or g-rind 
 small. [O. Fr. breier (Fr. broyer) ; from 
 root of Break.] 
 
 BRAY, bra, n. the cry of the ass : any harsh 
 arrating- sound. — v.i. to cry Uke an ass. 
 [Fr. braire, Low L. bragire, from root of 
 Brag. Brawl.] 
 
 BRAZE, braz, v.t. to cover or solder with 
 brass. 
 
 BRAZEN, bra'zn, adj. of or belonging to 
 brass : impudent. — v.t. to confront with 
 impudence. 
 
 BRAZIER, bra'zher, n. see Bkasier. 
 
 BREACH, brech, n. a break or opening, 
 as in the walls of a fortress : a breaking 
 of law, etc. : a quarrel. — v.t. to make a 
 breach or opening. [A.S. brice, Fr. briche, 
 from root of Break.] 
 
 BREAD, bred, n. food made of flour or 
 meal baked : food : livelihood. Bread- 
 STCFF, in the United States, denotes all 
 the cereals which can be converted into 
 bread. [A.S. bread, from breotan, to 
 break ; or from breotvan. to brew.] 
 
 BREAD - BASKET, bred'-bas-ket, n. 1, a 
 papier mache or metal tray used for 
 holding bread at table: 2, the stomach. 
 (Slang.) "Another came up to second 
 liim, but I let drive at the mark, made 
 the soup-maigre rumble in his bread-bas- 
 ket, and laid him sprawling." — Foote. 
 
 BREAD-FRUIT-TREE, bred'-froot-tre', m. 
 a tree of the South Sea Islands, produc- 
 ing a fruit, which when roasted forms a 
 good substitute for bread. 
 
 BREADTH, bredth, n. extent from side to 
 side : width. [M.E. brede, A.S. brcedu. 
 See Broad.] 
 
 BREADWINNER, bred'win'er, n. one who 
 works for the support of himself or of 
 himsfilf and a family : a member of that 
 section of the community whose earnings 
 support both themselves and the women 
 and cliildren. 
 
 BREAK., brak,l'.^to part by force : to shat- 
 ter : to crush : to tame : to violate : to 
 check by intercepting, as a fall : to inter- 
 rupt, as silence : to make bankrupt : to 
 di\-ulge. — v.i. to part in two : to burst 
 forth : to open or appear, as the morning : 
 to become bankrupt : to fall out, as with 
 a friend: — pa.t. broke ; pa.^. brok'en. — 
 n. the state of being broken : an opening : 
 a pause or interruption : the dawn. — 
 Break cover, to burst forth from con- 
 cealment, as game. — Break down, to 
 crash, or to come down by breaking : (fig.) 
 to give way. — Break ground, to com- 
 mence e.Kcavation : {fig.) to begin. — 
 Bre.\k the ice {fig.), to get through 
 first difficulties.— Break a jest, to utter 
 a jest unexpectedly. — Break a lance 
 (fig.), enter into a contest with a rival. — 
 Bre.\k upon the wheel, to punish by 
 stretching a criminal on a wlieel, and 
 breaking his bones. — BRE.iK vmn, to fall 
 out. as friends. [A.S. brecan ; Goth. 
 brikan, Get. brechen : conn, with L. 
 frango, Gr. rhegnumi ; Gael, bragh, a 
 burstj 
 
 BREAKAGE, brak'aj, n. a breaking : an al- 
 lowance for things broken. 
 
 BREAKER, brak'er, n. a wave broken on 
 rocks or the shore. 
 
 BREAKFAST, brek'fast,n.a break or break- 
 ing of a fast : the first meal of the day. 
 — v.i. to take breakfast. — v.t. to furnish 
 with breakfast. 
 
 BREAKING-IN, braVing-in', n. the act of 
 training to labor, as of a horse. 
 
 BREAKNECK.brak'nek,ad;.likely to cause 
 a broken neck. 
 
 BREAKWATER, br,^k'waw'ter,n. a barrier 
 at the entrance of a harbor to break the 
 force of the waves. 
 
 BREAM, brem, n. a fresh-water fish of the 
 carp familj- : a salt-water fish somewhat 
 
 like it. [Fr. breme, for brestne — O. Ger. 
 brahsema, Ger. brassen.] 
 
 BREAST, brest, n. the forepart of the 
 human body between the neck and the 
 belly : (^gr.) conscience, disposition, affec- 
 tion's. — v.t. to bear the i)reast against : to 
 oppose manfully. [A.S. breost ; G«r. 
 brust, Dut. borsi, pern, from the notion 
 of bursting forth, protruding.] 
 
 BREASTPLATE, brest'plat, n. a plate or 
 piece of armor for the breast: in i?., a 
 part of the dress of the Jewish high- 
 priest. 
 
 BREASTWORK, brest' wurk, n. a defensive 
 work of earth or other materials breast- 
 high. 
 
 BREATH, breth, n. the air drawn into and 
 then expelled from the lungs : power of 
 breathing, life : the time occupied by 
 once breathing : a very shght breeze. 
 [A.S. brceth : Ger. brodeih, steam, breath; 
 perh. akin to L. frag-rare, to smell.] 
 
 BREATHE, bref/i,"r.i. to draw in and expel 
 breath or air from the lungs : to take 
 breath, to rest or pause : to Uve. — v.t. to 
 draw in and expel from the lungs, as air : 
 to infuse: to give out as breath: to utter 
 by the breath or softly ; to keep in breath, 
 to exercise. 
 
 BREATHING, hreth'ing, 7i. the act of 
 breathing : aspiration, secret prayer : 
 respite. 
 
 BREATHLESS,breth'les,arf/.out of breath : 
 dead. — n. Breath'lessness. 
 
 BREECH, brech, ?i. the lower part of the 
 body behind : the hinder part of any- 
 thing, especially of a gun. — v.t. to put 
 into breeches. [See Breeches, the gar- 
 ment, in which sense it was first used.] 
 
 BREECH-BLOCK, brech'-blok, ;;. a mov- 
 able piece at the breech of a breech- 
 loading gun which is withdrawn for the 
 insertion of the charge and closed before 
 firing to receive the impact of the recoU. 
 E. H. Knight. 
 
 BREECHES, brich'ez, n.pl. a garment worn 
 by men on the lower part of the body, 
 trousers. [A.S. broc. pi. brec : found in 
 aUTeut. lang.; alsoFr.braj'es — L. braccce, 
 which is said to be from the Celt., as in 
 Gael, briogais, breeches.] 
 
 BREECH-LOADER, brech'-lod'er, n. a fire- 
 arm loaded by introducing the charge at 
 
 BREECH-PIN, brech' - pin, BREECH- 
 SCREW, brech'-skro. n. a plug screwed 
 into the rear end of the barrel of a breech- 
 loading firearm forming the bottom of the 
 charge chamber. E. H. Knight. 
 
 BREECH-SIGHT, brech'-slt. n. the gradu- 
 ated sight at the breech of a gun, which, 
 in conjunction ■s'i'ith the front sight, 
 serves to aim the gun at an object. E. H. 
 Knight. 
 
 BREED, bred, v.t. to generate or bring 
 fortli : to train or bring up : to cause or 
 occasion. — v.i. to be with young : to pro- 
 duce offspring : to be produced or brought 
 forth -.—pa.t. and pa.p. bred. — n. that 
 wliich is bred, progeny or offspring : kind 
 or race. [A.S. breddn, to cherish, keep 
 warm : Ger. briiten, to hatch ; conn. 
 with Brew.] 
 
 BREEDER, bred'er, n. one who breeds or 
 brings up. 
 
 BREEDING, bred'ing, 7i. act of producing : 
 education or manners. 
 
 BREEZE, brez, n. a gentle gale ; a wind. 
 [Fr. brise, a cool wind : It. brezza.] 
 
 BREEZY, brez'i, adj. fanned with or subject 
 to breezes. 
 
 BRETHREN, hreth'ren, phir. of Brother. 
 
 BRETON, brit'un, adj. belonging to Brit- 
 tany or Bretagne. in Fi-ance. 
 
 BREVE, brev, n. (lit.) a brief or short note : 
 tlie longest note now used in music, |0 |. 
 [It. breve — L. brevis, short. In old church 
 
 music there were but two notes, the long 
 and the breve or short. Afterwards the 
 long was disused, and the breve became 
 the longest note. It is now little used, 
 the semibreve being the longest note.] 
 
 BREVET, brev'et. n. a military commission 
 entitling an officer to take rank above 
 tliat for wliich he receives pay. [Fr. a 
 short document — L. brevis, short.] 
 
 BREVL\RY, brev'i-ar-i, n. book containing 
 tlie daily service of the Roman Catholic 
 Cliurch. [Fi\ breviaire — L. brevis, short. 
 
 BREVIER, brev-er', n. a small type be- 
 tween bourgeois and minion, orig. used 
 in printing breviaries. 
 
 BREVITY, brev'it-i, ?i.,s7torfness; concise- 
 ness. [L. brevitas — brevis, short.] 
 
 BREW, broo, v.t. to prepare a Uquor, as 
 from malt and other materials : to con- 
 trive or plot. — v.i. to perform the opera- 
 tion of brewing : to be gatliering or form- 
 ing. [A.S. breovan ; cf. Ger. brauen. 
 which, like Fr. brasser, is said to be from 
 Low L. bra.rare. which is perh. from 
 Celt. brag, malt.] 
 
 BREWER, broo'er, n. one who brews. 
 
 BREWERY, broo'er-i, n. a place for brew- 
 ing. 
 
 BREWING, broo'ing, n. the act of making 
 liquor from malt : the quantitj' brewed 
 at once. 
 
 BREWIS, broo'is, n. crusts of rye and In- 
 dian meal bread, softened with milk and 
 eaten with molasses. (Amer.) 
 
 BRIAR-ROOT, brl'er-rot, n. the root oi the 
 white heath, a shrub often growing to a 
 large size. The roots are gathered ex- 
 tensively in the south of France and in 
 Corsica for the purpose of being made into 
 the tobacco-pipes now so much used under 
 the name of briar-root pipes. [The first 
 part of this word is a corruption of Fr. 
 bruyere. heath.] 
 
 BRIC-A-BRAC, brik-a-brak, »i. a collection 
 of objects ha\'ing a certain- interest or 
 value from their rarity, antiquity, or the 
 like, as old furniture, plate, china, curi- 
 osities ; articles of vertu. "Two things 
 only jarred on his eye in his hurried 
 glance round the room, there was too 
 much bric-a-brac: and too many flowers." 
 — H. Kingsley. [Fr. according to Littre 
 based on the phrase de brie et de broc, by 
 hook or by crook, brie being an old word 
 meaning' a kind of trap for catching birds, 
 etc., and broc, a pitcher or ju°-. JBric-a.- 
 brae would tlierefore be literally objects 
 collected bj- hook or crook.] 
 
 BRIBE, brib, n. something given to influ- 
 ence unduly the judgment or corrupt the 
 conduct: allurement. — v.t. to influence 
 by a bribe. [Fr. bribe, a lump of bread — 
 Celt, as in W. briico, to break, briw, a 
 fragment.] 
 
 BRIBER, brib'er, )i. one who bribes. 
 
 BRIBERY, brib'er-i, n. the act of giving or 
 taking bribes. 
 
 BRICK^ brik, n. an oblong or square piece 
 of burned clay : a loaf of bread in the 
 shape of a brick. — v.t. to lay or pave with 
 brick. [Fr. brique, from root of Break.! 
 
 BRICKBAT, brik'bat, n. a piece of brick' 
 [Brick and Bat, an implement foi strik- 
 ing with.] 
 
 BRICK-KILN, brik-kil, n. a kiln in which 
 bricks are burned. 
 
 BRICKLAYER, brik'la-er, n. one who lay. 
 or builds ^\-ith bricks. — u. Brick'laying 
 
 BRIDAL, brid'al, n. a marriage feast : h 
 wedding. — adj. belonging to a bride, or 
 a wedding : nuptial. ^Bride, and Ale, a 
 feast.] 
 
 BRIDE, brid, n. a woman about to be mar- 
 ried : a woman newlv married. [A.S, 
 bryd : Ice. briidr. Grer. b?'a«f, a bride ; W 
 priod. one married.]
 
 BRIDECAKE 
 
 45 
 
 BRONZE 
 
 BRIDECAKE, brld'kak, n. the bride's cake, 
 or cake distributed at a wedding. 
 
 BRIDE-CHAMBER, brid'-cham'ber, n. the 
 miptial apartment. 
 
 BRIDEGROOM, brTd'gr6om,?i.a man about 
 to be married : a man newly married. — 
 Bride'maid. Bride's'maid, Bride'man, 
 Bride's'MAN, attendants at a wedding, 
 [A.S. brydgjtma — giana, a man.] 
 
 BRIDEWELL, brid'wel, n. a house of cor- 
 rection. [From a palace near St. Bride's 
 Well in London, afterwards used as a 
 house of correction.] 
 
 E^RIDGE, brij, n. a structure raised across 
 a river, etc. : anything like a bridge. — 
 i-.t. to build a bridge over. [A.S. bricg ; 
 Ger. briicke. Ice. bryggja.] 
 
 BRIDGELESS, brij'les, adj. without a 
 bridge : not capable of being spanned as 
 bv a bridge. " Brklgeless tide." — Southey. 
 
 BRIDLE, brl'dl, n. the instrument on a 
 horse's head, by which it is controlled : 
 any curb or restraint.— !•.<. to put on or 
 manage by abridle : to check or restrain. 
 — r. ('. to hold up the head proudly or af- 
 fectedly. [A.S. bridel ; O. Ger. bridel, 
 whence Fr. bride.] 
 
 r.RIDLE-PATH, bri'dl-path, n. a path or 
 way for horsemen. 
 
 BRIEF, bref, adj., short: concise. — adv. 
 Brief'ly. — n. Brief'ness. 
 
 BRIEF, bi-pf. n. a short account of a client's 
 case for the instruction of counsel : a 
 writ : a short statement of any kind. [Fr. 
 bref — L. brevis, short. 
 
 BRIEFLESS, bref les, adj. without a brief. 
 
 BRIER, bri'er, n. a pricUy shrub : a com- 
 mon name for the wild rose. — adj. Bri'- 
 ERT. [M.E. brere — A.S. brer, Ir. briar, 
 thorn.] 
 
 BRIG, brig, ii. a two-masted, square-rigged 
 vessel. [Shortened from Brigantine.] 
 
 BRIGADE, brig-ad', ii. a body of troops 
 consisting of two or more regiments of 
 infantry or cavalry, and commanded by 
 a general-officer, two or more of which 
 form a division. — v.f. to form into brig- 
 ades. [Fr. brigade — It. brigata — Low L. 
 briga. strife.] 
 
 BRIGADIER, brig-a-der', BRIGADIER- 
 GENERAL, brig-a-der'-jen'er-al, ri. a gen- 
 eral officer of the lowest grade, who has 
 command of a brigade. 
 
 BRIGAND, brig'and, n. a robber or free- 
 booter. [Fr. — It. brigante — briga, strife.] 
 
 BRIGANDAGE, brig'and-aj, n. freeboot- 
 ing : plundering. 
 
 BRIGANDINE, brig'an-dln, n. a coat of 
 mail. [Fr. ; so called because worn by 
 brigands.] 
 
 BRIGANTINE, brig'an-tin, n. a small, light 
 vessel or brig. [From BRIGAND, because 
 such a vessel was used bv pirates.] 
 
 BRIGHT, brit, adj., shining : full of light : 
 clear : beautiful : clever : illustrious. — 
 adv. Brightly. — n. Bright'ness. [A.S. 
 beorht, briht : cog. with Goth, bairhts, 
 clear. Gr. phlego, L. Jlagro, to flame, 
 flamma='flag-ma. Sans, bhraj, to shine.] 
 
 BRIGHTEN, brit'n, v.t. to m.ake bright or 
 brighter : to make cheerful or joyful : to 
 make illustrious. — r.i. to grow bright or 
 brighter : to clear up. 
 
 BRILL, bril, n. a fish of the same kind as 
 the turbot, spotted with white. [Corn. 
 brilli. ma.ckerel=brith-el, dim. of brith, 
 speckled, cognate with Gael, breac, 
 speckled, a trout. See Brock.] 
 
 BRILLIANT, bril'yant. adj. sparkling : 
 glittering : splendid. — n. a diamond of 
 the finest cut. — adv. Brill'iantly. — res. 
 Brill'iancy, Brill'iantness. [Fr. bril- 
 lant, pr.p . of briller, to shine, which, 
 Uke Ger. brille. an eyeglass, is from Low 
 L. beryllus. a beryl.] 
 
 BRIM, brim, n. the margin or brink of a 
 river or lake : the upper edge of a vessel. 
 
 — v.t. to fill to the brim. — v.i. to be full 
 to the brim : — pr.p. brimm'ing : pa.p. 
 brimmed. [A.S. brim, surge, surf, the 
 margin of the sea where it sounds ; 
 conn, with O. Ger. brcemen, to hum, 
 L. fremere, to roar.] 
 
 BRIMFUL, brmi'fool, adj. full to the brim. 
 
 BRIMMER, brim'er, n. a bowl full to the 
 brim or top. 
 
 BRIMSTONE, brim'ston, n. sulphur. [Lit. 
 burning stone : from A.S. bi'yne, a burn- 
 ing — byrnan, to burn, and Stone ; cf. 
 Ger. bernstein.] 
 
 BRINDED, brin'ded, BRlN'DLED,o(f/. marked 
 with spots or streaks. [See Brand.] 
 
 BRINE, brin, n. salt-water : the sea. [A.S. 
 bryne, a burning ; applied to salt liquor, 
 from its burning, biting quality.] 
 
 BRING, bring, v.t. to fetch: to carry : to 
 procure : to draw or lead. — pa.t. and 
 pa.p. brought (brawt). — Bring about, to 
 bring to pass, effect. — Bring down, to 
 humble. — Bring forth, to give birth 
 to, produce. — Bring to, to check the 
 course of, as a ship, by trimming the sails 
 so as to counteract each other. [A.S. 
 bringan. to carrj', to bring ; allied perh. 
 to Bear.] 
 
 BRINK, bringk, n. the edge or border of a 
 steep place or of a river. [Dan. brink, 
 declivity ; Ice. bringr, hillock.] 
 
 BRINY, brin'i, adj. pertaining to brine or 
 to the sea : salt. 
 
 BRIONY, brl'o-ni, n. same as BRYONY. 
 
 BRISK, brisk, adj. full of life and spirit : 
 active : effervescing, as liquors. — adv. 
 Brisk'ly. — ft. Brisk'ness. [W. brysg, 
 nimble, brys, haste. Other forms are 
 Frisk, Fresh.] 
 
 BRISKET, brisk'et, ii. the breast of an ani- 
 mal : the part of the breast next to the 
 ribs. [Fr. brechet, brichet — W. brysced.] 
 
 BRISTLE, bris'l, n. a short, stiff hair, as of 
 swine. — v.i. to stand erect, as bristles. 
 [A.S. byrst ; Scot, birse ; cog. with Ger. 
 borste. Ice. burst.] 
 
 BRISTLY, bris'li, adj. set with bristles: 
 rough. — n. Beist'liness. 
 
 BRISTOL MILK, bris'tol-milk, a mixed 
 beverage of which sherry is the chief in- 
 gredient. "Plenty of brave wine, and 
 above all Bristol milk. " — Pepys. ' ' A rich 
 beverage made of the best Spanish wine, 
 and celebrated over the whole kingdom 
 as Bristol milk." — Macaiday. 
 
 BRITANNIA-METAL, brit-an'i-a-met'l, n. 
 a metallic alloy largely used in the manu- 
 facture of spoons, etc. 
 
 BRITANNIC, brit-an'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 Britannia or Great Britain : British. 
 
 BRITISH, brit'ish, adj. pertaining to Great 
 Britain or its people. 
 
 BRITON, brit'on, n. a native of Britain. 
 
 BRITTLE, brit'l, adj., apt to break : easily 
 broken. — n. Britt leness. [A.S. breotan, 
 to break.] 
 
 BROACH, broch, v.t. to pierce as a cask, 
 to tap : to open up or begin : to utter. 
 [Fr. brocher, to pierce, broclie, an iron 
 pin — Lat. brocchus, a projecting tooth.] 
 
 BROACH-TURNER, broch'-tur-nur. n. a 
 menial whose occupation it is to turn a 
 broach : a turnspit. 
 
 Dishwasher and broacli-ttirner, loon I to rae 
 Thou sniellcst all of kitchen as before. 
 
 — Tennyson. 
 
 BROAD, brawd, adj. wide : large, free or 
 
 open : coarse, indelicate. — adv. Broad'ly. 
 
 — )). Broad'ness. [A.S. brad, Goth. 
 
 braids.] 
 BROADBRIM, brawd'brim, n. a hat with 
 
 a i)road brim, such as those worn by 
 
 Quakers : (colloq.) a Quaker. 
 BROADCAST, brawd'kast, adj. scattered 
 
 or sown abroad by the hand : dispersed 
 
 widely. — adv. by throwing at large from 
 
 the hand. 
 
 BROAD CHURCH, brawd church, n. a 
 party in the Church of England holding 
 broad or liberal views of Christian doc- 
 trine. 
 
 BROADCLOTH, brawd'kloth, n. a fine kind 
 of woollen fulled cloth, wider than twenty- 
 nine inches. 
 
 BROADEN, brawd'n, v.t. to make broad or 
 broader. — v.i. to grow broad or extend in 
 breadth. 
 
 BROAD-GAUGE, brawd'-gaj, n. a distance 
 of six or seven feet between the rails of a 
 railway, as distinguished from the pres- 
 ent standard gauge of 4 ft. 8i in. 
 
 BROADSIDE, brawd'sid, n. the side of a 
 ship : all the guns on one side of a ship 
 of war, or their simultaneous discharge : 
 a sheet of paper printed on one side. 
 
 BROADSWORD, brawd'sord, n. a cutting 
 sword with a broad blade. 
 
 BROBDINGNAGIAN, brob-ding-na'ji-an, 
 n. an inhabitant of the fabulous region 
 of Brobdingnag' in "Gulliver's Travels," 
 the people of which were of great 
 stature, hence a gigantic person. — adj. 
 gigantic. 
 
 BROCADE, brok-ad', n. a silk stuff on which 
 figures are wrought. [It. broccato. Fr. 
 brocart, from It. broccare, Fr. brocher, 
 to prick ; from root of BROACH.] 
 
 BROCADED, brok-ad'ed, adj. woven or 
 worked in the manner of brocade : 
 dressed in brocade. 
 
 BROCCOLI, brok'o-li, n. a kind of cabbage 
 resembling cauliflower. [It. pi. of brocoo- 
 lo, a sprout, dim. of brocco, a skewer, 
 a shoot — root of BROACH.] 
 
 BROCHURE, bro-shoor', n. a pamphlet. 
 [Lit. a small book stitched, Fr. — brocher, 
 to stitch — broche, a needle. See Broach.] 
 
 BROCK, brok, n. a badger, an animal with 
 a black and white streaked face. [From 
 the Celtic, as in Gael, broc, a badger, 
 which is from Gael, breac, speckled.] 
 
 BROG, brog, n. a pointed steel instrument 
 used by joiners for piercing holes in 
 wood. [Gael, brog, a pointed instrument,, 
 as an awl ; W. procio, to stab.] 
 
 BROGUE, brog, n. a stout coarse shoe : a 
 dialect or manner of pronunciation, esp. 
 the Irish. [Ir. and Gael, brog, a shoe.] 
 
 BROIDER, broid'er. BROIDERY, broid'- 
 er-i. Same as Embroider, Embroidery. 
 
 BROIL, broil, n. a noisy quarrel : a con- 
 fused disturbance. [Fr. brouiller, to 
 break out, to rebel, prob. from the Celt- 
 ic] 
 
 BROIL, broil, v.t. to cook over hot coals. 
 —v.i. to be greatly heated. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 BROKE, broK, pa.t. and old pa.p. of 
 Break. 
 
 BROKEN, bro'kn, p.adj. rent asunder : in- 
 firm : humbled. [From Break.] 
 
 BROKEN-HEARTED, bro'kn-hart'ed, adj. 
 crushed with grief : greatly depressed in 
 spirit. 
 
 BROKER, brok'er, n. one employed to buy 
 and sell for others, especially stocks and 
 securities. [M.E. broconr — A.S. brucan, 
 Ger. brauchcn, to use, to profit.] 
 
 BROKERAGE, brok'er-aj, n. the business 
 of a broker : the commission charg-ed by 
 a broker. 
 
 BROMIDE, brom'id. n. a combination of 
 bromine with a base. 
 
 BROMINE, brom'in, n. an elementary body 
 closely allied to iodine, so called from its 
 disagreeable smell. [Gr. bromos, a dis- 
 agreeable odor.] 
 
 BRONCHIA, brongk'i-a, n.pil. a name 
 given to the ramifications of the ifind- 
 pipe which cai-ry air into the lungs. — 
 adj. Bronch'ial. [Gr. bronchos, the 
 windpipe.] 
 
 BRONCHITIS, brongk-rtis, n. inflamma- 
 tion of the bronchia^. 
 
 BRONZE, brona, n. a mixture of copper
 
 BRONZIFY 
 
 and tin used in various ways since the 
 most ancient times : anytliing- cast in 
 bronze : the color of bronze : impudence. 
 — i:t. to jiive tlie appearance of bronze 
 to: to harden. [Fr. — It. bronzo ; conn. 
 ^\•ith bruno, brown, and root bren, to 
 burn.] 
 
 BROXZIFY, bronz'i-fl, v.t. to represent in 
 a bronze fig^ure or statue : to cast in 
 bronze. "St. Michael descending- upon 
 the Fiend has been caught and bronzified 
 just as he lighted on the castle of St. 
 Anselo." — Tliackeray. 
 
 BROOCH, broch, n. an ornamental pin for 
 fastening- anv article of dre.ss. [Fr. oroche, 
 a spit. See Broach.] 
 
 BROOD, brood, v.i. to sit upon or cover in 
 order to breed or hatch : to cover, as with 
 wings : to think anxiously for a long 
 time. — v.t. to mature or cherish with 
 care. — n. something bred : offspring : the 
 number hatched at once. [A.S. brid. a 
 young one, esp. a young bird, from root 
 of Breed.] 
 
 BROOD-MARE, brood'- mar, n. a mare kept 
 for breeding. 
 
 BROOK, brook, n. a small stream. [A.S. 
 broc, water breaking forth.] 
 
 BROOK, brook, v.t. to bear or endure. [A. 
 S. bruean, to use, enjoy ; Ger. brauchen, 
 L. friior. fruc-ttis.] 
 
 BROOKLET, brook'let, n. a little brook. 
 
 BROOM, broom, ii. a wild evergreen shrub : 
 a besom made of its twigs. [A.S. brom.] 
 
 BROOM, broom, v.t. to sweep, or clear 
 away, as with a broom. " The poor old 
 ^^•orlvpeople brooming awa5' the fallen 
 leaves." — Tliackeray. 
 
 BROOM-CORN, broom'-corn, n. a variety 
 of maize from the tufts of which brooms 
 are made. Scientific name. Sorghum vul- 
 gare. It is a native of India, and is now 
 much cultivated both in Europe and 
 America. 
 
 13R003.ISTICK, broom'stik, n. the staff or 
 handle of a broom. 
 
 BROTH, broth, n. a kind of soup. [A.S. 
 broth — breoivan, to brew ; cf. Fr. brouet, 
 O. Ger. prot, and Gael, brod.] 
 
 BROTHEL, broth'el, Ji. a house of 01-fame. 
 [Fr. bordel — O. Fr. borde, a hut, from 
 the boards of which it was made.] 
 
 BROTHER, brut/i'er, n. a male born of the 
 same parents : any one closelj- united 
 with or resembling another : a fellow- 
 creature ; also, in certain reUgious, bene- 
 ficial, and secret societies, a fellow mem- 
 ber. (Amer.) [A.S. brodhor : cog. with 
 Ger. bruder. Gael, brathah; Fr. fr^re, 
 L. frater. Sans, bhratri : from root 
 bhar. to bear, and hence brotlier orig. 
 meant one who supports the family after 
 the father's death.] 
 
 BROTHER-GERMAN, brui/j'er-jer'man, 7i. 
 a brother ha\ing the same father and 
 mother, in contradistinction to one by 
 the same mother only. 
 
 BROTHERHOOD, bruf/t'er-hood, n. the 
 state of being a brother : an association 
 of men for anv purpose. 
 
 BROTHER-IN-LAW, bru</i'er-in-law, n. 
 the brotlier of a husband or -wife : a sis- 
 ter's husband. 
 
 BROTHER-LIKE, bruf/t'er-lllv, BROTHER- 
 LY. brii//('er-li, adj. like a brotlier : kind : 
 affect:oriai,e. 
 
 BROUGIiAM, broo'am or broom, ji. a one- 
 horse close carriage, either two or four 
 wheeled, named after Lord Brougham. 
 
 BROUGHT, bra\vt, pa.t. and jja.^). of 
 BRiNa. 
 
 BROW, brow, n. the ridge over the eyes : 
 the forehead : the edge of a hiU. [A.S. 
 bru : Ice, bru7i, Scot. 6rae, a slope ; conn, 
 with Gr. ophrys.] 
 
 BROWBEAT, brow'bet, v.t. to bear down 
 with stern looks or speech : to bully. 
 
 46 
 
 BROWN, brown, adj. of a dark or dusky 
 
 color inclining to red or yellow.— n. a 
 
 dark reddish color, — v.t. to make brown 
 
 or give a brown color to. — adj. Brown'- 
 
 ISH, — n, BROWN'^fESS. [A.S. briui — A.S. 
 
 bi/rnaii. to burn.] 
 BROWNIE, brown'i, n. in Scotland, a kind 
 
 of good-natured domestic spirit. 
 BROWN-STUDY, brown'-stud'i, n. gloomy 
 
 reverie : absent-mindedness. 
 BROWSE, browz, v.t. and v.i. to feed on 
 
 the shoots or leaves of plants. [O. Fr. 
 
 brouster (Fr. hronter) — brou.'it, a sprout ; 
 
 also Celt, See Brush,] 
 BRUIN, broo'in, n. a bear, so called from 
 
 its broivti color. [Dut. bruin, Ger. 
 
 brann, brown.] 
 BRUISE, brooz, v.t., to break or crush: 
 
 to 1 educe to small fragments. — n. a 
 
 wound made by anything hea\'y and 
 
 blunt. [O. Fr. 'bruiser, from O.' Ger. 
 
 bresten. to burst.] 
 BRUISER, brooz'er, n. one that bruises : a 
 
 boxer. 
 BRUIT, broot. n. sometWng noised abroad : 
 
 a rumor or report. — v.t. to noise abroad: 
 
 to report. [Fr. bruit — Fr. bruire ; cf. 
 
 Lovr L. brugitus, Gr. brucho, to roar ; 
 
 prob. imitative.] 
 BRU]\IOUS. broo'mus, adj. pertaining or 
 
 relating to winter ; hence, foggy : misty: 
 
 dull and sunless ; as, a brumous climate. 
 
 [L. bruma, the winter season.] 
 BRUNETTE, broon-et', n. a girl with a 
 
 brotni or dark complexion. [Fr. dim. of 
 
 brun. brown.] 
 BRUNT, brunt, n. the heat or shock of an 
 
 onset or contest : the force of a blow. 
 
 [Ice. bruni ; Ger. brunst, heat. See 
 
 BCTRN.] 
 
 BRUSH, brush, ?!. an instrument for re- 
 mo\'ing dust, usually made of bristles, 
 twigs, or feathers : a kind of hair-pencil 
 used by painters : brushwood : a skirmish 
 or encounter : the tail of a fox. — v.t. to 
 remove dust, etc., from by sweeping: to 
 touch lightly in passing : (with off) re- 
 move. — v.i. to move over lightly. [Fr. 
 bros.se, a brush, brushwood — (3. Ger, 
 brusta (Ger. hiirste), ace. to Brachet, 
 orig. heather, broom. See Browse.] 
 
 BRUSHMAN, brush'man, n. a painter. 
 
 How diflficult in artists to allow 
 
 To brotlier bntshmen even a grain of merit I 
 
 Dr. Wdcot. 
 
 BRUSHWOOD, brush' wood, n. rough, close 
 bushes : a thicket. 
 
 BRUSQUE, broosk, adj. blunt, abrupt in 
 manner, rude, — n. Brusqtje'ness. [Fr. 
 brusque, rude. See Brisk.] 
 
 BRUSQUERIE, broosk-re,same as Brusque- 
 NESS. " Dorothea looked straight before 
 her, and spoke with cold biitsquerie." — 
 George Eliot. [Fr.] 
 
 BRUSSELS-SPROUTS, brus'elz-sprowts, 
 n.pl. a variety of the common cabbage 
 with sprouts like miniature cal)bages. 
 [From Srussels, whence the seeds were 
 imported.] 
 
 BRUTAL, broot'al, adj. like a brute : un- 
 feeling : inhuman. — adv. Brut'aixy. — 
 n. Brutal' ITY. 
 
 BRUTALIZE, broot'al-Iz, BRUTIFY, 
 broot'i-fr, v.t. to make like a brute, to 
 degrade. 
 
 BRUTE, broot, adj. belonging to the lower 
 animals : irrational : stupid : rude. — )i. 
 one of the lower animals. [Fr. bnit — 
 L. brutus, dull, irrational,] 
 
 BRUTISH, broot'ish, adj. brutal : (B.) un- 
 wise. — adv. Brut'ishly. — n. Brut'ish- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 BRYONY, brl'o-ni, n. a wild climbing 
 I^lant. [L. bryonia, Gr. brybne, perhaps 
 from bryo. to burst forth with, to grow 
 rapidlv.j 
 
 BUBBLE, bub'l, n. a bladder of water 
 
 BUDDHISM 
 
 blown out with air : anything empty : a 
 cheating scheme. — v.i. to rise in bubbles. 
 [Dim. of the imitative woid blob ; cf. 
 Dut. bobbel, L. hnlla. a bubble.] 
 
 BUBBLE AND SQUEAK, bub'l and skwek. 
 ;i. a dish consisting of fried beef and cab- 
 bage : probably so called from the sounds 
 made during frying. Sometimes also 
 used contemptuously for something spe 
 cious, deceptive, worthless. "Rank and 
 title ! bubble and squeak .' No ! not half 
 so good as bubble and squeak : English 
 beef and good cabbage. But foreign 
 rank and title ; foreign cabbage and 
 beef ! foreign bubble and foreign squeak." 
 — Lord Lytton. 
 
 BUCCANEER, BUCANIER, buk-an-er', n. 
 the bvtccaneers were pirates in the West 
 Indies during the seventeenth century, 
 who plundered the Spaniards chiefly. 
 [Fr. boucaner, to smoke meat — Carib 
 boucan, a wooden gridiron. The French 
 settlers in the West Indies cooked their 
 meat on a boucan after the manner of 
 the natives, and were hence called bon- 
 caniers.] 
 
 BUCCINATORY, buk'sin-a-to-ri, adj. of or 
 pertainino^ to the buccinator or trumpet- 
 er's muscle. "The bticcinatory muscles 
 along his cheeks," — Sterne. 
 
 BUCK, buk, u. the male of the deer, goat, 
 hare, and rabbit : a dashing young fel- 
 low. [A.S. buc, bucca ; Ger. took, a he- 
 goat.] 
 
 BUCK, buk, v.t. to soak or steep in lye, a 
 process in bleaching, — n. lye in which 
 clothes are bleached. [From the Celt., 
 as in Gael, buac, cowdung, used in 
 bleaching — bo, a cow; Ger. beuchen, etc., 
 from the same source.] 
 
 BUCKET, buk'et, n. a vessel for drawing 
 or holding water, etc. [A.S. buc. a 
 pitcher; probably from Gael, bucaid, a. 
 bucket.] 
 
 BUCKLE, buk'l, n. an instrument for fa-st- 
 ening shoes and other articles of dress. — 
 v.t. to fasten with a buckle : to i>repare 
 for action : to engage in close fight. — v.i. 
 to bend or bulge out : to engage with 
 zeal. [Fr. boucle, the boss of a shield, a 
 ring — Low L. buceula, dim. of bucca, a. 
 chGGk 1 
 
 BUCKLER, buk'ler, ;i. a shield with a 
 buckle or central boss. [Fi\ bouclier — 
 Low L. biiceula.] 
 
 BUCKRAM, buk'ram, n. coarse cloth stif- 
 fened with dressing. — adj. made of buck- 
 ram : stiff : precise. [O. Fr. boqueran — 
 O. Ger. boe, a goat ; such stuff being made 
 orig. of goat's hair.] 
 
 BUCKSKIN, buk'skin, n. akind of leather : 
 — pi. breeches made of bucksldn. — adj. 
 made of the sldn of a buck. 
 
 BUCKWHEAT, buk'hwet, n. a Icind of 
 grain ha\-ing three-cornered seeds like 
 though much smaller tlian the kernels of 
 beech-nnts. From buckwheat flour a nu- 
 tritious griddle cake is made, excellent as 
 a winter diet, in the United States. [A. 
 S. b6c, beech, and Wheat ; Ger. bueh- 
 treizen — buche, beech, n-eizcn. corn.] 
 
 BUCOLIC, -AL, bu-kol'ik, -al, adj. per- 
 taining to the tending of cattle : pas- 
 toral. — n. a pastoral poem. [L. bucolicua 
 — Gr. boiikolikos — boukolos, a herdsman, 
 from bous, an ox, and perh. the root of 
 L. cola, to tend.] 
 
 BUD, bud, 11. the first shoot of a tree or 
 plant. — v.i. to put forth buds : to begin 
 to grow. — v.t. to graft, as a plant, by in- 
 serting a bud under the bark of another 
 tree : — j)r.p. budd'ing ; 2'c.p. budd'ed. 
 [From a Low Ger. root, as in Dut. bot, a 
 bud. See Button.] 
 
 BUDDHISM, bood'izm, n. the reformed re- 
 ligion of the greater part of Central and 
 E. Asia, so called from the title of its
 
 BUDDHIST 
 
 47 
 
 BUOYANCY 
 
 founder, "the Buddha," " the wise." It 
 has well-nig-h supplanted the cruel codes 
 and rites of Brahniinism. 
 
 BUDDHIST, bood'ist, >i. a beUever in 
 Buddhism. 
 
 BUDGE, buj, v.i. to move off or .stir. [Fr. 
 Imager — It. biilicare, to boU, to bubble — 
 L. biillire.] 
 
 BUDGE, buj, n. lamb-skin fur, formerly 
 used as an edging; for scholastic gowns. 
 — adj. lined with budge : scholastic. 
 [Doublet of Bag. See also BtJDGET and 
 Bulge.] 
 
 .;UDGET, buj'et, n. a sack with its con- 
 tents : annual statement of the finances 
 of the Britisli nation made by the Chan- 
 cellor of the Exchequer. [Fr. bougette, 
 dim. of boiige, a pouch — L. bulga, a word 
 of GalUe origin — root of Bag.] 
 LTF, buf, n. a leather made from the 
 skin of the buffalo : the color of buff, a 
 liglit yellow -.^pl. a regiment so named 
 from their buff-colored facings. [Fr. 
 huffle, a buffalo.] 
 
 UFFALO, buf'a-Io, n. a large kind of ox, 
 generally wild. — Buffalo eobe, the skin 
 of the buffalo dressed for use. [Sp. buf- 
 (ihi — L. bubalus, Gr. boubalos, the wild 
 ox — bous, an ox.] 
 
 r L'FFER, buf'er, n. a cushion to deaden 
 the ■■ buff" or concussion, as in railway 
 carriages. 
 
 ITFFET, buf'et, ». a blow with the fist, a 
 slap. — r.t. to strike with the hand or fist : 
 to contend against. [O. Fr. bufet — b^lfe, 
 a blow, esp. on the cheek ; conn, with 
 Puff, Buffoon.] 
 
 BUFFET, buf'et, n. a kind of sideboard. 
 [Fr. buffet : orig. unknown.] 
 
 BUFFOON, buf-oon', n. one who amuses by 
 jests, grimaces, etc. : a clown. [Fr. bouf- 
 fou — It. biiffare, to jest, (lit.) topuffout 
 the cheeks.] 
 
 BUFFOONERY, buf-oon'er-i, n. the prac- 
 tices of a buffoon : ludicrous or vulgar 
 je.sting. 
 
 BUG, bug, n. an object of terror ; applied 
 loosely to certain insects, esp. to one 
 that infests houses and beds : a beetle. 
 rw. bwg, a hobgoblin.] 
 
 BTJGBEAR, bug'bar, n., an object of ter- 
 ror, generally imaginarj'. — adj. causing 
 fright. 
 
 BUGrGY, bug'i, n. a single-seated, four- 
 wheeled vehicle, with or without a top, 
 drawn bj' one or'two horses. 
 
 BUGLE, bu'gl, BUGLE-HORN, bu'gl-horn, 
 n. a hunting-horn, orig. a buffalo-horn : 
 a keyed horn of rich tone. [O. Fr. — ^L. 
 bueidus, dim of bos, an ox.] 
 
 BUHL, bul, n. unburnished gold, brass, or 
 mother-of-pearl worked into patterns for 
 inlaying : furniture ornamented with 
 such. [From Boule, the name of an 
 Italian wood-carver who introduced it 
 into France in the time of Louis XIV.] 
 
 BUILD, bild, v.t. to erect, as a house : to 
 form or construct. — v.i. to depend (on) : 
 . -pn.p. built or build'ed. — n. construc- 
 tion : make. [O. Swed, byljci, to build ; 
 Dan. bol : A.S. bold, a house.] 
 
 BUILDER. bUd'er, n. one who builds. 
 
 BUILDING, bild'ing, w. the art of erecting 
 houses, etc. : anything built : a house. 
 
 BUILT, biit, p.adj. formed or shaped. 
 
 BULB, bulb, n. an onion-Uke root. — v.i. to 
 form bulbs : to bulge out or swell. — adjs. 
 Bulbed, Bul'bous. 
 
 BULBUL, bool'bool, n. the Persian night- 
 ingale. 
 
 BULGE, bulj, n. the bilge or widest part 
 of a cask. — v.i. to swell out. [A.S. belgan, 
 to swell ; Gael, bolg, to swell. See Bilge, 
 Belly, Bag, etc.] 
 
 BULK, bulk, Ji. magnitude or size : the 
 greater part : (of a shijt) the whole cargo 
 in the hold. [A foi-m of Bulge.] 
 
 BULKHEAD, bulk'hed, n. a partition sep- 
 arating one part of a ship between decks 
 from another. ["BHit—sbalk, a beam.] 
 
 BULKY, bulk'i, adj. having bulk : of great 
 size. — /(. BtLK'iNESS. 
 
 BULL, bool. V. the male of the ox kind : 
 a sign of the zodiac. — adj. denoting 
 largeness of size — used in composition, 
 as bull - trout. [From an A.S. word, 
 found only in dim. bidluea, a little bull — 
 A.S. bellan, to bellow.] 
 
 BULL, bool, n. an edict of the pope which 
 has his seal affixed. [L. bulla, aknoh, any- 
 thing rounded by art ; later, a leaden 
 seal,] 
 
 BULL, bool, 7(. a ludicrous blunder in 
 speech, [Perli. in sarcastic allusion to 
 the pope's bulls.] 
 
 BULI^BAITING, bool'-bat'ing, n. the sport 
 of baiting or exciting bulls with dogs. 
 [See Bait.] 
 
 BULLDOG, bool'dog, n. a kind of dog of 
 great courage, formerly used for baiting 
 bulls : a cant name for a pistol. " ' I 
 have always a brace of bulldogs about 
 me. ' . . . So saying, he exhibited a very 
 handsome, highly finished, and richly 
 mounted pair of pistols." — Sir W. Scott. 
 Also a bailiff. " I sent for a couple of 
 bulldogs and arrested him." — Farquhar. 
 
 BULLDOZE, bool'doz, v.t. 1, toadministera 
 dozen strokes of a bull whip or cowhide 
 to, a mode of summary punishment in 
 some parts of the United States, where 
 the action of the law was considered too 
 slack or dilatory ; 2, to intimidate at 
 elections, as negroes by the whites, to 
 influence their votes : hence, to exercise 
 political influence on in any way. [Recent 
 Amei'ican poUtical slang.] 
 
 BULLDOZER, bool'doz-er, n. one who bull- 
 dozes. 
 
 BULLET, bool'et, n. a ball of lead for load- 
 ing small arms. [Fr. boulet, dim. of boule, 
 a ball — L. bulla. See Bull, an edict.] 
 
 BULLETIN, bool'e-tin, n. an official report 
 of public news ; also applied to a sum- 
 mai-v of the news, advertised outside of 
 the "business offices of metropolitan daily 
 newspapers. (Amer.) [Fr. — ^It. bidletino, 
 dim. of bulla, a seal, because issued with 
 the seal or stamp of authority. See Blxl, 
 an edict.] 
 
 BULLET-PROOF, bool'et-proof, adj. proof 
 against bullets. 
 
 BULLFIGHT, bool'fit, ii. bull-baiting, a 
 popular amusement in Spain. 
 
 BULLFINCH, bool'flnsh, n. a species of 
 finch a Uttle larger than the common 
 linnet. [Ace. to Wedgwood, prob. acorr. 
 of biid-finch, from its destroying the buds 
 of fruit-trees.] 
 
 BULLION, bool vun, n. gold and silver re- 
 garded si m ply Ly weight as merchandise. 
 [Ety. dub.] 
 
 BULLOCK, bool'ok, n. an ox or castrated 
 bull. [A.S. bulluca, a calf or young bull. 
 See Bull.] 
 
 BULL'S-EYE, boolz'-i, n. the centre of a 
 target, of a different color from the rest, 
 and usually round ; also the centre of 
 a railroad signal lamp or semaphore. 
 (Amer.) 
 
 BULLTROUT, bool'trowt, n. a large Icind 
 of trout, nearly allied to the salmon. 
 
 BULLY, bool'i, it., a blustering, noisy, over- 
 bearing fellow. — v.i. to bluster. — v.t. to 
 threaten in a noisy way : — pr.p. buU'y- 
 ing ; pa.2). bullied. [Dut. bulderen, to 
 bluster ; Low CJer. bidlerbrook, a noisy 
 blustering fellow.] 
 
 BULRUSH, bool'rush, n. a lai-ge strong 
 rush, which grows on wet land or in 
 
 , water. 
 
 BULWARK, bool'wark, h. a fortification 
 or rampart : any means of defence or 
 security. [Froui a Teut. root, seen in 
 
 Ger. bollicerk — root of Bole, trunk of 
 a tree, and Ger, trerk, work.] 
 BUM. bum, v.i. to hum or make a mur- 
 
 muring sound, as a bee :— /J7-.J}. bumm'- 
 ing ; jia.p. bummed'. [Bum = boom, 
 from the sound.] 
 
 BUMBAILIFF, bum'bal'if, n. an under- 
 bailiff. 
 
 BUMBLE-BEE, bum'bl-be, n. a large kind 
 of bee that makes a bumming or hum' 
 ming noise : the hvmible-bee. [M. E= 
 bumble, freq. of Buji, and Bee.] 
 
 BLTMBOAT, bum'bot, );. boat for carrying 
 provisions to a ship. [Dut. bum-boot, 
 for bunboot, a boat with a bun, or recep- 
 tacle for keeping fish alive.] 
 
 BUMP, bump, v.i. to make a heavy or loud 
 noise. — v.t. to strike with a dull sound : 
 to strike against. — n. a diill, heavy- blow : 
 a thump : a lump caused by a blow : the 
 noise of the bittern. r\V, puinpio, to 
 thmnp, ^jirHi^j, a round ma.ss, a bamp ; 
 from the sound.] 
 
 BUMPER, bump'er, n. a cup or oiass filled 
 till the liquor swells over the orim : the 
 buffer of a railroad car. [A corr. of bom- 
 bard, bumhard, a large drinking-vessel.] 
 
 BUMPKIN, bump'kin, n. an awlavard, 
 clumsy rustic : a clown. [Dut. 6ooni, a 
 log, and dim. -Kix.] 
 
 BUN, biui, n. a kind of sweet cake : the 
 familiar name for the squu-rel. (Amer.) 
 [O. Fr. bugne, a kind of fritters, a form 
 of bigne, a swelling, and found also in 
 beignet, a frittw- ; cf . Scot, bannock : 
 conn, with Buxiox and Bunch, the orig. 
 meaning being a swellittg.] 
 
 BUNCH, bunsh, n. a number of things tied 
 together or growing together : a cluster: 
 something in the form of a tuft or knot. — 
 i\i. to swell out in a bunch. [O. Sw. and 
 Dan. bunke. Ice. bunki, a heap — O. Sw. 
 bunga, to strike, to swell out.] 
 
 BUNCHY, bunsii'i, adj. grow ingin bunches 
 or like a bunch. 
 
 BUNCOMBE, bung'kum, n. pretended en- 
 thusiasm : fictitious sympathy, (-\nier.) 
 
 BUNDLE, buu'dl, n. a number ol things 
 loosely bound together. — v.t. to bind or 
 tie into bundles. [A.S. byndel — from 
 the root of BlXD.] 
 
 BUNG, bung-, n. the stopper of the hole in a 
 barrel: a large cork. — r.^ to stop up with 
 a bung. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 BUNGALOW, 'buug'ga-lo, n. a country- 
 house in India. [Per.s., '• belonging to 
 Beno;al."] 
 
 BUNCjfLE, bung'l. n. anything- clumsily 
 done: a gross blunder. — v.i. to act in a 
 clumsy, awkward manner. — v.t. to make 
 or mend clumsily : to manage awkwardly. 
 — )i. Bungler. ' [Perh. freq. of bang; cf. 
 O. Sw. bunga. to strike, bangla, to work 
 ineffectually.] 
 
 BUNION, bmi'yim, n. a lump or inflamed 
 swelling on the ball of the great toe. 
 [From root of BuN.] 
 
 BUNK, bungk, n. a wooden case used in 
 country taverns and in offices, which 
 serves for a seat during the day, and for 
 a bed at night : a sailor's sleepiiig berth : 
 a berth or rude bed in a lumber cam)), on 
 construction trains with boarding cars, 
 etc. 
 
 BUNTING, bunfing, n. a thin woollen 
 stuff of wliich ships' colors are made : * 
 kind of bird. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 BUOY, bwoi, J), a floating cask or light 
 piece of wood fastened by a rojie or cliain 
 to indicate shoals, the position of a ship's 
 anchor, etc. — v.t. to fix buoys or marlcs : 
 to keep afloat, bear up, or sustain. [Dut, 
 boei, buoy, fetter, through Romance 
 forms (Norman, bote), from O. L. boia, a 
 collar of leather — L. bos, ox.] 
 
 BUOTANCY. bwoi'an-si. n. capacity for 
 floating lightly on water or in vhe air;
 
 BUOYANT 
 
 48 
 
 BUTLER 
 
 specific lightness : (fig.) lightness of 
 spirit, cheerfulness. 
 
 BUOYA?rr, bwoi'ant, adj. light : cheerful. 
 
 BUR, BURR, bur, n. the prickly seed-case 
 or head of certain plants, which sticks 
 to clothes : the rough sound of r pro- 
 nounced in the throat. [Prob. E., but 
 with cognates in many lang., as Swed. 
 horre, a sea-urchin, L. burrce, trash — 
 from a root signifying rough.] 
 
 BURBOT, bur'bot, ix. a fresh-water fish, 
 like the eel, having a longish heard on its 
 lower jaw. [Fr. barbote — L. barba, a 
 beard.] 
 
 BURDEN, bur'dn, n. a load : weight : car- 
 go : that which is grievous, oppressive, 
 or difficult to bear. — v.t. to load : to op- 
 press : to encumber. [A.S. hyrthen — 
 beran, to bear.] 
 
 PURDEN, bur'dn, n. part of a song re- 
 peated at the end of every stanza, refrain. 
 [Fr. bourdon, a humming tone in music 
 — Low L. burdo, a drone or non-woiking 
 bee.] 
 
 BURDENOUS, bur'dn-us, adj. burdensome. 
 
 BURDENSOME, bur'dn-sum, adj. heavy: 
 oppressive. 
 
 BURDOCK, bur'dok, n. a docTc with a bur 
 or prickly head. 
 
 BUREAU, bur'o. n. a writing-table or chest 
 of drawers, orig. covered with dark cloth : 
 a room or office where such a table is used : 
 a department for the transacting of public 
 business : — pi. Bxjeeaux, bur'o, BuEEArs, 
 bur'oz. [O. Fr. burel, coarse russet cloth 
 — L. bxirrus, dark red ; cf. Gr. pyrrhos, 
 flame-colored— ^i/r = FntE.] 
 
 BUREAUCRACY, bur-o'kras-i, n. govern- 
 ment by officials appointed b3' the ruler, 
 as opposed to self-government or gov- 
 ernment by parliamentary maioritj'. 
 [BuREAtJ and Gr. krato, to govern.] 
 
 BUREAUCRATIC, bur-o-krat'ik, adj re- 
 lating to, or having the nature of a 
 bureaucracy. 
 
 BURGAGE, burg'aj, n. a system of tenure 
 in boroughs, cities, and towns, by which 
 the citizens hold their lands or tene- 
 ments, in Great Britain and Holland. 
 
 BURGAMOT, bur'ga-mot, n. same as 
 
 BERGA3I0T. 
 
 HURGEON, bur'jun, v.i. same as BoxiR- 
 
 GEON. 
 
 BURGESS, bur'jes, BURGHER, burg'er, n. 
 
 an inhabitant of a borough : a citizen or 
 
 freeman : a magistrate of certain towns. 
 BURGH, bur'o or burg. n. — adj. Bur'Ghal. 
 BURGLAR, burg'lar, n. one who breaks 
 
 into a house by night to steal. [Fr. 
 
 bourg, town ( — (jrer. burg, E. BOROUGH), 
 
 O. Fr. leres — L. latro, a robber.] 
 BURGLARIZE, burg'lar-ize, v.t. to steal 
 
 from a residence, church, etc., in the 
 
 night time. (Amer.) 
 BURGLARY, burg'lar-i, n. breaking into a 
 
 house by night to rob. — adj. Bceglar'- 
 
 lOUS. — adv. BrRGLAE'lOUSLY. 
 
 BURGOiL^STER, burg'o-mast'er, n. the 
 chief magistrate of a German or a Dutch 
 burgh, answering to the English term 
 mayor. [Dut. burgemeesfer — burg, and 
 meester, a master.] 
 
 BURGUNDY, biu^'gun-di, n. a French w^ne, 
 so called fi-om Burgundy, the district 
 where it is made. 
 
 BURIAL, ber'i-al, n. the act of placing a 
 dead body in a grave : interment. [A.S. 
 birgels, a tomb. See Burt.] 
 
 BURIEN, bur'in, n. a kind of chisel used by 
 engravers. [Fr.; from root of BoRE.] 
 
 BURKE, burk, v.t. to murder, esp. by sti- 
 fling : hence, (fig.) to put an end to quiet- 
 ly. [From Burke, an Irishman of Lon- 
 don, who committed the crime in order 
 to sell the bodies of his victims for dis- 
 section.] 
 
 BURLAP, berlap, n. a coarse, heavy. 
 
 textUe fabric of jute, flax, manilla, or 
 hemp used for bags or wrappers. A 
 superior quality is sometimes manufac- 
 tured and made into curtains. 
 
 BURLESQUE, bur-lesk', n. (lit.) a. jesting 
 or ridiculing: a ludicrous representa- 
 tion. — adj. jocular : comical. — v.t. to 
 'turn into burlesque : to ridicule. [Fr. 
 — It. burlesco ; prob. from Low L. burra, 
 a flock of wool, a trifle.] 
 
 BLULY, bur'li, adj. bulky and vigorous : 
 boisterous. — ?i. Bue'liness. [Prob. Celt., 
 as in Gael, borr, a knob, bori-ail=burly, 
 swaggering.] 
 
 BURN, burn, v.t. to consume or injure by 
 fire. — v.i. to be on fire : to feel excess of 
 heat : to be inflamed with passion : — 
 pa.p. burned' or burnt. — n. a hurt or 
 mark caused by fire. — To burn one"s 
 FINGERS, to suffer from interfering in 
 other's affairs, from embarking in specu- 
 lations, etc. [A.S. hyrnan : Ger. bren- 
 nen. to burn ; akin to L. ferveo, to glow.] 
 
 BURNER, burn'er, 7;. the part of a lamp or 
 gas-jet from which the flame arises. 
 
 BURNING-GLASS, burn'ing-glas, n. a 
 glass so formed as to concentrate the 
 sun's rays. 
 
 BURNISH, burn'ish, v.t. to polish ; to 
 make bright by rubbing. — n. polish : 
 lustre. [Fr. brunir, to make brown — 
 root of Brown.] 
 
 BURNISHER, burn'ish-er, n. an instru- 
 ment emploved in burnishing. 
 
 BURNT -OFFERING, burnt'-ofer-ing, n. 
 something offered and burned upon an 
 altar as a sacrifice. 
 
 BURR, bur, ?(. same as Bur. 
 
 BURROW, bur'o, n. a hole in the ground 
 dug by certain animals for shelter or de- 
 fence. — r.^'. to make holes underground 
 as rabbits : to dwell in a concealed place. 
 [A doublet of BOROUGH — A.S. beorgan, 
 to protect]. 
 
 BURROWER, bur'o-er, n. one who bur- 
 rows : specifically, an animal, such as the 
 rabbit, which excavates and inhabits 
 bvu-rows or holes in the earth : a burrow- 
 ing animal. 
 
 BURSAR, burs'ar, n. one who keeps the 
 purse, a treasurer : in Scotland, a student 
 maintained at a university by funds de- 
 rived from endowment. [Low L. bnrsa- 
 ritis — bursa, a purse — Gr. byrse, skin or 
 leather.] 
 
 BURSARY, burs'ar-i, n. in Scotland, the 
 allowance paid to a bursar. 
 
 BURST, burst, v.t. to break into pieces : to 
 break open suddenly or by violence. — v.i. 
 to fly open or breat in pieces : to break 
 forth or aw&y :^pa.t. and pa.p. burst. — 
 n. a sudden outbreak. [A.S. berstan ; Ger. 
 bersten, Gael, brisd, to break.] 
 
 BURTHEN, bur'f/in, n. and v.t. same as 
 Burden. 
 
 BURY, ber'i, v.t. to hidein the ground : to 
 
 Elace in the grave, as a dead body : to 
 ide or blot out of remembrance : — pr.p. 
 bur'^-ing ; pa.p. bur'ied. [A.S. byrgan, 
 to bury ; Ger. oergen, to hide.] 
 
 BURYTS'G - GROUND, ber'i-ing-grownd, 
 BURYING- PLACE, ber'i-ing-plas, n. 
 ground set apart for burying the dead: 
 a graveyard. 
 
 BUSH, boosh, n. a shrub thick with 
 branches : anything of bushy tuft-like 
 shape : any wild uncultivated country, 
 esp. at the Cape or in Australia. — In the 
 United States, in the bush means in a 
 new country before it has been cleared 
 up. A SUGAR BUSH, a cluster of sugar 
 maple trees. [JM.E. busk, busch ; from a 
 Teut. root found in Gfer. busch, Low L. 
 boseus, Fr. 60 is.] 
 
 BUSH, boosh. n. the metal box or lining 
 of any cylinder in which an axle works. 
 [Dut. bits, — L. bu.vus, the box-tree.] 
 
 BUSHEL, boosh'el, n. in U. S.. a dry meas- 
 ui-e containing 32 dry quarts or21504 cu. 
 in.; in Great Britain. S imperial gallons 
 or 2218-2 cu. in. [O. Fr. boissel, from the 
 root of Box.] 
 
 BUSHMAN, boosh'man, ?i. a settler in the 
 uncleared land of British America or the 
 British colonies, a woodsman, similar to 
 a baclrwcodsman in the United States 
 one of a savage race in South Africa. 
 
 BUSH-RANGER, boosh'-ranj-er, Ji, in Aus 
 traUa, a lawless fellow, often an escaped 
 criminal, wlio takes to the bush and lives 
 by robbery. 
 
 BUSHY, boosh'i, adj. full of bushes : tluck 
 and spreading. — ji. Bush'iness. 
 
 BUSILY, biz'i-li, adv. in a busy manner. 
 
 BUSINESS, biz'nes, n. employment : en- 
 gagement : trade, profession, or occupa- 
 tion : one's concerns or affairs : a matter 
 or affair. 
 
 BUSK, busk, v.t. or v.i. to prepare : to 
 dress one"s self. [Ice. btia, to prepare, 
 and -sk, contr. of sik, the recip. pron.= 
 self.] 
 
 BUSK, busk, 71. the piece of bone, wood, or 
 steel in the front of a woman's stays. 
 [A form of BUST.] 
 
 BUSKIN, busk'in, n. a kind of half-boot 
 with high heels worn in ancient times by 
 actors of tragedy : hence, the tragic dra- 
 ma as distinguished from comedy. — adj. 
 Busk'lned, dressed in buskins, noting 
 tragedy, tragic. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 BUSS bus, n. a rude or playful kiss. — v.t. 
 to kiss, esp. in a rude or playful manner. 
 [M. E. bass, prob. from O. Ger. bussen. to 
 kiss, but modified by Fr. baiser, to kiss, 
 from L. basium. a kiss.] 
 
 BUST, bust, n. the human body from the 
 head to the waist : a sculpture represent- 
 ing the upper part of the body. [Fr. buste 
 — Low. L. bustum.] 
 
 BUSTARD, bus'tard, n. a genus of large 
 hea\'y birds, akin to the ostrich family, 
 and of which the Great Bustard is the 
 largest of European land-birds. [Fr. bis- 
 tard, corr. from L. avis tarda, slow bird, 
 from the slowness of its flight.] 
 
 BUSTLE, bus'l, v.i., to busy ones self : to 
 be active. — n. hurried acti\'ity : stir: tu- 
 mult ; also a part of ladies' attire, now 
 no longer fashionable. (Amer.) [M. E. 
 buskle. prob. from A.S. bysig, busy.] 
 
 BUSY, biz'i, adj. fully employed : active : 
 diligent : meddhng. — {\t. to make busy : 
 to occupy : — pr.p. busying (biz'i-ing) ; 
 pa.p. busied (biz'id). — adv. Bus'ily. 
 Ta.S. bysig.] 
 
 BUSYBODY, biz'i-bod-i. 11. one busy about 
 others' affairs, a meddling person. 
 
 BUT, but, prep, or cvnj. without : except : 
 besides : only : yet : still. [A.S. butan, 
 biutan, w-ithout — be, by, and titan, out — 
 near and yet otitside.] 
 
 BUT. but, n. same as BuTT. 
 
 BUTCH, booch, v.t. to butcher. (Rare.) 
 Take th.v huge offal and white liver hence. 
 Or in a twinkling: of this true blue steel 
 I shall be bufching thee from nape to rumo. 
 ^^ —Sir H. Taylor. 
 
 BUTCHER, booch'er, n. one whose business 
 is to slaughter animals for food : one who 
 delights in bloody deeds. — v.t. to slaugh- 
 ter animals for food : to put to a bloody 
 death, to kill cruelly. [FV. boucher, orig. 
 one who Icills he-g-6ats — boue, a he-goat • 
 alUed to E. buck.] 
 
 BUTCHER-JIEAT. booch er-met, n. the 
 flesh of animals slaughtered by butchers, 
 as distinguished from fish, fowls and 
 game. 
 
 BUTCHERY, booch'er-i, n. great or cruel 
 slaughter; a slaughter-house or shambles. 
 
 BXJTLER, but'ler, n. a servant who has 
 charge of the liquors, plate, etc. — n. 
 But'lership. [Norm. Fr. butuiller, Fr. 
 bouteiller — bouteille, a bottle.]
 
 BUTT 
 
 49 
 
 CADUCOUS 
 
 diJTI, but, v.i. and v.t., tostrike with the 
 head, as a goat, ^?tc. — n. the thick and 
 heavj' end : a push with the head of an 
 animal : a mark to be shot at : one who 
 is made the object of ridicule. [O. Fr. 
 boter. to push, strike, from O. Ger.oozeii, 
 to strike (see Beat).] 
 
 SDTT. but. n. a larg-e cask : a vi-ine-butt = 
 12(3 gallons, a beer and sherry butt = 108 
 !f:illons. [Fr. botte, a vessel of leather. 
 See Boot, of which it is a doublet. Cf. 
 A.S. bytte, a bottle.] 
 
 iSUTTE, but', rt. in the far "West, a detached 
 hill or ridge rising abruptly, but not 
 hish enough to be called a mountain. 
 
 BUTT-END, but'-end, n. the striking or 
 heavj' end ; the stump. [See Butt, to 
 strike.] 
 
 BUTTER, but'er, n. an oily substance ob- 
 tained from cream by churning. — v.t. to 
 spread over with butter. [A.S. buter ; 
 Ger. butter ; both from L. butyrum — Gr. 
 boutyron — boas, ox. tyros, cheese.] 
 
 BUTTERCUP, but'er-kup, n. a plant of the 
 crow-foot genus, with a ettp-like flower 
 of a eoklen yellow, like butter. 
 
 BUTTERFLY, but'er-fll, n. the name of 
 an extensive group of beautiful winged 
 insects, so called perh. from the butter- 
 like col»r of one of the species. 
 
 BUTTERINE, but'er-en, n. an artificial fat- 
 ty compound, sold as a substitute for but- 
 ter, and upon the manufacture and sale 
 of which an internal revenue tax is now 
 imposed in the United States. 
 
 BUTTERMILK, but'er-milk, n. the milk 
 that remains after the butter has been 
 separat ed fr om the cream by churning. 
 
 BUTTER-WEIGHT, but'er-wat, n. more 
 than full weight : a larger or more liberal 
 allowance than is usual or stipulated for : 
 from an old local custom of allowing 18 
 to 32 oz. to the pound of butter. Sivift. 
 
 8UTTERY, but'er-i, n. a storeroom in a 
 house for provisions, esp. liquors. [Fr. 
 bonteiUerie, lit. "place for bottles." See 
 Butler, Bottle.] 
 
 BUTTHORN, but'thorn, n. a kind of star- 
 fish, Asterias aurantiaca. [The first 
 part of the word is prob. the but of 
 halibxit. the second part from its spiny 
 surfacej 
 
 BUTTOCK, but'ok, w. the rump or pro- 
 tuberant part of the body behind. [Dim. 
 of Butt, end.] 
 
 BUTTON, but'n, n. a knob of metal, bone, 
 etc., used to fasten the dress by means of 
 a buttonhole : the knob at the end of a 
 foil. — v.t. to fasten by means of buttons. 
 [Fr. bouton, any small projection, from 
 houfer. to push; cf. W. botwin, a button.] 
 
 BUTTRESS, but'res, n. a projecting sup- 
 port built on to the outside of a wall : 
 any support or prop. — v.t. to prop or sup- 
 port, as by a buttress. [Prob. from O. 
 Fr. bretesche, a battlement.] 
 
 BUXOM, buks'um, adj. yielding, elastic : 
 gay, lively, jolly. [m!E. bulisum, plia- 
 ble, obedient — A.S. bugaii, to bow, yield, 
 and affix some.] 
 
 BUY. bi, v.t. to purchase for money : to 
 bribe: — pr.p. buy'ing ; pa.f. and pa.p. 
 bought (bawt). [A.S. bycgan ; Goth. 
 hitgjan.'] 
 
 BUYABLE, brarbl, adj. capable of being 
 bought or of being obtained for money. 
 "The spiritual fire which is in that man 
 . . . . is not buyable nor salable." — 
 Carlyle. 
 
 BUYER, bfer, n. one who buys : a pur- 
 chaser. 
 
 BUZZ, buz, v.i. to make a humming noise 
 hke bees. — v.t. to whisper or spread se- 
 cretly : familiar slang for, to address a 
 young lady in coquetry (Amer.). — n. the 
 noise of bees and flies : a whispered re- 
 port. [From the sound.] 
 
 D 
 
 BUZZARD, buz'ard, n. a bird of prev of 
 the falcon family : a blockhead. [Fr. 
 bnsnrd — L. buteo, a kind of falcon.] 
 
 BY', bl, prep, at the side of : near to : 
 through, denoting the agent, cause, 
 means, etc. — adv. near : passing near : 
 in presence of : aside, away. — By and 
 BY, soon, presently. — By the bye, by 
 the way, in passing. [A.S. bi, big : Ger. 
 bet. L. ainbi, Gr. amphi, Sans, abhi.] 
 
 BY-FORM, bl'-form, n. a form of a word 
 slightlv varying from it. [Prep. By.] 
 
 BYGONE, bl'gon, BY-PAST, bl'-past, adj. 
 past. — n. a past event. 
 
 BYLAW, bl'law. n. the law of a city, 
 town, or private corporation : a supple- 
 mentary law or regulation. [From Ice. 
 byar-log, Dan. by-lov, town or municipal 
 law ; Scot, bir-laiv ; from Ice. b%ia, to 
 dwell. See Bower. By, town, is a suf- 
 fix in many place-names. The form by 
 in bylaw, esp. in its secondary meaning, 
 is generally contused with the prep.] 
 
 BYNAME, bi'nam, n. a nickname. [Prep. 
 By.] 
 
 BYPATH, brpath, n. a side path. [Prep. 
 By.] 
 
 BYPLAY, bi'pla, n. a scene carried on, 
 subordinate to, and apart from, the main 
 part of the play. [Prep. By.] 
 
 BY-PRODUCT, bi'-prod-ukt, n. a second- 
 ary or additional product : something 
 produced, as in the course of a manu- 
 facture, in addition to the principal prod- 
 uct or material ; as, wood-tar is obtained 
 as a by-product in the destructive distilla- 
 tion of wood for the manufacture of 
 wood-vinegar or wood-spirit. 
 
 BYROAD, bi'rod, n. a retired sideroad. 
 
 BYSTANDER, bi'stand'er, n. one who 
 stands bj' or near one : hence, a looker- 
 on. 
 
 BYWAY, bl'wa, n. a private and obscure 
 way. 
 
 BYWORD, bi'wurd, n. a common saying : 
 a proverb. 
 
 BYZANT, biz'ant, BYZANTINE, biz'an- 
 tin, n. a gold coin of the Greek empire, 
 struck at Byzantium or Constantinople, 
 valued at 75 dollars. 
 
 c 
 
 CAB, kab, w. short for Cabriolet. 
 
 CAB, kab, n. a Hebrew dry measure =■ 
 nearly 3 pints. [Heb. kab — kabab, to 
 hollow.] 
 
 CABAL, ka-bal', n. a small party united 
 for some secret design : the plot itself. — 
 v.i. to form a party for a secret purpose : 
 to plot : — 2^^-P- caball'ing ; pa.p. car 
 balled'. — n. Caball'er, a plotter or in- 
 triguer. [Fr. cabale ; from Cabala.] 
 
 CABALA, kab'a-la, n. a secret science of 
 the Jewish Rabbis for the interpretation 
 of the hidden sense of Scripture. — n. Cab'- 
 alist, one versed in the cabala. [Chal. 
 kabbel, to receive.] 
 
 CABBAGE, kab'aj, n. a well-known kitch- 
 en vegetable. [Fr. cabus, headed {choux 
 eabus, a cabbage) ; from L. caput, the 
 head.] 
 
 CABIN, kab'in, n. a hut or cottage : a small 
 room, especially in a ship. — v.t. to shut 
 up in a cabin. [W. cab, cabaii, a rude 
 little hut.] 
 
 CABINET, Kab'in-et, n. a small room or 
 closet : a case of drawers for articles of 
 value : a private room for consultation 
 — hence The Cabinet, the advisers of the 
 President. 
 
 CABINET, kab'in-et, adj. confidential : se- 
 cret : private. In accordance with this 
 sense the term cabinet council was long 
 
 in general use before it became specifi- 
 cally applied in politics. 
 
 Those are cabinet councils. 
 And not to be communioated. — Masainger. 
 Others still sape t' anticipate 
 The cabinet desit^ns of Fate. — Hvdibraa. 
 
 CABINET-MAKER, kab'in-et-mak'er, n. a 
 maker of cabinets and other fine furni- 
 ture. 
 
 CABLE, ka'bl, n. a strong rope or chain 
 which ties anything, especially a ship to 
 her anchor : a nautical measure of 100 
 fathoms. [Fr. — Low L. caplum, a halter 
 — cajyio, to liold.] 
 
 CABOOSE, ka-boos', n. the kitchen or 
 cooking-stove of a ship. [Dut. kombuis, 
 a cook's room.] 
 
 CABRIOLET, kab-ri-o-la', n. a covered car- 
 riage with two or four wheels drawn by 
 one horse. [Fr. cabriole, formerly cap- 
 riole, the leap of a kid ; the springing 
 motion being implied in the name of 
 the carriage — L. capra, a she-goat.] 
 
 CACAO, ka-ka'o, n. the chocolate-tree, 
 from the seeds of which chocolate is 
 made. [Mex. kakahuatl.] 
 
 CACAO-BUTTER, ka-ka'o-but-er, n. the 
 oil expressed from the seeds of the choco- 
 late-tree (Tlieobi-oma Cacao). [See Cacao.] 
 
 CACHINNATION, kak-in-a'shun, 7i., loud 
 laughter. [L. cachinno, to laugh loudly 
 ^fram the sound.] 
 
 CACKLE, kak'l, n. the sound made by a 
 hen or goose. — i\i. to make such a sound. 
 [E. ; cog. with Dut. kakelen — from the 
 sound.] 
 
 CACODOXY, kak'o-dok-si, n. a false or 
 wrong opinion or opinions ; erroneous 
 doctrine, esp. in matters of religion : 
 heresy. [Gr. kakos, bad, and doxa, doc- 
 trine.] 
 
 CACOGASTRIC, kak'6-gas-trik, adj. per- 
 taining to a disordered stomach or dys- 
 pepsia : dyspeptic. " The woes that 
 chequer this imperfect cacogastric state 
 of existence." — Carlyle. [Gr. kakos, bad, 
 and gaster, the stomach.] 
 
 CACOPHONY, ka-kof'6-ni, n. a bad, dis- 
 agreeable sound ; discord of sounds. — 
 adj. Cacoph'onous. [Gr. kakos, bad, 
 phone, sound.] 
 
 CACTUS, kak'tus, n. an American plant, 
 generally with prickles instead of leaves. 
 [Gr.] 
 
 CAD, kad, n. a low fellow. [Short for 
 Cadet.] 
 
 CADASTRE, ka-das'ter, n. the head survey 
 of the lands of a country : an ordnance 
 survey. — adj. Cadas'tral. [Fr. — Low L. 
 capitastrum, register for a po)!-tax — L. 
 caput, the head.] 
 
 CADAVEROUS, ka-dav'er-us. adj. looking 
 like a dead body : sickly-looking. [L. 
 cadaver, a dead body — cado, to fall dead.] 
 
 CADDY, kad'i, n. a small box for holding 
 tea. [Malay kati, the weight of the 
 small packets in which tea is made up.] 
 
 CADE, kad, n. a barrel or cask. [L. cadus, 
 
 CADENCE, ka'dens, n. (lit.) a falling : the 
 fall of the voice at the end of a sentence : 
 tone, sound, modulation. [Fr. — L. cado, 
 to fall.] 
 
 CADET, ka-det', n. the younger or youngest 
 son : in the army, one who serves as a 
 private in order to become an oSicer : 
 a student in a military school. — jkCadet^ 
 SHIP. [Fr. cadet, formerly capdet — Low 
 L. capiiettum, dim. of caput, the head 
 See Captain.] 
 
 CADI, ka'di, n. a judge in Mohammedan 
 countries. [Ar. kadhi, a judge.] 
 
 CADRE, ka-dr, n. a list of the commissioned 
 and non-con)missioned officers of a regi- 
 ment forming tlie staff' : the skeleton of 
 a regiment: the staff'. [Fr., from L, 
 qnodrum, a square.] 
 
 CADUCOUS, ka-du'kus, adj., falling emrlj
 
 CJESARISM 
 
 50 
 
 CALX 
 
 as leaves or flowers. [L. cadumts — cado, 
 to fall.] 
 
 C^SAEISM, se'zer-izm, n. a system of 
 government resembling that of a Ccesar 
 or emperor : despotic sway exercised by 
 one who has been put in' power by the 
 popular T\'ill : imperialism. 
 
 CiESUEA, CESURA, se-zu'ra, n. a syllable 
 cut off at the end of a word after the 
 completion of a foot : a pause in a verse. 
 — adj. C^sifRAi* [L. — ecedo, emsum, to 
 cut off. J 
 
 CAFFEINE, kafe-in cr kaf-e'in, n. the 
 active principle of coffee and tea. [Fr. 
 cafeine. See COFFEE.l 
 
 CAFTAN, kaftan, n. a Persian or Turkish 
 vest. 
 
 CAGE, kaj, n. a place of confinement : a 
 box made of wire and wood for holding 
 birds or smrll animals. [Fr. — L. cavea, 
 a hollow place.] 
 
 CAIRN, karn, n., a heap of stones, esp. one 
 raised over a grave. [Celt. karnJ] 
 
 CAITIFF, ka'tif, n. a mean, despicable 
 fellow. — adj. mean, base. [O. Fr. caitif 
 (Fr. chetif) — L. captivus, a captive — 
 capio, to take.] 
 
 CAJOLJE, ka-j6l , v.t. to coax : to cheat by 
 flattery. — ns. Cajoler, ka-jol'er. Ca- 
 jolery, ka-jol'er-i. [Fr. cajoler, O. Fr. 
 cageoler, to chatter like a bird in a 
 Cage.] 
 
 CAKE, kak, n. a piece of dough that is 
 baked or cooked : a small loaf of fine 
 bread : any flattened mass baked hard. 
 — v.t. to form into a cake or hard mass. 
 — v.i. to become baked or hardened. 
 fSw. kaka, Ger. kuehen — koclien; all 
 borrowed from L. coqtio, to cook.] 
 
 CALABASH, kal'a-basli, n. a vessel made 
 of a dried goiird-zhe]! : the gourd. 
 ealabaza, the gourd — Ar. gar ay\ 
 dried goiu-d.] 
 
 CAL.43IITOUS, kal-am'i-tus, adj. making 
 wretched : disastrous. 
 
 CALAMITY, kal-am'i-ti, n. a great misfor- 
 tune : affliction. [Fr. calamite — L. calam- 
 lias. Ety. dub.] 
 
 CALAMUS, kalVmus, n. an Indian sweet- 
 scented grass. 
 
 CALASH, kar-lash', n. a light low-wheeled 
 carriage with a folding top : a hood worn 
 by ladies to protect their bonnets. [Fr. 
 caleche — Ger. kalesohe ; of Slav, origin, 
 as Boliem. kolesa, Russ. kolo, a wheel.] 
 
 CALCAREOUS, kal-ka're-us, adj. like or 
 containing chalk or linie. — n. Calca'ke- 
 OUSNESS. [L. calcarius, from calx.] 
 
 CALCINE, kal-sln' or kal'sin, v.t. to re- 
 duce to a calx or chalky powder by the 
 action of heat. — v.i. to become a calx or 
 powder by heat. — n. Calcination, kal- 
 sin-a'shun. 
 
 CALCIUM, kal'si-um, ?i. an elementary 
 substance present in limestone and chalk. 
 [L. calx, chalk.] 
 
 CALCOGRAPHY, kal-kog'ra-fl, «. a style 
 of engraving like chalk-drawing. — adj. 
 Calcograpitical. [L. calv, and Gr. 
 graphs, writing — grapho, to write.] 
 
 CALCULATE, kal'ku-lat, v.t. to count or 
 reckon : to adjust. — v.i. to make a calcu- 
 lation : to estimate. — adj. Cajl'culabub. 
 [L. calculo, to reckon by help of little 
 stones — calculus, dim. of calx, a Uttle 
 stone.] 
 
 CALCULATION, kal-ku-la'shun, n. the art 
 or process of calculating : estimate. 
 
 'CALCULATIVE, kal'ku-lat-iv, adj. relating 
 to calculation. 
 
 CALCULATOR, kallni-lat-or, n. one who 
 calculates. 
 
 CALCULUS, kal'ku-lus, n. one of the 
 higher branches of mathematics : a 
 stone-like concretion which forms in 
 certain parts of the body.— pZ. Calcctli, 
 kal'ku-li. 
 
 CALDRON, kawl'dron, n. a large kettle 
 for boihng or heating liquids. [L. cal- 
 darium — calidus, hot — caleo, to grow 
 hot.]^ 
 
 CALEDONIAN, kal-e-do'ni-an, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Caledonia or Scotland. 
 
 CALENDAR, kal'en-dar, n. a register of 
 the months : an almanac : a list of crimi- 
 nal causes for trial. [L. calendaris, re- 
 lating to the calends — ealendce."] 
 
 CAXENDER, kal'en-der, n. (a corruption of 
 Cylindee) a press consisting of two rollers 
 for smoothing and dressing cloth : a per- 
 son who calenders, properly a calendrer. 
 — v.t. to dress in a calender. [Gr. kylhv- 
 dros — kylindo, to roll.] 
 
 CAI.ENDS kal'endz, n. among the Romans, 
 the first day of each montli. [L. calendce 
 — ealo. r' . kaleo, to caU, because the be- 
 ginning of the month was proclaimed.] 
 
 CALENTURE, kal'en-tur, n. a kind of 
 fever or delirium occurring on board ship 
 in hot climates. [Fr. and Sp. — ^L. caleo, 
 to be hot.] 
 
 CALF, kaf, n. the young of the cow and of 
 some other animals: a stupid, cowardly 
 person.—^?. Calves, kavz. [A.S. eealf ; 
 Ger. kalb, Goth, kalbo.] 
 
 CALF, kaf, n. the tliick fleshy part of the 
 leg behind : also calf-sldn leather ; as, a 
 book bound in calf. [Ice. kalfi; perh. the 
 same word as the preceding, the root 
 idea being to be fat, thick.] 
 
 CALF-LOVE, kaf-luv, n. a youthful, ro- 
 mantic passion or affection, as opposed 
 to a serious, lasting attachment or love. 
 " It's a girl's fancy, just, a kind o' calf- 
 love : let it go by."-^il/rs. Gaskell. 
 
 CALIBRE, CALIBER, kal'i-ber, «. the size 
 of the bore of a gun : diameter : intel- 
 lectual capacity. [Fr. calibre, the bore 
 of a gun ; It. calibro.] 
 
 CALICO, kal'i-ko, n. cotton cloth first 
 brought from Calicut in the East In- 
 dies. 
 
 CALIF, CALIPH, ka'Uf or kal'if, n. the 
 name assumed by the successors of Mo- 
 hammed. [Fr. — Ar. khalifah, a sue- 
 CGSSor. I 
 
 CALIFATE, CALIPHATE, kal'if-at, n. the 
 office, rank, or government of a caUf. 
 
 CALIGINOSITY, karlij'i-nos'i-ti, n. dim- 
 ness, obscurity, hidden meaning. " I dare 
 not ask the oracles ; I prefer a cheerful 
 caliginosity, as Sir Thomas Browne might 
 say." — Oeorge Eliot. 
 
 CALIGRAPHY, CALLIGRAPHY, ka-lig'- 
 ra-fl. n., beautiful hand-jcrrtuigr. [Gr. fca- 
 los, beautiful (akin to E. hale), graphe, 
 wilting.] 
 
 CALIPERS, kal'i-perz, CALIPER -COM- 
 PASSES, kal'i-per-kum'pas-ez, re. com- 
 passes with bent legs for measuring the 
 diameter of bodies. [Corr. of Cauber.] 
 
 CALISTHENICS, CALLISTHENICS, kal- 
 is-then'iks, n. exercises for the purpose 
 of promoting gracefulness, as well as 
 strength of body. — ndj.CALlSTHEN'lc. [Gr. 
 kalos, beautiful, sthenos, strength.] 
 
 CALIX. See Calyx. 
 
 CALK, kawk, v.t. to stuff (as if pressed 
 leith the /oo<) oakum into the seams of a 
 ship to make it water-tight : to roughen 
 a liorse's shoe to keep it from slipping. — 
 n. Cauc'er. [O. Fr. cauquer — L. calcare, 
 to tread under foot — calv, the heel.] 
 
 CALL, kawl, v.i. to cry aloud : to make 
 a short visit. — v.t. to name : to summon: 
 to appoint or proclaim. — n. a summons 
 or invitation : an impulse : a demand : 
 a short visit : a shrill whistle : the cry 
 of a bird. [A.S. ceailian : Ice. kalla, Gr. 
 ger-, in geryein, to proclaim.] 
 
 CALLING, kawl'ing, n. that to which a 
 person is called (by a divine voice, as it 
 were) to devote his attention ; trade : 
 profession : occupation. 
 
 CALLOSITY, kal-os'i-ti. n. a^jorrf swelling 
 on the skin. [L. callositas — callus, hard 
 skin.] 
 
 CALLOUS, kal'tis, ac^., hardened : unfeel- 
 ing or insensible. — adv. Call'ously — 
 n. Call'ocsness. 
 
 CALLOW, kal'o, adj, not covered viith 
 feathers ; unfledged. [A.S. calu ; Dut, 
 kaal, L. calvus, bald.] 
 
 CALM, kam, adj. still or quiet : serene 
 tranquil. — n. absence of wind : repose ; 
 serenity. — v.t. to make calm: to quiet. 
 — adv. Calm'ly'. — n. Calm'ness. [Fr. 
 calme ; from Low L. cawna. — Gr. kazima, 
 noonday heat — kaio, to burn.] 
 
 CALOMEL, kal'o-mel, n. a preparation of 
 mercury much used as a medioiue : the 
 u'hite sublimate got by the application 
 of heat to a mixture of mercury and 
 corrosive sublimate, which is black. [Gr. 
 kalos, fair, melcji, black.] 
 
 CALORESCENCE, kal-o-res'ens, n.inphys- 
 ics, the transmutation of heat rays into 
 others of higher refrangibility ; a pe- 
 culiar transmutation of the invisible cal- 
 orific rays, observable bevond the red 
 rays of the spectrum of solar and elec- 
 tric light, into visible luminous rays, by 
 passing them through a solution of io- 
 dine in bisulphide of carbon, which in- 
 tercepts the luminous rays and tr.ans- 
 mits the calorific. The latter, when 
 brought to a focus, produce a heat strong 
 enough to ignite combustible substances, 
 and to heat up metals to incandescence ; 
 the less refrangible calorific rays being 
 converted into rays of higher refrangi- 
 bility, whereby they become luminous. 
 [L. ealor, heat.] 
 
 CALORIC, ka-lor'ik, n., heat: the supposed 
 principle or cause of heat. [L. calor, 
 heat — caleo. to be hot.] 
 
 CALORIFIC, kal-or-if'ik,tarfj., caimjig heat: 
 heating. — n. Calorifica'TION. [L. calor 
 wad f ado, to make.] 
 
 CALOTTE, kar-lot', n. a skull-cap : esp. a 
 skull-cap worn bv ecclesiastics. [Fi'.] 
 
 CALOTYPE, kal'6-tlp, n. a kind of photog- 
 raphy. [Gr. kalos. beautiful, typos, an 
 image.] 
 
 CALOTYPIST, kal'o-tip-ist, n. one who 
 takes photographs by the calotype pro- 
 cess : in the extract used loosely and 
 equivalent to photographer. 
 I imnrint lier fast 
 On tlie void at last. 
 As the sun does whom he will 
 Bv the calotijpisVa skill.— Sroipii/n^. 
 
 CALTROP, kal'trop, n. a plant with pnckly 
 fruit : an instrument armed with four 
 spikes, formerly strewn in the way of an 
 enemy's cavalry. [A.S. coltr<Bj)e.] 
 
 CALUSCET, kal'Q-met, n. a kind of pipe, 
 smoked by the American Indians, re- 
 garded as a symbol of peace. [Fr. — L. 
 calamus, a reed.] 
 
 CALUMNIATE, ka-lum'ni-at, v.t. to accuse 
 falsely : to slander. — v.i. to spreaii evU 
 reports. — ns. CALUM'NLiTlON, Calum'- 
 
 NIATOR. 
 
 CALUMNIOUS, ka-lum'ni-us, adj. of the 
 nature of calumny : slanderous. — adv 
 Calum'niously. 
 
 CALUMNY, kal'um-ni, n. false accusation j 
 slander. [L. calumnia — calvere, to de 
 cei ve. ] 
 
 CALVE, kav, v.i. to bring forth a calf 
 
 CALVINISM, kal'vin-izm, n. the doctrine* 
 of Calvin, an eminent reUgious reformer 
 of 16th century. 
 
 CALVINIST, kalSin-ist, n. one who holds 
 the doctrines of Calvin. 
 
 CALVINISTIC, kal-vin-ist'ik, CALVINIST. 
 ICAL, kal-vin-ist'i-kal, adj. pertaining to 
 Calvin or Calvinism. 
 
 CALX, kalks, n., chalk or lime: the sub- 
 stance of a metal or mineral which re- 
 mains after being subjected to violent
 
 CALYX 
 
 61 
 
 CANONICITY 
 
 beat.^pi. Calxes, kalk'sez, or Calces, 
 kal'sez. [L. calx, a stone, limestone, 
 lime ; allied to Gael, earraig, a rock.] 
 
 CALYX, CALLS, kal'iks or ka'liks, ». the 
 outer covering or cup of a flower. — pi. 
 C.^l'yxes, Cal'yces, or Cal'ices. [L.; 
 Gr. kabjx — kah/pto, to cover.] 
 
 tlAMBRIC, kam'brik, n. a kind of fine white 
 linen, origrinally manufactured at Cam- 
 bray in Flanders. 
 
 CAME, kam — did come — past tense of 
 Come. 
 
 CAMEL, kam'el, n. an animal of Asia and 
 Africa with one or two humps on its 
 back, used as a beast of burden and for 
 riding-. [O. Fr. camd — L. camellia — Gr. 
 kamelos — Heb. gania!.'] 
 
 CAMELLIA, ka-mel'ya, n. a species of 
 evergreen shrubs, natives of China and 
 Japan. [Named from Camelhis, a 
 Jesuit, said to have brought it from the 
 East.] 
 
 OAMELOPARD, kam-el'o-pard or kam'el- 
 o-pard, n. the giraffe. [L. cameloparda- 
 lis; from Gr. kamelos, the camel, and 
 pardalis, the panther.] 
 
 '"'AMELOT, kam'lot, n. see Camlet. 
 
 _ AMEO, kara'e-6, n. a gem or precious 
 stone, carved in relief. [It. cammeo ; 
 Fr. camee — Low L. cammceus, traced by 
 Littre to Gr. kamnein, to work.] 
 
 CAMFRA, kam'er-a, CAMERA OBSCURA, 
 kam'er-a ob-sku'ra, n. an instrument for 
 throwing the images of external objects 
 on a white surface placed within a dark 
 eiiamber or box : used in photography. 
 
 ^iilF' 
 
 CAMERATED, kam'er-at-ed, aclj. di^^ded 
 into cliambers: arched or vaulted. 
 
 CAMESTRES, ka-mes'trez, «. in logic, a 
 mnemonic word designating a syllogism 
 of the second figure, having a universal 
 affirmative major premiss, a universal 
 negative minor, and a universal negative 
 conclusion. 
 
 ".CAMLET, kamlet, n. a cloth originally 
 made of camels' hair, but now chiefly of 
 wool and goats' hair. [Fr. — ^Low L. 
 eamelofum- -L. camelusj 
 
 CAMOMILE, CHAMOMILE, kam'o-mll, n. 
 a plant, or its dried flowers, used in medi- 
 cine. [Gr. chamaimelon, the earth-apple, 
 from the apple-like smell of its blossoms 
 — chamai, on the ground, melon, an 
 apple.] 
 
 CAMP, kamp, n. the ground on which an 
 army pitch their tents : the tents of an 
 army. — v.i. to encamp or pitch tents. 
 [Fr. camp, a camp — L. campus, a plain.] 
 
 CAMPAIGN, kam-pan', n. a large open 
 field or plain ; the time during which an 
 army keeps tlie field. — v.i. to serve in a 
 campaign. [Fr. campagne ; from L. Cam- 
 pania — campus, a field.] 
 
 CAMPAIGN, kam-pan', v.t. to employ in 
 campaigns. " An old soldier . . . who 
 had been campaigned, and worn out to 
 death in the service." — Sterne, 
 
 CAMPAIGNER, kara-pan'er, n. one who 
 has served several campaigns. 
 
 CAMPANIFORM, kam-pan'i-form, CAM- 
 PANULATE, kam-pan'u-lat, adj., in the 
 form of a bell, applied to flowers. [It. 
 campana, a bell, and Form.] 
 
 CAMPANILE, kam-pan-e'la, n. Italian 
 name for a church - tower from which 
 bells are hung. [It. — campana, a bell, 
 also a kind of balance invented in Cam- 
 pania.^ 
 
 CAMPANOLOGY, kam-pan-ol'o-ji, n. a dis- 
 course on, or the science of, bells or bell- 
 ringing. [It. campana, a bell, and Gr. 
 logos, a discourse.] 
 
 CAMPESTRAL, kam-pes'tral. adj. growing 
 in or pertaining to fields. [L. camjiestris, 
 from campus.] 
 
 CAMP-FOLLOWER, kamp-fol'o-er, n. any 
 
 one who follows in the train of an army, 
 but takes no part in battle. 
 
 CAMPHOR (in B., Cajiphire), kam'for, n. 
 the white, solid juice of the laurel-tree 
 of India, China, and Japan, having a 
 bitterish taste and a pleasant smell. 
 [Fr. cajnphre — Low L. caiiiphora — ^Malay 
 kapur. chalk.] 
 
 CAMPHORATED, kam'for-at-ed, adj. im- 
 pregnated with camphor. 
 
 CAMPHORIC, kam-for'ik, adj. pertaining 
 to camplior. 
 
 CAMP-STOOL, kamp'-stool, n. a seat or 
 stool with cross legs, so made as to fold 
 up when not used. 
 
 CAN, kan, v.i. to be able : to have suflicient 
 power -.—pa.t. COULD. [A.S. cunnan, to 
 know (how to do a thing), to be able, 
 pres. ind. can ; Goth, kunnan, G«r. kon- 
 nen, to be able. See Know.] 
 
 CAN, kan, n. a vessel for holding liquor. 
 [A.S.canne : et. L. canna, a reed, Gr. 
 kantie, a reed.] 
 
 CANAL, kan-al , n. an artificial water- 
 course for navigation : a duct in the 
 body for any of its fluids. [L. canalis, 
 a water-pipe ; akin to Sans, khxm,, to 
 
 ^ dig.] 
 
 CANARD, ka-nar' or ka-nard', n. an ex- 
 travagant or lying story. [Fi*.] 
 
 CANARY, ka-na'ri, n. a wine from the 
 Canary Islands : a bird orig. from the 
 Canary Islands. 
 
 CANCEL, kan'sel, v.t. to erase or blot out 
 by crossing with lines : to annul or sup- 
 press:—pr.p. can'celling; pa.p. can'ceUed. 
 [Fr. canccllei — ^L. cancello, from cancelK, 
 railings, lattice-work, dim. of cancer.] 
 
 CANCELLATED, kan'sel-at-ed, aclj. crossed 
 by bars or lines. 
 
 CANCER, kan'ser, n. an eating, spreading 
 tumor or canker, supposed to resemble a 
 crab : a sign of the zodiac. [L. cancer ; 
 cog. with Gr. karkinos. Sans, karkata, a 
 
 CANCEROUS, kan'ser-us, adj. of or like a 
 cancer. 
 
 CANDELABRUM, kan-de-lfiTsrum, n. a 
 branched and ornamented candlestick. — 
 pi. Candela'bra. [L.] 
 
 CANDID, kan'did, adj. frank, ingenuous : 
 free from prejudice : fair, impartial.— 
 adv. Cajn'didly. — n. Can'didness. [Fr. 
 candide — L. candidiis, white — candeo, to 
 shinej 
 
 CANDIDATE, kan'di-dat, n. one who offers 
 himself for any office or honor, so called 
 because, at Rome, the applicant used to 
 dress in white. — ns. Cax'didat0RE, 
 Can'didateship. [L. candidatus, from 
 cnndidus.] 
 
 CANDLE, kan'dl, n. wax, tallow, or other 
 like substance surrounding a wick : a 
 light. [A.S. eandel — L. candela, from 
 candeo, to glow.] 
 
 CANDLE-COAL, n. the same as Cannel- 
 
 COAL. 
 
 CANDLEMAS, kan'dl-mas, n. a festival of 
 the R. Catholic Church in honor of the 
 puriQcation of the Vir°-in Mary, on the 2d 
 of February, and so called from the num- 
 ber of candles used. [CANDLE and Mass.I 
 
 CANDLESTICK, kan'dl-stik, n. an instru- 
 ment for holding a candle, orig. a stick 
 or pi ;ce of wood. 
 
 CANDLEWOOD, kan'dl-wood, n. the wood 
 of a West Indian resinous tree, Ami/ris 
 balsamifera. Called also Rkodeswood. 
 
 CANDOR, kan'dur, n. freedom from preju- 
 dice or disguise : sincerity : openness. [L. 
 candor, whiteness, from candeo, to be 
 shining white.] 
 
 CANDY, kan'di, n. a sweetmeat made of 
 sugar : anything preserved in sugar. — • 
 v.t. to preserve or dress with sugar : to 
 congeal or crystallize as sugar. — v.i. to 
 become congealed: — pr.p. can'dying; 
 
 pa.p. can'died. [Fr. candi, from Ar. 
 qand, sugar.] 
 
 CANE, kan, n., a reed, as the bamboo, etc. ; 
 a waJ king-stick. — v.t. to beat with a cane. 
 [Fr. canne — L. canna — Gr. kanne, a reed.] 
 
 CANINE, ka-nin', adj. like or pertaining to 
 the dog. [L. caniaus, from canis, a dog.] 
 
 CANISTER, kan'is-ter, n. a box or case, 
 usually of tin : a case containing shot, 
 which bursts on being discharged. [L. 
 canistrum, a wicker-basket, Gr. kanas- 
 tron — kanne, a reed.] 
 
 CANKER, kang'ker, n. small sores in the 
 mouth : a disease in trees, or in horses' 
 feet: anything that corrupts or con- 
 sumes. — v.t. to eat into, corrupt, or de- 
 stroy : to infect or pollute. — v.i. to grow 
 corrupt : to decay. [Same as L. cancer, 
 orig. pronounced canker.] 
 
 CANKEROUS, kang'ker-us, adj. corroding 
 like a canker. 
 
 CANKER-WORM, kang'ker-wurm, n. a 
 worm that cankers or eats into plants. 
 
 CANNABIN, kan'na-bin, n. a poisonous re- 
 sin extracted from hemp, by exhausting 
 the bruised plant (Cannabis indica) with 
 alcohol. To this resin are due the nar- 
 cotic effects of hashish or bhang. [See 
 Bhang.] 
 
 CANNEL-COAL, kan'el-kol, CANDLE- 
 COAL, kan'dl-kol, n. a very hard, black 
 coal that burns without smoke, Hke a 
 candle. [Prov. cannel, candle.] 
 
 CANNIBAL, kan'i-bal, n. one who eats hu- 
 man flesh ; also an animal that eats the 
 flesh of members of its own or kindred 
 species. "They (worms) are cannibals, 
 for the two halves of a dead worm placed 
 in two of the pots were dra^g«d into 
 the burrows and gnawed." — Danvin. — 
 adj. relating to cannibalism. [Span, a 
 corr. of Caribals (English Caribs), the 
 native name of the W. India islanders, 
 who ate human flesh : prob. changed 
 into a word expressive of their char- 
 acter, from L. canis. a dog.] 
 
 CANNIBALISSI, kan'i-bal-izin, n. the prac- 
 tice of eating human flesh. 
 
 CANNON, kan'un, n. a great gun used in 
 war: a particular stroke in billiards. 
 [Fr. canon, from L. cowna, a reed. See 
 Cane.] 
 
 CANNONADE, kan-un-ad', n. an attack 
 with cannon. — v.t. to attack or batter 
 with cannon. 
 
 CANNONEER, CANNONIER, kan-un-er', 
 n. one who manages cannon. 
 
 CANNOT, kan'ot, v.i. to be unable. [Can 
 and Not.] 
 
 CANOE, ka-noo', n. a boat made of the 
 hollowed trunk of a tree, or of bark or 
 skins. [Sp. eanoa, which like Fr. canoi 
 is from Carib canooa.] 
 
 CANOEIST, CANOIST, ka-noo'ist, n. one 
 who practices the paddling of a canoe ; 
 one skilled in the management of a 
 canoe. 
 
 CANON, kan-yun', n. a deep gorge op 
 ravine between high and steep banks, 
 worn by water-couises. [Sp. , a hollow, 
 from root of CANNON.] 
 
 CANON, kan'un, Ji. a law or rule, esp. in 
 ecclesiastical matters : the genuine 
 books of Scripture, called the sacred 
 canon : a dignitary of the Church of 
 England : a list of saints canonized : a 
 large kind of type. [A.S., Fr., from L. 
 canon — Gr. kanon, a straight rod — 
 kanne. a reed.] 
 
 CANONIC, ka-iion'ik, CANONICAL, ka- 
 non'ik-al, adj. according to or included 
 in the canon : regular : ecclesiastical. — 
 adv. Canon'ically. 
 
 CANONICALS, ka-non'ik-alz, n. the offi- 
 cial dress of the clergy, regulated by the 
 church canoTis. 
 
 CANONICITY, kan-un-is'i-ti, n. the state
 
 CANONIST 
 
 52 
 
 CAPUCHIN 
 
 of belonging to the canon or genuine 
 
 books of tne Scripture. 
 CANONIST, kan'un-ist, n. one versed in 
 
 the canon law. — adj. Canonist'ic. 
 CANONIZE, kan'un-Iz, v.t. to enrol in the 
 
 canon or list of saints. — n. Canoniza'- 
 
 TION. 
 
 CANONRY, kan'un-ri, n. the benefice of a 
 canon. 
 
 CANOPY, kan'o-pi, n. a covering over a 
 throne or bed : a covering of state 
 stretched over the head. — v.t. to cover 
 with a canopy -.—pi-.p. can'opying ; pa.p. 
 can'opied. [Fr. canapi, O. Fr. conopee — 
 L. conopeum — Gr. konopeion, a mosquito 
 curtain — konops, a mosquito.] 
 
 CANOROUS, kan-6'rus, adj., musical : 
 melodious. [L. canorus, from canor, 
 melodv — cano, I sing.] 
 
 CANSTfCK, kan'stik, n. a candlestick. 
 Shak. 
 
 CANT, kant, v.i. to talk in an affectedly 
 solemn or hypocritical way. — ". a hypo- 
 critical or affected style of speech : the 
 language peculiar to a sect : odd or pe- 
 cuUar talk of any kind. [Lit. to sing or 
 whine; L. canto, freq. of ca)iO, to sing.] 
 
 CANT, kant, n. (orig.) an edge or corner: 
 an inclination from the level : a toss or 
 jerk. — v.t. to turn on the edge or corner: 
 to tilt or toss suddenly. [Dut. kant ; 
 Ger. kante, a corner.] 
 
 CANTABANK, kan'ta-bangk, n. a singer 
 on a stage or platform; hence, a com- 
 mon ballad singer : in contempt. (Rare.) 
 [L. cantare, freq. of cano, to sing, and It. 
 banco, a bench. Comp. Mountebank.] 
 
 He was no tavern cantabank that made it. 
 But a Squire minstrel of your Higlmess' court. 
 
 —Sir H. Taylor. 
 
 CANTANKEROUS, kan-tang'ker-us, adj. 
 cross-gi-ained : perverse in temper. — /j. 
 
 CANTAyKEROUSNESS. 
 
 OANTATA, kan-ta'ta, n. a poem set to 
 music, interspersed with recitative. [It. 
 — L. cantare, freq. of cano, to sing.] 
 
 CANTEEN, kan-ten', n. a tin vessel used 
 by soldiers for holding liquors : a bar- 
 rack-tavern. [Fr. cantine — It. cantina, 
 a small cellar, dim. of canto, a corner.] 
 
 CANTER, kan'ter, n. an easy gallop. — v.i. 
 to move at an easy gallop. — v.t. to make 
 to canter. [Orig. Canterbury-gallop, from 
 the easy pace at whicli the pilgrims rode 
 to the shrine at Canterbury.] 
 
 CANTHARIDES, kan-tliar'i-dez, w.pZ. 
 Spanish flies, used for bUstering. [L. 
 eantharis, beetle, pi. cantharides.] 
 
 CANTICLE, kan'ti-kl, n. a song : — in ^jZ. 
 the Song of Solomon. [L. cantioulum, 
 dim. of caHtictim.] 
 
 CANTILEVER, kan'ti-lev-er, n. (arch.) a 
 wooden or iron block projecting from a 
 wall to bear mouldings, balconies, and 
 the like. The principle has been applied 
 in the construction of bridges to support 
 enormous weights. 
 
 CANTO, kan'to, n. division of a song or 
 poem : the treble or leading melody. 
 
 CANTON, kan'tun, n. a small division of 
 territory : also, its inhabitants : a divis- 
 ion of a shield or painting. — v.t. to divide 
 into cantons : to allot quarters to troops. 
 [Fr., a corner, a division.] 
 
 CANTONAL, kan'tun-al, adj. pertaining to 
 or di\'ided into cantons. — n. Can'ton- 
 MENT (also pron. Cantoon'ment), the 
 quarters of troops in a towu. 
 
 CANVAS, kan'vas, 7i. a coarse cloth made 
 of hemp, used for sails, tents, etc., and 
 for painting on : the sails of a ship. [Fr. 
 canevas — L. and Gr. cannabis=E. Hemp.] 
 
 CANVASS, kan'vas, v.t. to sift, examine : 
 to discuss : to soUcit votes. — n. close ex- 
 amination : a seeking or solicitation. — n. 
 Can'vasser. [Lit. to sift through can- 
 va«.] 
 
 CANY, kan'i, adj. full of or made of canes. 
 
 CANYON. Same as CaSon. 
 
 CANZONET, kan-zO-net', n. a little or short 
 song. [It. canzonetta, dim. of canzone, 
 a song ; from L. canto — cano, to sing.] 
 
 CAOUTCHOUC, koo'chook, n. the highly 
 elastic juice or gum of a plant which 
 grows in S. America and Asia : Indian 
 rubber. [S. American.] 
 
 CAP, kap, n. a covering for the head : a 
 cover : the top. — v.t. to put on a cap: to 
 cover the end or top : — pr.p. capp'ing ; 
 pa.p. capped'. [Low L. eappa, a cape or 
 cope.] 
 
 CAPABLE, kap'a-bl, adj. having ability, 
 power, or skill to do : qualified for. — n. 
 Capabil'ity. [Fr. — L. capio, to hold, 
 take oi- seize.] 
 
 CAPACIOUS, kap-a'shus, adj. including 
 much : roomy : wide : extensive. — adv. 
 Capa'ciouslt. — n. Capa'cioxjsness. [L. 
 capax. capacis — capio, to hold.] 
 
 CAPACITATE, kap-as'i-tat, v.t., to make 
 capable : to qualifv. 
 
 CAPACITY, kap-as'i-ti. n. power of hold- 
 ing or grasping a thing : room : power 
 of mind : character. 
 
 CAPARISON, ka-par'is-un, n. the covering 
 of a horse : a rich cloth laid over a war- 
 horse. — v.t. to cover witli a cloth, as a 
 horse : to dress very richly. [Fr. cap- 
 aragon — Sp. caparazon, augmentative of 
 capa. a cape, cover — Low L. cappa.] 
 
 CAPE, kap, n. a covering for the shoulders 
 attached to a coat or cloak : a cloak. 
 [O. Fr. cape — Low L. cappa."] 
 
 CAPE, kap, n. a head or point of land run- 
 ning into tlie sea : a /lead-land. [Fr. cap 
 — L. caput, the head.] 
 
 CAPER, ka'per, n. the flower-bud of the 
 caper-bush, used for pickling. [Fr. cdpre 
 — L. and Gr. capparis ; from Pers. ka- 
 bar. capers.] 
 
 CAPER, ka'per, v.i. to leap or skip like a 
 goat: to dance in a frolicsome manner. 
 — n. a leap : a spring. [It. capriolare — 
 capriolo, a kid — L. caper, a goat.] 
 
 CAPER- SPURGE, ka'per-spurj, n. see 
 
 vSPURGE. 
 
 CAPILLARITY, kap-il-ar'it-i, n. name 
 given to certain effects produced by 
 liquids in contact with capillary tubes. 
 
 CAPILLARY, kap'U-a-ri or ka-pU'a-ri. adj. 
 as fine or minute as a hair: having a 
 very small bore, as a tube. — n. a tube 
 with a bore as fine as a hair : — in pi. the 
 minute vessels that unite the veins and 
 arteries in animals. [L. capillaris — 
 capillus, hair, akin to caput, the head, 
 akin to E. Head.] 
 
 CAPITAL, kap'it-al, adj. relating to the 
 head : involving the loss of the head : 
 chief : principal : important. — adv. Cap*- 
 itally. [Fr. — L. capitalis — caput, the 
 head.] 
 
 CAPITAL, kap'it-al, n. the head or top 
 part of a column or pillar : the cliief or 
 most important thing : the chief city of 
 a country : a large letter : the stock or 
 money for carrying on any businiiss. 
 
 CAPITAL, kap'i-tal, v.t. to furnish or 
 crown with a capital, as a pillar or 
 column. •■ The white column capitalled 
 with gilding." — Charlotte Brmite. 
 
 CAPITALISM, kap'it-al-izra, n. the state 
 of having capital or property : possession 
 of capital. "The sense of capitalism 
 sobered and dignified Paul de Florae." 
 — Thackeray. 
 
 CAPITALIS'T, kap'it-al-ist, n. one who has 
 capital or money. 
 
 CAPITALIZE. ka*p'it-al-Tz, v.t. to convert 
 into capital or monev. 
 
 CAPITATION, kap-it-d'shun, n. a number- 
 ing of every head or indi\'idual : a tax on 
 every head. [Fr.— Low L. capitatio— 
 caput, the head.] 
 
 CAPITOL, kap'it-ol, n. tlie temple of Jupi- 
 ter at Rome, built on the top of a hill : 
 in the U.S. the house where Congress 
 meets. [L. Capitolium — caput, the head.] 
 
 CAPITULAR, kap-it'id-ar, CAPITULARY, 
 kap-it'ul-ar-i, n. a statute passed in a 
 chapter or ecclesiastical court : a mem- 
 ber of a chapter. — adj. relating to a 
 chapter in a cathedral : belonging to a 
 chapter. — adv. Capit'ulakly. [See Chap- 
 ter.] 
 
 CAPITULATE, kap-it'iil-at, v.i. to yield or 
 surrender on certain conditions or heads. 
 — II. Capitula'tion. 
 
 CAPON, ka'pn, n. a young cock cut ot 
 castrated. [A.S. cdpiin — L. capo — Gr. 
 kapon — kopto, to cut. See Chop.] 
 
 CAPOTE, ka-p6t', n. a kind of cloak. [Fr., 
 dim. of cajic, a cloak.] 
 
 CAPRICE, ka-pres', n. a change of humor 
 or opinion without reason : a freak. [Fr. 
 caprice — It. capriccio ; perh, from L. 
 capra, a she-goat.] 
 
 CAPRICIOUS, ka-prish'us, adj. full of ca- 
 price : ohano-eable. — adv. Capri'ciously. 
 
 —n. C. -PE: CIOUSNESS 
 
 CAPRIOC^AN, kap'ri-korn, n. one of the 
 signs of tr.e zodiac, like a homed goat. 
 [L. eapricornus — caper, a goat, comu, a 
 horn.] 
 
 CAPRIOLE, kap'ri-6l, n., a caper ; a leap 
 without advancing. [O. Fr. capriole. — It 
 capriola — L. caper, capra, a goat.] 
 
 CAPSICUM, kap'si-kum, ?;. a tropical 
 plant, from which cayenne pepper is 
 made. [From L. capsa, a case, its ber- 
 ries being contained in pods or capsules 
 — capio, to hold.] 
 
 CAPSIZE, kap-siz',w.f. to upset. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 CAPSTAN, kap'stan, n. an upright machine 
 turned by spokes so as to wind upon it a 
 cable which draws something, generally 
 the anchor, on board ship. [Fr. cabestan ; 
 etv. dub.] 
 
 CAPSULAR, kap'sul-ar, CAPSULARY 
 kap'sul-ar-i, adj. hollow like a capsule ; 
 pertaining to a capsule. 
 
 CAPSULE, kap'sul, w. the seed-vessel of a 
 plant : & small dish. [Fr. — L. capsula, 
 dim. of capsa, a case — capio, to hold.] 
 
 CAPTAIN, kap'tin or kap'tan, ?i. a head or 
 chief officer : the commander of a troop 
 of horse, a company of infantry, or a 
 ship : the overseer of a mine. [O. Fr, 
 capitain — L. caput, the head.] 
 
 CAPTAINCY, kap'tin-si or kap'tan-si, n. 
 
 the rank or commission of a captain. 
 ■CAPTION, kap'shun, n. the act of taking: 
 an arrest. [L. captio — capio, to take.] 
 
 CAPTIOUS, kap'shus, adj. ready to catch 
 at faults or take ofl'ence : critical : peev- 
 ish. — adv. Cap'tiously. — n. Cap'tious- 
 NESS. [Fi-. — L. captiosus — capio, to snatch 
 at.] 
 
 CAPTIVATE, kap'tiv-at, v.t. (lit.) to take 
 or r.iake captive : to charm : to engage 
 the affections. [See Captive.] 
 
 CAPTIV-\TING, kap'tiv-at-ing, adj. hav- 
 ing power to engage the .affections. 
 
 CAPTIVE, kap'tiv, n. on(! taken : » pris- 
 oner ot war : one kept in bondage.— adj., 
 taken or kept a prisoner in war : charmed 
 or subdued by any thing. — n. CaptiVity. 
 [L. captivus^apio, captus.'\ 
 
 CAPTIVE, kap'tiv, v.t. to take captive : to 
 capture. 
 
 CAPTOR, kap'tor, n. one who takes a pris- 
 oner or a prize. 
 
 CAPTURE, kap'tur, n. the act of taking ; 
 the thing taken : an arrest. — v.t. to take 
 as a prize : to take by force. [Fr. cap- 
 ture — L. captura — capio, to take.] 
 
 CAPUCHIN, kap-u-shen', n. a Franciscan 
 monk, so called from the hood he wears : 
 a hooded pigeon. [Fr. capucin — It. 
 cappucino, a small cowl — Low L. cappa. 
 See Cap, Cape.]
 
 CAR 
 
 53 
 
 CARNATE 
 
 CAR (old form Cakr), kSr, n. a light vehi- 
 cle moved on wheels : a railway carriage, 
 {poetic) a chariot. [Fr. char, O. Fr. car: 
 char — L. carnis ; from Celt, car, allied 
 to Lat. currus.] 
 
 3AIIABINE, karVbIn, CARBINE, kar'bin, 
 n. a short light musket. [Fr. carabine, 
 O. Fr. calabrin, a carabineer — calabre, a 
 machine for casting stones — Low L. 
 chadubula — Gr. katabole, overthrown — 
 kataballo — kata, down, and ballo, to 
 throw. The name was transferred to 
 the musket after the invention of gun- 
 powder.] 
 
 CARABINEER, kar-a-bin-er', CARBI- 
 NEER, kar-bin-er', n. a soldier armed with 
 a carabine. 
 
 CARACK, kar'ak, n. a large ship of bur- 
 den. [Fr. caraque, Sp. carraea ; perh. 
 from LowL. carica, a load — root of Cae.] 
 
 CARACOLE, kar'a-kol, n. the ha.U-turn 
 which a horseman makes : a winding 
 stair. — v.i. to turn half round, as cavalry 
 in wheeling. [Fr. caracole — Sp. caraeol, 
 the spiral shell of a snail — Ar. karkara, 
 to turn.] 
 
 CARAFE, ka-raf , n. a water-bottle for the 
 table. [Fr. — Sp. garrafa — Ar.] 
 
 CARAT, kar'at, n. a weight of 4 grains : 
 l-24th part of pure gold. [Fr. — Ar. qirat 
 — Gr. keration, a seed or beam used as a 
 weight.] 
 
 CARAVAN, kar'a-van, n. a company of 
 travelers associated together for security 
 in crossing the deserts in the East : a 
 large close carriage. [Fr. caravane — 
 Pers. kdrw&n.] 
 
 CARAVANSARY, kar-a-van'sa-ri, CARA- 
 VANSERA, kar-a-van'se-ra, n. a kind of 
 unfurnished inn where caravans stop. 
 [Pers. kdrirdnsardi — kdncdn, caravan, 
 sar&i, inn.] 
 
 (yARAVEL, kar'av-el, 7i. a kind of light 
 sailing vessel. [Fr. — It. caravella — L. 
 carabus — Gr. karabos, a barque.] 
 
 CARAWAY, kar'a-wa, n. a plant with 
 aromatic seeds, used as a tonic and con- 
 diment. [Sp. alcaravea — ^Ar. karviya — 
 Gr. karon.] 
 
 CARBIDE, karTiTd, n. a carbon-metallic 
 compound. — Old word. Carburet, n. 
 
 CARBOLIC ACID, kar-bol'ik as'id, 7i. an 
 acid produced from coal-tar, used as a 
 disinfectant. [L. carbo, coal.] 
 
 CARBON, kar'bon. n. an elementary sub- 
 stance, widely diffused, of which pure 
 charcoal is an example. [Fr. carbone — 
 L. carbo, coal.] 
 
 CARBONACEOUS, kar-bon-a'she-us, CAR- 
 BONIC, kar-bon'ik, adj. pertaining to or 
 composed of carbon. 
 
 CARBONARI, kar-bon-ar'i, n. members of 
 a secret society in Italj- at the beginning 
 of this century. [It. " charcoal-burn- 
 ers."'] 
 
 CARBONATE, kar'bon-at, n. a salt formed 
 by the union of carbonic acid with a 
 
 CARBONIC, kar-bon'ik, adj. relating to 
 carbon. CARBONIC acid is an acid formed 
 of carbon and oxygen, generally gaseous, 
 and evolved by respiration and combus- 
 tion. 
 
 CARBONIFEROUS, kar-bon-ifer-us, adj., 
 producing carbon or coal. [L. carbo, 
 and /fro, to produce.] 
 
 CARBONIZE, kar'bon-iz, v.t., to mafceinto 
 carbon.^n. Carboniza'tion. 
 
 CARBUNCLE, kar'bung-kl, n. a fiery red 
 precious stone : an inflamed ulcer. [L. 
 carbitnculiw, dim. of carbo, a coal.] 
 
 CARBUNCULAR, kar-bung'ku-lar, adj. 
 belonging to or resembling a carbuncle : 
 red : inflamed. 
 
 CARBURET. karTju-ret, v.t. to combine 
 with carbon or a compound of it : specif- 
 ically, to saturate, as ^inflammable vapor, 
 
 by passing it through or over a liquid 
 hydrocarbon, for the purpose of inten- 
 sifying the illuminating power. E. H. 
 Knight. 
 
 CARBURETOR, kar'bu-ret-er, n. an ap- 
 paratus of various forms by wliich coal- 
 gas, hydrogen, or air is passed through 
 or over a liquid hydrocarbon, to confer 
 or intensify illuminating power. E. H. 
 Knight. 
 
 CARBURIZE, kar'bu-riz, v.t. same as Car- 
 
 BDEET. 
 
 CARCANET, kar'ka-net, n. a collar of 
 jewels. [Fr. — Bret, kerchen, the neck.] 
 
 CARCASS, CARCASE, kar'kas, n. a dead 
 body or corpse : the framework of any- 
 thing:, a kind of bombshell. [Fr. car- 
 casse, a skeleton — It. carcasno, a quiver, 
 hidl, hulk — Low L. tarcasius — Pers. tar- 
 kash, a quiver.] 
 
 CARD, kard, n. a piece of pasteboard 
 marked with figures for plajdng a game, 
 or with a person's address upon it : a 
 note. [Fr. carte — L. charta, Gr. chartes, 
 paper. Carte is a doublet.] 
 
 CARD, kard, n. an instrument for comb- 
 ing wool or flax. — v.t. to comb wool, etc. 
 [Fr. carde — L. carduus, a thistle.] 
 
 CARDER, kard'er, n. one of an associa- 
 tion of Irish rebels, so termed because 
 they punished their victims by driving a 
 wool or flax card into their backs and 
 then dragging it down along the- spine. 
 Miss Edgeicorth. 
 
 This shall a Carder, that aWhite-boy be; 
 Ferocious leaders of atrocious bands. — Hood. 
 
 CARDIAC, kar'di-ak, CARDIACAL, kar- 
 di'ak-al, adj., belonging to the heart : 
 cordial : reviving. [L. — Gr. kardiakos — 
 kardia, the heart.] 
 
 CARDINAL, kjir'din-al, adj. denoting that 
 on which a thing hinges or depends : 
 principal.—)!, a dignitary in the R. C. 
 Church next to the pope. [L. cardinalis 
 — cardo, cardinis, a hinge.] 
 
 CARDINALATE, kiir'din-al-at, CARDIN- 
 ALSHIP, kar'din-al-ship, n. the office or 
 dignity of a cardinal. 
 
 CARDOPHAGI, kar-dof'a-jl, n.pl. eaters of 
 thistles ; hence, donkeys. " Kick and 
 abuse him, you who have never brayed ; 
 but bear with him all honest fellow car- 
 dophagi ; long-eared messmates, recog- 
 nize a brother;donkey!" — Thackeray. [Gr. 
 kardos, a thistle, and phago, to eat.] 
 
 CARE, kar, n., anxiety, heedfulness: charge, 
 oversight : the obi'ect of anxiety. — v.i. 
 to be anxious : to be inclined : to have 
 regard. [A.S. cam ; Goth, kara, sor- 
 row, Ice. kcera, to lament, Celt, car, 
 care : allied to L. cams, dear.] 
 
 CAREEN, karren', v.t. to lay a ship on her 
 side to repair her bottom and keel. [Fr. 
 carener — carene — L. carina, the bottom 
 of a ship, the keel.] 
 
 CAREENAGE, ka-ren'aj, n. a place where 
 ships are careened : the cost of careen"- 
 ing. 
 
 CAREER, ka-rer', n. a racecourse: a race : 
 course of action ; also, onset. Milton. — 
 v.i. to move or run rapidly. [Fr. carri&re 
 — O. Ft. car, a car. See Car.] 
 
 CAREFUL, kar'fool, adj., full of care: 
 heedful: in B., anxious: in Dan. iii. 16, 
 at a loss, puzzled. — adv. Care'FULly. — 
 n. Care'fulness. 
 
 CARELESS, kar'les, adj., without care: 
 heedless : unconcerned. — adv. Care'- 
 LESSLY. — n. Care'lessness. 
 
 CARESS, ka^res', v.t. to treat with affec- 
 tion : to fondle : to embrace. — n. any act 
 or expression of affection. [Fr. caresser 
 — It. carezza, an endearment — Low L. 
 caritia — L. cams, dear.] 
 
 CARET, kil'ret, ji. a mark, a, used in writ- 
 ing when a word is left out. [L. caret, 
 there is wanting.] 
 
 CARGO, kar'go, n. what a ship carries': 
 its load. [Sp. from Celtic root of Car.] 
 
 CARICATURE, kar-i-ka-tur', n. a likeness 
 of anything so exaggerated or distorted 
 as to appear ridiculous. — v.t. to turn into 
 ridicule by ovei-doing a likeness. [It. 
 caricatura — carricare, to load, from root 
 of Cab.] 
 
 CARICATURIST, kar-i-ka-tur'ist, n., one 
 who caricatures. 
 
 CARIES, ka'ri-ez, n., rottenness or decay 
 of a bone. [L.] 
 
 CARINA, ka-rl'na, n. in bot. same as Keel : 
 in zool. a prominent median ridge or keel 
 in the sternum of all existing birds ex- 
 cept the Cursores. [L., the keel of a 
 boat. See Caeinate.J 
 
 CARINARIA, kar-i-na'ri-a, n. a genus of 
 gasteropodous molluscs, of the order 
 called Heteropoda or Nucleobranchiata. 
 whose shells are known to collectors un- 
 der the name of Venus' slipper and glass 
 nautilus. The gills are protected by a 
 small and very delicate shell of glassy 
 translucence. The creature itself is 
 about 3 inches in length, and is of 
 oceanic habits. It is so transparent 
 that the vital functions may be watched 
 by the aid of a microscope. [L. carina, 
 a keel, from the shape.] 
 
 CARINAT^, kar-i-na'te, n.pl. Huxley's 
 second order of the class Aves, the other 
 two being Saururffi and Ratitse. The 
 Carinatse include all the living flying 
 birds, that is, all existing birds except 
 the Cursores, and are characterized by 
 the fact that the sternum is furnished 
 with a prominent median ridge or keel, 
 whence the name. [From L. carina, a 
 keel.l 
 
 CARINATE, kar'i-nat, CARINATED, kar'- 
 i-niit-ed, adj. shaped like a keel : keeled : 
 specifically, (a) in bot. having a longi 
 tudinal ridge like a keel: applied to a 
 calyx, corolla, or leaf ; (&) in zool. ap- 
 plied to those birds whose sternum is 
 keeled, a character of all existing birds 
 except the cursorial. [L. carinatus, from 
 carina, a keel.] 
 
 CARIOLE, kar'i-ol, n. a light one-horse 
 carriage, used in Norway. [Fr. carriole 
 —root of Car.] 
 
 CARIOUS, ka'ri-us, adj. affected with 
 caries. 
 
 CARKING, kark'ing, adj. distressing, caus- 
 ing anxietj'. [A.S. cearc, care ; allied 
 to Care.] 
 
 CARMELITE, kar'mel-It, n. a monk of the 
 order of Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the 
 12th century : a kind of pear. 
 
 CARMINE, kar'min, ?i. a crimson color. 
 [Fr. or Sp. cartnin — Sp. cariaesin, crim- 
 son — Cannes, cochineal — Ar. qirmizi, 
 crimson. Same root as Crimson.] 
 
 CARNAGE, kar'naj, n. slaughter. [Fr. 
 carnage, from L. caro, carnis, flesh.] 
 
 CARNAGE, kar'naj, v.t. to strew or cover 
 with carnage or slaughtered bodies. 
 " That carnaged plain." — Southey. 
 
 CARNAL, kiir'nal, adj., fleshly: sensual: 
 unspiritual. — adv. Car'nally. |L. car- 
 nalis — caro, caimis, flesh.] 
 
 CARNALIST, kar'nal-ist, n. a sensualist : 
 a worldling. 
 
 CARNALITY, kar-nal'i-ti, n. state of betag 
 carnal. 
 
 CARNARIE, CARNARY, kar'na-ri, re a 
 bono - house attached to a church or 
 burial - place : charnel - house. [L. raro, 
 carnis. flesh.] 
 
 CARNATE. kar'nat, adj. invested with or 
 embodied in flesh : same as the modern 
 Incarnate, which word, however, is used 
 in the extract as if the i';)- were [iriva- 
 tive. " I fear nothing . . . that devil 
 carnate or incarnate can fairly do against 
 a ^^rtue so established." — Iiichard»ia.
 
 CARNATION 
 
 54 
 
 CASTING 
 
 CARNATION, kar-na'shun, n. flesh-color : 
 a flesh -colored flower. [L. carnatio, 
 fleshiness.] 
 
 CAKNELIAN, kar-ne'li-an, n. a corr. of 
 CoE^'ELIAN, owing to a supposed ety. 
 fro m ea rneus, fleriiy.] 
 
 CARNIVAL, kSyni-val, n. a feast observed 
 by Roman Catholics just before the fast 
 of Lent : riotous feasting or merriment. 
 [Fr. carnaval — It. earnovale — Low L. 
 carnelevamen, solace of the flesh — caro, 
 carnis. flesh, and levamen, solace — levare, 
 to lighten.] 
 
 CARNIVORA, kar-niv'o-ra, n.pl, order of 
 flesh-eating animals. 
 
 CARNIVOROUS, kar-niVo-rus, adj., flesJv- 
 eating. [L. caro, carnis, flesh, voiv, to 
 eat.] 
 
 CAROL, kayol, n. a song of joy or praise. 
 — v.i. to sing a carol: to sing or warble. 
 — v.t. to praise or celebrate in song : — 
 pr.p. car'olling ; pa.p. car'olled. [O. Fr. 
 Carole ; It. earola, orig. a ring-dance ; 
 ety. dub., either dim. of L. cliorus, a 
 choral dance, or from Bret. koroU, a 
 dance, "W. carol, a song — root car, cir- 
 cular motion.] 
 
 CAROTID, ka-rot'id, adj. relating to the 
 two great arteries of the neck. [Gr. 
 karotides — karos, sleep, deep sleep being 
 caused by compression of them.] 
 
 CAROUSAL, kar-owz'al, n. a carouse : a 
 feast. 
 
 CAROUSE, kar-owz', n. a drinking-bout : 
 a noisy revel. — v.i. to hold a drinking- 
 bout : to drink freely and noisily. [O. 
 Fr. carous, Fr. cai-rousse — Ger. gar aus, 
 quite out ! — that is, empty the glass.] 
 
 CARP, karp, v.i. to catch at small faults 
 or errors. — adv. CAEP'rNGLY. [Ice. karpa, 
 to boast, modified in meaning through 
 likeness to L. carpo, to pluck, deride.] 
 
 LARP, karp, n. a fresh-water fish. [In all 
 Teut. lang., also Fr. and It.] 
 
 CARPENTER, kar'pent-er, n. a worker in 
 timber as used in building houses, ships, 
 etc. — n. Carpentry, kar'pent-ri, the 
 trade or work of a carpenter. [Fr. ehar- 
 pentier, O. Fr. carpentier — ^Low L. car- 
 peniarius — carpentuvi, a car, from root 
 of Car.] 
 
 CARPENTER, kar'pent-er, v.i. to do car- 
 penter's work : to practice carpentry. 
 " Mr. Grim wig plants, fishes, and carpent- 
 ers with great ardor." — Dickens. 
 
 ** He Taxuisbed, he carpentered, he ^lued." 
 — Miss Austin. 
 
 CARPER, karp'er, n. cue who carps or 
 cavils. 
 
 CARPET, kar'pet, n. the woven or felted 
 covering of floors, stairs, etc. — v.t. to 
 cover with a carpet : — pr.p. and n. 
 car'peting ; pa.p. cai-'peted. [Fr. car- 
 pette — Low L. carpetu, a coarse fabric 
 made from rags pulled to pieces — L. car- 
 pere, to pluck.] 
 
 CARRIAGE, kar ij, n., act or cost of carry- 
 ing : a vehicle for carrying : behavior : 
 (B.) baggage. 
 
 CARRIAGE-COMPANY, kar'ij-kum-parni, 
 n. people who keep their carriages : those 
 wealthy people who pay visits, etc., in 
 theu- own carriages. " There is no phrase 
 more elegant and to my taste than that 
 in which people are described as ' seeing 
 a great deal of carriage-company.''" — 
 Thackeray. 
 
 tARRIAGED, kar'ijd, adj. behaved : man- 
 nered. [See Carriage.] " A fine lady . . . 
 very well carriaged and mighty dis- 
 creet." — Pepys. 
 
 CARRION, kar'i-un, n. the dead and putrid 
 body or flesli of any animal. — adj. relat- 
 ing to, or feeding on, putrid flesh. [Fr. 
 carogne — Low L. caronia — L. caro, car- 
 nis, flesh.] 
 
 (lARRONAJDE, kar-un-ad', n. a short can- 
 
 non of large bore, first made at Carron 
 in Scotland. 
 
 CARROT, kar'ut, »i. an eatable root of a 
 reddish or yellowish color. [Fr. carotte 
 — L. carota.] 
 
 CARROTY, kai-'ut-i, adj., carro<-colored. 
 
 CARRY, kai-'i, v.t. to convey or bear : to 
 lead or transport : to effect : to behave 
 or demean. — v.i. to convey or propel as 
 a gun : — pr.p. carr'jang ; pa.p. carr'ied. 
 f O. Fr. carier, fi-om root of Car.] 
 
 CART, kart, n. a veliicle witli two wheels 
 for conveying heaw loads. — v.t. to con- 
 vey in a cart. [Celt, cart, dim. of 
 Car.] 
 
 CARTAGE, kart'aj, n. the act or cost of 
 carting. 
 
 CARTE, kart, n. a bill of fare : a term in 
 fencing. [Fr. — L. charta, Gr. chartes, 
 paper. See Card.] 
 
 CARTE - BLANCHE, -blansh, n. a white 
 or blank card, with a signature at the 
 foot, which may be filled up at the pleas- 
 ure of the receiver : unconditional terms. 
 [Fr. carte, and blanche, white.] 
 
 CARTE-DE-VISITE, -viz-it', n. a photo- 
 graphic portrait pasted on a small card. 
 
 CARTEL, kar'tel, n. a. paper ot agreement 
 for exchange of prisoners. [Fr. cartel — 
 It. cartello, dim. from root of Carte.] 
 
 CARTER, kart'er, n. one who drives a cart. 
 
 CARTESIAN, kar-te'zhi-an, adj. relating 
 to the French philosopher Des Cartes, or 
 his philosophy. 
 
 CARTILAGE, kayti-laj, n. a tough, elastic 
 substance, softer than bone : gristle. [Fr. 
 — L. cartilago, ety. of which is doubtful.] 
 
 CARTILAGINOUS, kar-ti-laj'in-us, adj. 
 pertaining to or consisting of cartilage : 
 gristly. 
 
 CARTOON, kar-toon', re. a preparatory 
 drawing on strong paper, to be trans- 
 ferred to frescoes, tapestry, etc. : any 
 large sketch or design on paper. [Fr. 
 carton (It. cartone), augmentative of 
 Carte.] 
 
 CARTOUCHE, kar-toosh', n. a case for 
 holding cartridges : a case containing 
 bullets to be dischai-ged from a mortar : 
 {arch.) an ornament resembUng a scroll 
 of paper with the ends rolled up. [Fr. 
 — It. cartoccio — L. charta, paper.] 
 
 CARTRIDGE, kar'trij, n. a paper case 
 containing the charge for a gun. [Cor- 
 ruption of Cartouche.] 
 
 CARTULARY, kar'tfi-lar-i, n. a register- 
 book of a monastery, etc. : one who kept 
 the records. [Low L. cartularium — cliar- 
 tula, a document — charta, paper.] 
 
 CARVE, karv, v.t., to cut into forms, de- 
 vices, etc.: to make or shape by cutting : 
 to cut up (meat) into slices or pieces : 
 to apportion or distribute. — v.i. to exer- 
 cise the trade of a sculptor. [A.S. ceor- 
 fan, to cut, to hew ; Dut. kerven, (Jer. 
 kerben, to notch. See Grave.] 
 
 CARVER, karv'er, n. one who carves : a 
 scidptor. 
 
 CARYATES, kar-i-at'ez, CARYATIDES, 
 kar-i-at'i-dez, n.pl. (arch.) figures of wo- 
 men used instead of columns for sup- 
 porters. [L. Caryates, Gr. Karyatides, 
 the women of Cai'yce, a town in Arcadia.] 
 
 CASCADE, kas-kad', n. a waterfoZ/. [Fr. 
 cascade — It. caxcata, from cascare, L. 
 cado, casus, to fall.] 
 
 CASE, kas, n. a covering box or sheath. 
 [Fr. caisse, O. Fr. ca-tse — ^L. capsa, from 
 capio, to receive.] 
 
 CASE, kas, v.t. to put in a case or bo.x. 
 
 CASE, kas, n. that wliich falls or happens: 
 event : pai'ticular state or condition : 
 subject of question or inquiry : state- 
 ment of facts : {gram.) the inflection of 
 nouns, etc. [Fr. cos — L. casus, from 
 cado, to fall.] 
 
 CASEIN, CASEINE, ka'se-in, n. an organic 
 
 substance, contained In milk and cheese. 
 [Fr.— L. caseus, cheese.] 
 
 CASEMATE, kas'mat, n. a bomb-proof 
 chamber or battery in which cannon 
 may be placed to be fired through em- 
 brasures. [Ft. ; ety. dub.] 
 
 CASEMENT, Kas'ment, n. the case or frame 
 of a window : a window that opens on 
 hinges : a hollow moulding. 
 
 CASH, kash, ?;. coin or money : ready 
 money. — v.t. to turn into or exchange 
 for money: to pay money for. [A doublet 
 of Case, a box— O. Fr. casse, a box or 
 till.] 
 
 CASHIER, kash-er', n. a cashrkeeper : one 
 who has charge of the receiving and pay- 
 ing of money. 
 
 CASHIER, kash-ei-', v.t. to dismiss from a 
 post in disgrace : to discard or put away. 
 [Ger. cassire7i — Fr. casser — L. cassare — 
 cassus. void, empty.] 
 
 CASHMERE, kash'mer, n. a rich kind of 
 shawl, first made at Cashmere, in India. 
 
 CASINO, kas-e'no, n. a room for public 
 dancing. [It. ; from L. casa, a cottage.] 
 
 CASK, kask, n. a hollow round vessel for 
 holding liquor, made of staves bound 
 with hoops. [Fr. casque, Sp. casco, skull, 
 helmet, cask.J 
 
 CASKET, kask et, n., a little cask or case : 
 a small case for holding jewels, etc. 
 
 CASQUE, CASK, kask, n. a cover for the 
 head : a helmet. [A doublet of Cask.] 
 
 CASSIA, kash'ya, n. a species of laurel- 
 tree whose bark is cut off on account of 
 its aromatic qualities : wild cinnamon : 
 the senna-tree. [L. cassia — Gr. kasia; 
 from a Heb. root, to cut.] 
 
 CASSBIERE, kas-i-mer' (also spelled Ker- 
 seyiiere), n. a twilled cloth of the finest 
 wools. [Corr. of Cashmere.] 
 
 CASSOCK, kas'ok, n. a vestment worn by 
 clergjinen under the gown or surplice, 
 [Fr. casaque — It. casacca — L. casa, a cot- 
 tage, a covering.] 
 
 CASSOWARY, kas'6-war-i, n. an ostrich- 
 Uke bird, found in the E. Indies. [Malay 
 kassmvaris.] 
 
 CAST, kast, v.t., to throic or fling : to throw 
 down : to thi-ow together or reckon : to 
 mould or shape. — v.i. to wai-p :— i^a.f. 
 and jm.p. cast. — n. act of casting : a 
 thj'ow : the thing thrown : the distance 
 thrown : a motion, turn, or squint, as 
 of the eye : a chance : a mould : the 
 form received from a mould : manner : 
 the assignment of the various parts of 
 a play t^ the several actors : the com- 
 pany "of actors to whom such have been 
 assigned. [Scan. ; as Ice. kasta, to throw.] 
 
 CASTAWAY, kast'a-wa, «., one cast away, 
 an outcast. 
 
 CASTE, kast, n. one of the classes into 
 which society in India is divided : any 
 class of society wliich keeps itself apait 
 from the rest. [A name given b3- the 
 Port, to the classes of i>?ople in India, 
 Port, casta, breed, race — L. cast us, pure, 
 unmixed.] 
 
 CASTELLAN, kas'tel-an, n. governor or 
 captain of a castle. 
 
 CASTELLAR. kas-tel'er, a<y. belonging or 
 pei'taiuing to a castle. " Ajicieut castellar 
 dunifeons.'" — M'alpole. 
 
 CASTELLATED, kas'tel-at-ed, adj. having 
 turrets and battlements like a castle. 
 [L. castellatus.] 
 
 CASTER, kast'er, n. a small wheel on the 
 leas of furniture. — in pi. small cruets. 
 
 CASTIGATE, kas'tig-at, v.i., to chastise: to 
 correct : to punish with stripes. [L. 
 casfigo, castigattis, fi'om eo-sfjis, pure.] 
 
 CASTIGATION, kas-tig-a'shun, n. act of 
 eastiffating : chastisement : punishment. 
 
 CASTIGATOR, kas'tig-at-or, n. one who 
 castiicates. 
 
 CASTING, kast'ing, n. act of casting or
 
 CAST-IKON 
 
 55 
 
 CAUL 
 
 moulding : that which is cast : a mould ; 
 also same as Worm-cast. " I resolved . . . 
 to weigh all tlie castings throwa up with- 
 in a given time in a nieasiu'ed space, in- 
 stead of ascertaining the rate at which 
 objects left on the surface were buried 
 bv worms." — Darwin. 
 
 C.^ST-IRON. See under Ikon. 
 
 ""ASTLE, kasl, n. a, fortified house or fort- 
 ress : the residence of a prince or noble- 
 raun. [A.S. castel — L. castdluni, dim. of 
 castrunif a fortified place : from root 
 skad, as E. shade.] Formerly a term ap- 
 plied to a kind of helmet. Some com- 
 nieatators have unnecessarily given 
 casque or helmet as the equivalent of 
 castle in the following passage : — 
 
 Which of your han<ls hath not defended Rome, 
 
 And reared aloft the bloody battle-ax, 
 
 Writing destruction ou the enemy's castle? — Sfiak. 
 
 -'ASTOR, kas'tor, n. the beaver : a hat 
 noade of its fur. [L., Gr. kastor; cL 
 Sans, kastnri, musk.] 
 ■ASTOR-OIL, kas'tor-oil, n. a medicinal 
 oil obtained from a tropical plaat, the 
 Ricinns comimuiii. [Etv. dub.J 
 J-\STRATE, kas'trat, v.t. to deprive of the 
 power of generation, to geld : to take 
 from or render imperfect. — n. Cas- 
 tra'tio:*. [L. castrare.] 
 1.ASTRATB, kas'trat, )i. one who has been 
 castrated, gelded, or emasculated : a 
 eunuch. 
 I'^VSUAL, kazh'u-al, adj. accidental : un- 
 foreseen : occasional. [L. casualis — 
 casus. See Case.] 
 "ASUALISM, kazh'u-al-izm, n. the doc- 
 trine that all things exist or that all 
 events happen by chance, that is. wth 
 an efficient, intelligent cause, and with- 
 out design. 
 
 CASUALIST, kazh'u-al -ist, n. one who be- 
 lieves in the doctrine of casualism. 
 
 CASUALTY, kazh'u-al-ti, n., that which 
 falls out : an accident : a misfortune. 
 
 CASUIST, kazh'u-ist, n. one who studies 
 and resolves cases of conscience. 
 
 CASUISTIC, kazh-u-ist'ik, CASUISTICAL, 
 kazh-u-ist'ik-al, adj. relating to cases of 
 conscience. 
 
 CASUISTRY, kazh'u-ist-ri, n. the science 
 or doctrine of cases of conscience. 
 
 CAT, kat, 11. a common domestic animal, 
 rin Teut., Celt., Slav., Ar., Turk., and 
 Late L.J 
 
 CATACLYSM, kat'a^kUzm, n. a flood of 
 water : a deluge. [Gr. katnklysmos — 
 kata, downward, klyzein, ty wash or 
 dash.] 
 
 CATACLYSSnST, kat'a-kJiz-uiist, n. one 
 who beheves that many important geo- 
 logical phenomena are due to cataclysms. 
 
 CATACOMB, kat'a-kom, n. a hollow or 
 cave imtlerground used as a burial-place. 
 [It. catacomba. Low L. catacumha^—Gr. 
 kata, downward, and kijmbfi, a hollow, 
 akin to W. cwm, a hollow.] 
 
 CATAFALQUE, kat-a^falk'. n. a tempo- 
 rary structure jf carpentry representing 
 a tomb or cenotajjh : a toml) of state. 
 [Fr. — It. eatafalco — Sp. eatar, to see, and 
 falco. from the Gor. root of Balcony. 
 Scaffold is a doublet through Fr. ecfia- 
 fand.-f 
 
 CATALEPSY, kat'arlep-si, n. a disease 
 that seizes suddenly. — ailj. Catalep'tic. 
 [Gr., from kata, down, lambano, leo- 
 aomai, to seize.] 
 
 CATALOGUE, kat'a-log, n. a Ust of names, 
 books, etc. — v.t. to put in a catalogue : — 
 pr.p. cat'aloguing ; pa.p. cat'alogued. 
 [Fr. — Late Lat. — Gr., from kata, down, 
 logos, a coimting.J 
 "ATAMARAN, kat-a-ma-ran", n. a raft of 
 three trees, used by the natives of India 
 and Brazil. [Tamul " tied logs."] 
 
 CATAPHRACT, kat'arfrakt, n. a cavalry 
 
 soldier, horse and man being both in 
 complete ai-mor. [Gr. kataphraktos, 
 covered — kata, quite, phrasso, to in- 
 close.] 
 
 CATAPULT, kat'a^pult, n. anciently a 
 machine for throwing stones, arrows, 
 etc. ; an instrument used by boys for 
 throwing small stones. [L. eatapulta — 
 Gr. katapeltes — kata, down, pallo, to 
 throw.] 
 
 CATAPULTIER, kat'a-pul-ter, n. one who 
 manages or discharges missiles from a 
 catapult. C. Reade. 
 
 CATARACT, kat'a-rakt, n. a great water- 
 fall : a disease of the eye which comes on 
 as if a veil fell before the eyes. [Gr. kata, 
 down, arasso, to dash, to rush.] 
 
 CATARRH, kat-ar', n. a discharge of fluid 
 from a mucous membrane, especially of 
 the nose, cau.sed by cold in the head : the 
 cold itself. — adj. Catabeh'al. [L. ca- 
 tarrhus, Gr. katarrkoos — kata, down, 
 rlieo, to flovvj 
 
 CATASTROPHE, kat-as'tro-fe, n., an over- 
 turning : a final event : an unfortunate 
 conclusion : a calamity. [Gr. kata, 
 down, strepho, to turn.] 
 
 CATASTROPHISM, kat-as'tro-flzm, n. the 
 theory or doctrine that geological changes 
 are due to catastrophes or sudden, violent 
 Ijhysical causes, rather than to continu- 
 ous and uniform processes. 
 
 CATCAL, CATCALL, kat'kawl, n.a squeak- 
 ing instrument used in theatres to con- 
 demn plays. 
 
 CATCH, kaoh, v.t., to take hold of: to seize 
 after pursuit : to trap or insnai-e : to take 
 a disease by infection. — v.i. to be con- 
 tagious : — -pa.i. a.nd jia-X}. caught (kawt). 
 — n. seizure : anything that seizes or 
 holds : tliat which is caught : a sudden 
 advantage taken : a song the parts of 
 which are caught vp by different voices, 
 [A doublet of Chase, from O. Fr. eachier 
 — L. captiaretor captare, in ten. of copere, 
 to take. See Chase.] 
 
 CATCHPENNY, kach'pen-i, n. any worthr 
 less thing, esp. a publication, intended 
 roerelv to gain monev. 
 
 CATCHPOLL, kach'pol," n. a constable. 
 
 CATCHUP, kach'up, CATSUP, kat'sup, 
 KETCHUP, kech'up, n. a Uquor ex- 
 tracted from mushrooms, etc., used as a 
 sance. [Prob. of E. Indian origin.] 
 
 CATCHA^V'ORD, kach'wurd, n. among ac- 
 tors, the last word of the preceding 
 speaker : the first word of a page given 
 at the bottom of the precedincr page. 
 
 CATECHETIC. kat-e-ket'ik, CATECHETI- 
 CAL, kat-e-ket'ik-al, adj., relating to a 
 catechism. — adv. Catechet'ically. 
 
 CATECHISE, kat'e-kiz. v.t. to instruct by 
 question and answer : to question ; to 
 examine. — n. Cat'echiser. [Gr. kate- 
 chizo, kateched, to din into the ears — 
 kata, down, eched, to sound.] 
 
 CATECHISM, kat'e-kizm, n. a book con- 
 taining a summary of principles in the 
 form of questions and answers. 
 
 CATECHIST, kat'e-kist, n, one who cate- 
 chises. 
 
 CATECHUMEN, kat-e-kQ'men. n. one who 
 is being taught the rudiments of Chris- 
 tianity. [Gr. katechoiimenos. being 
 taught, p. of katecheo, to teach.] 
 
 CATEGORICAL, kat-e-gor'ik-al, adj. posi- 
 tive : aljsolute ; without exception. 
 
 CATEGORY, kat'e-gor-i, n., what may be 
 affirmed of a class : a class or order. 
 [Gr. kategoria — kata, down, against, 
 agoreuo, to harangue, declai'e.] 
 
 CATER, ka'ter, v.i. to provide food, enter- 
 tainment, etc. — n. Ca'teker. [Lit. to 
 act as a cater, the word being orig. a 
 substantive, and spelled catonr — O. Fr. 
 oca* (Fr. ac/iat), a purchase — Low L. ac- 
 
 eajytare, to buy — L. ad, to, captare^ 
 intensive of capere. to take.] 
 
 CATERPILLAR, kat'er-pil-ar, ji. a grub 
 that Uves upon the leaves of plants. 
 [O. Fr. ehattepeleuse, a hau-y cat — chatte, 
 a she-cat, pieleiise = Lat. pilosus, hairy.] 
 
 CATERWAUL, kat'er-wawl, v.i. to make a 
 uoise like cats. 
 
 GATES, katz, n.pl. dainty food. [O. R' 
 acates — root of Cater.] 
 
 CATGUT, kat'gut, n. a kind of cord mad« 
 from the intestines of animals, and used 
 as strings for musical instruments. 
 
 CATHARTIC, kath-art'ik,CATHARTICAL, 
 kath-iirt'ik-al, adj. having the power of 
 cleansing the stomach and bowels : purga- 
 tive. [Gr. kathartikos, fit for cleansing, 
 from katharos, clean.] 
 
 CATHARTIC, kath-ai-t'ik, n. a purgative 
 medicine. 
 
 CATHEDRAL, kath-e'dral. n. tbe prmcipal 
 church of a diocese, in which is the seat 
 or throne of a bishop. — adj. belong^ing to 
 a cathedral. [L. cathedra — Gr. katheara, 
 a seat.] 
 
 CATHOLIC, kath'ol-ik, adj., universal : 
 general, embracing the wltole body of 
 Christians : Uberal, the opp. of exclusive : 
 the name claimed bj' its adherents for 
 the Church of Rome as the representa- 
 tive of the church founded by Christ 
 and his apostles : relating to the Roman 
 Catholics. — n. an adherent of the Ro- 
 man Catholic Church. [Gr. katholikos, 
 universal — kata, throughout, holos, the 
 whole.] 
 
 CATHOLICISM, ka-thol'i-sizm. CATHOL- 
 ICITY, kath-ol-is'it-i, n., universality; 
 libei'ality or breadth of view : the tenets 
 of the R. Catholic Church. 
 
 CATHOOD, kat'hood, n. the state of being, 
 a cat. "Decidedly my kitten should! 
 never attain to cathood." — SoiUhey. 
 
 CATKIN, kat'kin, n. a loose cluster of 
 flowers like a cat's tail growing on cer- 
 tain trees, as hazels, etc. [Cat, and dim. 
 suffix -kin.'] 
 
 CAT-0"-NINE-TAILS, kat'-6-nin'-taIz, n. a 
 whip with nine lashes. 
 
 CATOPTRIC, kat-op'trik. adj relatmg to 
 catoptrics, or vision by reflection. [Gr., 
 from katoptron, a mirror — kata, against, 
 optomai. to see.] 
 
 CATOPTRICS, kat-op'triks, n.sing. the part 
 of optics which treats of reflected light. 
 
 CAT'S-PAW, kats'-paw, n. the dupe or tool 
 of another : (jiatit.) a light breeze. [From 
 the fable of the monkey who used the 
 paws of the cat to draw the roasting 
 chestnuts out of the fire.] 
 
 CAT-THYME, kat'-tim, n., Teucrium 
 Marum, a plant belonging to the Labi- 
 ate, one of the germanders, formerly 
 used in medicine. 
 
 CATTLE, kat'l, n.pl. beasts of pasture, esp. 
 oxen, bulls, and cows ; sometimes also 
 horses, sheep, etc. [O. Fr. catel, ehatel 
 — Low L. cax>tale. orig. capital, property 
 in general, then esp. animals — L. cajn- 
 talis, chief — caput, the head, beasts in 
 early tunes forming the chief part of 
 property.] 
 
 CAUCUS, kaw'kus, n. a party combination 
 or meeting- for influencing elections, esp. 
 in Amer. [Ety. dub. ; pei-h. a corr. of 
 ealkers' club, the nickname of a BostoB 
 clique .about 1706.] 
 
 CAUDAL, kaw'dal, adj. pertaining tc the 
 tail : having a tail or something like one. 
 [L. Cauda.] 
 
 Caudle, Icaw'dl, «., a war« drink given 
 to the sick. [O. Fr. ehaudel — Fr. ehaud 
 — L. '•iilidus. hot.] 
 
 CAUGHT, kawt, pa. f. and. pa.p. of C.^TCH. 
 
 CAUL, kawl, n. a net or covering for the 
 head : the membrane covering the head 
 of some infants at their birth. fO. Fr.
 
 CAULDRON 
 
 56 
 
 CENSORIOUS 
 
 eate, a little cap— Celt. caUa, a veil, 
 hoodj 
 
 CAULDKOK. See Caldeon. 
 
 CAULIFLOWER, kaw'li-flow-er, n. a vari- 
 ety of cabbage, the eatable part of which 
 is the flower. [L. caulis, cabbage, and 
 Flower. See Cole.] 
 
 CAULK. See Calk. 
 
 STvAULKEE, kawVer, n. a dram : a glass or 
 other small quantity of spirits. (Slang.) 
 [Perhaps so called from being regarded 
 as keeping all tight, keeping out the wet.] 
 "Take a caulker? . . , No? Tak' a 
 drap o' kindness yet for auld langsyne." 
 — Kingsley. 
 
 CAUSAL, kawz'al, aclj. relating to a cause 
 or causes. 
 
 CAUSALITY, kawz-al'it-i, n. the working 
 of a cause : (phren.) the faculty of trac- 
 ing effects to their causes. 
 
 CAUSATION, kawz-a'shun, n., the act of 
 causing : the brinsing about of an ef- 
 fect. — Law of UNIVKKSAL CAUSATION is 
 the law or doctrine that every event 
 or phenomenon is the result or sequel 
 of some previous event or phenomenon 
 without which it could not have taken 
 place, and which being present it is sure 
 to take place. 
 
 CAUSATIONISM, kawz-a'shun-izm, n. 
 same as Laio of Universal Causation, 
 [See under Causation.] 
 
 CAUSATIONIST, kawz-a'shun-ist, n. one 
 who believes in causationism or in the 
 operation of tliG law of causation. 
 
 CAUSATIVE, kawz'a-tiv, adj. producing 
 an effect : caimng. — adv. Caus'ativelt. 
 
 CAUSE, kawz, n. that by or through which 
 anything is done : inducement : a legal 
 action. — i\t. to produce : to make to ex- 
 ist : to bring about. [Fr. cause — L. 
 causa. J 
 
 DAUSEUjESS, kawzles, adj., having no 
 cause or occasion. — adv. Cause'LESSLY. — 
 n. Cause'lessness. 
 
 CAUSEUSE, ko-zez, n. a small sofa or set- 
 tee for seating two persons. [Fr., from 
 causer, to converse.] 
 
 CAUSEWAY, kawz'wa, CAUSEY, kawz'e, 
 n, a'pathway raised and jjaved with stone. 
 [O. Fr. caucie, Fr, chaussie — ^L. calciata 
 — calx, chalk, because built with mortar.] 
 
 CAUSTIC, kaws'tik, adj., burning : severe, 
 cutting. — n. a substance that burns or 
 wastes away the flesh. [L. — Gr. kaus- 
 tikos — kg id, kaiiso, to burn.] 
 
 CAUSTICITY, kaws-tis'i-ti, Ji. quality of 
 being caustic. 
 
 CAUTERIZATION, kaw-ter-Iz-a'shun , 
 CAUTERISai, kaw-ter-ism, CAUTERY, 
 kaw'ter-i, n. a burning ^vith caustics or a 
 h ot ir on. 
 
 CAUTERIZE, kaw'ter-Iz. v.t. to bum with 
 a caustic or a hot iron. [Fr. cauteriser 
 — Gr. kauter, a hot \von—-kaid, to burn.] 
 
 CAUTION, kaw'shun, n. heedfulness : se- 
 curity : warning. — v.t, to warn to take 
 care. [Fr. — L. cautio — caveo, to beware.] 
 
 CAUTIONARY, kaw'shun-ai--i, adj. con- 
 taining caution : given as a pledge. 
 
 CAUTIOUS, kaw'shus, adj. possessing or 
 using caution : watchful : prudent. — ade, 
 Cau'tiouslt.-- ?i. Cau'tiousness. 
 
 UAVALCADE, kav'al-kad, n. a train of 
 
 Eersons on horseback. [Fr. — It. cavallo — 
 u cabaUus, Gr. kaballes, ahorse, a nag.] 
 UAVALIER, kav-al-er*, n. a knight : a par- 
 tisan of Charles I. — adj. like a cavalier ; 
 gay : warlike : haughty. — adv. Cava- 
 LiER'Ly. [Fr. — It. cavallo. See Caval- 
 cade.] 
 CAVALRY, kav'al-ri, «., 7jorse-soldiers. 
 
 £Fr. cavalerie — ^It.l 
 VE, kav, n. a hollmo place in the earth : 
 a den. [Fr. — L. cavea — cavus, hollow. 
 Cage is a doublet.] 
 CAVEAT, ka've-at, n. (lit.) let him take 
 
 care : a notice of warning : a notice to 
 stop proceedings in a court. [L. — caveo, 
 to take care.] 
 
 CAVENDISH, kav'en-dish, n. tobacco 
 moistened'and pressed into quadrangular 
 cakes. 
 
 CAVERN, kav'ern, n. a, deep hollow place 
 in the eai'th. [L. eavema — cavu^, hol- 
 low.] 
 
 CAVERNOUS, ka\''er-nus, adj., hoUow: 
 full of caverns. 
 
 CAVIARE, CAVIAE, kav-i-ar', n, an ar- 
 ticle of food made from the salted roes of 
 the sturgeon, etc. [Fr. caviar — It. catnale 
 --Tu rk, havi&r.'l 
 
 CAVIL, kav'il, v.i. to make empty, trifling 
 objections : to use false arguments : — 
 pr.p. caViUing; pa.p. cav'illed. — n. a 
 frivolous objection. — n. Cav'iller. [O. 
 Fr. caviller — L. cavillor, to practice jest- 
 ing— mi'/ZZo, jesting.] 
 
 CAVITY, kaVit-i, n., a holloio place: hol- 
 lowness : an opening. [L. cavitas — 
 cai'us, hollow.] 
 
 CAVO-RILIEVO, ka'v6-re-le-a'v6, n. in 
 scidp. a kind of relief in which the high- 
 est surface is only level with the plane 
 of the original stone. Sculpture of this 
 kind is much employed in the decoration 
 of the walls of Egyptian temples. [It.] 
 
 CAW, kaw, v.i. to cry as a crow. — n. the 
 cry of a crow. — n. CAW'tNO. [From the 
 sound. See CHOUGH.] 
 
 CAZIQUE, ka-zek', n. a chief in certain 
 parts of America at the time of its dis- 
 covery. [Span, cacique, orig. Haytian.] 
 
 CEASE, ses, v.i., to give over : to stop : to 
 be at an end. — v.t. to put an end to. 
 [Fr. cesser — L. cesso, to give over — cedo, 
 to is-ield, give up.] 
 
 CEASELESS, sesles, adj., inthaut ceasing : 
 incessant.— adi;, Cease'lesslY. 
 
 CEDAR, se'dar, n. a large evergreen tree 
 remarkable for the durabihty and frag- 
 rance of its wood. — fiff;. made of cedar. 
 Also Cedarn. [L. — Gr. fcedros.] 
 
 CEDE, sed, v.t. to yield or give up to an- 
 other. — v.i. to give way. [L. cedo, ces- 
 sum, to go away from.] 
 
 CEIBA, sare'ba or tha-eTsa, n. the sUk- 
 cotton tree (Bombax Ceiba). [Sp.] 
 
 CEIL, sel, v.t. to overlay the inner roof of 
 a room. [See CEHlNa.] 
 
 CEILING, sel'ing, n. the inner roof of a 
 room. [M. E. syle or cyll, a canopy — Fr. 
 del, heaven, a canopv, a ceiling — L. 
 caelum, the vault of heaven. Cf. Gr. 
 koilos =. E. Hollow.] 
 
 CELADON, sel'ardon, n. a soft, pale, sea- 
 green color, so called from the name of 
 the hero of the romance "Astree," pop- 
 vdar in France in the Louis XIV. epoch. 
 " Porcelain beautiful with celadon.'" — 
 Longfellou: 
 
 CELANDINE, sel'an-dln, n., sicallow-vtort, 
 a plant of the poppy family, so named 
 because it was supposed to flower when 
 the swalloira appeared, and to perish 
 when they departed. [O. Fr. celidoine — 
 Gr. cheliaonion — chelidon, a swallow.] 
 
 CELEBRATE, sel'e-brat, v.t. to make fa- 
 mous : to distinguish by solemn cere- 
 monies. [L. celebro, -atum — celeber, 
 frequented.] 
 
 CELEBRATION, sel-e-bra'shun, n., act of 
 celebra ting. 
 
 CELEBRITY, sel-eb'ri-ti, n. the condition 
 of being celebrated : fame. [L. celebritas 
 — celeber.^ 
 
 CELERITY, sel-er'it-i, n. quickness : rapid- 
 ity of motion. [Fr. — L. celeritas — celer, 
 quick — cello, Gr. kello, to drive, urge on.] 
 
 CELERY, sel'er-i, n. a kitchen vegetable. 
 [Fr. celeri — L. and Gr. selinon, parslev.] 
 
 CELESTIAL, sel-est'yal, adj. heavenly: 
 dwelling in heaven : in the ■visible heav- 
 ens. — iu an inhabitant of heaven. — adv. 
 
 Celest'ially. [L. coelestis — eaelur^^ 
 heaven ; Gr. koilos, E. HoLLOW.] 
 
 CELIBACY, sel'i-bas-i or se-Ub'as-i, n. a 
 single life : an unmarried state. [L, 
 ccelebs, single.] 
 
 CELIBATE, sel i-bat, adj., pertaining to a 
 single life. — n. one unmarried. 
 
 CELL, sel, n. a small room : a cave : » 
 small shut cavity. [L. cella, conn witk 
 celare, to cover.] 
 
 CELLARET, sel-ar-et', n. an ornamental 
 case for holding bottles. [A diminutive 
 of Cellar.] 
 
 CELLAR, serar, n. a cell under ground 
 where stores are kept. [L. cellarium— 
 cella.'] 
 
 CELLARAGE, sel'ar-aj, n. space for cellars: 
 cellars : charge for storing in cellars. 
 
 CELLULAR, sel'u-lar, adj., consisting of or 
 containing cells. [From L. cellula, a lit- 
 tle cell.] 
 
 CELLULOID, seHu-loid, n. an artificial 
 substance, chiefly composed of cellulose 
 or vegetable flbnne, and much used as a 
 substitute for ivory, bone, coral, etc., in 
 the manufacture of piano-keys, buttons, 
 biUiard-balls, shirt cuffs, etc. The cellu- 
 lose is first reduced by acids to pjToxy- 
 line, camphor is then added, and t&e 
 mixture is subjected to immense hydrau- 
 lic pressure. The compound may then 
 be moulded by heat and pressure to any 
 desired shape, and it becomes hard, elas- 
 tic, and capable of taking on a fine finish. 
 [From cellulose, and Gr. eidos, resem- 
 blance.] 
 
 CELT, selt, n. a cutting instrument of 
 stone or metal found in ancient barrows, 
 [Founded on Celte (translated " \rith a 
 chisel"), perh. a misreading for certe 
 (" surely "), in the Vulgate, Job xix 24.] 
 
 CELT, selt, n. one of the Celts, an Aiyan 
 race, now represented by the Welsh 
 Irish, and Scottish Higl'ilanders.— a^;'^ 
 Celt'ic. [L. Celtce; Gr. Keltoi or Keltai.] 
 
 CEMENT, se-ment', n. anything that makes 
 two bodies stick together : mortar : a 
 bond of union. [L. ccementa, cliips of 
 stone used to fill up in building a wall, 
 ccedimenta — ccedo, to cut off.] 
 
 CEMENT, se-ment', v.t. to unite viith ce- 
 ment : to join firmly. 
 
 CEMENTATION, sem-ent-a'shun, n., the 
 act of cementing : the process by wliich 
 iron is turned into steel, glass into por- 
 celain, etc. — done by surrounding them 
 with a cement or powder and exposing 
 them to heat. 
 
 CEMETERY, sem'e-ter-i, n. a burying- 
 ground. [Low L. ccemeterium — Gr. koime- 
 terion — koimao, to lull to sleep.] 
 
 CENOBITE, sen'o-bit or se'no-bit, n. one 
 of a rehgious order ZiVnigr in a community, 
 in opposition to an Anchorite : a monk. 
 — adjs. Cenobit'ic, Cenobit'ical. [L. 
 ccenomta — Gr. koinobios, from koinos, 
 common, and bios, life.] 
 
 CENOTAPH, sen'6-taf, n. (lit.) an empty 
 tomb : a nioniuuent to one who is buried 
 elsewhere. [Fr. — L. — Gr. kenotaphion 
 — kenos, empty, and taphos, a tomb.] 
 
 CENSER, senser, n. a pan in which jn- 
 cense is burned. [Fr. encensoir — Low L. 
 inceiisorium.] 
 
 CENSOR, sen'sor, n. in ancient Rome, an 
 officer who kept account of the property 
 of the citizens, imposed taxes, and 
 watched over theu- morals ; in modem 
 times, an officer who examines books or 
 newspapers before thej' are printed, and 
 whose permission is necessary for their 
 
 JiubUcation : one who censures or blames. 
 L. — censeo, to weigh, to estimate.] 
 NSORIAL, sen-sffri-al, adj. belonging 
 to a censor, or to the correction of public 
 morals. 
 CENSORIOUS, sen-so'ri-us, adj. expressing
 
 CENSOESHIP 
 
 57 
 
 CHALICE 
 
 censure : tault-finding-. — adv. Censo'- 
 
 EIOUSLY. — n. CeNSO'RIOUSNESS. 
 
 rENSORSHIP. son'sor-ship, ii. office of 
 censor : time during which he holds of- 
 fice.— Censorship OF THE PRESS, a regu- 
 lation of certain governments, by which 
 books and newspapers must be examined 
 by officers, whose approval is necessary 
 to their publication. 
 
 CENSURABLE, sen'shur-a-bl, adj. deserv- 
 ing of censure: blamable. — adv. Cen'- 
 
 SUEABLY. — n. CEN'SUKABLENESS. 
 
 ENSURE, sen'shur, n. an unfavorable 
 judgment: blame: reproof. — v.t. to 
 blame : to condemn as wrong. [L. cen- 
 sura, an opinion, a severe judgment — 
 censeo. to estimate or judge.] 
 
 l'ENSUS. sen'sus, ?(. an official enumera- 
 tion of the inhabitants of a country. [L. 
 census, a register.] 
 
 CENT, sent, n., a hundred: an American 
 coin=the hundredth part of a dollar. — 
 Per Cent, by the hundred. [L. centum, 
 a hundred.] 
 
 ' ENTAGE, sent'aj, n. rate hy the hundred. 
 ENTAL, sen'tal, n. a weight of 100 lbs. 
 proposed for general adoption, legalized 
 in 1878 in Eng., but not in U. S. 
 
 CENTAL, sen'tal, adj. pertaining to or con- 
 sisting of a hundred : reckoning or pro- 
 ceeding by the hundred. [L. centum, a 
 hundred.] 
 
 I ENTAUR, sen'tawr, n. a fabulous mon- 
 ster, half-man half-horse. [L. — Gr. ken- 
 tauros ; ety. dub.] 
 
 CENTENARY, sen'ten-ar-i, n. a hundred : 
 a century or hundred years. — adj. per- 
 taining to a hundred. — n. Centena'riaN, 
 one a hundred years old. [L. — centeni, 
 a hundred each — centum.'] 
 
 CENTENNIAL, sen-ten'i-al, adj. happen- 
 ing once in a hundred years. [Coined 
 from L. centum, and annus, a year.] 
 
 3ENTESIMAL, sen-tes'i-mal, adj., hun- 
 dredth.— adv. Centes'tmat.t.y. [L. ceji- 
 tesimus — centum.] 
 
 CENTIGRADE, sen'ti-grad, adj. having a 
 hundred degrees : divided into a hundred 
 degrees, as the centigrade thermometer, 
 in which freezing-point is zero and boil- 
 ing-point is 100°. [L. centum, and gradus, 
 a step, a degree.] 
 
 CENTIPED, sen'ti-ped, CENTIPEDE, sen'- 
 ti-ped, n. an insect with a hundred or a 
 great many feet. [L. centum, and pes, 
 pedis, a foot.] 
 
 CENTNER, sent'ner, n. a common name 
 on the Continent for a hundredweight. 
 
 CENTRAL, sen'tral, CENTRIC, sen'trik, 
 CENTRICAL, sen'trik-al, adjs., relating 
 to, placed in, or containing the centre. — 
 adv.^. Cen'trally, Cen'trically. 
 
 CENTRALIZE, sen'tral-Iz, v.t. to draw to a 
 centre. — n. Centraliza'tion. 
 
 CENTRE, CENTER, sen'ter, n. the middle 
 point of anything : the middle. — v.t. to 
 place on or collect to a centre. — v.i. to 
 be placed in the middle : — pr.j). cen'tring, 
 cen'tering ; pa.p. cen'tred, cen'tered. [Fr. 
 — L. centrum — Gr. kentron, a sharp point 
 — kenteo, to prick.] 
 
 CENTRIFUGAL, sen-trif'u-gal, adj. tend- 
 ing to flee from the centre. [L. centrum, 
 and fugio, to flee from.] 
 
 CENTRIFUGENCE, sen-trif'u-jens, w. the 
 tendency to fly off from the centre : cen- 
 trifugal force or tendency. Emerson. 
 
 CENTRIPETAL, sen-trip'et-al, adj., tend- 
 ing toward the centre. [L. centmm, and 
 peto, to seek.] 
 
 CENTUPLE, sen'tu-pl, adj., hundred-fold. 
 [L. centuplex — centum, and plico, to fold.] 
 
 CENTURION, sen-tu'ri-on, n. among the 
 Romans, the commander of a hundred 
 men. [L. centurio.] 
 
 CENTURY, sen'tu-ri, n., a hundred, or 
 something consisting of a hundred in 
 
 number : a hundred years. [L. centuria 
 
 — centum.] 
 
 CEPHALIC, se-fal'ik, adj. belonging to 
 the liead. [Gr. kephalikos — kephale, the 
 head.] 
 
 CEPHALOTRIPSY, sef'a-lo-trip-si, n. in 
 obstretrics. the act or practice of operat- 
 ing with tlie cephalotribe : the operation 
 of crushing the head of the foetus in the 
 womb to facilitate deUvery. Dunglison. 
 
 CERACEOUS, se-ra'shus, adj., of or like 
 mix. 
 
 CERAMIC, se-ram'ik, adj., pertaining to 
 pottery. [Gr. keramos, potter's earth, 
 and suffix -ic] 
 
 CERASTES, se-ras'tez, n. a genus of poi- 
 sonous African serpents, having a horny 
 scale over each eye. [L. — Gr. kerastes, 
 horned — keras, horn.] 
 
 CERE, ser, v.t. to cover with ivax. — ns. 
 Cere'cloth, Cere'ment, a cloth dipped 
 in melted wax in which to wrap a dead 
 body. [L. cera ; cog. with Gr. keros, 
 Gael, ceir, beeswax.] 
 
 CEREAL, se're-al, adj. relating to corn or 
 edible grain. — Cereals, se're-alz, n.pl. 
 the grains used as food, such as wheat, 
 barley, etc. [L. cerealis — Ceres, the god- 
 dess of corn or produce.] 
 
 CEREBELLUM, ser-e-bel'um, n. the hinder 
 and lower part of the brain. [L., dim. of 
 cerebrum.] 
 
 CEREBRAL, ser'e-bral, adj., pertaining to 
 the cerebrum. — n. Cerebra'tion, action 
 of the brain, conscious or unconscious. 
 
 CEREBRALISM, ser'e-bral-izm, n. in psy- 
 ch ol. the theory or doctrine that all men- 
 tal operations arise from the activity of 
 the cerebrum or brain. 
 
 CEREBRALIST, ser'e-bral-ist, n. one who 
 holds the doctrine or theory of cere- 
 bralism. 
 
 CEREBRUM, ser'e-brum, n. the front and 
 larger part of the brain. [L. cerebruTn, 
 the brain, of which cere = Gr. kara, the 
 head, M. E. hemes, brains, Scot, hams.] 
 
 CEREMONIAL, ser-e-mo'ni-al, adj. relat- 
 ing to ceremony. — n. outward form: a sys- 
 tem of ceremonies. — adj. Ceremo'nially". 
 
 CEREMONIOUS, ser-e-mo'ni-us, adj., full 
 of ceremony : particular in observing 
 forms : precise. — adv. Ceremo'niouslY". 
 —n. Ceremo'niousness. 
 
 CEREMONY, ser'e-mo-ni, n. a sacred rite : 
 the outward form, religious or ottierwise. 
 [Fr.— L. ccerimonia, from root, kar, to 
 make, do.] 
 
 CERTAIN, ser'tan or ser'tin, adj. sure : 
 fixed : regular : some : one. — adv. Cer'- 
 TAiNLY. — ns. Cer'tatnty, Cer'titude. 
 [Fr. certain — L. certus, old part, of cerno, 
 to decide.] 
 
 CERTIFICATE, ser-tifi-kat, n. a written 
 declaration of some fact : a testimonial 
 of character. — i\t. to give a certificate. — 
 n. Certifica'tion. [Fr. certificat — L. 
 certus, and /«c)o.] 
 
 CERTIFY, ser'ti-fT, v.t., to make known as 
 certain ; to inform : to declare in writ- 
 ing : — pr.p. cer'tifying ; pa.p. cer'tified. 
 [Fr. certifier — L. certus, and faeio, to 
 make.] 
 
 CERULEAN, se-roo'le-an, adj., sk7j-blue ; 
 dark-blue : sea-green. [L. coeruleus — 
 cceluleus — ccelum, the sky.] 
 
 CERUSE, se'roos, n. white-lead, the na- 
 tive carbonate of lead. [Fr. — L. cerussa, 
 conn, with cera, wax.] 
 
 CERVICAL, ser'vi-kal, adj. belonging to 
 the neck. [Fr. — L. cervix, cervicis, the 
 neck.] 
 
 CERVINE, ser'vin, adj. relating to deer. 
 [L. cervits, a stag ; akin to E. hart.] 
 
 CESAREAN, se-zil're-an, adj. the Cesarean 
 operation is taking a child out of the 
 body of its mother l)?/ cutting. [L. ccBclo, 
 ctesus, to cut.] 
 
 CESS, ses, n. a tax. — v.t. to impose a tax, 
 [Shortened from Assess.] 
 
 CESSATION, ses-a'shun, n. a ceasing or 
 stopping : a rest : a pause. [Fr. — L. ; see 
 Cease.] 
 
 CESSION, sesh'un, n. a yielding U]). [Fr 
 — L. ; see Cede.] 
 
 CESSPOOL, ses' pool, n., a pool or hollow in 
 which filthy water collects. [Ace. to 
 Skeat, from Celt, soss-pool, a pool into 
 which foul messes flow. Cf. Scot, soss, 
 a mixed dirty mess.] 
 
 CESTUS, ses'tus, n. the girdle of Venus, 
 which had power to awaken love : an 
 ancient boxing-glove loaded with lead or 
 iron. [L. — Gr. kestos, a gii'dle.] 
 
 CESURA. See C^sura. 
 
 CETACEOUS, set-a'shus, adj. belonging to 
 fishes of the u-hale-kind. [L. ceie — Gr, 
 ketos. any sea-monster.] 
 
 CHACE. See Chase. 
 
 CHAFE, chaf, v.t., to make hot by rubbing: 
 to fret or wear by rubbing : to cause to 
 fret or rage. — v.t. to fret or rage. — n. 
 heat caused by rubbing: rage : passion. 
 [Fr. chauffer — L. calefacere — caleo, to be 
 hot, and facere, to make.] 
 
 CHAFER, chafer, n. a kind of beetle. [A.S. 
 ceafor.] 
 
 CHAFF, chaf. n. the case or covering of 
 grain : empty, worthless matter. — adjs. 
 Chaff'y, Chaft'less. [A.S. ceaf ; Ger. 
 kaff.] 
 
 CHAFF, chaf, v.t. to banter. — n. Chaff'- 
 ING. [A corr. of chafe.] 
 
 CHAFFER, chafer, v.t., to buy.— v.i. to 
 bargain : to haggle about the price. 
 [M.E. chapfare, a bargain, from A.S. 
 ceap. price, faru, way — a business pro- 
 ceeding. ] 
 
 CHAFFINCH, chaf'insh, n. a little song- 
 bird of the finch family. [Said to delight 
 in chaff. See Finch.] 
 
 CHAGRIN, sha-gren', w. that which uears 
 or gnaws the mind : vexation : ill-hu- 
 mor. — v.t. to vex or annoy. [Fr. chagrin, 
 shagreen, rough skin used for rasping or 
 polishing wood.] 
 
 CHAIN, chan, n. a series of links or rings 
 passing through one anothep : a number 
 of things coming after each other : any- 
 thing that binds : a measure of 100 links, 
 66 feet long. — v.t. to bind with or as with 
 a chain. [Fr. chaine — L. catena.] 
 
 CHAIR, char, n. something to sit down 
 upon : a movable seat for one. with a 
 back to it : the seat or office of <»ne in 
 authority. — v.t. to carry one publicly in 
 triumph. [Fr. chaire—'L. cathedra — Gr. 
 kathedra — kathezomai, to sit down.] 
 
 CHAISE, shaz, n. a light two-wheeled car- 
 riage, for two persons, drawn by one 
 horse. [Fr., a Parisian pronunciation of 
 chaire. See Chair.] 
 
 CHALCEDONY, kal-sed'o-ni or kal'-, n. a 
 variety of quartz of a milk-and-water 
 color.— or?/. Chalcedon'ic. [From Chal- 
 cedon, in Asia Minor.] 
 
 CHALCIDID^, kal-sid'i-de, ?!.p/. a famUy 
 of lizards, with long, snake-hke bodies, 
 but having minute fore and hind limlw 
 present : the scales are rectangular, and 
 arranged in transverse bands which do 
 not overlap. All the members of the 
 group are American. H. A. Nicholson, 
 [Gr. chalkcis, a kind of lizard, and eidos, 
 resemblance.] 
 
 CHALCOPYRITE, kal-ko-pir'It, n. yellow 
 or copper pyrites. [Gr. k(dkos, copper, 
 and pyrites, from pyr, fire. See under 
 Pyrites.] 
 
 CHALDAIC, kal-da'ik, CHALDEE, kal'de, 
 adj. relating to Chaldea. 
 
 CHALDRON, chawl'drun, n. a coal-measure 
 holding 36 bushels. \Yi-. chaudron. See 
 Caldron.] 
 
 CHALICE, charis. n. a cup or houl ■ a
 
 CHALK 
 
 58 
 
 CHARACTER 
 
 commuaion-cup. — adj. Chal'ICED. [Ft. 
 calice — L. calix, calicis ; Gr. kylix, a cup. 
 Calys is a dill'erent word, but from tlie 
 same root.] 
 
 CHALK, chawk, n. the well-known white 
 substance, a carbonate of lime. — v.t. to 
 rub or manure with chalk. — adj. 
 Chalk'y. — n. Chalk'djess. [A.S. eealc, 
 like Fr. chaiuc, O. Fr. ehaulx, is from L. 
 cal.v, Umestone.] 
 
 JHALLENGE, chal'enj, v.t. to call on one 
 to settle a matter bj- lighting or any kind 
 of contest: to claim as one's own: to 
 accuse : to object to. — n. a summons to 
 a contest of any kind : exception to a 
 juror : the demand of a sentry. [O. Fr. 
 dialenge, a dispute, a claim — L. caluinniu, 
 a false accusation — calui, caluere, to de- 
 ceivej 
 
 CHALYBRAN, ka-lib'e-an, adj. forged oy 
 the Chalybes of Pontus, noted for their 
 preparation of steel : well-tempered. 
 [See Chalybeate.] 
 
 CHALYBEATE, karlib'e-at, adj. contain- 
 ing iron. — re. a water or other liquor con- 
 taining iron. [Gr. chalyps, chalybos, 
 steel, so called from the Chalyhes, a na- 
 tion in Pontus famous for steel.] 
 
 CHAMBER, cham'ber, n. an apai"tment : 
 the place where an assembly meets : an 
 assembly or body of men met for some 
 purpose, as a chamber of commerce : a 
 hall of justice : the back end of the bore 
 of a gun. — adj. Cha.m'beeed. — n. CHAil'- 
 BERD«5, in B., lewd behavior. [Fr. cham- 
 bre — L. camera — Gr. kamara, a vault, a 
 room ; akin to Celt, cam, crooked.] 
 
 CHA31BERLAIN, chamTjer-lan or -lin, n. 
 an overseer of the private apartments of 
 a monarch or nobleman : treasurer of a 
 corporation. — n. Chaji'berlaixship. [O. 
 Fr. chambrelenc ; O. Ger. chamerling — 
 L camera, a chamber, and affix ling or 
 Ze,ie=E. ling in hireling.'] 
 
 CHAMBERLIN, cham'ber-Un, n. a servant 
 in an inn, in olden times, who united in 
 himself the offices of chambermaid, 
 waiter, and boots. [A form of Chamber- 
 lain.] 
 
 CHAMELEON, ka-mel'yun, n. a small liz- 
 ard famous for changing its color. [L. 
 chamceleon — Gr. chamaileon — chamai (== 
 L. humi), on the ground, leon, a lion^a 
 dwarf-lion.] 
 
 CHAMOIS, shara'waw or sha-moi', «. a 
 kind of goat : a soft kind of leather orig- 
 inally made from its skin. [Fr. — Ger. 
 gemse, a chamois.] 
 
 CHAMOMILE. See Camomile. 
 
 CH^\3IP, champ, v.i. to make a snapping 
 noise with the jaws in chewing. — v.t. to 
 bite or chew. [Older form chain, from 
 Scand., as in Ice. kiapta, to chatter, 
 l-ia2}tr, the jaw.] 
 
 CHAMPAGNE, sham-pan', n. alight 
 sparkling wine from Champagne, in 
 France. 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, sham-pan', adj., level, open. 
 — H. an open, level country. [A doublet 
 of Campaign, from O. Fr. champaigne — 
 L. Campania, a plain.] 
 
 CHAMP AIN, sham-pan , adj. champaign. 
 
 CHAMPION, cham'pi-un, n. one who fights 
 in single combat for himself or for an- 
 other : a successful combatant : a hero. 
 ~-n. Cham'pioNSHIF. [Fr.— Low L. cam- 
 p:i> -Low L. canqyus, a combat — L. cam- 
 pus, a plain, a place for g;imes ; whence 
 also are borrowed A.S. camp, a fight, 
 cempa. a warrior, Ger. hdmpfen, to figlit.] 
 
 CHANCE, chans, n. that which falls out 
 or happens : an unexpected event : risk : 
 opportanity : possibility of something 
 happening. — v.t. to risk^ — v.i. to happen. 
 — adj. happening by chance. [Fr. — Low 
 L. cadentia — L. cado, to fall.] 
 
 CHANCEL, chan'sel, n. the part of a 
 
 church where the altar is placed, for- 
 merly inclosed with lattices or rails. [O. 
 Fr. — L. cancelli, lattices.] 
 
 CHANCELLOR, chaa'sel-or, n. the presi- 
 dent of a court of chancery or other 
 court. — n. Chah'CEIXORSHIP. [Fr. chan- 
 eeliei — Low L. cancellarius, orig. an offi- 
 cer tliat had charge of records and stood 
 near the cuncelli (L.), the crossbars that 
 smTounded tlie judgment-seat.] 
 
 CHANCE-MEDLEY, chans'-med-li, re. the 
 killing of a person by chance or in self- 
 defence. [Chance, a corruption of Fr. 
 chawle, hot, melee, fray, fight.] 
 
 CHANCERY, chan'ser-i, n. the highest 
 Enghsh court next to the parliament ; 
 in the United States a lower court of 
 equity. Also a pugilistic term for the 
 position of an opponent's head when it 
 is under one's arm, so that it may be 
 held and pommelled severely, the victim 
 meanwhile being unable to retaliate ef- 
 fectively ; hence, sometimes figuratively 
 used of an awkward fix or predicament. 
 [Fr. chancellerie.] 
 
 CHANTJELIER, shan-de-ler*, n. a frame 
 with branches for holding hghts. [Fr. — 
 Low L. ca7idelaria, a candlesticK — L. 
 candela, a candle.] 
 
 CHANDLER, chand'ler", n. orig. a candle 
 maker and dealer : a dealer generaUj-. 
 
 [Fr. chandelier.] 
 
 lY, chi 
 
 by a chandler. 
 
 CHANDLERl 
 
 and'ler-1, n. goods sold 
 
 CHANGE, chanj, v.t. to alter or make dif- 
 ferent : to put or give one thing or per- 
 son for anotlier : to make to pass from 
 one state to another. — v.i. to suffer 
 change. — n. alteration or variation of 
 any kind : a shift : variety : small coin : 
 also used as a short term for the Ex- 
 change. — To PUT THE CHANGE ON, to trick : 
 to mislead : to deceive : to humbug. "I 
 have jmt the change upon her that she 
 may be otherwise employed." — Con- 
 greve. "You ca.nnot put tlie change on 
 me so easy as you think, for I have Uved 
 among tlie quick-stirring spirits of the 
 age too long to swallow chsfl for grain." 
 — Sir W. Scott. [Ft. changer — ^Late L. 
 cambiare — L. ccnnbire, to barter.] 
 
 CHANGEABLE, chanj'a-bl. adj. subject 
 or prone to change : fickle : inconstant. — 
 adv. Change' ABLY. — n. Change' able- 
 
 VESS 
 
 CHANGEFUL, chanj'fool, adj., full of 
 change : changeable. — adv. Change'fuIt 
 ly.— re. Change'fulntjss. 
 
 CHANGELESS, chanj'les, adj., without 
 change : constant. 
 
 CHANGELING, chanj'Ung, n. a chUd taken 
 or left in place of another : one apt to 
 change. 
 
 CHANNEL, chan'el, Jt. the bed of a sti-eam 
 of water : the deeper part of a -strait, 
 bay, or hai'bor : a strait or narrow sea : 
 means of passing or convej'ing. [O. Fr. 
 Chanel or canel — L. canalis.] 
 
 CHANT, chant, i:t., losing: to celebrate 
 in song : to recite in a singing manner. 
 — n., song : melody : a kind of sacred 
 music, in which prose is sung. [Fr. 
 chanter (It. cajiiare)— L. canto— cano, to 
 sing.] 
 
 CHANTER, chant'er, n., one who chants : 
 a chief singer : the tenor or treble pipe of 
 a bagjjipe. 
 
 CHANTICLEER, cliant'i-kl5r, n. a cock. 
 [11. E. chaunte-cleer, from Chant and 
 Cleak.] 
 
 CHANTRY, chant'ri, n. an endowed chapel 
 in which masses are chanted for the 
 soiUs of the donors or others. [O. Fr. 
 chaiiterie — chanter, to sing.] 
 
 CHAOS, ka'os, n. a confused, shapeless 
 mass : disorder : the state of matter be- 
 fore it was reduced to order by the Crear 
 
 tor. [L. and Gr. chaas — root ha, to g^ape, 
 seen also in Gr. chaino, cliao, to gape, 
 to yawn.] 
 
 CHAOTIC, ka-ot'ik, adj., like chaos : con- 
 fused or disoi'dered. 
 
 CHAP, chap or chop, v.t., to cut : to cleave, 
 split, or crack. — v. i. to crack or open in 
 slits i—jpr.p. chapp'ing ; pa.p. cliapped', 
 chapt. [E.; Dut. kappen, Dan. kappe,U 
 cut. See Chip.] 
 
 CHAP, chap, CHOP, chop, n. a cleft, crack, 
 or chink. 
 
 CHAPBOOK, chap^ook, n. a small kind of 
 book or tract, at one time carried about 
 for sale bj' chapmen. 
 
 CHAPEL, chap'el, n. place of worship in- 
 ferior or subordinate to a regular church, 
 or attached to a palace or a private dwell- 
 ing : a dissenters' place of worsliip. [Fr. 
 chapelle, O. Fr. capele — Low L. capella, 
 dim. of cax)a, a cloak or cope : such a 
 small cope was kept in the palaces of 
 king's on which to administer oaths ; the 
 name was transferred to the sanctuary 
 where the capella was kept, and hence to 
 any sanctuary containing reUcs. Littre.] 
 
 CHAPELRY', ciiap'el-ri, u. the jm-isdiction 
 of a chapel. 
 
 CHAPERON, shap'e-ron, n. a kind of hood 
 or cap : one who attends a lady m pubhc 
 places as a protector. — v.t. to attend a 
 lady to pubhc places. [Fr., a large hood 
 or head-dress, and hence a person who 
 affords protection Uke a hood — chape, a 
 hooded cloak — Low L. cappa. See Cape.] 
 
 CHAP-FALLEN, cliap-fawln. Same as 
 Chop-fallen. 
 
 CHAPITER, chap'i-ter, n. the head or 
 capital of a column. |Fr. chapitel — Low 
 L. cajntelhim, dim. of L. caput, the head.] 
 
 CHAPLAIN, chap'lan or chap'Un, n. a 
 clei-gyman attached to a ship of wai% a 
 regiment, a public institution, or family. 
 — res. Chap'laikcy, Chap'lainship. [Fr 
 chapelain — Low L. eapellanus — capciia 
 See Ch,vpel.] 
 
 CHAPLET, chaplet, n. a garland or wreath 
 for the head : a rosary. [Fr. chapelet, 
 dim. of O. Ft. chapel, a liat — Low L. 
 capa, a cape.] 
 
 CHAPLET, chaplet, v.t. to crown or adorn 
 witli a chaplet. " His forehead chapleted 
 
 ^green with wreathy hop." — Brointing. 
 
 CHAPMAN, chap'man, n. one who buys or 
 sells : a dealer. [A.S. ceap-man — ceaji, 
 trade, and 7naH. See Cheap.] 
 
 CHAPS, chaps, n.}}!. the jaws. [N. E. and 
 Scot, chafts— Scand., as Ice. kjaptr, the 
 jaw. See Jowl.] 
 
 CHAPT, chapt, pa.p. of Chap. 
 
 CHAPTER, chap'ter, n., a head or division 
 of a book : a corporation of clergymen 
 belonging to a cathedral or collegiate 
 church : an organized branch of some 
 society or fraternity. [Fr. chapitre — L, 
 capitidnm, dim. of caput, the head.] 
 
 CHAPTER, chap'ter, v.t. to divide or ar- 
 range into chapters, as a hterarj- compo- 
 sition. 
 
 CHAR, char, n. work done bj' the day : a 
 turn of work : a job. — v.i. to work by the 
 day. [A.S. cierr, a turn, space of time— 
 eyrran, to turn.] 
 
 CHAR, char, n. a red-bellied fish of the 
 salmon kind, found in mountain lake£ 
 and rivers. [Ir. and Gael, cear, red blood' 
 colored.] 
 
 CHAR, chiir, v.t. to roast or burn until re- 
 duced to carbon or coal t—pr-p. charr'ing ; 
 pa.p. charred'. [Ety. dub. ; ace. to Skeat, 
 because wood is turned to coal, from 
 Chae, a timi of work.] 
 
 CHARACTER, kar'ak-ter, n. a letter, sign, 
 or figure : the peculiai- qualities of a per- 
 son or tiling : a description of the quali- 
 ties of a person or thing : a person with 
 his pecuhar quahties. [Fr. caractire—
 
 CHARACTERIZE 
 
 59 
 
 CHEESECAKE 
 
 L. character — Gr. charakter, from cliar' 
 asso, to cut, engrave.] 
 CHARACTERIZE, kar'ak-ter-iz, v.t. to give 
 a character to : to desci-ibe by peculiar 
 qualities : to distinguish or designate. — 
 n. Characteriza'tion. [Gr. charakter- 
 
 H AR A C T E R I S T I C, kar-ak-ter-is'tik, 
 OHARACTERISTIGAX,, kar-ak-ter-is'tik- 
 al, adj. marking or constituting the pe- 
 culiar nature. — Chakacteris'tic, n. tliat 
 which mai-ks or constitutes the charac- 
 ter. — adv. Characteieis'tically. [Gr.] 
 
 iJHARADE, shar-ad', or -ad, n. a species of 
 riddle, the subject of which is a word 
 proposed for solution from an enigmat- 
 ical description of its several syllables 
 and of the whole ; the charade is often 
 acted. [Fr.; ety. dub.] 
 HARCOAL, cliar'kol, n., coal made by 
 charring or burning wood under turf. 
 HARGE, oharj, v.t. to lay on or load: 
 to impose or intrust : to fall upon or at- 
 tack : to put to the account of : to im- 
 pute to : to command : to exiiort. — v.i. 
 to make an onset. — n. that which is laid 
 on : cost or price : the load of powder, 
 etc., for a glm : attack or onset : care, 
 custody : the object of care : command : 
 exhortation : accusation. [Fr. charger — 
 Low L. carricare, to load — L. carrus, a 
 Avagon. See CAR, CARGO.] 
 HARGEABLE, charj'a-bl, adj. liable to 
 be charged : imputable : blamable : in 
 J5., burdensome. — n. Charge' ableness. — 
 (/(/('. Charge' ABLY. 
 
 OHARGER, charj'er, ii. a dish capable of 
 liolding a heavy charge or quantity : a 
 horse used iu charging, a. war-horse. 
 
 ( 'HARILY, CHARINESS. See Chart. 
 
 < HARIOT, char'i-ot, n. a four-wheeled 
 pleasure or state carriage : a car used in 
 ancient warfare. [Fr., dim. of char, a 
 car, from root of Car.] 
 
 CHARIOT, char'i-ot, v.t. to convey in a 
 cliariot. 
 
 CHARIOTEER, cliar-i-ot-ei-', n. one who 
 drives a chariot. 
 
 CHARITABLE, cliar'i-ta-bl, adj., full of 
 charity: of or relating to cliai-ity : lib- 
 eral to the poor. — adv. Char'itably. — n. 
 
 CHAR'IT ABLENESS. 
 
 CHARITY, chai-'i-ti, n. in New Test., uni- 
 versal love : the disposition to tliink 
 favorably of others, and do them good : 
 almsgiving. [Fr. charite — L. caritas, 
 from carus, dear.] 
 
 CHARLATAN, shar'la-tan, n. a mere talk- 
 ing pretender : a quack. [Fr. — It. ciar- 
 latuno—ciarlare, to chatter, au imitative 
 word.] 
 
 CHARLATAlsRY, shar'la-tau-ri, u. the 
 profession of a charlatan : undue or 
 empty pretension : deception. 
 
 CHARLOCK, char'lok, n. a plant of the 
 mustard family, with yellow llowers, that 
 grows as a weed in coroflelds. [A.S. cer- 
 Tice — cer, unknown, lic=- leek, a plant.] 
 
 CHARM, charm, n. a spell : something 
 thought to possess hidden power or in- 
 fluence : that wliich can please irresisti- 
 bly. — v.t. to influence by a charm : to 
 subdue by secret influence : to enchant : 
 todeUght : toaUure. — adv. Charji'isglt. 
 [Fr. cliarme — L. carmen, a song.] 
 
 ;DHARMER, charm'er, n., one who enchants 
 or delights. 
 
 CHARNEL, char'nel, adj. containing Jlesh 
 or carcasses. [Fr. charnel — L. canialis — 
 caro, earnis, flesh.] 
 
 CHARNEL-HOUSE, char'nel-hows, n. a 
 place where the bones of the dead are de- 
 posited. 
 
 CHART, chart, n. a map of a part of the 
 sea, with its coasts, shoals, etc., for the 
 use of sailors. [L. charta, a paper. See 
 Card.] 
 
 CHARTER, chart'er, n. a formal wi-itten 
 paper, conferring or confirming titles, 
 rights, or piivileges : a patent : grant : 
 immunity. — v.t. to establish by chai-ter : 
 to let or liire, as a ship, on contract. [Fr. 
 chartre — L. chartariam, archives — char- 
 ta.] 
 
 CHARTEEr-PARTY, chart'er-par-ti, n. a 
 mutual charter or contract for the hire 
 of a vesseL [Fr. chartre-partie, (lit.) a 
 di\'ided charter, as the jiractice was to 
 divide it in two and give a half to each 
 person.] 
 
 CHARTISM, chart'izm, n. the principles 
 of a party who sprung up in Gt. Britain 
 in 1838, and who advocated the people's 
 chartei — viz. universal sufi'rage, etc. 
 
 CHARTIST, chart'ist, n. one who supports 
 chartism. 
 
 CHARWOMAN, char-woom'an, ?;,. a woman 
 who chars or does odd work by the day. 
 
 CHARY, char'i, adj. sparing : cautious. — 
 adv. COAR'lLY.—n. CEtAR'lNESS. [A.S. 
 cearig — cearu, care.] 
 
 CHASE, chas, v.t. to pursue : to hunt : to 
 drive away. — n. pm-suit : a hunting : that 
 which is "hunted : ground abounding in 
 game. [Fr. chasser — Low L. caciare — L. 
 eapto — capio, to take.] 
 
 CHASE, chas, v.t. to incase: to emboss. 
 [See Enchase.] 
 
 CHASE, chas, n. a case or frame for hold- 
 ing types ; a groove. [Fr. ch&sse, a shrine, 
 a setting — ^L. capsa, a chest. See Case.] 
 
 CHASER, chas'er, n., one who chases : an 
 enchaser. 
 
 CHASM, kazm, n. a yawning or gaping 
 hollow : a gap or opening : a void space. 
 [Gr. chasma, from chaino, to gape ; con- 
 nected with Chaos.] 
 
 CHASTE, chast, adj. modest : refined : vir- 
 tuous : pure in taste and style. — adv. 
 Chaste'ly. [Fr. chaste — L. castus, pure.] 
 
 CHASTEN, clias'u, v.t. to free from faults 
 by punishing : hence, to punish : to cor- 
 rect. [Fr. chatter, O. Fr. chastier — L. 
 castigare — castus, pure.] 
 
 CHASTENESS, chast'nes, CHASTITY, 
 chas'ti-ti, »., purity of body, conduct, 
 or language. 
 
 CHASTISE, chas-tiz', v.t. to inflict punish- 
 ment upon for the purpose of correction: 
 to reduce to order or to obedience. — n. 
 Chastisement, chas'tiz-iuent. 
 
 CHASUBLE, chaz'u-bl, n. the uppermost 
 garment worn by a R. C. jniest at mass. 
 [Fr. — ^Low L. caxubhula, L. casula, a man- 
 tle, dim. of casa, a hut.] 
 
 CHAT, chat, v.i. to talk idly or familiarly: 
 — -pr.p. chatt'ing; pa.p. chatt'ed. — n. 
 familiar, idle talk. [Short for Chatter.] 
 
 CHATEAU, sha-to', n. a nobleman's castle : 
 a country-seat. [Fr., O. Fr. eh&tel, cas- 
 tel — L. castcllum, dim. of castrum, a fort.] 
 
 CHATTEL, chat'l, n. any kind of property 
 which is not freehold. [Doublet of Cat- 
 tle.] 
 
 CHATTER, chafer, v.i. to talk idly or rap- 
 idly : to sound as the teeth wnen one 
 shivers. [From the sound.] 
 
 CHATTINESS, chat'i-nes, n. the quality or 
 state of being chatty : talkativeness. 
 
 CHATTY, chat'i, adj., given to chat : talka- 
 tive. 
 
 CHAUVINIST, sho'vin-ist, n. a person im- 
 bued with chauvinisme, which means an 
 absurdly exaggerated patriotism or ex- 
 cessive military enthusiasm. 
 
 CHAUVINISTIC, sho-vin-ist'ik, adj. per- 
 taining to or cliaractei'ized by chauvin- 
 isme : fanatically devoted to any cause. 
 
 CHEAP, chep, adj. low in price : of small 
 value. — adv. Cheap'lt. — n. Cheap'ness. 
 [Orig. Good cheap, i.e., a. good bargain; 
 A.S. ceap, price, a bargain ; A.S. ceapan. 
 Ice. kaupa, Ger. kanfen, to buy ; Scot. 
 
 eoiqi — all borrowed, from L. caupo, a 
 huckster.] 
 
 CHEAPEN, chep'n, v.t. to make cheap: 
 to beat down in price. 
 
 CHEAT, chet, v.t. to deceive and defraud. 
 — n. a fraud : one who cheats. [A corr. 
 of Escheat, the seizure of such propertt 
 being looked upon as robbery.] 
 
 CHECK, chek, v.t. to bring- to a stand ; to 
 restrain or hinder : to rebuke. — n. a term 
 in chess when one party obliges the other 
 either to move or guard his king : anj'- 
 thing that checks : a sudden stop : in B., 
 a rebuke. [Fr. eehec = Pers. shah, king 
 — (mind your) king !] — v.t. to compare 
 with a counterpart or authority in order 
 to ascertain correctness. — n. a mark put 
 against items in a list : a token : an order 
 for money (usually written Cheque) : 
 any counter-register used as secmity : a 
 checkered cloth. [From the practice of 
 the Court of Exchequer, where accounts 
 were settled by means of counters on a 
 checkered cloth.] 
 
 CHECK-BOOK, chek'-book, n. a bank-book 
 containing blank checks, for the use of 
 persons having accounts with the bank. 
 
 CHECKER, CHEQUER, chek'er, v.t. to 
 form into little squares like a chessboard 
 or clieeker, by lines or stripes of different 
 colors : to variegate or diversify. — n. a 
 chessboard. [Fr. echiqnier, O. Fr. es- 
 chequier. a chessboai-d — ecliec] 
 
 CHECKERS, check'erz, n.pl. a game played 
 by two persons on a elieckered board ; 
 also called Draughts. 
 
 CHECK31ATE, chek'mat, n. in chess, a 
 check given to the adversary's king when 
 in a position iu which it can neither be 
 protected nor moved out of check, so that 
 the game is finished : a complete check : 
 defeat: overthrow. — v.t. in chess, to make 
 a movement which ends the game : to 
 defeat. [Fr. echec et mat : Ger. schachmatt 
 — Pers. sh&h mCit, the king is dead.] 
 
 CHEEK, chek, n. the side of the face below 
 the eje. [A.S. ceace, the cheek, jaw.] 
 
 CHEEP, chep, v.i. to chirp, as a young 
 bird. [From the sound, like Chiep.] 
 
 CHEEPISR, chep'er, n. one who or that 
 which cheeps, as a j'oung chicken : sjie- 
 cifieally, among- sportsmen, the young 
 of the grouse and some other game birds. 
 
 CHEER, cher, n. that which makes the 
 countenance glad : joy : a shout : kind 
 treatment : entertainment : fare. — v.t. 
 to make the countenance glad : to com- 
 fort : to encourage : to applaud. [O. Fr. 
 chiere, the countenance — Low L. cara, 
 the face — Gr. kara, the head, face.] 
 
 CHEERFUL, cher'fool, adj., full of cheer 
 or good spirits : joyful : lively. — adv. 
 Cheer'ftjlly. — n. Cheer'fulness. 
 
 CHEERLESS, cher'les. adj., icithout cheer 
 or comfort : gloomy. — n. Cheer'less- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 CHEERY, cher'i, adj., cheerful : promot- 
 ing cheerfulness. — adv. Cheer'ilt. — u. 
 Cheer'iness. 
 
 CHEESE, chez, n. the curd of milk pressed 
 into a hard mass : also the inflated aj)- 
 pearance of a gown or petticoat result- 
 ing from whining round and making- a 
 low curtsey ; hence, a low curtsey. 
 " What more reasonable tiling could sn« 
 do than amuse herself with making 
 cheeses ? that is, whirling round . . . un- 
 til the petticoat is inflated like a balloon 
 and then sinking into a curt.sey.'" — D« 
 Quincey. "She and hersister botlimade 
 ^lese clieeses in compliment to the new- 
 comer, and with much stately agilitv." 
 — Tliackeray. [A.S. cese, eyse, curdled 
 milk ; Ger. kii.ie ; both from L. caseiis ; 
 cf. Gael, caise.] 
 
 CHEESECAICE, chSz'kak, n. a cake made 
 of soft curds, sugar, and butter.
 
 CHEESEMONGER 
 
 CHEESEMONGER, chez'mung'ger, n. a 
 
 doaler in cheese. 
 CHEESY, chez'i, adj. having the nature of 
 
 cheese, 
 CHEETAH, che'tah, n. an eastern animal 
 
 hke the leopard, used ia hunting. [Hind. 
 
 chitd.] 
 '"HEMIC, kem'ik, CHEMICAL, kem'i-kal, 
 
 adj. , belonging to chemistry. — adv. Chem'- 
 
 ICAIxLY. 
 
 CHEMICALS, kem'ik-alz, n.pl. substances 
 used for producing' chemical eflfects. 
 
 CHEMICO-ELECTRIC, keni'i-ko-e-lek'trik, 
 adj. pertaining or relating to electricity 
 resulting from chemical action : galvan- 
 ism : also, pertaining to chemical action 
 resulting from electricity. 
 
 CHEMISE, she-mez', n. a lady's shift. [Tr. 
 chemise — Low L. camisia,ii nightgown — 
 Ar. qamis, a shirt.] 
 
 CHEMISETTE, shem-e-zet', ?(. an under- 
 garment worn by ladies over the chemise. 
 fFr., dim. of chemise.'] 
 
 CHEMIST, kem'ist, w. one skilled in chem- 
 istry. 
 
 CHEMISTRY, kem'is-tri formerly Chym- 
 ISTKY, n. the science which treats of the 
 properties of substances both elemen- 
 tary and compound, and of the laws of 
 their combination and action one upon 
 another. [From the ancient AXCHEMY, 
 which see.] 
 
 CHEMOSMOSIS, kem-os-mo'sis, n. chemi- 
 cal action acting through an intervening 
 membrane, as parchment, paper, etc. 
 [From chem-in chemistry, and ostnosis.'] 
 
 CHEMOSMOTIC, kem-os-mot'ik, adj. per- 
 taining or relating to chemosmosis. 
 
 CHEQUE.CHEQUER. See Check,Checkee. 
 
 CHERISH, cher'ish, v.t. to protect and 
 treat with affection. [Fr. cherir, cheris- 
 sant — cher, dear — L. cams.] 
 
 JHEROOT, she-root', n. a kind of cigar. 
 [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 3HERRY, cher'i, n. a small bright-red 
 stone-fruit : the tree that bears it. — adj. 
 like a cherry in color : ruddj'. [Fr. cerise — 
 Gr. kerasos, a cherry-tree, said to be so 
 named from Cerasus, a town in Pontus, 
 from which the cherry was brought by 
 Lucullus.] 
 
 CHERT, chert, n. a kind of quartz or flint : 
 hornstone. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 CHERTY, chert'i, adj., like or containing 
 chert. 
 
 CHERUB, cher'ub, n. a celestial spirit : a 
 beautiful child. — jjZ. Cher'ubs, Cher'- 
 UBIM, Cher'dbims. [Heb. ker-ub.] 
 
 CHERUBIC, che-ro5blk, CHERUBICAL, 
 che-roob'i-kal, adj. pertaining to chembs : 
 angelic. 
 
 CHESS, ches, n. a game played by two per- 
 sons on aboard like that used in checkers. 
 [Corr. of Checks, the pi. of Check.] 
 
 CHEST, chest, n. a large strong box : the 
 part of the body between the neck and 
 the abdomen. [A.S. cyste, Scot, klst — L. 
 cista — Gr. kiste.] 
 
 CHESTNUT, CHESNUT, ches'nut, n. a nut 
 or fruit inclosed in a prickly case : the 
 tree that bears it. — adj. of a chestnut 
 color, reddish-brown. [M.E. chesten-nut 
 — O. Fr. ehastaigne — L. castanca — Gr. 
 kastanon, from Castana, in Pontus, where 
 the tree abounded.] 
 
 SHEVAI^DE-FRISE, she-val'-de-frez, n. a 
 piece of timber armed with spikes, used to 
 defend a passage or to stop cavalry. — pi. 
 Chevaux-de-frise, she-v6'-de-frez. [Fr. 
 eheval, horse, de, of, Frise, Friesland ; a 
 jocular name.] 
 
 CHEVALIER, shev-a-ler', n. a cavalier : a 
 knight : a gallant man. [Fr. — eheval — L. 
 cab allus, a horse.] 
 
 CHEW, choo, v.t. to cut and bruise with 
 the teeth. [A.S. ceoiran : Ger. kaiien: 
 conn, with Jaw and Chaps.] 
 
 60 
 
 CHIARO-OSCURO, ki-ar'6-os-k5o'r6. See 
 Clare-obscure. 
 
 CHIBOUK, CHIBOUQUE, chi-book-, n. a 
 Turkish pipe for smoking. [Turk.] 
 
 CHICANE, shi-kan', v.i. to use shifts and 
 tricks, to deceive. — n. Chica'nert, trick- 
 ery or artifice, esp. in legal proceedings. 
 [Fr. chicane, sharp practice at law, 
 through a form zicanum, from Low Gr. 
 tzykanion, a game at mall — Pers. tchaii- 
 gan.] 
 
 CHICCORY. See Chicory. 
 
 CHICK, chik, CHICKEN, chik'en, n. the 
 j-oung of fowls, especially of the hen : a 
 child. [A.S. cicen, a dim. of cocc, a cock.] 
 
 C H I C K E N-HEAETED, chik'en-hart'ed, 
 adj. as timid as a chicken : cowardly. 
 
 CHICKEN-POX, chik'en-poks, n. mild skin- 
 disease, generally attacking children 
 only. 
 
 CHICKLING, chik^ing, n. a little chicken. 
 
 CHICKWEED, chik'wed. n. a low creeping 
 tveed that birds are fond of. 
 
 CHICORY, CHICCORY, chik-'o-ri, n., swc- 
 cory, a carrot-like plant, the root of wliich 
 when ground is used to adulterate coffee. 
 [Fr. chicoree — L. cichorium, succory — 
 Gr. kichorion.] 
 
 CHIDE, chid, v.t. to scold, rebuke, reprove 
 by words i—pr-p. chid'ing ; pa.t. chid, 
 (obs.) chode ; pa.p. chid, chidaen. [A.S. 
 cidan.] 
 
 CHIEF, chef, adj., head: principal, high- 
 est, first. — n, a head or principal person : 
 a leader : the principal part or top of 
 anything. [Fr. chef — L. caput, the head ; 
 Gr. kephale. Sans, kapala.] 
 
 CHIEFLY, chef'li, adv. in the first place : 
 principally : for the most part. 
 
 CHIEFTAlJr, chef'tan or 'tin, n. the head 
 of a clan : a leader or commander. — ns. 
 Chief'taincy, Chief'tainship. [From 
 Chief, like Captain, which see.] 
 
 CHIFFONIER, shif-on-er', n. an ornamen- 
 tal cupboard. [Fr., a place for rags — 
 chiffon, a rag.] 
 
 CHIGNON, she-nong*, n. an artificial ar- 
 rangement of hair at the back of the 
 head. [Fr., meaning first the nape of 
 the neck, the joints of which are like 
 the links of a chain — chainon, the link of 
 a chain — chaine, a chain.] 
 
 CHILBLAIN, chU'blan, n. a blain or sore 
 on hands or feet caused hy a, chill or cold. 
 [Chill and Blaik.] 
 
 CHILD, child, n. (2Jl. Children), an infejit 
 or very young person : one intimately 
 related to one older : a disciple :— p?. off- 
 spring : descendants : inliabitants. [A.S. 
 cild, from the root gnu-, to produce, 
 which ^^elds Ger. kind, a child.] 
 
 CHILDBED, clilld'bed, n. the state of a 
 woman brought to bed with child. 
 
 CHILDE, child, n. a title formerlj- given to 
 the eldest son of a noble, till admission 
 to knighthood. [Same word as Child.] 
 
 CHILDERMAS-DAY, chil'der-mas-da, n. 
 an anniversary in the Church of England, 
 called also Innocents' Day, held Decem- 
 ber 28th, to commemorate the slaying of 
 the children by Herod. [Child, Mass, 
 and Day.] 
 
 CHILDHOOD, child'hood, n., state of being 
 a ch ild. 
 
 CHILDISH, chlld'ish, adj., of or Hke a 
 child : silly : trifling. — adv. Child'ishly. 
 . — n. Cheld'ishness. 
 
 CHILDKIND, child'kind, re. chUdren gen- 
 erally. " All mankind, womankind, and 
 childkind." — Carlyle. [Child and Icind, 
 on type ot mat'kind, tvomankind.] 
 
 CHILDLESS, chlld'les, adj., imthout chil- 
 dren. 
 
 CHILDLIKE, childTlk, adj., like a child: 
 becoming a child : docile: innocent. 
 
 CHILIAD, kil'i-ad, n. the number 1000 : 
 1000 of any thing. [Gr.—chilioi, 1000.] 
 
 CHIROGR-IPHY 
 
 CHILL, chil, n., coldness: a cold thatv 
 causes shivering: anything that damps 
 or disheartens.- — adj. shivei-ing with cold: 
 sUghtly cold: opp. of cordial. — v.t. to 
 make chUl or cold : to blast with cold : 
 to discourage. — n. Chill'ness. [-^.S 
 cyle, coldness, celan, to chill. See Cou>, 
 Cool.] 
 
 CHILLY, chU'i, adj. somewhat chill — » 
 Chill'iness. 
 
 CHIME, cliim, n. the harmonious sound 
 of bells or other musical instruments r 
 agreement of sound or of relation :— 
 pi. a set of bells. — v.i. to so:md in har- 
 mony: to jingle: to accord or agree. — 
 v.t. to strike, or cause to sound in har- 
 mony. [M. E. chimbe. O. Fr. cymbale — 
 L. cymbalum, a cymbal — Gr. kymbalon.} 
 
 CHIMERA, ki-me'ra, re. a fabulous, fire- 
 spouting monster, with a lion's head, a 
 serpent's tail, and a goat's body : any 
 idle or wild fancy. [L. chimcera — Gr. 
 chimaira, a she-goat.] 
 
 CHIMERICAL, ki-mer'i-kal, adj. of the 
 nature of a chimera: wUd : fanciful. — 
 adv. Chimer'ically. 
 
 CHIMNEY, chim'ni, re. a passage for the 
 escape of smoke or heated air. [Fr. 
 cheminee — L. caminus — Gr. kaminos, a 
 furnace, prob. from kaiO, to burn.] 
 
 CHIMNEY-PIECE, chim'ni-pes, n. a jjKce 
 or shelf over the chimney or fi'-eplace. 
 
 CHIMNEY-SHAFT, chim'ni-shaft, n. the 
 shaft or stalk of a chimney which rises 
 above the building. 
 
 CHIMPANZEE, chim-pan'ze, n. a species 
 of monkey found in Africa. [Prob. na- 
 tive name of the animal.] 
 
 CHIN, chin, n. the jutting part of the face, 
 below the mouth. [A.S. cinn; Qer. k~inn. 
 Gr. genys.] 
 
 CHINA, chin'a, n. a fine kind of earthen 
 ware, originally made in China : porce- 
 lain. 
 
 CHINCOUGH, chin'kof, re. a disea.^e at- 
 tended with inolent fits of coughing: 
 whooping-cough. [E. ; Scot, kink-host. 
 Dut. kinkhoeste. See Chink, tlie sound.] 
 
 CHINE, chin, re. the spine or backbone, 
 from its thorn-like form : a piece of the 
 backbone of a beast and adjoining parts 
 for cooking. [Fi-. echine — C). Ger. skina, 
 a pin, thorn ; prob. conn, with L. .sjj/na, 
 a thorn, the spine.] 
 
 CHINESE, chl-nez', adj. of or belonging to 
 China. 
 
 CHINK, chingk, n. a rent or cleft : a nar- 
 row opening. — v.i. to split or crack. [A. 
 S. cinu, a cleft, cinan, to split.] 
 
 CHINK, chingk, n. the clink, as of coins. 
 — v.i. to give a sharp sound, as coin. 
 [F"rom the sound.] 
 
 CHINKERS, chingk erz, re. ^Z. coin: money, 
 (Slang.) 
 
 Are men like us to be eiiirapped and soul 
 And jsee no money do%vn. Sir Hurly-Burlr ? . . 
 So let us see your ch inkers. — ^Yr H. Taylor. 
 
 CHINTZ, chints, n. cotton cloth, printed 
 in five or six different colors. [Hind, 
 chi7it, spotted cotton cloth.] 
 
 CHIP, chip, v.t. to chop or cut into small 
 pieces : to diminish by cutting away a 
 little at a time : — pr.p. chipp'ing ; 23a -p 
 chipped'. — n. a small piece of wood or 
 other substance chopped off. [Dim. ot 
 Chop.] 
 
 CHIROGRAPHER, kl-rog'ra-fer, CHIROO 
 RAPHIST, kl-rog'ra-fist, n. one who pro- 
 fesses the art of writing. 
 
 CHIROGRAPHOSOPHIC, kfro-graf o-sof - 
 ik, re. an expert in chirography : a judge 
 of handwriting. King.<!ley. (Rare. ) [Gr. 
 cheir, the hand, grapho, to write, and 
 sophos, wise.] 
 
 CHIROGRAPHY, ki-rog'ra-fl, re. the art of 
 writing or penmanship. — adj. Chiro-
 
 CHIROLOGIST 
 
 61 
 
 CHRONICLE 
 
 GRAPH'ic. [Gr. cheir, the hand, graphs, 
 ■n-riting.] 
 
 CHIROLOGIST, kl-rol'o-jist, n. one who 
 converses by signs with the hands. 
 
 CHIROLOGY, M-rol'o-ji, n. the art of dis- 
 coursing with the hands or by signs as 
 the deaf and dumb do. [Gr. cheir, the 
 hand, logos, a discourse.] 
 CHIROPODIST, kl-rop'o-dist, n. a hand 
 and foot doctor: one who removes corns, 
 bunions, warts, etc. [Gr. cheir, the 
 hand. a.o(lpous,podos, the foot.] 
 HIROTONY, kl-rot'o-ni, n. imposition of 
 hands in ordaining priests. [Gr. cheir, 
 the hand, and trino, to hold out.] 
 HLRP, cherp, CHIRRUP, chir'up, n. the 
 sharji, shrill sound of certain birds and 
 insects. — v.i. to make such a sound. 
 [From the sound.] 
 :HIRURGE0N, kl-rur'jun, n. old form of 
 Surgeon.— n. CHmins'aERY, now Sur- 
 gery. — adj. Chieue'gical, now Surgi- 
 cal. [Fr. chirurgien — Gr. cheirourgos — 
 cheir, the hand, ergon, a work.] 
 
 CHISEL, ehiz'el, n. a tool to cut or hollow 
 out wood, stone, etc. — v.t. to cut, carve, 
 etc. with a chisel : — pr.p. chis'eUing ; 
 pa.ji. chis'elled. [O. Fr. cisel — Low L. 
 cisellus — L. sicilicula, dim. of sicilis, a 
 sickle, from seco, to cut.] 
 
 CHIT, chit, n. a baby : a lively or pert 
 young child. [A.S. eith, a young tender 
 shoot.] 
 
 CHITCHAT, chit'chat, n. chatting or idle 
 talk : prattle. [A reduplication of Chat.] 
 
 CHIVALRESQUE, shiVal-resk, adj. per- 
 taining to chivalry : chivalrous. "Some 
 warrior in a chivalresque romance." — Miss 
 Burney. [Fr. chevaleresque.'\ 
 
 CHIVALRIC, shiv'al-rik, CHIVALROUS, 
 shiv'al-rus, ad/., jiertaining to chivalry: 
 bold : gallant. — adv. Chiv'alrously. 
 
 3HIVALRY, shiv'al-ri, n. the usages and 
 qualifications of chevaliers or knights : 
 the system of knighthood : heroic ad- 
 ventures. [Fr. chevalerie — cheval — L. ca- 
 balliis, a horse. See Cavalry.] 
 
 CHLORAL, klo'ral, n. a strongly narcotic 
 substance obtained by the action of chlo- 
 rine on alcohol. [Word formed by com- 
 bining chlor- la chlorine, and al- in alco- 
 hol] 
 
 CHLORALISM, klo'ral-izm, n. in med. a 
 mcubid state of the system arising from 
 the incautious or habitual use of chloral. 
 
 CHLORIC, klo'rik, adj., of or froni chlorine. 
 
 CHLORIDE, kl6'rid,m. a compound of cWo- 
 rine with some other substance, as pot- 
 ash, soda, etc. 
 
 CHLORINE, klo'rin, n. a pale-green gas, 
 with a disagi-eeable, suffocating odor. 
 [Gr. chloros, pale-green.] 
 
 CHLORITE, klo'rit, n. a soft mineral of a 
 greenish color, with a soapy feeling when 
 handled. 
 
 CHLOROFORM, klo'ro-form, n. a colorless 
 volatile liquid, much used to induce in- 
 sensibility. [Grig, a compound of chlo- 
 rine and formic acid ; Gr. chloros, and 
 /or wic acid, so called because orig. made 
 from ants, h. foiTnica, an ant.] 
 
 CHLOROSIS, klor-o'sis, n. a medical name 
 for f/reen-sickness. [Gr. chloros, pale- 
 green. J 
 "^OCOLATE, chok'o-lat, n. a kind of paste 
 made of the pounded seeds of the Cacao 
 iheobroma : a beverage made by dissolv- 
 ing this paste in hot water. [Sp. choco- 
 late : from Mexican kakahuatl. See 
 Cacao, Cocoa.] 
 
 CHOEROGRYL, ke'ro-gril, n. a name of 
 the Hyra.c syriaeiis or rock-rabbit. [Gr. 
 choiros, a hog, and gryllos, a pig.] 
 
 CHCEROPOTAMUS, ker-o-pot'a-mus. Ji. a 
 genus of fossil ungulate quadrupeds of 
 the group Suidaj, remains of which have 
 been found in the gypsum beds of Mont- 
 
 martre, near Paris. [Gr. choiros, a hog, 
 and }}otamos, a river.] 
 
 CHOICE, chois, ?!. act or power of choos- 
 ing : the thing chosen : preference : the 
 preferable or best part. — adj. worthy of 
 being chosen : select. [Fr. choix — choisir ; 
 from root of Choose.] 
 
 CHOIR, kwir, n. a cliorus or band of sing- 
 ers, especiallj' those belonging to a 
 church : the part of a church appropri- 
 ated to the singers : the part of a cathe- 
 dral separated from the nave by a rail or 
 screen. [Fr. chcew — L. chorus — Gr. 
 choros.l 
 
 CHOKE, chok, v.t. to throttle : to suffo- 
 cate : to stop or obstruct. — v.i. to be 
 choked or suffocated. [Ety. dub., prob. 
 from the sound.] 
 
 CHOKE-DAMP, chok'-damp, n. carbonic 
 acid gas, so called by miners from its 
 often causing sviffocation. 
 
 CHOKE Y, chok'i, adj. 1, same as Choky ; 
 3, inclined to choke : having a choking 
 sensation in the throat. (Colloq.) " The 
 allusion to his mother made Tom feel 
 rather chokey." — T. Hughes. 
 
 CHOLER, kol'er, n. the bile : anger or 
 irascibility, once supposed to arise from 
 excess of bile. [O. Fr. cholere — L., Gr. 
 cholera — Gr. chole, bile. Cf. E. Gall.] 
 
 CHOLERA, kol'er-a, w. a disease charac- 
 terized by bilious vomiting and purging. 
 [Gr. cholera — chole, bile.] 
 
 CHOLERAIC, kol-er-a'ik, adj., of the nat- 
 ure of cholera. 
 
 CHOLERIC, kol'er-ik, at^j. full of choler or 
 auger : petulant. 
 
 CHOOSE, chooz, v.t. to take one thing in 
 preference to another : to select. — v.i. to 
 win or determine : — pa.t. chose; pa.j}. 
 chos'en. [A.S. ceosan ; cog. with Dut. 
 kiesen, Goth, kiusan, to choose, and akin 
 to L. gustare, to taste.] 
 
 CHOP, chop, v.t. to cut with a sudden 
 blow : to cut into small pieces. — v.i. to 
 shift suddenly, as the wind: — pr.p. 
 chopp'ing ; pa.p. chopped'. [From a 
 Low-Ger. root found in Dut. kappen, 
 also in Ger. kappen, to cut ; cf. Gr. 
 kopto, from a root skap, to cut.] 
 
 CHOP, chop, n. a piece chopped off, esp. of 
 meat. 
 
 CHOP, chop, v.t. to exchange or barter: 
 to put one thing in place of another : — 
 pr.p. chopp'ing ; jya.p. chopped'. [M.E. 
 copen — O. Dut. koopen, to buy. Same 
 root as Cheap.] 
 
 CHOP, chop, n. the chap or jaw, generally 
 u.sedinpZ. [See Chaps.] 
 
 CHOP-FALLEN, chop'-fawm, adj. (lit.) 
 having the chop or lower jaw fallen 
 down : cast-down : dejected. 
 
 CHOPPER, chop'er, n. one who or that 
 which chops. 
 
 CHOPSTICKS, chop'stiks, n. two small 
 sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used by the 
 Chinese instead of a fork and knife. 
 
 CHORAL, ko'ral, adj. belonging to a cho- 
 rus or choir. — Choral Service, a church 
 service of song- : said to be partly choral 
 when only canticles, hymns, etc., are 
 clianted or sung, and ivhoVy choral 
 when, in addition to these, the versicles, 
 responses, etc., are chanted or sung. 
 
 CHORD, kord, n. the string of a musical 
 instrument: a combination of tones in 
 harmony : (geom.) a .straight line join- 
 ing the extremities of an arc. [L. chorda 
 — Gr. chorde, an intestine.] 
 
 CHORISTER, kor'ist-er, n. a member of 
 a choir. 
 
 CHORUS, ko'rus, n. a band of singers and 
 dancers, esp. in the Greek plays : a com- 
 pany of singers : that which is sung by 
 a chorus : tlie part of a song in which 
 the company join the singer. [L. chorus 
 — Gr. cliorox. orig. a dance in a ring.] 
 
 CHOSE, choz, pa.t. and obs. pa.2>. of 
 Choose. 
 
 CHOSEN, cho/n, past participle of Choose. 
 
 CHOUGH, chuf , n. a kind of jackdaw 
 whicli frequents rocky places and the 
 sea-coast. [A.S. ceo .• from the cry of 
 the bird — Cavt.] 
 
 CHOUSE, chows, v.t. to defraud, cheat, oi 
 impose upon. — n. one easily cheated : a 
 trick. [Turk, ehiaus, a messenger or 
 envoy. A ehiaus sent to England in 
 1609 committed gross frauds upon the 
 Turkish merchants resident in Britain ; 
 hence chouse, to act as this ehiaus did, 
 to defraud.] 
 
 CHRISM, krizm, n. consecrated or holy 
 oil : unction. [O. Fr. ehresme, Fr. chrenie 
 — Gr. chrisrna, from chrio, chriso, to 
 anoint.] 
 
 CHRISMAL, kriz'mal, adj., pertaining to 
 chrism. 
 
 CHRIST, krist, n. the Anointed, the Mes- 
 siah. [A.S. crist — Gr. Christos — chrio, 
 chriso, to anoint.] 
 
 CHRISTDOM, kris'dum, n. the rule or ser- 
 vice of Christ, whose service is perfect 
 freedom. (Rare.) 
 They know the i^ief of men without its wisdom ; 
 
 They sinfc in man's despair without its calm; 
 Are slaves, without the liberty in Christdont. 
 
 — E. B. Broiwiing. 
 
 CHRISTEN, kris'n, v.t. to baptize in the 
 name of Christ : to give a name to. 
 [A.S. cristnian, to make a Christian.] 
 
 CHRISTENDOM, kris'n-dum, n. that part 
 of the world in wliich Christianity is the 
 received religion : the whole body of 
 Christians. [A.S. Cristendom — eristen, 
 a Christian, aom, rule, sway.] 
 
 CHRISTIAN, krist'yan, n. a follower of 
 Christ. — adj. relating to Christ or his 
 religion. — Christian name, the name 
 given when christened, as distinguished 
 from the surname. — adjs. Cheist'ian- 
 UKE, Christ'ianly. [A.S. cristen—U 
 Christianus — Gr. Christos.] 
 
 CHRISTIANIZE, krist'yan-Iz, v.t. to make 
 Christian : to convert to Christianity. 
 
 CHRISTIANITY, kris-ti-an'i-ti, n. the relig- 
 ion of Christ. 
 
 CHRISTMAS, kris'mas, n. an annual festi- 
 val, orig. a mass, in memory of the birth 
 of Chri.'it. held on the 35th of December, 
 [Christ and Mass.] 
 
 CHRISTMAS-BOX. kris'mas-boks, n. a box 
 containing Christmas presents : a Christ- 
 mas gift. 
 
 CHRISTOLOGY, kris-tol'o-ji, ». that 
 branch of theology which treats of the 
 nature and person of Christ. [Gr. Chris- 
 tos, and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 CHROMATIC, kro-mat'ik. adj. relating to 
 colors : colored : (m usic) proceeding by 
 semitones. — n.sing. Chromat'ics, the sci- 
 ence of colors. [Gr. ehromati!:oc — chroma, 
 color.] 
 
 CHROME, krom, CHROMIUM, kro'mi-um, 
 n. a metal remarkable for the beautiful 
 colors of its compounds. — adj. Chrom'IC. 
 [Gr. chroma, color.] 
 
 CHROMOPHOTOGRAPHY, k r 6'm 6-f 6- 
 tog'ra-fl, JI. the art or process of pro- 
 ducing colored photographic pictures. 
 [See Chromatyte.] 
 
 CHROMOTYPOGRAPHY, kro'mo-ti-pog'- 
 ra-fi, n. typograpliv in colors : the art of 
 printing with tyiio in various colors. 
 
 CHROMOXYLOGRAPHY, kro'mo-zT-log'^ 
 ra-fi, n. the art or process of producing 
 wood engravings in various colors. 
 
 CHRONIC, kron'ik, CHRONICAL, kron'ik- 
 al, adj. lasting a long time : of a disease, 
 deep-seated or long-continued, as opp. to 
 acute. [L. chronicus, Gr. chromkos — 
 chroHOs. time.] 
 
 CHRONICLE, kron'i-kl, n. a record ot 
 events in the order of time : a history. —
 
 CHRONOLOGY 
 
 v.t. to record in history. — n. Chron'iclee, 
 a historian. 
 
 CHRONOLOGY, kron-oro-ji, n. the science 
 of dates. — adjs. Chronoloq'ic, Chron- 
 olog'ical. — ach: Chroxolog'icaixt. — 
 7is. Chronol'oger, Chkonol'ogist. [Gr. 
 chronos, time, logos, a discourse.] 
 
 CHRONOMETER, kron-om'e-ter, n. an in- 
 strument for meamiring time : a watch. 
 — adjs. Cheonomet'ric, Cheonomet'ri- 
 ::ai [Gr. chronos, and metron, a meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 CHRYSALIS, krisVlis, n. the form, often 
 gold-colored, assumed by some insects 
 before they become Avinged : — 'pl. Ohbts- 
 Ai'roES (i-dez). — adj. Chets'aud. [Gr. 
 chri/.salli.t — chrysos, gold. ] 
 
 CHKYSANH^INE, kris-an'i-lin, n. a beau- 
 tiful yellow coloring matter (Ca„H„N3) 
 obtained as a secondary product in the 
 preparation of rosaniline, and considered 
 a splendid dye for sUk and wool. Called 
 also Akhjne' Yellow. [Gr. chrysos, gold, 
 and E. aHili»e.] 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM, kris-an'the-mum, n. 
 (lit.) gold-floiver : a genus of composite 
 plants to which belong the corn marigold 
 and ox-eye daisy. [Gr. chi~ysos, gold, 
 anthemon, flower.] " 
 
 CHRYSOLITE, ki-is'o-lTt, n. a stone of a 
 yellowish color. [Gr. chrysos, and lithos, 
 a stone.] 
 
 CHRYSOPHYLL, fcris'o-fil, n. the bright 
 golden yellow coloring matter of plants : 
 xanthophyll. [Gr. chrysos, gold, and 
 phyllon, a leaf.] 
 
 CHRYSOPRASE, kris'o-praz, n. a variety 
 of chalcedony : (B.) a j'ellowisli-green 
 stone, nature unknown. [Gr. chrysos, 
 and prason, a leek.] 
 
 CHTHONOPHAGIA, thon-6-fa'.ii-a, 
 CHTHONOPHAGY, tho-nof'a^ji, n. dirt- 
 eating : cachexia Africana. [Gr. chthon, 
 chfhonos. earth, and phago, to eat. See 
 Dirt-eating.] 
 
 CHLTB, chub, n. a small fat river-fish. 
 [Ety. dub., but same root as Chubby.] 
 
 CHUiSBY, chub'i, adj. short and thick : 
 t>lump. — n. Chubb'iness. 
 
 CHUCK, chuk, n. the call of a hen : a 
 word of endearment. — v.i. to call as a 
 hen. [From the sound — a variety of 
 Cluck.] 
 
 CHUCK, chuk, v.t. to strike gently, to 
 toss. — n. a slight blow. [Fr. ehoqiier, to 
 iolt ; allied to E. Shake.] 
 
 CHUCKLE, chuk'l, v.t. to call, as a hen 
 does her chickens : to caress. 
 
 CHUCKLE, chuk'l, i:i. to laugh in a quiet, 
 suppressed manner, indicating derision 
 or enjoynient. [See Choke] 
 
 CHUM, chum, »!. a chamber-fellow. [Perh. 
 a mutilation of Comkade, or Chamber- 
 fellow.] 
 
 CHURCH, Cijurch, n. a house set apart for 
 Christian worship : the whole body of 
 Christians : the clergy : any particular 
 sect or denomination of Christians. — v.t. 
 to perform with any one the giving of 
 thanks in church. ' [A.S. ci'rce; Scot. 
 kirk; Ger. kirche : all from Gr. hjria- 
 kon, belonging to the Lord — Kyrios, the 
 Lord.] 
 
 CHURCHMAN, ohurch'man, n. a clergj'- 
 man or ecclesiastic ; a member of the 
 Church of England. 
 
 CHURCHW'^ARDEN, church-wawr'den, n. 
 an officer who represents the interests of 
 a parish or church : a long clay-pipe. 
 [Chuecth and Warden.] 
 
 CHURCHYARD, churchWd, n. the ijard 
 round the church, where the dead are 
 buried. 
 
 CHURL, churl, n. an ill-bred, surly fellow. 
 [A.S. ceorZ, a countrjTnan ; Ice. karl, Ger. 
 icerl, a man ; Scot, carl.] 
 
 CHURLISH, churl'ish, adj. rude : surly : 
 
 62 
 
 iU-bred.— adv. Churl'ishly n. Cbukl'- 
 
 ishness. 
 
 CHURN, chum, v.t. to shake violently, as 
 cream when making butter. — n. a vessel 
 in which cream is churned. [Ice. kima, 
 a churn. Dut. and Ger. kemen, to churn ; 
 akin to K-ERN-el ; as if to extract the es- 
 sence or best part.] 
 
 CHUSE, chooz, v.t. a form of Choose. 
 
 CHYLE, kil, n. a while fluid drawn from 
 the food while in the intestines. — adjs. 
 Chyla'ceous, Chyl'ous. [Fr. — Gr. chy- 
 los, juice — ched, to pour.] 
 
 CHYUF ACTIVE, kll-i-fak'tiv, adj. having 
 the power to make chyle. — n. Chtlifac - 
 TiON, or Chtlifica'tion. [L. chylus, and 
 facio, to make.] 
 
 CHYME, 1dm, n. the pulp to which the 
 food is reduced in the stomach. — adj. 
 Chysi'ous. [Gr. chipnos. from cheo.] 
 
 CHYMIFICATION. kim-i-li-ka'shun. n. the 
 act of being formed into chyme. [L. 
 chymits. and facio, to make.] 
 
 CHYMIST . CliYMISTRY, now Chemist, 
 O HJ R\n mTiv 
 
 CICADA, si-ka'da, CICALA, si-kala. n. an 
 insect remarkable for the sound it pro- 
 duces. 
 
 CICATRICE, sik'a-tris [Fr.], CICATRIX, 
 si-ka'trLks [L.l, n. the scar over a wound 
 after it is healed. 
 
 CICATRIZE, sik'a-triz, ■v.^ to help the for- 
 mation of a skin or cicatrix on a wound 
 or ulcer by medicines.— r.i. to heaL [Fr. 
 cicatriser.] 
 
 CICERONE, sis-e-ro'ne, n. one who shows 
 strangers the curiosities of a place : a 
 guide. [It. — L. Cicero, the Roman orar 
 tor.] 
 
 CICERONIAN, sis-e-ro'ni-an, adj. relating 
 to or like Cicero. 
 
 CIDER, si'der, n. a drink made from apple- 
 juice. — n. Ci'derkin', an inferior cider. 
 [Fr. cidre — L. sicera — Gr. sikera, strong 
 drink — Heb. sh<ikar, to be intoxicated.] 
 
 CEEL. sel. See CEIL. 
 
 CIELING, sel'ing, n. same as Ceillng, used 
 by Milton with allusion to its derivation. 
 
 CIGAR, si-gar', n. a small roll of tobacco for 
 smoking. [Sp. cigarro, a kind of tobacco 
 in Cuba.] 
 
 CIGx\JlETTE, sig-ar-et', n. a little cigar : a 
 little finely-cut tobacco rolled in paper 
 for smoking. 
 
 CILIA, sil'i-a, n.pl. hair-like appendages on 
 the edge of a vegetable bodj', or on an 
 animal organ or animalcule. — adjs. ClL'- 
 LAEY, Cil'L4.ted, having cilia. [L. cilium, 
 pi. cilia, eyelids, eyelashes.] 
 
 CIMBRIC, sim'brik, adj. relating to the 
 Ci7nbri, a tribe originally from the north 
 of Germanv. 
 
 CIMETER, sim'e-ter. See ScmiTAa. 
 
 CIMMERIAN, sim-e'ri-an, adj. relating to 
 the Cimmerii, a tribe fabled to have lived 
 in pei'petual darkness : extremely dark. 
 
 CINCHONA, sin-ko'na, n. the bark of a 
 tree that grows in Peru, from which 
 QuiNIXE is extracted, a valuable medi- 
 cine for ague : also called Peruvian bark. 
 [Said to be so named from the Countess 
 del Cinchon, butprob. from kinakina, the 
 native word for bark.] 
 
 CINCTURE, singk'tur, n. a girdle or belt : 
 a moulding round a column. — adj. ClNO'- 
 TtTRED, having a cincture. [L. cinctura — 
 eingo, cinctus, to gird.] 
 
 CINDER, sin'der, n. the refuse of burned 
 coals : anything charred by fire. [A.S. 
 sinder, scoria?, slag. The c instead of s 
 is owing to Fr. cendre, a wholly uncon- 
 nected word, which comes from L. cinis, 
 cineris, ashes.] 
 
 CINDERY, sin'der-i, adj., like or composed 
 of cinders. 
 
 CINERARY, sin'er-ar-j, adj. pertaining to 
 ashes. 
 
 CIRCUMFLEX 
 
 CINERATION, sin-er-a'tion, ». the act of 
 reducing to ashes. [L. cinis, cineris.] 
 
 CINNABAR. sin'a--bar, n. sulphuret of mer- 
 ciu-y, called vermilion when used as a 
 pigment. [L. cinnabaris, Gr. kinnabari, 
 a dye, known as dragon's blood, from, 
 Pers.1 i 
 
 CINNAMON, sin'a-mon, n, the epicy bark4! 
 of a laurel in Ceylon. [L. dnnamoTnum ' 
 — Heb. kinnamon.] 
 
 CINQUE, singk, n. the number ^re. [Fr.l 
 
 CINQUE-FOIL, singk'-foil, n. the Jire-btacl. 
 ed clover. [Fr. cinque, and feuille, L. fo- 
 lium. Gr. phyllon, a leaf.] 
 
 CIPHER, sT'fer, n.(arith.) the character : 
 any of the nine figures : anything of lit- 
 tle value : an interweaving of the initials 
 of a name : a secret kind of writing. — 
 v.i. to work at arithmetic. JO. Fr. cifre, 
 Fi\ chiffre — Ar. sifr, empty.] 
 
 CIRCASSIAN, ser-kash'yan, adj. belonging 
 to Circassia, a country on the north of 
 Mount Caucasus. 
 
 CIRCEAN, ser-se'an, adj. relating to the 
 fabled Circe, who by magic potions 
 changed her guests into animals : poi- 
 sonous, delusive, fatal. 
 
 CIRCLE, serki, n. a plane figure bounded 
 by a hue every point of which is equally 
 distant from a point in the middle called 
 the centre : the line which bounds the 
 fierure : a ring : a series ending where it 
 began : a company surrounding the prin- 
 cipal person. — v.t. to move round : to en- 
 compass. — v.i. to move in a circle. [A.S; 
 circid, from L. circidus, dim. of circus, 
 Gr. kirkos or krikos, a circle ; allied to 
 A.S. hring, a ring — root kar, to move in 
 a circle.] 
 
 CIRCLET, serk'let, n. a little cii-cle. 
 
 CIRCUIT, ser'kit, n. the act of moving 
 round : that which encircles : a round 
 made in the exercise of a calling, esp, 
 the round made by the judges for hold 
 ing the courts of law. [Fr. — L. eircuitits 
 — circueo, to go round — circum, round, 
 eo, it urn, to go.] 
 
 CIRCUITOUS, ser-ku'it-us, adj. round 
 about. — adv. Ciecu'itously. 
 
 CIRCULAR, ser'ku-lar, adj. round : ending 
 in itself : addressed to a circle of persons. 
 — CrRCTJLAR NOTES are a kind of bank- 
 note issued for the convenience of trav- 
 elers. — n. a note sent round to a circle 
 or number of persons. — adv. Cir'culably. 
 
 — n. CiRCULAB'lTY. 
 
 CIRCULATE, ser'ku-lat, v.t. to make to go 
 round as in a circle: to spread. — v.i. to 
 move round : to be spread about. [L. 
 circulo, circulatus.] 
 
 CIRCULATION, ser-ku-la'shun. n. the act 
 of moving in a circle, or of going and 
 returning : the money in use at any time 
 in a countrv. 
 
 CIRCULATORY, ser'kH-la-tor-i, adj. circu- 
 lar : circulating. 
 
 CIRCUMAMBIENT,ser-kum-amb'i-ent,a<^". 
 going round about : surrounding. [L. «r- 
 oum, about, ambio, to go round — anibi, 
 Gr. amphi, around, and eo, to go.] 
 
 CIRCUMAMBULATE, ser-kum-am'bul-at, 
 v.i. to walk round abotit. — n. Circum- 
 ambl'la'tion. [L. atnbrilo, ambulatus, to 
 walk.] 
 
 CIRCUMCISE, serTjum-sIz, v.t. to cut ofl 
 the fore-skin according to the Jewish 
 law. [L. circumcido, circumcisics — ccedc., 
 to cut.] 
 
 CIRCUMCISION, ser-kum-sizh'un, n the 
 act of cir cumcising. 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE, ser-kum'fer-ens, n. 
 the boundary-line of any round body : 
 the line surrounding anything. — adj. 
 Ctrcumfeeen'tial. [L. fero, to carry.] 
 
 CIRCUMFLECT, ser'kum-flekt, r.f. to 
 mark with a circumflex. 
 
 CIRCUMFLEX; ser'kum-fleks, «. an accent
 
 CIRCUMFLUENT 
 
 63 
 
 CLAM-SHELL 
 
 (A) denoting a Hsiiig and falling of the 
 voice on a vowel or syllable. [L. flecto, 
 fle.riix, to bend.] 
 
 CIRCUMFLUENT, ser-kum'floo-ent, adj., 
 rioirivg round about. [L. fluens,Jluentis, 
 flowingj 
 
 CIRCUMFUSE, ser-kum-fuz', v.t. to ponr 
 around. — n. CmcuMFU'siON. [L. fundo, 
 fn.tiis, to pour.] 
 
 1RCUMJACENT, ser-kum-ja'sent, adj., 
 ijfing round : bordering on every side. 
 [L. jacens, lying — jaceo, to lie.] 
 
 ClRC'UMLOCtJTION, ser-kum-lo-ku'shun, 
 It., round-about spealxing : a manner of 
 expression in wliich more words are used 
 than are necessary. — adj. CracuiiLOC'U- 
 TORT. [L. loquor, locutus, to speak.] 
 IRCUMNAVIGATE, ser-kuin-naVi-gat, 
 v.t. to sail round. — n. Ciecumnatiga'- 
 TiON. [See Navigate.] 
 IRCUMNAVIGATOR, ser-kmn-nav'i-gat- 
 or, )i., one who sails round. 
 IRCUilNUTATE, ser-kiun-nu'tat, v.i. to 
 nod or turn round : specifically, in hot. 
 to move round in a more or less circular 
 or elliptical path : said of the stem and 
 other organs of a plant. "It will be 
 shown that apparently every growing 
 part of every plant is continually circum- 
 nutating, though often on a small scale." 
 — Darwin. [L. circum, round, and nuto, 
 freq. from nuo, to nod. See CiRCHMNU- 
 
 TATIOX. ] 
 
 :IRCUMNUTATI0N, serT.nim-nu-ta'shon, 
 n. a nodding or inclining round about : 
 specitically, in bot. the continuous mo- 
 tion of every part or organ of every 
 Elant, in which it describes irreg-ular el- 
 ptical or oval figures ; as, for instance, 
 the apex of a stem, after pointing in one 
 direction commonly moves back to the 
 opposite side, not, however, returning 
 along the same line. While describing 
 sue li figures, tlie apex often travels in a 
 zigzag line, or makes small subordinate 
 loops or triangles. " On the whole, we 
 may at present conclude tliat increased 
 growth first on one side, and then on the 
 other, is a secondary effect, and that the 
 increased turgescence of the cells, to- 
 gether with the extensibility of their 
 walls is the primary cause of the move- 
 m ent of circu.mnutation." — Daru-in. 
 
 CTRCUMSCRIBE, ser-kum-ski-ib', v.t. to 
 draw a line round : to inclose within cer- 
 tain limits. [L. scribo, to write.] 
 
 CIRCUMSCRIPTION, ser-kum-skrip'shun, 
 n. limitation : the line that limits. 
 
 CIRCUMSPECT, ser'kum-spekt, adj., look- 
 ing round on all sides watchfully : cau- 
 tious: prudent. — adv. Cm'CUMSPECTLY. — 
 n. Cir'cujispectness. [L. specio, spectuui, 
 to look-.] 
 
 CIRCIBISPECTION, ser-kum-spek'shun, n. 
 
 watchfulness : caution. 
 
 CIRCUMSTANCE, ser'kum-stans, n. some- 
 thing attendant upon another thing: 
 an accident or event i—pl. the state of 
 one's affairs. [L. stans, stantis, standing 
 — sto, to stand.] 
 
 CIRC UM S TANTIAIi, ser-kum-stan'shal , 
 adj. consisting of details : minute. — adv. 
 CrRCUMSTAN'TTALLY. — CIRCUMSTANTIAL 
 
 EviDEN'CK, evidence not positive or di- 
 rect, but which is gathered indirectly 
 from the circum.stances of a case. 
 
 CIRCUMSTANTIALS, ser-kum-stan'shals, 
 ii.jjl. incidentals. 
 
 CIRCUMSTANTIATE, ser-kum-stan'shi-at, 
 i'.^ to^rot-e by circumstances : to describe 
 exactly. 
 
 C I R C It SIVA LL AT ION, ser-kum-val-a'- 
 shun, n. a smrrounding with a wall : a 
 wall or fortification surrounding a town 
 or fort. [L. vallum, an earthen rampart 
 or wall.] 
 
 CIRCUMVENT, ser-kum-vent', v.t. to come 
 
 round or outwit a person : to deceive or 
 
 cheat. — n. ClRCDirvEN'TlON. [L. vetiio, 
 
 to come.] 
 CIRCUMVENTIVE, ser-kum-vent'iv, adj. 
 
 deceiving by artifices. 
 CIRCUMVOLUTION, ser-kum-vol-u'shun, 
 
 n. a turning or rolling round : anjiihing 
 
 winding or sinuous. [L. volvo, volutum, 
 
 to roU.] 
 CIRCUS, sei''lrus, n. a circular building for 
 
 the exhibition of games : a place for the 
 
 exhibition of feats of horsemanship. [L. 
 
 circus : cog. with Gr. kirkos, A.S. hring, 
 
 a ring.] 
 CIRQUE-COUCHANT, sirk-koo'shant, adj. 
 
 lying coiled up. (Rare.) [Fr. cirque, a 
 
 circus, and eouchant, lying.] 
 
 He found a palpitating snake. 
 Bright, and cirque-cmuihant in a dusky brake. 
 
 — Keats. 
 
 CIRROUS, sir'us, adj., having a curl or 
 tendril. 
 
 CIRRUS, sir'us, n. the highest form of 
 cloud consisting of curling fibres : (&o<.) 
 a tendril: (zool.) any curled filament. 
 [L., curled hair.] 
 
 CISALPINE, sis-alp'in or -alp'Tn, adj., on 
 tliis side (to the Romans) of the Alps, 
 that is, on the south side. [L. eis, on 
 this side, and ALPINE.] 
 
 CIST, sist, 71. a tomb consisting of a stone 
 chest covered with stone slabs. [See 
 Chest, Cyst.] 
 
 CISTERN, sis'tern, n. any receptacle for 
 holding water or other liquid : a reser- 
 voir. [L. dsterna, from cista, a chest.] 
 
 CIT, sit, n. shortened from citizen, and 
 used as a term of contempt. [See Cm- 
 zenJ 
 
 CITADEL, sit'a-del, n. a fortress in or near 
 a city. [It. cittadella, dim. of cittd, a 
 city. See City.] 
 
 CITATION, si-ta'shun, n. an ofilcial sum^ 
 mans to appear : the act of quoting : the 
 passage or name quoted. 
 
 CITE, sit, v.t. to call or summon: to sum- 
 mon to answer in coui-t : to quote : to 
 name. [L. cito, to CEill, intensive of cieo, 
 cio, to make to go, to rouse.] 
 
 CITHERN, sith'ern, CITTERN, sit'ern, n. 
 a musical instrument like the guitar. 
 [A.S. cytere — L. cithara — Gr. kithara. A 
 doublet of Guitae.] 
 
 CITIZEN, sit'i-zen, n. an inhabitant of a 
 city : a member of a state : a townsman : 
 a freeman. — n. Cit'izenship, the rights 
 of a citizen. [M.E. citesein — O. PV. cite- 
 ain. See CiTY.] 
 
 dTIZENRY, sit'i-zen-ri, n. the inhabitants 
 of a city, as opposed to country people, 
 or to the military, etc. : townspeople. 
 "No Spanish soldiery nor citizenry, 
 showed the least disposition to join 
 him." — Carlyle. 
 
 CITRON, sit'run, n. the fruit of the citron- 
 tree, resembling a lemon ; also, same as 
 CrrEON-WATEE. "Drinking citron with 
 his Grace." — Miscellanies by Su^ft, Pope, 
 and Arbuthnot. [Fr. — L. citrus- -Gr. kit- 
 ron, a citron.] 
 
 CITY, sit'i, n. a large town : a town with 
 a corporation. [Fr. cit^, a city — L. cii'i- 
 tas, the state — civis, a citizen ; atdn to L. 
 quies, quiet, E. HrvE and Home.] 
 
 GIVES, sivz, n. a plant of the leek and 
 onion genus g^rowing in tufts. [Fr. cii'e 
 — L. cmpa, iin oniou.l 
 
 CIVET, siv'et, n. a perfume obtained from 
 the civet or civet-cat, a small carnivor- 
 ous animal of N. Africa. [Fr. civette — 
 Ar. zabad.] 
 
 CIVIC, siv'ik, adj. pertaining to a city or a 
 citizen. [L. eivicus — civisT] 
 
 CIVIL, siVfl, adj. pertaining to the com- 
 munity : having the refinement of city- 
 bred people : polite : commercial, not 
 military : lay, not ecclesiastical. — CiVIL 
 
 ENGINEER, One who plans railways, docks, 
 etc., as opp. to a military engineer, or to 
 a mechanical engineer, who makes ma- 
 chines, etc. — Cmi. LIST, now embraces 
 only the expenses of the sovereign's 
 household. — Civil service, the paid ser- 
 vice of the State, in so far as it is not 
 military or naval. — Civil-suited, suited 
 or attu'ed like a civilian or citizen, ae 
 opp. to the gay dresses of courtiers, etc. 
 — CrvTL war, a war between citizens of 
 the same state. — adv. Civ'illy. [L. civ- 
 His — civis.'] 
 
 CIVILIAN, siv-il'3'an, n. a professor or 
 student of civil law (not canon law) : one 
 engaged in civil as distinguished from 
 military and other pursuits. 
 
 CIVILITY, siv-il'i-ti, n. good-breeding : po- 
 liteness. 
 
 CIVILIZATION, siv-il-i-za'shun,J!. the state 
 of being civilized. 
 
 Civilize, siv'il-Iz, v.t. to reclaim from bar- 
 barism : to instruct in arts and refine- 
 ments. 
 
 CLACK, klak, v.i. to make a sudden sharp 
 noise as by striking. — n. a sharp sudden 
 sound frequently repeated. [From the 
 sound.] 
 
 CLAD, klad, pa.t. and pa.p. of Clothe. 
 
 CLAIM, klam, v.t. to call for : to demand 
 as a right. — n. a demand for something 
 supposed due : right or gTound for de- 
 manding : the thing claimed. [O. Fr. 
 claimer — L. clamo, to call out, from calo, 
 cog. with Gr. kaleo, to call.] 
 
 CLAIMABLE, klam'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 claimed. 
 
 CLAIMANT, klam'ant, n. one who makes 
 a claim. 
 
 CLAIRVOTANCE, klar-voi'ans, n. the al- 
 leged power of seeing things not present 
 to the senses. [Fr. — clair — L. clarus 
 clear, and Fi\ voir — L. video, to see.] 
 
 CLAIRVOYANT, klar-voi'ant, n. one whc 
 professes clairvoyance. 
 
 CLAM, klam, v.t. to clog with sticky mat- 
 ter : — pr.p. clamni'ing ; pa.p. clammed'. 
 [A.S. clam, clay ; a variety of lam; 
 Loam.] 
 
 CLAM, klam, n. a common shell-flsh. — As 
 HAPPY AS A clam, a common expression 
 in those p.arts of the U. S. coast where 
 clams are found. 
 
 CLAM, klam, n. the state or quality of 
 having or conveying a cold, moist, vis- 
 cous feeling: clamminess. "Corruption, 
 and the clam of de.ith." — Carlyle. 
 
 CLAMANT, klam'ant, adj., calling aloud 
 or earnestly. 
 
 CJLAM-BAKE, klam'-bak, n. an out-door 
 feast, customary on exceptionally joy- 
 ful occasions in the New England States, 
 at which huge quantities of clams are 
 baked in improvised ovens of stone and 
 weeds. 
 
 CLAMBER, klamTjer, v.i. to climb with 
 difficulty, grasping with the hands and 
 feet. [From root of Clump ; ct. Ger. 
 klammern — klemmen, to squeeze or hold 
 tightly.] 
 
 CLAMMY, klam'i, adj. sticky : moist and 
 adhesive. — n. Clamsi'iness. 
 
 CLAMOR, klam'or, n. a loud continuous 
 outcry : uproar. — v.i. to cry aloud in de- 
 mand : to make a loud continuous out- 
 cry. — v.i. to salute with clamor. [L, 
 clamor.] 
 
 CLAMOROUS, klam'or-iis, a^. noisy • 
 boistei'ous. — adv. Clam'OKOUSLY. — re 
 Claji'orousness. 
 
 CLAMP, klamp, n. a piece of timber, iron. 
 etc., used to fasten things together or to 
 strengthen any framework. — v.t. to bind 
 with clamps. [From a root, seen in A.S. 
 clom, a bond, Dut. klamp, a clamp, and 
 al^in to E. Olip. Climb.] 
 
 CLAil-SHE. L, klam'-Bhel, n. the lips or
 
 CLAN 
 
 C4 
 
 CLERGY 
 
 mouth : the patent lock on a mail bag-. 
 (Amer.) 
 
 CLAN, klan, n. a tribe or collection of 
 families subject to a single chieftain, 
 bearing the same surname, and supposed 
 to liave a common ancestor : a clique, 
 sect, or body of persons. [Gael, claim, 
 Ir. clann or eland, offspring, tribe.] 
 
 CLANDESTINE, klan-des'tin, adj., con- 
 cealed or hidden: private: unlawful: 
 sly. — adv. Clandes'tinely. [L. clandes- 
 tinus — clam, secretly, from root kal, seen 
 also inceto, to conceal.] 
 
 CLANG, klang-, v.i. to produce a sharp, 
 ringing sound. — v.t. to cause to clang. — n. 
 a sliarp, ringing sound, like that made 
 by metallic substances struck together. 
 [L. clango ; Ger. klang : formed from the 
 sound.] 
 
 CLANGOR, klang'gur, n. a clang : a sharp, 
 shrill, harsh sound. [L. clangor.] 
 
 CLANK, klangk, n. a sharp sound, less 
 prolonged than a clang, such as is made 
 by a chain. — v.t. or v.i. to make or cause 
 a clank. 
 
 CLANNISH, klan'ish, adj. closely united 
 like the members of a clan. — adv. Clann'- 
 ISHLY. — n. Claioj'ishness. 
 
 CLANSHIP, klan'ship, n. association of 
 families under a chieftain. 
 
 CLANSMAN, klanz'man, n. a member of a 
 clan. 
 
 CLAP, klap, n. the noise made by the sud- 
 den striking together of two things, as 
 the hands : a sudden act or motion : a 
 burst of sound. — v.t. to strike together so 
 as to make a noise : to thrust or drive 
 together suddenly : to applaud with the 
 hands. — v.i. to strike the hands together : 
 to strike together with noise : — pr.j). 
 clapp'ing ; pa.p. clapped'. [Ice. klapjya, 
 to pat ; Dut. and Ger. Happen : formed 
 from the sound.] 
 
 CLAPBOARD, klap'bord,?!. a narrow, thin, 
 planed board used for siding on houses, 
 and so placed as to overlap the one below 
 it. (Amer.) 
 
 CLAPPER, klap'er, n., one who clajis: that 
 wh ich claps, as the tongue of a bell. 
 
 CLAP-STICK, klap'stik, n. a kind of 
 wooden rattle or clapper used in raising 
 an alarm or the like. "He was not dis- 
 turbed ... by the watchman's rappers 
 or clap-sticks." — Southey. 
 
 CLAP-TRAP, klap'-trap, n. a trick to gain 
 applause. 
 
 CLARE-OBSCURE, klar'-ob-skur', 
 CHIARO-OSCURO, ki-ar'6-os-ko6'r6, ?i. 
 clear-obscure : Ught and shade in paint- 
 ing. [Fr. clair — L. clarus, clear, and Fr. 
 obscur — L. obscurus, obscure ; It. chiaro, 
 clear, oscuro, obscure.] 
 
 CLARET, klar'et, 71. orig. applied to ^vines 
 of a light or clear red color, but now 
 used, generally, for the dark-red wines 
 of Bordeaux. [Fr. clairet — clair — L. 
 clot'K'i^ clccir 1 
 
 CLARIFIER, klar'i-fl-er, n. that which 
 clarifies or purifies. 
 
 CLARIFY, klar'i-fr, v.t. to make clear. — 
 v.i. to become clear : — pr.p. clar'ifying ; 
 pa.p. clar'ified. — n. Clabifica'tion' [L. 
 clams, clear, a.nd facto, to make.] 
 
 CLARION, klar'i-on, n. a kind of trunipet 
 whose note is clear and shrill. [Fr. 
 clairon — clair, clear.] 
 
 CLARIONET, klar'i-on-et, CLARINET, 
 klar'i-net, n. a wind instrument of music, 
 sounded by means of a reed fixed to the 
 movithpiece. [Fr. clarinette, dim. of 
 clairon.] 
 
 CLASH, klash, ?;. a loud noise, such as is 
 caused by the striking together of weap- 
 ons : opposition : contradiction. — v.i. to 
 dash noisilj' together : to meet in op- 
 position : to act in a cont ary direction. 
 
 — v.t. to strike noisily against. [Formed 
 from the sound, like Ger. andSw. Iclatsch.] 
 
 CLASP, klasp, n. a hook for fastening : an 
 embrace. — v.t. to fasten with a clasp : to 
 inclose and hold in tlie hand or arms : to 
 embrace : to twine round. [M.E. clajise, 
 from the root of A.S. clyppan, to embrace. 
 See Clip.] 
 
 CLASPER, klasp'er, ?!., that ivhich clasps: 
 the tendrU of a plant. 
 
 CLASP-KNIFE, klasp'-nlf, n. a knife, the 
 blade of which is clcLsped by, or folds into, 
 the'.handle. 
 
 CLASS, klas, n. a rank or order of persons 
 or things : a number of students or schol- 
 ars who are taught togetlier : a scientific 
 division or arrangement. — v.t. to form 
 into a class or classes ; to arrange me- 
 thodically. [Fr. classe — L. elassis, orig. 
 a rank or order of the Roman people when 
 called together, from a root, kal-, seen 
 in L. calare, clamare, to call, Gr. kaleo, 
 klesis.] 
 
 CLASSIC, klas'ik, CLASSICAL, klas'ik-al, 
 adj. of the highest class or rank, esp. in 
 literature : originally and chiefly used of 
 the best Greek and Roman writers : (as 
 opp. to romantic) like in style to the au- 
 thors of Greece and Rome : chaste : re- 
 fined. — Class'ics, n.pl. Greek, Roman, 
 and modern writers of the first rank, 
 or their works. — adv^: Class'ically. 
 
 CLASSICALITY, klas-ik-al'i-ti, CLASSIC- 
 ALNESS, klas'ik-al-nes, n. the quality 
 of being classical. ' 
 
 CLASSIFICATION, klas-i-fi-ka'shun, n. 
 act of forming into classes. 
 
 CLASSIFY, klas'i-fl, v.t. to make or form 
 into classes : to arrange : — pr.j). class'ify- 
 ing ; pa.p. class'ified. [L. elassis, and 
 facio, to make.] 
 
 CLASSMAN, klas'man, n. one who has 
 gained honors of a certain class at the 
 Oxford examinations : opp. to passman. 
 
 CLASTIC, klas'tik, adj. relating to what 
 may be taken to pieces ; as, clastic anat- 
 omy, tlie art of putting together or tak- 
 ing apart the pieces of a manikin. [Gr. 
 klastos, broken.] 
 
 CLATTER, klat'er, n. a repeated confused 
 rattling noise : a repetition of abrupt, 
 sharp sounds. — v.i. to make rattling 
 sounds : to rattle with the tongue : to 
 talk fast and idly. — v.t. to strike so as 
 to produce a rattling. [Ace. to Skeat, 
 clatter^clacker, a freq. of Clack.] 
 
 CLAUSE, klawz, n. a sentence or part of a 
 sentence : an article or part of a con- 
 tract, wUl, etc. [Fi-. clause — L. claiisus 
 — claudo, to shut, inclose.] 
 
 CLAVE, klav — did cleave — past tense of 
 Cleave. 
 
 CLAVICLE, klav'i-kl, n. the collar-bone, 
 so called from its resemblance to a Ro- 
 man key. [Fr. clavicule — L. clavicula, 
 dim. of clavis, a key.] 
 
 CLAVICULAR, kla-vik'u-lar, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the clavicle. 
 
 CLAW, klaw, n. the hooked nail of a beast 
 or bird : the wliole foot of an animal 
 with hooked nails : anything like a claw. 
 — r. f . to scratch or tear as with the claics 
 or nails : to tickle. [A.S. clatcu ; cog. 
 with Ger. klaite : akin to Cleave, to 
 stick or hold on.] 
 
 CLAY, kla, ?j. a tenacious ductile earth : 
 earth in general. — v.t. to purify with 
 claj-, as sugar. [A.S. clceg ; cog. with 
 Dan. klceg, Dut. klai, Ger. klei; conn, 
 with Clag, Clog, Clew, L. gluten, Gr. 
 glia, glue ; and Glxje.] 
 
 CLAYBANK, kla'bangk, adj. denoting the 
 color most common to a bank of clay. 
 (Amer.) 
 
 CLAYEY, kla'i, adj. consisting of or like 
 clay. 
 
 CLAYMORE, kla'mor, n. a large sword 
 
 formerly used by the Scottish Highland 
 ers. [Gael, claidlieanih-mor — Gael, and 
 Ir. claidheamh, sword, and Tjior, great: 
 cf. L. gladius, a sword.] 
 
 CLEAN, klen, adj. free from stain or 
 whatever defiles : pure : guiltless : neat. 
 — adv. quite: entirely: cleverly. — v.t. to 
 make clean, or free from dirt. — n. Clean'- 
 NESS. [A.S. clcene ; W., Gael, glan, shtue, 
 polish ; Ger. klein, small.] 
 
 CLEANLY, klen'li, adj. clean in habits 
 or person : pure : nea.t.— adv. in a clean- 
 ly manner. — n. Clean'liness. 
 
 CLEANSE, klenz, v.t. to make cleaii 01 
 pure. 
 
 CLEAR, kler, adj. pure, bright, undimmed : 
 free from obstruction or difficulty : plain, 
 distinct : without blemish, defect, draw- 
 back, or diminution : conspicuous. — adv. 
 in a clear manner : plainly : wholly : 
 quite. — v.t. to make clear : to free from 
 obscurity, obstruction, or guilt : to free, 
 acquit, or vindicate : to leap, or pass by 
 or over : to make profit. — v.i. to become 
 clear : to grow free, bright, or transpar- 
 ent. — 71. Cleae'ness. [Fr. clair — L. 
 clarus, clear, loud.] 
 
 CLEARANCE, kler'ans, n., act of clearing : 
 a certificate that a ship has been cleared 
 at the custom-house — that is, has satis- 
 fied all demands and procured permission 
 to sail. 
 
 CLEARING, kler'ing, n. a tract of land 
 cleared of wood, etc., for cultivation. 
 
 CLEARING, kler'ing, n. a method by 
 which banks and railway companies 
 clear or arrange certain affairs which 
 mutually concern tliem. — Clearing- 
 house, a place where such clearing busi- 
 ness is done. 
 
 CLEARLY, kler'li, adv., in a clear manner : 
 distinctly. 
 
 CLEAVAGE, klev'aj, n. act or manner of 
 -cleaving or splitting. 
 
 CLEAVE, klev, v.t. to divide, to split: to 
 separate with violence. — v.i. to part 
 asunder : to crack : — pr.p. cleav'ing ; 
 pa.t. clove or cleft ; pa.p. clov'en or 
 cleft. [A.S. cleofan ; cog. with Ger. 
 klieben.] 
 
 CLEAVE, klev, v.i. to stick or adhere : to 
 unite -.—pr.p. cleav'ing ; pa.t. cleaved' or 
 clave ■,]]a.p. cleaved'. [A.S. clifian ; cog. 
 with Ger. kleben, Dut. Icleven. See Clay.] 
 
 CLEAVER, klev'er, n. the person or thing 
 that cleaves : a butcher's cliopper. 
 
 CLEF, kief, n. a character in music which 
 determines the key or position on the 
 scale of the notes tliat follow it. [Fr., 
 from L. clavis, the root of which is seen 
 also in L. clauderc, to shut, Gr. kleis, a 
 key.] 
 
 CLEFT, kleft, in B., CLIFT, ?i. an opening 
 made by cleainng or splitting : a crack, 
 fissure, or chink. 
 
 CLEMATIS, klem'atis, n. a creeping 
 plant, called also virgin's bower and 
 traveller's joy. [Low L. — Gr. klematis — 
 klema, a twig.] 
 
 CLEMENCY, klem'en-si, n. the quality of 
 being' clement : mildness : readiness to 
 forgive. 
 
 CLEMENT, klem'ent, adj. mild : gentle : 
 kind : merciful. — adv. Clem'ently. [Fr. 
 — L. Clemens.] 
 
 CLENCH, klensh. Same as CLINCH. 
 
 CLEPSYDRA, klep'si-dra, n. an instru 
 nient used by the Greeks and Romans 
 for measuring time by the trickling of 
 water, as if bj' stealth, through a very 
 small orifice. [L. — Gr. klepsydra—klep- 
 to, klepso, to steal, hydor, water.] 
 
 CLERGY, kler'ji, n. the body of ministers 
 of reHgion : persons connected with the 
 clerical profession or the religious orders. 
 "I found the clergy in general persons 
 of moderate minds and decorous man-
 
 CLERGYMAl^ 
 
 65 
 
 CLOSURE 
 
 ners ; I include the seculars and regulars 
 of both sexes." — Burke. [Fr. clerge — Low 
 L. clericia ; from Late L. dericus. Gr. 
 klerikos, from Gr. kleros, a lot, then the 
 clergy ; because the Lord was the lot or 
 inheritance of the Levites (Deut. xviii. 
 2), or because the church was the inherit- 
 ance of the Lord (1 Peter v. 3), the name 
 being thence applied to the clergy.] 
 
 CLERGYMAN, kler'ji-man, n. one' of the 
 clergy, a man regularly ordained to preach 
 the gospel, and administer its ordinances. 
 
 CLERGYWOMAN, kler'ji-woom'an. w. a 
 woman connected with the clergy or 
 belonging to a clergyman's family. 
 •'From the clergyu-omen of Windham 
 down to the charwomen the question 
 was discussed." — Mrs. Oliphant. 
 
 CLERIC, kler'ik, CLERICAL, kler'ik-al, 
 adj. belonging to the clergy: pertaining 
 to a clerk or writer. 
 
 CLERK, klerk. n. (orig.) a clergyman or 
 priest : a scholar : one who reads the re- 
 sponses in the English Church service : 
 in common use, one employed as a writer 
 or assistant in an office. — n. Clerk'ship. 
 [A. 8. clerc, a priest — Late L. clericus. 
 See Clergy.] 
 
 CLERUCHIAL. kle-roo'ki-al. adj. pertain- 
 ing to a kind of colonial land settlement 
 (called a klerouchki) in ancient Greece, 
 by which a number of citizens obtained 
 an allotment of land in a foreign country 
 while still retaining all the privileges of 
 citizens in their own state, where they 
 might continue to reside. [Gr. klerouchia 
 — kleros. a lot, and echo, to have.] 
 
 CLEVER, klev'er, adj. able or dexterous : 
 ingenious : skillfully done ; also, good- 
 natured, obliging (Amer.). — adv. Clev'- 
 ERLT. — ?!. Clev'erness. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 CLEW, kloo, n. a ball of thread, or the 
 thread in it : a thread that guides 
 through a labyrinth : anything that 
 solves a mystery : the corner of a sail. 
 — v.t. to truss or tie up sails to the yards. 
 [A.S. cliwe : prob. alnn to L. glomus, a 
 ball of thread, and globus, a sphere, from 
 root of Cleave, to adhere. See Globe.] 
 
 CLICK, klik, n. a short, sharp clack or 
 sound : anything that makes such a 
 sound, as a smaU piece of iron falling 
 into a notched wheel. — v.i. to make a 
 light, sharp sound. [Dim. of Clack.] 
 
 CLIENT, klient, n. one who employs a 
 la\vyer : a dependent. — n. Cli'entship. 
 [Fr. — L. cliens, for cluens, one who hears 
 or listens (to advice), from cliieo, to hear.] 
 
 CLIFF, klif, n. a high steep rock : the steep 
 side of a mountain. [Perh. akin to 
 Clxmb.] 
 
 CLIFT. Same as Cleft. 
 
 CLIFTY. klif'ti, adj. applied to a river on 
 the banks of which limestone cliffs 
 abound. (Amer.) 
 
 CLIMACTERIC, klim-ak'ter-ik or klim-ak- 
 ter'ik, n. a critical period in human life, 
 in which some great bodily change is 
 supposed to take place, esp". the grand 
 climacteric or sixty-third year. — acJjs. 
 Climac'teeic, Climacter'ic, Climacter'- 
 ICAL. [Gr. klimakter — A-Zfrnaa-. a ladder.] 
 
 CLIMATE, kli'mat, ?i. the condition of a 
 country or place with regard to temper- 
 ature, moisture, etc. [Fr. — L. clinia, 
 climafls — Gr. kliina. klimatos. slope — 
 klitio. to make to slope, akin toE. Le.\n.] 
 
 CLIMATIC, kll-mat'ik, CLIMATICAL. kU- 
 niat'ik-al. adj. relating to, or limited by 
 a climate. 
 
 CLIMATIZE, kll'ma-tlz, v.t. or v.i. See 
 
 CLIMATOLOGY, kli-ma-tol'o-ji, w., the 
 *cience of climate-'i. or an investigation of 
 the causes on which the climate of a 
 place depends. [Gr. klima, and logos, 
 aigcourse.] 
 
 E 
 
 CLIMAX, kll'maks, n. in Rhetoric, the 
 arranging of the particulars of a portion 
 of tliscourse so as to rise in strength to 
 the last. [Gr. klimanc, a ladder or stair- 
 case—from klind, to slope.] 
 
 CLIMB, klim, i:i. or v.t. to ascend or 
 mount up by clutching with the hands 
 and feet ; to ascend with difficulty. 
 [A.S. climban : Ger. klimmen : conn. 
 \vith Clamber and Cleave, to stick.] 
 
 CLIME, klim, ?i. a country, region, tract. 
 [A variety of CLIMATE.] 
 
 CLINCH, klinsh, v.t. to fasten or rivet a 
 nail : to grasp tightly : to settle or con- 
 firm. [Causal form of klink. to strike 
 smartly ; Dut. and Ger. klinken, to rivet 
 a bolU 
 
 CLINCHER, klinsh'er, n. one that clinches ; 
 a decisive arg^ument. 
 
 CLING, kling-, %\i. to adhere or stick close 
 by winding round : to adhere in interest 
 or affection i—pa.t. and pa. p. clung. 
 [A.S. clingan, to shrivel up, to draw 
 
 tO*^Gth6t* 1 
 
 CLINIC, klin'ik, CLINICAL, klin'ik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to a bed : (med.) applied 
 to instruction given in hospitals at the 
 bedside of the patient. [Gr. klinikos — 
 kline, a bed, from klinb, to recline.] 
 
 CLINK, klingk, n. a ringing sound made 
 by the striking together of sounding 
 bodies. — v.t. to cause to make a ringing 
 sound. — v.i. to ring or jingle. [A form 
 of Click and Clank.] 
 
 CLINKER, klink'er, n. the cinder or slag 
 formed in furnaces : brick burned so 
 haa-d that, when struck, it makes a 
 sharp and ringing- sound. 
 
 CLIP, klip, v.t. to cut by making the 
 blades of shears meet : to cut off : for- 
 merly, to debase the coin by cutting off 
 the edges : to give a blow to (Amer.) : — 
 pr.p. clipp'ing ; pa.p. clipped'. [From 
 the root of Ice. klippa, to cut, and allied 
 to A.S. clyp^jan, to embrace, to draw 
 closely.] 
 
 CLIP, klip, n. the thing clipped off, as the 
 wool that has been shorn off sheep : also 
 a blow. 
 
 CLIPPER, Idip'er, ?;., one that clips : a 
 sharp-built, fast-sailing vessel. 
 
 CLIPPING, klip'ing, n. the act of cutting, 
 esp. debasing coin by cutting off the 
 edges : the thing clipped off. 
 
 CLIQUE, klek, n. a group of persons in 
 union for a purpose : a party or faction : 
 a gang : — used generally in a bad sense. 
 [Fr., prob. from root of click, and so^a 
 noisy conclave.] 
 
 CLOAJK, CLOKE, klok. n. a loose outer 
 garment : a covering : that which con- 
 ceals : a disguise, pretext. — v.t. to clothe 
 with a cloak : to cover : to conceal. [Old 
 ¥v. cloque — Low L. cloca. a bell, also a 
 horseman's cape, because bell-shaped, 
 from root of Clock.] 
 
 CLOCK, klok. n. a machine for measuring 
 time, and which marks the time by the 
 position of its ''hands" upon the' dial- 
 plate, or by the striking of a hammer on 
 a hell. [Word widely diffused, as A.S. 
 clucga, Gael, clog, Ger. glockc. Fr. cloche. 
 and all^a bell : tlie root is doubtful.] 
 
 CLOCKMUTCH, klok'mutch, n. a woman's 
 cap composed of three pieces — a straight 
 centre one from the forehead to the neck, 
 with two side-pieces. [D. klapmuts, a 
 night-cap. Amer.] 
 
 CLOCKWORK, klok'wurk, n. the works or 
 machinery of a clock : machinery like 
 that of a clock. 
 
 CLOD, klod, )(. a thick round mass or 
 lump, that cleaves or sticks together, es- 
 pecially of earth or turf : the ground : a 
 stupid fellow : a bait used in fishing for 
 eels, and consisting of a bunch of lob- 
 worms strung on to stout worsted [see 
 
 Clod-fishing] : — pr.}}. clodd'ing ; pa.p, 
 clodd'ed. [A later form of Clot.] 
 
 CLOD - FISHING, klod'-fish-ing, n. a 
 method of catching eels by means of a 
 clod or bait of lobworms strung on 
 worsted. The fisher allows this bait to 
 sink to the bottom of the stream, and 
 when he feels an eel tugging he raises 
 the bait without a jerk from the water, 
 and if successful he will find the eel hasj 
 its teeth so entangled in the worsted asj 
 to be unable to let go. 
 
 CLODHOPPER, klod'hop-er, ?i. a country- 
 man : a peasant : a dolt. [CLOD and 
 Hopper.] 
 
 CLODHOPPING, klod'hop-ing, adj. like a 
 clodhopper : loutish : boorish : heavy 
 treading, as one accustomed to walking 
 on ploughed land. "What a mercy you 
 are shod with velvet. Jane ! a clodhop- 
 ping messenger would never do at this 
 juncture." — Charlotte Bronte. 
 
 CLODPATE, klod'pat. CLODPOLL, klod'- 
 pol, n. one witli a head like a clod, a stu- 
 pid fellow. [Clod and Pate, Poll.] 
 
 CLOG, klog, i:f. to accumulate in a mass 
 and cause a .stoppage : to obstruct : to 
 encumber : — pr.p. clogg ing ; jja.p. 
 clogged'. — n. anything hindering mo- 
 tion : an obstruction : a shoe with a 
 wooden sole. [Akin to Scot, clag, to 
 cover with mud, claggy, sticky ; from 
 root of ClaT.] 
 
 CLOISTER, klois'ter, n. a covered arcade 
 forming part of a monastic or collegiate 
 establishment : a place of religious re- 
 tirement, a monastery or nunnery. — v.t. 
 to confine in a cloister : to confine' within 
 walls. [O. Fr. cloistre, Fr. cloitre (A.S. 
 cUnister) — L. claustrmn — claudo, clau- 
 snm. to close, to shut.] 
 
 CLOISTERAL. klois'ter-al. CLOISTRAL, 
 klois'tral, old form CLAUSTRAL, klaws'- 
 tral, adj. pertaining to or confined to a 
 cloister: secluded. 
 
 CLOISTERED, klois'terd, adj. dwelling in 
 cloisters : solitary : retired from the 
 world. 
 
 CLOMB, klom, old past tense of Climb. 
 
 CLOSE, klos, adj., shut up: with no open- 
 ing : confined, unventilated : narrow : 
 near, in time or place : compact : crowded: 
 hidden : reserved : crafty.— ad?-, in a close 
 manner : nearly : densely.— )!, an inclosed 
 place : a small inclosed' field : a narrow 
 passage of a street. — adv. Close'ly. — n. 
 Close'ness. [Fr. clos, shut— pa.jj. of 
 clore. from L. claudere, clausus. to shut.] 
 
 CLOSE, kloz, i:t. to make close: to draw 
 together and unite : to finish. — r.i. to 
 grow together : to come to an end. — n, 
 the manner or time of closing : a pause 
 or stop : the end. 
 
 CLOSET, kloz'et, n. a small private room : 
 a recess off a room. — v.t. to shut up in, 
 or take into a closet : to conceal r — pr.p, 
 clos'eting ; pa.p. clos'eted. [O. Fr. closet, 
 dim. of clos. See Close.] 
 
 CLOSE-TIME, klos'-tim, n. a certain sea- 
 son of the year during which it is unlaw- 
 ful for any person to catch or kill winged 
 g.ame and certain kinds of fish. "He 
 had shot . . . some young wild-du<ks. as 
 though close-time was then unknown, 
 the broods of grouse were yet too young 
 for the sportsman." — §ir 11'. 'Scott. 
 ' ' They came on a wicked old gentlemam 
 breaking the laws of his country, and 
 catching perch in close-time out of a 
 punt." — H. Kingsley. 
 
 CLOSURE, kloz'ur, )!. the act of closing: 
 that which closes : specifically, the brmg 
 ing or putting an end to a tlebate SQ as 
 to proceed immediately to vote on a ques- 
 tion or measure in a deliberative assen>- 
 blj-. as a parliment. by the decision of a 
 competent authority,' as tlie president, or
 
 CLOT 
 
 6« 
 
 COB-HOUSE 
 
 by a majority of votes of the members 
 themselves. [Called also Cloture, of 
 which French word it is a translation.] 
 
 CLOT, klot, n. a mass of soft or fluid mat- 
 ter concreted, as blood. — v.i. to form 
 into clots : to coagulate -.^pr.p. clotfing- ; 
 pa.p. clott'ed. [M.E. clot, a clod of earth ; 
 cog. with Ice. hlot, a ball, Dan. klode, a 
 globe ; from root of Clew. See Ci.f.avt., 
 to stick, adhere.] 
 
 CLOTH, kloth, jjZ. CLOTHS, /;. woven ma- 
 terial from wliich garments or coverings 
 are made : the clerical profession, from 
 their wearing black cloth. [A.S. elath, 
 cloth, clathas, clothes, garments ; Ger. 
 kleid. Ice. klcedi, a garment.] 
 
 CLOTHE, kloth, v.t. to cover with clothes: 
 to pro\ide with clothes : (fig.) to invest, 
 as with a garment : — pr.]}. cloth'ing ; 
 pa.t. a.nd pa.p. clothed' or clad. 
 
 CLOTHES, kloihz (coUoq. kloz), n.pl. gar- 
 ments or articles of dress. 
 
 CLOTHIER, kibth'i-er, n. one who makes 
 or sells cloths or clothes. 
 
 CLOTHING, kloth'iag, n., clothes, gar- 
 ments. 
 
 CLOUD, klowd, n. a mass of waterj' vapor 
 floating in the air : (Jig.) a great volume 
 of dust or smoke. — v.t. to overspread 
 with clouds : to darken : to stain with 
 dark spots or streaks. — v.i. to become 
 clouded or darkened. [A.S. clud, a hill, 
 then, a cloud, the root idea being amass 
 or ball. Clod and Clot are from the 
 same root.] 
 
 CLOUDLESS, klowd'les, adj. unclouded, in 
 any sense. — adv. Cloud'lesslt. 
 
 CLOUDLET, klowd'let, v. a little cloud. 
 
 CLOUDY, klowd'i, adj. darkened with, or 
 consisting of clouds: obscure: gloomy: 
 stained with dark spots. — adv. CLOui)'- 
 ILT. — n. Cloud'INESS. 
 
 CLOUGH, kluf, n. a cleft in a rock, or tlie 
 side of a hUl. [A doublet of Cleft ; 
 Scot, cleugh.] 
 
 CLOUT, klowt, 11. a small piece of cloth : 
 a piece of cloth sewed on clumsily ; a rag. 
 — v.t. to mend with a j^atch : to mend 
 clumsily. [A.S. clut, from W. clwt, a 
 patch.] 
 
 CLOVE, klov, pa.f. of Cleave, to split. 
 
 CLOVE, klov, n. a pungent, aromatic 
 spice, the unexpanded flower-bud (so 
 called from its resemblance to a iiail) of 
 the clove-tree, a native of the Moluccas. 
 [Sp. clavo — L. clavus, a nail.] 
 
 CLOVEN, klov'n, j^a.p. of Cleave, to 
 divide, or adj. divided : parted. — adjs. 
 Cloven-footed, Cloven-hoofed, ha\'ing 
 the foot parted or divided. 
 
 CLOVE-PINK, kloV-pingk, n. the clove 
 gillyflower or carnation iiink, which has 
 an odor like that of cloves. 
 
 CLOVER, klov'er, n. a species of grass in 
 which the leaf is divided into three lobes. 
 [A.S. clcefer, perh. from cleofan, to 
 cleave.] 
 
 CLOWN, klown, n. a rustic or country- 
 fellow : one %\'ith the rough manners of 
 a country-man : a fool or buffoon. [Etj*. 
 dub.] 
 
 CLOWNISH, klown'ish, adj. of or like a 
 clown : coarse and awkward : rustic. — 
 adv. Clown'ishlt. — n. Clown'ishness. 
 
 CLOY, kloi, v.t. to fill to loathing : to glut 
 
 or satiate -.^pr.p. c\oy''\ng; pa.p. cloyed'. 
 
 [O. Fr. cloyer, Fr. clouer, to drive a' nail 
 
 I into, to spike or stop, as a gun, from L. 
 
 ' clavus, a nail.] 
 
 CLUB, klub, n. an association of persons 
 for the promotion of a common object, 
 as literature, politics, pleasure, etc. — i'. i. 
 tpjoin together for some common end : 
 to share in a common expense : — pr.p. 
 clubb'ing ; pa.p. clubbed'. [From root 
 of Clump, a club being a clump of peo- 
 ple.] 
 
 CLL'B, klub, n. a heavy tapering stick, 
 knobby or viassy at one end, used to 
 strike witli : a cudgel : one of the four 
 suits of cards (called in Sp. bastos, cud- 
 gels or clubs). [Ice. and Sw. klubba ; 
 same root as CLCnrp.] 
 
 CLUB-FOOT, klub'-foot, n. a short, de- 
 formed foot, like a club. — adj. Club'- 
 foot'ed. 
 
 CLUB-LAW, klub'-law, n. government by 
 violence. 
 
 CLUB-MOSS, klub'-mos, 7i. a moss with 
 scaly leaves and stems like a club. 
 
 CLUCK, kluck, n. the caU of a hen to her 
 chickens. — v.i. to make the sound of a 
 hen when calling on her chickens. [From 
 the sound, like Dut. klokken, Ger. gliick- 
 en, to cluck.] 
 
 CLUE. See Clew. 
 
 CLUMP, klump, n. a thick, short, shape- 
 less piece of anything : a cluster of trees 
 or shrubs. [Prob. E., but cog. wth Ger. 
 and Dan. klump, a lump ; from root of 
 O. Ger. klimpfen, to press together, conn, 
 with Clamp, Club.] 
 
 CLUMSY, klum'zi, adj. shapeless : Ul- 
 made : awkward : ungainly. — adv. Clum'- 
 SILY. — n. Clum'siness. pM.E. clumsen, 
 to be stiff or benumbed ; akin to Clam.] 
 
 CLUNG, klung — did cUng— ^a.i. and. pa.p. 
 of Cleng. 
 
 CLUSTER, klus'ter, n. a number of things 
 of the same kind growing or joined to- 
 gether : a bunch : a mass. — v.i. to grow 
 or gather into clusters. — v.t. to collect 
 into clusters. [A.S. cluster; Ice. klastr, 
 from the root klib, seen in A.S. clifian, 
 to adhere.] 
 
 CLUTCH, kluch, v.t. to seize or grasp. — n. 
 a grasj} or grip : seizure : — jil. Clutch'es, 
 the hands or paws : cruelty : rapacity. 
 [M.E. cloche, cloke, claw, grasp ; Scot. 
 cleik ; from root of A.S. geloeccan, to 
 catch, wlience Latch.] 
 
 CLUTTER, klut'er, a form of Clatter. 
 
 CLYFAKING, kli'fak-ing, /(. jjocket-pick- 
 ing. H. Kingsley. (English slang.) 
 
 CLYSTER, klis'ter, »!. a liquid injected into 
 the intestines to wash them out. [Gr. — 
 klyzo, to wash out.] 
 
 COACH, koch, 7i. a large, close, four-wheeled 
 carriage. — v.t. to carry in a coach : in 
 American sports, to train before or direct 
 during a contest. [Fr. cache — L. concha, 
 a shell, a boat, a carriage — Gr. kogke, a 
 shell : or from Hung. kotschi.'\ 
 
 CO AD JUST, ko-ad-just', v.t. to adjust mu- 
 tually or reciprocally : to fit to each other. 
 Owen. 
 
 COADJUTOR, ko-ad-joot'or, n. a fellow- 
 helper or assistant : an associate: — fern. 
 Coadjut'rls. — n. Coadjut'orship. [L. 
 CO, with, adjutor, a helper — ad, to, juvo, 
 to help.] 
 
 COAGULABLE, ko-ag'u-la-bl, adj. capable 
 of being coagulated. 
 
 COAGULANT, ko-ag'u-lant, n. a substance 
 whicli causes coagulation, as rennet. 
 
 COAGULATE, ko-ag'u-lat, v.t. to make to 
 curdle or congeal. — i:i. to cm-die or con- 
 geal.—)!. Coagula'tion. — adj. Coao'l^la- 
 tive. [L. coagulo — co, together, ago, to 
 drive.] 
 
 COAGULUM, ko-ag^u-lum, 7i. what is co- 
 agulated. [L.] 
 
 COAL, kol, n. a solid, black, combustible 
 substance used for fuel, dug out of the 
 earth. — v.i. to take in coal. [A.S. col, 
 cog. with Ice. kol. Ger. kohle; conn, with 
 Sw. kylla. to Icindle.] 
 
 COALESCE, ko-al-es', v.i. to groio together 
 or unite into one body : to associate. — 
 adj. Coalesc'ext, uniting. [L. coalesco — 
 CO. together, and alesco, to grow up, from 
 alo. to nourish.] 
 
 COALESCENCE, k6-al-es'ens, n. act of 
 coalescing: union. 
 
 COALFIELD, kol'feld, n. a field or district 
 containing coal strata. 
 
 COALITION, ko-al-ish'un, ?i. act of coaleso- 
 ing, or uniting into one body : a union 
 or combination of persons, states, etc., 
 into one : alliance. 
 
 COALITIONIST, ko-al-ish'un-ist, n. one of 
 a coalition. 
 
 COALIZED, ko-al-izd', p. and adj. joined 
 bj' a coalition: allied. "Rash eoalized 
 kings." — Carlyle. (Rare.) 
 
 COAL-OIL, kol'oil, n. same as Petroleum. 
 
 COAI^SCLTTLE, kol-skut'tl, n. a bucket 
 used for carrj-ing- coal, and so shaped aa 
 to let the coal slide out of it into the 
 stove without scattering. — Coal-scuttlk 
 bonnet, a woman's bonnet shaped like 
 a coal-scuttle, and usually projecting far 
 before the face. " Miss Snevellici .... 
 glancing fi-om the depths of her coal- 
 scuttle bonuet." — Dickens. 
 
 COALY, kol'i, adj. of or like eoal. 
 
 COARSE, kors, adj. rough : rude : uncivO : 
 gross. — adv. Coaese'ly. — n. Coarse- 
 ness. [Orig. written Course ; from being 
 used in the phrase, •■ in course,'' it came 
 to mean ordinary, commonplace.] 
 
 COAST, kost, n., side or border of land 
 next the sea : the sea-shore : limit or 
 border of a country. — v.i. to sail along or 
 near a coast. — v.t. to sail bj- or near to. 
 [Fr. cote for coste — L. casta, a rib, side.] 
 
 COASTAL, kost'al, adj. of or pertaining 
 to a coast or shore. 
 
 COASTER, kost'er, n. a vessel that sails 
 along' the coast. 
 
 COASTGUARD, kosfgiird, n. a body of 
 men organized to act as a guard along 
 the coast, orig. intended to prevent smug- 
 gling 
 
 COASTWISE, kost'wiz, adv. along the 
 coast. [Coast and Wise.] 
 
 COAT, kot, n. a kind of outer garment : 
 the hair or wool of a beast : vesture or 
 habit : any covering : a membrane or 
 layer : the ground on which ensigns 
 armorial are portraj-ed, usually called 
 a coat of arms : an exaction levied by 
 Charles I. on the pretext of providing 
 clothing for the army : more usually 
 called Coat-money [see Conduct, las"t 
 meaning]. — v.t. to cover with a coat or 
 layer. [Fr. cotte — Low L. cottus, cotta. a 
 tunic ; from root of Ger. kotze, a matted 
 covering : akin to E. cot, a hut.] 
 
 COATEE, kot-e', n. a little coat: a coat 
 with short flaps. 
 
 COATING, kot'ing, n. a covering : cloth 
 for coats. 
 
 COAX, koks, v.t. to persuade by fondling 
 or flattery : to humor or soothe. — adv. 
 CoAX'iNGLT. [M.E. cokes, a simpleton : 
 prob. from W. coegr, empty, fooUsh. Sea 
 CoG.] 
 
 COB, kob, 71. a head of maize : a thick 
 strong pony. [W. co5 ; of. Dut. kop, Ger. 
 kopf, the top. head.] 
 
 COBALT, ko'bawlt, n. a brittle, reddish- 
 gray metal, usually found combined with 
 arsenic and other minerals. [Grer. kobalt, 
 from kobold, a demon, a nickname given 
 by the German miners, because they sup- 
 posed it to be a mischievous and hurtful 
 metal ; from Low L. gobelimis — Gr 
 kobalos, a goblin.] 
 
 COBBLE, kob'l, v.t. to patch up or mend 
 coarsely, as shoes. [O. Fr. cobler, to 
 join together, to tie together ; from L. 
 copulo. to join.] 
 
 COBBLER, kob'ler. n. one who cobbles or 
 mends shoes. 
 
 COB-HOUSE, kob'-hous, 71. in England a 
 house built of cob, that is of a compost 
 of puddled clay and straw, or of sti-aw, 
 lime, and earth. " A narrow street of 
 cob-houses whitewashed and thatched." — 
 H. Kingsley.
 
 COBLE 
 
 67 
 
 COGNIZANCE 
 
 COBLE, kobl, n. a small fishing-boat. \}V. 
 keitbal, a hollow trunk, a boat.] 
 
 COBRA DA CAPELLO, ko'bra da ka-pel'o, 
 n. a poisonous snake, native of the East 
 Indies, which dilates the back and sides 
 of the neck so as to resemble a hood. 
 [Port. = snake of the hood.] 
 
 COB- WALL, kob'-wawl, n. a wall built up 
 solid of cob. [See Cob-house above.] 
 
 COBWEB, kob'web, n. the spider's iceb or 
 net : anj- snare or device intended to 
 entrap. [A.S. attorco2ypa, a spider, lit. 
 poison-head or tuft, from A.S. ator, 
 poison, and coppa = W. cop, a head, 
 tuft.] 
 
 COCAGNE, kok-an', n. the laud of cookery 
 or good living : an imaginary country of 
 luxury and delight. [Ft. cocagne ; from 
 L. coquo, to cook.] 
 
 COCCIFEROUS, kok-sif'er-us, adj., berry- 
 beariiig. [L. coccus ( — Gr. kokkos), a 
 berry, and jero, to bear.] 
 
 COCHINEAL, koch'i-nel, n. a scarlet dye- 
 stuti' consisting of the dried bodies of cer- 
 tain insects gathered from the cactus 
 plant in Mexico, the W. Indies, etc. [Sp. 
 cochinUla, dim. of L. coccinus — Gr. kok- 
 kos, a berry, as the cochineal was for- 
 merly supposed to be tlie berry or seed 
 of tlie plant.] 
 
 v'OCHLEARY, kok-le-ar-i, COCHLEATE, 
 kok'le-at, COCHLEATED, kok'le-at-ed, 
 adj.. twisted like a snail-shell : spiral. 
 [L. coclilea, snail - shell, screw — Gr. 
 kochlos. a shell-fish with a sjiiral shell.] 
 
 COCK, kok, n. the male of birds, particular- 
 ly of the domestic fowl : a weathercock : 
 a strutting chief or leader : anything set 
 erect : a tap for liquor : a familiar form 
 of address or appellation, preceded usual- 
 ly by old, and used much in the same way 
 a-s chap, fellow, boy, etc. " He has drawn 
 blood of liim yet ; well done, old cock!'' 
 — Massinger. "He was an hone.st oM 
 rock, and loved his pipe and a tankard of 
 .;ider, as well as the best of us.'' — Graves. 
 —That cock wost fight, that plan will 
 not do, that storj' will not tell (Eng. col- 
 loquial). " I tried to see the arms on the 
 carriage, but there were none ; so that 
 cock wouldn't jight." — Kingsley. — v.t. to 
 set erect or upright : to set up, as the 
 hat. — v.i. to strut : to hold up the head. 
 [A.S. coc, an imitative word.] 
 
 COCK, kok, n. a small pile of hay. [Swed. 
 loka, a lump of earth ; Dut. Icogel, Ger. 
 kugel, a ball.] 
 
 COCK, kok, n. part of the lock of a gun. 
 [Ital. coccO; a notch, coceare, to put the 
 string of a bow into the notch of the ar- 
 row ; this expression was transferred to 
 firearms — hence, to put a gun on cock.'\ 
 
 COCKADE, kok-ad', n. a knot of ribbons or 
 something similar worn on the hat as a 
 badge. [Fr. cocarde — coo, perh. from its 
 likeness to the comb of the cock.] 
 
 COCKATOO. kok.-a-t6o', n. a kind of par- 
 rot with a crest. [Malay kakatua, 
 formed from its cry.] 
 
 COCK^ITRICE. kok'a-tris, n. a lizard or 
 serpent imagined to be produced from a 
 cock's egg. [The word ha-s nothing to 
 do with cock : the O. Fr. cocafrice meant 
 a crocodile— Low L. cocatrix, a corr. of 
 Low L. cocodrillus, a crocodile. See 
 Crocodile.] 
 
 COCKBOAT, kok'bot, n. a smaU boat. [O. 
 Fr. coqiie. Fr. cache, a small boat — L. 
 concha, a shell ; the word boat is super- 
 fluous.] 
 
 COCK-BREAD, kok'-bred, w. a kind of 
 stimulating food given to game-cocks. 
 " You feed us with cock-bread, and arm 
 us with steel spurs that we may mangle 
 and kill each other for your sport." — 
 Southey. 
 COCKCHAFER, kok'chaf-er, n. the May- 
 
 bug, an insect of a pitchy-black color, 
 most destructive to ve°retation. 
 
 COCKER, kok'er, v.t. (obs.) to pamper, to 
 indulge. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 COCKLE, kok^i, n. a troublesome weed 
 among wheat, with a purple flower. [A. 
 S. coccel — Gael, cogal, from cog, a husk, 
 a bowl.] 
 
 COCKLE, kok'l, n. a shell-flsh, having two 
 wrinkled shells, of a heart-shape. [W. 
 cocs, cockles, and Gael, cuach. a drink- 
 ing-bowl, dim. cogan, a small bowl ; 
 compare Fr. coquille—Gr. kongchylion, 
 kongche. a cockle.] 
 
 COCKLOFT, kok'loft. n. the room in a 
 house uext the roof. [The loft where 
 the cocks roost.] 
 
 COCKNEY, kok'ne, n. b_v-name for a native 
 of the citv of London.— j^^- Cock'nets. 
 [Etv. dub."] 
 
 COCKXEYDOM, kok'ne-dum, n. the region 
 or home of Cockneys. 
 
 COCKNEYISM, kok'ne-izm, n. the dialect 
 or manners of a Cockney. 
 
 COCKPIT, kok'pit, n. a pit or inclosed 
 space where game-coci's fought : a room 
 in a ship-of-war for the wounded during 
 an action. 
 
 COCKROACH, kok'rSch, n. the common 
 black beetle. 
 
 COCKSCOMB, koks'kom, n. the comb or 
 crest on a cock's head : the name of three 
 plants. 
 
 COCKSWAIN, or COXSWAIN, kok'swan 
 (colloq. kok'sn), ?i. a seaman who steers 
 a boat, and under the superior officer 
 takes charge of it. [Cock, a boat, and 
 sicain.'] 
 
 COCOA, ko'ko, Ji. a beverage made from 
 the ground beans of the cacao or choco- 
 late tree. [A corr. of cacao.l 
 
 COCOA, ko'ko, 71. a palm-tree growing in 
 tropical countries, and producing the 
 cocoa-nut. [Port, and Sp. coco, a bug- 
 bear ; applied to the nut from the three 
 marks at the end of it, which form a 
 grotesque face.] 
 
 COCOA-NUT, or COCO-NUT, ko'ko-nut, 
 n. the well-known fruit of the cocoa- 
 palm. 
 
 COCOON, ko-koon', n. the egg-shaped shell 
 or covering which the larvae of silkworms 
 and some other insects spin. [Fr. cocon, 
 from coque, a shell — L. concha, a shell.] 
 
 COCOONERY, ko-koon'er-i, n. a place for 
 keeping- silkworms when feeding and 
 spinning cocoons. 
 
 COCTIO^J; kok'shun, n. the act of boiling. 
 [L. coctio — coquo, to boil, to cook.] 
 
 COD, kod, CODFISH, kod'fish, n. a species 
 of fish much used as food, found in the 
 northern seas. — Cod-liver Oil, a medici- 
 nal oil extracted fiom the fresh liver of 
 the common cod. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 COD, kod. n. a Intsk, sliell, or pod, contain- 
 ing seeds. [A.S. codd, a small bag ; Ice. 
 koddi, a cushion.] 
 
 CODDLE, kod'l, i:t. to pamper : to fondle : 
 to parboil. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 CODE, kod, n. a collection or digest of 
 laws. [Fr. code — L. codex or caudex, 
 the trunk of a tree, a tablet for writing, 
 a set of tablets, a book.] 
 
 CODICIL, kod'i-sil, n. a short writing- or 
 note added as a supj)lement to a will. — 
 adj. Codicill'ary. [L. codicillus, dim. 
 of coder.'] 
 
 CODIFY, kod'i-fl, v.t. to put into the form 
 of a code : — pr.p. cod'ifying ; 2>i-P- cod'- 
 ified. — )!. Codifica'tiox. [L. codex, a 
 code, and/ac(o, to make.] 
 
 CODLING, koil'Iing, )/. a voung cod-fish. 
 
 CODLING, kod'ling, CODLIN, kod'Un, n. a 
 hard kind of apple. [Dim. of cod, a pod.] 
 
 COEFFICIENT, ko-ef-fish'ent, n. that 
 which acts together with another thing : 
 (math.) the number of known quantity 
 
 prefixed as a multiplier to a variable or 
 unknown quantity. — n. Coeffi'ciekct. 
 —adv. CoEFFl'ciENTLY. [L. CO, together, 
 and Efficient.] 
 
 CCENOGAMY. se-nog'a-mi, n. the state of 
 hav-ing husbands or wives in common : 
 a community of husbands cr wives, such 
 as exists among certain primitive tribes. 
 [Gr. koinos, common, and gamos. mar- 
 riage.] 
 
 COERCE, ko-ers', v.t. to restrain by force : 
 to compel. [L. coerceo — co, together, 
 arceo, to shut in, conn, with area, a 
 chest.] 
 
 COERCIBLE, ko-ers'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 restrained or compelled. — adv. Coerc'- 
 
 LBLY. 
 
 COERCION, ko-er'shun, n. the act or proc- 
 ess of coercing : restraint. 
 
 COERCIVE, ko-ers'iv. adj. having power 
 to coerce : compelling. — adv. Coerc'- 
 rvELY. 
 
 COE'VAL, ko-e'val, adj., of the savie age. 
 — n. one of the same age. [L. co, to- 
 gether, and oivwn, age, Gr. aion.] 
 
 CO-EXTENSIVE, ko-eks-ten'siv, adj. 
 equally extensive. 
 
 COFFEE, kofe. n. a drink made from the 
 seeds of the coffee-tree, a native of Ara- 
 bia. [Turk, kahveh — Ar. qahireh.] 
 
 COFFER, kof'er, ?i. a enesi for holding 
 money or treasure. [O. Fr. cofre or 
 cojin, a chest — L. cophinus, a basket — Gr. 
 kophinos.] 
 
 COFFERDAM, kof er-dam, n. a water-tight 
 barrier or ho.v of timber, placed in the 
 bed of a river, etc., to exclude the water 
 during- the progress of some work. [COF- 
 FER and Dam.] 
 
 COFFIN, kof'in, n. the coffer or chest in 
 which a dead body is inclosed. — v.t. to 
 place within a coffin. [The earlier form 
 of Coffer.] 
 
 COG, kog, v.t. to cheat or deceive : to cog 
 dice is to load them so that they may 
 fall in a given way. [W. coegio, to make 
 void, to trick — coeg, empty.] 
 
 COG, kog, 11. a catch or tooth on a wheel. 
 — v.t. to fix teeth in the rim of a wlieel : 
 — pr.2). cogg'ing ; pa.p. cogged'. [Ace. to 
 Skeat from Gael, and Ir. cog, a mill-cog.] 
 
 COGENCY, ko'jen-si, n. power of convinc- 
 ing. 
 
 COGENT, ko'jent, adj., driving or pressing 
 on the mind : powerful : convincing. — 
 adv. Co'GENTLY". [L. cogro — co, together, 
 and ago. to drive.] 
 
 COGITATE, koj'i-tat, v.i. to agitate or turn 
 a thing over in one's mind : to meditate -. 
 to ponder. [L. cogito. to think deeply— 
 CO, together, and agito, to put a thing in 
 motion.] 
 
 COGITATION, koj-i-ta'shun, ?i. deep 
 thought : meditation. 
 
 COGITATIVE, koj'i-ta-tiv, adj. having the 
 power of cogitating or thinking : given 
 to cogitating. 
 
 COGNAC. COGNIAC, kon'yak, n. the best 
 kind of Frencli brandy, so called because 
 much of it is made near the town Cognac. 
 
 COGNATE, kog'nat. adj.. born of the same 
 family: related to: of the same kind. 
 [L. cognatus — co. together, and gnascor. 
 gnatus, to be born.] 
 
 COGNITION, kog-nish'un, 7i. certain knoirl- 
 edge. [L., from cognosco, cognitum — co, 
 together, and nosco, gnosco, to know.] 
 
 COGNIZABLE, kog'niz-abl or kon'-. adj. 
 that may be knoini or understood : that 
 may be judicially investigated. [O. Fr. 
 cogno issableA 
 
 COGNIZANCE, kog'ni-zans or kon'-. v., 
 knowledge or notice, judicial or private : 
 observation : jurisdiction : that by which 
 one is known, a badge. [O. Fr. — L. cog'- 
 nosco.]
 
 COGNIZANT 
 
 68 
 
 COLLOQUY 
 
 COGNIZANT, kog'ni-zant or kon'-, adj., 
 hai'ing eognizance or knowledge of. 
 
 CXXiNOMEN, kog-no'men, )(. a surname : 
 the last of the three names of an indi- 
 vidual among the Romans, indicating the 
 house or family to wliich he belonged. 
 [L. — CO, together, iiomen. gnomen, a name 
 — nosco, gnosco, to know.] 
 
 COHABIT, ko-hab'it. v.i. to dwell together 
 as husband and wife. — n. Cohabita'tiox. 
 [L. cohabito — co, together, and habito, to 
 dwell.] 
 
 COHERE, ko-lier', v.i. to stick together : to 
 remain in contact : to follow in proper 
 connection. [L. colwareo — co, together, 
 and lueveo, to stick.] 
 
 COHERENCE, ko-her'ens, COHERENCY, 
 ko-her'en-si, n. a sticking together : a con- 
 sistent connection between several parts. 
 
 COHERENT, ko-her'ent, adj.. sticking to- 
 gether: connected : consistent. — adv. Co- 
 her'entlt. 
 
 COHESION, ko-he'zhun, n. the act of stick- 
 ing together : a form of attraction by 
 w-hich particles of bodies of the same 
 nature stick together : logical connec- 
 tion. [L. colxesus, pa.p. of cohcereo.] 
 
 COHESI\TG, ko-he'siv, adj. hai'ing the 
 power of cohering : tending to unite into 
 a mass. — adv. Cohe'sively. — n. Cohe'- 
 
 SrVENESS. 
 
 COHORT, ko'hort, n. among the Romans, 
 a body of soldiers about 600 in number, 
 forming about a tenth part of a legion : 
 any band of armed men. [Fr. — L. cohors, 
 an inclosed place, a multitude inclosed, 
 a company of soldiers. [See Court, 
 Garden. Yard.] 
 
 COIF, koif, n. a cap or covering for the 
 head. [Fr. coiffe — Low L. cofia, a cap, 
 from O. Ger. chnppha, a cap, another 
 from of O. Ger. chuph, a cup (Ger. kopf, 
 the head) : so that coif is a doublet of 
 CCP.] 
 
 COIFFURE, koif'ur, n. a head-dress. [Fr.] 
 
 COIGN, koin, n. a corner or external angle: 
 a corner-stone : a wedge. [See Coin.] 
 
 COIL, koil, v.t. to gather together, or wind 
 in rings as a rope, a serpent. — n. one of 
 the rings into which a rope is gathered. 
 [O. Fr. coillir, Fr. cueillir — L. colligere — 
 col, together, legere, to gather.] 
 
 COIN, koin, n. a piece of metal legally 
 stamped and current as money. — v.t. to 
 convert a piece of metal into money : to 
 form, as a medal, by stamping : to make, 
 invent, fabricate. [Fr. coin, coin, also 
 the die to stamp money — L. cutieus, a 
 wedge. Coign is a doublet.] 
 
 COINAGE, koin'aj, n. the act or art of 
 coining : the pieces of metal coined : in- 
 vention, fabrication. 
 
 COINCIDE, ko-in-sid', v.i. to fall in with, 
 or agree, in opinion : to correspond : to 
 be identical. [L. co. together, incidere — 
 in. in, cado, to fall.] 
 
 COINCIDENCE, ko-in'si-dens, COINCI- 
 DENCY, ko-in'si-den-si, n. act or condi- 
 tion of coinciding : the occurrence of an 
 event at the same tinu: as another event. 
 — adj. Coin'cident. — adv. Coin'cidently. 
 
 COINLESS. koiu'les, adj. having no coin or 
 money : moneyless : penniless. " Coin- 
 less bards." — Wm. Combe. 
 
 COIR, koir, n. cocoa-nut fibre for ropes or 
 matting. 
 
 COKE. kok. n. coal charred and deprived 
 of its volatile matters, for use in fur- 
 naces. [Perh. conn, with Cake.] 
 
 COLANDER, kul'and-er. CULLENDER, 
 kul'end-er, n. a strainer: a vessel having 
 small holes in the bottom. [L. colans, 
 colantis. pr.p. of colare. to strain — colum, 
 a strainer.] 
 
 COLD, kold. adj. the opposite of hot : shiv- 
 ering : without passion or zeal : spirit- 
 less : unfriendly : indifferent : reserved. 
 
 — n. absence of heat : the feeling or sen- 
 sation caused by the absence of heat : a 
 disease caused by cold : catarrh : chill- 
 ness. — adv. Cold'ly. — n. Cold'ness. 
 [A.S. ceald ; Scot, caidd, G«r. kalt ; cog. 
 also with E. cool. Ice. kala, to freeze, L. 
 gelidus — gelu, frost.] 
 
 COLDISH, kold'ish, adj., somewhat cold: 
 cool. 
 
 COLE, kol, ?(. a general name for all sorts 
 of cabbage. [A.S. caivel ; Ger. kohl, 
 Scot, kail; all from L. colis, catdis, a 
 stem, especially of cabbage ; cf. Gr. kau- 
 los.] 
 
 COLEOPTERA, kol-e-op'ter-a, n.pl. an 
 order of insects ha^^ng two pair of wings, 
 the outer pair being hard or horny, serv- 
 ing as wing-cases for the true wings, as 
 the beetle. [Gr. koleos, a sheath, and 
 pteron. pi. ptera, a wing.] 
 
 COLEOPTEROUS, kol-e-op'ter-us, adj., 
 sheath-uinged. 
 
 COLEWORT, kol'wurt, n. a species of cole 
 or cabbage. [A.S. tvyrt, a plant.] 
 
 COLIBRI, ko-le'bre, 11. a name given to 
 various species of humming-birds. [Said 
 to be the Carib name.] 
 
 COLIC, kol'ik, n. a disorder of the colon : 
 acute pain in the stomach or bowels. 
 
 COLISEUM. See Colosseum. 
 
 COLLABORATE, kol-lab'6-rat, v.i. to work 
 jointlv or together. 
 
 COLLABORATOR, kol-ab'o-ra-tor, n. an 
 associate or assistant in labor, particu- 
 larlj' literary or scientific. [Coined from 
 L. col. witli, and laboro, laboratum, to 
 labor.] 
 
 COLLAPSE, kol-aps'. n. a falling away or 
 breaking down : any sudden or complete 
 breakdown or prostration. — v.i. to fall 
 or break down : to go to ruin. [L. col- 
 lapsns — col, together, and labor, lapsus, 
 to slide or fall.] 
 
 COLLAR, kol'ar, n. something worn round 
 the neck : the part of a garment at the 
 neck: a ring: a band. — v.t. to seize by 
 the collar : to put on acollar. [Fr. collier 
 — L. collare — collum, the neck ; akin to 
 A.S. heals, Ger. hals, the neck.] 
 
 COLLAR-BONE, kol'ar-bon, n. a bone of 
 the neck between the breastbone and the 
 shoulder-blade ; also called the clavicle. 
 
 COLLATE, kol-at', v.t. (lit.) to bring or lay 
 together for comparison : to examine and 
 compare, as books, and esp. old manu- 
 scripts : to place in or confer a benefice : 
 to place in order, as the sheets of a book 
 for binding. [L. coUatus, pa.p. of confero 
 — con, together, and fero, to bring.] 
 
 COLLATERAL, kol-at'er-al, adj.. side by 
 side : running parallel or together : not 
 direct : descended from the same ances- 
 tor, but not directly, as the children of 
 brothers. — n. a collateral relation. — adv. 
 Collat'erally'. [L. col, and latus, la- 
 teris, aside.] 
 
 COLLATION, kol-a'shun, ?i., aci of collat- 
 ing : a bringing together, for examina- 
 tion and comparison : presentation to a 
 benefice : a repast between meals. 
 
 COLLATOR, kol-a'tor, n., one jcho collates 
 or compares : one who bestows or pre- 
 sents. 
 
 COLLEAGUE, kol'eg, n. a partner, asso- 
 ciate, or coadjutor. [Fr. collegue — L. 
 collega — col, together, and lego, to send 
 on an embassy /) 
 
 COLLEAGUE, kol-eg'. v.i. to join or unite 
 with in the same office : — 2^^-P- coUeagu- 
 ing (kol-eg'ing) ; pa.p. colleagued (kol- 
 egd'). 
 
 COLLECT, kol-ekt'. v.t. to assemble or 
 bring together : to infer : to compile. — 
 v.i. to run together : to accumul.-ite. [L. 
 colligo, collectus, from col, together, and 
 lego. Gr. lego, to gather, to choose.] 
 
 COLLECT, kol'ekt, )i. a short and compre- 
 
 hensive prayer in the service of the R. 
 Catholic and Anglican Churches. [Origin 
 of the name dub.] 
 
 COLLECTED, kol-ekt'ed, adj., gathered 
 together: having one's senses gathered 
 together : cool : firm. — adv. Collect"- 
 edly. — n. Collect'edness. 
 
 COLLECTION, kol-ek'shun, n., act of col- 
 lecting : that which is collected : an as- 
 semblage : a heap or mass : a book ot 
 selections. 
 
 COLLECTIVE, kol-ekt'iv, adj. considered 
 as forming one mass or sum : congre- 
 gp.ted : (grain.) expressing- a number or 
 multitude. — Collective note, in di^jlom- 
 acy, a note or official communication 
 signed by the representatives of several 
 governments. — adv. COT.T.F.CT'rvELY'. — n. 
 Collect'iveness. 
 
 COLLECTIVITY, kol-lek-tiv'i-ti, Ji. same 
 as Collectiveness. John Morley. 
 
 COLLECTOR, kol-ekt'or, «., one who col- 
 lects or gathers. — ns. Cot.t.kc'torate, 
 Collec'torship. 
 
 COLLEGE, kol'ej, n. (orig.) anj' collection 
 or community of men with certain pri\'i- 
 leges or a common pursuit, as a college 
 of heralds or the college of cardinals : a 
 seminary of learning : a hterary, politi- 
 cal, or religious institution : the edifice 
 appropriated to a college. — Collegian, 
 kol-e'ji-an, n. a member or inhabitant of 
 a college : in England, an inmate of a 
 debtor's prison. "It became a not un- 
 usual circumstance for letters to be put 
 under his door at night inclosing half-a- 
 crown . . . for the Father of the 
 Marshalsea, ' with the compliments of a. 
 collegian taking leave.'" — Dickens. [Fr. 
 college — L. collegium, from col, and lego.\ 
 
 COLLEGIATE, kol-e'ji-at, adj. pertaining 
 to or resembling a college : containing a 
 college, as a town : instituted like a 
 college. 
 
 COLLET, kol'et, n. the collar of a rin^ or 
 the part which contains the stone. [Fr. 
 — L. colhtni.] 
 
 COLLIDE, kol-id', v.i. to strike or dash 
 together. [L. collido, collisus — col, to- 
 gether, lalo, to strike.] 
 
 COLLIE, COLLY, kol'i, n. a shepherd's 
 dog. [Et.y. dub., prob. Celt.] 
 
 COLLIER, iiol'j'er, n. one who works in a 
 C0K?-mine : a ship that carries coal. 
 
 COLLIERY, kol'yer-i, 71. a eoa?-mine. 
 
 COLLISION, kol-izh'un, n. a striking to- 
 gether: state of being struck together: 
 conflict : opposition. 
 
 COLLOCATE, kol'6-kat, v.t. to place to- 
 gether: to place, set, or station. [L. col- 
 loco, collocatns, from col, together, and 
 loco, to jilace.j 
 
 COLLOCATION, kol-o-ka'shun, n., act of 
 collocating: disposition in place : arrange- 
 ment. [L. collocatio.] 
 
 COLLOCUTORY, kol-lok'u-to-ri, adj. per- 
 taining to or having the form of a collo- 
 quy or conversation: colloquial. "We 
 proceed to give our imitation, which is 
 of the Amcebean or collocutoty kind." 
 — Antijacobin. 
 
 COLLODION, kol-o'di-on. n. a gluey solu- 
 tion of gun cotton in alcohol and etlier, 
 used in surgery and pliotography. [Gr. 
 kollodes, fronikolla, glue, and eidos, form, 
 appearance.] 
 
 COLLOP, kol'up, n. a .slice of meat. [From 
 clop or colp, the sound of a soft lump 
 thrown on aflat surface ; Dut. klo}). It. 
 colpo, a blow.] 
 
 COLLOQUIAL, kol-o'kwi-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or used in common conversation. 
 —adv. Collo'quially'. 
 
 COLLOQUIALISM, kol-o'kwi-al-izm. n. a 
 form of expression, used in familiar talk. 
 
 COLLOQUY, kol'o-lrwi, n. a speaking to- 
 gether : mutual discourse : conversation. 
 
 I
 
 COLLUDE 
 
 69 
 
 COMFORTATIVE 
 
 [L. colloquium, from col, together, and 
 loquor, to speak.] 
 
 COLLUDE, kol-ud', v.i. to play into each 
 otiier"s hand : to act in concert, especially 
 iu a fraud. [L. colludo, collusus, from 
 col, and liido, to play.] 
 
 COLLUSION, kol-u^zhun, n.,act of collud- 
 ing : a secret agreement to deceive. [L. 
 collusio.} 
 
 COLLUSIVE, kol-u'ziv, adj. fraudulently 
 concerted : deceitful. — adv. Collu'sive- 
 
 LY.— )l. COLLU'SIVENESS. 
 
 COLOCOLA, kol-o-ko'la. n. a ferocious 
 tiger-cat of Central America {Felis or 
 Leopardus ferox). It equals or surpasses 
 the ocelots in size, and is a terrible ene- 
 my to the animals among which it lives, 
 especially the monkeys. 
 
 COLOCYlSfTH.koro-sinth, n. the dried and 
 powdered pulp of a kind of cucumber, 
 much used as a purgative. [G-r. kolokyii- 
 tlnS.] 
 
 COLON, ko'lon, n. the mark ( : ) used to in- 
 dicate a distmct member or clause of a 
 sentence. [Gr. kolon, a limb, member.] 
 
 COLON, ko'lon, n. the lower division cf the 
 intestinal canal or large intestine. [Gr. 
 h'lon, conn, with koilos, hollow.] 
 
 COLONEL, kur'nel, n. an officer who has 
 command of a regiment. — n. Colonelcy, 
 kur'nel-si, liis office or rank. [Fr. (Sp. 
 and O. E. coronel) ; a corr. of It. eolonello, 
 the leader of a coloiina, or column — L. 
 columna.] 
 
 COLONIAL, kol-o'ni-a.. adj. pertaining to 
 a colony. 
 
 COLONIST, kol'on-ist, h. an inhabitant of 
 a colony. 
 
 COLONIZATION, kol-on-i-za'shun, n. act 
 or practice of colonizing : state of being 
 colonized. 
 
 COLONIZE, kol'on-Iz, v.t. to plant or es- 
 tablish a co?oh;/ in : to form into a colony. 
 
 COLONNADE, kol-on-ad'. n. a range of 
 cohimns placed at regular intervals. [Fr. 
 — L. columna.'] 
 
 COLONY, kol'on-i, n. a body of persons 
 wlio form a fixed settlement in another 
 country : the settlement so formed. [L. 
 colonia — colonus, a husbandman — colo, 
 to tillj 
 
 COLOPHON, kol'o-fon, n. in early printing, 
 the inscription at the end of a book con- 
 taining the name or date, etc. [L. colo- 
 phon — Gr. kolophon, tlie top, the finish.] 
 
 COLOPHONY, kol-of'o-ni, n. the dark- 
 colored resin got from the distillation of 
 oil of turpentine. [Gr., from Colophon, 
 a 'itv of Asia Minor.] 
 
 COLORIFIC, kul-ur-if'ik, adj. containing 
 o!' producing colors. [L. color, and facio, 
 to make.] 
 
 COLOR, kul'ur, 71. a property of Ught 
 v.'hiili causes bodies to have different ap- 
 pearances to the eye : the hue or appear- 
 ance which bodies present to tlie eye : 
 appearance of blood in the face,: tint : 
 paint : false show : kind :— j)?. a flag, 
 ensign, or standard : paints. — v.t. to put 
 color on : to stain : to paint : to set in a 
 fair light : to exaggerate. — v.i. to sliow 
 color : to blush. [Fr. — L. color ; akin to 
 celo. to cover, conceal.] 
 
 COLORABLE, kul'ur-a-bl, adj. having a 
 fair appearance : designed to conceal. — 
 adv. COL'OR.\BLY. 
 
 COLOR-BLINDNESS, kul'ur-blind'nes, n. 
 a defect of the eyesight by which one is 
 unalde to distinguish between colors. 
 
 COLORING, kul'ur-ing, n. any substance 
 used to give color : manner of applying 
 colors : specious appearance. 
 
 COLORIST, kul'ur-ist, n., one who colors 
 ov paints : one who excels in coloring. 
 
 COLORLESS, kul'ur-les, adj., without 
 coh'r : transparent. 
 
 COLOR-SERGEANT, kul'ur-sar'jent, n. 
 
 the sergeant who guards the colors of a 
 regiment. 
 
 COLOSSAL, kol-os'al, adj., like a colossus : 
 gigantic. 
 
 COLOSSEUM, kol-os-e'um, COLISEUM, 
 kol-i-se'um, n. Vespasian's ampliitheatre 
 at Rome, wliicli was the largest in the 
 world. [L. ; from adj. of Gr. kolossos.] 
 
 COLOSSUS, kol-os'us, n. a gigantic statue, 
 particularly that of Apollo which stood 
 at the entrance of the liai-bor of Rhodes. 
 [L. — Gr. kolossos.] 
 
 COLPORTAGE, kol'port-aj, n. the distri- 
 bution of books, etc., by colporteurs. 
 
 COLPORTEUR, kol'p6rt-ar, COLPORTER, 
 kol'port-er, n. a pedler, particularly one 
 wlio travels for the sale of tracts and 
 religious books. [Fr. colporteur, from 
 col — L. collum, the neck, a.nd porter — L. 
 portare. to carry.] 
 
 COLT, kolt, n. a young horse : a foolish 
 yoimg fellow : (B.) a young camel or ass. 
 [A.S. colt: Sw. kull't, a young boar, a 
 stout bov.l 
 
 COLTER, COULTER, kol'ter, v.. the fore- 
 iron of a plough, that cuts through the 
 ground. [A.S. culter ; from L. culter, a 
 knife : Sans, krit, to cut.] 
 
 COLTISH, kolt'ish, adj., like a colt : frisky : 
 wanton. 
 
 COLT'S-FOOT, koltz'-foot, n. a plant with 
 large soft leaves once used in naedicine. 
 
 COLUMBARY, kol'um-ba-ri, n. a pigeon- 
 house or dovecot. [L. columbarium — 
 columba. a dove.] 
 
 COLUMBIAN, ko-Ium'bi-an, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Columbia, a name of Ajnerica. 
 [Columbia, America, from Columbus, its 
 discoverer.] 
 
 COLUMBINE, kol'um-bln. adj., of or like 
 a dove : dove-colored. — n. a genus of 
 plants : a kind of violet or dove color : 
 the heroine in a pantomime. [Fr. — L. 
 columbii, a dove.] 
 
 COLUMN, kol'um, n. a long, round body, 
 used to support or adorn a building : any 
 upright body or mass like a column : a 
 body of troops drawn up in deep files : 
 a perpendicular row of lines in a book. 
 
 fL. colunien, columna, akin to cel-sus, 
 ligh, collis, a hill, and Gr. kolone, a hill.] 
 COLUMN AL, kol-um'nal, adj. same as Col- 
 umnar. 
 
 Cra^ overhang-ing:, nor coiumnal rock 
 Cast its dark outline tliere. — Southeif. 
 
 COLUMNAR, kol-um'nar, adj. formed in 
 columns : having the form of a column. 
 
 COLURE, kol'iir, n. (astron.) one of two 
 great circles supposed to intersect each 
 other at right angles in the poles of the 
 equator, so called because a part is al- 
 ways beneath the horizon. [Gr. kolou- 
 ros, dock-tailed — kolos, docked, oura, 
 tail.] 
 
 COLZA, kol'za, n. a kind of cabbage from 
 the seeds of which is obtained an oil 
 used in lamps. [Dut. koolzaad, the 
 "seed of cabbage."] 
 
 COMA, ko'ma, ??., depp sleep : stupor. [Gr. 
 — koimao, to hush to sleep.] 
 
 COMATOSE, ko'ma-tos or kom'-, COMA- 
 TOUS, ko'ma-tus, adj., affected with 
 coma : in a state of stupor from drowsi- 
 ness : drowsy. 
 
 COMB, kom, /(. a toothed instrument for 
 separating and cleaning hair, wool, flax, 
 etc.; the crest of a cock: the top or 
 crest of a wave or of a hill : a cell for 
 honey. — v.t. to separate, arrange, or 
 clean by means of a comb. [A.S. camb ; 
 Ice. kambr, comb, crest.] 
 
 COMB, COMBE, kom, ?i. a hollow among 
 hills : a narrow valley. [W. cwm, a 
 hollow.] 
 
 COMB, kom, )!. a drv measure of four 
 bushels. [Ety. dub.f 
 
 COMBAT, kom'bat or kum'bat, v.i. to con- 
 
 tend or struggle with. — v.t. to beat 
 
 against : to act in opposition to : to 
 
 contest. — n. a struggle : a battle or fight. 
 
 [Fr. combattre, to fight — com, with, and 
 
 battre, to beat. See Be.\t.] 
 COMBATANT, kom'bat-ant, adj. disposed 
 
 or inclined to combat. — n. one who fights 
 
 or combats. 
 COMBATIVE, kom'bat-iv, adj. inclined to 
 
 quarrel or fight. — n. Com'bativeness. 
 COMBER, kom'er, n., one wlio combs wool 
 
 COMBINATION, kom-bi-na'shun, n. the 
 act of combining : union : a number of 
 persons united for a pur250se. 
 
 COMBINE, kom-bin', v.t. to join two to- 
 gether : to unite intimateh'. — v.i. to come 
 into close union : (chem/) to unite and 
 form a new compound. [X. combinare, 
 to join — com, together, and bini, two and 
 two.] 
 
 COMBUSTIBLE, kom-bust'i-bl, adj. that 
 may take Jire and burn : liable to take 
 fire and burn. — n. anything that will 
 take fire and burn. [L. comburo, com- 
 bust us, to consume — com, intensive, and 
 buro, uro, to burn.] 
 
 COMBUSTIBLENESS, kom-bust'i-bl-nes, 
 COMBUSTIBILITY, kom-bust-i-bil'i-ti, 71. 
 capability of being burned. 
 
 COMBUSTION, kom-bust'yun,?i. a6»)-?iingr.- 
 the action of fire on combustible sub- 
 stances. 
 
 COME, kum, v.i. to move toward this 
 place (the opp. of go) : to draw near : to 
 arrive at a certain state or condition : to 
 issue: to happen: — 2^''P- com'ing ; jja.i, 
 came ; pa.p. come. [A.S. cuman ; Ger, 
 ko7nmen, to come.] 
 
 COMEDIAN, kom-e di-an, n. one who acts 
 or writes eo»(edies: an actor. 
 
 COMEDIETTA, kom-e'di-et'ta, n. a dra 
 matic composition of the comedy class, 
 but not so much elaborated as a regular 
 comedy, and generally consisting of one 
 or at most two acts. 
 
 COMEDY, kom'e-di, n. a dramatic piece of 
 a pleasant or humorous character, orig. 
 accomp. with dancing' and singing. [L. 
 cot7ioedia — Gr. komodia, a ludicrous spec- 
 tacle, from komos, a revel, and ode, a 
 song.] 
 
 COMELY, kum'li, adj. pleasing : graceful • 
 handsome. — adv. in a comely manner. — 
 7}. Come'liness. [A.S. cymlic — cyme, suit- 
 able "rom Come), and lie, like.] 
 
 COMESTIBLES, kom-est'i-blz, ?i. eatables, 
 [Fr. — L. comedo, t eat up.] 
 
 COMET, kom'et, 7i. a heavenlj' body with 
 an eccentric orbit and a luminous tail. — 
 adj. Com'etaky. [Gr. koi/ietes, long- 
 haired — kome, the hair.] 
 
 COMFIT, kum'fit, COMFITURE. kum'flt- 
 ur, Ji. a sweetmeat. [A doublet of CoN- 
 FECT ; from Fr. confit, confiture — L. eo/i- 
 Jicio. to make up.] 
 
 COMFORT, kum'furt, f.f. to relieve from 
 pain or distress : to cheer, revi%-e. — 7i. 
 Com'forter. [O. Fr. co7iforter — L. con, 
 and foi-t is. strong-.] 
 
 C03IF0RT. kum'furt. J), relief : encourage- 
 ment : ease : quiet enjoyment : freedom 
 from annoyance : wliatever gives ease, 
 enjovment. etc. 
 
 COMFORTABLE, kum'furt-a-bl, ac^. im 
 parting or enjoying comfort. — adv. CoM 
 
 FORTABLY. 
 
 COMFORTATIVE. kum'furt-at-iv, adj. 
 
 tending to promote comfort : capable 
 
 of making comfortable. " Comfortativ* 
 
 and wholesome, too." — Udall. 
 COMFORTATIVE, kum'furt-at-iv, 71. that 
 
 which gives or ministers to comfort. 
 
 "The two hundred crowns in gold . . ■ 
 
 as a cordial and coinfortativel carry next 
 
 my lieart." — Jarvis.
 
 COMFORTLESS 
 
 70 
 
 COMMUNE 
 
 COMTORTLESS, kum'f urt-les, adj. without 
 
 comfort. 
 COJnC. koiu'ik. COMICAL, komik-al. adj. 
 
 relating- to comedy : raising- mirth : droll. 
 
 —adv. Cosi'iCAXiT. — ns. CoincAL'iTY, 
 
 COM'ICALKESS. 
 
 COillTIA, ko-mish'i-a, n. amon"- the 
 Romans, the assemblies of the people for 
 electing ma^strates, passing- laws, etc. 
 [L. — com. together, eo, itnm, to go.] 
 
 COMITY, kom'i-ti, n., eourteousness : civ- 
 ility. [L. cotnitas, -atis — comis, coui-te- 
 ous.] 
 
 C02HMA, koni'a, n. in punctuation, the 
 point ( , ) which marks the smallest 
 division of a sentence. [L. comma — Gr. 
 komma, a section of a sentence, from 
 kopto, to cut off.] 
 
 COMMAND, kom-and', v.t. to order : to 
 bid: to exercise supreme authority over: 
 to have within sight, influence, or con- 
 trol. — v.i. to have chief authoritj- : to 
 govern. — n. an order : authority : mes- 
 sage: the abiUty to overlook or influence: 
 the thing commanded. [Fr. commander 
 — L. commendare, to commit to one's 
 charge, to order — con}, and mandare, to 
 intrust. A doublet of CoJlMEXD.] 
 
 COMMAND ANT, kom-and-ant', n. aa 
 officer who has the command of a place 
 or of a body of troops. 
 
 COMMANDER, kom-and'er, }!,, one u-ho 
 commands : an officer in the navy next 
 in rank under a captain. — n. Coidiaxd'- 
 
 ERSHIP. 
 
 COMMANDING, kom-and'ing, adj. fitted 
 to impress or control. — adv. COiDlAND'- 
 
 IXGLT. 
 
 COMJIAJvDMENT, kom-and'ment, n. a 
 command : a precept : one of the ten 
 moral laws. 
 
 COMMEMORATE, kom-em'o-rat, v.t. to 
 call to remembrance by a solemn or pub- 
 Uo act. — n. CoiniEJioRA'Tios. [L. coni- 
 memoratus, pa. p. of coinmemorare, to 
 remember — com, intensive, and memor, 
 mindful.] 
 
 CO JBIEMORATl V E, kom-em'o-ra-tiv, adj. 
 tending or serving to commemorate. 
 
 COMMENCE, kom-eus', v.i. to begin: to 
 originate : to take rise. — v.t. to begin : 
 to originate : to enter ujjon. [Fr. com- 
 mencei — L. co??i, and initiare, to begin — 
 in. into, and eo. to go.] 
 
 COMMENCEMENT, kom-ens'ment, n. the 
 beginning: the thing begun. 
 
 COMMEND, kom-end', v.t. to give into the 
 charge of : to recommend as worthy : to 
 praise. [L. commendare, to intrust. See 
 
 COJTMAXD.] 
 
 COMMENDABLE, kom-end'a-bl, adj wor- 
 thv of being commended or praised. — 
 adv. Coidiexd'ablt.— H. Comme>-d'able- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 COMMENDATION, kom-en-da'shun, n. the 
 act of commending : praise : declaration 
 of esteem. 
 
 COMMENDATORY. kom;pnd'a-to-ri, adJ, 
 commending : containing praise or com- 
 mendation : presenting to favorable no- 
 tice or reception.] 
 
 COMMENSURABLE, kom-en'su-ra-bl, adj., 
 having a common mea-mre. — adv. COM- 
 
 MES'StTRABLT. — nS. COMMESSURABIL'ITY, 
 COMMEX'SUEABLESESS. [L. COm, witll, 
 
 and mensiira, a measure — metior, mensus, 
 to measure.] 
 COMMENSURATE, kom-en'su-rat, adJ, of 
 the same measure tcitic : equal in measure 
 or extent : in proportion with. — adv. 
 COMMEX'SURATELY. — ns. COJIMEX'SURATE- 
 
 XESS, Coilmexscea'tiox. 
 COMMENT, kom'ent, n. a note conveying 
 an illustration or explanation : a remark, 
 observation, criticism. — v.i. (or kom-ent') 
 to make critical or explanatory notes. — 
 ns. Com'mextator, Coii'MEsroR. [Fr.— 
 
 L. commentor, to reflect upon — com, and 
 the root ment-. L. mens, the MiSD.] 
 
 COMMENTARY, kom'ent-a-ri, n. a eoHi- 
 nient. or a book or body of comments. 
 
 COJIMERCE. kom'ers. /"(. interchange of 
 merchandise on a large scale beticeen 
 nations or individuals : extended trade 
 or traffic : intercourse: fellowship. [Fr. 
 commerce — L. commercium — com, with, 
 and mer.v. mereis. g-oods. merchandise.] 
 
 COMMERCIAL, kom-er'slial, adj. pertain- 
 ing to commerce : mercantile. — adv. 
 
 COMIIERCIALLY. 
 
 COMMERCIALISM, kom-mer'shal-izm, n. 
 the doctrines, tenets, or practices of 
 commerce or of commercial men. '• The 
 buy-cheap-and-sell-dear commercialism 
 in which he had been brought up.'" 
 — Kingsley. 
 
 COMMERCING, kom-mers'ing, pr.p. of 
 Commerce, v.i. to hold intercourse 
 with. 
 
 COMMINATION, kom-in-a'shun, n. a 
 threat: a recital of God"s threatenings 
 made on Ash- Wednesday in the Episco- 
 pal Church. [L. — coHi. intensive, and 
 minor, to threaten. See Mexace.] 
 
 COMMINATORY. kom-iu'a-tor-i. adj., 
 threatening or denouncing punishment. 
 
 COMMINGLE, kom-ing'gl, v.t. to mingle 
 or mix irith. [L. com, together, and 
 3I1XGLE.] 
 
 COMMINUTE, kom'in-ut, v.t. to reduce to 
 minute or small jjar<ictes. — n. COM)rrxxi'- 
 Tiox. [L. comminuo, -utum. to break 
 into pieces — com, and minuo, to make 
 small — root minus, less.] 
 
 COMMISERATE, kom-iz'er-at, v.t. to feel 
 for the miseries of another : to pity. [L. 
 com, with, and miseror, to deplore, from 
 mi^er, T\Tetched.] 
 
 COM3IISERATIO>, kom-iz-er-a'shun, n. 
 concern for the sufferings of others : 
 pitv. 
 
 COMMISSARIAL, kom-is-a'ri-al, adj. per- 
 taining to a commissary. 
 
 COMMISSARIAT, kom-is-a'ri-at. n. the de- 
 partment whicli is charged with the fur- 
 nishing of provisions, as for an army : 
 the body of officers in that department : 
 the office of a commissarj-. 
 
 COMMISSARY, kom'is-ar-i, »j. one to 
 whom any charge is committed : an of- 
 ficer who has tlie charge of furnishing 
 provisions, etc. to an army. — n. Coini'is- 
 SARYSHIP. [Low L. commissarius — L. 
 committo, commissus.] 
 
 COMMISSION, kom-isli'un, n., act of com- 
 mitting : that wliich is committed: a 
 writing conferring certain powers : au- 
 thority : charge or fee to an agent, etc. 
 for transacting business : one or more 
 persons appointed to perform certain 
 duties. — v.t. to give a commission to : to 
 appoint. 
 
 COMinSSIONER, kom-ish'un-er, n. one 
 who holds a commission to perform some 
 business. 
 
 COMMIT, kom-it', v.t. to give in charge or 
 trust : to do : to endanger : to pledge : — 
 pr.p. committ'ing-: pa.p. committ'ed. [L. 
 committo — com, with, and mitto, to send.] 
 
 C0M3IITMENT, kom-it'ment, n., act of 
 committing : an order for sending to 
 prison : imprisonment. 
 
 COMMITTAL, kom-ifal, n. commitment: 
 a pledge, actual or implied. 
 
 COMMITTEE, kom-it'e, n. one or more 
 persons to whom some special business 
 is committed by a court or assembly or 
 other body of men. 
 
 COMMIX, kom-iks'. v.t. to viur together. — 
 V. i. to mix. [L. com, together, and Mrs.] 
 
 COMMIXTURE, kom-iksM;ur, n.. act of 
 mixing together: the state of being 
 mixed : the mass formed by mixing. 
 
 COMMODE, kom-od', n. a small sideboard : 
 
 by 
 
 [Fr. — L. commodus, convenient.] 
 
 COMMODE, kom-mod'. adj. accommodat- 
 ing : obliging. "Am I not ven.' commode 
 to you." — Cibber. [Fr. commode, com- 
 modious, accommodating, kind.] 
 
 COMMODELY. kom-mod'h. adv. conven- 
 iently. "It will fall in verv com modt/^ 
 between mv parties." — H. ]Yalpole. 
 
 COilMODIOUS, kom-o'di-us. adj. suitable 
 or convenient : comfortable. — adv. COM- 
 mo'diously. — n. Cosrsio'DiousxEss. [L. 
 commodus {lit., having the same meas- 
 ure, fitting) — com, with, modus, meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 COilMODITY. kom-od'it-i. n. a conven- 
 ience, or that which affords it : an 
 article of traffic. [L. commoditas, from 
 commodus.] 
 
 COMMODORE, kom'o-dor, n. the com- 
 viander of a squadron or detachment 
 of ships : the leading ship of a fleet of 
 merchantmen. [Corr. of Sp. cometidador 
 — L. commendo, in late L. to command.] 
 
 COIDION, kom'iui. adj. belonging equallj- 
 to more than one : public : general : 
 usual : frequent : easy to be had : of 
 little value : ^Tilgar. — n. a tract of open 
 land, used in common by the inhabitants 
 of a town, parish, etc. -Common Pleas, 
 one of the high courts of justice in 
 Eng. : in some of the L^nited States a 
 county court.— Book of Common Prayer, 
 the liturgy of the Episcopal Church. — 
 adv. Comf'ONLY. — n. Comm'oxness. [Fr. 
 commun — L. communis — com, together, 
 and munis, serving, obliging.] 
 
 COMMONAGE, kom'un-aj, n. right of 
 pasturing on a common : the right of 
 using an^•thing in common. 
 
 C0M5I0NALTY, kom'un-al-ti. 71. the body 
 of common people below the rank of 
 nobility. 
 
 COMMONER, kom'un-er, n. a member of 
 the House of Commons : a student of 
 the second rank in the university of 
 Oxford. 
 
 COMMONPLA.CE. kom'un-plas, 11. a com- 
 mon topic or subject : a memorandum : 
 a note. — adj. common : hackneyed. — n. 
 CoiiJi'oxPLACE-BOOK, a note or memo- 
 randum book. [Cosniox. and Place, a 
 translation of L. locus, a place, a topic 
 of discourse.] 
 
 COMMONS, kom'unz. n.pl. the lower House 
 of Parliament or House of Commons : 
 common land : food at a common table. 
 
 COMMON-SENSE, kom'un-sens. adj. 
 marked bv sovmd. plain sootl sense. 
 
 COMMONAA'EAL, kom'un-wel. COMMON- 
 WEALTH, kom'un-welth. n. (lit.) the 
 common or public u-cll-heing or good: 
 the government in a free state : the pub- 
 lic or whole body of the people : a form 
 of government in which the power rests 
 with the people, (hist.) that in England 
 after the overthrow of Charles I. [See 
 Wealth.] 
 
 COMMORANT. kom'mo-rant. n. a resident. 
 "All my time that I was a commoraiit 
 in Cambridu-e." — Bp. Hacket. 
 
 COMMOTE, kom-mot', v.t. to commove : 
 to disturb : to stir up. Hau-tliorne. [See 
 Commotiox.] 
 
 COMMOTION, kom-o'shun. n. a r-iolent 
 motion or moiling : excited or tunmltuous 
 action, physical or mental : agitation : 
 tumult. [L. commotio — coyn, intensive, 
 and moveo. motus, to move.] 
 
 COMMUNAL, kom-un'al, adj. of a com- 
 mune. 
 
 COMMUNE, kom'un. n. in France, a terri- 
 torial di-^asion governed by a mayor. 
 The Cosdiuxt: at Paris in IST'l was a re- 
 volt against the nationaJ government, 
 the principle of the i-^volt being that 
 each citj' or district should be ruled inite
 
 COMMUNE 
 
 71 
 
 COMPLEX 
 
 pendently by its own commune or local 
 governmentr [Fr. commune — root of 
 CommonJ 
 
 COMJIUNE. kom-un', v.i. to converse or 
 talk together : to have intercourse. [Fr. 
 commutiiei — L. commimico, from com- 
 munis. See Common.] 
 
 lOMMUNICABLE. kom-un'i-ka-bl, adj. 
 that may be communicated. — ach: COM- 
 
 MfN'lCABLY. 
 
 COMMUNICANT, kom-un'i-kant, w. one 
 who partakes of The Communion. 
 
 COMMUNICATE, kom-im'i-kat, v.t. to give 
 a share of, impart : to reveal : to bestow. 
 — i:i. to have something in common with 
 another : to have the means of passing 
 from one to another : to have intercourse : 
 to partake of The Communion. [L. com- 
 ttiunico. commiinicahis, from commtinis.^ 
 
 COMMUNICATION, kom-un-i-ka'shun, n. 
 act of communicating : that which is 
 communicated : intercourse : correspond- 
 ence. 
 
 COMMUNICATIVE, kom-un'i-ka-tiv, adj. 
 inclined to communicate or give informa- 
 tion : unreserved, — n. Commun'icative- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 CO JDIUNICATORY, kom-un'i-ka-tor-i , adj. 
 imparting knowledge. 
 
 COMMUNION, kom-iln'yun, n. act of co?(i- 
 niiining : mutual intercourse: fellow- 
 ship : common possession : interchange 
 of transactions : union in religious ser- 
 vice ; the body of people who so unite. — 
 The Communion, the celebration of the 
 Lord's Supper : the act of receiving Holy 
 Eucharist in R, C. Church. 
 OMMUNISM, kom'u-nizm. n. a theory or 
 condition of tilings, according to which 
 private property should be abolished, 
 and all things held in common. 
 
 COJfMUNISTTkom'u-nist. n. one who holds 
 the principles of commvnism. 
 
 30MJnJNITY, kom-un'i-ti, n., common 
 possession or enjoyment : people ha^^ng 
 common rights, etc. ; the public or peo- 
 ple in eeseral. 
 
 COMilUTABLE, kom-ut'a-bl. adj. that 
 may be commuted or exchanged. — n. 
 
 COMjrCTABIL'lTY. 
 
 COMMUTATION, kom-u-t;Vshun. n. the 
 act of commuting : change or exchange 
 of one thing for another : the change of 
 a penalty or rate from a greater to a 
 less. 
 
 COMMUTATIVE, kom-ut'a-tiv, adj. relat- 
 ing to exchange: interchangeable. — adi\ 
 
 COMiRTT'ATrVELT. 
 
 COMMUTE, kom-ut', f.f. to exchange: to 
 exchange a punishment for one less 
 severe. [L. commuto, from com, with, 
 and inuto. to change.] 
 
 C0M5IUTUAL, kom-ut'u-al. adj. mutual. 
 
 COMPACT, kom-pakt'. adj.. fastened or 
 packed togetlier: firm: close: brief: in 
 Milton, composed or made of.— i:t. to 
 press closely together : to consolidate. — 
 advs. Compact'ly, Compact'edly. — n. 
 CoxrPACT'EDNESS. [Fr.— L. compactws, 
 pa. p. of comjyingo — com. together, and 
 pango, to fasten, fix : akin to E. Fang.] 
 
 COMPACT, kom'pakt, n. a miitnal bar- 
 griin or agreement : a leagiie, treatv, or 
 union. [L, compacfuni — vomjiadscor, 
 from com, with, a.u(\ paciscor, to make a 
 bargain : from root jiango.] 
 
 COMPACTNESS, kom-pakt'nes, n, state of 
 being compact : closeness. 
 
 COMPANION, kom-pan'j'un, n. one who 
 keeps company or frequently associates 
 with another : an associate or partner. — 
 n. Compan'ionship. [Fr. compagnon, 
 from Low L. companmm, a mess — L. 
 com. with, and porjis, bread.] 
 
 COMPANIONABLE, kom - pan'jim - a - hi, 
 adj., fit to lie a companion : agreeable. — 
 
 adv. "COMPAN'IONABLY. 
 
 COJIPANIONLESS, kom-pan'yun-les, adj., 
 without a companion. 
 
 COMPANY, kum'pa-ni, n. an assembly of 
 persons : a number of persons associated 
 together for trade, etc. : a society : a 
 subdivision of a regiment : the crew of a 
 ship : state of being a companion : fel- 
 lowship : society. — v.i. to associate with. 
 [Fr. compagnie. See COMPANION. ] 
 
 COMPARABLE, kom'par-a^bl, adj. that 
 may be compared : being of equal re- 
 gard. — adv. Com'paeably. 
 
 COMPARATIVE, kom-par'a-tiv, adj. esti- 
 mated by comparing with something 
 el.se: not positive or absolute: (gram.) 
 expressiuET more. — adv. Compak'atively. 
 
 COMPARErkom-par', v.t. to set things to- 
 gether, to ascertain how far they agree 
 or disagree : to liken or represent as 
 similar : (gram.) to inflect an adjective. 
 — v.i. to hold comparison. [Fr. — L. com- 
 paro, to match, from com. together, 
 and paro, to make or esteem equaJ^3or, 
 equal.] 
 
 COMPARE, kom-par', ?;. comparison. 
 
 COMPARISON, kom-par'i-sun, n. the act 
 of comparing : comparative estimate : a 
 simile, or figTire by which two things are 
 compared : (gram.) the inflection of an 
 adjective. 
 
 COMPARTMENT, kom-part'ment, n. a 
 separate part or division of any inclosed 
 space: a subdivision of a carriage. [Fr., 
 from compartir. to divide — Lat. co7n, and 
 partire. to part.] 
 
 COMPASS, kum'pas, n. a circuit or circle : 
 space : limit : range : an instrument 
 consisting of a magnetized needle, used 
 to steer ships by, etc. — To fetch a Com- 
 pass, to make a circuit, to go round : — 
 pi. Com'passes, an instiiiment consisting 
 of two movable legs, for describing cir- 
 cles, etc. [Fr. compas. a circle — Low L. 
 compassus — L. com, together, andprt.s.?- 
 us, a step, a way, a route ; the mariner's 
 compass goes round in a circle.] 
 
 COMPASS, kum'pas, v.t. to pass or go 
 round : to surround or inclose : to be- 
 siege : to bring about or obtain : to con- 
 trive or plot. 
 
 COMPASSION, kom-pasli'un, n. feUow- 
 feeling, or sorrow for the sufferings of 
 another: pity. [Fr. — L. compassio — com, 
 with, and potior, passus, to suffer.] 
 
 COMPASSIONATE,- kom-pash'un-at, adj. 
 inclined to pity or to have mercj' upon : 
 merciful. — v.t.' to have compassion for: 
 to have pity or mercy upon. — adi\ COM- 
 PASSIONATELY. — n . COMPASS'IONATENESS. 
 
 COMPATIBILITY, kom-pat-i-bil'it-i, n. the 
 being compatible : suitability. 
 
 COMPATIBLE, kom-pat'i-bl, 'adj., that can 
 bear u-ith : that suits or agrees with. — 
 adv. Compat'ibly. [Fr. — L. com, with, 
 patior. to bear.] 
 
 COMPATRIOT, kora-pa'tri-ot, adj.. of the 
 same fatherland or countrv. — n. one of 
 the same country. [Fr. — £. com., with, 
 and Patriot.] 
 
 COMPEER, kom-per', «., one who is equal 
 to another: a companion: an associate. 
 [L. compar — com, with, and Peer, from 
 par, equa>.] 
 
 COMPEL, kom-pel', v.t. to drive or urge 
 on forcibly : to oblige : — pr.p. compell'- 
 ing ; pa.p. compelled'. — adj. Compell'- 
 able. [L. com, intensive, and pello, 
 pulsum. to drive.] 
 
 COMPENDIOUS, kom-pen'di-us, adj. short: 
 comprehensive. — adv. Compen'DIOUSLY. 
 
 COMPENDIUM, kom-pen'di-um, n. a 
 shortening or abridgment : a book or 
 treatise containing the substance of a 
 larger one. [L. compendium, what is 
 weighed together, or saved (opposed to 
 di.<i2)endinni) — com, together, and pendo, 
 to weigh.] 
 
 COMPENSATE, kom-pen'sat. or kom'pen- 
 sat. v.t. to reward suitably for service 
 rendered : to make amends for loss sus- 
 tained : to recompense : to counterbal- 
 ance. [L. com, intensive, and penso, to 
 weigh, freq. of pendo. to weigh.] 
 
 COMPENSATION, kom-pen-sa'shun, n. act 
 of compensating : reward for service : 
 amends for loss sustained. 
 
 COMPENSATORY, kom-pen'sa-tor-i, adj. 
 serving for compensation : making 
 amends. 
 
 COMPESCE, kom-pes',t\f. to hold in check : 
 to re.strain : to curb. Carlyle. [L. com- 
 pesco. to fasten together, to confine,] 
 
 COaiPETE. kom-pet', v.i. to seek or strive 
 with others for something : to contend 
 for a prize. [L. competo — com, together, 
 and peto. to seek.] 
 
 COMPETENCE, kom'pe-tens, COMPE- 
 TENCY, kom'pe-ten-si, n. fitness : sufli- 
 ciencv : legal power or capacity. 
 
 COMPETENT, kom'pe-tent, adj., .niiiable: 
 sufficient : fit : belonging. — adv. Com'pe- 
 TENTLY. [Fr. — L. competo, to strive after 
 together, to agree — com, with, and peto, 
 to seek.] 
 
 COMPETITION, kom-pe-tish'un, n. the act 
 of competing : common strife for the 
 same object. 
 
 COMPETITIVE, kom-pet'i-tiv, adj. per- 
 taining to or producing competition. 
 
 COMPETITOR, kom-pet'i-tor, n. one who 
 competes : a rival or opponent. 
 
 COMPILATION, kom-pil-a'shun, 7). the act 
 of compiling, or tlie thing- compiled : a 
 literary work composed by gathering the 
 materials from various authors. 
 
 COMPILE, kom-pTl', v.t. to wiite or com- 
 pose by collecting the materials from 
 other books : to draw up or collect. — h. / 
 Compil'er. [Fr. — L. compilo — com, to-j 
 gether, waApilo. to plunder.] ' 
 
 COMPLACENCE, kom-pla'sens. COMPLA- 
 CENCY, kom-pla'sen-si, n. pleasure : sat- 
 isfaction : civilitj'. 
 
 COMPLACENT, kom-pla'sent, adj. showing 
 satisfaction: pleased: gratified. — adv. 
 Compla'cently. [L. complacens — com, 
 intensive, and p/aceo. to please.] 
 
 COMPLAIN, kom-plan', v.i. to express 
 grief, pain, censure : to murmur or ex- 
 press a sense of injui-y : to accuse. [Fr. 
 complaindre — Low L. complangere — com, 
 intensive, n.nA plango. to bewail : {lit.) to 
 beat (the breast), Gr. jjlesso. to strike.] 
 
 COMPLAINANT, komplan'ant, n. one who 
 complains : (law) one who raises a suit, 
 a plaintifl'. 
 
 COMPLAIire, kom-plant', «., a complain- 
 ing : an expression of grief : a repre\ 
 sentation of pains or injuries : a finding 
 fault : the thing complained of. 
 
 COMPLAISANCE, kom'pla-zans or kom- 
 pla-zans', n. caro or desire to please : an 
 obliging civilitv. [Fr.] 
 
 COMPLAlSANT.'kom'pla-zant or kom-pla- 
 zant', adj. desirous of pleasing : obliging. 
 — adv. Com'plaisantly or Complaisant'.. 
 LY. [Fr. — complaire — L. complaceo.^ 
 
 COMPLEMENT, koiu'ple-nient, n. that 
 wiiich completes or fills up : full num^ 
 ber or quantity. [L. complementum^^ 
 com. and plro.] 
 
 COMPLEMENTAL, kom-ple-raent'al, COM- 
 PLEMENTARY, kom-plo-n'.ent'ar-i, adj., 
 filling vj) : supplving a deficiency. 
 
 COMPLETE, kom'-plet', v.t. to' fill up, 
 finish, or perfect : to accomplish. [L. 
 complco, completum. to fill up— cow, m- 
 tensivi'. and pleo, to fill,] 
 
 COMPLETE, kom-plet', adj., filled «u .• 
 free from deficiency : perfect : finished. 
 — adv. Complete'ly. — n. Complete'ness. 
 
 COMPLETION, kom-ple'shun, n. the act 
 or state of being complete : fulfillment. 
 
 COMPLEX, kom'pleks, adj. composed of
 
 COMPLEXION 
 
 CONCENT 
 
 more than one, or of many parts : not 
 simple : intricate : difficult. — adv. Com'- 
 PLEXLY.— u. Com'plexness. [L. complex 
 — com, together, and root of plico, to 
 fold. See COMPLICATE.] 
 
 COMPLEXION, kom-plek shun, n. color or 
 look of the skin, esp. of the face : gen- 
 eral appearance, temperament, or text- 
 ure. [Fi-.— L. complexio, a combination, 
 physical structure of body — eomplector, 
 eomple.rus, to embrace — plectere, to plait.] 
 
 CO:\IPLEXIONAL, kom-plek'shun-al, adj. 
 depending- on or pertaining to covi- 
 'ol^ccioii. 
 
 COMPLEXIONED, kom-plek'shund, adj. 
 having a complexion, or a certain tem- 
 perament or state. 
 
 COMPLEXITY, kom-plek'si-ti, n. state of 
 being complex. 
 
 C03.[PLL\NCE, kom-pli'ans, n. a yielding : 
 agreement. 
 
 COMPLIANT, kom-pli'ant, adj. yielding: 
 civil. — adv. Compu'antly. 
 
 COMPLICACY, kom'pU-ka-si, n. state of 
 being complicated. 
 
 COMPLICATE, kom'pli-kat, v.t. to twist 
 or plait together : to render complex : 
 to entangle. [L. com, together, and 
 plico. plictitum, to fold. See COMPLEX.] 
 
 COMPLICATION, kom-pli-ka'shun, n. an 
 intricate blending or entanglement. 
 
 COMPLICITY, kom-plis'i-ti, n. state or 
 condition of being an acconipilice. 
 
 COMPLIMENT, kom'pli-ment, n. an ex- 
 pression of regard : delicate flattery. 
 [Fr. compliment, from root of Comply. 
 Complement is etymologically the same 
 word, but direct from the Lat.] 
 
 COMPLIMENT, kom'pli-ment, v.t. to pay a 
 compliment to : to express respect for : 
 to praise : to flatter. 
 
 COMPLIMENT ARY,kom-pli-ment'ar-i,ady. 
 conveying civility or praise. 
 
 COMPLOT. kom-p\ot',v.t. to plot together, 
 to conspire : — vr.pi. complott'ing ; pa.jj. 
 complott'ed. 
 
 COMPLY, kom-pli', v.i. to yield to the 
 wishes of another : to agree: — p>r.p. com- 
 ply'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. complied'. [O. 
 Fr. complir. It. complire, to fulfill, to suit, 
 to offer courtesies — L. complere, to ful- 
 fill or complete.] 
 
 COMPONENT, kom-po'nent, adj. making 
 up or composing: forming one of the 
 elements of a compound. — n. one of the 
 elements of a compound. [L. com, to- 
 gether, and pono, to place.] 
 
 COMPORT, kom-port', t'.i. to agree, accord, 
 suit. — v.t. to bear one's self, to behave. 
 [L. com. together, andpocto, to carry.] 
 
 COMPORTMENT, kom-port'ment, n. de- 
 p<,>rtment, behavior. 
 
 COMPOSE, kom-poz', v.t. to form by put- 
 ting two or more parts or things togeth- 
 er : to place in order : to set at rest : to 
 soothe : to place types in order for print- 
 ing : to originate or become the author 
 of, as a book. [Fr. composer, from L. 
 cum, and Fr. poser, which is from L. 
 pausare, to cease, to rest.] 
 
 COMPOSED, kom-pozd', adj. settled, quiet, 
 calm. — adv. Compos'edly. — n. COMPOS'- 
 
 EDNESS. 
 
 COMPOSER, kom-poz'er, n. one who com- 
 poses or adjusts a thing : a writer, an 
 autlior, esp. of a piece of music. 
 
 COMPOSITE, kom'poz-it, adj., composed 
 of two or more distinct parts : {arch.) a 
 blending of the Ionic and the Corinthian 
 orders. [L. compositus, pa.p. of compo- 
 nere. to put together.] 
 
 COMPOSITION, kom-p6-zish'un, n. the act 
 ot putting together : the thing composed, 
 as a work in literature, music, or paint- 
 ing- : a coming togetlier or agreement : 
 an agreement whereby pajniient of part 
 of a debt is taken for the whole. 
 
 COMPOSITOR, kom-poz'i-tor, n. one who 
 puts together or sets up types for print- 
 ing. 
 
 COMPOSITOUS, kom-poz'i-tus, ad.j. in hot. 
 belonging to the order Compositae : com- 
 posite. Darwin. 
 
 COMPOST, kom'post, n. a mixture for 
 manure: a kind of plaster: in Milton, 
 composition, agreement. 
 
 COMPOSURE, kom-po'zhur, n. calmness, 
 self-posse.ssion, tranquillity. 
 
 COMPOUND, kom-pownd', v.t. to mix or 
 combine : to settle or adjust by agree- 
 ment. — v.i. to agree, or come to terms: 
 to bargain in the lump. [L. compono. 
 See Composite.] 
 
 COMPOUND, kom'pownd, adj. mixed or 
 compiosed of a number of parts : not 
 simple. — n. a mass made up of a number 
 of parts. 
 
 COMPREHEND, kom-pre-hend', v.t. to 
 seize or take up with the mind, to 
 understand : to comprise or include. [L. 
 com, with, and prehendo, from prce, be- 
 fore, and an old word hendo == Gr. chan- 
 dano, to hold, comprise ; akin to E. Get.] 
 
 COMPREHENSIBLE, kom-pre-hen'si-bl, 
 adj. capable of being understood. — adv. 
 Comprehen'sibly. — ns. Comprehensibil'- 
 
 ITY, COMPREHEN'SIBLENESS. 
 
 COMPREHENSION, kom-pre-hen'shun, «. 
 the act or quality of comprehending : 
 power of the mind to understand : (logic) 
 the intension of a term or the sum of the 
 qualities implied in the term. 
 
 COMPREHENSIVE, kom-pre-hen'siv, adj. 
 having the quality or power of compre- 
 hending much : extensive : full.— adt'. 
 
 CoMPREHEN'srVELT. — n. COMPREHEN'SIVE- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 COMPRESS, kom-pres', v.t. to press to- 
 gether : to force into a narrower space : 
 to condense. [L. com, together, and 
 pressare, to press^pre?no, presstis, to 
 
 Ol'GSS.l 
 
 COMPRESS, kom'pres, n. folds of linen, 
 used in surgery to make due pressure on 
 any part. 
 
 COMPRESSIBILITY, kom-pres'i-bil-i-ti, n. 
 the property that bodies have of being 
 reduced in bulk bv pressure. 
 
 COMPRESSIBLE, kom-pres'i-bl, adj. that 
 ma.y be compressed. 
 
 COMPRESSION, kom-presh'un, n. act of 
 compressing : stater of being compressed. 
 
 COMPRESSIVE, kom-pres'iv, adj. able to 
 compress. 
 
 COMPRISAL, kom-prlz'al, n. the act of 
 comprising. 
 
 COMPRISE, kom-priz', v.t. to contain, in- 
 clude. [Fr. conq^ris, pa.p. otcomprendre 
 — L. comprehendere. See Comprehend.] 
 
 COMPROMISE, kom'pro-miz, n. a settle- 
 ment of differences by mutual promise or 
 concession. — v.t. to settle by mutual 
 agreement and concession : to jiledge : to 
 involve or bring into question. [Fr. eom- 
 promis — L. coHi, together, M\A p>romitto, 
 to promise.] 
 
 COMPTROLL, COMPTROLLER. See under 
 Control. 
 
 COMPULSION, kom-pul'shun, n. the act 
 of compelling : force : necessity: violence. 
 [See Compel.] 
 
 COMPULSE, kom-puls', v.t. to compel : to 
 constrain : to oblige. " Some are beaten 
 and com2yulsed." — Latimer. "She rends 
 her woes, shivers them in eoiirpulsed ab- 
 horrence." — Charlotte Bronte. 
 
 COMPULSIVE, kom-pul'siv. COMPUL- 
 SORY, kom-pul'sor-i. adj. having power 
 to compel: forcing. — advs. COMPUL'- 
 srvELY. Compul'sorily. 
 
 COMPUNCTION, kom-pungk'shun, n. un- 
 easiness of conscience : remorse. [O.Fr. 
 — L. compunctio — com, intensive, and 
 pungo, ptmctus, to prick.] 
 
 COMPUNCTIOUS, kom-pungk'shus, adj. 
 feeling or causing compunction : repeM- 
 ant : remorseful. 
 
 COMPUTABLE, kom-put'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be computed or calculated. 
 
 COMPUTATION, kom-put-a'shun, n. act 
 of computing : the sum or quantity com- 
 puted : estimate. 
 
 COMPUTE, kom-pOt', v.t. to calculate : to 
 number. [L. comjmto, from com, to- 
 gether, and p)iito. to reckon.] 
 
 COMRADE, kom'rad, n. a companion. [Sp. 
 camarada, a room-full, a chamber-mate 
 — L. camera, a chamber.] 
 
 COMRADERY, kom'rad-ri, n. the state or 
 feeling of being a comrade : companion- 
 ship : fellowship. 
 
 COMTISM, kongt'izm, n. the philosophical 
 system founded by Auguste Comte : posi- 
 tivism. [See Positive Philosophy, under 
 Positive.] 
 
 COMTIST, kongt'ist, n. a disciple of Comte: 
 a positivist. [Also used as an adjective.] 
 
 CON, kon, a contraction of L. contra, 
 against, as in Pro and Con, for and 
 ag-ainst. 
 
 CON. kon, v.t. to study carefully : to com- 
 mit to memory -.^pr.p. conning ; jia.p, 
 conned'. [A.S. cunnian, to test, to try 
 to know — from ciinnan, to know.] 
 
 CONCATENATE, kon-kat'e-nat, v.t. to 
 chain or link together: to connect in a 
 series. [L. con, together, and catena, a 
 chain.] 
 
 CONCATENATION, kon-kat-e-na'shun, n. 
 a series of links united : a series of things 
 depending on each other. 
 
 CONCAVE, kon'kav, adj. curved, vaulted, 
 or arched, appUed to the inner side of 
 any curved line or rounded body, and op- 
 posed to convex, which is applied to the 
 outside. — n. a hollow: an arch or vault. 
 [L. concavus. from con, intensive, and 
 cavus. hollow. See Cave.] 
 
 CONCAVITY, kon-kav'i-ti, n. the inner, 
 surface of a concave or hollow bod3'. 
 
 CONCEAL, kon-sel', v.t. to hide completely 
 or carefully: to keep secret : to disguise : 
 to keep from telling. [L. concelo, from 
 COM, intens., and celo, to hide; akin to 
 A.S. helan, to hide.] 
 
 CONCEALABLE, kon-sel'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be concealed. 
 
 CONCEALMENT, kon-sel'ment, n. act of 
 concealing : secrecy : disguise : hiding- 
 place. 
 
 CONCEDE, kon-sed', v.t. to cede or give 
 up : to quit : to surrender ■ to admit : to 
 grant. — v.i. to admit or grant. [L. coh- 
 cedo, from coit. sig. completeness, and 
 cedo, to go. to yield.] 
 
 CONCEDENCE, kon-sed'ens, n. the act ot 
 conceding-: concession. " A mutual co/J- 
 cedence." — Richardson. 
 
 CONCEIT, kon-set', n. over-estimate of 
 one's self : too favorable opinion of one'3 
 own good qualities: a pleasant, fantas- 
 tical, or affected notion. — Out of CON- 
 CEIT WITH, no longer fond of. [Throi gh 
 a Fr. form conceit, from L. conceptvs, 
 pa.p. of concipio.'\ 
 
 CONCEITED, kon-set'ed, adj. having ■ 
 high opinion of one's self ; egotistical. 
 —adv. Conceit'edly.— »i. Conceit'ed- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 CONCEIVABLE, kon-sev'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be conceived, understood, or be- 
 lieved. — adv. Conceiv'ably. — ?i. Con- 
 ceiv'ableness. 
 
 CONCEDE, kon-sev', v.t. to receive into, 
 and form in the womb : to form in the 
 mind : to imagine or think : to under- 
 stand. — v.i. to become pregnant : to 
 think. [O. Fr. concevei — L. concipio, 
 conceptum, from con, and capio, to take.] 
 
 CONCENT, kon-sent', n. a singing to- 
 gether: concert: harmony. [L. con-
 
 CONCENTRATE 
 
 CONDIMENT 
 
 centm — con, tog-ether, and eano, cantum, 
 
 to sing.] 
 
 CONCENTRATE, kon-sea'trat, v.t. to bring 
 into a closer union, or a narrower com- 
 pass : to condense. [A lengthened form 
 of Concentre.] 
 
 CONCENTRATION, kon-sen-tra'shun, n. 
 act of concentrating : condensation. 
 
 CONCENTRATIVE, kon-sen'tra-tiv, adj. 
 tending to concentrate. 
 
 CONCENTRE, kon-sent'er, v.i. to tend to 
 or meet in a common centre. — v.t. to 
 bring or direct to a common centre or 
 point : — pr.p. concent'ring ; pa.p. con- 
 cent'red or concent'ered. [Fr. concentrer 
 — L. coH.with, and cenfri(»(,tlae Centre.] 
 
 CONCENTRIC, kon-sen'trik. CONCEN- 
 TRICAL, kon-sen'trik-al, adj. having a 
 common centre. 
 
 CONCEPT, kon'sept, n. a thing conceived, 
 a notion. 
 
 CONCEPTION, kon-sep'shun, n. the act of 
 conceiving : the thing conceived : the 
 formation in the mind of an image or 
 idea : a notion. 
 
 lONCEPTUALISM, kon-sep'tu-al-izm, n. 
 the doctrine in philosophy that general 
 properties can be conceived in the mind 
 apart from any concrete embodiment. 
 
 CONCERN, kon-sern', v.t. to relate or be- 
 long to : to affect or interest : to make 
 uneasy. — n. that which concerns or be- 
 longs to one : interest : regard : anxiety : 
 a business or those connected with it. — 
 n. Concern'ment. [Fr. — L. eoncemo, 
 from con, together, and cerno, to sift, to 
 see.] 
 
 CONCERNED, kon-sernd', adj. having con- 
 nection with : interested : anxious ; also 
 confused with drink : slightly intoxicated. 
 •• Not that I know his Reverence was ever 
 coiicern'd to my knovfleige."— Swift. " A 
 little as you see concerned with liquor." 
 —Sir H. Taylor. — adv. Concern'edly. — 
 n. Concern'edness. 
 
 CONCERNING, kon-sern'ing, jJrep. regard- 
 ing : pertaining to. [Pr.p. of Concern.] 
 
 CONCERNMENT, kon-sern'ment, n. that 
 which concerns one. 
 
 CONCERT, kon-sert', v.t. to frame or de- 
 vise together: to arrange, adjust. [Fr. 
 concerter — con, together, certare, to con- 
 tend, vie with : ace. to Skeat, from L. 
 eonsertus, joined together.] 
 
 CONCERT, kon'sert, n. union or agreement 
 in any undertaking : harmony : musical 
 harmony : a musical entertainment. [Fr.] 
 
 CONCERTINA, kon-ser-te'na, n. a ni\isical 
 instrument, on the principle of the ac- 
 cordion. 
 
 CONCERTO, kon-ser'to, n. a piece of music 
 for a concert. [It.] 
 
 CONCESSIBLE, kon-ses'i-bl, a(^j. capable 
 of being conceded or granted. "One of 
 the most concessible uostulations in nat- 
 ure." — Sterne. 
 
 CONCESSION, kon-sesh'un, n. act of co»i- 
 ceding : the thing conceded : a grant. 
 
 CONCESSrV'E, kon-ses'iv, adj. implying 
 concea.'iion. 
 
 CONCESSORY, kon-ses'or-i, adj. yielding. 
 
 CONCH, kongk, it. a marine sliell. [L. 
 concha — Gr. kongchU ; Sans, eankha, a 
 shell : conn, with CoCKLE.] 
 
 CONCHIFEROUS, kong - kif'er - us, adj., 
 lutring a .^hell. [L. concha, and/ero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 CONCHOID AL, kong-koid'al, adj., shell- 
 like, applied to the fracture of a mineral, 
 .jrr. kongche. and eidos, form.] 
 
 CONCHOLOGIST, kong-kol'o-jist, n. one 
 versed in conchology. 
 
 CONCHO LOGY, kong-kol'o-ji, n. the 
 science of shells and of the animals in- 
 habiting them. [Gr. kongche, and logos, 
 a discourse.] 
 
 CONCILIATE, kon-sil'i-at, v.t. to gala or 
 
 win over : to gain the love or good-will 
 of such as have been indifferent or hostile. 
 [L. concilio, conciliatus, to bring together 
 — concilium. See Council,.] 
 
 CONCILIATION, kon-sil-i-a'shun, n. act of 
 conciliating. — n. Conciliator, kon-sil'i- 
 a-tor. — adj. CONCILIATORY, kon-sil'i-a- 
 tor-i. 
 
 CONCISE, kon-sis', adj., cut short : brief. — 
 adv. Concise'ly. — n. Concise'ness. [Fr. 
 — L. concido, concisus, from coti, and 
 I cedo, to cut.] 
 
 CONCISION, kon-sizh'un, n. (B.) circum- 
 cision : a faction. 
 
 CONCLAVE, kon'klav, n. the room in 
 which cardinals meet to elect a pope : 
 the body of cardinals : any close assem- 
 bly. [L. conclave, from con, together, 
 and clhvis, a key.] 
 
 CONCLUDE, kon-klood', v.t. to close : to 
 end. — v.i. to end: to infer: to form a 
 final judgment. [L. concludo, conclusus 
 — con, together, and claudo, to shut.] 
 
 CONCLUSION, kon-kloo'zhun, n. act of 
 concluding : the end, close, or last part : 
 inference : judgment. [L. conclusio.] 
 
 CONCLUSIVE, kon-kloos'iv, adj. final: 
 convincing. — adv. CONCLUS'rvELY. — n. 
 Conclus'iveness. 
 
 CONCOCT, kon-kokt', v.t. (lit.) to cook or 
 hoil together : to digest: to prepare or 
 mature. [L. concoquo, coneoetus — coyi, 
 together, and coqiio, to cook, to boil.] 
 
 CONCOCTION, kon-kok'shun, n. act of 
 concocting : ripening: preparation. 
 
 CONCOCTIVE. kon-kokt'iv, adj. having 
 the power of digesting or ripening. Mil- 
 ton. 
 
 CONCOMITANCE, kon-kom'i-tans, CON- 
 COMITANCY, kon-kom'i-tan-si, 7i. state 
 of being concomitant. 
 
 CONCOMITANT, kon-kom'i-tant, adj., ac- 
 companying or going along %cith : con- 
 joined with. — n. he or that which accom- 
 panies. — adv. Concom'itantly. [L. con, 
 with, and comitans, pr.p. of comitor, to 
 accompany — comes, a companion.] 
 
 CONCORD, kong'kord or kon'-, n. state of 
 being of the sayne heart or mind : union : 
 harmonj-. [Fr. Concorde — L. concordia 
 — concors, of the same heart, from con, 
 together, and cor. cordis, tlie heart.] 
 
 CONCORDANCE, kon-kord'ans, n. agree- 
 ment : an index or dictionary of the lead- 
 ing words or passages of the Bible, or of 
 any author. 
 
 CONCORDANT, kon-kord'ant, adj. harmo- 
 nious : united. — adv. ConcORD'antly. 
 [L. concordans, pr.p. of concordo — con- 
 cors, agreeing.] 
 
 CONCORDAT, kon-kord'at, n. an agree- 
 ment or oompact, especiallj' between a 
 temporal sovereign and the pope. [Fr. — 
 It. concordato — L. concordo, to agree.] 
 
 CONCOURSE, kong'kors, n. an assembly 
 of persons running or drawn together. 
 [Fr. — L. coneursus.] 
 
 CONCRESCENCE, kon-kres'ens, n. a groic- 
 ing together. 
 
 CONCRETE, kong'kret, or kon'-, adj. 
 formed into one mass : the opposite of 
 abstract, and denoting a particular 
 thing. — n. a mass formed by parts 
 growing or sticking together : a mixt- 
 ure of lime, sand, pebbles, etc., used in 
 building, —adv. Concrete'ly. —n. CON- 
 CRETe'ness. [L. concretus — con, together, 
 cresco, cretum, to grow.] 
 
 CONCRETE, kon-kret', v.i. to unite into a 
 solid mass. 
 
 CONCRETIANISM, kon-kre'shan-izm, n. 
 the belief that the soul was generated 
 at the same time as, and grows along 
 with, the body. [L. con, together, and 
 cresco. cretum, to grow.] 
 
 CONCRETION, kon-kre'shun. n. a mass 
 concreted : a lump or growth which 
 
 forms in certain parts of the body, aa 
 calculi, etc. 
 
 CONCRETIVE. kon-kret'iv, adj., causing 
 or having [wwer to concrete. 
 
 CONCUBINAGE, kon-ku'bin-aj, n. state of 
 living together as man and wife without 
 being married. 
 
 CONCUBINE, kong'ku-bin, n. a woman 
 who cohabits or lives with a man with 
 out being married. [Fr. — L. concnbina— 
 con, together, cubo, to lie down.] 
 
 CONCUPISCENCE, kon-ku'pis-ens, n., ex- 
 cessive or irregular desire for unlawful 
 pleasure : lust. — adj. Concu'piscent. 
 [Fr. — L. concupiscentia ■ — concupisco — 
 con. intensive, cupio, to desire.] 
 
 CONCUR, kon-kur', v.i. to run together : 
 to meet in one point : to act together : 
 to agree : to assent to : — pr.p. concurr'- 
 ing ; pa.p. concurred'. [L. coneurro, 
 from con, together, and curro, ctirsum, 
 to run.]^ 
 
 CONCURRENCE, kon-kur'ens, n. union : 
 joint action : assent. 
 
 CONCURRENT, kou-kur'ent. adj. coming, 
 acting, or existing together : united : 
 accompanving. — adv. Concurr'ently. 
 
 CONCUSSION, kon-kush'un, n. state of 
 being shaken : a violent shock caused 
 by the sudden contact of two bodies : 
 any undue pressure or force exerted 
 upon any one. [L. concussio — concutio 
 — con, intensive, and quatio, to shake.] 
 
 CONCUSSrVE, kon-kus'iv, adj. having the 
 power or quality of shaking or com- 
 IDelling. 
 
 CONCUTIENT, kon-ku'shi-ent, adj. coming 
 suddenly into collision : meeting togeth- 
 er with violence. " Meet in combat like 
 two concutient cannon-balls." — Tliack- 
 eray. [See Concussion.] 
 
 CONDEMN, kon-dem'. v.t. to pronounce 
 guilty : to censure or blame : to sentence 
 to punishment : to pronounce unfit for 
 use. [L. condemno, from con, intensive 
 and danino, to damn. See Damn.] 
 
 CONDEMNABLE, kon-dem'na-bl, adj. 
 blamable. 
 
 CONDEMNATION, kon-dem-na'shun, n. 
 state of being condemned : blame : pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 CONDEMNATORY, kon-dem'na-tor-i, adj., 
 containing or implying condemnation. 
 
 CONDENSABLE, kon-dens'a-bl, adj. capa- 
 ble of being compressed. 
 
 CONDENSATION, kon-den-si'shun, n. act 
 of condensing. 
 
 CONDENSE, kon-dens', v.t. to compress, 
 or reduce by pressure into smaller com- 
 pass. — v.i. to grow dense. [L. condenso 
 — COM, intensive, denso, to make dense. 
 See Dense.] 
 
 CONDENSE, kon-dens', adj., dense: com 
 pact : close in texture. Milton. [See 
 Condense.] 
 
 CONDENSER, kon-dens'er, n. an apparatus 
 for reducing vapors to a liquid form : an 
 appliance for collecting or condensing 
 slccti'icitv. 
 
 CONDESCEND, kon-de-send', v.i. to de- 
 scend willingly from a superior position ; 
 to act kindly to inferiors : to tleigu : to 
 lower one's self. [L. con, iuteasive, and 
 descendo. to descend.] 
 
 CONDEvSCENDING, kon-de-send'ing, adj, 
 yielding to inferiors : courteous ; oblig 
 ins;. —adv. Condescend'inoly. 
 
 CONDESCENSION, kon-de-sen'shun, Jt 
 kindness to inferiors : courtesj-. 
 
 CONDIGN, kon-dln', adj. well merited : 
 adequate (generally said of punishment). 
 — adv. Condign'lV. — n. Condion'ness. 
 [L. condignus — con, wholly, dignus, 
 worthv.] 
 
 CONDIMENT, kon'di-ment, n. that which 
 is put along with something else to jire- 
 serve or pickle it : seasoning : sauce.
 
 Condition 
 
 CON FORMER 
 
 |L. condimentiim — condio, to preserve, to 
 pickle. J 
 
 CONDITION, kon-dish'im, n. state in which 
 things exist : a particular manner of be- 
 ing : quality : rank : temper : a term of 
 ft contract : proposal : arrangement. — 
 v.i. to make terms. — v.t. to agree upon. 
 [L. conditio — condere. to put together.] 
 
 CONDITIONAL, kon-dish'un-al, adj. de- 
 pending on stipulations or conditions: 
 not absolute. — adv. Coubi'tionaLLY. 
 
 CONDITIONED, kon-dlsh'und, adj. having 
 a certain condition, state, or quality : 
 subject tc limitations — the opp. of abso- 
 lute. 
 
 CONDOLE, kon-dol', v.i. to grieve with 
 another : to sympathize in sorrow. [L. 
 con. \\\t\\. and doleo, to grieve.] 
 
 CONDOLEMENT, kon-<151'ment, CONDOL- 
 ENCE, kon-dol'ens, n. expression of grief 
 for another's sorrow. 
 
 CONDONATION, kon-don-a'.shun, n., for- 
 girenesx. [L. condonatio.] 
 
 CONDONE, Kon-don', v.t. to forgive. [L. 
 con, dono, to give. See Donation.] 
 
 CONDOR, kon'dor, n. a large vulture found 
 among the Andes of S. America. [Sp. 
 condor, from Peruvian cuntur.'] 
 
 CONDOTTIERE, kon-dot'i-a'ra, n. pi. CON- 
 DOTTIERI, kon-dot'i-a're, one of the 
 leaders of certain bands of Italian mili- 
 tary a<lventurers who, during the four- 
 teenth century, were ready to serve any 
 pai"t}', and often practiced warfare on 
 their own account, purely for the sake 
 of plunder : a mercenarv soldier ; also, a 
 brigand. Hallam. [It.] 
 
 CONDUCE, kon-dus', v.i. to lead or tend 
 to some end : to contribute. [L. con, to- 
 gether, and duco. ductus, to lead.] 
 
 CON'DUCIBLE, kon-dus'i-bl, CONDUCIVE, 
 kon-dus'iv, culj., leading or tending : hav- 
 ing power to promote. — advs. Conbuc'- 
 IBLY, CONDUC'IVELY. — ns. CONDUC'IBLE- 
 NESS, CONDCC'IVENESS. 
 
 CONDUCT, kon-dukt', v.t. to lead or guide : 
 to direct : to manage : to behave : {elec- 
 tricity) to carry or transmit. [See Con- 
 duce.] 
 
 CONT)UCT, kon'dukt, n. act or method of 
 leading or managing : guidance : manage- 
 ment : behavior : the leading of an 
 army : also a tax levied by Charles I. of 
 England for the purpose of paying the 
 travelling expenses of his soldiers. " He 
 who takes up amies for cote and conduct 
 and his four nobles of Danegelt." — Milton. 
 [Called also CONDVCT-MONEY. See Co.^T.j 
 
 CONDL'CTIBLE, kon-dukt'i-bl, adj. capable 
 of being conducted or transmitted. — n, 
 Conductibil'ity. 
 
 CONDUCTION, kon-duk'shun, n. act or 
 
 firoperty of conducting or transmitting : 
 ransmission bv a conductor, as heat. 
 CONDUCTIVE, "kon-dukt'iv, adj. having 
 the quality or power of conducting or 
 transmitting. 
 CONDUCTIVITY, kon-duk-tiv-i-ti, n. a 
 
 Eower that bodies have of transmitting 
 eat and electricity. 
 
 CONDUCTOR, kon-dukt'or, w. the person 
 or thing that conducts : a leader : a man- 
 ager : that which has the property of 
 tiansniitting electricity, heat., etc.— fern, 
 Conduct'ress. 
 
 OONDUIT, kon'dit or kun'-, n. a channel or 
 pipe to lead or convey water, etc. [Fr. 
 conduit — L. conduetus — conduco, to 
 lead.] 
 
 CONE, kon, n. a solid pointed figure with 
 a circular base, as a sugar-loaf : fruit 
 shaped like a cone, as that of the pine, 
 fir, etc. [Fr. cone — L. comis — Gr. konos, 
 a peak, ajneg ; from a root ka, to sharpen ; 
 allied to E. none.] 
 
 CONEY. See Cony. 
 
 CONTAB, kon-fab', v.i. to confabulate : to 
 
 chat. " Mrs. Thrale and I were dressing, 
 and as usual confabbing." — Miss Bumey. 
 
 CONFABULATE, "kon-fab'u-lat, v.i. to talk 
 familiarly together: to chat. — n. CoN- 
 fabula'tion. [L. con, together, and fab- 
 ulor, fabulatus, to talk— fainda, the thing 
 spoken about— /art, akin to Gr. phad, and 
 phemi, to speak.] 
 
 CONFECT, kon'fek-t, CONFECTION, kon- 
 fek'shun, n. fruit, etc., prepared with 
 sugar : a sweetmeat : a comfit : also the 
 art of confecting or compounding differ- 
 ent substances into one preparation ; as, 
 the confection of sweetmeats. [L. confi' 
 do, confectus, to make up together — con, 
 together, /aeio, to make.] 
 
 CONFECTIONARY, kon-fek'shon-a-ri, n. a 
 room in which confections are kept. 
 " The keys of the stores, of the confec- 
 tionary, 'ot the wine vaults." — Richard- 
 son. 
 
 CONFECTIONER, kon-fek'shun-er, (B.) 
 Contec'tionaey, n. one who makes or 
 sells confections. 
 
 CONFECTIONERY, kon-fek'shun-er-i, n. 
 sweetmeats in general : a place for mak- 
 ing or selling sweetmeats. 
 
 CONFEDERACY, kon-fed'er-a-si, n. a 
 league or mutual engagement : persons 
 or states united bv a league. 
 
 CONFEDERATE, kon-fed'er-at, adj., 
 leagued together: allied. — n. one united 
 in a league : an allj- : an accomplice. — 
 v.i. and v.t. to league together or join in 
 a league. [L. confaiderains, pa.p. of con- 
 foedero — con., together, fcedus, fcederis, a 
 league.] 
 
 CONFEDERATION, kon-fed-er-a'shun, n. 
 a league : alliance, especially of princes, 
 states, etc. 
 
 CONFER, kon-fer*, v.t. to give or bestow. 
 — v.i. to talk or consult together : — pr.p. 
 conferr'ing ; pa.p. conferred'. fFr. — L. 
 confero — con, together, and jero, to 
 b ring. ] 
 
 CONFERENCE, kon'fer-ens, n. an ap- 
 pointed meeting for instruction or dis- 
 cussion. 
 
 CONFESS, ken-res', v.t. to acknowledge 
 fully, especially something wrong : to 
 own or admit : to make known, as sins 
 to a priest : to hear a confession, as a 
 priest. — v.i. to make confession. — adv. 
 Conpess'edly. [Fr. confesser — L. con- 
 Jiteor, eonfessns — con, sig. completeness, 
 and fateor—fari, to speak, alun to Gr. 
 phemi. to speak.) 
 
 CONFESSION, kon-fesh'un, n. acknowl- 
 edgment of a crime or fault : avowal ; a 
 statement of one's religious beUef : ac- 
 knowledgment of sin to a priest. 
 
 CONFESSIONAL, kon-fesh'iin-al, n. the 
 seat or inclosed recess where a priest 
 hears confessions. 
 
 CONFESSOR, kon-fes'or, m. one who pro- 
 fesses the Christian faith : in the R. C. 
 Church, a priest who hears confessions 
 and grants absolution. 
 
 CONFIDANT, kon'fi-dant or kon-fi-dant', 
 n. one confided in or intrusted with se- 
 crets : a bosom-friend. — fem. Con'fi- 
 dante. [O. Fr., Fr. confident.] 
 
 CONFIDE, kon-fid', v.i. to trust wholly or 
 have faith in: to rely. — v.t. to intrust, 
 or commit to the charge of. [L. confide 
 — con, sig. completeness, and fido, to 
 trustj 
 
 CONFIDENCE, kon'fl-dens. n. firm trust or 
 belief : sel f-reliance : lirmness : boldness. 
 
 CONFIDENT, kon'fl-dent, adj. trusting 
 firmly : having fuU belief : positive : 
 bold.^rfr. Con'fidently. 
 
 CONFIDENTIAL, kon-fi-<len'shal. adj. 
 (given) in confidence : admitted to con- 
 tfdence : private. — adv. CONFrDEyTIALLY. 
 
 CONFIGURATION, kon-fig-u-ra'shun, n. 
 external figure or shape : relative posi- 
 
 tion or aspect, as of planets. [L. con- 
 figuratio — con, together, and figuro, to 
 form. See FiGUHE.] 
 
 CONFINABLE, kon-fin'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be confined. 
 
 CONFINE, kon-fin', v.t. to limit, inclose, 
 imprison. [Fr. confiner, to border on, to 
 confine ; also, in Milton, to have the samt 
 boundary width : to border on — L con- 
 finis, having a common boundary, bor«' 
 dering upon— cwi, with, finis, the'end or 
 boundary'.] 
 
 confine", kon'fin, n. border, boundary, or 
 limit — generallv used in plural. 
 
 CONFINEMENT," kon-fln'ment. n. state of 
 being shut up : restraint from going 
 abroad by sickness, and esp. of women 
 in childbirth : seclusion. 
 
 CONFIRM, kon-ferm', v.t. to strengthen: 
 to fix or establish : to assure : to admit 
 to full communion in the Episcopal 
 Church. — adj. ConFirm'able. [Fr. — L. 
 coiifirmo — con, intensive, and root of 
 Fnui.J 
 
 CONFIRMATION, kon-fer-ma'shun. n. a 
 making firm or sure : convincing proof : 
 the right by which pei-sons are admitted 
 to full communion in the Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 CONFIRMATIVE, kon-f erm'a-tiv. adj. 
 tending to confirm. 
 
 CONFIRMATORY, kon-ferm'a-tor-i, adj. 
 giving additional strength to. 
 
 CONFISCATE, kon-fls'kat or kon'-, v.t. to 
 appropriate to the state, as a penalty, 
 [L. confisco — con, and fiscus, a basket, the 
 public treasurv.] 
 
 CONFISCATE, "kon-fls'kat or kon'fls-kat, 
 adj. forfeited to the public treasurv. — adj. 
 Confis'cable. — n. Contisca'tion." 
 
 CONFISCATOR, kon'fls-ka-tor, n. one whe 
 confiscates. 
 
 CONFISCATORY, kon-fis'ka-tor-i, adj. cod 
 signing to confiscation. 
 
 CONFLAGRANT, kon-fla'grant, adj., bum. 
 ing together. [L. con, together, and 
 Flagrant.] 
 
 CONFLAGRATE, kon-fla'grat, v.t. to burn 
 up : to consume with fire. " Conflagrat- 
 ing the poor man himself into ashes and 
 caput mortumn.^' — Carh/le. 
 
 CONFLAGRATION, kon-'fla-gra'shun, ?;. a 
 great burning or fire. [L. conjlagratio — 
 con, intensive, and flagro, to burn. See 
 Flagra^tt ] 
 
 CONFLICT, Uon-flikt', v.i. to be in op- 
 position : to fight : to contest. [L. eon- 
 fligo. conflictus, from con, together, and 
 fligo, to dash. I 
 
 CONFLICT, kon'flikt, n. violent collision : 
 a struggle or contest • agony. 
 
 CONFLUENCE, kon'floo-ens, n. a flowing 
 together: the place of meeting, as of 
 rivers : a concourse. 
 
 CONFLUENT, kon'floo-ent, adj., flou-ing 
 together: uniting. [L. confliteni, pr.p. 
 of confine, conftitxus, from ccm, together, 
 and fluo, to flow.] 
 
 CONFLUX, kon'fluks, n. a flowing to- 
 gether. 
 
 CONFORM, kon-f orm', v.t. to make like or 
 of the same form with: to adapt. — v.i. 
 to be of the same form : to comply with : 
 to obey. [L. conformo — con, with, and 
 formch— forma, fonn.l 
 
 CONFORSI, kon-forn/, adj. made like in 
 form: assuming the same shape: .simi- 
 lar. Milton. [Late L. conformis — L. con, 
 and forma, form.] 
 
 CONFORMABLE, kon-form'a-bl, a/ij. cor- 
 responding in form : suitable : compliant. 
 — adv. Conform' ABLY. 
 
 CONFORMATION, kon-for-ma'shun, n. the 
 manner in which a body is formed: 
 shape or structure. 
 
 CONFORMER. kon-form'er, CONFORM- 
 IST, kon-form'ist, n. one who conforms
 
 CONFORMITY 
 
 TS 
 
 CONNOTE 
 
 especially with the worship of the Es- 
 tablished Church in Engrland. 
 
 COKFORMITY. koa-form'i-ti, n. likeness : 
 compliance with : consistency. 
 
 CONFOUND, kon-fowncV, i\t to mingle so 
 as to make the parts indistinguishable : 
 to throw into disorder : to perplex : to 
 astonish. [Fr. confondre — L. confundo, 
 confusus — con, together, and fundo, to 
 Hour.] 
 
 OONTRATERNITY, kon-fra-ter'ni-tl, n. 
 same as FRATER^•ITT. [L. con, ' inten- 
 sive, and Fraternttt.] 
 
 CONFRONT, kon-frunt'.f.i. to stand front 
 to front: to face: to oppose; to compare. 
 'Fr. confronter — Low L. confrontare, 
 troiTi L. con, together, and frons, the 
 front. See Front.] 
 
 CONFUCIAN, kon-fu'shyan, adj. of or be- 
 longing to Confucius, the Chinese phi- 
 losopher. 
 
 CONFUSE, kon-fuz', v.t. to pour or mix 
 'ogether so that things cannot be dis- 
 inguished: to throw into disorder: to 
 erplex. [A doublet of CONFOUM).] 
 NFUSEDLY, kon-fuz'ed-li, adi: in a 
 onfused manner. 
 
 CijNFUSION, kon-fu'zhun, n. disorder: 
 shame : overthrow. 
 
 CONFUTE, kon-fut', v.t. to prove to be 
 false : to repress : to disprove. — adj. 
 CoyiTTfABVE. — n. Confuta'tion. [L. 
 onfuto, to cool boiling water by pour- 
 ing in cold — con, intensive, and /»h's, a 
 ■nater- vessel, from fundo, to pour. See 
 
 FCTILE.] 
 
 CONGfi, kon'je (formerly written Coxgie), 
 )!. leave of absence : farewell : parting 
 ceremony. — v.i. to take leave : to bow or 
 courtesj'I [Fr. (Pro v. conijat), from L. 
 commedtns, a going backand forth, leave 
 of absence — com, intensive, and vieo, to 
 go.] 
 
 0ON6EAL, kou-jel', v.t. to cause to freeze: 
 to change from fluid to solid by cold : to 
 fix, as by cold. — i\i. to pass from fluid to 
 solid as by cold. — adj. Congeal'able. 
 [L. congelo, from con, and gelu, frost.] 
 
 CONGEALMENT, kon-jel'ment, CON- 
 GELATION, kon-jel-a'shun, n. act or 
 process of congealing. 
 
 CONGENER, kon'je-ner or kon-je'ner, n. 
 a person or thing of the same kind or 
 nature. [L. — con, with, and genus, gen- 
 eric, Gr. genos, kind.] 
 
 CONGENIAL, kon-je'ni-al, adj. of the 
 same genius, spirit, or tastes: kindred, 
 sympathetic : suitable. — adv. Conge'ni- 
 ALLY.— )). CO^'GE^XtL'ITY. [L. — CO/i,with, 
 j;e»ua?is, genial. See Genial.] 
 
 CONGENITAL, kon-jen'i-tal, aclj., begotten 
 or born with, said of diseases or deformi- 
 ties dating from birth. [L. congenitus, 
 from con, together, gigno, genitus, to 
 beget.] 
 
 CONGER, kong'ger, n. a large sea-eel. 
 
 [L.; Gr. gonggros.] 
 DON( ■ 
 
 CONGERIES, kon-je'ri-gz, n. a collection 
 of particles or small bodies In one mass. 
 [L. — co(i, together, gei'O, gestiis, to bring.] 
 
 CONGESTED, kon-jest'ed, adj. affected 
 with an unnatural accumulation of 
 blood. 
 
 CONGESTION, kon-jest'yun, n. an accu- 
 mulation of blood in any part of the body : 
 fullness. [L. congestio.] 
 
 OONGESTIVE, kon-jest'iv, adj. indicating 
 or tending to congestion. 
 
 CONGLOBATE, kon-glob'at, adj. formed 
 together into a globe or ball. — v.t. to form 
 into a globe or ball. — n. Congloba'tion. 
 [L. con, together, and globo, globatus — 
 globus, a ball, globe. See Globe.] 
 
 CONGLOBULATE. kon-glob'u-lat, v.i. to 
 gather into a globule or small globe. [L. 
 eon. and gh^bulus, dim of glolms.^ 
 
 CONGLOMERATE, kon-glom'er-at, adj. 
 
 gathered into a clew or mass. — v.t. to 
 gather into a ball. — n. a rock composed 
 of pebbles cemented together. [L. co>i- 
 glomeratus, pa. p. of conglomero — con, 
 together, and glomus, glomeris, a clew, 
 akin to qlobus.] 
 
 CONGLOMERATION, kon-glom-er-a'shun, 
 n. state of being conglomerated. 
 
 CONGLUTINANT, kon-gloo'tin-ant, adj. 
 serving to glue or unite : healing. 
 
 CONGLUTINATE, kon-glo6'tin-at, v.t. to 
 glue together: to heal by uniting. — v.i. to 
 unite or grow together. [L. conglutino, 
 conglufinatus — con, together, and gluten, 
 glue. See GLUE.] 
 
 CONGLUTINATION, kon-gloo-tin-a'shun, 
 n. a joining by means of some sticky sub- 
 stance : healing. 
 
 CONGLUTINATIVE, kon-gloo'tin-a-tiv, 
 adj. having power to conghitinate. 
 
 CONGOU, kong'goG, n. a kind of black tea. 
 [Chinese.] 
 
 CONGRATULATE, kon-grat'u-lat, v.t. to 
 wish m uch joy to on any fortunate event, 
 [L. congratulor, congratulatus — con, in- 
 tensive, and grattdor — grains, pleasing.] 
 
 CONGRATULATION, kon-grat-u-la'shun, 
 n. expression of sympathy or joy on ac- 
 count of good fortune. — adj. CoNGRAT'u- 
 LATORY. 
 
 CONGREDIENT, kon-gre'di-ent, n. a com- 
 ponent part : an element which, along 
 with others, forms a compound. Sterne. 
 
 CONGREGATE, kong'gre-gat, v.t. to gather 
 together: to assemble. — i:i. to flock to- 
 gether. [L. congrego — con, together, and 
 qre,v, gregis, a flock.] 
 
 CONGREGATION, kong-gre-ga'shun, n. an 
 assemblv. 
 
 CONGREGATIONAL,kong-gre-ga'shun-al, 
 adj. pertaining to a congregation. 
 
 CONGREGATIONALISM, kong - gre - ga'- 
 shun-al-izni, n. a form of church govern- 
 ment in which each congregation is inde- 
 pendent in the management of its own 
 affairs : also called Independencv. 
 
 CONGREGATIONALIST, kong -'gre - ga'- 
 shun-al-ist, n. an adlierent of Congrega- 
 tionalism. 
 
 CONGRESS, kongr'gres, n. a meeting to- 
 gether or assembly, as of ambassaxiors, 
 etc., for political purposes : the federal 
 legislature of the United States. — adj. 
 CONGRESS'IONAL. [L. con, together, and 
 gradior, gressiis, to step, to go.l 
 
 CONGRUENCE, kong'groo-ens, CONGRU- 
 ENCY, kong-gi'66'en-si, n., agreement: 
 suitableness. 
 
 CONGRUENT, kong'grSo-ent, ac^., agree- 
 ing: suitable. [L. congruo, to run or 
 meet together, to agree.] 
 
 CONGRUITY, kong-gro6'i-ti, n. agreement 
 between things : consistency. 
 
 CONGRUOUS, kong'groo-us, adj. suitable : 
 fit : consistent.— adi'. Cong'euously.— «. 
 Cong'ruousness. 
 
 CONIC, kon'ik, CONICAL, kon'ik-al, adj. 
 having the form of or pertaining to a 
 cone. — adv. CoyiCALLY. 
 
 CONICS, kon'iks, n. the part of geometry 
 which treats of the cone and its sections. 
 
 CONIFEROUS, kon-if'er-us, adj., cone- 
 bearing, as the flr, etc. [CONE, and L. 
 fero. to carry.] 
 
 CONIFORM, £on'i-form, adj. in the form 
 of a cone. 
 
 CONJECTURE, kon-jekt'ur, n. an opinion 
 formed on slight or defective evidence : 
 an opinion without proof : a guess: an 
 idea. — adj. Conject'cral. — adv. CoN- 
 JECT'crally. [L. conjicio, eoniectum, to 
 throw together — con, together, jacio, to 
 throw.]^ 
 
 CONJECTURE, kon-jekt'ur, v.t. to make 
 conjectur&t regarding: to infer on slight 
 evidence : to guess. 
 
 CONJOIN, kon-join', v.t. to join together. 
 
 [Fr. conjoindre — L. con, together, and 
 jungo, juuctus, to join. See Join.] 
 
 CONJOINT, kon-joint', adj. joined to- 
 gether : united. — adi: Conjoint'ly. 
 
 CONJUGAL, kon'joo-gal, adj. pertaining 
 to the marriage-tie or to marriage. — adv. 
 Con'jugally. — n. Conjtgal'ity. [L. 
 conjugalis — conjux, one united to an- 
 other, a husband or wife — con, and jugum^[ 
 a yoke.] 
 
 COlljUGATE, kon'joo-gat, v.t. (gram.) to 
 give the various inflections or parts of a 
 verb. — n. a word agreeing in cierivation 
 with another word. [L. conjugo — con, 
 together, and/«gr«m, that which joins, a 
 yokej 
 
 CONJUGATION, kon-joo-ga'shun, n. a 
 joining together : the inflection of the 
 verb : a class of verbs inflected in the 
 same manner. 
 
 CONJUNCTION, kon-junk'shun, 71. , con- 
 nection, union : (gram.) a word that con- 
 nects sentences, clauses, and words. [L. 
 conjunct io — con, and jungo.} 
 
 CONJUNCTIVE, kon-junk'tiv, adj. closely 
 united : ser^-ing to unite : (gram.) intro- 
 duced bj' a conjunction. — adv. Conjunc'- 
 
 TTVELY. 
 
 CONJUCTURE, kon-junk'tur, n. combina- 
 tion of circumstances : important occa- 
 sion, crisis. 
 
 CONJURATION, kon-joo-ra'shim. n. act 
 of summoning by a sacred name or sol- 
 emnly : enchantment. 
 
 CONJURE, kon-joor', v.t. to call on or 
 summon by a sacred name or in a solemn 
 manner : to implore earnestlj-. — n. CON- 
 jdr'er. [Orig. v.i. to unite under oath, 
 Fr. — L. con, together, and juro, to 
 swear.] 
 
 CONJURE, kun'jer, v.t. to compel (a spirit) 
 by incantations : to enchant : to raise 
 up or frame needlessly. — v.i. to practice 
 magical arts : — pr.p. conjuring (kun'jer- 
 ing) ; pa.p. conjured (kun'jerd). [Same 
 word as the preceding.] 
 
 CONJURER, kun'jer-er, n. one who prac- 
 tices magic : an enchanter. 
 
 CONJUROR, kon-j56r'or, ii. one bound bif 
 oath with others. 
 
 CONJURY, kon'ju-ri, ?i. the acts or art of 
 a conjurer : magic : legerdemain. Mot- 
 ley. 
 
 CONNATE, kon'at or kon-W, adj., born 
 with one's self. [L. con, with, and tias- 
 cor, natus, to be born.] 
 
 CONNATURAL, kon-af ii-ral, adj. of the 
 same nature with another. 
 
 CONNECT, kon-ekt', v.t. to tie or fasten 
 together: to establish a relation between. 
 [L. con, together, and necto, to tie.] 
 
 CONNECTEDLY, kon-ekt'ed-li, adv. in a 
 connected manner. 
 
 CONNECTION, kon-ek'shun, n. act of con- 
 Jiecting : that which connects : a body or 
 society held together by a bond : coher- 
 ence : intercourse. 
 
 C0NNECTI\T:, kon-ekt'iv, adj. binding 
 together. — n. a word that connects sen- 
 tences or words. — adr. Connect'itely. 
 
 CONNEXION, kon-ek'shun, n. same as 
 Connection. 
 
 CONNIVANCE, kon-Iv'ans, n. voluntary 
 oversight of a fault. 
 
 CONNIVE, kon-iv', v.i. to tcinle at a fault 
 to fail by intention to see a fault. ^Fr.— 
 L. connived, to wink.] 
 
 CONNOISSEUR, kon-is-sar', n. one who 
 knoirs well about a subject : a critical 
 judge. [Fr., from connoitre — L. cog- 
 nosco, to Know- — co, intensive, and juisco, 
 old form guosco. to acquire knowledge.] 
 
 CONNOIS.SEURSHIP, kon-is-ar'ship, n. the 
 skill of a connoisseur. 
 
 CON"NOTE. kon-ot', v.t. to note or Imply 
 along with an object something inher- 
 ent tlierein : to include. — n. Connota'-
 
 COJSTxVUBIAL 
 
 76 
 
 CONSTANT 
 
 TiON. — adj. Connot'atite. [L. eon, with, 
 and Note.] 
 CONNUBIAL, kon-u'bi-al, adj. pertaining 
 to marriage or to tlie married state : nup- 
 tial. [L. con, and nubo, to marry. See 
 
 NVTTIAL.] 
 
 CONOID, kon'oid, n. anything like a cone 
 inform. — adjs.Coa'oiD, Conoid' al. [Gr. 
 konos, eidos. form.] 
 
 CONQUER, kong'ker, v.t. to gain by force : 
 to overcome or vanquish. — v.i. to be 
 victor. [Fr. coiiqiierv — L. conquiro, to 
 seek after earnestly — con, intensive, and 
 qiicero, to seek.] 
 
 CONQUERABLE, kong'ker-a-bl, adj. that 
 mav be conquered. 
 
 CONQUEROR, kong'ker-or, n. one who 
 conquers. 
 
 CONQUEST, kong'kwest, n. the act of 
 conquering : that which is conquered or 
 acquired by physical or moral force. [O. 
 Fi'. conqueste, Fr. conquete—L. conquiro, 
 conquisitum.] 
 
 CONSANGUINEOUS, kon-sang-gwin'e-us, 
 adj. related by blood : of the same family 
 or descent. [L. eonsanguineus — con, with, 
 and sanguis, blood.] 
 
 CONSANGUINITY, kon-sang-gwin'i-ti, n. 
 relationship by blood : opposed to affinity 
 or relationship by marriage. 
 
 CONSCIENCE, kon'shens, n. the knowl- 
 edge of our own acts and feelings as right 
 or wrong : sense of duty : the faculty or 
 principle by which we distinguish right 
 from wrong. [L. conscientia, from co7i- 
 scio. to know with one's self — con, with, 
 and scio, to know.] 
 
 CONSCIENTIOUS, kon-shi-en'shus, adj. 
 regulated by a regard to conscience : 
 fatthful : just. — adv. Conscien'tiously. 
 — H. Conscien'tiousness. 
 
 CONSCIONABLE, kon'shun-a-bl, adj. gov- 
 erned or regulated by conscience. — adv. 
 
 CON'SCIONABLY. 
 
 CONSCIOUS, kon'shus, adj. having the 
 feeling or knowledge : aware. — adv. CoN'- 
 
 SCIOUSLT. 
 
 CONSCIOUSNESS, kon'shus-nes, n. the 
 knowledge which the mind has of its 
 own acts and feelings. 
 
 CONSCRIPT, kon'skript, adj.,imiien down, 
 enrolled, registered. — n. one whose name 
 has been enrolled and who is liable to 
 serve as a soldier or sailor. [L. con- 
 scribo, conscrix)tum, to write together in 
 a list, to enlist.] 
 
 CONSCRIPTION, kon-skrip'shun, n. an 
 enrolment of individuals held liable for 
 naval or military service. — adj. CON- 
 SCRIP'TIONAL. 
 
 CONSECRATE, kon'se-krat, v.t. to set 
 apart for a holy use : to render holy or 
 venerable. — n. Con'seckater or CON'- 
 SECRATOR. [L. consecro, to make wholly 
 sacred — con, and sacro, to set apart as 
 sacred — .sacer, sacred.] 
 
 CONSECRATION, kon-se-kra'shun, n. the 
 act of devoting to a sacred use. 
 
 CONSECUTION, kon-se-ku'shun, n. a train 
 of consequences or deductions : a series 
 of things that follow one another. 
 
 CONSECUTIVE, kon-sek'u-tiv, adj., fol- 
 lowing in regular order : succeeding. — 
 «(?r. CONSEC'UTIVELY. — n. CONSEC'UTTVE- 
 
 NESS. [Fr. consecutif — L. con, and seqiior, 
 secutus. to follow.] 
 
 CONSENSUS, kon-sen'sus, n. unanimity : 
 agreement. 
 
 CONSENT, kon-sent', v.i. to feel or think 
 along tnth another : to be of the same 
 mind : to agree : to give assent : to yield. 
 — n. agreement : accordance with the 
 actions or opinions of another : concur- 
 rence. [L. consentio, to agree — con, with, 
 and sentio, to feel, to think.] 
 
 CONSENTANEOUS, kon-sen-ta'ne-us, adj., 
 agreeable or accordant to : consistent 
 
 with. — adv. Consent a'neously. — ns. 
 Consenta'neousness, Consentane'ity. 
 
 CONSENTIENT, kon-sen'shi-ent, adj., 
 agreeing in mind or in opinion. 
 
 CONSEQUENCE, kon'se-kwens, n. that 
 which /o??0(cs or comes after : effect : in- 
 fluence : importance. [L. consequentia 
 — con, with, and sequor, to follow.] 
 
 CONSEQUENT, kon'se-kwent, adj., follow- 
 ing as a natural effect or deduction. — n. 
 that which follows : the natural effect of 
 a cause. — Consequent Points, in mag- 
 netism, intermediate poles, caused when 
 either from some peculiarity in the 
 structure of a bar, or from some irregu- 
 larity in the magnetizing process, a re- 
 versal of the direction of magnetization 
 occurs in some part or parts of the 
 length, whereby the magnet will have 
 not only a pole at each end, but also a 
 pole at each point where the reversal 
 occurs. — adv. Con'sequently. 
 
 CONSEQUENTIAL, kon-se-kwen'shal, n. 
 an inference: a deduction: a conclusion. 
 "Observations out of the Lord Claren- 
 don's History, and some consequentials." 
 — Roger North. 
 
 CONSEQUENTIAL, kon-se-kwen'shal, adj. 
 following as a result : pretending to im- 
 portance : pompous. — adv. Consequen'- 
 tiat.t.y. 
 
 CONSERVANT, kon-serv'ant, adj. having 
 the power of conserving. 
 
 CONSERVATION, kon-ser-va'shun, n. the 
 act of conserving : the keeping entire. 
 
 CONSERVATISM, kon-serv'a-tizm, n. the 
 opinions and principles of a Conserva- 
 tive : aversion to change. 
 
 CONSERVATIVE, kon-serv'a-tiv, adj., 
 tending, or having power to conserve, 
 —n. (politics) one who desires to iwe- 
 serve the institutions of his country until 
 they can be changed with certainty for 
 the better : one averse to change. 
 
 CONSERVATOR, kon'ser-va-tor or kon- 
 ser-va'tor, w. one who x>reserves from 
 injurv or violation. 
 
 CONSERVATORY, kon-serv'a-tor-i, n. a 
 place in which tilings are put for pi-es- 
 ervation : a greenhouse or place in which 
 exotic plants are kept. 
 
 CONSERVE, kon-serv', v.t. to keep entire: 
 to retain : to preserve : to preserve in 
 sugar : to pickle. — w. Conserv'er. [L. 
 con, together, and servo, to keep.] 
 
 CONSERVE, kon'serv, n. something pre- 
 served, as fruits in sugar.— arf/. Conserv'- 
 able. 
 
 CONSIDER, kon-sid'er, v.t. to look at 
 closely or carefully : to tliink or delib- 
 erate on : to take into account : to at- 
 tend to: to reward. — v.i. to think seri- 
 ously or carefully : to deliberate. [Fr. — 
 L. considero, prob. a word borrowed from 
 augury, meaning to mark out the bound- 
 aries of a templum (see CONTEMPLATE) by 
 the stars — sidus, sideris. a star.] 
 
 CONSIDERABLE, kon-sid'er-a-bl, adj. 
 worthj^ of being considered : important : 
 more than a little. — adv. Consid'erably. 
 — n. Consid'erableness. 
 
 CONSIDERATE, kon-sid'er-at, adj. 
 thoughtful : serious : prudent. — adv. 
 Consid'erately.— «. Consid'erateness. 
 
 CONSIDERATION, kon-sid-er-a'shun, n. 
 deliberation : importance : motive or 
 reason : compensation : the reason or 
 basis of a compact. 
 
 CONSIGN, kon-sin', v.t. to gi%'e to another 
 formally or under sign or seal : to trans- 
 fer : to intrust. — n. Consign'er. [Fr. 
 consigner — L. consigno — con, with, and 
 signum, a sign or seal. See Sign.] 
 
 CONSIGOTE, kon-si-ne', n. one to whom 
 anything is consigned or intrusted. [Fr. 
 consigne, pa.p. oi consigner, to consign.] 
 
 CONSIGNMENT, kon-sin'ment, n. act of 
 
 consigning : the thing consigned : the 
 writing by which anything is made over. 
 
 CONSIST, icon-sist', v.i. to be composed: 
 to co-e.i-ist, i.e. to agree. [Fr. — L. con- 
 sisto — con, si;^. completeness, and sisto — 
 sto, to stand.] 
 
 CONSISTENCE, kon-sist'ens, CONSIST- 
 ENCY, kon-sist'en-si, n. a degree of dens- 
 itv : substance : agreement. 
 
 CONSISTENT, kon-sist'ent, adj. fixed : not 
 fluid : agreeing together : uniform. — adv. 
 ConSist'ently. 
 
 CONSISTORY, kon-sist'or-i, n. an assembly 
 or council : a spiritual or ecclesiastical 
 court.— ad/. Consisto'rial. [See Con- 
 sist.] 
 
 CONSOCIATION, kon-s6-shi-a'shun, n., 
 companionshi2} icith : association : alli- 
 ance. [L. consociatio — con, with, sociiis, 
 a companion.] 
 
 CONSOLABLE, kon-sol'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be comforted. 
 
 CONSOLATION, kon-sol-a'shun, n., solace: 
 alle^^ation of misery. — adj. Consola- 
 tory, kon-sol'a-tor-i. 
 
 CONSOLE, kon-sol', v.t. to give solace or 
 comfort: to cheer in distress. — n. CON- 
 SOL'er. [L. con, intensire, and solor, to 
 comfort. See Solace.] 
 
 CONSOLIDATE, kon-sol'i-dat, r.f. to make 
 solid : to form into a compact mass : to 
 unite into one. — v.i. to grow solid or firm : 
 to unite. [L. consolido, consolidatus — 
 con, intensive, and solidus, solid.] 
 
 CONSOLIDATION, kon-sol-i-da'shun, n. 
 act of making or of becoming solid. 
 
 CONSOLS, kon'solz, n.pl. (short for Con- 
 solidated Annuities) that part of the 
 British national debt which consists of 
 the 3 per cent annuities consolidated 
 into one fund. 
 
 CONSONANCE, kon'son-ans, n. a state of 
 agreement : agreement or unison of 
 sounds. 
 
 CONSONANT, kon'son-ant, adj. consist-, 
 ent : suitable. — n. an articulation which 
 can be sounded only with a vowel : a let- 
 ter representing such a sound. — adj. 
 Consonant' AL. — adv. Con'sonantly. 
 [L. consonans, pr.p. of consono, to sound 
 with, to harmonize — con, with, and sono, 
 to sound.] 
 
 CONSORT, kon'sort, n. one that shares the 
 same lot with another : a partner : a 
 companion : a wife or husband : an ac- 
 companying ship. [L. consors, from 
 coji. with, and sors, sortis, a lot.] 
 
 CONSORT, kon-sort', v.i. to associate or 
 keep companv. 
 
 CONSPICUOUS, kon-spik'u-us, adj., clear 
 ly seen ; visible to the ej-e or mind ; 
 prominent. — adv. CoxsPic'uousLY. — n. 
 CONSPIC'UOUSNESS. [L. eonsineuus — con- 
 spicio — eon, intensive, and specio, to 
 look.] 
 
 CONSPIRACY, kon-spir'a-si, n. a banding 
 together for an evil purpose : a plot : 
 concurrence. 
 
 CONSPIRATOR, kon-spir'a-tor, n. a plotter 
 (along with others). 
 
 CONSPIRE, kon-spir', v.i. to plot or scheme 
 together : to agree : to concur to one end. 
 [L. conspiro — con, together, and spiro, to 
 breathe.] 
 
 CONSTABLE, kun'sta-bl, n. formerly a 
 state-oflicer of the highest rank : a peace- 
 officer : a policeman. — n. Con'stableship. 
 [O. Fr. conestable, Fr. connetable. L. comes 
 stabuli, count of the stabulum, stable.] 
 
 CONSTABULARY, kon-stab'Ci-lar-i, adj. 
 pertaining to constables or peace-officers. 
 — n. the bodv of constables. 
 
 CONSTANCY," kon'stan-si, n. fixedness, un- 
 changeableness. 
 
 CONSTANT, kon'stant, adj. fixed, un- 
 changeable : continual : faithful. — n. that 
 which remains unchanged. [L. constans,
 
 CONSTANTLY 
 
 CONTENTION 
 
 from consto, to stand firm — con, inten- 
 sive, sto. to stand.] 
 
 CONSTANTLY, kon'stant-li, adv. firmly: 
 continually. 
 
 CONSTATE, kon'stat. v.t. to verify : to 
 prove : to establish. (Recent and rare.) 
 [Fr. constater. to verify ; L. constare, 
 l-onstatum, to be established or evident 
 — con. together, and stare, to stand.] 
 
 CONSTELLATION, kon-stel-a-shun, n. a 
 group of stars : an assemblage of beauties 
 or excellencies : {astrol.) a particular dis- 
 position of the planets. [L. consteUatio 
 — con. together. steJla, a star.] 
 
 CONSTERNATION, kon-ster-na'shun, n. 
 Terror which throws into confusion : as- 
 ;onishment : horror. [L. consternatio — 
 ■unsterno, consternatus, from con, sig. 
 completeness, and stemo, to strew, to 
 throw down.] 
 
 CONSTIPATE, kon'stip-at, v.t. to press 
 closely together : to stop up : to make 
 ostive. [L. con. together, and stipo, 
 ^fipatus, to pack.] 
 
 . UNSTIPATION, kon-stip-a'shun, n. cos- 
 
 t iVGOGSS. 
 
 r ONSTITUENCY, kon-stit'u-en-si, n. the 
 vhole body of voters for a member of 
 Congress. 
 
 CONSTITUENT, kon-stit'u-ent, adj., con- 
 stituting or forming : essential : elemen- 
 tal. — n. an essential or elemental part : 
 one of those who elect a representative, 
 esp. in Congress. 
 
 : ijNSTITUTE, kon'stit-ut, v.t. to set up : 
 to establish : to form or compose : to ap- 
 point. [L. constituo, constitiitu-s, from 
 con, together, and statue, to make to 
 stand, to place — sto, to stand.] 
 
 CONSTITUTION, kon-stit-u'shun, n. the 
 natural condition of body or mind : a 
 system of laws and customs : the estab- 
 lished form of government : in U. S. the 
 highest, fundamental law. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL, kon-stit-u'shun - al, 
 adj. inherent in the natural frame : nat- 
 ural : agreeable to the constitution or 
 frame of government : legal : a CONSTI- 
 TUTIONAL Government is one where tlie 
 ruler is subject to fixed laws. See Abso- 
 
 , LLTTE.^?!. a walk for the sake of one's 
 health. — adv. Constitu'tionallt. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONALIST, kon-stit-u'shun- 
 al-ist, CONSTITUTIONIST, kon-sti-tu'- 
 shun-ist, 71. one who favors a constitu- 
 tional government. 
 
 CONSTITUTIVE, kon'stit-ut-iv, adj., that 
 constitutes or establishes : having power 
 to piisx^t pto 
 
 CONSTRAIN, kon-stran', v.t. to urge with 
 irresistible power : to force. — adj. Con- 
 STKAINABLE, kon-stran'a-bl. — adv. CON- 
 STRAINEDLY, kon-stran'ed-li. [O. Fr. 
 constraindre — L. constringo, eonstrictus 
 — con. together, stringo, to press. See 
 Strain.] 
 
 CONSTRAINT, kon-strant', n. irresistible 
 force : compulsion : confinement. 
 
 CONSTRICT, kon-strikt', v.t. to bind or 
 press together : to contract : to cramp. 
 TL. constringo, eonstrictus.] 
 
 CONSTRICTION, kon-strik'shun, n. a,press- 
 ing togetlier. 
 
 CONSTRICTOR, kon-strikt'or,«. that which 
 drairs together : a serpent which crushes 
 its prey in its folds. 
 
 OONSTRINGE, kon-strinj', v.t. to dra^c to- 
 gether : to contract. [L. constringo.'] 
 
 CONSTRINGENT, kon-strinj'ent, adj. hav- 
 ing the quality of contracting. 
 
 CONSTRUCT, kon-strukt'. v.t. to build up : 
 to compile : to put together the parts of 
 a thing : to make : to compose. [L. 
 ccmstruo, constructus, to pile together.] 
 
 CONSTRUCTION, kon-struk'shun, n. any- 
 thing piled together, building : manner 
 of forming : (gram.) the arrangement of 
 
 words in a sentence : interpretation : 
 meaning. 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE, kon-strukt'iv, adj. not 
 direct or expressed, but inferred. — adv. 
 Construct'ively. 
 
 CONSTRUCTR^ENESS, kon-strukt'iv-nes, 
 n. the faculty of constructing. 
 
 CONSTRUE, kon'stroo, v.t. to set in order: 
 to exhibit tlie order or arrangement in 
 another language : to translate : to ex- 
 plain. [L. construo, constructus, to pile 
 together.] 
 
 CONSUBSTANTI AL, kon - sub - stan'shal, 
 adj. of the same substance, nature, or es- 
 sence. — n. Consubstantial'ity. [L. con, 
 with, and Substantial.] 
 
 CONSUBSTANTIALIST, kon - sub - stan'- 
 shal-ist, n. one who believes in consub- 
 stantiatio7i. 
 
 CONSUBSTANTIATE,kon-sub-stan'shi-at, 
 v.t. to unite in one common substance or 
 nature. 
 
 CONSUBSTANTIATION,kon-sub-stan-shi- 
 a'sliun, n. state of being of the same sub- 
 stance : {theol.) the Lutheran doctrine of 
 the actual, substantial presence of the 
 body and blood of Christ ivith the bread 
 and wine used at the Lord's Supper. [See 
 Transubstantiation.] 
 
 CONSUETUDE, kon'swe-tud, n. custom.— 
 adj. CON'SUETUDINAKY, also n. a ritual of 
 customary devotions. [L. consuetudo, 
 custom.] 
 
 CONSUL, kon'sul, n. among the Romans, 
 one of the two chief magistrates of the 
 state : one commissioned to reside in a 
 foreign country as an agent for, or repre- 
 sentative of, a government. [L.] 
 
 CONSULAR, kon'siil-ar, adj. pertaining to 
 a consid. 
 
 CONSULATE, kon'sul-at, n. the office, 
 residence, or jurisdiction of a consul. 
 
 CONSULSHIP, kon'sul-ship, n. the office, 
 or term of office, of a consul. 
 
 CONSULT, kon-sult', v.t. to ask advice of: 
 to apply to for instruction : to decide or 
 act in favor of. — v.i. to consider in com- 
 pany : to take counsel. [L. consulto, 
 inten. of cons-rdo, to consult.] 
 
 CONSULTATION, kon-sult-a'shun, n. the 
 act of considting : a meeting for the pur- 
 pose of consulting. 
 
 CONSUMABLE, kon-sum'a-bl, adj. that 
 can be consumed. 
 
 CONSUME, kon-sum', v.t. to destroy by 
 wasting, fire, etc. : to devour : to waste 
 or spend : to exhaust. — v.i. to waste 
 away.^H. Consuu'er. [L. consumo, to 
 destroy — con, sig. completeness, and 
 sumo, sumptus, to take.] 
 
 CONSUMMATE, kon-sum'at or kon'-, v.t. 
 to raise to the summit or highest point : 
 to perfect or finish. [L. consuinmo, to 
 perfect — coji, with, and summus, highest, 
 perfect.] 
 
 CONSUMMATE, kon-sum'at, adj. in the 
 highest degree: perfect. — adv. Consumm'- 
 
 ATELY. 
 
 CONSUMMATION, kon-sum-a'shun, n. act 
 of completing : perfection : close. 
 
 CONSUMPTION, kon-sum'shun, n. the 
 act of using up : adi.sease in the lung's, 
 which gradually ion.fies aivaythe frame 
 =Phthisis. [See Consume.] 
 
 CONSUMPTIVE, kon-sum'tiv, adj. having 
 tlie quality of wasting away: inclined to 
 the disease consumption. — adv. CON- 
 sump'tively. 
 
 CONSUMPTIVENESS, kon-sum'tiv-nes, n. 
 a tendency to consumption. 
 
 CONTABES'CENCE. kon-tab-es'sens, n. in 
 bot. a peculiar condition of the anthers 
 of certain plants, in which they are 
 shrivelled up or become brown" and 
 tough, and contain no good pollen, thus 
 resembling the anthers of the most 
 sterile hybrids. Darwin. 
 
 CONTACT, kon'takt, n. a close touching : 
 close union : meeting. [L. eontingo, 
 contactum, to touch — con, sig. complete- 
 ness, and tango, to touch — root tag-] 
 
 CONTAGION, kon-ta'jun, n. transmission 
 of a disease by contact. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS, "kon-ta'jus, adj. that may 
 be communicated by contact. — adv. CoN- 
 
 TA'GIOCSLY. — n. CONTA'GIOUSNESS. 
 
 CONTAGIUM, kon-ta'ji-um, n. in vied. 
 that which carries the infectious element 
 in diseases from one person to another. 
 " Supposing the contagium of every com- 
 municable disease to consist of minute 
 organized particles susceptible of under- 
 going almost unlimited multiplication 
 when introduced into a suitable medium, 
 etc.'' — Academy. [See Contagion.] 
 
 CONTAIN, kon-tan', v.t. to hold together : 
 to comprise, to include : to restrain. — 
 adj. Contain' ABLE, that maybe contained. 
 [Fr. contenir — L. eontineo — con, together, 
 and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 CONTAMINATE, kon-tam'i-nat, v.t. to de- 
 file by touching or mixing with : to pol- 
 lute : to corrupt : to infect. [L. con- 
 tamino — contamen = contagmen. See 
 Contact.] 
 
 CONTAMINATION, kon-tam-i-na'shun. n. 
 pollution. 
 
 CONTEMN, kon-tem', v.t. to despise: to 
 neglect. — n. Contem'ner. [L. contemno, 
 contemptus, to value little — con, inten- 
 sive, and temno, to slight.] 
 
 CONTEMPLANT, kon-tem'plant,a(f;'. gi\eD 
 to contemplation : meditative. " Ci:m- 
 templant spirits." — Coleridge. 
 
 CONTEMPLATE, kon-tem'plat, v.t. to con- 
 sider or look at attentively : to meditate 
 on or study: to intend. — r'.t. to think 
 seriously : to meditate. [L. contemplor, 
 contemplatus, to mark out carefully a 
 templum or place for auguries — con. sig. 
 completeness, and templum. See Con- 
 sider and Temple.] 
 
 CONTEMPLATION, kon-tem-pla'shun. n. 
 continued study of a particular svib- 
 iect. 
 
 CONTEMPLATIVE, kon-tem'pla-tiv, adj. 
 given to contemplation. — adv. Contem'- 
 
 PLATIVELY. 
 
 CONTEMPORANEOUS, kon-tem-po-ra'ne- 
 us, adj. living, happening, or being at the 
 same time. — adv. Contemfora'neously. 
 — n. Contempora'neousness. [L. con, to- 
 gether, and temporaneus — tempus, time.] 
 
 CONTEMPORARY, kon-tem'po-rar-i, adj. 
 contemporaneous. — n. one who lives at 
 the same time. 
 
 CONTEMPT, kon-tempt', n. -scorn: dis- 
 grace : (law) disobedience of the rules 
 of a court. [See CONTEMN.] 
 
 CONTEMPTIBLE, kon-tempt'i-bl, adj. des- 
 picable. — adv. Contempt'ibly. — n. Con- 
 tempt'ibleness. 
 
 CONTEMPTUOUS, kon-tempt'u-us, adj., 
 full of contempt : haughty: scornful. — 
 adv. Contempt'uously.— ». Contempt'- 
 
 UOUSNESS. 
 
 CONTEND, kon-tend', v.i. to strive: to 
 struggle in emulation or in opposition : 
 to dispute or debate. [L. contendo, con- 
 tentum — con, and tendo, to stretch, 
 strain.] 
 
 CONTENT, kon'tent or kon-tent', n. that 
 which is contained : the capacity, meas- 
 urement, or extent of anything: — pi. 
 the things contained : the list of subjects 
 treated of in a book. [See CONTAIN.] 
 
 CONTENT, kon-tent', adj. having the 
 desires limited by present enjoyment : 
 satisfied. — v.t. to make content : to satisfy 
 the mind : to make quiet : to please. 
 
 CONTENTED, kon-tent'ed, ad;'., content.— 
 
 adu. CONTENT'EDLY.— 71S.C0NTENT'KDNESS, 
 
 Content' MENT. 
 CONTENTION, kon-ten'shun, n. a violent
 
 CONTEXTIOUS 
 
 CONTROVERTIBLE 
 
 straining' after any object : strife : debate. 
 |See Contend.] 
 
 CONTENTIOUS, koa-ten'shus. adj. quarrel- 
 some. — adv. CONTEN'TiousLY. — n. Con- 
 tentiousness. 
 
 CONTERMINAL.kon-ter'uiiu-al, CONTER- 
 MINOUS, kon-ter'niin-us, adj. having a 
 common ^ermj)ut.s or boundary. [L. con- 
 terminus, neighboring — con, together, 
 and ferminun. a boundai'v.] 
 
 CONTERMINANT, kon-teVrain-ant, adj. 
 coming to an end at the same time : con- 
 terminate. Lamb. 
 
 CONTEST, kou-test', v.t. to call in question 
 or make the subject of dispute : to strive 
 for. — adj. Contest' ABLE. [L. contestor, 
 to call to witness — con, and testor, to be 
 a witness — testis, a witness.] 
 
 CONTEST, kon'test, n. a struggle for su- 
 periority : strife : debate. 
 
 CONTEXT, kon'tekst, n. something tcoven 
 together or connected : the parts of a 
 discourse or treatise which precede and 
 follow a special passage. [L. contexo — 
 con, togetlier, texo, textus, to weave.] 
 
 CONTEXTURE, kon-tekst'ur, n. the inter- 
 weaving of parts into a \vhole : system. 
 
 CONTICENT, kon'ti-sent, adj. silent: 
 hushed : quiet : said of a number of per- 
 sons or the like. " The servants have 
 left the room, the guests sit contieent.'' — 
 Tliackeray. [L. conticens, conticentis, 
 ppr. of conticeo — eon, together, and taceo, 
 to be silent.] 
 
 CONTIGUITY, kon-tig-u'i-ti, n. the state 
 of being in close contact. 
 
 CONTIGUOUS, kon-tig'u-us,ad/., touching: 
 adjoining : near. — adv. Contig'UOUSLT. — 
 n. Contig'uousnkss. [L. contigims, from 
 contingo, contigi, to touch on all sides — 
 con, signifying completeness, tango, to 
 touch.] 
 
 CONTINENCE, kon'ti-nens, CONTINEN- 
 CY, kon'ti-nen-si, n. the restraint im- 
 posed by a person upon his desires and 
 passions" : chastitv. [See Continent, adj.] 
 
 CONTINENT, kou'ti-nent, n. a large extent 
 of land not broken up by seas : the main- 
 land of Europe : one of the great di- 
 visions of the land surface of the globe. — 
 adj. Continent' AL. FL. continens ^=con- 
 tiuuiis, holding together, uninterrupted.] 
 
 CONTINENT, kon'ti-nent, adj.. holding in 
 or restraining the indulgence of pleasure, 
 especially of sexual enjoyment : temper- 
 ate : virtuous. — adv. Con'tinent_y. [L. 
 coutinens, moderate— conh'n^o — con, to- 
 eether, and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 CONTINGENCE. kon-tin'jens, CONTIN- 
 GENCY, kon-tin'jen-si, n. tlie quality of 
 being continge7it : what hapi)en8 by 
 chance : an accident. 
 
 CONTINGENT, kon-tin'jent, adj. depend- 
 ent on something else : liable but not 
 certain to happen : accidental.— ». an 
 event which is liable but not certain to 
 occur : a share or proportion, especially 
 of soldiers. — adv. CONTIN'OENTLT. [£. 
 contingo, to touch, to happen.] 
 
 CONTINUAL, kon-tin'u-al, adj. without 
 interruption : unceasing. — adv. Contin'- 
 VALLY. [See Continue.'] 
 
 CONTINUANCE, kon-tiu'u-ans, n. dura- 
 tion : uninterrupted succession : stav. 
 
 CONTINUATION, kon-tin'u-a'shun, n. con- 
 stant succession : extension. 
 
 CONTINUATIVE, kon-tin'u-a-tiv, adj., 
 continuing. 
 
 OONTINUATOR, kon-tin'u-a-tor, n. one 
 who continues or keeps up a series or 
 succe ssion . 
 
 CONTINUE, kon-tin'u, v.t. to draw out or 
 prolong : to e.xtend or increa.se in any 
 way : to unite without break : to persist 
 in. — v.i. to remain in the same place or 
 state : to last or endure : to persevere. 
 [Fr. continner — L. continuus, joined, con- 
 
 nected, from contineo — con, together, 
 and teneo. to hold.] 
 CONTINUED, kou-tin'ud, adj. uninter- 
 rupted : unceasiag : extended. — adv. 
 
 CONTIN'I'EDLY. 
 
 CONTINUITY, kon-tin-u'i-ti, n. state of 
 being- continuous : uninterrupted con- 
 nection. 
 
 CONTINUOUS, kon-tin'u-us, adj., joined 
 together : without interruption. — adv. 
 Contin'uocsly. 
 
 CONTLINE, kout'lin, n. the space between 
 the strands on the outside of a rope. 
 E. H. Knight. 
 
 CONTO, kon'to, n. a Portuguese money of 
 account in which large sums are calcu- 
 lated ; value 1,000,000 reis, or $1,100 gold 
 standard. 
 
 CONTORT, kon-tort',r.^. to tuyist or turn 
 violently: to writhe. [L. con, intensive, 
 and torqueo. tortus, to twist.] 
 
 CONTORTION, kon-tor'shun, 7i. a violent 
 twisting. 
 
 CONTOUR, kon-toor', n. the outline : the 
 line which bounds the figure of any ob- 
 ject. [Fr. contour, from C0)i, and tour, 
 a turning — L. tomus, Gr. tomos, a turn- 
 ing-lathe.] 
 
 CONTRABAND, kon'tra-band, adj., 
 against or contrary to ban or law : pro- 
 hibited. — n. illegal traffic : prohibition : 
 prohibited goods. — n. Con'trabandist, a 
 smuggler. Tit. contrabbando — L. contra, 
 against, and Low L. bandum, a procla- 
 mation. See Ban.] 
 
 CONTRACT, kon-trakt', v.t. to draio to- 
 gether: to lessen: to shorten: to acquire: 
 to incur : to bargain for : to betroth. — 
 v.i. to shrink : to become less. [L. con- 
 fralio, contractus, from co)(, together, 
 and traho, to draw.] 
 
 CONTRACT, kon'trakt, n. an agreement 
 on fixed terms : a bond : a beti'othment : 
 the writing containing an agreement. 
 [O. Fr. contract, an agreement — L. con- 
 tractus, a compact.] 
 
 CONTRACTED, kon-trakt'ed, adj., drawn 
 together : narrow : mean. — adv. CON- 
 
 TRACT'EDLY. — n. CONTRAOT'EDNESS. 
 
 CONTRACTIBLE, kon-trakt'i-bl, adj. capa- 
 ble of being contracted. — ns. Contracti- 
 bil'ity, Contract'iblen-ess. 
 
 CONTRACTILE, kon-trakt'il, adj. tending 
 or having (jower to contract. — n. CON- 
 tractil'ity. 
 
 CONTRACTION, kon-trak'shun, n. act of 
 contracting : a word shortened by reject- 
 ing a part of it. 
 
 CONTRACTOR, kon-trakt'or, n. one of the 
 parties to a bargain or agreement : one 
 who engages to execute work or furnish 
 sujiplies at a fixed rate. 
 
 CONTRA-DANCE. kon'tra-dans (corruptly 
 Country-dance), n. a dance in which the 
 partners are arranged in opposite lines. 
 [Fr. contre-danse : from L. contra, 
 against, opposite, and Dance.] 
 
 CONTRADICT, kon-tra-dikt', v.t. to speak 
 in opposition to : to oppose by words : 
 to assi>rt the contrary : to deny. [L. 
 contradico.contradictus — eo»fra, against, 
 and dico. to speak.] 
 
 CONTRADICTION, kon-tra-dik'shun, n. 
 at:t of contradicting: a speaking against : 
 denial : inoonsistencv. 
 
 CONTRADICTIVE. kon-tra-dikt'iv, CON- 
 TRADICTORY, kon-tra-dikt'or-i, adj. 
 affirming the contrary : opposite : incon- 
 sistent. — fidv. Contr.^dict'orily. 
 
 CONTRADISTINCTION, kon-tra-dis-tink'- 
 shun, H., distinction bv contrast. 
 
 CONTRADLSTINCTIVE",kon-tra-dis-tinkt'- 
 iv, adj., distinguishing bv opposite quali- 
 ties. 
 
 CONTRADISTINGUISH, kon-tra-dis-ting'- 
 gwish, v.t. to distinguish or mark the 
 
 difference by opposite qualities. [L. con- 
 tra, against, opposite, and Distinguish.] 
 
 CONTRALTO, kon-tral'to, n. {music) couri- 
 ter-alto : same as alto or counter-tenor. 
 [See Alto and COUNTER.] 
 
 CONTRARIETY, kon-tra-rl'e-ti, n. opposi- 
 tion : inconsistency. 
 
 CONTRARIWISE, kon'tra-ri-ivIz, adv. oa 
 the contrary way or side : on the other 
 hand. [Contrary and Ways.] 
 
 CONTRARY, kou'tra-ri, adj., opposite : in- 
 consistent : contradictory. — n. a thing 
 that is contrary or of opposite qualities. 
 — n. Con'trariness. — adv. Con'trahily. 
 [L. contraiius — contra, against.] 
 
 CONTRAST, kon-trast', v.i.lo stand against 
 or in opposition to. — v.t. to set in opposi- 
 tion, in order to show superiority or give 
 effect. [Fr. contraster — L. contra, oppo- 
 site to, stare, to stand.] 
 
 CONTRAST, kon'trast, «., opposition or 
 unlikeness in things compared : exhibi- 
 tion of differences. 
 
 CONTR AVALLATION, kon - tra - val - a'- 
 shun, n. a, fortijication built by besiegers, 
 which is thus opposed to that of the 
 besieged. [L. cmitra, opposite to, and 
 vallo, vallatus, to fortify — vallum, a 
 wall.] 
 
 CONTRAVENE, kon-tra-ven', v.t. to come 
 against : to oppose : to hinder. [L. con- 
 tra, against, venio, to come.] 
 
 CONTRAVENTION, kon-tra-ven'shun, n. 
 act oi contravening : opposition : obstruc- 
 tion. 
 
 CONTRIBUTARY, kon-trib'u-tar-i, adj. 
 paving a share. 
 
 CONTRIBUTE, kon-trib'ut, v.t. to give 
 along with others : to give for a common 
 purpose : to paj- a share. — v.i. to give or 
 bear a part. — n. Contrib'UTOR. [L. con, 
 along with, tribuo. tributus, to give.] 
 
 CONTRIBUTION, kon-trib-u'shun, n. s 
 collection : a \ev\. 
 
 CONTRIBUTIVE. ' kon - trib'u - tiv, CON- ■ 
 TRIBUTORY, kon-trib'u-tor-i, adj. giv- 
 ing a share : helping. 
 
 CONTRITE, kon'trit, adj. broken-hearted 
 for sin : penitent. — adv. Con'teitely. 
 [L. contritus — contero — con, sig. com- 
 pleteness, and tero, to bruise.] 
 
 CONTRITION, kon-trish'un, n. deep sor- 
 row for sin : remorse. 
 
 CONTRFV^ANCE, -kon-triv'ans,!!. act of con- 
 triving : the thing contrived : invention : 
 artifice. 
 
 CONTRFVE, kon-trlv', v.t. to find out or 
 plan : to invent. — n. CONTRlv'ER. [Fr. 
 controuver — eon, and trouver, to find. 
 See Trover.] 
 
 CONTROL, kon-trol', n. (formerly COSIP- 
 TROLL). restraint : authority: com- 
 mand. — v.t. to check : to restrain : to 
 govern : — xrr.p. controll'ing ; pa.p. con- 
 trolled'. [Fr. contrOle. from contre-role, 
 a duplicate register, for checking the 
 original. See Roll.] 
 
 CONTROLLABLE, kon-trol'a-bl. adj. capa- 
 ble of, or subject to control. 
 
 CONTROLLER. COMPTROLLER, kon- 
 trol'er, n. one who controls or checks the 
 accounts of others bv keeping a counter- 
 roll or register. — n. toNTROLL'ERSHIP. 
 
 CONTROLMENT, kon-trol'ment. n. act or 
 power of controlling : state of being 
 controlled : control. 
 
 CONTROVERSIAL, kon-tro-ver'shal, adj. 
 relating to controversy. — adv. Contro- 
 ver'sially. 
 
 C0NTR0\T:RSIALIST, kon-tro-ver'sbal- 
 ist, n. one given to controversy. 
 
 C0NTR0\'ERSY, kon'tro-ver-si, n. a di* 
 putation, discussion, or debate : contest, 
 
 CONTROVERT, kon'tro-vert, v.t. to op- 
 pose : to argue against : to refute. [L. 
 contra, against, and verto, to turn.] 
 
 CONTROVERTIBLE, kon-tro-vert'i-bl, adj.
 
 CONTUMACIOUS 
 
 79 
 
 COOKERY 
 
 tfhat may be controverted. — adv. CON- 
 
 TROVERT'IBLY. 
 
 « O N T U MAC lOUS, kon-tu-ma'shus, adj. 
 opposing- lawful authority with con- 
 tempt : obstinate : stubborn. — adv. CON- 
 
 TLTIa'CIOUSLT. — n. CONTUilA'CIOrSNESS. 
 
 CONTIIMACITY, kon-tu-mas'i-ti, n. same 
 
 as Contumacy. Carlyle. 
 CONTUMACY, kon'txi-ma-si, n. obstinate 
 
 disobedience or resistance : stubbornness. 
 I [L. contumacia — contumax, contumacis, 
 ' insolent, from con, and root tern- in teinno, 
 
 to despise, or ace. to Littre from tmneo, 
 
 to swell.] 
 CONTUMELIOUS, kon-tu-me'li-us, adj. 
 
 haug-htily reproachful: insolent. — adv. 
 
 COSTUME'UOtrSLY. — H. CONTUME'LIOUS- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 CONTUMELY, kon'tu-mel-i, n. rudeness : 
 insolence : reproach. [L. contumelia, 
 which is from the same source as con- 
 tumacy. See Contumacy.] 
 
 CONTUSE, kon-tuz', v.t. to beat exceed- 
 ing-ly or bniise to pieces : to crush. [L. 
 contundo, contusus — con and tundo, to 
 beat, to bruise.] 
 
 CONTUSION, kon-tu'zhun, n. act of bruis- 
 ing .• state of being bruised : a bruise. 
 
 CONTUSIVE, kon-tu'ziv, adj. apt to cause 
 contusion: bruising'. "Shield fi-om eon- 
 tnsive rocks her tender limbs." — Antijac- 
 obin. 
 
 CONUNDRUM, kou-un'drum, n. a sort of 
 riddle containing some odd or fanciful 
 resemblance between things quite unUke. 
 [Etv. unknown.] 
 
 CONVALESCE, kon-val-es', v.i. to regain 
 health. [L. con, and valesco — valeo, to be 
 strong.] 
 
 CONVALESCENCE, kon-val-es'ens, n. 
 gradual recovery of health and strength. 
 
 CONVALESCENT, kon-val-es'ent, adj. 
 gradually recovering health. — n. one re- 
 covering health. 
 
 CONVECTION, kon-vek'shun, n. the proc- 
 ess of transmission of heat or electricity 
 through liquids or gases by means of cur- 
 rents. [L. convectio — con, and veho, I 
 c arry. ] 
 
 CONVENE, kon-ven', v.i. to cmne together: 
 to assemble. — v.t. to call together. [Fr. 
 — L. convenio, from con, together, and 
 venio, to come.] 
 
 CONVENER, kon-ven'er, n. one who con- 
 A'enes a meeting : the chairman of a com- 
 mittee. 
 
 CONVENIENCE, kon-ven'yens, CONVEN- 
 lENCY, kon-ven'yen-si, n. suitableness : 
 accommodation. 
 
 CONVENIENT, kon-ven'yent, adj. suit- 
 able : handy : commodious. — adv. CoN- 
 ven'iently. [L. conveniens, convenientis, 
 orig. pr.p. of convenio, to come together.] 
 
 CON\rENT. kon'vent, n. an association of 
 persons secluded from the world and de- 
 voted to a religious life : the house in 
 which they live, a monastery or nunnery. 
 [L. conventus — convenio, to come to- 
 gether.] 
 
 CON\"ENTICLE, kon-vent'i-kl, n. applied in 
 contempt to a meeting for worship of 
 dissenters from the Established Church 
 in England. [L. conventiculum, a secret 
 niaeting of monks, dim. of eojireufKS.] 
 
 CON"^"ENTION, kon-ven'shun, n. an as- 
 sembly, esp. of representatives for some 
 special object : temporarj- treaty : an 
 agreement. [Fr. — L. conventio. See 
 Con^'eneJ 
 
 CON\"ENTIONAL, kon-ven'shun-al, adj. 
 formed by convention : growing out of 
 tacit ag-reement or custom : customary. 
 —adv. Conven'tionally. 
 
 CONVENTIONALISM, kon-ven'shun-al- 
 izm, n. that which is established by tacit 
 agreement, as a mode of speech, etc. 
 
 CONVENTIONALITY,kon-ven-shun-al'i-ti, 
 
 n. state of being conventional : that 
 which is established by use or custom. 
 
 CON^'ENTUAL, kon-vent'u-al, adj. belong- 
 ing to a convent. — n. a monk or nun. [L. 
 eonventualis.] 
 
 CONVERGE, kon-verj', v.i. to tend to one 
 point. [L. con, together, and verge, to 
 bend, to incline.] 
 
 CONVERGENCE, kon-verj'ens, CONVER- 
 GENCY, kou-verj'ens-i, n. act or quality 
 of tending to one point. 
 
 CONA'^RGENT, kon-verj'ent, adj. tending 
 to one point. 
 
 CONVERSABLE, kon-vers'a-bl, adj. dis- 
 posed to converse : sociable. — adv. CON- 
 vees'ably. [See Converse.] 
 
 CONVERSANT, kon'vers-ant. adj. ac- 
 quainted by study : familiar : (B.) walk- 
 ing or associating with. 
 
 CONn^ERSATION, kon-ver-sa'shun, n. in- 
 tercourse : talk: familiar discourse : (B.) 
 behavior or deportment. — adj. CONVER- 
 SA'TIONAIj. 
 
 CONA'ERSATIONALIST, kon-ver-sa'shun- 
 al-ist, II. one who excels in conversation. 
 
 CONVERSAZIONE, kon-ver-sat-se-o'ne, n. 
 a meeting for conversation, particularly 
 on literary subjects : — pi. Conversazio'ni 
 (-ne.) [It.] 
 
 CONVER.SE. kon-vers', v.i. to have inter- 
 com-se: to talk familiarly. [Fr. — L. con- 
 versor, to live with — con, intensive, and 
 ver.'io. to turn much — verto, to turn.] 
 
 CONVERSE, kon'vers, n. famUiar inter- 
 course : conversation. 
 
 CONVERSE, kon'vers, n. a proposition 
 converted or turned about — i.e. one in 
 which the subject and predicate have 
 changed places.— ad/, reversed in order 
 or relation. — adv. Con'versely. 
 
 CON\"ERSION, kon-ver'shun, n. change 
 from one thing, state, or religion, to an- 
 other : change from a wicked to a holj' 
 life : appropriation to a special purpose : 
 (logic) act of interchanging the terms of 
 a proposition. 
 
 CONVERT, kon-vert', -y.^ to turn round : 
 to change or turn from one tiling, con- 
 dition, or religion to another : to change 
 from a bad to a good life : to apply to a 
 particular purpose. [L. converto, con- 
 ver.itis — con. and verto, to turn.] 
 
 CONVERT, kon'vert, n., one converted : 
 one who has become religious, or who 
 has changed his i-eligion. 
 
 CONVERTER, kon-vert'er, n. an iron re- 
 tort of a somewhat globular shape with 
 a large neck, used in the Bessemer proc- 
 ess of steel-making, molten iron being 
 exposed in it to a blast of air, the oxygen 
 of which burns out the carbon and some 
 other ingredients of the iron ; the requis- 
 ite amount of carbon being then intro- 
 duced by the addition of molten spie- 
 geleisen or other variety of iron rich in 
 carbon, and the result being a variety of 
 steel. The converter is supported on 
 trunnions, so that it may swing freely. 
 It has a Uning consisting in most cases 
 of finely ground hard sandstone mixed 
 with lire-clay powder, and made into a 
 paste with water. Also written CoN- 
 vertor. 
 
 CONVERTIBLE, kon-vert'i-bl, adj. that 
 maj- be converted : that may be changed 
 one for the other. — adv. Convert'ibly. — 
 n. Contertibil'ity. 
 
 CONVEX, kou'veks, adj. rising into a 
 round form on the outside, the reverse of 
 concave. — adv. Con'vexly. [L. convexits 
 — conreho — con, together, and ivho, to 
 carry.] 
 
 CONVEXED, kon-vekst', adj. made convex, 
 —adv. Convex'edly. 
 
 CONA'EXITY. kon-veks'i-ti, n. roundness 
 of form on the out.side. 
 
 CONn'EY, kon-va', v.t. (lit.) to bring or 
 
 send on the way : to carry : to transmit : 
 to impart. — adj. Conyeyable, kon-va'a- 
 bl.— H. Convey'er. [O. Fr. conveier— 
 Low L. conviare. to conduct — L. con, 
 along with, and via, a way.] 
 
 CON\^YANCE, kon-va'ans. n. the instru- 
 ment or means of conveying : (lav) the 
 act of transferring- projierty : the writ- 
 ing which transfers it. 
 
 CONn'EYANCER, kon-va'ans-er, n. one 
 whose business is the preparation of deeds 
 for the transference of property. 
 
 C0NAT:YANCING, kon-va'ans-lng, n. the 
 business of a conveyancer. 
 
 CONA'ICT, kon-%ikt'. v.t. to prove guilty; 
 to pronounce guilty. [From root of 
 Convince.] 
 
 CONVICT, kon'vikt, n. one convicted or 
 found guilty of crime, esp. one who has 
 been condemned to penal ser\'itude. 
 
 CONVICTION, kon-vik'shun, n. act of con- 
 vincing or of convicting: strong belief: 
 a proving guiltj-. 
 
 CONVINCE, kon-vins', v.t. to subdue the 
 mind by evidence : to satisfy as to tnith 
 or error : (B.) to convict : to refute. — 
 adj. Continc'ible. — adv. Continc'ingly. 
 [L. con, .sig. completeness, and vinco, 
 victus. to conquer.] 
 
 CONVTVE. kon'vlv. n. a boon companion. 
 Eraser's May. [Fr. convive, L. conviva, 
 a guest, a table companion.] 
 
 CONVIVIAL, kon-viv'i-al, adj. feasting in 
 company : relating to a feast : social : 
 jovial. — adv. Conviv'ially. — n. Con- 
 ■YtviAL'lTY. [L. convivium, a liring- to- 
 gether, a feast — con, together, and I'ivo, 
 to live.] 
 
 CONVOCATION, kon-vo-ka'shun, n. act of 
 convoking : an assemblv. 
 
 CONVOKE, kon-vok', v.t. to call together: 
 to assemble. [L. con, together, and 
 i-oco. vocatus, to call.] 
 
 CONn'OLUTE, kon'vo-lut, CONVOLUTED, 
 kon'vo-lut-ed, adj., rolled together, or 
 one part on another. [See Convolve.] 
 
 CONVOLUTION, kon-vo-lu'shun, n. a 
 twisting : a fold. 
 
 CONVOLVE, kon-voh-', v.t.- to roll to- 
 gether, or one part on another. [L. con, 
 together, and volvo, volutus, to roll.] 
 
 CONVOLVULUS, kon-.'ol'vu-lus, n. a 
 genus of twining or trailing plants, 
 called also bindweed. 
 
 CONVOY, kon-voy', v.t. to accompany on 
 the way for protection. [Fr. convoyer, 
 from root of Convey.] 
 
 CONVOY, kon'voy, n. the act of convoy- 
 ing : protection : that which convoys or 
 is convoved. 
 
 CONVUXSE, kon-vuls', v.t. to agitate 
 violently : to affect by sjiasms. [L. con, 
 intensive, and vello, vulsus. to pluck, to 
 pull.] 
 
 CONAnjLSIBLE, kon--vuls'i-bl, o^". capable 
 of being convulsed : subject to con\'\il- 
 sion. Emerson. 
 
 CONVULSION, kon-vul'shun, n. a violent 
 and involuntary contortion of tlie i\ius- 
 cles : commotion. 
 
 CONmLSIVE. kon-vuls'iv, adj. attended 
 with convulsion!,: spasmodic. — adv. CON- 
 vuLS'm:LY.— ». Convcls'iveness. 
 
 CONY. CONEY, ko'ni or kun'i, n. a rabbit 
 fProb. orig. E. : cf. Dut. konijn, Dan. 
 kanin: or, through O. Fr. connil, from 
 L. euniculus, a rabbit.] 
 
 COO, koo. v.i. to make a noise as a dove : 
 to caress fondly : — pr.j). coo'ing ; jja.^. 
 cooed'. [_From the sound.] 
 
 COOK, kook, v.t. to prepare food. — n. one 
 whose business is to cook. [A.S. coc, 
 a cook (Ger. koch). borrowed from L. 
 coqiio. to cook.] 
 
 COOKERY, kooV: er-i, n. the art or practice 
 of cooking ; also a delicacy : a dainty.
 
 COOL 
 
 SO 
 
 CORIANDER 
 
 " Cookerie.1 were provided in order to 
 tempt his palate." — Roger North. 
 
 COOL, kool, adj. slightly cold : free from 
 excitement : calm : not zealous or ar- 
 dent : indifferent : impudent : also used 
 in speaking- of a sum of money, generally 
 a large sum, by way of emphasizing the 
 amount. (Colloq.) " I would pit her for 
 a cool hundred." — Smollett. "A cool four 
 thousand ... I never discovered from 
 whom Joe derived the conventional 
 temperature of the four thousand 
 pounds, but it appeared to make the 
 sum of money more to him, and he had 
 a manifest relish in insisting on its being 
 cool." — Dickens. — v.t. to make cool : to 
 allay or moderate, as heat, excitement, 
 passion, etc. — To COOL one's coppers, to 
 allay the thirst or parched sensation 
 caused by excessive drinking of intoxi- 
 cating liquors. "Something to cool his 
 coppers." — T. Hughes. (Slang.) — i\i. to 
 grow cool. — n. CoOL. — ndv. Cool'ly. 
 LA.S. col ; Ger. MM ; see Cold and 
 Chill.] 
 
 COOLER, kool'er, n. anything that cools. 
 
 COOLIE, kool'i, n. ulaborer: in Hindustan, 
 a porter in general: an Indian or Chinese 
 laborer in other countries. [Hind, kfdi, 
 a laborer.] 
 
 COOLNESS, kool'nes, n. moderate cold : 
 indifference : want of zeal. 
 
 COOM, koom, n. matter that gathers at 
 the naves of wheels : soot that gathers 
 at the mouth of an oven : coaldust. 
 [Conn, with Ger. kahm, mould gathered 
 on liquids.] 
 
 COOMB, koom, another form of Comb=4 
 bushels. 
 
 COOP, koop, n. {lit.) anything hollow, as a 
 cup — a tub, cask, or barrel : a box or 
 cage for fowls or small animals. — v.t. to 
 confine in a coop : to shut up or confine. 
 [A.S. cijpa, a basket ; akin to CuP.] 
 
 COOPER, koop'er, n. one who makes coops, 
 tuns ojifSks p^c 
 
 COOPERAGE, koop'er-aj, n. the work, or 
 workshop of a cooper: the sum paid for 
 a cooper's work. 
 
 CO-OPERANT, ko-op'er-ant, adj. working 
 together. 
 
 CO-OPERATE, ko-op'er-at, v.i. to work 
 together. — n. Co-of'erator. [L. co, to- 
 gether, and Operate.] 
 
 CO-OPERATION, ko-op-er-a'shun, n joint 
 operation : tlie association of a number 
 of persons for the cheaper purchasing of 
 goods, or for carrying on some branch of 
 industry. — adj. C6-op'erative. 
 
 CO-ORDINATE, ko-or'di-nat, adj. holding 
 the same order or rank : not suibordinate. 
 — adv. Co-OR'dinately. [L. co, together, 
 equal, and Ordinate.] 
 
 CO-OBDINATION. ko-or-di-na'shun, n. 
 state of being co-ordinate. 
 
 COOT, koot, n. a short-tailed water-fowl. 
 [Dut. koet ; W. cuiiar — civt, a short taQ. 
 See Cut.] 
 
 COPAL, ko'pal, n. a resinous substance 
 used in varnishes. [Sp. — Mexican eopalli, 
 a general narce of resins.] 
 
 COPARTNER, ko-piirt'ner, n. ajolnt piart- 
 ner. — ns. Copart'nership. Copart'nery. 
 [L. CO, together, and Partner.] 
 
 COPE, kop, n. a covering, a cap or hood : 
 a cloak worn by a priest : anything 
 spread overhead : a coping. — i\t. to cover 
 with a cope. [From root of Cap.] 
 
 COPE, kop, v.i. to vie with, especially on 
 equal terms or successfullv : to match. 
 [Dut. koopen, cog. with A.S. ceapian, to 
 bargain. See Cheap.] 
 
 COPECK, ko'pek, n. a Russian copper coin 
 equal to f of a cent. 
 
 COPESTONE, kop'ston, COPING-STONE, 
 koping-stOn, n. the stone which copes 
 
 or tops a wall. [Cope, a covering, and 
 Stone.] 
 
 COPIER, kop'i-er, COPYIST, kop'i-ist. n. 
 one who copies: an imitator: a plagiarist. 
 
 COPING, kop'ing, n. the capping or cover- 
 ing course of masonry of a wall. 
 
 COPIOUS, ko'pi-us, adj., plentiful: over- 
 flowing : not concise. — adv. Co'PIOTJSLY. 
 —n. Co'piousNESS. [O. Fr. copieiLv—L,. 
 copiosus — copia, plenty — co, intensive, 
 and 02)s, apis, power, property, wealth. 
 See Opulent.] 
 
 COPPER, kop'er, n. a metal of a reddish 
 color, named from the feland of Cyprus : 
 a vessel made of copper. — v.t. to cover 
 with copper, [tow L. cuper — L. cuprum, 
 a contr. of cuprium ces, " Cyprian brass," 
 because the Romans obtained copper in 
 Cvprus.] 
 
 COPPERAS, kop'er-as, n. sulphate of iron 
 or green vitriol. [F^'. couperose (It. cop- 
 parosa) — L. cupri rosa, rose of copper.] 
 
 COPPERISH. kop'er-ish, COPPERY, kop'- 
 ei'-i, CUPREOUS, ku'pre-vis, ad), contain- 
 ing or like copper. 
 
 COPPERPLATE, kop'er-plat, n. a plate of 
 polished copp<r, on which something has 
 been engraved : an impression taken 
 from the plate. 
 
 COPPICE, kop'is, COPSE, kops, n. a wood 
 of small growth for cutting. [O. Fr. 
 copeiz. wood newly cut — couper, to cut 
 — Low L. copare, to cut.] 
 
 COPRESENCE, ko-prez'ens, n. the state or 
 condition of being present along with 
 others : associated presence. " The co- 
 presence of other laws." — Emerson. 
 
 COPTIC, kop'tik, adj. pertaining to the 
 Copts, the descendants of the ancient 
 
 Eg'vptians. 
 
 OTUT " " 
 
 COf ULA, kop'u-la, n. that which couples or 
 joins together : a bond or tie : {logic) the 
 word joining the subject and predicate. — 
 Copula {gram.) is omitted, with few ex- 
 ceptions, in modern improved text-books. 
 [L. CO, together, and root ap, connected 
 with L. aptus, fastened, and Gr. hapto, 
 to join.] 
 
 COPULAR, kop'u-ler, adj. in logic, of or re- 
 lating to a copula. 
 
 COPULATE, kop'u-lat, v.t. and v.i. to 
 couple or join together : to come together 
 sexuallv. 
 
 COPULATION, kop-u-la'shun, n. act of 
 copidating. 
 
 COPULATIVE, kop'ii-Iat-iv, adj., uniting. 
 — n. {gram.) a conjunction that unites 
 ideas as well as words. 
 
 COPY, kop'i, n. one of a number, esp. of 
 books : an imitation from an original 
 pattern : that which is imitated : an 
 original work : manuscript for printing. 
 — v.t. to write, paint, etc., after an origi- 
 nal : to imitate : to transcribe : — ^jn./). 
 cop'ied. [Fr. copie, from L. copia, plenty ; 
 in Low L. a transcript, because by such 
 the original was multiplied.] 
 
 COPYHOLD, kop'i-hold, w. {Eng. law) a 
 species of estate or right of holding land, 
 for which tlie owner can only show the 
 copy of tlie rolls originallj' made by tlie 
 steward of the lord's court. 
 
 COPYIST. See Copier. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, kop'i-rit, n. the exclusive 
 right of an author or his heirs to publish 
 for a tcm of years copies of iiis work, 
 whether a book, painting, engra\ing, 
 etc. 
 
 COQUET, ko-ket', v.i. to excite admiration 
 or love, from vanity, or to deceive. — i:t. 
 to trifle with in love ; — pr.p. coquett'ing ; 
 pa.p. coquett'ed. [Fiv coqueter — coquet, 
 dim. of coq, a cock.] 
 
 COQUETRY, ko-ket'ri or koH et-ri, w. act 
 of coquetting : attempt to attract ad- 
 miration, etc., in order to deceive ; deceit 
 in love. [Fr. coqiietterie.} 
 
 COQUETTE, ko-ket', n. a vain, trifling 
 woman. 
 
 COQUETTISH, ko-ket'ish, adj. practicing 
 coquetry : befitting a coquette. — adv. Co- 
 quett'ishly. — n. Coquett'ishness. 
 
 COR, kor, n. a Hebrew measure, the same 
 as the homer. 
 
 CORACLE, kor'a-kl, n. a small oval row- 
 boat used in Wales, made of skins or 
 oilcloth stretched on wicker-work. [W. 
 convgl — coricg, anytl^ing round : Gael. 
 curach. a wicker-boat.] 
 
 CO-RADICATE, ko-rad'i-kat, adj. in 2)hilol. 
 of the same root with. Skeat. [L. prefix 
 CO, and radix, radicis, a root.] 
 
 CORAL, kor'al, n. a hard substance of vari- 
 ous colors, growing on the bottom of the 
 sea, composed of the skeletons of zoo- 
 phytes : a child's toy made of coral : 
 also the unimpregnated eggs in the lob- 
 ster, so called from being of a bright red 
 color. [O. Fr. — L. corallium — Gr. kor- 
 allion.'] 
 
 CORALLIFEROUS, kor-al-if'er-us, adj., 
 hearing or containing coral. [Coral, 
 and L. fero, to bear.] 
 
 CORALLINE, kor'al-in, adj of, like, or 
 containing coral. — n. a moss-like coral : 
 a coral-like substance. 
 
 CORANACH, kor'a-nak, n. a dirge or lam- 
 entation for the dead, formerly common 
 among the Irish and Scottish Celts. [Ir., 
 a " diro;e."] 
 
 CORBAN, kor'ban, n. {lit.) anything de- 
 voted to God : a vessel to receive gifts of 
 charity : alms. [Heb. korban, an offer- 
 ing, .sacrifice.] 
 
 CORBEL, kor'bel, n. {arch.) an ornament 
 orig. in the form of a basket — anj- orna- 
 mented projection supporting a superin- 
 cumbent weight. [Fr. corbeille, from L. 
 corbicida. dim. of corbis, a basket.] 
 
 CORD, kord, n. {orig.) a chord : a small 
 rope or thick kind of string, — v.t. to bind 
 with a cord. [Fr. corde — L. chorda. 
 See Chord.] 
 
 CORDAGE, kord'aj, n. a quantity of cords 
 or ropes. 
 
 CORDELIER, kor-de-ler', n. a Franciscan 
 friar, so named from the knotted cord 
 worn by him as a girdle. [O. Fr. cordel, 
 dim. of corde, a rope.] 
 
 CORDIAL, kor'di-al, adj., hearty: with 
 warmth of heart : sincere : affectionate : 
 reviving the heart or spirits. — n. aru'- 
 thing which revives or comforts the 
 heart : a medicine or drink for refresh- 
 ing the spirits. — adv. Cor'dially. — n. 
 Cordial'ity. [Fr. — L. cor, cordis, the 
 heart. See Core.] 
 
 CORDON, kor'don, n. a cord or ribbon be- 
 stowed as a badge of honor : {fort.) a 
 row of jutting stones : a line of military 
 posts. [Fr.] 
 
 CORDOVAN, kor'do-van, CORDWAIN, 
 kord'wan, n. goatskin leather, orig. 
 from Cordova in Spain. 
 
 CORDUROY, kor'du-roy, n. thick cotton 
 stuff, corded or ribbed. [Perh. Fr. corde 
 du roi, king's cord.] 
 
 CORDWAINER, kord'wan-er, r?. a worker 
 in cordovan or cordwain : a shoemaker. 
 
 CORE, kor, n. the heart : the inner part 
 of anything, especially of fruit. [O. Fr. 
 cor — L. cor. coi'dis, the heart.] 
 
 CORELATPv^E, etc. See Correlative. 
 
 CORELESS, kor'les, adj. wanting a core : 
 without pith : weak : debilitated, 
 ji am ^'oue in years, my Lie^e, am very old. 
 Careless and sapless. — Sir H. Taylor. 
 
 CORIACEOUS, kor-i-a'shus, adj. leathery: 
 of or like leather. [L. jorium — Gr. 
 chorion, skin, leather.] 
 
 CORIANDER, kor-i-an'der, n. an annual 
 plant, the seeds of which when fresh 
 have a bwgr-like smell, used as a medi- 
 cine, spsoe, etc. [Fr. — L. coriandrum —
 
 CORINTHIAN 
 
 81 
 
 CORROSIVE 
 
 Gr, koriannon, kor-ion, from knris, a 
 bug-.] 
 
 CORINTHIAN, ko-rinth'i-an, adj. pertain- 
 iuff to Corinth, a city of Greece : per- 
 taining- to an ornate order of Greek ar- 
 chitecture. 
 
 CORK, kork, n. tiie outei- bai'k of the 
 cork-tree, an oak found in tiie south of 
 Europe, etc.: a stopper made of cork. — 
 r.^ to stop with a cork : to stop up. 
 [Sp. corcho — L. cortex, bark, rind.] 
 
 ■ 'ORMOPHYTE, kor'mo-fit, n. in hot. a 
 L;eneral term applied to all vascular 
 plants and to tlie higher cellular plants 
 In which roots and leaves are disting-uish- 
 able. Called also Phtllophtte. Ency. 
 Brit. [Gr. kormos, a trunk, and phyton, 
 a plant.] 
 
 ?ORMORANT, kor'mo-rant, n. a genus of 
 web-footed seabirds, of great voracity : a 
 glutton. [Fr. corvioran (It. eo7'ro mar- 
 ino), from L. corvus marintis, the sea- 
 crow. — Brack et. ] 
 
 CORN, korn, n. a grain or kernel : seeds 
 that grow in ears, as wheat, rye, etc.: 
 grain of all kinds. In U.S., applied to 
 Indian corn or maize, only. — v.t. to 
 sprinkle with salt in grains. — n. Corn'- 
 FIEUD, a field in which corn is growing. 
 [A.S. corn ; Goth, kaiirn ; akin to L. 
 gran)an.'\ 
 
 CORN, korn, n. {lit.) horn .- a hard homy 
 excrescence on the toe or foot. [Fr. 
 come — Low L. coma — L. comu, horn, 
 akin to E. Horn.] 
 
 CORNCRAKE. Same as Crake. 
 
 CORNEA, kor'ne-a, n. the transparent 
 homy membrane which forms the front 
 part of the eye. 
 
 CORNEL, kor'nel, n. the cornelian-cherry 
 or dogwood-tree, so named from the 
 homy or hard nature of its wood. [O. 
 Fr. comille, Low L. corniola, cornolium 
 —T-,. cornit, a horn.] 
 
 CORNELIAN, kor-ne'li-an, n. a precious 
 stone, a variety of chalcedonj'. [Fr. 
 cornaKne — L. comu, a horn, the stone 
 being so called from the likeness of its 
 color to the reddish tint of the finger- 
 nail.] 
 
 CORNER, kor'ner, n. a ^orji-like projec- 
 tion : the point where two lines meet : a 
 .secret or confined place : in speculation, 
 a clique or party formed for the purpose 
 of obtaining possession of the whole or 
 greater part of a particular stock or other 
 species of property, and thus creating a 
 demand for it at high prices. [O. Fr. 
 corniere — L. comii.l 
 
 'l:ORNER, kor'ner, v.t. to place at a disad- 
 vantage : to checkmate : also, to create 
 a scarcity of, as of a particular stock or 
 the like, after having obtained command 
 of the supply. [See above noun.] 
 
 CORNERED, kor'herd, adj. having cor- 
 ners. 
 
 CORNER-STONE, kor'ner-ston, n. the 
 stone which unites the two walls of a 
 building at a corner : the principal 
 stone, esp. the corner of the foundation 
 of a building : hence (fig.) something of 
 very great importance, as that upon 
 which other things rest. 
 
 CORNET, kor'net. n. (lit.) a little horn : a 
 horn-shaped trumpet : formerly a body 
 of cavalry accompanied by a cornet- 
 player : formerly, the lowest rank of 
 commissioned officers in the British cav- 
 alry, corresponding to the present sub- 
 lieutenant. — n. Cor'net-a-PIS'TON, a kind 
 of comet with valves and pistons. [Fr. 
 cornet, dim. of cortie, a horn, trumpet. 
 See Corn, (lit.) horn.] 
 
 CORNETCY, kor'net-si, n. the commission 
 or rank of a comet. 
 
 CORNICE, kor'nis, n. the highest moulded 
 projection of a wall or column, etc. 
 
 F 
 
 [Fr. — It. — Low L. corontv, coronicis — Gr. 
 koronis. a curved line, a flourish ; akin to 
 L. corona. 1 
 
 CORNICULATE, kor - nik'Q - lat, adj., 
 horned : shaped like a horn. [L. comic- 
 idatus — corniculnm, dim. of comu.] 
 
 CORNIFICATION, kor'nif-i-ka'shun, n. the 
 growth or formation of horn. Sotithey. 
 [L. comu, a horn, and facio, to make.] 
 
 CORNIGEROUS, kor-nij"'er-us, adj.^ bear- 
 ing horns. [L. comu, and gero, to bear.] 
 
 CORN-LAWS, korn-lawz, n. (in England) 
 laws that restricted the importation of 
 wheat, etc., bv imposing a duty, repealed 
 in 1846. 
 
 CORNOPEAN, kor-no'pe-an, «. a musical 
 wind-instrument of the horn or trumpet 
 kind. [From L. comu. a horn.] 
 
 CORNUCOPIA, kor-nu-ko'pi-a, n. (lit.) the 
 horn of plenty : according to the fable, 
 the horn of the goat that suckled Jupi- 
 ter, placed among the stars as an em- 
 blem of plenty. [L. comu, and copia, 
 plenty.] 
 
 COROLLA, ko-rol'a, n. the inner covering 
 of a flswer composed of one or more 
 leaves called petals. [L. corolla, dim. of 
 corona, a, crown.] 
 
 COROLLARY, kor ol-a-ri, n. an inference 
 or deduction from recognized facts. [L. 
 corollarium, a little garland, a gratuity 
 — corolla.] 
 
 CORONAL, kor'o-nal, CORONARY, kor'o- 
 nar-i, adj. pertaining to a crown, or to 
 the top of the head. — CORONAL, n. a 
 crown or garland : the frontal bone. [L. 
 corona, a crown.] 
 
 CORONATION, kor-o-na'shun, n. the act 
 of crowning a sovereign. [L. coronatio.] 
 
 CORONER, kor'o-ner, n. an officer, in 
 mc;!. States elected, whose duty is to 
 inquire into the causes of accidental or 
 suspicious deaths. 
 
 CORONET, kor'o-net, n. a small or inferior 
 crown worn by the nobility : an orna- 
 mental head-dress. — adj. Cor'oneted, 
 having or wearing a coronet. 
 
 CORONIS, ko-ro'nis, n. the curved line or 
 flourish at the end of a book or chapter ; 
 hence, the end generally. (Rare.) " The 
 coronis of this matter is thus : some bad 
 ones in this family were punish'd strictly, 
 all rebuked, not all amended." — Bp. 
 Racket. Also in Oreek gram, a sign of 
 contraction ( ' ) placed over a syllable. 
 [Gr. koronis.] 
 
 CORPORAL, kor'po-ral, n. among infan- 
 try, a non-commissioned or sub-officer 
 next in rank to a sergeant : in the navy, 
 an officer under a master-at-arms. — n. 
 Cor'poralship. [Fr. caporal — It. cajio- 
 rale — caj)o, the head — L. caput, the 
 head.] 
 
 CORPORAL, kor'po-ral, adj. belonging or 
 relating to the body : having a body : 
 not spiritual. — n. the cloth used in Catho- 
 lic churches for covering the elements of 
 the Eucharist.— adt;. Cor'poeally. [L. 
 corporalis — cor2}us, corporis, the bodv.] 
 
 CORPORATE, kor'po-rat, adj. legally 
 united into a body so as to act as an in- 
 dividual : belonging to a corporation : 
 united.— nrfc. Cor'porately. — n. CoR'- 
 porateness. [L. corporatus — corporo, 
 to shape into a Dody, from corjjus.] 
 
 CORPORATION, kor-po-ra'shun, n. a body 
 or society authorized by law to act as one 
 individual. 
 
 CORPOREAL, kor-po're-al, adj. having a 
 body or substance : material. — adv. CoR- 
 po'really. — n. Corporeal'ity. [L. cor- 
 poreus.] 
 
 CORPS, kor, n. a large body of soldiers, 
 consisting of .two divisions, and forming 
 a complete army by itself :— pZ. CORPS, 
 korz. [Fr., from L. corpus.] 
 
 CORPSE, korps, n. the dead body of a hu- 
 
 man being. [O. Fr. corjJS, or cars, the 
 body — Lat. corpus; akin to A.S. hrif. 
 See 'Midriff.] 
 
 CORPULENCE, kor'pu-lens, CORPU- 
 LENCY, kor'pu-len-si, ?!. fleshiness of 
 body : excessive fatness. 
 
 CORPULENT, kor'pu-lent, adj having a 
 large body: fleshy or fat. — adv. CoR'PU- 
 lently. [Fr. — L. corpulentus — corpus, a 
 body.] 
 
 CORPUSCLE, kor'pus-l, n. a minute par- 
 ticle : a physical atom. — odjs. CORPUS'- 
 cular, Corpus'culous. Prof. Tyndall. 
 [L. corpusctilum, a little body, dim. of 
 corpus, a body.] 
 
 CORRECT, kor-ekt', v.t. to inake right: to 
 remove faults : to punish : to counter- 
 balance.— ad/, made right or straight : 
 free from faults : true. — adv. COR- 
 RECT' LY. — n. Correct'ness. [L. corrigo, 
 correctus — cor, intensive, rego, to rule, 
 set right.] 
 
 CORRECTION,kor-ek'shun, n. amendment: 
 punishment. 
 
 CORRECTIONAL, kor-ek'shun-al, COR- 
 RECTIVE, kor-ekt'iv, adj. tending, or 
 having the power, to correct. — Coreect'- 
 rvE, n. that which corrects. 
 
 CORRECTOR, kor-ekt'or, n. he who, or 
 that which, corrects. 
 
 CORRELATABLE, ko-re-lat'a-bl. adj. ca- 
 pable of being correlated : assignable to 
 correlation. 
 
 CORRELATE, kor'e-lat, v.i. to be mutually 
 related, as father and son — n. Correla'- 
 TION. [Coined from L. cor, with, and 
 
 RfT ATP I 
 
 CORRELATIVE, kor-el'a-tiv, adj., mutually 
 or reciprocally related, —n. person or 
 thing correspondingly related to another 
 person or thing.^ — adv. Coerel'atively. 
 — n. Correl'ativeness. 
 
 CORRESPOND, kor-e-spond',r.?. to answer, 
 suit : to hold intercourse, especially by 
 sending and receiving letters. — odr. fcoR- 
 respond'ingly. [Coined from L. cor, 
 with, and Respond.] 
 
 CORRESPOND ENCE. kor-e-spond'ens, 
 CORRESPONDENCY, kor-e-spond'en-si, 
 n. suitableness: friendly intercourse: com- 
 munication by means of letters : letters 
 which pass between correspondents. 
 
 CORRESPONDENT, kor-e-spond'ent, adj. 
 agreeing with : suitable. — n. one with 
 whom intercourse is kept up by let irs. 
 — adv. Correspond'ently. 
 
 CORRIDOR, kor'i-dor, n. a passage-waj or 
 open gallery running along, communi- 
 cating with separate chambers. [Fr. — 
 It. corridore, a runner, a running— It. cor- 
 rere, to run — L. curro.] 
 
 CORRIGENDA, kor-i-jen'da, n.pl. things 
 to be corrected. 
 
 CORRIGIBLE, kor'i-ji-bl, adj. that may be 
 corrected, reformed, or ))unished. 
 
 CORROBORANT, kor-ob'o-rant, CORROB- 
 ORATIVE, kor-ob'o-rat-iv, adj. tending 
 to confirm. — n. that which corroborates. 
 
 CORROBORATE, kor-ob'o-rat, v.t. to con- 
 firm : to make more certain. [L. cor, in- 
 tensive, and roboro. roboratus, to make 
 strong. See ROBUST.] 
 
 CORROBORATION, kor-ob-o-ra'shun, n, 
 confirmation. 
 
 CORRODE, kor-o'", x:t. to gnaw or eat 
 away bj' degret. : to rust. [L. cor, in- 
 tensive, rodo. rosus. to gnaw.] 
 
 CORRODENT, kor-od'ent, adj. having the 
 power of corroding. — n. that which cor 
 rodes. 
 
 CORROSION, kor-6'zhun, n. act of eating' 
 or wasting awav. 
 
 CORROSIVE, kor-os'iv, adj. having the 
 quality of eating away. — n. that which 
 has the power of corroding. — adv. COR- 
 ROS'IVELY.— n. CORROS'IVENESS. [L. COT- 
 
 ro.fus. See Corrode.]
 
 CORRUGATE 
 
 COULD 
 
 CORRUGATE, kor'oo-gat, v.t. to icrinkle 
 or draw into folds. — n. Corbuga'tion. 
 [L. cor, intensive, rugo, rugatus, to 
 wrinkle — ruga, a wrinkle.] 
 
 CORRUPT, kor-upt', v.t. to make putrid : 
 to defile: to debase: to bribe. — i:i. to 
 rot : to lose puritj-. — adj. putrid : de- 
 praved : defiled : not genuine : full of 
 errors. — adv. Corrupt'ly. — 7is. Corrcpt'- 
 NESS, Corrxtpt'er. [L. eor, intensive, 
 and rumpo. rujitus, to break.] 
 
 CORRUPTIBLE, kor-upt'i-bl. udj. liable to 
 he corrupted. — adv. Corrupt'ibly. — ns. 
 CORRUPTIBIL'rrY, Corrupt'ibleness. 
 
 CORRUPTION, kor-up'.shun, n. rottenness: 
 putrid matter : impuritv : briberv. 
 
 CORRUPTPVE, kor-upt'iv", adj. having- the 
 qualitj- of corrupting. 
 
 CORSAIR, kor'Har, n. a pirate : a pirate's 
 vessel. [Fr. corsaire, one who makes 
 the course or ranges — L. cursus, a run- 
 ning — curro, to run.] 
 
 CORSE, kors, n. a poetic form of Corpse. 
 
 CORSELET, CORSLET, kors'let, n. a piece 
 of armor for covering the body. [Fr. 
 corselet, dim. of O. Fr. cors — L. corpus, 
 the body.] 
 
 CORSET, kor'set, n. an article of women's 
 dress laced round the body : stays. [Dim. 
 of O. Fr. cors — L. corjiits, the body.] 
 
 CORTEGE, kor'tazh, ?i. a train of attend- 
 ants, orig. applied only to the court : a 
 procession. [Fr. — It. corteggio — corte, 
 court. See Court.] 
 
 CORTES, kor'tes, n. the parliament of Spain 
 and Portugal. [Sp., pZ. of cor/e, a court.] 
 
 CORTEX, kor'teks, n. the hark or skin of 
 a plant : a covering. — adj. COR'TICAL, 
 pertaining to hark : external. [L. cor- 
 te.c. cortlcis, bark. See Cork.] 
 
 CORTICATE, kor'ti-kat, CORTICATED, 
 kor'ti-kat-ed, adj. furnished with bark ; 
 resembling bark. 
 
 CORUNDUM, ko-run'dum,ji. a crystallized 
 mineral of extreme hardness, consisting 
 of pu'-e alumina, used for polishing gems. 
 [Hinci Vjfj'fOid.] 
 
 CORUSCATE, ko-rusTiat or kor'-, v.i. to 
 sparkle: to throw off flashes of light. — 
 adj. CoRUS'CA>T, flashing. [L. corusco, 
 coruscatus, to vibrate, g-litter — coruseus.] 
 
 CORUSCATION, ko - rus - ka'shun, n. a 
 glittering : sudden flash of light. 
 
 CORVETTE, kor-vet', n. a smaU ship of 
 war, next to a frigate. [Fr. — Port, cor- 
 beta — L. corbita. a slow - sailing ship, 
 from coring, a basket.] 
 
 CORVINE, korMn, adj. pertaining to the 
 crow. [L. corvinxis — corvus, a crow.] 
 
 CORYPHEUS, kor-i-fe'us, n. the chief or 
 leader, esp. the leader of the chorus in 
 the Attic drama. [L. — Gr. koryphaios — 
 koryphe, the head.] 
 
 COSE, koz, n. anything snug, comfort- 
 able, or cosey : specifically, a snug con- 
 versation. Written also Coze. " They 
 might have a comfortable coze." — Miss 
 Artstoi. 
 
 COSE, koz, v.t. to be snug, comfortable, 
 or cosey. " The sailors cose round the 
 fire with wife and child." — Kingsley. 
 
 COSECANT, ko-se'kant. COSINE, ko'sin, 
 COTANGENT, ko-tan'jent, ns. {math.) 
 the secant, sine, or tangent respectively 
 of the complement of an arc or angle of 
 90°. 
 
 COS E ISMAL, ko-sis'mal, n. the curve 
 formed by the points at which the wave- 
 swell of an earthquake reaches the sur- 
 face : the line along which an earth- 
 quake is simultaneously felt. Used also 
 adjectivelj', as a coseismal line. "The 
 coseismal zone of maximum disturbance." 
 — R. Mallet. [Prefix co, and Gr. seismos, 
 an earthquake.] 
 
 COSJIETIC, koz-met'ik, atlj. improving 
 beauty, especially that of the complex- 
 
 ion. — 11. a preparation used for beautify- 
 ing the complexion. — adl'.COSMET'lCALLY. 
 [Gr. kosmetikos — kosmeo, to adorn — kos- 
 mos, order, ornament.] 
 COSMIC, koz'mik, COSMICAL, koz'mik-al, 
 adj. relating to the u-orld or to the uni- 
 .'erse : of or pertaining to cosmism ; as, 
 the cosmic philosophj- : (astron.) rising 
 or setting with the sun. — adv. Cos'mic- 
 AIXY. [&r. kosmikos — kosmos.] 
 COSMISM, koz'mizm. n. that system of 
 philosophy based on the doctrine of evo- 
 lution enunciated by Mr. Herbert Spencer 
 and his school : a phase of positivism. 
 COSMOCRAT, koz'mo-krat, u. rider of the 
 universe or of the world : in the extract 
 applied to the devil. [Gr. kosmos, the 
 universe, and krateo, to rule.] 
 You will not think, sreat Cogmocrat! 
 
 That I spend my time in fooling ; 
 Many irons, my Sire, have we in tlie fire. 
 And I must leave none of them coolinsr. 
 
 — Souihey. 
 
 COSMOGONIST, koz-mog'o-nist, n. one 
 who speculates on the origin of the uni- 
 verse. 
 
 COSMOGONY, koz-mog'o-ni, .i. the science 
 of the formation of the xmiverse. [Gr. 
 kosmogonia — kosmos. and gon, root of 
 gignomai. to be born.] 
 
 COSMOGRAPHIC, koz-mo-graf'ik, COS- 
 MOGRAPHICAL, koz-mo-graf'ik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to cosmography. 
 
 COSMOGRAPHY, koz-mog'ra-fi, n. (lit.) a 
 description of the world : the science 
 of the constitution of the universe. — n. 
 Cosmog'Rapher. [Gr. kosmographia — 
 kosmos, and grapho, to write.] 
 
 COSMOLOGIST, koz-mol'o-jist, n. one 
 versed in cosmology. 
 
 COSMOLOGY, koz-mol'o-ji, n. the science 
 of the universe : a treatise on the struct- 
 ure and parts of the system of creation. 
 — adj. CosiiOLOG'iCAL. [Coined from Gr. 
 kosmos, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 COSMOPOLITAN, koz-mo-pol'i-tan, COS- 
 MOPOLITE, koz-mop'o-llt, H. (lit.) a eiti- 
 zen of the u-orld : one who can make a 
 home everywhere : one free from local 
 or national prejudices. — )i. Cosmopol'i- 
 TANISM. [Gr. kosmopolites — kosmos, and 
 polites, a citizen — polls, a city.] 
 
 COSMORAMA, koz-mo-ra'ma, n. a view, 
 or a series of views, of different parte of 
 the world. — adj. Cosmoram'ic. [Gr. kos- 
 mos, and horama, a spectacle — horao, to 
 see.] 
 
 COSMOS, koz'mos, n. the world as an 
 orderly or systematic whole, opposed to 
 chaos. [Gr.] 
 
 COSMOTHEISM, koz-mo-the'izm, n. same 
 as Pantheism. [Gr. kosmos, the universe, 
 and Tlieos, God.] 
 
 COSSACK, kos'ak, n. one of a warlike tribe 
 in the east and south of Russia. [Russ. 
 Easake (of Tai-tar origin), a light-armed 
 soldier, a robber.] 
 
 COST, kost, v.t. to bring a certain price : 
 to require to be laid out or suffered : — 
 2)a.t. and jM.p. cost. — n. wliat is laid out, 
 or suffered to obtain anything — pi. ex- 
 penses of a lawsuit. [Fr. co<i/er, O. Fr. 
 couster — L. constare, to stand at — con, 
 and stare, to stand.] 
 
 COSTAL, kost'al, adj. relating to the ribs, 
 or to the side of tlie body. IL. costa, a 
 rib.l^ '■ 
 
 COSTERMONGER, kos'ter-mung-ger, n. a 
 seller of costards or apples and other 
 fruit : an itinerant seller of fruit. [Cos- 
 tard. a variety of apple, and Monger.] 
 
 COSTIVE, kos'tiv, adj. having the motion 
 of the bowels too slow. — adv. Cos'tively. 
 [Fr. constipe. See Constipate.] 
 
 COSTIVENESS. kos'tiv-ne% n. slowness in 
 the action of the bowels. 
 
 COSTLY, kost'li, adj. of great cost : high- 
 priced : valuable. — n. Cost'UNESS. 
 
 COSTUME, kos-tum', n. the manner of 
 dressing prevalent at a particular 
 period or place : dress. [Fr. — It. — Low 
 L. costuma ■ — L. eonsuetudo, custom. 
 Doublet of Custom.] 
 
 COT, kot, n. a small dtvelling, a cottage; 
 a small bed : a sleeping-place on board 
 ship : an inclosure for sheep or cattle. 
 [A.S. cote, a cot or den ; a doublet of 
 Coat.] 
 
 COTE, kot, n. an inclosure for sheep, etc. 
 [A varietv of CoT.] 
 
 COTEMPORANEOUS, ko-tem-po-ra'ne-us, 
 COTEMPORARY, k5-tem'po-rar-i. Same 
 as Contemporaneous, Contemporary. 
 
 COTERIE, ko'te-re, n. a number of jjersons 
 who meet familiarly for social, literary, 
 or other purposes. [Fr. : orig. a number 
 of peasants clubbed together to obtain a 
 tenure of land from a lord — Low L. cota, 
 a hut. See CoT.] 
 
 COTILLON, COTILLION. ko-til'jTin, n. a 
 brisk dance by eight persons. [Fr. — cotte, 
 a petticoat — Low L. cotta, a tunic. See 
 Coat.] 
 
 COTQUEAN, kot'kwen, n. a man who 
 busies himself with women's affairs. 
 [Cot. a small house, and quean.'] 
 
 COTTAGE, kot'aj, n. a cot : formerly ap- 
 plied to a hut or hovel, now to a small 
 neat dwelling. 
 
 COTTAGER, kot'aj-er, »j. one who dwells 
 in a cottage. 
 
 COTTAR, COTTER, kot'er, n. same as 
 
 COTTON, kot'n. n. a soft substance like 
 fine wool, got from the pods of the cot- 
 ton-plant : cloth made of cotton. [Fi-. 
 colon — Ar. qntun.] 
 
 COTYLE. kot'i-le, COTYLA, kot'i-la, n. 
 in anaf. the cavity of a bone which re- 
 ceives the end of another in articulation : 
 in zool. one of the suctorial cups or disks 
 of the arms of a cuttle-fish, by means of 
 which it attaches itself to any object, on 
 the principle of a boy's sucker. [Gr. 
 kotyle. a hollow, ca\ity.] 
 
 COTYLEDON, kot-i-le'don, n. a atp-shaped 
 leaf or lobe in certain plants, forming 
 part of the seed, and on which the grow- 
 ing germ is nourished, [fir. kotyledon — 
 kotyle, a cup.] 
 
 COTYLEDONOUS. kot-i-le'don-us or -led'- 
 on-us, adj. pertaining to or having coty- 
 ledons or seed-lobes. 
 
 COTYLIGEROUS, kot-i-lij'er-us, adj. fur- 
 nished with cotyles. 
 
 COUCH, kowch. v.t. to lay dmni on a bed, 
 etc. : to arrange in language, to express : 
 to depress or remove a cataract in the 
 eye. — v.i. to lie down for the purpose of 
 sleep, concealment, etc. : to bend or stoop 
 in reverence. — CouCH a speab, to fix it in 
 its rest at the side of the armor. [Fr. 
 coucher, to lay or lie down. O. Fr. colcher 
 — L. collocarc, to place — col, and locus, a 
 placej 
 
 COUCH, kowch, n. any place for rest or 
 sleep : a bed. 
 
 COUCHANT, kowch'ant, adj., couching or 
 lying down with the head raised. [Fr., 
 pr.p. of coucher.] 
 
 COUCHMATE, kowch'mat, n. one who lies 
 in the same couch or bed with another : 
 a bed-fellow : a bed-mate : hence a hus- 
 band or wife. Brotrning. 
 
 COUGAR, koo'gar, n. an Anierican animal 
 same as the puma. [Brazilian.] 
 
 COUGH, kof, n. an effort of the lungs to 
 throw off injurious matter, accompanied 
 by a harsh sound, proceeding from the 
 throat. — v.i. to make this effort. — v.t. to 
 expel from the throat or lungs by a cough. 
 [From a Low Ger. root found in I>ut. 
 kugchen, to cough, imitative of th» 
 sound.] 
 
 COULD, kood, past tense of Can. [O. E.
 
 COULTER 
 
 63 
 
 COUSINRY 
 
 coiide, couth — A.S. cuthe for cunthe. was 
 able ; I is inserted from the influence of 
 would and should.] 
 
 COULTER. See Coltee. 
 
 COTJNCIL, kown'sil, n. an assembly called 
 together for deliberation or advice. [Fr. 
 concile — L. condlium — con, together, and 
 root cal, to call.] 
 
 COUNCILLOR, kown'sil-or, n. a member 
 
 ' ofaco««cj7. 
 
 £XDUNSEL, kown'sel, n., consultation : de- 
 liberation : advice : plan : purpose : one 
 who gives counsel, a barrister or advo- 
 cate. — v.t. to give advice: to warn: — 
 pr.p. coun'selling; pa.p. coun'selled. JTr. 
 cotiseil — L. consilium, advice — consulere, 
 to consult.] 
 
 COUNSELLOR, kown'sel-or, n. one who 
 counsels : a barrister. — n. Coun'seixor- 
 
 SHIP. 
 
 COUNT, kownt, n. on the continent, a title 
 of nobility equal in rank to an English 
 eail.— /ei?t. Couut'ess, the v;ile ot a, count 
 or earl. [Fr. comie, from L. comes, 
 eomitis, a companion (of a prince) — con, 
 with, and eo, itum, to go.] 
 
 COUNT, kownt, v.t. to number, sum up : 
 to ascribe : esteem : consider. — v.i. to add 
 to or increase a number by being counted 
 to it : to depend. — n. act of numbering : 
 the number counted : a particularcharge 
 In an indictment. — «cf/. Coujct'less. [O. 
 Fr. eunter, Fr. compter — L. computare. 
 See Compute.] 
 
 COUNTENANCE, kown'ten-ans, n. the 
 face : the expression of the face : appear- 
 ance. — v.t. to favor or approve. [Fr. 
 eontenance — L. continentia, restraint, in 
 LateL. demeanor — L. confinere, to con- 
 tain. See Contaix.] 
 
 COUNTER, kown'ter, n. he who or that 
 which counts: tliat which indicates a 
 number: a piece of metal, etc., used in 
 
 I reckoning : a table on which money is 
 counted or goods laid. 
 
 COUNTER, kown'ter, adv., against : in 
 opposition. — adj. contrary : opposite. 
 [L. contra, against.] 
 
 COUNTERACT, kown-ter-akt', v.t. to act 
 counter or in opposition to : to hinder or 
 defeat.— w. Counteeac'tion. 
 
 COUNTERACTRT:. kown-ter-akt'iv, adj. 
 tending to counteract. — n. one who or 
 that which counteracts. — adv. Counter- 
 act' itely. 
 
 COUNTERBALANCE, kown-ter-bal'ans, 
 f.^. to balance by weight on the opposite 
 side : to act against with equal weight, 
 power, or influence. 
 
 COUNTERBALANCE, kown'ter-bal-ans, n. 
 an equal weight, power, or agency work- 
 ing in opposition. 
 
 COUNTERFEIT, kown'ter-flt, v.t. to imi- 
 tate : to copy without authority : to 
 forge. [Fr. contrefait, from contrefaire, 
 to imitate — L. contra, against, facere, to 
 do, to make.1 
 
 COUNTERFEIT, kown'ter-flt, n. some- 
 thing false or copied, or that pretends to 
 be true and original. — adj. pretended : 
 made in imitation of : forged : false. 
 
 COUNTERFOIL, kovvn'ter-foil, n. the cor- 
 responding part of a tally or check. 
 [Counter and Foil]. 
 
 COUNTERMAND, kown-ter-mand', v.t. to 
 give a command in opposition to one 
 already given : to revoke. [Fr. eontre- 
 mandei — L. contra, against, and mando, 
 *,o order.] 
 
 COUNTERJIAND, kown'ter-mand, n. a 
 revocation of a former order. — adj. 
 Countermand' AB1.E. 
 
 COUNTERMARCH, kown-ter-march', v.i. 
 to march back or in a direction contrary 
 to a former one. 
 
 COUNTERMARCH, kown'ter-mfirch, n. a 
 marching backward or in a direction dif- 
 
 . ferent from a former one : (mil.) an evo- 
 lution by which a body of men change 
 front, and still retain the same men in 
 the front rank : change of measm-es. 
 
 COUNTERPANE, kown'ter-pan, n. a cov- 
 ei'let for a bed, stitched or woven in 
 squares. [A corr. of O. Fr. contre- 
 poincte, which is a corr. of coultepointe 
 — L. culcita puncta, a stitched pillow or 
 cover. See QuiLT.] 
 
 COUNTERPART, kown'ter-part, n. the 
 part that answers to another part : that 
 which fits into or completes another, 
 having the qualities which the other 
 lacks, and so an opposite. 
 
 COUNTERPOINT, kown'ter-point, n. the 
 older form of COUNTERPANE. 
 
 COUNTERPOINT, kown'ter-point, n. 
 (music) written harmony which originally 
 consisted of points placed opposite to 
 each other : the setting of a harmony of 
 one or more parts to a melody : the art 
 of composition. [Fr. contrepoint — contre, 
 against, and point, a point. See Coxjnter 
 and Point.] 
 
 COUNTERPOISE, kown-ter-poiz*, v.t. to 
 jjoise or weigh against or on the opposite 
 side : to act in opposition to with equal 
 effect. — n. COUNTERPOISE, an equally 
 heavy weight in the other scale. [COUNT- 
 ER and Poise.] 
 
 COUNTERSCARP.kown'ter-skarp,ra. (for;.) 
 the side of the ditch nearest to the besieg- 
 ers and opposite to the scarp. [Counter 
 and Scarp.] 
 
 COUNTERSIGN, kown'ter-sin, v.t. to sign 
 on the opposite side of a writing ; to sign 
 in addition to the signature of a superior, 
 to attest the aiithenticitj' of a writing. — 
 n. a military private sign or word, which 
 must be given in order to pass a sentry : 
 a counter-signature. [CouNTERand Sign.] 
 
 COUNTER-SIGNATURE, kown'ter-sig'na- 
 tur, n. a na.mecountersignedtoa.'vrritvag. 
 
 COUNTERSTAND, kown'ter-stand. ?). the 
 act of resisting or making a stand against: 
 opposition : resistance. Longfelloiv, 
 
 COUNTER-TENOR, kown'ter'-ten'or, n. 
 name applied to alto, when sung by a male 
 voice (so called, because a contrast to 
 tenor). 
 
 COUNTERVAIL, kown-ter-val', v.t. to be 
 of avail against : to act against with 
 equal effect : to be of equal value to. 
 [Counter and Avail.] 
 
 COUNTESS. See under COUNT. 
 
 COUNTRY, kun'tri, n. a rural region as 
 distinct from a town : a tract of land : 
 the land in which one was born, or in 
 which one resides. — adj. belonging to the 
 country : rustic : rude. [Fr. con free — 
 Low L. contrata, contrada, an extension 
 of L. contra, over against. It was a 
 name adapted by the German settlers in 
 Gaul as a translation of Ger. qegend, 
 region (from gegen, over against).] 
 
 COUNTRY-DANCE. See Contra-dance. 
 
 COUNTRYMAN, kun'tri-man, n. one who 
 liveB in the country : a farmer : one born 
 in the same country with another. 
 
 COUNTY, kown'ti, n. (orig.) the province 
 ruled by a count : a division of a State in 
 U. S. with a chief city, called the county- 
 seat : a shire (Eng.). 
 
 COUPLE, kup'l, n. two of a kind joined 
 together, or connected : two : a pair. — 
 v.t. to join together: to unite. [Fr., 
 from L. copula. See Copula.] 
 
 COUPLET, l»p'let, n., tico lines of verse 
 that rhyme with each other. 
 
 COUPLING, kup'ling, n. that which con- 
 nects. 
 
 COUPON, koo'pong, n. an interest warrant 
 attached to transferable bonds, which is 
 cut off when prpsfnted for payment. [Fr. 
 — caliper, to cut off.] 
 
 COURAGE, kur'aj, )j. the quality that en- 
 
 ables men to meet dangers without fear: 
 bravery : spirit. [Fr. courage, from L. 
 cor. the heart.] 
 
 COURAGEOUS, kur-a'jus, adj., full of 
 courage : brave. — adv. Goura'geously. — ■ 
 n. Coura'geousness. 
 
 COURIER, koo'ri-er, n . a runner ; a messen- 
 ger : a state servant or messenger : a 
 travelUng attendant. [Fr., from eourir 
 — L. currere, to run.] 
 
 COURSE, kors, ?7. the act of running: the 
 road or track on which one runs : the 
 direction pursued : a voj'age : a race : 
 regular progress from point to point : 
 method of procedure : conduct : a part 
 of a meal served at one time. [Fr. cours 
 — L. cursus, from curro, cursum, to run.] 
 
 COURSE, kors, v.t. to run, chase, or hunt 
 after. — r.i. to move with speed as in a 
 race or hunt. 
 
 COURSER, kors'er, n. a runner : a swift 
 horse : one who courses or hunts. 
 
 COURSING, kors'ing, n., hunting with grey- 
 hounds. 
 
 COURT, kort, n. a space inclosed : a space 
 surrounded by houses : the palace of a 
 sovereign : the body of persons who form 
 his suite or council : attention : civility, 
 as to pay court : (lair) the hall of ju-stice : 
 the judges and officials who preside there: 
 any body of persons assembled to decide 
 causes, whether civil, military, or eccle- 
 siastical. — v.t. to pay attentions to : to 
 woo : to solicit : to seek. — n. Court'yard, 
 a court or inclosure near a house. [Fr. 
 cour, O. Fr. cort — Low L. cortis, a court- 
 yard — L. cors, cohors, an inclosure ; akin 
 to Gr. chortos, an inclosed place, L. hor- 
 tus, a garden. See Yard.] 
 
 COURTEOUS, kurt'yus, adj. of court-like 
 manners : polite : respectful : obliging. 
 —adv. Couht'eously.— n. Couet'eous- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 COURTESAN, COURTEZAN, kurt'e-zan, 
 n. a fashionable prostitute. [Sp. corte- 
 Sana — corte, court. See Court. ]^ 
 
 COURTESY, kurt'e-si, n., courtliness: ele- 
 gance of manner : an act of civility or 
 respect. 
 
 COURTESY, lairt'si, n. the gesture of salu- 
 tation or respect performed by women 
 by slightly depressing the body and bend- 
 ing the knees. — v.i. to make a courtesy : 
 — pr.p. court'esjung ; pa.j). court'esied. 
 [O. Fr. cortoisie. See Court.] 
 
 COURTIER, kort'yer, n. one who frequents 
 courts or palaces : one who courts or flat- 
 
 COURTIERISM, kort'i-er-izm, 71. the prac- 
 tices and behavior of a courtier. " The 
 perked-up courtierism and pretentious 
 nullitv of many here.'' — Carlyle. 
 
 COURTLEDGE, kort'lej, n. same as Curti- 
 lage. " Arambhng courtledge of barns 
 and walls." — Kingsley. 
 
 COURTLY, kort'li, adj. ha^^ng manners 
 like those of a court : elegant. — n. COURT'- 
 liness. 
 
 COURT-MARTIAL, kort'-milr'shal, n. a 
 court held bj' officers of the ai-my or 
 navy for the trial of offences against 
 military or naval laws : — pi. COUETS- 
 
 MAE'TIAL. 
 
 COURT-PLASTER, kort'-plas'ter, n. stick- 
 ing plaster made of silk, orig. applied as 
 patches on the face bv ladies at court. 
 
 COURTSHIP, kort'ship', n. the act of woo- 
 ing with intention to marry. 
 
 COUSIN, kuz'n, n. formerly, a kinsman 
 generally : now, the son or daughter of 
 an uncle or aunt. — CousiN-GERMAN.a first- 
 cousin. [Fr. — L. consobrinus — con, sig. 
 connection, and sobrinus for sororinus, 
 applied to the children of sisters — soror, 
 a sister.] 
 
 COUSINRY, kuz'n-ri, n. cousins collective- 
 ly : relatives : kindred. " Of the numer-
 
 COUSINSHIP 
 
 ous and now mostly forgettable coustnry 
 we specify farther only the Mashams of 
 Otes in Essex."— CarZ?/Ze. 
 
 COUSESrSHIP, kuz'n-sliip, 11. the state of 
 being cousins : relationship: cousinhood. 
 George Eliot. 
 
 COVE, kov, 11. a small inlet of the sea : a 
 bay. — v.t. to overarch, and thus form a 
 hollow. [A.S. cofa, a chamber ; Ice. 
 Tiofi, a shed ; not to be confused with 
 cave or alcove.'] 
 
 COVENANT, kuv'e-nant, n. a mutual 
 agreement : the writing containing the 
 agreement. — v.i. to enter into an agree- 
 ment : to contract or bargain. [O. Fr. 
 — L. con, together, and venio, to come.] 
 
 COVENANTED, kuv'en-ant-ed, adj. hold- 
 ing a position, situation, or the like 
 under a covenant. — Covenanted crvrL 
 SERVICE, that branch of the British Indian 
 civil service whose members enter a 
 special department after being sent out 
 from Britain, and are entitled to regular 
 promotion and a pension after serving a 
 specified number of J'ears and who can- 
 not resign without permission, 
 
 CO\TENANTER, kuv-e-nant'er, ,. one who 
 signed or adhered to the Scottish Na- 
 tional Covenant of 1638. 
 
 COVER, kuv'er, v.t. to hide : to clothe : to 
 shelter : to brood or sit on : to be suffi- 
 cient for, as to cover expense. — h. that 
 ■which covers or protects: {hunting) the 
 retreat of a fox or hare. [Fr. couvrir 
 (It. coprire) — L. cooperire — con, and 
 operio, to cover.] 
 
 COVER, kuv'er, v.i. to lay a table for a 
 meal: to pi-epare a banquet. Shak. ''To 
 cover courtly for a king." — Greene. 
 
 COVERING, kuVer-ing, n. anything that 
 covers. 
 
 COVERLET, kuv'er-let, n. a bedcover. [Fr. 
 couvrelit, from cov/ure, andZii — L. ledum, 
 abed.] 
 
 COVERT, kuv'ert, adj., covered: con- 
 cealed : secret. — 71. a place that covers 
 or affords protection. 
 
 COVERTLY, kuVert-li, adv. in a covered 
 or concealed manner. 
 
 COVERTURE, kuv'er - tur, n., covering, 
 shelter, defence : (law) the condition of a 
 married woman. 
 
 COVET, kuVet, v.t. or v.i. to desire or 
 wish for eagerly ; to wish for what is un- 
 lawful. — adj. Cov'etable. [O. Fr. cov- 
 eiter, Fr. convoiter ; It. cubitare — L. 
 cupidus, desirous — cupio, to desire.] 
 
 COVETOUS, kuv'et-us, adj. inordinately 
 desirous : avaricious. — adv. Cov'etously. 
 — )!. Cov'etousness. 
 
 COVEY, kuv'i, n. a brood or hatch of birds : 
 a small flock of birds — said of game. [Fr. 
 couvee — couve, pa.p. of couver. to hatch 
 — L. cubo, to lie down.] 
 
 COW, kow, n. the female of the bull. [A.S. 
 cu ; Ger. kuh. Sans, go : from its cry.] 
 
 COW, kow, v.t. to subdue, keep under: 
 to dishearten. [Ice. kuga, Dan. kue, to 
 subdue, to keep under.] 
 COWARD, kow'ard, n. one wlio turns fail : 
 one without courage. [O. Fr. coward, It. 
 codardo — L. catida, a tail.] 
 COWARD, kow'ard, COWARDLY, kow'- 
 ard-li, adj. afraid of danger : timid : 
 mean. — adv. Cow'ardlt. — n. Cow'ardli- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 (30WARDICE, kow'ard-is, n. want of cour- 
 age : timidity. 
 
 COWER, kow'er, v.i. to sink down, gener- 
 ftUy through fear : to crouch. [Of. Ice. 
 kura, Dan. kure, to lie quiet.] 
 
 COWL, kowl, n. a cap or hood : a monk's 
 hood : a cover for a chimney. [A.S. 
 cufle ; Ice. co^ ,- akin to L. cucullus, 
 hood J 
 
 COWLED, kowld, adj. wearing a cowl. 
 
 COWPOX, kow'poks, n. a disease which 
 
 84 
 
 appears in pox or pimples on the teats of 
 the COM', the matter from which is used 
 for Vaccination. 
 COWRY, kow'ri, n. a small shell used as 
 money in the E. Indies and in Africa. 
 [Hind, kauri.] 
 COWSLIP, kow'slip, n. a species of prim- 
 rose which appears early in spring in 
 moist places. [A.S. ku-slyppe, a word of 
 doubtful meaning.] 
 COWTREE, kow'tre, n. a tree that pro- 
 duces a nourishing fluid resembling milk. 
 COXCOMB, koks'kom, n. a strip of red 
 cloth notched like a cock's comb, which 
 professional fools used to wear : a fool : 
 a fop. [Corr. of COCKSCOMB.] 
 COXSWAIN. See COCKSWAIN. 
 COY, koy, adj. modest : bashful : shy. — 
 adv. Cot'ly. — n. Coy'ness. [Fr. coi; 
 from L. quietus, quiet.] 
 COYISH, koj^'ish, adj., somewhat coy. — 
 
 adv. Cot'ishlt. — n. Coy'ishness. 
 COZ, kuz, n. a contraction of COUSIN. 
 COZEN, kuz'n, v.t. to flatter: to cheat. — 
 n. Coz'ener. [From Fr. cousiner, to 
 claim kindred for one's own advantage, 
 play the parasite — cousin, a co\isin.] 
 COZIilNAGE, kuz'n-aj, n. the practice of 
 
 cheating : deceit. 
 COZY, ko'zi, adj. snug : comfortable. — adv. 
 Co'ziLY. [Fr. causer, to chat; prob. fr. 
 Ger. kosen, to caress.] 
 CRAB, krab, n. a common shell-fish having 
 ten legs, the front pair terminating in 
 claws : a sign in the zodiac. [A.S. cra&- 
 ba ; Ger. krabbe.] 
 CRAB, krab, n. a wild bitter apple. [Perh. 
 
 because it pinches, like a crab.] 
 CRABBED, krab'ed, adj. ill-natured : pee- 
 vish : harsh : rough : difficult, perplexing. 
 — adv. Crabb'edly. — n. Crabb'edness. 
 CRABSIDLE, krab'sid-1, v.i. to go or move 
 side foremost like a crab. " Others crab- 
 sidling along." — Southey. 
 CRACK, krak, n. a lie : a fib. "A con- 
 founded crack.'' — Goldsmith. (Old slang.) 
 CRACK, krak, v.i. to utter a sharp sudden 
 sound : to split. — v.t. to produce a sudden 
 noise : to break into chinks : to split : to 
 break partially or wholly. — n. a sudden 
 sharp splitting sound : a chink : a flaw. 
 [A.S. cearcian, to crack ; Dut. krak, 
 Gael, cnae; like Creak, Croak, etc., 
 from the sound.] 
 CRACKER, krak'er, n. the person or thing 
 which cracks : a noisy firework : a hard 
 biscuit. 
 CRACKLE, krak'l, ^\i. to give out sligJit 
 hut frequent cracks. — n. Crack'UCNG, the 
 rind of roasted pork. 
 CRACKLE, krak'l, n. a small crack : spe- 
 cifically applied to a particular kind of 
 chinaware, or to the mode of ornament- 
 ing it. [See Crackun.] 
 CRACKLIN, krak'lin, n. a species of china- 
 ware which is ornamented by a net- 
 work of small cracks in all directions. 
 The ware receives the minute cracks in 
 the kiln with the efl'ect that the glaze or 
 enamel which is afterwards applied ap- 
 pears to be cracked all over. 
 CRACKNEL, krak'nel, n. a hard, brittle 
 
 biscuit. 
 CRADLE, kra'dl, n. a bed or crib in which 
 children are rocked : (Jig.) infancy: a 
 frame in which anything is imbedded : 
 a case for a broken limb : a frame under 
 a ship for launching it : an implement 
 for reaping grain by hand.-»-r'.f. to lay or 
 rock in a cradle. [A.S. cradol, borrowed 
 from Gael, crcathall, a cradle, a grate ; 
 akin to L. craticula, dim. of crates, a 
 crate, and to E. HuRDLE. See Crate.] 
 CRADLE-BABE, kra'dl-bab, n. an infant 
 lying in a cradle. " Mild and gentle as 
 the cradle-babe. " — Shak. 
 CRADLE - CLOTHES, kra'dl - kl6(/iz, ?i. 
 
 CRANK 
 
 clothes worn by a child in the cradle : < 
 swaddling-clothes. 
 
 O that it could be proved 
 That some nieht-tripping fairy had exchanged 
 In cradle-clothes our children where they lay. 
 
 —Shak. 
 
 CRADLE-WALK, kra'dl-wawk,?;. a walk or 
 avenue arched over with trees. " The 
 garden is iust as Sir John Germain 
 brought it from Holland ; pjTamidal 
 yews, treillages, and square cradle-tvalks 
 with windows clipped in them." — H. 
 Walpole. 
 
 CRAFT, kraft. n. cunning : dexterity : art : 
 trade : small ships. [A.S. craefi ; Ger. 
 kraft, power, energy ; from root of 
 Cramp.] 
 
 CRAFTSMAN, krafts'man, n. one engaged 
 in a craft or trade. J 
 
 CRAFTY, kraft'i, adj. having craft or t 
 skill : cunning : deceitful. — adv. Craft'- . 
 
 ILY. — 71. CRAPT'INESS. 
 
 CRAG, krag, n. a rough, steep rock or ■ 
 point : (geol.) a bed of gravel mixed with 
 shells. [Gael, ereag, W. craig, a rock, 
 which is short for car-eg. a dim. from 
 root car, a rock, whence also earn = E. 
 Cairn.] 
 
 CRAGGED, krag'ed, CRAGGY, krag'i, adj., 
 full of crags or broken rocks : rough ; 
 rugged. — ns. Crago'edness, Cragg'iness. 
 
 CRAKE, krak, CORN'CRAKE, «. the 
 landrail, a migratory bird which lives 
 much among grass, corn, etc. [So 
 named from its cry.] 
 
 CRAM, kram, v.t. to press close : to stuff : 
 to fill to superfluity. — v.i. to eat greedily: 
 — pr.p. cramm'ing ; pa.j7. crammed'. — 71. 
 Cramm'er, one who prepares students 
 for examination by cramming them with 
 the required knowledge. [A.S. cr«7)4- 
 viian ; Ice. kremja, to squeeze ; Dan. 
 kramme, to crumple, crush.] 
 
 CRAMP, kramp, n. a painful spasmodio 
 contraction of muscles : restraint : a ' 
 piece of iron bent at the ends, for hold- 
 ing together wood, stone, etc. — v.t. to 
 aff'ect with spasms : to confine : to 
 hinder : to fasten with a crampiron. 
 [E.; Ger. krampf, conn, with Clamp.] 
 
 CRAMPFISH, kramp'fish, n. the torpedo, 
 because it causes spasms when touched. 
 
 CRANBERRY, kran'ber-i, n. a red, sour 
 berry growing on a stalk resembling the 
 neck of a crane, much used for tarts, etc. 
 
 CRANCH. krancb. Same as Crunch. 
 
 CRANE, kran, n. a large wading bird, with 
 long legs, neck, and bill : a bent pipe for 
 drawing liquor out of a cask, a machine 
 for raising heavy weights — both named 
 from their likeness to the bird. [A.S. 
 cran; Ger. kranich, W. garan ; Gr. 
 geranos, L. grus, a crane, from the 
 sound ; cf. Garrulous.] 
 
 CRANIAL, kra'ni-al, adj. pertaining to the 
 cranium. 
 
 CRANIOLOGIST, kra-ni-ol'o-jist, n. one 
 skilled in craniologv. 
 
 CRANIOLOGY, kra-ni-ol'o-ji, n. the study 
 of skulls : phrenologj'. — adj. Craniolog'- 
 ICAL. [Low L. cranium, a skull, and Gr. 
 logos, a discourse.] 
 
 CRANIUM, kra'ni-um, n. the skull : the 
 bones inclosing the brain. [Low L. cra- 
 nium — Gr. kranion, from kare, the head.] 
 
 CRANK, krangk, n. a crook or bend : a 
 bend on an axis for comnmnicating 
 motion : a twisting or conceit in speech 
 
 tFrom an E. root krank, seen also in 
 )ut. kronkelen, krinkelen, to curl, twist, 
 bend : also in E. Cringe, Crinkle.] 
 CRANK, krangk, CRANKLE, krangk'l 
 CRINKLE, kringk'l, v.t. to form with 
 short turns or wrinkles. — I'.i. to bend, 
 turn, wind, or wrinkle. 
 (JRANK, krangk. CRANKY, krangk'i, adj 
 weak : (naut.) Uable to be upset. [From
 
 CKANKLE 
 
 the notion of bending ; cf. Ger. krank, 
 
 CRANKLE, krangk'l, CRINKLE, ki-ingk'l, 
 
 n. a turn, winding, or wrinkle. 
 CRANKNESS, krangk'nes, n. liability to 
 
 be upset. 
 CRANNOG, kran'og, ii. the name given in 
 Scotland and Ireland to a fortified island 
 M (partly natural and partly artificial) in a 
 
 lake, used as a dwelling-place and place 
 of refuge among the early inhabitants. 
 CRANNY, kran'i, 7i. {lit.) a rent : a chink : 
 a secret place. [Fi-. cran, a notch— L. 
 crena, a notch.] 
 CRAPE, krap, n. a thin transparent crisp 
 or criinpled silk stuff, usually black, used 
 in mourning. [Er. crepe, O. Fr. crespe— 
 L. crispus, crisp.] 
 CRAPULENCE, krap'u-lens, n. sickness 
 caused by intemperance. — adj. Ceap'u- 
 Lous, Ceap'iilent. [Fr. crapule— L. crap- 
 ula, intoxication.] 
 CRASH, krash, n. a noise as of things 
 breaking or being crushed by falling.— r.i. 
 to make a noise as of things falling and 
 breaking. [Formed from the sound. See 
 Orttsh "1 
 CRASIS, kra'sis, n. (gram.) the mingling or 
 contraction of two vowels into one long 
 vowel, or into a diphthong. [Gr. krasis 
 — kerannumi, to mix.] 
 CRASS, kras, adj., gross: thick: coarse. 
 
 [L. orassits.J 
 CRASSAMENT, kras'a-ment, »!. the gross 
 or thick part of a fluid, esp. blood. [L. 
 crassamentum — crosses.] 
 CRASSITUDE, kras'i-tud, n. grossness : 
 
 coarseness. 
 CRATCH, krach, n. a crib to hold hay for 
 cattle, a manger. [Fr. creche, a manger; 
 from a Teut. root, of which E. Crib is 
 an example.] 
 DRATE, krat, «., imcker-u-ork: a case made 
 of rods wattled together, and used for 
 packing crockery in. [L. crates, a hurdle. 
 See CeaDLE.I 
 CRATER, krat'er, n. the 6o«ji-shaped mouth 
 of a volcano. [L. crater — Gr. krater, a 
 large bowl for mixing wine, from keran- 
 nUmi, to mix.] 
 CRAUNCH, kranch, a form of Crunch. 
 CRAVAT, kra-vat', n. a kind of neckcloth 
 worn by men, introduced into France in 
 1636 from the C'ravates or Crvutians. 
 [Fr. cravate, a corruption of Croat.} 
 CRAVE, krav, v.t. to beg earnestly : to 
 beseech : to demand or require : to long 
 for. [A.S. 'crafian, to crave.] 
 CRAVEN, krav'n, n. a cowa-d : a spiritless 
 fellow. — adj. cowardl' . . piritless. — adv. 
 Crav'enly. — n. Cr enness. [Orig. 
 cravant, or cravana. craving quarter or 
 mercv when vanqiushed.] 
 CRAVfNG. krav'ing, n. a strong desire. 
 CRAW, kraw, n. the crop, throat, or first 
 stomach of fowls. [Dan. kroe ; Ger. kra- 
 gen: Scot, craig, the neck.] 
 CRAWFISH. See CRAYFISH. 
 CRAWL, krawl, v.i. to creep or move on : 
 to mo- i feebly or slowly. [Ice. krafla, 
 Dan. kravle ; Ger. krabbeln, to creep.] 
 CRAYFISH, kra'fish, CRAWFISH, kraw'- 
 fish, )!. a small species of crab or lobster, 
 found in fresh water. [A corr. of Fr. 
 ecreiusse, from O. Ger. krebiz, a crab ; 
 not a compound of FiSH.] 
 CRAYON, kril'on, n. a pencil made of chalk 
 or pipe-clay, variously colored, used for 
 drawing : a drawing "done with crayons. 
 [Fr. crayon — craie, chalk, from L. creta, 
 chalk.] 
 CRAZE, kraz, v.t. to weaken : to derange 
 (applied to the intellect).— orfr. Craz'- 
 EDLY. [Ice. Arosa, to crackle, from which 
 also is derived Fr. ecraser, to crush, 
 shatter ; akin to Crash.] 
 
 85 
 
 CRAZY, kraz'i, adj. feeble: crack-brained: 
 
 insane.— orfr. Craz'ILY.— )U Craz'INESS. 
 CREAK, ki'ek, v.i. to make a sharp, crack- 
 ing, grating sound, as of a hinge, etc. 
 [E. ; 6. Fr. wiquer, is from the same Teut. 
 root ; conn, with Crack.] 
 CREAM, krem, n. the oily substance which 
 forms on milk: the best part of anything. 
 —v.t. to take oft' the cream. —v.i. to gather 
 or form cream. [Fr. creme — Low L. 
 crema: perh. alhed to A.S. ream, Ger. 
 rahni, which had prob. initial /;.] 
 CREAM-FACED, krem' -fast, adj.. pale- 
 faced either naturally or through fear : 
 coward-looking. 
 CREAMY, krem'i, adj., full of or like cream: 
 
 gathering like cream.— n. Cream'iness. 
 CREASE, kres, n. a mark made by folding 
 or doubling anything. — v.t. to niake 
 creases in anything. [Bret, kriz, a 
 wrinkle ; perh". akin to L. crispus.] 
 CREASE, CREESE, kres, n. a Malay dag- 
 ger. [The Malay word.] 
 CREASOTE. See "Creosote. 
 CREATE, kre-at'. v.t. to bring into being 
 or form out of nothing : to beget : to 
 form : to invest with a new form, office, 
 or character : to produce. [L. creo, cre- 
 atus ; cog. with Gr. kraino, to accom- 
 plish, to fulfill ; Sans, kri, to make.] 
 CREATIN, kre'a-tin, n. a crystallizable 
 substance found in the flesh or muscu- 
 lar tissue of animals. [Gr. kreas, flesh.] 
 CREATION, kre-a'shun, n. the act of creaf- 
 ing, esp. the universe : that which is cre- 
 ated, the world, the universe. [L. crea- 
 f(o.] 
 CREATIVE, kre-a'tiv, adj. having power 
 to create : tliat creates.— adv. Ckea'tive- 
 LY'. — n. Crea'tiveness. 
 CREATOR, kre-a'tor, v. he who creates : a 
 maker - The Creator, the Supreme Be- 
 ing, God. 
 CREATURE, 'a-e'tur, n. whatever has 
 been creaked , animate or inaniniate : 
 esp. every animated being, an animal, 
 a man : a term of contempt or endear- 
 ment : a dependent. [O. Fr.— L. crea- 
 tura.] 
 CREDENCE, kre'dens, n., belief: trust: 
 the small table beside the altar on which 
 the bread and wine are placed before 
 being consecrated. [Low L. credentia— 
 credent-, believing, pr.p. of wedo.l 
 CREDENT, kre'dent, adj. easy of belief. 
 CREDENTIAL, kre-den'shal, adj. giving a 
 title to belief or credit.— «. that which 
 entitles to credit or confidence.— pZ. esp. 
 the letters by which one claims confi- 
 dence or authority among strangers. 
 CREDIBLE, kred'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 believed.— )is. Credibil'ity, Cred'ible- 
 KESS.—adv. Cred'ibly. 
 CREDIT, kred'it, n., belief: esteem: repu- 
 tation : honor : good character : sale on 
 trust : time allowed for payment : the 
 side of an account on which payments 
 received are entered.— I'.J. to believe : to 
 trust : to sell or lend to on trust : to 
 enter on tlie credit side of an account : 
 to set to the credit of. [L. ereditus— 
 credo.] 
 CREDITABLE, kred'it-a-bl, adj. trust- 
 worthv : bringing credit or honor.— Ji. 
 Cred'itableness.— adr. Cred'itably. 
 CREDITOR, kred'it-or, n. (commerce) one 
 
 to whom a debt is due. 
 CREDULITY, kre-du'li-ti, n., credulmts- 
 ness: disposition to beheve on insufficient 
 evidence. 
 CREDULOUS, kred'u-lus, adj., easy of be- 
 lief: apt to believe without sufficient 
 evidence : unsuspecting. — adv. Cred'TJ- 
 LOrSLY-.— 11. Cred'vxousness. 
 CREED, kred, n. a summary of the articles 
 of religious belief. [L. credo, I believe, 
 
 CREST 
 
 the first word of the Apostles' Creed ; 
 akin to Sans, ^raddha, faith.] 
 
 CREEK, krek, n. a small inlet or bay of 
 the sea or a river : any turn or winding. 
 [A modification of Crook ; A.S. oecca ; 
 cog. with Dut. kreek ; Ice. kriki, a cor- 
 ner — orig. a bend.] 
 
 CREEKY, krek'i, adj. fuU of creeks : wind- 
 ing- , , 
 
 CREEL, krel, n. a basket, esp. an angler s 
 
 basket. [Gael.] 
 CREEP, krep, v.i. to move on the belly, 
 like a snake : to move slowly : to grow 
 along the ground or on supports, as a 
 vine: to fawn :— :P)'.p. creep'ing : jia.t. 
 and pa. p. crept. [A.S. creopan ; Dut. 
 kruipen.] 
 CREEPER, krep'er, n. a creeping plant : a 
 
 genus of small climbing birds. 
 CREESE. See Crease. 
 CREMATION, krem-a'shun, n. act of burn- 
 ing, esp. of the dead. [L. crematio, from 
 cremo. to burn.] 
 CREMONA, krem-o'na, n. a superior kind 
 
 of violin made at Cremona in Italy. 
 CRENATE, kre'nat, CRENATED, kre'nat- 
 ed, adj. (bot.) ha^^ng the edge notched. 
 [L. crena, a notch.] 
 CRENELATED, kre - nel - at'ed, adj. fur- 
 nished with notches in a parapet to fire 
 through : indented : battlemented. [Low 
 L. crenellare, to indent — crenellus, a bat- 
 tlement— L. crena, a notch.] 
 CREOLE, kre'ol, n. strictly applied to an 
 inhabitant of S. America or W. Indies 
 born in the country and of pure Euro- 
 pean blood : one born in tropical Amer- 
 ica of anv color, but of a race not native 
 to it. [Fr. Creole — Sp. criollo. contr. of 
 criadillo, "a little nursling," dim. of 
 criado — criar, lit. to create, also to bring 
 up, to nurse — L. creare.] 
 CREOSOTE, kre'o-sot, CREASOTE, kre'a- 
 sot, n. an oily, colorless liquid distilled 
 from woodtarj and having the quahtv of 
 preserving flesh from corruption. [Gr. 
 Hcreas, kreos, flesh, and soter, a preserver, 
 from sozo. to save.} 
 CREPITATE, krep'i-tat, v.i. to crackle, as 
 salt when suddenly heated. [L. crepito, 
 crepitatus, frequentative of crepio, to 
 crack, rattle.] 
 CREPITATION, krep-i-ta'shun, n. a re- 
 peated snapping noise. 
 CREPT, krept, pa.f. anApa.p. of Creep. 
 CREPUSCULAR, kre - pus'ku - lar. CRE- 
 PUSCULOUS, kre-pus'kii-lus, adj. of or 
 pertaining to twilight. 
 CREPUSCULE, kre-pus'knl. CREPUSCLE, 
 kre-pus'l, n.. tu-dight. [L. erepusculum 
 — creper. duskv, obscure.] 
 CRESCENDO, kre^-en'do, adv. with an in- 
 creasitrg volume of sound, a musical 
 term wliose sign is <. 
 CRESCENT, kres'ent, adj., increasing.— n. 
 the moon as she increases towards half- 
 moon : a figure like the crescent moon, 
 as that on the Turkisli standard : the 
 standard itself : the Turkisli power : a 
 range of buildings in curved form. [L. 
 crescens, crescentis, pr.p. of cresco. to 
 grow.] 
 CRESS, kres, n. the name of several spe- 
 cies of plants like the watercress, which 
 grow in moist places, and have pungent 
 leaves used as a salad. [A.S. ca:rse. cre» 
 s<e : cog. with Dut. kers, Ger. kresse ] 
 CRESSET, kres'et, n. a cn/.w. jar, or open 
 lamp filled with combustible material, 
 placed on a beacon, lighthouse, etc. [Fr. 
 crenset. See Crock, Cruse.] 
 CREST, krest, n. the comb or tuft on the 
 head of a cock and other birds : .-i jikime 
 of feathers or other ornament on thf top 
 of a helmet : (her.) a figure placed over 
 a coat of arms.— f.<. to furnish with, or
 
 CREST-FALLEN 
 
 86 
 
 CROSS-EXAMrN"E 
 
 serve for, a crest. [O. Fr. creste — L. 
 crista.^ 
 
 CREST-FALLEX, krest'-fawln, adj. de- 
 jected : heartless. 
 
 CRESTLESS, krest'les, ac^. without a crest : 
 not of high birth. 
 
 CRETACEOUS, kre-ta'shus, adj. composed 
 of or like chalk. [L. cretaceus, from 
 creta, chalk.] 
 
 CRETIN, kre'tin, n. one of a class of idiots 
 found in deep valleys, esp. among: the 
 Alps, and generally aiHicted with goitre. 
 JEty. dub.J 
 
 CRETINISM, kre'tin-izm, n. the condition 
 of a cretin. 
 
 CREVASSE, krev-as', n. a crack or spUt, 
 esp. applied to a cleft in a glacier. [Fr. 
 crevasse — crever, to burst, rive — L. cre- 
 •pare, to creak, crack.] 
 
 CREVICE, krev'is, n. a crack or rent : a 
 narrow, opening. [A doublet of CREV- 
 ASSE.] 
 
 CREW, kroo, n. a company, in a bad or 
 contemptuous sense : a ship's company. 
 [Ice. kru, a multitude ; Sw. kry, to 
 swarm. 1 
 
 CREW, kr65 — did crow— ;pas^ teiise of 
 Crow. 
 
 CREWEL, kroo'el. n a kind of embroidery. 
 [Cf. Clew.] 
 
 CRIB, krib, n. the rack or manger of a 
 stable : a stall for oxen : a child's bed : 
 a small cottage : (colloq.) a literal trans- 
 lation of the classics, which schoolboys 
 use unfairly in preparing their lessons. 
 — v.t. to put away in a crib, confine, 
 pilfer: — pr.p. cribb'ing; pa.p. cribbed'. 
 JA.S. crib ; Ger. krippe.] 
 
 CRIBBAGE, ki'ib'aj, n. a game at cards in 
 which the dealer makes up a third hand 
 to himself partly by cribbing or taking 
 from his opponent. 
 
 CRIBBLE, krib'l, n. a coarse screen or 
 sieve, used for sand, gravel, or grain : 
 coarse flour or meal. — v.t. to sift or rid- 
 dle. [L. cribellum, dim, of cribruin, a 
 sieve.] 
 
 CRICK, krik, n. a spasm or cramp, esp. of 
 tlie neck. [A doublet of Creek.] 
 
 CRICKET, krik'et, n. a genus of insects 
 allied to grasshoppers, which make a 
 chirping noise with their wing-covers. 
 [Fi-. criquet, from Teut. root of Ceeak.] 
 
 CRICKET, ki-ik'et, ?i. a game with bat and 
 ball. — v.i. to play at cricket. [A.S. cricc, 
 a staff ; the game was at first played 
 wit h a club or staff.] 
 
 CRICKETER, krik'et-er, n. one who plays 
 at cricket. 
 
 CRIED, krid, jja.f. andjja.jx of Cry. 
 
 CRIME, krlm, Ji. a violation of law : of- 
 fence : sin. [Fr. — T.. crimen.} 
 
 CRIMINAL, krim'in-al, adj. relating to 
 crime : guilty of crime : violating laws. 
 — n. one guilty of crime. — adv. CRni'lN- 
 
 ALLT. 
 
 CRIMINALITY, lo-im-in-al'i-ti, n. guilti- 
 ness. 
 CRBIINATE, krim'in-at, v.t. to accuse.— 
 
 adj. CRIM'rNATORT. 
 
 CRIMINATION, krmi-in-a'shun, n. act of 
 
 criminating : accusation. 
 CRniP, krimp, adj. made crisp or brittle." 
 
 — v.t. to wrinkle : to plait : to make 
 
 crisp : to seize or decoy. — n. one who 
 
 decoys another into the navai or military 
 
 seo'ice. [A dim. of cramp ; Dut. krim- 
 
 pen, to shrink.] 
 CRUMPLE, krimpl, v.t. to contract or draw 
 
 together : to plait : to curl. [Dim. of 
 
 Cetsip.] 
 CRIMSON, krim'zn, n. a deep red color, 
 
 tinged with blue: red in general. — adj. 
 
 of a deep red color. — v.t. to dye crimson. 
 
 — v.i. to become crimson : to blush. [O. 
 
 E. crimosyn — O. Fr. cramoisin ; from Ar. 
 
 kermez (=Sans. krimi, L. vermis, E. 
 
 worm), the cochineal insect, from which 
 it is made.] 
 
 CRINGE, krinj, v.i. to bt-nd : to crouch 
 ^vith servility : to submit : to fawn : to 
 flatter. fA.S. crincan, cringan, to face ; 
 connected with Crank, weak.] 
 
 CRINGELING, krinj'hng, n. one who 
 cringes. 
 
 CRI^^TE, kri'nlt, adj., hairy: (6of.) re- 
 sembling a tuft of hair. [L. crinitus, 
 provided with hair — crinis, hair.] 
 
 CRINKLE. See under Crakk and 
 Craxkle. 
 
 CRINOLINE, krin'o-lin, n. a lady's stiff 
 petticoat, originally made of haircloth, 
 but afterwards expanded by hoops, etc. 
 [Fr. crin — L. crinis, hair, and lin — L. 
 linum, flax.] 
 
 CRIPPLE, krip'l, n. a lame person. — adj. 
 lame. — v.t. to make lame : to deprive of 
 the power of exertion. [From root of 
 Creep.] 
 
 CRISIS, kri'sis. ii. point or time for de- 
 ciding- anj-thing — that is, when it must 
 either terminate or take a new course : 
 the decisive moment :^j?. Crises, kri'- 
 sez. [Gr. krisis, from krino, to sepa- 
 rate.] 
 
 CRISP, krisp, adj., curled : so dry as to be 
 crumbled easily: brittle. — r.^ to curl or 
 ttt-ist : to make wa^'J•. — adv. Crisp'ly. — 
 n. Crisp'ness. [L. crtsjjus.] 
 
 CRISPY, ki'isp'i, adj., curled or curly: 
 brittle. 
 
 CRITERION, kri-te'ri-on, n. a means or 
 standard of Judging : a test : a rule : — j;Z. 
 Crite'ria. [Gr., from krites, a judge — 
 krino.] 
 
 CRITIC, la-it'ik, n. a judge inUterature, the 
 fine arts, etc. : a fault-finder. [Gr. kriti- 
 kos — krino.] 
 
 CRITICAL, krit'ik-al, at/j. relating to criti- 
 cism : skUled in judging literary and other 
 productions : discriminating : captious: 
 decisive. — adv. Crit'icallt! — n. Crit'io 
 
 AL>fESS. 
 
 CRITICISE, ki-it'i-slz. r.f. to pass judgment 
 on : to censure. 
 
 CRITICISM, krit'i-sizm, n. the art of judg- 
 ing, esp. in literature or the fine arts : 
 a critical judgment or obseiwation. 
 
 CRITIQUE, kri-tek', n. a. criticism or crit- 
 ical examination of any production: a 
 review. [Fr.] 
 
 CROAK, In-ok, v.i. to utter a low rough 
 sound as a frog or raven : to grumble: to 
 forebode evil. — n. the sound of a frog or 
 raven. — n. Croak'er. [From the sound. 
 Cf. Crake, Crow, and L. graculus, a 
 jackdaw.] 
 
 CROCHET, kro'sha, n. fancy knitting made 
 by means of a small hook. [Fr. crochet, 
 a little crook, a hook — croc, from root 
 of Crook.] 
 
 CROCK, ki'ok, n. a narrow-necked earthen 
 vessel or pitcher: a cup. [A.S. croc; Ger. 
 krug ; perh. of Celt, origin, as in W. 
 crochan, a pot, Gael, trog, a pitcher; akin 
 to Crag, and giving the notion of hard- 
 ness. 
 
 CROCKERY, krolv'er-i, n. earthenware : 
 vessels formed of baked clav. 
 
 CROCODILE, krok-'o-dU, n. a large amphib- 
 ious reptile inhabiting the large rivers 
 of Asia and Africa. [Fr. — L. crocodihts 
 — Gr. krokodcilos, a hzard ; so called 
 from its resemblance to a hzard.] 
 
 CROCUS, Ivro'kus, n. a well-known flower. 
 [L. crocus — Gr. krokos ; prob. of Eastern 
 origin, as Heb. karkom, saffron.] 
 
 CROFT, kroft, n. a small jiiece of arable 
 land adjoining a dwelling : a kind of 
 small farm. — n. Croft'er. [A.S. croft; 
 perh. from Gael, croit, a croft.] 
 
 CROilLECH, krom'lek, n. a circle of stand- 
 ing stones, often called a Druidical circle. 
 
 [W. cromlech — crom, cm-ved, circular, 
 and llech, a stone.] 
 CRONE, kron, ji. au old woman, usually in 
 contempt. [Perh. Celt., as in Ir. crion, 
 withered, old.] 
 CRONY, kron'i, n. an old and intimate 
 companion. [From Crone.] 
 
 CROOK, krook, n. a bend, anj-thing bent : 
 a staff bent at the end, as" a shepherd's 
 or bisliops : an artifice or trick. — v.t. to 
 bend or form into a hook : to turn from 
 .the straight hne or from what is right. 
 — v.i. to bend or be bent. [From a root 
 common to Teut. and Celt., as W. crwg, 
 a hook. Ice. krokr, Dut. kroke, a fold or 
 \vi-inkle.] 
 
 CROOKED, krook'ed, adj., bent like a 
 crook : not straight : de-s-iating from rec- 
 titude, perverse. — adv. Crook'edly. — «. 
 Crook'edness. 
 
 CROP, la-op, n. all the produce of a field of 
 grain : anj-thin"- gathered or crop{>ed : 
 the craw of a bud. — v.t. to cut off the 
 top or ends : to cut short or close : to 
 mow, reap, or gather -.—pr.p. cropp'ing; 
 pa.p. cropped'.-— Crop OCT, v.i. to appear 
 above the surface : to come to light. [A. 
 S. crop, the top shoot of a plant ; any 
 protuberance, as the crop of a bird ; Dut. 
 crop, a bird's crop.] 
 
 CROQUET, kro'ka, n. a game in which two 
 or more players try to drive wooden 
 balls, by means of long-handled mallets, 
 through a series of arches set in tlie 
 ground. [Etj-. unknown.] 
 
 CEOSIER, kro'zher, n. a staff with a erooit 
 at the top carried before bishops on sol- 
 emn occasions. [O. Fr. croce, a crosier 
 — Fr. croc, a crook, hook, from root of 
 Crook.] 
 
 CROSS, kros, ?i. a gibbet on which male- 
 factors were hung, consisting of two 
 pieces of timber, one placed crosswise on 
 the other, either thus f or X ; the instru- 
 ment on which Christ suffered, and thus 
 the symbol of the Christian reUg:ion : the 
 sufferings of Christ : anything that 
 crosses or thwarts : adversitj' or afflic- 
 tion in general : a crossing or mixing of 
 breeds, esp. of cattle. — v.t. to mark with 
 a cross : to lay one bodj' or draw one line 
 across another : to cancel by drawing 
 cross lines : to pass from side to side : to 
 obstruct : to thwart : to interfere witli. 
 — v.i. to lie or be athwart: to move or 
 pass from place to place. [O. Fr. crois, 
 Fr. croi.r — L. cru.r. orig. an upright post 
 to which latterly a cross-piece was 
 added ; conn, with 'Crook by Gael, croc- 
 an, a hook, croch, hung; Ir. erochaim, 
 to hang, croch, a gallows.] 
 
 CROSS, kros, adj., lying across: trans- 
 verse : oblique : opposite : adverse : ill- 
 tempered: interchanged. — adv. Cross'ly. 
 — n. Cross'ness. 
 
 CROSSBILL, kros'bil, n. a genus of birds 
 resembling bullfinches, linnets, etc., with 
 the mandibles of the bill crossi7ig each 
 other.near the points. 
 
 CR0SS-B0NT:S, kros'-bonz, n.pZ. a symbol 
 of death, consisting of two human thigh 
 or arm bones, placed crosswise, and often 
 found on old monuments, etc., generally 
 in conjunction with a skull. 
 
 CROSSBOW, kros'bo. v. a weapon for 
 shooting arrows, formed of a bcno placed 
 crosstvise on a stock. 
 
 CROSSBUN, kros'bun, ji. a.bun marked with 
 the form of a cross, .eaten on Good- 
 Fridav. 
 
 CROSS-BUTTOCK, kros'-but-ok, n. a pe- 
 culiar throw i)racticed bj' -nTestlers ; 
 hence, an unexpected fling down or re- 
 pulse. "Many cross-buttocks did I sus- 
 tain." — Smollett. 
 
 CROSS-EXA^IINE, kros-egz-am'in, v.t. to 
 test the e\'idence of a witness by subject-
 
 CROSS-'JRAINED 
 
 87 
 
 CRY 
 
 ing' liim to an examination by the op- 
 posite partj-. — n. Cross-exajuxa'tiox. 
 
 CROSS-GRAIXED, kros'-grand, adj. hav- 
 ing- the yraiii or Bbres crossed or in- 
 tertwined : perverse : contraiy : untract- 
 able. 
 
 CROSS-HATCHLNG, kros-hach'ing, n. a 
 term in engraving applied to Unes, 
 whether straiglit, sloping, or curved, 
 which cross each other regularly to in- 
 crease or modify depth of shadow. 
 
 CROSSING, kros'ing, n. act of going across: 
 a thwarting : a place for passing' from 
 one side to the other. 
 
 CROSSLET. ki-os'let, n. a, little cross. 
 
 CROSS-QUESTION, kros'-kwest-yun, v.t. 
 to cro.ss-e.xaniine. 
 
 CROSS-REFERENCE, kros-ref'er-ens, n. a 
 reference from one part of a book to an- 
 other where something incidentally men- 
 tioned is treated of, or where there is 
 some account of the same or an allied 
 subject as that which is under notice at 
 the place where the cross-reference is. 
 
 CROSSTREES, kros'ti-ez, n. pieces of tmi- 
 ber placed across the upper end of the 
 lower-masts and top-masts of a ship. 
 
 I'ROSSWAY, kros'wa, n. a way that crosses 
 another. 
 
 CROSSWISE, kros-wiz, adv. in the form of 
 a cross : across. 
 
 CROTCHET, kroch'et, n. a note in music, 
 
 equal to half a minim, T : a crooked or 
 
 or conceit, 
 a hook. See 
 
 a whim 
 of croc. 
 
 perverse fancy : 
 [Fr. Crochet, dim 
 Crochet.] 
 
 CROTCHETEER, kroch-et-er', n. one who 
 fixes the mind too exclusively on one 
 subject : one given to some favorite 
 theory crotchet, or hobby. "Nobody of 
 the slightest pretensions to influence is 
 safe from the solicitous canvassing and 
 silent pressure of social crotcheteers." — 
 Fortniqhthj Rev. 
 
 CROTCHETINESS, kroch'et-i-nes, n. the 
 state or quality of being crotchety: the 
 character of a crotcheteer. Grote. 
 
 CROTCHETY, kroch'et-i, adj. having 
 crotchets or peculiarities : wliinisical. 
 
 CROTON, kro'ton. n. a genus of tropical 
 
 Clants, producing a brownish-yellow oil, 
 avirg a hot biting taste. [(Jr. hroton, 
 a tick or mite, which the seed of the 
 plant resembles.] 
 
 CROUCH, krowch, v.i. to squat or lie close 
 to the ground : to cringe : to fawn. [A 
 form of Crook.] 
 
 CROUP, kroop, n. a severe disease in the 
 throat of children, accompanied by a 
 hoarse cough. [A.S. hropan, to cry ; 
 Scot. roux>, croup, hoarseness ; from the 
 sound.] 
 
 CROUP, kroop, n. the rump of a fowl : the 
 buttocljs of a horse : the place behind 
 the saddle. [Fr. croupe, a protuberance ; 
 allied to Crop.] 
 
 CROUPIER, kroo'pi-er, n. one who sits at 
 the croup or lower end of the table as as- 
 sistant-chairman at a public dinner : a 
 vice-president : he who watches the cards 
 and collects money at a gaming-table. 
 
 CRCW.kro, n. a large bird, generally black, 
 which utters a croaking sound : the cry 
 of a cock : a boast. — v.i. to croak, to cry 
 as a cock, in .joy or defiance : to boast : to 
 swagger : — -jxi.f. crew (kroo) or crowed'; 
 pa.}), crowed'. • [A.S. cratce, a crow: 
 from the sound.] 
 
 CROWBAR, kro'bar, n. a large iron bar 
 with a claw like the beak of a crow. 
 
 CROWD, krowd, n. a number of persons or 
 things closely pre.'ised together, without 
 order: the rabble: multitude. — v.t. to 
 gather into a lump or crowd : to fill by 
 pressing or driving together. — v.i. to 
 
 press together in numbers : to swarm. 
 [A.S. creodan, to crowd, press.] 
 
 CROWFOOT, kro'foot, n. a common weed, 
 the flower of which is like a croiv's foot. 
 
 CROWN, krown, n. the diadem or state- 
 cap of royalty : regal power : honor : 
 reward : the top of anj-thing, esp. of the 
 head : comple';ion : accomplishment : a 
 5s. piece stamped with a crown. — v.t. to 
 cover or invest with a crown : to invest 
 with royal dignity : to adorn : to dignify : 
 to complete. — ddj. Crows'less. [Fr. 
 couronne — L. corona; cog. with Gr. 
 koronos, curved ; W. crvm, Gael, cruinn, 
 round.] 
 
 CROWN-GLASS, krown'-glas, n. a kind of 
 window-grZas.s formed in circular plates or 
 discs. 
 
 CROWN-HEAD, krown'-hed.ji. in draughts 
 the row of squares next to each player. 
 J'See Draughts.] 
 
 CROW N-P R I N C E, krown'-prihs, ri. the 
 prince who succeeds to the crown. 
 
 CROWS-FOOT, kroz'-foot, n. wrinkles pro- 
 duced by age, spreading out in the shape 
 of a crow"s foot from the corners of the 
 eyes : (mil.) a caltrop. 
 
 CRUCIAL, kroo'shi-al. adj. testing, searoh- 
 ing,from the practice of marking a testing 
 instance with a ci'oss to draw attention 
 to it. [Fr. crucial, from L. crux, cnicis, 
 a cross. See Cross.] 
 
 CRUCIBLE, kr5o'si-bl, n. an earthen pot, 
 for melting ores, metals, etc. [Low L. 
 crucibulum, from root of Crock ; erro- 
 neously supposed to be corm. with L. 
 cru.v.'l 
 
 CRUCIFEROUS, kroo-sif'er-us, adj. (bot.) 
 bearing four petals in tlie form of a cross. 
 [L. crux, and /ero, to bear.] 
 
 CRUCIFIX, kroo'si-fiks. n. a figure or pict- 
 ure of Christ Jia'ed to the cross. 
 
 CRUCIFIXION, kroo-si-fik'shun. n. death 
 on the cross, esp. that of Christ. 
 
 CRUCIFORM, kroo'si-form, adj. in the 
 form of a cross. 
 
 CRUCIFY, kroo'si-fi, v.t. to put to death 
 by fixing the hands and feet to a cross : 
 to subdue completelj^ : to mortify -.—pa.p. 
 cruc'ified. [Fr. crucifiei — L. cruciflgo, 
 crucifixus — crux, a.a<\figo, to fix.] 
 
 CRUDE, kroOd, adj., raw. unprepared ; not 
 reduced to order or form : unfinished : 
 undigested : immature. — adv. Crudk'lt. 
 — n. Crcde'ness. [L. crudtis, raw. See 
 Raw.] 
 
 CRUDITY, krood'i-ti, n. rawness: unripe- 
 ness : tliat which is crude. 
 
 CRUEL, ln-66'el, adj. disposed to inflict 
 pai n, or pleased at suffering- : void of pity, 
 merciless, savage. — adv. Cru'elly. — n. 
 Cec'elty. [Fr. cruel — L. crudelis. From 
 root of Crude.] 
 
 CRUET, kroo'et, n. a small jar or pliial for 
 sauces and condiments. [Ace. to Skeat, 
 prob. formed from Dut. kruik. a jar = 
 E. Crock ; and ace. to E. Miiller, dim. of 
 O. Fr. cruye (mod. Fr. er!(c/te, cruchette, 
 a jai-), from root of Crock.] 
 
 CRUISE, krooz, v.i. to sail to and fro : to 
 rove on the sea. — )(. a sailing to and fro : 
 a voyage in various directions in searcli 
 of an enemy, or for the protection of 
 vessels. — ». Ceuis'er. [Dut. kruiseu, to 
 cross — kruis, a cross-— 0. Fr. crois — L. 
 crux.] 
 
 CRUISE, krooz, n. a small bottle. Same 
 as Cruse. 
 
 CRUMB, krum, 7i. a small hit or morsel of 
 bread : the soft part of bread. [A.S. 
 eruma : Ger. krume : allied to Crimp.] 
 
 CRUMBCLOTH, krum'kloth. ». a cloth laid 
 under a table to receive falling crumbs, 
 and keep the carpet clean. 
 
 CRUMBLE, krum'bl. v.t. to break into 
 crumbs. — v.i. to fall into small pieces : to 
 
 decay : to perish. [Orig. dim. of Ceumb ; 
 Dut. kruimelen : Ger. kriimebi.] 
 
 CRUMBY, CRUMMY, krum'i, adj.. in 
 crumbs : soft. 
 
 CRUMP, ki'ump, adj. crooked : wrinkled. 
 [A.S. crumb: Ger. krumm ; Scot, crum- 
 my, a cow with a crumpled horn. From 
 the root of CRAMP, Crimp.] 
 
 CRTXNIPET, krum'pet, n. a kind of crumbif 
 or soft cake or muffin. 
 
 CRUMPLE, krump'l, v.t. to mark with or 
 draw into folds or wrinkles : to crease. — 
 v.i. to become wrinkled : to contract or 
 shrink. [Freq. of Cramp.] 
 
 CRUNCH, krunch, v.t. to crush with the 
 teeth : to chew anything hard, and so 
 make a noise. [From the sound ; cf. Fr. 
 grincer.l 
 
 CRUPPER, krup'er, ?i. a strap of leather 
 fastened to the .saddle and passing under 
 the horse's tail to keep the saddle in its 
 place. [Fr. croupiire — croupie, the Croup 
 of a horse.] 
 
 CRURAL, kroo'ral, adj. belonging to or 
 shaped like a leg. [L. cruralis, from cms, 
 cruris, the leg.] 
 
 CRUSADE, kroo-sad', ii. a military expedi- 
 tion under the banner of the cross to 
 recover the Holy Land from the Tui-ks: 
 any daring or romantic undertaking. 
 [Fr. croisade — Prov. crozada — croz, a 
 cross. See Cross.] 
 
 CRUSADER, kroo-sad'er, n. one engaged 
 in a crusade. 
 
 CRU.se. krooz, 7i. a.\i earthen pot : a. sniaM 
 cup or bottle. [Fr. ; Ice. krus : also allied 
 to Crock.] 
 
 CRUSH, krush, v.t. to break or bruise : to 
 squeeze together : to beat down or over 
 whelm: to .subdue : to ruin. — n. a violent 
 squeezing. [O. Fr. cruisir, from a Scan, 
 root seen in Sw. kfysta, whose oldest 
 form appears in Goth, kriustan, to grind 
 the teeth, formed from the sound. See 
 Crash and Craze.] 
 
 CRUST, krust, n. the hard rind or outside 
 coating of anything : the outer part of 
 bread : covering of a pie, etc.: (geol.) the 
 solid exterior of tlie earth. — v.t. to cover 
 with a crust or hard case. — v.i. to gather 
 into a hard crust. [O. Fr. — L. crusta ; 
 perh. conn, with Gr. kryos, icv cold.] 
 
 CRUSTACEA, krus-ta'sbi-a. n.p'l. a class of 
 animals whose bodies are covered with a 
 crust-like shell covering-, such as lobsters, 
 shrimps, and crabs. 
 
 CRUSTACEAN, krus-ta'slii-an, n. one of 
 the Crustacea. 
 
 CRUSTACEOUS. krus-ta'shi-us, CRUSTA- 
 CEAN, krus-ta'shi-an, adj. pertaining to 
 the Crustacea, or shelUish. 
 
 CRUSTATED, krus-tat'ed, ac{j. covered 
 with a crK.sf. 
 
 CRUSTATION, krus-ta'shun, n. an adher- 
 ent crust. 
 
 CRUSTY, krust'i, adj. of the nature of or 
 hax'ing a crust : having a hard or harsh 
 exterior: hard: snappy: surly. — adv. 
 Crust'ily. — n. Crust'iness. 
 
 CRUTCH, kruch, n. a staff with a cross- 
 piece at the head to place under the arm 
 of a lame person : any support like a 
 crutch. [From root of Crook : perh. 
 modified by L. eria", a cross.] 
 
 CRY, kri, v.i. to utter a shrill loud .sound, 
 esp. one expressive of pain or grief: to 
 lament : to weep : to bawl. — v.t. to utter 
 loudly : to proclaim or make public : — 
 pa.t. a.nApa.p. cried'. — n. any loud sound: 
 particular sound uttered bj- an animal : 
 bawling : lamentation : weeping : praver: 
 clamor: — jj/. Cries. — n. Cri'er. [Fr. 
 crier (It. gridare) — L. quiritare, to 
 scream — freq. of L. queri, to lament.] 
 
 CRY. kri, v.i. to be in the act of giving 
 birth to a child : sometimes followed by 
 out. Shak.
 
 CRYING-OUT 
 
 68 
 
 CUNEIFORM 
 
 CRYING-OUT, kii'ing-out, n. the confine- 
 ment of a woman : labor. " Aunt Nell, 
 who, by the way, was at the crying-out." 
 — Richardson. 
 
 CRYPT, kript, n. an underground cell 
 or chapel, esp. one used for burial. [L. 
 crypto — Gr. krypte — krypto, to conceal. 
 Doublet of Grot.] 
 
 CRYPTOGAMIA, krip-to-gra'mi-a, n. the 
 class of flowerless plants, or those which 
 have their fructification concealed. [Gr. 
 A-r^p<os,concealed, and gamos, marriage.] 
 
 CRYPTOGAMIC, krip -to-gam'ik, CRYP- 
 TOGAMOUS, krip-tog-'a-mus, adj. per- 
 taining- to the Cryptogamia. 
 
 CRYPTONYM, krip'to-nim, n. a private, 
 secret, or hidden name : a name which 
 one bears in some society or brother- 
 hood. J. R. Lowell. [Gr. kryptos, con- 
 cealed, and onoma, a name.] 
 
 CRYSTAL, kris'tal, n. a superior kind of 
 glass : (chem.) a piece of matter which 
 has assumed a definite geometrical form, 
 with plane faces. [O. Fr. cristal — L. erys- 
 tallum, from Gr. krystallos, ice — kryos, 
 icv cold ; akin to Crcst.] 
 
 CRYSTAL, kris'tal, CRYSTALLINE, kris'- 
 tal-Tn or -in, adj. consisting of or like 
 crystal in clearness, etc. 
 
 CRYSTALLIZATION, kris-tal-iz-a'shun, n. 
 the act of crvstalUzing. 
 
 CRYSTALLIZE, kris'tal-Iz, v.t. to reduce to 
 the form of a crystal. — v.i. to assume a 
 
 — crvstalline form. 
 
 CRt^STALLOGRAPHY, kris-tal-og'ra-fi, n. 
 the science of crystallization. [Gr. k)-ys- 
 tallos, and graplio, to write.] 
 
 CUB, kub, n. thej'oung of certain animals, 
 as foxes, etc. : a whelp : a young boy or 
 girl (in contempt). — r. to bring forth 
 young : — pr.p. cubb'ing ; pa.p. cubbed'. 
 [Prob. Celt., as Ir. cuib, a whelp, from 
 eii, a dog.] 
 
 OUBATURE, kub'a-tur, n. the act of find- 
 ing the solid or cubic content of a body : 
 the result thus found. 
 
 CUBE, kiib, n. a solid body having six 
 equal square faces, a soUd square : the 
 third power of a number, as — 2x2x3=8. 
 — v.t. to raise to the third power. [Fr. 
 cube — L. cubus — Gr. kybos, a die.] 
 
 CUBIC, kub'ik, CUBICAL, kub'ik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to a cube. — adv. Cub'ically. 
 
 CtJBICULUM, kub-ik'u-lum. n. a burial 
 chamber in the Catacombs often for a 
 single family, having round its walls the 
 loculi or compartments for the recep- 
 tion of dead bodies. The name was also 
 applied to a chapel attached to a basilica 
 or other church. [L., a bed-chamber, 
 from cubo, to lie.] 
 
 CUBIFORM, kub'i-form, adj. in the form 
 of a cube. 
 
 CUBIT, kub'it, n. a measure employed by 
 the ancients, equal to the length of the 
 ■ arm from the elbow to the tip of the 
 middle-finger, varying from 18 to 22 
 inches. [L. cubitus, (lit.) a bend ,' akin 
 to L. cubare. to lie down ; also to Cup.] 
 
 CUBOID, kub'oid, CUBOIDAL, kub-oid'al, 
 adj. resembling a cube in shape. [Gr. 
 kyboeides, from kybos, a die, and eidos, 
 form.] 
 
 CUCKOLD, kuk'old, n. a man whose wife 
 has proved unfaithful. — v.t. to wrong a 
 husband by unchastity. [O. Fr. coucuol 
 (Mod. Fr. cocu) — coucou, a cuckoo — L. 
 cuculus.'] 
 
 CUCKOO, koo'koo, n. a bird which cries 
 cuckoo, remarkable for laying its eggs in 
 the nests of other birds. [Fr. coucou — 
 L. cuculus, from the sound. Cf. CoCK, 
 Cockatoo.] 
 
 CUCUMBER, ku'kum-ber, n. a creeping 
 plant, with large oblong fruit used as a 
 salad and pickle. [L. cucumis, cucum- 
 eris.'\ 
 
 CUD, kud, n. the food brought from the 
 first stomach of a ruminating animal 
 back into the mouth and chetced again. 
 [Like Quid, what is chewed, from A.S. 
 ceowan, to chew.] 
 
 CUDDLE, kud'l, f.i. to hug: to embrace: 
 to fondle. — v.i. to lie close and snug to- 
 gether. — n. a close embrace. [Ace. to 
 Skeat, a freq. of M.E. couth, well known, 
 familiar. See Uncouth.] 
 
 CUDDY, kud'i, n. a small cabin or cook- 
 room, generally in the forepart of a boat 
 or lighter : in large vessels applied to 
 the officers' cabin under the poopdeck. 
 [Fr. cahute ; Dut. kajuit ; Ger. kajiXte.] 
 
 CUDGEL, kud'jel, n. a heavy staff : a club. 
 — v.t. to beat with a cudgel : — pr.p. 
 cud'gelUng ;pa.p. cud'gelled. [W. cogyl, 
 a club.] 
 
 CUDWEED, kud' wed, n. the popular name 
 for many species of plants covered with 
 a cottony down. [Prob. corrupted from 
 cotton-weed. "] 
 
 CUE, kii, n. a queue or tail-like twist of 
 hair formerly worn at the back of the 
 head : a rod used in playing billiards : 
 the last words of an actor's speech serv- 
 ing as a hint to the next speaker : any 
 hint : the part one has to play. [Fr. 
 queue — L. Cauda, a taO.] 
 
 CUE-BAIL, ku'-bawl, adj. corruption of 
 Skew-bald. " A gentleman on a cue-ball 
 horse." — R. D. Blackmore. (Pro\'incial 
 English.) 
 
 CUFF, kuf, n. a stroke with the open hand. 
 — v.t. to strike ■ndth the open hand. 
 [From a Scan, root seen in Sw. kuffa, to 
 knock.] 
 
 CUFF, kuf, ti. the end of the sleeve near 
 the wrist : a covering for the wrist. 
 [Prob. cog. with COIF.] 
 
 CUIRASS, kwi-ras' or kwe'-, n. a defensive 
 covering for the breast orig. made of 
 leather, afterwards of iron fastened with 
 straps and buckles, etc. [Fr. cuirasse — 
 Low L. corafia — L. coriiim, sldn, leather ; 
 whence Fr. cuir.] 
 
 CUIRASSIER, kwi-ras-er', n. a soldier 
 armed with a cuirass. 
 
 CULDEE, kul'de, n. one of a Celtic frater- 
 nity of monks who formerly lived in 
 Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. [Ir. ceile 
 de, "servant of God." See GlLLIE.] 
 
 CULINARY, ku'lin-ar-i, adj. pertaining to 
 the kitclien or to cookery : used in the 
 kitchen. [L. culinarius — cidina, a kitch- 
 en.] 
 
 CULL, kul, v.t. to select : to pick out. [Fr. 
 cueilUr, to gather — ^L. colligo — col, to- 
 gether, and lego, to gather. A doublet 
 of Collect.] 
 
 CULLENDER. See Colander. 
 
 CULLION, kul'yun, n. a wretch : acoward- 
 Ij' fellow. [Fr. couillon, a dastard, a 
 poltroon (It. coglione) — L. coleus, aleather 
 bag-, the scrotum.] 
 
 CULLY, kul'i, n. (a contr. of Cullion) a 
 mean dupe. — v.t. to deceive meanly. — 
 pa.p. cull ied. 
 
 CULM, kulm, 7i. the stalk or stem of cereals 
 or of grasses. [L. cuhnus, a stalk or stem. 
 Cog. with Haulm.] 
 
 CULMIFEROUS, kid-mifer-us, adj., bear- 
 ing stalks or stems. [L. culmits, a stalk, 
 and/ero, to hear.] 
 
 CULMINATE, kul'min-at, v.i. to come to 
 the top : (astron.) to be vertical or at the 
 highest point of altitude : to reach the 
 highest point. [Coined, as if from a Low 
 L. culmino, from L. cidmen, properly 
 columen, a summit. See Column.] 
 
 CULMINATION, kul-min-a'shun, n. act of 
 culminating : the top or highest point : 
 (astron.) transit or passage of a body 
 
 . across the meridian or highest point for 
 the day. 
 
 CULOTTIC, koo-lot'ik, adj. having breech- 
 
 es ; hence, pertaining to the respectable 
 classes of society : opposed to Sanscd- 
 LOTTic (which see). " Young Patriotism, 
 Culottic and Sansculottie, rushes for- 
 ward." — Carlyle. 
 
 CULOTTISM, koo-lot'izm, n. the princi- 
 ples, rule, or influence of the more re- 
 spectable classes of society. Carlyle. [See 
 Sansculottism.] 
 
 CULPABILITY, kul-pa-bU'i-ti, CLXPA- 
 BLENESS, kul'parbl-nes, n. liability to 
 blame. 
 
 CULPABLE, kul'pa-bl, adj. faulty, crimi- 
 nal. — adv. Cul'pablt. [O. Fr. — L. eid- 
 pabilis, worthy of blame — cidpa, a fault.] 
 
 CULPRIT, kul'prit, n. one culpable or in 
 fault : a criminal : in Eng. law, a prisoner 
 accused, but not tried. [For cidpate, 
 from old law L. culpatus, a person ac- 
 cused.] 
 
 CULT, kult, n. a system of religious be- 
 hef, worship. [L. cultus — colo, cidtus, 
 to worship.] 
 
 CULTIVATE, kul'ti-vat, t'.<. to till or pro- 
 duce by tillage : to prepare for crops : to 
 devote attention to : to civUize or refine, 
 — n. Cul'tivator. [Low L. cultivo. cul- 
 tivatus — L. colo, cultus, to till, to wor- 
 ship.] 
 
 CULTIVATION, kul-ti-va'shun, n. the art 
 or practice of cultivating : civilization : 
 refinement. 
 
 CULTURABLE, kul'tiir-a-bl, n. capable of 
 becoming cultured or refined. 
 
 CULTURE, kul'tur, n., cultivation: the 
 state of being cultivated : advancement 
 or refinement the result of cultivation. 
 — v.t. to cultivate : to improve. [L. citl- 
 tura.] 
 
 CULTUS, kult'us, n. same as Cult. Helps. 
 Also the moral or jesthetic state or con- 
 dition of a certain time or place. [L.] 
 
 CULVER, kul'ver, CULVERIN, kul'ver-in, 
 n. an ancient cannon, so called from it» 
 long, thin, serpent-like shape, or from its 
 being- ornamented with the figures of 
 serpents. [Fr. coulevrine, from coideiitfre 
 — L. coluber, a serpent.] 
 
 CULVERT, kul'vert, n. an arched water- 
 course, etc. [Prob. from Fr. cmder, to 
 flow — L. colare — colum, j. strainer.] 
 
 CUMjEAN, kii-me'an. ae!j, of or pertaining 
 to Cumce, an ancien'. citj' on the coast of 
 Campania, and the earliest of all the 
 Greek settlements in Italy ; as, the cave 
 of the Cumiean sibj-1. 
 
 CUMBER, kuni'ber, v.t. to trouble or hin- 
 der wit'n something useless : to retard, 
 perplex, trouble. [O. Fr. combrer, to 
 hinder — Low L. combrus, a heap ; corr. 
 of L. cunndus, a heap.] 
 
 CUMBERSOME, kum'ber-sum, ad/ trouble- 
 some. 
 
 CUMBRANCE, kumTsrans, n. encum- 
 brance. 
 
 CUMBROUS, kum'brus, adj. hindering: 
 obstructing : heavy : giving trouble, — 
 adv. Cum'beously. — n. Cum3eousness.] 
 
 CUMIN, CUMMIN, kum'in, n. a plant, the 
 seeds of which are valuable for their car- 
 minative qualities, [L, cuminum,through 
 the Gr. kyminon, from Heb. kammini.'] 
 
 CUMULATE, kiim'u-lat, v.t. to heap to- 
 gether : to accumulate. [L, cumido, 
 -atum — cumulus, a heap.] 
 
 CIBIULATION, kum'u-la-shun. Same aa 
 Accumulation. 
 
 CUMULATIVE, kum'u-la-tiv, adj. increas- 
 ing by successive additions. 
 
 CUMULUS, ku'mu-lus, n. a species of 
 cloud. 
 
 CUNEAL, ku'ne-al, CUNEATE, ku'ne-at, 
 adj. of the form of a wedge. [L. cuneiis, 
 a wedge.] 
 
 CUNEIFORM, kil-ne'i-form, CUNIFORM, 
 ku'ni-form, adj. wedge-shaped — specially 
 appUed to the old Babylonian and Assy-
 
 CUNNING 
 
 nan writing, of which the characters 
 have a icedge-shape. 
 
 CUNNING, kun'ing-, adj., knoinng : skill- 
 ful : artful : crafty. — n. knowledge : 
 skill : facultj' of using stratagem to ac- 
 complish a purpose. — adv. Ccnn'ixgly. 
 [A.S. cunnan, to know.] 
 
 I'L P, kup, n. a vessel used to contain liq- 
 uid : a drinking-vessel : the liquid con- 
 tained in a cup : that which we must re- 
 ceive or undergo : afflictions : blessings. 
 — v.t. to extract blood from the bodv by 
 means of cupping-glasses from wliich 
 the air has been e3chausted:—j3r.p. cupp'- 
 mg ; pa.p. cupped'. [A.S. ctippe. Fr. 
 coupe, It. coppa, a cup, the bead ; all 
 from L. cupa, cuppa, a tub, a drinking- 
 vessel.] 
 
 CUPBOARD, kup'bord or kub'urd, n. a 
 place for keeping ^•ictuals, dishes, etc. 
 [Cup and BOABD, a table or shelf.] 
 
 CL PID, kG'pid. n. the god of love. [L. 
 Citpido — cupio, to desire.] 
 
 CUPIDITY, ku-pid'i-ti. n., eager desirefor: 
 covetousness : lust after. [L. cupiditas 
 — cupidus, desirous.] 
 
 C UPOLA, ku'po-la, n. a cup-shaped vault 
 on the summit of a tower : a dome. [It. ; 
 lim. of Low L. cupa, a cup — L. cupa, a 
 tub. See CUP.] 
 
 L UPREOUS. See under Copperish. 
 
 ' UR, kur, >!. a worthless, degenerate dog : 
 ,i churUsh fellow. — adj. CUKR'ISH. [Dut. 
 -.orre. Dan. kitrre, to whir ; from its 
 growling.] 
 
 CLRABLE, kur'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 cured: capable of curing. "A curable 
 vertue against all diseases." — Saudys. — n. 
 Ccrabil'itt. 
 
 CURAQOA, koo-ra-so'.n. a liqueur so named 
 from the island of Curagoa in the West 
 Indies, where it was first made. 
 
 CURACY, kur'a-si, ii. the office, employ- 
 ment, or benefice of a curate : also the 
 state, condition, or office of a guardian ; 
 guardianship. " By way of curacy and 
 protectorship." — Roger NortJt. 
 
 CCTRATE, kur'at, n. one who has the cure 
 or care of souls, so in Pr. Bk. : an inferior 
 clergyman in the Church of England who 
 assists a rector or vicar in the discharge 
 of his duties. [Low L. curatus, from L. 
 cur a, care.] 
 
 CURATIVE, kur'a-tiv, adj. tending to cure. 
 
 CURATOR, kfir-a'tor. w. one who has the 
 care of anything : a superintendent : one 
 appointed by law as guardian. 
 
 CURB, kurb, i\t. to bend to one"s will : to 
 subdue : to restrain or check : to furnish 
 with or guide by a curb. — n. that which 
 curbs : a check or hindrance : a chain or 
 strap attached to the bit of a bridle for 
 restrainingthe horse. [Fr. courber, from 
 L. curvus. crooked, bent.] 
 
 CURBSTONE, kurb'ston. n. a stone placed 
 edgeways against earth or stone work to 
 check it! 
 
 CURD, kurd, n., milk thickened or coagu- 
 lated : the cheese part of milk, as dis- 
 tinguished from the whej'. [Celt., as in 
 Gael, gruth, Jr. cruth, curd, cruthaim, 1 
 milk.] 
 
 CURDLE, kurd'l, v.i. to turn into curd : to 
 congeal: to thicken. — v.t. to cause to 
 turn into curd, or to congeal. 
 
 CURDY, kurd'i, adj. like or full of curd. 
 
 CURE, kur, n., care of souls or spiritual 
 charge : care of the sick : act of heabng : 
 that which lieals : a remedy. — v.t. to heal: 
 to preserve, as by dr\ing. salting, etc. : 
 — -jjr.^. cur'ing ;pa.jj. cilred'. [O Fr. cure 
 — L. cura, solicitude, care; not of the 
 same origin as Care.] 
 
 CURELESS, kur'les, adj. that cannot be 
 cured. 
 
 CURFEW, kur'fu, n. {lit.) eover-fire: in 
 feudal times the ringing of a bell at eight 
 
 89 
 
 o'clock, as a signal to cover or put out 
 all ^res and lights. [Fr. couvrefeu, from 
 couvrir, to cover, and feu, fire, from L. 
 focus. 1 
 
 CURIOSITY, kQr-i-os'i-ti, n., state or 
 qualitj' of being curious: inquisitiveness: 
 that which is curious : anj-thing rare or 
 unusual. 
 
 CURIOUS, ktir'i-us, adj. anxious to learn : 
 inquisitive: showing great care or nicety: 
 skillfully made : singular : rare. — adv. 
 Cur'iously. — n. Cur'iousness. [Fr. 
 eurieu.T — L. curiosus — cura.] 
 
 CURL, kurl, v.t. to twist into ringlets : to 
 coil. — v.i. to shrink into ringlets : to rise 
 in undulations : to writhe : to ripple : to 
 plaj'at the game of cm-ling. — n. a ringlet 
 of hair, or what is like it : a wave, bend- 
 ing, or twist. [Orig. crull ; Dut. krullen, 
 Dan. krolle, to curl.] 
 
 CURLEW, kur'lil, n. one of the wading- 
 birds. having a very long slender bill 
 and legs, and a short tail. [Fr. corlieu ; 
 probably from its cry.] 
 
 CURLING, kurl'ing, n. a game common in 
 Scotland, consisting in hurling heavy 
 stones along a sheet of ice, like plaj'ing 
 at bowls. 
 
 CURLY, kurl'i, adj., having curls: full of 
 curls. — )). CrRL'iNESS. 
 
 CURMUDGEON, kur-mui'un, n. an avar 
 ricious, ill-natured fellow : a miser. — 
 adj. Curmud'geonly. [O. E. cornmudr 
 gin, sig. corn-hoarding, from corm and 
 mudge or mug, or mooch, to hide or 
 hoard ; seen in muglard, a miser ; from 
 O. Fr. mucer, Fr. musser, to conceal.] 
 
 CURRANT, kur'ant, n. a small kind of 
 raisin or dried grape, imported from the 
 Levant : the fruit of several garden 
 shrubs. [From Corinth, in Greece.] 
 
 CURRENCY, kur'en-si, n. circulation : 
 that which circulates, as the money of a 
 country : general estimation. 
 
 CURREl^T, kur'ent, adj., running or floic- 
 ing : passing from person to person : 
 generally received : now passing : pres- 
 ent. — n. a running or flotving : a stream : 
 a portion of water or air moving in a cer- 
 tain direction : course. — adv. Curr'ent- 
 LY. [L. eitrrens, currentis — eurro, cur- 
 sus. to run.] 
 
 CURRICLE, kur'i-kl, n. a two-wheeled 
 open chaise, drawn by two horses 
 abreast : a chariot. [L. curriculum, 
 from Ci/rj'O.] 
 
 CURRICLE, kur'i-kl, v.i. to drive in a cur- 
 ricle or as in a curricle. " Who is this 
 that comes curricling through the level 
 yellow sunlight ? " — Carlyle. 
 
 CURRICULUM, kur-ik'u-lum, n. a course, 
 esp. the course of study at a university. 
 
 ^^ 
 CURRIER, kur'i-er, ?;. one who curries or 
 
 dresses tanned leather. 
 
 CURRY, kur'i, n. a land of sauce or sea- 
 soning much used in India and elsewhere, 
 and compounded of pepper, ginger, and 
 other spices : a stew mixed with curry- 
 powder. [Pers. khUrdi, broth, juicy 
 meats, from khurdan, to eat.] 
 
 CURRY, kur'i. t\t. to dress leather : to rub 
 down and dress a horse : to beat : to 
 scratch : — pr.p. curry'ing ; pa.p. curr'ied. 
 —To CURRY FAVOR (corr. of CURRY FA- 
 TELL, to rub down a horse, favell being a 
 common old name for a horse), to seek 
 favor by flattery. [Fr. corroyrr — corroi, 
 O. Fr. conroi: from a Teut. root present 
 in Ice. reidhi, tackle. Dan. rede, to set in 
 order. E. ready. See Ready.] 
 
 CURSE, kurs, v.t. to invoke or wish evil 
 upon : to devote to perdition : to vex or 
 torment. — x\i. to utter imprecations: to 
 swear. — ». the invocation or wishing of 
 evil or harm upon : evil invoked on an- 
 other : torment. — n. CCRS'ER. [A.S. cur- 
 
 CUSTARD 
 
 sian — c^irs, a curse, perh. from Sw. and 
 Dan. kors, a cross, whicli is derived from 
 O. Fr. crois. See CROSS.] 
 
 CURSED, kurs'ed, adj. under a curse : de- 
 serving a curse : blasted by a curse ; 
 hateful. 
 
 CURSIVE, kur'siv, adj.. running, as applied 
 to handwriting : flowing. [L. curro, cur- 
 sus, to run.] 
 
 CURSORY, kur'sor-i. adj. hasty : super- 
 ficial : careless. — adv. Cxjr'sorily. [L. 
 curro.} 
 
 CURT, kurt, adj., short: concise. — adv. 
 Curt'ly. — n. Curt'ness. [L. eurtus, 
 shortened ; Sans, krit, to cut, separate.] 
 
 CURTAIL, kur-tal', v.t. to cut short : to 
 cut ofl' a part : to abridge : — pr.2}. cur- 
 tail'ing ; pa.p. curtailed'. [Old spelling 
 curtal. O. Fr. courtaidt. It. cortaldo — 
 L. eurtus.] 
 
 CURTAIN, kur'tin, n. draperj' hung round 
 and inclosing a bed, etc. : the part of a 
 rampart between two bastions ; also, an 
 ensign or flag. Shak. — v.t. to inclose or 
 furnish with curtains. [Fr. courtine— 
 Low L. cortina ; from L. cors, cortis, a, 
 place inclosed, a court.] 
 
 COURTILAGE, kur'til-aj, n. in law. a 
 court-yard, backside, or piece of ground, 
 lying near and belonging to a dwelling- 
 house : the limit of the premises within 
 which housebreaking can be committed 
 iinder English law. [O. Fr. courtilage, 
 from coui-iil, a court-j-ard, from L. cors, 
 cortis. a court.] 
 
 CURTSY, kurt'si. Same as Courtesy, the 
 gesture. 
 
 CURULE, ku'rool, adj. applied to a chair 
 in which the higher Roman magistrates 
 had a right to sit. [L. cumts, a chariot 
 — curro. to rim.] 
 
 CURVATURE, kur'va-tur, n. a curving or 
 bending: the continual bending or the 
 amount of bending from a straight line. 
 [L. rjirvatura.] 
 
 CURVE, kurv, ?;. anything bent: a bent 
 line : an arch. — v.t. to bend : to form 
 into a curve. [L. eurvus, crooked. See 
 Circle.] 
 
 CURVET, kurVet, n. a certain leap of a 
 horse in which he gives his body a curve: 
 a leap or frolic. — v.i. to leap in curvets : 
 to leap: to frisk:^^r.p. curv'eting: j^a.p. 
 curv'eted. 
 
 CURVILINEAR, kur-vi-lin'i-ar, CLTRVI- 
 LINEAL, kur-vi-lin'i-al, adj. boimded by 
 curved lines. [L. curv^is, and linea, a 
 line.J 
 
 CUSCUS-GRASS, kus'kus-gras, n. a pecul- 
 iar kind of British Indian grass {Andro- 
 pogon muricatus) used for screens and 
 blinds. Called also Khus. 
 
 CUSHAT, koosh'at, ?k the ringdove or 
 woodpigeon. [Prov. E. cotvshot ; from 
 A.S. cusceote.] 
 
 CUSHION, koosh'un, n. a case filled with 
 some soft, elastic stuff, for resting on : a 
 pillow. — i\t. to seat on or furnish with a 
 cushion. [Fr. coussin. It. cuscino. from 
 L. culcitinum, dim. of ndcita, mattress. 
 See Counterpane and Quilt.] 
 
 CU SHITE, kush'it. adj. of or pertaining to 
 a brancli of the Haniite family which 
 spread along tracts extending from the 
 higher Nile to the Euphrates and Tigris, 
 or to their language. Used also substan- 
 tively. [From Cu.th the son of Ham.] 
 
 CUSP, kusp, n. a poini : the point or horn 
 of the moon, etc. [L. ciispis. a point. ]^ 
 
 CUSPIDATE, kus'pi-dat, CUSPIDATED, 
 kus'pi-dat-ed, adj. {bot.) having a sharp 
 en(\ or point. [L. cuspidatus — euspis.] 
 
 CUSTARD, kus'tard, n. a composition of 
 milk, eggs, etc., sweetened and flavored. 
 [Once spelled custade. a corr. of ci-x(stade, 
 a pie with crust ; from O. Fr. croustade 
 — ^L. crustatus, cru.sted. See Crust. 1
 
 CUSTARD-APPLE 
 
 90 
 
 DACTYLOLOGY 
 
 CUSTARD-APPLE, kus'tard-ap'l, n. the 
 fruit of a W. ludian tree, having an eat- 
 able pulp, like a custard. 
 
 CUSTODIAL, kus-to'di-al, adj. pertaining 
 to custody. 
 
 CUSTODIAN, kus-to'di-an, ii. one who has 
 custody or care, esp. of some pubhc 
 building'. 
 
 CUSTODY, kus'to-di, n. a watching or 
 guarding : care : security : imprison- 
 ment. [L. custodia, from custos, custodis, 
 a watcher or keeper.] 
 
 CUSTOM, kus'tum, fi. what one is wont to 
 do : usage : frequent repetition of the 
 same act : a frequenting of a shop to buy 
 goods : regular trade or business : a tax 
 on goods:— pi. duties imposed on imports 
 and exports. [O. Fr. custume, costume ; 
 fromL. consuetudo — consuesco, consuetus, 
 to accustom.] 
 
 CUSTOMARY, kus'tum-ar-i, adj. according 
 to use and wont : holding or held by cus- 
 tom. — adv. CUS'TOMAKILY. — n. Cus'TOM- 
 ARINESS. 
 
 CUSTOMER, kus'tum-er, n. one accustomed 
 to frequent a certain place of business : a 
 buyer. 
 
 CUSTOM-HOUSE, kus'tum-hows, n. the 
 place where customs or duties on exports 
 and imports are collected. 
 
 CUT, kut, v.t. to make an incision: to cleave 
 or pass through : to divide : to carve or 
 hew : to wound or hurt: to affect deeply: 
 to caslvaX%:^pr.p. cutt'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. cut. — n. a cleaving or dividing : a 
 stroke or blow: an incision or wound: a 
 piece cut off: an engraved block, or the 
 picture from it : manner of cutting, or 
 fasliion. — ^A short cdt, a short or near 
 passage. [W. cwtau, to shorten, cwtt, a 
 little piece ; Ir. cutaich, to cui'tail.] 
 njTANEOUS, ku-ta'ne-us, adj. belonging 
 to the skin. 
 
 4. UT-AWAY, kut'-a-wa, n. a coat, the skirts 
 of which are rounded or cut away so 
 that they do not hang down as in a frock- 
 coat. '• A green cut-au-ay with brass 
 buttons." — T. Hughes. Used also adject- 
 ively. " A brown cut-away coaX." — Tliack- 
 eray. 
 
 CUTCHA, kuch'a, n. in Hindustan, a weak 
 kind of lime used in inferior buildings ; 
 hence, used adjectively in the sense of 
 temporary : makeshift : inferior : in con- 
 tradistinction to pucka, which implies 
 stability or superiority. 
 
 CUTENESS, kut'nes, n. the quality of 
 being cute : sharpness : smartness : acute- 
 ness. "Who could have thought so in- 
 nocent a face could cover so much cute- 
 ness ? " — Goldsmith . 
 
 CUTICLE, ku'ti-kl, n. the outermost or 
 thin skin. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, the 
 skin, E. Hide.] 
 
 CUTLASS, kut las, n. a broad curving 
 sword with one edge. [Fr. contelus, from 
 L. cultellus, dim. oieulter, a ploughshare, 
 a knife.] 
 
 CUTLER, kufler, n. one who makes or 
 sells knives. [Fr. coutelier, from root of 
 Cutlass.] 
 
 CUTLERY, kut'ler-i, n. the business of a 
 cutler: edged or cutting instruments in 
 general. 
 
 CUTLET, kut'Iet, n. a slice of meat cut off 
 for cooking, esp. of mutton or veal, gen- 
 erallv the I'ib and the meat belonging to 
 it. [Fr. cotelette, dim. of cote, from L. 
 eosta, a rib. See Coast.] 
 
 CUTTER, kut'er, n. the jierson or thing 
 that cuts: a small swift vessel with one 
 mast and sharp bows that cut the water. 
 
 CUTTING, kut'ing, h. a dividing or lopping 
 off : an incision : a piece cut off : a twig. 
 
 CUTTLE, kut'l, CUTTLE-FISH, kut'1-fish, 
 n. a kind of mollusc, remarkable for its 
 
 power of ejecting a black inky liquid, 
 f A.S. cudele : origin dub.] 
 
 CUT-WATER, kut'-waw'ter, n. the fore- 
 part of a sliip's prow. 
 
 CYCLE, sl'kl, n. a period of time in which 
 events happen in a certain order, and 
 which constantly repeats itself : an imag- 
 inary circle or orbit in the heavens. [Gr. 
 kyklos, a circle ; akin to ClECLE.] 
 
 CYCLIC, sl'klik, CYCLICAL, sl'ldik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to or containing a cycle. 
 
 CYCLOID, sl'kloid, n. a figure like a circle : 
 a curve made by a point in a circle, when 
 the circle is rolled along a straight line. 
 — adj. Cycloid' AL. [Gr. kyklos, and eidos, 
 form.] 
 
 CYCLONE, sl'lvlon, n. a circular or rotatory 
 storm. [Coined from Gr. kyklon, pr.p. 
 of kykloo, iit> whirl round — kyklos.] 
 
 CYCLOPEDIA, CYCLOPEDIA, sl-kl6-pe'- 
 di-a, n. the circle or compass of human 
 knowledge : a work containing informa- 
 tion on every department, or on a partic- 
 ular department of knowledge. — adj. 
 Cycloped'ic. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and 
 paideia, learning.] 
 
 CYCLOPEAN, sl-iilo-pe'an, adj. of or like 
 the Ci/clopes,'a, fabled race of giants with 
 one circular eye in the middle of the fore- 
 head : giant-like : vast. [Gr. kyklopeios 
 — kyklops — kyklos, a circle, and ops, au 
 eye.] 
 
 CYDIPPE, si-dip'pe, n. a genus of coelen- 
 terate animals belonging to the order 
 Ctenophora, and allied to the genus 
 Beroe. One member of the genus (C 
 2nleus) is a very beautiful object, and is 
 common in the seas round Britain. The 
 body is globular in shape and adorned 
 with eight bands of cilia serving- as its 
 means of locomotion and presenting bril- 
 liant rainbow hues. From the body are 
 pendent two long filaments, to which are 
 attached numerous shorter tlu-eads, and 
 these appendages can be protruded and 
 retracted at will. 
 
 CYGNET, sig'uet, n. a young swan. [Ace. 
 to Diez, dim. of Fr. cygne, whose old 
 form cisne (Sp. cisne, a swan) is from 
 Low L. ceciiiua, and is not connected with 
 L. cygnus, Gr. kyknos, a^svvan.] 
 
 CYLINDER, sil'in-der, «. a solid circular 
 or roWer-like body, whose ends are equal 
 parallel circles. [Gr. kylindros, from 
 kylindd, to roll.] 
 
 CYLINDRIC, si-lin'drik, CYLINDRICAL, 
 si-lin'drik-al, adj. having the form or 
 properties of a cylinder. 
 
 CYMBAL, sim'bal, n. a hollow brass, basin- 
 like, musical instrument, beaten together 
 in pairs. [L. cymbalum, from Gr. kym- 
 t'dlon — kymbe, the hollow of a vessel ; 
 akin to E. Hump.] 
 
 CYMBOCEPHALIC, sim'bo-se-fal'ik, adj. 
 shaped like a bowl or cup : round : said 
 of tlie skull. [Gr. kymhos, a cup or bowl, 
 and kephale, the skull.] 
 
 CYNIC, sin'ik, CYNICAL, sin'ik-al, adj., 
 dog-like : surly : snarling : austere : mis- 
 anthropic. — adv. Cyn'ically. [Gr. kyni- 
 kos, dog-like, fi'om kyun, kynos, a dog ; 
 akin to L. can-is, E. Hound.] 
 
 CYNIC, sin'ik, n. one of a sect of ancient 
 philosophers, so called from their morose 
 and contemptuous \'iews: a morose man: 
 a snarler. 
 
 CYNICISM, siu'i-sizm, n., surliness : con- 
 tempt for human nature : heartlessness, 
 misanthropy. 
 
 CYNOSURE, siu'o-shoor or si'-, n. the dog's 
 tail, a constellation containing the north- 
 star : hence, anything that strongly at- 
 tracts attention. [Gr. kyon, kynos, a 
 dog, oura, a tail.] 
 
 CYPHER-TUNNEL, si'fer-tun-nel, n. a 
 mock chimney : a chimnev built merely 
 for outward' show. -"fhe device of 
 
 cypher-tunnels or mock chimnej's merely 
 for uniformity of building.'" — Fuller. 
 
 CYPRESS, si'pies, ii. an evergreen tree 
 whose branches used to be carried at 
 funerals : hence, a symbol of death. [Fr. 
 cypres — L. cupressus — Gr. kyparissosi] 
 
 CYST, sist, n. {lit.) a chest : a bag in ani- 
 mal bodies containing morbid matter 
 [From root of Chest.] 
 
 C"iTODE, si'tod, n. in physiol. a name 
 given by Haeckel to a kind of non- 
 nucleated cell containing protoplasm to 
 distinguish it from the cell proper wliich 
 has a nucleus. Nineteenth Century. 
 
 CZAR, zar, TSAR, tsar, n. the emperor of 
 Russia.— /em. Czarina, za-re'na, the em- 
 press of Russia. [Russ. tsare, a king ; 
 its conn, with Ger. kaiser, L. ccesar, a 
 king or emperor, is doubtful.] 
 
 CZAREVITCH, zar'e-vitch, CESARE- 
 VITCH, se-zar'e-vitch, n. the eldest son 
 of the czar.— fern. Czaeevna, zar-ev'na, 
 his consort. [Russ. tsare, a czar, and 
 I'itz (pronounced vitcli), descended from.] 
 
 CZECH, chech, n. the name applied to a 
 member of the most westerly branch of 
 the gTeat Slavonic family of races. They 
 have their headquarters in Bohemia, 
 where they arrived in the second half of 
 the sixth century. Their language (also 
 called Czech) is closely allied to tlie Pol- 
 ish. Written also CsEOH, TSECH. 
 
 D 
 
 DAB, dab, v.t. to strike gently with some- 
 thing soft or moist : — pr.ji. dabb'ing ; 
 loa.p. dabbed'. — n. a gentle blow : a small 
 lump of anything- soft or moist : a small 
 flat fish like a flounder, but with a I'ough 
 back. [E. ; from a Teut. root present in 
 O. Dut. dabben, to pinch, Ger. tappe. a 
 pat. E. Tap is a doublet. See also DuB.] 
 
 DAB, dab, n. an expert person. [Prob. a 
 corr. of Adept.] 
 
 DABBER, dab'er, n. one who or that which 
 dabs : specifically, («) in j^i'inting, a ball 
 formed of an elastic material and fitted 
 with a handle, formerly used for inking a 
 form of type : (b) in engr. a silk-covered 
 elastic ball used for spi'eading etching 
 groimd upon steel or copper plates: (c) in 
 stereotyping, a hard hair brush used in 
 the papier-mache process for dabbing 
 the back of the damp paper, and so driv- 
 ing it into the interstices of the tvpe. 
 
 DABBLE, dab'l, v.t. to wet by little dabs 
 or strokes: to spatter. — v.i. to play in 
 water with hands or feet : to do any- 
 thing in a trifling way. [Freq. of Dab.] 
 
 DABBLER, dab'ler, n. one who dabbles or 
 does things in a superficial, trifling way. 
 
 DABCHICK, dab'chik, n. a small water- 
 foicl that dives or dabbles in the water. 
 
 DACE, das, DARE, dar, DART, diirt, n. a 
 small river fish, so called from the qttick- 
 ness of its motions. [M.E. darce — O. Fr. 
 dars — Low L. dardus, a dart or javelin 
 (Fr. dard, a dart or a dace).] 
 
 DACIAN, d;T'slii-an, adj. i)(.'rtaiuiug or be- 
 longing- to the Daci, an ancient barbar- 
 ous people, whose territory extended 
 over parts of the modern Hungary, 
 Roumania, Transylvania, and neighbor- 
 ing regions. 
 
 DACTYL, dak'til, n. in Latin and Greek 
 poetry, a foot of three syllables, one long 
 followed by two short, so called from its 
 likeness to the joints of a finger : in En- 
 glish, a foot of three syllables, with the 
 first accented, as merr\\y. [L. dactylus 
 — Gr. daktylos, a finger. See Digit.] 
 
 DACTYLIC, dak-til'ik, adj. relating to or 
 consisting chiefly o f dactyls. 
 
 DACTYLOLOGY,'dak-til-ol'o-ji, n. the art
 
 DAD 
 
 91 
 
 DARKEN 
 
 of talking with the fingers, like the deaf 
 and dumb. [Gr. daktylos, and logos, dis- 
 course — legfi, to speak.] 
 
 DAD, dad, DADDY, dad'i, n., father, a 
 word used by children. [W. tad; Gr. 
 fata. Sans, tata.] 
 
 DADO, da'do, n. the solid block or cube 
 forming the body of a pedestal : wains- 
 coating round the lower part of a wall. 
 [It. — L. datus (talus, a die, being under- 
 stood), given or thrown forth-^are, to 
 give. Doublet, Dee.] 
 
 D.^MONIC, de-mon'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 or proceeding from a supernatural be- 
 ing or from supernatural enthusiasm. 
 " He may even show sudden impulses 
 which have a false air of daemonic 
 strength, becausej^they seemed inexpUc- 
 able." — Oeorge Eliot. [Gr. dainion, a 
 divinity.] 
 
 DAFFODIL, daf'o-dil, DAFFODILLY, daf- 
 o-dil-i, n. a yellow flower of the lUy 
 tribe, also called King's spear. [M.E. 
 affodille — O. Fr. asphodile — Gr. and L. 
 asphodelus; the d is prefixed accident- 
 ally.] 
 
 DAGfGER, dag'er, n. a short sword for 
 stabbing : a mark of reference ( f ). [W. 
 dagr. It. daigear, Fr. dague. It. daga.'\ 
 
 DAGOLE, dag'l, v.t. and v.i. to icet or 
 grow wet by dragging on the wet 
 ground. [Freq. of prov. E. dag, to 
 sprinkle with water, from a Scand. 
 root seen in Sw. dagg, E. Dew.] 
 
 DAGUERREOTYPE, da-ger'o-tip, n. a 
 method of taking sun-pictures on metal 
 plates : a picture thus produced. [Fr., 
 from Dagnerre, the inventor, and Type.] 
 
 DAHLIA, dal'i-a, n. a garden plant with a 
 large beautiful flower. [From Dahl, a 
 Swedish botanist.] 
 
 DAILY, da'li. adj. and adv. every dav. 
 
 DAINTIFY, dap'ti-fl, v.t. to make dainty : 
 to weaken by over refinement. " My 
 , father charges me to give you his kindest 
 love, and not to daintify his affection 
 into respects or compliments." — Miss 
 Bximey. [E. dainty, and L. facia, to 
 make.] 
 
 DAINTY, dan'ti, adj. pleasant to the pal- 
 ate : delicate : fastidious. — n. that which 
 is dainty, a delicacy. — adv. Dain'tilt. — 
 n. DAErTlNESS. [if.E. deintee. anjthing 
 worthy or costly — O. Fr. daintie, wor- 
 thiness — L. dignitas. See Dignity.] 
 
 DAIRA. da'ir-a, n. the private estates of 
 the Khedive of E^'pt. 
 
 DAIRY, da'ri, ii. the place where milk is 
 kept, and butter and cheese made : an 
 e.stablishment for the supply of mUk. 
 [M.E. dey, dairymaid — Ice" deigja, a 
 dairymaid ; orig. a kneader of DouoH, in 
 Ice. deig : or from a root sig. to mUk. 
 See Dug.] 
 
 DAIS, da'is, n. a raised floor at the upper 
 end of the dining-hall where the high 
 table stood : a raised floor with a seat 
 and canopy. [O. Fr. dais — Low L. 
 discus, a table — L. discus, a quoit — Gr. 
 di.skos. See Dish, Disc] 
 
 DAISIED, da'zid, adj. covered with dai- 
 sies. 
 
 DAISY, da'zi, n. (lit.) the day's eye, a com- 
 mon spring flower, so called from its sun- 
 like appearance. [A.S. dceges ege, day's 
 eye, the sun.] 
 
 DAIJE, dal, DELL, del, n. tlie low ground 
 between hills : the valley through which 
 a river flows. — n. Dales'max. [A.S. 
 dcel ; Scand. dal, Ger. thai, orig, mean- 
 ing "cleft." See Deal, Dell.I 
 
 DALLLANCE. dal'i-ans, n., dallying, toy- 
 ing, or trifling: interchange of embraces: 
 delay. 
 
 DALLY, dal'i, v.i. to lose time by idleness 
 or trifling: to play: — pa.p. dall'ied. 
 
 [A.S. dol, foolish ; Ger. dahlen, to trifle t 
 perh. conn, with Dwell.] 
 
 DAM, dam, n. an embankment to restrain 
 water. — v.t. to keep back water by a 
 bank or other obstruction: — pr.p. danuii'- 
 ing' ; 2}a.p. dammed'. [E., and in all the 
 Teut. tongues.] 
 
 DAM. dam, n. a mother, applied to quadru- 
 peds. [A form of Dame.] 
 
 DA M AGE, dam'aj, n., hurt, injury, loss: 
 the value of what is lost: — pi. compensa- 
 tion for loss or injury. — v.t. to harm, in- 
 jure. — v.i. to take injury. [O. Fr. da-m- 
 age (Fr. dommage), from L. damnum, 
 loss, injurv.] 
 
 DAjMAGEABLE, dam'aj-a-bl, adj. capable 
 of being damaged. 
 
 DAMASK, dam'ask, n. figured stuff orig. 
 of sOk. now of hnen, cotton, or wool. — 
 v.t. to flower or variegate, as cloth. — adj. 
 of a red color, hke that of a damask 
 rose. [From Damascus, in Syria, where 
 it was orig. made.] 
 
 DAME, dam, n. the mistress of a house : a 
 matron : a noble lady. [Fr. dame — L. 
 domina, a mistress, fern, of dominus, a 
 master. Doublet, Dam, a mother, see 
 Dominate.] 
 
 DAMN, darn, v.t. to censure or condemn : 
 to sentence to eternal punishment. — n. 
 an oath : a curse. [Fr. damner — L. 
 damnare, to condemn, from damnum, 
 loss, penalty.] 
 
 DAMNABLE, dam'na-bl, adj., deserving or 
 tending to damnation : hateful : perni- 
 cious. — adv. Dam'nably. — n. Dam'nable- 
 NESS. [Late L. damnabilis.] 
 
 DAMNATION, dam-na'shun, n. (theol.) the 
 punisliment of the impenitent in the 
 future state : eternal punishment. [L. 
 damnat>o.'\ 
 
 DAMNATORY, dam'na-tor-i, adj. contain- 
 ing sentence of condemnation. [L. dnm- 
 natorius.] 
 
 DAMP, damp, n., vapor, mist: moist air : 
 lowness of spirits: — pi. dangerous capors 
 in mines, etc. — v.t. to wet slightly: to 
 chill : to discourage : to check : to make 
 dull. — adj. moist : foggy. — adv. Dajip'ly. 
 — n. Damp'ness. [E. ; aldn to Dut. damp, 
 Ger. dampf, vapor.] 
 
 DAJIPER, damp'er, n. that which checks 
 or moderates : (Australia) a kind of 
 hastily-baked bread. 
 
 DA3ISEL, dam'zel, n. a little dame or lady : 
 a young unmarried woman : a girl. [Fr. 
 demoiselle, O. Fr. damoisel, a page — ^Low 
 L. domicellus. dim. of dominus. a lord.] 
 
 DAJMSON, dam'zn, n. a small black plum. 
 [Shortened from Damascene — Damascus. 
 See Damask.] 
 
 DANCE, dans, v.i. to move with measured 
 steps to music. — v.t. to make to dance or 
 jump. — ?i. the movement of one or more 
 persons witli measured steps to music. 
 [Fr. danser, from O. Ger. danson, to draw 
 along, Ger. tavzen.'] 
 
 DANCER, dans'er, n. one who practices 
 danciyig. 
 
 DANCING, dans'ing, n. the act or art of 
 moving in the dance. 
 
 DANDELION, dan-de-lt'un, n. a common 
 plant with a yellow flower, so called from 
 the jagged tooth-like edges of its leaf. 
 [Fr. dent de lion, tooth of the Hon.] 
 
 DANDLE, dan'dl, v.t. to play with: to 
 fondle or toss in the arms, as a babj'. 
 [E. ; cog. with (Jer. t&ndeln — tand, a tov ; 
 allied in Scot, dander, to go about idfj', 
 to trifle.] 
 
 DANDRIFF, dand'rif, DANDRUFF, dand'- 
 ruf, n. a seal}' scurf which grows on the 
 head, esp. under tlie liair and beard. [W. 
 ton. surface, skin, and dricg, bad.] 
 
 DANDY, dan'di, n. a foppish, silly fellow : 
 one who pays much attention to dress. 
 
 [Perh. from Fr. dandin, a ninny ; and 
 prob. from root of DaN'DLE.] 
 
 DANE, dan, ?t. a native of Denmark. 
 
 DANGER, dan'jer, n. a hazard or risk : 
 insecurity. [O. Fr. dangier, absolute 
 power (of a feudal lord), hence power 
 to hurt — Low L. dominium, feudal au' 
 thority — L. do7ninus, a lord. See Dun 
 
 GEON.] 
 
 DANGEROUS, dan'jer-us, adj. full of dan 
 ger : unsafe : insecure. — adv. Dan'qer- 
 
 OUSLY". 
 
 DANGLE, dang'gl, v.i. to hang loosely or 
 with a suinging motion: to follow "any 
 one about. — v.t. to make to dangle. 
 [From a Scand. root, found in Ice. dingla, 
 to s\\'ing to and fro, freq. of Ding, to 
 throw, push.] 
 
 DANGLEJIENT, dang'gl-ment, n. the act 
 of dangling. "The very suspension and 
 danglemeni of any puddings whatsoever 
 right over his ingle-nook." — Ld. Lytton. 
 
 DANGLER, dang'gler, n. one who dangles 
 about others, especially about women. 
 
 DANISH, dan'ish, adj. belonging to Den- 
 mark. 
 
 DANITE, dan'It, n. a member of a secret 
 society among the Mormons, who, it is 
 beheved, took an oath to support the 
 authority and execute the commands of 
 the leaders of the sect at all hazards. 
 Many massacres and robberies committed 
 during the early history of Utah are as- 
 cribed to the Danites. [From Dan. See 
 Gen. xlix. 16.] 
 
 DANK, dangk, adj. moist, wet. [Perh. 
 conn, with Dew. See also Daggle.] 
 
 DANTESQUE, dan-tesk', adj. pertaining or 
 relating- to Dante Alig-hieri, the Italian 
 poet : resembhng or characteristic of, 
 Dante's manner or style : more especially, 
 characterized bj' subUmity and gloomi- 
 ness, like his pictures of the Inferno. 
 
 DAPPER, dap'er, adj. quick: little and 
 active : neat : spruce. [Dut. dapper, 
 brave : Ger. tapfer, quick, brave.] 
 
 DAPPLE, dap'l, adj. marked with spots.— 
 v.t. to variegate with spots. [See Dim- 
 ple.] 
 
 DA-RAPTI, da-rap'tl, n. in logic, a mne- 
 monic word, designating- a syllogism of 
 the third figure, comprising a universal 
 aSirmative major premise, a particular 
 aflarmative minor premise, and a particu- 
 lar affirmative conclusion. 
 
 DAEDAN, dar'dan, DARDANIAN, dar-da'- 
 ni-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Dar- 
 dani or Trojans, a people mentioned in 
 the Eiad, to Dardania, their territory, 
 or to Dardanus. the founder of the race, 
 and ancestor of Priam of Troy : Trojan. 
 Also used substantively. 
 
 DARE, dar, v.i. to he bold enough : to vent' 
 \i3:e.^pa.t. durst. — v.i. to challenge: to 
 defj'. [A.S. dear, durran : Goth, daur- 
 san: akin to Gr. tharreo, Sans. dhrUh, 
 to be bold.] 
 
 DARE, dar. Same as Dace. 
 
 DARII, da'ri-I, n. in logic, a mnemonic 
 word to express a syllogism of the first 
 figure, compiising a universal affirmative 
 major premise, a particular affirmative 
 minor premise, and a particular afiirnia/- 
 tive conclusion. 
 
 DARING, dar'ing, adj., bold : courageous : 
 fearless. — n. boldness. — adv. Dar'inoly, 
 
 DARING-GLASS, dar'ing-glas, n. a mirror 
 used for daring larks. Bp. Gauden. 
 
 DARK, dark, adj. without light : black or 
 somewhat black : gloomy : difficult to 
 understand : unenlightened : secret. — n. 
 absence of light : obscurity : a state of 
 ignorance. — adv. Dark'ly". — ». Dark'- 
 ness. [A.S. deoi-c] 
 
 DARKEN, dark'n, v.t. to make dark: t, 
 render ignorant : to sully. — v.i. to grow 
 dark or darker.
 
 DARKISH 
 
 92 
 
 DEBARK 
 
 DAHKISH, dark'ish, adj. somewhat dark : 
 
 dusky. 
 
 DARKLING, dark'ling, adj. being in the 
 dark (poet.)- 
 
 DARKSOME, dark'sum, adj., dark: 
 gloomy (poet.). 
 
 DARLING, dar'ling, n. a little dear : one 
 dearly beloved : a favorite. [Deae, and 
 ling.] 
 
 OARN, darn, v.t. to mend a hole by imi- 
 tating the texture of the stuff. — n. the 
 place darned. [W. darn, a piece, a 
 patch.] 
 
 DARNEL, dar'nel, n. a weed of the rye- 
 grass genus. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 DART, dart, n. a pointed weapon for 
 throwing with the hand : anything that 
 pierces. — v.t. to hurl suddenly : to send 
 or shoot forth. — v.i. to start or shoot 
 forth rapidlj'. — adv. Daet'ikglt. [O. 
 Fr. dart : from a Low Ger. root.] 
 
 DART. See Dace. 
 
 DARTLE, dar'tl, v.t. a frequentative form 
 of dart. " My star that dartles the red 
 and the blue.'' — Brouming. 
 
 DARWEESH, dar'wesh,?i. same as Dervis. 
 
 DARWINISM, dar'win-izm, n. the theory 
 of the origin of species propounded by C. 
 Darwin.— adj. Dae-wis'ian. 
 
 DASH, dash, v.t. to throw violently : to 
 break bj' throwing together : to throw 
 water suddenly : to bespatter : to de- 
 stroy or frustrate : to mix or adulterate. 
 — v.i. to strike against: to break against, 
 as water : to rush with violence. — n. a 
 violent striking : a rushing or violent 
 onset : a blow : a mark ( — ) at a break 
 in a sentence : a slight admixture. [Dan. 
 da.ske, to slap.l 
 
 DASH-AND-DOT, dash'-and-dot, adj. con- 
 sisting of dashes and dots : as, the dash- 
 and-dot telegraphic alphabet. 
 
 DASHING, dash'ing, adj. rushing : reck- 
 less : hasty and rash : gallant. — adv. 
 Dash'inglt. 
 
 DASTARD, das'tard, n. a cowardly fellow. 
 — adj. shrinking from danger : coward- 
 Iv. — adj. and adv. Das'tardly. — ns. 
 Das'taedness, DAs'TARDLXNi=;bS. [From 
 a Scand. stem dast=E. dazed, and Fr. 
 suffix -ard. See Daze.] 
 
 DASTARDICE, das'terd-is, n. cowardice: 
 dastardliness. "Upbraided with ingrati- 
 tude, dastardice.'' — Richardson. 
 
 DATA, da'ta, n.pl. facts given or admitted 
 from which other facts may be deduced. 
 — sing. Da'tctm. [L. datum, data, given 
 — do, to give.] 
 
 DATE, dat, n. the time when a letter is 
 giv^en or written : the time of any event : 
 a stipulated time. — v.t. to affix the date 
 to. — !m". to reckon : to begin. [Fr. date 
 — L. datum.] 
 
 DATE, dat, ?i. the fruit of the date-palm, 
 so called from its fancied resemblance to 
 the finger. [Fr. datte — L. dactylus — Gr. 
 daktylos, a finger.] 
 
 DATISI, da-ti'sl, n. in logic, a mnemonic 
 word expressing a sj'llogism of the third 
 figure, comprising a universal affirma- 
 tive major premise, a particular affirma- 
 tive minor premise, and a particular 
 affirmative conclusion. 
 
 DATIVE, dat'iv. adj. that is given or ap- 
 pointed. — n. the dative case, the oblique 
 case of nouns, etc., which follows verbs 
 or other parts of speech that express 
 giving or some act directed to the object 
 — generally indicated in English by to or 
 for. [L. clatiims.] 
 
 DATUM, da'tum, n. See Data. 
 
 DAUB, dawb, v.t. to smear : to paint 
 coarsely. — n. a coarse painting. — 
 Dauber, dawb'er, n. one who daubs : a 
 coarse painter. [O. Fr. dauber, to 
 plaster — L. dealbare. to whitewash — de, 
 down, and albus, white.] 
 
 DAUGHTER, daw'ter, n. a female child : 
 a female descendant. — n. Daugh'ter-in- 
 Law, a son's wife. [A.S. dohtor ; Scot. 
 dochter, Ger. tochter, Gr. thygater. Sans. 
 duhitri, from dnh or dhugh, to milk — as 
 if " the milkmaid." See Dug.] 
 
 DAUGHTERLY, daw'ter-li, adj, like or 
 becoming a daughter. — n. Daugh'terli- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 DAUNT, dant or dawnt, v.t. to frighten : 
 to discom-age. [O. Fr. danter, Fr. damp- 
 ter—L. domito — domo, Gr. damao, to 
 tame : conn, with Tame.] 
 
 DAUNTLESS, dant'les, adj. not to be 
 daunted. — adv. Daunt'lesslt. — n, 
 Daunt'lessness. 
 
 DAUPHIN, daw'fin, n. formerly a name 
 given to the eldest son of the king of 
 France.— /eni. Dau'phiness. the dauphin's 
 wife. [O. Fr. daulphin, Fr. dauphin — 
 L. delphinus, a dolphin. Danphin was 
 the proper name of the lords of Viennois, 
 who had taken for their crest three dol- 
 phins. When "Viennois (Dauphine) was 
 ceded to the crown of France, the name 
 became the title of the kind's eldest son.] 
 
 DAVIT, daVit, n. a spar projecting from a 
 ship, used as a crane for hoisting the 
 anchor clear of the vessel: — pi. pieces of 
 timber or iron, projecting over a ship's 
 side or stern, having tackle to raise a 
 boat by. [Fr. davier, a forceps.] 
 
 DAW, daw, n. a bird of the crow kind : a 
 jackdaw. [From its cry.] 
 
 DAWDLE, daw'dl, v.i. to waste time by 
 trifling: to act or move .slowly. — ?i. 
 Daw'dler. [Allied to DANDii and 
 Dandy.] 
 
 DAWN, dawn, v.i. to become day: to begin 
 to grow hght : to begin to appear. — n. 
 daybreak: beginning. [A.S. dagian, day.] 
 
 DAY, da, n. the time of light : the time 
 from morning till night : twenty-four 
 hours, the time the earth takes to make 
 a revolution on her axis ; also credit : a 
 distant day being fixed for payment. 
 
 Faith, then, I'll pray you, 'cause he is my neighbor. 
 To take a hundred pound, and give him day. 
 
 — B. Jmison. 
 [A. S. dceg ; Qer. tag. from an unknown 
 root, not conn, with L. dies.] 
 
 DAYBOOK, da'book, n. a book in which 
 merchants, etc., enter the transactions 
 of everv day. 
 
 DAYBREAK, daTirak, n. the breaking of 
 day, or first appearance of light. 
 
 DAYDREAM, da'drem, n. a dreaming or 
 musing while awake. 
 
 DAY-LILY, da'-lil'i, n. a lily that blooms 
 during- the day or for a dav only. 
 
 DAYSHINE, da'shin, n. dayUght. 
 
 Wherefore waits the madman there, 
 Naked in open dayshine f — Tennyson. 
 
 DAYSMAN, daz'man, n. one who appoints 
 a day to hear a cause : an umpire. 
 
 DAYSPRING, da'spring, n. the springing 
 of day : dawn. 
 
 DAYSTAR, da'star, n. the star which ush- 
 ers in tlie day : the morning-star. 
 
 DAZE, daz, v.t. {obs.) to render dull or 
 stupid. [Ice. dasa, to be breathless or 
 exnausted ; conn, with A.S. dirces, fool- 
 ish.] 
 
 DAZZLE, dazl, v.t. to daze or overpower 
 with any strong light. — adv. Dazz'ling- 
 LY. [Fi-eq. of Daze.] 
 
 DEACON, de'kn, n. in Episcopal and Cath- 
 olic churches the order of clergy under 
 priests : in some Presbvterian cliurches, 
 an officer under the elders : in Congre- 
 gational and some other churches, the 
 principal lay official : in Scot, the master 
 of an incorporated companj'.— /f »». Dea'- 
 CONESS. — ns. Dea'conship, Dea'conry. 
 [L. diaconus — Gr. diakonos, a servant.] 
 
 DEACON, de'kon, v.t. to read out, as a 
 line of a psalm or hymn, before singing it. 
 
 DEAD, ded, adj. deprived of life : that 
 
 never had life : deathlike : useless : dult 
 cold and cheerless : without vegetation : 
 perfect. — DEAD-DRUNK,conipletely drunk; 
 Dead-language, one no longer spoken ; 
 Dead-letter, a letter undelivered and 
 unclaimed at the post-office ; Dead- 
 lights, storm-shutters for a cabin win- 
 dow ; Dead-lock, a position of matters 
 when thej' have become so complicated 
 that they are at a complete standstill 
 and progress is impossible ; Dead-march, 
 a piece of solemn music played at funeral 
 processions, especially of soldiers ; Dead- 
 reckoning, an estimation of a ship's 
 place, simply by the log-book ; Dead- 
 weight, a heavy or oppressive burden. — 
 adv. Dead'ly. — n. Dead'ness. [A.S. 
 dead ; Goth, dauths, Ger. todt, from root 
 of die.] 
 
 DEAD, ded, n. the time of greatest still- 
 ness : — 'n.pl. those who are dead. 
 
 DEADEN, ded'n, v.t. to make dead: to de- 
 prive partlj' of vigor or sensation : to 
 tjlunt : to lessen. 
 
 DEAD-FILE, ded'-ffl, n. a file whose cnts 
 are so close and fine that its operations 
 are practicallj' noiseless. 
 
 DEADLY, de'd'li, adj., causing death: 
 fatal : implacable. — n. Dead'liness. 
 
 DEAF, def, adj., dull of hearing: unable 
 to hear at all : not willing to hear : in- 
 attentive. — adv. Deaf'ly. — n. Deaf'- 
 NESS. [A.S. deaf ; Dut. doof, Ger. taub.] 
 
 DEAFEN, def'n. v.t. to make deaf, partly 
 or altogether : to stun ; to render imper- 
 vious to sound. 
 
 DEAF-JIUTE, def'-mut, n. one who is both 
 deqf and ?nute or dumb. 
 
 DEAL, del, n. a portion : an indefinite 
 quantity ; a large quantity : the act of 
 dividing cards : one of the divisions or 
 boards into which a piece of timber is 
 cut : a fir or pine board. Often ajijilied 
 in U. S. to large and important business 
 transactions, especially on-the Stock Ex- 
 change. [A.S. dcel ; Ger. tlieil, a part or 
 division.] 
 
 DEAL, del, v.t. to divide, to distribute : to 
 throw about. — v.i. to transact busine.ss : 
 to act : to distribute cards -.^pa.t. and 
 pa.p. dealt (deio). [A.S. dcelan^dixl ; 
 Ger. theilen — theil.] 
 
 DEALER, del'er, n. one who deals: a trader. 
 
 DEALING, del'ing, n. manner of acting 
 towards others : intercourse of trade. 
 
 DEAN, den, n. a dignitary in cathedral and 
 collegiate churches who presides over 
 the other clergy : a priest who presides 
 at local synods : the president of the 
 faculty in a college. — ns. Dean'ship, 
 Dean'ery. the office of a dean : a dean's 
 house. [O.Fr. deien — L. decanus, a chiet 
 often — clecem. ten.] 
 
 DEAR, der, adj. high in price : costly : 
 scarce : highl.y valued : beloved. — n. one 
 who is dear or beloved. — adv. Dear'ly. — 
 n. Dear'ness. [A.S. deore ; Ger. theuer, 
 O. Ger. tiuri, precious.] 
 
 DEARTH, derth, n., dearness, high ^Jj'i'cc 
 scarcity : want : famine : barrenness. 
 
 DEATH,'deth, n. state of being dead: ex- 
 tinction of life : manner of dying : mor- 
 tality. — n. Death'-bed, the last illness. 
 [A.S. death ; Ger. tod.] 
 
 DEATHINESS, deth'i-nes, n. the quality o/ 
 producing death : an atmosphere of 
 death. (Rare.) 
 
 Look 1 it burns clear ; but with the air around 
 Its dead ingredients mingle deathiness. — Southey 
 
 DEATHY, deth'i, adj. pertaining to or char- 
 acteristic of death. (Rare.) 
 
 The cheeks were deaths dark. — Southey. 
 
 DEBAR, de-biir', v.t. to bar out from : to 
 exclude : to hinder i^pr.j}. debarring ; 
 pa.p. debarred'. [L. de. from, and Bar.] 
 
 DEBARK, de-bark', v.t. or v.i. to land /rom 
 a bark, ship, or boat : todisembark. [Fr.
 
 DEBARKATION 
 
 93 
 
 DECLAIM 
 
 dibarquer — des = L. dis, away, and 
 Barque, a ship.] 
 
 DEBARKATION, DEBARCATION, de- 
 bark-a'shun, n. the act of debarking or 
 disembarkiug. 
 
 DEBASE, de-bas', v.t. to lower: to make 
 mean or of less vaJue: to adulterate. [L. 
 de. down, and Base, low.] 
 
 DEBASEMENT, de-bas'ment, n. degrada- 
 tion. 
 
 DEBASING, de-bas'ing, adj. tending to 
 loner or degrade. — adv. Debas'ingly. 
 
 DEBATABLE, de-bat'a-bl, adj. liable to be 
 disputed. 
 
 DEBATE, de-bat', n. a contention in words 
 or argument. — v.t. to contend for in 
 argument. — v.i. to deliberate : to join ic 
 debate. — n. Debat'er. [Fr. de, and battre, 
 to beat. See Beat.] 
 
 DEBAUCH, de-bawch', v.t. to lead away 
 from duty or allegiance : to corrupt 
 with lewdness. — y.i. to indulge in revelry. 
 — n. a fit of intemperance or debauchery. 
 [Fr. debaucher — des = L. dis, and a word 
 oauche, a workshop, of unknown origin.] 
 
 DEBAUCHEE, deb'o-she, n. one given up 
 to debauchery : a libertine. 
 
 DEBAUCHERY, de-bawch'er-i, n. corrup- 
 tion of fidelity ■ seduction from duty : 
 excessive intemperance : habitual lewd- 
 ness. 
 
 DEBENTURE, de-bent'ur, u. an acknowl- 
 edgment of a debt : a deed of mortgage 
 given by a railway or other company for 
 borrowed money : a certificate entitling 
 an exporter of imported goods to a 
 drawback or repayment of the duty paid 
 on their importation. [L. debentiir, there 
 are due, 3d person pi. passive of debeo, to 
 owe.] 
 
 DEBILITATE, de-bil'i-tat, v.t. to make 
 weak : to impair the strength of. [L. 
 debilito, debilitafus — debilis, weak — ae, 
 not. habilis, able. [See Ability.] 
 
 DEBILITY, de-bil'i-ti, 71., weakness and 
 languor : a weak action of the animal 
 functions. 
 
 DEBIT, deb'it, n. a debt or something due : 
 an entry on the debtor side of an ac- 
 count. — v.t. to charge with debt : to en- 
 ter on the debit or debtor side of an ac- 
 count. [L. debit um, what is due, from 
 debeo, to owe.] 
 
 DEBONAIR, deb-o-nar', adj. of good air 
 or appearance and manners : elegant : 
 courteous. [Fr. de, of, bon, good, air, 
 apjiearance, manner.] 
 
 DEBOUCH, de-bo6sh', v.i. to march out 
 from a narrow pass or confined place. 
 [Fr. deboucher — de, from, bouche, the 
 mouth — L. biicca, the cheek.] 
 
 DEBOUCHURE, da-boo-shoor', n. the 
 mouth of a river or strait. 
 
 DEBRIS, de-bre', n., bruised or broken 
 pieces of anything, esp. of rock : rub- 
 bish : ruins. [Fr., from briser, akin to 
 Bruise.] 
 
 DEBT, det, n. what one owes to another : 
 what one becomes liable to do or suffer. 
 [L. debit U7n.] 
 
 DEBTOR, det'ur, n. one who oives a debt : 
 the side of an account on which debts 
 are charged. [L. debitor.] 
 
 DEBUT, de-bu'(u sounded as in Scot, gude), 
 n. a beginning or first attempt : a first 
 appearance before the public, as of an 
 actor, etc. [Fr. debut, a first stroke — de, 
 from. but. aim, mark.] 
 
 DECADE or DECAD, dek'ad or dek'ad, n. 
 an aggregate of ten : specifically, a period 
 of ten years. [Fr. decade — Gr. dekas — 
 deka. ten.] 
 
 DECADENCE, de-ka'dens, DECADENCY, 
 de-ka'den-si, n., state of decay. [Fr. — 
 Low L. decadentia, from de, down, and 
 Low L. cadentia — L. cado, to fall. See 
 Cadence, Decay.] 
 
 DECAGON, dek'a-gon, n. a plane figure of 
 ten angles and sides. [Gr. deka, and 
 gonia. an angle : akin to Knee.] 
 
 DECAHEDRON, dek-a-he'dron, n. a soUd 
 figure having ten bases or sides. [Gr. 
 deka, and hedra, a seat.] 
 
 DECALCOMANIA, de-kal'ko-ma'ni-a, n. 
 the art or process of transferring pictures 
 to marble, porcelain, glass, wood, and 
 the like. It consists usually in simply 
 gmiiming a colored lithograph or wood- 
 cut to the object and then removing the 
 paper by aid of warm water, the colored 
 parts remaining fixed. [Fr. decalcoma- 
 nie, from decalquer, to countertrace, and 
 Gr. mania, madness.] 
 
 DECALOGUE, dek a-log, v. the ten com- 
 mandments. [Gr. deka, cen, logos, a dis- 
 course, a proposition.] 
 
 DECAMP, de-kamp', v.i. (lit.) to go from 
 or shift a camp : to go away, esp. secretlj*. 
 [Fr. deeamper — Fr. de=L. dis, away, and 
 camp. See Camp.] 
 
 DECAMPMENT, de-kamp'ment, n., shift- 
 ing a camji : a marching off. [Fr. dd- 
 campement.] 
 
 DECANAL, dek'an-al, adj. pertaining to a 
 deanery. 
 
 DECANT, de-kant', v.t. to pour off, leaving 
 sediment : to pour from one vessel into 
 another. [Fr. dicanter — de, from, and 
 Cant, a side or corner.] 
 
 DECANTER, de-kant'er, n. a vessel for 
 holding decanted liquor : an ornamental 
 bottle. 
 
 DECAPITATE, de-kap'i-tat, v.t. to take 
 the head from : to behead. [Low L. de- 
 capitare—L. de, from, and caput, capitis, 
 the head.] 
 
 DECAPITATION, de-kap-i-ta'shun, n. the 
 act of beheading. 
 
 DECAPOD, dek'a-pod, n. one of the shell- 
 fish which have ten feet or claws, as the 
 crab. [Gr. deka, ten, and pous, podos, a 
 foot.] 
 
 DECARBONIZE, de-kfir'bon-Iz, v.t. to de- 
 prive of carbon. [De, from, and Casbon.] 
 
 DECARBURIZE, de-kar'bur-iz. Same as 
 
 D F O A TtBO NT 7F 
 
 DECASTYLE, dek'a-stll, n. a portico with 
 ten styles or columns in front. [Gr. deka, 
 ten, stylos, a column.] 
 
 DECASYLLABIC, dek-arsil-ab'ik, adj. hav- 
 ing ten syllables. [Fr. decasyllabique — Gr. 
 deka, ten, syllabe, a syllable.] 
 
 DECAY, de-ka', v.i. to fall away from, a 
 state of health or excellence : to waste 
 away. — n. a falling into a worse or less 
 perfect state : a passing awaj'. [O. Fr. 
 decaer — L. de, from, cadere, to fall.] 
 
 DECEASE, de-ses', v.i. to cease to live : to 
 die. — n. death. [O. Fr. deces — L. decessus 
 — de, away, cedo, cessus, to go.] 
 
 DECEIT, de-set', n. act of deceiving : any- 
 thing intended to mislead another. 
 FThrough Fr. from L. deccptus.] 
 
 DECEITFUL, de-set'fool, adj. full of deceit: 
 disposed or tending to deceive : insincere. 
 —adv. Deceit'fullt. — n. Deceit'ful- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 DECEIVABLE, de-seVa-bl, adj. that may 
 be deceived : exposed to imposture. — n. 
 Deceiv'ableness. — adv. Deceiv'ably. 
 
 DECEIVE, de-sev', r.t. to mislead or cause 
 to err : to cheat : to disappoint. — 7t. De- 
 ceiv'er. [Fr. dicevoir—h. decipere, de- 
 ceptus — de, from, capere, to take, catch.] 
 
 DECEMBER, de-sem'ber, n. the te7ith mo7ith 
 among the Romans, who began their year 
 with March : with us, the twelfth month 
 of the vi'ar. [L. decern, ten.] 
 
 DECEMBERLY, de-sem'ber-li, adj. resem- 
 bling December : hence, chilly, gloomy, 
 and cheerless. "The many bleak and 
 decemberly nights of a seven years' widow- 
 hood." — fiterne. 
 
 DECEMVIR, de-sem'vir, w. one of ten 
 
 7nagistrates who at one time had absolute 
 
 Sower in Rome -.—pi. Decem'virs or (L.) 
 lECEMViRi, de-sem'vi-rl. [L. decern, ten, 
 
 and vir, a man.] 
 DECEMVIRATE, de-sem'vir-at, ?i. a boG^ 
 
 of ten 7nen in office : the term of office of 
 
 decemvirs. 
 DECENCY, de'sen-si, 71. becomingness : 
 
 modestv. [L. decentia. See Decent.] 
 DECENlfARY, de-sen'ar-i, 71. a period ot 
 
 ten years. [L. decem, ten, and annus, a 
 
 year.] 
 DECENNIAL, de-sen'i-al, adj. consisting 
 
 of, or happening every teii years. 
 DECENT, de'sent, adj., becomi7ig : seemly: 
 
 proper : modest : moderate : tolerable.— 
 
 adv. De'cently. [L. decens, decentis, 
 
 pr.p. of decet, it is becoming.] 
 DECENTISH, de'sent-ish, adj. somewhat 
 
 decent : of a fairly good kind or quality: 
 
 passable. (Colloq.) 
 You'll take our potluck, and weVe decentish wine. 
 — R. H. Barham. 
 
 DECENTRALIZE, de-sen'tral-iz, v.t. to 
 withdraw from the centre. [L. de, priv., 
 and Centralize.] 
 DECEPTION, de-sep'shun, n. act of deceiv- 
 i7ig : the means bj' which it is sought to 
 deceive. [L. decep>tio.] 
 DECEPTIVE, de-sep'tiv, adj. tending to 
 deceive. — adv. Decep'tively. — n. De- 
 cep'ttveness. 
 
 DECIDE, de-sId', v.t. to determine : to 
 
 end : to settle. [Fr. decide} L. de- 
 
 cidere — de, away, ccedo, to cut.] 
 
 DECIDED, de-sld'ed, adj., determined : 
 clear, unmistakable : resolute. — adv. 
 Decid'edly. 
 
 DECIDUOUS, de-sid'u-us, adj., falli7ig off : 
 that fall in autumn, as leaves : not per- 
 manent. — n. Decid'uousness. [L. d» 
 ciduus — decido, from de, cado, to fall.] 
 
 DECIMAL, des'i-mal, adj. numbered ot 
 proceeding by tcTis. — n. a fraction hav- 
 ing ten or some power of ten for its 
 denominator. — Decimal system is the 
 French system of weights or measures, 
 the principle of which is that it multi- 
 plies and divides Iw ten. — adv. Dec'i- 
 mally. [Fr. — Low L. decimalis — decem, 
 ten.] 
 
 DECIMATE, des'i-mat, v.t. to take the tenth 
 part of : to put to death every tenth 
 man. — ji. Dec IMATOR. [L. decimo, deei- 
 7nat7is — deci7niis, tenth.] 
 
 DECIMATION, des-i-ma'shun, n. a mili- 
 tary punishment, by which every tenth 
 man was selected by "lot, and put to death, 
 or otherwise punished. 
 
 DECIPHER, de-si'fer, v.t. to tin-cipher or 
 read secret writing : to make out what 
 is unintelligible or obscure. [L. de, neg- 
 ative, and Cipher.] 
 
 DECIPHERABLE, de-sl'fer-arbl, adj. that 
 mav be deciphered. 
 
 DECISION, de-sizh'un, n. the act of deccd- 
 ing : determination : settlement. 
 
 DECISIVE, de-sl'siv. adj. having the power 
 of deciding : final : positive. — adv. Deci'- 
 srvELY. — n. Deci'siveness. 
 
 DECK, dek, v.t. to cot'er; to clothe: to 
 adorn : to furnish with a deck, as a ves- 
 sel. — ji. a covering : the floor or covering 
 of a ship. [Dut. dckken, to cover ; G«r. 
 decke7i ; akin to L. tego. See Thatch.] 
 
 DECKER, dek'er, n. the person or thing 
 that decks : a vessel which has a deck or 
 decks, used chiefly in composition, as a 
 three-decker, a ship with three decks. 
 
 DECK-HAND, dck'-hand, 71. a person en- 
 gaged on board a ship, but whose duties 
 are confined to the deck, he being unfit 
 for the work of a seaman properly so 
 called. 
 
 DECLAIM, de-klam', v.i. to make a set or 
 rhetorical speech : to harangue. — ns. De-
 
 DECLAMATI05T 
 
 94 
 
 DEFALCATE 
 
 CLAIM'AXT. Declaui'er. [Fr. — L. declamo 
 —<ie. intensive, clanio, to cry out.] 
 
 DECLAMATION, dek-Wma'shun, n. act of 
 declaiming: a set speech in public : dis- 
 play in speaking. 
 
 DECLAMATORY, de-klam'a-tor-i, adj. re- 
 latins' to declamation : appealing to the 
 passions : noisy and rhetorical merelj'. 
 
 OECLARATIOX, dek-la-ra'shun, n. act of 
 declaring: that which is declared: a 
 written affirmation. 
 
 DECLARATIVE, de-klar'a-tiv, DECLARA- 
 TORY, de-klar'a-tor-i, adj. explanatory. — 
 ad vs. Decxar'atively, Declak'atorilt. 
 
 DECLARE, de-klar", v.t. to make known : 
 to show plainly to others by words : to 
 assert. — v.i. to make a statement. [Fr. 
 declarer, fromL. declaro, declaratus — de, 
 sig. completeness, clarus, clear.] 
 
 DECLENSION, de-klen'shun, n. a falling 
 off : decay : descent : (gram.) change of 
 termination for the oblique eases. [See 
 Decline.] 
 
 DECLINABLE, de-klln'a-bl, adj. having in- 
 flection for the oblique cases. 
 
 DECLINATION, dek-Un-a'shun, n. act of 
 declining: de\'iation: decay: (astr.) the 
 distance from the celestial equator. 
 
 DECLINE, de-klln', v.i. to bend or turn 
 aivay from (a straight line) : to deviate : 
 to refuse : to bend down : to fail or de- 
 cay : to draw to an end. — v.t. to bend 
 down : to turn away from : to refuse : to 
 avoid : (gram.) to give the changes of a 
 word in the oblique cases. — n. a falling 
 off : deviation : decay : a gradual sinking 
 of the bodily facidties, consumption. 
 [Fr. declines — L. de, down, away from, 
 clino. to bend. See Lean.] 
 
 DECLIVITY, de-kli\''i-ti, n. a place that 
 decline'? or slopes doicnward, opp. of 
 AcxuviTV : inclination downward : a 
 gradual descent. [L. declivitas — de, 
 downward, clivus, sloping, akin to clino.] 
 
 OECOCT. de-kokt', v.t. to digest by heat. 
 [L. decoquo, decoctus — de, down, eoquo, 
 to oook.J 
 
 DECOCTION, de-kok'shun, n. an extract 
 of anything got by boiling.^-adj. Decoc'- 
 
 TIVE. 
 
 DECOLL.VTE, de-kol'at, v.t. to behead. [L. 
 detollo — de, from, collum, the neck.] 
 
 DECOLLATION, de-kol-a'shun, n. the act 
 of beheading. 
 
 DECOLOR, de-ltul'ur, DECOLORIZE, de- 
 kul'ur-iz, v.t. to deprive of color. [Fr. 
 decolorer — L. decoloro — de, from, color, 
 color.] 
 
 DECOLORANT, de-kul'ur-ant, n. a sub- 
 stance that bleaches or removes color. 
 
 DECOLORATION, de-kul'ur-a-shun, n. the 
 removal or absence of color. 
 
 DECOMPOSABLE, de-kom-poz'a-bl, adj. 
 that mav be decomposed. 
 
 DECOMPOSE, de-kom-poz', v.t. to separate 
 the parts composing anj'thing: to resolve 
 into original elements. [L. de, sig. sepa- 
 ration, and Compose.] 
 
 DECOMPOSITION, de-kom-po-zish'un, n. 
 act of decomposing : decav or dissolution. 
 
 DECOMPOUND, de-kom-pownd', v.t. to 
 cotnpound again : to compound things al- 
 ready compounded; also, to divide a thing 
 into its constituent parts. — adj. com- 
 pounded a second time. — adj. Decom- 
 roiiND'ABLE. [L. de, intensive, and Com- 
 pound.] 
 
 OECONCENTRATE, de-kon-sen'trat, v.i. to 
 spread or scatter from a point or centre: 
 to break up or dismiss from concentra^ 
 tion, as bodies of troops. London Times. 
 [Prefix de, priv., and Concentrate.] 
 
 DECORATE, dek'o-rat. v.t. to ornament, 
 to beautify. [L. decoro, decoratus — 
 rfecits, what is becoming, ornament, from 
 decet, it is becoming.] 
 
 DECORATION, dek-o-ra'shun, n. ornament: 
 anythin g tha t heightens beautv. 
 
 DECORATIVE, dek'o-ra-tiv, adj.'adorningr 
 suited to adorn. 
 
 DECORATOR, deVo-ra-tor, n. one who 
 decorates. 
 
 DECOROUS, de-ko'rus, adj. becoming: suit- 
 able: proper: decent. — adv. Deco'rously. 
 [L. deeor^is.] 
 
 DECORTICATE, de-kor'ti-kat, v.t. to de- 
 prive of the bark, husk, or peel. — n. De- 
 CORTICa'tion. [L. decortico, decorticatus 
 — de, from, and cortex, bark.] 
 
 DECORUM, de-ko'rum, n. that which is 
 becoming in outward appearance : pro- 
 priety of conduct : decency. [L., neuter 
 of decerns, becoming.] 
 
 DECOY, de-ko/, v.t. to allure, entice : to 
 entrap : to lure into a trap or snare. — n. 
 anj^hing intended to allure into a snare. 
 [L. de, down, and O. Fr. coij, quiet ; as 
 if to quiet down. See Coy.] 
 
 DECREASE, de-kres', v.i. to grow or be- 
 come less. — v.t. to make less : to lessen 
 gradually. — n. a gi-o\\ing less : loss. — 
 adv. Decreas'ingly. [O. Fr. decrois, a 
 decrease, from L. deeresco — de, from, 
 and cresco, to grow.] 
 
 DECREE, de-kre', n. an order by one in 
 authority : an established law : a prede- 
 termined purpose. — v.t. to decide or de- 
 termine by sentence in law : to appoint. 
 — v.i. to make a decree : — pr.p. decree'- 
 ing ; pa.p. decreed'. [Fr. — ^L. decretiim — 
 decerno. to decide.] 
 
 DECREMENT, dek're-ment, n. the quantity 
 lost by decrease. [L. deerementum — de- 
 crexco.] 
 
 DECREPIT, de-krep'it, adj. worn out by 
 the infirmities of old age : in the last 
 stage of decay. [L. decrepitus, noise- 
 less, very old — de. not, crejiitus, a noise.] 
 
 DECREPITATE, de-krep'i-tat, v.i. to 
 crackle, as salts, when heated. — v.t. to 
 roast so as to cause a continual crack- 
 ling. — n. Decreptta'tion. [L. de, inten., 
 crepito, to rattle much, freq. of crepo.] 
 
 DECREPITUDE, de-krep'l-tud. n. state of 
 beinr/ decrepit or worn out with age. 
 
 DECRESCENT, de-kres'ent, adj., becoming 
 gradually less. [L.] 
 
 DECRETAL, de-ln-e'tal, adj. pertaining to 
 si. decree. — n.a. decree, es p. of the pope: 
 a book containing decrees : a collection of 
 the pope's decrees. [L. decretalis — de- 
 cretiiw.'] 
 
 DECRETIVE, de-krg'tiv, adj. having the 
 force of a decree. 
 
 DECRETORY, dek're-tor-i, adj. established 
 by a decree : determining : judicial. 
 
 DECRIAL, de-krt'al, n. a crying doum: 
 clamorous condemnation. 
 
 DECRY, de-krT, i:t. to cry doim : to con- 
 demn : to blame : — pa.}), decried'. [Fr. 
 de(s)=L. dis, and cn'er, tocrv. See CRY.] 
 
 DECUMAN, dek-u-man. D"ECUMANE, 
 dek'ii-man, adj. tenth : hence, from the 
 ancient notion that everv tenth wave was 
 the largest in a series, "large : immense. 
 " Overwhelmed and quite sunk by such 
 deeitmane bUlowes." — Bp. Gauden. 
 Sometimes substantively used for the 
 tenth or largest wave. "The baffled 
 decuman." — J. R. LoireU. [L. decu- 
 manus, dedmanus, of or pertaining to 
 the tenth, from decern, ten.] 
 
 DECUMBENCE, de-kum'bens, DECUM- 
 BENCY, de-kum'ben-si, n. the act or post- 
 ure of lying doien. 
 
 DECUMBENT, de-kum'bent, adj., lying 
 dou-n : reclining on the ground. — adv. 
 Decibi'bently. [L. decumbens — de, 
 down, and crimbo, for ««6o, to lie.] 
 
 DECUPLE, dek'u-pl. adj., tenfold.— n. a 
 number ten times repeated. — v.t. to 
 make tenfold. [Fr. decuple — L. decern, 
 ten, and plico, to fold.] 
 
 DECURRENT, de-kur'ent, adj., running or 
 extending doicmcard. — adv. Decurr'- 
 ENTLY. [L. decurrens — de, down, ctirro, 
 eursnm, to i-un.] 
 
 DECUSSATE, de-kus'at, v.t. to cross in the 
 form of an X : to cross, as lines, etc. — 
 adj. crossed : arranged in pairs which 
 cross each other. — n. Decussa'tion. [L. 
 decusso, decussatus — decussis, a coin o' 
 ten asses (decern asses) marked with X, 
 the symbol of ten. See ACE.] 
 
 DEDICATE, ded'i-kat, v.t. to set apart and 
 consecrate to some sacred purjxise : to 
 devote wholly or chiefly : to inscribe to 
 any one. [L. dedico, ded'icatus — de, down, 
 dico, to declare.] 
 
 DEDICATION, ded-i-ka'shun, n. the act of 
 dedicating : an address to a patron, pre- 
 fixed to a book. 
 
 DEDICATORY, ded'i-kartor-i, adj. serving 
 as a dedication. 
 
 DEDUCE, de-dus', v.t. to draw from : to 
 infer a truth or opinion from what pre- 
 cedes or from premises. [L. de, from, 
 duco, ductum, to lead.] 
 
 DEDUCIBLE, de-dus'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 deduced or inferred. 
 
 DEDUCT, de-dukt', v.t. to take from : to 
 separate : to subtract. 
 
 DEDUCTION, de-duk'shun, «. 1, the act 
 of deducing : that which is deduce<l : 
 reasoning from a general to a particular 
 proposition. [From Deduce.] 2, the act 
 of deducting : that which is deducted : 
 abat ement. [From Deduct.] 
 
 DEDUCTIVE, de-dukt'iv, adj., that is, or 
 may be deduced from premises. — adv. 
 Deduct'ively. 
 
 DEED, ded, n. something done : an act : 
 an exploit : a legal transaction : the writ- 
 ten evidence of it. [A.S. deed — don. tc 
 do ; Ger. that — thun, to do. See Do.] 
 
 DEEDILY, ded'i-li, adv. in a deedy man 
 ner : actively : busily : industriously. 
 " Frank Churchill at a table near her 
 most deedily occupied about her specta- 
 cles." — Miss Austen. (Rare.) 
 
 DEEDLESS, dedles, adj. not having per- 
 formed deeds. 
 
 DEEM, dem, v.t. or v.i. to judge : to think: 
 tobeheve. [A.S. deman, to form a judg- 
 ment — dom, judgment. See Doom.] 
 
 DEEP, dep, adj. extending far down or far 
 from the outside: difficult to understand: 
 secret : wise and penetrating : cunning : 
 very stUl : profound : intense : sunk low : 
 low or grave. — n. that which is deep : the 
 Bea : anything profound or incompre- 
 hensible. — adv. to a great depth : pro- 
 foundly. — adv. Deep'ly. — n. Deep'ness. 
 [A.S. deop ; Ger. tief ; akin to Dip, 
 DrvE.] 
 
 DEEPEN, dep'n, v.t. to make deeper in 
 any sense: to increase. — v.i. to become 
 deeper. 
 
 DEER, der, n. a quadruped of several spe- 
 cies, as the stag, reindeer, etc. ; in M. 
 E. any kind of animal. [A.S. deor : Ger. 
 thicr, Gr. ther, L. fera, a wild beast.] 
 
 DEER-STALKER, der'-stawk'er, n. one 
 who practices deer-stalking. 
 
 DEER-STALKING, der'-stawk'ing, n. the 
 hunting of deer by stalking, or steaUng 
 upon them unawares. [See Stalk, to 
 walk.] 
 
 DEFACE, de-fas', v.t. to destroy or mar the 
 face or external appearance of, to dis- 
 figure : to obliterate. [O. Fr. desfacer—^ 
 des = L. dis, away, and face, from L, 
 facies-l 
 
 DEFACEMENT, de-fas'ment, n. act of de- 
 facing : injury to form or appearance : 
 that which defaces. 
 
 DEFALCATE, de-fal'kat, v.t. to deduct a 
 part of. used chiefly of money, etc. : to 
 embezzle money held on trust. [Low L. 
 difalco, difalcatus, to cut away — L. dif-
 
 DEFALCATION 
 
 =^»s-. off. and fake, f aids, a sickle. See 
 Falchiox.] 
 
 DEFALCATION, def-al-ka'shun, n. a dim- 
 inution : a deficit of funds intrusted to 
 one's caie. 
 
 DEFAJIATION, def-a-ma'shun, n. the act 
 of defaming: calumny: slander. 
 
 DEFAiL-i.TORY, de-fam'a-tor-i, adj. con- 
 taining defamation : injurious to reputa- 
 tion : calumnious. 
 
 DEFA3IE, de-fam', v.t. to take away or 
 destroy the good fame or reputation of : 
 to speak e\al of. [O. Fr. defamer — L. 
 diffamare — dis, away, detraction, and 
 fam,a, report. See Fame.] 
 
 DEFAULT, de-fawlt', n. a. fault, failing, or 
 failure : defect : neglect to do what duty 
 or law requires : offence. — v.i. to fail 
 through neglect of duty : to fail to ap- 
 pear in court when called upon. [O. Fr. 
 defai'te, and default — de=L. dis, inten- 
 sive, anAfaute. See Fault.] 
 
 DEFAULTER, de-fawlt'er, n. one who fails 
 to account for money intrusted to his 
 care. 
 
 DEFEASANCE, de-fez'aas, n. (law) a con- 
 dition annexed to a deed, which, being 
 performed, renders the deed void. [Norm. 
 defaisance — Fr. defaisant, pr.p. of de- 
 fdire. to undo.] 
 
 DEFEASIBLE, de-fez'i-bl, adj. that may 
 be defeated or annulled. — n. Defkas'ible- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 DEFEAT, de-fet', v.t. to frustrate : to over- 
 come : to ruin.— ji. a frustration of plans : 
 overthrow, as of an army in battle. [Fr. 
 defa ite — clef a ire, lo undo — de = L. dis, 
 asunder, and Fr. faire, L. facere, to do.] 
 
 DEFECATE, def'e-kat, v.t. to clear from 
 dregs or impurities : to purify from ex- 
 traneous matter. [L. defceeo, defceeatus, 
 to cleanse — de, from, fcex, fcecis, dregs.] 
 
 DEFECATION, def-e-ka'shun, n. the act of 
 clearing away impurities. 
 
 OEFECT, de-fekt', n. a deficiency : a want : 
 imperfection : blemish : fault. [L. deficio, 
 defectus. to fail or be wanting — de, neg., 
 and f ado, to do.] 
 
 DEFECTIBLE. de-fekt'i-bl, adj. liable to 
 imperfection. 
 
 DEFECTION, de-fek'shun, n. a falling 
 ateay from dutv : revolt. 
 
 DEFECtl\^, de^fekt'iv, adj. having de- 
 fect : wanting in some necessary quality : 
 msufficient. — adv. Defect'ively. — n. De- 
 
 FECT'IVENESS. 
 
 DEFENCE, de-fens', n. a defending : that 
 which defends : protection : Nnndication : 
 (late) a defendant's plea. — JJefesc'ed, 
 pa.p. {B.) fortified. 
 
 DEFENCELESS, de-fens'les, adj. without 
 defence. — adv. Defence'lesslt. — n. De- 
 
 FENCE'IESSNESS. 
 
 DEFEND, de-fend', v.t. (lit.) to fend or 
 ward off: to keep off anything hui-tful : 
 to guard or protect : to maintain against 
 attack : (late) to resist as a claim : to 
 contest. — n. Defend'er. [L. defendo, 
 defensus, to ward off — de, off, and obs. 
 
 fendo, to strike. 
 DEFENDA 
 
 )ABLE, de-fend'a-bl, adj. that may 
 
 be defended. 
 DEFENDANT, de-fend'ant, n. a defender : 
 
 (lav) a person accused or sued. 
 DEFENSIBLE, de-fens'i-bl, adj. that may 
 
 be defended. — )i. Defensibil ity. 
 OFFENSIVE, de-fens'iv, adj. serving tode- 
 
 feml : in a state or posture of defence. — 
 
 n. tliat wliich defends : posture of de- 
 fence. — adv. Defens'itelt. 
 DEFER, de-fer', v.t. to put off to another 
 
 time : to delaj' : — pr.p. deferr'ing ; pa.p. 
 
 deferred'. [L. differo—dis, asunder, /ero, 
 
 to bear, carrj'.] 
 DEFER, de-fer'. v. i. to yield to the wishes 
 
 or opinions of another, or to autliority. 
 
 — v.t. to submit to or lay before : — pr.p. 
 
 95 
 
 deferr'ing ; pa.p. deferred'. [L. defero— 
 de. down, and /ero, to bear.] 
 
 DEFERENCE, def'er-ens, v. a deferring or 
 yielding in judgment or opinion : regard : 
 submission. 
 
 DEFERENTIAL, def-er-en'shal, adj. ex- 
 pressing deference or respect. — adv. Def- 
 erex'tiallt. 
 
 DEFIANCE, de-fl'ans, n. the act of defy- 
 ing : a challenge to combat : contempt 
 of opposition. 
 
 DEFIANTNESS, de-fi'ant-nes, n. the state 
 or quality of being defiant : defiance. 
 " He answered, not raising his voice, but 
 speaking with quiet defiantness." — Oeorge 
 Eliot. 
 
 DEFICIENCY, de-fish'en-si, n. defect. 
 
 DEFICIENT, de-fish'ent, ad./, wanting. 
 
 DEFICIT, def'i-sit, n., deficiency, esp. of 
 revenue, as compared with expenditure. 
 [L.. it is wanting, 3d per. sing, of dejido.] 
 
 DEFILE, de-fir, v. i. to march off in file or 
 line, or file by file. — n. a long narrow 
 pass or way, in which troops can march 
 only in file, or with a narrow front. [Fi\ 
 dejiler — L. dis, and filum, a thread. See 
 File.] 
 
 DEFILE, de-fa', v.t. to make foul: to pol- 
 lute oi' corrupt : to violate. — n. Defil'ER. 
 [L. de, and A.S. fylan, gefylan, to pol- 
 lute.] 
 
 DEFILEMENT, de-fil'ment, n. act of de- 
 filing : foulness. 
 
 DiEFINABLE, de-fin'a-bl, af^". that may be 
 defined. 
 
 DEFINE, de-fin', v.t. to fix the bounds or 
 limits of: to determine with precision: 
 to describe accurately : to fix the mean- 
 ing of. [Fr. — L. definio, definifus, to set 
 bounds to — de, a.nd finis, a limit.] 
 
 DEFINITE, def'i-nit, adj., defined: ha\ing 
 distinct limits : fixed : exact : clear. — 
 adv. Def'initely. — n. Def'initeness. 
 
 DEFINITION, def-i-nish'un, n. a defining: 
 a description of a thing by its proper- 
 ties: an explanation of the exact meaning 
 of a word, term, or phrase ; also, the 
 quahty or power of marking or showing 
 distinctly or clearly the outlines or feat- 
 ures of any object. " A small 21 inch re- 
 fractor . . . the definition of which is 
 superb." — Nature. 
 
 DEFINITIVE, de-fin'i-tiv, adj., defining or 
 limiting : positive : final. — n. (gram.) an 
 adjective used to limit the extent of the 
 signification of a noun. — adv. Defin'i- 
 
 TTVELY. 
 
 DEFLAGRATE, defla-grat, v.i. or v.t. to 
 burn down : to burn with suddenness and 
 sparkling. — n. Deflagra'tion. {L. defla- 
 gro — de, down, and flagro, to burn.] 
 
 DEFLAGRATOR, defla^gra-tor, n. a gal- 
 vanic instrument for producing rapid 
 combustion. 
 
 DEFLECT, de-flekt', v.i. or v.t. to turn 
 aside : to swerve or deviate from a right 
 line or proper course. [L. de, from, and 
 ftecto, to bend, turn.] 
 
 DEFLECTION, de-flek'shun, n. a turning 
 aside : deviation. 
 
 DEFLORATE, de-flo'rat, adj., past the 
 flowering state, as an anther after it has 
 shed its pollen. 
 
 DEFLORATION, def-lo-ra'shun, n. the act 
 of devouring. 
 
 DEFLOUR, de-flowi-', v.t. to deflower or 
 deprive offlotcers: to deprive of original 
 grace and' beauty : to ravish. — n. De- 
 flour'ee. [Fr. dkfleurir — L. defloro, to 
 strip flowers off — de, priv., a,ndflos,fl</ris, 
 a flower.] 
 
 DEFLO\\^R. Same as Defloce. 
 
 DEFLUXION, de-fluk'shun, ji. a discharge 
 of fluid matter in the body. [L. defluxio 
 — de, down, and_^i(0, fltta-um, to flow.] 
 
 DEFOLIATION, de-fMi-a'shun, n. the 
 falling off of leaves: the time of shedding 
 
 DEIFY 
 
 leaves. [Low L. defolio, defoliatum — de, 
 off. folium, a leaf.] 
 
 DEFORCE, de-fors', v.t. (law) to keep out 
 of possession by force. — n. Deforce'- 
 MENT. [Fi-. de^='L. dis, and Force.] 
 
 DEFORM, de-form', v.t. to alter or injm-e 
 tlie form of : to disfigure. [L. deformis, 
 ugly — de, from, and forma, form, 
 beauty.] 
 
 DEFORMATION, def-or-ma'shun, n. act of 
 deforming. 
 
 DEFORMITY, de-form'i-ti, n. state of being 
 deformed : want of proper form : ugli- 
 ness : disfigurement : anything that de- 
 stroys beauty. 
 
 DEFRAUD, de-frawd', v.t. to deprive of 
 by fraud : to withhold wrongfully : to 
 cheat or deceive. [L. defraudo — de, 
 from, a.nd fraus, fraudis, fraud.] 
 
 DEFRAY, de-fi'a', v.t. to discharge the ex- 
 pe7ises of anything : to pay :—pr.p. de- 
 fray'ing ; pa.^}. defrayed'. — ns. Defray'- 
 MENT, Defray'al. [Ft. defrayer — di, 
 and frais. expense — Low L. fractum, 
 breakage damage, expense.] 
 
 DEFT, deft, adj. handj', clever. — adv. 
 Deft'ly. — n. Deft'ness. [A.S. dcBft, 
 convenient, fitting.] 
 
 DEFUNCT, de-funkt', adj. having finished 
 the course of life, dead. — n. a dead per- 
 son. [L. defungor, defunctus, to finish — 
 de. And fungor, to perform.] 
 
 DEFY, de-fi', v.t. to challenge : to brave : 
 — pr.p. defy'ing ; pa.p. defied'. — n. De- 
 fi'er. [Fr. defier — Low L. diffidare, to 
 renounce faith or allegiance — L. dis, 
 asunder, and fido, to trust— ^des. faith.] 
 
 DEGENERACY, de-jen'er-a-si, DEGEN- 
 ERATION, de-jen-er-a'shun, n. the act 
 or process of becoming degenerate : the 
 state of being degenerate. 
 
 DEGENERATE, de-ien'er-at, adj. having 
 departed //'OWi. the high qualities of ra»;e 
 or hind : become base. — adv. Degen'- 
 ERATELY. — n. Dkgen'erateness. [L. de- 
 generatus, from degenero, to depart from 
 its kind — de, from, down, genus, gen- 
 eris, kind.] 
 
 DEGENERATE, de-jen'er-at, v.i. to fall 
 from a nobler state : to be or to grow 
 worse. 
 
 DEGENERATIVE, de - jen'er - a - tiv, adj. , 
 tending or causing to degenerate. 
 
 DEGLUTITION, deg-loo-tish'un, n. the act 
 or power of sivallowing. [Fr. — L. de, 
 down, and glutio, to swallow. See 
 Gl0T.] 
 
 DEGRADATION, deg-ra-da'shun, n. dis- 
 grace. 
 
 DEGRADE, de-grad', v.t. to lower in 
 grade or rank : to deprive of otBce or 
 dignity : to lower in character or value •. 
 to thsgrace. [Fr. degrader — L. de, down, 
 and gradus, a step. See GRADE.] 
 
 DEGREE, de-gre', n. a grade or step : posi- 
 tion : rank : extent : a mark of distinc- 
 tion conferred by universities : the 8C0th 
 part of a circle : 60 geograpliical miles. 
 [Fr. degre — L. de, and gradus, a step.] 
 
 DEHISCENCE, de-his'ens, n. the opening 
 of the capsules of a plant. 
 
 DEHISCENT, de-his'ent, adj., gaping or 
 opening, as the capsules of plants. [L. 
 dehiscens, pr.p. of dehisco — de, intensive, 
 and hisco. to gape.] 
 
 DEHYDRATION, de-hl-dra'shun, n. in 
 chem. the process of freeing a compound 
 from th(,' water contained in it. 
 
 DEICIDE, de'i-sid, n. the killing of a god: 
 the putting to death of Jesus Christ. 
 [From a supposed L. form deiddium — 
 deus, and i-cedo, to cut, to kill.] 
 
 DEIFICATION, de-i-fi-ka'shun, n. the act 
 of deifying. 
 
 DEIFORM, de'i-form, adj. havang the /or>?» 
 of a god. 
 
 DEIFY, de'i-fi, v.t. to exalt to the rank of
 
 DEIGN 
 
 96 
 
 DEMICIRCLE 
 
 a god : to worship as a deity : — pr.p. 
 deifying ; pa.p. deified'. [Fr. deifier—L. 
 deiflcare—deus, and facere, to make.] 
 
 DEIGN, dan, v.i. to condescend. — v.f. to 
 give : to allow. [Fr. daigner — L. dig- 
 nor. to think worthy — dignus, worthy.] 
 
 DEISM, de'izm, n. the creed of a deist. [Fr. 
 deisine.'\ 
 
 DEIST, de'ist, n. one who believes in the 
 existence of Ood but not in revealed re- 
 ligion.— ad;. Deist'ical. [Fr. deiste—li. 
 deus. god.J 
 
 DEITY, de'i-ti, n. the divinity : godhead : 
 a god or goddess: the Supreme Being. 
 [Fr. — Low Li. deltas — L. deus, god ; Sans. 
 deva — div, to shine.] 
 
 DEJECT, de-jekt', v.t. to cast doiim. the 
 countenance or spirits of. [L. dejido, 
 dejecfus — de, down, andjacio, to cast.] 
 
 DEJECTED, de-jekt'ed, adj., cast dotim : 
 dispirited. — adv. Deject'edly. — n. De- 
 ject' edness. 
 
 DEJECTION, de-jek'shun, n. lowness of 
 spirits. 
 
 DELATION, de-la'shun, n. [law) act of 
 charging with a crime. [L. defero. de- 
 lation, to bring a report against, to in- 
 form^-de, intensive, and /ero, to bear.] 
 
 DELAY, de-la', v.t. to put off to another 
 time : to defer : to hinder or retard. — v.i. 
 to pause, linger, or put off time. — n. a 
 putting off or deferring : a lingering : 
 hinderauce -.—pr-p. delay'ing ; pa.p. de- 
 layed'. [Fr. delai — L. dilatio, a putting 
 oS—differo, dilatum—dis, apart, and/ero, 
 to carry. See Defer.] 
 
 OELAYABLE, de-la'a-bl, adj. capable of 
 delay, or of being delayed. " Law thus 
 divisible, debatable, and delayable. is be- 
 come a greater grievance than all that it 
 was intended to redress." — Henry Brooke. 
 
 DELEBLE. del'e-bl, adj. that can be blotted 
 out. [See Delete.] 
 
 DELECTABLE, de-lekt'a-bl, adj., delight- 
 fid : pleasing. — n. Delect' ablekess. — 
 adi: Delect' ABLY. [Fr.— L. delectabilis 
 —delecto. to delight. See Delight.] 
 
 DELECTATION, de-lek-ta'shun,?). delight. 
 
 DELEGATE, del'e-gat, v.t. to send as a 
 legate or representative : to intrust or 
 commit to. — n. one who is delegated : a 
 deputy or representative. — ad/.delegated, 
 deputed. [L. de, away, and lego, legatiis, 
 to send as ambassador. See Legate.] 
 
 DELEGATION, del-e-ga'shun, n. the per- 
 sons delegated. 
 
 DELETE, de-let', v.t. to blot out ; to erase : 
 to destroy. — n. Dele'tion. [L. deleo, de- 
 letum. to blot out.] 
 
 DELETERIOUS, del-e-te'ri-us, adj. tending 
 to destroy life : hurtful or destructive : 
 poisonous. — n. Delete'riocsness. [Gr. 
 deleterios, hurtful — deleomai, to hurt.] 
 
 DELF, delf, n. a kind of earthenware made 
 at Delft, in Holland. 
 
 DELIBERATE, de-hb'er-at, v.t. to weigh 
 well in one's mind. — v.i. to consider the 
 reasons for and against : to reflect upon : 
 to discuss. [L. delibero, deliberatum — de, 
 intensive, and libro, to weigh — libra, a 
 balance.] 
 
 DELIBERATE, de-lib'er-at, adj. well con- 
 sidered : considering carefully : .slow in 
 determining. — adv. Delib'erately. — n. 
 Delib'erateness. 
 DELIBERATION, de-lib-er-a'shun. n. the 
 act of deliberating : mature reflection : 
 calmness : coolness. 
 DELIBERATIVE, de-lib'er-a-tiv, adj. pro- 
 ceeding or acting by deliberation. — adv. 
 Delib'eratively. 
 DELICACY, del'i-ka-si, n. state or quality 
 of being delicate : anything delicate or 
 daintv. [Fr. delicatesse — L. delicattis.] 
 
 (DELICATE, del'i-kat, adj. pleasing to the 
 senses, esp. the taste : dainty : nicelj' 
 discriminating or perceptive •. of a fine, 
 
 slight texture or constitution : tender, 
 frail : requiring nice handling : refined in 
 manners, gentle, polite, considerate. — 
 7i.pl. Del'icates, (B.) delicacies. — adv. 
 Del'icately, in a delicate manner : (B.) 
 luxuriously. — n. Del'icateness, state of 
 being delicate : (B.) delicacy, luxury. [L. 
 delicatus—delicice, allurements, luxury — 
 delicio — de, intensive, and lacio, to en- 
 tice.] 
 
 DELICIOUS, de-lish'us, adj. full of delica- 
 cies : highly pleasing to the senses : 
 affording- exquisite pleasure. — n. Deli'- 
 ciousNESS. [L. delieiosus — delieice.] 
 
 DELICIOUSLY, de-lish'us-li, adv. in a de- 
 licious manner: {B.) luxuriously. 
 
 DELIGHT, de-llt', v.t. to please highly.— 
 v.i. to have or take great pleasure : to 
 be greatly pleased. — n. a high degree of 
 pleasure : extreme satisfaction : that 
 which gives great pleasure. [O. E. delite ; 
 from O. Fr. deliter — L. dehctare, inten- 
 sive of delicio. See Delicate.] 
 
 DELIGHTFUL, de-lit'fool, DELIGHT- 
 SOME, -sum, adj., full of delight.— adv. 
 Delight'fully. — »!. Delight'fulness. 
 
 DELINEATE, de-lin'e-at, v.t. to mark out 
 with lines : to represent by a sketch or 
 picture : to portray : to describe accur- 
 ately in words. [L. delineo, delineatum 
 —de, down, and linea, a line. See Line.] 
 
 DELINEATION, de-lin-e-a'shun, n. the act 
 of delineating : a sketch, representation, 
 or description. 
 
 DELINEATOR, de-lin'e-a-tor, n. one who 
 delineates. 
 
 DELINQUENCY, de-ling'kwen-si, n., fail- 
 ure in or omission of duty : a fault : a 
 crime. 
 
 DELINQUENT, de-ling'kwent, adj., leav- 
 ing one's duty : faUing in duty. — ?i. one 
 who fails in or leaves his duty : a trans- 
 gressor : a criminal. — adv. Delin'quent- 
 LY. [L. delinquens, -entis, pr.p. of de- 
 linquo — de, intensive, and linquo, to 
 
 DELIQUESCE, del-i-kwes', v.i. to melt 
 and become liquid by absorbing moisture, 
 as certain salts, etc. [L. deliquesco, to 
 melt away — de, intensive, and liquesco, 
 to become fluid — liqueo, to be fluid.] 
 
 DELIQUESCENT, del-i-kwes'ent, adj., be- 
 coming liquid in the atmosphere. — re. 
 Deliquesc'ence. 
 
 DELIRIANT, de-lir'i-ant, n. in 7ned. a poi- 
 son which causes more or less continued 
 delirium. 
 
 DELIRIFACIENT, de-lir'i-fa'shi-ent, adj. 
 tending to produce delii'ium. — 7i. in med. 
 a substance which tends to produce de- 
 lirium. [L. deliro, to rave, and facio, 
 faciens, to make.] 
 
 DELIRIOUS, de-Ur'i-us, adj. wandering in 
 mind : light-headed : insane. — adv. De- 
 lir'iously. — n. Delir'iousness. [L. de- 
 lirus, one that goes out of the furrow in 
 ploughing — de, from, and lira, a furrow.] 
 
 DELIRIURI, de-lir'i-um, n. state of being 
 delirious : strong excitement : wild en- 
 thusiasm. — Delirium Tremens, a name 
 generally applied to delirium produced 
 by excessive drinking, and marked by 
 convulsive or trembling symptoms. [L. 
 delirium (see Delirious), and tremens, 
 pr.p. of tremo, to tremble.] 
 
 DELITESCENCE, del-i-tes'ens, n. state of 
 being concealed : retirement. 
 
 DELITESCENT, del-i-tes'ent, adj., lying 
 hid or concealed {e.g. the germs of an 
 infectious disease). [L. delitescens, pr.p. 
 of delitesco — de, from, and latesco — lateo, 
 to lie hid.] 
 
 DELIVER, de-li^er, v.t. to liberate or set 
 free from restraint or danger : to rescue 
 from evil or fear : to give up, or part 
 with : to communicate : to pronounce : 
 to give forth, as a blow, etc.: to relieve a 
 
 woman in childbirth. — n. Deliv'erer, 
 [Fr. delivrer — L. de, from, and liberare, 
 to set free — liber, free.] 
 
 DELIVERANCE, de-liv'er-ans, n. act of 
 delivering or freeing : state of being da- 
 livered : freedom. Also, decision : judg- 
 ment authoritatively pronounced ; as, to 
 give a deliverance in a controversy. 
 
 DELIVERY, de-liv'er-i, n. the act of de- 
 livering : a giving- up : the act or man- 
 ner of speaking in public : the act ot 
 giving birth. 
 
 DELL. See Dale. 
 
 DELTA, del'ta, n. the fourth letter of the 
 Greek alphabet, the capital form of 
 which is A ; a tract of land of like shape 
 formed at the mouth of a river. [Gr., 
 from Heb. daleth, a door (of a tent).] 
 
 DELTOID, del'toid, adj. of the form of the 
 Greek A ; triangular. [Gr. deltoeides — 
 delta, and eidos, form.] 
 
 DELUDE, de-lud', v.t. to play or impose 
 upon : to deceive : to cheat. [L. deludo. 
 to play, make sport of — de, down, hcdo. 
 lusus, to play.] 
 
 DELUGE, del'iij, n. a great overflow of 
 water : a flood, esp. that in the days of 
 Noah. — v.t. to inundate: to overwhelm 
 as with water. [Fr. — L. diluvium — dilito 
 — dis, away, luo=lavo, to wash.] 
 
 DELUSION, de-lu'zhun, n. the act of de- 
 luding : the state of being deluded : a 
 false belief : error. 
 
 DELUSIVE, de-lu'siv, DELUSORY, de-lu'- 
 sor-i, adj., apt or tending to delude: 
 deceptive. — adv. Delu'sively. — n. Delu'- 
 
 SrVENESS. 
 
 DELVE, delv, v.t. to dig with a spade. — >!. 
 Delv'er. [A.S. delfan, to dig ; conn, 
 with Dale. Dell.] 
 
 DEMAGNETIZE. de-mag'net-Iz, v.t. to de- 
 prive of magnetic power. [L. de, priv., 
 and Magnetize.] 
 
 DEMAGOGUE, dem'a-gog, n. a leader of 
 the people : a popular and factious ora- 
 tor. [Gr. demagogos — demos, the people, 
 agogos, leading — ago. to lead.] 
 
 DEMAIN, de-man', DEMESNE, de-men', n. 
 forms of Domain. 
 
 DEMAND, de-mand', v.t. to claim : to ask 
 earnestly or authoritatively : to call for : 
 to question. — n. the asking for what is 
 due : an asking for with authority : a 
 claim : earnest inquiry. [Fr. — L. de- 
 mando, to give in charge — Low L. de- 
 mando, to demand — de, from, a^wAmando, 
 to put into one's charge.] 
 
 DEMANDABLE, de-mand^a-bl, adj. that 
 may be demanded. 
 
 DEMANDANT, de-mand'ant, n. one who de- 
 mands : a plaintiff. 
 
 DEMARCATION, DEMABKATION, de- 
 mark-a'shun, n. tlie act of marking off 
 or setting bounds to : di\'ision : a fixed 
 limit. [Fr. demarquer, to mark off — de. 
 off, and marquer. to mark. See Mark.] 
 
 DEMEAN, de-men', v.t. (with self) to con- 
 duct : to behave. [Fr. deniener — de, in- 
 tensive, and mener, to lead — Low L. 
 minare, to drive cattle, L. minor, to 
 tlireaten.] 
 
 DEMEAN, de-men', v.t. to make mean : to 
 lower. [L. de, and Mean.] 
 
 DEMEANOR, de-men'ur, )i. behavior : 
 bearing. 
 
 DEMENTED, de-ment'ed, adj., out of one's 
 mind : deprived of reason. [L. demena, 
 dementis, out of one's mind — de, from, 
 and 7nens, the mind.] 
 
 DEMERIT, de-mer'it, n. ill-desert : fault ; 
 crime. [L. de, want of, and Merit.] 
 
 DEMESNE. See Domain. 
 
 DEIHCIRGLE, dem-i-ser'kl, n. an instru- 
 ment for measuring or indicating angles, 
 sometimes used as a substitute for the 
 theodolite. It consists essentially of a 
 graduated scale of half a circle and a
 
 DEMIGOD 
 
 97 
 
 DENY 
 
 movable rule pivoted OQ the centre so 
 as to sweep the g;raduated aix. E. H. 
 Kniijjif. 
 
 OEMIGOD. dem'i-god, n., half a god: one 
 wliiise nature is partly divine. [Fr. deini, 
 half, and GoD.] 
 
 DEMISE, de-miz', «., lai/ing doicn — hence, 
 a transferring : the death of a sovereign 
 or a distinguished person : a transfer of 
 the crown or of an estate to a successor. 
 — v.t. to send down to a successor : to 
 bequeath bj' will. [O. Fr. demise, pa. p. 
 of demettre, to lay down — L. dimittere, to 
 Bend away — L. dis, aside, and mittere, 
 VI issus. to send.] 
 
 DEMI-SEMIQUAVER, dem'i-sem'i-kwa- « 
 ver. n. {music) a note equal in time to K 
 the half of a semiquaver. [Fr. demi, p 
 half, and Semiquaver.] 
 
 DEMISSION, de-mish'un, n. a lowering or 
 iftting down : degradation : humiliation. 
 : L. demissio.'] 
 
 LiEMOCRACY, de-mok'ra-si, n. a form of 
 government in which the supreme power 
 is vested in the people collectively. [Gr. 
 demokratia — demos, the people, and 
 krateo, to rule — kratos, strength ; akin 
 to E. Hakd.] 
 
 DEMOCRAT, dem'o-krat, n. one who ad- 
 lieres to or promotes democracy. 
 
 DEMOCRATIC, dem - o - krat'ik, DEMO- 
 CRATICAL, dem-o-krat'ik-al, adj. relat- 
 ing to democracy. — adv. Democrat'ic- 
 
 AT.I.Y. 
 
 DEMOGRAPHY, dem - og'ra - fi, n. that 
 branch of anthropology which treats of 
 the statistics of heaUh and disease, of the 
 physical, intellectual, physiological, and 
 economical aspects of births, marriages, 
 and mortality. [Gr. demos, people, and 
 graplie, a writing.] 
 
 DEMOLISH, de-mol'ish, v.t. to reduce to a 
 shapeless heap: to destroy, ruin. [Fr. 
 demolir—Jj. demolior, to throw or pull 
 down — de, down, and molior, to move, to 
 hurl— mo?e.s, aheap.] 
 
 DEMOLITION, dem-o-lish'un, n. the a«t of 
 pulling down : ruin : destruction. 
 
 DEMON, de'mon, n. {myth.) a spirit hold- 
 ing a place between man and the gods : 
 an evil spirit, a devil. [L. dwmon — Gr. 
 daimon, a spirit, genius.] 
 
 DEMONIAC, de-mo'ni-ak, DEMONIACAL, 
 de-mo-nl'ak-al, adj. pertaining to or like 
 demons or evil spirits : influenced by 
 demons. — adv. Demoni'acai.ly. 
 
 DEMONIAC, de-mo-ni-ak, n. a human being 
 possessed bva demon or evil spirit. 
 
 DEM0N0LAT:RY, de-mon-ol'a-tri, n. the 
 trorship of demon-" [Gr. daimon, and 
 latri'ia. worship.] 
 
 DEMONOLOGIST, de-mon-ol'o-jist, n. a 
 irriter on demonology. 
 
 DEMONOLOGY, de-mon-ol'o-ji, ?i. a dis- 
 oo/O'.se on demons and their agency. — 
 adjs. Demonolog'ic, Demonolog'ical. 
 [Gr. daimon, /og'o.s, adiscour.se.] 
 
 DEMONSTRABLE, de-mon'stra-bl, adj. 
 that may be demonstrated. — n. Demon'- 
 strableness. — adv. De.mon'strably. 
 
 DEMONSTRATE, de-mon'strat. r.t. to 
 t:hoir or point out clearly : to prove with 
 certaiut}'. [L. demonstro — de, intensive, 
 and mniistro, to show. See MONSTER.] 
 
 DEMONSTRATION, dem-on-stril'shun, n. 
 a pointing out : proof beyond doubt : ex- 
 pression of the feelings by outward 
 signs : show : a feigned movement of 
 troops in war. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE, de-mon'stra-tiv, adj. 
 making evident: proving with certainty: 
 given to the manifestation of one's feel- 
 ings. — adv. DEMON'STatATTVELY. — n. De- 
 MON'STRATIVENESS. 
 
 DEMONSTRATOR, dem'on-stra-tor, n. one 
 who proves beyond doubt : one who 
 
 G 
 
 teaches : (anat.) one who teaches anat- 
 omv from the dissected parts. 
 
 DEMORALIZATION, de-mor-al-i-za'shun, 
 n. act of demoralizing : corruption or 
 subversion of morals. 
 
 DEMORALIZE, de-mor'al-Iz, v.t. to bring 
 down or corrupt in inorals : to lower the 
 morale — that is, to deprive of spirit and 
 confidence. [Fr. demoraliser — L. de, 
 down, and Fr. morale, morals. See 
 Moral.] 
 
 DEMOTIC, de-mot'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 the people: popular. [Gr. demos, the 
 people.] 
 
 DEMULCENT, de-mul'sent, adj., soothing. 
 [L. demulcens — de, and mulceo, to stroke, 
 to soothe.] 
 
 DEMUR, de-mur', v.i. to hesitate from un- 
 certainty or before difficulty: to object : 
 —pr.p. demurr'ing ; pa.p. demurred'. — 
 n. a stop : pause, hesitation. [Fr. de- 
 meurer — L. demoror, to loiter, linger — 
 de, intensive, andmoror, to delay — mora, 
 delayj 
 
 DEM U R E, de-mur', adj. sober : staid ■ 
 modest : affectedly modest : making a 
 show of gravity. — adv. Demuee'ly. — n. 
 Demure'ness. [O. Fr. de {bons) murs, of 
 good manners, Fr. moeurs — L. mores, 
 manners.] 
 
 DEMURRAGE, de-mur'aj, ii. an allowance 
 made to the owner of a trading vessel 
 for undue delay or detention in port. 
 
 DEMURRER, de-mur'er, n. one who de- 
 murs : {law) an exception by one party 
 in a suit to the sufficiency in point of law 
 of the case of the opposite party. 
 
 DEMY, de-mi', n. a size of paper 321 by 
 17i inches. [Fr. d£mi — L. demidium, 
 half — dis, through, and medius, the mid- 
 dle.] 
 
 DEMY, de-mi', n. a scholar of Magdalen 
 College, Oxford. [Etj'. same as above.] 
 
 DEN, den, n. the hollow lair of a wild 
 beast : a cave : provin., a narrow valley. 
 [A.S. denn, a cave, and denv, a valley.] 
 
 DENARY, den'ar-i, adj. containing ten. — 
 n. the number ten. [L. denarius — deni, 
 ten at a time — decem, ten.] 
 
 DENATIONALIZE, de-nash'un-al-Iz, v.t. to 
 deprive of national rights. [L. de, priv., 
 and Nationalize.] 
 
 DENATURALIZE, de-nat'u-ral-Iz, v.t. to 
 make unnatural : to deprive of acquired 
 citizenship in a foreign country. [L. de, 
 priv.. and Naturalize.] 
 
 DENDROID, den'droid, adj. having the 
 form of a tree. [Gr. dendron, a tree, and 
 eidos, form.] 
 
 DENDROLOGY, den-drol'o-ji, n: a treatise 
 on trees : the natural history of trees. 
 [Gr. dendron, and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 DENIABLE, de-m'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 denied. 
 
 DENIAL, de-nl'al, n. act of denying or 
 saying no : contradiction : refusal : re- 
 jection. 
 
 DENIZEN, den'i-zn, n. an inhabitant : one 
 admitted to the rights of a citizen. — v.t. 
 to make a denizen of, or admit to resi- 
 dence : to enfranchise : to provide with 
 occupants. — n. Den'izenship. [O. Fr. 
 deinzein — deinz, dens, Fr. dans, within — 
 L. de intus, from within.] 
 
 DENOMINATE, de-nom'in-at, v.t. to give a 
 name to : to call : to designate. [L. de, 
 and Homino, nominatum, to name — no- 
 men, a name.] 
 
 DENOMINATION, de-nom-in-a'shun, n. the 
 act of naming : a name or title : a col- 
 lection of individuals called by the same 
 name : a sect. 
 
 DENOMINATIONAL, de-nom-in-a'shun-al, 
 adj. belonging to a denomination or sect. 
 
 DE>fOMINATIONALISM, de - nom - in - a- 
 shun-al-izm, n. & denominational or c\ass 
 
 spirit or policy : devotion to the interests 
 
 DENOMINATIVE, de-nom'in-at-iv, adj. 
 giving or having a title. — adv. Denom'- 
 
 INATIVELY. 
 
 DENOMINATOR, de-nom'in-at-or, n. he 
 who or that which gives a name : (arith.) 
 the lower number in a vulgar fraction, 
 which names the parts into which the 
 integer is divided. 
 
 DENOTE, de-not', v.t. to note or mark off: 
 to indicate by a sign : to signif j' or mean : 
 {log.) to indicate the objects compre- 
 hended in a class. — n. Denota'tion. [L. 
 denoto — de, intensive, and noto, to mark 
 — nota. a mark or sign. See Note.] 
 
 DENOUEMENT, de-noo'mong, n. the un- 
 ravelling of a plot or story : the issue, 
 event, or outcome. [Fr. denouer, to 
 untie — de, priv., and nouer, to tie — L. 
 nodus, a knot.] 
 
 DENOUNCE, de-nowns', v.t. to inform 
 against or accuse publiclj'. [Fr. de- 
 noncei — L. denuncio — de, intensive, and 
 nuncio, to announce.] 
 
 DENOUNCEMENT de-nowns'ment. Same 
 as Denunciation. 
 
 DENSE, dens, adj., thick: close: compact. 
 — adv. Dense'ly.— ?i. Dense'ness. [L. 
 de7isus, thick.] 
 
 DENSITY, derVi-ti, n. the quality of being 
 dense : the proportion of mass to bulk or 
 volume. 
 
 DENT, dent, n. a small hollow made by 
 the pressure or blow of a hardetbody on 
 a softer. — v.t. to make a mark By means 
 of a blow. [A variety of DiNT.] 
 
 DENTAL, den'tal, adj. belonging to the 
 teeth : produced by the aid of the teeth. 
 — n. an articulation or letter pronounced 
 chiefly with the teeth. [L. dens, dentis, 
 a tooth. See ToOTH.] 
 
 DENTATE, den'tat, DENTATED, den'tat- 
 ed, adj., toothed : notched : set as with 
 teeth. 
 
 DENTICLE, den'ti-kl, n. a small tooth.— 
 adj. Denticulate, den-tik'u-lat. — 7i. Den- 
 ticula'tion. [L. denticulus, dun. of deris, 
 a tooth.] 
 
 DENTIFRICE, den'ti-fris, n. a substance 
 used in rubbing, or cleaning the teeth. 
 [L. dentifricium, from de?is, and frico, to 
 rub.] 
 
 DENTIST, den'tist, n. one who cures dis- 
 eases of the teeth, or inserts artificial 
 teeth. 
 
 DENTISTRY, den'tist-ri, n. the business of 
 
 Q f] P'i'i f 1 <if 
 
 DENTITION, den-tish'un, n. the cutting or 
 growing of teeth : the conformation or 
 arrangement of the teeth. [L., from 
 dentio, to cut teeth — dens.'\ 
 
 DENUDATION, den-u-da'shun, n. a making 
 nude or bare : {geol.) the wearing away of 
 rocks by water and atmospheric action, 
 whereby the underlying rocks are laid 
 bare. 
 
 DENUDE, de-nud', v.t. to make nude or 
 naked: to lay bare. [L. denudo — de, in . 
 tensive, and nudo, to make nukeA—nudns, 
 naked. See Nude, Naked.] 
 
 DENUNCIANT, de-nun'shi-ant, adj. ready 
 or prone to denounce: denunciative. "Of 
 all which things a poor Legislative As» 
 sembly and Patriot France is informed by 
 denunciant Friend, by triumphant Foe." 
 — Carlyle. 
 
 DENUNCIATE, de-nun'shi-at. Same as 
 Denounce. 
 
 DENUNCIATION, de - nun - shi - a'shun or 
 -si-a'-, n. the act of denouncing ; a threat. 
 
 DENUNCIATOR, de-nun'shi-a-tor, 1 . one 
 who denouncen. 
 
 DENUNCIATORY, de-nun'shi-a-tor-i, adj. 
 containing a denunciation: threatening. 
 
 DENY, de-ni', v.t. to gainsay or decUin- 1' I 
 to be true: to reject : to disown •■—]"■■/>.
 
 DEODORIZE 
 
 98 
 
 DERIVE 
 
 denying ; pa.p. denied'. [Ft. denier — L. 
 de-nego — <le, intensive, and nego, to say 
 no. See Negation.] 
 
 DEODORIZE, de-o'dor-Iz, v.t. to take the 
 odor or smell from. [L. de, from, and 
 root of Odor.] 
 
 DEOXIDATE, de-oks'i-dat, DEOXIDIZE, 
 de-oks'i-diz, v.t. to take oxygen from, or 
 reduce from the state of an oxide. — n. 
 Deoxida'tion. [L. de, frotu, and Oxidate, 
 0xiDi2aE.] 
 
 DEPART, de-part', v.L to part from : to 
 go away : to quit or leave : to die. [Fr. 
 departir — L. de, from, and partior, to 
 part, to divide. See Part.] 
 
 DEPARTMENT, de - part'ment, n. that 
 which is parted or separated : a part or 
 portion : a separate part of business or 
 duty : a section of the administration : a 
 division of a country, esp. of France. — 
 adj. Depaetment'al. 
 
 DEPARTURE, de-part'ur, n. act of depart- 
 ing : a going away from a place : devia- 
 tion : death. 
 
 DEPEND, de-pend', v.t. to hang down or 
 from : to be sustained bv or connected 
 with anything : to rest. [Fr. dependre — 
 L. dependeo^le, from, and pendeo, to 
 hang.] 
 
 DEPENDENCE, de-pend'ens, DEPEND- 
 ENCY, de-pend'en-si, ri. state of being 
 dependent: connection: reliance: trust: 
 that on which one depends : colony. 
 
 DEPENDENT, de-pend'ent, n. one who 
 depen^ on, relies on, or is sustained by 
 anotlK. TFr.] 
 
 DEPENDENT, de-pend'ent, adj.. depend- 
 ing : relying or resting on : subject to : 
 subordinate. — adv. Depend'ently. [L.] 
 
 DEPHOSPHORIZATION, de-fos'for-iz-a'- 
 shun. n. the act or process of depriving 
 of or freeing from phosphorus. 
 
 DEPICT, de-pikt', v.t. to picture or paint 
 carefully : to make a likeness of : to de- 
 scribe minutely. [L. depingo, depictus — 
 de, intensive, SLnH pingo, to paint.] 
 
 DEPILATORY, de-pil'a-tor-i, adj., taking 
 hair off. — n. an application for taking off 
 hair. [Fr. — L. depilo — de, off, and pilus, 
 hair. See Pile.] 
 
 DEPLETION, de-ple'shun, n. the lessening 
 of the quantitj- of blood in the vessels. 
 [L. depleo, depictus — de, negative, and 
 pleo, to fill. [See Fux, Full.] 
 
 DEPLORABLE, de-plor'a-bl, adj. lament- 
 able : sad. — n. Deplor'ableness. — adv. 
 Deplor'ably. 
 
 DEPLORE, de-plor', v.t. to feel or express 
 deep grief for : to lament. — adv. Deflor'- 
 DJGLY. [Fr. — L. deploro — de, intensive, 
 ixnA ploro. to weep.] 
 
 DEPLOY, de-ploy', v.t. to imfold: to open 
 out or extend. — v.i. to open: to extend 
 from column into line, as a body of 
 troops. [Fr. deployer — des (=L. dis), 
 apart, and ployer (=L. plico), to fold. 
 Doublet of Display. See Ply.] 
 
 DEPLUME, de-plo6m', v.t. to take the 
 plumes or feathers from. — n. Depluma'- 
 TlON. [L. de, from, andpluma, a feather.] 
 
 DEPOLARIZr le-po'lar-iz, v.t. to deprive 
 of polarity. — n. Depolaeiza'tioji. [L. 
 de, from, and Polarize.] 
 
 DEPONE, de-pon', v.i. to testify upon 
 oath. [L. depono, to lay down — de, 
 down, und 2)Ono, to place.] 
 
 DEPONENT, de-p6'nent, adj. (gram.) ap- 
 plied to verbs with a passive form that 
 l$iy doicn or lose the passive signification. 
 — n. one who gives evidence in a court of 
 justice. [L., pr.p. of d^ono.] 
 
 DEPOPULATE, de-pop'u-lat, v.t. to de- 
 prive of population, to dispeople. — v.i. 
 to become dispeopled. — n. Depop'lxa- 
 TOK. [L. depopidor, depopulatus — de, 
 inteu., and popidor, to spread over a 
 
 country, said of a hostile people (L. jpop^ 
 
 uhis). hence to ravage, to destroy.] 
 
 DEPOPULATION, de-pop-u-la'shun, 7i. act 
 of depopulating : havoc: destruction. 
 
 DEPORT, de-port', v.t. to carry off: to 
 transport ; to exile : to behave. [L. de- 
 piorto — de, away, and jsor^o, portatiis, to 
 carry.] 
 
 DEPORTATION, de-p6rt-a'shun, n. act of 
 deporting : state of being deported or 
 exiled : banishment. 
 
 DEPORTMENT, de-port'ment, n. carriage : 
 behavior. 
 
 DEPOSABLE, de-poz'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be deposed. 
 
 DEPOSAL, de-poz'al, n. act of deposing. 
 
 DEPOSE, de-poz', v.t. to put doum from a 
 throne or high station : to degrade. [Fr. 
 deposer — de, and poser, to place — L. 
 j)ausare, to pause ; Low L., to place. See 
 Pause, Pose.] 
 
 DEPOSIT, de-poz'it, v.t. to put or set down: 
 to place : to lay up or past : to intrust. — 
 n. that which is deposited or put down : 
 (geol.) rocks produced by denudation or 
 laying down of other formations : some- 
 thing intrusted to another's care, esp. 
 money put in a bank : a pledge. — n. De- 
 POS'ITOR. [L. deposit us, placed — depono, 
 from de. and pono, to put or set down.] 
 
 DEPOSITARY, de-poz'i-tar-i, n. a person 
 with whom anything is deposited, or left 
 for safe keeping : a guardian. 
 
 DEPOSITION, dep-o-zish'un, n. act of de- 
 posing: act of deponing : evidence given 
 in a court of justice : removal : act of 
 depositing : what is deposited, sediment. 
 
 DEPOSITORY, de-poz'i-tor-i, n. a place 
 where anything is deposited. 
 
 DEPOT, de-po' or de'po, n. a place of de- 
 p>osit : a storehouse : a military station 
 where stores are kept and recruits 
 trained : the headquarters of a regiment. 
 [Fi\ dipot — L. depositum — depono. The 
 n. Deposit is a doublet.] 
 
 DEPRAVATION, dep-ra-va'shun, n. act of 
 depraving : state of being depraved : de- 
 pravity. 
 
 DEPRAVE, de-prav', v.t. to make had or 
 worse : to corrupt. [Fi\ — L. depravo — 
 de, intensive, and pravus, crooked, bad.] 
 
 DEPRAVED, de - pravd', adj. corrupt : 
 abandoned. — adv. Deprav'edly. — n. De- 
 prav'edness. 
 
 DEPRAVITY, de-prav'i-ti, n. a vitiated or 
 corrupt state of moral character ; ex- 
 treme wickedness : corruption. 
 
 DEPRECATE, dep're-kat, v.t. to try to 
 ward off' by prayer : to desire earnestly 
 the removal of : to regret deeply. — adv. 
 Dep'recatingly. [L. deprecor, depre- 
 catns — de. away, and 2^'''^0'''' to pray. 
 See Pray.] 
 
 DEPRECATION, dej>-re-ka'shun, n. spray- 
 ing against evil : entreaty. 
 
 DEPRECATIVE, dep're-ka-tiv, DEPRE- 
 CATORY, dep're-ka^tor-i, adj. tending to 
 avert evil hy prayer ; having the form of 
 praver. 
 
 DEPRECIATE, de-pre'slii-at, v.t. to lower 
 the worth of : to undervalue : to dispar- 
 age. — v.i. to fall in value. [L. depretio, 
 depretiatus — de, down, and pretium, 
 price. See PRICE.] 
 
 DEPRECIATION, de-pre-shi-a'shun, n. the 
 falling of value : disparagement. 
 
 DEPRECIATFVE, de-pre^hi-a-tiv, DE- 
 PRECL4T0RY, de-pre'shi-artor-i, adj. 
 tending to depreciate or lower. 
 
 DEPREDATE, dep're-dat, v.t. to plunder or 
 prey upon : to rob : to lay waste : to de- 
 vour. [L. deprcedor, deprcedatus — de, 
 intensive, and praedoi — prceda, plunder. 
 See Prey.] 
 
 DEPREDATION, dep-re-da'shun, n. act of 
 depredating or plundering : state of being 
 depredated. 
 
 DEPREDATOR, dep're-dartor, ?i. a piu». 
 derer, a robber. — adj. Dep'redatoly. 
 
 DEPRESS, de-pres', v.t. to press down : to 
 let down : to lower : to humble : co dis- 
 pirit or cast a gloom over. — adv. De- 
 press'ingly. [L. deprimo, depressus — 
 de, down, and premo, to press.] 
 
 DEPRESSANT, de-pres'ant, n. in vied, a 
 remedial agent which represses the cir- 
 culation of the blood and the contractil- 
 ity of the heart. 
 
 DEPRESSION, de-presh'un, n. a falling in 
 or sinlving : a hollow : abasement : dejec- 
 tion. 
 
 DEPRESSIVE, de-pres'iv, adj. able or tend- 
 ing to depress. — n. Depress'OR. 
 
 DEPRESSrVENESS, de-pres'iv-nes, n. the 
 state or quality of being depressive : de- 
 pression. " 111 health and its concomi- 
 tant depressiveness.'' — Carlyle. 
 
 DEPRIVATION, dep-ri-va'shun, n. act of 
 depriving : state of being deprived : loss : 
 bereavement. 
 
 DEPRIVE, de-prlv', v.t. to take au-ayfrom 
 one ?iis ouii : to talke fi-om : to dispossess : 
 to bereave. [L. de, from, and privo, to 
 deprive — privus, one's own.] 
 
 DEPTH, depth, n., deepness: the measure 
 of deepness down or inwards : a deep 
 place : the sea : the middle, as depth of 
 winter : abstruseness : extent of sagacity 
 and penetration. — adj. Depth'less, hav- 
 ing no depth. [See Deep.] 
 
 DEPUTABLE, dep'Q-ta-bl, adj. capable of 
 being or fit to be deputed. "A man 
 deputable to the London Parliament." — 
 Carlyle. 
 
 DEPUTATION, dep-u-ta'shun, ?i. act of 
 deputing : the person or persons de- 
 puted or appointed to transact business 
 for another. 
 
 DEPUTE, de-put', v.t. to appoint or send, 
 as a substitute or agent : to send with a 
 special commission. [Fr. — L. deputo, to 
 cut off, Late L. to select.] 
 
 DEPUTY, dep'u-ti, n. one deputed or ap 
 pointed to act for another : a delegate or 
 representative : in U.S. an assistant to a 
 public officer, as Deputv U.S. Marshal. 
 
 DERANGE, de-ranj', v.t. to put out of 
 place or order : to disorder. [Fr. diranger 
 —de(L. dis), asunder, and rajigrer, to rank. 
 See Ra2»ge, Raxk.] 
 
 DERANGEMENT, de-ranj'nient, n. disor- 
 der : insanitj'. 
 
 DERELICT, der'e-likt, adj., entirely relin- 
 cndshed or forsaken: abandoned. — n. anj'- 
 thing forsaken or abandoned. [L. dere- 
 linquo, derelictus — de, intensive, and 
 linquo, to leave. See Leave.] 
 
 DERELICTION, der-e-lik'shun, n. act of 
 
 {orsaking : an entire forsaking : state of 
 eing abandoned. 
 
 DERIDE, de-rid', v.t. to laugh at : to 
 mock. — n. Derid'er. — adv. Dkrid'ingly. 
 [L. deri(/eo—de, intensive, and video, to 
 laugh.] 
 
 DERlSION, de-rizh'un, n. act of deriding: 
 mockery : a laugliing-stock. 
 
 DERISIVE, de-ri'siv, adj. mocking. — adv. 
 Deri'sively. 
 
 DERIVABLE, de-rlv'arbl, adj. capable of 
 being derived. — adv. Deriv'ably. 
 
 DERIVATE, der'iv-at, adj. derived. " Put 
 ting trust in Him from wliom the right5 
 of kings are derivate." — Sir H. Taylor. 
 
 DERIVATION, der-i-va'shun, n. act of de 
 riving : a drawing off or from i the trac- 
 ing of a word to its original x-oot : that 
 wliich is derived. 
 
 DERIVATIVE, de-riv'a-tiv, adj., derived, 
 or taken from something else : not radi- 
 cal or original. — n. that which is derived: 
 a word taken or formed from another 
 word. — adv. Deriv'ativkly. 
 
 DERIVE, de-rlv', v.t. to draw from, aa 
 water from a river : to take or receive
 
 DERM 
 
 99 
 
 DESPOT 
 
 nrom a source or origin : to infer : (etym.) 
 to trace a word to its root. [L. derivo — 
 de, down from, and rivus, a nver.] 
 
 DERM, derm, n. the sMn. [Gr. derma, 
 'kritiatos. the skin — dero, to flay.] 
 
 DERMAL, derm'al, adj. pertaining to the 
 ikin : consisting of skin. 
 
 UERMALGIA. der-mal'ji-a, n. a painful 
 condition of the skin arising from nerv- 
 ous disease : neuralgia of the skin. [Gr. 
 derma, skin, and algos, pain.] 
 
 DERMATOLOGY, der-ma-tol'o-ji, n. the 
 brancli of physiology which treats of the 
 shin. [Gr. derma, and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 DERMOPATHIC, der-mo-path'ik. adj. re- 
 lating to surgical treatment of the skin. 
 — DERMOPATHIC INSTRUMENT, a needle 
 ised to conduct a current to the tissues. 
 i;',ROGATE, der'o-gat, v.i. to lessen by 
 taking away : to detract. [L. derogo, to 
 repeal part of a law — de, down from, and 
 rogo. to propose a law. See Abrooate.] 
 
 DEROGATION, der-o-ga'shun, n. a taking 
 from : detraction : depreciation. 
 
 IiEROGATORY, de-rog'a-tor-i, adj. de- 
 tracting: injurious. — adv. Deeog'ator- 
 ILT. — n. Deeog'atoriness. 
 
 I'ERRINGER, der'in-jer, n. a short-bar- 
 relled pistol of large calibre, very effect- 
 ive at a short range. A recent form of 
 tlie weapon is made with a single bar- 
 rel, breach-loading action, weighing in all 
 about 8 ounces, and carrjing a +-ounce 
 ball. [After the inventor, an American 
 trunsmith.] 
 
 DERVIS. der\ns, DERVISH, der'vish, n. 
 among Mohammedans, a class of monks 
 •vho profess extreme poverty, and lead 
 an austere life. [Pers. derwesch, poor.] 
 
 DESCANT, des'kant, v. (lit.) apart song: 
 a discourse or disquisition in several 
 parts, or under several heads : a dis- 
 
 ' course. [O. Fr. descant — L. dis, apart, 
 and cantiis, a song — canto, to sing.] 
 
 DESCANT, des-kant'. v.i. to discourse at 
 length : to comment. 
 
 DESCEND, de-send', v.i. to climb down : to 
 pass from a higher to a lower place or 
 condition ; to fall upon or invade : to be 
 derived. — v.t. to go down upon. [Fr. 
 descendre — L. descendo—de, down, and 
 scando, to climb.] 
 
 DESCENDANT, de-send'ant, n. one who 
 descends, as offspring from an ancestor. 
 
 DESCENDENT. de-send'ent, adj., descend- 
 ing or going down : proceeding from an 
 ancestor. [L.] 
 
 DESCENDIBLE, de-send'i-bl, adj. that 
 may descend or bo descended. 
 
 t)ESCENSION, de-sen'shun, n. act of de- 
 scending : a falling or sinking. — adj. De- 
 scen'sional. 
 
 DESCENT, de-sent', n. act of descending : 
 motion or progress downward : slope : a 
 falling upon or invasion : derivation 
 from an ancestor. 
 
 DESCRIBABLE, de-skrib'a-bl, adj. capable 
 of being described. 
 
 DESCRIBE, de-skrib', v.t. to trace out or 
 delineate : to give an account of. [L. 
 deseribo — de, down, and scribo, scriptiis, 
 to writej 
 
 DESCRIPTION, de-skrip'shun, n. act of 
 describing : an account of anything in 
 words : defini tion : sort, class, or kind. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE, de-skrip'tiv, adj. contain- 
 ing description. — adv. Descrip'ti v elt. — 
 n. Descrip'tiveness. 
 
 DESCRY, de-skri', v.t. to discover by the 
 eye : to espy : — pr.p. descry'ing ; pa.p. 
 descried'. [O. Fr. descrire for descrivre 
 — L. deseribo. It is a doublet of De- 
 scribe.] 
 
 DESECRATE, des'e-krat, v.t. to divert 
 from a sacred purpose : to profane. [L. 
 
 deseero—de, away from, and sacra, to 
 make sacred — sacer, sacred.] 
 
 DESECRATION, des-e-kra'shun, n. act of 
 desecrating : profanation. 
 
 DESERT, de-zei-t', n. the reward or pun- 
 ishment deserved : claim to reward : 
 merit. 
 
 DESERT, de-zert', v.t. to leave : to forsake. 
 — v.i. to run away: to quit a service, as 
 the army, witliout permission. [L. de- 
 sero, desertus—de, negative, and sero, to 
 bind.] 
 
 DESERT, dez'ert, adj., deserted : forsaken : 
 desolate : uncultivated. — n. a desolate or 
 barren place : a wilderness ; a solitude. 
 
 DESERTER, de-zert 'er, n. one who deserts 
 or quits a service without permission. 
 
 DESERTION, de-zer'shun, «. act of desei-t- 
 iiig : state of being deserted. 
 
 DESERVE, de-zerv', v.t. to earn by service: 
 to merit. — v. i. to be worthy of reward. 
 [L. deservio — de, intensive, and servio, 
 to serve.] 
 
 DESERVEDLY, de-zerv'ed-li, adv. accord- 
 ing to desert : justly. 
 
 DESERVING, de-zerv'ing, adj., worthy, — 
 n. desert. — adv. Deseev'INGLY. 
 
 DESHABILLE, des-a-bil', n. an undress: 
 a careless toilet. [Fr. deshabilU, un- 
 dressed — des, L. dis=^un, not, and habil- 
 ler, to dress.] 
 
 DESICCANT, de-sik-ant, DESICCATIVE, 
 de-sik'at-iv, adj., drying: having the 
 power of drying. — n. an application 
 that tends to drv up sores. 
 
 DESSICATE, de-sik'at, v.t. to dry up.— v.i. 
 to grow dry. [L. desicco, to dry up — de, 
 and siccus, dry/] 
 
 DESICCATION, des-ik-a'shun, 7i. the act 
 of desiccating: state of being desiccated. 
 
 DESIDERATE, de-sid'er-at. v.t. to long for 
 or earnestly desire a thing : to want or 
 miss. [L. desidero, desideratum — from 
 root of Consider. A doublet of Desire.] 
 
 DESIDERATUM, de-sid-er-a'tum, n. some- 
 thing desired or much wanted:— j>?. De- 
 siderata, de-sid-er-a'ta. [L., pa.p. of de- 
 sidero-l 
 
 DESIGN, de-sin' or de-zin', V.t. to mark out : 
 to draw : to form a plan of : to contrive : 
 to intend. — n. a drawing or sketch: a plan 
 in outline : a plan or scheme formed in 
 the mind: plot: intention. — adj. Design'- 
 ABLE. [Fr. — L. designo—de, and signum, 
 
 DESIGNATE, des'ig-nat, v.t. to mark out 
 so as to make known : to show : to name. 
 — n. Des'ignator. 
 
 DESIGNATION, des-ig-na'shun, n. a show- 
 ing or pointing out : name : title. 
 
 DESIGNEDLY, de-sln'ed-li, adv. by de- 
 sign : intentionally. 
 
 DESIGNER, de-sm'er, n. one who furnishes 
 designs or patterns : a plotter. 
 
 DESIGNING, de-sln'ing, adj. artful : schem- 
 ing : deceitful. — n. the art of making de- 
 signs or patterns. 
 
 DESIRABLE, de-zir'a-bl, ar?/. worthy of 
 desire : pleasing : agreeable. — adv. De- 
 sir' ably. — n. Desir'ableness. 
 
 DESIRE, de-zir', v.t. to long for the pos- 
 session of : to wish for : to request, ask : 
 (B.) to regret. — n. an earnest longing 
 for : eagerness to obtain : a prayer or 
 request : the object desired : lust. [Fr. 
 di-sirer—L. desiderare. See Desiderate.] 
 
 DESIROUS, de-zlr'us, adj. full of desire : 
 anxious to obtain : eager. 
 
 DESIST, de-sist', v.i. to stop : to forbear. 
 [L. desisto—de, away, and sisto, to cause 
 to stand.] 
 
 DESK, desk, n. a sloping table for the use 
 of writers or readers : a pulpit. [A.S. 
 disc, a table, plate — L. discus. It is a 
 variant of Dish and Disc] 
 
 DESMOGNATH^, des-mog'na-the, n.pl. 
 in Huxley's classification of birds, in 
 
 which the main characters are drawn 
 from the osseous structure, a sub-order 
 of CarinatcB, having the vomer abortive 
 or small ; the maxillo-palatines united 
 across the middle Une, either directly or 
 by means of ossifications in the nasal 
 septum. It includes a great number ot 
 grallatorial and natatorial birds, tlie ao' 
 cipitrine or raptorial, the scansorial, 
 most of the fissirostral groups, and all 
 the Sj ndactyli. [Gr. desmos, a band, and 
 gnathos, a jaw.] 
 
 DESOLATE, des'o-lat, v.t. to make solitary: 
 to deprive of inhabitants : to lay wiiste. 
 — adj. solitarj' : destitute of inhabitants ; 
 laid waste. — adv. Des'olately. — n. Des'- 
 olateness. [L. desolo, desolat^is — de, 
 intensive, and solo, to make alone — solus, 
 alone.] 
 
 DESOLATION, des-o-la'shun, n. waste: 
 destruction : a place desolated. 
 
 DESPAIR, de-spar*, v.i. to be mthout hope: 
 to despond. — n. want of hope : utter hope- 
 lessness : that which causes despair. — 
 adv. Despair'ingly. [O. Fr. desperer 
 and dcspoirer — L. despero — de, privative, 
 and spero, to hope.] 
 
 DESPATCH, de-spach', v.t. to send away 
 hastily : to send out of the world : to put 
 to death : to dispose of : to perform 
 speedily. — n. a sending away in haste: dis- 
 missal : rapid performance : haste : that 
 which is despatched, as a message. [O. 
 Fr. despeecher, ace. to Littre, from Low 
 L. dispedicare, to remove obstacles (pe- 
 dica, a fetter), the opp. of impedicare. 
 See Impeach.] 
 
 DESPATCH-BOX, de-spach'boks, n. a box 
 or case for carrying despatches : a box for 
 containing despatches or other papers 
 and other conveniences while travelling. 
 
 DESPERADO, des-per-a'do, m. a de.tperate 
 fellow : one reckless of danger : a mad- 
 man : — pi. Despera'does. [Sp. dese»- 
 perado — Li. desperatiis.'] 
 
 DESPERATE, des'per-St, adj. in a state of 
 despair : hopeless : be\'ond hope : fear- 
 less of danger : rash ; furious. — adv. Des'- 
 
 PERATELY.— »l. DES'PERATENESS. 
 
 DESPERATION, des-per-a'shun, «. state of 
 despair : disregard of danger : fury. 
 
 DESPICABLE, des'pi-ka-bl, adj. deserving 
 to be despised : contemptible : worthless. 
 — u.Des'picableness. — artf. Des'picably. 
 
 DESPIGHT, de-spit', an old form of De- 
 spite. 
 
 DESPISE, de-spTz', v.t. to look doum upon 
 with contempt : to scorn. [L. despicio 
 — de, down, specio, to look.] 
 
 DESPITE, de-spIt', n. a looking down upon 
 with contempt : violent malice or ha^ 
 tred.— prep, in spite of: notwithstanding. 
 [Fr. deJpiY, O. Fr. desjnt—L. despecttis — 
 despicio.] 
 
 DESPITEFUL, de-splt'fool, adj. full of de- 
 spite or spite. — adv. Despite'fully. — n. 
 Despite'fulness. 
 
 DESPOIL, de-spoil', v.t. to spoil completely: 
 to strip : to bereave : to rob. — ns. De- 
 spoil'er, Despolia'tion. [O. Fr. rfe- 
 spoiller — L. despoliare — de, inten., and 
 root of Spoil.] 
 
 DESPOND, de-spond', v.i. to lose liope or 
 courage : to despair. — adv. Despond'ino- 
 LY. [L. despo7ideo — de, away, and 
 spondeo, to promise.] 
 
 DESPONDENCE, de-spond'ens,DESPOND. 
 ENCY, de-spond'en-si, n. state of being 
 without hope : dejection. 
 
 DESPONDENT, de-spond'ent, adj., despond 
 iiig: without courage or hope: sad. — 
 adr. Despond'ENTly. 
 
 DESPOT, des'pot, n. one invested with ab- 
 solute power : a tjTant. [Gr. des-potea 
 — des, origin unknown, and root pat, 
 found in L. potis, able, Gr. posts, a nu»- 
 band, Sans, pati, lord.]
 
 DESPOTIC 
 
 100 
 
 DEUCE 
 
 DESPOTIC, des-pot'ik, DESPOTICAL, des- 
 pot'ik-al, adj. pertaining' to or like a des- 
 pot : having absolute power : tjTannical. 
 — adv. Despot'icat.t.y. 
 
 DESPOTISM, des'pot-izm, «. absolute 
 power. 
 
 DESPOTIST, des'pot-ist, n. one who sup- 
 ports or who is in favor of despotism. 
 " I must become as thorough a despotist 
 and imperiaUst as Strafford himself." — 
 Kingsley. 
 
 DESPOTOCRACY, des-po-tok'ra-si, n. des- 
 potic rule or government : despotism. 
 " Despotocracy, the worst institution of 
 the middle ages, the leprosy of society, 
 came over the water ; the slave sur^aved 
 the priest, the noble the king." — Tlieo- 
 dore Parker. [Gr. despotes, a master, 
 and kratos, strength, power.] 
 
 DESPUMATE, des'pu-mat or de-spu'-, v.i. 
 to throw off in foam or scum. [L. des- 
 pumo, despumatus — de, off, and sjmma, 
 foam.] 
 
 DESQUAMATION, des-kwa-nia'shun, n. a 
 scaling off: the separation of the cuticle 
 or skin in scales. [L. desquamo, des- 
 quaniatus — de, off, and squama, a scale.] 
 
 DESSEET, dez-ert', n. fruits, confections, 
 etc. served at the close of an entertain- 
 ment after the rest has been taken away. 
 [Fr. — desservir, to clear the table — pfx. 
 des, away, and servir, to serve — L. ser- 
 irio.] 
 
 DESSERT-SPOON, de - zert'- spoon, n. a 
 spoon intermediate in size between a 
 table-spoon and a tea-spoon, and used in 
 eating dessert. 
 
 DESTEMPER, des-tem'per, DISTEMPER, 
 dis-tem'per, n. a coarse mode of paint- 
 ing, in which the colors ai'e tempered or 
 mixed in a watery glue, chiefly used in 
 scene-painting and in staining paper for 
 walls. [Fr. detrempe — de, L. dis, and 
 tremper for temprer — L. temperare, to 
 temper.] 
 
 "DESTINATION, des-ti-na'shun, 7t. the pur- 
 pose or end to which anything is des- 
 tined or appointed : end : purpose : de- 
 sign : fate : place to which one is going. 
 
 DESTINE, des'tin, v.t. to ordain or appoint 
 to a certain use or state : to fix : to 
 doom. [Pr. — L. destino — de, intensive, 
 and root sta, in sto, stare, to stand, and 
 allied to Gr. histano, histemi, to make to 
 stand, E. Stand.] 
 
 DESTINY, des'ti-ni, n. the purpose or end 
 to which any person or thing is destined 
 or appointed : unavoidable fate : neces- 
 sity. 
 
 DESTITUTE, des'ti-tut, adj., left alone: 
 forsaken : in want, needy. [L. destituo, 
 destitutus — de, away, and statuo, to 
 place.] 
 
 DESTITUTION, des-ti-tu'shun, n. state of 
 being destitute : poverty. 
 
 DESTROY, de-.stro}-', v.t. to unbuild or 
 ptdl down : to overturn : to ruin : to 
 put an end to : — pr.p. destroy'ing ; pa.p). 
 destroyed'. [O. Fr. destruire (Fr. de- 
 truire) — L. destruo, destructum — de, 
 down, and struo, to buUd.] 
 
 DESTROYER, de-stroy'er, n. one who de- 
 stroys. 
 
 DESTRUCTIBLE, de-struk'ti-bl, adj. liable 
 to be destroyed. — n. Destructibii,'ity. 
 
 DESTRUCTION, de-struk'shun, n. act of 
 destroying : overthrow : ruin : death. 
 
 DESTRUCTIVE, de-struk'tiv, adj. caus- 
 ing destruction : mischievous : ruinous : 
 deadly. — adv. Destruc'tively. — n. De- 
 
 STEUC'TrVENESS. 
 
 DESUDATION, des-u-da'shun, n. a violent 
 sweating: an eruption of small pimples 
 on children. [L. de, intensive, and sudo, 
 to sweat.] 
 
 DESUETUDE, des'we-tud, n., disuse : dis- 
 continuance of custom, habit, or practice. 
 
 [L. desuetudo — de, negative, and sueseo, 
 to become used.] 
 
 DESULTORY, dea'ul-tor-i, adj.. Jumping 
 from one thing to another: without 
 rational or logical connection: rambling: 
 hasty: loose. — adv. Des'ultoeily. — n. 
 Des'ultoriness. [L. demdtorius — de, 
 from, and salio. to jump.] 
 
 DETACH, de-tach', v.t. to untack or un- 
 fasten : to take from or separate : to 
 withdraw. [Fr. detacher — de, from, and 
 root of Attach.] 
 
 DETACHMENT, de-tach'ment, n. state of 
 being separated : that which is detached, 
 as a body of troops. 
 
 DETAIL, de-tar, v.t. to relate minutely : 
 to enumerate : to set apart for a par- 
 ticular service. — n. (de'tal or de-tal') a 
 small part : a minute and particular ac- 
 count. [Fr. detainer — de, intensive, and 
 tailler, to cut. See Tailoe, Tally.] 
 
 DETAIN, de-tan', f.f. to /io/d/ra?«orback: 
 to stop : to keep. [Fr. detenir — L. de- 
 tineo—de, from, and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 DETAINER, de-tan'er, n. one who detains: 
 (law) the holding of what belongs to an- 
 other. 
 
 DETAINMENT, de-tan'ment, n. same as 
 Detention. 
 
 DETECT, de-tekt', v.t. (lit.) to uncover- 
 hence to discover: to find out. [L. de, 
 neg., and tego, tectus, to cover.] 
 
 DETECTABLE, de-tekt'a-bl,ody. that may 
 1)6 d&tcctcd. 
 
 DETECTER,' DETECTOR, de-tekt'er, -or, 
 n. one who detects. 
 
 DETECTION, de-tek'shun, n. discovery of 
 something hidden. 
 
 DETECTIVE, de-tekt'iv, adj. employed in 
 detecting. — n. a poUceman employed sec- 
 retly to detect crime. 
 
 DETENTION, de-ten'shun, n. act of detain- 
 ing : state of being detained : confine- 
 ment : delay. 
 
 DETER, de-ter', v.t. to frighten from : to 
 hinder or pvevent-.^pr.j}. 6ieteTr'ing;pa.p. 
 deterred'. [L. deterreo — de, from, and 
 terreo, to frighten.] 
 
 DETERGE, de-terj', v.t. to unpe off: to 
 cleanse (as a wound). [L. detergeo, de- 
 tersus — de, off, and tergeo, to wipe.] 
 
 DETERGENCE, de-ter'jens, DETERGEN- 
 CY, de-ter'jen-si, n. the state or quality 
 of being detergent : cleansing or purging 
 power. ' ' Bath water . . . possesses 
 that milkiness, deiergency, and middUng 
 heat, so friendly adapted to weakened 
 animal constitutions." — Defoe. 
 
 DETERGENT, de-terj'ent, adj., cleansing: 
 purging. — n. that which cleanses. 
 
 DETERIORATE, de-te'ri-o-rat, v.t. to bring 
 down or make worse. — v.i. to grow worse. 
 [L. deterior, worse — obs. deter, lower — 
 de, down ; cf. in-ter-ior.] 
 
 DETERIORATION, de-te-ri-o-ra'shun, n, 
 the state of growing worse. 
 
 DETERMINABLE, de-ter'min-a-bl, adj. 
 capable of being determined, decided on, 
 or finished. 
 
 DETERMINATE, de-ter'min-at, a^j-, de- 
 termined or limited: fixed: decisive. — 
 adv. Deter'minately. 
 
 DETERMINATION, de-ter-min-a'shun, n. 
 that which is determined or resolved on : 
 end : direction to a certain end : resolu- 
 tion : purpose : d ecision. 
 
 DETERMINATIVE, de-ter'min-a-tiv, adj. 
 that detenuines, limits, or defines. 
 
 DETERMINE, de-ter'min, v.t. to put terms 
 or bounds to : to limit : to fix or settle 
 the form or character of : to influence : 
 to put an end to : to resolve on : to de- 
 fine. [L. determino, determinatus — de. 
 priv.. and terminus, a boundary.] 
 
 DETERMINED, de-ter'mind, adj. firm in 
 purpose : fixed : resolute. — adv. Detee'- 
 sonedly. 
 
 DETERMINISM, de-ter'min-izm, Ji. a sys- 
 tem of philosophy which denies liberty 
 of action to man, holding that the will is 
 not free, but is in\ancibly determined by 
 motives ; specifically, in the scliolastfc 
 philosophy, the doctrine that our will is 
 invincibly determined by a providential 
 motive, that is to say by a motive with 
 which divine Providence alwa3's furnishes 
 us, so as in our mental deliberations to 
 make the balance incline in accordanc* 
 with His law. " Determinism. — This 
 name is applied by Sir W. Hamilton to 
 the doctrine of Hobbes, as contradistin- 
 guished from the ancient doctrine of 
 fatalism." — Fleming. 
 
 DETERMINIST, de-ter'min-ist, n. one who 
 supports or favors determinism. 
 
 DETERRENT, de-ter'ent, adj. serving to 
 deter. — n. anything that deters or pre- 
 vents. 
 
 DETERSION. de-ter'shun, n. act of cleans- 
 ing. [See Deteege.] 
 
 DETERSIVE, de-ter'siv, n. same as De- 
 tergent. 
 
 DETEST, de-test', v.t. to hate intensely. 
 [L. detestor — de, intensive, and testor, to 
 call to witness, execrate — testis, a wit- 
 ness.! 
 
 DETESTABLE, de-test'a-bl, adj. worthy of 
 being detested: extremely hateful: abom- 
 inable. — adv. Detest' ably. — ?is. De- 
 test' ableness, Detestabil'ity. Carlyle. 
 
 DETESTATION, de-test-a'shun, ?i. extreme 
 hatred. 
 
 DETHRONE, de-thron', v.t. to remove 
 from a throne : to divest of royal au- 
 thority. [L. de, from, and Throne.] 
 
 DETHRONEMENT, de-thron'ment, /(. re- 
 moval from a throne: deposition. 
 
 DETONATE, det'o-nat, v.i. to explode.- 
 v.t. to cause to explode. [L. detono — de 
 down, and tono. to thunder.] 
 
 DETONATION, det-o-na'shun, n. a sudden 
 explosion. 
 
 DETOUR, de-toor', )i. a winding: a circui- 
 tous way. [Fr. de, for L. dis. asunder, 
 and tour, a turning. See TuRN.j 
 
 DETRACT, de-trakt', v.t. to take away 
 from the credit or reputation of : to 
 defame : to abuse. — ns. Deteact'er, De- 
 tract'or. — adv. Detract'ingly. [L.— 
 de, from, and traho, to draw.] 
 
 DETRACTION, de-trak'shun, n. deprecia- 
 tion : slander. 
 
 DETRACTORY, de-trakt'or-i, adj. tending 
 to detract : derogatory. 
 
 DETRAIN, de-tran', v.t. to take out of a 
 railway train, as troops. — Used also v.i. 
 to leave a railway train. [A recent coin- 
 age in military parlance.] 
 
 DETRIMENT, det'ri-ment, n. a rubbing off 
 or wearing away: damage: loss. [L. 
 detrimentum — de, off, and tero, tritus, to 
 rub.] 
 
 DETRIilENTAL, det-ri-ment'al, adj. in- 
 jurious. 
 
 DETRITION, de-trish'un, n. a icearing 
 auxii/. 
 
 DETRITUS, de-trrtus, n. a mass of sub- 
 stance gradually rubbed or irorn off soUd 
 bodies — smaller than debris. [L. — de, 
 off, and tero, tritus, to rub.] 
 
 DETRUDE, de-trood', v.i. to tliru.-<t doicn. 
 [L. de, down, and trudo, to tlirust.] 
 
 DETRUNCATE, de-trung'kat, v.t. to cut 
 off from the trunk : to lop off : to shorten 
 [L. de, off, and trunco. to lop — tnmeut 
 a trunk.] 
 
 DETRUNCATION, de-trung-ka'shun, n 
 act of lopping off. 
 
 DETRUSION, de-troo'zhun, n. a thrusting 
 down. 
 
 DEUCE, dus, n. a card or die with two 
 spots. [Fr. deux; two — L. duo, two.] 
 
 DEUCE, DEUSE, dus, n. the evil one : the 
 devil. [O Fr. deus, O God — L. deus.
 
 DEUTEROGAMY 
 
 101 
 
 DIALOGISTIO 
 
 Grod. " It is merely a Korman oath vul- 
 gfarized." — Skeat.} 
 
 DEUTEROGAIVIY, du-ter-og'a-mi, n., sec- 
 ond marriage, esp. of the clergy, after 
 the death of the first wife. [Gr. aeuteros, 
 second, and gamos, marriage.] 
 
 DEUTEROGENIC, du'ter-o-jen ilv, adj. of 
 secondary origin ; specifically, in geul. a 
 term applied to those roclis wliich have 
 been derived from the protogenic roclis 
 by mechanical action. [Gr. deuteros, 
 second, and genos, birth, race.] 
 
 DEUTERONOMY, dii-ter-on'o-mi or du'ter- 
 on-o-mi, n. the fifth book of tlie Pen- 
 tateuch, which contains the second giv- 
 ing of the law by Moses. [Gr. deuteros, 
 second, and nomas, law.] 
 
 DEUTOPLASM, du'to-plazm, n. in biol. a 
 term applied by the younger Van Bene- 
 den to that portion of the yolk of ova 
 which furnishes materials for the nour- 
 ishment of the embryo and its accesso- 
 ries (the protoplaxin). 
 
 DEUTOPLASTIC, du-to-plas'tik, adj. per- 
 taining to or composed of deutoplasm. 
 
 DEVASTATE, dev'as-tat, v.i. to layicaste: 
 to plunder. [L. de, intensive, and vasto, 
 to lay waste.] 
 
 DEVASTATION, dev-as-ta'shun, n. act of 
 devastating : state of being devastated : 
 waste : desolation. 
 
 DE\"ELOP, de-vel'op, v.t. to unroll : to un- 
 fold : to lay open by degrees. — v.i. to 
 grow into : to open out :—pr.p. devel'- 
 oping ; pa.p. devel'oped. [Fr. develop- 
 per, opp. of envelopper ; both perh. from 
 a Teut. root found iq E. Imp, to wrap. 
 See Lap, Envelope.] 
 
 DEVELOPMENT, de-vel'op-ment, 7i. a 
 gradual unfolding: a gradual gi'owth. 
 
 DEVIATE, de'vi-at, v.i. to go from the 
 u-ay : to turn aside from a certain 
 course : to err. [L. de, from, via, a way.] 
 
 DEVIATION, de-vi-a'shun, n. a going out 
 of the way : a turning aside : error. 
 
 DEVICE, de-vTs', n. that wliich is devised 
 or designed : contrivance : power of de- 
 vising ; genius : (her.) the emblem borne 
 upon a shield. [Fr. devise. See Devise.] 
 
 DEVIL, dev'l, n. (lit.) the slanderer or ac- 
 cuser ; Satan : any evil spirit : a very 
 wicked person. — v.t. (cookery) to pepper 
 excessively. [A.S. deofol. dioful — L. 
 diabolus—Gr. diabolos, from diaballo, to 
 throw across, to slander, from dia, across, 
 and ballo, to throw.] 
 
 DEVILISH, dev'il-ish, adj. of or like the 
 devil: excessively bad. — adv. Dev'ilish- 
 LY. — n. Dev'ilishness. 
 
 DEVILRY, dev'il-ri, n. conduct worthy of 
 the deinl : extreme wickedness. 
 
 DEVIOUS, de'vi-us, adj. from or out of the 
 way: erring. — adv. De'viously. — n. De'- 
 viousNESs. [See Deviate.] 
 
 DEVISE, de-vTz', v.t. to imagine: to 
 scheme : to contrive : to give by will : to 
 bequeath. — n. act of bequeathing : a 
 ■will : property bequeathed by will. [Fr. 
 devisei — Low L. divisa, a division of 
 goods, a bound or mark of division, a 
 mark, a devise — L. divido, divisus, to 
 divide.] 
 
 DEVISER, de-\'Tz'er, n. one who devises or 
 contrives. 
 
 DEVISOR, de-viz'or, n. one who devises or 
 bequeaths by will. 
 
 Devoid, de-vold', adj., quite void: desti- 
 tute : free from. [L. de, intensive, and 
 Void.] 
 
 Devoir, dev-wawr*, n. what is due, duty: 
 service : an act of civility. [Fr. — L. 
 debeo, to owe.] 
 
 DEVOLUTION, dev-o-lu'shun, n. a passing 
 from one person to another. [See De- 
 volve.] 
 
 DEVOLVE, de-volV, v.t. to 'roll itoicn : to 
 hand down : to deliver over. — ixi, to roll 
 
 down : to fall or pass over. [L. de, 
 down, volvo, volutus, to roll.] 
 
 DEVONIAN, de-vo'ni-an, adj. noting a 
 system of geological strata which abound 
 in Devonshire, originally called Old Red 
 Sandstone. 
 
 DEVOTE, de-v6t', v.t. to i-ow: to set apart 
 or dedicate by solemn act : to doom : to 
 give up wholly. [L. devoveo, devotus — 
 de, away, and voveo, to vow.] 
 
 DEVOTED, de-vot'ed, adj. given up to, aa 
 by a vow: strongly attached : zealous. — 
 adv. Devot'edly. — n. Devot'edness. 
 
 DEVOTEE, dev-o-te', n. one wholly or 
 superstitiously devoted, esp. to religion: 
 a bigot. 
 
 DEVOTION, de-vo'shun, n. consecration : 
 giving up of the mind to the worship of 
 God : piety: prayer: strong affection or 
 attachment : arior. 
 
 DEVOTIONAL, de-v5'shun-al, adj. per- 
 taining or suitable to dexiotion. — adv. 
 Devo'tionally. 
 
 DEVOUR, de-vowr', v.t. to swallow greed- 
 ily : to eat up : to consmue or waste with 
 \'iolence or wantonness : to destroj'. — 
 n. Devour'er. [Fr. devorer — L. devoro 
 — de, intensive, and voro, to swallow. 
 See Voracious.] 
 
 DEVOUT, de-vowt', adj. given up to relig- 
 ious thoughts and exercises : pious : 
 solemn. — adi: Devotjt'ly. — n. Devout'- 
 ness. [Fr. devot — L. devotus. See De- 
 vote.] 
 
 DEW, du, 11., moisture deposited from the 
 air in minute specks upon the surface of 
 objects. — v.t. to wet witli dew: to moisten. 
 — n. Dew'drop. [A.S. deaw, akin to Ice. 
 dogg, Ger. than, dew.] 
 
 DEWLAP, dii'lap, n. the loose flesh about 
 the throat of oxen, which laps or licks 
 the deu- in grazing. 
 
 DEWPOINT, du'point, n. the point or 
 temperature at which dew begins to form. 
 
 DEWif , AuX adj. like dew : moist with dew. 
 
 DEXTER, deks'ter, adj. on the right-hand 
 side : right. [L. dexter ; Gr. dexios. 
 Sans, dakshina, on the right, on the 
 south.] 
 
 DEXTERITY, deks'ter'i-ti, n., right-hand- 
 edness : cleverness : readiness and skill : 
 adroitness. 
 
 DEXTEROUS, deks'ter-us, adj., right- 
 haiuled: adroit: subtle.— adv. Dex'teb- 
 OCSLY. — n. Dex'terousness. 
 
 DEXTRAL,deks'tral, adj., right, as opposed 
 to left. 
 
 DEY, da, 51. a governor of Algiers before 
 the French conquest. [Turk, ddi, orig. a 
 maternal uncle, a familiar title of the 
 chief of the Janizaries, often promoted 
 to the above post. ] 
 
 DIABETES, dl-a-be'tez, n. a disease marked 
 by a morbid and excessive discharge of 
 urine. [Gr., from dia, through, and 
 baino, to go.] 
 
 DIABETIC, dl-a-bet'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 diabetes. 
 
 DIABOLIC, di-a-bol'ik, DIABOLICAL, dl- 
 a-bol'ik-al, adj.. devilish. — adv. Diabol'- 
 ically. [L. — Gr. diabolikos, from dia- 
 bolos, the devil. See Devil.] 
 
 DIAGONAL, di-ak'o-nal, adj. pertaining to 
 a deacon. 
 
 DIACONATE, dl-ak'o-nat, n. the office of a 
 deacon . 
 
 DIACRITIC, dl-a-krit'ik, DIACRITICAL, 
 dl-a^krit'ik-al. adj., distinguishing be- 
 tween. [Gr. — dia, between, and krino, to 
 distinguish. See Critic] 
 
 DIACTINIC, di-ak-tin'ik, adj. capable of 
 transmitting the actinic or chemical rays 
 of the sun. [Gr. — dia, through, and aktis, 
 aktinos, a ray.] 
 
 DIADEM, dl'a-dem, n. a band or fillet worn 
 round the head as a badge of royalty : a 
 
 crown : royalty. [Gr. diadema — dia, 
 round, and (/t'<5, to bind.] 
 DLi-DEMED, di'a-demd, adj. wearing a 
 
 diadem. 
 DIURESIS, DIERESIS, dl-er'e-sis, n. a 
 mark (••) placed over one of two vowels 
 to show that each is to be pronounced 
 separatelj-, as in aerial: — pi. Di^r'eses. 
 Dier'ese.s. [Gr. — dia, apart, and haireo 
 to take.] 
 
 DIAGLYPH, dl'a-glif, n. a sculptured oii 
 engraved production in which the figures 
 are sunk below the general surface : aE 
 intaglio. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS, dl-ag-no'sis, n. the distin- 
 guishing a disease by means of its symp- 
 toms : a brief description : — pi. Diagno'- 
 ses. [Gr. — dia, between, and ginosko, 
 to know.] 
 
 DIAGNOSTIC, di-ag-nos'tik, adj., distin- 
 guishing : characteristic. — n. that by 
 which anything is known : a symptom, 
 
 DIAGONAL, dl-ag'o-nal, adj., through the 
 corners, or from angle to an opposite 
 angle of a four or many sided figure. — n, 
 a straight line so drawn. — adv. Diaq'o- 
 NALLY. [L. diagonalis. from Gr. diag- 
 onios—dia, through, and gonia, a cor- 
 ner.] 
 
 DIAGRAM, di'a-gram, n. a figure or plan 
 drawn to illustrate any statement. — adj. 
 Diagrammat'ic. [Gr. diagramma — dia, 
 round, and grapho, to write, delineate.] 
 
 DIAGRAM, dJ'a-gram, v.t. to draw or put 
 into the form of a diagram : to make a 
 diagram of. " They are matters which 
 refuse to be theoremed and diagramed, 
 which Logic ought to know she cannot 
 speak of." — Carlyle. 
 
 DIAGRAPH, di'a-graf, n. an instrument 
 used in perspective drawing. 
 
 DIAHELIOTROPIC, di-a-he'li-o-trop'ik, ?». 
 in bot. turning transversely to the light, 
 as the stem or other organs of a plant : 
 pertaining to diaheliotropism. Darwin. 
 [Gr. dia, through, helios, the sun, and 
 rro_pe, a turning.] 
 
 DIAHELIOTROPISM, dl-a-he'li-ot'rop-izm, 
 n. in bot. the disposition or tendency of 
 a plant or of the organs of a plant to as- 
 sume a more or less transverse position 
 to the light. Darwin. 
 
 DIAL, di'al, n. an instrument for showing 
 the time of day by the sud"s shadow: 
 the face of a watch or clock. [Low L, 
 dialis. daily — L. dies, a day.] 
 
 DIALECT, di'a-lekt, n. a variety or form 
 of a language peculiar to a district. [Gr. 
 dialektos, speech, manner of speech, pe- 
 culiarity of speech — dia. between, and 
 lego, to choose, to spcakj 
 
 DIALECTIC, di-a-lek'tik, DIALECTICAL, 
 di-a-lek'tik-al, adj. pertaining to dialect 
 or to discourse : pertaining to dialectics : 
 logical. — n. same as Dialect^";. — adv. 
 Dialec'ticaLLY. [Gr. dinlektikos. \ 
 
 DIALECTICIAK. di-a-kJ<-li.sh'an, ;(. one 
 skilled in dialectics, a htiiician. 
 
 DIALECTICS, dT-a-lek'til;s. n.^il. art of 
 discussing: that branch of losiic which 
 teaches the rules and modes of reason- 
 ing. [Gr. dialektike {techne, art. being 
 understood), art of discussing by ques- 
 tioning, logic] 
 
 DIALIST, di'al-ist, n. a maker of dials; 
 one skilled in dialling.— Dialling. dl'aJ 
 ing, n. the .art of constructing dials. 
 
 DIALLELOUS, di-al'lel-us. adj. in logic, a 
 term applied to the fallacy of reasoning 
 or defining in a circle, that is, the prov- 
 ing of one position by assuming one 
 identical with it, or defining two things 
 each by the other. [Gi-. dia, through, 
 (dlelon. one another.] 
 
 DIALOGIST. dl-al'o-jist, n. a speaker in. or 
 writer of. a dialogue. 
 
 DIALOGISTIC, dl-al-o-jist'ik, DIALOGIST
 
 DIALOGUE 
 
 102 
 
 DIET 
 
 ICAL, di-al-o-jist'ik-al, adj. in the form 
 of a dialogue. 
 
 DIALOGUE, di'a-log, n., conversation be- 
 tween two or more persons, esp. of a 
 formal or imaginary nature. [Fr. — L. 
 dialogus — Gr. dialogos, a conversation — 
 dialegomai, to discourse. See Dialect.] 
 
 DIALYSIS, dl-al'i-sis, n. (chem.) tlie separa- 
 tion of substances by diffusion through 
 a membranous septum or partition : di- 
 aeresis :—pZ. DiALYSES, dl-al'i-sez. — adj. 
 Dialtt'ic. [Gr. dialysis — dia, asunder, 
 and lyo, to loose.] 
 
 DIAMAGNETIC, dl-a-mag-net'ik, adj., 
 crosS'magnetic : applied to any substance, 
 sucli as a rod of bismuth or glass, which, 
 when suspended between tlie poles of a 
 magnet, arranges itself aeross the line 
 joining the poles (a rod of iron or of seal- 
 ing-wax so held arranges itself parallel 
 to the line joining the poles, and is said 
 to be paramagnetic). [Gr. dia, through, 
 across, and magnetis. a magnet.] 
 
 DIAMANTIFEROUS, dl'a - man - tif'er - us, 
 adj. yielding or bearing diamonds : dia- 
 mond producing. "Men with thick 
 straw shoes go on walking about in the 
 diamantiferoiis sands of the vallej'." — 
 Academy. [Fr. diamant, a diamond, 
 and L. fero, to bear or produce.] 
 
 DI A5IES0GAM0US, dl'a - me - sog'a - mus, 
 adj. in bot. a term applied to those lower 
 orders of plants which require an inter- 
 mediate agent to produce fertilization. 
 [Gr. dia, through, mesos, middle, and 
 gamos, mai-riage.] 
 
 DIAMETER, di-am e-ter, n. the measure 
 through or across : a straight line pass- 
 ing through the centre of a circle or 
 other figure, terminated at both ends by 
 the circumference. [Gr. diametros — dia, 
 through, and metrein, to measure.] 
 
 DIAMETRICAL, dl-a-met'rik-al, adj. in 
 the direction of a diameter: direct.— ody. 
 Diamet'rically. 
 
 DIAMOND, di'a-mond, n. the most valu- 
 able of all gems and the hardest of all 
 substances : a four-sided figure with two 
 obtuse and two acute angles : one of the 
 smallest kinds of English printing tj'pe. 
 [Ft. diamant, a corr. of Gr. adamas, 
 adamantos, adamant. See Adamant ; 
 also Daunt and Tame.] 
 
 DIAMONDED, di'a-mond-ed, p. and adj. 
 furnished or adorned with diamonds. 
 Emerson. 
 
 DIAMONDIFEROUS, dl'a - mon - dif 'er - us, 
 adj. same as Diamantiferous. " One of 
 the latest creations of pretentious sciol- 
 ism which I have noticed is diamondif- 
 erous, a term applied to certain tracts of 
 country in South Africa. Adamantifer- 
 ous, etymologically correct, would never 
 answer ; but all except pedants or affec- 
 tationists would be satisfied witli dia- 
 mond-producing." — Fitzedu'ard Hall. 
 
 DIAPASON, dl-arpa'zon, n. a wliole 
 octave : the concord of the first and last 
 notes of the scale. [Gr. dia, through, 
 and pasoii, genitive pi. of jjas, all — part 
 of the Gr. phrase, dia pason chordon 
 symphonia, concord through all the 
 notesj 
 
 DIAPER, di'a-per, n. linen cloth woven in 
 figures, used for towels, etc. — v.t. to 
 
 ; variegate with figures, as diaper. [Fr. 
 diapre, O. Fr. aiaspre; from root of 
 
 DIAPHANEITY, di-a-fa-ne'i-ti, n. quality 
 of being diaphanous : power of trans- 
 mitting light. 
 
 DTAPHANIE, di-af'an-i, ?;. the art or proc- 
 ess of fixing transparent pictures on 
 glass, bj' means of gum or the like, for 
 tiie purpose of giving it the appearance 
 of stained glass. [Fr., from Gr. dia, 
 through, iind jyhaino, to show.] 
 
 DIAPHANOUS, dl-af'a-nus, adj., shining 
 or appearing through, transparent: clear. 
 — adv. Diaph'anouslt. [Gr. diaphanes 
 — dia, through, and phaino, to show, 
 shine. See Phantom.] 
 
 DIAPHORETIC, dl-a-fo-ret'ik, adj. pro- 
 moting perspiration. — n. a medicine that 
 increases perspiration. [Gr. diaphoreo, 
 to carry off — dia, through, and phero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 DIAPHRAGM, dl'a-fram, n. a thinpctr^i- 
 tion or dividing membrane : the muscle 
 which separates the chest from the ab- 
 domen ; called also the midriff. [Gr. 
 diaphragma — dia, across, phragnymi, 
 to fence.] 
 
 DIAPHRAGMATIC, dt-a-frag-mat'ik, adj. 
 pertaining to the diaphragm. 
 
 DIAPNOIC, di-ap-no'ik, adj. in wed. pro- 
 ducing a very slight, insensible perspi- 
 ration : gently diaphoretic. [Gr. dia, 
 through, and pneo, to blow or breathe.] 
 
 DL4PN0IC, di-ap-no'ik, n. a remedial 
 agent which produces a very slight, in- 
 sensible perspiration: a mild diaphoretic. 
 
 DIAPYETIC, di'a-pT-et'ik, adj. producing 
 suppuration : suppurative. [Gr. dia, 
 through, unApyon, pus, matter.] 
 
 DIAPYETIC, dl'a-pi-et'ik, n. a medicine 
 which produces suppuration : a suppurar 
 tive. 
 
 DIARIST, dl'a-rist, n. one who keeps a 
 diary. 
 
 DIARRHCEA, di-a-re'a, n. a persistent 
 purging or looseness of the bowels. [Gr. 
 diarrhoia — dia, through, and rhed, to 
 flow.] 
 
 DIARRHCETIC, dl-a-ret'ik, adj. producing 
 diarrhoea. 
 
 DIARY, dl'a-ri, n. a daily record : a jour- 
 nal. [L. diarium, from dies, a day. See 
 Dial.] 
 
 DIASTOLE, dl-as'to-le, n., dilation of the 
 heart, aiu-icles, and arteries ; opposed to 
 Systole or contraction of the same : the 
 making a short syllable long. [Gr. dias- 
 tolic — dia. asunder, and stello, to place.] 
 
 DIATHERSL4.L, dl-a-ther'mal, adj. letting 
 heat through, permeable by "adiating- 
 heat. [Gr. dia, through, and therme, 
 heat.] 
 
 DIATONIC, dl-a-ton'ik, adj. proceeding by 
 tones, as the natural scale in music. — 
 adv. Diaton'ically. [Gr., from dia, 
 through, and tonos, tone.] 
 
 DIATRIBE, dl'a-trib, n. a continued dis- 
 course or disputation :• an invective ha- 
 rangue. [Gr. diatribe, a wearing away 
 of time : a discussion — dia, through, and 
 tribo, to rub.] 
 
 DIBBER, dib'er, DIBBLE, dib'l, n. a 
 pointed tool used for dabbing or pricking 
 holes to put seed or plants in. 
 
 DIBBLE, dibl, v.t. to plant with a dibble. 
 — v.i. to make holes : to dip as in angling. 
 [Freq. of dib, a form of Dip.] 
 
 DICE. pi. of Die, for gaming. 
 
 DICEPHALOUS, dl-sefa-lus, adj., two- 
 headed. [Gr. dikephalos — dis, two, and 
 kepliale. a head.] 
 
 DICHOTOMY, dl-kot'o-mi, n. a division 
 into two parts. — adj. Dichot'OMODS. [Gr., 
 from dicha. in two, and temno, to cut.] 
 
 DICKEY, DICKY, dik'i, n. a seat behind a 
 carriage. [Etv. dub.] 
 
 DICOTYLEDOff, di-kot-i-le'don, n. a plant 
 having two seed-lobes. [Gr. dis, two, and 
 Cotyledon.] 
 
 DICOTYLEDONOUS, di-kot - i - le'don - us, 
 adf. having ttco cotyledons or seed-lobes. 
 
 DICTATE, dik'tat, v.t. to tell another wliat 
 to say or write : to communicate with 
 authority : to point out : to command. — 
 n. an order, rule, or direction : impulse. 
 [L. dicto. dictatus, freq. of dico, to say, 
 to speak.] 
 
 DICTATION, dik-ta'shun, n. act, art, or 
 practice of dictating. 
 
 DICTATOR, dik-ta'tor, n. one invested for 
 a time with absolute authority. 
 
 DICTATORIAL, dik-ta-to'ri-al, adj. like a 
 dictator : absolute : authoritative. — adv. 
 Dictato'eially. 
 
 DICTATORSHIP, dik-ta'tor-ship, n. the 
 office of a dictator: term of a dictator's 
 office. 
 
 DICTION, dik'shun, n. a saying or speak- 
 ing : manner of speaking or expression : 
 choice of words : style. [L. dictio, from 
 dico, dictus, to say ; akin to Gr. deik- 
 nymi, to show.] 
 
 DICTIONARY, dik'shun-a-ri, n. a book con- 
 taining the u'ords of a language alpha- 
 betically arranged, with their meanings, 
 etc. : a work containing information on . 
 any department of knowledge, alphabeti- 
 cally arranged. [Fr. dictionnaire.] 
 
 DICTUM, dik'tum, n., something said ; a 
 saving : an authoritative saying : — -^j/. 
 Dic'ta. [L.] 
 
 DID, di(\—}Mst tense of Do. 
 
 DIDACTIC, di-dak'tik, DIDACTICAL, di- 
 dak'tik-al, adj. fitted or intended to 
 teach : instructive : preceptive. — adv. 
 Didac'tically'. [Gr. didaktikos — di- 
 dasko, for di-dak-sko, to teach ; akin to 
 L. doc-eo. to teach, disc-o, to learn.] 
 
 DIDAPPER, did'ap-er,>!. a water-bird that 
 is constantly dipping or di\ing under 
 water, also "called the dabchick (orig. 
 dapchick). [A compound of dive and 
 dapper (which is a variant of dipper). 
 See Dip and DiVE.] 
 
 DIDUNCULUS, dWung-'ku-lus, «. a genus 
 of rasorial birds of the pigeon section 
 (Columbacei), and comprising- only the 
 one species, D. strigirosfris of the Navi- 
 gator Islands. This bird is of special in- 
 terest as being the nearest living ally of 
 the extinct dodo. It has a total length 
 of about 14 inches, with a glossy plumage , 
 verging from a velvety black on the 
 back to greenish black on the head, 
 breast, and abdomen. The large beak, 
 which is nearly as long as the head, is 
 greatly arched on the upper mandible, 
 the lower mandible being cleft into three 
 distinct teeth near its tip. Called also 
 Gnathodon and Tooth-billed Pigeon. 
 [Dim. of Didus, the generic name for the 
 dodo.] 
 
 DIE, di, v.i. to lose life : to perish : to 
 wither : to languish : to become insen- 
 sible -.^pr.p. dying ; iM.t. and p)a.p. died 
 (did). [From a Scand. root seen in Ice. 
 deyja, Dan. do, Scot, dee, akin to O. Ger. 
 towan, whence Ger. todt. The A.S. word 
 is steorfan, whence our starve.] 
 
 DIE, dl, n. a small cube used in gaming by 
 being fhrou-n from a box : any small cubi- 
 cal body : hazard -.^il. Dice, dis. [Fr. 
 di, det, FvoY. daf, It. dado, from LowL. 
 dadus = L. datus, given or cast {talus, a 
 piece of bone used in play, being under- 
 stood). Doublets, Dado, "Date.] 
 
 DIE, dl, n. a stamp for impressing coin, 
 etc. : the cubical part of a pedestal :— 
 pi. Dies, diz. 
 
 DIE-AWAY, di'a-wa, adj. seeming as if 
 about to die or expire : languishing : 
 drooping. "A soft, sweet, die-away 
 voice." — Miss Edgeicorth. " Those die- 
 away Itahan airs." — Kingsley. 
 
 DIET, dl'et, Jt. mode of /('rnig with especiaf 
 reference to food : food prescribed by a 
 physician : allowance of pro\'ision. — v.t. 
 to furnish with food. — v.i. to eat: to 
 take food according to iiile. [Fr. diete. 
 Low L. diceta — Gr. diaita, mode of living, 
 diet.] 
 
 DIET, diet, n. an assembly of princes and 
 delegates, the cliief national council in 
 several countries in Europe. [Low L.
 
 DIETARIAN 
 
 103 
 
 DIME 
 
 diceta — Gr. diaita ; or ace. to Littre, 
 from L. dies, a (set) day, with which 
 usage of. Ger. tag, a day, reichstag.'\ 
 
 DIETARIAN, di-e-ta'ri-an, n. one who ad- 
 heres to a certain or prescribed diet : 
 one who considers the regulation of the 
 course of food as of tlie extremest im- 
 portance for the preservation of health. 
 
 DIETAKY, dl'et-ar-i, adj. pertaining to 
 diet or the rules of diet. — n. course of 
 diet : allowance of food, esp. in large 
 institutions. 
 
 i)IETETIC, di-et-et'ik, DIETETICAi, dl- 
 et-et'ik-al, adj. pertaining to diet. — n. 
 Dietet'ics, rules for regulating diet. — 
 adv. Dietet'ICat.T.y. [Fr. dUtetique, 
 from Gr. diaitetikos.] 
 
 DIFFER, dif'er. v.i. to disagree : to strive : 
 to be unlike, distinct, or various : — pr.i). 
 differing ; 2}a.p. differed. [L. differo — 
 dif (=■ dis), apart, fero, to bear. See 
 Bear, to carry.] 
 
 DIFFERENCE, difer-ens, v. the quality 
 distinguishing one thing from another : 
 a contention or quarrel : the point in dis- 
 pute : the excess of one quantity or num- 
 ber over another. 
 
 DIFFERENT, dif er-ent, adj. distinct : 
 separate : unlike : not the same. — adi\ 
 Dibt'erently. [Fr. — L. differens, differ- 
 eiiti.'i, pr.p. of differo.] 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL, dif-er-eii'ishal, ad/, creat- 
 ing a difference : (math.) pertaining to a 
 quantity or difference infinitely small. 
 
 DIFFICU'LT, difi-kult, adj. not easy.- hard 
 to be done : requiring labor and pains : 
 hard to please : not easily persuaded. 
 — adi'. Diff'iculty. [L. difficilis — dif 
 (^dii), negative, and/aci?is, easy.] 
 
 DIFFICULTY, difi-kul-ti, n. laborious- 
 ness : obstacle : objection : thtlt which 
 cannot be easilj' understood or believed : 
 embarrassment of alTairs. [Fr. difficulle 
 — L. difficultas = difficilitas. See DuTl- 
 chlt.] 
 
 1)IFFIDEN(JE, difi-dens, n. want of confi- 
 dence : want of self-reliance : modesty ; 
 ba.shfulness. [L.] 
 
 DIFFIDENT, dif i-dent, adj., tranting faith 
 in: distrustful of one's self: modest: 
 bashful.— adi\ Diff'idently. [L., pr.p. 
 of dijjidn, to distrust — dif (= dis), nega- 
 tive, fido, to trust — fides, faith.] 
 
 DIFFUSE, dif-uz', v'.t. to iwur out all 
 around : to .send out in aU directions : to 
 scatter : to circulate : to ])ublish. — n. 
 Diffus'er. [L. diffundo, diffusus—dif 
 {=dis), asunder, /?«ndo, to pour out.] 
 
 DIFFUSE, dif-us', adj., diffused: widely 
 spread : wordv : not concise. — adv. DlF- 
 
 Fl^SE'LY. — n. lilFFUSE'NESS. 
 
 DIFFUSED, dif-uzd', pa.p. and adj., 
 spread widely : loose. — adv. Diffcs'EDLY. 
 — 7(. Diffcs'edness. 
 
 DIFFUSIBLE, dif-uz'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 diffused. — n. DlFFUSrBlL'lTv. 
 
 DIFFUSION, dif-ii'zhun, n. a .spreading or 
 scattering abroad : extension. 
 
 DIFFUSIVE, dif - us'iv. adj. extending : 
 spreading widely. — adv. Diffcs'ively. — 
 — n. DiFFUs'miNESS. 
 
 DIG, dig, v.t. to turn up the earth : to cul- 
 tivate with a spade '.—pr.j^. digg'ing ; 
 jKi.t. and pa.p. dug, {B.) diggecT'. — n. 
 Digg'er. [A.S. dician — die, a ditch. See 
 Dike, Ditch.] 
 
 •DIGASTRIC, di-gas'trik, adj., double- 
 bellied, or fleshy at each end, applied to 
 one of the muscles of the lower jaw. 
 [Gr. di, double, gaater, the belly.] 
 
 JDIGEST, di-jest', v.t. to dissolve food in the 
 stomach : to soften by heat and moist- 
 ure : to distribute and arrange : to jjrepare 
 or classify in the mind : to think over. — 
 v.i. to be dissolved in the stomach : to be 
 softened bv heat and moisture, n. — Dl- 
 Gest'er. XL. digero, digestus, to carry 
 
 asunder, or dissolve — di (=(Jw), asunder, 
 and gero. to bear.] 
 
 DIGEST, dl'jest, n. a body of laws collected 
 and arranged, esp. the Justinian code of 
 civil laws. [L. digesta, neut.pl. of di- 
 gestus, pa.p. of digero, to cai-ry apart, to 
 arrange.] 
 
 DIGESTIBLE, di-jest'i-bl, adj. that maybe 
 digested. — 1>. Digestibil'ITY. 
 
 DIGESTION, di-jest'yun, ri. the dissolving 
 of the food in tlie stomach : orderly ar- 
 rangement : exposing to slow heat, etc. 
 [L. digestio.] 
 
 DIGESTIVE, di-jest'iv, adj. promoting di- 
 gestion. 
 
 DIGHT, dit, adj. disposed, adorned. [A.S. 
 dihtan, to arrange, prescribe, from L. 
 dictare, to dictate, whence Ger. dichten, 
 to write poetry.] 
 
 DIGIT, dij'it, 11. (lit.) a finger : a finger's 
 breadth or f inch t from the habit of 
 counting on the fingers, any one of the 
 nine figures: the twelfth part of the 
 diameter of the sun or moon. This word 
 is often used scientifically to signify toe, 
 as well as finger, when speaking of ani- 
 mals, and in this sense it is coextensive 
 with the Latin digitus. [L. digitus, a 
 finger or toe, akin to Gr. dakfylos ; ace. 
 to Curtius, from the root dek, seen in 
 Gr. dechomai, to receive.] 
 
 DIGITAL, dij'it-al, adj. pertaining to the 
 fingers. [L. digitalis— digitus.] 
 
 DIGITAL, dij'it-al, n. a finger : a digit. 
 " Beauish brigands who wear . . . paste 
 rings upon unwashed digitals." — Ld. Lyt- 
 ton. Also, one of t he keys of instruments 
 of the organ or piano class. 
 
 DIGITATE, dij'i-tat, DIGITATED, dij'i- 
 tat-ed, adj. consisting of sever^ finger- 
 like sections. — ?i. Digita'tion. [L. digi- 
 tatns. ha\ing fingers — digitus.] 
 
 DIGITIGRADE, dij'i-ti-grad, adj., u'alking 
 on the toes. — n. an animal that walks on 
 its toes, as the lion. [L. digitus, and 
 r/radior, to step, to walk.] 
 
 DIGNIFIED, dig'ni-fid, adj. marked with 
 dignitii: exalted: noble: grave. 
 
 DIGNIFY, dig'ni-fi, v.t. to invest with 
 honor : to exalt : — pr.p. dig'nifying ; 
 pa.p. dig'nifled. [Low L. dignifico — di'gr- 
 nus, worthy, fado, to make.] 
 
 DIGNITARY, dig'ni-tar-i, n. one in a dig- 
 nified position : one who holds an eccle- 
 siastical rank above a priest or canon. 
 [Fr. digiiitaire — L. dignitus.] 
 
 DIGNITY, dig'ni-ti, n. the state of being 
 worthy or dignified: elevation of mind 
 or character : grandeur of mien : eleva- 
 tion in rank, place, etc. : degree of excel- 
 lence : preferment : high oflRce. [Fr. 
 dignite — L. dignitas — dignus, worthy ; 
 akin to Decent. Decorous.] 
 
 DIGRAPH, dl'graf, n. two letters express- 
 ing but one sound, as p/i in digra2}h. 
 [Gr. di, t\vica,gra2)he, a mark, a character 
 — graplio, to write.] 
 
 DIGRESS, di-gres', v.i. to stej) aside or go 
 from the main subject : to introduce 
 irrelevant matter. [L. digredior, digrcs- 
 sns — di. aside, gradior, to step. See 
 Grade.] 
 
 DIGRESSION, di-gresh'un, n. a going from 
 the main point : a part of a discourse 
 not upon the main subject. 
 
 DIGRESSIONAL, di-gresh'un-al, DIGRES- 
 SIVE, di-gres'iv, adj. departing from the 
 m.ain subject. — adv. Digress'ively. 
 
 DIKE, dik. «. a trench or the earth dugout 
 and thrown up : a ditcli : a mound raised 
 to prevent inundation: (geol.) a wall- 
 like ma-ss of igneous rock in the fissures 
 of. stratified rocks. — v.t. to surround with 
 a dike or bank. [A.S. die; Dut. dijk, 
 Ger. teich, a pond : Gr. teichos. a wall or 
 rampart ; akm to DouOH. See DiG ; also 
 Ditch.] 
 
 DIKER, dik'er, n. one who digs a dike or 
 trench : one who builds a dike, wall, or 
 stone fence. 
 
 DILACERATE, di-las'er-at, v.t. to rend or 
 tear asunder. — n. Dilac'eration. [L. — 
 di, asunder, and Lacerate.] 
 
 DILAPIDATE, di-lap'i-dat, v.t. to pull ston* 
 from stone : to lay waste : to suffer to go 
 to ruin. — n. Dilap'idator. [L. dilapido 
 — di, asunder, lapiis, lapidis, a stone.] 
 
 DILAPIDATION, di-lap-i-da'shun, n. the 
 state of ruin : impairing of church prop- 
 erty bv an incumbent. 
 
 DILATABLE, di-lafa-bl, adj. that may be 
 dilated or expanded. — n. Dilatabil'itt. 
 
 DILATATION, dil-a-ta'shun, DILATION, 
 di-la'shun, n. expansion. 
 
 DILATE, di-lat', v.t. to sptread ont in all 
 directions : to enlarge : the opp. of Con- 
 tract. — v.i. to widen : to swell out : to 
 speak at length. — n. Dilat'er. [L. dila- 
 tus (used as pa.p. of differo), from di 
 (=dis, apart), analatus^tlatus {Gr. tletos, 
 borne, suffered), from root of folio. See 
 Tolerate.] 
 
 DILATORY, dil'a-tor-i, adj. slow : griven to 
 procrastination : loitering : tending to 
 delay. — adv. Dil'atorlly. — n. Dil'atori- 
 NESS. [L. dilatoriiis, extending or put- 
 ting off (time). See Dilate.] 
 
 DILEMMA, di-lem'a, n. an argument in 
 which the opponent is caught between 
 two difficulties : a state of matters in 
 which it is difficult to determine what 
 course to pursue. [L. — Gr. dilemma — 
 di, twice, double, lemma, anything re- 
 ceived — laniband, to take, to seize.] 
 
 DILETTANTE, dil-et-an'te, n. one who 
 loves tlie fine arts, but in a superficial 
 way and without serious purpose :^ji. 
 Dilettan'ti (-te). — n. Dilettan'teism. 
 [It., pr.p. of dilettare, to take delight in 
 — L. delectare, to delight.] 
 
 DILIGENCE, dil'i-jens, n. steady applica- 
 tion : industry : a French stage-coach. 
 
 DILIGENT, dil'i-jent, adj. steady and ear- 
 nest in application : industrious. — adv. 
 Dil'ioently. [Fr. — pr.p. of L. diligo, 
 to cl»oose, to love.] 
 
 DILL, dil, n. a plant, the seeds of wliich 
 are used in medicine. [A.S. dile ; Ger. 
 and Sw. dill.] 
 
 DILUENT, dilTi-ent, adj., diluting. —n. 
 that which dilutes. 
 
 DILUTE, di-lut', v.t. to make thinner or 
 more liquid : to diminisix the strength, 
 flavor, etc., of, by mixing-, esp. with 
 water. — adj. diminished in strength by 
 mixing with water. — n. Dilu'tion. [C 
 diluo, dilutus — di, away from, h(0, to 
 wash.] 
 
 DILUVIAL, di-lu'vi-al, DILm'IAN, di-lu'- 
 vi-an, adj. pertainiugto a. flood, esp. that 
 in the time of Noah : caused bj* a deluge. 
 
 DILUVIALIST, di-lu'vi-al-ist, »)'. one wlio 
 explains geological phenomena by The 
 Flood. 
 
 DILLWIUM, di-lu'vi-um, 71. an inundation 
 or flood : (geol.) a deposit of sand, gravel, 
 etc., made by the former action of the 
 sea. [h.dililvinm — diluo. See Deluge.] 
 
 DIM, dim, adj. not bright or distinct : ob 
 scure : mysterious : not seeing clearly.— 
 adj. Dni'jl'lSH, somewhat dim. — adv. 
 Dim'ly. — n. DiM'XESS. [A.S. dim ; akin 
 to Ice. dimmr, dark, and Ger. dammer- 
 itng, twilight.] 
 
 DIM, dim. v.t. to make dark : to obscure: 
 — pr.p. dinmi'ing ; 2M.P- dimmed'. 
 
 DI5IARIS, dim'a-ris, )i. in logic, a mnemonic 
 word denoting a syllogism of the fourth 
 figure, comprising a particular affirma- 
 tive major premise, a universal affirma- 
 tive mmor premise, and a particular 
 affirmative conclusion. 
 
 DIME, dim, n. the tenth part of a dollar.
 
 DIMENSION 
 
 104 
 
 DIRGE 
 
 [Fr., orig. disnie, from L. deeima {pars, 
 a part, being understood), a tenth part.] 
 
 DIMENSION, di-men'shun. 7i. usually in pi., 
 measure in length, breadth, and thick- 
 ness : extent : size. [Fr. — L. dimensio — 
 dimet'or, dmiensus — di (= dis), apart, 
 mefior, to measure.] 
 
 DIMETER, dim'e-ter, adj. containing tivo 
 metres or measures. — n. a verse of two 
 measures. [L. — Gr. dimetros — di, twice, 
 metron. a measure.] 
 
 DIMINISH, di-min'ish, v.t. to makeless: to 
 take a part from : to degrade. — v.t. to 
 grow or appear less : to subside. — adj. Dl- 
 min'ishable. [Coined from L. di {=dis), 
 apart, and E. MiNISH.] 
 
 DIMnsrUENDO, di-min-u-en'do, adv. (Ht.) 
 to be diminished : (mus.) a direction to 
 let the sound die awaj', marked tlius >. 
 [It. — L. diminuendus, fut.p. pass, of di- 
 minuo, diminutus. to lessen.] 
 
 DIMINUTION, dim-i-nu'shun, n. a lessen- 
 ing : degradation. 
 
 DIMINUTIVE, di-min'u-tiv, adj. of a di- 
 minished size : small : contracted. — n. 
 (gram.) a word formed from another to 
 express a little one of the kind. — af7r. Dl- 
 
 MIN'CTIVELY. — H. DiMIN'UTIVENESS. 
 
 DIMISSORY, dim'is-or-i or di-mis'-, adj., 
 sending airay or gi\'ing leave to depart 
 to another jurisdiction. [L. dimissorius 
 — dimitto, dimissiis.'] 
 
 DIMITY, dim'i-ti, n. a kind of stout white 
 cotton cloth, striped or figured in the 
 loom by wea\'ing with two threads. 
 [Tiirough the L., from Gr. dimitos — di, 
 twice, mitos. a thread.] 
 
 DIMORPHISM, di-mor'fizm, n. (hot.) a 
 state in wliich two forms of flower are 
 produced by the same species : the prop- 
 erty of crystallizing in two forms. [Gr. 
 di, twice, morphe, form.] 
 
 DIMORPHOUS, dl-mor'fus, adj. having the 
 property of dimorphism. 
 
 DIMPLE,'dim'pl, n. a small holloic: a small 
 natural depression on tlie face. — r.i. to 
 form dimples. — v.t. to mark with dim- 
 ples. [Dim. of dip, with inserted m. 
 Another dim. is Dapple.] ' 
 
 DIMPLY, dim'pli, adj. full of dimples. 
 
 DIMPSI, dimp'si, n. a preserve made with 
 apples and pears cut into small pieces. 
 
 DIN, din, n. a loud continued noise. — v.t. 
 to strike witli a continued or confused 
 noise : to annoy with clamor : — pr.p. 
 dinn'ing ; pa.p. dinned'. [A.S. dyne ; 
 akin to Ice. dynr. noise.] 
 
 DINE, din, v.i. to take dinner. — v.t. to give 
 a dinner to. [O. Fr. disner (Fr. diner) — 
 Low L. disnare : perh. from decoenare — 
 L. de. intensive, and eceno, to dine.] 
 
 DING, ding, v.t. to throwor dash violently : 
 to urge or enforce : to keep constantly 
 repeating : to impress on one by persist- 
 ent reiteration — with reference to the 
 monotonous jingle of a bell. " If I'm to 
 have any good, let it come of itself ; not 
 keep dinging it, dinging it into one so." 
 — Goldsmith. — v. i. to ring or sound. [E. ; 
 cf. Scot, ding, Ice. dengja, to hammer, 
 [Svv. diinga, to bang.] 
 
 OKsGDONG, ding'dong, Ji. the sound of 
 bells ringing : monotony: sameness. 
 
 DINGLE, ding'gl, n. a little holloic : a nar- 
 row hollow between hills (=dimble or 
 dimple, a little dip or depression). [See 
 Dimple and Dip.] 
 
 DINGLE-DAIS^GLE, ding'gl-dang'gl, adv. 
 hanging loose : swinging backwards and 
 forwareYs. [See under Dangle.] 
 
 DINGO, ding go, n. the native dog of Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 DINGY, din'ji, adj. of a dim or dark color: 
 dull : soiled. — n. Din'giness. [Acc. to 
 Skent^^ungy, i.e. dirty.] 
 
 DINNER, din'er, n. the chief meal of 
 
 the day : a feast. [O. Fr. disner. See 
 Dine.] 
 
 DINORNIS, dl-nor'nis, n. a genus of large 
 extinct birds, the bones of which are found 
 in New Zealand. [Gr. deinos, terrible, 
 and ornis, a bird.] 
 
 DINOTHERIUM, dl-no-the'ri-um, n. an ex- 
 tinct animal of huge size, with elephant- 
 Uke tusks. [Gr. deinos, terrible, and 
 therion, a beast.J 
 
 DINT, dint, n. (ong.) a hloiv or stroke : the 
 mark left by a blow: force, power. [A.S. 
 dynt, a blow ; Scot, dunt, a blow with a 
 dull sound, Ice. dyntr.] 
 
 DIOCESAN, di-os'es-an or dl'6-se-san, adj. 
 pertaining to a diocese. — n. a bishop as 
 regards his diocese. 
 
 DIOCESE, dr'6-ses, n. the circuit or extent 
 of a bishop's jurisdiction. [Gr. dioikesis 
 — dioikeo, to keep house — di, for dia, sig. 
 completeness, oikeo, to manage a house- 
 hold — oikos, a house.] 
 
 DICECIOUS, dl-esh'i-us, adj. (hot.) having 
 male flowers on one plant, and female 
 on another. [Gr. di, twice, and oikos, a 
 house.] 
 
 DIOPTRIC, dl-op'trik, DIOPTRICAL, dl- 
 op'trik-al, adj. pertaining to dioptrics. 
 [Gr. — di, through, and root op-, which 
 appears in opsomai, fut. of horao, to 
 see.] 
 
 DIOPTRICS, dl-op'triks, n.pl. the science 
 of the properties of Ught in passing 
 through different mediums. 
 
 DIORAMA, di-o-ra'ma, »i. an exhibition of 
 pictui'es, illuminated, and viewed through 
 an opening in tlie wall of a darkened 
 chamber. — adj. Dioraji'ic. [Gr. di, 
 through, horao, to see.] 
 
 DIP, dip, v.t. to dive or plunge into any 
 liquid for a moment. — v.i. to sink : to 
 enter slightly : to look cursorily : to in- 
 cline downwards -.^pr.p. dipp'ing ; i>a.p. 
 dipped'. — n. inclination downwards : a 
 sloping. [A.S. dyppan ; Dan. dyppe ; 
 Ger. taufen. to immerse ; related to 
 Deep and Dm:.] 
 
 DIPCHICK, dip'chik, n. same as Dab- 
 chick. 
 
 DIPETALOUS, dl-pet'a-lus, adj. having 
 two petals. [Gr. di, twice, and Petal.] 
 
 DIPHTHERIA, dif-the'ri-a, n. a throat 
 disease in which the air -passages be- 
 come covered witli a leather-like mem- 
 brane. — adj. Diphthekit'ic. [Gr. diph- 
 thera, leather. 
 
 DIPHTHERITIS, dif-ther-I'tis, n. a name 
 given to a class of diseases which are 
 characterized by a tendency to the for- 
 mation of false membranes, and affect 
 the dermoid tissue, as the mucous mem- 
 branes and even the skin. Dunglison. 
 [Gr. diphthera, a skin.] 
 
 DIPHTHONG, dif 'thong or dip' thong, n., 
 two yowe\- sounds pronounced as one 
 syllable. [Fr. diphthongue — Gr. diph- 
 thongos, with two sounds — Gr. di, twice, 
 phthongos. a sound.] 
 
 DIPHTHONGAL, dif-thong'gal or dip- 
 thong'gal, adj. relating to a diphthong. 
 — adv. Diphthong' ALLY. 
 
 DIPHTHONGIZATION.dif'thong-iza'shun 
 or dip-thong-iz-a'shun, ?i. the act of diph- 
 thongizing. Sweet. 
 
 DIPH'fHONGIZE. dif'thong-Iz or dip'- 
 thong-iz, v.t. to form, as a vowel, into 
 a diphthong: thus the m of many Old 
 English or Anglo-Saxon words has been 
 diphthongized into o«' in modern English, 
 as in the word nou'. 
 
 DIPLOMA, di-plo'ma, n. a writing con- 
 ferring some honor or pri\Tlege. [L. di- 
 ploma, from Gr. diploma, a letter folded 
 double — diploos, double.] 
 
 DIPLOMACY, di-plo'ma-si, n. the art of 
 negotiation, esp. of treaties between 
 states : political skill. 
 
 DIPLOMAT, di-plo'mat, n. a diplomatist. 
 
 DIPLOMATIC, dip-16-mat'ik, DIPLO- 
 MATICAL, dip-l6-mat'ik-al. adj. per- 
 taining to diplomacy : skillful in nego- 
 tiation. — adv. Diplomat'ically. 
 
 DIPLOMATIC, dip-16-mat'ik, n. a minister 
 at a foreign court. — 2)1. the science of de- 
 ciphering ancient writings, as diplomas^ 
 etc. [Fr. diplomatique. "l 
 
 DIPLOMATIST, di-plo'ma-tist, n. one 
 skilled in diplomacy. 
 
 DIPLOMATIZE, di-plo'ma-tiz, v.t. to con- 
 fer a diploma upon. Thackeray. 
 
 DIPPER, dip'er, n. a bird that finds its 
 food by dipping or diving into streams 
 or lakes. 
 
 DIPSAS, dip'sas, n. an Asiatic and Ameri- 
 can tree-snake whose bite is said to cause 
 Intense thirst. [Gr. dipsas — dipsos, 
 thirst.] 
 
 DIPSOJLANIA, dip-so-ma'ni-a, n. an insane 
 or irresistible craving for alcoholic stimu- 
 lants. [Gr. dipsa, thirst, and mania, 
 madness.] 
 
 DIPTERAL, dip'ter-al, DIPTEROUS, dip'- 
 ter-us, adj. having tu-o wings. [Gr. di, 
 twice, pteron, a wing.] 
 
 DIPTERAN, dip'ter-an, n. an insect hav- 
 ing only two u-ings. as the house-fly ■.—pi. 
 Dip'terans or Dip'tera. 
 
 DIPTYCH, dip'tik. n. a double-folding 
 writing tablet : a register of bishops, 
 saints, etc.: also a design or representa- 
 tion, as a painting or carved work, on 
 two folding compartments or tablets, 
 [Gr. diptychos — di-, and ptysso, to fold.] 
 
 DIRE, dir, adj. dreadful : calamitous in a 
 high degree. [L. dims, perhaps akin to 
 Gr. deido, to fear.] 
 
 DIRECT, di-rekt', adj. quite straight: 
 straightforward : in the line of descent : 
 outspoken : sincere. — v.t. to keep or lay 
 quite straight : to point or aim straightly 
 or correctly : to point out the proper 
 course to : to guide : to order : to mark 
 with the name and residence of a per- 
 son. — adv. Direct'ly.— Ji. Directn-ess. 
 [L. dirigo, directus — di, completely, and 
 rego, to rule, to make straisrht.] 
 
 DIRECT- ACTION, di-rekt'-ak-shun. adj. a 
 term applied to a steam-engine in which 
 the piston-rod or cross-head is connected 
 directly bj' a rod with the crank, dispens- 
 ing with walking-beams and side-levers. 
 
 DIRECTION, di-rek'shun, )i. aim at a cer- 
 tain point : the line or course in which 
 anything moves : guidance : command : 
 the body of persons who guide or man- 
 age a matter : the written name and 
 residence of a person. 
 
 DIRECTIVE, di-rekt'iv, adj. having power 
 or tendencj' to direct ; also capable of 
 being directed, managed, or handled. 
 "Swords and bows directive bv the 
 limbs."— Sftafc. 
 
 DIRECTOR, di-rekt'or, n. one who directs: 
 a manager or governor : a counsellor : 
 part of a machine or instrument which 
 guides its motion.— -/eiii. Dieect'ress or 
 
 DiRECT'RIX. 
 
 DIRECTORATE, di-rekt'or-iit. DIRECTOR- 
 SHIP, di-rekt'or-ship, Ji. the ofllce of, or 
 a bodv of directors. 
 
 DIRECTORIAL, di-rek-to'ri-al, adj. per- 
 taining to directors : giving direction. 
 
 DIRECTORY, di-rekt'or-i, adj. containing 
 directions: guiding. — n. a body of direc- 
 tions : a guide : a book with the names 
 and residences of the inhabitants of a 
 place : a body of directors. 
 
 DIREFUL, dir'fool, adj. old and poetic 
 form. Same as DiRE. — adv. DlRE'rULLY. 
 —n. Dire'fulness. 
 
 DIRGE, derj, ?;. a funeral song or hymn 
 [Contracted from dirige. the first word 
 of a Latin funeral hymn, from dirigo, to 
 direct.]
 
 DIRGEFUL 
 
 105 
 
 DISCONCERT 
 
 DIRGEFUL, derj'fool, adj. lamenting : 
 wailing: moaning. " Soothed sadly by 
 the dirgeful wind." — Coleridge. 
 
 DIRK, derk, >i. a dagger or poniard. [Scot. 
 durk : from tlie Celtic, as in Ir. dairc] 
 
 DIRT, dert, n., dung, excrement: any filthy 
 substance. [A.S. gedritan ; Ice. drit, ex- 
 crement.] 
 
 DIRTY, dert'i, adj. defiled with dirt : foul : 
 filthy: mean. — v.t. to soil with dirt: to 
 sully : — pr.p. dirt'ying : pa.p. dirt'ied. — 
 adv. Dirt'ily. — n. Dirt'ixess. 
 
 DISABILITY, dis-a-bil'i-ti. n. want of 
 power : want of legal qualification. 
 
 DISABLE, dis-a'bl, v.t. to make unable : 
 to deprive of power : to weaken : to dis- 
 qualifj'. [L. dis, privative, and Able.] 
 
 DIS, dis, n. a name sometimes given to the 
 god Pluto, the god of the lower world. 
 
 O Proserpina, 
 For the flowers now that frighted thou let'st fall 
 From Dis's waj^on. — Shak. 
 
 DIS, dis, ?i. Festuca pattda, a kind of grass 
 which grows in Tripoli and Tunis, and is 
 largelv imported for paper making. 
 
 DISABUSE, dis-ab-iiz', v.t. to free from 
 ahtise or mistake : to undeceive : to set 
 right. [L. dis. privative, and Abuse.] 
 
 DISADVANTAGE, dis-ad-vant'aj, n. want 
 of advantage : what is unfavorable to 
 one"s interest : loss : injury. [L. dis, 
 and Advantage.] 
 
 DISADVANTAGEOUS, dis-ad-vant-a' j us, 
 adj. attended with disadvantage : unfav- 
 orable. — adv. Disadvanta'geously. 
 
 DISAFFECT, dis-af-fekt', v.t. to take away 
 the affection of : to make discontented or 
 unfriendly: — pa.p and adj. Disaffect'ed, 
 ill-disposed, disloyal. — adv. Disaffect'- 
 EDLY. — n. Disaffect'edness. [L. dis, 
 privative, and Affect.] 
 
 DISAFFECTION, dis-af-fek'shun. n. state 
 of being disaffected : want of affection or 
 friendliness : disloyalty : hostilitj- : ill- 
 will. 
 
 DISAFFIRM, dis - af - ferm', v.t. to deny 
 (what has been affirmed) : to contradict. 
 [L. dis, negative, and Affirm.] 
 
 DISAFFOREST, dis-af-for'est, v.t. to de- 
 prive of the privilege of /oresi laws. [L. 
 dis, privative, and Low L. afforestare, to 
 make into a forest. See Forest.] 
 
 DISAGREE, dis-a-gre', v.i. to difTer or be 
 at variance : to dissent. [L. dis, negative, 
 unrl Ar'RP'F' "1 
 
 DISAGREEABLE, dis-a-gre'a-bl, adj not 
 agreeable : unpleasant : offensive. — adv. 
 Disagree' ABLY. — n. Disagree' ableness. 
 
 DISAGREEMENT, dis-a-gre'ment, u. want 
 of agreement : difference : unsuitable- 
 ness : dispute. 
 
 DISALLOW, dis-al-low', v.t. not to allow : 
 to refuse permission to : to deny tlie au- 
 thority of : to reject. [L. dis, negative, 
 and Allow.] 
 
 DISALLOWABLE, dis-al-low'a-bl, adj. not 
 allowable. 
 
 DISALLOWANCE, dis-al-low'ans, n. re- 
 fusal to permit. 
 
 DLSAJIIS, dis'a-mis. n. in logic, a mnemonic 
 word denoting a syllogism of the third 
 figure, comprising a particular affirmative 
 major premise, a universal affirmative 
 minor premise, and a particular affirma- 
 tive conclusion. 
 
 DISANNUL, dis-an-nul', i:t. to annul com- 
 pletely. — ns. Disannul'mest, Disan- 
 mjll'ing. [L. dis, intensive, and Annul.] 
 
 DISAPPEAR, dis-ap-per'. v.i. to vanish 
 from sight. [L. dis. negative, and Ap- 
 pear.] 
 
 DISAPPEARANCE, dis-ap-per'ans, n. a 
 ceasing to appear : removal from sight. 
 
 DISAPPOINT, dis-ap-point', r.^ to deprive 
 one of what he expected : to frustrate. 
 [L. dis. negative, and Appoint.] 
 
 DISAPPOINTMENT, dis-ap-point'ment, n. 
 
 the defeat of one's hopes : miscarriage : 
 frustration. 
 
 DISAPPROBATION, dis-ap-prob-a'shun, 
 DISAPPROVAL, dis-ap-proov'al, n. cen- 
 sure : dislike. 
 
 DISAPPROVE, dis-ap-proov', v.t. to give 
 an imfavorable opinion of : to reject. — 
 adv. Disapprov'ingly. [L. dis, negative, 
 and Approve.] 
 
 DISARM, diz-arm', v.t. to deprive of arms : 
 to render defenceless : to quell : to ren- 
 der harmless. — n. DisaKm'aMENT. [L. 
 dis. privative, and ARM.] 
 
 DISARRANGE, dis-a-ranj', v.t. to undo the 
 arrangement of : to disorder. — n. Dis- 
 areange'ment. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Arrange.] 
 
 DISARRAY, dis-a-ra', v.t. to break the 
 array of : to throw into disorder : to 
 strip of array or dress. — n. want of ar- 
 ray or order : undress. [L. dis, privative, 
 and Array.] 
 
 DISASSOCIATE. dis-as-s6'shi-at, t\t. to 
 disconnect things associated. [L. dis, 
 pi-ivative, and ASSOCIATE.] 
 
 DISASTER, diz-as'ter, )!. an adverse or un- 
 fortunate event : a misfortune: calamity. 
 [Fr. desastre — des (=L. dis), negative, 
 and astre, a star, (good) fortune — L. 
 
 CI ^T 7*1 J 717 1 ^T il T* I 
 
 DISASTROUS, diz-as'trus, adj., ill-starred: 
 unpropitious : unfortunate. — adv. Disas'- 
 trously. 
 
 DISATTUNE, dis-at-tun', v.t. to put out 
 of tune or harmonj'. Ld. Lytton. 
 
 DISAVOW, dis-a-vow', v.t. to disclaim : to 
 disown : to deny. [L. dis, negative, and 
 Avow.] 
 
 DISAVOWAL, dis-a-vow'al, n. act of dis- 
 avowing : rejection : denial. 
 
 DISBAND, dis-band', v.t. to break up a 
 band : to disperse. — v.i. to break up. [L. 
 dis. privative, and Band.] 
 
 DISBANDMENT, dis-band'^ment, n. act of 
 disbanding. 
 
 DISBAR, dis-bar', v.t. to expel a barrister 
 from the bar. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Bar.] 
 
 DISBELIEF, dis-be-lef, n. want of belief. 
 
 DISBELIEVE, dis-be-lev', v.t. to refuse be- 
 lief or credit to. [L. dis, negative, and 
 Believe.] 
 
 DISBELIEVER, disbe-lev'er, n. one who 
 disbelieves. 
 
 DISBURDEN, dis-bur'dn, DISBURTHEN, 
 dis-bur'f/(n, v.t. to unburden or rid of a 
 burden : to free. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Burden.] 
 
 DISBURSE, dis-burs', v.t. to take from the 
 purse : to paj' out. [O. Fr. desbourser — 
 des (^L. dis), a part, and bourse, a purse.] 
 
 DISBURSEMENT, dis-burs'ment, n. a pay- 
 ing out : that which is paid out. 
 
 DISC, DISK, disk, n. the face of a round 
 plate : the face of a celestial body. [A.S. 
 disc — L. discus — Gr.diskos, a round plate, 
 a quoit, from dikein, to cast. [See Desk, 
 DiSH.] 
 
 DISCAGE, dis-kaj', v.t. to take or put out 
 of a cage. 
 
 Until she let me fly discaged to sweep 
 In ever-higherin^ eagle-ciroles up. — Tennyson. 
 
 DISCARD, dis-kard, v.t. to throw away, 
 as useless, said of cards : to cast off : to 
 discharge : to reject. [L. dis, away, and 
 Card.] 
 
 DISCERN, diz-ern', v.t. to distinguish clear- 
 ly by the eye or understanding : to judge. 
 [L. dis, thoroughly, and certio, to sift, 
 perceivej 
 
 DISCERNER, diz-ern'er, n. a person or 
 thing that discerns. 
 
 DISCERNIBLE, diz-ern'i-bl, adj. that may 
 he perceived : distinguishable. Also Dis- 
 cern'able. Jer. Taylor. — adv. Discern'- 
 ibly. 
 
 DISCERNMENT, diz-ern'ment, n. power or 
 faculty of discriminating : judgment. 
 
 DISCHARGE, dis-chilrj', v.t. to free from 
 a charge : to unload or remove the car- 
 go : to set free : to acquit : to dismiss : 
 to fire, as a gun : to let out or emit. — n. 
 act of discharging: unloading: acquit- 
 tance : dismissal : that which is dis- 
 charged. — 11. Dischaeg'er. [L. dis, 
 priv., and Charge.] 
 
 DISCIPLE, dis-I'pl, ?/. a learner : one who 
 professes to receive instruction from 
 another : one who follows or believes in 
 the doctrine of another : a follower. — n. 
 Disci'pleship. [Fr.— L. diseipulus, from 
 disco, to learn ; akin to doceo, to teach.] 
 
 DISCIPLINABLE. dis'i-pUn-a-bl, adj capa- 
 ble of training or in.struction. 
 
 DISCIPLINARIAN, dis-i-plin-a'ri-an, n. 
 one who enforces rigid rule. 
 
 DISCIPLINARY, dis'i-plin-ar-i, adj per- 
 taining to or intended for disci2)line. 
 
 DISCIPLINE, dis'i-plin, n., instruction: 
 training, or mode of life in accordance 
 with rules : subjection to control : or- 
 der : severe training : mortification : 
 punishment. — v.t. to subject to disci- 
 pline : to train : to educate : to bring 
 under control : to chastise. [L. disci- 
 plina. from diseipulus.] 
 
 DISCLAIM, dis-klam', v.t. to renounce 
 claim to : to refuse to acknowledge : to 
 reject. [L. dis, privative, and Claim.] 
 
 DISCLAIMER, dis-klam'er, h. a denial, dis- 
 avowal, or renunciation. 
 
 DISCLOSE, dis-kloz', v.t. to nnclose ; to 
 open : to lay open : to bring to light : to 
 reveal. [L. dis, negative, and Close.] 
 
 DISCLOSURE, dis-klo'zhur, n. act of dis- 
 closing : a bringing to light or revealing : 
 that which is disclosed or revealed -.^pl. 
 scandalous discoveries in official life. 
 
 DISCOID, dis'koid. DISCOIDAL, dis-koid'- 
 al, adj. having the form of a disc. [Gr. 
 di^kos, and eidos. form.] 
 
 DISCOLOR, dis-kul'er, v.i. to take away 
 color from : to change the natural color 
 of : to alter the appearance of. [L. dis, 
 priv., and Color.] 
 
 DISCOLORATION, dis-kul-er-a'shun, n. act 
 of discoloring : state of being discolored : 
 stain. 
 
 DISCOMFIT, dis-kum'fit, v.t. to disconcert, 
 to balk : to defeat or rout : — pr.j). dis- 
 com'fiting ; pa.p. discom'Cted. [O. Fr. 
 desconfit, pa.p. of desconfire—L,. dis. sig. 
 the opposite, and conjicio, to prepare — 
 con, thoroughly, /aci'o, to make.] 
 
 DISCOMFITURE, dis-kum'fit-ur, ?;. frus- 
 tration, defeat. 
 
 DISCOMFORT, dis-kura'furt, n. want of 
 comfort : uneasiness : pain. — i\t. to de- 
 prive of comfort : to make uneasy : to 
 pain : to grieve. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Comfort.] 
 
 DISCOMMEND, dis-kom-end',i\<. to blame. 
 [L. dis. privative, and Commend.] 
 
 DISCOMMON, dis-kom'un, r.^ to deprive 
 of the riglit of common. [L. dis, privative, 
 and Common.] 
 
 DISCOMMUNITY, dis-kom-mu'ni-ti, n. the 
 state of not having possessions, relation- 
 ships, characteristics, or properties in 
 common : want of common properties, 
 qualities, or characteristics. "Commu- 
 nity of embryonic structure reveals com- 
 munity of descent ; but dissimilarity of 
 embryonic development does not prove 
 discnmmunify of descent."— Daricm. 
 
 DISCOMPOSE, dis-kom-poz, v.i. to de- 
 prive of composure : to disarrange, to 
 disorder : to disturb. [L. dis, privative, 
 and Compose.] 
 
 DISCOMPOSURE, dis-kom-po'zhur, n. dis- 
 order : agitation. 
 
 DISCONCERT, dis-kon-sert'. v.i. to deprive 
 of harmony or agreement : to distnvi. :
 
 DISCONNECT 
 
 106 
 
 DISFAVOR 
 
 to frustrate : to defeat. [L. dis, priva- 
 tive, and Concert.] 
 
 DISCONNECT, dis-kou-ekt', v.t. to sepa- 
 rate or disjoin. — n. DlSCOXNEC'TION. [L. 
 dis. privative, and Connect.] 
 
 DISCONSOLATE, dis-kon'so-lat, adj. with- 
 out consolation or comfort : liopeless : 
 sad. — adv. Discon'solately. — n. Discon'- 
 SOLATENESS. [L. dis, privative, and con- 
 .■iolof. consolatus, to console.] 
 
 DISCONTENT, dis-kon-tent', adj. not con- 
 tent : dissatisfied : uneasj'. — n. want of 
 content : dissatisfaction : uneasiness. — 
 v.t. to deprive of content : to make un- 
 easy. [L. di.s, neg., and Content.] 
 
 DISCONTENTED, dis-kon-tent'ed. adj. dis- 
 content. — adv. DiSCONTENT'EDLT. — n. 
 
 Discostent'edness. 
 
 DISCONTENTMENT, dis-kon-tent'ment, n. 
 the opi). of contentment : uneasiness. 
 
 DISCONTINUANCE, dis - kon - tin u - ans, 
 DISCONTINUATION, dis - kon - tin - u-a'- 
 shun. >i. a breaking; off or ceasing. 
 
 DISCONTINTJE. dis-kon-tinu. v.t. to cease 
 to continue : to put an end to : to leave 
 •off : to stop. — I'. J. to cease : to be sepa- 
 rated from. [L. dis, negative, and CON- 
 
 TINITE.] 
 
 DISCORD, dis'kord, n. opp. of concord : 
 disagreement, strife : difference or con- 
 trariety of qualities : a union of inharmo- 
 nious sounds. [L. dis, apart, and cor, 
 fordis. the heai-t.] 
 
 DISCORDANCE, dis-kord'ans, DISCORD- 
 ANCY, dis-kord'au-si. n. disagreement. 
 
 DISCORDANT, dis-kord'aut, adj. without 
 concord or agreement : inconsistent : jar- 
 rins'. — adv. Discord'antly. 
 
 DISCOUNT, dis'kownt, n. a sum taken 
 from the count or reckoning : a sum re- 
 turned to the payer of an account : a de- 
 duction made for interest in advancing 
 money on a bill. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Count.] 
 
 DISCOUNT, dis-kownt', v.t. to allow dis- 
 count : to advance money on, deducting 
 discount. — v.i. to practice discounting. 
 
 DISCOUNTABLE, dis-kownt'a-bl, adj. that 
 mav be discounted. 
 
 DISCOUNTENANCE, dis-kowu'ten-ans, y. t. 
 to put out of countenance : to abash : to 
 refuse countenance or support to : to 
 discourage. — n. cold treatment : disap- 
 probation. [L. dis, privative, and Coun- 
 tenance.] 
 
 DISCOURAGE, dis-kur'aj, v.t. to take 
 away the courage of : to dishearten : to 
 seek to check by showing disfavor to. 
 [L. dis. privative, and CoukaGE.] 
 
 DISCOURAGEMENT, dis-kuiTij-ment, n. 
 act of discom-aging : that which discour- 
 ages : dejection. 
 DISCOURSE, dis-kors', n. speech or lan- 
 guage generally : conversation ; a treat- 
 ise : a sermon. — v.i. to talk or converse : 
 to reason: to treat formally. — v.t. to 
 utter or give forth. [Fr. discours — L. 
 discursus — dis, to and fro. ciirro, to run.] 
 
 DISCOURTEOUS, dis-kurt'yus. adj. want- 
 ing in good manners : unci^-il : rude.^ 
 adv. Discockt'eously. — n. Discourt'- 
 EOCSNESS. [L. dis, negative, and COCRT- 
 
 EOUSj 
 
 DISCOURTESY, dis-kurt'e-si, ?i. want of 
 
 courtesj' : incivility. 
 DISCOUS, disk'us, adj., disc-like : broad : 
 
 flat. 
 DISCOVER, dis-kui-'er, v.t. to uncover : to 
 
 lay open or expose : to make known : to 
 
 find out : to espy. — n. Discov'erek. [L. 
 
 dis. negative, and Cover.] 
 DISCOVERABLE, dis-kuv'er-a-bl, adj. 
 
 that mav be found out. 
 DISCO"\"ERY, dis-kuv'er-i, Ji. act of finding 
 
 out : the thing discovered : revelation. 
 DISCREDIT, dis-kred'it, n. want of credit : 
 
 bad credit : ill repute : disgi-ace. — v.t. to 
 
 refuse credit to, or belief in : to deprive 
 of credibility : to deprive of credit : to 
 disgrace. [L. dis. privative, and Credit.] 
 
 DISCREDITABLE, dis-kred'it-a-bl, adj. not 
 creditable : disgraceful. — adv. Discred'- 
 itably. 
 
 DISCREET, dis-kret', adj. having djsceoi- 
 menf : wary : circumspect : prudent. — 
 adv. Discreet'ly. — n. Discreet'ness. 
 [L. disci-etus — discenio, to separate, to 
 perceive. See Discern.] 
 
 DISCREPANCE, dis'krep-ans or dis-ki-ep'- 
 ans, DISCREPANCY, dis'krep-an-si or 
 dis-krep'an-si. n. disagreement. 
 
 DISCREPANT, dis'krep-ant or dis-krep'ant, 
 adj. disagreeing : different. [L. dis, dif- 
 ferent, and crepans, pr.p. of crepo, to 
 sound.] 
 
 DISCRETE, dis-kret' or dis'kret, adj., sepa- 
 rate : distinct : disjunctive : — opp. of 
 concrete. [A doublet of Discreet.] 
 
 DISCRETION, dis-kresh'un, ?;. quality of 
 being discreet : prudence : liberty to act 
 at pleasui-e. 
 
 DISCRETIONAL, dis-kresh'un-al, DIS- 
 CRETIONARY, dis-kresh'un-ar-i, adj. 
 left to discretion : unrestrained. — advs. 
 Discre'tionally, Discee'tionarily. 
 
 DISCRETH^E, dis-kret'iv, adj. separating: 
 disjuncti%'e. — adv. DlsCRET'm;LY. 
 
 DISCRIMINATE, dis-krim'i-nat, v.t. to 
 note the difference : to distinguish : to 
 select from others. — v.i. to make a dif- 
 ference or distinction : to distinguish. — 
 adv. DISCRDI'INATELY. [L. discrimino — 
 discrimen, discriminis. tbat which sepa- 
 rates, from root of Discern.] 
 
 DISCRIMINATION, dis-krim-i-na'shun, ?i. 
 act or quality of distinguishing : acute- 
 ness, discernment, judgment •, also, un- 
 just partiality (-4.mer.). 
 
 DiSCRIMINATH'E. dis-krim'i-na-tiv. adj. 
 that marks a difference : characteristic : 
 observing distinctions. — adv. Discrdi'i- 
 
 NATTVELY. 
 
 DISCROWN, dis-krown', v.t. to deprive of 
 a crown. [L. dis, privative, and Crown.] 
 
 DISCURSION, dis-kur'shim, n. desultory 
 talk : act of discoursing or reasoning. 
 
 DISCURSIVE, dis-kur'siv, adj., running 
 from one thing to another : roving, des- 
 ultory: proceeding regularly from pre- 
 mises to conclusion. — adv. Discub'sive- 
 LY. [See DiSCOXJKSE.] 
 
 DISCUSS, dis-kus', v.t. to break up or dis- 
 perse : to examine in detail, or by dispu- 
 tation : to debate : to sift. [L. di.^cutio, 
 diseussus — dis, asunder, and quatio, to 
 shake.] 
 
 DISCUSSION, dis-kush'un. n. debate : 
 (surg.) dispersion of a tumor. 
 
 DISCUSSrVE.dis-kus'iv.DISCUTIENT, dis- 
 ku'shi-ent, adj. able or tending to discuss 
 or disperse tumors. 
 
 DISDAIN, dis-dan', v.t. to thiuk unworthy : 
 to reject as unworthy or unsuitable : to 
 scorn. — Ji. a feeling of scorn or aversion : 
 haughtiness. [O. Fr. desdaigner — L. 
 dedignor — de, privative, and dignus, 
 worthv.] 
 
 DISDAINFUL, dis-dan'fool, adj full of dis- 
 dain : haughty : scornful. — adv. DlS- 
 DAIN'FIXLY. — H. DISDAIN'FL'LN'ESS. 
 
 DISEASE, diz-ez', n. (lit.) leant of ease, 
 hence pain : disorder or want of health 
 in mind or body : ailment : cause of pain. 
 [L. dis, privative, and Ease.] 
 
 DISEASED, diz-ezd'. adj. affected with dis- 
 ease. — H. Diseas'edness. 
 
 DISEDGE, dis-ej', v.t. {Shak.) to deprive of 
 the edge : to blunt : to dull. [L. dis, 
 privative, and EDGE.] 
 
 DISEMBARK, dis-em-bark', v.t. to land 
 what has been embarked : to take out of 
 a ship : to land. — v.i. to quit a ship : to 
 land. [L. dis. privative, and Embark.] 
 
 DISEMBARKATION, dis-em-bar-ka'shun . 
 
 DISEMBARKMENT, dis-em-bark'ment, 
 n. a landing from a ship. 
 
 DISEMBARRASS, dis-em-bar'as, v.t. to 
 free from embarrassment or perplexity. 
 [L. dis. privative, and Embarrass.] 
 
 DISEMBODY, dis-em-bodi, v.t. to take 
 away from or out of the body : to dis- 
 charge from military ser\-ice or array, 
 [L. dis, priv.. and Embody.] 
 
 DISEMBOGUE, dis-em-bog', v.t. to dis- 
 charge at the mouth as a stream. — n. 
 Disejibogue'ment. [Sp. desembocar — L. 
 dis, asunder, and bucca, a cheek, the 
 mouth.] 
 
 DISEMBOWEL, dis-em-bow'el, v.t. to take 
 out the bowels. [L. dis, intensive, and 
 Embovtel.] 
 
 DISEilBROIL, dis-em-broil', v.t. to free 
 from broil or confusion. [L. dis, priv., 
 and Embroil.] 
 
 DISENCHANT, dis-en-chant', v.t. to free 
 from enchantment. — n. Disenchant'- 
 ment. [L. dis, privative, and Enchant.] 
 
 DISENCUMBER, dis-en-kum'ber, v.t. to 
 free from encumbrance : to disburden. — 
 n. Disencum'brance. [L. dis, privative, 
 and Encujcber.] 
 
 DISENDOW, dis-en-dow', v.t. to take away 
 the endowment of. — n. Disendow'mekt. 
 [L. dis, privative, and Entx)w.] 
 
 DISENGAGE, dis-en-g-ij', v.t. to separate 
 or free from being engaged : to separate : 
 to set free : to release. [L. dis, i)rivative. 
 and Engage.] 
 
 DISENGAGEMENT, dis-en-gaj'ment. ?i. 
 act of disengaging : state of being dis- 
 engaged : release : leisure. 
 
 DISENNOBLE. dis-en-no'bl, v.t. to deprive 
 of what ennobles : to degrade. [L. dis, 
 priv., and Ennoble.] 
 
 DISENSHROUD, dis-en-shrowd', v.t. to 
 take from or divest of a shroud or like 
 covering : to unveil. ■' The disen- 
 shrouded statue." — Browning. 
 
 DISENTAIL, dis-en-tal', v.t. to free from 
 being entailed : to break the entail of : 
 as, to disentail an estate. 
 
 DISENTAIL, dis-en-tal', n. the act or op- 
 eration of disentailing or breaking the 
 entail of an estate. 
 
 DISENTANGLE, dis-en-tang'gl, v.t. to free 
 from entanglement or disorder : to un- 
 ravel : to disengage or set free. — Ji. DlS- 
 entano'lement. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Entangle.] 
 
 DISENTHRAL. Same as Disinthral. 
 
 DISENTHRONT:, dls-en-thi-on', v.t. to de- 
 throne. [L. dis, privative, and En- 
 throne.] 
 
 DISENTITLE, dis-en-tl'tl, v.t. to deprive 
 of title. [L. dis, privative, and En- 
 title.] 
 
 DISENTOMB, dis-en-to6m', v.t. to take out 
 from a tomb. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Entomb.] 
 
 DISENTRANCE, dis - en - trans', v.t. to 
 awaken from a trance or deep sleep : 
 to arouse from a reverie. [L. dis, 
 privative, and ENTRANCE.] 
 
 DISESTABLISH, dis-es-tab'lish, v.t. to 
 take away what has been established 
 or settled, esp. applied to the English 
 church as established by law. — n. Dis- 
 estab'lishment. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Establish.] 
 
 DISESTEEM, dis-es-tem', n. want of es- 
 teem : disregard. — v.t. to disapprove : to 
 dislilve. — n. Disestima'tion. [L. dis, 
 privative, and Esteem.] 
 
 DISFAME, dis-fam', n. evil fame : bad 
 
 reputation : infamy. 
 
 And what is fame in lil'e but half disfame. 
 
 And counterchauged witli darl£ness ? — Tennyson. 
 
 DISFAVOR, dis-fa'vur, n. want of favoj- : 
 displeasure : dislike. — v.t. to withhold 
 favor from : to disapprove. [L. dis, 
 privative, and Favor.]
 
 DISFIGURATION 
 
 107 
 
 DISMISS 
 
 DISFIGURATION, dis-fig-ur-a'shun, DIS- 
 FIGUREMENT, dis-fig'ur-ment, n. de- 
 facement of beauty. 
 
 DISFIGURE, dis-fig'ur, v.t. to spoil the 
 figure of: to change to a worse form : to 
 spoil the beauty of : to deform. [L. dts, 
 privative, and FiGUKE.] 
 
 DISFRANCHISE, dis-fran'chiz, v.t. to de- 
 prive of a franchise, or of rights and 
 privileges : sijecifically, to deprive of the 
 right of suffrage. — n. Disfranchise- 
 ment, dis-fran'chiz-meut. [L. di.<s, priv., 
 and Franchise.] 
 
 DISGORGE, dis-gorj', v.t. to discharge 
 from the gorge or throat : to vomit : to 
 tlirow out with violence : to give up 
 what has been seized.— «. Disgorge'- 
 MENT. [L. dis, negative, and Gorge.] 
 
 DISGRACE, dis-gras', n. state of being out 
 of grace or favor, or of being dishonored : 
 cause of shame : dishonor. — v.t. to put 
 out of favor : to bring disgrace or shame 
 upon. [L. cli.9, privative, and Grace.] 
 
 DISGRACEFUL, dis-gras'fool, aclj. bring- 
 in": disgrace : caxising shame : dishonor- 
 able. —adi-. Disgeace'fully. — n. Dis- 
 grace'fulness. 
 
 DISGUISE, dis-giz', v.t. to change tlie 
 guiae or appearance of: to conceal by a 
 dress intended to deceive, or by a coun- 
 terfeit manner and appearance. — n. a 
 dress intended to conceal the wearer : a 
 false appearance. — ns. Disguis'er, Dis- 
 Guise'ment. [L. dis, privative, and 
 GciSE.] 
 
 DISGUST, diz-gust' or dis-, n. loathing: 
 strong dislike. — v.t. to excite disgust in: 
 to offend the taste of : to displease. [O. 
 Fr. desgouster — des {=L. dis), and goust 
 =L. (fu-stus. ta.ste.] 
 
 DISGUSTING, diz-gust'ing or dis-, DIS- 
 GUSTFUL, diz-gust'fool, adj. causing 
 disgust : loathsome : hateful. — adv. Dis- 
 oust'ingly. 
 
 DISH, dish, n. a plate : a vessel in which 
 food is served : the food in a dish : a par- 
 ticular kind of food. — v.t. to put in a 
 dish, fcr table. [A.S. di.'sc, a plate, a 
 dish, a table — L. discus. Doublets, Disc 
 and DeskJ 
 
 DISHABILLE, dis-a-bil'. Same as Des- 
 habille. 
 
 DISHALLOW, dis-hal'lo, v.t. to make un- 
 holy : to desecrate : to profane. 
 
 Ye that so dishaltoiv the holy sleep, 
 Your sleep is death. — Tennyson. 
 
 DISHEARTEN, dis-hart'n, v.t. to deprive 
 of heart, courage, or spirits : to discour- 
 age : to depress. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Heart.] 
 
 DISHERO, dis-he'ro, v.t. to deprive of the 
 character of a hero : to degrade from 
 tlie reputation of a hero : to make un- 
 heroic or commonplace. C'arlyle. 
 
 DISHEVEL, di-sliev'el, v.t. to disorder the 
 hair : to cause tlie hair to hang loose. — 
 f.i. to spread in disorder -.—pr.p. dishev'- 
 elling ; pa.p. disliev'elled. [O. Fr. deschev- 
 eler — des, and chevel, hair — L. dis, in dif- 
 ferent directions, capilhis, tlie hair.] 
 
 DISHONEST, diz-on'est, adj. not honest : 
 wanting integ^rity : disposed to clieat : 
 insincere.— adf. DishON'estly. [L. dis, 
 neg.ativi?, and HoXEST.] 
 
 DISHONESTY, diz-on'es-ti, n. want of hon- 
 esty or integrity : faithlessness : a dis- 
 position to cheat. 
 
 DISHONOR, diz-on'ur, n. want of honor : 
 disgrace: shame : reproach. — v.t. to de- 
 prive of honor : to disgrace : to cause 
 shame to : to seduce : to degrade : to re- 
 fuse tlie jiayment of, as a bill. — n. Dis- 
 hon'orer. [L. rft'.s, privative, and Honor.] 
 
 DISHONORABLE, diz-on'ur-abl, adj. hav- 
 ing no .sense of honor : disgraceful. — adv. 
 Dishon'orably. 
 
 DISILLUSION, dis-il-lu'zhun, n. the act or 
 
 process of disillusionizing or disenchant- 
 ing ; the state of being disillusionized or 
 disenclianted : disenchantment. "'The 
 sorrow of disillusion." — J. R. Lowell. 
 
 DISIMPRISON, dis-im-prizon, v.t. to dis- 
 cliarge from prison : to set at Uberty : to 
 free from conKnement. " French Revo- 
 lution means here the open, violent re- 
 bellion and victory of disimprisoned 
 anarcliy against corrupt, worn-out au- 
 thority."'- — Cnrlyle. 
 
 DISINCLINATION, dis-in-kli-nashun, n. 
 want of inclination : unwillingness. 
 
 DISINCLINE, dis-in-klln', v.t. to turn away 
 inclination from : to excite the dislike 
 or aversion of. [L. dis, priv., and IN- 
 CLINE 1 
 
 DISINCLINED, dis-m-klind', adj. not in- 
 chned : averse. 
 
 DISINCORPORATE, dis-in-kor'por-at, v.t. 
 to deprive of corporate rights. [L. dis, 
 privative, and Incorporate.] 
 
 DISINDI VIDU ALIZE, dis-in'di- vid'u-a) -iz, 
 r.f. to destroy or change tlie individual- 
 ity or peculiar character of : to deprive 
 of special characteristics. " A manner 
 not indeed wholly disindividualized ; a 
 tone, a glance, a gesture . . . still re- 
 called little Polly." — Charlotte Bronte. 
 
 DISINFECT, dis-in-fekt', v.t. to free from 
 infection. — n. Disinfec'tion. [L. dis, 
 privative, and Infect.] 
 
 DISINFECTANT, dis-in-fekt'ant, n. any- 
 thing that destroys the causes of infec- 
 tion. 
 
 DISINGENUOUS, dis-in-jen'u-us, adj. not 
 ingenuous : not frank or open : crafty. — 
 adv. Disingen'uously. — n. Dlsingen'- 
 uousNESs. [L. dis, negative, and In- 
 genuous.] 
 
 DISINHERIT, dis-in-her'it, v.t. to cut off 
 from hereditary rights : to deprive of an 
 inheritance. — ?(. Disinher'itance. [L. 
 dis. privative, and Inherit.] 
 
 DISINTEGRATE, dis-in'te-grat or diz-, v.t. 
 to separate into integrant parts. — adj. 
 Dlsin'teqrable. — »i. Disintegra'tion. 
 [L. dis, negative, and Integrate.] 
 
 DISINTEGRATOR, dis-in'te-grat-er, n. one 
 who or that which disintegrates : specifl- 
 cally,amacliine for pulverizing, crushing, 
 or breaking up various sorts of materials. 
 A common form used for breaking up 
 ores, rock, artificial manures, oil cake, 
 and for mixing mortar, etc., as well as 
 for grinding cereals, is a mill consisting 
 essentially of a number of beaters pro- 
 jecting from the faces of two parallel 
 discs revolving in opposite directions at 
 a high speed. 
 
 DISINTER, dis-in-ter', v.t. to take out of a 
 grave : to bring from obscurity into view. 
 — n. Disinter'MENT. [L. dis, negative, 
 and Inter.] 
 
 DISINTERESTED, dis-in'ter-est-ed, adj. 
 not interested or influenced by private 
 feelings or considerations: impartial. — 
 adv. Disin'terestedly.— Ji. Disdi'terest- 
 edness. [L. dis. neg., and Interested.] 
 
 DISINTHRAL, dis-in-tlirawl', v.t. to set free 
 from thraldom or oppression. [L. dis, 
 negative, and Inthral.] 
 
 DISINVIGORATE, dis-iu-vi'gor-at, v.t. to 
 deprive of vigor : to weaken : to relax. 
 '• This soft, and warm, and disinvigorat- 
 ing climate." — Sydney Smith. 
 
 DISJOIN, dis-join' or diz-, v.t. to separate 
 what has been joined. [L. dis, negative, 
 and Join.] 
 
 DISJOINT. di.s-joint', v.t. to put out of 
 joint : to separate united parts : to break 
 the natural order or relations of things : 
 to make incoherent. — n. Disjoint'edness. 
 
 DISJUNCT, dis-jungkt'. adj.. disjoined. [L. 
 di.yunctus, pa.p. of di.'ijungo — dis, nega- 
 tive, a,ndju7igo. to join.] 
 
 DISJUNCTION, dis-junk'shun, n. the act of 
 disjoining : disunion : separation. 
 
 DISJUNCTIVE, dis-jungkt'iv, adj., disjoin- 
 ing : tending to separate : {gram.) uniting 
 sentences but disjoining the sense, or 
 rather, marking an adverse sense. — n. a 
 word which disjoins. — adv. Disjunct'- 
 ively. [L. disjunctivus.] 
 
 DISK. Same as Disc 
 
 DISLIKE, dis-lik', v.t. to be displeased with; 
 to disapprove of : to have an aversion to. 
 — 71. disinclination : aversion : distaste : 
 disapproval. [L. dis, negative, and Like ; 
 the genuine Eng. word is MiSLIKE.] 
 
 DISLOCATE, dis'16-kat, v.t. to displace: 
 to i)ut out of joint. [L. dis, negative, 
 and Locate.] 
 
 DISLOCATION, dis-l6-ka'shun, n. a dis- 
 located joint : displacement : (geol.) a 
 " fault," or displacement of stratified 
 rocks. 
 
 DISLODGE, dis-loj', v.t. to drive from a 
 lodgment or place of rest : to drive from 
 a place of hiding or of defence — v.i. to 
 go awaj'. — )(. Dislodg'ment. [L. dis, 
 privative, and Lodge.] 
 
 DISLOYAL, dis-loy'al, adj. not loyal : false 
 to one"s sovereign : faithless : treacher- 
 ous. — adv. DisLO y' ALLY. — n . Disloy'alty. 
 [L. dis, negative, and Loyal.] 
 
 DISMAL, diz'mal, adj. gloomy : dreary : 
 sorrowful : full of horror. — adv. Dis'.mal- 
 LY. [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 DISMAL, diz'mal, n. a gloomy, melancholy 
 person. Su-ift.^iJl. mourning- garments. 
 "As my lady is decked out in her dis- 
 mals, perhaps she may take a fancy to 
 faint." — Foote. Also pil. a fit of melan- 
 cholj-. "He conies, and seems entirely 
 wrapt up in the dismals : what can be 
 the matter now ? " — Foote. 
 
 DISIVIAN, di.s-man', v.t. to deprive of men : 
 to destroy the full-grown male popula- 
 tion of. " No nation in the world ... is 
 so abounding in the men who will dare 
 something for honor or liberty a.s to be 
 able to. bear to lose in one month be- 
 tween twenty and thirty thousand men, 
 seized from out of her most stirring and 
 courageous citizens. It could not be but 
 that what remained of France when she 
 had been thvis stricken should for years 
 seem to laug-uish and be of a poor spirit. 
 This is why I have chosen to say that 
 France was dismanned." — Kinglake. 
 
 DISMANTLE, dis-man'tl, v.t. to strip: to 
 deprive of furniture, etc., so as to render 
 useless : of a fortified town, to raze the 
 fortifications. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Mantle.] 
 
 DI8MASK, dis-mask', v.t. to strip a mask 
 from : to remove a disguise from : to un- 
 cover. [L. dis, privative, and Mask.] ^ 
 
 DISMAST, dis-niast', v.t. to deprive of a 
 mast or masts. [L, dis, privative, and 
 Mast.] 
 
 DISMAY, dis-ma', v.t. to terrify: to dis- 
 courage. — n. loss of strength and cour- 
 age tlirough fear. [A hybrid word, from 
 O. Fr. desmayer — des (^L. dis), and O. 
 Ger. magan = A.S. magan, to have 
 might or iiower. See May.] 
 
 DISME:MBER, dis-mem'ber. v.t. to di\'ide 
 meiiiljer from member : to separate a 
 limb from the body : to disjoint : to tear 
 to pieces : to dividi; and parcel out the 
 territory of a country, as Poland was 
 dismenil)erod in the eighteenth century ; 
 also, to deprive of the qualifications, 
 privileges, functions, or oflice of a mem- 
 ber of a society or body : to put an end 
 to the membership of. " Since I have 
 dismembered myself, it is incredible how 
 cool I am to all politics." — \Valpoie.—n. 
 Dis.mem'berment. [L. dis, asunder, and 
 Mkmber.] 
 
 DISMISS, dis-mis', r.^ to send atmy : to
 
 DISMISSAL 
 
 108 
 
 DISQUISITION 
 
 flespatcii : to discard : to remove from 
 office or emplo3'ment. [L. dimitto, di- 
 missus — di, away from, and mitto, to 
 send.] 
 
 DISMISSAL, dis-mis'al, DISMISSION, dis- 
 mish'un, n. act of sending' awaj' : dis- 
 charge from office or employment. 
 
 DISMOUTTT, dis-mownt', v'i. to come 
 down : to come off a horse. — v.t. to 
 tlu'ow or bring down from any elevated 
 place : to throw off their carriages, as 
 cannon: to unhorse. [L. dis, negative, 
 and Mount.] 
 
 DISOBEDIENCE, dis-o-be'di-ens, w. neg- 
 lect or refusal J to obey. [See Obedi- 
 ence.] 
 
 DISOBEDIENT, dis-o-be'di-ent, adj. neg- 
 lecting or refusing to obey. [See Obedi- 
 ent.] 
 
 DISOBEY, dis-o-ba', v.t. to neglect or re- 
 fuse to obey or do what is commanded. 
 [O. Fr. desoheir — des (=-L. dis), and obeir, 
 to obey.] 
 
 DISOBLlGfE, dis-o-blij', v.t. to offend by 
 an act of unkindness or incivility: to do 
 something against the wishes of another : 
 to injure shghtly. [L. dis, negative, and 
 Obuge.J 
 
 DISOBLIGING, dis-o-bllj'ing, adj. not 
 obliging : not careful to attend to the 
 wishes of others : unaccommodating : 
 unkind. — adr. Disoblig'ingly. 
 
 DISORDER, dis-or'der, n. want of order: 
 confusion : disturbance : breach of the 
 peace: disease. — t:t. to throw out of or- 
 der : to disarrange : to disturb : to pro- 
 duce disease. [Fr. des (=L. dis), priva- 
 tive, and Order.] 
 
 DISORDERLY, dis-or'der-li, adj. out of 
 order : in confusion : irregular : lawless : 
 applied to offences of a minor grade. — 
 a(k'. without order : confusedly : in a 
 lawless manner. 
 
 DISORGANIZE, dis-or'gan-Iz, v.t. to de- 
 stroy the organic structure of : to break 
 up a union of parts : to throw into dis- 
 order. — n. Disorganiza'tion. . [L. dis, 
 negative, and Organize.] 
 
 DISOWN, diz-6n', v.t. to refuse to own or 
 acknowledge as belonging to one's self : 
 to deny: to renounce. [L. dis, negative, 
 and Own.] 
 
 DISPARAGE, dis-par'aj, v.t. to dishonor 
 by comparison with what is inferior : to 
 lower in rank or estimation. — n. DlSPAR'- 
 AGER. [O. Fr. desparager — des (=L. dis), 
 negative, and Low L. paragiutn, equality 
 of birth — L. par, equal.] 
 
 DISPARAGEMENT, dis-par'aj-ment. n. in- 
 jurious comparison with what is inferior : 
 indignity. 
 
 DISPARAGINGLY, dis-par'aj-ing-li. adv. 
 in a manner to disparage or dishonor. 
 
 DISPARITY, dis-par'i-ti. «.. inequality. 
 [L. dis, negative, and Parity.] 
 
 DISPARK, dis-park'. i:t. to throw open 
 inclosed ground. [A hybrid word, from 
 L. dis. negative, and Park.] 
 
 DISPART, dis-part'. v.t. to part asunder : 
 to divide, to separate. — v.i. to separate. 
 — n. the difference between the thickness 
 of metal at the breech and the mouth of 
 a gun. [L. dis, asunder, and Part.] 
 
 DISP ASSIGN, dis-pash'un, n. freedom from 
 passion : a calm state of mind. [L. dis, 
 negative, and PASSION.] 
 
 DISPASSIONATE, dis-pash'un-at. adj. free 
 from pas.non : unmoved by feelings : 
 cool : impartial. — adr. Dispass'ionately. 
 
 DISPATCH. Same as Despatch. 
 
 DISPEL, dis-pel', v.t. to drive away : to 
 cause to disappear : to banish : — pr.p. 
 disp»?iring ; pa.p. dispelled'. [L. dispello 
 — (lis. away from, pello. to drive.] 
 
 DISPENSABLE, dis-pens'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be dispensed, or dispensed with. — n. 
 Dibpens'ableness. 
 
 DISPENSARY, dis-pens'ar-i, n. a place 
 where medicines are dispensed, especially 
 to the poor, gratis. 
 
 DISPENSATION, dis-pen-sa'shun, n. the 
 act of dis2}eHsing or dealing out : the 
 dealing of God with His creatures : the 
 distribution of good and evil in the di- 
 vine government : license or permission 
 to neglect a rule. 
 
 DISPENSATIVE, dis-pens'a-tiv, DISPENS- 
 ATORY, dis-pens'a-tor-i, adj. granting 
 dispensation. — advs. Dispens'atively, 
 Dispens'atorlly. [L. dispensativus, dis- 
 pensatorius.] 
 
 DISPENSE, dis-pens', v.t. to weigh or deal 
 out in portions : to distribute : to ad- 
 minister. — Dispense with, to permit the 
 want of : to do without. — n. Dispens'er. 
 [Fr. dispenser — L. dis, asunder, and 
 penso. intensive of pendo, to weigh.] 
 
 DISPEOPLE, dis-pe'pl, v.t. to empty of 
 people or inhabitants. [L. dis, privative, 
 *iri(i Pkopi f "1 
 
 DISPERMOUS. di-sperm'us, adj. having 
 only two seeds. [Gr. di, twofold, sperma, 
 a seed.] 
 
 DISPERSE, dis-pers', v.t. to scatter in all 
 directions : to spread : to diffuse : to 
 drive asunder : to cause to vanish. — v.i. 
 to separate : to vanish. — n. Dispers'er. 
 [L. dispergo, dispersals — di, asunder, 
 apart, spargo, to scatter.] 
 
 DISPERSION, dis-per'shun, n. & scattering: 
 (med.) the removal of inflammation : 
 (optics) the separation of light into its 
 different rays. 
 
 DISPERSIVE, dis-pers'iv, adj. tending to 
 
 DISPIRIT, dis-pir'it, v.t. to dishearten: 
 to discourage. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Spirit.] 
 
 DISPLACE, dis-plas', v.t. to put out of 
 place : to disarrange : to remove from a 
 state, office, or dignity. — n. Displace'- 
 JIENT, the quantity of water displaced by 
 a ship afloat, and wiiose weight equals 
 that ot the displacing body. [O. Fr. 
 desplacer — L. dis, privative, and Place.] 
 
 DISPLANT, dis-plant', v.t. to remove any- 
 thing from where it has been planted or 
 placed : to drive from an abode. [L. dis, 
 privative, and Plant.] 
 
 DISPL A Y, dis-pla'. v.t. to unfold or 
 spread out : to exhibit : to set out osten- 
 tatiously. — n. a displaj'ing or unfolding : 
 exhibition : ostentatious show.— ?i. Dis- 
 play'er. [O. Fr. desployer — des (^L. 
 dis), negative, and player, same as plier 
 — L. plico, to fold. Doublet, Deploy. 
 See Ply.] 
 
 DISPLEASE, dis-plez', v.t. to offend: to 
 make angry in a slight degree : to be 
 disagreeable to. — v.i. to raise aversion. 
 [L. dis. negative, and Please.] 
 
 DISPLEASURE, dis-plezh'ur, n. the feeling 
 of one who is offended : anger : cause of 
 irritation. 
 
 DISPLENISH-SALE, dis - plen'ish - sal, n. 
 in Scotland, a sale by auction of the stock, 
 implements, etc., of a farm. 
 
 DISPLUME, dis-pl66m', v.t. to deprive of 
 plumes or feathers. [L. dis, privative, 
 and Plume.] 
 
 DISPONE, dis-pon'. v.t. (law) to make over 
 to another : to convey legally. [L. dis- 
 pono, to arrange.] 
 
 DISPOPE, dis-pop', v.t. to deprive of the 
 papal dignity or office. Tennyson. 
 
 DISPORT, dis-port', v.i. to divert, amuse, 
 enjoy one's self : to move in gaiety. — v.t. 
 to amuse. [O. Fr. defsporter {with, se), to 
 carry one's self .away from one's work, 
 to amuse one's self, from des (==h. dis), 
 and porter — L. portare. to carry, as it 
 were from serious matters. See SPORT.] 
 
 DISPOSABLE, dis-pozVbl, adj. free to be 
 
 used : not already engaged. [See Dis- 
 pose.] 
 
 DISPOSAL, dis-poz'al, n. the act of dis- 
 jMsing : order : arrangement : manage- 
 ment : right of bestowing. 
 
 DISPOSE, dis-poz', v.t. to arrange : to dis- 
 tribute : to apply to a particular pur- 
 pose : to bestow : to incline. — To DISPOSE 
 OF, to apply to any purpose : to part 
 with; to place in any condition. — n. 
 Dispos'er. [Fr. disposer — L. dis, asunder, 
 and Fr. poser, to place. See PoSE, n.] 
 
 DISPOSITION, dis-po-zish'un, n. arrange- 
 ment : natural tendency : temper : (Xeio 
 Test.) ministry, ministration : {Scots law) 
 a giving over to another = (English) con- 
 veyance or assignment. [Fr. — L.. from 
 dis, apart, pono, to place.] 
 
 DISPOSSESS, dis-poz-zes', v.t. to put out 
 of possession. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Possess.] 
 
 DISPRAISE, dis-pra/, n. blame: reproach: 
 dishonor. — v.t. to blame : to censure. [L. 
 dis. negative, and Praise.] 
 
 DISPREAD, dis-pred', v.t. to spread in dif- 
 ferent ways. — i\i. to spread out : to ex- 
 pand. [L". dis. asunder, and Spread.] 
 
 DISPRINCE, dis-prins', v.t. to deprive of 
 the dignity, office, or appearance of a 
 prince. "All in one rag, disprinced 
 from head to heel." — Tennyson, 
 
 DISPROOF, dis-proof, n. a disproving : 
 refutation. 
 
 DISPROPORTION, dis-pro-por'shun, n. 
 want of projyortion, symmetry, or suit- 
 ableness of parts : hiequality. — v.t. to 
 make unsuitable in form or size, etc. [L. 
 dis, privative, and Proportion.] 
 
 DISPROPORTIONABLE. dis-pro-por'shun- 
 a-bl, DISPROPORTIONAL, dis-pro-por'- 
 shun-al, adj. not having proportion or 
 symmetry of parts : unsuitable : unequal. 
 — advs. " Dispropor'tionably, Dispro- 
 por'tionally. 
 
 DISPROPORTIONATE, dis-pro-por'shun- 
 at, adj. not proportioned : unsj'mmetri- 
 cal : unsuitable to something else in some 
 respect. — adv. Dispropor'tionately. — n. 
 Dispropor'tionateness. 
 
 DISPROVE, dis-pro6v', v.t. to prove to be 
 false : to refute. [L. dis, negative, and 
 Prove.] 
 
 DISPUTABLE, dis'pu-ta-bl, adj. that may 
 be disp7(ted : of doubtful certaintj'. — adv. 
 Dis'putably.— ?i. Dis'putableness. 
 
 DISPUTANT, dis'pu-tant, DISPUTER, dis- 
 put'er, n. one who disputes or argues : 
 one given to dispute. 
 
 DISPUTATION, dis-pu-ta'shun, n. a con- 
 test in argument : an exercise in debate. 
 
 DISPUTATIOUS, dis-pu-ta'shus, DISPUT- 
 ATIVE, dis-put'a-tiv, adj. inclined to dis- 
 j)ute. cavil, or controvert. — adv. DlSPU- 
 ta'tiously. — n . Disputa'tiousness. 
 
 DISPUTE, di.s-put'. v.t. to make a subject 
 of argument : to contend for : to oppose 
 by argument : to call in question. — v.i. 
 to argue : to debate. — n. a contest with 
 words : an argument : a debate. [Fr. 
 dispnter — L. disputare — dis, apart, and 
 pnto. to think.] 
 
 DISQUALIFY, dis-kwol'i-fl, v.t. to deprive 
 of the qualities necessary for any pur- 
 pose : to make unfit : to disable. — n. DlS- 
 qualifica'tion. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Qualify.] 
 
 DISQUIET, dis-k-wl'et, n. want of quiet: 
 uneasiness: restlessness: anxiety. — v.t. 
 to render unquiet : to make uneasy : to 
 distiu'b. [L. dis, privative, and Qoet.] 
 
 DISQUIETUDE, dis-kwi'et-ud, n. state of 
 disquiet. 
 
 DISQUISITION, dis-kwi-zish'un, n. a care- 
 ful and formal inquiry into any matter 
 by arguments, etc. : an elaborate essay. — 
 adj. DlSQUISl'TlONAL. [L. disquisitio^^
 
 DISREGARD 
 
 109 
 
 DISTASTE 
 
 disquiro, disquisitus — din, intensive, 
 qucero, to seek.] 
 
 DISREGAED, dis-re-gard', v.t. to pay no 
 attention to. — n. want of attention : neg- 
 lect : slight. [L. dig, negative, and Re- 
 gard.] 
 
 DKREGARDFUL, dis-re-gard'fool, adj. 
 neglectful : careless : heedless. — adv. 
 DiSREQ.4JJD'FULLY. 
 
 DISRELISH, dis-rel'ish, r.^ not to relish : 
 to dislike the taste of: to dislike. — n. 
 distaste : dislike : some degree of dis- 
 gust. [L. d/s, negative, and Relish.] 
 
 DKREPAIR, dis-re-par', n. state of being 
 out of repair. [L. dis, negative, and 
 RepairJ 
 
 DISREPUTABLE, dis-rep'u-ta-bl, adj. in 
 bad repute : discreditable : disg-raceful. — 
 
 adv. DlSREP'UTABLY. 
 
 DISREPUTE, dis-re-put',^ DISREPUTA- 
 TION, dis-rep-u-ta'shun, n. Ul-character : 
 discredit. [L. dis, negative, and RE- 
 PUTE.] 
 
 DISRESPECT, dis-re-spekt', n. want of re- 
 spect or reverence : incivility. [L. dis, 
 negative, and Respect.] 
 
 DISRESPECTABILITY, dis - re - spekt'a- 
 bil'i-ti, n. the state or quality of being 
 disrespectable : that which is disreput- 
 able : blackguardism. " Her taste for 
 disrespectability grew more and more re- 
 markable." — Thackeray. 
 
 DISRESPECTABLE, dis-re-spekt'a-bl, adj. 
 unworthy of respect : not respectable : 
 also, unworthy of much consideration or 
 esteem. "It requires a man to be some 
 disre-<ipectable, ridiculous Boswell before 
 he can write a tolerable life." — Carlyle. 
 
 DISRESPECTFUL, dis-re-spekt'fool, adj. 
 showing disrespect: irreverent : uncivil. 
 — adv. Disrespect'fully. 
 
 DISROBE, dis-rob', v.t. to deprive of a 
 robe : to undress : to uncover. [L. dis, 
 priv., and Robe. J 
 
 DISROOT, dis-ro6t\ v.t. to tear up by the 
 roots. 
 
 DISRUPTION, dis-rup'shun, n. the act of 
 breaking asunder: the act of bursting and 
 rending : breach. [L. disruptio — dirum- 
 po, diruptus — dis, asunder, and rumpo, to 
 Dreak.] 
 
 DISSATISFACTION, dis-sat-is-fak'shun, n. 
 state of being dissatisfied : discontent : 
 uneasiness. 
 
 DISSATISFACTORY, dis-sat-is-fak'tor-i, 
 adj. causing dissatisfaction : unable to 
 give content. 
 
 DISSATISFIED, dis-sat'is-fid, adj. not sat- 
 isfied : discontented : not pleased. 
 
 DISSATISFY, dis-.sat'is-n, v.t. not to satis- 
 fy : to make discontented : to displease. 
 [L. dis. negative, and Satisfy.] 
 
 DISSECT, dis-sekt', v.t. to cut asunder: to 
 cut into parts for the purpose of minute 
 examination : to divide and examine. — 
 adj. Dissect'ible. [L. disseco, dissectus 
 — rfi.s, asunder, in pieces, seco, to cut.] 
 
 DISSECTION, dis-sek'shun, n. the act or 
 the art of cutting in pieces a plant or 
 animal in order to a-scertain the structure 
 of its parts : anatomy. 
 
 DISSECTOR, dis-sekt'or, n. one who dis- 
 sects. 
 
 DISSEMBLE, dis-sem'bl, r.^ to represent 
 a thing as unlike what it actually Is : to 
 put an untrue semblance or appearance 
 upon : to disguise. — v.i. to assume a false 
 appearance : to play the hypocrite. — n. 
 Dissem'bler. [O. Fr. dissembler, from 
 L. dissimulo — dissimilis, unlike — dis, 
 negative, and similis, like.] 
 
 DISSEMINATE, dis-sem'i-nat, v.t. to sow 
 or scatter abroad : to propagate : to dif- 
 fuse.— Jis. Dissemina'tion, Dissem'inator. 
 [L. disseniino, disseminatus — dis, asun- 
 der, and semino, to sow — semen, seminis, 
 seed.] 
 
 DISSENSION, dis-sen'shun, n. disagree- 
 ment in opinion : discord : strife. 
 
 DISSENT, dis-sent', v.i. to think differ- 
 ently : to disagree in opinion : to differ. — 
 n. the act of dissenting : difference of 
 opinion : a differing or separation from 
 an established church. [L. dissent io, 
 dissensus — dis, apart from, sentio, to 
 think. See Sense.] 
 
 DISSENTER, dis-sent'er, n. one who sepa- 
 rates from the service and worship of an 
 established church. 
 
 DISSENTIENT, dis-sen'shent, adj., dissent- 
 ing : declaring dissent : disagreeing. — h. 
 one who disagrees : one who declares his 
 dissent. [L. dissentiens, dissentientis, 
 pr.p. of dissentio.'] 
 
 DISSERTATION, dis-er-ta'shun, n. a for- 
 mal discourse : a treatise. — adj. Disser- 
 ta'tional. [L. dissertatio — disserto, in- 
 tensive of dissero, to debate, to discuss — 
 dis, and sera, to put in a row, to join.] 
 
 DISSERTATOR, dis'er-ta-tor, n. one who 
 writes dissertations : a debater. 
 
 DISSERVE, dis-serv', v.t. to do the oppo- 
 site of serving : to injure. [L. dis, nega- 
 tive, and Serve.] 
 
 DISSERVICE, dis-serVis, n. injury: mis- 
 chief. 
 
 DISSERVICEABLE, dis-serVis-a-bl, adj. 
 not serviceable or useful : injurious : 
 mischievous. 
 
 DISSEVER, dis-sev'er, v.t. to sever: to 
 part in two : to separate : to disunite. — 
 71. DisSEV'erance, a dissevering or part- 
 ing ; also, the act of dissevering : dis- 
 severment. " The disseverment of bone 
 and vein." — Charlotte Bronte. [L. dis, 
 intensive, and Sever.] 
 
 DISSIDENT, dis'i-dent, adj. dissenting: 
 not agreeing. — n. a dissenter. [L. dissi- 
 dens, dissidentis, pr.p. of dissideo — dis, 
 apart, and sedeo, to sit.] 
 
 DISSILIENT, dis-sil'yent, adj., leaping 
 asunder or bursting open with elastic 
 force. — n. Dissil'ience. [L. dissiliens, 
 -entis — dis. asunder, salio, to leap.] 
 
 DISSIMILAR, dis-sim'i-lar, adj. not similar: 
 unlike in any respect : of different sorts. 
 — adv. Dissim'tt.arly. [L. dis, negative, 
 and SiraLAR.] 
 
 DISSIMILARITY, dis-sim-i-lar'i-ti, DISSI- 
 MILITUDE, dis-si-mil'i-tud, ?(., unlike- 
 ness : want of resemblance. 
 
 DISSIMILATION, dis-sim-i-la'shun, n. the 
 act or process of rendering dissimilar or 
 different : specifically, in philol. the 
 change of a sound to another and a differ- 
 ent sound when otherwise two similar 
 sounds would come together or very close 
 to each other, as in L. alienus for aliinus. 
 It. pelegrino, from L. peregrinus. 
 
 DISSIMULATION, dis-sim-u-la'shun, n. the 
 act of dissembli>'ig : a hiding under a false 
 aj^pearance : false pretension : hypocrisy. 
 
 DISSIMULATOR, dis-sim-u-la'ter, n. one 
 who dissimulates or dissembles : a dis- 
 sembler. " Dissimulator as I was to 
 others, I was like a guilty child before 
 the woman I loved." — Ld. Li/tton. 
 
 DISSIPATE, dis'i-pat, v.t. to 'throw apart 
 or .spread abroad : to scatter: to squander: 
 to waste. — v.i. to separate and disappear : 
 to waste away. [L. dissipo. -afiis — dis, 
 asunder, and obs. supo, which appears in 
 insipo, to throw into.] 
 
 DISSIPATION, dis-i-piVshun, Jt. dispersion: 
 state of being dispersed : scattered atten- 
 tion : .a dissolute course of lite. 
 
 DISSOCIATE, dis-s6'shi-at, v.t. to separate 
 from a society or company : to disunite. 
 — n. Disso'ciATION. Also in chem. the de- 
 composition of a compound substance 
 into its primary elements by heat or by 
 mechanical pressure. " Wherever heat- 
 rays are intercepted they are tran.sformed 
 into some other form of vibratory energy, 
 
 and the dissociation of compound vapors 
 into their pi-imarj' elements is one of the 
 results of this change of form." — Edin. 
 Rev. [L. dis, asundei', and .wcio, to unite. 
 See Social.] 
 
 DISSOCIATIVE, dis-s6'shi-at-iv, adj. tend- 
 ing to dissociate : specLflcally, in chem. 
 resolving or reducing a compound to its 
 primary elements. " The resolution of 
 carbonic acid into its elements . . . is one 
 of the most familiar instances of this 
 transformation of solar radiation into 
 dissociative action." — Edin. Rev. 
 
 DISSOLUBLE, dis'ol-u-bl, adj., dissolvable. 
 — n. Dissolltbil'ity', capacity of being 
 dissolved. 
 
 DISSOLUTE, dis'ol-ut, adj., loose, esp. in 
 morals : lewd : licentious. — adv. Diss'o- 
 lutely. — n. Diss'OLUTENESS. [See Dis- 
 solve.] 
 
 DISSOLUTION, dis-ol-u'shun, n. the break- 
 ing u]5 of an assembly : change from a 
 solid to a liquid state : a melting : separa- 
 tion of a body into its original elements : 
 decomposition : destruction : death. 
 
 DISSOLVABLE, diz-zolv'a-bl, adj. capable 
 of being dissolved or melted. 
 
 DISSOLVE, diz-zolv', v.t. to loose asunder : 
 to separate or break up : to melt : to de- 
 stroy. — v.i. to break up : to waste away : 
 to crumble : to melt. [L. dis, asunder, 
 and solvo, solutus, to loose.] 
 
 DISSOLVENT, diz-zolv'ent, adj. having 
 power to dissolve or melt. — n. that which 
 can dissolve or melt. [L., pr.p. of dis- 
 solvo. See Dissolve.] 
 
 DISSONANCE, dis'o-nans, n., disagreement 
 of sound : want of harmony : discord : 
 disagreement. 
 
 DISSONANT, dis'o-nant, adj., not agreeing 
 in. sound: without concord or harmony : 
 disagreeing. [L. dis, apart, sonans, 
 -antis, pr.p. of sono, to sound.] 
 
 DISSUADE, dis-swad', v.t. to advise against: 
 to try to divert from anything by advice 
 or persuasion. [L. dis, against, and stia- 
 deo, suasus. to advise.] 
 
 DISSUASION, dis-swa'zhun, n. act ot dis- 
 suading : advice against anything. [See 
 Dissuade.] 
 
 DISSUASIVE, dis-swa'ziv, adj. tending to 
 dis.*nade. — n. that which tends to dis- 
 suade. — adv. Dissua'sively. 
 
 DISSYLLABIC, dis-sil-lab'ik, adj. of tivo 
 syllables. 
 
 DISSYLLABLE, dis-sil'a-bl, n. a word of 
 only two syllables. [Gr. dis, twice, and 
 Syllable.] 
 
 DISTAFF, dis'taf, n. the staff or stick 
 which holds the bunch of flax, tow, or 
 wool in spinning. [A.S. distcef, com- 
 pounded of d(.s' = Low Ger. diesse, the 
 bunch of flax on the staff ; and st(ef='E. 
 Staff. See Dizen.] 
 
 DISTAIN, dis-tan', v.t. to stain : to sully. 
 [O. Fr. desteindre. to take away the color 
 of — L. dis, privative, and tingo, to stain. 
 See Stain.] 
 
 DISTANCE, dis'tans, n. space or interval 
 between : remoteness : opposition : re- 
 serve of manner. — v.t. to place at a dis- 
 tance : to leave at a distance behind. [See 
 Distant.] 
 
 DISTANCELESS, dis'tans-les, adj. pre- 
 venting from having a distant or exten- 
 sive view: dull: gloomy. "A silent, dim, 
 disfanrelcss, rotting day." — Kingsley. 
 
 DISTANT, dis'tant, adj. remote, in time, 
 place, or connection : not obvious : in- 
 distinct : reserved in manner. — adv. DlS'- 
 TANTLY. [L. distans — dis, apart, and 
 stans, stantis, pr.p. of sto, to stand.] 
 
 DISTASTE, dis-tast', n., opjMsiteness or 
 aversion of taste : dislike of food : dislike: 
 disgust. — v.t. to disrelish : to dislike : to 
 loathe. [L. dis, negative, and Taste.] 
 
 DISTASTE, dis-tast', v.i. to be distasteful.
 
 DISTASTEFUL 
 
 110 
 
 DIVERT 
 
 nauseous, or displeasing. •' Poisons, 
 which at the first are scarce found to 
 distaste. " — Sli ak. 
 
 DISTASTEFUL, dis-tasffool, adj. produc- 
 ing: distaste: unpleasant to the taste : 
 offcnsive. — adv. Distaste'fully. — n. Dis- 
 taste'fclness. 
 
 DISTEMPER, n. a kind of painting. [See 
 Destemper.] 
 
 DISTEMPER, dis-tem'per, n. a morbid or 
 disorderly state of body or mind : dis- 
 ease, esp. »f animals : ill-humor. — r.^ to 
 derange the temper : to disorder or dis- 
 ease. FL. dis, negative, and Temper.] 
 
 DISTEND, dis-tend', v.t. to .sfrefc/i asunder 
 or in all directions : to swell. — v.i. to 
 swell. [L. dis, asunder, and tendo, ten- 
 stis or tentus, to stretch.] 
 
 DISTENSIBLE, dis-ten'si-bl, adj. that may 
 be stretched. 
 
 DISTENSIVE, dis-ten'siv, adj., distending: 
 or capable of being stretched. 
 
 DISTENTION. DISTENSION, dis-ten'shun, 
 II. act of distending or stretching : state 
 of being stretched : breadth. 
 
 DISTICH, dis'tik, n. a couple of lines or 
 t^erses, making complete sense : a coup- 
 let. [Gr. di-iitichos — dis. twice, and 
 stichos, a line, verse.] 
 
 DISTIL, dis-tir. !•.(". to fall in drops: to 
 flow gently: to use a still. — v.t. to let or 
 cause to fall in drops : to convert a 
 liquid into vapor by heat, and then to 
 condense it again : to extract the spirit 
 or essential oil from anj'thing by evapo- 
 ration and condensation : — pr.p. distill'- 
 ing ; pa.}}, distilled'. [Fr. di'itillet — • L. 
 de. down, and stillo, to drop — stilla, a 
 drop.] 
 
 DISTILLATION, dis-til-a'shun, n. act or 
 process of distilling : that which is dis- 
 tilled. — Fractional distillation, in 
 eJiem. the separating of one volatile sub- 
 stance from another by keeping the nii.xt- 
 ure at that temperature at which the 
 most volatile will pass over into the con- 
 denser. 
 
 DISTILLATORY, dis-til'a-tor-i, adj. of or 
 for distillation. 
 
 DISTILLER, dis-til'er, n. one who distils. 
 
 DISTILLERY, dis-til'er-i, n. a place for 
 distilling. 
 
 DISTINCT, dis-tingkt'. adj. separate : dif- 
 ferent : well-defined : clear. — adv. Dis- 
 TiNCT'LY. — n. Distinct'ness. [See Dis- 
 
 TINGOSH.] * 
 
 DISTINCTION, dis-tingk'shun. n. separa- 
 tion or division : that which distinguishes: 
 difference : eminence. 
 
 DISTINCTIVE, dis-tingkt'iv, adj. marking 
 or expressing difference. — adv. DISTINCT- 
 IVELY. — II. blSTINOT'lVENESS. 
 
 DISTINGUISH, dis-ting'gwish. v.t. to mark 
 off, set apart : to recognize by charac- 
 teristic qualities : to discern critically : 
 to separate by a mark of honor : to malce 
 eminent or known. — v.i. to make or show 
 distinctions or differences. [L. distingno, 
 distinctus — dis, asunder, and stinguo, to 
 prick, conn, with Gr. stizo, to mark, to 
 prick. See Stixg.] 
 
 DISTINGUISHABLE, dis-ting-gwish-a-bl, 
 adj. that may be capable of being dis- 
 tinguished.— adv. DiSTING'OSHABLY. 
 
 DISTORT, dis-tort', v.t. to twist or turn a 
 different way: to force out of the natural 
 or regular shape or direction : to turn 
 aside from the true meaning: to pervert. 
 [L. di.i, asunder, and torqueo, tortus, to 
 twist.] 
 
 DISTORTION, dis-tor'shun, n. a twisting 
 out of reg^ilar shape : crookedness : per- 
 version. 
 
 DISTRACT, dis-trakt'. v.t. to draw in dif- 
 ferent directions— a.i>plieA to the mind or 
 attention : to confuse : to harass : to ren- 
 der crazy. — adj. Distract'ed. — adv. Dis- 
 
 TiiACT'EDLY. [L. di.i, asunder, and traho, 
 tractiis. to draw.] 
 
 DISTRACTION, dis-trak'shun, n. state of 
 being distracted : perplexity : agitation : 
 madness. 
 
 DISTRAIN, dis-tran', v.t. to seize, esp. 
 goods, for debt. — v.i. to seize the goods 
 of a debtor. [O. Fr. destraindre, from 
 L. dis, asunder, and stringo, to draw 
 tight.] 
 
 DISTRAINER, dis-tran'er. DISTRAINOR, 
 dis-tran'or, n. one who distrains or seizes 
 goods for debt. 
 
 DISTRAINT, dis-trant', n., seizure ot goods 
 for debt. 
 
 DISTRAUGHT, dis-trawt'. adj. distracted : 
 perplexed. [See Distract.] 
 
 DISTRESS, dis-tres', n. extreme pain : that 
 which causes suffering : calamity : rais- 
 fortime : a state of danger : act of dis- 
 training goods. — i".^ to afflict with pain 
 or suffering : to harass : to grieve : to 
 distrain. [O. Fr. desfresse ; from L. dis- 
 tringo, disf rictus, to pull asunder, in late 
 L. to punish.] 
 
 DISTRESSFUL, dis-tres'fool, adj. full of 
 distress: calamitous. — adv. Distress'- 
 
 FTJLLY. 
 
 DISTRIBUTABLE, dis-trib'u-ta-bl, adj. 
 tliat may be divided. 
 
 DISTRIBUTE, dis-trib'ut, v.t to divide 
 amongst several : to deal out or allot : 
 to classifv. [L. distribiw — dis, asunder, 
 tribiio. tribiitus, to allot.] 
 
 DISTRIBUTER, dis-trib'u-ter, «."one who 
 distributes or deals out. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION, dis-tri-bu'shun, n. allot- 
 ment : classification. 
 
 DISTRIBUTIVE, dis-trib'u-tiv, adj. that 
 distributes, separates, or di\ndes. — adv. 
 DiSTRiB'crrvELY. 
 
 DISTRICT, dis'trikt, n. (orig.) the territory 
 within which a superior had a right to 
 distra in or otherwise exercise authority : 
 a portion of territory defined or unde- 
 fined : a region. [L. districtus — dis- 
 tringo, to draw tight.] 
 
 DISTRUST, dis-trust', n. want of trust: 
 want of faith or confidence : doubt. — v.t. 
 to have no trust in : to disbelieve : to 
 doubt. [L. dis, privative, and TRUST.] 
 
 DISTRUSTFUL, dis-trust'fool. adj. full of 
 distrust : apt to distrust : suspicious. — 
 adv. Distrcst'fully. — n. Disteust'fcl- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 DISTURB, dis-turb'. v.t. to throw into con- 
 fusion : to agitate : to disquiet : to inter- 
 rupt. — n. DiSTtJRB'ER. [L. dis. asunder, 
 and turbo, to agitate — turba, a crowd.] 
 
 DISTLTIBANCE, dis-turb'ans, »., agita- 
 tion : tumult : interruption : perplexity. 
 
 DISTURNPIKE, dis-tern'pJk, v.t. to free 
 from turnpikes : to reniove turnpikes or 
 toll-bars from so as to give free traffic or 
 passage on : as. disturnpiked roads. 
 
 DISUNION, dis-un'yun, «., teant of union: 
 breaking up of union or concord : sepa- 
 I'ation. 
 
 DISUNITE, dis-u-nit', v.t. to separate what 
 is united : to sever or sunder. — v.i. to fall 
 asunder : to part. [L. dis, privative, 
 and Unite.] 
 
 DISUSAGE, dis-uz'aj, n. gradual cessation 
 of nse or custom. [L. dis, privative, 
 and Usage.] 
 
 DISUSE, dis-us', n. cessation or giving up 
 of ?we or custom. [L. dis, privative, and 
 Use.] 
 
 DISUSE, dis-uz'. v.t. to cease to use or 
 practice. 
 
 DISUTILIZE. dis-u'til-Tz, v.t. to turn from 
 a useful purpose : to render useless. 
 "Annulled the gift, disutilized the 
 grace." — Browning. 
 
 DITCH, dich. n. a trench dug in the 
 ground : any long narrow receptacle for 
 water. — v.i. to make a ditch or ditches. 
 
 — j'.^ to dig a ditch iii or around : to 
 drain bv ditches. [A corr. of Dike.] 
 
 DITCHER, dich'er, n. a rffVe/i-maker. 
 
 DITHEISM, di'the-izm, n. the doctrine of 
 the existence of tivo gods. [Gr. di, two, 
 and tlieos. a god.] 
 
 DITHYRAMB, dith'i-ram, DITHYRAM- 
 BL'S, dith - i - ram'bus. n. an ancient 
 Greek liymn sung in honor of Bacchus : 
 a short poem of a light character. [Gr. 
 Ditht/ranibos, whose origin is unknown.] 
 
 DITHYRAMBIC, dith-i-ram'bik, adj. of or 
 like a dithifrainb : wild and boisterous. 
 
 DITTANY, dit'a-ni, n. a genus of aromatic 
 perennial plants, formerly much used 
 medicinally as a tonic. ["L. dictamnns, 
 Gr. diktamnos — Dikte. a mountain in 
 Crete, where the plant grows abun- 
 dantly.] 
 
 DITTO" dit'o, contracted Do., n. that which 
 has been said : the same thing. — adv. as 
 before, or aforesaid : in like manner. [It. 
 detto — L. dictum, said, pa. p. of dico, to 
 savj 
 
 DITTY, dit'i, n. a song : a little poem to 
 be sung. [O. Fr. dite—'L. dictatum, neu- 
 ter of dictatvs, perf.p. of ditto, to dic- 
 tatej 
 
 DITTY-BAG, dit'ti-bag, n. a small bag 
 used by sailors for holding needles, 
 thread, and other small necessaries or 
 odds and ends. 
 
 DIURETIC, di-ii-ret'ik, adj. tending to ex- 
 cite the passing through or (lischarge of 
 vrine. — n. a medicine causing this dis- 
 charge. [Fr. — Gr. d lottretikos — dia, 
 through, and ovron, urine.] 
 
 DIURNAL, dl-ur'nal, adj., daily : relating 
 to or performed in a day. — n. in the R. 
 C. Church, a breviary with daily ser\ices. 
 — adv. Ditr'nally. [L. dinmus — dies, a 
 day. See Journal.] 
 
 DIVAN, di-van', n. the Turkish council of 
 state : a court of justice : used poetically 
 of anj' council or assembly : a council- 
 chamber with cushioned seats : a sofa :. 
 a smoking room : a collection of poems. 
 [Arnl). and Pers. diivdn. a tribunal.] 
 
 DIVARICATE, dl-var'i - kat. v.i. to part 
 into two branches, to fork : to diverge. — 
 v.f. to divide into two branches. — n. Dl- 
 varica'tion. [L. divarieo, dii-aricatus 
 — dis, asunder, and i-arieo, to spread the 
 legs — varus, bent apart.] 
 
 DIVE, div, v.i. to dip or plunge into water : 
 to plunge or go deeply into any matter. 
 [A.S. dufan : Ice. dyfa. See Dip.] 
 
 Dr\'^ER. div'er, n. one who dives : a bird 
 very expert at diving. 
 
 DIVERGE, di-verj'. v.i. to incline or turn 
 asunder: to tend from a common point 
 in different directions. — adi'. Diyero'ing- 
 LY-. [L. dis. asunder, vergo. to incline.] 
 
 DIVERGENCE, di-verj'ens. DIVERG- 
 ENCY, di-verj'en-si, n. a going apart : 
 tendency to recede from one point. 
 
 DrV^ERGENT. di-verj'ent. adj. tending to 
 diverge : receding from one point. 
 
 DIVERS, dl'verz, ac?/.sundry: several: more 
 than one : (B.) same as'DrvERSE. [See 
 Dm:RT.] 
 
 DIVERSE, di'versordiv-ers', adj. different: 
 unlike : iiudtiform : various. — adv. Dl'- 
 VERSELY or DryEESE'LY. [See Divert. J 
 
 DIVERSIFY, di-ver'si-fi, v.t. to make di- 
 verse or different : to give variety to :-~ 
 pr.p. diver'sifying ; pa.p. diver's'ified. — 
 n. DrvERSiFlCA'TlON. [L. diversus, and 
 facio. to make.] 
 
 DIVERSION, di-vei'shun. n. act of divert- 
 ing or turning aside : that which diverts : 
 amusement, recreation : something done 
 to turn the attention of an enemy from 
 the principal point of attack. 
 
 DIVERSITY, di-ver'si-ti. ». state of being 
 diverse: difference: unlikeness : variety. 
 
 DIVERT, di-vert', v.t. to turn aside: tc
 
 DIVEST 
 
 111 
 
 DOGMA 
 
 change the direction of : to turn the 
 mind from business or study : to amuse. 
 — adj. DivERT'iNG. — adv. Divert'ingly. 
 [L. diverto. diversus — dis, aside, and 
 verto. to turn.] 
 
 DIVEST, di-vest', v.t. to strip or deprive of 
 anything. [L. dis, priv., and vestio, to 
 clotlie — vestui. a garment.] 
 
 DIVIDE, di-vid', i'./. to ^art asunder: to 
 part among, to allot, etc. : to set at 
 variance : to separate into two parts (as 
 in voting). — v.i. to part or open : to break 
 friendship : to vote by separating into 
 two bodies. — adv. Divid'edly. [L. divide, 
 divisus — dis, asunder, and root vid, to 
 separate.] 
 
 DIVIDEND, div'i-dend, n. that which is to 
 be divided : the share of a sum divided 
 that falls to each individual. [L. dividen- 
 diim — divido.] 
 
 OmDER, di-vld'er, n. he or that which 
 divides. 
 
 DIVINATION, div'i-na-shun, 71. the act or 
 practice of divining : prediction : con- 
 jecture. 
 
 i iIA'INE. di-vin', adj. belonging to or pro- 
 ceeding from God : devoted to God's 
 service : holy : sacred : excellent in the 
 liighest degree. — n. one skilled in divine 
 things : a minister of the gospel : a theo- 
 logian. — v.t. to foresee or foretell as if 
 divinely inspired : to guess or make out. 
 — v.i. to profess or practice divination : 
 to have forebodings. — adv. Divine'ly. 
 [L. divinus, from divus, dens, a god.] 
 
 DIVINER, di-vin'er, n. one who divines or 
 professes divination : a conjecturer. 
 
 DIVING-BELL, div'ing-bel, n. a hollow 
 vessel orig. bell-shaped, air-tight except 
 at the bottom, in which one may descend 
 into and work under water. [See Dive.] 
 
 DIVINING-ROD, di-vin'ing-rod, n. a rod 
 usually of hazel used by those profess- 
 ing to discover water or metals under 
 ground. 
 
 DIVINITY, di-vin'i-ti, n. godhead : the 
 nature or essence of God : God : a celes- 
 tial being : any god : the science of di- 
 vine things : theology. [See Divike.] 
 
 DIVISIBILITY, di-viz-i-bin-ti, n. quality 
 of being divisible or separable. 
 
 DIVISIBLE, di-viz'i-bl, adj. capable of 
 being divided or separated. — adv. Dms'- 
 
 IBLY. 
 
 DIVISION, di-vizh'un, n. act of dividing : 
 state of being divided : that wliich di- 
 vides : a partition : a barrier : the por- 
 tion divided or separated : separation : 
 difference in opinion, etc. : di.sunion : 
 (ttrith.) the rule or process of finding how 
 many times one number is contained in 
 another. 
 
 DIVISIONAL, di-\izh'un-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or marking a division or separa- 
 tion. 
 
 DIVISIVE, di-vi'ziv, adj. forming division 
 or s eparation : creating discord. 
 
 DIVISIVENESS, di-vlz'iv-nes, n. the state 
 or quality of being divisive : tending to 
 split up or .separate into units. " So in- 
 vincible is man's tendency to unite, with 
 all the invincible divisiveness he has.'' — 
 Carlyle. 
 
 DI'VISOR. di-vT'zor, n. (arith.) the number 
 which divide-t the dividend. 
 
 DIVORCE, di-vors', n. the legal separation 
 of husDand and wife : the sentence by 
 which a marriage is dissolved. — v.t. to 
 separate : to sunder : to dissolve the 
 marriage-contr.ict of : to put away. — n. 
 Divorc'er. [Fr. — L. divortium — divort- 
 ere. another torm of divertere. See Di- 
 vert.] 
 
 DIVORCEMENT, di-v6rs'ment, n. {B.) di- 
 vorce. 
 
 DIVULGE, di-vulj', v.t. to spread abroad 
 among the vulgar ta the people : to make 
 
 public : to reveal. [L. dis, among, and 
 vidgus, the common people. See FOLK.] 
 
 DIVULSION, di-vul'shun, n. act of pulling 
 or rending asunder or away. [L. dis, 
 asunder, and vello, vulsiis, to pull.] 
 
 DIVULSIVE, di-vul'siv, adj. tending to 
 l}ull asunder. 
 
 DIZEN. di'zn or diz'n, v.t. {obs.) to dress : 
 to deck : to dress gaudily. [Orig. to put 
 a bunch of flax on the distaff, from an 
 E. form found also in Low Ger. diesse, 
 the bunch of flax on the distaff. See 
 Distaff.] 
 
 DIZZINESS, diz'i-nes, n. giddiness. 
 
 DIZZY, diz'i, adj., dazed: giddy: con- 
 fused : causing giddiness : unthinking : 
 heedless. — v.t. to make dizzy : to con- 
 fuse. [A.S. dysig, foolish, silly ; O. Dut. 
 duyzigh : Dan. dosig, drowsy ; conn, 
 with E. Daze, Doze.] 
 
 DO, doo, v.t. to perform any action: to 
 bring about or effect : to accomplish or 
 finish : to prepare : to put or bring into 
 any form or state. — To DO ON, to don or 
 put on ; To DO OFF, to doff or put off ; 
 To DO AWAY, to remove or destroy ; To 
 BE DONE FOR, to be defeated or ruined. — 
 v.i. to act or behave : — pr.p. do'ing ; 
 pa.t. AiA;pa.p. done (dun). [A.S. rfow; 
 Dut. docn, Ger. thun ; conn, with Gr. 
 tithemi, to put, place.] 
 
 DO, doo, v.i. to fare or get on, as to health: 
 to succeed : to suit or avail. [Prov. E. 
 dotv, to avail, to be worth ; from A.S. 
 dvgan. to be worth ; Ger. taugen, to be 
 strong, to be worth. See DOUGHTY.] 
 
 DO-ALL, doo'-awl, n. a servant, official or 
 dependent who does all sorts of work : a 
 factotum. Fuller. 
 
 DOATING-PIECE, dot'ing-pes, n. a person 
 or tiling doatingly loved : a darling. 
 Richardson. 
 
 DOBBIE, dob'i, n. a kind of spirit or hob- 
 goblin akin to the Scotch Brownie. Sir 
 IF. Scott. [Northern English.] 
 
 D O C H T E R , dokh'ter, n. daughter. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 DOCILE, do'sil or dos'il, adj., teachable: 
 ready to learn : easilj' managed. [L. 
 docilis — doceo, to teach.] 
 
 DOCILITY, do-sil'i-ti, n., teachableness: 
 aptness. 
 
 DOCK, dok, n. a troublesome weed with 
 large leaves and a long root, difficult to 
 eradicate. [A.S. docce : jjrob. from G;iel. 
 dogha, a burdock ; perhaps allied to Gr. 
 daukos, a kind of carrot.] 
 
 DOCK, dok, v.t. to cut short: to curtail : 
 to cut off : to clip. — n. the part of a tail 
 left after clipping. [W. tociuw, to cut 
 short ; cf. Ice. dockr, a stumpy tail.] 
 
 DOCK, dok, n. an inclosm-e or artificial 
 basin near a harbor or river, for the re- 
 ception of vessels : the box in court 
 where the accused stands. — v.t. to place 
 in a dock. [O. Dut. dokke ; perh. from 
 Low L. doga, a canal — Gr. doche, a re- 
 ceptacle — dechomai, to receive.] 
 
 DOCKAGE, dok'aj, n. a charge for the use 
 of a dock. 
 
 DOCKET, dok'et, n. a summary of a 
 larger writing : a bill or ticket affixed 
 to anything : a label : a list or register 
 of cases in court. — v.t. to make a sum- 
 mary of the heads of a writing : to en- 
 ter in a book : to mark the contents of 
 papers on the back -.^p^r.p. dock'eting ; 
 pa.p. dock'cted. [Dim. of Dock, to cur- 
 tail J 
 
 DOCKYARD, dok'yard, n. a yard or store 
 near a dock, where ships are built and 
 naval stores kept. 
 
 DOCTOR, dok'tur, n. one who h;us received 
 from a university the highest degree in 
 a faculty : a physician. — adj. Doc'toral. 
 [L. (lit.) a teacher — doceo, to teach.] 
 
 DOCTORATE, dok'tur-at, n. a doctor's de- 
 gree. 
 
 DOCTRINAL, dok'trin-al, adj. relating to 
 or containing doctrine : relating to the 
 act of teaching. — adv. Doc'trinally. 
 
 DOCTRINE, dok'trin, n. a thing taught: a 
 principle of belief : what the Scriptures 
 teach on any subject : (B.) actor manner 
 of teaching. [See Doctor.] 
 
 DOCUMENT, dok'u-raeut, n. a paper con- 
 taining information or the proof of any- 
 thing. [L. documenium — doceo, to teach. ^ 
 
 DOCUMENTAL, dok - u - ment'al, DOCU- 
 MENTARY, dok-u-ment'ar-i, adj. relat- 
 ing to or found in documents. 
 
 DODDY-POLE, DODDY-POLL, dod'di-pol, 
 n. a stupid, silly fellow : a numskull. 
 " Daddy-poles and dunderheads."-<SYerne. 
 
 DODECAGON, d5-dek'a-gon, n. a plan& 
 figure having tivelve equal angles and 
 sides. [Gr. dodeka. twelve, and gonia, 
 an angle.] 
 
 DODECAHEDRON, do-dek-a-he'dron. n. a 
 solid figure, having twelve equal pentag- 
 onal bases or faces. [Gr. dodeka, twelve,, 
 and hedra, a base, a side.] 
 
 DODGE, doj, v.i. to start aside or shift 
 about : to evade or use mean tricks : to 
 shuflfle or quibble. — r.^ to evade by a 
 sudden shift of place. — n. an evasion : a 
 trick : aquibble.— H. Dodg'er. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 DODO, do'do, M. a large clumsy bird, now 
 extinct, once found in Mauritius and 
 Madagascar. [Port, doudo, silly.] 
 
 DOE, do, n. the female of the fallow-deer 
 or buck. [A.S. da ; Dan. daa. a deerj 
 
 DOES, (hiz, third pers. sing. pres. ind.of Do> 
 
 DOESKIN, do'skin, n. the skin of a doe : a 
 twilled cloth, named from its likeness to- 
 the skin of a doe. 
 
 DOFF, dof, v.t. to do or take ojf : to rid 
 one's self of. [A contr. of do off.^ 
 
 DOG, dog, «. a domestic quadruped ; a 
 term of contempt : one of two constella- 
 tions of stars: an andiron : an iron hook 
 for holding logs of wood. — v.t. to follow 
 as a dog : to follow and watch con- 
 stantly: to worry with importunitj- : — 
 pr.p. dogg'ing ; pa.pi. dogged'. — n. DOGG'- 
 ER. [Not in A.S. ; Dut. dog, a mastiff ; 
 Ger. dogqc, docke.'] 
 
 DOG-BRIER, dog'-brl'er, n. the trricr dog- 
 rose. 
 
 DOGCART, dog'kart, }(. a one-horse car- 
 riage for sportsmen, so called ftom dogs 
 being carried inside. 
 
 DOGCHEAP, dog'chep, adj., cheap as dog's- 
 meat : very cheap. 
 
 DOGDAY, dog'dil, n. one of the dayswhen 
 the Dogstar rises and sets with the sun, 
 between the end of July and the begin- 
 ning of September. 
 
 DOGE, doj, n. formerly the chief-magis- 
 trate in Venice and Genoa. [It. prov. 
 for dMce=E. duke — L. dux, a leader — 
 duco. to lead.] 
 
 DOGFISH, dog'fish, n. a species of British 
 shark, so named from their habit of fol- 
 lowing their prey like dogs hunting in 
 packs. 
 
 DOGGED, dog'ed, adj. surly like an angry 
 dug : sullen : obstinate. — adv. Dogo'edly. 
 — n. Dogg'ednes.s. 
 
 DOGGEREL, dog'er-el, ?i. irregular meas- 
 ures in burlesque poetry, so named in 
 contempt : worthless verses. — adj. irregu- 
 lar : mean. [From DoG.] 
 
 DOGGISH, dog'ish. ac^. like a dogr; 
 churlish : brutal. — adv. DoGO'lSHLY.— ». 
 Doog'ishness. 
 
 DOG-LOOKED, dog'-lookt, adj. having a 
 han,^-dog look. " A wretched kind of a 
 dog-looked fellow." — Sir B. L'Estrange. 
 
 DOGMA, dog'ma, n. a settled opinion : a 
 principle or tenet : a doctrine laid down 
 with authority. [Or., an opinion, from
 
 DOG-MAN 
 
 112 
 
 DOMINEER 
 
 dokeo, to think, allied to L. decet. See 
 Decent.] 
 DOG-MAN, dog'-man, n. one who deals in 
 dog's meat. 
 
 And filch the dog-man^s meat 
 To feed the offspring of God. 
 
 — Mrs. Browninq. 
 
 DOGMATIC, dog--mat'ik, DOGMATICAL, 
 do,a--mat'ik-al, adj. pertaining- to a dogma: 
 assei'ting a thing as if it were a dogma : 
 asserting positivelj' : overbearing. — adv. 
 Dogmatically. 
 
 DOGMATISM, dog'ma-tizm, n., dogmatic 
 or positive assertion of opinion. 
 
 DOGMATIST, dog'ma-tist, n. one who 
 makes positive assertions. 
 
 DOGMATIZE, dog'ma-tiz, v.i. to state 
 one's opinion dogviatically or arrogantlj'. 
 — 11. Dog'matizzr. 
 
 DOGROSE, dog'roz, n. the rose of the dog- 
 brier. 
 
 DOG'S-EAE, dogz'-er, n. the corner of the 
 leaf of a book turned down, like a dog's 
 ear. — v.t. to turn down the corners of 
 leaves : — pa.p. dog's'-eared. 
 
 DOGSTAR, dog'star, n. Sirius, a star of 
 the first magnitude, whose rising and 
 setting with the sun gave name to the 
 dogdays. 
 
 DOILY, doi'li, n. a small napkin used at 
 dessert. [Prob. from Dut. dwaal^=E. 
 towel.] 
 
 DOINGS, doo'ingz, n.pl., things done, 
 events : behavior. 
 
 DOIT, doit, n. a small Dutch coin worth 
 about a quarter of a cent : a thing of 
 little or no value. [Dut. duit. Origin 
 dub.] 
 
 DOLE, dol, i\t. to deal out in small por- 
 tions. — n. a share distributed : something 
 given in charity : a small portion. [From 
 root of Deal, to divide.] 
 
 DOLE, dol, n. (obs.) pain : grief: heaviness 
 at iieart. [O. Fr. doel, Ft. deuil, grief — 
 L. doleo, to feel pain.] 
 
 DOLEFUL, dol'fool, adj. full of dole or 
 grief : melancholy. — adv. Dole'fully. — 
 
 n. DOLE'FL-LNESS. 
 
 DOLESOME, dol'sum, adj. dismal. — adv. 
 Dole'somelt. 
 
 DOLL. dol. n. a puppet or toy-baby for a 
 child. [Dut. dollen, to sport, O. Dut. dol, 
 a whipping-top ; cf . dol, mad ; or perh. 
 familiar for Dorothy.] 
 
 DOLLAR, dol'ar, n. a money denomination 
 of the United States, worth 100 cents. 
 [Ger., short for Joachimsthaler, because 
 first coined at the silver mines in Joach- 
 imsthal (Joachim's dale) in Bohemia.] 
 
 DOLLOP, dol'lop, n. a lump : a mass. R. 
 D. Blackmore. (Colloq.) 
 
 DOLLY, doi'li, ?i. a primitive form of ap- 
 paratus for clothes-washing, consisting 
 of a wooden disc furnished with from 
 three to five rounded legs with rounded 
 ends, and a handle with a cioss-piece 
 rising from the centre. The dolly is 
 jerked rapidly round in different direc- 
 tions in a tub or box containing water 
 and the clothes to be washed. 
 
 DOLLY, doi'li, n. a sweetheart : a mistress : 
 a paramour : a doxy. [Dim. of doll. Old 
 slang.] 
 
 Drink, and dauce, and pipe, and play, 
 Kisse our doUies night and day. — Herrick. 
 
 DOLMEN, dol'men, n. a stone table: an 
 ancient structure of two or more unhewn 
 stones placed erect in the earth and sup- 
 porting a large stone. [Celtic daul, table, 
 maen, a stone.] 
 
 DOLOMITE, dol'o-mlt, n. a magnesian 
 limestone, so called from the French 
 geologist Dolomieu. 
 
 DOLOR, do'lor, 71., pain: grief: anguish. 
 
 J?^'l 
 DOLORIFIC, dol-or-ifik, adj., caxtsing or 
 
 expressing dolor, pain, or grief. [L. do- 
 
 lor, faeio, to make.] 
 
 DOLOROUS, doIor-us, adj. full of dolor, 
 pain, or grief : doleful. — adv. DoL'OR- 
 OUSLY. [L. dolorosus.] 
 
 DOLPHIN, dol'fin, w. an animal of tlie 
 wliale kind, found in all seas, about 8 or 
 10 feet long- : the coryphene, a fish about 
 5 feet in length, noted for the brilliancy 
 of its colors when dying.— In Oreek 
 antiq. a ponderous mass of lead or iron 
 suspended from the j'ard-arm of a vessel 
 and suddenly let down upon an enemy's 
 shi|5S.— In naut. a spar or buoy made fast 
 to an anchor, and usuallj' supplied with 
 a ring to enable vessels to ride by it. 
 Aiso a mooring-post placed at the en- 
 trance of a dock. It is generally com- 
 posed of a series of piles driven near to 
 each other, in a circle, and brought to- 
 gether and capped over at the top. The 
 name is also sometimes applied to the 
 mooring-post placed along a quay or 
 wharf. — In inilif. a handle of a gun or 
 mortar made in the form of a dolphin. 
 — In astron. a constellation, so called 
 from its fancied resemblance to a dol- 
 phin. — In arch, a technical term applied 
 to the pipe and cover at a source for the 
 supply of water. Also an emblem of 
 love and social feeling frequently intro- 
 duced as an ornament to coronas sus- 
 pended in churches. — Dolphin of the 
 MAS T (naut.), a kind of wreath, formed 
 of plaited cordage, to be fastened occa- 
 sionally round the masts of a vessel as a 
 support to the puddening. [O. Fr. daul- 
 phin — L. delphinus.] 
 
 DOLPHINET, dol'fin-et, n. a female dol- 
 phin. 
 
 DOLPHIN-FLY, dol'fin-fli, n. an insect of 
 the aphis tribe {Aphis fabce), which de- 
 stroys the leaves of bean-crops, thus 
 rendering the plants incapable of bring- 
 ing the ordinary amount of seeds to 
 perfection. Called also, from its black 
 color, the Collier Aphis. 
 
 DOLPHIN-STRIKER, dol'fin-strlk-er, n. 
 naut. same as Martingale, a spar. 
 
 DOLT, dolt, n. a dull or stupid fellow. 
 
 iDouT^dulled or blunted. See Dull.] 
 LTISH, dolt'ish, adj. dull: stupid.— 
 adv. Dolt'ishly. — n. Dolt'ishness. 
 DOLVEN, pp. from delve, buried. 
 
 All quicke I would be dolven deepe. — Chaucer. 
 
 DOM, dom, n. a title in the middle ages 
 g^ven to the pope, and afterwards to 
 Roman Catholic dignitaries and some 
 monastic orders. In Portugal and BrazU 
 this title is imiversally given to the 
 higher classes. [L. dominus, a master, 
 a lord.] 
 
 DOM, dom, a termination used to denote 
 jurisdiction, or property and jurisdiction: 
 primarily, doom, judgment : as in king- 
 dom, earldom. Hence it is used to de- 
 note state, condition, or quality, as in 
 wisdojfi, freedont. [A.S. dom, judgment, 
 authority=E. doom ; Ice. domr; O. Ger. 
 tuom : Ger. -thn7n.] 
 
 DOMAIN, do-man', n. what one is master 
 of or has dominion over: an estate: 
 territory. [Fr. domaine — L. dominium, 
 dominus, a master.] — Right of eminent 
 domain, the superiority or dominion of 
 the sovereig-u power over all the prop- 
 erty within the state, by which it is en- 
 titled to appropriate, by constitutional 
 agency, any part necessary to the public 
 good, compensation being given for what 
 is taken. 
 
 All these must first be trampled down 
 Beneath our feet, if we would gain 
 
 In the bright fields of fair renown 
 The right of em/iient domain. 
 
 — LmigfeUow. 
 
 DOMANIAL, do-ma'ni-al, adj. relating to 
 domains or landed estates. " In all do- 
 manial and fiscal causes, and wherever 
 the private interests of the Crown stood 
 
 in competition with those of a subject, 
 the former enjoj'ed enormous and supe- 
 rior advantages." — Hallam. 
 
 DOM-BOC, dom'-bok, n. (lit.) doom-book : 
 tlie book of laws, now lost, compiled 
 under the direction of King Alfred, and 
 containing the local customs of the sev- 
 eral provinces of the kingdom. [A.S.] 
 
 DOME, dom, n. a structure raised abov« 
 the roof of large buildings, usually hemi- 
 spherical : a large cupola : a cathedral : 
 (poet.)& building-. — adj. Domed', having a 
 dome. [Fr. dome. It. duomo, first meant 
 a town-hall or public building ; then the 
 cupola on such a building ; It. duomo 
 and Grer. dom are applied to the principal 
 church of a place with or without a cu- 
 pola. — Gr. and L. domus, a house, a tem- 
 ple — Gr. demo, to build.] 
 
 DOMESDAY- or DOOMSDAY-BOOK, 
 doomz'da-book, n. a book compiled by 
 order of William the Conqueror, contain- 
 ing a survey of all the lands in Eno-land. 
 their value, owners, etc. ; so called from 
 its authority in doom or judgment on the 
 matters contained in it. 
 
 DOMESTIC, do-mes'tik, adj. belonging to 
 the house : remaining much at home, 
 private : tame : not foreign.—/!, a ser- 
 vant in the house. — adv. Domes'tically. 
 — n. Domestic'ity". [L. domesticus — 
 doimts, a house.] 
 
 DOMESTICATE, do-mes'tik-at, v.t. to make 
 domestic or familiar : to tame. — Also, 
 v.i. to live at home : to lead a quiet 
 home-life : to become a member of a 
 family circle. " I would rather . . . see 
 her married to some honest and tender- 
 hearted man. whose love might induce 
 him to domesticate with her, and to live 
 peaceably and pleasingly within his fam- 
 ily circle, than to see her mated with a 
 prince of the blood." — Henry Brooke. — 
 n. Domestica'tion. 
 
 DOMICILE, dom'i-sil, n. a hou.'ie: an abode : 
 in law, the ])lace where a person has his 
 home, or where he has his family resi- 
 dence and principal place of business. 
 The constitution of domicile depends on 
 the concurrence of two elements — 1st. 
 residence in a place ; and 2d, the intention 
 of the party to make that place his home. 
 Domicile is of three kinds — 1st, domicile 
 of origin, or nativity, depending on that 
 of the parents at the time of birth ; 2d, 
 domicile of choice, which is voluntarily 
 acquired by the party; and 3d, domicile 
 by operation of laic, as that of a wife, 
 arising from marriage. The term domicile 
 is sometimes used to signify the length 
 of residence required by the law of some 
 countries for the purpose of founding 
 jurisdiction in civil actions ; in Scotland, 
 residence for at least fortj- days within 
 the country constitutes a domicile as to 
 jurisdiction. — v.t. to establish a fixed 
 residence. — adj. DojnciL'lARY. [L. domi- 
 ciliiim — domtis, a house.] 1 
 
 DOMICILIATE, dom-i-sil'yat, u.f. to estab- 
 lisli in a permanent residence. — ?i. DOM- 
 icilia'tion. 
 
 DOMINANT, dom'in-ant, adj. prevailing : ■ 
 predominant. — n. {music) the fifth note' 
 of the scale in its relation to the first and l 
 third. [L. dominans, -antis, pr.p. of 
 dominor, to be master.] ; 
 
 DOMINATE, dom'in-at, v.t. to be lord over i 
 to govern: to prevail over. [L. dominor, 
 to be master — dominus, master — domara 
 =E. Tame.] 
 
 DOMINATION, dom-in-a'shun, n., govern'^ 
 ment : absolute authority : tyranny. [L, 
 dominatio,] 
 
 DOMINATIVE, dom'in-a-tiv, adj., govern.^ 
 inq : arbitrary. 
 
 DOMINEER, d"om-in-er', v.i. to nde arbi* 
 trarily : to command haughtily.
 
 DOMINICAL 
 
 113 
 
 DOSE 
 
 DOMINICAL, do-miu'ik-al, acJJ. belonging- 
 to Our Lord, as the Lord's Prayer, the 
 Lord's Day. — Dominical letter, one of 
 the seven letters. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, 
 used in almanacs, etc., to mark the Sun- 
 days throughout the year. The first 
 seven days of the year being marked in 
 their order by the above letters in their 
 order, the following seven and all con- 
 secutive sets of seven days to the end of 
 the year are similarly marked, so that 
 on whatever day the first Sunday of the 
 year falls the letter which marks it will 
 mark all the other Sundays of the j'ear. 
 After twenty-eight years the same letters 
 return in their order. [L. dominicus — 
 dominus, lord, master.] 
 
 IjOMINICAN, do-min'i-kan, adj. belonging 
 to St. Dominic or to the Dominicans. — 
 n. a friar or monk of the order of St. 
 Dominic, founded early in the thirteenth 
 century. 
 
 DOMINIE, dom'i-ni, n. a schoolmaster : a 
 pedagogue. [Scotch.] In the sense of 
 schoolmaster this word is also met with 
 in old English authors. " The dainty 
 dominie, the schoolmaster." — Beau, and 
 Fl. [From L. domine, vocative case of 
 dominns, a lord or master.] 
 
 DOMINIUM, do-min'i-um, n. a term in the 
 Roman law used to signify ownership of 
 a thing, as opposed to a mere life-inter- 
 est, to an equitable right, to a merely 
 possessory right, or to a right against a 
 person, such as a covenantee has against 
 a covenanter. — DOMINIUM directum, in 
 feudal law, the superiority or interest 
 vested in the superior.— DoiaiNiUM utile, 
 the property or the vassal's interest, as 
 distinguished from the superiority. [See 
 Domain.] 
 
 DOMINION, do-min'yun, n., lordship: 
 highest power and authority : control : 
 the country or persons governed: — pi. 
 ( B.) angelic and powerful spirits. 
 
 DOMNO, dom'i-no, /(. a cape witli a hood 
 worn by a master or by a priest : a long 
 cloak of black silk, with a hood, used for 
 disguise:— J}?. Dom'inoes (-noz), the name 
 of a game, so called because the pieces 
 are (partly) colored black. [Sp. domine, 
 a master or teacher.] 
 
 DON, don, n. a Spanish title, correspond- 
 ing to English Sir, formerly applied only 
 to noblemen, now to all classes. — fem. 
 Donn'a. [Sp., from L. dominus.] 
 
 DON, don, v.t. to do or put on: to assume : 
 — pr.p. donn'ing; pa.p. donned'. [A contr. 
 of do on.] 
 
 DONATION, do-na'shun, n. act of giving: 
 that which is given, a gift of money or 
 goods : (lair) the act by which a person 
 freely transfers his title to anything to 
 another. [L. donatio— dono, donatum 
 — dan II in. a gift — do, to give.] 
 
 DONATIST, don'at-ist, n. one of a body of 
 African schismatics of the fourth cen- 
 tury, so named from their founder Dona- 
 tus, bishop of Casa Nigra in Numidia, 
 who taught tliat though Christ was of 
 the same substance with the Father yet 
 that He was less than tlie Father, that 
 the Catholic Cliurch was not infallible, 
 but had erred in his time and become 
 practically extinct, and that he was to 
 be the restorer of it. All joining the 
 sect required to be rebaptized, baptism 
 by the impure church being invalid. 
 
 DONATIVE, don'a-tiv, n. a gift : a gratu- 
 ity: a benefice presented by the founder 
 or patron without reference to the 
 bishop. — adj. vested or vesting by dona- 
 tion. [L. donatimim.] 
 
 DONE, dun, pa.p. of Do : also completely 
 exhausted : txtremely fatigued : tired 
 out : done up — in this sense sometimes 
 followed by for. " She is rather done 
 
 H 
 
 for this morning, and must not go so 
 far -vvithout help." — Miss Austen. 
 Not so the Holland tleet, who, tired and done. 
 Stretched on their decks like weary oxen lie. 
 
 — Dryden. 
 
 DONEE, do-ne', n. one who receives a gift. 
 
 DONI, do'ni, )i. a clumsy kind of boat used 
 on the coast of Coromandel and Ceylon ; 
 sometimes decked, and occasionally fur- 
 nished with an outrigger. The donis are 
 about 70 ft. long, 20 ft. broad, and 12 ft. 
 deep ; have one mast and a lug-sail, and 
 are navigated in fine weather only. 
 
 DONJON, dun'iun, n. a strong central 
 tower in ancient castles, to which the 
 garrison retreated when hard pressed. 
 [Fr., from Low L. domjio=domnio. for 
 Low L. dominio (=L. dominium, do- 
 minion), because the tower dominated 
 over the rest. See Dungeon.] 
 
 DONKEY,dong'ke,)i.the ass. \^=Dim-ik-ie, 
 a double dim. of Dun, from its color.] 
 
 DONKEY-ENGINE, dong'ke-en-jin, n. in 
 mach. a small steam-engine used where 
 no great power is required, and often to 
 perform some subsidiary operation. Don- 
 key-engines in steam-vessels, etc., are 
 supplied with steam from the main en- 
 gine, and are used for pumping water 
 into the boilers, raising large weights, 
 and other similar purposes. 
 
 DONKEY- PUMP, dong'ke - pump, n. a 
 steam-pump for feeding boilers. 
 
 DONNISH, don'ish, adj. pertaining to or 
 characteristic of a don of a university. 
 "Donnish books." — George Eliot. (Uni- 
 versity slang.) 
 
 DONOR, do'nor, n. a giver : a benefactor. 
 
 DO-NOTHING, doo'-nu-thing, adj. doing no 
 work: idle: indolent. "Any do-nothing 
 canon there at the abbey." — Kingsley. 
 
 DO-NOTHINGNESS, doo-nu'thing-nes, n. 
 idleness: indolence. "A situation of 
 similar affluence and do-nothingness." — 
 Mtis Austen. 
 
 DONZEL, don'zel, n. a young attendant : 
 a page : a youth of good quality not yet 
 knighted. " Esquire to a knight-errant, 
 donzel to the damsels." — Butler. [It. 
 donzello, Sp. doncel, from Low L. doncel- 
 lus, domnicellus, dominicellus, dim. of L. 
 dominus, a lord.] 
 
 DOOM, doom, n., judgment: condemnation: 
 destiny : ruin : final judgment. — v.t. to 
 pronounce judgment on : to sentence : 
 to condemn : — pr.p. doom'ing ; pa.p. 
 doomed'. [A.S. dom, judgment ; allied 
 to Gr. themis, justice.] 
 
 DOOMSDAY, doomz'da, n. the da y of doom, 
 the day when the world will be judged. 
 
 DOON, doon, n. a Cingalese name for Doona 
 zeylanica, nat. order Dipterocarpaceie, a 
 large tree inhabiting Ceylon, i'he tim- 
 ber is much used for building. It also 
 yields a i-esin wliich is made into varnish. 
 
 DOONGA, doon'ga, n. a canoe made out of 
 a single piece of wood, employed for 
 navigating the marshes and the branches 
 of the mouth of the Ganges. The doon- 
 gas are used by a miserable population, 
 chiefly for obtaining salt, in marshy un- 
 healthy tracts, infested with tigers. 
 
 DOOR, clor, n. the usual entrance into a 
 house or into a room : the wooden frame 
 on hinges closing up the entrance : a 
 means of approach or access. [A.S. duru: 
 Gr. thura, L. fores (pi.), a door, allied to 
 Sans, dvnr, an opening, from a root mean- 
 ing to blow.] 
 
 DOQUET. dok^et, a form of Docket. 
 
 DOR, DORR, dor, n. a species of beetle, so 
 called from its droning sound. [A.S. 
 dora, a drone, locust.] 
 
 DORE-BULLION, do'ra-bul-yon, n. bullion 
 containing a certain quantity of gold al- 
 loyed with ba.se metal. [Fr. dore, gilt, 
 
 dorer, to gild or plate, from L. deaurare, 
 to gild — de, from, and auntni, gold.] 
 
 DOREE. do-re' or dor'a, n. a fish of a golden- 
 yellow color, called also DoRY and John 
 DoREE. [DoREE is the Fr. doree, from 
 verb dorer, to gild — L. deaurare, to gild 
 — de, of, with, and auruin. gold. John 
 is simply the ordinary name.] 
 
 DORIC, dor'ik, adj. belonging to Doris in 
 Greece : denoting one of the Grecian; 
 orders of architecture : a dialect of the 
 Greek language distinguished bj- the use • 
 of broad vowel sounds: anj' dialect having 
 this character, as Scotch. — Dorian or 
 Doric mode or mood, in music, the old- 
 est of the authentic modes or keys of the 
 Greeks. Its character is severe, tempered 
 with gravity and joy, and is adapted both 
 to religious services and to war. Many of 
 the most characteristic Gaelic airs are 
 written in the Dorian mode. 
 
 In perfect phalanx, to the Dorian mood 
 Of flutes and soft recorders. — Atilion. 
 
 Strictly speaking, music in the Dorian 
 mode is written on a scale having its 
 semi-tones between the second and third 
 and the sixth and seventh notes of tlie 
 scale, instead of between the third and 
 fourth and seventh and eighth as in what 
 is now called the natural or normal scale. 
 In other words, the second note of the 
 normal scale acquires something of the 
 dignity, force, or position of a tonic, and 
 upon it the melodies of the Dorian mode 
 close. [Fr. dorique, from L. Doriciis — 
 Gr. Doris.] 
 
 DORKING, dork'ing, n. a species of barn- 
 door fowl, distinguished by having five 
 claws on each foot, so named because 
 bred largely at Dorking in Surrey. Eng- 
 land. 
 
 DORMANCY, dor'man-si, n. quiescence. 
 
 DORMANT, dor'mant, culj., sleeping: at 
 rest : not used : in a sleeping posture : 
 (arch.) leaning. — n. a crossbeam : a joist. 
 [Fr., pr.p. of dormir, from L. dormio. to 
 sleep.] 
 
 DORMAR, dor'mer, n. a beam : a sleeper. 
 
 DORMER-WINDOW, dor'mer- win'do. n. a 
 vertical window, esp. of a sleeping-room 
 (formerly called dormer), on the sloping 
 roof of a house. [Fr. dormir, to sleep.] 
 
 DORMITORY, dor'mi-tor-i, ?!. a large sleep- 
 ing-chsimher with many beds. [L. dor- 
 mitorium — dormio, to sleep.] 
 
 DORMOUSE, dor'mows, n. (pi. Dormice, 
 dor'rais), tlie popular name of the several 
 species of Myoxus, a genus of mammalia 
 of th'e order Rodentia. The common 
 dormouse is the M. (Muscardinvs) avel- 
 lanarius, which attains the size of the 
 common mouse ; the fat dormouse is the 
 M. glis, a native of France and the south 
 of Europe ; the garden dormouse is the 
 M. (Ehomys) nitela, a native of the tem- 
 
 Serate parts of Europe and Asia. The 
 orniice pass the winter in a lethargic or 
 torpid state, only occasionally waking, 
 and apjilying to their stock of provisions 
 hoarded up for that season. [Prob. from 
 Fr. dormeuse, a sleeper (fem.), as it is 
 called in Languedoc radourmeire, dour- 
 meire being ^sleeper, and in Suffolk, 
 "sleeper" ; or it may be from the pro- 
 vincial dorm, to sleep, and mouse, mean- 
 ing lit. the sleeping-mouse. The origin 
 in both cases would be the Fr. dormir 
 to .sleep, L. dormirc, to sleep.] 
 
 DORSAL, dor'sal, adj. pertaining or belong 
 ing to the back. [L. dorsum, the back.] 
 
 DORY. See Doree. 
 
 DOSE, dos. n. the quantity of medicine 
 given to be taken at one time : a por- 
 tion : anytliing disagreeable that must 
 be taken. — i:.t. to order or give in doses : 
 to give anything nau.seous to. [Fr., from 
 Gr. dosis, a giving — didomi, to give.]
 
 DOST 
 
 ll'J 
 
 DRAB 
 
 DOST, dust, second pers. sing. pres. ind. 
 of Do.] 
 
 DOT, dot, n. anj' small mark made wth a 
 pen or sharp point. — v.t. to mark witli 
 dots : to diversify with objects. — v.i. to 
 form dots -.—pr.p. dott'ing ; pa. p. dott'ed. 
 [Ety. dub.] 
 
 DOTAGE, dot'aj, n. a doting : childishness 
 of old age : excessive fondness. 
 
 DOTAL, Qo'tal, adj. pertainino; to dowt-y 
 or to dower. [L. dotalis — dos, dotis, a 
 dowrj'.] 
 
 DOTARD, dot'ard, n. one who dotes : one 
 showing the weakness of old age, or ex- 
 cessive fondness. 
 
 DOTATION, do-ta'shun, n. the act of 
 bestowing a doivry on a woman : an 
 endowment. [Low L. dotatio.'\ 
 
 DOTE, dot, v.i. to be weakly affectionate : 
 to show excessive love. — adv. Dot'ingly. 
 [E. ; Dut. doten, to be silly, Scot, doitet, 
 stupid ; Fr. radoter, to rave, is from the 
 same root.] 
 
 DOTH, duth, tliird pers. sing. pres. ind. 
 of Do. 
 
 DOTTLE, dot'l, n. a small rounded lump 
 or mass : especially, the tobacco remain- 
 ing in the bottom of a pipe after smok- 
 ing, and which is often put on the top of 
 fresh tobacco when refilling. [Scotcli.] 
 "A snuffer-tray containing scraps of 
 half-smoked tobacco, ' pipe dottles,' as he 
 called them, wliich were carefully re- 
 smoked over and over again till nothing 
 but ash was left." — Kingsley. [A dim. 
 corresponding to dot, the meaning con- 
 necting it more closely with Dut. dot, 
 a small bundle of wool, etc. ; Sw. dott, a 
 little heap.] 
 
 DOUBLE, dub'l, adj., twofold: twice as 
 much : two of a sort together : in pairs : 
 acting two parts, insincere. — adv. Doub'- 
 LY. [Fr. — L. duphis — duo, two, andp?(is, 
 akin to plenus, full.] 
 
 DOUBLE, dub'l, v.t. to multiply by two : 
 to fold. — v.i. to increase to twice the 
 quantity : to wind in running. — n. twice 
 as much : a duplicate : one's wraith or 
 apparition : a trick. 
 
 DOUBLE-BASS, dub'1-bas, n. the lowest- 
 toned musical instrument of the violin 
 form. 
 
 DOUBLE-CONE, dub'l-kon, n. in areh. a 
 Norman ornament consisting of two 
 cones joined base to base (or apex to 
 apex), a series of these forming the en- 
 richment of a moulding. 
 
 DOUBLE-DEALING, dub'l-del'ing, n. in- 
 sincere dealing- : duplicity. 
 
 DOUBLE-ENTRY, dub'l-en'tri, n. book- 
 keeping in which two entries are naade of 
 every transaction. 
 
 DOUBLENESS, dub'1-nes, n. duplicity. 
 
 DOUBLE-SHOT, dub'1-shot, v.t. to load, as 
 a cannon, with double the usual weight 
 of shot for the purpose of increasing the 
 destructive power. Tliis practice is not 
 adopted with the heavier and more per- 
 fect guns of the present day. 
 
 DOUBLET, dub'let, ?». a pair : an inner 
 garment : name given to words that are 
 really the same, but vary somewhat in 
 spelling and signification, as desk, disc 
 and dish, describe and descry. [O. Fr., 
 dim. of double.] 
 
 DOUBLOON, dub-loon', n. a Sp. gold coin, 
 so called because it is double the value of 
 a pistole. 
 
 DOUBT, dowt, v.i. to waver in opinion : to 
 be uncertain : to hesitate : to suspect. — 
 v.t. to hold in doubt : to distrust. [O. 
 Fr. doubter — L. dubito, from root did) in 
 dubius, doubtful.] 
 
 DOUBT, dowt. ?i. uncertainty of mind : 
 suspicion : fear : a thing doubted or 
 questioned. — n. Docbt'er. — adv. Doubt'- 
 
 DJGLY.l 
 
 DOUBTFUL, dowt'fool, adj. full pf doubt : 
 undetermined : not clear : not secure : 
 suspicious : not confident. — adv. Doubt'- 
 
 FULLY.— (i. DOUBT'FULNESS. 
 
 DOUBTLESS, dowt'les, adv. without doubt: 
 ceitainly. — adv. Doubt'lessly. 
 
 DOUCEUR, doo-ser', n. sweetness of man- 
 ner : something intended to please, a 
 present or a bribe. [Fr., from doux, 
 douce — L. dulcis, sweet.] 
 
 DOUCHE, doosh, n. a jet of water directed 
 upon the body from a pipe. [Fr. — It. 
 doccia, a water-pipe, from L. duco, to 
 lead.] 
 
 DOUGH, do, n. a mass of flour or meal 
 moistened and kneaded, but not baked. 
 [A.S. dah ; Ger. teig. Ice. deig, dough, 
 from a root found in Goth, deigan, to 
 knead ; conn, with Dike, and with L. 
 fi{n)go. to mould.] 
 
 DOUGHTY, dow'ti, adj., able, strong: 
 brave. [A.S. dylitig, valiant — dugan, to 
 be strong ; Gev. tiichtig, solid, able — 
 taugen, to be strong. See Do, to fare or 
 get on.] 
 
 DOUGHY, do'i, adj. like dough : soft. 
 
 DOUSE, dows, v.t. to plunge into water : 
 to slacken suddenlj-, as a sail. — v.i. to 
 fall suddenly into water. [Ety. un- 
 known.] 
 
 DOVE, duv, n. a pigeon : a word of en- 
 dearment. [A.S. Suva — dUfan, to dive ; 
 perh. from its habit of ducking the head.] 
 
 DOVECOT, duv'kot, DO'V'ECOTE, duv'kot, 
 «. a small cot or box in which pigeons 
 breed. 
 
 DOVELET, duv'let, n. a young or small 
 dove. 
 
 DOVE-PLANT, duv'-plant, n. an orchi- 
 daceous plant (Peristeria elata) of Cen- 
 tral America, so called from the resem- 
 blance of the column of the flower 'to 
 a dove liovering with expanded wings, 
 somewhat like the conventional dove 
 seen in artistic representations of the 
 Holy Ghost. The plant has large. striated, 
 green, pseudo-bulbs, bearing three to five 
 lanceolate, stronglj'-ribbed, and plicate 
 leaves. The upper part of the flower- 
 stem is occupied by a spike of almost 
 globose, very sweet-scented flowers of a 
 creamy-white, dotted with lilac on the 
 base of the lip. 
 
 DOVETAIL, duv'tal, n. a mode of fasten- 
 ing boards together by fitting pieces 
 shaped like a dove's tail spread out into 
 corresponding cavities. — v.t. to fit one 
 thing into another. 
 
 DOW ABLE, dow'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 endowed : entitled to dower. 
 
 DOWAGER, dow'a-jer, n. a widow with a 
 dower or jointure : a title given to a 
 widow to distinguish her from the wife 
 of her husband's heir. [O. Fr. douagiere 
 — Low L. dfitarium — L. dotare, to eq- 
 dow. See -Dower.] 
 
 DOWER, dow'er, n. a jointure, that part of 
 the husband's property wliicb his widow 
 enjoys during her life — sometimes used 
 for Dowry. — adjs. Dow'ered, furnished 
 with dower, Dow'erless, without dower. 
 [Fr. douaire — LowL. doarium, dotarium 
 — L. doto, to endow — dos, dotis, a dowry 
 — do, Gr. di-do-mi, to give.] 
 
 DOWLAS, dow'las, n. a coarse linen cloth. 
 [Fr. douilieux — douille, soft — L. ductilis, 
 pliant — duco, to draw.] 
 
 DOWN, down, n. the soft hair under the 
 feathers of fowls : the hair^' covering of 
 the seeds of certain plants : anj-thing 
 which soothes or invites to repose. 
 [From root of Ice. dunn, G«r. dunst, 
 vapor, dust. See DcsT.] 
 
 DOWN, down, M. a bank of sand thrown 
 up by the sea: — ^j/. a tract of hilly land, 
 used for pasturing sheep. [A.S. dun, a 
 hill (cog. with tun, a fort), found in all 
 
 theTeut. and Romance languages ; prob. 
 from Celt, dun, which is found in many 
 names of places, as Dunkeld.] 
 
 DOWN, down, adv. from a higher to a 
 lower position : on the ground : from 
 earUer to later tinaes. — prej). along a 
 descent : from a higher to a lower posi- 
 tion or state. [A. corr. of M.E. a-down, 
 adun — A.S. of dune, "from the hill" — 
 A.S. dun, a hUl. See DOWN, a bank of 
 sand.] 
 
 DOWNBEAED, down'berd, n. the downy 
 or winged seed of the thistle. "It is 
 frightful to think how evorj' idle volume 
 flies abroad like an idle globular down- 
 beard, embryo of new millions." — Car- 
 lyle. 
 
 DOWNCAST, down'kast, adj., cast or bent 
 downward : dejected : sad. 
 
 DOWNFALL, down'fal, 7t. sudden loss of 
 rank or reputation : ruin. 
 
 DOWNHEARTED, down'hart-ed, adj. de- 
 jected in spirits. 
 
 DOWNHILL, down'hil, adj. descending : 
 sloping' : easv. 
 
 DOW^NRIGHT, down'rit, adj. plain : open : 
 artless : unceremonious. — ctdv. Dowx'- 
 
 RIGHT. 
 
 DOWNPOUR, down'por, n. a pouring 
 down : esjjecially, a heavy or continuous 
 shower. JR. A. Proctor. 
 
 DOWNTHROW, down'thro, n. a throwing 
 down : specifically, in geol. a fall or sink- 
 ing of strata below the level of the sur- 
 rounding beds, such as is caused by a 
 great subterranean movement : also, the 
 distance measured vertically between the 
 portions of dislocated strata where a 
 fault occurs : opposed to upheaval 
 (which see) or iipthroiv. 
 
 DOWNWARD, down'ward, DOWN- 
 WARDS, down'wardz. adv. in a direction 
 down : towards a lower place or condi- 
 tion : from the source : from a time 
 more ancient. [A.S. adunweard — adun, 
 weard, direction. See Down, adv.] 
 
 DOWNWARD, down'ward, adj. mo^^ng 
 or tending down (in anv sense). 
 
 DOWNWEIGH, down-wa', v.t. to weigh 
 or press down : to depress : to cause to 
 sink or prevent from rising. 
 
 A different sin dotcnwetghs tham to the bottom. 
 
 — Longfellorv. 
 
 DOWNWEIGHT, down'wat, n. full weight. 
 " Attributing due and downweight to 
 every man's gifts." — Bp. Racket. 
 
 DOWNY, down'i, axij. covered with or 
 made of down : like down : soft : sooth- 
 ing. 
 
 DOWRY, dow'ri, n. the property which a 
 woman brings to her husband at mar- 
 riage — sometimes used for Dower. 
 Orig. doiver-y. See Dower.] 
 
 DOXOLOGY, doks-ol'o-ji, n. a hymn ex- 
 pressing praise and honor to God. [Gr. 
 doxologia — do.vologos, giving glory — 
 doxa, praise — dokeo, to think, and lego 
 to speak.] 
 
 DOZE, doz, v.i. to sleep lightly or to be 
 half asleep : to be in a dull or stupefied 
 state. — v.t. (with away) to spend ia 
 drowsiness. — n. a short light sleep. — n. 
 Doz'er. [From a Scand. root, seen in 
 Ice. dusa. Dan. dose, to dose ; A.S, 
 dwaes, dull ; akin to Dizzy.] 
 
 DOZEN, duz'u, adj., two and ten or twelve, 
 — n. a collection of twelve articles . long 
 dozen, devil's dozen, baker's dozen (thir- 
 teen). [Fr. douzaine — L. duodecim—duo 
 two, and decern, ten.] 
 
 DRAB, drab, n. a low, sluttish woman : a 
 prostitute.— ;■.?'. to associate with bad 
 women. [Gael, and Ir. "slut," orig. a 
 stain, closely akin to Gael, and Ir. drabh, 
 grains of malt, which answers to E. 
 Draff.]
 
 DRAB 
 
 115 
 
 DREAD 
 
 DRAB, drab, n. thick, strong graj" elofh : 
 a gray or dull brown color, perh. from 
 the luuddy color of undyed wool. [Fr. 
 ijrap. clotn. See Drape."] 
 
 DRABBLE, drab'l, v.t. to besmear with 
 mud and water. [Freq. form, from root 
 of Drab, a low woman.] 
 
 DRACHM, dram, n. see Dram. [Gr. 
 drachme. from drassomai, to grasp with 
 the hand.] 
 
 DRACONIC, dra-kon'ik, adj. 1, relating to 
 Draco, the Athenian lawgiver : hence 
 (applied to laws), extremely severe : san- 
 guinary. 2, relating to the constellation 
 Draco." Also Dracon'ian. 
 
 DRAFF, draf, n. (lit.) dregs, waste matter : 
 the refuse of malt that has been brewed 
 from. — adjs. Draff'ish, Draff'y, worth- 
 less. [Prob. E., cog. with Scand. draf, 
 and with Gael, and Ir. drabh.] 
 
 DRAFT, draft, n. anything draiim : a se- 
 lection of men from an ariuy, etc. : an 
 order for the payment of money : lines 
 drawn for a plan : a rough sketch : the 
 depth to wliich a ve.s.sel sinks in water. 
 [A corr. of DRAUGHT.] 
 
 DRAFT, draft, v.t. to draw an outline of : 
 to compose and write : to draw off : to 
 detarh. 
 
 DRAFTS, drafts, n. a game. See Draughts. 
 
 DRAFTSMAN, drafts'man, n. one who 
 dratcs plans or designs. 
 
 DRAG, drag, v.t. to draw by force : to 
 draw slowly: to pull roughly and vio- 
 lently: to explore with a dragnet. — v.i. 
 to hang so as to trail on the ground : to 
 be forcibly drawn along : to move slowly 
 and heavily: — iJr.p. dragg'ing ; pa.p. 
 dragged'. [A.S. dragan : Ger. tragen, 
 represented in all the Teut. tongues. 
 Ace. to Curtius, nowise connected with 
 L. tralto.] 
 
 DRAG, drag, n. a net or hook for dragging 
 along to catch things under water : a 
 heavy harrow: a low car or cart : a con- 
 trivance for retarding carriage wheels 
 in going down slopes : any obstacle to 
 progress. [See Drag, v.'] 
 
 DRAGGLE, di-ag'l, v.t. or v.i. to make or 
 become wet and dirty by dragging along 
 the ground. [Freq. of Dravt. Doublet, 
 Drawl.] 
 
 DRAGNET, drag'net, n. a net to be 
 dragged or drawn along the bottom of 
 water to catch fish. 
 
 DRAGOMAN, drag'o-man, ?(. an inter- 
 preter, in Eastern countries : — pi. Drag'- 
 OMANS. [Sp., from Ar. tarjumdn — tard- 
 jania, to interpret. See Tarocm.] 
 
 DRAGON, drag'un, n. a fabulous winged 
 serpent : the constellation Draco : a 
 fierce person : the fljnng lizard of the 
 E. Indies. — adjs. Drag'onish, Drag'on- 
 LIKE. [Fr. — L. draco, draeonis — Gr. 
 drakon, {lit.} "the sharp-sighted," from 
 e-drak-on. aorist of derk-omai. to look.] 
 
 DRAGONET, di-ag'un-et, ?(. a little dragon: 
 a genus of fishes of the goby fatiiil3', two 
 species of which are found on the coast of 
 Enjrland. 
 
 DRAGON-FLY, drag'un-fli, n. an insect 
 with a long body and brilliant colors. 
 
 DRAGONNADE, drag-on-ad', n. the per- 
 secution of French Protestants under 
 Louis XIV. and his successor by an 
 armed force, usually of dragoon/^ : aban- 
 donment of a place to the violence of 
 soldiers. [Fr., from dragon, dragoon.] 
 
 DRAGON'S-BLOOD, drag'uuz-blud, n. the 
 red juice of several trees in S. America 
 and the E. Indies, u.sed for coloring. 
 
 DRAGOON, dra-goon', n. formerly a soldier 
 trained to fight either on horseback or on 
 foot. now applied only to a kind of cavalry. 
 — v.t. to give up to the rage of soldiers : 
 to compel liy violent measures. [Sp., 
 prob. so called from having orig. a dra- 
 
 gon (L. draco) on their standard. See 
 Dragon.] 
 
 DRAGOONADE, drag-o6n-ad'. Same as 
 Dragonxade. 
 
 DRAGSMAN, dragz'man, n. a thief who 
 follows carriages to cut away baggage 
 from behind (London slang) : also tlie 
 driver of a drag. " He had a word for 
 the hostler . . . and a bow for the drags- 
 ma n." — Tliackeray. 
 
 DRAIN, dran, i\f. to draw oj' by degrees : 
 to lilter : to clear of water bv drains : to 
 make dry : to exhaust. — v.i. to flow off 
 gradually. — n. a water-course : a ditch : 
 a sewer.— ad/. Drain'able. [A.S. dreh- 
 nigean, of which dreli =^ drag, or else 
 through dreg, from the same root.] 
 
 DRAINAGE, dran'aj, n. the draiving off 
 of water by rivers or other channels : the 
 system of draius in a town. 
 
 DRAINER, dran'er, n. a utensil on which 
 articles are placed to drain. 
 
 DRAKE, drak, n. the male of the duck. 
 [Lit. " duckling," being a contr. of A.S. 
 end-rake or ened-rake, of which ened is 
 cog. with Ice. iind. Dan. and, Ger. ente, 
 L. anas, anatis ; and rake is the same as 
 Goth, reiks. ruling, reiki, rule, and ric{k), 
 in bi.sho}>ric, Frede-rick.] 
 
 DRAil, dram, n. a contraction of Drachm ; 
 l-16th of an oz. avoirdupois : formerlj', 
 with apothecaries, ith of an oz. : as much 
 raw spirits as is drunk at once. [Through 
 Fr. and L., from Gr. drachme, (1) a small 
 weight=*66 gr. ; (2) a coin.=30 cents. — 
 drassomai. to grasp ; a handful, a pinch.] 
 
 DRAMA, dram'a or dra'ma, n. a repre- 
 sentation of actions in human life : a 
 series of deeply interesting events : a com- 
 position intended to be represented on 
 the stage : dramatic literature. [L. — 
 Gr. drama, dramatos — drao, to do.] 
 
 DRAMATIC, dra-mat'ik. DRAMATICAL, 
 dra-mat'ik-al, adj. belonging to the 
 drama : appropriate to or in the form of 
 a drama. — adv. Dramat'ically. 
 
 DRAMATIST, dram'a-tist. ». a writer of 
 plays. 
 
 DRAMATIZE, drain'a-tiz, v.t. to compose 
 in or turn into the form of a drama or 
 jplay. [Gr. dramatizo. See Drama.] 
 
 DRAitATURGIC. dram-a-ter'jik, adj. per- 
 taining to dramaturgy : histrionic : the- 
 atrical : hence, unreal. '■ Some form (of 
 worship), it is to be hoped, not grown 
 dramaturgic to us, but still awfully sym- 
 bolic for us." — Carlyle. 
 
 DRAMATURGIST, dram-a-ter'jist, n. one 
 who is skilled in dramaturgy : one who 
 composes a drama and superintends its 
 representation. "How silent now; all 
 departed, all clean gone I The World- 
 Dramaturgist has written, 'Exeunt.'" — 
 Carlyle. 
 
 DRAMATURGY, dram'a -ter-ji, n. the 
 science, or the art, of dramatic poetry 
 and representation. 
 
 DRANK, drangk— pas< tenge of Drink. 
 
 DRAPE, drap. v.t. to cover with cloth. 
 [Fr. drap, cloth. From a Teut. root.] 
 
 DRAPER, drap'er, n. one who deals in 
 drapery or cloth. [Fr. drapier — drapi.] 
 
 DRAPERY, drap'er-i, »i.,c/o//i goods : hang- 
 ings of any kind : (art) the representa- 
 tion of the dress of human figures. [Fr. 
 draper ie — drap. ] 
 
 DRASTIC, dras'tik, adj., active, powerful. 
 — II. a medicine that purges quickly or 
 thoroughly. [Gr. drastikos — drao, to act, 
 to do.] 
 
 DRAUGHT, draft, n. act of drawing: 
 force needed to draw : the act of drink- 
 ing : the quantity dnmk at a time : out- 
 line of a picture : that which is taken in 
 a net by drawing : a chosen detachment 
 of men : a current of air : the depth to 
 which a ship sinks in the water. — v.t. 
 
 more commonly Draft, to draw out. 
 [From A.S. dragan. to draw. See Drag, 
 V. and Draw\] 
 
 DRAUGHT, draft. DRAUGHT'HOUSE, n. 
 (B.) a ]3rivy. 
 
 DRAUGHTS', drafts, n. a game in which 
 two persons make alternate moves (inO. 
 E. draughts), on a checkered board, called 
 the Draught'board, with pieces called 
 Draughts'mzn. 
 
 DRAUGHTSMAN, drafts'man, n. see 
 Drafts JiAX. 
 
 DRAVE, drav, old pa.t. of DRn'E. 
 
 DRAW, draw, v.t. to pull along: to brmg 
 forcibly towards one: to entice: to inhale: 
 to take out : to deduce : to leugtlien : to 
 make a picture of, bj- lines drawn : to 
 describe : to require a depth of water 
 for floating-. — v.i. to pull : to practice 
 drawing: to move: to approach : — pa.t. 
 drew (droo) ; jia.j). drawn. — ?(. the act of 
 drawing: anything drawn: among sport.s- 
 men, the act of forcing a fox from his 
 cover, a badger from his hole: etc.: the 
 place where a fox is drawn. Also some- 
 thing designed to draw a person out to 
 make him reveal his intentions or what 
 he desires to conceal or keep back, or the 
 like : a feeler. (Slang.) "This was what 
 in modern daj-s is called a draw. It was 
 a guess put boldly forth as fact to 
 elict by the young man's answer wheth- 
 er he had been there lately or not." — 
 C. Reade.—adj. Draw'able". — To draw 
 ON, to lead on: to ask or obtain payment 
 by a written bill or draft.— To "draw 
 UP, to form in regular order. [A later 
 form of Drag.] 
 
 DRAWBACK, draw'bak, n. a,»draifing or 
 receiving back some part of the duty on 
 goods on their exportation : any loss of 
 advantage. 
 
 DRAWBRIDGE, draw'brij, n. abridge tha.i' 
 can be drawn up or let down at pleasure. 
 
 DRAWEE, draw-e', n. the person on whom 
 a bill of exchange is drawn. 
 
 DRAWER, draw'er, n. he oi- that which 
 draws : a thing drawn out like the sliding 
 box in a case:— ^7. a close under-garment 
 for the lower limbs. 
 
 DRAWING, draw'ing-, n. the art of repre- 
 senting objects by lines drawn, shading, 
 etc. : the distribution of prizes, as at a 
 lottery : a picture or representation made 
 with a pencil, pen, cravon, etc. Draw- 
 ings are classifiable uncier the names of 
 pencil, pen. chalk, sepia, or water-color 
 drawings from the materials used for 
 their execution, and also into geometrical 
 or linear and mechanical drawings, in 
 which instruments, such as compa.sses, 
 rulers, scales, are used, and free-hand 
 dratcings. in which no instrument is used 
 to guide the hand. 
 
 DRAWING-ROOM, draw'ing-i-oom, n. 
 (orig.\ a withdrawing room: a room to 
 which the company withdraws after 
 dinner : a reception of company in it. 
 
 DRAWL, drawl, v.i. to sjieak in a slow, 
 lengthened tone. — v.t. to utter words in 
 a slow and sleepy manner. — n. a slow, 
 lengthened utterance of the voice. — 
 adv. Drawl'inolt.— n. Drawl'inon'ess. 
 [Freq, of Draw. Doublet. Draggle.] 
 
 DRAW-WELL, draw'-wel, ». a well from 
 which water is drawn up by a bucket and 
 apparatus. 
 
 DRAY, dra, n. a low strong cart for 
 heavy goods, which is draggecl or drawn. 
 [A.S." draegc. a drag, from dragan. 
 See Drag, v.] 
 
 DREAD, dred. n.,fear: awe: the objects 
 that excite fear. — adj. exciting great fear 
 or awe. — v.t. {Pr. Bk.) to fear with rev- 
 erence : to regard with terror. [A.S. 
 on-drcedan. to fear : Ice. ondreda, O. 
 Ger. tratan, to be afraid.]
 
 DREADFUL 
 
 116 
 
 DROVER 
 
 DREADFUL, dred'fool, adj. (orig.) full of 
 dread : producing great fear or awe : 
 terrible. — rtdr.DREAD'FCXLY. — n. Dread'- 
 
 FUIxN-ESS. 
 
 DREADLESS, dred'les, adj. free from 
 dread: intrepid. — adv. Dread'LESSLY. 
 — n. Dread'lessness. 
 
 DREAM, drem, n. a train of tlioughts and 
 fancies during sleep, a vision : something 
 only imaginary. [A.S. dream means re- 
 joicing, music ; in M.E. the two mean- 
 ings of music, mirth, and of dreaming 
 occur ; Dut. droom, Ger. traum, a 
 dream.] 
 
 DREAM, drem, v.i. to fancy things during 
 sleep : to think idly. — v.t. to see in, or as 
 in a dream : — pa.t. andpa.p. dreamed' or 
 dreamt (dremt). — n. Dream'er. ■ — adv. 
 Dream'ingly. 
 
 DREAMY, drem'i, adj. full of dreams : 
 appropriate to dreams : dreamlike. — n. 
 Dream'iness. 
 
 DREAR, drer, DREARY, drer'i, adj. 
 gloomy : cheerless. — adv. Drear'ILY. — 
 ji. Drear'iness. [A.S. dreorig, bloody — 
 dreoran. to fall, become weak ; Gfer. 
 tratn-ig — trauern, to mourn.] 
 
 DREDGE, drej, 7i. an instrument for drag- 
 ging : a dragnet for catching oysters, 
 etc. : a machine for taking up mud from 
 a harbor or other water. — v.t. to gather 
 with a dredge : to deepen with a dredge. 
 
 to. Fr. drege : from a Teut. root found in 
 )ut. dragen, E. drag.] 
 
 DREDGE, drej, v.t. to sprinkle flour on 
 meat while roasting. — n. Dredg'er, a 
 utensil for dredging. [Fr. dragee, mixed 
 grain for horses, through Prov. and It., 
 from Gr. 'tragemata, dried fruits, things 
 nice to eat — e-trag-on, aorist of trogo, 
 to eat.] 
 
 DREDGER, drej'er, n. one who fishes with 
 a. dredge: a dredging-machine. 
 
 DREGGY, dreg'i, adj. containing dregs: 
 muddy : foul. — ns. Dregg'iness, Dregg'- 
 
 ISHUESS. 
 
 DREGS, dregz, n.pl. impurities in liquor 
 that fall to the bottom, the grounds : 
 dross : the vilest part of anj-thing. [Ice. 
 dregg — draga, to draw.] 
 
 DRENCH, drensh, v.t. to fill with drink or 
 liquid : to wet thoroughly : to phj'sic by 
 force.^Ji. a draught : a dose of physic 
 forced down the throat. [A.S. drencan, 
 to give to drink, from dr/jK'coi, to drink. 
 See Drink.] 
 
 DRESS, dres, v.t. to put straight or in 
 order : to put clothes upon : to prepare : 
 to cook : to trim : to deck : to cleanse a 
 sore. — v.i. to arrange in a line : to put on 
 clothes: — pa.t. undpa.p. dressed' or drest. 
 — n. the covering or ornament of tlie body: 
 a lady's gown : style of dress. [Fr. dres- 
 ser, to make straight, to prepare, from 
 L. dirigo. directum, to direct.] 
 
 DRESS-CIRCLE, dres'-ser-kl, n. a portion 
 of a theatre, concert-room, or other place 
 of entertainment set apart for spectators 
 or an audience in evening dress, though 
 quite frequently occupied by people who 
 are not in evening dress. 
 
 DRESSER, dres'er, n. one who dresses : a 
 table on which meat is dressed or pre- 
 pared for use. 
 
 DRESSING, dres'ing, n., dress or clothes : 
 manure given to land : matter used to 
 give stiffness and gloss to cloth : the 
 bandage, etc., applied to a sore : an orna- 
 mental moulding. 
 
 DRESSING-CASE, dres'ing-kas, n. a case 
 of articles used in dressing one's self. 
 
 DRESSY, dres'i, adj. showy in or fond of 
 dress. 
 
 DREW, droo — did draw — pa.t. of Draw. 
 
 DRIBBLE, drib'l, v.i. to faU in small drops: 
 to drop quickly : to slaver, as a child or 
 
 an idiot. — v.t. to let fall in drops. — n. 
 Dribb'ler. [Dim. of Drip.] 
 
 DRIBBLET, DRIBLET, drib'let, n. a very 
 small drop : a small quantity. 
 
 DRIFT, drift, n. a heap of matter driven 
 together, as snow : the direction in which 
 a thing is driven : the object aimed at : 
 the meaning of words used : in South 
 Africa, a ford ; as, Rorke"s Drift. — v.t. 
 to drive into heaps, as snow. — v.i. to be 
 floated along- : to be driven into heaps. 
 [See Drive.] 
 
 DRIFTLESS, drift'les, adj. without drift 
 or aim. 
 
 DRIFTWOOD, drift' wood, n., wood drifted 
 by water. 
 
 DRILL, dril. v.t. to pierce through with a 
 revolving' borer (this implies tremor, and 
 connects Drill with Thrill). — n. an in- 
 strument that bores. 
 
 DRILL, dril, r.^ to exercise, e.g. soldiers 
 or pupils. — n. th? exercising of soldiers. 
 [Perh. Fr. drille. a foot-soldier, from 
 O. Ger. drigil, a servant. See Thrall.] 
 
 DRILL, dril, n. a row or furrow to put 
 seed into in sowing. — v.t. to sow in rows. 
 [W. rhill, a row.] 
 
 DRILLING, dril'ing, )/. a coarse linen or 
 cotton cloth, used for trousers. [Ger. 
 drillich — L. trili.r. made of tliree threads, 
 L. tres. and lid in, a, thread of the warp.] 
 
 DRILLPRESS. ciri; pres, n. a prei^s or ma- 
 chine for drilling holes in metals. 
 
 DRILL-SERGEANT, dril'-sar'jent, n. a ser- 
 geant or non-commissioned officer who 
 drills soldiers. 
 
 DRILY. See Dry, adj. 
 
 DRINK, dringk, v.t. to swallow, as a 
 liquid : to take in through the senses. — 
 i:i. to swallow a liquid : to take intoxi- 
 cating liquors to excess: — pr p. drink'ing; 
 pa.t. drank : p)a.p. drunk. — ;i. something- 
 to be drunk : intoxicating liquor. — adj. 
 Drinkable, dringk'a-bl. — n. Drink'able- 
 ness. — n. Drinker, dringk'er, a tippler. 
 [A.S. drinean : Ger. irinken.] 
 
 DRINK-OFFERING, dringk'-of'er-ing, n. a 
 Jewish offering of wine, etc., in their 
 religious services. 
 
 DRIP, drip, v.i. to fall in drops: to let fall 
 drops.— (•.?. to let fall in drops : — pr.p. 
 dripp'ing ; pa.p. dripped'. — n. a falling in 
 drops: that which falls in drops: the 
 edge of a roof. [A.S.drypan. Drop and 
 Drip are from the same root.] 
 
 DRIPPING, drip'ing, n. that which falls in 
 drops, as ifat from meat in roasting. 
 
 DRrV'E, driv, v.t. to force along : to hurry 
 one on : to guide, as horses drawing a 
 carriage. — v.i. to press forward with 
 violence : to be forced along : to go in a 
 carriage : to tend towards a point : — Jir.p. 
 driv'ing ; jm.t. drove ; pa.p. driv'en. — n. 
 an excursion in a carriage : a road for 
 driving on : a strong- or sweeping blow or 
 impulsion : a matrix formed by a steel 
 punch or die. — n. Driv'er. [A.S. drifan, 
 to drive ; Ger. treiben, to push.] 
 
 DRIVEL, driv'l, v.i. to slaver or let spittle 
 dribble, like a child : to be foolish : to 
 speak like an idiot : — pr.p. driv'elling ; 
 pa.p. driv'elled. — n. slaver : nonsense. — 
 n. Driv'eller, a fool. [A form of Drib- 
 ble.] 
 
 DRIZZLE, driz'l, v.i. to rain in small drops. 
 — n. a small, light rain. — adj. Drizz'ly. 
 [Freq. of M.E. dreosen, A.S. dreosan, to 
 fall.] 
 
 DROLL, drol, adj. odd: amusing: laugh- 
 able. — n. one who excites mirth : a jester. 
 — v.i. to practice drollery : to jest. — adj. 
 Droll'ISH, somewhat droll. — n. Droll'- 
 ERY. [Fr. drole : from the Tent., a-s in 
 Dut. and Ger. drollig. funnv.] 
 
 DROM^OGNATH.E. dro - nie - og'na - the, 
 n.pl. in Prof. Huxlej-'s classification of 
 birds, a sub-order of the Carinatas (or 
 
 birds having the sternum w^ith a keel), in- 
 cluding but one family, the Tinamidse or 
 tinamous. [See Tinamoc.] In this sub- 
 order the bones of the upper jaw or skull 
 are like what they are in the strutliious 
 or swift-footed birds, as the ostrich. [Gr. 
 dromaios. swift, and gnathos, jaw.] 
 
 DROMEDARY, drum'e-dar-i,)!. the Arabian 
 camel, which has one hump on its back ; 
 so named from its speed. [Low L. drome- 
 darius, from Gr. dramas, dromados. run- 
 ning — root drem, to run.] 
 
 DRONE, dron, n. the male of the honey- 
 bee : one who lives on the labor of 
 others, like the drone-bee : a lazy, idle 
 fellow. [A.S. dran, the bee ; Dut. and 
 Ger. drone. Sans, driina, Gr. anthrene, 
 Dan. drone, din, a rumbling noise.] 
 
 DRONE, dron, v.i. to make a low humming 
 sound. 
 
 DRONE, dron. n. the largest tube of the 
 bagpipe. [Fi-om the sound.] 
 
 DRONISH, dron'ish, adj. like a drone : 
 laz;s', idle. — adv. Dron'ishly. — ji. Drox- 
 ishness. 
 
 DROOP, droop, v.i. to sink or hang down : 
 to grow weak or faint : to decline. — n. 
 the act of drooping or of falling or hang- 
 ing down : a drooping position or state : 
 as, the droop of the eye, of a veil, or the 
 like. [A form of DROP.] 
 
 DROP, drop, n. a small particle of liquid 
 which falls at one time : a very small 
 quantity of liquid : anything hanging 
 like a drop : anything arranged to drop. 
 — n. Drop'let, a little drop. [A.S. 
 dropa, a drop ; Dut. drop.] 
 
 DROP, drop, v.i. to fall in small particles : 
 to let drops fall : to fall suddenly : to 
 come to an end : to fall or sink lower. — 
 v.t. to let fall in drops : to let fall : to 
 let go, or dismiss : to utter casually : l > > 
 lower : — pr.2}. dropp'ing ; pa.p. dropped 
 [A.S. dropian — dropa; Ger. tropfen 
 akin to triefen, to drop, to trickle.] 
 
 DROP-LIGHT, drop'-lit, »i. a contrivan. - 
 for bringing down an artificial light into 
 such a position as may be most conven- 
 ient for reading, working, etc., as, for ex- 
 ample, a stand for a gas-burner to be 
 placed on a table, and connected by an 
 elastic tube with the gas-pipe. E. H. 
 Knight. 
 
 DROP-RIPE, drop'-rip, adj. so ripe as to 
 be ready to drop from the tree. - - The 
 fruit was now drop-ripe we may say, and 
 fell by a shake." — Carlyle. 
 
 DROPSICAL, drop'sik-al, adj. pertaining 
 to, resembling, or affected with dropsy. 
 — n. Drop'sicalness. 
 
 DROPSY, drop'si. n. an unnatural collec- 
 tion of irater in any part of the body. 
 [Corr. from hydropsy — Fi-. hydropisie— 
 L. hydropisis — Gr. hydrops — hydor. 
 water.] 
 
 DROSKY, dros'ki, n. a low four-wheeled 
 open carriage, much used in Russia. 
 [Russ. drojki.] 
 
 DROSS, dros, n. the scum which metals 
 throw off when melting : waste matter : 
 refuse : rust. [A.S. dros, from dreosan, 
 to fall : Ger. dnise, ore decayed by the 
 weather.] 
 
 DROSSY, dros'i, adj. like dross : impure : 
 worthless.— )i. Dross'iness. 
 
 DROUGHT, drowt, ?;., dryness: want of 
 rain or of water : thirst. [A.S. drugoth. 
 drvness — dryge. ] 
 
 DROUGHTY, drowt'i, adj. full of drought : 
 very dry : wanting rain, thirsty. — n 
 Drought'iness. 
 
 DROUTH, drowth, n. same as DROUGHT. 
 
 DROVE, drov, pa.t. of Drive. 
 
 DROVE, drov. n. a number of cattle, or 
 other animals, driven. 
 
 DROVER, drov'er, n. one who drive.<i cat- 
 tle : in U.S. a cattle dealer.
 
 DROWN 
 
 IIT 
 
 DUB 
 
 DROWN, drown, v.t. to drench or sink in 
 water : to kill by placing- under water : 
 to overpower : to extinguisli. — v.i. to be 
 suffocated in water. [A.S. druncnian, 
 to drown — druncen, pa.p. of drincen. to 
 drink. See Drench.] 
 
 DROAVSE, drowz. v.i. to nod the head, as 
 wlien heavy with sleep : to loolv lieavy 
 and dull. — v.t. to make heavy with sleep: 
 to stupefy. [A.S. drusian, to be slug- 
 jrish : Dut. droosen, to fall asleep.] 
 
 DROWSY, drowz'i, adj., sleepy: heavy: 
 dull. — adv. Drows'ily. — n. Drovts'iness. 
 
 DRUB, drub, v.t. to strike: to beat or 
 thrash: — pr.p. drubb'ing; pa.j). drubbed'. 
 — n. a blow. [Prov. E. drab, from A.S. 
 drepan ; Ice. drep.'] 
 
 DRUDGE, druj, v.i. to work hard: to do 
 very mean work. — n. one who works 
 hard : a slave : a menial servant. — adv. 
 Drudg'ingly. [Perh. Celt, as in Ir. 
 drugaire. a druda^e.] 
 
 DRUDGERY, druj"'er-i, ?i. the work of a 
 drudge : hard or humble labor. 
 
 DRUG, drug-, /;. any substance used in 
 medicine, or in dyeing : an article that 
 sells slowly, like medicines. — v.t. to mb: 
 or season witli drugs : to dose to excess. 
 — v.i. to prescribe drugs or medicines : — 
 pr.p. drugg'in"- ; pa.p. drugged'. [Fr. 
 drogue, from iJut. droog, dry ; as if ap- 
 plied orig. to dried herbs. See Dry.] 
 
 DRUGiGET, drug'et, n. a coarse woollen 
 cloth, used as a protection for carpets. 
 [Fr. droguet, dim. of drogue, drug, 
 trasli.] 
 
 DRUGGIST, drug'ist, ti. one who deals in 
 drugs. 
 
 DRUID, droo'id, n. a priest among the an- 
 cient Celts of Britain, Gaul, and Ger- 
 many, who worsliipped unAev oak-trees.— 
 fern. Dru'idess. — adj. Druid'ical. [Gael. 
 druidh, W. denvydd : Littre accepts the 
 ety. from Celt. deru\ an oak, which is 
 from the same root as Gr. drys, an oak.] 
 
 DRUIDISM, droo'id-izm, n. the doctrines 
 which the Druids taught : the ceremonies 
 they practiced. 
 
 DRUM, drum, n. a Celtic word signifying a 
 round knoll, a ridge, a small hill. It en- 
 ters into the composition of many place- 
 names, especially in Ireland and Scot- 
 land, as Z>r!t»tcondra, i)r(o/«glass, Drum- 
 sheugh, Dru mla.nr\g, Drumoak. and is 
 frequentl}' found alone as tlie name of a 
 farm, estate. Tillage, unit the like. 
 
 DRUM, drum. n. a cylindrical musical in- 
 strument : anything shaped like a drum: 
 the tympanum or middle portion of the 
 ear : (arch.) the upriglit part of a cupola: 
 imech.) a revolving cylinder: the name 
 formerly given to a fasliionable and 
 crowded evening party in England, at 
 which card-playing appears to have been 
 the chief attraction : a rout. Tlie more 
 riotous of such assemblies were styled 
 drum-majors. " Not unaptly styled a 
 drum, from the noise and emptiness of 
 the entertainment." — Smollett. " Thev 
 were all three to go together to tlie 
 opera, and thence to Lady Tlionias 
 Hatchet's drum." — Fielding. "[Perh. E.; 
 from a Teut. root found in Dut. from, 
 Ger. trommel, a drum : an imitative 
 word.] 
 
 DRUM, drum, v.i. to beat a drum : to beat 
 with the fingers. — v.t. to drum out, to ex- 
 pel : — i)r.2i- drumm'ing ; pa.p. drummed'. 
 —n. Drumm'er. 
 
 DRUM-FISH, drum'-fisli, n. the popular 
 name of a genus of fishes (Pogonias), some 
 of the species of which occur off the 
 coast of Georgia and Florida. They grow 
 to a great size, some of them weighing 
 above 100 lbs., aud have their name from 
 the extraordinarv noise tliev are said to 
 
 make under water. Called for the same 
 reason GRUNTS. 
 DRUMHEAD, drum'hed, n. the head of a 
 drum : the top part of a capstan : a va- 
 riety of cabbage having a large, rounded, 
 or flattened head. — Drumhead coutct- 
 MARTiAl-, a court-martial called suddenly, 
 or on the field. 
 DRUM-MAJOR, drum'-ma'jer, n. the major 
 
 or chief drummer of a regiment. 
 DRUMMER, drura'er, u. one whose office is 
 to beat the drum in military exercises 
 and marching : one who drums : one who 
 solicits custom : a name given in the 
 West Indies to the Blatfa gigantea, an 
 insect which, in old frame and deal 
 houses, has the power of making a noise 
 at night, by knocking its head against 
 the wood. The sound vei-y raucli i-e- 
 sembles a prettj- smart knocking with 
 the knuckle upon the wainscoting. 
 DRUMMOND LIGHT, drum'moud lit, n. 
 a very intense light produced by turning 
 two streams of gas, one of oxygen and 
 the other of hydrogen, in a'state of 
 ignition, upon a ball of lime. This light 
 was proposed by Capt. Drummoud to be 
 employed in lighthouses. Another light, 
 previously obtained by the same gen- 
 tleman, was employed in geodetical sur- 
 veys when it was required to observe the 
 angles subtended between distant sta- 
 tions at night. The light was produced 
 by placing a ball or dish of lime in the 
 focus of a parabohc mirror at the station 
 to be rendered visible, and directing upon 
 it. throug-h a flame arising- from alcohol, 
 a stream of oxygen gas. Called also 
 OxYCALCiuM Light. Lime-ball Light, 
 Lime Light. [From Capt. Drummond.] 
 DRUM-ROOM, drum'-rom, n. the room 
 where a drum or crowded evening party 
 was held. Fielding. [See Drum.] 
 DRUMSTICK, drum'stik. v. the stick with 
 
 which the drum is beat. 
 DRUNK, drungk, pa.jj. of Drink. [In 
 compound tenses drank is frequently 
 used for drunk, the past participle of 
 to drink. "Make known how he hath 
 drank." " You all have drank of Circe's 
 cup."Shak. "Thrice have I drank of 
 it."— Byron. The older forms of drank, 
 drunk, and drunken are dronk and 
 dronken.'] 
 DRUNK, drungl-, adj. intoxicated : satu- 
 rated. 
 DRUNKARD, drungk'ard, n. one who fre- 
 quently drinks to excess. 
 DRUNKEN, drungk'n, adj. given to ex- 
 ces.sive drinking : resulting from intoxi- 
 cation. 
 DRUNKENNESS, drunglc'n-nes, n. excess- 
 ive drinking, intoxication : habitual in- 
 temperance. 
 DRUPACEOUS, droo-pa'shus, adj. produc- 
 ing or pertaining to drupes or stone- 
 fruits. 
 DRUPE, droop, n. a fleshy fruit containing 
 a stone, as the plum, etc. [Fr. — L. drupa 
 — Gr. druppa, an over-ripe olive, from 
 drys, a tree, andpe;}^), to cook, to ripen.] 
 DRUSES, droo'zez, n.jil. a curious peojile 
 of mixed Syrian and Arabian origin, in- 
 habiting the mountains of Lebanon and 
 Antilebanon, in whose faith are combined 
 the doctrines of the Pentateuch, part of 
 the tenets of Christianity, the teachings 
 of the Koran, and the Sufi allegories ; 
 they describe themselves as Unitarians 
 and followers of Khalif Hakim-Biamr 
 Allah, whom they regard as an incar- 
 nation of deity, the last prophet and the 
 founder of the true religion. They are 
 nearly all taught to read and write'; but 
 are exceedins-lv tnrliulent. their conflicts 
 with their neighbors the Maronites hav- 
 
 ing often caused much trouble to the 
 Turkish government. 
 
 DRY. dri, adj. free from moisture : deficient 
 in moisture : without sap : not green : 
 not giving milk : thirsty : uninteresting : 
 frig-id, precise. — Dry wines, those in 
 which the saccharine matter and the fer- 
 ment are so exactly balanced that they 
 have mutually decomposed each other 
 and no sweetness is perceptible. Bur- 
 gundy and port are of this nature, and 
 dry wines generally are considered the 
 most perfect class, and are opposed to the 
 su-eet wines. — adv. Dry'ly or Dri'ly.— 
 n. Dry'ness. [A.S. dryge ; Dut. droog, cf. 
 Ger. trocken.l 
 
 DRY, dri, v.t. to free from water or moist- 
 ure : to exhaust.— r.i. to become dry : to 
 become free from juice : to evaporate 
 entirely :— pep. dry'ing ; pa.p. dried'. 
 — n. Dri'er. 
 
 DRYAD, dri'ad. n. (Greek myth.) a nymph 
 of the woods. [Gr. dryades, pi., from drys, 
 a tree.] 
 
 DRY-GOODS, dri'-goodz. n.pl. drapery, 
 etc., as distinguished from groceries. 
 
 DRY-NURSE, dri'-nurs, n. a nurse who 
 feeds a child without milk from the breast. 
 
 DRY-ROT, drl'-rot. n. a decay of timber, 
 caused by fungi which reduce it to a dry, 
 brittle mass. 
 
 DRYSALTER, dri-sawlt'er. n. a dealer in 
 salted or dry meats, pickles, etc. : or in 
 gums, dves, drugs, etc. 
 
 DRYSALTERY, dri-sawlt'er-i, n. the arti- 
 cles kept by a drysalter : the business of 
 a drysalter. 
 
 DUAL, du'al, ad/, consisting of tico. [L., 
 from duo, two.] 
 
 DUALISM, du'al-izm, n. the doctrine of 
 tiro gods, one good, the other evil : the 
 dividing into two : a twofold division : a 
 sj'stem founded on a double principle. 
 "An inevitable dualism bisects nature, 
 so that each thing is a half, and suggests 
 another to make it whole : as spirit, mat- 
 ter ; man, woman ; subjective, objective; 
 in, out ; upper, under ; motion, rest ; 
 yea, nay. . . . The same dualism under- 
 lies the nature and condition of man." — 
 Emerson. Hence— («) the philosophical 
 exposition of the nature of things by the 
 adoption of two dissimilar primitive 
 principles not derived from each other. 
 Dualism is chiefly confined to the adop- 
 tion of two fundamental beings, a good 
 and an evil one. as is done in the oriental 
 religions, and to the adoption of two dif- 
 ferent principles in man, viz. a spiritual 
 and a corporeal principle, {b) In tlieol. 
 the doctrine of those who maintain that 
 only certain elected jjersons are capable 
 of admission to eternal happine.ss, and 
 that all the rest will be subjected to 
 eternal condemnation, (e) Met. the doc- 
 trine of tho.se who maintain the exist- 
 enc-e of spirit and mutter as distinct 
 substances, in opposition to idealism, 
 which maintains we have no knowledge 
 or assiu-ant-e of the existence of any- 
 thing but our own ideas or sensations. 
 Dualism may correspond \\ ith realism in 
 maintaining that our ideas of things 
 are true tr;in.scripts of the originals or 
 rather of the qualities inherent in them, 
 the spirit acting as a mirror and reflect- 
 ing their trvie images, or it may hold 
 that, although produced by outward ob- 
 jects, we have no ;ussurance that in real- 
 ity these at all correspond to oui- ideas of 
 them, or even that they produce the 
 same idea in two different minds. 
 DUALIST, du'al-ist, n. a believer in dual- 
 ism. 
 DUALITY, du-ul'it-i, v., doubleness : state 
 
 of being double. 
 DUB. dub. v.t. to confer knighthood by
 
 DUBIETY 
 
 lis 
 
 DUMP 
 
 striking the shoulder with a sword : to 
 confer any dignity- : — j»:p. dubb'ing ; 
 pa.p. dubbed'. [From a Teut. root, seen 
 in A.S. dtibban. Ice. dubba, to strike ; 
 akin to Dab.] 
 
 DUBIETY, du-bi'e-ti, n. doubtfulness. 
 
 DUBIOUS, du'bi-us, adj., doubtful: unde- 
 termined : causing doubt : of uncertain 
 event or issue. — adv. Dc'BIorsLT. — n. 
 Du'biocskess. [L. dubius, from dtto, 
 two. See DotJBT.l 
 
 l»UCAL. duk'al, adj. pertaining to a duke 
 or dukedom. 
 
 DUCAT, duk'al, re. (orig.) a coin struck by 
 a duke : a coin worth, when silver. $1.10, 
 gold standard ; when gold, twice as 
 much. [Fr. ducat — It. ducato—liow L. 
 ducatus, a duchy— du.T, a leader. See 
 
 DUKE.l 
 
 DUCHESS, duch'es, n. the consort or widow 
 of a duke : a lady who possesses a duchy 
 in her own right. [Fr. duchesse — due — 
 
 DUCHN,' buKH>r, doo'khn, n. a Idnd of 
 millet {Pennisetum typhoideum or Rolens 
 gpicatiis), many varieties of which are 
 cultivated in Egypt, and to some extent 
 in Spain, as a grain plant. It is also used 
 in the preparation of a Icind of beer. 
 DUCHY, duch'i, n. the territory of a duke, 
 
 a dukedom. [Fr. duche — due.] 
 DUCK, duk,. )>. a kind of coarse cloth for 
 small sails, sacking, etc. [Dut. dock, 
 linen cloth ; Ger. tuch.] 
 DUCK, duk, v.t. to dip for a moment in 
 water. — v.i. to dip or dive : to lower the 
 head suddenly. — n. the name common to 
 all the fowls constituting the Linnasan 
 genus Anas, now raised into a sub-family 
 Anatinje, and bj* some naturalists divided 
 into two sub-families Anatinas and Fuli- 
 gulLnje, or land-ducks and sea-ducks. 
 Tlie common mallard or wild-duck (Anas 
 Boschas) is the original of our domestic 
 duck. In its wild state the male is 
 characterized by the deep gi'een of the 
 plumage of the head and neck, by a white 
 collar separating the green from the dark 
 chestnut of the lower part of the neck, 
 and by having the four middle feathers 
 of the tail recurved. The wild-duck is 
 taken in large quantities by decoys and 
 other means, in Lincolnshire, England, 
 and Picardy, France. Some tame ducks 
 have nearly the same plumage as the 
 wild ones ;' ethers vary greatly, being 
 generally duUer, but all the males have 
 the four recurved tail - feathers. The 
 most obvious distinction between the 
 tame and wild ducks lies in the color of 
 their feet, tliose of the tame being black, 
 and of the \vild yellow : a dipping or 
 stooping of the head : a pet, darling. 
 [E. ; from a root found also in Low Ger. 
 (lucken, Dut. duiken, to stoop ; Ger. 
 tauchen, to dip, tauch-entc, tlie duck. 
 Dip. Dive, Dove, are parallel forms.] 
 
 DUCKING -STOOL, duk'ing- stool, n. a 
 stool or chair in which scolds were for- 
 merly tied and ducked in the water as a 
 punishment. 
 
 DL'CKLIXG, dukling. ?i. a young duck. 
 
 DUCT. dukt. )i. a tube conveying fluids in 
 animal bodies or plants. [L. ductus — 
 duco. to lead.] 
 
 OUCTILE, duVtil, adj. easily led : yielding: 
 capable of being drawn out into \\-ires or 
 threads. [L. ductilis — dtico, ductus, to 
 lead.] 
 
 DUCTILITY, duk-til'i-ti, li. capacity of 
 being drduii out without breaking. 
 
 DUDGEOX, duj'un, n. resentment: grudge. 
 
 [AV. dygen. anger.] 
 DUD ■■ 
 
 TDGEOX, duj'un, n. the haft of a dagger: 
 a small dagger. [Ety. unknown.] 
 DLT:, dii, adj., owed: that ought to he paid 
 or done to another : proper : appointed. 
 
 — adv. exactly : directlj'. — n. that which 
 is owed : wliat one has a right to : per- 
 quisite : fee or tribute. [Fr. du, pa.p. of 
 devoir, L. debeo, to owe.] 
 DUEL, du'el, n. a combat between two 
 persons : single combat to decide a quar- 
 rel. — v.i. to fight in single combat: — pr.p. 
 du'elling ; pa.p. du'elled. — n. Du'elleb 
 or Du'ELLlST. [It. duello, from L. du- 
 ellum, the orig. form of bellum—duo, 
 two.] 
 DUELLING, dQ'el-ing, n. fighting in a 
 duel: the practice of fighting in single 
 combat. 
 DUELSOME, du'el-sum, adj. inclined or 
 given to duelling : eag'er or ready to 
 fight duels. (Rare.) "Incorrig:ibly (Z»eZ- 
 some on his own account, he is for 
 others the most acute and peaceable 
 counsellor in the world." — Tliaekeray. 
 DUENNA, du-en'na, n. the chief lady in 
 waiting on the Queen of Spain : an 
 elderly female, holding a middle station 
 between a governess and companion, 
 appointed to take charge of the younger 
 female members of Spanish and Portu- 
 guese faniihes : an old woman who is 
 kept to guard a yoimger : a governess. 
 " I bribed her duenna.'' — Arbuthnot. [Sp. 
 duenna, dueila, a form of dona, fem. of 
 don, and a contr. from L. domina, a 
 mistress.] 
 DUET, du-et'. DUETTO, du-et'o, n. a piece 
 of mvisic for two. [It. duetto — L. duo, 
 two.] 
 DUETTINO, du-et-te'no, n. in music, a 
 short duet or composition for two voices 
 or instruments. [It.] 
 DUFFEL, duf'l, n. a thick, coarse woollen 
 cloth, with a nap. [Pi'ob. from Duffel, 
 a town in Belgium.] 
 DUG, dug, n. the nipple of the pap, esp. 
 applied to that of a cow or other beast. 
 [Cf. Sw. diigga, Dan. diigge, to suckle a 
 child. See Dairy.] 
 DUG, dug, jja.f. and pa.p. of Dig. 
 DUGONG, du-gong', n. a kind of herb- 
 eating whale, from 8 to 20 feet long, 
 found in Indian seas. The fable of the 
 mermaid is said to be founded on this 
 animal. [JIalavan diiyong.] 
 DUKE, duk, n. {tit.) a leader, (B.) a chief- 
 tain : the highest order of English nobil- 
 ity next below the Prince of Wales : (on 
 the continent) a sovereign prince. [Fr. 
 due — L. dux, duds, a leader — duco. to 
 lead ; akin to A.S. teohan (see Tow), Ger. 
 Ziehen, to draw or lead ; A.S. heretoga, 
 army-leader. Ger. herzog, now=E. duke.} 
 DUKEDOM, duk'dum, n. the title, rank or 
 territories of a duke. [Duke, and A.S. 
 dom, dominion.] 
 DUKHOBORTSI, diik-h5-bort'si, n.pl. a 
 sect of Russian fanatics, remarkable for 
 their fine form and vigorous constitution, 
 which are said to be due to the fact that 
 they destroy every delicate chQd. In 
 ISi'Z and following years most of the 
 sect were transported to the Cauc-asus. 
 DULCET, duls'et, adj., sweet to the taste, 
 or to the ear : melodious, harmonious. 
 [Old Fr. dolecf, dim. of dols=^lou.c — L. 
 dulcis. sweet.] 
 DULCIFLUOUS, dul-sif'loo-us. adj., Row- 
 ing sweetly. [L. dalcis, and Jluo, to flow.] 
 DULCIMER, dul'si-mer, n. one of tlie most 
 ancient musical instrmnents used in al- 
 most all parts of the world. The modern 
 instrument consists of a shallow trape- 
 zium-shaped box without a top, across 
 which mns a series of wires, tunetl by 
 pegs at the sides, and played on by being 
 struck by two cork-headed hammers. It 
 is in much less common use in Europe 
 now than it was a century or two ago, 
 and is interesting chiefly as being the 
 prototype of the piano. It is still, how- 
 
 ever, occasionally to be met with on the 
 Continent at rustic rejoicings, and in 
 England in the hands of street musicians. 
 In Asia it is especially used by the Arabs 
 and Persians, as well as by the Chinese 
 and Japanese, with, however. gre:it 
 modifications in structure and arrange- 
 ments. The ancient ea.stern dulcimer, 
 as represented in Assyrian bas-reliefs, 
 seems to have differed from the modern 
 instrument in being carried before the 
 player by a belt over the shoulder, in the 
 strings running from top to bottom, as 
 in the violin, and in being played by one 
 plectrum, the left hand being apparently 
 employed either to twang the strings or 
 to check vibration. The Hebrew psaltery 
 is supposed to have been a variety of the 
 dulcimer. [It. doleimello, from aolce, L. 
 dulcis, sweet.] 
 
 DULL, dul, adj. slow of hearing, of learn- 
 ing, or of understanding : insensible : 
 without life or spirit : slow of motion : 
 drowsy : sleepy : sad : downcast : cheer- 
 less : not bright or clear : cloudy : dim, 
 obscure : obtuse : blunt : — (comm.) little 
 in demand.— ndr. Dul'ly. — n. Dtnx'SESS 
 or Dcl'n'ess. [A.S. diral. dol — dwelan, 
 to lea<l astray ; IXit. dol, mad — dolen, to 
 wander, to rave ; Ger. toll, mad.] 
 
 DULL, dul, v.t. to make dull : to make 
 stupid : to bhmt : to damp : to cloud. — 
 t\i. to become dull. 
 
 DULLARD, diil'ard, n. a dull and stupid 
 person : a dunce. 
 
 DULL-vSIGHTED. dul'-sit'ed, at^j. having 
 dull or weak sight. 
 
 DULL-WITTED, dul'-wit'ed, adj. not 
 smart : heavj'. 
 
 DULLY, dul'i, adj. somewhat duU. 
 
 Far off she seemed to hear the dtiUy sound 
 Of human footsteps fall.— Te>mi/»on. 
 
 DULSE, duls, n. a kind of sea-weed belong 
 ing to the sub-order Ceramiaeeje, the Rim 
 domenia palmata. used in some parts ot 
 Scotland as an edible. It has a reddish- 
 brown, or purple, leathery, veinless 
 frond, several inches long, and is found 
 at low water adhering to the rocks. It 
 is an important plant to the Icelanders, 
 and is stored by them in casks to be 
 eaten with fish. " In Kamtchatka. a fer- 
 mented liquor is made from it. [Gael. 
 duilliasg. Ir. duileasg, dulse.] 
 
 DULY. du'U, adv. properly : fitly : at the 
 proper time. 
 
 DUMB. dum. adj. without the power of 
 speech: silent: soundless. — n. DUMB'NESS. 
 [A.S. dumb ; Ger. dumm, stupid, Dut. 
 dom.] 
 
 DUMB-BELLS, dum'-belz, n.pl. weights 
 swung m tlie hands for exercise. 
 
 DUMB-XSHOW. dum'-sho, n. gesture with- 
 out words : pantomime. 
 
 DUMFOUND, dum'fownd. v.t. to strike 
 dumb : to confuse greatly. 
 
 DUMMY, dimi'i, n. one who is dumb: a 
 sham package in a shop : the fourth <ii 
 exposed hand wlien three persons play 
 at whist : a locomotive, furnished with 
 condensing engines, and hence without 
 the noise of escaping steam : the name 
 given by firemen to the jets from the 
 mains, or chief water-pipes : a hatter's 
 pressing iron : a person on the stage who 
 appears before the lights, but has noth • 
 ing to say. 
 
 DUSiP, dump, ?i. a dull gloomy state of 
 the mind : sadness : melancholy : sorrow : 
 heaviness of heart. 
 
 March slowly on in solemn dump. — Hvdibras. 
 In this sense generally use<l in the plural, 
 and now only wlien a ludicrous sense is 
 intended. "Why, how now, daug-hter 
 Katherine? In your dumps." — Shak. 
 "A ludicrous, coarse, or vulgar use of a
 
 DUMPISH 
 
 119 
 
 DUTCH 
 
 word brings it into disuse in elegant dis- 
 course. In tlie great ballad of Chevy- 
 Chase a noble warrior, whose legs are 
 hewn off, is described as being ' in doleful 
 dum^s.' Holland's translation of Livy 
 represents the Romans as being ' in the 
 dtimpx' after the battle of Cannre. It 
 was in elegant use then." — Trench. 
 [From the root of dttmb (which see). It is 
 allied to damp, Ger. damp/, steam, vapor. 
 Cf. dumps, melancholy, with vapors in 
 the sense of nervousness or depression.] 
 
 DUMPISH, dump'ish, adj. given to dnmps : 
 depressed in spirits. — adv. Dump'ishly. 
 — n. Dnip'iSHN'ESS. 
 
 DUMPLING, dumpling, n. a kind of thick 
 pudding or mass of paste. [Dim. of dump, 
 in DuMPT.] 
 
 DUMPS, dumps, n.p}., dullnrss or gloomi- 
 ness of mind : ill-humor. [From a Teut. 
 root, seen in Sw. diimpin, Gler. dumpf, 
 gloomy, E. Damp.] 
 
 DUMPY, dump'i, adj. short and thick. 
 [From a prov. form dump, a clumsy 
 piece.] 
 
 DTjN, dun, adj. of a dark color, partly 
 browii and black. [A.S. dun — ^W. dwn, 
 duskv, Gael. don. brown.] 
 
 DUN, clun, v.t. to demand a debt with din 
 or noise : to urge for payment : — pr.p. 
 dunn'ing ; pa.p>. dunned'. — )). one who 
 duns ; a demand for payment. [A.S. 
 dynnan. Ice. dynia, to make a noise, to 
 clamor.] 
 
 DUNCE, duns. n. one slow at learning : a 
 stupid person. — adjs. Dunc'ish, Ddnce'- 
 LIKE. [Duns (Seotus), the leader of the 
 schoolmen, from him called Dunses, who 
 opposed classical studies on the revival 
 of learning : hence any opposer of learn- 
 ing. Duns Seotus was a native of Duns 
 in Berwickshire, or of Dunston in North- 
 umberland, whence his name.] 
 
 OUNE. dun, n. a low hill of sand on the 
 sea-shore. [An earlier form of Down, a 
 hill.] 
 
 DUNG, dung, n. the excrement of animals: 
 refuse litter mixed with excrement. — v.t. 
 to manure with dung. — v.i. to void ex- 
 crement. — adj. DuNO'Y. [A.S. dung ; 
 Ger. dung, diinger.] 
 
 DUNGEON, uun'jun, n. (orig.) the princi- 
 pal tower of a castle : a -lose, dark 
 f)rison : a cell under ground. [A doub- 
 et of DoNiON.] 
 
 DUNGHILL, dung'hil, n. a hill or heap of 
 dung : any mean situation. 
 
 DUNGr/All, doon-ge'ya. n. a coasting 
 vessel met with in the Persian Gulf, on 
 the coasts of Arabia, and especially in 
 the Gulf of Cutoh. The dungiyahs sail 
 by the monsoon, and arrive often in 
 large companies at Muscat, celebrating 
 their safe arrival with salvos of artillery, 
 music, and flags. They have generally 
 one mast, frequently longer than the ves- 
 sel ; and are difficult to navigate. They 
 are alleged to be the oldest kind of ves- 
 sels in the Indian seas, dating as far 
 back as the expedition of Alexander. 
 
 DUNRVASSAL, doon-i-was'sal. n. a gen- 
 tleman : especiall}% a gentleman of sec- 
 ondary rank among the Highlanders : a 
 cadet of a family of rank. Sir W. Scott. 
 [Gael, dnine nasal, from duine, a man, 
 and nasal, gentle.] 
 
 DUNKER, dung'ker, n. a member of a sect 
 of Baptists originating in Philadelphia. 
 "Written also TuNKER (which see). 
 
 DUNLIN, dun'lin, n. a bird (Tringa varia- 
 bilis), a species of sandpiper, occurring 
 in vast flocks along s.andy sea-shores. 
 It is about 8 inches in length from the 
 point of the bill to the extremity of the 
 tail, and its plumage undergoes marked 
 variations in summer an(i winter, the 
 back passing from black with reddi.sh 
 
 edges to each feather, to an ashen gray, 
 and the breast from mottled black to 
 pure white. Called also STINT, Ptere, 
 Ox-bird, etc. [Perhaps from dune with 
 dim. termination -/jwff.- orfromdun, adj.] 
 
 DUNNI.SH, dun'ish, adj. somewhat dun. 
 
 DUO. du'o, n. a song in two parts. [L. duo, 
 two.] 
 
 DUODECENNIAL, du-o-de-sen'i-al, adj. 
 occurring every tu-elve years. [L. duo- 
 decim. twelve, and annus, a year.] 
 
 DUODECIMAL, du-o-des'i-mal, adj. com- 
 puted by twelves: twelfth: — pi. a rule of 
 arithmetic in which the denominations 
 rise by twelve. [L. duodeeim, twelve — 
 duo. two, and decern, ten.] 
 
 DUODECIMO, dfl-o-des'i-mo, adj. formed 
 of sheets folded so as to make twelve 
 leaves. — ». a book of such sheets — usually 
 written 13mo. 
 
 DUODECUPLE, du-o-dek'u-pl, adj., 
 twelvefold: consisting of twelve. [L. 
 duodeeim, plico, to fofd.] 
 
 DUODENUSr, du-o-de'num, n. the first por- 
 tion of the small intestines, so called be- 
 cause about tweh'e fingers' breadth in 
 length. — adj. Duode'nal. [L. duodeni, 
 twelve each.] 
 
 DUP, dup, v.t. (ohs.) to undo a door. [From 
 Do and Up. Cf. Don and Doff.] 
 
 DUPE, dup, n. one easily cheated : one who 
 is deceived or misled. — v.t. to deceive : to 
 trick. — adj. Dup'able. [Fr. dupe; of 
 uncertain origin.] 
 
 DUPLE, du'pl, adj., double: twofold. [L. 
 duple,v, duplicis, twofold, from duo, two, 
 and p/ico. to fold. Cf. Complex.] 
 
 DUPLICATE, du'pilk-at, adj.. double: 
 twofold. — n. another thing of the same 
 kind: a copy or transcript. "Duplicates 
 of despatches and of important letters are 
 frequently sent by another conveyance, 
 as a precaution against the risk of their 
 miscarriage. The copy which first reaches 
 its destination is treated as an original." 
 — Wharton. " In theca.se of mutual con- 
 tracts, such as leases, contracts of mar- 
 riage, copaitnership, and the like, dupli- 
 cates of the deed are frequentlv prepared, 
 each of which is signed by all the con- 
 tracting parties ; and, where this is done, 
 the parties are bound if one of the dujjli- 
 eates are regularly executed, although 
 the others should be defective in the 
 necessary solemnities." — Bell. — i:t. to 
 double : to fold. — n. Dupuca'tion. [L. 
 duplico, dnplicatus — duple.r.] 
 
 DUPLICITY, du-plis'it-i, n., doubleness : 
 insincerity of heart or speech : deceit. 
 [L. duplicitas — duplex.] 
 
 DURABILITY, dur-a-birit-i, n. quality of 
 hcin^ durable : power of resisting decay. 
 
 DURABLE, dur'a-bl, adj. able to last or 
 endure : hardy : permanent. — adv. Dur'- 
 ABLY. — n. Ditr'ableness. [L. durobiUs 
 — duro. to last.] 
 
 DURA MATER, du'ra ma'ter, n. the outer 
 membrane of the brain : so named from 
 its hardness compared with the mem- 
 brane which lies under it, called pin 
 mater (pious mother), and which also 
 surrounds the brain. [Both these mem- 
 branes receive the name of mater (mo- 
 ther), from an old notion that they were 
 the mothers of all other membranes, or 
 because they protected the brain.] 
 
 DURAMEN, tiu-ra'men, n. the name given 
 by bot.'inists to the central wood or 
 heart-wood in the tr\mk of an exogenous 
 tree. It is moi-e solid than the newer 
 wood that surrounds it, from the forma- 
 tion of secondare' layers of cellulose in 
 the wood cells. 'Called by ship-carpen- 
 ters the Spine. 
 
 DURANCE, dur'ans, n.. continuance: im- 
 prisonment : dures.«. [L. durans, pr.p. of 
 duro.] 
 
 DURATION, du-rashun, n., continuance in 
 time: time indefinitely: power of con- 
 tinuance. [L. duratus, pa.p. of duro.] 
 
 DURBAR, dur'bar, n. an audience-cham- 
 ber : a reception or levee, esp. a recep- 
 tion of native princes held by the Vice- 
 roy of India. [Pers. dar-bar, a prince's 
 court, (lit.) a door of admittance.] 
 
 DURE, dur, v.i. (obs.) to endure, last, or 
 continue. [Fr. durer — L. duro — durus 
 hard.] 
 
 DURESS, dur'es, n. hardship: constraint: 
 
 Eressure : imprisonment : restraint of 
 berty. In law, duress is of two kinds : 
 duress of imprisonment, which is im- 
 prisonment or restraint of personal lib- 
 erty ; and duress by menaces or threats 
 (pel' minas), when a person is threatened 
 with loss of life or limb. Fear of battery 
 is no duress. Duress then is imprison- 
 ment or threats intended to compel a 
 person to do a legal act, as to execute a 
 deed or to commit an offence, in which 
 cases the act is voidable or excusable. 
 [O. Fr. duresse, hardship, distress, con- 
 straint, from L. duritia, harshness, hard- 
 ness, strictness, from durus, hard.] 
 
 DURING, dur'ing, prep, for the time a 
 thing lasts. [Orig. pr.p. of obs. Dure, to 
 last.] 
 
 DURMAST, der'mast, n. a species of oak 
 (Quercits scssiliflora, or according to some 
 Q. pubescens) so closely allied to the 
 common oak (Q. Robur) as to be reckoned 
 by some botanists only a varietj- of it. 
 Its wood is, however, darker, heavier, 
 and more elastic, less easy to split, not 
 so easy to break, yet the least difficult to 
 bend. It is highly valued, therefore, by 
 *.he builder and the cabinet-maker. 
 
 DURST, durst, pa.t. of Dare, to venture j 
 'A.S. dorste, pa.t. of dear, to dare.] f 
 
 DtTSK, dusk, a<ij. darkish : of a dark color i 
 — n. twilight: partial darkness: dark- 
 ness of color. — adi: Dusk'ly. — ?i. Dusk'- 
 NESS. [From an older form of A.S. deorc, 
 whence E. Dark ; cf. Sw. dusk, dull 
 weather.] 
 
 DUSKISn. dusk'isn, adj. rather dusky : 
 slightly dark or black.— orfr. Dusk'ishly: 
 — n. DrsK'iSHNESs. 
 
 DUSKY, dusk'i, adj. partially dark or 
 obscure : dark-coloi'ed : sad : gloom j'. — 
 adv. Dusk'ily. — n. Dcsk'iness. 
 
 DUST, dust, n. fine particles of anything 
 like sinoke or rxqior : powder : earth : 
 the grave, where the body becomes 
 dust : a mean condition. — v.t. f o free from 
 dust: to sprinkle with dust. [A.S.di'st; 
 Ger. dunst. vapor.] 
 
 DUST-BALL, dust'-bawl, ;j. a disease in 
 horses in which a ball sometimes as hard 
 as iron is formed in the intestinal canal 
 owing to overfeeding with corn and bar- 
 ley dust. Its presence is indicated by a 
 haggard countenance, a distressed eye, a 
 distended bellv. and hurried respiration. 
 
 DUSTER, dust'er, n. a cloth or brush for 
 removing dust. 
 
 DUSTY, diist'i. adj. covered or sprinkled 
 with dust : like dust. — n. Dust'iness. 
 
 DUTCH, duch, n. originally the Germanic 
 race : the Gferman peoples generally : 
 now only applied to the people of Hol- 
 land. "'The word comes from theod 
 people or nation ; each nation, of course 
 thinking itself the people or nation above 
 all others. And the opposite to Dutch i& 
 Welsh — that is, stninge. IVom irealh, a 
 stranger. In our forefathers' way of 
 speaking, whatever they could unaer- 
 .stand was Dutch, the tongue of the peo- 
 ple, whatever they could not luiderstand 
 they called Welsli. the tongue of the 
 stranger. ' All lands. Dutch and Welsh,' 
 is a common phrase to express the whole 
 world. This is the reason why, when
 
 DUTEOUS 
 
 120 
 
 EARL 
 
 Dur forefathei-s came into Britain, they 
 called the people whom they found on 
 the land the Welsh. For the same rea- 
 son, the Teutons on the Continent have 
 always called the Latin-speaking- nations 
 with whom thej' have had to do — Italian, 
 Pi-ovengal, and French — ^^'elsh. People 
 who know only the modern use of the 
 words might be puzzled if they turned 
 to some of the old Swiss chronicles, and 
 found the war between the Swiss and 
 Duke Charles of Burgundy always spoken 
 of as a war between the Dutch and the 
 Welsh. Any one who knows German will 
 be at once ready with instances of this 
 use of the word, sometimes meaning' 
 strange, or foreign in the general sense, 
 sometimes meaning- particularly French 
 or Itahan. The last case which I know 
 of the word being used in England in the 
 wide sense is in Sir Thomas Smith's book 
 on the Government of England, written 
 in the time of Queen Elizabeth, where he 
 speaks of ' such as be walsh and foreign,' 
 not meaning Britons m particular, but 
 any people whose tongue cannot be un- 
 derstood." — E.A.Freeman. [Ger. deutsch, 
 German ; O. Ger. diutisc, from diot, A.S. 
 theod, Goth, thiiid, people.] 
 DUTEOUS, dQ'te-us, adj. devoted to duty: 
 obedient. — adv. Dtj'teously. — n. Di/te- 
 
 OUSXESS. 
 
 DUTIFUL, du'ti-fool, adj. attentive to 
 duty: respectful : expressive of a sense 
 of dutj-.— adi'. Du'TlFXJLLY. — n. Dtj'tifcl- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 DUTY, du'ti, n. that which is due : what 
 one is bound by any obhgation to do : 
 obedience : mUitary service : respect or 
 regard : one's proper business : tax on 
 goods : in the U. S. applied to tax on im- 
 ports only. [Formed from O. Fr. deu 
 or due (mod. Fr. dU), and suffix -ty. See 
 
 DCE.] 
 
 DUUJIVIRATE, du-um'vi-rat, n. the union 
 of two men in the same office : a form of 
 government in ancient Rome. [L. duo, 
 two, and vir, a man.] 
 
 DWALE, dwal, n. {6of.) deadly nightshade, 
 which poisons, dulls, or stupefies : (her.) 
 a black color. [A.S. dwala, error, hence 
 stupefaction, from dwal or dol. See 
 DcLL and Dwell.] 
 
 DWARF, dwawrf, n. a general name for 
 an animal or plant which is much below 
 the ordinary size of the species or kind. 
 "When used alone it usually refers to the 
 human species, but sometimes to other 
 animals. When it is applied to plants, 
 it is more generally used in composition; 
 as. a dtcarf tree ; du-ar/-elder, dwarf- 
 palm. Among gardeners, dwarf is a 
 term employed to distinguish fruit- 
 trees whose branches proceed from close 
 to the ground, from riders, or standards, 
 whose original stocks are several feet in 
 height. [A.S. dwerg, dweorg, Dut. dwerg, 
 Sw. dwerg, dwerf. Low Ger. dwarf, a 
 dwarf.] 
 
 DWARFISH, dwawrf ish, ac(;'. like a dwarf: 
 very small : despicable. — adv. Dwakf'- 
 
 ISHLY. — n. DwaEF'ISHNESS. 
 
 DWELL, dwel, v.i. to abide in a place : to 
 inhabit : to rest the attention : to con- 
 tinue long :— pr.j3. dwell'ing ; pa.f. and 
 pa. p. dwelled' or dwelt.— ». Dwell'er. 
 [A.S. dwelan, to cause to wander, to de- 
 lay, from dwal or dol, the original form 
 of E. DcM..] 
 
 DWELLING, dwel'ing, n. the place where 
 one dwells : habitation : continuance. 
 
 DWINDLE, dwin'dl. v.i. to grow less : to 
 grow feeble : to become degenerate. — 
 v.t. to lessen. [Dim. of dwine, from A.S. 
 dwinan, to fade = Ice. dvina, Dan. tvine, 
 to pine away; akin to A.S. swindan. Ger. 
 schwinden. ' See Swoon.] 
 
 DWINDLEMEXT, dwin'dl-ment, n. the 
 act or state of dwindling, shrinking, or 
 diminishing. Mrs. Oliphant. 
 
 DYAS, dl'as, n. in geol. a term sometimes 
 applied to the Permian system from its 
 being divided into two principal g-roups. 
 [Gr., the number two, something com- 
 posed of two parts.] 
 
 DYAUS, dyows. n. in Hind. myth, one of 
 the elemental divinities of the Vedas, the 
 God of the bright sky, his name being 
 connected with that of the Greek Zeus 
 through the root dyu, to shine, and the 
 Latin Jupiter, which is merely I>yaus 
 piter or Zeus pater, father Dj^aus or Zeus. 
 He was especially the rain-god, or rather 
 primarily the sky from which rain falls. 
 He finally gave place to his son Indra. 
 
 DYE, dr. v.t. to stain : to give a new color 
 to:— pr.p. dye'ing; pa. p. dyed'. — n. color: 
 tinge : stain : a coloring liquid. [A.S. 
 deagan, to dye, from deag or deah, color.] 
 
 DYEING, dl'ing, n. the art or trade of col- 
 oring cloth, etc. 
 
 DYER, di'er, n. one whose trade is to dye 
 cloth, etc. 
 
 DYESTUFFS, dl'stufs, n.pl. material used 
 in dyeing. 
 
 DYING, dl'ing, pr.p. of Die. — adj. destined 
 for death, mortal: occurring immediately 
 before death, as dying words : support- 
 ing a dying person, as a dying bed : per- 
 taining to death. — n. death. [See Die, v.] 
 
 DYINGNESS. dl'ing-nes, n. a languishing 
 look : a die-away appearance. 
 Tenderness becomes me best, a sort of difingness. 
 
 — Coiigreve. 
 
 DYKE. Same as Dike. 
 
 DYNAinC, di-nam'ik, DYNAIHCAL. di- 
 nam'ik-al, adj. relating to force : relating 
 to the effects of forces in nature. — adv. 
 Dyuam'icallt. [Gr. dynamikos — dy- 
 namis, power — dynamai, to be able.] 
 
 DYNAIMICS, di-nam'iks, n.sing. the science 
 which investigates the action of force. 
 
 DYNAJIITE, din'a-mit, n. apowerful explo- 
 sive agent, consisting of absorbent mat- 
 ter, as porous silica, saturated with nitro- 
 glycerine. The object of the mixture is 
 to diminish the susceptibility of nitro- 
 glycerine to slight shock, and so to facili- 
 tate its carriage without destroying its 
 explosive force. The disruptive force of 
 dynamite is estimated at about eight 
 times that of gunpowder. Sometimes 
 charcoal, sand and saw-dust have been 
 employed as substitutes for the siliceous 
 earth. [Gr. dynamis.'\ 
 
 DYNA3I0-ELECTRIC, din-am'o-e-lek'trik, 
 adj. producing force by means of elec- 
 tricity ; as, a dynamo-electric machine : 
 also produced by electric foi-ce. 
 
 DYNA3I03IETER, din-am-om'e-ter, n. an 
 instrument for measuring effort exerted, 
 esp. the work done bj' a machine. [Gr. 
 dynamis, power, and metron, a measure.] 
 
 DYNASTY, din'as-ti or dl'nas-ti, ?j. a suc- 
 cession of kings of the same family. — adj. 
 Dtnas'tic, belonging to a dynasty. [Gr. 
 dynasteia — dynastes, a lord — dynamai, to 
 be able.] 
 
 DYSENTERY, dis'en-ter-i, n. a disease of 
 the entrails or bowels, attended with pain 
 and a discharge of mucus and blood. — adj. 
 Dysenter'ic. [Gr. dysenteria, from dys, 
 Ul. entera, the entrails.] 
 
 DYSPEPSY, dis-pep'si. DISPEPSIA. dis- 
 pep'si-a, n., difficult digestion: indiges- 
 tion. [Gr. dyspepsia — dys, hard, difficult, 
 and pesso, j>epsd. to digest.] 
 
 DYSPEPTIC, dis-pep'tik. adj. afllicted 
 with, pertaining to, or arising from indi- 
 gestion. — n. a person afflicted with dys- 
 pepsv. 
 
 DYSEPL'LOTIC, dis-ep-u-lot'ik, adj. in 
 smrg. not readily or easily healing or 
 
 cicatrizing, as a wound. [Gr. prefix dys, 
 and E. Epclotic] 
 
 DYSLOGY, dis'lo-ji, n. dispraise : opposite 
 of eulogy. '• In the way of eulogy and 
 dyslogy and summing-up of character 
 there may doubtless be a great many 
 things set forth concerning this Mira- 
 beau." — Carlyle. 
 
 DYSIMENORRHCEA, dis-men-or-re'a, n. ir, 
 med. difficult or laborious menstruation : 
 catamenial discharges accompanied with 
 great local pain, especially in the loins. 
 
 DZEREN, dze'ren, DZERON, dze'ron, n. 
 the Chinese antelope, a remarkably swift 
 species of antelope {Procapra gutturosa), 
 inhabiting the dry arid deserts of Central 
 Asia, Thibet, China, and Southern Si- 
 beria. It is nearly 4i feet in length, and 
 2i high at the shoulder. When alarmed 
 it clears 20 to 35 feet at one bound. 
 
 DZIGGETAI, dzig'ge-ta, n. the wild ass of 
 Asia {Eqn us hemionus), whose habits are 
 so graphically recorded in the book of 
 Job, and believed to be the hemionos of 
 Herodotus and Pliny. It is intermediate 
 in appearance and character between the 
 horse and ass (hence the specific name 
 liemionus, half-ass), the males especially 
 being fine animals, standing as much ais 
 14 hands high. It lives in small herds, 
 and is an inhabitant of the sandy steppea 
 of Central Asia, 16,000 feet above sea- 
 level. Called also Kiang, Koulan, and 
 Khur or GrOOR. 
 
 E 
 
 EACH, ech, adj., every one in any number 
 separately considered. [A.S. oelc=~d-ge- 
 lic, from & (^=aye), prefix ge, and lie, like 
 i.e. aye-hke.] 
 
 EAGER, e'ger, adj. excited by desire : ar- 
 dent to do or obtain : earnest. — adv. 
 Eag'erly. — n. Eag'erness. [M.E. egre 
 — Fr. aigre, fi-om L. acer, acris, sharp — 
 root ak, sharp. See AcKrD.l 
 
 EAGLE, e'gl, n. a large bird of prey : a 
 military standard, carrying the figure of 
 an eagle : a gold coin of the United 
 States, worth ten dollars. [Fr. aigle, 
 from L. aquila, from root ac, sharp, 
 SNvift.] 
 
 EAGLE-EYED, egl-Id, adj. having a pierc- 
 ing eye ; discerning. 
 
 EAGLET, e'glet, 7i. a young or small eagle. 
 
 EAGRE, e'ger, n. rise of the tide in a 
 river ; same as Bore. [A.S. egor, water, 
 sea.] 
 
 EAR, er, n. a spike, as of corn. — v.i. to put 
 forth ears, as corn. [A.S. ear; Ger. 
 iihre.] 
 
 EAR, er, v.t. (obs.) to plough or till. [A.S. 
 erian: L. aro, Gr. aroo — root ar, to 
 plough.] 
 
 EAR, er, n. the organ of hearing or the 
 external part merely : the sense or power 
 of hearing : the faculty of distinguish- 
 ing sounds : attention : anj-thing like an 
 ear. — adjs. Eared', having ears ; Eak'- 
 LESS, wanting ears. [A.S. eare ; L. auris, 
 Ger. ohr.] 
 
 EARACHE, er'ak, n. an ache or pain in the 
 ear. 
 
 EARDROP, er'drop, EARRING, er'ring, n. 
 a ring or ornament drooping or hanging 
 from the ear. 
 
 EARDRUM, er'drum, n. the drum or mid 
 die ca\'ity of the ear. [See Tympanum.] 
 
 EARING, er'ing, n. (obs.) ploughing. 
 
 EARL, erl, h. a British title of nobility, 
 or a nobleman, the third in rank, being 
 next below a marquis, and next above 
 a \ascount. The earl formerly had the 
 government of a shire, and was called 
 shireman. After the Conquest earls were
 
 EARLDOM 
 
 121 
 
 EBELIANS 
 
 called counts, aud from them shires have 
 taken the name of counties. Earl is now 
 a mere title, unconnected with territorial 
 iurisdiotion, so mucli so that several earls 
 Lave taken as their titles their own 
 names with the prefix Earl, as Earl Grey. 
 Earl Spencer. Earl Russel. [A.S. eorl. 
 O.X. Dan. and Sw. jai-l, earl — regarded 
 ty Max Miiller as a modified form of 
 ■faklor, a chief, from eald, old, but this 
 seems doubtful.] 
 
 6ARLD0M, ei'l'duni, n. the dominion or 
 dignity oi T,n earl. [Earl, and A.S. dom, 
 power.] 
 
 EARLY, er'U. adj. in good season : at or 
 near the beginning of the day. — adv. 
 soon. — w. Ear'usess. [A.S. airlice — oer, 
 beforej 
 
 EAEMAEK, or'mark, n. a mark on a 
 sheep's ear : in law, any mark for identi- 
 fication, as a pri\'y m.vrk made by any 
 one on a coin : any distinguishing mark, 
 natural or other, by which the owner- 
 ship or i-elation of any thing is known. 
 '• What distinguishing marks can a man 
 fix upon a set of intellectual ideas, so as 
 to call himself proprietor of them ? They 
 have no earmarks upon them, no tokens 
 of a particular proprietor." — Burrows. 
 
 EARN, ern, v.t. to gain by labor : to ac- 
 quire : to deserve. [A.S. earnian, to 
 earn ; cog-, witli O. Ger. arin, to reap ; 
 Ger. ernte ; Goth, asans, harvest.] 
 
 EARNEST, er'nest, adj. showing strong 
 desire : determined : eager to obtain : 
 intent : sincere. — n. seriousness : reality. 
 — adv. Ear'nestly. — n. Ear'nestness. 
 [A.S. earnest, seriousness ; Dut. ernst, 
 Ger. ernst, ardor, zeal.] 
 
 EARNEST, er'nest, n. monay given in token 
 of a bargain made : a pledge : first-fruits : 
 (_fig.) anything which gives assurance, 
 pledge, promise, or indication of what 
 is to follow. [W. ernes, an earnest, 
 pledge - money, akin to Gael, earlas, 
 whence Scot, arles. Peril, like Gr. ar- 
 rnbon and L. arrha, from Heb. 'ernbon.] 
 
 EARNINGS, er'ningz. 7i.pl. wliat one has 
 earned: money saved. 
 
 EARSHOT, er'shot, n. hearing-distance. 
 
 EARTH, erth, n. the matter on the sur- 
 face of the globe : soil : dry land, as op- 
 posed to sea : the world : the people of 
 this world. — Earth Currents, in elect. 
 sirong irregular currents, whicli disturb 
 telegraphic Hnes of considerable lengtli, 
 flowing from one part of the line to 
 another, affecting the instruments and 
 frequently interrupting telegraphic com- 
 munication. Apparently they depend 
 upon alterations in the state of the 
 earth's electrification, which produce 
 currents in the wires by induction. They 
 occur simultaneously with magnetic 
 storms and aurorte. [A.S. eortlie ; Ger. 
 erde : allied to Gr. era.] 
 
 EARTH, erth, r.t. to hide or cause to hide 
 in the earth : to bury. — v.i. to burrow. 
 
 EARTHBORN, erth'bawrn.adj., 6or7ifrom 
 tlje earth. 
 
 EARTHED UND, erth'bownd, adj., bound 
 or held by tlie earth, as a tree. 
 
 EARTHEIsf, erth'n, adj. made of earth or 
 clay : earthlj' . frail. — n. Earth'enware, 
 crockery. 
 
 EARTHFLAX, erth'flaks, n. asbestos. 
 
 EARTHLING, erth'ling, n. a dweller on 
 the earth. 
 
 EARTHLY, erth'li, adj. belonging to the 
 earth : vile : worldly. — n. Earth'liness. 
 
 EARTHLY-MINDED, erth'li-mind'ed, adj. 
 having the mind intent on earthly things. 
 
 EARTHNUT, erth'nut, n. the popular 
 name of certain tuberous roots growing 
 underground. 
 
 EARTH-PLATE, erth'-plat, n. in teleg. a 
 buried plate of metal connected with the 
 
 battery or line-wire by means of which 
 the earth itself is made to complete the 
 circuit, thus rendering the emploj'ment 
 of a second or return wire unnecessarj-. 
 
 EARTHQUAKE, erth'kwak, ?;. a shaking, 
 trembling, or concussion of the earth : 
 sometimes a slight tremor : at other 
 times a violent shaking or convulsion : 
 at otlier times a rocking or heaving of 
 the eartli. The earthquake shock gener- 
 ally comes on with a deep rumbling 
 noise, or with a tremendous explosion 
 resembling the discharge of artillerj-, or 
 the bursting of a thunder-cloud ; the 
 ground is raised vertically at the centre 
 of the disturbed tract, but the movement 
 is more oblique the farther we proceed 
 from that centre ; and the rate of in- 
 crease of obliquity furnishes material for 
 calculating tlie depth of the shock below 
 the surface. 
 
 EARTH-SHINE, erth'-shlu, n. in astron. a 
 name given to the faint light visible on 
 the part of the moon not illuminated by 
 the sun, due to the illumination of that 
 portion by the light which the earth re- 
 flects on her. It is most conspicuous 
 when the illuminated part of the disc 
 is at its smallest, as soon after new 
 moon. Tliis phenomenon is popularly 
 described as "the old moon in the new 
 moon's arms." 
 
 EARTHWARD, eith'ward, adv., toward 
 the earth. 
 
 EARTHWORK, erth'wurk, n. the remov- 
 ing of earth in making railways, etc. : a 
 fortification of earth. 
 
 E^VRTHWORM, erth'wurm, n. the common 
 worm : a mean niggardly person. 
 
 EARTHY, erth'i, adj. consisting of, relat- 
 ing to, or resembling' earth : inhabiting 
 the earth : gross : unrefined. — n. Earth - 
 iness. 
 
 EAR-TRUMPET, er'-trump'et, n. a tube to 
 aid in hearing. 
 
 EARWAX, er'waks, n. a waocy substance 
 secreted by the glands of the ear into the 
 outer passage. 
 
 EAJRWIG, er'w-ig, n. a common insect with 
 forceps at its tail, incorrectly supposed 
 to creep into the brain through the ear : 
 one who gains the ear of another by 
 stealth for a bad end. [A.S. eorincga ; 
 eor being E. Ear, and imcga, from wegan, 
 to carry, akin to L. veho.] 
 
 EAR-WITNESS, er'-wit'nes, n. a witness 
 that can testify from his own hearing : 
 one who hears a thing. 
 
 EASE, ez, n. freedom from pain or disturb- 
 ance : rest from work : quiet : freedom 
 from difliculty : naturalness. [Fr. oi.se ; 
 same as It. agio.] 
 
 EASE, ez, v.t. to free from pain, trouble, 
 or anxiety : to relieve : to calm. 
 
 EASEL, ez'l, n. the frame on which paint- 
 ers support then' pictures while painting. 
 [Dut. ezel, or Ger. e.sel, an ass, dim. of 
 stem as. See Ass.] 
 
 EASEMENT, ez'ment, n. relief: assistance: 
 support. 
 
 EAST, est, n. that part of the heavens 
 where the sun first shines or rises : one 
 of the four cardinal points of the com- 
 pass: the countries to the east of Europe. 
 — Empire of the East, the empire 
 founded in SO.'] a. d., when the emperor, 
 Theodosius the Great, divided the Roman 
 Empire between his two sons, Arcadius 
 and Ilonorius, giving the former the 
 eastern division, the latter the western. 
 The metropolis of this empire was Con- 
 stantinople. The western division, 
 whose capital was Rome, was called the 
 Empire of the West. — adj. toward the 
 rising of the sun. [A.S. east: Ger. o.it ; 
 akin to Gr. eos. the dawn ; Sans, tishas, 
 the dawn — ush, to biu'n.] 
 
 EASTER, est'er, n. a Christian festival 
 commemorating the resurrection of 
 Christ, held on the Sundaj' after Good- 
 Frida3-. Easter is the first Sunday after 
 the full moon which happens upon or 
 next after the 31st of March ; and if the 
 full moon happens upoH a Sunday, Easter 
 day is the Sunday after ; but properly 
 speaking, for the " full moon " in the 
 above the " fourteenth day of the moon' 
 should be substituted. [A.S. Easter, 
 from Eastre, a g-oddess wliose festival 
 was held in AprilJ 
 
 EASTERLING, est'er-ling, n. a native of 
 a countrj' lying in the far east, esp. a 
 trader from the shores of the Baltic. 
 [See Sterling.] 
 
 EASTERLY, est'er-li, adj. coming from 
 the eastward : looking toward the east. 
 — adv. on the east : toward the east. 
 
 EASTERN, est'ern, adj. toward the east : 
 connected with the East : dwelling in 
 the East. 
 
 EASrV^'^ARD, est'ward, adv. toward the 
 east. 
 
 EASY, ez'i, adj. at ease: free from pain : 
 tranquil : unconstrained : giving ease : 
 not difficult : yielding : not straitened. — 
 adv. Eas'ily. — n. Eas'iness. 
 
 EAT, et, v.t. to chew and swallow: to con- 
 sume : to corrode. — v.i. to take food : — 
 l)r.p. eat'ing ; pa.t. ate (at or et) ; i)a.p. 
 eaten (et'n) or {obs.) eat (et). — n. Eat'er. 
 [A.S. etan; Ger. essen, L. edo, esse, Gr. 
 edd. Sans, ad, to eat.] 
 
 EATABLE, et'a-bl, adj. fit to be eaten.— 
 n. anj'thing used as food. 
 
 EAU, o, n. a word used with some other 
 words to designate several spirituous 
 waters, particularly perfumes : as, eau 
 de Cologne : eau de Luce : eau de Por- 
 tugal, etc. [Fr., from L. aqua, water.] 
 
 EAU CREOLE, 6 kra-61, n. a highly- 
 esteemed liqueur made in Martinique by 
 distilling the flowers of the maiamee ap- 
 ple {Mammea americana) with spirit of 
 wine. [Fr. eau and Creole.] 
 
 EAU DE COLOGNE, o de ko-l6n, n. a 
 perfumed spix-it, originally invented at 
 Cologne by a person of the name of 
 Farina, and still sold chiefly by mem- 
 bers of his family or at least of his 
 name. It consists of spirits of wine 
 flavored by a few drops of different es- 
 sential oils blended so as to yield a fine 
 fragrant scent. [Fr. eau, water, de, of, 
 and Oo/ogriif.] 
 
 EAU DE LUCE, o de loos, n. a strong solu- 
 tion of ammonia, scented and rendered 
 milky by mastic and oil of amber : used 
 in India as an antidote to the bites of 
 venomous serpents. [Fr. eau, water, de, 
 of, and Litce, the name of its inventor.] 
 
 EAVES, evz, n.pl. the edge of the roof pro- 
 jecting over the wall. [A.S. efese, the 
 dipt edge of thatch.] 
 
 EAVESDROP, evz'drop, n. the water which 
 falls in drops from the eaves of a house. 
 — v.i. to .stand under the eaves or near 
 the windows of a house to listen. — n. 
 Eaves'dropper, one who thus listens ; 
 one who tries to overhear private con- 
 versation. 
 
 EBB, eb, n. the going back or retiring of 
 the tide : a decline or decay. — v.i. to low 
 back : to sink : to decay. [A.S. ebba ; 
 Ger. ebbe. from the same root as even.] 
 
 EBB-TIDE, eb'-tid, n. the ebbing or retir- 
 ing tide. 
 
 EBELIANS, e-be'li-anz, n.pl. a German sect 
 which had its origin at Konigsberg in 
 1830, under the leadership of Archdeacon 
 Ebel and Dr. Diestel, professing and put- 
 ting in practice a doctrine called spiritual 
 marriage. The leaders were in 1839 tried 
 and condemned for unsound doctrine and
 
 EBIOXITE 
 
 122 
 
 ECTASIS 
 
 Impure lives. The sect is in Germany 
 popularly named Mucker, or hvpocrites. 
 
 EBIONITE, e'bi-on-it. n. one of "a sect of 
 Jewish Chi'istians. who united the cere- 
 monies of the law with the precepts of 
 the gospel, observing' both the Jewish 
 and Christian Sabbaths. They denied 
 the di\-inity of Christ and rejected many 
 parts of the New Testament. They were 
 opposed and pronounced heretics by Jus- 
 tin, Irenseus, and Origen. It is thought 
 that St. John wrote his gospel, in the 
 year 97, against them. [Heb. ebjonim, 
 the poor, the name given by the Jews to 
 the Christians in general.] 
 
 fiBON, eb'on, adj. made of ebony : black as 
 ebony. 
 
 EBONir. eb'on-i, n. a kind of wood almost 
 as heavy and hard as i>tone, usually 
 black, admitting- of a fine polish. [Fr. 
 ebene — L. ebenus — Gr. ebenos, from Heb. 
 hobnim. pi. oihobni, obni — eben, a stone.] 
 
 EBRIETY. e-brl'e-ti, n.. drunkennesn. [Fr. 
 ebriete — L. ebrietas. from ebrins. drunk.] 
 
 EBULLIENT, e-bul'yent, adj., boiling up 
 or over. [L. ebulliens, -entis — e, out, and 
 bnlHo. to Doil.] 
 
 EBULLIOSCOPE, e-bul'yo-skop, n. an in- 
 strument by which the strength of spirit 
 of wine is determined by the careful de- 
 termination of its boiling point. [L. 
 ebidlio, to boil up, and Gr. skopeo, to 
 see.l 
 
 EBULLITION, e-bal-li'shun. n. the opera- 
 tion of boiling : the agitation of a liquor 
 by heat, which throws it up in bubbles : 
 or more properly, the agitation produced 
 in a fluid by the escape of a portion of 
 it. converted into an aeriform state by 
 heat. In different liquids ebullition takes 
 place at different temperatures ; also, the 
 temperature at which liquids boil in the 
 open air varies with the degree of at- 
 mospheric pressure, being higher as that 
 is increased and lower as it is dimin- 
 ished. — Also the effervescence, which is 
 occasioned by fermentation or by any 
 other process which causes the extrica- 
 tion of an aeriform fluid, as in the mix- 
 ture of an acid with a carbonated alkali. 
 In this sense formerly written BnxiTlox. 
 Fig. an outward display of feeling : a 
 sudden burst : a pouring forth : an over- 
 flowing : as, an ebidlition of passion. 
 "The greatest ebtdlition.'i of the imagi- 
 nation." — Johnson. [L. ebullitio. trom 
 ebullio — e, ex, out. up, and bidlio, ito boil, 
 from bnllii, a bubble.] 
 
 ECARTfi. a-kar'tii, n. a game at cards 
 played by two, in which the cards may 
 be discarded or exchan^'ed for others. 
 [Fr. — e, out, carte, a card. See Card.] 
 
 ECCENTRIC, ek-sen'trik, ECCENTRICAL, 
 ek-sen'trik-al, adj. departing from the 
 centre: not having the same centre as 
 another, said of circles : out of the usual 
 course : not conforming to common 
 rules : odd. — adv. Eccex'tricat.t.y. [Gr. 
 ek, out of. and kentron, the centi-e. See 
 Centre.] 
 
 ECCENTRIC, ek-sen'trik, n. a circle not 
 ha\'ing the same centre as another : 
 (mech.) a wheel having its axis out of the 
 centre. 
 
 ECCENTRICITY, ek-sen-tris'it-i, n. the 
 distance of the centre of a planet's orbit 
 from the centre of the sun : singularity 
 of conduct : oddness. 
 
 ECCLESIASTES, ek-kle-zi-as'tez, n. one of 
 the books of the Old Testament. [Gr., 
 tit. a preacher.] 
 
 ECCLESIASTIC, ek-kle-zi-as'tik, ECCLE- 
 SL4.STICAL. ek-kle-zi-as'tik-al. adj. be- 
 longing to the church. — n. Ecclesias'tic, 
 one consecrated to the church, a priest, 
 a clergyman. [Low L. — Gr. ekklesiasti- 
 kos, from ekklesia, an assembly called 
 
 out. the church — ek, out, and kaleo, to 
 call.] 
 
 ECCLESIASTICUS, ek-kle-zi-as'tik-us, n. 
 a book of the Apocrypha. [L. — Gr., 
 lit. a preacher.] 
 
 ECCLESIOLOGY, ek-kle-zi-ol'o-ji, n. the 
 science of building and decorating 
 churches. [Gr. ekklesia, a church, logos, 
 a discourse.] 
 
 ECCOPE. ek'ko-pe, n. in surg. the act of 
 cutting out : specifically, a perpendicular 
 division of the cranium by a cutting in- 
 strmuent. [Gr. eA% out, and kopto, to 
 cut.] 
 
 ECHELON, e'she-lon, n. ( mil.) the position 
 of an army in the form of steps, or with 
 one division more advanced than another. 
 The word echelon is used also in reference 
 to nautical manoeuvres. When a fleet is 
 in echelon it presents a wedge-form to the 
 enemy, so that the bow-guns and broad- 
 sides of the several ships can mutually 
 defend each other. [Fr. , from echelle ; 
 Pr. escala : L. scala, a ladder.] 
 
 ECHELON-LENS, e'she-lon-lenz, n. a com- 
 pound lens, used for lighthouses, ha\'ing 
 a series of concentric annular lenses ar- 
 ranged round a central lens so that all 
 have a common focus. [Fr. echelon, the 
 round of a ladder, and E. Lens.] 
 
 ECHO, ek'o, n. (pi. Echoes, ek'oz), the 
 repetition of a sound from some ob- 
 ject. — v.-i. to reflect soimd : to be sounded 
 back: to resound. — v.t. to send back the 
 sound of : to repeat a tiling said : — pr.p. 
 ech'oing; pa.p. ech'oed. [L. echo— Gr. 
 echo, a sound.] 
 
 ECLAIRCISSEIMENT, ek-lar'sis-mong, n. 
 the act of clearing up anything: ex- 
 planation. [Ft. — eclaircir, pr.p. eclaireis- 
 sant, from e=L. ex, out, and clair — L. 
 clarus. clear.] 
 
 ECLA5IPSY, ek-lamp'si, n. a flashing of 
 light befoi'e the ej-es : rapid convulsive 
 motions, esp. of the mouth, eyelids, and 
 fingers — symptomatic of epilepsy: hence, 
 epilepsy itself. [Gr. eklampsis, a" shining, 
 from eklampo, to shine — ek, out, and 
 lampo, to shine.] 
 
 ECLAT, e-kla', n. a strik-ing effect: ai> 
 plause : splendor. [Fr. eclat, from O. Fr. 
 e.iclater. to break, to shine ; from the 
 Teut. root of GJer. schleissen, to break ; 
 COST, with E. slit.] 
 
 ECLECTIC, ek-lek'tik, adj., electing or 
 choosing out : picking out. — n. one who 
 selects opinions from different systems. 
 — adv. Eci^ec'ticaixy. [Gr. eklektikos— 
 ek, out. lego, to choose.] 
 
 ECLECTICISM, ek-lek'ti-sizm, n. the prac- 
 tice of an eclectic : the doctrine of the 
 Eclectics, certain philosophers who pro- 
 fess to choose from all S3"stems tlie parts 
 they think true. 
 
 ECLIPSE, e-klips', n. in astron. ati inter- 
 ception or obscuration of the light of the 
 sun, moon, or other luminous body, by 
 the intervention of some other body 
 either between it and the eye or between 
 the luminous body .and that illuminated 
 by it ; thus, an eclipse of the sun is 
 caused by the intervention of the moon, 
 which totally or partially hides the sun's 
 disc; an eclijise of the moon is occasioned 
 by the shadow of the earth, which falls 
 on it and obscures it in whole or in part, 
 but does not entirely conceal it. The 
 number of eclipses of the sun and moon 
 cannot be fewer than two nor more than 
 seven in one year. The most usual num- 
 ber is four, and it is rare to have more 
 than six. [L. eclipsis : Gr. ekleipsis, de- 
 fect, from ekleipo, to fail — ek, out, and 
 leipo. to leave.] 
 
 ECLIPSE, e-klips', v.t. to cause the obscu- 
 ration of : to darken or hide, as a heaven- 
 ly body ; as, the moon eclipses the sun : 
 
 to cloud : to darken : to obscure : to 
 throw into the shade : to degrade : to 
 disgrace. "I, therefore, for the moment, 
 omit all inquirj' how far the Mariolatry 
 of the early Church did indeed eclipse 
 Christ." — Ruskin. 
 
 .Another now hath to himself eng^ross'd 
 ,\11 pow'r, and us eclipsed.— Jlilton. 
 
 ECLIPTIC, e-khp'tik, v. the Une in which 
 eclipses take place, the appai-ent path of 
 the sun round the earth : a great circle 
 on the globe corresponding to the celes- 
 tial ecliptic. — adj. pertaining to the eclip- 
 tic. [Gr. ekleiptikos.} 
 
 ECLOGUE, ek'log, n. a pastoral poem. [L. 
 ecloga — Gr. ekloge, a selection, esp. of 
 poems — ek, and lego, to choose. See Ec- 
 lectic] 
 
 ECONOMIC, ek-o-nom'ik, ECONOBHCAL, 
 ek-o-nom'ik-al, adj. pertaining to econ- 
 omy : fj-ugal : careful. — adi\ Econom'- 
 
 TCAiLT. 
 
 ECONOMICS, ek-o-nom'iks, n. sing, the sci- 
 ence of household management : political 
 economy. 
 
 ECONOMIST, ek-on'o-mist, n. one who is 
 economical : one who studies poUtical 
 economy. 
 
 ECONOMIZE, ek-on'o-miz, v.i. to manage 
 with economy : to spend money care- 
 fuUj' : to save. — v.t. to use pjudently : to 
 spend with fi-ugality. 
 
 ECONOMY, ek-on'o-mi, n. the manage- 
 ment, regulation, and government of a 
 household : especially, tlie management 
 of the pecuniary concerns of a household ; 
 hence, a frugal and judicious use of 
 money : that management which ex- 
 pends money to advantage and incurs 
 no waste : frugality in the necessary ex- 
 penditure of monej\ It differs from 
 parsimony, which implies an improper 
 saving of expense. Economy includes 
 also a prudent management of all the 
 means by which property is saved or 
 accumulated, a judicious application of 
 time, of labor, and of the instruments of 
 labor. " I have no other notion of ecoti- 
 omy than that it is the parent of Uberty 
 and ease," says Swift. Also the disposi- 
 tion or arrangement of any work : the 
 system of rules and regulations which 
 control any work, whetlier divine or 
 human; as, "This economy must be ob- 
 served in the minutest parts of an epic 
 poem." — Dryden. Specifically, (a) the 
 operations of nature in the generation, 
 nutrition, and preservation of animals 
 and plants ; the regular, harmonious 
 system in accordance with which the 
 functions of living animals and plants 
 are performed ; as. the animal economy, 
 the vegetable economy, (b) The regula- 
 tion and disposition of the internal affairs 
 of a state or nation, or of any depart- 
 ment of government. " Tlie Jews already 
 had a Sabbath, which as citizens and sub- 
 jects of that economy they were obliged 
 to keep, and did keep." — Paley. [L. 
 ceconomia, Gr. oikonomia — oikos, house, 
 and nomas, law, rule.] 
 
 ECSTASY, ek'sta-si, n. an extraordinary 
 state of feeling, in wliich the mind 
 .stands 0>it of or is detached from sen- 
 sible things : excessive joy : enthusiasm. 
 [Gr. ekstasis — ek, aside, histemi, to make 
 to stand.] 
 
 ECSTATIC, ek-stat'ik, ECSTATICAL, ek- 
 stat'i-cal, adj. causing ecstasy: amount- 
 ing to ecstasy: rapturous.— «rfr. Ecstat*- 
 
 IC.U.LY. 
 
 ECTASIS. ek'ta-sis, n. in rhet. the length- 
 ening of a syllable from short to long : 
 extension or expansion : specifically, in 
 med. a dilated condition of a blood-ves- 
 sel. [Gr. ektasis, extension, from ek-
 
 ECTROPICAL 
 
 123 
 
 EFFECl 
 
 teino. to stretch out — ek, out, and teino, 
 to stretch.] 
 
 pECTROPICAL, ek-trop'i-kal, atJj. belong- 
 
 I ing to parts outside the tropics : being 
 outside the tropics. 
 
 I ECU, eku, n. a name given to various 
 French coins ha\'ing different values at 
 different times, but notably to an old 
 piece of money worth three francs, or 
 about 60 cts. [Fr., a coin, a crown piece, 
 a shield; O. Fr., esoi, escut, from L. 
 
 j scutum, a shield. J 
 
 [ecumenic, ek-u-men'ik, ECOTIENICAL, 
 ek-u-men'ik-al, adj. belonging to the 
 '.vhole inhabited woi-Id : general. [L. 
 (ccumenicus. from Gr. oiltoumene (ge). 
 the inhabited (world) — oikeo, to inliabit.] 
 
 ECZEMA, ek'ze-ma, n. an eruptive disease 
 of the skin. [Gr. from ekzeo, I boil out, 
 -ek. out, zed, I boil.] 
 
 EDACIOUS, e-da'shiis, adj. given to eat- 
 ing : gluttonous. — adv. Eda'ciously. — ». 
 Edacity, e-das'it-i. [L. eda,v, edacis — 
 edo. to eat.] 
 
 EDDA. ed'da, n. a book containing a sys- 
 tem of old Scandina\'ian mythology, vnfh 
 narratives of exploits of the gods and 
 heroes and some account of the religious 
 doctrines of the ancient Scandinavians. 
 '• Saeraund, one of the early Christian 
 priests there (in Iceland), who perhaps 
 had a lingering fondness for Paganism, 
 collected certain of their old pagan songs, 
 just about becoming obsolete there — 
 poems or chants of a mythic, prophetic, 
 mostly all of a religious character ; this 
 is what Norse critics call the Elder or 
 Poetic Edda. Edda, a word of uncertain 
 etymology, is tlioug'ht to signify Ances- 
 tress. Snorro Sturleson, an Iceland gen- 
 tleman, an extremely notable personage, 
 educated by this Saemund's grandson, 
 took in hand next, near a century after- 
 wards, to put together, among several 
 other books he wrote, a kind of prose 
 synopsis of the whole mythology ; eluci- 
 dated by new fragments of traditionary 
 verse. . . . This is the Younger or Prose 
 Edda." — Carlyle. Saemund was born in 
 Iceland about the middle of the eleventh 
 century, and died in 1133. Sturleson was 
 born in Iceland in 1178, and was assassi- 
 natedthere in 1241, on his return from Nor- 
 way, where he had been Scald or court 
 poet. — adj. Edda'ic, Ed'DIC, of or relating 
 to the Scandinavian Eddas : having the 
 character or stj'le of the Eddas : a.s, the 
 Eddie prophecy of the Volva. "Tlie 
 Eddaic version, however, of the history 
 of the gods is not so circumstantial as 
 that in the Ynglingasaga." — E. W. Gosse. 
 [Ice. great-grandmother. A name given 
 to the book by Bishop Brynjulf S\'eins- 
 9on. to indicate that it is the mother of 
 all Scandinavian poetry.] 
 
 EDDY, ed'i, n. a current of water or air 
 running back, contrary to the main 
 stream, thus causing a circular motion : 
 a whirlpool : a whirlwind. — r.i. to move 
 round and round : — pr.p. edd'ying ; pa.p. 
 edd'ied. [Eitlier from an A.S. ed, back, 
 present as t- in twit, or from Ice. ida, a 
 whirlpool — id, back ; but the two roots 
 are identical.] 
 
 EDEMATOSE, e-dem'a-tos, EDEMATOUS, 
 
 I e-dem'a-tus, adj., sicelling with watery 
 humor : dropsical. [Gr. oidema, a swell- 
 ing — iiideo, to swell.] 
 
 EDEN, e'den, n. the garden where Adam 
 and Eve lived : a paradise. [Heb. eden, 
 delight, pleasure.] 
 EDENTATE, e-den'tat, EDENTATED, 
 e-<len'tat-ed, adj., u~ithout teeth : want- 
 ing front teeth. [L. edentatus — c, neg., 
 and dens, dentis. a tooth.] 
 EDGE, ej. n. the borr/er of anytlMng: the 
 brink : the cutting side of an instrument: 
 
 something that wounds or cuts : sharp- 
 ness of mind or appetite : keenness. — v.t. 
 to put an edge on : to place a border on : 
 to exasperate : to urge on : to move by 
 little and little. — v.i. to move sideways. 
 [M.E. egge — A.S. ecg; Ger. ecke, L. acies 
 — root ak. sharp.] 
 
 EDfiETOOL, ej'tool, ?(. a tool with a sharp 
 edge: (fig.) a matter dangerous to deal or 
 sport with. "You jest : ill-jesting with 
 edge-tools.'' — Tennyson. 
 
 EDGEWISE, ej'wTz, adv. in the direction 
 of the edge : sideways. [Edge, and Wise 
 — A.S. u-isa, manner.] 
 
 EDGING, ej'ing, n. that which forms the 
 edge : a border : fringe. 
 
 EDIBILATORY, ed-i-bil'a-tor-i, adj.. of or 
 pertaining to edibles or eating-. " Edi- 
 bilatory Epicurism holds tlie key to all 
 morality." — Lord Lytton. 
 
 EDICT, e'dikt, n. that which is uttered or 
 proclaimed by authority as a lule of ac- 
 tion : an order issued by a prince to his 
 subjects, as a rule or law requiring obedi- 
 ence : a proclamation of command or 
 prohibition ; as, the edicts of the Roman 
 emperors, the edicts at the French mon- 
 archs. "Edicts, properly speaking, can- 
 not exist in Great Britain, because the 
 enacting of laws is lodged in the parlia- 
 ment, and not in the sovereign," says 
 Ogilvie. There is no such tiling as an 
 edict in U.S. This is also a Scotch ec- 
 clesiastical term for various proclama- 
 tions or notices made of certain things 
 which a church court has resolved upon 
 doing. [L. edictum, from edico, to utter 
 or proclaim — e, out, and dieo, to speak.] 
 
 EDIFICATION, ed-i-fl-ka'shun, n. instruc- 
 tion : progress in knowledge or in good- 
 ness. 
 
 EDIFICE, ed'i-fis, n. a large building or 
 house. 
 
 EDIFY, ed'i-fl, v.t. to build t(/> in knowl- 
 edge and goodness : to improve the 
 mind : — pr.p. ed'ifying ; pa.p. ed'ified. — 
 )i. Ed'ifyer. [Fr. edijier — L. cedifico — 
 cedes, a liouse, and facio, to make.] 
 
 EDIFYING, ed'i-fi-ing, adj. instructive : 
 improving. — adv. Ed'ifyin'glt. 
 
 EDILE, e'dil, n. a Roman magistrate who 
 had the charge of public buildings and 
 works. — n. E'dileship. [L. cedUis — cedes, 
 a building.] 
 
 EDIT, ed'it, v.t. to give out, as a book : to 
 superintend the publication of : to pre- 
 pare for publication. [L. edo, editum — e, 
 out, and do, to give.] 
 
 EDITION, e-dish'un, n. the piiblication of 
 a book : the number of copies of a book 
 printed at a time. 
 
 EDITOR, ed'i-tur, n. one who edits a book 
 or journal. — fern. Ed'itress. — culj. Edi- 
 torial, ed-i-to'ri-al. — adv. Edito'eially. 
 — n. Ed'itorship. 
 
 EDITORIAL, ed-i-to'ri-al, n. an article, as 
 in a newspaper, written by the editor or 
 by one of liis staff of assistants : a leading 
 article : .is, an editorial on the war. 
 
 EDUCATE, ed'u-kat, v.t. to educe or draw 
 out the mental powers of, as a child : to 
 train : to teach : to cultivate any power. 
 — n. Ed'cc.\tor. [L. edtico. educatus.] 
 
 EDUCATION.ed-u-ka'shun. li. the bringing 
 up, as of a child : insti-uction : fomiation 
 of manners. Education comprehends all 
 that course of instruction and disciphne 
 wliich is intended to enlig'hten the under- 
 standing, correct the temper, cultivate 
 the taste, and form the manners and 
 habits of youth, and fit them for useful- 
 ness in their future stations. In its most 
 extended signification it may be defined, 
 in reference to man. to be the art of 
 developing and cultivating the various 
 physical, intellectual. a?sthetic. and moral 
 faculties ; and may thence be divided into 
 
 four branches — physical, intellectual, 
 ajsthetic, and moral education. This 
 definition is by no means complete : but 
 it is used merely as indicative of the man- 
 ner in which this subject has generally 
 been discussed. Under physicixl educa- 
 tion is included all that relates to the 
 organs of sensation and the muscular 
 and nervous system. Intellectual edu-i 
 cation comprehends the means by wMch 
 the powers of the understanding are to 
 be developed and improved, and a view 
 of the various bi-anches of knowledge 
 which form the objects of instruction 
 of the four departments above stated. 
 " Education is not that which smothers 
 a woman with accomplishments, but that 
 which tends to consolidate a firm and 
 regular character — to form a friend, a 
 companion, and a wife.'" — Hannah More. 
 " Though her (Lady Elizabeth Hastings') 
 mien carries much more invitation than 
 command, to behold her is an immediate 
 check to loose behavior : to love her was 
 a liberal education.'' — Steele, 
 
 EDUCATIONIST, ed-u-ka'shun-ist, n. one 
 skilled in methods of educating or teach- 
 ing : one who promotes education. 
 
 EDUCE, e-dus', v.t. to lead or draw out: 
 to extract : to cause to appear. [L. ediico, 
 eductum — e, .nnd dxico, to lead.] 
 
 EDUCIBLE, e-diis'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 educed or brought out and shown. 
 
 EDUCTION, e-duk'shun, n. the act of 
 educing. 
 
 EDUCTOR, e-duk'tor, n. he or that which 
 educes. 
 
 EEL, el, 11. a well-known fish, with a slimy 
 body, living chiefly in mud. [A.S. ret; 
 Ger. ctcd; akin to L. angitilla, dim. of 
 anguU, a snake.] 
 
 E'EN, en, a contraction of Even. 
 
 E'ER, ar, a contraction of Ever. 
 
 EERILY, er'i-li, adv. in an eery, strange, or 
 unearthly manner. "It spoke in pain 
 and woe; wildly, eerily, urgently." — 
 Charlotte Bronte. 
 
 EFFACE, ef-fas'. v.t. to destroy the /ace or 
 surface of a thing : to blot 'or rub out : 
 to wear away. — n. Epface'ment. [Fr. 
 effaces — L. e/=&r, from, and fades, the 
 face.] 
 
 EFFACEABLE, ef-fas'a-bl, adj. that can 
 be rubbed out. 
 
 EFFECT, ef-fekt', n. that which is pro- 
 duced by an operating agent or cause : 
 the result or consequence of the applica- 
 tion of a cause or of the action of an 
 agent on some subject : consequence : 
 result : as, the effect of luxury, of in- 
 temperance, of cold, etc. : he spoke with 
 great effect : the effect of this war was 
 the breaking up of the kingdom. "Ef- 
 fect is the substanc:e produced, oi- simple 
 idea introduced into any subject by the 
 exerting of power." — Locke. Power to 
 produce consequences or results : force : 
 validity : importance : account : as. the 
 obligation is void and of no effect. 
 " Christ is become of no effect to you." — 
 Gal. V. 4. Purport : tenor : imjiort or 
 general intent : as. he made tlio piu'chase 
 For his friend, and inmiediatelj- wrote 
 him to that effect : his speech was to the 
 effect that, etc. : completion : perfection. 
 " Not so worthily to be brought to hero- 
 ical effect by fortune or necessity." — Sir 
 P. Sidney. Reality : not mere appear- 
 ance : fact: substance. "No other in 
 effect than wli.it it seems.'' — Denham. 
 "To say of a celebrated piece that there 
 are faults in it, is, in effect, to say the 
 aiithor is a man." — Addison. The im- 
 pression produced on the mind, as by 
 natural scenery, a picture, musical com- 
 position, or other work of art, Ijy the 
 object as a whole, before its details are
 
 EFFECTIBLE 
 
 124 
 
 EGLANTINE 
 
 examined : the ensemble or general re- 
 sult of all the qualities of a work of art. 
 "The effect was heightened by the wild 
 and lonely nature of the place." — W. 
 Irving, {pi.) Goods : movables : personal 
 estate : as, the people escaped from the 
 town with their effects. — Useful effect, 
 in mech. the measure of the real power of 
 any machine, after deducting that por- 
 tion which is lost or expended in over- 
 coming the inertia and friction of the 
 moving parts and every other source of 
 loss, and in giving the parts the required 
 velocitj'. — For effect, with the design of 
 ■creating an impression : ostentatiously. 
 — To GIVE EFFECT TO, to make valid : to 
 <?arry out in practice : to push to its legit- 
 imate or natural result. — v.t. to produce : 
 to accomplish. [L. efficio, effectum, to 
 accomplish — ef, out, and/acio, to do or 
 make.] 
 
 EFFECTIBLE, ef-fekt'i-bl, adj. that may 
 be eflfected. 
 
 EFFECTION, ef-fek'shun, n. a doing: 
 creation : (geom.) the construction of a 
 proposition. 
 
 EFFECTIVE, ef-fek'tiv, adj. having power 
 to effect : causing sometliing : powerful : 
 serviceable. • — adi-. Effec'tivelt. — n. 
 Effec'tiveness. 
 
 EFFECTUAL, ef-fek'tu-al, adj. producing 
 an effect : successful in producing the 
 desired result. — adv. Effec'tually. 
 
 EFFECTUATE, ef-fek'tu-at, v.t. to accom- 
 plish. 
 
 EFFEMINACY, ef-fem'in-a-si, n. the pos- 
 session of a ivomanish softness or weak- 
 ness : indulgence in unmanly pleasures. 
 
 EFFEMINATE, ef-fem'in-at, adj., woman- 
 ifih : unmanly : weak : cowardly : volup- 
 tuous. — v.t. to make womanish : to 
 unman : to weaken. — v.i. to become ef- 
 feminate. — adv. Effem'inately. — n. Ef- 
 fem'inateness. [L. effemmatus, pa.p. of 
 effemino, to malce womanish — e, sig. 
 change, and feniina, a woman.] 
 
 .■EFFENUI, ef-fen'di, n. a title of respect 
 frequently attached to the official title 
 of certain Turkish officers, especially to 
 those of learned men and ecclesiastics ; 
 thus, the Sultan's first phj'sician is Haki m 
 effendi, the priest in the seraglio Imam 
 effendi, the chancellor of the empire 
 Reis effendi. The term is also often 
 used in the same way as master or sir ; 
 ^hus, Greek children are in the habit of 
 calling their fathers effendi. [Turk., a 
 corruption of Gr. authentes, a doer with 
 his own hand, perpetrator, lord or mas- 
 ter ; in Mod. Gr. pron. apthendis or 
 aijhendis.] 
 
 EFFERENT, ef'fer-ent, n. in physiol. a 
 vessel or nerve which discharges or con- 
 veys outward : also, a river flowing from 
 and bearing away the waters of a lake. 
 
 SIFFERENT, ef'fer-ent, adj. in physiol. 
 conveying outwards or discharging ; as, 
 the efferent lymphatics, which convoy 
 lymph from the lymphatic glands to the 
 thoracic duct. [L. e/for ex, out of, and 
 fero. to carry.] 
 
 EFFEROUS. ef'fer-us, adj. fierce : wild : 
 savage. " From the teeth of that efferous 
 beast, from the tusk of the wild boar." — 
 Bp. King. [L. effenis, excessively wild — 
 ef for ex. intens., and ferus, wild.] 
 
 EFFERVESCE, ef-fer-ves', v.i. to boil up : 
 to bubble and hiss : to froth up.— adj. 
 Effervesc'ible. [L. effervesco — ef, in- 
 tens., and /ecreo, to boil. See Fervent.] 
 
 EFFERVESCENT, ef-fer-ves'ent, adj., boil- 
 ing or bubbling from the disengagement 
 of gas. — n. Effervesc'ence. 
 
 EFFETE, ef-fet', adj. exhausted : worn out 
 with age. [L. effetus, weakened by hav- 
 ing brought forth young — ef, out, fetus, 
 a bringing forth young.] 
 
 EFFICACIOUS, ef-fi-ka'shus, a^j. able to 
 produce the result intended. — adv. Effi- 
 ca'ciously. — ?(. Effica'ciousness. [L. 
 efficax — efficio. ] 
 
 EFFICACY, ef'fi-ka-si, n. virtue : energy. 
 
 EFFICIENCB, ef-flsh'ens, EFFICIENCY, 
 ef-fish'n-si, n. power to i^roduce the re- 
 sult intended. 
 
 EFFICIENT, ef-fish'ent, adj. capable of 
 producing the desired result : effective. 
 ^n. the person or tiling that effects. — 
 adv. Effic'iently. [L. efficiens, -entis, 
 pr.p. of efficio.] 
 
 EFFIGY, ef'fi-ji, n. a likeness or figure of 
 a person : the head or impression on a 
 coin : resemblance. [L. effigies — effingo 
 — ef, inten., jingo, to form.] 
 
 EFFLORESCE, ef-flo-res', v.i. to burst into 
 bloom, as a flower : to break out into 
 florid or excessive ornamentation ; as, 
 "The Italian (Gothic architecture) efflo- 
 resced . . . into the meaningless orna- 
 mentation of the Certosa of Pavia and 
 the cathedral of Como.'" — Ruskin. In 
 chem. to change over the surface or 
 throughout to a whitish, mealy, or 
 crystalline powder, from a gradual de- 
 composition, on simple exposure to the 
 air : to become covered with a whitish 
 crust or light crystallization, from a 
 slow chemical change between some of 
 the ingredients of tho matter covered 
 and an acid proceeding commonly from 
 an external source; as, "Those salts 
 whose crystals effloresce belong to the 
 class which is most soluble, and crj'stal- 
 lizes by cooling." — Fonrcro/j. '• The walls 
 of limestone caverns sometimes effloresce 
 with nitrate of lime in consequence of 
 the action of nitric acid formed in the 
 atmosphere." — Dana. [L. effloresco, from 
 Jloresco, floreo, to blossom, from Jlos, a 
 flower. See Flower.] 
 
 EFFLORESCENCE, ef-flo-res'ens, n. pro- 
 duction of Jtou-ers : the time of flower- 
 ing : a redness of the skin : the forma- 
 tion of a white powder on the surface of 
 bodies, or of minute crystals. 
 
 EFFLORESCENT, ef-flo-res'ent, adj. form- 
 ing a white dust on the surface : shoot- 
 ing into while threads. [L. efflorescens, 
 -entis. pr.p. of effloresco.] 
 
 EFFLOWER, ef-flow'er, v.t. in leather 
 manufacture, see the following extract. 
 " The skins (chamois leather) are first 
 washed, limed, fleeced, and branned. . . . 
 They are next effloivered, that is, de- 
 prived of their epidermis by a concave 
 knife, blunt in its middle part, upon the 
 convexhorse beam." — Ure. [Fr. effleurer, 
 to graze, to rub lightlv.J 
 
 EFFLUENCE, ef'floo-ens, n. a flowing out: 
 that which flows from any bodv : issue. 
 
 EFFLUENT, ef'floo-ent, adj., jloiving out. 
 — n. a stream that ftous out of another 
 stream or lake. [L. effluens, -entis, pr.p. 
 of effluo—ef (= e.v), out, /wo, to flow.] 
 
 EFFLUVIUM, ef-floo'vi-um. ??. minute 
 particles that Jfoii" out from bodies : dis- 
 agreeable vapors rising from decaying 
 niettter: — pi. Effluvia, ef-floo'vi-a. — adj. 
 Epflu'vl^l. [L.— e^!(o.] 
 
 EFFLUX, ef fiuks. 7!. act of floiHng out : 
 that which flows out. [L. effluo, effluxum.] 
 
 EFFORT, effort, Ji. a putting forth of 
 strength: attempt: struggle. [L. ef {= 
 e,r), out, forth, and fortis, strong.] 
 
 EFFRONTERY, ef-frunt'er-i, n. shameless- 
 ness : imi)udence. [O. Fr. — L. effrons, 
 effrontis — ef {= e.v), forth, and frons, 
 frontis. the forehead. See Front.] 
 
 EFFULGENCE, ef-ful'jens, n. great lustre 
 or brightness : a flood of light. 
 
 EFFULGENT, ef-ful'jent, adj., shining 
 forth: extremely bright: splendid. — adv. 
 Efful'gently. " [L.^effulgens, -entis — ef 
 {= ex), out. nadfulgeo, to shine.] 
 
 EFFUSE, ef-fuz', v.t. to pour out : to pour 
 
 forth, as words : to shed. [L. effundo, i 
 
 eff'usus — ef (= ex), out, and fundo, to 
 pour.] 
 
 EFFUSION, ef-fu'zhun, ?i. act of pouring 
 out: that which is poured out or forth. 
 
 EFFUSIVE, ef-fu'ziv, adj., pouring forth 
 abundantly : gushing. — adv. Effu SIVB- 
 ly.— n. Effu'siveness. 
 
 EFT, eft. n. a kind of lizard : a newt. [A. 
 S. efete, perh. akin to Gr. ophis. a ser- 
 pent, Sans, apada, a reptile — a, neg., and 
 2)ad, a foot. See Newt.] 
 
 EFT, eft, adj. convenient : handy : com- 
 modious. 
 
 Y'ea. marry, that's the effest way. — Shak. 
 
 EGENCE, e'jens, n. the state or condition 
 of suffering from the need of something : 
 a desire for something wanted. Orate. 
 JTL. egens, pr.p. of egeo. to suffer want.] 
 
 EGG, eg, n. the body formed in the fe- 
 males of all animals (with the exception 
 of a few of the lowest type, which are re- 
 produced by g-emmation or division), in 
 which, by impregnation, the develop- 
 ment of the foetus takes place. Regarded 
 physiologically there are three essential 
 parts in an egg, viz. the germinal spot, 
 or Wagnerian vesicle ; the germinal, or 
 Purkingean vesicle ; and the vitellus or 
 yolk — the first being contained in tho 
 germinal vesicle, which again is con- 
 tained within the bodv of the yolk. The 
 eggs of most animals lower than the bird 
 have no more than these three parts. 
 The eggs of birds, however, have, besides 
 these, the white, or albumen, and the 
 shell, which consists of a membrane 
 coated with carbonate of lime. The 
 yolk consists of a strong solution of al- 
 bumen, in which multitudes of minute 
 globules of oil are suspended. A hen's 
 egg of good size weighs about 1000 
 grains, of which the white constitutes 
 600, the yolk 300, and the shell 100. Eggs- 
 of domestic fowls, and of certain wild 
 fowls, as the plover, gulls, etc., are an 
 important article of commerce, and fur- 
 nish a wholesome, nutritious, and very 
 pleasant article of diet. The eggs of 
 turtles are also held in high esteem. 
 Animals whose young do not leave the 
 egg till after it is laid are called oinpa- 
 rous ; those in which the eggs are re- 
 tained within the parent bodj' until they 
 are hatched are called ovoviviparous. 
 [A.S. ceg : like Ice. egg, Dan. ceg. The 
 sound of g was sometimes softened, giv- 
 ing O.E. eye or ey, as "gos ej/e," goose 
 egg, in Piers the Plowman's Crede ; " an 
 ey ortweye." Chancer : ct. Ger. and Dut. 
 ei. Probably allied in origin to L. ovum, 
 Gr. oon, Ir. ugh, Gael, uhh, an egg.] 
 
 EGG, eg, v.t. to instigate. [Ice. eggja — egg, 
 an edge ; cog. with A.S. ceg. See Edge.] 
 
 EGILOPS, e'ji-lops, n. a genus of grasses 
 allied to Triticum, or wheat-grass. It 
 occurs wild in the south of Europe and 
 parts of Asia. It is believed by many 
 botanists to be in reality tJie plant from 
 which has originated our cultivated 
 wheats : goat's eye, an abscess in the in- 
 ner canthus of the eye. [Gr. aigilops — 
 ai.r. aigos, a goat, and dps, the eye.] 
 
 EGINA MARBLES, e-gl'na mar-blz, n.pl. 
 a collection of ancient statues discovered 
 on the island of Egina, supposed to have 
 originally decorated the temple in that 
 island sacred to Pallas Athene. They 
 are before the age of Phidias, so, al- 
 though true to nature generally, their 
 faces are characterized by that forced 
 smile which gives an unpleasant expres- 
 sion to the earlier Greek sculptures. 
 They are the most remarkable orna- 
 ments of the Glyptothek of Munich. 
 
 EGLANTINE, eg'lan-tin, n. a name given
 
 EGO-ALTRUISTIC 
 
 to the sweetbrier, and some otlier species 
 of rose, whose branches are covered with 
 sharj) prickles. [Fr. eglantine, formerly 
 aiglantier, fi'om an O. Fr. form aiglent-, 
 as if from a L. aculentus, prickly — acu- 
 leiis, dim. of aeus, a needle — root ak, 
 sharp.] 
 
 EGO- ALTRUISTIC, e'go-al-troo-is'tik, adj. 
 of or relating- to one's self and to others. 
 See extract. "From the egoistic senti- 
 ments we pass now to the ego-altruistic 
 sentiments. By this name I mean senti- 
 ments which, while implyng self-gratifi- 
 cation, also imply gratification in others; 
 the representation of this gratification 
 in others being a source of pleasure not 
 : utrinsicallj'.but because of ulterior bene- 
 ;,ts to self which experience associates 
 with it." — H. Silencer. 
 
 EGOISM, e'go-izm or eg'-, n. an excessive 
 love of one's self: the doctrine of the 
 Egoists. [L. ego, I.] 
 
 EGOIST, e'go-ist or eg'-, n. one who thinks 
 too much of himself : one of a class of 
 philosophers w'ho doubt everything but 
 Mieirown existence. 
 rOTISM, e'got-izm or eg'-, n. a frequent 
 use of the pronoun I: speaking much of 
 ime's self : self-exaltation. 
 I EGOTIST, e'got-ist or eg' n. one full of 
 
 egotism. 
 \ EGOTISTIC, e-got-ist'ik or eg-. EGOTIST- 
 ICAL, e-got-ist'ik-al or eg'-, adj. showing 
 egotism: self-important: conceited. — 
 'di: Egotist'icaixy. 
 
 ■ OTIZE, e'got-Iz or eg'-, v.i. to talk much 
 ■f one's self. 
 
 REGIOUS, e-gre'ji-us, adj. prominent : 
 listinguished in a bad sense. — adv. Egre'- 
 mousLY. — ji. Egre'giousness. [L. egre- 
 gius, chosen out of the flock — e, out of, 
 grea:, gregis, a flock. Cf. Gregarious.] 
 
 EGRESS, e'gres, n. act of going out : de- 
 parture : the power or right to depart. 
 [L. egredior, egressus — e, out, forth, and 
 gradior, to go. Cf. Grade.] 
 
 EGYPTIAN, e-jip'shi-an, adj. belonging 
 to Egypt. — n. a native of Egypt : a gyp- 
 sy. [L. jSgyptius — .i^gyptus, Egypt, Gr. 
 Aigt/ptos.} 
 
 EGYPTOLOGY, e-jip-tol'o-ji. n. the science 
 of Egyptian antiquities. — n. Egyptol'O- 
 GIST. [Egypt, and Gr. logos, discourse.] 
 
 EH, a, int. expressing inquiry or slight 
 surprise. 
 
 EIDER, i'der, EIDER-DUCK, i'der-duk, n. 
 a kind of seaduck, found chiefly in north- 
 ern regions, and sought after for its fine 
 down. [Ice. (edr, an eider-duck] 
 
 EIDER-DOWN. I'der-down, n. the down of 
 the eider-duck. 
 
 EIDOGRAPH, I'do-graf, n. an instrument 
 lor copi/ing drauings. [Gr. eidos, form, 
 and grapho, to write.] 
 
 EIGH'T, at, adj. twice four. — n. the figure 
 (8) denoting eight. [A.S. eahta ; Scot. 
 audit. Ger. achi, Gael, ochd, L. octo, Gr. 
 okto. Sans, ashtan.] 
 
 EIGHTEEN, at'en, adj. and ?!., eight and 
 ten : twice nine. [Orig. eight-teen.'] 
 
 EIGHTEENMO, at'en-mo, adj. and n. see 
 Octodecimo. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH, at'enth, adj. and n. next 
 in order after the seventeenth. 
 
 EIGHTFOLD, at'fold, adj. eight times any 
 quantity. 
 
 EIGHTH, at'th, adj. next in order after 
 the seventh. — n. an eighth part. [Orig. 
 eight -th.] 
 
 EIGHTHLY, at'th-li, adv. in the eighth 
 place. 
 
 EIGHTIETH, at'i-eth, adj. and n. the 
 eighth tenth : next after the seventy- 
 ninth. 
 
 EIGHTY, at'i, adj. and n., eight times ten: 
 four-score. [A.S. eahta, and tig, ten.] 
 
 EITHER, e'ther or I'ther, adj. or proyi. the 
 
 125 
 
 one or the other : one of two : (B.) each 
 of two. — conj. correlative to Or : (B.) or. 
 [A.S. cegther. a contr. of ceghirether= 
 Ci. aye, the prefix ge. and hiccether, E. 
 Whether. See also Each.] 
 
 EJACULATE, e-jak'u-lat. v.t. to utter with 
 suddenness. — v.i. to utter ejaculations. 
 [L. e, out, and jaculor, jaculatus—jacio, 
 to throw.] 
 
 EJACULATION, e-jak-u-la'shun. n. an ut- 
 tering suddenly : what is so uttered. 
 
 EJACULATORY, e-jak'u-la-tor-i, adj. ut- 
 tered in short, earnest sentences. 
 
 EJECT, e-jekt', v.t. to cast out: to dismiss: 
 to dispossess of : to expel. [L. ejicio, 
 ejectus — e, out, jacio, to throw.] 
 
 EJECTION, e-jek'shuu, n. discharge : ex- 
 pulsion : state of being ejected : vomit- 
 ing : that which is ejected. 
 
 EJECTMENT, e-jekt'ment, n. expulsion: 
 dispossession : (law) an action for the 
 recovery of the possession of land. 
 
 EJECTOR, e-jekt'or, n. one who ejects or 
 dispossesses another of his land. 
 
 EKE, ek, v.t. to add to or increase : to 
 lengthen. [A.S. ecan, akin to L. augeo, 
 to increase ; also to vigeo, to be vigorous, 
 and E. Wax.] 
 
 EKE, ek, adv. in addition to : likewise. 
 [A.S. eac ; Ger. auch ; from root of Eke, 
 v.t.] 
 
 ELABORATE, e-lab'or-at, r.'. to labor on : 
 to produce with labor : to take pains 
 with : to improve by successive opera- 
 tions. [L. e, intensive, and lahoro, lahor- 
 atus, to labor — labor, labor.] 
 
 ELABORATE, e-lab'or-at, adj., ivrought 
 with labor : done with fullness and exact- 
 ness : highly finished. — adv. Elab'ORATE- 
 LY. — 71. ELAB'ORATENESS. 
 
 ELABORATION, e-lab-or-a'shun, n. act of 
 elaborating : refinement : the process by 
 which substances are formed in the 
 organs of animals or plants. 
 
 fiLAN, a-lawng, n. ardor inspired by enthu- 
 siasm, passion, or the like : unhesitating 
 dash resulting from an impulsive imagi- 
 nation. [Fr., from elancer, to rush or 
 spring forward, from L. lancea, a spear.] 
 
 ELAND, e'land, m. the South African ante- 
 lope, resembling the elk in having a 
 protuberance on the larynx. [Dut. ; Ger. 
 elend, the elk.] 
 
 ELAPSE, e-laps , v. i. to slip or glide away : 
 to pass silently, as time. [L. e, out, 
 away, and labor, lapstis, to slide. See 
 Lapse.] 
 
 ELASTIC, e-las'tik, adj. having a tendency 
 to recover the original form : springy : 
 able to recover quickly a former state or 
 condition after a shock. — adv. Elas'tic- 
 ATJ.Y. [Coined from Gr. elao, elauno, 
 fut. elaso, to drive ; akin to L. alacer, 
 alacris, brisk.] 
 
 ELASTICITY, e-las-tis'it-i, ?i. springiness : 
 power to recover from depression. 
 
 ELATE, e-lat', adj., lifted up: puffed up 
 with success. — v.t. to raise or exalt : to 
 elevate : to make proud. — adv. Elat'- 
 EDLY. — n. ELj^t'edness. [L. elatus — e, 
 up. out, and latus. from root of tollo. Cf. 
 Dilate and Tolerate.] 
 
 ELATION, e-la'shun, n. pride resulting 
 from success : a puffing up of the mind. 
 
 ELBOW, el'bo, n. the joint where the arm 
 bows or bends : any sharp turn or bend. — 
 i\t. to push with the elbow : to encroach 
 on. [A.S. elboga — e?H=L. idna, the arm, 
 boga. a bow or bend — bugaii, to bend. 
 See Ell ; also Bow, ?i. and v.t.] 
 
 ELBOW-ROOM, el'bo-room, »., room to 
 extend the elbows : space enough for 
 moving or acting. 
 
 ELD, eld, JI. old age, antiquity. [A.S. 
 celd, from eald. old. See Old.] 
 
 ELDER, eld'er, n. a small tree with a 
 spongy pith, bearing useful purple ber- 
 
 ELECTRIC 
 
 ries. [A.S. cllern ; it is perh. the same 
 as Alder.] 
 
 ELDER, eld er, adj. older : having lived a 
 longer time : prior in origin. — H. one 
 who is older : an ancestor : one ad- 
 vanced to office on account of age : one 
 of the office-bearers in the Presbyterian 
 Church. [A.S. yldra, comp. of eald, old. 
 Cf. Alderman and Old.] 
 
 ELDERLY, eld'er-li, adj. somewhat old - 
 bordering on old age. 
 
 ELDERSHIP, eld'er-ship, ji. state of being 
 older : the office of an elder. 
 
 ELDEST, eld'est, adj. oldest. [A.S. yldesta, 
 superl. of eald.] 
 
 ELECT, e-lekt', v.t. to choose out: to se- 
 lect for any office or purpose : to select 
 by vote. [L- eligo, electus — e, out, lego, 
 to choose.] 
 
 ELECT, e-lekt', adj., chosen: taken by 
 preference from among others : chosen 
 for an office but not yet in it. — n. one 
 chosen or set apart.— I'he Elect (Wico/.), 
 those chosen bv God for salvation. 
 
 ELECTION, e-lek'shim, n. the act of elect- 
 ing or choosing : the public choice of a 
 person for office : fi'eewill : (theol.) the 
 predetermination of certain persons a.s^ 
 objects of divine merc^- : (B.) those who- 
 ai'e elected. 
 
 ELECTIONEERING, e-lek-shun-er'ing, n. 
 (also used as adj.) the soliciting of votes- 
 and other business of an election. 
 
 ELECTIVE, e-lekt'iv, adj. pertaining to, 
 dependent on, or exerting the power of 
 choice.— adv. Elect'itely. 
 
 ELECTOR, e-lekt'or, n. one who elects: 
 one who has a vote at an election : the 
 title formerly belonging to those princes, 
 and archbishops of the German Emjiire- 
 who had the right to elect the Emperor. 
 —fern. Elect'ress. 
 
 ELECTORAL, e-lekt'or-al, adj. pertaining; 
 to elections or to electors : consisting o5 
 electors. 
 
 ELECTORATE, e-lekt'or-at, n. the dignity 
 or the territory of an elector. 
 
 ELECTRIC, e-lek'trik, ELECTRICAL, 
 e-lek'trik-al, adj. having the property off 
 attracting and repelling light bodies- 
 when rubbed : pertaining to or produced 
 by electricity. — n. any electric substance: 
 a non-conductor of electricity, as amber, 
 glass, etc. — adv. Elec'trically. — Elec- 
 tric LAMP, the contrivance in which the 
 electric light is produced. See Electric 
 UGHT below. — Electric light, a bril- 
 liant light, the result of heat produced 
 by the force of electricity either evoked 
 by the chemical reaction of a metal and 
 an acid, or generated by a magneto- 
 electric or other machine. The arc light 
 is produced when two carbon pencils are 
 attached to the electrodes of a powerful 
 magneto-electric machine or galvanic 
 battery, and their points are Drought 
 together long enough to establish the 
 electric current. If they are tlien sepa- 
 rated to a small distance, varying ac- 
 cording to the strength of the current, 
 the current will continue to flow, leaping 
 across from carbon to carbon, emitting" 
 a light of great intensity at the space 
 between the points. The name Voltaic- 
 or electHc arc is given to that portion 
 where the current leaps across from 
 point to point, the term arc being sug- 
 gested by the curved form which the 
 current liere takes. The incandescence 
 light is obtained by the incandescence, 
 by means of electricity, of various sub- 
 stances, including carton, in a vacuum. 
 Many forms of apparatus are in use for 
 producing the electric light, di.stinguished 
 either by the form of the generating 
 machine, the distribution of the current, 
 or the kind of burner. In the Jabloclil-ofI'
 
 ELECTRICIAN 
 
 126 
 
 ELEVEN 
 
 Ught, the burner consists of a pair of 
 carbon spindles placed parallel to one 
 another, with an insulating earthy sub- 
 stance between them. Its combustion 
 may be roughly compared to that of an 
 ordinary candle, where the earthy sub- 
 stance takes the place of the wick. 
 ■Other forms of the •' candle " bui-ners 
 are in use, such as the Lontin, the Jamin, 
 ■etc. The Maxim, Edison, and Swan 
 lights proceed from an incandescent fila- 
 ment of carbon in a more or less perfect 
 vacuum.— Electric machine. Besides 
 machines in which electricity is excited 
 by friction, electric machines are now 
 •common in which an electric ciu'rent is 
 generated by the revolution uear the 
 poles of a magnet or magnets of one or 
 more soft-iron cores surrounded by coils 
 ■of wire, these machines being known dis- 
 tinctively as magneto-electric machines. 
 A dynamo-electric machine is a machine 
 of tills kind, in whicli the induced cur- 
 rents are made to circulate round the 
 soft-iron magnet which produced them, 
 thus increasing its magnetization. This 
 again prodvices a proportionate increase 
 in the induced cm-rents, and thus by a 
 ■successive alternation of mutual actions 
 verj"- intense magnetization and very 
 powerful currents are speedily obtained. 
 There are many forms of these machines, 
 such as Gramme's, Siemens', Wilde's, 
 Brush's, etc.. used extensively in electric 
 lighting, and as a motor for machiner_y, 
 •electric railways, etc. — Eiectric pen- 
 DCXUlI, a form of electroscope consisting 
 of a pith ball suspended by a non-con- 
 ■ducting thread. — Electeic railway, a 
 railway on which electricity is the mo- 
 tive power. Many cities in U.S. now 
 have electric street railways. On one of 
 these the wheels of the carriages are set in 
 motion by a dynamo - electric macliine 
 placed between "them and below the floor. 
 This macliine is actuated by an electinc 
 current produced by another dj-nanio- 
 electric machine, wtuch is stationai'v and 
 ■driven at a high rate of speed by a steani- 
 •engine. The current is conveyed by uu- 
 ■derground wires to the rails, and these 
 being insulated, it reaches the carriage 
 thi'ough them. [L. eleetrum — Gr. elektran, 
 amber, in which the above property was 
 first observed.] 
 
 ELECTRICIAN, e-lek-trish'yan, n. one who 
 studies, or is versed in, the science of 
 eleeti-icity. 
 
 ELECTRICITY, e-lek-tris'i-ti, n. the prop- 
 erty of attracting and repelhng light 
 bodies : the science which investigates 
 the phenomena and laws of tliis property. 
 [See Electeic] 
 
 ELECTRIFY, e-lek'tri-fi, v.t. to commimi- 
 cate electricity to : to excite suddenly : 
 to astonish: — pa.j). elee'trilied. — adj. 
 Elec'teifiable. — n. Electrifica'tion. 
 [L. eleetrum. facio. to make.] 
 
 ELECTRO-DYNA3IICS, e-lek'tro-di-nam'- 
 iks. n. the branch of physics which treats 
 of the action of electricity. 
 
 ELECTRO-DYNA3IOMETER, e-lek-tro-di- 
 na-mom'et-er, n. an instrument for meas- 
 ui'ing the strength of electro-dynamic 
 action. It consists essentially of a fixed 
 ■coil and a movable coil, usually suspended 
 in a bifilar manner, and furnished with a 
 mirror, so that its motions about a verti- 
 cal axis can be read off bj- means of a 
 scale and telescope. 
 
 ELECTRO-KINETICS, e-lek'tro-kin-et'iks, 
 n. that branch of science which treats of 
 electricitv in motion. [See Kinetics.] 
 
 ELECTROLYSIS, e-lek-troli-sis, n. the 
 process of chemical decomposition by 
 electricity. [Gr. elektron, lysis, dissolv- 
 ing — lyo, to loose, dissolve.] 
 
 ELECTRO -MAGNETISM, e-lek'tro-mag'- 
 net-izm, n. a branch of science which 
 treats of tlie relation of electricity to 
 magnetism. 
 
 ELECTRO-METALLLTRGY. e-lek'tro-met'- 
 al-ui'-ji, ?i. a name given to certain proc- 
 esses by wliich electricity is applied to 
 the working of metals, as in electroplat- 
 ing and electro typing. 
 
 ELECTROMETER, e-lek-troni'e-ter, n. an 
 instrument for measuring the quantity 
 of electricity. [Gr. elektron, and metron, 
 a measure.] 
 
 ELECTROPLATE, e-lek'tro-plat, v.t. to 
 plate or cover with a coating of metal 
 by electricity. 
 
 ELECTROSCOPE, e-lek'tro-skop, n. an in- 
 strument for detecting the presence of 
 electricity in a body and the nature of it. 
 
 iGr. elektron, and skoped, to examine] 
 ECTRO-STATICS, e-lek'tro-stat'iks, n. 
 that branch of science which treats of 
 electricity at rest. [Gr. elektron, and 
 Statics.] 
 
 ELECTROTONIC, e-lek-tr5-ton'ik, adj. of, 
 pertaining to, or produced by electro- 
 toni itv. 
 
 ELECTROTONICITY, e-lek-tro-to-nis'it-i, 
 n. a peculiar alteration of the normal 
 electric current of a nerve, produced by 
 the application, outside the circuit of a 
 galvanometer appUed to that nerve to 
 mark its normal cm-rent, of a continuous, 
 artificial, exciting, electric current, in a 
 distant separate part of the nerve, where- 
 by tlie normal current of the g'alvanom- 
 etiic circuit is either increased or di- 
 minished, according as the exciting or 
 artificial curi-ent travels in the same di- 
 rection on the nerve or not ; the excita- 
 bUity of the nerve within the circuit of 
 the exciting, artificial current being di- 
 minished (anelectrotonic) near the posi- 
 tive, and exalted {cathelectrotonic) near 
 the negative pole. 
 
 ELECTROTONIZE, e-lek'tro-ton-Iz, v.t. to 
 alter the normal electric current of, as a 
 nerve. [See Electrotoxicitt.] 
 
 ELECTROTYPE, e-lek'tro-tip, n. the ai-t of 
 copying- an engraving or ty2)e on a metal 
 deposited by electricity. 
 
 ELECTUARY, e-lek'tti-ar-i, n. a composi- 
 tion of medicinal powders with honej' or 
 sugar. [Low L. electuarium, a medicine 
 that dissolves in the mouth — Gr. ekleik- 
 ton — ekleicho, to Uck u]).] 
 
 ELEEMOSYNARY, el-e-nios'i-nar-i, adj. 
 relating to charity or almsgiving : given 
 in charity. [Gr. eleemosyne, compassion- 
 ateness, alms — eleos, pitv. See Alms.] 
 
 ELEGANCE, el'e-gans, ELEGANCY, el'e- 
 gans-i, n. the state or quality of being 
 elegant : the beauty of projjrietj- : neat- 
 ness: i-efinement: ttiat which is elegant. 
 JTr., from L. elegant ia — elegans.] 
 
 ELEGANT, el'e-gant, adj. pleasing to good 
 taste : gTaceful : neat : refined : nice : 
 richly ornamental. — adv. El'egantly. 
 [Fr. — L. elegans. -antis — eligo, tochoose.] 
 
 ELEGIAC, el-e-ji'ak or el-e'ii-ak, adj. be- 
 longing to elegy: mournful : used in ele- 
 gies. — n. elegiac verse. — adj. Eleoiacal, 
 el-e-jl'ak-al. [L. — Gr. elegeiakos—elegos, 
 a lament.] 
 
 ELEGIZE, el'e-jlz, v.t. and i. to write or 
 compose elegies : to celebrate or lament 
 after the style of an elegj- : to bewail. " I 
 . . . p,frhaps should have elegized on for 
 a page or two farther, when Harry, who 
 has no idea of the dignity of grief, blund- 
 ered in." — H. Walpole. 
 
 ELEGIST, el'e-jist, n. a writer of elegies. 
 
 ELEGY, el'e-ji, ». a song of mourning, a 
 lament : a funeral song-. [Fr. — L. — Gr. 
 elegns, a lament.] 
 
 ELESiENT, el'e-ment, n. a first principle: 
 one of the essential parts of anytliing : 
 
 an ingredient : the proper state or sphere 
 of any thing or being : — pi. the rudi- 
 ments of anything : (chem.) the simple 
 bodies that have not been decomposed : 
 among the ancients, fire, air, earth, and 
 water, supposed to be the constituents 
 of all things : the bread and wine used 
 at the Communion. [L. elementum, pi, 
 elenienta, first principles.] 
 
 ELEMENTAL, el-e-ment'al, adj. pertaining 
 to elements or first principles : belonging 
 to or produced by elements or the ele- 
 ments. — adv. Elejient'ally. 
 
 ELEMENTALISM, el-e-ment'al-izm. n. the 
 theory which identifies the divinities of 
 the ancients with the elemental powers. 
 Gladstone. 
 
 ELEjMENTARY, el-e-ment'ar-i, adj. of a 
 single element : primary : uucompounded: 
 pertaining- to the elements : treating of 
 first principles. 
 
 ELEMENTOID, el-e-ment'oid, adj. like an 
 element : having the appeai-ance of a 
 simple substance : as, compounds which 
 have an elementoid nature, and perform 
 elemental functions. [L. elementum, an 
 element, and Gr. eidos, form.] 
 
 ELEPHANT, el'e-fant, n. the largest quad- 
 ruped, having a verj- tliick skin, a trunk, 
 and two ivory tusks. [Fr. — L. elephas, 
 elephantis — Gr. elephas — Heb. eleph, 
 aleph. an ox. See Alpela.] 
 
 ELEPHANTIASIS, el-e-fant-IVsis, n. a 
 disease in which the legs become thick 
 like the elephant's. [Gr. — elephas.] 
 
 ELEPHANTINE, el-e-fan'tin, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the elephant : like an elejihaut : 
 very large. 
 
 ELEUTHEROMANIA, e-lu-the-ro-mani-a, 
 n. a mania for freedom : excessive zeal 
 for freedom. "Nothing but insubordi- 
 nation, eleidheromania, confused, uu 
 limited oiyjosition in their heads." — 
 Carlyle. [Gr. eleutlieros, free, and mania, 
 madness.] 
 
 ELEUTHEROJLi.NIAC. e-lu-the-ro-mani- 
 ak, n. one having an excessive zeal for 
 freedom : a fanatic on the subject of 
 freedom. — adj. having a mania for free- 
 dom. Carlyle. 
 
 ELEVATE, el'e-vat, v.t. to raise to a higher 
 position : to raise in mind and feelings : 
 to improve : to cheer. [L. elevo, elevatus 
 — e, out, up, levo, to raise — levis, light. 
 See Light, adj.] 
 
 ELEVATION, el-e-va'shun, n. the act of 
 elevating or raising, or the state of 
 being raised : exaltation : an elevated 
 place or station : a rising ground : height: 
 (ardi.) a geometrical view of the side 
 of a building : (gun.) the angle made by 
 the line of dii-ection of a gun witli the 
 plane of the horizon : {astron.) altitude: 
 the distance of a heavenly body above 
 the horizon, or the ai-c of a vertical circle 
 intercepted between it and the horizon : 
 (dialling) the angle which the style 
 makes with the substj-lar line : (trigono- 
 metrical surv.) heig-lit : altitude: height 
 above the surface of the earth : angiilar 
 height, or angle of elevation. Tlie angle 
 of elevation of any object is the angle 
 formed by two straight lines drawn from 
 the observer's eye, the one to the top of 
 the object and the other jmrallel to the 
 horizon, both lines being in the same 
 vertical plane.— Elevation of the host, 
 in tlie R. Cath. Ch. that part of the mass 
 in which the priest raises the liost above 
 his head for the people to adore. 
 
 ELEVATOR, el'e-va-tor, ?i. the person or 
 thing- that lifts up : a machine for rais- 
 ing grain, etc., to a higher floor : a mus- 
 cle raising- a part of the body. 
 
 ELEVATORY, el'e-va-tor-i, 'adj. able or 
 tending- to raise. 
 
 ELEVEN, e-lev'n, adj. ten and one. — n. the
 
 ele\tenth: 
 
 It: 
 
 ELX-50KY 
 
 flumber 11. [A.S. eii(d)liif-on, of which 
 (d being- excrescent, and -on, a dative pi. 
 suffix) en = A.S. an, E. One, and -luf{ov 
 -lif) is prob. tlie root t(il\ ten, successive- 
 ly weakened to dak, lik, lip, and lif ; cf. 
 the Goth, ain-lif.] 
 
 ELEVENTH, e-lev'nth, adj. and n. the 
 next after the tenth. [A.S. endlyfta.] 
 
 ELF, elf. n. a little spirit formerly believed 
 to haunt woods and wild places ; a dwarf: 
 —pL Elves, elvz. [A.S. aelf : Gar. elf.] 
 
 ELFIN, elfin, adj. of or relating to elves, 
 —n. a little elf: a child. [Dim. of Elf.] 
 
 ELFISH, elfish, ELVAN, elv'aa, adj. elf- 
 Uke : disguised. 
 
 ELICIT, e-lis'it, v.t. to entice or draw out : 
 to bring to light : to deduce. [L. elicio, 
 elicitiis — e, out, lacio, to entice. Cf. Lace.] 
 
 ELIDE, e-lTd', v.t. to strike out or cut off, 
 as a syllable. [L. elido, elisus — e, out, 
 Icedo. to strike. Cf. Lesiox.] 
 
 ELIGIBILITY, el-i-ji-bil'i-ti, n. fitness to be 
 elected or chosen : the state of being pref- 
 erable to something else : desirableness. 
 
 ELIGIBLE, el'i-ji-bl, adj. fit or worthy to 
 be chosen : legally qualified : desirable. — 
 )i. El'toiblen-ess, same as Eligibil'ity. — 
 adr. El'igiblt. [Fr. — L. eligo. See 
 Elect, i\t.] 
 
 ELIMINATE, e-lim'in-at. v.t. to thrust out 
 of doors. Lovelace. To expel : to dis- 
 charge or throw off : to set at liberty ; as, 
 •This detains secretions which nature 
 finds it necessarj' to eliminate.'' — Med. 
 Rejws. To leave out of an argument or 
 train ol thought : to set aside as unim- 
 portant c not to be considered : to leave 
 out of consideration ; as, "To know the 
 truth of things, to have cognizance of 
 what is real, we must penetrate below 
 the surface, eliminate the accidental and 
 irrelevant, and grasp the principle or 
 essence which underlies and interprets 
 appearances." — Dr. Caird. {Alg.) to 
 cause a quantity or quantities to disap- 
 pear from an equation: to remove from 
 both sides of an equation : to obtain by 
 
 ' eliminating or separating, as from for- 
 eign matters : to deduce : to elicit ; as, 
 " Conclusions which all are glad to ac- 
 cept after they have been painfully elim- 
 inated by others." — O. W. Holmes. [L. 
 elimino, eliminatum — e, out, and limen, 
 thresholdj 
 
 EiLBnNATION, e-lim-in-a'shun, n. (late) 
 the act of banishing or tiu-ning out of 
 doors : ejection : the act of expelling or 
 throwing off : the act of discharging or 
 excreting by the pores : the act of set- 
 ting aside as unimportant or unworthy 
 of consideration, or as being superfluous 
 or irrelevant : " {Elimination) is frequent- 
 ly used in the sense of eliciting, but 
 incorrectly," says Fleming. "The pre- 
 paratory step of the discussion was, 
 therefore, an elimination of those less 
 precise and appropriate significations, 
 which, as they would at best only afford 
 a i-emote genus and difference, were 
 wholly incompetent fo^ the pui-pose of a 
 definition." — Sir W. Hamilton. (Alg.) 
 the process of reducing a number of 
 equations containing certain quantities 
 to a smaller number, in which one or 
 more of the quantities shall not be found. 
 
 ELISION, e-lizh'un, n. the cutting off or 
 suppression of a vowel or sj'Uable. [See 
 Elide.] 
 
 ELITE, a-let', n. a chosen or select part : 
 the best of anything. [Fr. — L. electa 
 {pars, a part, understood). See Elect, 
 v.tj 
 
 ELIXIR, e-liks'er, n. a liquor once supposed 
 to have the power of prolonging life or 
 of transmuting metals : the quintessence 
 of anything : a substance wliich invig^or- 
 ates : {med.) a compound tincture. [Ar. 
 
 el-ik-iir, the philosopher's stone, from al-, 
 the, and dksir, quintessence.] 
 
 ELIZABETHAN, e-liz-a-beth'an or e-liz'-, 
 adj. pertaining to Queen Elizabeth or her 
 time. 
 
 ELK, elk, n., Alces Malchis or Cervus Al- 
 ces, the largest existing species of the 
 Cervidse or deer family. It attains the 
 height of 7 feet at the slioulders, and its 
 antlers, when fuUy formed, weigh 50 to 
 60 lbs. It is found in Europe and Asia, 
 but chieflj- in North America, where it 
 is called the Moose or Moose-Deer. [A. 
 S. elch. Cog. Ice. elgr, O. G«r. elaho, N. 
 and Sw. elg ; L. alces — elk.] 
 
 ELL, el, n. a measure of length orig. taken 
 from the arm : a clotli measure equal to 
 li yds. [A.S. ehi, Dut. and Ger. elle, L. 
 ulna, Gr. olene, the eZ-bow, the arm. See 
 Elbow.] 
 
 ELLIPSE, el-lips', n. an oval : {geom.) a 
 figure produced by the section of a cone 
 by a plane passing obliquely through the 
 opposite sides. [L. ellipisis — Gr. elleipsis 
 {lit.) a defect, so called because its plane 
 forms with the base of the cone a less 
 angle than that of the parabola.] 
 
 ELLIPSIS, el-lip'sis, n. {gram.) a figure of 
 syntax by wliich a word or words are 
 left o«f and implied:—/??. Ellipses, el-lij)'- 
 sez. [L. — Gr. elleij)sis — en, in, and leipo, 
 to leave. Cf. Eclipse.] 
 
 ELLIPSOID, el-lip'soid, n. {math.) a sur- 
 face, every plane section of which is au 
 eUipse. [Gr. ellei2)sis, and eidos, form.] 
 
 ELLIPTIC, el-Up'tik, ELLIPTICAL, el-lip'- 
 tik-al, adj. pertaining to an ellipse: oval: 
 pertaining to ellijis^is : having a part un- 
 derstood. — adv. Ellip'ticallt. [Gr. el- 
 leiptikos — elleijjsi^.l 
 
 ELM, elm, ii. the EngUsh name of a genus 
 of trees, Ulmus, nat. order Ulmaceas. 
 The species, of which there are thirteen, 
 are natives of the northern temperate 
 zone. They have bisexual flowers, with 
 a campanulate calyx, as many stamens 
 as there are divisions in the limb of the 
 calyx, and two styles. Two species are 
 common in Great Britain and this coun- 
 try, one indigenous, U. montana (the 
 wjxh elm), and the other introduced, U. 
 campestris (the common elm), but culti- 
 vated everywhere. Both trees are very 
 variable, and the varieties have received 
 specific names. The elm is one of our 
 principal timber trees, for usefulness 
 ranking next to the oak. It is valued 
 for the rapidity of its growth, its hardi- 
 ness, and its capability of thriving in 
 poor soil unfit for tillage. [A.S. elm, ellm. 
 Cf. Dut. olm, Dan. oelm, cum; L. tdmus; 
 Bohem. gilm (pron. yilm)— elm.] 
 
 ELMY, elm'i. adj. abounding with elms. 
 
 ELOCUTION, el-o-ku'shun, ?(. style or 
 manner of speaking : utterance. — adj. 
 Elocu'tionakt. [Fr. — L. elocuiio—elo- 
 quor, elocutus — e, out, and loquor, to 
 speak.] 
 
 ELOCUTIONIST, el-o-ku'shun-ist, Ji. one 
 versed in elocution : a teacher of elocu- 
 tion. 
 
 ELOGE, a-lozh'. ELOGIUM, e-l6'ji-um, n. 
 a funeral oration : a panegyric. [Fr. 
 eloge — L. elogiiim, a short statement, an 
 inscription on a tomb — ^L. e, inten., and 
 Gr. logos, discourse.] 
 
 ELOHIM, e'lo-him, n. one of the names of 
 God, of frequent occurrence in the Bible 
 It is used both of the true God and of false 
 gods, while .Jehovah is used only of the 
 true God. The use of the plural form 
 Elohim has caused much controversy 
 among critics, some regarding it as con- 
 taining an allusion to the doctrine of the 
 Trinity, while others regard it as the 
 plural of excellence, and others hold it 
 
 as establishing the fact of a primitive 
 polytheism. [Heb. pi. of Eloah.] 
 
 ELOHIST, e'16-hist, n. the epithet applied 
 to the supposed writer of the Elohistic 
 passages of the Pentateuch, in contra- 
 distinction to Jelioinst. "The descrip- 
 tions of the Elohist are regular, orderly^ 
 clear, simple, inartificial, calm, free from 
 the rhetorical and poetical." — S. David- 
 son. 
 
 ELOHISTIC, e-16-hist'ik. adj. a term ap- 
 plied to certain passages in Scriptui-e, 
 especially in the Pentateuch, in which 
 the Almighty is always spoken of as 
 Elohim, supposed by some to have been 
 wi-itten at an earlier period than those 
 in which he is spoken of as Jehovah. 
 The Elohistic paragraphs are simpler, 
 more pastoral, and more primitive in 
 their character, while the Jehovistic in- 
 dicate some knowledge of geography 
 and history, exalt the priestly character, 
 and are generalh' more elaborate. Gen. 
 i. 37 is Elohistic ;' Gen. ii. 21-34 is Jeho- 
 vi.'itic. 
 
 ELONGATE, e-long'gat,r.f. to make longer: 
 to extend. [Low L. elongo, elongatus — e, 
 out, and longus, long.] 
 
 ELONGATION, e-long-ga'shun, n. act of 
 lengthening out: state of being length- 
 ened : distance. 
 
 ELOPE, e-lop', v.i. to escape privately, 
 said esp. of a woman, either married or 
 unmarried, who runs away with a lover. 
 [Prob. a corr. of Dut. ont-)oopen, to run 
 away, from out- (Ger. ent-), awaj% and 
 loop'en = E. leap. See Leap.] 
 
 ELOPEMENT, e-lop'ment. m. a secret de- 
 parture, esp. of a woman with a man. 
 
 ELOQUENCE, el'o-kweus, n. the utterance 
 of strong emotion in correct, appropriate, 
 expressive, and fluent language : the art 
 whicii produces fine speaking: persuasive 
 speech. 
 
 ELOQUENT, el'o-tivent, adj. ha-i-ing the 
 power of speaking with fluency, elegance, 
 and power : containing eloquence : per- 
 suasive. — adv. El'oquently. [L. elo- 
 quens, -entis, pr.p. of eloquor. See Elo- 
 cution.] 
 
 ELSE, els, pron. other. — adv. otherwise : 
 besides : except that mentioned. [A.S. 
 elles, otherwise — orig. gen. of el. other ; 
 cf. O. Ger. alles or ettes. See Alias.] 
 
 ELSEWHERE, elshwar, adv. in another 
 place : in other places. 
 
 ELTCHI, elt'she, n. an ambassador or 
 envoy : a Persian and Turkish name. 
 " Things which they had told to Colonel 
 Rose they did not yet dare to tell to the 
 g^-eat Eltchi (Lord Stratford de Red- 
 cliffe). ■' — Kin glake. 
 
 ELUCIDATE, e-lu'si-dat, v.t. to make lu- 
 cid or clear : to throw light upon : to 
 explain : to illustrate. — ns. Elucida'tion', 
 Elu'cidatoe. [Low L. elucido. elucida- 
 tus — e. intensive, and lucidus, clear. See 
 Lucid.] 
 
 ELUCIDATR'E, e ''Tsi-da-tiv, ELUCIDA- 
 TORY, e-lu'si-da-tor-i. adj. making lucid 
 or clear : explanatory. 
 
 ELUCTATE. e-luk'tat,\-.i. to struggle out: 
 to burst forth: to escape. "They did 
 eluctate out of their iniuries with credit 
 to themselves." — Bj>. Hacket. [L. eluc- 
 tor, eluctatus — e, out of, and luctor, te 
 wrestle.] 
 
 ELLTDE, e-lud', v.t. to avoid or escape by 
 Stratagem : to baffle. [L. eludo, elu.fu.i 
 — e, out. ludo, to play.] 
 
 ELUSION, e-lu'zhun, *n. act of eluding: 
 e.si'ape by artifice : evasion. 
 
 ELUSnT;." e-lfl'siv, adj. practicing elusion: 
 deceptive. — adv. Elu'sively. 
 
 ELUSORY, e-lu'sor-i, adj. tending to elude 
 or cheat : evasive : deceitful.
 
 ELUTRIATE 
 
 12S 
 
 EMBROCATE 
 
 ELUTRIATE, e-lu'tri-at, v.t. to purify by 
 washing and straining off or decanting 
 the liquid from the substance washed : 
 to cleanse : as, to elutriate ores. •' Elu- 
 triating the blood as it passes through 
 the lungs." — Arbiitknot. — n. Elutria'- 
 TION, the operation of pulverizing a solid 
 substance, mixing it with water, and 
 pouring off the liquid, while the foul or 
 extraneous substances are floating, or 
 after the coarser particles have subsided, 
 and while the finer parts are suspended 
 in the liquor : as, the elutriation of tin- 
 ore. [L. elutrio, elutriatum, from eluo, 
 elutum, to wash off — e, off, and luo, to 
 wash.] 
 
 ELVAN, ELVES. See under Elfish, Elf. 
 
 ELYSIAN, e-lizh'i-an, adj. pertaining to 
 Elysium : exceedingly delightful. 
 
 ELYSIUM, e-lizh'i-uni,"(!. (myth.) the abode 
 of the blessed after death : any delightful 
 place. [L. — Gr. elysion (pedion), the 
 Elysian (plain).] 
 
 ElLiCIATE, e-ma'shi-at, v.t. to make 
 meagre or lean : to deprive of flesh : to 
 waste. — v.i. to become lean : to waste 
 away. [L. emacio, emaciatiis- -e, inten- 
 sive, macio. to make lean — maci-es, lean- 
 ness. See Meagre.] 
 
 EMACIATION, e-ma-shi-a'shun, n. the con- 
 dition of becoming emaciated or lean : 
 leanness. 
 
 EMANATE, em'a-nat, v.i. to flo7v out or 
 from ." to proceed from some source : to 
 arise. [L. emano, emanafus — e, out from, 
 mano, to flow.] 
 
 EMANATION, em-a-na'shun, n. a floimng 
 out from a source : that which issues or 
 proceeds from some source. — adj. Em'a- 
 
 NATIVE. 
 
 EMANCIPATE, e-man'si-pat, v.t. to set 
 free from servitude : to free from restraint 
 or bondage of any kind. — n. Emax'cif.^- 
 TOR. [L. e, away from, and mancipare, 
 to transfer property — manceps, mancipis, 
 one who gets or acquires property, (lit.) 
 who takes by the hand, from •manus, the 
 hand, capio, to take.] 
 
 EMANCIPATION, e-man-si-pa'shun, n. the 
 act of setting free from bondage or dis- 
 ability of any kind : the state of being 
 
 EMANCIPATIONIST,e-man-si-pa'shun-ist, 
 n. an advocate of the emancipation of 
 slaves. 
 
 EMARGINATE, e-mar'jin-at, v.t. to take 
 away the margin of. [L. emargino, emar- 
 ginatum, to deprive of the edge — e, priv., 
 and margo, marginis, an edge, border, 
 margin.] 
 
 EMARGINATE, e-mar'jin-at, EMARGIN- 
 ATED, e-mar'jin-at-ed, adj. having the 
 margin or extremitj' taken away : spe- 
 cifically, (a) in bot. notched at the blunt 
 apex : applied to the leaf, petal, stigma, 
 or to the giUs of fungi : (mineral.) having 
 all the edges of the primitive form trun- 
 cated, each by one face: (zool.) having 
 the margin broken bj' an obtuse notch 
 or the segment of - -ircle. — adv. Emar'- 
 GINATELY, in the form of notches. 
 
 EMARGINATION, e-mar-jin-a'shun. ?!. act 
 of taking away the margin : state or 
 condition of ha\'ing the margin taken 
 away : (bot.) the condition of having a 
 notch at the summit or blunt end : a 
 notch at the summit or blunt end : as, 
 the emargination of a leaf. 
 
 EMASCULATE,e-mas'ku-lat, v.t. to dejrriv? 
 of the properties of a male : to castrate : 
 to deprive of masculine vigor : to render 
 effeminate. — n. Emascula'tion. [Low 
 L. emasndo, emasc^datus — e, priv., and 
 maseidiis, dim. of mas, a male.] 
 
 EMBALM, em-bam'. i:t. to preserve from 
 decay by aromatic drugs, as a dead body: 
 to perfume : to preserve with care and 
 
 affection. — ns. Embalm'er, Embalji'isg. 
 [Fr. embanrner, from em, in, and battme. 
 See Balm.] 
 
 EMBANK, em-bangk', v.t. to inclose or 
 defend with a bank or dike. [Coined 
 from em. in. and Bank.] 
 
 EMBANKMENT, em-bangk'ment, n. the 
 act of embankintr : a bank or mound. 
 
 EMBARCATION. "Same as EMBARKATION. 
 
 EMBARGO, em-bar'go, n. a prohibition of 
 ships to leave port : a stoppage of trade 
 for a short time by authority -.—pi. Em- 
 BAR'GOES. — v.t. to lay an embargo on : — 
 pr.p. embar'going ; pa.p. embar'goed. 
 [Sp. — embargar. to impede, to restrain — 
 Sp. em, in, and barra. a bar. See Barri- 
 cade, and Embarrass.] 
 
 EMBARK, em-bark', v.t. to put on board a 
 bark or ship: to engage in any affair. — 
 (•.?'. to go on board ship: to engage in 
 a business : to enlist. [Fr. embarquer, 
 from em, in, and barque. See Bare, a 
 barge.] 
 
 EMBARKATION, em - bar - ka'shun, n. a 
 putting or going on board : that which 
 is embarked. 
 
 EMBARRASS, em-bar'as, v.t. to encumber : 
 to involve in difficultj-, esp. in money- 
 matters : to perplex : (lit.) to put a bar 
 or difficulty in the tvay of. [Fr. embar- 
 rasser — Fr. em. in, and (through Prov. 
 barras) Fr. barre, a bar. See Bar.] 
 
 EMBARRASSMENT, em-bar'as-ment, n. 
 perplexity or confusion : difficulties in 
 money-matters. 
 
 EMBASSY, em'bas-i, n. the charge or 
 function of an embassador : the person 
 or persons sent on an embassy. [Low L. 
 ambascia. See Ambassador.'] 
 
 EMBATERION, em-ba-te'ri-on. n. a war- 
 song of the Spartans which they sang 
 when rushing on the enemy. It was ac- 
 companied by flutes. [Gr. em for en, in, 
 and baino. to go.] 
 
 EMBATHE, em-hath', v.t. to bathe. [Pre- 
 fix etn for en, and Bathe.] 
 
 Gave her to his daughters to embathe 
 In nectar'd lavers, strew'd with asphodel. 
 
 —Miltoti. 
 
 EMBATTLE, em-bat'l, v.t. to furnish with 
 battlements. [Em and O. Fr. bastiller, 
 from the same root as Battlement, Bas- 
 tille, and Baste, to sew. The form of 
 this word is due to a confusion with E. 
 Battle.] 
 
 EMBATTLE, em-bat'l, v.t. to range in or- 
 der of battle. [Coined from em, in, and 
 Battle.] 
 
 EMBAY, em-ba', v.t. to inclose in a bay: 
 to landlock. [Ein, in, into, and Bay.] 
 
 EMBED. Same as Imbed. 
 
 EMBELLISH, em-bel'ish, v.t. to make 
 beautiful with ornaments : to decorate : 
 to make graceful : to illustrate pictorial- 
 ly, as a book. — n. E.mbell'isher. [Fr. 
 embellir. embellissant — em, in, bel, bemi, 
 beautiful. See Beau.] 
 
 EMBELLISHMENT, em-bel'ish-ment, n. 
 act of embellishing or adorning : decora- 
 tion : ornament. 
 
 EMBER-DAYS, em'ber-daz, ji.jj?. in R. C. 
 and English Church, three Fast-days in 
 each quarter. [A.S. ymbrine. orig. sig. 
 a, r uniting round or circuit — ymbe, round 
 (Ger. um, L. ambi-), and ryne, a running, 
 from rinnan. to run.] 
 
 EMBERS, em'berz, n.pl. red-hot ashes : the 
 smouldering remains of a fire. [A.S. 
 emyrian : Ice. eimyrja. The b is excres- 
 cent.] 
 
 EMBEZZLE, em-bez'l. v.t. to waste or dis- 
 sipate : to appropriate fraudulently what 
 has been intrusted. — /(. Embezz'LER. 
 [Perh. from root of Imbecile, the prima- 
 ry sense being to weaken, waste ; (obs.) 
 bezzle. to .squander, is the same word, 
 the first syllable being dropped.] 
 
 EMBEZZLEMENT, em-bez'1-ment. n. 
 fraudulent appropriation of another's 
 property by the person to whom it was 
 intrusted. 
 
 EMBITTER. See Imbitter. 
 
 EMBLAZON, em-bla'zn, v.t. to deck in 
 blazing colors : (her.) to blazon or adorn 
 with figures. — Ji. Embla'zonment, an 
 emblazoning. [Em and Blazon.] 
 
 EMBLAZONRY, em-bla'zn-ri. n. the art of 
 emblazoning or adorning : devices on 
 shields. 
 
 EMBLEM, em'blem, ?i. a picture represent- 
 ing to the mind something different from 
 itself : a type or symbol. [Lit. some- 
 thing inserted in a surface as ornament ; 
 Fr. embleme — L. emblema. inlaid work — 
 Gr. — em (^en), in, ballo. to lav. to ■ ri>t.l 
 
 EMBLEMATIC, em-blem-at'ik, 'EMBLEM- 
 ATICAL, em-blem-at'ik-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or containing emblems : represent- 
 ing. — adv. Emblemat'ically. 
 
 EJIBLOOM, em-bloom', v.t. to cover or 
 enrich with bloom. [Em, in. and Bloom.] 
 
 EMBODIMENT, em-bod'i-ment, n. act of 
 embodying : state of being embodied. 
 
 EMBODY, em-bod'i, v.t. to form into a 
 body : to make corporeal : to make tan- 
 gible. — v.i. to unite in a body or mass. 
 [Em., in, and Body.] 
 
 EMBOGUING, em-bog'ing, j;. the mouth 
 of a river. [See Disembogue.] 
 
 EMBOLDEN, em-bold'n, v.t. to make bold 
 or courageous. [Em, to make, and 
 Bold.] 
 
 EMBOLISM, em'bo-lizm, n. the insertion of 
 days, months, or years in an account 
 of time to produce regularity : (med.'i the 
 presence of obstructing clots in the blood- 
 vessels. — adjs. Embolism' AL, Embolism'- 
 IC. [Fr. — Gr. embolismos — emballo. to 
 cast in. See Emblem.] 
 
 EMBORDER, em-bord'er, v.t. to border. 
 
 EMBOSOM, em-booz'um, v.t. to take into 
 the bosom : to receive into the affections: 
 to inclose or surround. [Em, in, into, 
 and Bosom.] 
 
 EMBOSS, em-bos', v.t. to form bosses or 
 protuberances upon : to ornament with 
 raised-work. — n. Emboss'ER. [Em. in, 
 into, and Boss.] 
 
 EMBOSSMENT, em-bos'ment, n. a promi- 
 nence like a boss : raised-work. 
 
 EMBOUCHURE, em-boo-sho6r', 71. the 
 mouth of a river, of a cannon, etc.: the 
 mouth-hole of a wind musical instru- 
 ment. [Fr. — eni-boiicher, to put to the 
 mouth. See DEBOUCH. DEBOUCHURE.] 
 
 EMBOW, em-bo', v.t., v.i. to bow or arch. 
 [Em and Bow.] 
 
 EMBOWEL, em-bow'el, v.t. properly, to 
 inclose in something else ; but also used 
 for disembotcel, to remove the entrails 
 from : — pr.p. embow'elling ; pa.p. em- 
 bow'elled.— )!. EnbOw'elment. [Em. in, 
 into, and Bowel.] 
 
 EMBOWER, em-bow'er, v.t. to place in a 
 bower : to shelter, as with trees. [Em, 
 in. and Bower.] 
 
 EMBRACE, em-bras', v.t. to take in the 
 arms : to press to the bosom with affec- 
 tion : to take eagerly or willingly : to 
 comprise : to admit or receive. — v.i. to 
 join in an embrace. — »i. an embracing : 
 fond pressure in the arms. [O. Fr. em- 
 bracer (mod. Fr. embrasser) — em, L. in, 
 in, into, and bras — L. brachium, an arm. 
 See Brace.] 
 
 EMBRASURE, em-bra'zhiir, n. a door or 
 window with the sides slanted on the in- 
 side : an opening in a wall for cannon. 
 [Fr.. properly, an opening through which 
 a gun may be fired — embraser, to set on 
 fire, from the O. Ger, bras, fire. See 
 Rr aster and Brass.] 
 
 EMBROCATE, em'bro-kat, v.t. to moisten 
 and rub, as a sore with a lotion. [Low
 
 EMBROCATION 
 
 129 
 
 EMULATE 
 
 L. embroco, etnbrocatus, from Gr. embro- 
 che, a lotion — emhrecho, to soak in — em 
 (= en), in. into, brecho, to wet.] 
 
 EMBROCATION, em-bro-ka'shun, n. act of 
 embrocating : the lotion used. 
 
 EMBROIDER, em-broid'er, v.t. to ornament 
 with designs in needle-work, orig. on the 
 border. — n. Embroid'erek. [Em, on. and 
 Fr. broder, another form of border — bord, 
 edge. See Border.] 
 
 EMBROIDERY, em-broid'er-i, n. the act or 
 art of embroidering : ornamental needle- 
 work : variegation or diversity : artificial 
 ornaments. 
 
 EMBROIL, em-broil', v.t. to involve in a 
 broil, or in perplexity : to entangle : to 
 distract : to throw into confusion. [Fr. 
 I mbrouiller — em, in, and broulller, to 
 break out. See Broil, n.] 
 
 EMBROILMENT, em-broil'ment, w. a state 
 of perplexitv or confusion : disturbance. 
 
 lMBRYO, em'bri-6. EMBRYON, em'bri-on, 
 /(. the young of an animal in its earliest 
 stages of development : the part of a seed 
 wliich forms the future plant : the begin- 
 ning of anything : — pi. Em'bryos, Em'- 
 BRYONs. — adj., also EjrBRYON'lc, of or 
 relating to anything in an imperfect 
 state : rudimentary. [Fr. ; Gr. ; em {=en), 
 in. and bryon, neuter of pr.p. of bryo, to 
 swell.] 
 
 EMBRYOLOGICALLY, em-bri-o-loj'ik-al- 
 li. adv. according to the rules of embryol- 
 ngv. Kiitg.'tley. 
 
 EMB"RYOLOGIST, em-bri-ol'o-jist, n. one 
 versed in the doctrines of embryology. 
 
 EMBRYOLOGY, em-bri-ol'oj-i. n. science 
 of the embrvo or fetus of animals. 
 
 EMENDATIOiSr. em-en-da'shun, n. a mend- 
 ing or removal of an error or fault : cor- 
 rection. [L. emendatio — emendo, emen- 
 datus — e, out, away, and mendum, a 
 fault. See AMEND.] " 
 
 EMEND ATOR. em'en-da-tor, n. a corrector 
 of errors in writings : one who corrects 
 or improves. 
 
 EMENDATORY.e- men'da - tor - i. adj. 
 mending or contributing to correction. 
 
 EMENDER, e-mend'er, »i. one who emends: 
 one who removes faults, blemishes, or 
 the like : an emendator. E. B. Broum- 
 ing. 
 
 EMERALD, em'er-ald, n. a precious stone 
 of a green color : a small printing-type. 
 [Fr. emeraude (O. Fr. esmeralae) — L. 
 smaragdiis — Gr. smaragdos.] 
 
 ElMERGE, e-merj', v.i. to rise out of: to 
 issue or come forth : to reappear after 
 being concealed : to come into view. [L. 
 eraergo, emersus — e, out of, mergo, to 
 plunge.] 
 
 EMERGENCE, e-mer'jens. EMERGENCY, 
 e-mer'jen-si, n. act of emerging : sudden 
 appearance : an unexpected occurrence : 
 pressing necessity : something not cal- 
 culated upon : an unexpected gain : a 
 casual profit. "The rents, profits, and 
 emergencieji belonging to a Bishop of 
 Bath and Wells."'— ife^hn. 
 
 EMERGENT, e-mer'jent, adj. emerging : 
 suddenly appearing : arising unexpect- 
 edly : urgent. — adv. Emer'gently. [L. 
 emergens, -entis, pr.p. of emergo.\ 
 
 EMERODS, em'e-rodz, n.pl. (B.) now Hem- 
 orrhoids. 
 
 EMERSION, e-mer'shun, n. act of emerg- 
 ing : {astr.) the reappearance of .1 heav- 
 enly body after being' eclipsed by another 
 or by the sun's brightness. 
 
 EMERY, em'er-i, n. a very hard mineral, 
 used as powder for polUihing, etc. [Fr. 
 emeri. emeril — It. smeriglio — Gr. smeris 
 — smao. to smear.] 
 
 EMETIC, e-met'ik, adj. causing vomiting. 
 — n. a medicine that causes vomiting. 
 
 r rough L., from Gr. emetikos — emeo, 
 omft. See Vomit.] 
 
 1 
 
 EMEU. Same as Emu. 
 
 EMIGRANT, em'i-grant, adj. emigrating 
 or liaving emigrated. — n. one who emi- 
 grates. [L. emigrans, -antis, pr.p. of 
 emigro.'] 
 
 EMIGRATE, em'i-grat, v.i. to migrate Or 
 remove from one's native country to an- 
 other. — n. EinoRA'TiON. [L. emigro, em- 
 igratvs — e, from, migro, to remove.] 
 
 EMINENCE, em'i-nens, n. a part eminent 
 or rising above the rest : a rising-ground : 
 height : distinction : a title of honor. 
 
 EMINENT, em'i-nent, adj., rising above 
 others : conspicuous : distinguished : ex- 
 alted in rank or office. — adv. Em'inently. 
 [L. eminens, -entis, pr.p. of emineo — e, 
 out, mineo, to project.] 
 
 EMIR, e'mir, n. a Turkish title given esp. 
 to descendants of Mohammed. [Aj. 
 amir: cog. with Heb. amar, to com- 
 mand. Doublet, Ameer.] 
 
 EMISSARY, em'is-ar-i, n. one sent out on a 
 secret mission : a spy : an underground 
 channel by which the water of a lake 
 escapes. — adj. same as Emissory. [L. 
 emissarius — emitto.] 
 
 EMISSION, e-mish'un, n. the act of emit- 
 ting : that which is issued at one time. 
 [Emissus — emitto.] 
 
 EMISSORY. e-mis'or-i, adj. (anat.) convey- 
 ing excretions from the body. [Emissus 
 — emitto.] 
 
 EMIT, e-mit', v.t. to send out: to throw or 
 give out: to issue: — pr.p. emitt'ing; 
 2}a.p. emitt'ed. [L. emitto, emissus — e, 
 out of, mitto, to send.] 
 
 EMMANUEL, em-man'u-el, n. God with 
 us : an appellation of our Saviour. Same 
 as Immanuel. [Heb. — im, with, anu, us, 
 and El, God.] 
 
 EMMET, em'et, K. the ant. [A.B.cemete; 
 cog. with Ger. ameise : pern, also with 
 Ger. emsig, diligent. Ice. amr, work. 
 Ant is a contr.] 
 
 EMOLLIATE, e-mol'i-at, v.t. to soften: to 
 render effeminate. [L. emollio, emollitus 
 — e, intensive, and moUio, to soften — 
 mollis, soft.] 
 
 EMOLLIENT, e-mol'yent, adj., softening: 
 making supple. — n. (med.) a substance 
 used to soften the tissues. [L. em,olliens, 
 -entis, pr.p. ol emollio.] 
 
 EMOLUMENT, e-mol'u-ment, n. advan- 
 tage : profit arising from employment, 
 as salary or fees. [Fr. — L. emolumentum, 
 for einolimentum — emolior, to work out — 
 e, sig. completeness, and molior, to exert 
 one's self, to toil ; or from L. emolere — e, 
 and molere, to grind, thus sig. first, the 
 produce of a mill, then, any profit.] 
 
 EMOTION, e-mo'shun, n. a moving of the 
 feelings : agitation of mind. [L. emotio 
 — emoveo, emotus, to stir up, agitate — e, 
 forth, and moveo, to move.] 
 
 EMOTIONAL, e-mo'shun-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to emotion. 
 
 EMPALE, em-pal', v.t. to fence in with 
 pales or stakes : to shut in : to put to 
 death by spitting on a stake. — n. Empau;'- 
 MENT. [Em. in, on, and PaIjE, a stake.] 
 
 EMPANEL. Same as Impanel. 
 
 EMPARK. Same as Impark. 
 
 EMPEROR, em'per-or, n. one ruling an 
 empire.— /er». Em'press. [Fr. empereur 
 — L. imperator (fem. imperatrix), a com- 
 mander — impero, to command.] 
 
 EMPHASIS, n. em'fa-sis, n. stress of the 
 voice on particular words or syllables to 
 make the meaning clear : improssiveness 
 of expression or weight of thought : — pi. 
 Em'phases, -sez. [Gr. — em (=en), in, in- 
 to, and phasis — phao. phainO, to show, to 
 make clear. See Phase.] 
 
 EMPHASIZE, em'fa-slz, v.t. to make em- 
 phatic. 
 
 EMPHATIC, em-fat'ik, EMPHATICAL, 
 em-fat'ik-al, adj. uttered with or requir- 
 
 ing emphasis : forcible : impressive.^ 
 adv. E.mphat'ically. [Gr. empha{n)tikos 
 — emphasis.] 
 
 EMPIRE, em pir, n. supreme control or 
 dominion : the territory under the do- 
 minion of an emperor. [Fr. — L. imperium 
 — impero, to command.] 
 
 EMPIRIC, em-pir'ik. EMPIRICAL, em 
 pir'ik-al, adj. resting on trial or experi , 
 ment : known only by experience. [Fr I 
 — L. empiricus, from Gr. empeirikos — =' 
 empeiros — em, in, and peira, a trial.] 
 
 EMPIRIC, em-pir'ik, n. one who makes 
 trials or experiments : one whose knowl- 
 edge is got from experience only : a 
 quack. — adv. Empir'ically.] 
 
 EMPIRICISM, em-pir'i-sizm, n. (phil.) the 
 system which, rejecting all d priori 
 knowledge, rests solel.y on experience and 
 induction : dependence of a physician on 
 his experience alone without a regular 
 medical education : the practice of 
 medicine without a regular education : 
 quackery. 
 
 EMPLOY, em-ploy', v.t. to occupy the time 
 or attention of : to use as a means or 
 agent. — n. a poetical form of Employ- 
 ment. — n. Employ'er. [Fr. employer — 
 L. implicare, to infold — in, in, and plico, 
 to fold. Imply and Implicate are par- 
 allel forms.] 
 
 EMPLOY^, em-ploy'a, n. one who is em- 
 ployed. [Fr. employe, pa. p. of emjjloyer. 
 See Employ.] 
 
 EMPLOYMENT, em-ploy'ment, n. act of 
 employing : that which engages or occu- 
 pies : occupation. 
 
 EMPLUMED. em-plumd', adj. adorned 
 with, or as with, plumes or feathers. 
 
 Angelhoods, em^umed 
 In such rin^rlets of pure glory. — E. B. Brouming. 
 
 EMPOLDERED, em-pol'derd, adj. re- 
 claimed and brought into the condition 
 of a polder : brought under cultivation. 
 [See Polder.] 
 
 EMPORIUM, em-p6'ri-um, n. a place to 
 which goods are extensively collected 
 from various parts for sale : a great 
 mart. [L. — Gr. emporion — emporos, a 
 trader — em (= en), in, and poros, a way. 
 See Fare.] 
 
 EMPOWER, em-pow'er, v.t. to give power 
 to. [Em and PovTER.] 
 
 EMPRESS. See Emperor. 
 
 EMPTINESS, em'ti-nes, n. state of being 
 empty : want of substance : unsatisfac- 
 toriness. 
 
 EMPTY, em'ti, adj. having nothing in it : 
 unfurnished : without effect : unsatis- 
 factory : wanting substance. — v.t. to 
 make empty : to deprive of contents. — 
 v.i. to become empty: to discharge its 
 contents -.—pa.p. em'ptied. [A.S. (emtig, 
 empty — aemta, leisure, rest. Thep is ex- 
 crescent.] 
 
 EMPURPLE, em-pur'pl, v.t. to dye or 
 tinge purple. [£?» and PuRPLE.] 
 
 EMPYEMA, em-pi-e'ma, n. a collection of 
 pus in the chest. [Gr. — em (■=en), in. and 
 pyon. pus.] 
 
 EMPYREAL, em-pir'e-al, adj. formed of 
 pure ./ire or light : pertaining to the high- 
 est and purest region of heaven. [Coined 
 from Gr. empyros, in fire — em (=e«). in 
 and pyr, fire. See Fire.] 
 
 EMPYREAN, em-pi-re'an, adj., empyreal 
 — n. the highest heaven, where the pur« 
 element of fire was supposed by the an;- 
 cients to subsist. 
 
 EMU, e'mu. n. the Australian ostrich, 
 [Port, "ostrich."] 
 
 EMULATE, em'u-lat, v.t. to strive to equal 
 or excel : to imitate, with a view to equall 
 or excel : to rival. — n. Em'ulator. [L. 
 cemulor, cemulatus — cemidus, striving 
 with.]
 
 EMULATION 
 
 130 
 
 ENDOGEN 
 
 EMULATION, em-u-la'shun, n. act of em- 
 ulating or attempting to equal or excel : 
 rivalry : competition : contest : (B.) sin- 
 ful rivabT. 
 
 EMULATIVE, em'u-la^tiv, adj. inclined to 
 emulation, rivalrj', or competition. 
 
 EMULOUS, em'u-lus, adj. eager to emu- 
 late : desirous of like excellence with an- 
 other : engaged in competition or rivalry. 
 — adi\ Em'xilously. 
 
 EMULSION, e-mul'shun, n. a white liquid 
 prepared by mixing oil and water by 
 means of another substance that com- 
 bines with both. [Fr. — L. emulgeo, emul- 
 sus, to milk out — e, out, and mulgeo, to 
 milk. See ATtt.tt .] 
 
 EMULSIVE, e-mursiv, adj. milk-like : soft- 
 ening : yielding a milk-like substance. 
 [See EMXTLSlONn 
 
 ENABLE, en-aT)!, v.t. to make able : to 
 give power, strength, or authority to. 
 [En to make, and Abu:.] 
 
 ENAC1 3n-akt', v.t. to perform : to act 
 the part of : to establish by law. [En, to 
 ma ke, and Act.] 
 
 ENACTIVE, en-akt'iv, adj. having power 
 to enact. 
 
 ENACTMENT, en-akt'ment, n. the passing 
 of a bUl into law : that which is enacted : 
 a law. 
 
 ENALLAGE, en-al'a-je, n. (ffram.) the e.v- 
 change of one case, mood, or tense for 
 another. [Gr. — en, and allagso, to make 
 other — alios, another.] 
 
 ENAJIEL, en-am'el, n. a substance like 
 glass, which is melted and used for in- 
 lajing jewellery, etc.: any smooth hard 
 coating, esp. that of the teeth : anything 
 enamelled. — v.t. to coat with or paint in 
 enamel : to form a glossy surface upon, 
 like enamel : — pr.p. enam'elling ; pa. p. 
 enam'eUed. — n. Enaji'eixee. [Fr. eii 
 '-= L. in), in, and M. E. amel — O. Fr. 
 esviail (now email), from a Teut. root, 
 which appears in Ger. schmelz, schmelzen, 
 E. Smelt, Melt.] 
 
 ENA3IOR, ea-am'ur, v.t. to inflame with 
 love: to charm. [Fr. en, to make, and 
 amo ui — L , amor, love.] 
 
 ENARTHROSIS, en-ar-thro'sis, re. (aiiat.) a 
 joint of " ball-and-socket " form, allow- 
 ing motion in all directions. [Gr. — en, 
 in, and arthroo, arthroso, to fasten by a 
 joint — arthron, a joint.] 
 
 ENCAGE, en-kaj', v.t. to shut up in a 
 cage. [En, in, and Cage.] 
 
 ENCAMP, en-kamp', v.t. to form into a 
 camp. — v.i. to pitch tents : to halt on a 
 march. [i7n, in, and Camp.] 
 
 ENCAJVIPMENT, en-kamp'nient, n. the act 
 of encamping : the place where an army 
 or company is encamped : a camp : in 
 U. S. a meeting of veterans and of cer- 
 tain fraternal organizations. 
 
 ENCASE. Same as Incase. 
 
 ENCAUSTIC, en-kaws'tik, adj.. hurned in 
 or done bj' beat. — n. an ancient method 
 of painting in melted wax. [Fr. — Gr. — 
 engkaio, engkauso — en, in, and kaio, to 
 burn. Of. Ink and Calm.] 
 
 ENCAVE, en-kav*, v.t. to liide in a cave. 
 [En. in, and Cave.] 
 
 ENCEINTE, ang-sengt', n. (fort.) an in- 
 elosiire, the wall or rampart which sur- 
 rounds a place. [Fr. — enceindre, to 
 
 , surround — L. in, in, and cingo, cinctus, 
 
 ', to girdj 
 
 JBNCEINTE, ang-sengt', adj. pregnant, 
 
 > with child. [It. — L. ineincta, girt about 
 
 — incingo, cinctu.<!, to gird in, gird about 
 
 — in, and eingo. Cf. Cincture.] 
 
 ENCHAIN, en-chan', v.t. to put in chains : 
 
 to hold fast : to link together. — n. En- 
 
 CHAin'ment. [Fr. encha'inei en, and 
 
 cha'ine. a chain — L. catena.'\ 
 ENCHANT, en-chant', v.t. to act on by 
 songs or rhymed formulas of sorcery : to 
 
 charm : to delight in a high degree. [Fr. 
 enchanter — L. incantare, to sing a magic 
 formula over — in, on, canto, to sing. See 
 Chant.] 
 
 ENCHANTER, en-chant'er, n. one who en- 
 chants : a sorcerer or magician : one who 
 charms or delights.— /em. EncHANT'RESS. 
 
 ENCHANTMENT, en-chant'ment, n. act 
 of enchanting : use of magic arts: that 
 which enchants. 
 
 ENCHASE, en-chas', v.t. to Us in a border: 
 to adorn with raised or embossed work. 
 — re. Enchas'ee. [Fr. enehdsser — ere, in, 
 chdssis, caisse, a case. See Chase, »., also 
 Case, a covering. Chase;, v.i. is a contr.] 
 
 ENCIRCLE, en-serkl, v.t. to inclose in a 
 circle : to embrace : to pass around. [En, 
 in, and Circle.] 
 
 ENCLAVE, ang'Mav, n. a territory entirely 
 inclosed witmn the territories of another 
 powe r. [Fi\ — L. ire, and clavus, a key.] 
 
 ENCLAVE, ang-klav', v.t. to cause to be 
 an enclave : to inclose or surround, as a 
 region or state by the territories of an- 
 other power. 
 
 ENCLAVEMENT, ang-klav'ment, n. the 
 state or conditioa of being an enclave, or 
 surrounded by an alien territory. 
 
 ENCLITIC, en-klit'ik, adj. that inclines or 
 leans tipon. — n. (gram.) a word or particle 
 which always follows another word, and 
 is so united with it as to seem a part of 
 it. [Gr. engklitikos — en, in, kltno, to 
 bend. cog. with E. Lean.] 
 
 ENCLOSE, en-klo/. Same as INCLOSE. 
 
 ENCOLURE, en-kol'ur, n. the neck and 
 shoulders, as of a horse. [Fr., from en, 
 in, and col, the neck.] 
 
 Caxved like the heart of the coal-black tree, 
 Crisped like a war -steed's encdure. — Broummg. 
 
 ENCOMIAST, en-ko'mi-ast, n. one who 
 praises, or one who utters or writes en- 
 comiums. [Gr. engkoTaiastes — engkHmi- 
 
 ENCOMIASTIC, en-ko-mi-a.s'tik, ENCOMI- 
 ASTICAIi, en-ko-mi-as'tik-al, adj. con- 
 taining encomiums or praise : bestowing 
 praise. — adv. Encomias'tically. [Gr. 
 engkoiniastikos — engkomion.] 
 
 ENCOMIUM, •n-ko'mi-ura, n. high com- 
 mendation :^pl. Enco'mujms. [L. — Gr. 
 engkomion, a song of praise — en, in, ko- 
 mos, festiWty.] 
 
 ENCOMPASS, en-kum'pas, v.t. to compass 
 or go round : to surround or inclose. — n. 
 Encom'passment. [En, in, and Compass.] 
 
 ENCORE, ang-kor', adv. again: once more. 
 — v.t. to call for a repetition of. [Fr. (It. 
 ancora) — L. (in) hanc lioram, till this 
 hour, hence^=still.] 
 
 ENCOUNTER, en-kownt'er, v.t. to run 
 counter to or against : to meet face to 
 face, esp. unexpectedly : to meet in con- 
 test : to oppose. — n. a meeting unex- 
 pectedly : an interview : a fight. [O. 
 Fr. encontrer — L. in, in, and contra, 
 against.] 
 
 ENCOURAGE, en-kur'aj, v.t. to put cour- 
 age in : to inspire with spirit or hope : 
 to incite. — n. Encour'ager. — adv. En- 
 COUR'agingly. [Fr. enconrriger — en, to 
 make, and cmvrnge. See COURAGE.] 
 
 ENCOURAGEMENT, en-kur'iij-ment, n. 
 act of encouraging : that which encoiu*- 
 ages or incites. 
 
 ENCRINAL, en-krrnal. ENCRINIC, en- 
 ki-in'ik, Encrinit'ic. Encrinit'ical, adj. 
 relatin°- to or containing encrinites. 
 
 ENCRINITE, eu'kri-nit, n. the stona-lily: 
 a fossilized animal on a long stem or 
 stalk, with a /i7(/-shaped head. [Gr. ere, 
 in, and krinon, a lilv-J 
 
 ENCROACH, en-kroch', v.i. to seize on the 
 rights of others : to intrude : to tres- 
 pass. — h.Encroach'er. — adr.ENCROACH'- 
 INOLY. [Formed from Fr. e», and croc, 
 a hook ; cf. occrocher (ad and crocher). 
 
 to hook uj). See Crochet, Crotchet, 
 
 and Crook. 1 
 ENCROACHMENT, en-kroch'ment, n. act 
 
 of encroaching : that which is taken by 
 
 eucroacliing. 
 ENCRUST, en-krust'. Same as Incrust. 
 ENCUMBER, en-kumTjer, v.t. to impede 
 
 the motion of, with something cumbrous. 
 
 to embarrass : to load with debts. [Fr 
 
 encombrer, from en- and combrer. See 
 
 ENCUMBRANCE, en-kum'brans, n that 
 which encumbers or hinders : a legal 
 claim on an estate. 
 
 ENCYCLICAL, en-siklik-al, adj.sent round 
 to many persons or places, as an encyclic- 
 al letter of the Pope. [Gr. engkyklioa — 
 en, in. and kr/klos. a circle.] 
 
 ENCYCLOP^DL\, ENCYCLOPEDIA, en- 
 si-klo-pe'di-a, ». same as Cyclopaedia. 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIAN, en-si-klo-pe'di-an, adj. 
 embracing the wliole circle ot learning. 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIC. en-sT-klo-ped'ik, ENCY- 
 CLOPEDICAL, en-si-klo-ped'ik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to an encvclopedia. 
 
 EN(3YCL0PEDIST, en-il-klo-p&dist, n. the 
 compiler or one who assists in the com- 
 pUatioQ of an encyclopedia. 
 
 ENCYSTED, en-sist'ed, adj. inclosed in a 
 cyst or bag. [En, in, and Cyst.] 
 
 END, end, n. the last point or portion ; 
 termination or close : death : conse- 
 quence : object aimed at : a fragment. 
 — v.t. to bring to an end : to destroy.— 
 v.i. to come to an end : to cease. [A.S. 
 ende ; Ger. and Dan. ende, Goth, andeis ; 
 Sans, ant a ; also akin to L. prefix ante- 
 and Gr. anti-.'\ 
 
 ENDAMAGE, en-dam'aj, v.t. (B.) same as 
 Damage. 
 
 ENDANGER, en-dan'jer v.t. to place in 
 danger : to expose to loss or injury, 
 [En. in, and Danger.] 
 
 ENDEAR, eu-der*, v.t. to make dear oi 
 more dear. [En, to make, and Dear.] 
 
 ENDEARMENT, en-der'ment, re. act of en 
 dearing : state of being endeared : that 
 which excites or increases affection. 
 
 ENDEAVOR, en-dev'ur, v.i. to strive to 
 accomplish an object : to attempt or try. 
 — v.t. (Pr. Bk.) to exert. — re. an exertion 
 of power towards some object : attempt 
 or trial. [Fr. en devoir — en, in (with 
 force of " to do " or " make," as in eu- 
 amoivr. en-courage), and devoir, duty. 
 See Devoir.] 
 
 ENDECAGON, en-dek'a-gon, n. same aa 
 Hendecagon. 
 
 ENDEillC, en-dem'ik, ENDEMICAL, en- 
 dem'ik-al, ENDEMIAL, en-de'mi-al adj. 
 peculiar to a people, locality, or district, 
 as a disease or a plant. " It (the New Zea- 
 land flora) consists of 935 species, our 
 own islands possessing about 1500 ; but a 
 very large proportion of these are pecul- 
 iar, there being no less than 677 endemic 
 species, and 32 endemic genera." — A. R. 
 Wallace. — ?i. a disease of an endemic 
 character. — adv. Endem'ically. [Gr. 
 endemios — ere, in, and demos, a people, a 
 district.] 
 
 ENDING, end'ing, n. termination : (gram.) 
 the terminating syllable or letter of i 
 word. 
 
 ENDIVE, en'div, n. a plant of the sam6 
 genus as chicory, used as a salad. [Fr 
 — L. intubus.] 
 
 ENDLESS, end les, adj. without end : con 
 tinual : everlasting: objectless. — adv 
 End'lkssly. — n. End'lessness. 
 
 ENDOCARDIUM, en-do-kar'di-um, n. th« 
 lining membrane of the heart. — n. Endo- 
 carditis, en-do-kar-dl'tis, disease thereof. 
 [Or. endon. within, and kardia, the 
 heart. See Heart.] 
 
 ENDOGEN. en'do-jen, re. a plant fhaX groit* 
 from irithin. oi by additions to the in*
 
 ENDOGENOUS 
 
 131 
 
 ENHANCEMENT 
 
 side of the stem, as the palm, grasses, 
 etc. [Gr. eiulo>i, within, and gen, root of 
 giynomai, to be produced.] 
 
 ENDOGENOUS, eii-doj'e-nus, adj. increas- 
 ing like endogeiis, or by internal growth. 
 
 ENDOME. en-dom', v.t. to cover with a 
 dome, or as with a dome. 
 
 The blue Tuscau sky ejld^ines 
 Our English woriis of prayer. — E. B. Brooming. 
 
 ENDORSE, en-dors'. Same as Ixdorse. 
 
 ENDOW, eu-dow', i\t. to give a dowry or 
 marriage-portion to : to settle a jjerma- 
 neiit provision on : to enrich with any 
 irilt or faculty. — n. EndoWer. [Fr. en 
 (^ L. in), and doner, to endow — L. doto. 
 See Dower.] 
 
 ENDOWilENT, en-dow'ment, ». act of en- 
 dowing : that which is settled on any 
 person or institution : a quality or faculty 
 bestowed on any one. 
 
 ENDUE, en-du', an older form of Endow. 
 
 ENDURABLE, en-dur'a-bl, adj. that can 
 be eiulured or borne. — adv. Exddr'ably. 
 — /). Endcr'ablexess. 
 
 ENDURANCE, en-dur'ans, n. state of en- 
 during or bearing: continuance : a suffer- 
 ing patieutlv without sinking : patience. 
 
 ENDURANT.'en-dar'ant, adj. able to bear 
 fatigue, pain, or the like. "The difficulty 
 of the chase is fiu'ther increased by the 
 fact, that the Ibex is a remarkably e)i- 
 durant animal, and is capable of abstain- 
 ing from food or water for a considerable 
 tiiiie." — J. G. Wood. 
 
 ENDURE, en-diii'', v.t. to rem;uu firm under: 
 to bear without sinking. — v.i. to remain 
 tirm : to last. [Fr. etidurer — en (=L. in), 
 and durer, to last. See Dure.] 
 
 ENDWISE, end'wiz, adv. , end ways : on the 
 end : with the end forward. [EsD and 
 Wise.] 
 
 ENEMA, e-ne'ma or en'e-ma, ?i. a liquid 
 medicine thrown into the rectum : an in- 
 jection. [Gr. — etviSmd, to send in — en, in, 
 and hiemi, to send.] 
 
 ENEMY, en'o-mi, n. one who hates or dis- 
 likes : a foe : a hostile army. [O. Fr. 
 enemi (mod. Fr. ennemi) — L. inimicus — 
 in, negative, and amicus, a friend. See 
 Amicable, Amity.] 
 
 ENERGETIC, en-er-jet'ik,EN1ERGETICAI,, 
 en-er-jet'ik-al, adj. having or showing 
 energy : active : forcible : effective. — adv. 
 Exekget'ically. [Gr. energetikos.] 
 
 ENERGETICS, en-er-jet'iks, n.pl. the sci- 
 ence of physical as distinct from vital 
 dvnamics. 
 
 ENERGIC. en-er'jik. ENERGICAL, en-er'- 
 je-kal, adj. active in producing an effect : 
 exerting great energy : in active opera- 
 tion. 
 
 ENERGICO, en-er'je-ko, adv. with energy 
 and force. [Mus.] 
 
 ENERGIZE. en'er-]ize, v.i. to act with 
 force or operate with vigor : to act in 
 producing an effect. — v.t. to give energy 
 to. 
 
 ENERGIZER, en'er-ji-zer, n. he who or 
 that which gives energy, or acts in pro- 
 ducing an effect. 
 
 ENERGUMEN, en-er-gil'men, n. one under 
 some powerful demoniac influence. 
 
 ENERGY, en'er-je, n. internal or inherent 
 power : the power of operating, whether 
 exerted or not : power exerted : vigorous 
 / operation : efficacy : strength or force of 
 e.xpression : power to effect work (niech.). 
 —Conservation op energy, the doctrine 
 that, however it may change in form and 
 character, no smallest quantity of force 
 in the universe Is ever lost {2)liysics). [Gr. 
 en. and ergon, work.] 
 
 ENERVATE, en-er'vat, v.t. to deprive of 
 nen-e. strength, or courage : to weaken. 
 — n. Enervation, en-er-va'shun. [L. en- 
 erro, enervatua — e, out of, and nervus, a 
 nerve. See Nekve.] 
 
 ENFEEBLE, en-feTil, v.t. to make feeble : 
 to deprive of strength, to weaken. [Fr. 
 en (=L. in), causative, and E. Feeble.] 
 
 ENFEEBLEMENT, en-fe'bl-meut, n. act of 
 enfeebling or weakening : w-eakness. 
 
 ENTEOFF, en-fef, v.t. to give a. Jief or feud 
 to : to invest with a possession in fee. 
 [Fr. en (=L. in), and Feoff.] 
 
 ENFEOFFMENT, eu-fef'ment, n. act of 
 enfeoffing : the deed which invests with 
 the fee of an estate. 
 
 ENFILADE, en-fi-lad', n. a line, or straight 
 passage : a situation or a body open from 
 end to end. — v.t. to rake' with shot 
 through the whole length of a line. [Fr. 
 enfller — en (=L. in), and Jil, a thread. 
 See File, a line or wire.] 
 
 ENFORCE, en-fors', v.t. to gain by force : 
 to give force to : to put in force :" to give 
 effect to : to urge. [O. Fr. enforcer — en 
 {=L. in), and force. See Force.] 
 
 ENFORCEMENT, en-fors'ment, n. act of 
 enforcing- : compulsion : a giving effect 
 to : that which enforces. 
 
 ENFORCER, en-fors'er, n. one who com- 
 pels, constrains, or urges : one who ef- 
 fects by violence : one who carries into 
 effect. 
 
 ENFORCIBLE, eu-fors'i-bl, adj. capable of 
 being enforced. " Grounded upon plain 
 testimonies of Scripture, and enforcible 
 by good reason." — Barrow. 
 
 ENFORCrVE, en-fors'iv, adj. serving or 
 tending to enforce or constrain : com- 
 pulsive. "A sucking hind-calf, wliich 
 she trussed with her enforcive seres." — 
 Chapiiian. 
 
 ENF0RCI\'T;LY, en-fors'lv-ll, adv. of or 
 by compulsion : under constraint. Mar- 
 ston. 
 
 ENFOREST, en-fo'rest, ?i. to turn into or 
 lay under forest : as, the Ameers of 
 Sciiide enforested large portions of the 
 country for the purpose of converting 
 them into hunting grounds. [\'erb- 
 forming prefix en. and Forest.] 
 
 ENFRANCHISE, en-fran'chiz, v.t. to give 
 a franchise or ])olitical privileges to. 
 [Fr. en (=L. in), and E. Franchise.] 
 
 ENFRANCHISEMENT, en-fran'chiz-ment, 
 n. act of enfranchising : admission to 
 civil or political privileges. 
 
 ENGAGE, en-gaj', v.t. to bind by a gage 
 or pledge : to render liable : to gain for 
 service : to enlist : to gain over : to win : 
 to occupy: to enter into contest with. — 
 v.i. to pledge one's word : to become 
 bound : to take a part : to enter into 
 conflict. [Fr. engager — en gage, in 
 pledge. See Gage.] 
 
 ENGAGEMENT, en-gaj'ment, n. act of en- 
 gaging : state of being engaged : that 
 which engages : promise : employment : 
 a fight or battle. 
 
 ENGAGING, en-gaj'ing, adj. winning : at- 
 tractive. — adv. Engao'ingly. 
 
 ENGENDER, en-jen'der, v.t. to gender or 
 beget : to breed : to sow the seeds of : to 
 produce. — v.i. to be caused or produced. 
 [Fr. engendrer — L. ingenerare — in, and 
 genero, to generate. See Genus and 
 Gender.] 
 
 ENGINE, en'jin, Ji. a complex and power- 
 ful machine, e-sp. a prime mover, a mili- 
 tary machine : anything used to effect a 
 purpose. In mech. any mechanical in- 
 strument of complicated parts, which 
 concur in producing an intended effect : 
 a machine for applying any of the me- 
 chanical or physical powers to effect a 
 particular purpose : esp. a machine for 
 applying steam to propel vessels, railwaj' 
 trains, etc.: a steam-engine. [Fr. engin 
 — L. ingenium, skill. See Ingenious.] 
 
 ENGINEER, en-jin-er', n. an engine-maker 
 or manager : one who directs military 
 works and engines : a civil esoixeer. 
 
 one who superintends the construction 
 of 2)ublic works : a MECHANacAL engineer 
 practices the avocation of the machinist, 
 in executing the presses, mills, looms, 
 and other great machines employed in 
 the arts and manufactures, particularly 
 in constructing- steam-engines, and the 
 apparatus by which they are rendered 
 available for giving motion to ships, car- 
 riages, or machinery : one who manage* 
 mOitary engines or artillerj- [this is the 
 spelling of enginer in the later folios 
 and some manuscript editions of Shake- 
 speare]: an engine-driver ; one who man- 
 ages a railway engine ; a person who 
 attends to the machinery on board a 
 steam-vessel : one who carries through 
 any scheme or enterprise by skiU or art- 
 ful contrivance ; a manager. [Orig. en- 
 giner.] 
 
 ENGINEER, eu-jin-er', v.t. to direct as an 
 engineer the execution or formation of ; 
 to perform the office of an engineer in 
 respect of; as, to engineer a canal, to 
 engineer a tunnel through the Alps : to 
 \vork upon ; to ply ; to try some scheme 
 or plan upon. '• Unless we engineered 
 him with question after question we 
 could get notliing out of him." — Cowper. 
 Also to guide or manage by ingenuity 
 and tact ; to conduct through or over ob- 
 stacles by contrivance and effort : as, to 
 engineer a bill through a legislative body. 
 
 ENGIN'EERING, en-jin-er'ing, n. the art 
 or profession of an engineer : the act of 
 successfully managing a comphcated 
 and difficult scheme. 
 
 ENGIRD, en-gerd', v.t. to gird round. [®» 
 and Gird.] 
 
 ENGLLSH. ing'glish, adj. belonging to En- 
 gland or its inhabitants. — n. the lan- 
 o-uage or the people of England. [A.S. 
 Englisc. from Engle. Angle, from the An- 
 gles who settled ia Britain.] 
 
 ENGRAFT. See Ingraft. 
 
 ENGRAIN, en-gran'. Same as Ingrain. 
 
 ENGRAVE, en-grav', v.t. to cut out with a 
 graver a representation of anything on 
 wood, steel, etc.: to imprint : to impress 
 deeply. — ". Engrav'er. [Fr. en (=L. in), 
 andfi. Gra\'e.] 
 
 ENGRAULIS, en-graw'lis, n. a genus of 
 fishes of the herring family, of which the 
 common anchovy {E. encrasicholus) is the 
 best known species. [See Anchovy.] 
 
 ENGRAVING, en-grav'ing, n. act or art of 
 cutting designs on metal, wood, or stone: 
 an impression taken from an engraved 
 plate : a print. 
 
 ENGROSS, en-gros', v.t. to occupy wholly, 
 monopolize : to copy a writing in a large 
 hand or in distinct characters. — n. En- 
 gross'er. [From Fr. en gros, in large. 
 See Gross.] 
 
 ENGROSSMENT, en-gros'ment, n. the ap- 
 propriation of things in the gross or in 
 exorbitant quantities ; exorbitant ac- 
 qviisition ; as, " Engrossments of power 
 and favor." — Sicift ■ the act of copj-ing 
 out in large fair characters ; as, the en- 
 gro.ssment of a deed : the copy of an in- 
 strument or writing made in large fair 
 characters. Lord Clarendon : the state 
 of being engi'ossed or occupied, or hav- 
 ing one's attention wholly taken up ; ap- 
 propriation ; ab.sorption. "In the en- 
 grossment of her own ardent and devoted 
 love." — Lard Lytton. 
 
 ENGULF. See Ingulf. 
 
 ENHANCE, en-hans', v.t. to raise or 
 heighten : to add to : to increase. [Prob. 
 enansar — enans, forward, formed from L. 
 in ante, before. See Advance.] 
 
 ENHANCEMENT, en-hans'ment. n. act of 
 enhancing: state of being- enhanced : in-
 
 ENHARMONIC 
 
 132 
 
 ENSKY 
 
 ENHARMONIC, en-har-mou'ik, ENHAE- 
 MONICAL, en-har-mon'ik-al, adj. in 
 music, (a) of or pertaining to that one of 
 the tliree musical scales recognized by 
 the ancient Greeks, which consisted of 
 quarter tones and major thirds, and was 
 regarded as the most accurate ; (b) per- 
 taining to a change of notes to the eye, 
 while, as the same keys are used, the 
 instrument can mark no difference to the 
 ear, as the substitution of A flat for G- 
 sharp : (c) pertaining to a scale of perfect 
 intonation which recognizes all the notes 
 and intervals that result from the exact 
 tuning of diatonic scales, and their trans- 
 position into other kej's. [Fr. enhar- 
 monique ; Gr. enarmonikos, in harmony 
 — en, in, and harmonia, harmony. See 
 Harmony.] 
 
 ENHARMONICALLY, en-har-mon'ik-al-li, 
 adv. in the enharmonic style or system : 
 with perfect intonation. 
 
 ENHARMOMON, en-har-mo'ni-on, n. in 
 music, a song of many parts, or a concert 
 of sundry tunes. Holland. 
 
 ENIGMA, en-ig'ma, n. a statement with a 
 hidden meaning to be guessed : anything 
 very obscure : a riddle. [L. (enigma — 
 Gr. ainigma, ainigmafos — ainissomai, to 
 speak darkly — ainos, a tale.] 
 
 ENIGMATIC, en-ig-mat'ik, ENIGMAT- 
 ICAL, en-ig-mat'ik-al, adj. relating to, 
 containing, or resembling an enigma : ob- 
 scure : puzzling. — adv. Enigmat'ically. 
 
 ENIGMATIST, en-ig'ma-tist, n. one who 
 enigmatizes. 
 
 ENIGMATIZE, en-ig'martiz, v.i. to utter 
 or deal in riddles. 
 
 ENJOIN, en-join', v.t. to lay upon, as an 
 order : to order or direct with authority 
 or urgency. [Fr. enjoindre — L. injimgere 
 — )«. andjungro. See Join.] 
 
 ENJOY, en-joy*, v.t. to joy or delight in : 
 to feel or perceive with pleasure : to pos- 
 sess or use with satisfaction or deliglit. 
 [Fr. en {= L. in), and joie. See JoY.J 
 
 ENJOYMENT, en-joy'ment, n. state or 
 condition of enjoying : satisfactory pos- 
 session or use of anything : pleasure : 
 happiness. 
 
 ENKINDLE, en-kin'dl, v.t. to kindle or set 
 on Are ; to rouse. [Fr. en (= L. in), and 
 E. Kindle.] 
 
 ENLARGE, en-larj', v.t. to make larger: 
 to increase in size or quantity: to ex- 
 pand : to amplify or spread out discourse: 
 {B.) to set at large or free. — v.i. to grow 
 large or larger : to be diffuse in speaking 
 or writing : to expatiate. [Fr. cii (= L. 
 in), and E. Large.] 
 
 ENLARGEMENT, en-larj'ment, )i. act of 
 enlarging : state of being enlarged : in- 
 crease : extension : diffuseness of speech 
 or writing : a setting at large : release. 
 
 ENLIGHTEN, en-lit'n, v.t. to lighten or 
 shed light on : to make clear to the 
 mind : to impart knowledge to : to ele- 
 vate by knowledge or religion. [Fr. e?i 
 (= L. in), and E. Lighten.] 
 
 ENLIGHTENER, en-llt'n-er, n. one who il- 
 luminates : one who or that which com- 
 municates light to the eye or clear views 
 to the mind. " He is the prophet shorn 
 of his more.awf ul splendors, burning with 
 mild equable radiance, as the enlightener 
 of dailv life." — Carlyle. 
 
 ENLIGHTENMENT, en-Ut'n-ment, n. act 
 of enlightening : state of being enlight- 
 ened. 
 
 ENLIMN, en-lim', v.t. to illuminate or 
 adorn with ornamented letters or with 
 pictures, as a book. Palsgrave. [Fr. 
 enluminer, to color. See Limn.] 
 
 ENLINK, ec-link', v.t. to link: to chain 
 to : to connect. " Enlinked to waste 
 and desolation." — Shak. [Prefix en, and 
 Link.] 
 
 ENLIST, en-list', v.t. to enrol: to engage 
 in publio service : to employ in advanc- 
 ing an object. — v.i. to engage in public 
 service : to enter heartily into a cause. 
 [Fr. en (^L. in), and Kste, E. List.] 
 
 ENLISTMENT, en-list'ment, n. act of en- 
 listing : state of being enlisted. 
 
 ENLIVEN, en-llv'n, v.t. to put life into : 
 to excite or make active : to make 
 sprightly or cheerful: to animate. — n. 
 Enliv'ener. [Fr. en (=L. in), and E. 
 Life. See also Live.] 
 
 ENMITY, en'mi-ti, n. the quality of being 
 an enemy : unfriendliness : ill-will : hos- 
 tility. [Fr. inimitie, from en- (='L. in-, 
 negative), and amitie, amity. See Amity.] 
 
 ENNEAGYNOUS, en-ne-aj'in-us, adj. in 
 hot. having nine pistils or styles : said of 
 a flower or plant. [Gr. ennea, nine, and 
 gyne, female.] 
 
 ENNEANDER, en-ne-an'der, n. in hot. a 
 plant having nine stamens. [Gr. ennea, 
 nine, and aner, andros, a male.] 
 
 ENNEANDRIA, en-ne-an'dri-a, n. the ninth 
 class of the Linna^an system of plants, 
 comprehending such plants as have her- 
 maphrodite flowers with nine stamens. 
 
 ENNEANDRIAN, en-ne-an'dri-an, ENNE- 
 ANDROUS, en-ne-an'drus, adj. having 
 nine stamens. 
 
 ENNEAPETALOUS, en-ne-a-pet'al-us, adj. 
 having nine petals or flower-leaves. [Gr. 
 ennea. nine, and petalon, a leaf.] 
 
 ENNEASPERMOUS, en-ne-a-sperm'us, adj. 
 in bot. having nine seeds, as enneasperm- 
 oits fruits. [Gr. ennea, nine, and sperma, 
 seed.] 
 
 ENNEATIC, en-ne-at'ik, ENNEATICAL, 
 en-ne-at'ik-al, adj. occurring once in nine 
 times, days, or years : ninth. — Enneat- 
 ical days, every ninth day of a disease. 
 — Enneatical years, everj' ninth year 
 of a man's life. [Gr. ennea, nine.] 
 
 ENNOBLE, en-no'bl, v.t. to make noble: 
 to elevate : to raise to nobility. [Fr. 
 ennoblii — Fr. en (=L. in), and noble, E. 
 Noble.] 
 
 ENNUI, ang-nwe', n. a feeling of weari- 
 ness or disgust from satiety, etc. [Fr. 
 ennui — O. Fr. anoi — L. in odio, as in 
 odio habui, {lit.) "I hold in hatred," i.e. 
 I am tired of. See ANNOY.] 
 
 ENORMITY, e-nor'mi-ti, n. state or quality 
 of being enormous : that which is enor- 
 mous : a great crime : great wickedness. 
 
 ENORMOUS, e-nor'mus, adj. excessive : 
 atrocious. — adv. Enor'mously. [L. enor' 
 mis—£, out of, and norma, rule. See 
 Normal.] 
 
 ENOUGH, e-nuf, adj. suSicient : giving 
 content : satisfying want. — adi\ suflS- 
 ciently. — n. sufficiency: as much as satis- 
 fies desire or want. [A.S. ge-noh, ge-nog ; 
 Goth, ga-nohs ; Ger. ge-nug; Ice. g-7iog-r.] 
 
 ENOW, e-now', adj. same as Enough, but 
 often used as its plural. 
 
 EN PASSANT, iin pas-san, adv. in passing : 
 by the way : in che^s, when on moving a 
 pawn two squares, an adversary's pawn 
 is at the time in such a position as to take 
 the pawn moved if it were moved but one 
 square, the moving pawn may be taken, 
 as it is called, en passant. [Fr.] 
 
 ENPATRON, en-pa'tron, v.t. to have under 
 one's patronage or guardianship : to be 
 the patron saint of. 
 
 These, of force, must your oblations be. 
 Since I their altar, you enpatron me. — Shak, 
 
 ENQUIRE. See Inquire. 
 
 ENRAGE, en-raj', v.t. to make angry or 
 furious. [Fr. enrager — en (= L. «'«), and 
 7-age, E. Rage.] 
 
 ENRAPTURE, en-rap'tur, v.t. to put in 
 rapture : to transport with pleasure or 
 delight. [Fr. en (= L. in), and E. Rap- 
 ture.] 
 
 ENRICH, en-rich', v.t. to make rich : to 
 
 fertilize: to adorn. [Fr. enriehir — en 
 (= L, in), and riche, E. Rich.] 
 
 ENRICHMENT, en-rich'ment, u. act of 
 enriching : that which enriches. 
 
 ENROL, en-rol', v.t. to insert in a roll or 
 register : to record : to leave in writing : 
 —pr.p. en-roiring;jja.». enrolled'. [Fr.— 
 en. and rolle, E. Roll.] 
 
 ENROLMENT, en-rol'ment. n. act of en- 
 roUing : that in which anything is en- 
 rolled : a register. 
 
 ENSAMPLE, en-sam'pl, n. au example: a 
 pattern or model for imitation. " Being 
 ensamples to the flock." — 1 Pet. v. 3; 
 " Drawing foul ensample from foul 
 names." — Tennyaon. [O. E. and O. Fr., 
 from L. exemplum, example. See Ex- 
 ample.] 
 
 ENSAMPLE, en-sam'pl, v.t. to exemplify; 
 to show by example. "Homer in Age- 
 memnon ensampled a good governor." — 
 Spenser. 
 
 ENSCONCE, en-skons', v.t. to cover or pro- 
 tect, as with a sconce or fort: to hide 
 safely. [Fr. en (=L. in), and E. Sconce.} 
 
 ENSE'TE, en-se'te, n. an Abyssinian name 
 for Musa Ensete, a noble plant of the 
 banana genus. It produces leaves about 
 20 feet long and 3 or 4 broad, the largest 
 entire leaf as yet known. The flower- 
 stalk, which is as thick as a man's arm, 
 is used for food, but the fruit is worthless. 
 
 ENSHRINE, en-shrin', v.t. to inclose in or 
 as in a shrine : to preserve with aff'ection. 
 [Fr. en {= L. in), and E. Shrine.] 
 
 ENSHROUD, en-shrowd', v.t. to cover with 
 a shroud : to cover up. [Fr. en (= L. in), 
 and E. Shroud.] 
 
 ENSIFORM, en'si-form, adj. having the 
 shape of a sword : quite straight with 
 the point acute, like the blade of a broad- 
 sword : as, an ensiform leaf. — Ensifor.m 
 CARTILAGE, in anat. a sword-shaped ap- 
 pendage to the lower part of the sternum 
 or breast-bone. [L. ensifonnig — eiiv/.v. 
 sword, and form,a, form.] 
 
 ENSIGN, en'sin, n. the sign or flag dis- 
 tinguishing a nation or a regiment : 
 formerly the junior subaltern rank of 
 commissioned officers of the British in- 
 fantry, so called from bearing the colors. 
 [Fr. enseigne — L. insignia, pi. of insigne, 
 a distinctive mark — iti, on, signum, a 
 TnurK 1 
 
 ENSIGNCY, en'sln-si, ENSIGNSHIP, en'- 
 sln-ship, n. the rank or commission of an 
 ensign in the army. 
 
 ENSILAGE, en'sil-aj, n. in agri. a mode of 
 storing green fodder, vegetables, etc., by 
 burying in pits or silos dug in the ground. 
 This has been practiced in some coun- 
 tries from very early times, and has been 
 recommended by modern agriculturists. 
 Brick-lined chambers are often used, 
 having a movable wooden covering upon 
 which is placed a heavy weight, say half 
 a ton to the square j-ard. One of the 
 earliest of Latin writers refers to subter- 
 ranean vaults (silos), wherein the ancient 
 Rom.ans preserved green forage, grain 
 and fruit, and the Mexicans have prac- 
 ticed the system for centuries. This, at 
 any rate, is vouched for by Mr. John M. 
 Bailey, one of the pioneers of the system 
 in this countrj'. [Fr. ensilage, from Sp. 
 ensilar, to store grain in an underground 
 receptacle, from en, in, and silo, from L. 
 »iriis, the pit in which such grain is kept.] 
 
 ENSISTERNAL, en'si-ster-nal, adj. in anat. 
 relating to the ensiform process of the 
 sternum. Beclard gave this name to the 
 last osseous portion of the sternum. [L. 
 ensis, a sword, and sternum, the chest.] 
 
 ENSKY, en-ski', v.t. to place in heaven or 
 among the gods : to make immortal. "I 
 hold you as a thing enskied and sainted." 
 — Shak. [Prefix en, and Sky.]
 
 ENSLAVE 
 
 133 
 
 ENTIRE 
 
 BNSLAVE, en-slav', r.^ to make a store 
 of : to subject to the influence of. [Fr. 
 en (= Li. in), to make, and E. Slave.] 
 
 ENSLAVEMENT, en-slav'ment, n. act of 
 ensla^'ing : state of being- enslaved : 
 slavery : bondage. 
 
 ENSNARE. Same as Insnaee. 
 
 ENSTAMP, en-stamp', i:t. to mark as with 
 a stamp. [Fr. en (=Ij. in), and Stamp.] 
 
 ENSUE, en-su', v.i. to follow: to succeed 
 or come after : to result from : (B.) v.t. 
 to follow after : — j)r.p. ensu'ing ; pa.p. 
 ensued'. [O. Fr. ensuir (Fr. ensuii-re) — L. 
 in. after, and sequor, to follow. See Sue.] 
 
 ENSURE. en-sho6r', v.t. to make sure or se- 
 cure. '• To en.iure peace for any term of 
 years is difficult." — Sicift. To betroth. 
 Sir T. More. — Ensure, Insutie, Assure. 
 Ensure and insure, in simple sense of 
 making sure, were formerly spelled in- 
 differently, either waj' ; thej' now pre- 
 sent an example of differentiation of form 
 when a new idea is developed rendering 
 such distinction desirable. To ensure con- 
 tinues to signify simplj' to make sure ; 
 as, "a farmer ensures a good crop by 
 careful husbandry," whereas insure refers 
 to the paj'ment of money in consideration 
 of a certain sum being paid to one"s repre- 
 sentatives at death, or to secure an indem- 
 nity against losses by fire or otherwise ; 
 thus a man insures his life or his house. 
 Assure is generally applied to a person, 
 and means to make sure of the truth of a 
 statement ; to make certain of some- 
 thing ; as, I assure you, i.e. I make you 
 sure. I tell you for certain : it is also used 
 of life insurance in Great Britain, but not 
 in the United States. [Prefix en, and 
 Sure.] 
 
 ENTABLATURE, en-tab'la-tur, n. in arch. 
 that part of an order which lies upon the 
 abacus of the column. It consists of 
 three principal divisions, the architrave, 
 the frieze, and the cornice. In large 
 buildings projections similar to, and 
 known also as entablatures, are often 
 carried round the whole edifice, or along 
 the front only ; and the term is applied 
 by engineers to similar parts of the 
 framing of machinery, wherein archi- 
 tectural design is introduced. [O. Fr. 
 entablature: Fr. entablement — en, and 
 table ; L. tabula, a board, plank. See 
 Table.] 
 
 ENTAIL, en-tal', v.t. to cut off an estate 
 from the heirs-general, and settle it on 
 a particular heir or series of heirs : to 
 bring on as an ine^^table consequence: — 
 pr.p. entaU'ing ; pa.^j. entailed'. — n. an 
 estate entailed : the rule of descent of an 
 estate. [Fr. entailler, to cut into — en, in, 
 into, and tailler, to cut — L. talea, a twig 
 or cutting. See Tally.] 
 
 ENTAILMENT, en-tal'ment, n. act of en- 
 tailing : state of being entailed. 
 
 ENTANGLE, en-tang'gl, v.t. to twist into 
 a tangle, or so as not to be easily sepa- 
 rated : to involve in complications : to 
 perplex ■ to insnare. [Fr. en {= L. in), 
 and E. Tangle.] 
 
 ENT-ANGLEMENT, en-tang'gl-ment, n. 
 state of being entangled : a confused 
 state : perplexity. 
 
 ENTASIS, en'ta-sis, n. in arch, the delicate 
 and almost imperceptible swelling of the 
 lower part of the shaft of a column, to 
 be found in almost all the Grecian ex- 
 amples, adopted to prevent the shafts 
 beinsr strictly frusta of cones : in pathol. 
 constrictive or tonic spasm, as ci-amp, 
 lock-jaw. etc. [Gr. , a stretching — en, and 
 teino. to stretch.] 
 
 ENTELLUS, en-tel'lus. n. an East Indian 
 species of monkey, of the genus Semno- 
 pithecus (S. entellus). It has yellowish 
 fur, with a face of a violet tinge, and a 
 
 long and powerful tail, which, however, 
 is not prehensile. A brush of projecting 
 hair completely surrounds the face, that 
 on the cheeks and under the chin much 
 resembling a whisker and beard. It is 
 one of the " slow monkej's"(so called 
 from their gravity of habit and absence 
 of restlessness), and receives divine 
 honors from the natives of India, by 
 whom it is termed Hoonmnan. Splendid 
 and costly temples are dedicated to 
 these animals ; hospitals are buUt for 
 their reception when sick or wounded ; 
 large fortunes are bequeathed for their 
 support ; and the laws of the land, 
 which compound for the murder of a 
 man by a trifling fine, affix the punish- 
 ment of death to the slaughter of a 
 monkey. Thus cherished and protected, 
 the entellus abounds over almost every 
 part of India, enters the houses and 
 gardens of the natives, and plunders 
 them of fruit and eatables at will. The 
 visit is even considered an honor ; and 
 the Indian peasant would consider it an 
 act of the greatest sacrilege to disturb 
 or drive them away. [Fr. entelle, from 
 Gr. entello, to command.] 
 
 ENTER, en'ter, v.i. to go or come in: to 
 penetrate : to engage in : to form a part 
 of. — v.t. to come or go into : to join or 
 engage in : to begin : to put into : to en 
 roll or record. [Fr. entrei — L. intrare, 
 to go into — 1)1, in, and a root tar, to cross, 
 which appears in L. trans, across.] 
 
 ENTERIC, en-ter'ik, adj. belonging to the 
 intestines. [Gr. enterikos — enteron, in- 
 te.stine.] 
 
 ENTERITIS, en-te-rl'tis, n. inflammation 
 of the intestines. 
 
 ENTERPRISE, en'ter-prlz, n. that which 
 is taken hold of, entered on, or at- 
 tempted : a bold or dangerous under- 
 taking : an adventure : daring. [Fr. en- 
 trepris. pa.p. of entreprendre — entre, in, 
 into, and prendre, to seize — L. prehen- 
 do.] 
 
 ENTERPRISING, en'ter-priz-ing, adj. for- 
 ward in undertaking: adventurous. — 
 adv. En'terprisingly. 
 
 ENSWATHED, en-swattd', p. and adj. en- 
 wrapped : enveloped : inswathed. 
 With sleided silk feat and affectedly 
 EiisJcathed, and seal'd to curious secrecy. 
 
 — Shak. 
 
 ENTEMPEST, en-tem'pest, v.t. to disturb, 
 as by a temi^est : to visit with storm. 
 For aye entempesiing anew 
 The unfathomable hell within. — Coleridge. 
 
 ENTERTAIN, en-ter-tan', v.t. to receive 
 and treat hospitably : to hold the atten- 
 tion of and amuse by conversation : to 
 receive and take into consideration : to 
 keep or hold in the mind : to meet as an 
 enemy ; to encounter ; to confront ; to 
 join battle with. (Rare.) 
 O noble English, that could entertain 
 With half their forces the full pnde of France. 
 
 —Shak. 
 n. Entertain'er. [Fr. entretenir — entre, 
 among', and tenir — -L. teneo, to hold.] 
 
 ENTERTAINING, en-ter-tan'ing, adj. af- 
 fording entertainment : pleasing : amus- 
 ing: diverting-: as, a,n entertaining story, 
 an entertaining friend. 
 
 ENTERTAININGLY, en-ter-tan'ing-li, adv. 
 in an amusing manner. 
 
 ENTERTAINIVIENT, en-ter-tan'ment, n. 
 act of entertaining : hospitality at table : 
 that which entertains : the provisions of 
 the table : a banquet : amusement : a 
 perfoi-mance which delisrhts. 
 
 ENTHRAL. Same as Inthr^vi,. 
 
 ENTHRONE, en-thron'. v.t. to place on a 
 throne: to exalt to the seat of royalty: 
 to instal as a bishop. [O. Fr. enthronei-, 
 from Fr. en, and trone — Gr. thronos, a 
 throne.) 
 
 ENTHRONEMENT, en-thron'ment, n. the 
 act of enthroning or of being enthroned. 
 
 ENTHRONIZATION, en-thron-i-za'shun, 
 n. the enthronement of a bishop. 
 
 ENTHUSIASM, en-thfi'zi-azm, ?;. an ecs- 
 tasy of mind, as if from inspiration or pos- 
 session by a spiritual influence : hence, a 
 belief or conceit of being divinelj' in- 
 spired, or of being possessed of a private 
 revelation ; the confidence or opinion of 
 a person that he has special divine com- 
 munications from the Supreme Being or 
 familiar intercourse with him : as. •' En- 
 thusiasm is founded neither on reason 
 nor divine revelation, but rises from the 
 conceits of a warmed or overweening 
 imagination." — Locke : complete posses- 
 sion of the mind by any subject ; vio- 
 lent passion or excitement in pursuit of 
 some object, inspiring extravagant hope 
 and confidence of success ; ardent zeal 
 in pursuit of an object ; predominance of 
 the emotional over the intellectual pow- 
 ers. Enthusiasm, guided by reason or 
 experience, becomes a noble passion, 
 that prompts to the ardent pursuit of 
 laudable objects. Such is the enthusiasm 
 of the poet, the orator, the painter, and 
 the sculptor ; of the patriot, the hero, 
 and the Christian. " Faction and enthu- 
 siasm are the instruments by wliich 
 popular governments are destroyed." — 
 Ames : liveliness of imagination ; eleva- 
 tion of fancy; exaltation of ideas ; as, 
 " Cowlej' was the first who imparted to 
 English numbers the enthusiasin of the 
 greater ode, and the gaietj- of the less." 
 — Joktison. [Gr. enthousiasmos, from 
 enthousiazo, to infuse a divine spirit, 
 from enthous, entheos, inspired, divine — 
 en, and theos, god.] 
 
 ENTHUSIAST, en-thii'zi-ast, n. one who 
 imagines he has special or supernatural _ 
 converse with God, or special communi- 
 cations from him; as, "Let an enthusi^ 
 ast be principled that he or his teacher 
 is inspired, and acted on by an immedi- 
 ate communication of the t)ivine Spirit, 
 and you in vain bring the evidence of 
 clear reasons against his doctrine." — 
 Locke: one whose mind is completely 
 possessed by any subject ; one whose 
 mind is highly excited with the love or 
 in the pursuit of an object : one who is 
 swayed to a great or undue extent by 
 his feeUngs in any pursuit : a person of 
 ardent zeal ; as, " An enthusiast in his 
 country's cause."— iog'a«; one of elevated 
 fancy ; an imaginative person. [Gr. en- 
 thousiastes, an enthusiast.] 
 
 'Tis like the wondrous strain 
 That round a lonely ruin swells, 
 Which wanderiuf^ on the echoing shore 
 The entliusiast hears at eveninj;. — Shelieu. 
 
 ENTHUSIASTIC, en-thii-zi-as'tik, EN- 
 THUSIASTICAL, en-thu-zi-as'tik-al, adj. 
 filled with enthusia.fm : zealous : ardent. 
 — adv. Enthusias'tically. 
 
 ENTICE, en-tis', v.t. to induce by exciting 
 hope or desire : to tempt: to lead astray. 
 —adr. Entic'ingly.— ». Extic'er. [0. 
 Fr. cnticer. enticher, to taint, the root of 
 which is uncertain.] 
 
 ENTICEABLE, en-tls'a-bl, adj. capable of 
 beins;- enticed. 
 
 ENTICEMENT, en-tis'ment, n. act of en- 
 ticing : that which entices or tempts : 
 allurement. 
 
 ENTIRE, en-tir', adj. whole : complete ; 
 unmingled. — adv. E.ntire'ly. — n. En- 
 xreE'NESS. [Fi' enfier — L. integer, whole, 
 from )■)(, not, and tago, tango, to touch.] 
 
 ENTIRE, en-tir'. n. tlie name in England 
 for that kind of malt liquor known also as 
 porter or stout. [Previous to the intro- 
 duction of porter in the lirst quarter of 
 the last century, tlie chief malt liquors 
 were ale, beer, and twopenny, and a
 
 ENTIRETY 
 
 134 
 
 EOZOIC 
 
 good deal of trouble was caused by cus- 
 tomers asking- for mixtures of these. At 
 last an Enelish brewer hit upon a bev- 
 erage which was considered to combine 
 the flavors of the other three, and to this 
 was given the name of entire, as being 
 drawn from the cask at once and not 
 necessitating any mixing-. As it was 
 much drunk by porters and other work- 
 ing people, it by-and-by received the 
 name of porter. In London porter is 
 now called beer, and the term entire 
 seems only to be used in connection 
 with the names of brewing firms.] 
 The total : the entire thing. (Rare.) 
 "lam narrating, as it were, the War- 
 rington manuscript, which is too long to 
 print in entire." — T)tackeray. 
 
 EXTIRETY, en-tlr'ti, n. completeness : the 
 whole. 
 
 ENTITLE, en-tl'tl, v.t. to give a title to : 
 to style : to give a claim to. [Fr. en {= 
 L. in), and Title. See Title.] 
 
 ENTITY, en'ti-ti, n., being: existence: a 
 real substance. [Formed by adding suffix 
 -ty to L. ens, entis, being — esse, to be.] 
 
 ENTOMB, en-toom', v.t. to place in utomb, 
 to burv. [En and ToMB.] 
 
 ENTOMBMENT, en-toom'ment, n. burial. 
 
 ENTOMOLOGIST, en-to-mol'o-jist, n. one 
 learned in entomolog-v. 
 
 ENTOMOLOGIZE, en-to-mol'o-jlz, v.i. to 
 study entomolog-j' : to gather entomo- 
 logical specimens. "It is too rough for 
 trawling- to-day, and too wet for ento- 
 mologizing." — Kingsley. 
 
 ENTOMOLOGY, en-to-mol'o-ji, n. the 
 science which treats of insects. — adjs. 
 ESTOMOLOG'IC, Entomolog'ical. — adv. 
 Entomolog'ically. [Gr. entoma, insects, 
 (tit.) animals cut into — tomos, cutting — 
 temno, to cut, and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 ENTOZOA, en-to-z6'a (sing. Entozo'on), 
 n.pl. animals that live inside of other 
 animals. [Gr. entos, within, and zdo7i, 
 an animal.] 
 
 ENTRAILS, en'tralz, n.pl. the internal 
 
 Eiarts of an animal's body, the bowels. 
 Fr. entrailles—Lov,' L. iiitralia, corr. of 
 interanea, neut. pi. of interaneus, inward 
 — inter, within.] 
 
 ENTRAIN, en-tran', v.t. to draw or 
 bring on. " With its destiny entrained 
 their fate." — Vanbriigh : to put on 
 board a railway train ; as, the regiment 
 was entrained at Edinburgh and pro- 
 ceeded to Portsmouth : opposite to De- 
 train. [Of recent introduction.] 
 
 ENTRAIN, en-tran', v.i. to take places in a 
 railway train ; as, when the troops en- 
 trained thev were loudlv cheered. 
 
 ENTRANCE.^en'trans, u.' act of entering: 
 power or right to enter : the place for 
 entering, the door : the beginning. [L. 
 infrans. pr.p. of intrare.} 
 
 ENTRANCE, en-trans', v.t. to put into a 
 trance: to fill with rapturous dehght. 
 [En. in, and Traxce.] 
 
 ENTRANCEMENT, en-trans'ment, n. state 
 of trance or of excessive joy. 
 
 ENTRAP, en-trap', v.t. to catch as in a 
 traj) : to insnare : to entangle. [En and 
 
 TR.4.P.] 
 
 ENTREAT, en-tret', v.t. {orig.) to treat, to 
 deal with— so in B. : to ask earnestly : 
 to pray for.— v.i. to prav. [En and 
 Treat.] 
 
 ENTREATMENT, en-tret'ment, ?«. a word 
 occurring only once in Shakespeare which 
 has been variously rendered. Nares in- 
 terprets it by entertainment, conver- 
 sation ; Hazlitt, by favor entreated ; 
 Schmidt, in his Shakespeare-Lexicon, Ijy 
 in\-itation, glossing the phrase "your 
 entreatments " by "the invitations' you 
 receive ; " Clark' and Wright, in their 
 Globe edition of Shakespeare, by inter- 
 
 \iew. The sense that seems to suit the 
 context best is conversation, interview, 
 favor. The passage in which the word 
 occurs is as follows, the speaker being 
 Polonius. and the person addressed his 
 daughter Ophelia : — 
 
 From this time. 
 Be somewhat Bcantier of your maiden presence ; 
 Set your entreatments at a hisrher rate. 
 Than a conimaud to parley.— Ham. i. 3. 
 
 ENTREATY, en-tret'i, n. act of entreating : 
 earnest prayer. 
 
 ENTRENCH.' Same as Intrench. 
 
 ENTRUST. Same as Intrust. 
 
 ENTRY, en'tri, n. act of entering : a pas- 
 sage into : act of committing to writing : 
 the thing entered or written : (law) the 
 taking possession of. 
 
 ENTWINE, en-twIn', v.t. to tivine. [En 
 and Twine.] 
 
 ENTWIST, en-twist', v.t. to tu-ist round. 
 [En and Twist.] 
 
 ENUBILATE, e-nu'bil-at, v.t. to clear from 
 mist, clouds, or obscurity. Bailey. [L. 
 e. out, without, and nubila, mist, clouds.] 
 
 ENUBILOUS, e-nu'bil-us, adj. clear from 
 fog. mist, or clouds. 
 
 ENUCLEATE, e-nu'kle-at, v.t. to bring 
 out, as a kernel from its enveloping 
 husk : to uncover : to make manifest or 
 plain: to disentangle: to solve. "Elu- 
 cidating what was obscure, enucleating 
 what was liard." — Dr. Sclater. [L. en- 
 ucleo, enucleatum — e, priv., and nucleus, 
 a kernel.] 
 
 ENUCLEATION, e-nu-kle-a'shun. n. the 
 act of enucleating, clearing, or making 
 manifest : explanation : exposition. 
 " Neither air, nor water, nor food seem 
 directly to contribute anj-thing to the 
 enucleation of this disease (the plica 
 polonica)." — Tooke. 
 
 ENUMERATE, e-nu'mer-at, v.t. to count 
 the number of : to name over. [L. e, 
 out, and numero, numeratus, to number. 
 See Number.] 
 
 ENUMERATION, e-nu-mer-a'shun. n. act 
 of numbering : a detailed account : a 
 summing up. 
 
 ENUNCIATE, e-nun'si (or -shi) -at. v.t. to 
 state formally : to pronounce distinctly. 
 — n. ENtJN'ciATOR, one who enimciates. 
 [L. enuncio, enunciatum — e, and nuncio, 
 to tell — nuncius, a messenger.] 
 
 ENUNCIATION, e-nun-si (or -shi) -a'shun, 
 n. act of enimciating : manner of utter- 
 ing or pronouncing: a distinct state- 
 ment or declaration : the words in which 
 a proposition is expressed. 
 
 ENUNOIATIVE. e-nun'si (or shi) -a-tiv, 
 ENUNCI ATORY, e-nun'si (or shi) -at-or-i, 
 adj. containing enunciation, or utterance: 
 declarative. 
 
 ENVELOP, en-vel'up. v.t. to roll or fold 
 in : to cover by wrapping : to surround 
 entireh- : to hide. [Fr. envelopper ; the 
 origin of the word is obscure, but may 
 perh. be found in the Teut. root of M.E. 
 wlappen. E. lap.] 
 
 ENVELOPE, en'vel-op or ang'vel-op, n. 
 that which envelops, wraps, or covers, 
 esp. the cover of a letter. 
 
 EN'VELOPMENT. en-vel'op-ment, n. a 
 u-rnpping or covering on all sides. 
 
 ENVENOM, en-ven'um. v.t. to put venom 
 into : to poison : to taint with bitterness 
 or malice. [En. in. and Venom.] 
 
 Em^IABLE, en'vi-a-bl. adj. that excites 
 envy : capable of awakening desire to 
 possess. — adv. En'tiablt. 
 
 ENVIOUS, en'vi-us, adj. feeling e7n>y : di- 
 rected by en^-j-. — adv. En'viouslt. — n. 
 Eyvi ousNESs. " 
 
 ENVIRON, en-vi'run. v.t. to sui-i-ound : to 
 encircle : to invest : — pr.p. enWroning ; 
 pa.p. envl'roned. — n. Enti'ronment, a 
 surrounding. [Fr. environner — environ. 
 
 around — virer. to turn round, from root 
 of Veer.] 
 
 ENVIRONS, en'vi-runz or en-vl'-, n.pl. the 
 places that environ : the outskirts of a 
 city : neighborhood. 
 
 ENVOY, en'voj', n. a messenger, esp. one 
 sent to ti'ansact business with a foreign 
 government : a diplomatic minister of 
 the second order. — n. En'voyship. [Fr. 
 envoye—envoyer, to send — en, on, and voie 
 — L. via, a way.] 
 
 ENVY, en'vi, v.t. to look upon with a grudg- 
 ing ej'e : to liate on account of prosper- 
 ity -.—pr.p. en'vying ; pa.p. en'vied. — n. 
 pain at the sight of another's success : a 
 wicked desire to supplant one : (B.) ill- 
 will. [Fr. emne — L. invidia — in, on. and 
 video, to look.] 
 
 ENVYING, en'vi-ing, n. (B.) envy, ill-will. 
 
 ENWRAP. See Inavrap. 
 
 ENWT?ITE, en-rit', v.t. to inscribe : to write 
 upon : to imprint. 
 
 What wild heart histories seemed to lie eninHtten 
 Upon those crystalline, celestial spheres! — Poe. 
 
 EOAN, e-6'an, adj. of or pertaining to the 
 dawn : eastern. [L. eons, pertaining to 
 the dawn or the east, from Gr. eos, the 
 dawn.] 
 
 The Mithra of the Middle World, 
 That sheds Eoan radiance on the West. 
 
 —Sir H. Taylor. 
 
 EOCENE, e'6-sen, adj. in geoh a term ap- 
 plied by Lyell to one of the three periods 
 of the tertiary strata, each of wliich is 
 characterized by containing a very differ- 
 ent proportion of fossil shells of recent 
 species. The earliest period, or eocene, is 
 so called because the very small propor- 
 tion of living species foimd fossil in the 
 strata of this period indicates what may 
 be considered the first commencement or 
 dawn of life. The eocene beds are ar- 
 i-anged in three g-roups, termed the lowerj 
 middle, and upper eocene. The lower 
 eocene beds are well developed in the 
 London basin ; the middle and upper in 
 Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. [Gr. 
 eos, the dawn, and kainos, recent.] 
 
 EOLIAN, e-o'li-an, FOLIC, e-ol'ik, adj. be- 
 longing to ^Eolia, in Asia Minor, or to the 
 Greek dialect of ^olia : pertaining to 
 JEolus, god of the winds. 
 
 EOZOON, EOZOON CANADENSE, e-o- 
 zo'on kan-a-den'se. n. the name given by 
 Dr. Dawson of Montreal to a snjiposed 
 gigantic fossil foraminifer. found in the 
 Laureutian rocks of Canada and in the 
 quartz rocks of Germany. It is the old- 
 est form of life traceable in the past his- 
 tory of the globe. See extract. "The 
 writer (Mr. T. Mallard Reade) asserts 
 that structures called eozoonal have not 
 yet been discovered in any unaltered 
 rocks, while they are abundant in meta- 
 morpliosed rocks ; and argues, from this 
 and other reasons, tliat Professors King 
 and Rowney are right in holding tlie 
 eozoon to be a mere mineral structure 
 occasioned by the metamorphism of the 
 rock. . . . t)r. Carpenter replies . . . 
 that the eozoonal .structure is most 
 cliaracteristically displayed in those 
 portions of the serpentine limestone of 
 the Laurentian formation which have 
 undergone the least nietamorphic change, 
 reiterating the arguments derived from 
 the structure itself, which have led him 
 and most other geologists to consider 
 the eozoon as of indubitable organic 
 origin." — J7»e Academy. [Gr. i'os, day- 
 break, dawn, and zoon. animal.] 
 
 EOZOIC, e-6-z6'ik. adj. of or pertaining to 
 the oldest fossiliferous rocks, such as tlie 
 Laurentian and Huronian of Canada, 
 from their being suppo.sed to contain the 
 first or earliest traces of life in the strati- 
 fied systems. Page. [Gr. eos, dawn, and 
 zbe, life.]
 
 EPACT 
 
 135 
 
 EPOPEE 
 
 EPACT, e'pakt, n. the moon's age at the 
 end of the year : the excess of the sohir 
 month or year above the lunar. [Gr. 
 epaktos, broug-ht on — epi, on, ago, to 
 bring.] 
 
 EPAXJLET, ep-awl-et', n. a shoulder-piece : 
 a badge of a miUtar_v or naval officer, 
 now disused in the British army. [Fr. 
 epaulette — epaule. the shoulder— spoiw/a, 
 a blade, in Late L. the shoulder, dim. of 
 spattia — Gr. spathe, a blade.] 
 
 EPERGNE, e-pern', n. an ornamental stand 
 for a large dish for the centre of a table. 
 [Fr. epargne, saving — epargner, to save ; 
 of uncertain origin.] 
 
 EPHA, EPHAH. 6'fa, n. a Hebrew meas- 
 ure for grain, etc. =3 E. pecks and 3 
 pints. [Heb.— Coptic] 
 
 EPHEMERA, ef-em'er-a. n. a fly that hves 
 one clay only: the Mayfly, a genus of 
 short-lived insects : a fever of one day's 
 continuance onlj'. [Gr. ephemeroi, liv- 
 ing a day — epi, for, and hemera, a day.] 
 
 EPHEMERAL, ef-em'er-al, adj. existing 
 oulv for a day : daily : short-lived. 
 
 EPHSMERLS. ef-em'er-is, n. an account of 
 daily transactions : a joiu-nal : an astro- 
 nomical almanac : — pi. Ephemerides, 
 ef-e-mer'i-dez. 
 
 EPHEMERIST. ef-em'er-ist, n. one who 
 stu<iies the daily motions of the planets. 
 
 EPHOD. ef'od, n. a kind ot linen surplice 
 worn by the Jewish priests. [Heb. — 
 aphad, to put on.] 
 
 EPIC, ep'ik, adj. applied to a poem which 
 recounts a great event in an elevated 
 style. — n. an epic or heroic poem. [L. 
 epieti.<i — Gr. epikos — epos, a word.] 
 
 E3*ICEXE, epi'-sen, adj. or »., common to 
 both sexes : (gram.) of either gender. 
 [Gr. epikoinos — epi, and koinos, common. 
 See Cenobite.I 
 
 EPICURE, ep'i-kur, n. a follower of Ejii- 
 curus, a Greek pliilosopher, who taught 
 that pleasure was tlie chief good : one 
 given to sensual enjoj-ment : one devoted 
 to the luxuries of the table. [L. Epicu- 
 rus — Gr. Epikouros.] 
 
 EPICUREAN, ep-i-ku-re'an, adj. pertain- 
 ing to ^pirar-^.s; given to luxury. — n. a 
 follower of Epicurus : one given to the 
 luxuries of the table. 
 
 EPICUREANISM, ep-i-ku-re'an-izm, n. the 
 doctrine of Epicurus: attachment to 
 these doctrines. 
 
 EPICURISM, ep'i-kur-izm, n. the doctrines 
 o{ Ejjicurus .-luxury : sensual enjoyment. 
 
 EPICYCLE, ep'i-si-kl", n. a circle having its 
 centre on the circumference of a greater 
 circle, on which it moves. [Gr. epi, upon, 
 kyklos. a circle.] 
 
 EPIDEMIC, ep-i-dem'ik. EPIDEMICAL, ep- 
 i-dem'ik-al, adj. affecting a ichole people: 
 general. — n. a disease falling on great 
 numbers. — adv. Epidem'ically. [Gr. epi- 
 demos, general — ejii, among, and f?e?»os, 
 the people.] 
 
 EPIDERMIS, ep-i-der'mis, n. that which 
 lies on the true skin : the cuticle or outer 
 skin of animals. — adjs. Epider'jiic, Epi- 
 riEu'siAL. [Gr. epidermis — epi, upon, and 
 derma, the skin.] 
 
 EPIGASTRIC, ep-i-gas'trik, adj. relating to 
 the epigastrium, or upper part of the ab- 
 domen. [Gr. ejii, upon, and gaster, tlie 
 stomach.] 
 
 EPIGLOTTIS, ep-i-glot'is. n. the cartilage 
 at tlie root of the tongue that falls npon 
 the glottis, or opening of tlie larynx. [Gr. 
 — epi, upon, and GLOTTIS.] 
 
 EPIGRAM, ep'i-gram. v. {in anc. times) 
 first a poetic inscription, then a short or 
 pointed poem : a short poem on one sub- 
 ject ending with a w-itty or sarcastic 
 thought : any concise and' pointed or sar- 
 castic saying. [Through Fr. .and L., 
 from Gr. epigramma, epigrammatos — 
 
 epi, upon, and gramma, a writing, from 
 grapho. to write.] 
 
 EPIGRAMMATIC, ep-i-gram-mat'ik, EPI- 
 GRAMMATICAL, e'p-i-gram-mafik-al, 
 adj. relating to or dealing in epigrams: 
 like an epigram : concise and pointed. — 
 adi\ Epigrammat'ically. 
 
 EPIGRAMMATIZE. ep-i-gram'at-iz. v.t. to 
 make an epigram on. — EPIGRAMMATIST, 
 ep-i-gram'at-ist, n. one who writes epi- 
 grams. 
 
 EPIGRAPH, ep'i-graf, n. a irriting, esp. on 
 a building : a citation or motto at the 
 commencement of a book or its parts. 
 [Gr. epi-graphe — epi, upon, and grapho, 
 to writej 
 
 EPILEPSY, ep'i-lep-si, n. a disease of the 
 brain attended by convulsions, which 
 seizes on one suddenly, causing him to 
 fall. — adj. Epilep'tic. [Gr. epilepsia — 
 epi, upon, and lambano, lepsoviai, to 
 seize, Sans , labh, to get.] 
 
 EPILOGUE, ep'i-log, n. a speech or short 
 poem at the end of a play. — adj. Epilog'- 
 ICAL, -loj'. [Through ^f'r. and L., from 
 Gr. epilogos, conclusion — epi, upon, and 
 lego, to speak.] 
 
 EPIPHANY, e-pif'an-i, ?!. a church festi- 
 val celebrated on Jan. 6 in commemora- 
 tion of the appearance of Christ to the 
 wise men of the East. [Gr. epiphaneia, 
 appearance — epi, and phaind, to show, 
 from phao. to shine.] 
 
 EPISCOPACY, e-pis'ko-pas-i, n. the gov- 
 ernment of the church by bishops. [L. 
 episcopatus — Gr. episkopos, an overseer, 
 a bishop. See Bishop.] 
 
 EPISCOPAL, e-pis'ko-pal, adj. governed 
 by bishops: helong-ing to or vested in 
 bishops. — adv. Epis'copallt. 
 
 EPISCOPALIAN, e-pis-ko-pa'Ii-an, adj. be- 
 longing to bishops, or government by 
 bishops. — n. one who belongs to the Epis- 
 copal Church. 
 
 EPISCOPALIANISM.e-pis-ko-pini-an-izm, 
 ?(., episcopalian government and doc- 
 trine. 
 
 EPISCOPATE, e-pis'ko-pat, n. a bishopric : 
 the office of a bishop : the order of bish- 
 ops. 
 
 EPISCOPIZE, e-pis'ko-plz, v.t. to conse- 
 crate to the episcopal ofiice : to make a 
 bishop of . "There seems reason to be- 
 lieve that Wesley was willing to have 
 been episcopized upon this occasion." — 
 Southey. 
 
 EPISCOPIZE, e-pis'ko-piz. v.i. to exercise 
 the oSice of a bishop : to episcopate. W. 
 Broome. 
 
 EPISODE, ep'i-sod, n. a story coming in or 
 introduced into a narrative or poem to 
 give variety : an interesting incident. 
 [Gr. epeisodion — epi, upon, eiaodos, a com- 
 ing in — eis, into, hodos. a wav.J 
 
 EPISODIAL. e-pi-s6'di-al, EPISODIC, e-pi- 
 sod ik, EPISODICAL, e-pi-sod'ik-al. adj. 
 pertaining to or contained in an epi.^ode : 
 brought in as a digression. 
 
 EPISODICALLY, e-pi-sod'ik-al-i, adv. by 
 wav of episode : incidentallv. 
 
 EPISTEIMOLOGY, e-pis-te-mol'o-ji, n. that 
 department of metaphysics which inves- 
 tigates and explains tlie doctrine or the- 
 ory of knowing: distinguislied from ontol- 
 ogy, wliicli investigates real existence or 
 the theory of being. Ferrier. [Gr. epis- 
 teme, knowledge, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 EPISTLE, e-pis'l, n. a w-riting sent to one, 
 a letter. [O. Fr. epistle — L. epistola — Gr. 
 epistole — epi, and stellO. to send.] 
 
 EPISTOLARY, e-pis'to-lar-i. adj. pertain- 
 ing to or consisting of epistles or letters : 
 suitable to an epistle: contained in letters. 
 
 EPISTOLEAN. e-pis-to-le'an. n. a writer of 
 epistles or letters : a correspondent. Mrs. 
 Con-den Clarke. 
 
 EPISTOLIC, ep-is-tol'ik, EPISTOLICAL, 
 
 ep-is-tol'ik-al. adj. pertaining to epistles 
 or letters : designating the method of 
 representing ideas bv letters and words. 
 
 EPISTOMA. e-pis to-ma. EPISTOME, e'pi- 
 stom, n. in nat. hist, (a) tlie space between 
 the antenuee and the cavity of the mouth 
 in crustaceous animals ; (?)) a valve-like 
 organ which arches over the mouth in I 
 the order Phylactolasmata of the Polyzoa.l 
 [Gr. epi. upon, and stoma, mouth.] 
 
 EPISTROPHE. e-pis'tro-fl, n. in rhet. a 
 figure in which several successive clauses 
 or sentences end with the same word or 
 affirmation ; as, " Are they Hebrews? So 
 am I. Are they Israelites : So am /."— 3 
 Cor. xi. 23. [Gr. epistroplie — ejii, upon, 
 and strophe, a return.] 
 
 EPISTYLAR, e'pi-stn-er, adj. of or belong- 
 ing to the epistyle. — EptSTTLAR arcua- 
 TION, the system in which columns sup- 
 port arches instead of horizontal archi- 
 traves and entablatures. 
 
 EPISTYLE, e'pi-stil. n. in ancient arch, a 
 term used by the Greeks for w-hat is now 
 called the architrave, a massive piece of 
 stone or wood laid immediately on the 
 abacus of the capital of a column or pillar. 
 [Gr. epi. upon, and stylos, a column.] 
 
 EPITAPH, ep'i-taf, n. an in.scription vpon 
 a tomb. — adjs. Epitaph'ian, Epitaph'ic. 
 [Gr. epitaphion — epi, upon, and taphos, 
 a tomb.] 
 
 EPITHALAMIUM. ep-i-tha-la'mi-um. n. a 
 song in celebration of a marriage, [Gr. 
 epithalamion — epi, upon, thalamos, a 
 bedchamber, marriage.] 
 
 EPITHELIUM, e-pi-the'U-um, n. in anat. 
 a thin and dehcate kind of cuticle, like 
 that which covers the nijiple ; more 
 specifically, the cellular laj-er which lines 
 the internal ca\'ities and canals of the/ 
 body, both closed and open, as the mouth, [ 
 nose, respiratory organs, blood-vessels, 
 etc., and which is analogous to the cu- 
 ticle of the outer surface. There are 
 several varieties of epithelium. Tlie epi- 
 thelium lining the blood-vessels is called 
 sometimes endothelium: in bot. an epi- 
 dermis consisting of young thin-sided 
 cells, filled with homogeneous transpar- 
 ent colorless sap. [Gr. epi, upon, and 
 thele. the nipple.] 
 
 EPITHET, ep'i-thet, w. an adjective ex- 
 pressing some real quality of the thing 
 to which it is applied, or an attribute 
 expressing some qualitj' ascribed to it. 
 [Gr. epithetos, added — epi, on, and tilhe- 
 mi, to place.] 
 
 EPITHETIC. ep-i-thet'ik, adj. pertaining 
 to an epithet : abounding- with epithets. 
 
 EPITOME, e-pit'o-me, w. an abridgment or 
 short summarj- of anything, as of a 
 book. [Gr. — epi, and temno, to cut.] 
 
 EPITOMIZE, e-pit'o-miz, v.t. to make an. 
 epitome of : to shorten : to condense. 
 
 EPITOMIZER, e-pit'o-miz-er, EPITOMIST, 
 e-pit'o-mist, n. one who epitomizes or 
 abridges. 
 
 EPOCH, ep'ok or e'-, n. a point of time/,i-ed 
 or made remarkable by some great event 
 from which dates are I'eckoned : a jieriod 
 remarkable for important events. [Gr. 
 epoch? — ejyecho, to stop — ejji, upon, and 
 echo, to hold.] 
 
 EPODE, ep'od, n. a kind of lyric poem in 
 which a longer verse is followed by a 
 shorter one. — adj. Epod'IC. [Gr. e2)odos — 
 epi. on. and OdO. an ode or song. See Ode.J 
 
 EPONYM, EPONYME, ep'o-nim, n. a 
 name, as of a countrj" or people, derived 
 from that of an individual. — adj. Epon'- 
 TMOCS. [Gr. ejri, upon, to, and onoma, 
 name.] 
 
 EPOPEE, ep'o-pe, n. the writing of epic 
 poetry : an epic poem : the subject of an 
 epic. [Fr. — Gr. epopoiia — epos, a word, 
 an epic poem, poieo, to make.]
 
 EPSOM-SALT 
 
 136 
 
 EQUITY 
 
 EPSOM-SALT, ep'sum-sawlt, «. the sul- 
 phate of magnesia, a cathartic producing' 
 watery discharges. This medicine was 
 so named from its being formerly pro- 
 cured by boiling down the mineral water 
 of Epsom, but it is now prepared from 
 sea- water. 
 
 EPTJLAEY, e'pQ-la-ri, adj. pertaining to a 
 feast or banquet. (Rare.) [L. epularis, 
 from epulum, a feast.J 
 
 EPULATION, e-pu-lashun, n. a feasting 
 or feast. " He (Epicurus) was contented 
 with bread and water, and when he 
 would dine with Jove, and pretend unto 
 epulation. ae desired no other addition 
 than a piece of Cytheridian cheese." — Sir 
 T. Browne. [L. epulatio, from epulor, to 
 feast.] 
 
 EPULIS, e-puTis, n. a tubercle on the 
 gums, sometimes ending in cancer. [Gr. 
 epi, upon, and oida, the gums.] 
 
 EPULOSE, e'pu-los, adj. feasting to excess. 
 [L. epulum, a feast.] 
 
 EPULOSITY, e-pu-los''i-ti, n. a feasting to 
 excess. 
 
 EPULOTIC, e-pu-lot'ik, adj. healing : cica- 
 trizing. [Gr. epoulotikos, from epouloo, 
 to heal, to cicatrize — ejii, upon, and oule, 
 a cicatrix, oulo, to be sound, oulos, 
 whole.] 
 
 EPULOTIC, e-pu-lot'ik, n. a medicament 
 or apphcation which tends to dry, cica- 
 trize, and heal wounds or ulcers, to re- 
 press fungous flesh, and dispose the parts 
 to recover soundness. " Ointment of tut- 
 tv and such like epuloticks." — Wiseman. 
 
 EPURATION, e-pur-a'shun, n. the act of 
 purifying. [L. e, intens., tinA puro, jnirw- 
 tum, to purify, from jyurus, pure.] 
 
 EPURE, a-piir, ». in arch, the plan of a 
 building, or part of a building, traced on 
 a wall or on a horizontal surface, on the 
 same scale as that of the work to be con- 
 structed. [Fr., said to be trovapure, ex- 
 act.] 
 
 EQUABILITY, e-k\va-ba'i-ti, n. state or 
 condition of being equable or not vari- 
 able. 
 
 EQUABLE, eTcwa-bl, a^j., equal and uni- 
 form : smooth : not variable. — adv. 
 E'QUABLT. [L. oequabilis.] 
 
 EQUAL, e'kwal, adj., one or the same in 
 regard to any quality : adequate : in just 
 proportion : fit : equable : uniform : equi- 
 table : evenly balanced : just. — n. one of 
 the same age, rank, etc. — v.i. to be or 
 to make equal to :—pr.p. e'qualling ; 
 pa.p. e'qualled. — adi\ E'QcrAlJL.T. [L. 
 cequalis — oequus, equal ; Sans, eka, one.] 
 
 EQUALITY, e-kwol'i-ti, n. the condition of 
 being equal : sameness : evenness. [L. 
 cequalitas.'] 
 
 EQUALIZATION, e-kwal-i-za'shun, n. the 
 act of making equal : state of being 
 equalized. 
 
 EQUALIZE, e'kwal-iz, v.t. to make equal. 
 
 EQUANIMITY, e-kwa-nim'i-ti, n., equality 
 or evenness of mind or temper. [L. 
 cequanimitas — cequus, equal, and animus, 
 the mind.] 
 
 EQUATION, e-kwa'shun, n. (alg.) a state- 
 ment of the equality of two quantities : 
 reduction to a mean proportion. 
 
 EQUATOR, e-kwa'tor, w. (geog.) a great 
 circle passing round the middle of the 
 globe, and dividing it into two equal 
 parts : {astr.) the equinoctial. — adj. 
 Equato'rial. 
 
 EQUERY, EQUERRY, ek'we-ri or ek-wer'i, 
 11. one who has the charge of horses: in 
 England, an officer under the sovereign's 
 Master of the Horse. [Fr. ecurie — Low L. 
 scuria, a stable — O. Ger. skiura (G«r. 
 schaiier), shelter, a shed.] 
 
 EQUESTRIAN, e-kwes'tri-an, adj. pertain- 
 ing to horses or horsemanship : on horse- 
 back. — n. one who rides on horseback. 
 
 [L. equester, equestris — eqttes, a horse- 
 man — eguus.] 
 
 EQUIANGULAR, e-kwi-ang'gu-Iar, adj. 
 consisting of or having equal angles. 
 [L. cequiis, equal, and Angular.] 
 
 EQUIDISTANT, e-kwi-dis'tant, adj., 
 equally distant from. — adv. Equidis'- 
 TANTLY. [L. cequus, equal, and D1ST.4.NT.] 
 
 EQUILATERAL, e-kwi-lat'er-al, adj. hav- 
 ing all the sides equal. [L. cequus, equal, 
 and Lateral.] 
 
 EQUILIBRATE, e-kwi-ll'brat, v.t. to bal- 
 ance two scales equally. — n. Equilibra'- 
 TION. [L. cequus, equal, and LrBRATE.] 
 
 EQUILIBRIUM, e-kwi-U'bri-ura, n. in mech. 
 equipoise ; equality of weight or force ; 
 a state of rest produced by the mutual 
 counteraction of two or more forces, as 
 the state of the two ends of a lever or bal- 
 ance, when both are charged with equal 
 weight, and they maintain an even or 
 level position, parallel to the horizon ; 
 when two or more forces acting upon a 
 body are so opposed to each other that 
 the body remains at rest, although one 
 of them would move it if acting- alone, 
 those forces are said to be in equilibrium, 
 that is, equally balanced : a state of just 
 poise ; a position of due balance ; as, to 
 preserve the equilibrium of the body ; 
 take care j'ou do not lose your equilibri- 
 um: in the/ijie arts, (a) the just poise or 
 balance of a figui-e or other object so that 
 it may appear to stand firmly, (b) the due 
 equipoise of objects, lights, shadows, etc. : 
 equal diffusion or distribution, as of tem- 
 perature, which all bodies on the earth 
 tend to produce, of the electric fluid in its 
 natural undisturbed state, etc.: equal 
 balancing of the mind between motives 
 or reasons ; a state of indifference or of 
 doubt, when the mind is suspended in in- 
 decision, between different motives or the 
 different forces of evidence : equality of 
 influence or effect ; due or just relation- 
 ship. [L. cequus, and libra, a balance.] 
 
 EQUIMULTIPLE, e-kw-i-nuil'ti-pl, adj., 
 multiplied by the same or an equal num- 
 ber. — n. a number multiplied by the same 
 number as another. [L. cequus, equal, 
 and Multiple.] 
 
 EQUINE, e'kwin, EQUINAL, e-kwin'al, 
 adj. pertaining to a horse or horses. [L. 
 equinus — equus.'[ 
 
 EQUINOCTIAL, e-kwi-nok'shal, adj. per- 
 taining to the equinoxes, the time of the 
 equinoxes, or to the regions about the 
 equator. — n. a great circle in the heavens 
 corresponding to the equator of the earth, 
 so called because when the sun crosses it 
 the days and nights are equal. 
 
 EQUINOCTIALLY, e-kwi-nok'shal-i, adv. 
 in the direction of the equinox. 
 
 EQUINOX, e'kwi-noks, n. the precise time 
 when the sun enters one of the equinoc- 
 tial points, or the first point of Aries, 
 about the 21st of March, and the first 
 point of Libra, about the 23d of Septem- 
 ber, making the day and the night of 
 equal length ; these are called respect- 
 ively the i^ernal and autumnal equi- 
 noxes : equinoctial gale. 
 The passaije yet was jrood ; the wind, 'tis true, 
 Was somewhat high, but that was nothing- new. 
 No more than usual equinoxes blew. — Dryden: 
 
 anything equal; an equal measure (rare). 
 
 Do but see his vice ; 
 'Tis to his virtue a just equinox. 
 The one as long^ as th' other. — Shak. 
 
 i L. ce quus, equal, and nox, night.] 
 UIP, e-kwip', v.t. to fit out: to furnish 
 with everything needed for any service or 
 work: — pr.p. equipp'ing; pa.p. equipped'. 
 [Fr. equiper tor esquipper, to attire; from 
 a Teut. root, found in O. Ger. skif, Ger. 
 schiff, E. ship and shape ; also Ice. shipa, 
 to set in order.] 
 EQUIPAGE, ek'wi-paj, n. that with which 
 
 one is equipped : furniture required for 
 any service, as armor of a soldier, etc. : 
 a carriage and attendants, retinue. — adj. 
 Eq'uipaged, furnished with an equipage. 
 
 EQUIPMENT, e-kwip ment, n. the act of 
 equipping : the state of being equipped : 
 things used in equipping or furnishing. 
 
 EQUIPOLSE, e'kwi-poiz, n., equality of 
 weight or force: the state of a balance 
 when the two weights are equal. [L. 
 oequus, equal, and Poise.] 
 
 EQUIPOLLENT, e-kwi-poFent, adj. having 
 equal power or force: equivalent. — n. 
 Equipol'lence. [L. cequus, equal, and 
 pollens, x>ollentis, pr.p. of piolleo, to be 
 able.] 
 
 EQUIPONDERANT,S-kwi-pon'der-ant,ad/. 
 equal in iceight. — yi. Equipon'derance. 
 [L. cequus, equal, and poTidus, ponderia, 
 weight.] 
 
 EQUIPONDERATE, e-kwi-pon'der-at, v.i. 
 to be equal in u-eight : to balance. 
 
 EQUISON, e'kwi-sou, n. a horse jockey: 
 one who manages race-horses. [Landor 
 puts the word in Person's mouth.] " Who 
 announces to the world the works and 
 days of Newmarket, the competitors at 
 its games, their horses, their equisons, 
 their colors." — Landor. [L. equiso, a 
 groom, from equus, a horsej 
 
 EQUITABLE, ek'wi-ta-bl, adj. possessing 
 or exhibiting equity : held or exercised in 
 equity. — adv. Eq'uitablt. — ?i. Eq'ctta- 
 
 BLENESS. 
 
 EQUITATION, ek-wi-ta'shun, n. the art of 
 riding on horsehacli. [L. equito, to ride 
 — equus, a horse.] 
 
 EQUITY, ek'wi-ti, n. justice ; impartiahty ; 
 the giving or desiring to give to each 
 man his due. "With righteousness shall 
 he judge the world, and the people with 
 equity." — Ps. xcviii. 9 : in law, an equita- 
 ble claim. "I consider the wife's equity 
 to be too well settled to be shaken."— 
 Kent : a term about which, when ap- 
 plied to a scheme of jurisprudence, there 
 is some confusion. Its three leading 
 senses are distinguished thus ; (a) taken 
 broadly, equity means the doing unto all 
 men as we would that they should do 
 unto us ; (5) in a narrower sense, equity 
 is used in contradistinction to strict law ; 
 it expounds and limits the language of 
 the positive laws, and construes them, 
 not according to their strict letter, but 
 rather in their reasonable and benignant 
 spirit ; (c) in the sense in which it is to be 
 understood as the substantial justice ex- 
 pounded by all courts of equity, it is the 
 system of supplemental law administered 
 in these, founded ujjon defined rules, re- 
 corded precedents, and established prin- 
 ciples, the judges, however, Hberally 
 expounding and developing them to meet 
 new exigencies. Wliile it aims to assist 
 the defects of the common law, by ex- 
 tending relief to those rights of propertj' 
 which the strict law does not recognize, 
 and by giving- more ample and distribu- 
 tive redress than the ordinary tribunals 
 afford, equity by no means either con- 
 trols,mitigates,or supersedes the common 
 law, but rather guides itself by its anal- 
 ogies, and does not assume anv power 
 to subvert its doctrines. The Court of 
 Chancery was formerly in England the 
 especial court of equity, but large powers 
 were by the Judicature Act of 1873 given 
 to all the divisions of the Supreme Court 
 to administer equity, although many 
 matters of equitable jurisdiction are still 
 left to the chancery division in the first 
 instance. In the U.S. the circuit and 
 county courts have original jurisdiction 
 in most chancery or equity cases, wherein 
 remedies and reliefs are sought which the 
 rigid enforcement of the statutes, in civil
 
 EQUIVALENT 
 
 137 
 
 ERROR 
 
 cases, would preclude. "Equity is a rogu- 
 ish thing' ; for law, we have a measure, 
 know what to trust to : equity is ac- 
 cording to the conscience of him that is 
 chancellor, and, as that is larger or nar- 
 rower, so is equity." — Selden. — Equity 
 < iF A STATUTE, the construction of a stat- 
 ute in accordance with its reason and 
 Aipirit, and not according to the mere 
 letter. — Equity of redemption, in law, 
 the advantage allowed to a mortgager of 
 u reasonable time to redjem lands mort- 
 t'aged. when the estate is of greater value 
 t lian the sum for which it was mortgaged. 
 [Fr. equite ; L. aequitas, from mquus, 
 equal, even.] 
 
 EQUIVALENT, e-kwiv'a-lent, adj., eqiml 
 in value, poirer, effect, meaning, etc. — n. 
 a thing equal in value, etc. — adv. Equtv'- 
 alently.— n. Equiv'ai-ence. [Fi-. — L. 
 (Pqiais, equal, and valens, valentis, pr.p. 
 of raleo. to be strong.] 
 
 EQUIVALENT, e-kwiv'a-lent, v.t. to pro- 
 duce or constitute an equivalent to : to 
 answer in full proportion : to equal. J. 
 y. Lockyer. 
 
 EQUIVALUE, e-kwi-val'u, v.t. to value 
 at the same rate : to put on a par. " To 
 equivalue the noble and the rabble of 
 authorities.'' — W. Taylor. 
 
 EQUIVOCAL, e-kwiv'o-kal, adj., meaning 
 i^qiially two or more things : of doubtful 
 meaning- : capable of a double explana- 
 tion. — adv. Equiv'ocally. — n. Equiy'- 
 ijcaln'ESS. [L. aequHs, equal, and vox, 
 rods, the voice, a word.] 
 
 EQUIVOCATE, e-kwiv'o-kat, r.i. to use 
 tquivocal or doubtful words in order to 
 mislead. 
 
 EQUn'OCATION, e-kwiv-o-ka'shun, n. act 
 i>f equivocating or using ambiguous 
 ■A ords to mislead. — n. Equtv'ocator. 
 ER. affix : a termination of many English 
 nouns, converting the word to which it 
 is added into a noun of agency. It is 
 the Teutonic form equivalent to the 
 Latin -or, and native words may be 
 roughly distinguished from words of 
 Latin origin by this distinction ; as, hear- 
 se, learne?*, doer, teacher, from auditor, 
 instructor, factor, doctor. It was for- 
 merly a sign of the masculine gender — 
 -.«^re. -uter indicating the feminine ; thus 
 weaver, baker, malter, singer, brewer 
 were masculine ; webs^er, bakesfer (ba.v- 
 ter), malt.sfer, soug.ster, hrewster, femi- 
 nine. In spinner and spinsfer the dis- 
 tinction is still to some extent observed. 
 Generally, however, the termination does 
 not indicate gender in any waj', some 
 nouns in -er signifying a per.son or thing 
 indifferently, as ruler, heater, grater, 
 poker. Added to names of places it 
 sometimes signifies an inhabitant of, or 
 one that belongs to a place, as Londoner, 
 Berliner, New Yorker ; though the ter- 
 minations ite, an, and some others are 
 fast supplanting er, in the United States, 
 especially : the sign of the comparative 
 degree of adjectives, and akin to Latin 
 comparative termination -or, Gr. -er in 
 -eras: an affix to verbs giving them a 
 frequentative, and probably a diminutive 
 sense ; as, swag, swagger ; spit, sputter; 
 fret, fritter; pat, patter; wend, wander. 
 
 ERA. e'ra, n. a series of i/ear.s reckoned 
 from a particular point. [Late L. oera, 
 a number, hence a sp.ace of time, orig. 
 •• covmters," pieces of copper used in 
 counting, being the neuter pi. of ces, 
 cerii; copper.] 
 
 ERADIATE, e-ra'di-at, v.i. to .shoot as rays 
 of light : to radiate : to beam. " A kind 
 of life eradiating and resulting both from 
 intellect and psyche." — Dr. H. More. [L. 
 e. for ex. out, and radio, radiatum, to 
 beam.] 
 
 ERADIATION, e-ra-di-a'shun, n. emission 
 of raj's or beams of light : emission of 
 light or splendor. '• Eradiation and 
 emanation of spirit." — Hale. 
 
 ERADICATE, e-rad'i-kat, v.t. to pull up by 
 the roots: to destroy. [L. eradico, to 
 root out — e, and radij;, radicis, a root.] 
 
 ERADICATION, e-rad-i-ka'shun, n. the act 
 of eradicating : state of being eradicated. 
 
 ERASE, e-ras', v.t. to rub or scrajie out ; to 
 efface : to destroy. — adj. Eras' ABLE. — n. 
 Eras'er. [L. erado — e, out, and rado, 
 rasus. to scrape.] 
 
 ERASION, e-ra'zlum, ERASEMENT, e-raz'- 
 ment, ERASURE, e-ra'zhoor, n. the act of 
 erasing : a rubbing out : the place where 
 something written has been rubbed out. 
 
 ERASTIAN, e-rast'yan, n. a follower of 
 Thomas Erastus, a Swiss physician, who 
 maintained that the church is wholly de- 
 pendent on the state for its existence and 
 authority. — adj. relating to the Erastians 
 or their doctrines. 
 
 ERASTIANISM, e-rast'yan-izm, n. prin- 
 ciples of the Erastians: control of the 
 church by the state. 
 
 ERE, ar, adv., before: sooner than. — prep. 
 before. [A.S. oer ; Goth, air, soon.] 
 
 EREBUS, e're-bus, n. in myth, (a) the son 
 of Chaos and Darkness, who married liis 
 sister Night and was the father of the 
 Light and Day ; he was transformed into 
 a river and plunged into Tartarus, because 
 he aided the Titans : hence — (b) the lower 
 world, particularly that part of it which 
 is the abode of virtuous shades ; hades ; 
 hell. 
 Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook 
 Of Erebus. — Milton. 
 The motions of his spirit are dull as night. 
 And liis affections dark as Erebus.- Shak. 
 [L. erebus, Gr. erebos.] 
 
 ERECT, e-rekt', v.t. to set upright: to 
 raise : to build : to exalt : to establish. 
 [L. erectus, from erigo, to set upright — e, 
 out, and rego, to make straight.] 
 
 ERECT, e-rekt', adj., upright : directed up- 
 ward : unsnaken : bold. — adv. Eeeot'ly. 
 —n. Erect'ness. 
 
 ERECTION, e-rek'shun, n. act of erecting 
 or raising : state of being erected : exal- 
 tation : anything erected : a building of 
 any kind. 
 
 EREMACAUSIS, e-re-ma-kaw'sis, n. a term 
 introduced into chemistry bj' Liebig, to 
 express a slow combustion or oxidation : 
 the act of gradual combination of the 
 combustible elements of a body with the 
 oxygen of the air, as in the slow decay of 
 wood in the formation of acetic acid from 
 alcohol, of nitre bj' the decomposition of 
 animal matter, and in numerous other 
 processes. [Gr. erema, slowly, gently, 
 and kausis, burning.] 
 
 EREMITE, er'e-mit, n. now Hermit. 
 
 ERISTIC, e-ris'tik, n. one given to disputa- 
 tion : a controversialist. Bp. Gauden. 
 
 ERMINE, er'min, n. a northern animal of 
 the weasel tribe, valued for its fur ; its 
 white fur. an emblem of the purity of 
 judges and magistrates, whose robes are 
 lined with it. — adj. Er'juned, adorned 
 with ermine. [O. Fr. erHW?ie(Fr. hermine); 
 from L. {mii.s) Armenius, lit. mouse of 
 Armenia, whence it was brought to 
 Rome ; but ace. to Skeat from O. Ger. 
 harmin (Ger. hermelin), ermine-fur.] 
 
 ERODE, e-rod', v.t. to cutaway. [L. e, and 
 rodo. ro.ius, to gnaw.] 
 
 EROSION, e-ro'zhun, n. the act or opera- 
 tion of eating or wearing away : specif- 
 ically, in med. the gradual destruction 
 of the substance of a part by ulceration, 
 or by increa,sed action of the absorbents, 
 whether spontaneous or excited by the 
 action of some irritating substance : the 
 state of being eaten or worn away; 
 corrosion ; canker. — EROSION THEORY, in 
 
 geol. the theory that valleys are due to 
 the wearing influences of water and ice, 
 chiefly in the form of glaciers, as opposed 
 to the theory which regards them as the 
 result of fissures in the earth's crust pro- 
 duced by strains during its upheaval. [L. 
 erosio, an eating away, from erodo, ero- 
 sum. See Erode.] 
 
 EROSIVE, e-ro'siv, adj. having the prop- 
 ei'tv of eroding or eating away. 
 
 EROTIC, e-rot'ik, EROTICAL, e-rot'ik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to Zore. [Gr. erotikos— 
 ero.s, erotos, love.] 
 
 ERPETON, er'pet-on, n. same as Hee- 
 peton. 
 
 ERR, er, v.i. to tcander from the right 
 way : to go astray ; to mistake : to sin. 
 [Fr. erre) — L. erro, to stray ; cog. with 
 Ger. irren, and irre, astray.] 
 
 ERRABUND, er'ra-bund, adj. erratic : wan- 
 dering- : rambling. " Your errabund 
 guesses, veering to all points of the 
 hterary compass.'' — Southey. [L. eiva- 
 bundus, from erro, to wander.] 
 
 ERRAND, er'and, n. a message: a com- 
 mission to' say or do something. [A.S. 
 cerende ; Ice. eyrendi ; ace. to Max Miil- 
 ler, from root ar, to plough, to work, 
 ende being the pr.p. suffix.] 
 
 ERRANT, er'ant, adj., erring or wander- 
 ing : roving : wild. [L. eiTans, errantis, 
 pr.p. of erro.] 
 
 ERRANTRY, er'ant-ri, n. an errant or 
 wandering state : a rambling about like 
 a knight-errant. 
 
 ERRATIC, er-at'ik, ERRATICAL, er-at'ik- 
 al, adj., wandering: having no certain 
 course : not stationary. — adv. Errat'- 
 
 ICALLY. 
 
 ERRATUM, er-a'tum, n. an error in writ- 
 ing or printing : — pZ. Errata, er-a'ta, 
 [L. — erro, to stray.] 
 
 ERRONEOUS, er-6'ne-us, adj., wandering: 
 erring : full of error : wrong : mistaken. 
 —adv. Erro'neously. — n. Erro'neous- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 ERROR, er'rer, n. a wandering or devia- 
 tion from the truth ; a mistake in judg- 
 ment by which men assent to or believe 
 what is not true ; a mistake as to mat- 
 ter of fact ; a misapprehension ; as, " In 
 my mind he was guiltj' of no error, he 
 was chargeable with no exaggeration, 
 he was betrayed by his fancy into no 
 metaphor, who once said, that all we see 
 about us. King. Lords, and Commons, 
 the whole machinery of the state, all the 
 apparatus of the sjstem, and its varied 
 workings, end in simply bringing twelve 
 good men into a box." — Brougham: a 
 mistake made in writing, printing, or 
 other performance ; an inaccuracy ; an 
 oversight ; falsitj' ; as, a clerical error, 
 an error in a declaration : a wandering ; 
 excursion ; irregular course ; as. 
 He (jEneas) throu^'h i'atall errour long was led 
 Full many yeares. — Spenser ; 
 
 Driven by the winds and errors of the sea.—Dryden: 
 
 a transgression of law or duty ; a mis- 
 take in conduct; a fault; a sin; iniquity ; 
 transgression ; as, "Who can under- 
 stand his errors f cleanse thou me from 
 secret faults."— Ps. xix. 13 ; 
 
 If it were tlnne error vr thy crime, 
 
 I care no Itm^er.^Teitnyson ; 
 
 in law, a mistake in the proceedings of a 
 court of record either in fact or in law, 
 entitling- the unsuccessful party to have 
 the case reviewed ; proceedings in error 
 were abolished in civil cases by the Judi- 
 cature Act of 1875, appeal being substi- 
 tuted ; but they may still be taken in 
 criminal cases, for which the court of 
 review is the Queen's Bench — an appeal 
 in error is made by means of an original 
 writ, called a tcrit of error : in astron. 
 the difference between the places of any 
 of the heavenly bodies as determined by
 
 ERSE 
 
 138 
 
 ESKlilO-DOG 
 
 calculation and by observation : in math. 
 the difference between the result of any 
 operation and the true result. — Error 
 OF A CLOCK, the difference between the 
 time indicated by a clock and the time 
 which the clock is intended to indicate, 
 whether sidereal or mean time. [L. er- 
 ror, from erro, to wander.] 
 
 GRSE, ers, n. corr. of Irish, the name 
 given by the Lowland Scots to the lan- 
 guag-e of the people of the W. Higlilands, 
 as being of Irish origin. 
 
 ERST, erst, adv., first : at first : formerly. 
 [A.S. cBresf. superl. of cer. See Ere.] 
 
 ERUBESCENT, er-oo-bes'ent, adj.. grow- 
 ing red : red or reddish : blushing. — n. 
 Erubesc'ence. [L. eruhescens. -entis, 
 pr.p. of ertibesco, to grow red — e, out, 
 very much, and rubesco — nibere, to be 
 red' See Rubt.] 
 
 ERUCTATION, er-uk-ta'shun, n. the act 
 of belching or rejecting wind from the 
 stomach : a \iolent ejection of wind or 
 other matter from the earth. [L. erncto, 
 eructatus — e. and rneto. to belch forth ; 
 cog. with Gr. ereugomai, to vomit, aorist 
 f-rvg-on.] 
 
 ERUDITE, er'ij-dit, adj. learned. — arfr. 
 Eruditely. [L. erudio.eruditiis, to free 
 from rudeness — e. from, and rudis, rude.] 
 
 ERUDITION, er-u-di'shun, n. state of being 
 erudite or learned : knowledge gained by 
 study : learning, esp. in literature. 
 
 ERUGINOUS, e-roo'jin-us, adj. resembling 
 the rust of copper or brass : rusty. [L. 
 (eniginosHS — cerugo, rust of copper — ces, 
 ceris, metal, copper.] 
 
 ERUPTED, e-rupt'ed, adj. suddenly and 
 forcibly thrown out, as lava from a vol- 
 cano. 
 
 ERUPTION, e-rup'shun, n. a breaking or 
 bursting forth : that which bursts forth : 
 a breaking out of spots on the skin. [L. 
 eruptio — erumpo, eruptus — e, out, and 
 rumpo. to break.] ■ 
 
 ERUPTIONAL, e-rup'shun-al, adj. of or 
 pertaining to eruptions : eruptive : as, 
 eruptional phenomena. R. A. Proctor. 
 
 ERUPTIVE, e-rupt'iv, adj., breaking forth: 
 attended by or producing eruption : pro- 
 duced bv eruption. 
 
 ERYSIPELAS, er-i-sip'e-las, n. an inflam- 
 matory disease, generally in the face, 
 marked by a bright redness of the skin. 
 [Gr. — e-rjfth-ros, red, andpella, skin. See 
 Red and Pell.] " 
 
 ERYTHROPHLCEUM, e-rithYo-Se-um, n. 
 a genus of tropical trees, nat. order 
 Leguminosae. containing three species, 
 two found in Africa, and the third in 
 Australia. The E. guineense of Guinea is 
 100 feet high, and is noted for its abun- 
 dant red juice, which is used by the nar 
 tives as a test of innocence and guilt. An 
 accused person is forced to take a large 
 draught ; if it do him no injury he is 
 declared innocent, whereas if he be af- 
 fected by it he is held guilty. The bark 
 also is poisonous and is used as an ordeal. 
 [Gr. erythros, red, and pMoios, bark.] 
 
 ESCALAJDE, es-ka-lad' or es'-, n. the seat- 
 ing of the walls of a fortress by means 
 of ladders. — v.t. to scale : to mount and 
 enter by means of ladders. [Fr. — Sp. es- 
 calado-^scala. a ladder — L. scala.] 
 
 ESCALLONIA, es-kal-lo'ni-a, v. a genus of 
 trees or shrubs, nat. order Saxifrageaj, 
 containing about forty species, natives 
 of South America. They have simple 
 leaves with resinous dots, and white or 
 red flowers. Some species are cultivated. 
 [After Escallon, a Spanish traveller in 
 South America, who first found the spe- 
 cies in New Grenada.] 
 
 ESCALOP, es-kol'up. Same as Scaixop. 
 
 ESCAPADE, es-ka-pad', n. a mischievous 
 freak. 
 
 ESCAPE, es-kap', i\t. to flee from : to pass 
 unobserved: to evade. — v.i. to flee and 
 become safe from danger : to be passed 
 without harm. — n. act of escaping : 
 flight from danger or from prison. [O. 
 Fr. eseaper (Fr. echapper) — L. ex cappa, 
 lit. "out of one's cape or cloak." See 
 Cape.] 
 
 ESCAPEJIENT, es-kap'merrt, n. part of a 
 time-piece connecting the wheehvork 
 with the pendulum or balance, and al- 
 lowing a tooth to escape at each vibra- 
 tion : the leading requisite of a g-ood 
 escapement is that the impulse com- 
 municated to the pendulum shall be in- 
 variable, notwithstanding any irregvilar- 
 ity or foulness in the train of wheels ; 
 various kinds of escapements have been 
 contrived, such as the crown or r^erge es- 
 capement, used in common watches ; tlie 
 anchor or crutch escapement, used in 
 common clocks — both these are also 
 termed recoiling escapements ; the dead- 
 beat escapement and the gravity or re- 
 inontoir escapement, used in the finer 
 kind of clocljs ; the horizontal or cylin- 
 der escapement, still used in most foreign 
 watches ; the detached escapement, the 
 leoer escapement, the dvplex escapement, 
 and the jnn-ii-heel escapement, all used in 
 the finer classes of watches. 
 
 ESCAPER, es-kap'er, n. one who or that 
 which escapes. 
 
 ESCAPE-WARRANT, es-kap'-wor-rant, n. 
 in English laic, a process addressed to all 
 sheriffs, etc., to retake an escaped pris- 
 oner, even on a Sunday, and commit 
 him to proper custody. 
 
 ESCARP, es-karp', v.t. in fort, to slope: 
 to form a slope to. [Tr. esearper, to cut 
 steep, as rocks or slopes, to render them 
 inaccessible. See Scaep.] 
 
 ESCARP, ESCARPE. es-karp', n. in fort. 
 that side of the ditch surrounding or in 
 front of a work, and forming the ex- 
 terior of the rampart : a scarp. 
 
 ESCARPilENT. es-karp'ment, n. in fort. 
 ground cut away nearly vertically about 
 a position in order to prevent an enemy 
 from arriving at the latter ; part of the 
 rock of Gibraltar has been rendered in- 
 accessible in this manner : hence, the 
 precipitous side of any hill or rock ; the 
 abrupt face of a high ridge of land ; a 
 cliff. 
 
 ESCHALOT, esh-a-lot', n. a kind of small 
 onion, formerly found at Ascalon in Pal- 
 estine. [O. Fr. e.ichalofe — ^L. Ascalonius, 
 of Ascalon.] 
 
 ESCHATOLOGY', es-ka-tol'o-ji, n. (theol.) 
 the doctrine of the last or final things, 
 as death, judgment, the state after 
 death. [Gr. eschatos, last, and logos, a 
 discourse.] 
 
 ESCHEAT, es-chet'. n. in England, the re- 
 sulting back of any land or tenements to 
 the lord of the fee or to the state through 
 failure of heirs : formerly also through 
 the corruption of the blood of tlie tenant 
 by his ha^•ing been attainted ; this latter 
 kind of escheat was aboUshed bv the 
 Felony Act of 1870 (33 and 34 Viet, xxiii.) ; 
 lands, if freeliold, escheat to the king or 
 other lord of the manor ; if copyhold, to 
 the lord of the manor : by modern En- 
 glish legislation there can be no escheat 
 on failure of the whole blood wherever 
 there are persons of the half-blood capa- 
 ble of inheriting : in the United States, 
 the reverting of real property to the 
 state, as original and ultimate proprie- 
 tor, in consequence of a failure of persons 
 legally entitled to hold the same : the 
 p&ce or circuit within which the king or 
 lord is entitled to escheats : a writ to re- 
 cover escheats from the person in posses- 
 sion : the lands which fall to the lord or 
 
 state by escheat ; as, '• Of such treason 
 the forfeiture of the e.'ichrats pertaineth 
 to our lord the king." — Hallam : in Scots 
 lav, the forfeiture incurred by a man's 
 being denounced a rebel : that which 
 falls to one ; a reversion or return ; as. 
 To make me great by other^s loss is bad escheat. 
 
 — Spenser. 
 
 [O.Fr. eschet, fi-om O.Fr. escheir, escheoir, 
 from ejcoadere — L. e.v, and eadere, to fall ; 
 Fr. echoir.] 
 
 ESCHEW, es-choo', v.t. to shun: to flee 
 from. [O. Fr. eschever, cog. with Ger. 
 scheuen, to shv at.] 
 
 ESCLANDRE, es-klawn-dr, n. a disturb- 
 ance : a scene : a row. " Scoutbush, to 
 avoid esclandre and misery, thought it 
 well to waive the proviso." — Kingsley. 
 [Fr.] 
 
 ESCORT, es'kort, n. a guide : an attend- 
 ant : a guard : a body of armed men as 
 a guard. [Fi\ escorte — It. scorfa, a guide 
 — scorgere, to guide — L. ex, and corrigere, 
 to set right.] 
 
 ESCORT, es'kort', v.t. to attend as a guard. 
 
 ESCRITOIRE, es-kri-twor', n. a n-riting- 
 desk. [O. Fr. escriptoire, Fr. ecritoire — 
 Low L. scriptorium — scribo, script um, to 
 write.] 
 
 ESCULAPIAN, es-kii-la'pi-an, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Esculapius, and hence — to the art 
 of healing, [^■^scndapius, the god of the 
 healing art.] 
 
 ESCULENT, es'ku-lent, adj., eatable: fit 
 to be used for food by man. — n. some- 
 thing that is eatable. [L. escnlentus, eat- 
 able — esca, food — edo, to eat.] 
 
 ESCUTCHEON, es-kuch'un, n. a shield on 
 which a coat of arms is represented : a 
 family shield : the part of a vessel's stern 
 bearing her name. — adj. Escutch'eoned 
 ('und), having an escutcheon. [O. Fr. 
 eseusson — L. scutum, a shield. Cf. 
 Esquire.] 
 
 ESDRAS, ez'dras, n. the name now given 
 to two books of the Apocrypha, of the 
 authorship of which nothing is known 
 with certainty ; in the Vulgate and earli- 
 er editions of the English Bibles the title 
 is given to the book of Ezra as well as to 
 that of Nehemiah, which are respectively 
 caUed the 1st and 2d book of Esdras, 
 those now standing in the Apocrypha as 
 1st and 2d being numbered 8d and 4th 
 respectivelv. [Gr. form of Ezra.] 
 
 ESKAR, ESiCER, es'ker. n. a term for a 
 late geological formation in the super- 
 ficial drift, generally consisting of a long 
 linear ridge of sand and gravel, including 
 pieces of considerable size ; the matei'ials 
 aj-e derived from the waste of till or 
 boulder-clay, and their arrangement took 
 place probably under water over which 
 icebergs floated, for in Sweden particu- 
 larly rough erratic blocks are often de- 
 posited on the eskar. Called in Scotland 
 a Kaum ; called also ^sar. Os. and Osar. 
 
 ESKIMO, ESQUIMAU, es'ki-mo. n. (pi. 
 Eskimos. Esquimaux, es'ki-moz), one 
 of a tribe inhabiting the northern parts 
 of North America and Greenland : the 
 Eskimos are the most considerable rem- 
 nant in northern regions of that numer- 
 ous prehistoric race of fishers and hunters 
 who once clung to the coasts and shores 
 of Europe till they were jiushed into the 
 holes and corners, and to the very verge 
 of the great continents — by the succes- 
 sive bands of the Aryan migrations : they 
 once existed in England, France. Ger- 
 many, Denmark, Sweden, and Spain, in 
 all of w-hich they have left their traces 
 in interments, implements, and kitchen 
 middens. 
 
 ESKIMO-DOG, es'ki-mo-dog. n. one of a 
 breed of dogs extensively spread over the 
 northern regions of America and of
 
 ESOPHAGUS 
 
 139 
 
 ESTRAPADE 
 
 Eastern Asia ; it is rather larger than 
 our English pointer, but appears less on 
 account of the shortness of its legs ; it 
 has oblique eyes, an elongated muzzle, 
 and a bushy tail, which give it a wolfish 
 appearance ; the color is generallj- a deep 
 dun, obscurelj' hatred and patched with 
 darker color. It is the only beast of bur- 
 <len in these latitudes, and with a team 
 of such dogs attached to his sledge the 
 Eskimo will cover 60 miles a day for 
 several successive days. 
 
 ESOPHAGUS or (ESOPHAGUS, e-sof'a- 
 gus, n. the passage through which food 
 ts carried to the stomach, the gullet. 
 [L. — Gr. oiso2}hagos — oiso, fut. of phero, 
 to cariv. and i)hago, to eat.] 
 
 ESOTERlC, es-o-ter'ik, f/d/.,mMer; secret: 
 mysterious! (phil.) taught to a select 
 few :— opposed to EXOTERIC. — adv. Eso- 
 TER'ICAULT. [Gr. esoteHkos — esoteros, 
 inner, a conip. form from eso, within — 
 es (=eis\, into.] 
 
 ESPALIER, es-pal'yer, n. a lattice-work of 
 wood on which to train fruit-trees : a row 
 of trees so trained. [F^'. — It. spalliera, a 
 support for the shouldei-s — spalla, a 
 shoulder — spatula, ablade. Cf. Epaulet.] 
 
 ESPARTO, es-par'to, n. a strong kind of 
 grass found in the south of Europe, esp. 
 in Spain, used for making baskets, cord- 
 age, paper, etc. [Sp.] 
 
 ESPECIAL, es-pesh al, adj., special: par- 
 ticular : principal : distinguished. — adv. 
 EsPEC'iALLY. [O. Fr. — L. specialis. See 
 Special. Species.] 
 
 ESPIONAGE, es'pi-on-aj, n. the practice 
 or employment of spies : the practice of 
 watching the words and conduct of others 
 and attempting to make discoveries, as 
 spies or secret emissaries : the practice 
 of watching others without being sus- 
 pected, and giving intelligence of dis- 
 coveries made. [Fr. espionage. See 
 Espy.] 
 
 ESPLANADE, es-plnn-ad', «. in fori, the 
 glacis of the coimterscarp, or the sloping 
 of the parapet of the covered way toward 
 the country : the open space between the 
 glacis of a citadel and the first houses of 
 the town : any open level space near a 
 town, especially a kind of terrace along 
 the sea-side, for public walks or drives : 
 in hori. a grass-plat. [Fr., from the old 
 verb esplaner, to make level, from L. ex- 
 planare — ex, and planus, plain, level.] 
 
 ESPOUSAL, es-pouz'al, ??. the act of es- 
 pousing or betrothing ; formal contract 
 or celebration of marriage : frequently 
 used in the plural; as, "I remember 
 thee, the kindness of thj' youth, the love 
 of thine espou.^als.'^ — Jer. ii. 3 : adop- 
 tion : protection ; as, " The open esjwiisal 
 of his cause.'" — Orford. [O. Fr. espou- 
 sailles. L. sponaalia, espousals, pl.n. of 
 gponsah's, relating to betrothal.] 
 
 ESPOUSE, es-pouz , v.t. to give as spouse 
 or in marriage ; to betroth : to promise, 
 engage, or bestow in marriage, by con- 
 tract in writing or liy some pledge ; to 
 unite intimately or indissolubly ; as, the 
 king espoused his daughter to a foreign 
 princei "When as his mother Mary 
 ■was espoused to Joseph." — Matt. i. 18 ; 
 " I have espoused you to one husband, 
 that I may present you as a chaste vir- 
 gin to Christ." — 8 Cor. xi. 2 ; 
 If ber sire approves 
 Let him espoiise her to the peer she loves. — Pope ; 
 to take in marriage or as a spouse ; to 
 marry ; to wed ; as, 
 Laviiiia will I make my empress. 
 Anil m the sacred Pantheon her espouse. — Shak. : 
 to make one's self a participator in ; to 
 become a partisan in ; to take to one's 
 self, or make one's own ; to embrace ; to 
 adopt ; as, to espouse the quarrel of an- 
 other, to e.ipotise a cause; as, "Men 
 
 espouse the well -endowed opinions in 
 fashion, and then seek arguments either 
 to make good their beauty, or varnish 
 over their deformity." — Locke. [O. Fr. 
 espouser (Fr. ej)ouser), from L. sponsare, 
 to betroth, to espouse, freq. of spoiideo, 
 spo7i^um, to promise solemnly, to engage 
 or pledge one's self.] 
 
 ESPY, es-pi', v.t. to see at a distance : to 
 spy or catch sight of : to observe : to dis- 
 cover unexpectedly. [O. Fi". espier, from 
 root of Spy.] 
 
 ESQUIRE, es-Kwir' or es'kwir, n. (orig.) a 
 squire or shield-bearer : an attendant on 
 a knight : a title of dignity next below a 
 knight : a title given to younger sons of 
 noblemen, etc. : a general title of respect 
 in addressing letters. [O. Fr. escuyer 
 (Fi'. ecuyer), from esni, now ecu — L. scu- 
 tum, a shield.] 
 
 ESSAY, es'a, n. a, trial : an experiment: a 
 written composition less elaborate than 
 a treatise. — v.t. es-sa', to try : to attempt : 
 to make experiment of i—pr.j). essay'ing ; 
 pa.p. essayed'. [Fr. essai — L. exagium — 
 Gr. exagion, a weighing — exago, to lead 
 out, export merchandise — ex, out, and 
 ago. to lead.] 
 
 ESSAYER, es-sa'er, ESSAYIST, es'a-ist, n. 
 a writer of essays. 
 
 ESSENCE, es'ens, v. the inner distinctive 
 nature of anything : the qualities which 
 make any object what it is : abeing : the 
 extracted virtues of any drug : the solu- 
 tion in spirits of wine of a volatile or 
 essential oil : a perfume. [Fr. — L. essen- 
 tia — essens, essentis, old pr.p. of esse, from 
 root as. to be ; Sans, as, to be. See Are.] 
 
 ESSENTIAL, es-sen'shal, ad), relating to or 
 containing the essence ; necessary to the 
 existence of a thing : indispensable or im- 
 portant in the highest degree : highly 
 rectified : pure. — n. something essential 
 or necessary : a leading principle. — adv. 
 Essen'tially. 
 
 ESSENTIALITY, es-sen-shi-al'i-ti, n. the 
 quality of being essential : an essential 
 part. 
 
 ESTABLISH, es-tab'lish, v.t. to settle or 
 fix : to ordain : to found : to set up (in 
 business). — n. Estab'usher. [O. Fr. es- 
 tablir, pr.p. estahli.'isunt — L. stabilire — 
 stahilis, firm — sto, to stand.] 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT, es-tab'lish-ment, n. act 
 of establishing : fixed state : that which 
 is established : a permanent civil or mili- 
 tai'y force : one's residence and style of 
 living: a church established by law. The 
 establishment of any religion in the U. S. 
 is forbidden by tlie Federal Constitution. 
 
 ESTATE, es-tat', n. fixed or established con- 
 dition ; special form of existence ; as, 
 I ^in to be awean' of the sun. 
 And wish the estate o' the world were now un- 
 done. — Shak.: 
 condition or circumstances of any person 
 or thing ; state ; situation — now most 
 commonly state of a person as regards 
 external circumstances; as, "Ransom 
 nature fi-om her inaidable estate." — 
 Shak.; "Whose life in low estate be- 
 gan." — Tenny.ion : 
 
 She cast us headlong from our higb estate. 
 — Drjidnt : 
 
 rank; quality; "And was. according to 
 his estate, royally entertained." — Sliak.: 
 Who hath not heard of the greatness of your 
 estate r— Sir. P. Sidney: 
 
 in law. the interest or quantity of in- 
 terest a man has in lands, tenements, or 
 other effects ; estates are real or per- 
 sonal ; real estate comprises lands, tene- 
 ments, and hereditaments, held or en- 
 joyed for an estate of freehold, personal 
 estate comprises interests for terms of 
 years in lands, tenements, and heredita- 
 ments, and property of everj' other de- 
 scription ; real estate descends to heirs, 
 
 personal to executors or administrators ; 
 all real estates not being of copyhold 
 tenure, or what are called customary 
 freeholds, are either of freehold or less 
 than freehold ; of the latter kind are 
 estates for j'ears, at will, and by suf- 
 ferance — estates are also divided into 
 legal, equitable, and customary : fortune; 
 possessions ; property in general ; as, he 
 is a man of a great estate : often projierty 
 left at a man's death ; as, at his death 
 his estate was of the value of half a 
 million, the trustees proceeded to real- 
 ize the estate : a piece of landed property; 
 a definite portion of land in the owner- 
 ship of some one ; as, there is more 
 wood on his estate than on mine ; 
 But that old man, now lord of the broad estate 
 
 and the Hall, 
 Dropt off gorg:ed from a scheme that had left us 
 
 flaccid and draiu'd. — Temiyson: 
 state in the sense of body politic ; com- 
 monwealth ; public ; public intere.st : as, 
 " The true greatness of kingdoms and 
 estates and the means thereof. . . . 
 I call matters of estate not only the 
 parts of sovereignty, but whatever in- 
 troduceth any great alteration, or dan- 
 gerous precedent, or concernetli mani- 
 festly anj' great portion of people." — 
 Bacon : an order or class of men consti- 
 tuting a state (Mark v. 31); in Great 
 Britain the estates of the realm are the 
 lords spiritual, the lords temporal, and 
 the commons ; as, " When the crowned 
 Northman consulted on the welfare of 
 his kingdom he assembled the estates of 
 his realm. Now, an estate is a class of 
 the nation invested with political rig-hts. 
 There appeared the estate of the clergy, 
 of the barons, of other classes. In the 
 Scandinavian kingdom to this day the 
 estate of the peasants sends its represen- 
 tatives to the diet," savs Disraeli : per- 
 son of high rank ; as, "^he is a dutche.ss, 
 a great estate." — Latimer. — The foi"RTH 
 ESTATE, the newspaper press ; joiuual- 
 ists. [O. Fr. estat, Fr. etat, from L. 
 status, a standing, circumstances, state, 
 from .9to, statum, to stand.] 
 ESTATE, es-tat', v.t. to settle an estate 
 upon : to endow with an estate or other 
 property. 
 
 Then would I, 
 More especially were he, she wedded, poor. 
 Estate them with large land and territory. 
 In mine own realm beyond the narrow sea. 
 — Tenni/son. 
 
 ESTEEM, es-tem', v.t. to set a high esti- 
 mufe or value on : to regard with respect 
 or friendship : to consider or think. — n. 
 high estimation or value : favorable re- 
 gard. [Fr. estimer — L. cestimo. Cf. Es- 
 timate.] 
 
 ESTHETIC, ESTHETICS. Same as Es- 
 thetic, Esthetics, 
 
 ESTIMABLE, es'lim-a-bl, adg. that can be 
 estimated or valued : worthy of esteem : 
 deserving our good opinion. — adv. Es'- 
 tijiably" 
 
 ESTIJLVTE, es'tim-at, v.t. to judge of the 
 worth of a thing : to calculate. [L. 
 mstimo, oistimatus. to value. Esteem 
 anil Aim are parallel forms.] 
 
 ESTIMATE, es'tim-at, n. a valuing in the 
 mind : judgment or opinion of the worth 
 or size of anything- : a rough calculation.! 
 
 ESTIM.A.TION", es-tim-a'shun, n. act of es- 
 timating : a reckoning of value : e.steem, 
 honor. 
 
 ESTRANGE, e.s-tranj', v.t. to make strange: 
 to alienate : to divert from its original 
 use or possessor. — n. Estrange'ment. 
 [O. Fr. estranger, from root of Strange.] 
 
 ESTRAPADE. es-tra-pad', n. the struggles 
 of a horse that tries to get rid of his 
 rider by rearing, kicking, and violent 
 movements, [Fr. : It. strappaia. from 
 strappare, to pull, to snatch ; prov, Ger.
 
 ESTUARY 
 
 140 
 
 EUPEPSY 
 
 strapfen, to pull ; Ger. straff, pulled 
 tight. Akin Strap.] 
 
 ESTUARY, es'tu-ar-i, n. a narrow passage, 
 as the mouth of a river, where the tide 
 meets the current, so called from the 
 boiling or foaming caused by their meet- 
 ing. [L. cestuarium, from cestuo, cestu- 
 are, to boil up — oestus, a burning.] 
 
 BTACISM, a'ta-sizm, n. the mode of pro- 
 nouncing the Greek r/ (eta) like ey in they, 
 distinguished from Itacism, the mode of 
 pronouncing it like e in be. 
 
 ETACIST, a'ta-sist. n. one who practices 
 or upholds etacism. 
 
 ET AGERE, a-ta-zhar, ?;. a piece of domes- 
 tic furniture supplied with several 
 shelves one above another, as a side- 
 board, a what-not, etc. [Fr., from etager, 
 to elevate by stories or stages, from 
 etage. a story.] 
 
 ETANIN, et'a-nin, n. the star ^ot the con- 
 stellation Draco, interesting as being the 
 star by the observation of which Bradley 
 was led to the discovery of the aberra- 
 tion of the fixed stars. [Ar.J 
 
 ETCH, ech. v.t. or v.i. to make designs on 
 metal, glass, etc., by eating out the lines 
 with an acid. [Ger. atzen, to corrode by 
 acid : from same root as Ger. essen. See 
 Eat.] 
 
 ETCHING, eoh'ing, n. the act or art of 
 etching or engraving : the impression 
 fi-om an etched plate. 
 
 ETERNAL, e-ter'nal, adj. without begin- 
 ning or end of existence : everlasting : 
 ceaseless : unchangeable. — n. The Eter- 
 nal, an appellation of God. — adv. Eter'- 
 NAT.T.Y. [Fr. eternel — L. oeternus, aevi- 
 ternus — cemun — Gr. aimi, a period of 
 time, an age. See Age.] 
 
 ETERNITY, e-ter'ni-ti, n. eternal duration: 
 the state or time after death. [Fr. eter- 
 nite—Jj. CBternitas.] 
 
 ETERNIZE, e-ter'niz, v.t. to make eternal: 
 to immortalize. [Fr. eterniser.] 
 
 ETESIAN, e-te'zhan, adj. periodical: blow- 
 ing at stated seasons, as certain winds. 
 [Fr. etesien — L. etesius — Gr. etesios, 
 annual — etos. a vear.] 
 
 ETHELING, eth'el-ing, n. an Anglo-Saxon 
 nobleman. "There were four orders of 
 men among the ancient Saxons : the 
 Etheling or Noble, the Freeman, the 
 Freedman, and the Servile." — Bosworth^ 
 
 ETHER, e'ther, n. the clear, upper air : the 
 subtile medium supposed to fill all space: 
 a light, volatile, inflammable fluid. [L. 
 — Gr. aither, from aitho, to light up.] 
 
 ETHEREAL, e-the're-al, adj. consisting of 
 ether: heavenly: spirit-like. — adv. Ethe'- 
 
 REALLY. 
 
 ETHEREALIZATION,e-the-re-al-T-za'shun, 
 n. an ethereal or subtle spirit-like state 
 or condition. " He (Aristotle) conceives 
 the moral element as flower, as ethereali- 
 zation, spiritualization of the physical, 
 rather than as something purely intel- 
 lectual." — ./. Hutchison Stirling. 
 
 ETHEREALIZE, e-the're-al-iz. v.t. to con- 
 vert into ether, or the fluid ether : to 
 render spirit-like. 
 
 ETHERIZE, e'ther-Tz, v.t. to convert into 
 etiier : to stupefy with ether. 
 
 ETHIC, eth'ik, ETHICAL, eth'ik-al, adj. 
 relating to morals : treating of morality 
 or Anty.— adv. Eth'icat.t.y. [Gr. ethikos 
 — ethos, custom.] 
 
 ETHICS, eth'iks, n. sing, the science of 
 duty : a system of principles and rules 
 of dutv. 
 
 ETHIDE'NE, eth'i-den, n. an anesthetic 
 substance nearly allied in composition to 
 chloroform. It is said to be equally ef- 
 ficacious and considerably safer than 
 chloroform ; is pleasant to take, acts 
 rapidly, and never produces cessation of 
 
 action of the heart and respiratory sys- 
 tem. 
 
 ETHIOPIAN e-thi-o'pi-an, ETHIOPIC, 
 e-thi-op'ik, adj. pertaining to Ethiopia, 
 a name given to the countries south of 
 Egypt inhabited by the negro races. [Gr. 
 Aithiops, sunburnt, Ethiopian — aitho, to 
 burn, and ojis, the face.] 
 
 ETHIOPS MARTIAL, e'thi-ops mar'shal, 
 ji. black oxide of iron : iron in the form 
 of a very fine powder. 
 
 ETHIOPS MINERAL, e'thi-ops mi'ne-ral, 
 n. a combination of mercm-y and sul- 
 phur, of a black color : black sulphuret 
 of mercurv. 
 
 ETHMOID, eth'moid, ETHMOIDAL, eth- 
 moid'al, adj. resembling a sieve. — Eth- 
 moid BONE, one of the bones of the head, 
 situated between the orbital processes 
 at the root of the nose; it is exceedingly 
 light and spongy, and the olfactory 
 nerves shoot down through its numerous 
 perforations to the nose, and are chiefly 
 expanded on its surface. [Gr. ethmos, a 
 sieve, and eidos, form.] 
 
 ETHMOID, eth'moid, n. the ethmoid bone. 
 
 ETHMOSE, eth'mos, Ji. in physiol. a name 
 given to cellular tissue. [Gr. ethmos, a 
 sieve.] 
 
 ETHNARCH, eth'nark, ?!. in Greek antiq. a 
 viceroy : a governor of a province. [Gr. 
 ethnos. nation, and archos, a leader.] 
 
 ETHNARCHY, eth'niir-ki, n. the govern- 
 ment or jurisdiction of an ethnarcli. 
 
 ETHNIC, eth'nik, ETHNICAL, eth'nik-al, 
 adj. concerning ?io<io/is or races : pertain- 
 ing to the heathen. [L. — Gr. — ethnos, a 
 nation.] 
 
 ETHNOGENY, eth-noj'en-i, n. that branch 
 of ethnology which treats of the origin 
 of races and nations of man. [Gr. ethnos, 
 a nation, and root gen, to beget.] 
 
 ETHNOGRAPHER, eth-nog'ra-fer, n. one 
 who cultivates ethnography : one who 
 treats of the different races and families 
 of men. 
 
 ETHNOGRAPHIC, eth-no-grafik, ETH- 
 NOGRAPHICAL, eth-no-graf'ik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to ethnographv. 
 
 ETHNOGRAPHY, eth-uo^ra-fi, n. that 
 branch of science which has for its subject 
 the description of the difl'erent races of 
 men, or the manners, customs, religion, 
 etc., peculiar to different nations. [Gr. 
 ethnos, nation, and grapho, to describe.] 
 
 ETHNOLOGIC, eth-no-loj'ik. ETHNOLOG- 
 ICAL, eth-no-loj'ik-al, adj. relating to 
 ethnology. 
 
 ETHNOLOGIST, eth-nol'o-ji.st, n. one 
 skilled in ethnologj' : a student of etn- 
 nologv. 
 
 ETHNOLOGY, eth-noi'o-ji, n. the science 
 of races. " Ethnography and Ethnology 
 bear the same relation almost to one an- 
 other as geology and geography. While 
 ethnography contents herself with the 
 mere description and classification of the 
 races of man, ethnology, or the science of 
 races, ' investigates the mental and phys- 
 ical differences of mankind, and the or- 
 ganic laws upon which they depend; seeks 
 to deduce from these investigations prin- 
 ciples of human guidance in all the iin- 
 portant relations of social and national 
 existence.' " — Fleming. [Gr. ethnos, and 
 logos, an account — lego, to speak.] 
 
 ETIOLATE, e-ti-o-lat'. v.t. (med. and hot.) 
 to cause to grow pale, from want of liglit 
 and fresh air. — v.i. to become pale from 
 disease or absence of light. — n. Etiola'- 
 TION. [Fr. etioler, from eteule. stubble — 
 L. stipula, a stalk, stubble, and therefore 
 to blanch like stubble.] 
 
 ETIOLOGY, e-ti-ol'o-ji, n. the science of 
 causes, esp. of disease. [Gr. aitia, a cause, 
 and logos, an account — lego, to speak.] 
 
 ETIQUETTE, et-i-ket', n. forms of cere- 
 
 mony or decorum : ceremony. [Fr. S«6 
 Ticket.] 
 
 ETYMIC, et-im'ik, adj. of or pertaining to 
 the etymon or primitive form of a word, 
 
 ETYMOLOGIST, et-i-mol'o-jist, n. one 
 skilled in or who writes on etymology. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY, et-i-mol'o-ji, n. an account 
 of the etymons or true origin of words : 
 the science that treats of the origin and 
 history of words : the part of grammar 
 relating to inflection. — adj. Etymoloo'- 
 ICAL. — adv. Etymolog'icat.t.y. [Fr.— L. 
 — Gr. — etymon, and logos, an account.] 
 
 ETYMON, et'i-mon, n. the true origin of a 
 word : an original root : the genuine or 
 literal sense of a word. [Gr. — etymos, 
 eteos, true.] 
 
 ETYPICAL, e-tip'i-kal, adj. in biol. diverg. 
 ing from or not conforming to a tvpe. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS, u-kal-ip'tus, n. the"" gum- 
 tree," a large evergreen, native of Aus- 
 tralia, which is very beneficial in destroy- 
 ing the miasma of malarious districts. 
 [Coined from Gr. eu, well, and kalyptoa, 
 folded round — kalypto, to cover.] 
 
 EUCHARIST, u'ka-rist, n. the sacrament 
 of the Lord's Supper, or of the Real Pres- 
 ence. — adjs. Euchaeist'ic, Ecchaeist'- 
 ICAL. [Gr. eueharistia, thanksgiving — 
 eu, well, and char-izomai, to show favor 
 — charis, grace, thanks. Cog. with E, 
 Yearn.] 
 
 EUCHITE, u'klt, n. one who prays : specifi- 
 cally, one belonging to a sect of ancient 
 heretics who resolved all religion into, 
 prayer. [Gr. euchP. a praver.] 
 
 EUD^MON, EUDEMON, Q-de'mon. n. a 
 good angel or spirit. Sonthey. [Gr. eu, 
 well, and daimon, a spirit.] 
 
 EUD^MONISM, EUDEMONISM. u-de'- 
 mon-izm, n. the doctrine of happiness, or 
 the system of pliilosophy which makes 
 human happiness its highest object, de- 
 claring that the production of happiness 
 is tlie foundation of virtue. [Gr. eudai' 
 mon, happy — eu, well, and daimon, a 
 demon, spirit.] 
 
 EUD^MONISTIC, EUDEMONISTIC, u- 
 de-mon-ist'ik, adj. of or pertaining to 
 EuD-EMOXlSM (which see). 
 
 EUGENESIC, u-je-nes'ik, adj. same as 
 
 EUGENETIC. 
 
 EUGENESIS, u-jen'e-sis, n. the quaUty of 
 breeding freely : fertility : specifically, 
 the production of joung by the union of 
 individuals of different species or stocks. 
 [Gr. eu, well, and genesis, production.] 
 
 EUGENETIC, u-je-net'ik, adj. of, belonging 
 to, or characterized by eugenesis. 
 
 EULOGIC, u-loj'ik, EULOGICAL, u-loj'ik- 
 al, adj. containing eulogy or praise. — adv. 
 Eulog'ically. 
 
 EULOGIST, u'lo-jist, u. one who praise* 
 or extols another. — adj. EuLOGIST'lC, full 
 of praise. — adv. Eulogist'ically. 
 
 EULOGIUM, u-16'ji-um, EULOGY, u'lo-ji, 
 n. a speaking irell oj : a speech or wnt- 
 ing in praise of. [Late L. — Gr. etdogion 
 (classical, eulogia) — eu, well, and logos, 
 a speaking.] 
 
 EULOGIZE, u'lo-jiz, r.f. to speak well of : 
 to praise. 
 
 EUNUCH, u'nuk, ji. a castrated man : 
 eunuchs were employed as chamberlain* 
 in the East, and often had great influ- 
 ence as chief ministers of the kings. [Gr. 
 eunouchos — eu7>e, a couch, and £chd, to 
 have charge of.] 
 
 EUNUCH. iVnuk, adj. unproductive : bar- 
 ren. " He had a mind wholh^ evnueh 
 and ungenerative in matters of litera- 
 ture and taste." — Godwin. 
 
 EUNUCHISM, u'nuk-izm, n. the state of 
 being a eunuch. 
 
 EUPEPSY, u-pep'si, n., good digestion :— 
 opposed to Dyspepsy. — adj. Eupep'tio, 
 ha\'ing good digestion. [Gr. exipepsia—
 
 EUPHEMISM 
 
 141 
 
 EVEN 
 
 ev. well, am] pepsis, digestion, from pes- 
 w, pepto. to digest.] 
 1 EUPHEMISM, u'fera-izm. n. in rhet. a 
 I figure in which a delicate word or ex- 
 ' pression is substituted tor one which is 
 offensive to good manners or to delicate 
 ears : when it is said of the martyr St. 
 Stephen, that "he fell asleep," instead 
 of he died, the euphemism partakes of 
 the natiu-e of a metaphor, intimating a 
 resemblance between sleep and Ihe death 
 of such a person : this instinct of polite- 
 ness in speech — euphemism, as it is 
 called — which seeks to hint at an un- 
 pleasant or an indelicate thing-, rather 
 th.in name it directlj% has had much to 
 do in making words acquire new mean- 
 ings and lose old ones; thus '-plain" 
 has usurped the sense of ' ' ugly ; " 
 "fast," of "dissipated;" "gallantry," 
 of "licentiousness." [Gr. euphemismos 
 — ei(. well. -AnA phemi, to speak.] 
 
 EUPHEMISTIC, u-fem-lst'ik, EUPHEM- 
 ISTICAL, u-fem-ist'ik-al, adj. pertaining 
 to or containing euphemism : rendering 
 more decent or delicate in expression. 
 
 EUPHONIC, u-fon'ik, EUPHONICAL, 'ik- 
 al, EUPHONIOUS, u-fo'ni-us, adj. per- 
 taining to euphony : agreeable in sound. 
 —adv. Eupho'niously. 
 
 EUPHONIZE, u'fon-Iz, v.t. to make eupho- 
 nious. 
 
 EUPHONY, u'fo-ni, n. an agreeable sound ; 
 a pleasing, easy pronunciation. [Gr. 
 eujihonia — eu, well, and phone, sound.] 
 
 EUPHRASY, u'fra-zi, n. {bot.) the plant 
 eyebright, formerly regarded as beneficial 
 in disorders of the eye. [Gr. euphrasia, 
 dehglit. from euphraino, to cheer — eu, 
 «'h11. jilircu, the heart.] 
 
 EUPHUISM, u'fu-izm, n. an affectation of 
 excessive refinement of language: a high- 
 flown expression. — n. Eu'phuist. — adj. 
 Euphuist'ic. [From Euphues, a book by 
 John Lyly in tlie time of Queen Elizabeth, 
 which brought the style into vogue — Gr. 
 euphyes, graceful — eu, weU, phye, growth 
 — phyomai, to grow.] 
 
 EUPRACTIC, u-praklik, adj. doing or 
 acting well : or it may mean prosperous. 
 "Good-humored, eupeptic, and euprac- 
 tic." — Carlyle. [Gr. eu prassein, to do 
 well, to be prosperous.] 
 
 EURAJSIAN, u-ra zi-an, n. a descendant of 
 a European on the one side, and an Asian 
 on the other. [A contr. of European and 
 Asian.l 
 
 EUREKA, u-re'ka, the exclamation of 
 Archimedes when, after long study, he 
 discovered a method of detecting the 
 amount of alloy in King Hiero's ciown : 
 hence, a discovery ; esp. one made after 
 long research : an expression of triumph 
 at a discovery or supposed discoverj- ; the 
 motto of the State of California. [Gr. 
 heureka, I have found, perf. ind. act. of 
 heurisko. to find.] 
 
 EUROCLYDON, u-rokTi-don, n. a tempest- 
 uous wind that frequently blows in the 
 Levant, and which was the occasion of 
 the disastrous shipwreck of the vessel in 
 which St. Paul sailed, as narrated in Acts 
 xxvii. 14-44 ; it is a north-east or north- 
 north-east wind, and is now known by 
 the name of Qregalia. [Gr. euros. tWe 
 south-east wind, and klydon, a wave.] 
 
 EUROPEAN, u-ro-pe'an, adj. belonging to 
 Europe.- — n. a native or inliabitant of 
 Europe. 
 
 EURYCEPHALIC, Q-ri-se-faVik, adj. in 
 ethn. applied to a subdivision of the 
 brachycephalic or short, broad-skulled 
 races of mankind. 
 
 EURYTHMY, u'rith-mi, n. just proportion 
 or symmetry in anything. [Gr. euryth- 
 mia — eu, well, and rhythmos, measured 
 motion.] 
 
 EUSCARA. us-ka'ra, n. the native name of 
 the language spoken in the Basque pro- 
 vinces : Basque. [See BASQUE.] 
 
 EUSEBIAN, u-se'bi-an, n. a follower or 
 one holding the opinions of Eu.'iehius, the 
 father of ecclesiastical history, who was 
 at the head of the senii-Arian or moder- 
 ate party at the Council of Nice. 
 
 EUSEBIAN, u-se'bi-an, adj. of or pertain- 
 ing- to Eusebius. 
 
 EUSTACHIAN, u-sta'ki-an, adj. of or per- 
 taining to Ettstachius or Eustachi. a 
 famous Italian physician, who died at 
 Rome, 1574. — Eustachian tube, the tube 
 which forms a communication between 
 the internal ear and the back part of the 
 mouth : so named after its discovei'er the 
 Eustaehius above mentioned. — EUSTA- 
 CHIAN VALVE, a semilunar membranous 
 valve which separates the right auricle 
 of the heart from the interior vena cava, 
 first described by Eustaehius. 
 
 EUSTATHIAN, il-sta'thi-an, n. one of a 
 sect of heretics of the fourth century, 
 so named from their founder Eustathius, 
 who denied the lawfulness of marriage, 
 and who was excommunicated by the 
 Council of Gangra. 
 
 EUSTATHIAN, u-sta'thi-an, adj. of or 
 pertaining to Eustathius. 
 
 EUTHANASIA, ti-than-a'zi-a, EUTHAN- 
 ASY, a-than'a-si, n. an easj/, pleasant 
 mode of death. [Gr. euthanasia — eu, 
 well, and thanatos, death.] 
 
 EVACUATE, e-vak'u-at, v.t. to throiv out 
 the contents of : to discharge : to with- 
 draw from. [L. e, out, vacuo, vacuatris, 
 to eniptv — vaco, to be emptv,] 
 
 EVACUATION, e-vak-u-a'shun, n. act of 
 emptying out : a withdrawing from : 
 that which is discharged. 
 
 EVACUATOR, e-vak'u-at-or, w. one who 
 evacuates : (law) one who nullifies or 
 makes void. 
 
 EVADE, e-vad', v.t. to escape artfully: to 
 avoid cunningly. [L. evado — e, out, 
 vado, to g-o.J 
 
 EVANESCENT, ev-an-es'ent, adj. fleeting : 
 imperceptible. — adv. Evanesc'ently. — 
 n. EvANESC'ENCE. [L. evanescens, -entis 
 — e, and vanesco, to vanish — vanus, 
 empty.] 
 
 EVANGEL, e-van'jel, n. (poet.) good news, 
 esp. the gospel. 
 
 EVANGELICAL, e-van-jel'ik-al. EVAN- 
 GELIC, e-van-jel'ik, adj. contained in 
 the gospels, or four first books of the 
 New Testament ; as, the evangelic his- 
 tory : according to the gospel, or relig- 
 ious truth taught in the New Testa- 
 ment ; consonant to the doctrines and 
 precepts of the gospel published by Christ 
 and His apostles ; as, evangelical right- 
 eousness, obedience, or piety : earnest 
 for the truth taught in the gospel : sound 
 in the doctrines of the gospel ; adhering 
 closely to the letter of the gospel ; fer- 
 vent and devout ; as, an evangelical 
 preacher : eccles. (a) a term applied to a 
 section in t)ie Protestant churches who 
 profess to base their principles on Script- 
 ure alone, and who give special promi- 
 nence to the doctrines of the corruption of 
 man's nature bj' the fall, of his regenera- 
 tion and redemption through our Saviour, 
 and of free and unmerited gi-ace ; (b) a 
 term applied in Germany to Protestants 
 as distinguished from Roman Catholics, 
 inasmuch as the former recognize no 
 standard of faith except the writings of 
 the evangelists and other books of the 
 Bible, and more especially to the national 
 Protestant church formed in Prussia in 
 1817 by a union of the Lutheran and Cal- 
 vlnistic churches. — Evangeucal Alli- 
 ance, an association of evangelical 
 Christians belonging to various churches 
 
 and countries, formed in 184.5, to concen- 
 trate the strength of an enlightened 
 Protestantism against the encroach- 
 ments of Catholicism and Puseyism, and 
 to promote the interests of a scriptural 
 Christianity. — Evangelical Union, the 
 name assumed by a religious body con- 
 stituted in Scotland in 1843, its originator 
 being the Rev. James Morison of Kilmar- 
 nock, a minister of the United Secession 
 Church, after wlioni the members of the 
 body are often spoken of as Morisonians ; 
 they maintain the universality of the 
 atonement, combining with this the doc- 
 trine of eternal, personal, and uncon- 
 ditional election, and denying that any 
 one will be condemned for Adam's fall. 
 [Low L. evangelicus, from L. evangelium, 
 the gospel ; Gr. euangelikos, from euan- 
 gelion, good tidings ; in a Christian 
 sense, glad tidings, the gospel — eu, well, 
 good, and angello, to announce.] 
 
 EVANGELICAL, e-van-jel'ik-al, n. one 
 who maintains evangelical principles. 
 
 EVANGELICISM, e-van-jel'i-sizm. EVAN- 
 GELICALISM, e-van-jel'ik-al-izm, n., 
 evangelical principles. 
 
 EVANGELIZATION, e-van-jel-i-za'shun, 
 n. act of evangelizing or proclaiming the 
 gospel. 
 
 EVANGELIZE, e-van'jel-iz, v.t. to make 
 known the good iiews : to make ac- 
 quainted with the gospel. — v.i. to preach 
 the gospel from place to place. 
 
 EVANGELIST, e-van'jel-ist, n. one who 
 evangelizes : one of the four writers of 
 the gospels : an assistant of the apostles : 
 one authorized to preach. 
 
 EVANITION, ev-an-i'shun, n. the act of 
 vanishing or state of ha-ving vanished : 
 evanishment. Carlyle. 
 
 EVAPORABLE, e-vap'or-a-bl, adj. able to 
 be evaporated or converted into vapor. 
 
 EVAPORATE, e-vap'or-at. v.i. to fly off i>j 
 vapor : to pass into an invisible state -- 
 v. <. to convert into steam or gas. [L. e, 
 off, vaporo, -atum — vapor, vapor.] 
 
 EVAPORATION, e-vap-or-a'shun, n. act of 
 evaporating or passing off in steam or 
 gas. 
 
 EVASION, e-va'zhun, n. act of evading or 
 eluding : an attempt to escape the force 
 of an argument or accusation : an ex- 
 cuse. 
 
 EVASIVE, e-va'siv, adj. that evades or 
 seeks to evade : not straightforward : 
 shuflBing. — adv. Eva'sively. — n. Eva'- 
 siveness. 
 
 EVE, ev, EVEN, ev'n, n. (poet.) evening : 
 the night before a day of note : the time 
 just preceding a great event. [A.S. 
 cefen ; Dut. avond : Ger. abend, the 
 sinking of tlie day, from ab, down.] 
 
 E^^EN, ev'n. adj., equal: level: uniform : 
 parallel : equal on both sides : not odd, 
 able to be divided by 3 without a re- 
 mainder : full ; complete ; as. 
 
 Let us from point to point tliis story know. 
 To make the even truth in pleasure 'rtow. 
 
 —Shak. 
 —To MAKE EVEN -WITH, to Square ac- 
 counts with ; to leave nothing owing 
 to ; as. 
 
 Since if my soul make even teith the week 
 Each seventh note by ri^'Lt is due to tliee. 
 —O. Herbert. 
 — To BEAR ONE'S SELF E^V^N, to beluive 
 
 with equanimity; to guard one's com- 
 posure ; as. 
 How smootli anti even tliey do bear tbemseUve. 
 
 — .s-;.fii-. 
 — Even lines, make wtes, terms used 
 by printers, esp, those employed on 
 newspaper work, meaning to space out 
 the words of a line when the pieces of 
 " copy "' (manuscript) do not form wliole 
 
 fiaragraphs, — On even ground, on equal- 
 y favorable terms ; having equal ad- 
 vantages ; as, the advocates meet on
 
 EVEN 
 
 142 
 
 EX 
 
 even ground in ar^ment. — adv. Ev'en. 
 LY. — re. Ev'eitoess. [A.S. efen; Dut. 
 even : Grer. eben — eoenen, to make 
 smooth : perh. allied to L. osquus, 
 equal.] 
 
 EVEN, ev'n, v.t. to make even or smooth. 
 — adv. exactly so : indeed : so much as : 
 still. 
 
 EVEN-HANDED, ev'n-hand'ed, adj. with 
 au equal, fair, or impartial hand: just. 
 
 EVENING, e-Zning, n. the close of the 
 daj'time : the decline or end of Ufe. 
 [A.S. cefenung, from oefen.] 
 
 EVEN-MDTOED, eVn-mind'ed, adj. hav- 
 ing an even or calm mind : equable. 
 
 EVENSONG, eVn-song-, n. the evening ser- 
 vice in church, so called because formerly 
 chanted or sung. 
 
 EVENT, e-vent', n. that which comes otit or 
 happens : the result : any incident or oc- 
 currence. — Event, Occuerence, Inci- 
 dent, Circumstance. Event, that which 
 comes out, that which springs from a 
 previous state of affairs. Hence we speak 
 of watching the event; of tracing- the 
 progress of events. An event is of more 
 importance than an occurrence, and is 
 generally applied to great transactions in 
 history. Occur ren ce is literally that which 
 meets us in our progress through life, and 
 does not connect itself with the past as 
 an event does. An incident is that which 
 falls into a state of things to which it 
 does not primarily belong ; as, the inci- 
 dents of a journey : it is applied to mat- 
 ters of minor importance. Circumstance, 
 {lit.)ihaX which stands round or attends; 
 does not necessarily mean anj'thing that 
 happens or takes place, but may simply 
 mean one of the surrounding or accom- 
 panying conditions of an occun-ence, in- 
 cident, or event. It is also applied to 
 incidents of minor moment wluch take 
 place along with something of more im- 
 portance. A person giving an account 
 of a campaign, might dwell on the lead- 
 ing euenfe which it produced ; might men- 
 tion some of its striking occurrences ; 
 niiglit allude to some remarkable inci- 
 dents which attended it ; and might g^ive 
 details of the favorable or adverse cir- 
 eiimstances by which it was accompa- 
 nied. [L. eventus — evenio — e, out, and 
 venio, to come.] 
 
 EVENTFUL, e-vent'fool, adj., full or fruit- 
 ful of events. 
 
 EVENTIDE, ev'n-tid, n. the tide or time of 
 evciung. 
 
 EVENTUAL, e-vent'u-al, ndj. liiippening as 
 a consequence, ultimate or final. — adv. 
 Event'ually, finally : at length. 
 
 EVENTUALITY, e-vent-u-al'i-ti, n. in 
 I'lhren. one of the perceptive faculties, 
 whose organ is situated at the lower part 
 of the foreliead, below Comparison, and 
 above Individuality : that which eventu- 
 ates or happens ; a contingent result. 
 
 EVER, eVer, adv. always : eternally : at 
 any time : in any degree. [A.S. cp/re, 
 always ; from A.S. awa, ever, which is 
 cog. with Goth, aiws, L. cevuni, Gr. aion. 
 See also Age, Aye, Never.] 
 
 E"\"ERGREEN, ev'er-gren, adj., ever or al- 
 ways green. — n. a plant that remains 
 green all the vear. 
 
 EVERLAST1N6, ev-er-last'ing, adj. end- 
 less : eternal. — n. eternity. — adv. EvER- 
 last'ingly. — n. Everlast'ingness. 
 
 E\T}RMORE, ev-er-mor', adv. unceasingly : 
 eternally. 
 
 EVERY, ev'er-i, adj., each one of a num- 
 ber: all taken separately: formerly some- 
 times used alone in sense of ever.y one. 
 " Every of this happy number." — Shak.; 
 If every of your wishes had a womb. 
 And fertile every wish.— Shak. 
 
 (A.S oefre, ever, and celc, each.] 
 
 EVERYWHERE, ev'er-i-hwar, adv. in 
 every place. 
 
 EVICT, e-vikt', v.t. to dispossess by law : to 
 expel from. [L. evictus, pa.p. of evinco, 
 to overcome. See Evince.] 
 
 EVICTION, e-vik'shun, n. the act of evict- 
 ing from house or lands : the lawful 
 recovery of lands. 
 
 EVIDENCE, ev'i-dens, n. that which makes 
 evident : proof or testimony : a witness : 
 in lau\ that which is legally submitted 
 to a competent tribunal, as a means of 
 a.scertaining the truth of any alleged 
 matter of fact under investigation before 
 it : evidence may be either written or 
 parole, direct or circumstantial ; written 
 evidence consists of records, deeds, affi- 
 davits, and other writings ; jiarole or oral 
 evidence is that rendered by witnesses 
 personally appearing in court and sworn 
 to the truth of what they depose ; direct 
 evidence is that of a person ^"ho has been 
 an eye-witness to a fact ; circumstantial 
 evidence consists of many concurrent cir- 
 cumstances leading to an inference or 
 conviction : one who or that which sup- 
 plies evidence ; a witness ; an evident ; 
 as," Infamous and perjured evidences.^' — 
 Sir W. Scott. (Rare.) — King's or State's 
 evidence, in criminal law, evidence given 
 by an accomplice, when the ordinai-j' 
 evidence is defective, on the understand- 
 ing that he himself shall go free for his 
 share of the crune : testimony is the 
 evidence given by one witness, evidence is 
 the testimony of one or many ; we say 
 the united testimonies, but "the ivhole 
 evidence. — v.t. to render evident: to 
 prove. 
 
 EVIDENT, ev'i-dent, adj. that is visible or 
 can be seen : clear to the mind : obvious. 
 — adv. Ev'idently {New Test.) visibly. 
 [L. evidens, -entis — e, and video, to see.] 
 
 EVIDENTIAL, ev-i-den'shal, adj. furnish- 
 ing evidence : tending to prove. — adv. 
 Eviden'tiaixy. 
 
 EVIL, e'vl, adj. wicked : mischievoas : un- 
 fortvmate. — adv. in an evU manner : 
 badly. — n. that which produces unhappi- 
 ness or calamity : harm : wickedness : 
 depravity. [A.S. yfel ; Dut. euvel, Ger. 
 fibel. Ill is a doublet.] 
 
 EVIL-DOER, e'vl-doo'er, ?i. one who does 
 evil. 
 
 EVIL-EYE, e'vl-I, n. a siipposed power to 
 cause evil or harm bv tlie look of the eye. 
 
 EVIL-EAVOREDNESS, e'vl-fa'vurd-nes, n. 
 (B.) ugliness : deformity. 
 
 EVIL-MINDED, e'vl-mlnd'ed, adj. inclined 
 to evil : malicious : wicked. 
 
 EVIL-SPEAKING, e'vl-spek'ing, ?i. the 
 speaking of evil : slander. 
 
 EVIL-WORKER, e'vl-wurk'er, n. one who 
 works or does evil. 
 
 EVINCE, e-vins', v.t. to prove beyond 
 doubt : to show clearly : to make evi- 
 dent. [L. evinco — e, inten., and vinco, 
 to overcome.] 
 
 EVINCIBLE, e-vins'i-bl, adj. tliat may be 
 evinced or made evident. — adv. EviiJC'l- 
 
 BLY. 
 
 EVINCIVE, e-vins'iv, adj. tending to 
 evince, prove, or demonstrate. 
 
 EVISCERATE, e-vis'er-at, v.t. to tear out 
 the viscera or bowels. — n. Eviscera'tion. 
 [Ij. e. out, and viscera, the liowels.] 
 
 EVOKE, e-vok', v.t. to call out: to draw 
 out or bring forth. [L. evoco — e, out, and 
 voeo. to call.] 
 
 EVOLUTION, ev-o-lu'shun, n. the act of 
 unfolding or unrolling ; develojiment ; 
 as, tlie evolution of a flower from a bud, 
 or a bird from the egg ; as "The evolution 
 of the plot (of a dramatic poem)." — Dr. 
 Caird : a series of tilings unrolled or un- 
 folded ; as. •• The evolution of ages." — Sir 
 T. More : in geom. the unfolding or open- 
 
 ing of a curve and making it describe an 
 evolvent ; the equable evolution of the 
 periphery of a circle or other curv« is 
 such a gradual approach of the circum- 
 ference to rectitude as that its parts do 
 not concur and equally evolve or unbend, 
 so that the same line becomes success- 
 ively a less arc of a reciprocally greater 
 circle, till at last they change into a 
 straight line : in math, the extraction o( 
 roots from powers ; the reverse of involu- 
 tion : (mint.) the doubling- of ranks or 
 flies, wheeling, countermai'ching-, or 
 other motion by which the disposition of 
 troops is changed, in order to attack or 
 defend with more advantage or to occupy 
 a different post : {naut.) the change of 
 form and disposition of a fleet or the 
 movements of a single vessel during 
 manoeuvres : in biology, sti-ictly the 
 theory of generation, in wliich the' germ 
 is held to pre-exist in the parent, and its 
 parts to be unfolded and expanded, but 
 not actually formed by the j)rocreative 
 acts : that theory which sees in the his- 
 toiy of all things, organic and inorganic, 
 a passage from simplicity to complexity, 
 from an undiffereuti.ated to a differen- 
 tiated condition of the elements. Thus 
 the nebular hypothesis, which regard.^ 
 the planetarj- bodies as evolved from 
 nebular or gaseous matter, and the his- 
 tory of the development of an individual 
 plant or animal, or of society, are exam- 
 ples of evolution. The evolution theory 
 of the origin of species is, that later 
 species have been developed by continu- 
 ous differentiation of organs aiad modifi- 
 cations of parts from species simpler and 
 less differentiated, and that thus all 
 organic existences, even man himself, 
 may be traced ba«k to a simple celL 
 [Fr. evolution, from L. evohitio, from 
 evolvo, evolutum. to unroll, to unfold. 
 See Evol-veJ 
 
 EVOLUTIONIST, ev-o-lu'shun-ist, n. one 
 skilled in evolutions or military move- 
 ments : one who believes in evolution as 
 a principle in science or philosophy. 
 
 EVOLUTIVE, e\-'o-lu-tiv, adj. of, pertain- 
 ing to, or causing evolution or develop- 
 ment. 
 
 EVOL^^, e-volv', v.t. to roll out or unroll: 
 to disclose : to develop : to unravel. — v.i. 
 to disclose itself. [L. evolvo — c, out, volvo, 
 to roll.] 
 
 E\TJLSION, e-^'u^shun, n. a plucking out 
 bv force. [L. e, out, and vello, vulsus, to 
 pluck.] 
 
 EWE, u, n. a female sheep. [A.S. eo?«( ; 
 L. oris, Gr. o'is. Sans, avi, a sheep.] 
 
 EWER, u'er, n. a large jug placed on a 
 washstand to hold water. [O. Fr. euwier, 
 Fr. evier — L. aquarium — aqua, water, 
 whence also Fr. eau.'\ 
 
 EWRY, Q'ri, n. in medifeval times, the 
 scullery of a religious house: in England, 
 an office in the royal household, where 
 they take care of the linen for the sov- 
 ereign's table, lay the cloth, and serve up 
 water in ewers after dinner. [Fi'oni eM-er. ] 
 
 EX, eks, a Latin preposition or prefix, Gr. 
 e.r or ek, signifying out of, out, proceed- 
 ing from. Hence, in composition, it 
 signifies sometimes out of, as in e.rhale, 
 e.rclude ; sometimes off, from, or out, as 
 in L. exscindo, to cut off or out ; some- 
 times beyond, as in eaeess, e.rceed, creel. 
 In some'words it is merelj- emphatical ; 
 in others it has little effect on the signif- 
 ication. Ex prefixed to names of office 
 denotes that a person has held, but no 
 longer holds, that office ; as, f,f-minister. 
 Ex is frequently used as a preposition be- 
 fore English words, as in the phrase, 30 
 chests tea ex " Sea King," where it signi- 
 fies taken out of, delivered from. Stock
 
 EXACERBATE 
 
 143 
 
 EXCEPTION 
 
 of any kind sold ex div. means that the 
 next dividend upon such stock has been 
 declared, and is reserved by the seller. 
 
 EXACERBATE, egz-as'er-bat, v.t. to im- 
 bittei- : to provoke : to render more vio- 
 lent or severe, as a disease. [L. exacerho, 
 exaeerbatiis — ex, and acerbo, from acer- 
 b>(S. bitter. See ACERBITY.] 
 
 EXACERBATION, egz-as-er-ba'shun, EX- 
 ACERBESCENCE, egz-as-er-bes'ens, n. 
 increase of irritation or violence, esp. the 
 increase of a fever or disease. 
 
 EXACT, egz-akt', adj. precise : careful : 
 punctual : true: certain or demonstrable. 
 —adv. Exact'ly.— Ji. Exact'ness. [L. 
 exactus, pa.p. of exigo, to drive out, to 
 measure — ex, and ago, to drive, to do.] 
 
 EXACT, egz-akt', v.t. to force from : to 
 compel full paj'ment of : to make great 
 demands or to demand urgently: to ex- 
 tort. — v.i. to practice extortion. [See 
 Exact, arfj.] 
 
 EXACTIXG, egz-akt'ing, p. and adj. de- 
 manding or compelling to paj' or yield 
 under color of authority: requiring au- 
 thoritatively: demanding or disposed to 
 demand without pity or justice : extort- 
 ing : compelling by necessity: uureason- 
 ablj- severe or oppressive. " With a tem- 
 per so exacting, he was more likely to 
 claim what he thought due, than to 
 consider what others might award." — 
 Arnold. 
 
 EXACTION, egz-ak'shun, n. the act of ex- 
 acting or demanding strictly: an oppres- 
 sive demand : that which is exacted, as 
 excessive work or tribute. 
 
 EXACTOR, egz-akt'er, n. one who exacts ; 
 an officer who collects tribute, taxes, or 
 customs ; as, "I will make thine officers 
 peace, and thine exactors righteous- 
 ness." — Is. ix. 17: an extortioner ; one 
 
 ' who compels another to pay more than 
 is legal or reasonable ; one who demands 
 something mthout pity or regard to jus- 
 tice ; one who is unreasonably severe in 
 his injunctions or demands ; as, " The 
 service of sin is perfect slavery ... an 
 unreasonable taskmaster and an un- 
 measurable exactor." — South; "Men 
 that are in health are severe exactors of 
 patience at the hands of tliem tliat are 
 sick." — Jer. Taylor: he that demands 
 by authority; as, an exactor of oaths. 
 "As they reposed great religion in an 
 oath, in respect of the actor : so did they 
 likewise, in respect of the exactor." — 
 Fotherbij. 
 
 EXACTRESS, egz-akt'res, n. a female who 
 exacts or is severe in her injunctions. 
 •■ Expectation, so severe an exactress 
 of duties." — B. Jonson. 
 
 EXAGGERATE, egz-aj'er-at, v.t. to mag- 
 nify unduly: to represent too strongly. 
 [L." cvaggero, exaggeratus — ex, aggero, 
 to heap up — agger, a heap.] 
 
 EXAGGERATION, egz-aj-er-a'shun, n. ex- 
 travagant representation : a statement 
 in excess of tlie truth. 
 
 EXAGGERATm:, egz-aj'er-at-iv, EX- 
 AGGERATORY, egz-aj'er-a-tor-i, adj. 
 containing exaggeration or tending to 
 exaggerate. 
 EXALT, egz-awlt', v.t. to raise very high: 
 to elevate to a higher position : to elate 
 or fill with the joy of success : to praise 
 or extol : (chem.) to refine or subtilize. — 
 11. Exalt'edness. [L. exalto — e.v, and al- 
 ius, grown great by nourishing, high, 
 from alo, to nourish ; Gr. altho, to cause 
 to grow.] 
 EXALTATION, egz-awlt-a'shun, n. eleva- 
 tion in rank or dignity : high estate : 
 mental elevation ; a state of mind in 
 which a pereon possesses poetical or 
 noble thoughts and noble aspirations. 
 "You are only aware of the impetuosity 
 
 of the senses, the upweUing of the blood, 
 the effusion of tenderness, Ijut not of the 
 nervous exaltation, the poetic rapture." 
 — Tran.9. of Taine. 
 
 EXAMINATION, egz-am-i-na'shun, n. the 
 act of examining or state of being ex- 
 amined ; a cai-eful search or inquiry, 
 with a view to discover truth or the real 
 state of things ; careful and accurate 
 inspection of a thing and its parts ; a 
 view of qualities and relations, and an 
 estimate of their nature and importance; 
 scrutiny by study or experiment ; as, an 
 examination of a house or a ship ; as, 
 " Different men leaving out or putting 
 in several simple ideas, according to their 
 various examination, skill, or observa- 
 tion of the subject, have different es- 
 sences." — Locke; "Nothing- that is self- 
 evident can be the proper subject of 
 examination." — South : in judicial pro- 
 ceedings, a careful inquiry into facts bj' 
 testimony; an attempt to ascertain truth 
 by inqiuries and interrogatories ; as, the 
 examination at a witness or the merits 
 of a cause : a process prescribed or as- 
 signed for testing qualification, capabili- 
 ties, knowledge, progress, and the like ; 
 as, the examination of a student, of a 
 candidate for admission to the ministry 
 or bar; the periodical e.ramination of a 
 school : trial or assay by the appropriate 
 methods or tests, as of minerals or chem- 
 ical compounds. 
 
 EXAMINE, egz-am'in, v.t. to test : to in- 
 quire into : to question. [L. examen 
 (= exagmen), the tongue of a balance. 
 From the root of Exact.] 
 
 EXAMINER, egz-am'in-er, n. one who 
 examines. 
 
 EXAMPLE, egz-am'pl, n. that which is 
 taken out as a specimen of the rest, or 
 as an illustration of a rule, etc.: the 
 person or thing to be imitated or avoid- 
 ed : a pattern : a warning : a former in- 
 stance : a precedent. [Fr. — L. exemplwn 
 — eximo, to take out — ex, out of, and 
 emo, empt^is, to take.] 
 
 EXASPERATE, egz-as'per-at, v.t. to make 
 very rough or angry : to irritate in a high 
 degree. [L. ex, intensive, and aspero, to 
 make rough — a.vper, rough.] 
 
 EXASPERATION, egz-as-per-a'shun, n. 
 act of in-itating : state of being exasper- 
 ated : provocation : rage : aggravation. 
 
 EXAUGURATE, egz-aw'gu-rat, v.t. in 
 Rom. antiq. to change from sacred to 
 profane : hence, to desecrate : to secular- 
 ize : to profane. " He determined to 
 exaugiirate and to unhallow certain 
 churches and chapels." — Holland. [L. 
 exauguro, exaugvratnm — ex, priv., and 
 auguro, to consecrate by auguries, from 
 angnr.'i 
 
 EXAUGtlRATION, egz-aw-gu-ra'shun, n. 
 in Rom. antiq. the act of changing a 
 sacred thing or person into a profane 
 one : secularization : a ceremony neces- 
 sary before consecrated buildings could 
 be used for secular purposes, or priests 
 resign their sacred functions or enter 
 into matrimony : hence, desecration : 
 profanation. "The exauguration and 
 unhallowlng ail other cells and chapels 
 besides." — Holland. 
 
 EXC^CATION. eks-se-ka'shun, n. the act* 
 
 of putting out the eyes : blinding. [L. 
 
 ex, out, and caco, to IJlind.] 
 
 Not excoecation, if the thouj^ht of that 
 
 Calls up those looks of terror.— .Sir II. Taylor. 
 
 EXCALIBUR, EXCALIBAR, eks-kal'i-ber, 
 n. the mythological sword of King 
 Arthur given him by the Lady of the 
 Lake, to whom Merlin directed him to 
 apply for it. "No sword on earth, were 
 it the E.rcaUbar of King Arthur, can cut 
 
 that which opposes no steady resistance 
 to the blow."— Si)- ir. Scott. 
 EXCAVATE, eks'ka-%-at, v.t. to hollow or 
 scoop out. [L. excavo — ex, out, cavus, 
 hollow.] 
 EXCAVATION, eks-ka-va'shun, n. act of 
 excavating : a hollow or cavity made by 
 excavating. 
 EXCAVATOR, eks'ka-va-tor, n. one who 
 
 excavates. 
 EXCEED, ek-sed', v.t. to go beyond th« 
 limit or measure of : to surpass or excel. 
 — v.i. to go beyond a given or proper 
 limit. [L. ex, bej-ond, and cedo, cessum, 
 to go.] 
 EXCEEDING (aba.), ek-sed'ing, EXCEED- 
 INGLY, ek-sed'ing-li, adv. very much : 
 greatly. 
 EXCEL, ek-sel', v.t. to rise beyond : to ex- 
 ceed : to surpass. — v.i. to have good 
 qualities in a high degree : to perform 
 very meritorious actions : to be superior : 
 — pr.p. excelling ; jja.j). excelled'. [L. 
 excello — ex, out, up, and a root cello, 
 same as Gr. kello, to drive, to urge.] 
 EXCELLENCE, ek'.sel-ens, EXCELLENCY, 
 ek'sel-en-si, n. great merit : any excel- 
 lent quality : worth : greatness" : a title 
 of honor given to persons high in rank or 
 office. [Fr. — L. excellentia — exeellens, 
 rising above, distinguishing one"s self.] 
 EXCELLENT, ek'sel-ent, adj. surpassing 
 others in some good quality : of great 
 virtue, worth, etc. : superior : valuable. 
 — adv. Ex'CEiXENTLY. [Fr. — L. exeellens, 
 -eniis — excello.l 
 EXCEPT, ek-sept', v.t. to take or leave out: 
 to exclude. — v.i. to object. [L. excipio, 
 cxceptns — ex, out, and capio. to take.] 
 EXCEPT, ek-sept', EXCEPTING, ek-sept - 
 
 ing.prep.. leaving out : excluding: but. 
 EXCEPTION, ek-sep'shun, n. the act of 
 excepting or excluding from a number 
 designated, or from a description ; ex- 
 clusion ; as, all voted for the bUl, with 
 the eaception of five ; " He doth deny his 
 prisoners but with proviso and excep- 
 tion." — Shak. : exclusion from what is 
 comprehended in a general rule or propo- 
 sition — sometimes, though rarely, with 
 to ; "Let the money be raised on land, 
 with an excep>tion to some of the more 
 barren parts, that might be tax free." — 
 Addison : that which is excepted, ex- 
 cluded, or separated from others in a 
 general description ; the person or thing 
 specified as distinct or not included : as, 
 almost every general rule has its excep- 
 tions ; 
 
 Such rare exceptions, shinin? in the dark. 
 Prove, rather than impeach, the just remark. 
 
 — Cov'per ; 
 
 an objection ; that which is or may be 
 offered in opposition to a rule, proposi- 
 tion, statement, or allegation — witli to ; 
 sometimes with against ; " I will answer 
 what exceptions he can have against onr 
 account.' — Bentley : objection with di.s- 
 like : offence ; slight ang-er or resent- 
 ment — with at or against, but Tiore com- 
 monly with to, and generally jsed with 
 take : as. to take exception at . severe re- 
 mark ; to tal ; exception tj what wa.? 
 said ; " Roder go, thou hast taken against 
 me an except. in." — Shak. : in lair {a) the 
 denial of what is alleged and considered 
 as valid by the other party, either in 
 point of law or in pleading ; a denial of a 
 matter alleged in bar to an action : an 
 allegation against the sufficiency of an 
 answer ; it is a .stop or stay to an action, 
 and it is either dilatory or peremptory ; 
 (b) a clause by which the grantor of a 
 deed excepts .something before granted, 
 as when having disjiosed of a house a 
 particular room is e.\cepted from the 
 same.— Bill of exceptions, in law, a
 
 EXCEPTIONABLE 
 
 144 
 
 EXCRETE 
 
 statement of exceptions taken to the de- 
 cision, or instructions, on points of law, 
 of the judge presiding at a trial, for the 
 purpose of having these points recorded 
 in order to be reviewed by a superior 
 court or the full bench. 
 
 EXCEPTIONABLE, ek-sep'shun-a-bl, adj. 
 objectionable. 
 
 EIXCEPTIONAL, ek-sep'shun-al, adj. pe- 
 culiar. 
 
 EXCEPTIVE, ek-sept'iv, adj. including; 
 making, or being- an exception. 
 
 EXCEPTOR, ek-sept'or, n. one who excepts 
 or objects. 
 
 EXCEREBRATE, eks-se're-brat, v.t. to re- 
 move or beat out the brains of : to cast 
 out from the brain. "Virtue in it to 
 excerebrate all cares." — Bp. Ward. [L. 
 excerebro, excerebratum — ex, out, and 
 cerebrum, brain.] 
 
 EXCERPT, ek-serpt', n. a passage picked 
 out or selected from a book, an extract. 
 [L. excerptum, pa.p. of excerpo — ex, out, 
 and carpo, to pick.] 
 
 EXCESS, ek-ses', n. a going beyond what 
 is usual or proper : intemperance : that 
 which exceeds : the degree by which one 
 thing exceeds another. [L. excessus — ex- 
 cedo, excessus, to go beyond.] 
 
 EXCESSIVE, ek-ses'iv, adj. beyond what 
 is right and proper : immoderate : vio- 
 lent. — adv. EXCESS'IVELY. — n. Excess'- 
 rVENESS. 
 
 EXCHANGE, eks-chanj', i\t. in comm. to 
 part with, in return for some equivalent ; 
 to transfer, for a recompense ; to barter ; 
 as, he exchanges his goods in foreign 
 countries for gold, the workman ex- 
 changes his labor for money ; " He has 
 something to exchange with those abroad." 
 — Locke : to lay aside, quit, or resign one 
 tiling, state, or condition, and take anoth- 
 er in the place of it ; to part with for a 
 substitute ; as, to exchange a crown for a 
 cowl ; to exchange a throne for a cell or 
 a hermitage ; to exchange a life of ease 
 for a hfe of toil; "And death for life 
 eaxhanged foolishly." — Skak. : to give 
 and receive reciprocally ; to give and 
 take ; communicate mutually ; to inter- 
 change ; as, to exchange horses, clothes, 
 thoughts, civilities ; 
 
 Exchange foregiveness with me, noble Hamlet. 
 
 —Shak. 
 [O. Fr. exchanger, esehanger; Ff. ichanger 
 — ex, and changer, to change.] 
 
 EXCHANGE, eks-chanj', v.i. to make an 
 exchange : to pass or to be taken as an 
 equivalent : as, a dollar should exchange 
 for ten dimes. 
 
 EXCHANGE, eks-chanj', n. the act of 
 givmg one thing or commodity for anoth- 
 er ; barter ; the act of parting with some- 
 thing in return for an equivalent ; traffic 
 by interchange of commodities ; " Joseph 
 gave them bread in exchange for horses." 
 — Gen. xlvii. 17 ; 
 O spare her hfe and in exchange take mine. 
 
 — Dryden: 
 the act of giwiag up or resigning one thing 
 or state for another, without contract ; 
 as the exhange of a crown for a cloister : 
 the act -f giving and receiving recipro- 
 cally ; as, an exchangt of thoughts, an 
 exchange of civilities : he contract by 
 which one commodity i transferred to 
 another for an equivalent commodity : 
 the thing given in return for somctliing 
 received ; or the thing received m return 
 for what is given ; change ; " There's my 
 exchange." — Shak. : among journali.sts, a 
 newspaper sent to one office in exchange 
 for one received : the process of exchang- 
 ing one debt or credit for another; or the 
 receiving or pajing of money in one place, 
 for an equal sum in another, by order, 
 draft, or bUl of exchange: in mercantile 
 lang. a bill drawn for money ; a bill of ex- 
 
 change : in laic, a mutual grant of equal 
 interests, the one in consideration of the 
 other : the place where the merchants, 
 brokers, and bankers of a city meet to 
 transact business, at certain hours, often 
 contracted into 'Change: " As he does in 
 the market and exchange, who sells sev- 
 eral things." — Locke: in arith. a rule the 
 object of which is to find how much of 
 the money of one country is equivalent to 
 a given sum of the money of another ; aU 
 the calculations in exchange may be per- 
 formed by the rule of proportion ; and the 
 work may often be abbreviated by the 
 method of aliquot parts. — COURSE OF EX- 
 CHANGE, the cm-rent price between two 
 places, which is above or below par, or at 
 par. Exchange is at par when a bill in 
 New York for the pajTuent of one hun- 
 dred pounds sterling in London can be 
 purchased for one hundred pounds ; if it 
 can be purchased for less, exchange is 
 under par ; if the purchaser is obliged to 
 give more, exchange is above par. — Theo- 
 ry OF EXCHANGES, a theory introduced by 
 Prevost, for explaining the equilibrium 
 of temperature of any body, is founded 
 on the supposition that the quantity of 
 heat which a body diffuses by radiation 
 is equal to the quantity which it receives 
 by radiation from surrounding bodies, and 
 which it either absorbs whollv or in part. 
 
 EXCHANGEABLE, eks-chanj'a-bl, adj. 
 that may be exchanged. — n. Exchange- 
 abil'itt. 
 
 EXCHANGER, eks-chanj'er. n. one who 
 exchanges or practices ex<?hange : (B.) a 
 monev-changer, a banker. 
 
 EXCHEQUER, eks-chek'er, n. a superior 
 Enghsh court which had formerly to do 
 only with the revenue, but now also 
 with common law, so named from the 
 checkered cloth which formerly covered 
 the table, and on which the accounts 
 were reckoned. — v.t. to proceed against 
 a person in the Court of Exchequer. 
 [From root of CHECK, Checker.] 
 
 EXCISE, ek-slz', 7i. a tax on certain home 
 commodities and on licenses for certain 
 trades : specifically, liquor tax. — v.t. to 
 subject to excise duty. [O. Dut. aksiis — 
 Fr. assis. assessments — assise, an assize, 
 at which the tajc was fixed. See ASSESS 
 and Assize.] 
 
 EXCISE, ek-siz', v.t. to cut out : to cut 
 off : as, to excise a tumor. [L. excido, 
 exciswn, to cut out or off, from ex, out, 
 and ccedo, to cut.] 
 
 EXCISEMAN, ek-slz'man, n. an officer 
 charged with collecting the excise. 
 
 EXCISION, ek-sizh'un, n. a cutting out or 
 off of any kind: extirpation. [Fr. — L., 
 from excido, to cut out — ex, out, and 
 ccedo, to cut. See Concise.] 
 
 EXCITABLE, ek-slt'a-bl, adj. capable of 
 being, or easily excited. — n. Excita- 
 
 BIL'ITT. 
 
 EXCITANT, ek-slt'ant or ek'sit-ant, n. that 
 which excites or rouses the vital acti\nty 
 of the bodv : a stimulant. 
 
 EXCITATIO'N, ek-sit-a'shun, n. the act of 
 exciting or putting in motion ; the act 
 of rousing or awakening; "It may be 
 safely said that the order of excitation is 
 from muscles that are small and frequent- 
 ly acted on to those which are larger, and 
 
 • less frequently acted on." — H. Spencer; 
 " Here are words of fervent excitation to 
 the frozen hearts of others."— Up. Hall: 
 in med. the act of producing excitement ; 
 also, the excitement produced. — EXCITA- 
 TION OF ELECTRICITT, the disturbance of 
 the electric equilibrium by friction, ele- 
 vation of temperature, contact, etc. 
 
 EXCITATIVE, ek-sit'a-tiv. EXCITATORY, 
 ek-slt'a-tor-i, adj. tending to excite. 
 
 EXCITATOR, ek-sit-at'er, n. in deet. an in- 
 
 strument employed to discharge a Leyden 
 jar or other electrical apparatus in such 
 a manner as to secure the operator from 
 the force or effect of the shock. [L., 
 from excito.] 
 
 EXCITE, ek-sit', v.t. to call into activity : 
 to stir up : to rouse : to irritate. — n. Ex<- 
 cit'er. [L. ex, out, and root of Cite.] 
 
 EXCITEMENT, ek-slt'ment, n. agitation; 
 that which excites. 
 
 EXCLAIM, eks-klam', v.i. to cry out : to 
 utter or speak vehemently. [Fr. ex- 
 clamer—Ij. exclamo — ex, out, clamo. to 
 shout.] 
 
 EXCLAMATION, eks-kla-ma'shun, n. ve- 
 hement utterance : outcry : an uttered 
 expression of surprise, and the like : the 
 mark expressing this (!) : an interjection. 
 
 EXCLAMATORY, eks-klam'a-tor-i. adj. 
 containing or expressing exclamation. 
 
 EXCLAVE, eks'klav, w. a part of a country, 
 province, or the like, which is disjoined 
 from the main part. [See Enclave.] 
 
 EXCLUDE, eks-klood', v.t. to close or shut 
 out : to thrust out : to hinder from en- 
 trance : to hinder from participation : to 
 except. [L. excludo — ex, out, and claudo, 
 to shut.] 
 
 EXCLUSION, eks-kloo'zhun. n. a shutting 
 or putting out : ejection : exception. 
 
 EXCLUSIONIST, eks-kl66'zhun-ist. n. one 
 who would preclude another from some 
 privilege : specifically, in English hist., 
 one of a party of politicians in the time 
 of Charles II. favorable to a bill to ex- 
 clude his popish heirs from the tlirone. 
 " The exclusive in fashionable life does 
 not see that he excludes himself from en- 
 joyment, in the attempt to appropriate 
 it. The exclusionist in religion does not 
 see that he shuts tlie door of heaven on 
 himself, in striving to shut out others." 
 , — Emerson. "The gentlemen of every 
 county, the traders of every town, the 
 boys of every public school were divided 
 into exclusionists and abhorrers." — Ma- 
 caulay. 
 
 EXCLUSIVE, eks-kloo'siv, adj. able or 
 tending to exclude : debarring from par- 
 ticipation: sole: not taking into account. 
 — n. one of a number who exclude others 
 from their society.^ — adv. Exclu'sively. 
 — n. Excld'siveness. 
 
 EXCOGITATE, eks-koj'i-tiit, v.t. to dis- 
 cover by thinking : to think earnestly or 
 laboriously. [L. excogito, -atus — ex, but, 
 and cogito. to think.] 
 
 EXCOGITATION, eks-koj-i-ta'shun, n. la- 
 borious tiiinking: invention: contrivance. 
 
 EXCOMMUNICATE, eks-kom-un'i-kat. i-.f. 
 to put Old of or expel from the commun- 
 ion of the church : to deprive of cliurch 
 pri\Tleges. [L. ex, out of, and Communi- 
 cate.] 
 
 EXCOMMUNICATION, eks-kom-un-i-ka'- 
 shun, n. act of expelling from the com- 
 munion of a church. 
 
 EXCORL^TE, eks-ko'ri-at, v.t. to strip the 
 skin from. [L. e.rcorio, -atus — ex, from, 
 corium, the skin.] 
 
 EXCREMENT, ek.s'kre-ment, n. useless 
 matter discharged from the animal sys- 
 tem : dung.— adj. EXCREMENT' AL. [L. 
 exerementum — excerno, exeretus, to sep 
 
 EXCREMENTITIOUS.eks-kre-men-tish'us 
 adj. pertaining to, consisting of, or con- 
 taining excrement. 
 
 EXCRESCENCE, eks-kres'ens, n. that 
 which grows otd unnaturally from any- 
 thing else : an outbreak : a wart or 
 tumor : a superfluous part. [Fr. — L. — 
 evcre.fco — ex, out, and cresco, to grow.] 
 
 EXCRESCENT, eks-kres'ent, adj.. growing 
 out: superfluous. 
 
 EXCRETE, eks-kret', v.t. to separate from.
 
 EXCRETION 
 
 145 
 
 EXHAUST-PIPE 
 
 or discharg-e : to eject. [L. ear, Trom, 
 and ccrno. cretus, to separate.] 
 
 EXCRETION, eks-kre'shun, n. act of ex- 
 creting matter from the animal system : 
 that which is excreted. — adj. Excee'tive, 
 able to excrete. 
 
 EXCRETORY, eks-kre'tor-i, adj. having- 
 the quality of excreting. — n. a duct or 
 vessel that helps to receive and excrete 
 matter. 
 
 EXCRUCIATE, eks-kroo'shi-at. v.t. to tor- 
 ture as if on a cross: to rack. [L. ex, 
 out, and crucio, eruciatiis, to crucify — 
 crux, erucis, a cross.] 
 
 EXCRTJCIATION, eks-kroo-shi-a'shun, n. 
 torture : vexation. 
 
 EXCULPATE, eks-kul'pat, v.t. to clear 
 from the charge of a fault or crime : to 
 absolve : to vindicate. — n. Exculpa'TION. 
 [L. exculpo, exciilpatus — ex, from, culpa, 
 a fault.] 
 
 EXCULPATORY, eks-kul'pa-tor-i, adj. ex- 
 culpating or freeing from the charge of 
 fault or crime. 
 
 EIXCURSION, eks-kur'shun, n. a going- 
 forth : an expedition : a trip for pleasure 
 or health : a wandering from the main 
 subject : a digression. [L. excursio — ex, 
 out. and curro, cursum. to run.] 
 
 EXCURSIONIST, eks-kur'shun-ist, n. one 
 who goes on an excursion or pleasure- 
 trip. 
 
 EXCURSIVE, eks-kur'siv, adj. rambling : 
 debating.— adv. Excur'SIVELY. — n. Ex- 
 cte'siveness. 
 
 EXCURSUS, eks-kur'sus, n. a dissertation 
 on some particular point appended to a 
 book or chapter. 
 
 EXCUSABLE, eks-kiiz'a-bl, adj. admitting- 
 of justification. 
 
 EXCUSATORY, eks-kuz'a-tor-i, adj. mak- 
 ing or containing excuse. 
 
 EXCUSE, eks-kilz , v.t. to free from blame 
 or guilt : to forgive : to free from an ob- 
 ligation : to release : to make an apology 
 or ask pardon for. [L. excuso — ex, from, 
 caiisor, to plead — causa, a cause, an ac- 
 cusation.] 
 
 EXCLTSE, eks-kus', 7i. a plea oflfered in ex- 
 tenuation of a fault. 
 
 EXECRABLE, eks'e-kra^bl, adj. deserving 
 execration : detestable : accursed. — adv. 
 Ex'ecrably. 
 
 EXECRATE, eks'e-krat, v.t. to curse : to 
 denounce evil against : to detest utterly. 
 [L. exsecror. -atiis, to curse — ex, from, and 
 sacer. sacred.] 
 
 EXECRATION, eks-e-kra'shun, n. act of 
 execrating : a curse pronounced : that 
 which is execrated. 
 
 EXECRATIOUS, eks-e-kra'shus, adj. im- 
 precatory : cursing : execrative. " A 
 whole volley of such like execrations 
 ■B'ishes. " — Richardson. 
 
 EXECRATIVE, eks'e-kra-tiv, adj. denounc- 
 ing evil against : imprecating evil on : 
 cursing : vilifying. Carlyle. 
 
 EXECRATIVELY, eks'e-kra-tiv-li, adv. in 
 an execrative manner. Carlyle. 
 
 EXECRATORY, eks'e-kra-to-ri, adj. denun- 
 ciatory : abusive. " Without e.rec)"afori/ 
 comment." — Kingsley. 
 
 EXECUTE, eks'e-kut, v.t. to perform : to 
 ^ive effect to : to carry into effect the 
 sentence of the law : to" put to death by 
 law. — n. Ex'ECUTER. [Fr. executer — L. 
 exsequor, exsecutus — ex, out, and sequor, 
 to follow.] 
 EXECUTION, eks-e-ku'shun, n. act of ex- 
 ecuting or performing : accomplishment : 
 completion : carrying into effect the 
 sentence of a court of law : the warrant 
 for so doing-. 
 EXECUTIONER, eks-e-ku'shun-er, n. one 
 who executes, esp. one who inflicts capi- 
 tal punishment. 
 EXECUTIVE, egz-ek'ut-iv, adj. having the 
 
 J 
 
 quality of executing or performing ; de- 
 signed or fitted for execution or carrying 
 into effect ; as, executive power or author- 
 ity, an executive officer : hence, in gov- 
 ernment, executive is used in distinction 
 from legislative and judicial — the body 
 that deliberates and enacts laws is legis- 
 lative : the body that judges or applies 
 the laws to particular cases is judicial : 
 the body or person who carries the laws 
 into effect, or superintends the enforce- 
 ment o f the m, is executive. 
 EXECUTIVE, egz-ek'ut-iv, n. the officer, 
 whether king, president, or other chief 
 magistrate, who superintends the execu- 
 tion of the laws : the person or persons 
 who administer the government : exec- 
 utive power or authority in government : 
 in the U. S. the President, the governors 
 of States, the mayors of cities, etc. 
 EXECUTOR, egz-ek'ut-er, n. one who exe- 
 cutes or performs; a doer; " Such base- 
 ness had never like executor." — Shak. : 
 an executioner ; 
 
 The sad-eyed justice with his surly hum. 
 Delivering o'er to executors pale 
 The lazy, yawning drone. — Shak. : 
 
 the person appointed by a testator to ex- 
 ecute his will or to see it carried into 
 effect. — Executor de son tort, one 
 who, without authority, intermeddles 
 with the goods of a deceased person, by 
 which he subjects himself to the trouble 
 of executorship without the profits or 
 advantages. — Executor nominate, an 
 executor appointed by the will of the 
 testator. In most of the States of the 
 Union the executor is named in the will : 
 administrator being the official title of 
 an executor appointed by legal authority. 
 
 EXECUTORY, egz-ek'u-tor-i, adj. execut- 
 ing official duties : designed to be carried 
 into effect. 
 
 EXECUTRIX, egz-ek'u-triks, EXECU- 
 TRESS, egz-ek'u-tres, n. a female execu- 
 tor : a woman appointed by a testator to 
 execute his will. 
 
 EXEGESIS, eks-e-je'sis, n. the science of 
 interpretation, esp. of the Scriptures. 
 [Gr. exegesis — exegeomai, to explain — ex, 
 out, and hegeomai, to guide — agro,tolead.] 
 
 EXEGETIC, eks-e-jet'ik, EXEGETICAL, 
 eks'e-jet'ik-al, adj. pertaining to exege- 
 sis : explanatory. — adv. Exeget'ically. 
 — n.sing. Exeget'ics, the science of exe- 
 gesis. [Gr. See Exegesis.] 
 
 EXEMPLAR, egz-em'pler, n. a model, orig- 
 inal, or pattern to be copied or imitated : 
 the idea or image of a thing formed in 
 the mind, as of an artist : the ideal model 
 which he attempts to imitate. 
 He who has learned the duty which he owes 
 To friends and country, and to pardon foes . . . 
 Such is the man the poet should rehearse, 
 As joint exemjAar of his life and verse.— -H//rcm. 
 
 EXEMPLARY, egz'em-plar-i, adj. worthy 
 of imitation or notice : commendable. — 
 adv. Ex'emplaeily. [See Exemplar.] 
 
 EXEMPLIFICATION, egz - em - pli - fi-ka'- 
 shun, n. act of exemplifying : that which 
 exemplifies : a copy or transcript. 
 
 EXEMPLIFY, egz-em'pli-fl, v.t. to illus- 
 trate by example : to make an attested 
 copy of : to prove by an attested copy: — 
 pr.p. exem'plifying"; pa.p. exem'plified. 
 Tl. e^vemplum, and/ac!o, to do or make.] 
 
 EXEMPT, egz-emt', v.t. to free, or grant 
 immunity from. — adj. taken out : not 
 liable to : released. [Fr.— L. eximo, ex- 
 emptus — ex. out, and emo, to take, to 
 buy. Cf. Example.] 
 
 EXEMPTION, egz-em'shun, n. the act of 
 exempting : the state of being exempt : 
 freedom from any service, charge, bur- 
 den, tax, evil, or" requisition, to which 
 others are subject : immunity: privilege : 
 as, exemption from feudal servitude ; ex- 
 emption from pain, sorrow, or death ; 
 
 " The Roman laws gave particular ex- 
 emptions to such as built ships or traded 
 in corn." — Arhuthnot : in the R. C. 
 Church, a dispensation occasionally 
 granted by the pope to clergymen, and 
 more rarely to laymen, to exempt them 
 from the authority of their ordinaries. 
 EXEQUIES, eks'e-kwiz, n.pl. a funeral 
 
 ()rocession : the ceremonies of burial. 
 L. exseqiiioB — ex, out, sequor, to fol- 
 ow.] 
 EXERCISE, eks'er-slz, n. a putting in 
 
 Eractice : exertion of the body for 
 ealth or amusement : discipline : a 
 lesson or task. [Fr. exerciee — L. exer- 
 citium — L. exereeo, -dtiis — ex, out, and 
 arceo, to drive.] 
 EXERCISE, eks'er-slz, v.*. to train by use : 
 to improve b}- practice : to afflict : to 
 put in practice : to use. 
 
 EXERT, egz-ert', V.?. to bring into active 
 operation : to do or perform. [L. exsero, 
 exsertus — ex, out, and sero, to put to- 
 gether. See Series.] 
 
 EXERTION, egz-er'shun, n. a bringing into 
 active operation : effort : attempt. 
 
 EXESTUATE, egz-es'tu-at, v.i. to boil : to 
 be agitated. [L. excestuo, excestuatum, 
 to boil up — ex, out, up, and cestuo, to 
 boil, from cesttts, heat, fire, boiling of 
 water.] 
 
 EXESTUATION, egz-ps-tu-a'shun, n. a 
 boiling : ebullition : agitation caused by 
 heat: effervescence. "Saltpetre is in 
 operation a cold body ; physicians and 
 chymists give it in fevers, to allay the 
 Inward exestuations of the blood and 
 humors. " — Boyle. 
 
 EXEUNT, eks'e-unt, a word used in dra- 
 matic literature to denote the period at 
 which several actors quit the stage. — 
 Exeunt omnes (all go out) is sometimes 
 used when all the actors leave the stage 
 at the same time. [L., they go out.] 
 
 EX FACIE, eks fa'shi-e, from the face of : 
 said of what appears from the face of a 
 writing or other document. [L.] 
 
 EXFOLIATE, eks-fo'li-at, v.i. to come off 
 in scales.—?!. Exfolia'tion. [L. exfolio, 
 exfoliatus — ex, off, and folium, a leaf. 
 See FoUAGE.J 
 
 EXHALATION, egz-hal-a'shun, n. act or 
 process of exhaling : evaporation : that 
 which is exhaled : vapor : steam. [L. 
 exhalntio — exhalo, -atus.] 
 
 EXHALE, egz-hal', v.t. to emit or send 
 out as vapor : to evaporate. — v.i. to rise 
 or be given off as vapor. [Fr. exhaler — 
 L. exhalare — ex. out, halo, halatus, to 
 breathe.] 
 
 EXHAUST, egz-hawst', v.t. to draiv out 
 the whole of : to use the whole strength 
 of : to wear or tire out : to treat of or 
 develop completely. [L. exhaurio. ex- 
 haustus — ex, out, and haurio, to draw.] 
 
 EXHAUSTED, egz-hawst'ed, adj. drawn 
 out : emptied : consumed : tired out. 
 
 EXHAUSTER, egz-hawst'er, n. he who or 
 that which exhausts. 
 
 EXHAUSTIBILITY, egz-hawst-i-bil'i-ti, n. 
 the capability of being exhausted : the 
 quality of being exhaustible. J. S. Mill. 
 
 EXHAUSTIBLE, egz-hawst'i-bl, adj. that 
 mav he exhausted. 
 
 EXHAUSTION, ogz-hawst'yun, n. act of 
 exhausting or consuming : state of being 
 exhausted : extreme fatigue. 
 
 EXHAUSTIVE, egz-hawst'iv, adj. tending 
 to exhaust. 
 
 EXHAUSTLESS, egz-hawst'les, adj. that 
 cannot be exhausted. 
 
 EXHAUST - NOZZLE, egz - hawst' - noz - 1, 
 EXHAUST-ORIFICE, egz-hawst'-o-ri-fis, 
 n. in a steam-engine, the blast orifice or 
 nozzle. 
 
 EXHAUST-PIPE, egz-hawst'-pip, «. in a 
 steam-engine, the pipe that convei's waste
 
 EXHAUST-PORT 
 
 146 
 
 EXOSKELETON 
 
 eteam from the cylinder to the condens- 
 er, or through which it escapes to the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 EXHAUST-PORT, egz-hawst'-port, n. in a 
 steam-engine, the exit passage for the 
 steam from a cylinder. 
 
 EXHAUST-STEAM, egz-hawst'-stem, n. in 
 a steam-engine, the steam allowed to es- 
 cape from the cylinder after it has pro- 
 duced motion of the piston. 
 
 EXHAUSTURE, egz-hawst'ur, n. exhaus- 
 tion. 
 
 EXHAUST- VALVE, egra-hawst'-valv, n. in 
 a steam-engine, the valve which regulates 
 the passage of waste steam from the 
 cylinder : a valve in the eduction pas- 
 sage of the steam cylinder of an engine, 
 placed between the cylinder and air- 
 pump, and wrought by the tappet-mo- 
 tion, so as to open snortly after the 
 equilibrium valve, and admit the steam 
 to the condenser. 
 
 EXHIBIT, egz-hib'it, v.t. to hold forth or 
 present to \iew : to present formally or 
 publicly. — ns. Exhte'itee, Exhib'itoe. 
 [L. exhibeo, exhibitus — ex, out, habeo, 
 habitus, to have or hold.] 
 
 EXHIBITION, eks-hi-bish'un, n. presenta- 
 tion to view : display : a public show, 
 esp. of works of art, manufactures, etc.: 
 that which is exhibited : an allowance or 
 bounty to scholars in a university. [Fr. 
 — L. elrhibitio.'] 
 
 EXHIBITIONER, eks-hi-bish'un-er, n. one 
 who enjoys an exhibition or allowance 
 at a university. 
 
 EXHIBITORY, egz-hib'it-or-i, adj. exhib- 
 itinsr. 
 
 EXHILARANT, egz-hil'a-rant, adj. exhil- 
 arating: exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure. 
 
 EXHILARATE, egz-hil'a-rat, v.t. to make 
 hilarious or merry: to enliven: to cheer. 
 [L. e.vhilaro, exhilaratus—ex, intensive, 
 hilaris, cheerful.] 
 
 EXHILARATING, egz-hil'a-rat-ing, adj. 
 cheering : gladdening. — adv. Exhil'a- 
 
 RATINGLT. 
 
 EXHILARATION, egz-hil-a-rS'shun, «. 
 state of being exhilarated : joyousness. 
 
 EIXHORT, egz-hort', v.t. to urge strongly to 
 good deeds, esp. by words or advice : to 
 animate : to swivise or warn. [Fr. ex- 
 hort er — L. exhortor, -atus — ex, inten., 
 hortor, to urge.] 
 
 EXHORTATION, eks-hor-ta'shun, n. act 
 or practice of exhorting to laudable 
 deeds : language intended to exhort ; 
 counsel. [ L. ex hortatio.] 
 
 EXHORTATIVE, egz-hort'artiv, EXHORT- 
 ATORY, egz-horPartor-l, adj. tending to 
 exhort or advise. 
 
 EXHUMATION, eks-hQ-ma'shun, 7i. act of 
 exhuming : disinterment. 
 
 EXHUME, eks-hOm', v.t. to take out of 
 the ground, or place of burial : to disin- 
 ter. [L. ex, out of, humus, the ground. 
 See HxiMBLE.] 
 
 EXIGENCE, eks'i-jens, EXIGENCY, eks*!- 
 jen-si, n. pressing necessity : emergency : 
 distress. 
 
 EIXIGENT, eks'i-jent, adj., pressing: de- 
 manding immediate attention or action. 
 [L. exigens, -ntis — exigo — ex, out, ago, to 
 drive.] 
 
 EXILE, egz'il (formerly, frequently egz-Il*), 
 n. banishment ; the state of being ex- 
 pelled from one's native country or place 
 of residence by authority, and forbidden 
 to return, either for a limited time or for 
 perpetuity ; 
 For who can yet believe, though after loss. 
 That all these puissant lemons whose exile 
 Bath emptied heaven, shall fall to reascend. 
 
 — J/i/fon : 
 an abandonment of one's country or re- 
 moval to a foreign country for residence, 
 through fear, disgust, or "resentment, or 
 for any cause distinct from business ; a 
 
 separation from one's country and friends 
 by distress or necessity : the person ban- 
 ished or expelled from his country by 
 authority ; also, one who abandons his 
 country and resides in another ; or one 
 who is separated from his country and 
 friends by necessity ; as 
 
 The pensive exile, bending: with his woe. 
 To stop too fearful, and too faint to so. 
 
 — G<Sdsmith. 
 [Fr. exn, banishment, exUi, an exiled 
 person, from L. exsilium, banishment, e.v- 
 sul, a banished person — usually regarded 
 as compounded of ex, out of, from, and 
 solum, sou, but more probably of ex, and 
 root of L. salio, to leap, to spring (whence 
 salient, sally) ; Sans, sar, to go ; so L. 
 consilium, a council, would mean a com- 
 ing together of people. Comp. CONSUl.] 
 EXILE, egz'il (formerly egz-il'), v.t. to ban- 
 ish from a country or from a particular 
 jurisdiction by authority, with a pro- 
 hibition of return ; to drive away, expel, 
 or transport ; 
 
 For that offence 
 Immediately we do exile him hence. — Skak.; 
 
 " They, fettered with the bonds of a long 
 night, lay there exiled from the eternd 
 Providence." — ^Wisdom xviL 2. — To ex- 
 ile one's self, to quit one's country with 
 a view not to retm-n. 
 
 EXILITY, eks-il'i-ti, n. slendemess, small- 
 ness. [L. exilis, slender, contr. for exi- 
 gilis. See ExiGElfT.] 
 
 EXIST, egz-ist', v.i. to have an actual 
 being : to live : to continue to be. [L, 
 existo, exsisto — ex, out, and sisto, to 
 make to stand.] 
 
 EXISTENCE, egz-ist'ens, n. state of exist- 
 ing or being: continued being- : life : any- 
 thing that exists : a being. [L. exist- 
 ens, -entis, pr.p. of existo.'} 
 
 EXISTENT, egz-lst'ent, adj. having^ being. 
 
 EXIT, eks'it, n. (orig.) a direction in play- 
 books to an actor to go off the stage : 
 the departure of a player from the 
 stage : any departure : a way of depart- 
 ure : a passage out : a quitting of the 
 world's stage, or life : death. [L. exit, 
 he goes out, exeo, to go out — ex, out, and 
 eo. itvm, to so.] 
 
 EXOCETUS, fiXOCCETUS, eks-5-sg'tus, n. 
 the fljnng fish, a genus of teleostean 
 fishes belonging to tne family Scombere- 
 socidcB, of the sub-order Abdominales. 
 Tlie body is whitish, and the bellj' an- 
 gular. The pectoral fins, which are very 
 Targe, are the principal instruments in 
 its flight, but whether they act as wings 
 in propelling it, or merely as parachutes 
 or Kites in enabling it to sustain itself in 
 the air, has been a matter of question 
 among naturalists. It is probable that 
 the fins serve to sustain the fish tem- 
 porarily in the air after it has acquired 
 an initial velocity in its rush through 
 the water. It can raise itself from the 
 water and pass through the air to a con- 
 siderable distance, sometimes as much as 
 200 yards, which it does to escape from 
 the attacks of other fishes, especially the 
 dolphin. It is most common between 
 the tropics. The best known species are 
 E. volitan^, abundant in the warmer 
 part of the Atlantic, and E. exiliens of 
 the Mediterranean. By some naturalists 
 the genus has been siibdivided into sev- 
 eral, characterized bv the presence or 
 absence of barbels. [Crr. exokoitos, a fish 
 which comes upon the beacli to sleep — 
 exd, without, and koite, a bed.] 
 
 EXOCULATION, eks-ok-Q-la'shun, n. the 
 act of putting out the eyes ; excaecation. 
 Sotithey. [L. ex, out, and oculua, an 
 
 EXXDDE, eks'Od, n. an exodus or departure. 
 Bolingbroke : in the Greek drama, tlie 
 concluding part of a play, or the part 
 
 which comprehends all that is said after 
 the last choral ode: in the Roman drama, 
 a farce or satire, the last of the three 
 
 Eieces generally played ; " The Romans 
 ad three plays acted one after another 
 on the same subject ; the first, a real 
 tragedy ; the second, the atellan ; the 
 third, a satire or exode, a kind of farce of 
 one act." — Roscommon. [Gr. exodos. an 
 exit or departure, also the finale of a 
 tragedy. See ExoDUS.] 
 EXODUS, eks'o-dus, n. a going out or de- 
 
 garture, esp. that of the Israelites from 
 igj-pt : the second book of the Old Tes- 
 tament narrating this event. [L. — Gr. 
 exodus — ar, out, hodos, a way.] 
 
 EXOGAMY, eks-og'am-i, n. the practice of 
 marrying only outside of one's own tribe. 
 [Gr. e.ro, out, and gamos, marriage.] 
 
 EXOGEN, eks'o-jen, n. a plant belonging 
 to the great class that increases by 
 layers grotmng on the outside of the 
 wood. [Gr. exo, outside, and gen, root 
 of gignomai, to be produced.! 
 
 EXOGENOUS, eks-oj'e-nus, adj. growing 
 by successive additions to the outside. 
 
 EXOMPHALOS, egz-om'far-los, EXOM- 
 PHATiUS, egz-om'fa-lus, n. a navel rup- 
 ture. [Gr. ac, and omphalos, the navel.] 
 
 EXON, eks'on, 7t. in EngJand, the name 
 
 fiven to four officers of the yeomen of 
 he royal body-guard : an exempt. [O. 
 Ft. e.voine. excused.] 
 
 EXONERATE, egz-on'er-at, v.t. to unload; 
 to disburden ; " Vessels which all econer- 
 ate themselves into a common duct." — 
 Ray: to relieve of , as a charge or as blame 
 resting on one ; to clear of something 
 that lies upon the character as an impu- 
 tation ; as, to exonerate one's self from 
 blame or from the charge of avarice : to 
 relieve of, as an obhgation, debt, or duty ; 
 to discharge of responsibility or Uability ; 
 a.'i, a surety ftrojierate* himself by produc- 
 ing a man in court. [L. exo^iero, exoner 
 atum — ex, priv., and onero, to load, onus.. 
 a load J 
 
 EXONERATION, egz-on-er-a'shun, n. the 
 act of disburdening, discharging, or free- 
 ing, or state of being disburdened, dis- 
 charged, or freed, from a charge, imputa- 
 tion, obligation, debt, or duty. 
 
 EXONERATIVE, egz-on'er-a-tiv, adj. free- 
 ing from a burden or obligation. 
 
 EXORBITAJSICE, egz-orlji-tans, EXORBI- 
 T^USTCY, egz-orTii-tan-si. w. state or qual- 
 ity of being exorbitant: extravagance: 
 enormity. 
 
 EXORBITANT, egz-orT)i-tant, adj. going 
 beyond the usual Umits : excessive. — adv. 
 Exor'bitautly. [Fr. — L. exorbitans, 
 -ntis, pr.p. of exorbito — ex, out of, and 
 orbita, a track — orbis, a circle.] 
 
 EXORCISE, eks'or-slz, v.t. to adjure by 
 some holy name : to call forth or drive 
 away, as a spirit : to deliver from the in- 
 fluence of an evil spirit. [Through Late 
 L., from Gr. exorkizo — ex, out, horkizo, 
 to bind bv an oath — horkos, an oath.] 
 
 EXORCISfiR, eks'or-siz-er, EXORCIST 
 eks'or-sist, n. one who exorcises or pre- 
 tends to expel e\il spirits by adjurations. 
 [Fr. exorciste — Gr. exorlHstes.'\ 
 
 EXORCISM, eks'or-sizm, n. act of exorcis- 
 ing or expelling evil spirits by certaiB 
 ceremonies. [Fr. exorcisme — Gr. exor 
 kismos.] 
 
 EXORDIAL, egz-or'di-al, adj. pertaining 
 to the exordium. 
 
 EIXORDIUM, egz-or'di-um, n. the introduc- 
 tory part of a discourse or composition. 
 [L. — e.rordior, to begin a web-A'j;, out. 
 and ordior, to begin, to weave.] 
 
 EXOSKELETON, eks'o-ske-le-ton, n. in 
 anat. a term apphed to all those struct- 
 ures which are produced by the harden- 
 ing of the integ-ument, as the shells of
 
 EXOSMIC 
 
 the Crustacea, the scales and plates of 
 ^shes and reptiles : dermo-skeleton. [Gr. 
 ■ rd, without, and skeleton, a dry body, a 
 ivummy.] 
 1 EXbSMIC, eks-os'mik, adj. same as Exos- 
 
 1 MOTIC. 
 
 EXOSMOSE, eks'os-mos, EXOSMOSIS, eks- 
 os-mo'sis, n. the passage of gases, vapors, 
 or liquids, through membranes or porous 
 media, from within outward, in the phe- 
 nomena of osmose, the reverse process 
 being called endosmose. [Gr. cro, out- 
 side, and a fictive form osmosis, for osmos, 
 a thrusting, impulsion, from otheo, to 
 thrust, to push. See Osmose.] 
 
 EXOSMOTIC. eks-os-mot'ik, acfj. pertain- 
 ing or relating to exosmose ; as, an exos- 
 motic current. 
 
 EXOSTOSIS, eks-os-to'sis, n. (anat.) mor- 
 bid enlargement of a bone. [Gr. ex, out 
 of, and osteon, a bone.] 
 
 EXOTERIC, eks-o-ter'ik, EXOTERICAL, 
 eks-o-ter'ik-al, adj. external : fit to be 
 communicated to the public or multitude: 
 — opposed to Esoteric. — n. Exoter'icism. 
 [Gr. e.voterikos — comp. formed from e.xo, 
 without.] 
 
 EXOTIC, egz-ot'iU,EXOTICAL,egz-ot'ik-aI, 
 adj. introduced from a foreign country : 
 — the opposite of Indigenous. — n. any- 
 thing of foreign origin : something not 
 native to a country, as a plant. [L. — 
 Gr. cxotikos — exo, outward.] 
 
 EXPAND, ek.s-pand', v.t. to spread out: to 
 open or lay open : to enlarge in bulk or 
 surface. — v.i. to become opened : to en- 
 large. [L. expnndo — ecc, out, and pando, 
 pans^is. to spread.] 
 
 EXPANSE, eks-pans', n. a wide extent of 
 space or body : the firmament. 
 
 EXPANSIBLE, eks-pans'i-bl, adj. capable 
 of being expanded or extended. — n. Ex- 
 
 , PANSIBIL'ITY. — adv. EXPANS'IBLT. 
 
 IEXPANSION. eks-pan'shun, n. act of ex- 
 
 ' panding : state of being expanded : en- 
 largement : that which is expanded : 
 imniensitv. 
 
 EXPANSION-CURB, ek-span'shun-kerb,n. 
 a contrivance to counteract expansion and 
 contraction by heat, as in chronometers. 
 
 EXPANSION-ENGINE, ek-span'shun-en- 
 jin, n. a steam-engine in which the supply 
 of steam is cut off previous to the stroke 
 being complete, the expansive power of 
 the steam admitted being sufficient to 
 complete the stroke. 
 
 EXPANSION-GEAR, ek-span'shun-ger, n. 
 in a steam-engine, the apparatus by which 
 the access of steam to the cylinder is cut 
 off at a given part of the stroke. It is of 
 various forms. 
 
 EXPANSION-JOINT, ek-span'shun-joint, 
 n. in mech. (a) a joint for connecting 
 steam-pipes, made with a stuffing-box, so 
 as to allow one of them to slide within 
 the enlarged end of the other when the 
 length increases by expansion ; {b) an 
 attiichment of a boiler in its framing to 
 allow the foifner to expand without af- 
 fectinfiT the latter 
 
 EXPAlIftlON- VALVE, ek-span'shun-valv, 
 /(. in a steam-engine, a valve which sluits 
 off the steam in its passage to the slide- 
 valves, when the piston has travelled a 
 certain distance in the cylinder, leaving 
 
 ' the remaining part of tlie stroke to be 
 performed by the expansion of tlie steam. 
 
 EXPANSIVE, eks-pans'iv, adj. widely ex- 
 tended : diffusive. — adv. Expans'ively. 
 
 — n. EXPANS'rVENESS. 
 
 EXPANSIVITY, eks-pan-siv'i-ti, n. the 
 state or quality of being expan.sive : ex- 
 pansiveness. Carlyle. 
 
 Ex PARTE, eks par'te, proceeding only 
 from one part or side of a matter in ques- 
 tion ; one-sided ; partial ; as. an ex parte 
 statement : apecincally, in laiv, applied 
 
 147 
 
 to any step taken by or on behalf of one 
 of the parties to a suit or in any judicial 
 proceeding, in the absence of the other ; 
 as, an ex parte application ; an ex parte 
 hearing ; ex parte evidence : hearings 
 before grand juries are ex parte. [L.] 
 
 EXPATIATE, eks-pa'shi-at, v.i. to range 
 at large : to enlarge in discourse, argu- 
 ment, or writing. [L. exspatior, -atus — 
 ex, out of, and spatior, to roam — spa- 
 tium, space.] 
 
 EXPATIATION, eks-pa-shi-a'shun, n. act 
 of expatiating or enlarging in discourse. 
 
 EXPATRIATE, eks-pa'tri-at, v.t. to send 
 out of one's fatherland or native coun- 
 try : to banish or exile. [Low L. expa- 
 trio, -atus — ex, out of, patria, fatherland 
 —pater, patris, a father.] 
 
 EXPATRIATION, eks-pa-tri-a'shun, n. act 
 of expatriating : exile, voluntai-y or com- 
 pulsory. 
 
 EXPECT, eks-pekt', v.t. to wait for: to 
 look forward to as something about to 
 happen : to anticipate : to hope. [L. ex- 
 specto, -atus — ex, out, and specto, inten. 
 of speeio, to look.] 
 
 EXPECTANCE, eks-pekt'ans, EXPECT- 
 ANCY, eks-pekt'an-si, n. act or state of 
 expecting : that which is expected : hope. 
 
 EXPECTANT, eks-pekt'ant. adj. looking or 
 waiting for. — n. one who expects : one 
 who is looking or waiting for some bene- 
 fit : a candidate for the ministry who has 
 not vet received a license to preach. 
 
 EXPECTATION, cks-pek-ta'shun, n. the 
 act of expecting or looking forward to an 
 event as about to happen ; as, " The same 
 weakness of mind which indulges absurd 
 expectations, produces petulance in dis- 
 appointment." — Irving ; 
 She spoke and tum'd her sumptuous head with 
 
 eyes 
 Of shiiiin<^ expectation flxt on mine. — Tennyson : 
 
 the state of being expected or looked for; 
 the state of being awaited ; " Our prep- 
 aration stands in e.vpectntion." — Shak. : 
 that which is expected ; the object of ex- 
 pectation ; the expected Messiah ; 
 Now clear I understand 
 
 Why our great expectation should be called 
 
 The seed of woman. — Milton ; 
 
 prospect of future good, as of pos- 
 sessions, wealth, and the like — usually 
 in the plural; "My soul, wait thou 
 only upon God, for my expectation is 
 from him." — Ps. Ixii. 5 ; " His magnifi- 
 cent expectations made him . . . the best 
 matcli in Europe." — Prescott : a state or 
 qualities in a person which excite expec- 
 tations in others of some future excel- 
 lence ; promise ; " By all men"s eyes a 
 youth of expectation.'" — Oticay : in med. 
 the method of leaving a disease to the 
 efforts of nature ; or of waitiagfor farther 
 development before treating it actively : 
 the value of any prospect of prize or 
 property depending upon the happening 
 of some uncertain event, a sum of money 
 in expectation upon a certain event having 
 a determinate value before that event 
 happens ; if the chances of receiving or 
 not receiving a himdrcd pounds when an 
 event arrives are equal, then befoi-e the 
 arrival of the event the expectation is 
 worth half the money. — Expectation of 
 LIFE, a term applied to the mean or av- 
 erage duration of the life of individuals 
 of any given age. [L. expectatio. See 
 Expect.] 
 
 EXPECTATION-WEEK, eks-pek-ta'shun- 
 wek, ra. the whole of the interval between 
 Ascension-day and Whitsunday, so called 
 because at this time the apostles con- 
 tinued in earnest prayer and expectation 
 of the Comforter. 
 
 EXPECTEDLY, eks-pekt'ed-li, adv. in an 
 expected manner : at atime or in a man- 
 ner expected or looked for. H. Walpole. 
 
 EXPERIENCE 
 
 EXPECTINGLY, eks-pekt'ing-li, adv. in a 
 
 state of expectation. 
 
 EXPECTLESS, eks - pekt'les, adj. unex- 
 pected : not looked for : unforeseen. 
 Cliapman. 
 
 EXPECTORANT, eks - pek'to - rant, adj. 
 tending to promote expectoration. — re. a, 
 medicine which promotes expectoration. 
 [See Expectorate.] i 
 
 EXPECTORATE, eks-pek'to-rat, v.t. to ex-' 
 pel from the breast or lungs, by cough- 
 ing, etc. : to spit forth. — i:i. to discharge 
 or eject phlegm from the throat. [L. ex- 
 pectoro, exp>ectoratus — ex, out of, from, 
 and pectus, pectoris, the breast.] 
 
 EXPECTORATION, eks-pek-to-ra'shun, n. 
 act of expectorating : that which is ex- 
 pectorated : spittle. 
 
 EXPECTORATIVE, eks-pek'to-ra-tiv, adj. 
 having the quality of promoting expec- 
 toration. 
 
 EXPEDIENCE, eks-pe'di-ens, EXPEDI- 
 ENCY, ex-pe'di-en-si, n. fitness : desira- 
 bleness : self-interest. 
 
 EXPEDIENT, eks-pe'di-ent, adj. suitable : 
 advisable. — n. that which serves to pro- 
 mote : means suitable to an end : con- 
 trivance. — adv. Expe'diently. [L. expe- 
 diens—e.vpedio, to set free.] 
 
 EXPEDIENTIALLY, eks-pe-di-en'shi-al-li, 
 adv. in an expediential manner : for the 
 sake of expediency. 
 We should never deviate save expedientiaUy. 
 — FHtzedu-ard Halt. 
 
 EXPEDITE, eks'pe-dit, v.f. to free from im- 
 pediments: to hasten: to send forth. — adj. 
 free from impediment: quick: prompt. — 
 adv. Ex'PEDiTELY. [L. expedio, -itus — 
 ex, out. And pes. pedis, a foot.] 
 
 EXPEDITION, eks-pe-dish'un, re. .speed : 
 any undertaking by a number of persons : 
 a hostile march or voj'age : those who 
 form an expedition. [L. expeditio.] i 
 
 EXPEDITIOUS, eks-pe-dish'us, adj. char- 1 
 acterized by expedition or rapidity : 
 speedy : prompt. — adv. Expedi'tiously. 
 
 EXPEL, eks-pel , v.t. to dritv out from or 
 cut off connection with a society : to ban- 
 ish : — pr.p. expell'ing ; pa.p. expelled'. 
 [L. expello, expulsus — ex, out, and pello, 
 to drive.] 
 
 EXPEND, eks-pend', v.t. to lay out : to 
 employ or consume in any way : to 
 spend. [L. expendo — ex, out, and pen- 
 do. pensum, to weigh.] 
 
 EXPENDITURE, eks-pend'i-tur, n. act of 
 expending or laying out : that which is 
 expended : money spent. 
 
 EXPENSE, eks-pe'ns', n. outlay: cost : — 
 pi. (Scots law) the costs of a lawsuit. 
 
 EXPENSIVE, eks-pens'iv, adj. causing or 
 requiring much expense : extravagant. 
 — advi. Expens'itely. — n. Expens'ive- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 EXPERIENCE, eks - pe'ri - ens. n. tri.al, 
 practice, proof, or test ; esp. frequent 
 trial or a series of trials ; observation of 
 a fact, or of the same fact or events hap- 
 pening under like circumstances ; con- 
 tinued and varied observation ; " Hav- 
 ing broadly laid down the principle that 
 all the materials of our knowledge come 
 from experience, Locke goes on to ex- 
 plain his theory more particularly." — 
 J. D. Morell : the knowledge gained by 
 trial, or repeated trials, or observation ; 
 practical acquaintance ^vith any matter 
 by personal observation or ti-ial of it, by 
 feeling the effects of it, by living through 
 it, and the like : practical wisdom taught 
 by the changes and trials of life; "To 
 niost men e.rperience is like the stern- 
 lights of a ship, which illumine only the 
 track it has p.assed." — Coleridge : 
 
 For jnst experience tells in every soil. 
 
 That those that think must govern tlioso that toil. 
 
 — (Ifildsmith : 
 
 individual or particular instance of trial
 
 EXPERIENCE 
 
 148 
 
 EXPLICIT 
 
 or observation ; " This is wliat distance 
 does for us, the harsh and bitter feat- 
 ures of this or that experience are slow- 
 ly obhterated and memoir begins to look 
 on the past."— TF. Black; "The like 
 holds good with respect to the relations 
 between sounds and vibrating objects 
 which we learn only by a generalization 
 of expeinenees." — H.Spencer: experi- 
 ment ; 
 
 She caused him to make experience 
 Upon wild beasts. — Shak. 
 [Fr. expirience, L. experientia, from 
 experior, to try, to prove — ex, and a 
 root per, to try, to pass tlirougli, 
 whence jperiiits, skilled, periculnm, dan- 
 ger. The same root is seen in ferry, 
 (%vay)farer.] 
 EXPERIENCE, eks-pe'ri-ens, v.t. to make 
 practical acquaintance with ; to try, or 
 prove, by use, by suffering, or by enjoy- 
 ment ; to have happen to or befall one ; 
 as, we all eaeperience pain, sorrow, and 
 pleasure ; we experience good and evil ; 
 we often experience a change of senti- 
 ments and views : to train by practice ; 
 to exercise ; 
 
 The youthful sailors thus with early care 
 Their arms experience and for sea prepare. 
 
 — Harte. 
 
 EXPEEIENCED,eks-pe'ri-enst, adj. taught 
 by experience : skillful : wise. 
 
 EXPERIENTIAL, eks-pe-ri-en'shal, adj. 
 relating to or having experience : de- 
 rived from experience : empirical. 
 " Again, what are called physical laws — 
 laws of nature — are all generalizations 
 from observation, are only empirical or 
 experiential miorma,tions."-Sir W. Ham- 
 ilto^i. "It is evident tliat this di.stinc- 
 tion of necessary and experiential trutlis 
 involves the same antithesis which we 
 have already considered ; the antithesis 
 of thoughts and tilings. Necessary 
 truths are derived from our own 
 thoughts ; experiential truths are de- 
 rived from our observation of things 
 about us. The opposition of necessary 
 and experiential truths is another as- 
 pect of the fundamental antithesis of 
 philosophy." — Wlieivell. 
 
 EXPERIENTIALISM, eks-pe-ri-en'shal- 
 izm, n. the doctrine that all our knowl- 
 edge or ideas are derived from the ex- 
 perience of ourselves or others, and tliat 
 none of them are intuitive. 
 
 EXPERIENTIALIST, eks-pe-ri-en'shal-ist, 
 71. one who holds the doctrines of expe- 
 rientialism. 
 
 EXPERIENTIALIST, eks-pe-ri-en'sbal-ist, 
 adj. pertaining or relating to experien- 
 tialism. " The experientialist doctrine 
 thus appears wholly at fault if it means 
 (as it has often been taken by supporters 
 and opponents alike to mean) that all in- 
 tellection was first sensation in the indi- 
 vidual, or even (in a more refined form) 
 that general knowledge is elaborated 
 afresh by each of us from our own expe- 
 rience. ... It is common to say that 
 inherited aptitudes are, after all, only a 
 slower result of experience, developed in 
 the race instead of the individual ; and 
 the like may be said still more evidently 
 of the social tradition deposited in tlie 
 growing language of mankind. The real 
 bond, however, between experientialists 
 «t the present day and those of an earlii;r 
 time, is that both declare experience to 
 be the test or criterion of general knowl- 
 edge, let its origin for the individual be 
 what it may. Experientialism i.=;, in 
 short, a philosophical or logical theory, 
 not a psychological one." — Prof. O. C. 
 Robertson. 
 
 EXPERIMENT, eks-per'i-oient, n. a trial : 
 something done to^roi-e some theory, or 
 to discover soiuetiung unknown. — v.i. to 
 
 make an experiment or trial : to search 
 by trial. [L. experimentum, from e.rpe- 
 nor, to try thoroughly.] 
 
 BXPEREVIENTAL, eks-per-i-ment'al, adj. 
 founded on or known by experiment : 
 taught by experiment or experience. — 
 adr. Experiment' ALLY. 
 
 EXPERBIENTALIST,eks-per-i-ment'al-ist, 
 EXPERIMENTIST, eks-per'i-ment-ist, n. 
 one who makes experiments. 
 
 EXPERT, eks-pert', adj. experienced: 
 taught by use, practice, or experience : 
 lience, sldllful : well instructed : having 
 famihar knowledge of: dexterous: adroit: 
 ready: prompt: having a facOity of oper- 
 ation or performance from practice : as, 
 an expert philosopher ; an expert sur- 
 geon ; expert in surgery. 
 Expert in triUes, aad a cuunin^j fool 
 Able t' express the parts, but aot dispose the 
 whole. — Dryden. 
 
 adv. Expeet'ly.— ?i. Expert'ness. [Ft.— 
 L. expertus — ex])erior,to try thoroughly.] 
 
 EXPERT, eks'pert, n. an expert, sldllful, or 
 practiced person : one eminently skilled 
 in any particular branch or profession : 
 specifically, a scientific or professional 
 witness who gives evidence on matters 
 connected with his profession, as an 
 analytical chemist, as to the contents 
 of a stomach in a trial for poisoning, or 
 a person skilled in handwriting, as to 
 whether a document is forged. 
 
 EXPIABLB. eks'pi-a-bl, adj. that may be 
 expiated : that may be atoned for and 
 done away ; as, an expiable offence, expi- 
 able guilt. " Expiable by penitence. — 
 Feltham. [L. expiabilis. See Expiate.] 
 
 EXPIATE, eks'pi-at, v.t. to atone for ; to 
 make satisfaction or reparation for ; to 
 extinguish the guilt of, as a crime, by 
 sufferance of penalty, or some equivalent; 
 " The treasurer obliged himself to expiate 
 the injury." — Clarendon ; " For the cure 
 of this disease an humble, serious, hearty 
 repentance is the only physic ; not to 
 expiate the guilt of it, but to qualifj- us 
 to partake of the benefit of Chrls*^5 
 atonement." — Bay: to avert bj' certain 
 observances (rare); " Frequent showers 
 of stones . . . could ... be expiated 
 only by bringing to Rome Cybele." — T. 
 H. Dyer. [L. expio, eoepiatum, to make 
 satisfaction, to purify from crime — ex, 
 out, and pio, to appease by sacrifice, to 
 propitiate, from pius, dutiful, pious, de- 
 vout.] 
 
 EXPIATION, eks-pi-a'shun, n. the act of 
 atoning for a crime ; the act of making 
 satisfaction or reparation for an offence, 
 by which the guilt is done away, and the 
 obligation of the offended person to pun- 
 ish the crime is cancelled ; atonement ; 
 satisfaction; "His liberalitv seemed to 
 have something in it of self-abasement 
 and expiation." — TF. Irving : the means 
 by which atonement, satisfaction, or rep- 
 aration for crimes is made ; atonement ; 
 Those shado^vy expiations wealc. 
 The blood of bulls and ;?oats. — Milton: 
 
 formerly an act by which threatened 
 prodigies were averted ; " Upon tholiirth 
 of such monsters the Grecians and Ro- 
 mans did use divers sorts of rixpiations." 
 — Hayward. [L. expiatio. See Ex- 
 piate.] 
 
 EXPIATOR, eks'pi-a-tor, n. one wiio ex- 
 piates. 
 
 EXPIATORY, eks'pi-a-tor-i, adj. having 
 the power to make expiation or atone- 
 ment. 
 
 EXPIRABLE, eks-pir'a-bl, adj. that may 
 expire or come to an end. 
 
 EXPIRATION, eks-pir-a'shun, n. a breath- 
 ing out : death : end : that which is ex- 
 pired. [L. exs2iiratio.] 
 
 EXPIRATORY, eks-pi'ra-tor-i, adj per- 
 
 taining to expiration, or the emission ot 
 the breath. 
 
 EXPIRE, eks-pir', v.t. to breathe out: to 
 emit or throw out from the lungs: to 
 emit in minute particles. — v.i. to breathe 
 out the breath of life : to die : to come 
 to an end. [L. ex, out, and spiro, to 
 breathe.] 
 
 EXPIRY, eks'plr-i, n. the end or terming 
 tion : expiration. 
 
 EXPISCATE, eks-pis'kat, v.t. to Jish out 
 or ascertain by artful means. [L. ex- 
 piscor, expiscatus — ex, out, and piscor, 
 to fish — piscis. a fish.] 
 
 EXPISCATORY, eks-pis'ka-tor-i. adj. cal- 
 culated to expiscate or get at the truth 
 of any matter by inquiry and examina- 
 tion. " Expiscatory questions." — Carlyle. 
 
 EXPLAIN, eks-plan', v.t. to make plain or 
 intelligible : to unfold and illustrate the 
 meaning of: to expound. [O. Fr. ex- 
 planer — L. explano — ex, out, piano— 
 jilaniis, plain. ] 
 
 EXPLAINABLE, eks-plan'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be explained or cleared up. 
 
 EXPLANATION, eks-plan-a'shun, n. act 
 of explaining or clearing from obscurity : 
 tliat which explains or clears up : the 
 meaning or sense given to anything : a 
 mutual clearing up of matters. 
 
 EXPLANATORY, eks-plan'a-tor-i, adj. 
 serving to explain or clear up : contain- 
 ing explanations. 
 
 EXPLETIVE, eks'ple-tiv, adj. filling up: 
 added to fill a vacancy : superfluous. 
 "There is little temptation to load with 
 expletive epithets." — Johnson. [Fr. ea> 
 pletif ; Low L. expletivus, from expleo, 
 expletum, to fill full — ex, intens., and 
 pleo, to fi ll.] 
 
 EXPLETIVE, eks'ple-tiv, n. a word ot 
 syllable inserted to fill a vacancy. 
 " What are called expletives in rhetorical 
 treatises are grammaticallv allied to the 
 interjections, though widely differenced 
 from them by the want of meaning, 
 which the interjection is never without. 
 I can hardly agree with Webster in hia 
 definition of the expletive, and still less 
 in the statement with which he con- 
 cludes it. ' The expletive,' says Webster, 
 'is a word or syllable not necessary to 
 the sense, but inserted to fill a vacancy 
 or for ornament ; the Greek language 
 abounds with expletives.'' So far as the 
 word answers no other purpose than ' to 
 fill a vacancy,' it is properly expletive : 
 but if it be appropriate and graceful 
 enough to deserve the name of an ' orna- 
 ment,' it is not superfluous, and there- 
 fore is not an expletive." — G. P. 3Iarsh. 
 
 Expletives their feeble aid do join. 
 And ten low words oft creep in one dull line.- 
 
 •Pope. 
 
 EXPLETORY, eks'ple-tor-i, adj. serving 
 to Jill tip: expletive. 
 
 EXPLICABLE, eks'pli-ka-bl, ac^. capable 
 of being explicated or explained. [L. 
 explicabilis.] 
 
 EXPLICATE, eks'pli-kat, v.t. to fold out 
 or unfold : to lay open or explain the 
 meaning of. [L. e.jplico, explieatus or 
 explieitus — ex, out, plico, to fold.] 
 
 EXPLICATION, eks-iili-ka'shun, n. act of 
 explicating or explaining : explanation 
 [L. explicafio.] 
 
 EXPLICATIVE, eks'pli-ka-tiv, EXPLICA 
 TORY, eks'pli-ka-tor-i, adj. serving tc 
 explicate or explain. 
 
 EXPLICIT, eks-plis'it, adj. (lit.) unfolded . 
 hence, not implied ; not merely by impli- 
 cation ; distinctly stated ; plain in Ian 
 guage ; open to the understanding ; 
 clear ; not obscure or ambiguous ; ex- 
 press ; "The language of the proposition 
 was too explicit to admit of doubt." — 
 Bancroft : plain ; open ; clear ; unre- 
 served ; having no disguised meaning or
 
 EXPLICIT 
 
 149 
 
 EXQUISITE 
 
 reservation ; minute in detail ; out- 
 spoken ; applied to persons ; as he was 
 explicit in his terms; " Favor us bj' be- 
 ing more explicit." — Farrar. — Explicit 
 FUNCTION, in alg. a variable is said to 
 be an explicit function of several others 
 when its value, expressed in terms of 
 those of the independent variables, is 
 given. Thus, if z^ax''-\-%bxy-\-cy'' , z is 
 said to be an explicit function of x. If, 
 on the other hand, z were connected with 
 X and y by an equation of any other 
 form, it would be called an implicit func- 
 tion of the latter. Brande. — An ex- 
 plicit PROPOSITION or DECLAKATION is 
 that in which the words, in their com- 
 mon acceptation, express the true mean- 
 ing of the person who utters them, and 
 in which there is no ambiguity or dis- 
 gmse. [L. explicitus, disentangled, from 
 explico, explicitum, to unfold, to disen- 
 tangle — ex, priv., und plico, to fold. See 
 Ply.J 
 
 EXPLICIT, eks-plis'it. a word formerly used 
 at the conclusion of books, as finis is now 
 used. "The Liber FeativaUs oi Caxton 
 concludes with 'Explicit: Enprynted 
 at Westminster, etc., mcccclxxxiij.'" — 
 Johnson. [An abbrev. of Low L. ex- 
 plicitus {est liber), the book is unfolded 
 or ended, from explico, explicitum, to 
 unfold, to arrange.! 
 
 EXPLICITLY, eks-plis'it-li, adv. plainly: 
 expressly : without duplicity : without 
 disguise or reservation of meaning : not 
 by inference or implication : as, he ex- 
 plicitly avows his intention. ' ' The apos- 
 tolic teaching, then, was not onlj' the 
 first link in a chain ; it was that out of 
 which all future developments came, and 
 In which all were implicitly contained. 
 ... It seems to us to follow that the 
 apostles must have had explicitly in their 
 minds all the future definitions of faith, 
 though not of course necessarily in the 
 same terms." — Dublin Rev. 
 
 EXPLICITNESS, eks-plis'it-nes, n. plain- 
 ness of language or expression : clear- 
 ness : direct expression of ideas or inten- 
 tion, without reserve or ambiguity. 
 
 EXPLODE, eks-plod'. v.t. to cry down, as 
 an actor : to bring into disrepute, and 
 reject. — v.i. to burst with a loud report. 
 'L. explodo — ex, out, a.nA plaudo, to clap 
 the hands.] 
 
 EXPLOIT, eks-ploit', n. a deed or act, more 
 especially a heroic act : a deed of re- 
 nown : a great or noble achievement : as, 
 the exploits of Alexander, of Ccesar, of 
 Wellington. " Looking back with sad 
 admiration on exploits of youthful lusti- 
 hood which could be enacted no more." 
 — Prof. Blackie. [Fr. exploit, O. Fr. e.v- 
 ploict, from L. explico, explicatum, expli- 
 citum, to unfold, adjust, finish. See 
 
 EXPUCATE.] 
 
 EXPLOIT, eks-ploit'. v.t. to achieve ; to 
 accomplish ; '■ He made haste to exploit 
 some warlike service." — Holland : to 
 make use of ; to cultivate ; to work up ; 
 to utilize; "Against a wild, unreason- 
 ing, mischievous combination to exploit 
 English public opinion in favor of Prussia, 
 and to force England into hostility with 
 France, we have steadily and strongly 
 protested." — London Standard. [O. Fr. 
 exj)loicter.] 
 
 KXPLOITATION, eks-ploit-a'shun, 7i. the 
 act or process of exploiting or cultivat- 
 ing or employing successfully : utiUza- 
 tion ; the act or process of successfully 
 applying the industry proper to it on 
 any object, as the improving or cultivar 
 tion of land, the felling of wood, the 
 working of mines, etc. (Recent.) "There 
 is no longer a public opinion, but only a 
 middle class and a working class opinion 
 
 — the first founded on the exploitation by 
 the minority of the popular masses, the 
 other based on truth, justice, and moral- 
 it\."— Scotsman. [Fr.] 
 
 EXPLORATION, eks-plo-ra'shim, n. act of 
 exploring, or searching thoroughly. 
 rSee Explore 1 
 
 EXPLORATORY, eks - plor'a-tor-i, adj. 
 serving to explore : searching out. 
 
 EXPLORE, eks-plor', v.t. to search through 
 for the purpose of discovery : to examine 
 thoroughly. [Fr. — L. exploro, exploratus, 
 to search out — ex, out, and ploro, to 
 make to flow, to weep.] 
 
 EXPLORER, eks-plor'er, n. one who ex- 
 plores. 
 
 EXPLOSION, eks-plo'zhun, n. act of ex- 
 ploding : a sudden violent burst with a 
 loud report. 
 
 EXPLOSIVE, eks-plo'siv, adj. liable to or 
 causing explosion : bursting out with 
 violence and noise. — adv. Explo'sively. 
 
 EXPONENT, eks-po'nent, n. he or that 
 which points out, or represents : {alg.) a 
 figure which shows how often a quantity 
 is to be multiplied by itself, as a' : an 
 index. [L. e.rponens — ex, out, and j)ono, 
 to place.J 
 
 EXPONENTIAL, eks - po - nen'shal, adj. 
 {alg.) pertaining to or involving expo- 
 nents. 
 
 EXPORT, eks-port', v.t. to carry or send 
 out of a country, as goods in commerce. 
 — n. Export'er. [L. exporto — ex, out of, 
 and porto, to carry. See Port.] 
 
 EXPORT, eks'port, n. act of exporting : 
 that which is exported : a commodity 
 which is or may be sent from one country 
 to another, in traffic. 
 
 EXPORTABLE, eks-port'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be exported. 
 
 EXPORTATION, eks-por-ta'shun, n. act of 
 exporting, or of convej'ing goods from 
 one country to another. [See Export, 
 v.t.] 
 
 EXPOSE, eks-poz', v.t. to place or lay 
 forth to view : to deprive of cover, pro- 
 tection, or shelter : to make bare : to ex- 
 plain : to make liable to : to disclose. — 
 n. Expos'er. [Fr. exposer — L. ex, out, 
 and Fr. poser, to place. See Pose, ?;.] 
 
 EXPOSITION, eks-po-zish'un, n. act of ex- 
 posing, or laj'ing open : a setting out to 
 public view : a pubUc exhibition : act of 
 expounding, or laying open of the mean- 
 ing of an author : explanation. 
 
 EXPOSITOR, eks-poz'i-tor, ii. one who or 
 that which expounds or explains : an in- 
 terpret er. 
 
 EXPOSITORY, eks-poz'i-tor-i, adj. serving 
 to expound or explain : explanatorv. 
 
 EX POST FACTO, eks post fak'to, [L.] in 
 law, done after another thing : thus, an 
 estate granted may be made good by 
 matter ex post facto, which was not good 
 at first : a lease granted by a tenant-for- 
 life to endure beyond his life may be con- 
 firmed er post facto by the reversioner : 
 an ex post facto law is a law made to visit 
 with penal consequences an act done be- 
 fore its passing. In the U.S. all ex post 
 facto laws are prohibited by the Federal 
 Constitution. 
 
 EXPOSTULATE, eks-post'u-lat, v.i. to 
 reason earnestly with a person on some 
 impropriety of his conduct : to remon- 
 strate.— /(."Expost'ctlator. [L. cvpostido, 
 expostulatus — ex, intensive, and postido, 
 to demand.] 
 
 EXPOSTULATION, eks-post-u-la'shun. n. 
 act of expostulating, or reasoning ear- 
 nestly with a person against his conduct : 
 remonstrance. 
 
 EXPOSTULATORY, eks - post'u - la - tor - i, 
 adj. containing expostulation. 
 
 EXPOSURE, eks-po'zhur. n. act of exposing 
 or laying open or bare : state of being 
 
 laid open or bare ; openness to danger , 
 position with regard to the sun, influence 
 of climate, etc. 
 
 EXPOUND, eks-pownd', v.t. to expose, o- 
 lay open the meaning of : to explain. 
 [O. Fr. espondre — L. expono — e.v, ana 
 X>ono, to place.] 
 
 EXPOUNDER, eks-pownd'er, n. one who 
 expounds : an interpreter. 
 
 EXPRESS, eks-pres', v.t. to press or force 
 out : to represent or make known by a 
 likeness or by words : to declare : to des 
 ignate. [L. ex. out, and Press.] 
 
 EXPRESS, eks-pres', adj. pressed or clear- 
 ly brought out : exactly representing . 
 directly stated : explicit: clear; intended 
 or sent for a particular purpose. — n. a 
 messenger or conveyance sent on a special 
 errand ; a regular and quick conveyance ; 
 an express train on a railroad is' called 
 Tlie Express; it usually carries passengers 
 as well as express packages ; there are 
 also express freight trains for carrying 
 perishable goods, and also time-contract 
 imperishable goods ; freight cars on such 
 trains are now on many American rail- 
 roads equipped with automatic air-brakes 
 and other appliances necessary for safety 
 and speed. — adj. Express'ible.— cc:?!-. Ex- 
 
 PRESSLY. 
 
 EXPRESSION, eks-presh'un, n. act of ex- 
 pressing or forcing out by pressure : act 
 of representing or giving utterance to : 
 faithful and vivid representation by lan- 
 guage, art, the features, etc. ; that which 
 is expressed : look : feature : the manner 
 in which anything is expressed : tone of 
 voice or sound in music. — adj. Express- 
 ionless. 
 
 EXPRESSIVE, eks-pres'iv, adj. serving to 
 express, utter, or represent : followed by 
 of ; as, he sent a letter couched in terms 
 expressive of his gratitude ; " Each verse 
 so swells expressive of her woes." — Tick- 
 ell : full of expression ; vividly represent- 
 ing the meaning or feeling intended to 
 be conveyed; emphatical ; "While this 
 hidden reality is unveiled to us in one 
 way by science and philosophy, it is the 
 function of art to reveal it to us in an- 
 other, and, for many minds, a more ex- 
 pressive and intelligible way." — Dr. 
 Caird. 
 
 EXPRESSIVELY, eks-pres'iv-li, adv. in an 
 expressive manner : clearly: fully: with 
 a clear representation. 
 
 EXPRESSIVENESS, eks-pres'iv-nes. n. the 
 quality of being expressive ; the power of 
 expression or representation by words : 
 power or force of representation : the 
 quality of presenting a subject stiongly 
 to the senses or to the mind ; as, the ex- 
 jjressiveness of the eye, or of the features, 
 or of sounds. 
 
 EXPRESSLY, eks-pres'li. adv. in an ex- 
 press, direct, or pointed manner : of set 
 purpose: in direct terms : plainly "Ex- 
 pressly against the laws of arms. — Shak. 
 
 EXPULSION, eks-pul'shun. )(. banishment. 
 [L. e.rpulsio. See Expel.] 
 
 EXPULSr\\E, eks-pulsiv, adj. able or serv- 
 ing to e.ipel. 
 
 EXPUNGE, eks-punj', v.t. to wipe out : to 
 efface. [L. ex, out, and pimgo, to prick.] 
 
 EXPURGATE, eks-pur'gat or eks'pur-, v.t. 
 to purge out or render pui-e : to purify 
 from anything noxious or erroneous. 
 [L. expurgo, cxpnrgatus — ex, out, and 
 purgo. to purge or purify, from jjiiruS; 
 pure.] 
 
 EXPURGATION, eks-pur-g;Vshun, u. act 
 of expurgating or purifying. 
 
 EXPURGATOR, eks'pur-ga-tor or oks-pur'- 
 ga-tor, n. one who expurgates or purities. 
 
 EXPURGATORY, eks-pur'ga-tor-i. adj. 
 ser^^ng to expurgate or purify. 
 
 EXQUISITE, eks'kwi-zit, adj. sought out
 
 EXSANGUIOUS 
 
 150 
 
 EXTORT 
 
 or searched for with care' ; hence, choice ; 
 select ; nice ; exact ; very excellent ; 
 complete ; as, a vase of exquisite work- 
 manship : nice ; accurate ; of keen or 
 delicate perception ; great discrimina- 
 tion ; as, exquisite sensibihty, taste, etc.; 
 " A poet of the most unbounded inven- 
 tion and the most exquisite judgment." 
 — Addiso7i : being pleasurable or pain- 
 ful in the highest degree ; exceeding ; 
 extreme ; keen ; poig'nant ; as, a painful 
 and exquisite impression on tlie nerves ; 
 "The pleasures of sense are probably 
 relished by beasts in a more exquisite 
 degree than they are by men." — Bp. 
 Atterbury ; "The most exquisite of hu- 
 man satisfactions flows from an approv- 
 ing conscience." — J. M. Mason : given to 
 searching out ; curiovis ; 
 
 Be not over exquisite 
 To cast the fashion of uncertain evils. — Milton. 
 
 [L. exquisitus, carefully sought out, ex- 
 quisite, from exquiro, exquisitum.} 
 
 EXSANGUIOUS, eks - sang'gwi - us, EX- 
 SANGUINOUS, eks-sang'gwin-us, adj. 
 without blood or red blood. [L. ex, priv., 
 and sanguis, sanguinis, blood.] 
 
 EXSCIND, ek-sind', v.t. to out off. [L. ex, 
 oil, and scindo, to cut.] 
 
 EX-SCRIPTURAL, eks-skrip'tur-al, adj., 
 not found in Scripture : not in accord- 
 ance with scriptural doctrines. 
 
 EXSUFFLATE, ek-suf'flat, v.t. (eedes.) to 
 renounce or drive out, by blowing and 
 spitting upon. [See ExsUFFLICATE, Ex- 
 StJFFLATION.] 
 
 EXSUFFLATION, ek-suf-fla'shun, n. a 
 blowing or blast from beneath : a kind 
 of exorcism, performed by blowing and 
 spitting at the evU spu'it. "That won- 
 drous number of ceremonies in exorcism, 
 exsufflation, use of salt, etc., in the Church 
 of Rome required." — Puller. [L. exsufflo, 
 to blow or spit out, reject — ex, out, and 
 sufflo, to blow.] 
 
 EXSUFFLICATE, ek-suf'fli-kat, adj. prob- 
 ably a misprint for exsufflated, that is 
 blown up or inflated. Exsufflate was an 
 old ecclesiastical term for the form of 
 renouncing the devU in the baptism of 
 catechumens, when the candidate was 
 commanded to turn to the west and 
 thrice exsufflate Satan. This form is 
 found only in one passage of Shakespeare. 
 
 [See EXSUFFLATION.] 
 
 When I shall turn the business of my soul 
 To such exsuffiicate and blown surmises. 
 
 —Othello, iii. 3. 
 
 EXSUPERANCE, ek-su'per-ans, n. a pass- 
 ing over or beyond : excess. Sir K. 
 Digby. 
 
 EXSUSCITATE, ek-sus'i-tat, v.t. to rouse: 
 to excite. [L. exsuscito, exsuscitatum, 
 to rouse from sleep, to awaken — ex, out, 
 and suscito, to arouse.] 
 
 EXSUSCITATION, ek-sus-i-ta'shuu, n. a 
 stirring up : a rousing. " Virtue is not a 
 thing that is merely acquired and trans- 
 fused into us from without, but rather an 
 exxusdtation of those intellectual princi- 
 ples . . . which were essentially engraven 
 and sealed upon the soul at her first 
 creation." — Halhjivell. 
 
 EXTANT, eks'tant, adj. standing out, or 
 above the rest : still standing or existing, 
 \ [L. exstans, -antis — ex, out, and sto to 
 ' stand.] 
 
 EXTASY. Same as Ecstasy. 
 
 EXTATIC. Same as Ecstatic. 
 
 EXTEMPORANEOUS,eks-tem-po-ra'ne-us, 
 EXTEMPOR.\JtY, eks-tem'po-rar-i, adj. 
 done on the spur of the moment : done 
 without preparation : oR'-hand. — adv. 
 Extesipora'neouslt. [L. extemporaneus 
 — ex. and tempus, temporis. time.] 
 
 EXTEMPORE, eks-tem'po-re, adv. on the 
 spur of the moment: without preparation: 
 
 suddenly. [L. ex tempore — ex, out of, 
 and tempus, temporis, time.] 
 
 EXTEMPORIZE, eks-tem'po-riz, v.i. to 
 speak extempore or without previous 
 prejjaratiou : to discourse without notes : 
 to speak off-hand. 
 
 EXTEND, eks-tend', v.t. to stretch out : to 
 prolong in any direction : to enlarge : to 
 widen : to hold out : to bestow or im- 
 part. — v.i. to stretch : to be continued in 
 length or breadth. [L. extendo, extentus 
 — ex, out, tendo, tensnm. to stretch.] 
 
 EXTENSIBLE, eks-tens'i-bl, EXTENSILE, 
 eks-tens'Il, adj. that may be extended. — 
 
 n. EXTENS'lBrUTY. 
 
 EXTENSION, eks-ten'shun, n. the act of 
 extending or stretching : the state of 
 being extended ; enlargement ; expan- 
 sion : in physics and metapili. that prop- 
 erty of a body by which it occupies a por- 
 tion of space ; extension is an essential as 
 well as a general property of matter, for 
 it is impossible to form a conception of 
 matter, however minute may be the par- 
 ticle, without connecting witli it the idea 
 of its having a certain bulk and occupy- 
 ing a certain quantity of space ; everj' 
 bodj', however small, must have length, 
 breadth, and tliickness — that is, it must 
 possess the property of extension ; figure 
 or form is the result of extension, for we 
 cannot conceive that a body has length, 
 breadth, and thickness, without its hav- 
 ing some kind of figure, however irregu- 
 lar : in surg. the act of puUingthe broken 
 part of a limb in a direction from the 
 trunk, in order to bring the ends of the 
 bone into their natural situation : in 
 comm. a written engagement on the part 
 of a creditor, allowing a debtor ftu-ther 
 time to pay a debt: in logic, the extent of 
 the application of a general term, that is, 
 the objects collectively whicli are includ- 
 ed under it; sphere; compass ; thus, the 
 word figure is more extensive than tri- 
 angle, circle, paraUelogram, etc.; Euro- 
 pean more extensive than French, French- 
 man, Grerman, etc. Matter and mind are 
 the most extensive terms of which any 
 definite conception can be formed. [L. 
 extensio, from extendo, extensum. See 
 
 EXTEJfDj 
 
 EXTENSIVE, eks-tens'iv, adj. large : com- 
 prehensive. — adv. ExTENS'iTELY. — n. Ex- 
 
 TENS'lVENESS. 
 
 EXTENT, eks-tent'. n. the spa^e or degree 
 to which a thing is extended: bulk : com- 
 pass. 
 
 EXTENUATE, eks-ten'u-at, v.t. to lessen 
 or diminish : to weaken the force of : to 
 palliate. — n. Exten'uator. [L. ext&iuo, 
 extenuatus — e.r, intensive, and tenuo, 
 from tenuis, thin.] 
 
 EXTENUATING, eks-ten'u-at-ing, adj. 
 lessening : palliating. — adv. Exten'uat- 
 
 INGLT. 
 
 EXTENUATION, eks-ten-u-a'shun, n. act 
 of representing anything as less wrong 
 or criminal than it is : palliation : miti- 
 gation . 
 
 EXTENUATIVE, eks-ten'u-at-iv, n. an ex- 
 tenuating' plea or circumstance. " An- 
 other extenuative of the intended re- 
 bellion." — Roger North. 
 
 EXTENUATORY, eks-ten'u-a-tor-i, adj. 
 tending to extenuate : palliative. 
 
 EXTERIOR, eks-te'ri-or, adj.. outer: out- 
 ward ; on or from the outside : foreign. 
 — n. outward part or surface : outward 
 form or deportment : appearance. [L. 
 exterior, coiup. of exio', outward, from 
 ex, out.] 
 
 EXTERMINATE, eks-ter'min-at, v.t. to 
 drive from within the limits or borders 
 of ; to destroy utterly ; to drive away ; 
 to extirpate ; as, to exterminate a colony, 
 a tribe, or a nation ; to exterminate in- 
 
 habitants or a race of men ; " The Spaa< 
 iards . . . resolved to exterminate the 
 inhabitants." — Principal Robertson : to 
 root out ; to eradicate ; to extirpate ; to 
 destroy the influence or prevalence of ; 
 as, to exterminate weeds ; to exterminate 
 error, heresy, or infidelity ; to extermin- 
 ate vice; "To explode and exterminate 
 rank atheism out of this world." — Bent- 
 ley: in alg. to takeaway; to eliminate; 
 as, to exterminate sui-ds or unknown 
 quantities. [L. extermiuo, exterminatum, 
 to remove — ex, and termino, to limit, to 
 terminate, from terminus, a limit, a 
 bound. See Term.] 
 
 EXTERMINATION, eks-ter-min-a'shun, n. 
 the act of exterminating; total expulsion 
 or destruction; eradication; extirpation; 
 excision ; destruction of the prevalence 
 or influence of anj'tliing ; as, the exter- 
 mination of inhabitants or tribes, of 
 error, or vice, or of weeds from a field : 
 in alg. the process of causing to disap- 
 pear, as unknown quantities from an 
 equation ; elimination. 
 
 EXTERMINATOR, eks-ter'min-at-er, n. he 
 who or that which exterminates. 
 
 EXTERMINATORY, eks - ter'mm - a - tor-i, 
 adj. serving or tending to exterminate. 
 
 EXTERMINE, eks-ter'min, v.t. to exter- 
 minate. 
 
 Your sorrow and my ^rlef were both extermined. 
 
 —Shak. 
 
 EXTERNAL, eks-ter'nal, adj., e.vtei-ior : 
 outward : that may be seen : apparent : 
 not innate or intrinsic : derived from 
 without : accidental : foreign. — ndv. Ex- 
 ter'nally. [L. externvs — exter.'\ 
 
 EXTERNALISM. eks-ter'nal-izm, «. aname 
 sometimes given to PHENOMENALISM 
 (which see). 
 
 EXTERNALIZATION. eks - ter-nal - 1 - za'- 
 shun, n. the act or condition of being eX' 
 ternalized or being embodied in an out- 
 ward form. A. H. Sayce. 
 
 EXTERNALS , eks-ter'nalz, n.pl. the out- 
 ward parts : outward forms or cere- 
 monies. 
 
 EXTINCT, eks-tinkt', adj. put out : no 
 longer existing: dead. [See Extinguish.] 
 
 EXTINCTION, eks-tingk'shun, n. a quench- 
 ing or destroying : destruction : sup- 
 pression. 
 
 EXTINGUISH, eks-ting'gwish, v.t. to 
 quench : to destroy : to obscure by su- 
 perior splendor. — adj. Extino'UISHable. 
 [L. exstinguo, extinctns — ex, out, and 
 stinguo, to quench, to prick, from root 
 stig. to prick.] 
 
 EXTINGUISHER, eks-ting'gwish-er, Ji. a 
 small hollow conical instrument for put- 
 ting out a candle. 
 
 EXTIRPATE, eks-ter'pat, v.t. to root out: 
 to destroy totallj' : to exterminate. — )l. 
 Extir'pator. [L. e.rstirpo. exstirpatus — 
 ex, out. and stirpis. a root.] 
 
 EXTIRPATION, eks-ter-iia'shun, n. ex. 
 termination : total destruction. 
 
 EXTOL, eks-tol', v.t. to magnify: to 
 praise: — pr.jj. extoU'ing ; pa.j). ex- 
 tolled'. [L. e-vtollo — e.v, up, tolto, to lift 
 or raise.] 
 
 EXTORSIVE, eks-tors'iv, adj. ser\-iug or 
 tending to extort. — adv. Extoes'fv'ELY. 
 
 EXTORT, eks-tort', v.t. to obtain from by 
 force or compulsion ; to wrest or wring 
 from by physical force, by menace, du- 
 ress, violence, torture, authority, or by 
 any illegal means : as. conquei'ors ex- 
 tort contributions from the vanquished ; 
 confessions of guilt are extorted by the 
 rack ; a promise extorted by duress is 
 not binding ; 
 
 Till thelnjurious Romans did extort 
 This tribute from us, we were free.— SAafc: 
 in laii; to take illegaUj' under color of 
 office, as any money or valuable not due, 
 or more than is diie : said of public offi-
 
 EXTORT 
 
 151 
 
 EX VOTO 
 
 cers. [L. extorqueo, extortum — ex, and 
 torqueo, to turn, to twist. See ToRTtJEE.] 
 
 EXTOET, eks-tort', v.i. to practice extor- 
 tion. ' ' To whom they never gave any 
 penny of entertainment, but let them 
 feed upon the countries, and extort upon 
 all men where they came." — Spenser. 
 
 EXTORTER, eks-tort'er, ?(. one who ex- 
 torts or practices extortion. 
 
 EXTORTION, eks-tor'shun, n. the act of 
 extorting: ; the act or practice of wrest- 
 ing anything from a person by force, 
 duress, menaces, authority, or by any 
 undue exercise of power ; oppressive or 
 illegal exaction ; illegal compulsion to 
 pav money or to do some other act ; 
 "Oppression and extortion did extin- 
 
 fiiish the greatness of that house." — 
 i> J. Dalies : that wliich is extorted ; 
 a gross overcharge ; as ten dollars for 
 that is an extortion. 
 
 EXTORTIONATE, eks - tor'shun - at, arfj. 
 oppressive. 
 
 EXTORTIONER, eks-tor'slmn-er, n. one 
 wlio practices extortion. 
 
 EXTRA, eks'tra, adj., beyond or more than 
 is necessary: extraordinary: additional. 
 [L. extra, beyond, outside of, contracted 
 from extera — e.vter — ax, out, and root 
 tnr. to cross.! 
 
 EXTRACT, eks-trakt', v.t. to draw out by 
 force or otherwise : to choose out or se- 
 lect : to find out: to distil. — adj. Ex- 
 TRACT'iBL^. [L. cxtraho, extractus — ex, 
 out. and iraho, to draw.] 
 
 EXTRACT, eks'trakt, v. anything drawn 
 from a substance by heat, distillation, 
 etc., as an essence : a passage taken from 
 a book or writing. 
 
 EXTRAjOTION, eks-trak'shun, n. act of ex- 
 tracting or drawing out : derivation from 
 a stock or family : birth : lineage : that 
 wl)i( h is extracted. 
 
 EXTRACTIVE, eks-trakt'iv, adj. tending or 
 serving to extract. — u. an extract. 
 
 EXTRACTOR, eks-trakt'er, >i. he who or 
 that which extracts : in siirg. a forceps 
 or instrument used in lithotomy and 
 midwifery, and in extracting teeth : a 
 hydro-extractor : in the English Court of 
 Session, the official person by \\ hom the 
 extract of a decree or other judicial pro- 
 ceeding is prepared and authenticated. 
 
 EXTRADITE, eks'tra-dit, r.^. to deliver or 
 give up, as by one nation to another : as, 
 to extradite a criminal. [See Extradi- 
 tion.] 
 
 EXTRADITION, eks- tra-di'shun, n. de- 
 livery by one nation to another, particu- 
 larly of fugitives from justice, in pursu- 
 ance of a treaty between the nations 
 called an cvtradition treaty, by which 
 either nation becomes bound to give up 
 the criminal refugees. [Fi'. — L. ex, and 
 traditio, a giving up, surrender, from 
 trado, traditum, to give or deliver up.] 
 
 EXTRA-JUDICIAL, eks'tra - j oo - dish al , 
 adj., out of the jiroper court, or beyond 
 tlie usual course of legal proceeding. 
 [Extra and Judicial.] 
 
 EXTRALIMITARY, eks-tra-lim'i-ta-ri, adj. 
 being beyond the limit or bounds : as 
 e.vtrnlimitary land. [L. extra and E. 
 Limit.] 
 
 eXTRALOGICAL, eks-tra-loj'ik-al, acfj. 
 lying out of or beyond the province of 
 logic. "This distinction proceeds on a 
 material, consequentlv on an p.rtra-logv- 
 ccd difference."— Sir iV'. Hamilton. [Pfx. 
 , extra, and Logical (which see).] 
 
 EXTRALOGICALLY, eks-tra-loj'ik-al-li, 
 adv. in an extralogical manner : without 
 the application of logic. " Though a uni- 
 versal quantification of the predicate in 
 affirmatives has been frequently recog- 
 nized, this was by logicians recognized 
 
 contingently and therefore extralogical- 
 ly." — Sir W. Hamilton. 
 
 EXTRA-MUNDANE, eks'tra-mun'dan, adj. 
 beyond the material world. [Extra and 
 Mundane. ] 
 
 EXTRA-MURAL, eks'tra - mu'ral, adj. 
 without or beyond the walls. [Extra 
 and Mural.] 
 
 EXTRANEOUS, eks-tran'yus, adj. exter- 
 nal : foreign : not belonging to or de- 
 pendent on a thing : not essential. — adv. 
 Extran'eously. [L. extraneus, from 
 e.rtra. See Extra.] 
 
 EXTEAORDINARIES, eks-tror'di-nar-iz, n. 
 pl. things that exceed the usual order, 
 kind, or method. 
 
 EXTRAOEDINAEY, eks-tror'di-nar-i, adj., 
 beyond ordinary: not usual or regtilar: 
 wonderful : special. — adv. Extraor'di- 
 NARILY. [Extra and Ordinaey.] 
 
 EXTEAVAGANCE, eks-trav'a-gans, n. ir- 
 regularity : excess : lavish expenditure. 
 
 EXTEAVAGANT, eks-traVa-gant, adj., 
 wandering beyond bounds : irregular : 
 unrestrained : excessive : profuse in ex- 
 penses : wasteful. — adv. Extrav'agant- 
 LY. [L. extra, beyond, and vagans, 
 -antis, pr.p. of vagor, to wander.] 
 
 EXTRAVAGANZA, eks-trav-a-gan'za, n. 
 an extravagant or wild and u-regular 
 piece of music. [It.] 
 
 EXTRA VASATE, eks-trav'a-sat, v.t. to 
 let out of the proper r'esse?s, as blood. [L. 
 e.vfra, out of, and vas, a vessel.] 
 
 EXTREIVIE, eks-trem', adj. outermost ; ut- 
 most ; furthest ; at the utmost point, 
 edge, or border ; as, the extreme verge 
 or point of a thing'; "The extremest 
 shore." — Southey : worst or best that can 
 exist or be supposed ; greatest ; most 
 violent or lu-gent ; utmost ; as, extreme 
 pain, grief or suffering ; extreme joy or 
 pleasure : an extreme case : last ; beyond 
 which there is none ; as, the extreme 
 hour of life : carrjnng principles to the 
 uttermost ; holding the strongest possi- 
 ble views; ultra; "The Puritans or cx- 
 treme Protestants." — Gladstone: in mii- 
 sic, superfluous or augmented ; thus, the 
 extreme sharp sixth is the augmented 
 sixth. — Extreme unction, in the Roman 
 ritual, the anointing of a sick person 
 witli oil when decrepit with age or af- 
 fected with some mortal disea.se, and 
 usually just before death. It is applied 
 to the eyes, ears, nostrOs, mouth, hands, 
 and feet of penitents, and is supposed to 
 represent the grace of God poured into 
 the soul. — Extreme and me.\n ratio, in 
 geom. the ratio where a line is so di- 
 vided that the wliole line is to the 
 greater segment as that seginent is to 
 the less, or where a line is so divided that 
 the rectangle under the whole line and 
 the lesser segment is equal to the square 
 of the greater segment. [Fr. extreme; 
 L. extremns, s\xx»^r\. of exter or extents, 
 on the outside of. outward, from e.v, out.] 
 
 EXTREME, eks-trem', )i. the utmost point 
 or verge of a thing ; that part which 
 terminates a body; extremity; "Be- 
 tween the extremes of both jiromonto- 
 ries." — Daminer: utmost point; utmost 
 limit or degree that can be supposed or 
 tolerated ; either of two states or feel- 
 ings as different from each other as 
 pos.sible ; furthest degree ; as. the e.x- 
 tremes of heat and cold ; the extremes of 
 virtue and vice ; avoid e.vtremes ; 
 
 His llawM lie.irt, . . . 
 'Twixt two extremes of passion, joy and grief, 
 Burst smilint-ly.— .S'/ioA-. ,• 
 Thus each extreme to equal dansrer tends. 
 Plenty as well as want can separate friends. 
 
 — Cmiiey ; 
 
 extreme suffering, misery, or distress i 
 extremity ; " Tending to some relief of 
 our extremes." — Milton : in logic, either 
 
 of the extreme terms of a syllogism^ 
 that is, the predicate and subject — thus, 
 "Man is an animal; Peter is a man, 
 therefore Peter is an animal ; " the word 
 animal is the greater extreme, Peter the 
 less extreme, and man the medium : in 
 math, either of the first and last terms 
 of a proportion ; as, when three magni- 
 tudes are proportional the rectangle con-, 
 tained by the extremes is equal to the'i 
 square of tlie mean. — The extremes of 
 AN interval, in music, the two sounds 
 most distant from each other. — In the 
 EXTREME, in the highest degree. 
 
 EXTRETiIITY, eks-trem'i-ti, n. the utmost 
 limit, point, or portion : the highest de- 
 gree : greatest necessity, emergency, or 
 distress. [Fr. extremite — L. extremitas.] 
 
 EXTRICATE, eks'tri-kat, v.t. to free from 
 hinderances or perplexities : to disen- 
 tangle : to emit. — adj. Ex'tricable. [L. 
 extrieo, extricatus — ex, out, tricie, trifles, 
 hinderances.] 
 
 EXTRICATION, eks-tri-ka'shun. n. disen- 
 tanglement : act of sending out or evolv- 
 ing. 
 
 EXTEINSIC, eks-trin'sik, EXTEINSICAL, 
 eks-trin'sik-al, adj. on the outside or out- 
 tvard : external : not contained in or be- 
 longing to a body : foreign : not essential: 
 — opposed to Intrinsic. — adv. Extrin'sic- 
 AT.T.Y. [Fr. — L. extrinsecus — exter. out- 
 ward, and secvs, from the same root aa 
 seqnor, to follow.] 
 
 EXTRUDE, eks-trood', v.t. to force or urge 
 out : to expel : to drive ofl'. [L. extrudo, 
 extrusus — ex, out, and trvdo, to thrust.] 
 
 EXTEUSION, eks-troo'zhun, n. act of ex- 
 truding, thrusting or throwing out : ex- 
 pulsion. 
 
 EXUBEEANCE, eks-G'ber-ans, EXUBEE^ 
 ANCY, eks-u'ber-an-si, ji. an overflowing' 
 quantity : richness : superfluousness. 
 
 EXUBEEANT, eks-ii'ber-ant, adj. plente- 
 ous : overflowing : superfluous. — adv. 
 Exu'berantly. [L. e.vitbcrans, pr.p. of 
 exubero — ex, intensive, and uber, rich, 
 abundant.] 
 
 EXUDATION, eks-ij-da'shun, n. act of ex- 
 uding or discharging through pores : the 
 sweat, etc., exuded. 
 
 EXUDE, eks-ud', v.t. to discharge bj- 
 si"eating : to discharge through pores or 
 incisions, as sweat, moisture, etc. — v.i, 
 to flow out of a body through the pores. 
 [L. e.r, out, sudo, to sweat.] 
 
 EXULT, egz-ult', v.i. to rejoice exceedin"-- 
 ly : to triumph. — adv. Exult'ingly. [L. 
 exsidto, from exsilio — ex, out or up, and 
 salio, to leap.] 
 
 EXULTANT, egz-ult'ant. adj., exidting: 
 triumphant. [L. exsuUans.] 
 
 EXULTATION,egz-ul-la'shun, n. lively joy 
 at any advantage gained : rapturous de- 
 light : tran.sport. [L. exstdtatio.] 
 
 EXUVLiBLE, egz-u'vi-a-bl, adj. that may 
 be cast or thrown off, as the skeletons of 
 articulated animals. [See Exuvi.E.] 
 
 EXUVI.,^, egz-u'vi-e, M.p/.cast skins, shells, 
 or coverings of animals : any parts of 
 animals which are slied or cast otf, as the 
 skins of serpents and caterpillars, the 
 shells of lobsters, etc. [L., from exuo, to 
 put or draw off, to strip.] 
 
 EXUVIAL, egz-fi'vi-al, adj. relating to or 
 containing exuvia;. 
 
 EXUVIATION. <>gz-u-vi-a'shun, ?i. in zogl. 
 the rejection or ca.sting off of .some part, 
 as the deciduous teeth, the skin of ser- 
 pents, the shells of crustaceans, and the 
 like. [See Exuvi.E.] 
 
 EX VOTO, eks vo'to, in consequence of, or 
 according to, a vow : applied to votive 
 offerings, as of a picture for a chapel, etc., 
 common in Roman Catholic countries. 
 [L.]
 
 EYALET 
 
 152 
 
 FACTION 
 
 EYALET, i'a-let, n. a division of the Turk- 
 ish empire. [From an Arab, word sig. 
 government. Vilayet is a doublet.] 
 
 EYE, i, n. the organ of sight or \'ision,more 
 correctly the globe or movable part of it : 
 the power of seeing : sight: regard: aim: 
 keenness of perception : anything resem- 
 bling an eye, as the hole of a needle, loop 
 or ring for a hook, etc. — v.t. to look on : 
 to observe narrowly:^5r.j3. ey'ing or eye'- 
 ing ; pa.p. eyed' (id). — n. Eye'-shot, the 
 reach or range of sight of the eye. [A.S. 
 cage; Goth, aiigo; 6er. atige; Slav, oko; 
 alhed to Gr. okos, osse, the two eyes, con- 
 nected with ossomai, to see ; L. oculiis, 
 Sans, aksha.] 
 
 EYEBALL, I'bawl, n. the ball, globe, or ap- 
 ple of the eye. 
 
 EYEBRIGHT, i'brit, n. a beautiful little 
 plant of the genus Euphrasia, formerly 
 used as a remedy for diseases of the eye. 
 
 EYEBROW, I'brow, ?i. the brow or hairy 
 arch above the eye. 
 
 EYELASH, n. I'lash, the line of hairs that 
 edges the eyelid. [Eye and Lash.] 
 
 EYELESS, i'les, adj. -svithout eyes or sight. 
 
 EYELET, riet, EYELET-HOLE, I'let-hol, 
 n. a sjiiall eye or hole to receive a lace or 
 cord, as in garments, sails, etc. [Fr. 
 ceillet, dim. ceil, an eye.] 
 
 EYELID, I'lid, n. the cover of the eye: that 
 portion of movable skin with which an 
 animal covers the eyeball or uncovers it 
 at pleasure ; it serves the purpose of 
 protecting, wiping and cleansing the ball 
 of the eye, as well as moistening it by 
 spreading the lachrymal fluid over its 
 surface. 
 
 EYE-SERVICE, i'-ser'vis, »., service per- 
 formed onlj' under the eye or inspection 
 of an employer. 
 
 EYESIGHT, I'sit, n. power of seeing: -sdew: 
 observation. 
 
 EYESORE, I'sor, n. anjrthing that is sore or 
 oft'ensive to the eye. 
 
 EYESTONE, I'ston, n. a small calcareous 
 body, the operculum of small Turbinidas, 
 used for removing substances from be- 
 tween the lid and ball of the eye. Being 
 put into the inner corner of the eye, it 
 works its way out at the outer corner, 
 bringing with it anj' foreign substance. 
 
 EYESTRING, rstring, n. the tendon by 
 which the eye is moved. 
 
 I would have broke my eyesirings; cracked them,but 
 To look upon him. — Shak. 
 
 EYETOOTH, I'tooth, n. a tooth in the upper 
 jaw next the grinders, with a long fang 
 pointing towards the eye. 
 
 EYE-WITNESS, T'-wit'nes, n. one who sees 
 a thing done. 
 
 EYRE, ar, n. a journey or circuit : a court 
 of itinerant justices : justices in ej-re 
 formerlj' corresponded to the present 
 English justices of assize. [O. Fr. eire, 
 journey, from L. iter, a way, a journey — 
 eo. it urn, to go.] 
 
 EYRY, EYRIE, AERIE, e're or a're, »i. a 
 place where birds of prey construct their 
 nests and hatch their eggs : a brood of 
 eagles or hawks. [Fr. aire, from Ger. 
 aar, an eagle ; cog. with Ice. ari, an 
 eagle.] 
 
 F 
 
 ,#ABACE^, fa-ba'se-e, n.pl. a name pro- 
 
 Eosed by Lindley for the nat. order 
 eguminosce. 
 FABACEOUS, fa-ba'shus, adj. having the 
 nature of a bean : like a bean. [Low. 
 L. fabaceus, from L. faba, a bean.] 
 FABIAN, fa'bi-an, adj. delaying : dilatory: 
 avoiding battle, in imitation of Q. Fa- 
 bius Maximus, a Roman general, who 
 
 conducted military operations against 
 Hannibal, by declining to risk a battle 
 in the open field, but harassing the en- 
 emy by marches, countermarches and 
 ambuscades. "Met by the Fabian tac- 
 tics, which proved fatal to its predeces- 
 sors." — London Times. 
 
 FABLE, fa'bl, n. a feigned story or tale in- 
 tended to instruct or amuse : the plot or 
 series of events in an epic or dramatic 
 poem: fiction: a falsehood. — v.t. to 
 feign : to invent. ["Fr. fable — L. fabula, 
 fvotnfari, to speak.] 
 
 FABRIC, fab'rik or fa'brik, n., workman- 
 shij} : texture : anj-thing framed by art 
 and labor : building: manufactured cloth: 
 any system of connected parts. [Fr. — 
 L. fabiHca—faber, a worker in hard ma- 
 terials — facto to make.] 
 
 FABRICATE, fab'ri-kat, v.t. to put to- 
 gether by art and labor : to manufact- 
 ure : to produce : to devise falsely. — n. 
 Fab'ricator. [L. fabrico, fabrtcatus, 
 from fabrica. See Fabric] 
 
 FABRICATION, fab-ri-ka'shun, n. con- 
 struction : manufacture : that which is 
 fabricated or invented : a story: a false- 
 hood. 
 
 FABULIZE, fab'u-liz, v.t. to ■write fables, 
 or to speak in fables. 
 
 FABULIST, fab'u-list, n. one who invents 
 fables. 
 
 FABULOUS, fa'bu-lus, adj. feigned as a 
 story ; devised ; fictitious ; invented ; not 
 real ; exceeding the bounds of proba- 
 bUity or reason ; as, a fabidous story ; a 
 fab%dmis description ; a fabidmis hero ; 
 the fabulous exploits of Hercules : that 
 can hardly be received as truth ; incredi- 
 ble ; as, the picture was sold at a fabu- 
 lous price ; " He found that the waste of 
 the servants' hall was almost fabulous." 
 — Macaulay. — The fabidous age of a coun- 
 try is that period in its earlj' history of 
 which the accounts are mostly mythical 
 or legendary, recording chiefly the fabu- 
 lous achievements of heroes ; as, the 
 fabidous age of Greece and Rome. 
 
 FAQADE, fa-sad', n. the /ace or froyit of a 
 building. [Fr., from It. facciata, the 
 front of a building, faccia, the face — L. 
 fades. See Face.] 
 
 FACE, fas, n. the visible forepart of the 
 head : the outside make or appearance : 
 front : cast of features : look : boldness : 
 presence : (B.) anger or favor : a term 
 appUed in various technical meanings ; 
 as, the dial of a clock, watch, compass- 
 card, or other indicator, the sole of a 
 plane, the flat portion of a hammer head 
 which comes in contact with the object 
 struck, the edge of a cutting instrument, 
 the surface of a printing type that im- 
 presses tlie characters. [Fr. face — L. 
 fades, form, face — facio, to make, akin 
 to Gr. phaino, to cause to appear.] 
 
 FACE, fas, v.t. to meet in the face or in 
 front : to stand opposite to : to resist : to 
 put an additional face or surface on : to 
 cover in front. — v.i. 1o turn the face. 
 
 FACECLOTH, fas'kloth, n. a cloth laid 
 over the face of a corpse. 
 
 FACE-HAMMER, fas'-ham-mer. n. a ham- 
 mer having a flat face as distinguished 
 from one having pointed or edged peens. 
 
 FACE-PLAN, fils'-plan, n. a plan or draw- 
 ing of the principal or front elevation of 
 a building. 
 
 FACET, fas'et, FACETTE, fa-set', n. a lit- 
 tle face ; a small surface ; as. the facets 
 of a diamond ; " A gem of fifty facets." 
 — Tennyson : in areh. a flat projection 
 between the flutings of columns : in 
 anat. a small, circumscribed portion of 
 the surface of a bone ; as, articular fa- 
 cettes, that is, contiguous surfaces by 
 
 means of which bones are articulated 
 [Fr. facette, dim. of /ace.] 
 
 FACETI^, fa-se'shi-e, n.pl, nitty or hu- 
 morous sayings or writings. [L. — facetus, 
 merrv, wittv.] 
 
 FACE'flOUS,"fa-se'shus, adj. witty, humor, 
 ous, jocose. — adv. Face'tiously. — n. Fa.- 
 ce'tiousness. [Fr., from L.faceti<s.] 
 
 FACIAL, fa'shi-al, adj. pertaining to the 
 face; as, the/aciaZarterj'.vein, or nerve— 
 Facial Angle, in anat. the angle formed 
 by the plane of the face with a certain 
 other plane. The facial angle of Cam- 
 per is contained by a line drawn horizon- 
 tally from the middle of the external 
 entrance of the ear to the edge of the 
 nostrils, and another from this latter 
 point to the superciliary ridge of the 
 frontal bone. Owen and others measure 
 the facial angle by the face, or the most 
 prominent parts of the forehead and 
 upper jaw, and a line drawn from the oc- 
 cipital condyle along the floor of tlie nos- 
 trils. It has been sometimes stated that 
 the more acute this angle the less will 
 the intellectual faculties of the individ- 
 ual be developed, but as a test for this 
 purpose it is fallacious, though it is of 
 some value as a character in comparing 
 the different races of mankind. — Facial 
 NERVE, the portio dura of the seventh 
 pair of nerves, arising from the upper 
 part of the respiratory tract, supplying 
 the facial muscles, and known as the 
 nerve of expression. — Facial vein, a vein 
 which receives tlie vessels of the liead 
 and forehead, and crosses the face from 
 the root of the nose outward. [L. fades, 
 face.]^ 
 
 FACILE, fas'il, adj., easily persuaded : 
 yielding : easy of access : courteous ; 
 easy. [Fr., from L. facilis, that may be 
 done, eas3-, from /acjo, to do.] 
 
 FACILITATE, fa-sil'i-tat, v.t. to make 
 easy : to lessen difficulty. 
 
 FACILITY, fa-sil'i-ti, 7i. "quality of being 
 facile or easily done : dexterity : easiness 
 to be persuaded : pliancy : easiness of 
 access : affabilit.y : — pi. ■ Facil'ities, 
 means that render anything easy to be 
 done. [Fi\ — L,. fadlitas.] 
 
 FACING, fas'ing, n. a covering in front for 
 ornament or protection. 
 
 FAC-SmiLE, fak-sim'i-le. n. an exact 
 copy. [L. fac, contr. of factum, made — 
 facio, to make, and similis, like.] 
 
 FACT, fakt, n. a deed or anj'thing done: 
 anjrthing that comes to pass : reality : 
 truth : the assertion of a thing done. 
 [L. factum, from facio, to make.] 
 
 FACTION, fak'shun,?(. a party, in 2}olitics, 
 combined or acting in union, in opposi- 
 tion to the state, government, or prince: 
 usually applied to a minoritj', but it may 
 be applied to a majority ; a party pro- 
 moting discord or unscrupulously pro- 
 moting their private ends at the expense 
 of the public good; "Not swaying to 
 this faction or to that." — Tennyson; 
 "When a party abandons public and 
 general ends, and devotes itself only to 
 the personal interests of its members and 
 leaders, it is called a faction, and its 
 policy is said to be factious." — Sir G. O. 
 Leu-is ;" A feeble government produces 
 more factions than an oppressive one." 
 — Ames : tumult ; discord ; dissension ; 
 " They remained at Newbury in gieat 
 faction among themselves." — Lord (' tar- 
 en don : in Rom. antiq. one of the four 
 classes, distinguished by special colors, 
 into which the combatants in the circus 
 were diNaded ; there were the green, 
 blue, red, and white factions, and other 
 two, the purple and yellow, are said to 
 have been added by Domitian. [L. f actio.
 
 FACTIOUS 
 
 153 
 
 FALCON 
 
 a company of persons acting together, 
 from facio. factum, to do.] 
 
 FACTIOUS, fak'shiis, adj. turbiJent : dis- 
 loyal.— adc. Fac'tiously. — n. Fac'tious- 
 XESS. [L. factiosus — f actio.] 
 
 FACTITIOUS, fak-tish'us, a'lj., made by 
 art, in opposition to what is natural. — 
 adv. Facti'tiously. [L. factitms, from 
 facia, to make.] 
 
 FACTOR, fak'tor, n. a doer or transactor 
 of business for another : one who buys 
 and sells goods for others, on commis- 
 sion : one of two or more quantities, 
 which, multiplied together, form a prod- 
 uct. — n. Fac TORSHIP. [L., trom/aci'o.] 
 
 FACTORAGE, fak'tor-aj, n. the fees or 
 commission of a factor. 
 
 FACTOR! AT., fak-to'ri-al, adj. pertaining 
 to or consisting in a factory. 
 
 FACTORY, fak'tor-i, n. a manufactory : a 
 trading settlement in a distant country, 
 as the factorj- of the East India Company 
 at Calcutta. 
 
 j^ACTOTUM, fak-to'tum, n. a person em- 
 ploj'ed to do all kinds of work. [L. facio, 
 and totus, all.] 
 
 FACUL.iE, fa'ku-le, n.pl. in astron. cer- 
 tain spots sometimes seen on the sun's 
 disc, which appear brighter than the rest 
 of his surface. " Different parts of his 
 (the sun's) surface give different spectra. 
 The spots have not the same spectrum as 
 the bright parts of the disc; the ordinarily 
 bright parts have not the same spectrum 
 as the exceptionally bright parts called 
 the/aei(?OE." — R. A. Proctor. [L.facula, 
 a little torch, dim. oifax, a torch.] 
 
 FACULAE, fak'u-ler, adj. pertaining or 
 relating to faculce. R. A. Proctor. 
 
 FACULTY, fak'ul-ti, n., facility or power to 
 act : an original power of the mind : per- 
 sonal quality or endowment : right, au- 
 thority, or privilege to act : license : a 
 body of men to whom any privilege is 
 granted : the professors constituting a 
 department in a university : the members 
 of a profession. [Fr. — L. facultas—facilis, 
 easy.] 
 
 FAD, fad, n. a weak hobby. [Fr. fade, in- 
 sipid. See under Fade.] 
 
 FADE, fad, i\i. to lose strength, freshness, 
 or color gradually. — adj. Fade'less. [Fi-. 
 fade, insipid, from L. fatuus, silly, in- 
 sipid.] 
 
 F^CES or FECES, i&sez, n.pl., grounds: 
 sediment after infusion or distillation : 
 excrement. [L., pi. of foex, feeds, 
 grounds.] 
 
 FAG, fag, v.i. to become weary or tired 
 out : to work as a fag -.—pr.p'. fagg'ing; 
 pa.p. fagged'. — n. one who labors like a 
 drudge : a school-boy forced to do menial 
 offices for one older : a fatiguing or tii'ing 
 piece of work : fatigue. "It is such a 
 fag, I come back tired to death." — Miss 
 Austen. [Ety. dub. ; perh. a corr. of Flag, 
 to droop, which see.] 
 
 FAG-END, fa^'-end, n. the end of a web of 
 cloth that flags or hangs loose : the un- 
 twisted end of a rope : the refuse or 
 meaner part of a thing. 
 
 fAGGERY, fag'er-i, n. fatiguing labor or 
 drudgery : the system of fagging carried 
 on at some public schools. •' Faggery 
 was an abuse too venerable and sacred 
 to be touched by profane hands." — De 
 Qitincey. 
 
 f AGOT or FAGGOT, fag'ut, n. a bundle of 
 sticks used for fuel : a stick : anything 
 like a fagot : a soldier numbered on the 
 muster-roll, but not really exi-^ting : a 
 voter who has obtained his vote expressly 
 for party purposes : in former times 
 heretics who had escaped the stake by 
 recanting their errors were often made 
 publicly to carry a fagot and burn it — 
 hence the phrase. To buejj one's fagot ; 
 
 an imitation fagot was also worn on 
 the sleeve by heretics, as a symbol that 
 they had recanted opinions worthy of 
 burning. — adj. got up for a purpose, as 
 in Fagot vote. [Fr. fagot, a bundle of 
 sticks, perh. from L. fa.x; a torch.] 
 
 FAHRENHEIT, fa'ren-liit, adj. the name 
 distinguishing the kind of thermometer 
 in most common use in England and 
 America, in which the space between the 
 freezing and the boiling points of water, 
 under a medium pressure of the atmos- 
 phere, is divided into 180° ; the freezing 
 point being marked 32", and the boiling 
 212° ; as, there was a temperature of 60" 
 Fahrenheit, that is, by a Fahrenheit 
 thermometer : the Fahrenheit scale. [Af- 
 ter Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, a native 
 of Dantzic, who first employed quick- 
 silver, instead of spirits of wine, in the 
 construction of thermometers about the 
 year 1720.] 
 
 FAIENCE, fa-i-ens' or fa-yangs, n. a sort of 
 fine pottery or earthenware glazed with 
 a fine varnish, and painted in various 
 designs, named from Faenza in Romagna, 
 where it is said to have been invented in 
 1299. 
 
 FAIL, fal , 1'. / . to fcdl short or be wanting : to 
 fall away : to decay : to die : to miss : to 
 be disappointed or baffled : to be unable 
 to pay one's debts. — v.t. to be wanting to : 
 not to be sufficient for : — pr.p. fail'ing ; 
 pa.p. failed'. [Fr. faillir — L. fallo ; conn, 
 with Gr. sphallo, to cause to fall, deceive, 
 A.S. feallan, to fall.] 
 
 FAILING, fal'ing, Ji. a fault, weakness : a 
 foible. 
 
 FAILLE, fi-ye or fal, n. a hea^'y silk fabric 
 of superior quality used in making and 
 trimming ladies' dresses. [Fr.] 
 
 FAILURE, fal'ur, n. a falling short, or ces- 
 sation : omission : decaj' : bankruptcy. 
 
 FAIN, fan, adj. glad or joyfid: inchned : 
 content or compelled to accept, for want 
 of better. — adv. gladly. [A.S.fcBgen, joy- 
 ful ; Ice. feginn, glad.] 
 
 FAINEANCE, fa'ne-ans, n. the quality of 
 doing nothing or of beingidle: indolence: 
 sloth. " The mask of sneering /af»eonce 
 was gone ; imploring tenderness and ear- 
 nestness beamed from his whole coun- 
 tenance." — Kingsley. [From faineant 
 (which see).] 
 
 FAINEANT, f a-na-ang, adj.Qit. ) do-nothing: 
 the sarcastic epithet applied to tlie later 
 Merovingian kings of France, who were 
 puppets in the hands of the maj-ors of 
 the palace — Louis V. , the last of the Car- 
 lovingian dynasty, received the same des- 
 ignation. [Fr., idle, sluggish— /aire, to 
 do, and neant, nothing.] 
 
 FAINT, fant, adj. wanting in strength : 
 fading : lacking distinctness : not bright 
 or forcible : weak in spirit : lacking cour- 
 age : depressed : done in a feeble wav. — 
 i\i. to become feeble or weak: to lose 
 strength, color, etc.: to swoon : to fade 
 or decay : to vanish : to lose courage or 
 spirit: to become depressed. — rtdr.FAINT'- 
 LY. [Used of anything that cannot bear 
 trial or proof, from Fr. feint (feindre), 
 feigned, unreal — L. Jingere, to feign or 
 dissemble. See Feign.] 
 
 FAINTISH, fant'ish, adj., somewhat or 
 slightlv faint.— n. Faint'ISHNess. 
 
 FAINTN'ESS, tant'nes, n. want of strength: 
 feebleness of color, light, etc.: dejection. 
 
 FAIR, far, adj., bright: clear: free from 
 blemish : pure : pleasing to the eye : 
 beautiful : free from a dark hue : of a 
 light shade : free from clouds or rain : 
 favorable : unobstructed : open : jjros- 
 l)er()us : frank : impartial : pleasing : 
 hopeful : moderate. — adv. Fais'ly.— Ji. 
 Fair'nes.s. [A.S. faeger; Ice. fagr, 
 bright, Dan. feir.] 
 
 FAIR, far, n. a fair icoman. — The Faib.. 
 n.pl. the female sex. 
 
 FAIR, far, n. a stated market. [O. Fr. 
 feire, from L. feria, or ferice, holidavs, 
 conn, w'lih festus, festive. See Feast.] 
 
 FAIRY, far'i, n. an imaginary being, said 
 to assume a human form, and to influ- 
 ence the fate of man. [O. Fr. faerie, en- 
 chantment — Fr. fee. See Fay, which 
 would have been the correct form, fairy 
 being properly an abstract word.] 
 
 FAIRY, far'i, adj. of or belonging to/afn'es. 
 
 FAIRYISM, far'i-izm, n. a condition or 
 characteristic of being fairj'-like : resem- 
 blance to fairies or fairyland in customs, 
 nature, appearance, or the like. -The 
 air of enchantment waA fairyism which 
 is the tone of the place." — H. Walpole. 
 
 FAIRYLAND, far'i-land, n. the imaginary 
 countrj' of the fairies. 
 
 FAIRY-MONEY, far'i-mun-i, n. money 
 given by fairies, which, according to the 
 popular belief, was said to turn into 
 withered leaves or rubbish after some 
 time ; " In one day Scott's high-heaped 
 money-wagts became fairy-money and 
 nonentity." — Carlyle : also, a term some- 
 times applied to found money, from the 
 notion that it was dropped by a good 
 fairy where the favored mortal would 
 find it. 
 
 FAITH, fath, n., trust or confidence in any 
 person : belief in the statement of an- 
 other : belief in the truth of revealed re- 
 ligion : confidence and trust in God : 
 reliance on Christ as the Saviour : that 
 which is believed : any system of relig- 
 ious belief : fidelity to promises : honesty : 
 word or honor pledged. [M. E. feiih, 
 feyth.fey — O. Fr.feid — L. fides— fldo. to 
 trust ; connected with Gr. peitho, to per- 
 suade.] 
 
 FAITHFUL, fath'fool. adj. full of faith, be- 
 lieving : firm in adherence to promises, 
 duty, allegiance, etc.: loyal: conformable 
 to truth : worthy of belief : true. — The 
 Faithful, believers. — adv. Faith'fully. 
 — n. Faith'fulness. 
 
 FAITHLESS, filtb'les, adj. without faith 
 or belief : not believing, esp. in God or 
 Christianity : not adhering to promises, 
 allegiance, or duty : delusive. — adv. 
 Faith'lessly. — n. Faith'lessness. 
 
 FAKIR, fa'ker or fa-ker', n. a member of a 
 religious order of mendicants in India 
 and the neighboring countries. [Ar. fak' 
 har, poor.] 
 
 FALCATE, fal'kat, FALCATED, fal'kat-ed, 
 adj. (astr. and bot.) bent like a sickle, aa 
 the crescent moon, and certain leaves. 
 [Ti. falcat^is. from falx, a sickle.] 
 
 FALCHION, fawl'shun, i). a short crooked 
 sword, falcated or bent somewhat like a 
 sickle. [It./«/c/o?ie — Low L. falcio, from 
 L. faLr, a sickle.] 
 
 FALCON, faw'kn, n. in zool. a member of 
 the Falconing, a sub-family of the Fal- 
 conidie (which see), characterized by a 
 short beak, curved from the base, by 
 having on the margin one or two strong 
 indentations on each side, and very long 
 wings, of which the second pen-feather 
 is the largest. The species most com- 
 monly used in falconry .are the gyrfalon 
 or jerfalcon (Falco gyrfalco) and the pere- 
 grine falcon (F. peregriniis). The former 
 is regarded as the boldest and most beau- 
 tiful of its family, and next to the eagle 
 the mo.st formidable, active, and intrepid 
 of birds. It is therefore held in the high- 
 est esteem for falconry, and was formerly 
 imported from Iceland and Norway. The 
 peregrine falcon being much more easily 
 procured w.os much more commonly the 
 object of the falconer's care. It builds 
 on high rocks on the coast, and is more 
 numerous in Scotland than Englatui
 
 FALCONER 
 
 154 
 
 FAMILY 
 
 The geographical distribution of the fal- 
 cons is verj' wide, extending fronx the 
 equator to the poles, and many species 
 have been described. The term falcon 
 is by sportsmen restricted to tlie female, 
 the male, which is smaller and less cou- 
 rageous, being called tersel, tiercel, or ter- 
 eelet. [O.Fr. falcon ; Fr. faucon ; It. fal- 
 eoiie : L. falco. Probably from falx, a 
 reaping-hook, from the curved claws and 
 beak. The word has also passed into the 
 Teut. languages. Comp. O.Gter. faldio, 
 Gar. falk, falkc. Ice. falki, falcon.J 
 
 t VLCONER, taw'kn-er, n. one who sports 
 nith, or who breeds and trains /(.Zcon*' or 
 hawks for taking wUd-towl. [Fr. fau- 
 eonnietj] 
 
 f-ALCONID.a;, fal-kon'i-de, n.pl a family 
 of raptorial birds or birds of prey, in 
 which the destructive powers are most 
 perfectly developed. The true falcons 
 are inferior in size to the eagles and vul- 
 tures, but thej' are of all birds the most 
 symmetrical in their form, and the most 
 daring in the capture of their prey, being 
 also endowed with wonderful strength 
 and powers of fliglit. They are distin- 
 guished by a projection over the eyebrows 
 which gives their eyes the appearance of 
 being deeply seated in their orbits. The 
 beak is hooked and generally curved from 
 its origin ; there are tlu-ee toes before and 
 one behind, the claws are pointed and 
 sharp, movable, retractile, and much 
 hooked. The family includes the differ- 
 ent species of eagles, the hawks and fal- 
 cons properly so called, comprising the 
 sub-famiues tolyborinae (caracaras),Bute- 
 oninaj (buzzards), Aquilinae (eagles), Fal- 
 coninai (falcons), MilWuffl (kites), Accipi- 
 trinas (liawks), and Circiuee (harriers). 
 
 FALCONRY, faw'kn-ri, n. the art of train- 
 ing or hunting with falcons. [Fr. faur 
 couiierie.\ 
 
 i^'ALDERALL, fal'de-ral, n. a gewgaw : an 
 idle fancy : a conceit. " Gin ye dinua 
 tie him till a job that he canna get quat 
 o', he'll flee frae ae falderall till aoither 
 a' the days o' his Ufe." — Hogg. [Formed 
 from the unmeaning repetitions in some 
 old songs.] 
 
 FALDSTOOL, fawld'st5ol, n. a folding or 
 •camp stool: a kind of stool for the king 
 to kneel on at his coronation : a bishop's 
 seat within the altar : a small desk at 
 which the Utany is sung or said. [From 
 Low L. faldistoliiim — O. H. Ger. taldan 
 (Grer. falten), to fold, and stiial (Ger. 
 stuhl), stool, seat, or throne; Fr. fauteuil 
 is from the same source.] 
 
 FALL, fawl, v.i. to drop down: to descend 
 by the force of gravity : to become pros- 
 trate : {of a river) to discharge itself : to 
 sink as if dead : to vanish : to die away : 
 to lose strength : to decline in power, 
 wealth, value, or reputation : to sink 
 into sin : to depart from the faith : to 
 become dejected : to pass gently into 
 any state : to befall : to issue : to enter 
 upon with haste or vehemence : to rush : 
 — pr.p. fairing; pa.t. tell; pa.p. fallen 
 (faw'ln). [A.S. feallan ; Ger. fallen ; 
 connected with L. fallo. to deceive, Gr. 
 .''phallo, to cause to fall. Sans, sphal, to 
 tremble. See Fail.] 
 
 €ALL, fawl, n. the act of falling, in any of 
 lis senses : descent by grawty : a drop- 
 ping down : overthrow : death : descent 
 from a better to a worse position : slope 
 or declivity : descent of water : a cas- 
 cade — though in this sense the plural is 
 used, as Niagara Falls, Falls of St. 
 Anthony, etc. : length of a fall : outlet 
 of a river : decrease in value : a sinking 
 of the voice : the time when tlie leaves 
 fall, autumn : that which falls : a lapse 
 into sin, especially that of Adam and 
 
 Eve, called The Fall •.—pt. {Apocrypha) 
 death, overthrow. 
 
 FALLACIOUS, fal-la'shus, adj. calculated 
 to deceive or mislead : not well founded : 
 causing disappointment : delusive. — adv. 
 Falla'ciously. — n. Falla'cioosness. 
 [L. fallaciosus.] 
 
 FALLACY, fal'a-si, n. something falla- 
 cious : deceptive appearance : an ap- 
 parently genuine but really illogical 
 ai^gument. [Fr. fallace, deceit — ^L. fal- 
 lada, from fallax, deceptive, fallo, to 
 deceive.] 
 
 FALLIBILITY, fal-i-bil'i-ti, n. liability to 
 err. 
 
 FALLIBLE, fal'i-bl, adj. liable to error or 
 mistake. — adv. Fall'ebly. [Low L. 
 fallibilis, from /aHo.] 
 
 FALLOW, fal'lo, adj. pale red or pale yel- 
 low ; as, a fallow deer : left to rest aJter 
 tillage ; untilled ; imcultivated ; neg- 
 lected; "Break up your /aZtoio ground." 
 — Jer. iv. 3 ; " Her predecessors . . . did 
 but sometimes cast up the ground ; and 
 80 leaving it falloiv, it became quickly 
 overgrown with weeds." — Howell : unoc- 
 cupied ; neglected ; unused : 
 
 Let the cause lie fallow.— Hudibras ; 
 A tbousaud hearts ]ife fallow in these balls. 
 — Tennyson. 
 
 [A. S. fealo, fealwe, pale red or pale yel- 
 low ; O. E. falau, falewe, etc. — " His hue 
 falewe and pale. — Cliaticer. Of. Ger. 
 fdhl, falb ; Low Ger. and Dut. vaal, fal- 
 low ; also Fr. fauve. It. falbo, which are 
 borrowed from the Teutonic ; cog. L. 
 pallidus, pale. The application of the 
 epithet to land is probably due to the 
 color of ploughed laud.] 
 
 FALLOW, fal'ld, n. land that has lain a 
 year or more untilled or unseeded ; land 
 ploughed without being sowed : the 
 ploughing or tilling of land, without 
 somng it, for a season ; as, summer fal- 
 low, properly conducted, has ever been 
 found a sure method of destroying weeds; 
 " By a complete summer fallow, land is 
 rendered tender and mellow." — Sir J. 
 Sinclair. — A green fallow, in England, 
 fallow where land is rendered mellow 
 and clean from weeds bj' means of some 
 green crop, as turnips, potatoes, etc. 
 
 FALLOW, fal'lo, v.t. to plough, haiTow, 
 and break land without seeding it, for 
 the pm'pose of destroying weeds and in- 
 sects and rendering it mellow ; as, it is 
 found to be for the interest of the farmer 
 to falloip cold, strong, clayey land. In 
 U. S. to summer-fallow land is to plough 
 and cultivate it continually during the 
 summer, in preparation for sowing wheat 
 in the autumn. Some of the most pro- 
 gressive American farmers condemn 
 summer-fallowing. They contend that, 
 owing to evaporation under the summer 
 heat, the practice is eventually detri- 
 mental to the soU. 
 
 FALLOW-DEER, fal'o-der, n. a species of 
 deer smaller than the red-deer, with broad 
 flatantlers.andof a7/e/Zow«/i-browncolcr. 
 
 FALLO WTv-ESS, fal'6-nes, n. state of being 
 falloir, or untilled. 
 
 FALL-TRAP, fawl'-trap, n. a trap in which 
 a part of the apparatus, as a door, bar, 
 knife, or the like, descends and imprisons 
 or kills the victim. " We walk in a world 
 of plots, strings universally spread of 
 deadly gins and fall-traps baited by the 
 gold of Fitt.''—Carlyle. 
 
 FALSE, fawls, adj., deceptive or deceiinng : 
 untruthful : unfaithful to obligations : 
 untrue : not genuine or real : hypocrit- 
 ical : not well founded. — adv. False'ly. 
 — ?!. False'ness. [O.Fi: falsi faux)—!,. 
 falstts, pa.p. of fallo, to deceive. See 
 Fail, Fall, Fallacious.] 
 
 FALSEHOOD, fawls'hood, n. state or qual- 
 
 ity of 6ei»ig'/aZ«e ; want of truth: want 
 of honesty : deceitfulness : false appear- 
 ance: an untrue statement: a lie. [Fai^e, 
 and hood, A.S. had, state.] 
 
 FALSETTO, fawl-set'o, n. a false or arti- 
 Jicial voice : a range of voice beyond the 
 natural compass. {It. falsetto, from root 
 of False.] 
 
 FALSI CRIilEN, fal'si krfmen, in law, the 
 crime of what is false : the crime of fraud. 
 In the civil law the term meant a fraud- 
 ulent subornation or concealment, wth 
 design to darken or conceal the truth, or 
 make things appear otherwise than they 
 really are, as in swearing falsely, ante- 
 dating a contract, or selling ty false 
 weights. In modern common law its 
 prevailing signification is that of forgery. 
 
 FALSIFIABLE, fawls'1-fi-a-bl, adj. that 
 may be falsified, counterfeited, or cor- 
 rupted. 
 
 FALSIFICATION, fawls-i-fi-ka'shun, v. the 
 act of making false : the giving to a thing 
 the appearance of something which it is 
 not. 
 
 FALSIFIER, fawls'i-fTer, n. one who/a7«- 
 Jies or gives to a thing a false appearance. 
 
 FALSIFY, fawls'i-fi, i:t. to forge or coun- 
 terfeit : to prove untrustworthy : to 
 break by falsehood: — pr.p. fals'ifying; 
 pa.p. fals'ifled. [L. falsus, false, and 
 faeio, to make.] 
 
 FALSITY, fawls'i-ti, n. quality of being 
 false : a false assertion. [L. falsitas, 
 from falsus, false.] 
 
 FALTER, fawl'ter, v.i. to fail or stutter in 
 speech : to tremble or totter : to be feeble 
 or irresolute. [Lit., to be at fault ; from 
 root of Fault ; cf. Span, f altar. It. fah 
 tare, to be deficient.] 
 
 FALTER, fawl'ter, n. the act of faltering, 
 hesitating, trembling, stammering, or 
 the like : unsteadiness : hesitation : trem- 
 bling : quavering. ' ' The falter of an idle 
 shepherd's pipe." — J. R. Lowell. 
 
 FALTERINGLY, fawl'ter-ing-li, adv. in a 
 faltering or hesitating manner. 
 
 FAME, fam, n. public report or rumor: re- 
 nown or celebrity, good or bad. [Fr. — L. 
 fama, from fan, to speak ; Gr. pheme, 
 trom phemi, to say, make known. Sans. 
 bh6sh, to speak, A.S. bannan, to pro- 
 claim.] 
 
 FAMED, famd, adj. renowned. 
 
 FAMILIAR, fa-mil'yar, art/, well acquainted 
 or intimate : showing the manner of an 
 intimate: free: ha%-ing a thorough 
 knowledge of : well known or under- 
 stood. — n. one well or long acquainted : 
 a demon supposed to attend at call. — 
 adv. Famil'l^^ely. [L. familiaris, from 
 familia, a family.] 
 
 FAMILIARIZE, fa-mil'yar-Iz, v.t. to make 
 thoroughly acquainted : to accustom : to 
 make easy bv practice or study. 
 
 FAMILIARITY, fa-mil-ye-ar'i-ti, n. inti- 
 mate acquaintanceship : freedom from 
 constraint : — pi. actions characterized by 
 too much license : actions of one person 
 towards another unwarranted by their 
 relative position : liberties. [L. famil- 
 ia rit as.] 
 
 FAJIILIST, fa'mil-ist. n. one of the relig' 
 ious sect called the Family of Love which 
 arose in Holland in 1556. They taught 
 that religion consists whollj- in love, in- 
 dependently of any form of truth held 
 and believed ; that through love man 
 could become absolutely absorbed in and 
 identified with God ; tliat God regards 
 not the outward actions but only the 
 heart, and that to the pure all things are 
 pure, even things forbidden. 
 
 FAMILY, fam'i-li, n. the household, oj- all 
 those who live in one house under one 
 head : the descendants of one common
 
 FAMILY-HEAD 
 
 155 
 
 FARCY 
 
 progenitor : race : honorable or noble 
 descent : a group of auuuals, plants, 
 languages, etc., moi'e comprebensive 
 than a genus. [Fr. — L. faniUior—famio- 
 Ills, a servant.] 
 
 FAinLY-HEAD, fa'mi-li-hed, n. (naut.) an 
 old name for the stem of a vessel when 
 it was surmounted by several full-length 
 figures. 
 
 1 A3nLY-3IAN, fa'mj-li-man, n. one who 
 has a family or a household : a man in- 
 clined to lead a domestic life. "The 
 Jews are generally, when married, most 
 •xemplarv family-men." — Maylieu: 
 
 FA3IIXE, fam'in, n. general scarcity of 
 food. [Ft., through an unrecorded Low 
 Ij.famina, from !>. fames, hunger.] 
 
 FAMISH, fam'ish, v.t. to starve. — v.i. to 
 die or suffer extreme hunger or thirst : 
 to suffer from exposure. 
 
 FAJIISHMENT, fam'ish-ment, n. starva- 
 tion. 
 
 FAMOUS, fa'miis, adj. renowned : noted. 
 — adv. Fa'mously. [L. famosus, from 
 fama.] 
 
 FAN, fan, n. the name of various instru- 
 ments for exciting a current of air by 
 the agitation of a broad surface ; as, (a) 
 an instrument made of palm-leaf, carved 
 wood or ivory, feathers, or of thin skin, 
 paper, or taffeta, mounted on sticks, etc., 
 used by ladies to agitate the air and cool 
 the face ; (6) in mach. any contrivance of 
 vanes or flat discs, revolving by the aid of 
 machinery, as for winnowmg grain, for 
 cooUng fluids, urging combustion, assist- 
 ing ventilation, etc. ; (c) a small vane or 
 sail used to keep the large saUs of a smock 
 wind-mill always in the direction of the 
 wind ; (d) an apparatus for regulating or 
 checking, by the resistance of the air to 
 its rapid motion, the velocity of light ma- 
 chinery, as in a musical box ; a fly i (e) an 
 apparatus, called a^so the farii-govemor, 
 tor regulating the throttle-valves of 
 steam-engines : something resembling a 
 lady's fan when spread, as the wing of a 
 bird, the tail of a peacock, etc.; '• As a 
 peacock and crane were in company the 
 peacock spread his tail and challenged the 
 other to snow him such a, fan of feathers." 
 — Sir R. VEstrange : (Jig.) any agency 
 which excites to action or stimulates the 
 activity of a passiou or emotion, produc- 
 ing effects analogous to those of a fan in 
 exciting flame ; as, this was a/a» to re- 
 bellion ; a fan to a man's ardor. [A. S. 
 fann, fan, a collateral form of van, L. 
 vanmis, whence Fr. van, a fan. Probably 
 akin to L. ventus, wind, and E. Winnow.] 
 
 FAN, fan, v.t. to move or agitate as with 
 a fan; 
 
 The air . . . fanned with nnnumbered plumes. 
 
 — Milton : 
 to cool and refresh, by moving the air 
 with a fan ; to blow the air on the face 
 with a fail ; "She v/as fanned into slum- 
 bers by her slaves." — Spectator ; to venti- 
 late ; to blow on ; to affect by air put in 
 motion ; 
 
 Calm as the breath which fan* our eaatem groves. 
 
 — Dryden : 
 
 to winnow; to ventilate; to separate chaff 
 from, and drive it away by a current of 
 air ; as, to fan wheat : (fig.) to produce 
 effects on, analogous to those of a fan in 
 exciting flame ; to excite ; to increase tlie 
 tujtivity or action of ; to stimulate — said 
 of the passions and emotions, of designs, 
 plots, etc. ; as, this fanned the flame of 
 his love ; he fanned the smouldering 
 embers of the revolution till they burst 
 into flame. 
 
 PANAL, fa-n3.1. n. a lighthouse, or more 
 specifically, the apparatus placed in it 
 to give hght. [Fr.J 
 
 FANAM. fan'am, n. a money of account 
 used formerly in Madras, worth about 
 
 4 cents : a Ceylonese copper coin worth 
 about 3 cents. 
 FANATIC, famat'ik, FANATICAL, fa- 
 nat'ik-al, adj. wild and extravagant in 
 opinions, particularly in religious opin- 
 ions : excessively enthusiastic : possessed 
 or characterized' by a kind of frenzy : as, 
 a fanatic people ; fanatic zeal ; fanatic 
 notions or opinions. "Fanxitic Egj'pt 
 and her priests." — Milton. 
 
 I abhor such fanatical phantoms. — Shah. 
 FL. fanaticus. Inspired, enthusiastic, 
 trom fanum, a place dedicated to some 
 deity, a temple. See Fane.] 
 
 FANATIC, fa-nat'ik, n. a person affected 
 by excessive enthusiasm, particularly on 
 religious subjects : one who indulges 
 wild and extravagant notions of reUgion. 
 "They are fanaticks ... all atheists 
 being that blind goddess Nature's fanat- 
 icks. — Cudworth. " There is a new 
 word, coined within few raontlis, called 
 fanatics, which, by the close stickling 
 thereof, seemeth well cut out and pro- 
 portioned to signify what is meant 
 therebv, even the sectaries of our age." 
 —Fidler. 1660. 
 
 FANATICISM, fa-nat'i-sizm, n, wild and 
 excessive religious enthusiasm. 
 
 FANCIED, fan'sid.p. and adj. portrayed or 
 formed by the fancy ; imaginary' ; as, a 
 fancied grievance : attracting one's 
 fancy ; liked ; in esteem ; sought after ; 
 as, this class of goods is more fancied 
 than ever. 
 
 FANCIER, fan'si-er, n. one who fancies 
 or has a liking to ; also, one who keeps 
 for sale ; as, a \>M-fancier: one who is 
 under the influence of his fancy ; " Not 
 reasoners but fanciers." — Macaulay. 
 
 FANCIFUL, fan'si-fool, adj. guided or 
 created by fancy : imaginative : whim- 
 sical : wild.— ode. Fan'cifully.— n. Fan'- 
 
 CIKULNESS. 
 
 FANCY, fan'si, n. that faculty of the mind 
 by which it recalls, represents, or makes 
 to appear past images or impressions : 
 an image or representation thus formed 
 in the mind : an unreasonable or capri- 
 cious opinion : a whim : capricious incli- 
 nation or liking. — adj. pleasing to, or 
 guided bj' fancy or caprice. — Fancy-BAT.T., 
 n. a ball at which fancy dresses in vari- 
 ous characters are worn. — ^The FANCY, 
 n^l. sporting characters generally. 
 [Contracted from fantasy, FV. fantasie, 
 through L., from Gr. phantasia — Gr. 
 phantazo, to make visible— phaino, to 
 oring to light, to show. Sans. bliA, to 
 shine.] 
 
 FANCY, fan'si, v.t. to portray in the mind: 
 to imagine : to have a fancy or liking 
 for : to be pleased with : — pr.p. fan'cy- 
 ing ; pa^. lan'cied. 
 
 FANCY-FREE, fan'si-frg, adj. free from 
 the power of love. 
 
 In maWen moMtation. fancy-free.— SHiak. 
 
 FANCY-GOODS, fan'si-goodz, n.pl. fabrics 
 of various patterns, as ribbons, silks, 
 satins, etc., differing from those which 
 are of a plain or simple color. 
 
 FANCY-LINE, fan'si-Un, n. in ncv. (a) 
 a line used for overhauling the lee 
 topping-lift of the main or spanker 
 boom — often called a tripping-line ; (b) a 
 line rove through a block at the jaws of a 
 gaff, used as a down-hauL 
 
 FANCY-SICK, fan'si-sik, arjlj. noting one 
 whose imagination is unsound, or whose 
 distemper is in his own mind. 
 All fancy-sick she Is, and pale of cheer.— STiafc. 
 
 FANCY-STOCKS, fan'si-stoks, n.pl. among 
 American brokers, stocks wliicn, having 
 no determinate value from any fixed 
 probable income, fluctuate in price ac- 
 cording to the fancy of specuhators. 
 
 FANCY^-WORK, fan'si-werk, n. ornament- 
 
 al knitting, crocheting, tatting; em- 
 broidery, etc., performed by ladies. 
 FANCY-WOVEN, fan'si- w5v-n, adj formed 
 by the imagination. 
 
 VeiPd in Fab\e's fancy-woven vest. — Warton. 
 
 FANDANGO, fau-dan'go, n. an old Spanish 
 
 dance. [Sp.] 
 FANE, fan, n. a temple. [L. fanum, front 
 
 fari, to speak, to dedicate.] 
 FANFARE, fan'far, n. a flourish of irum 
 
 Cets on entering the lists : a boast : a 
 ravado. [Fr. fanfare — Sp. fanfarria, 
 which is from j^j-ab. farfar, loquacious.] 
 
 FANFARON, fan'fa^ron, n. one who uses 
 fanfare or bravado : a bully. [Fr., from 
 fanfare.] 
 
 FANFARONADE, fan-far-on-ad', n. vain 
 boasting : bluster. [Fr. fanfaronnade, 
 from fanfare.] 
 
 FANG, fang, n, the tooth of a ravenous 
 beast : a claw or talon. [A.S. fang, 
 from/on, to seize ; Ger. fangen, to catch.] 
 
 FANGED, fangd, adj. having fangs, 
 clutches, or anytliing resembling them. 
 
 FANLIGHT, faii'llt, n. a imndow resem- 
 bling in form an open /an. 
 
 FANNER, fan'er, n. a machine with re- 
 volving fans, used for winnowing grain, 
 
 FANNING-MACHINE, fan'ing - ma - shen, 
 FANNING-MILL, fan'ing-mQ, n. a ma- 
 chine for cleaain^ grain and seeds from 
 chaff, husks, fom seeds and sand ; and 
 also for grading wheat and other cereals. 
 
 FANPALM, fan'pam, n. a species of i)abn 
 60 or 70 ft. high, vith/aii-sliaped leaves, 
 used for umbrellas, tents, etc. 
 
 FANTASIA, fan-ta'zi-a, n. a fauciftd or 
 fantastic musical composition, not gov- 
 erned by the ordinarj' musical rules. [It., 
 from Gr. phantasia. See Fancy.] 
 
 FANTASMAGORIA, f an-tas-ma-gol-i- a, n 
 same as FhantaSMAGOEIA. 
 
 FANTASTIC, fan-tas'tik, FANTASTICAL 
 fan-tas'tik-al. adj., fanciful: not real : 
 capricious : whimsical : wild. — adv. Fan- 
 
 TAS'TICAIjLY 
 
 FANTASY, fa'n'ta-si, n. old form of Fancy. 
 
 FAN-WINDOW, fan'win-do, n. a wmdow 
 shaped like a fan ; that is, ha\ing a semi- 
 circular outline and a sash formed of ra- 
 dial bars. 
 
 FAR, far, adj. remote : more distant of 
 two : remote from or contrarj' to pur- 
 pose or design. — adv. to a great distance 
 m time, space, or proportion : remotely: 
 considerably or in great pai-t : very 
 much : to a great height : to a certain 
 point, degree, or distance. [A.S. feor ; 
 Dut. ver, verre ; Ice. Jiarri ; Ger. fern ; 
 allied to Gr. poiro, at a distance, pro, 
 before. Sans, pro, before, and also to E. 
 Fake.] 
 
 FARAD, far'ad, n. the unit of quantity in 
 electrometry: the quantity of electricity 
 with which an electro-motive force of 
 one volt would flow through the resist- 
 ance of one megohm (-=a million ohms) 
 in one second. [In honor of Prof. Fara- 
 day.] 
 
 FARADIC, fa-rad'ik, adj. a term applied 
 to induction electricity obtained from a 
 variety of batteries — some magneto-elec- 
 tric, composed of a revolving magnet 
 and coils of wires, others of a cell (giv 
 ing a galvanic current) and coils. 
 
 FARCE, fars, n. a style of comedy, stuffed 
 
 with low humor and extravagant wit ; 
 
 ridiculous or empty .show. [JFr. farce, 
 
 .the stuffing in meat, from L. farcio, to 
 
 stuff.] 
 
 FARCICAL, ffirs'i-kal, adj. of or relating 
 to a farce: ludicrous. — adv. Farc'ically. 
 
 FARCY. fSr'si, FARCIN, far'sin, v. a dis- 
 ease of horses intimately connected with 
 glanders, the two diseases generally 
 running into each other. It is «up-
 
 FARCY-BUD 
 
 156 
 
 FASTIGIUM 
 
 posed to have its seat in the absorbents 
 of the skin, and its first indication is 
 generally the appearance of little tumors, 
 called farcy-buds, on the face, neck, or 
 inside of the thigh. 
 
 FARCY-BTJD, far'si-bud, n. a tumor which 
 appears early in the disease called Farcy. 
 [See Faect.J 
 
 f AEDEL, fSr'del, n. a pack or bundle. [O. 
 Fr. fardel, Fr. fardeau, dim. of farde, 
 a burden, of which ety. dub.] 
 
 * ABDELr-BOTJND, fardel-bound, adj. in 
 vet. surg. a term appUed to cattle and 
 sheep aifected with a disease caused by 
 the retention of food in the maniplus 
 or third stomach, between the numerous 
 plaits of which it is firmly impacted. 
 When the food is of a narcotic character, 
 or unusually dry, tough, or indigestible, 
 the stomach cannot moisten and reduce 
 it with sufficient rapidity ; and as fresh 
 quantities continue to be received, the 
 organ becomes over-gorged, and ulti- 
 mately paralyzed and affected with 
 chronic inflammation. Over-ripe clover, 
 vetches, or rye-grass are hable to pro- 
 duce the disease. 
 
 FARE, far, v.i. to get on or succeed : to 
 happen well or ill to : to feed. — n. {orig.) 
 a coui-se or passage : the price of pas- 
 sage : food or provisions for the table. 
 [A.S. faran ; Oer. fahren, to go.] 
 
 FAREWELL, far-wef' or far*-, int. may you 
 /rtre well! an affectionate prayer for 
 safety or success. — n. well-wishing at 
 parting : the act of departure. — ai^. 
 parting : fin al. 
 
 FAR-FETCHED, fay-fecht, adj., fetched or 
 brought from /ar, or from a remote place: 
 forced, unnatural. 
 
 FARINA, fa-rf na, n. in a general sense, 
 meal or flour : specifically, a terra given 
 to a soft, tasteless, and commonly white 
 powder, obtained by trituration of the 
 seads of cereal and leguminous plants, 
 and of some roots, as the potato, and 
 consisting of gluten, starch, and muci- 
 lage : in 60^. a name formerly given to 
 the poUen contained in the anthers of 
 flowers. — Fossn. FAEINA, a variety of car- 
 bonate of lime, in thin white crusts, light 
 as cotton, and easily reducible to powder. 
 [L. farina, ground corn, from/ar, a sort 
 of grain, spelt — the earliest food of the 
 Romans.] 
 
 FARINACEOUS, far-in-a'shus. adj. consist- 
 ing or made of meal or flour ; as a far- 
 inaceous diet, which consists of the meal 
 or flour of the various species of corn or 
 
 frain : cbntaining or yielding farina or 
 our ; as, farinaceous seeds : like meal ; 
 mealy ; pertaining to meal ; as, a far- 
 inaceous taste or smeU. [L. farina, meal.] 
 
 FARM, farm, n. land let or rented for cul- 
 tivation or pasturage, with the necessary 
 buildings. [A.S. feorm, goods, enter- 
 tainment, from Low L. Jirma, a feast, 
 tribute, also a contract, an oath — L. 
 firmus, firm, durable. Farm is therefore 
 a doublet of Firm.] 
 
 FARM, farm, v.t. to let out as lands to a 
 tenant : to take on lease : to grant cer- 
 tain rights in return for a portion of what 
 they yield, as to farm the taxes : to cul- 
 tivate, as land. 
 
 FARMER, farm'er, n. one who farms ; as, 
 one who cultivates a farm ; a cultivator 
 of the fields ; an agriculturist ; a hus- 
 bandman : one who takes taxes, cus- 
 toms, excise, or other duties, to collect 
 for a certain rate per cent. ; as, a. farmer 
 of the revenues : in mining, the lord of 
 the field, or one who farms the lot and 
 cope of the crown, in monarchical coun- 
 tries. — Farmer-general, in France, un- 
 der the old monarchy, a member of a 
 privileged association which farmed cer- 
 
 tain branches of the revenue, that is, 
 contracted with the government to pay 
 into the treasury a fixed yearly sum, 
 taking upon itself the collection of cer- 
 tain taxes as an equivalent. This sj-s- 
 tem was swept away at the revolution. 
 
 FARO, far'o, n. a game of chance played 
 with cards. [Saia to be so called because 
 king Pharaoh was formerly represented 
 on one of the cards.] 
 
 FARRAGO, far-ra'go, n. a confused mass. 
 HL.— -/ar, a sort of grain.] 
 
 FARRIEIR, far'i-er, n. one who shoes horses: 
 one who cures the diseases of horses. [O. 
 Fr. ferrier, through Low L. ferranus, 
 from L. ferrum, iron.] 
 
 FARRIERY, fayi-er-i, n. the art of curing 
 the diseases of cattle. 
 
 FARROW, far'o, 11. a Utter of pigs. — v. to 
 bring forth pigs. [A.S./earft, a pig; Dan. 
 fare, to farrow ; Ger. ferkel, allied to L. 
 porosis, pig, verres, boar.] 
 
 FARSE, fars, n. (eccles.) an explanation or 
 paraphrase in English of the text of the 
 epistle read in Latin, adopted In some 
 English churches before the Reforma- 
 tion, the sub-deacon repeating each verse 
 in Latin and two choristers singing the 
 farse or explanation in English. [L. 
 fa rcio, to stuff.] 
 
 FARTHER, far'fSer, adj. (comp. of Far), 
 more far or distant : tending to a greater 
 distance : longer : additional.— adi". at or 
 to a greater distance : more remotely : 
 beyond : moreover. [A rather recent 
 form, comp. of Far, the euphonic th 
 being inserted from the analogy of 
 
 FARTHEST, fa/rtest, adj. (superl. of Fae), 
 most far, distant, or remote. — adv. at or 
 to the greatest distance. [Superl. of Far, 
 coined from the analogy of Furthest.] 
 
 FARTHING, tai'thing, 11. the fourth of a 
 penny : {Xmo Test) = 3 fartbangs, some- 
 times* of Eng. farthing. [A.S. feorthling, 
 feorthing, a fourth part— /eo)-<A, fourth, 
 an d di m, of ingovling—feor, four.] 
 
 FARTHINGALE, far'f/iing-gal, n. a kind 
 of crinoline made of whalebone for dis- 
 tending the dress, introduced by Queen 
 Elizabeth. [Fr. vertugade, O. Fr. ver- 
 dtigalle — Sp. verdugado, hooped — ver- 
 ducj 1, a rod, a young- shoot — verde, green 
 — L. viridis, green.] 
 
 FAR-\VEST, far'west, n. a name loosely 
 applied to that portion of the United 
 States lying beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 FAR- WEST, far'^west, adj. pertaining to 
 the Far- West, or the United States west 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 FASCES, fas'ez, n.pl. (Roman antiquities) 
 a bundle of rods with an axe in the mid- 
 dle, borne before the Roman magistrates 
 as a badge of their authority. [L. /cw- 
 cis, a bundle.] 
 
 FASCICLE, fas'i-kl, n., a little bundle: 
 (pot.) a close cluster, with the flowers 
 much crowded together, as in the sweet- 
 william. [L. fascieidtis, dim. of fa.<scis.'\ 
 
 FASCICULAR, fas-sik'u-lar, FASCICU- 
 LATE, fas-sik'u-lat, adj. united as in a 
 hundle. 
 
 FASCINATE, fas'i-nat, v.t. to fix or con- 
 trol by the glance : to charm : to en- 
 chant. [L. fascino, -atus , prob. alhed 
 to Gr. baskaino, to bewitch.] 
 
 FASCINATION, fas-i-na'shun, n. the act 
 of charming: supposed power to hann 
 by looks or spells : mysterious attrac- 
 tive power exerted by a man's words or 
 manner : irresistible power of alluring. 
 [L. fascinatio.] 
 
 FASCINE, fas-s§n', n. a fagot or bundle of 
 rods, used in fort, to raise batteries, fill 
 ditches, etc. [Fr. — L. fascina—fascis, a 
 bundle.] 
 
 FASHION, fash'un, n. the make or cut of 
 
 a thing : form or pattern : prevailing 
 mode or shape of dress : a prevailing 
 custom: manner: genteel soc iety : {New 
 Test.) appearance. — v.t. to .make: to 
 mould according to a patte: a : to suit 
 or adapt. — n. Fash'IONER. [/'r. fa<;on~ 
 U. factio—facio, to make.] 
 
 FASHIONABLE, fash'un-a-bl, adj. mad€ 
 according to prevailing fashion : pre- 
 vailing or in use at any period : observ 
 ant of the fashion in dress or living ; 
 genteel : moving in high society. — adv. 
 Fash'Ionablt. —n. Fash'ionableness. 
 
 FAST, fast, adj. firm : fixed : steadfast.— 
 adv. firmly : soundly or sound (asleep). — 
 Fast by, close to. — Fast and loosb 
 PULLETS, two pulleys of the same 
 diameter placed side oj' side on a shaft, 
 the one rigidly fixed \o the shaft, the 
 other loose. The shaft is driven from a 
 revolving shaft by a band passed over 
 the fixed pulley, and, when the shaft ia 
 to be stopped, the band is shifted to the 
 loose pulley. [A.S. fcest; Ger. fest; 
 aUied to fassen, to seize.] 
 
 FAST, fast, adj. quick : rash : dissipated. 
 — adv. swiftly : in rapid succession : ex- 
 travagantly. [Aspecial use of /asf, firm, 
 derived from the Scand., in the sense of 
 urgent or pressing.] 
 
 FAST, fast, v.i. to keep from food : to go 
 hungry : to abstain from food in whole 
 or part, as a religious duty. — n. absti- 
 nence from food : special abstinence en- 
 joined by the church : the day of fasting. 
 — ns. Fast'er. one who fasts ; Fast'inq, 
 religious abstinence ; Fast'-day, a day of 
 reUgious fasting. [A.S. fcestan, to fast • 
 Ger. fasten, Goth./oston, tokeep ; allied 
 with Fast, firm, in the sense of making 
 firm or strict.] 
 
 FASTEN, fas'n, v.t. to make fast or tight : 
 to fix securely : to attach firmly one thing 
 to another. — v.i. to fix itself. — n. Fas- 
 tening, that which fastens. 
 
 FAST-HANDED, fast'-hand-ed, adj. close- 
 handed : covetous : closefisted : avaii 
 cious. (Rare.) "The king being fast- 
 handed and loth to part with a second 
 dowry . . . prevailed with the prince . . . 
 to be contracted with the Princess Cath- 
 arine." — Bacon. 
 
 FASTI, fas'ti, n.pl. among the Romans, 
 registers of various kinds ; as, fasti saeri 
 or kalendares, calendars of the year, 
 giving the days for festivals, courts,'etc., 
 corresponding to the modern almanac ; 
 fasti annates or historiei, containing the 
 names of the consuls and other magis- 
 trates, and an enumeration of the most 
 remarkable historical events noted down 
 opposite the days on which they occur. 
 
 FASTIDIOUS, fas-tid'i-us, adj. affecting 
 superior taste : over-nice : difficult to 
 please. — adv. Fastid'iocsly. — n. Fastid'- 
 iousness. [L. fastidiosus — fastidium, 
 loathing — fastus, pride, ana tceditim, 
 loathing.T 
 
 FASTIGIATE, fas-ti'ji-at, FASTIGIATED, 
 fas-t"l'ii-at-ed. adj. narrowed to the top; 
 roofed; "That noted hill, the top 
 whereof is fastigiate like a sugar-loaf." 
 — Ray: in bot. tapering to a narrow 
 point like a pyramid ; as, a plant is said 
 to be fastigidted when the branches be- 
 come gradually shorter from the base tc 
 the apex, as the Lombardy poplar. [L. 
 fastigiatus, pointed, from fastigio, to 
 point, fastigium, a top or peak.] 
 
 FASTIGIATELY, fas-ti^ji-at-li, adv. in a 
 fastigiate manner : pointedlv. 
 
 FASTIGIUM, fas-ti'ji-um, n. the summit, 
 apex, or ridge of a house or pediment : 
 the pediment of a portico ; so called be- 
 cause it followed the form of the roof 
 [L.]
 
 FASTISH 
 
 157 
 
 FAUNA 
 
 FASTISH, fudt'ish, adj. rathti-fast : j^pecifi- 
 cally, somewhat dissipated, or inclined to 
 lead a gay life. "A fastishy oung aian." 
 — Tltackeray. 
 
 FASTNESS, fast'nes, n. fixedness: a 
 stronghold, fortress, castle. 
 
 FAT. fat, adj. plump, fleshy: fruitful : 
 gross. — n. an oily substance under the 
 skin : solid animal oil : thfe richest part 
 of anything. — v.t. to make fat. — v.i. to 
 grow "fat : — pr.p. fatt'ing ; pa.p. fatt'ed. 
 [A.S. fat : Ger. fett.] 
 
 FAT. fat, n. a vat. See Vat. 
 
 FATAL, fat'al, adj. belonging to or ap- 
 pointed by fate : causing ruin or death : 
 mortal : calamitous — adv. Fat'ally. 
 
 FATALISM, fat'al-izm, n. the doctrine 
 that all events are subject to fate, and 
 happen by unavoidable necessity. — n. 
 F.vt'alist, one who believes in fatalism. 
 — adj. Fat'alistic, belonging to or par- 
 taking of fatalism. 
 
 FATALITY, fat-al'i-ti, ». the state of being 
 fatal or unavoidable : the decree of fate : 
 fixed tendency to disaster or death : 
 mortality. 
 
 FATA MORGANA, fa'ta nior-ga'na, n. a 
 name given to a very striking optical 
 illusion which has beeti principally re- 
 marked in the Strait of Messina, between 
 the coasts of Sicily and Calabria — a va- 
 riety of mirage (which see). The images 
 of men, houses, towers, palaces, columns, 
 trees, etc., are occasionally seen from the 
 coast, sometimes in the water, and some- 
 times in the air, or at the surface of the 
 water. The same object has frequently 
 two images, one in the natural and tlie 
 other in an inverted position. Tlie images 
 of a single object are said to be sometimes 
 considerably multiplied. [It., because 
 supposed to be the work of a fata or 
 fairv called Morgana.'] 
 
 FAT-BRAINED, fat'-brand, adj. dull of 
 apprehension. "What a wretched and 
 peeWsh fellow is this King of England, 
 to mope with his fat-brained followers so 
 far out of his knowledge." — Shah. 
 
 PATE, fat, n. inevitable destiny or neces- 
 sity : appointed lot : ill-fortune : doom : 
 final issue. [L. fatum, a prediction-^ 
 fatus. spoken— /ar(, to speak.] 
 
 FATED, fat'ed, adj. doomed : destined. 
 
 FATES, fats, n.pl. the three goddesses of 
 fate. Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, who 
 were supposed to determine the birth, 
 life, and deatii of men. 
 
 FATHER, fsi'ther, n. a male parent : an 
 ancestor or forefather : a contriver or 
 originator : a title of respect : an ecclesi- 
 astical writer of the early centuries : the 
 first Person of the Trinity : the eldest 
 member of any profession, or of any 
 body ; as, father of the bar, the oldest 
 barrister; father of the church, the 
 clergyman who has longest held office ; 
 father of the House of Representative.'), 
 the member who has been longest in the 
 House. — Fathers of the Church, the 
 name given to the early teachers and ex- 
 
 Eounders of Christianity, whose writings 
 ave thrown light upon the history, doc- 
 trines, and observ.ances of the Christian 
 Church in the early ages. Those of them 
 who were, during any part of their lives, 
 contemporary with the apostles, are 
 called apostolic fathers. These are five: 
 Clement of Rome. B.arnabas, Hernias, 
 Ignatius, and Polycarp. Those of the 
 first three centuries, including the five 
 above named, are sometimes styled jjrim- 
 itive fathers, to distinguish them from 
 the fathers of the fourtli and fifth cen- 
 turies — their names, in addition to tlie 
 five just mentioned, are, Justin. Theoph- 
 ilus, bishop of Antioch, Iren;eus. bish- 
 op of Lyon, Clement of Alexandria, 
 
 Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, Origen of 
 Alexandria, Gregory Thaumaturgus, 
 Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, Tertul- 
 lianus of Carthage. The fathers of the 
 fourth and fifth centuries are generally 
 ranged in two classes — fathers of the 
 Greek or Eastern chui-ch, s.aA fathers of 
 the Latin Church. The former are, 
 Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Basil 
 the Great, bishop of Ciesarea, Gregory 
 Nazianzenus, Gregory of Nj'ssa, Cyril, 
 bishop of Jerusalem, Chrysostom, patri- 
 arch of Constantinople, Epiphanius, bish- 
 op of Salamis in Cyprus, Cyril, bishop of 
 Alexandria. To the above must be added 
 Ephraim, the Syrian deacon of Edessa. 
 The fathers of the Latin Church are, 
 Lactantius, Hilary, bishop of Poictiers, 
 Ambrose, archbishop of Milan, Jerome, 
 the translator of the Bible, Augustin, 
 bishop of Hippo. — i\t. to adopt : to ascribe 
 to one as his offspring or production. 
 [A.S. faeder: Ger. vater, L. pater, Gr. 
 X>ater, S>w[is. pitri, from root pa, to feed.] 
 
 FATHERHOOD, fa'«7ier-hood, n. state of 
 being a, father : fatherly authority. 
 
 FATHER-IN-LAW, fa'i/ier-in-law, n. the 
 father of one's husband or wife. 
 
 FATHERLAND. fa77ier-land, n. the land 
 of one's fathers. 
 
 FATHERLESS, fa77ier-les, adj. destitute 
 of a living father: without a known 
 author. — n. Fa'therijissness. 
 
 FATHERLY, fa'f/ier-li. adj. like & father ia 
 affection and care: paternal. — n. Fa'THER- 
 
 IINESS. 
 
 FATHOM, ia,th'\xm, n. the distance between 
 the extremities of botli arms extended or 
 held out : a nautical measure = 6 feet. — 
 v.t. to try the depth of: to comprehend 
 or get to the bottom of. — adjs. Path'om- 
 ABLE, Fathomless. [A.S. faethm; Dut. 
 vadem, Ger. faden : cf. L. pateo, Gr. pet- 
 annymi, to stretch.] 
 
 FATIGUE, fa-teg', n., ireariness from labor 
 of body or of mind : toil : military work, 
 distinct from the use of arms. — v.t. to re- 
 duce to a state of weariness : to exhaust 
 one's strength : to harass: — pr.p fatigu'- 
 ing; pa. 2}. fatigued'. [Fr. , from h.fatigo, 
 to wea.r_y.] 
 
 FATIGXIE-DRESS. fa-teg'-dres, n. the 
 wrrking-dress of soldiers. 
 
 FATlGUE-DUTY,fa-teg'-du-ti, n. the work 
 of soldiers distinct from the use of arms. 
 
 FATIGUE-PARTY, fa-teg'-par-ti, n. a body 
 of soldiers engaged in labors distinct from 
 the use of arras. 
 
 FATIMIDE, fat'i-mid, FATIMITE,fat'i-mit, 
 n.- a descendant of Fatima, the daughter 
 and only child of Mahomet. A line of 
 caliphs, popularly known as the Fatimite 
 dynasty, was founded in 909 by Abu- 
 Mohammed Obeidalla, who gave liimself 
 out as grandson of Fatima, and con- 
 tinued till the death of Adhed, the four- 
 teenth Fatimite caliph, in 1171. The 
 members claimed pontifical attributes. 
 
 FATISCENCE, fa-tis'sens, n. a gaping or 
 opening : a state of being chinkj-. Kir- 
 ti'an. [L. faiisco, to open, to gape.] 
 
 FAT-KIDNEYED, fat'-kid-nid. adj. fat: 
 gross : a word used in contempt. " Peace, 
 ye fat-kidne>/ed rascal ! " — Shak. [Fat 
 and Kidney. "I 
 
 FATLING, fat'ling, n. a lamb, kid. or other 
 yoimg animal fattened for slau<jhter : a 
 fat animal : applied to quadrupeds whose 
 flesh is used for food. " He (David) sacri- 
 ficed oxen and fallings." — 2 Sam. vi. 13. 
 
 FATNESS, fat'nes. n. quality or state of 
 being fat : fullness of fiesh : richness : 
 fertility : that whicli makes fertile. 
 
 FATTEI^, fat'n, v.t. to make fat or fleshy : 
 to make fertile. — v.i. to grow fat. — ns. 
 FaTt'ener, he who or that which fat- 
 
 tens ; Fatt'enino, the process of making 
 fat : state of growing fat. 
 
 FATTY, fat'i, adj. containing fat or hav- 
 ing the qualities of fat. — Fatty acu)S, 
 a name given to such acids as have been 
 separated from fats. Fats and fixed oils 
 are composed of one or more acids and 
 glycerine. The glycerine may be re 
 moved by boiling the fat with anv 
 stronger base, as potash or soda, witt 
 which the acid combines to form a soap. 
 By treating: this soap with hydrochloric 
 or sulphuric acid the base is removed 
 and the fatty acid obtained free. Acetic 
 and formic acids have been included in 
 the fatty acids, because, though not en- 
 tering into oleaginous compounds, they 
 belong to the same chemical order. -^ 
 Fatty tissue, in anat. the adipose tis- 
 sue, a tissue composed of minute cells 
 or vesicles, having no communication 
 with each other, but lying side by side 
 in the meshes of the cellular tissue, 
 which serves to hold them together, and 
 through which also the blood-vessels find 
 their way to them. In the cells of this 
 tissue the animal matter called fat is 
 deposited. — Fatty degeneration, in 
 pathol. a condition characterized by a 
 continually increasing accumulation of 
 fat replacing the minute structural ele- 
 ments of the tissues of hving organisms. 
 In man this diseased condition has been 
 observed in nearly all the tissues, and is 
 essentially a sign of weakness or death 
 of the part. It attacks the muscles, 
 especially the heart ; the brain (yellow 
 softening) ; the kidney, in many cases of 
 Briglit's disease ; etc. In the severer 
 forms, when the heart or the larger 
 vessels are affected , the disease generally 
 terminates in sudden death by rupture, 
 followed by syncope. — w. Fatt'iness. 
 
 FATUITY, fa-tu'i-ti, n. the being feeble in 
 intellect : imbecility. 
 
 FATUOUS, fat'u-us, adj. silly: without 
 reality : deceptive, like the ignis-fatuus. 
 [L. fatuus, foolish.] 
 
 FAUBOURG, fo'boorg, n. a suburb in 
 French cities : the name is also given 
 to districts now within the city, but 
 which were formerly suburbs without 
 it. when the walls were less extensive. 
 [Ft. In O. Fr. also written forsbourg, 
 Low L. foris burgitm — L. foris, out of 
 doors, and Low L,. Inirgum, a borough. 
 The present spelling perhaps originated 
 from a confusion of the first sj-llable 
 with fanx, false.] 
 
 FAUCES, faw'sez, n.pl. the upper part of 
 the throat from the root of the tongue 
 to the entrance of the gullet. [L.] 
 
 FAUCET, faw'set, n. a pipe inserted in a 
 barrel to draw liquid. [Fr. fa^tsset — 
 fausser, to falsify, to pierce — L. falsns. 
 See False.] 
 
 FAUGH, faw, int. an exclamation of con- 
 tempt or disgust. [Prob. from the 
 sound.] 
 
 FAULT, fawlt, n. a failing : error : blem- 
 ish : a slight offence : (geol. and min.) a 
 displacement of strata or veins. [Fr. 
 faute — L. fallo. to deceive.] 
 
 FAULTLESS, fawlt'les, adj. without 
 fault or defect.— adv. Fault'lessly.— n. 
 Fault'lessness. 
 
 FAULTY, fawlt'i, adj. imperfect : guilty of 
 a fault : blameable. — adv. Fault'ily. — 
 n. Fault'iness. 
 
 FAUN, fawn, n. a rural deity among the 
 Romans — \A\q protector of shepherds and 
 agriculture. [L. faunus, from faveo 
 fautum, to favor.] 
 
 FAUNA, fawn'a, n.pl. the animals native 
 to any region or epoch, so called because 
 protected by the Fauns.
 
 FAUNAL 
 
 158 
 
 FEEL 
 
 FAUNAL, fawn'al, adj. of, pertaining to, 
 or connectetl with a fauna. " Faunal 
 publications." — Academy. 
 
 FAVOR, fa'vur, «. a regarding kindly : 
 countenance : good-will : a kind deed : 
 an act of grace or lenity : a knot of 
 white ribbons worn at a wedding. — v.t. 
 to regard with good vrill : to be on the 
 Bide of : to treat indulgently : to afford 
 advantage to. — n. Fa'yorer. [Ft. — L. 
 favor^aveo, to favor, befriend.] 
 
 FAVORABLE, fa'vur-a-bl, adj. friendly : 
 propitious: conducive to: advantageous. 
 — adv. Fa'vorablt.— n. Fa'vorableness. 
 
 FAVORITE, fa'vur-it, n. a person or thing 
 regarded with /oi-o?-; one unduly loved : — 
 pi. a series of short curls over the brow, 
 a style of hairdressing introduced in the 
 reign of Charles II. -'With humodest 
 fav'rites shade my face." — Gay. "The 
 favorites hang loose upon the temples, 
 with a languishing lock in the middle." 
 — Farqiihdr. — adj. esteemed, beloved, 
 preferred. — n. Fa'toritism, the practice 
 of favoring or showing partiality. 
 
 FAWN, fawn, n. a young deer. — adj. re- 
 sembling a fawn in color. — v.i. to bring 
 forth a fawn. [Fi-./oon, through an un- 
 recorded Low L. fostomis, an extension 
 ofL. fcefus, offspring.] 
 
 FAWN, fawn, v.i. to cringe : to flatter in 
 a servile way (followed by upon). — n. a 
 servile cringe or bow : mean flattery. 
 — n. Favtn'er, one who flatters to gain 
 favor.— adf. Fawn'ingly. [M.E./awnen; 
 from Ice. fagna, to rejoice, conn, with 
 A.S. fcegen, glad.] 
 
 FAWNINGNESS, fawn-ing'nes,?!. the state 
 or quality of being fawning, cringing or 
 servile : mean flattery or cajolery. "I'm 
 for peace, and quietness, and fawniny- 
 ness." — De Quincey. 
 
 FAY, fa, v.i. to fit : to suit : to unite 
 closely : specificaUy, in ship-bidlding, to 
 fit or lie close together, as any two 
 pieces of wood ; thus, a plank is said to 
 jfay to the timbers when there is no 
 perceptible space between them. [A.S. 
 fegan, to unite.] 
 
 FAY, fa, v.t. to fit two pieces of timber to- 
 gether so that thev lie close and fair : to 
 fit. 
 
 FAY, fa,«. a fairy. [Fr./e'e— Low L./afa, 
 a fairy — L. fatum, fate. See Fate.] 
 
 FEALTY, fe'al-ti or fel'ti, n. the oath 
 sworn by the vassal to be faithful to his 
 feudal lord : loyalty. [O. Fr. fealte—L. 
 fi lelita-i—Jidelis, faithf;u— -^do, to trust.] 
 
 FEAR, fer, n. a painful emotion, excited 
 by danger : apprehension of tlanger or 
 pain : alarm : the object of fear : (B.) 
 deep reverence : piety towards God. — 
 v.t. to regard with fear: to expect with 
 alarm : (B.) to stand in awe of : to ven- 
 erate : (obs.) to terrify : to make afraid. 
 [A.S. fcer, fear ; Ger". gefahr, Ice. far, 
 harm, mischief.] 
 
 FEARFUL, fer'fool, adj. timorous: exciting 
 intense fear: terrible. — adv. Fear'fitlly. 
 — n. Feah'fctlness. 
 
 FEARLESS, fer'les, adj. without fear: 
 daring: brave. — adv. Fear'lessly". — n. 
 Fear'lessness. 
 
 FEASIBLE, fez'i-bl, adj. practicable.— adn. 
 Feas'ibly. — 7IS. Feas'ibleness, Feasibil'- 
 ITY. [Fr. faisable, that can be done — 
 faire, faisant — L. facere, to do, to make.] 
 
 FEAST, fest. n. a day of unusual solemnity 
 or joy : a rich and "abundant repast : rich 
 enjoyment for the mind or heart. — v.i. 
 to hold a feast : to eat sumptuously : to 
 receive intense deUght. — v.t. to entertain 
 sumptuously. — n. FEAST'Eai. [O.Fr. feste 
 (Fr. fete) — L. festxim, a holiday, festus, 
 solemn, festal.] 
 
 FEAST-WON, fest'-wun, adj. gained or 
 won by feasting. 
 
 Ah : wheo the means are gone that buy this praise, 
 The breath is gone whereof this praise is made ; 
 Featt-Kon, fast-lost.— SAofc. 
 
 FEAT, fet, 11. a deed manifesting extraor- 
 dinary strength, skill, or courage. [Fr. 
 fait, O. Fr. faict — L. fact us, done — L. 
 facio. to do, to make.] 
 
 FEATHER, feth'ei; n. one of the growths 
 which form the covering of a bird : a 
 feather-hke ornament. — v.t. to furnish or 
 adorn \vith feathers. — To FEAthek an 
 OAK, to bring it out of the water in a flat 
 or horizontal position. [A.S. f ether ; Ger. 
 feder: conn, with L. penna {= petna), 
 Gr. pteron, Sans, patra^pat, to flv.] 
 
 FEATHER-BRAINED, feWi'er-brand, adj. 
 ha\'ing a weak, empty brain or disposi- 
 tion : frivolous: giddy. " To a feather- 
 brained school-girl nothing is sacred." — 
 Charlotte Bronte. 
 
 FEATHERHEAD, teth'er-hed, n. a light, 
 giddy, frivolous person : a trifler. " A 
 fool and featherheud."' — Tennyson. 
 
 FEATHER-HEADED, fe»i'er-hed-ed, adj. 
 sameasFEATHER-BRAlNTa). "Thisfeather- 
 headed puppy." — C'ibber. 
 
 FEATHER-PATED, fe»'er-pat-ed. adj. 
 same as Feather-brained. " Feather- 
 pated, giddy madmen." — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 FEATHERY," fe«i'er-i, adj. pertaining to, 
 resembling, or covered with feaf/iers. 
 
 FEATURE,"fet'fir, n. the marks by which 
 anything is recognized : the prominent 
 traits of anything : the ca.st of the face : 
 — pi. the countenance. — adjs. Feat'tired, 
 with features well marked ; Feat'ure- 
 LESS. destitute of distinct features. [O. 
 Fr. faifure — L. factura, facturus, fut. 
 part, of facio, to make.] 
 
 FEATURE, fet'iir, v.t. to have features re- 
 sembling : to look like : to resemble gen- 
 erally. "Miss Vincy . . . was much 
 comforted by her perception that two 
 at least of Fred's boys were real Vincys, 
 and did not feature the Garths." — George 
 Eliot. 
 
 FEBRIFUGE, feb'ri-fuj, n. a medicine for 
 removing fever. [L. febris, and fxigo, to 
 put to flight.] 
 
 FEBRILE, fe'bril or feb'ril, ad/, pertaining 
 to fever: feverish. [Fr. febrile, frota Ij. 
 febris, fever.] 
 
 FEBRONIANISM, fe-bro'ni-an-izm, n. in 
 Bom. Cath. theol. a system of doctrines 
 antagonistic to the admitted claims of 
 the pope, and asserting the independ- 
 ence of national churches, and the rigiits 
 of bishops to unrestricted action in mat- 
 ters of discipline and church government 
 within their own dioceses. [From Jus- 
 tinus Febroniiis. a nom de plume assumed 
 by John Nicholas von Hontheim, arch- 
 bishop of Treves, in a work on the claims 
 of the pope.] 
 
 FEBRUARY, feb'roo-ar-i. n. the second 
 mouth of the year. [L. Febmurius (men- 
 sis), the month of expiation, because in 
 this month the great Roman feast of ex- 
 piation was held— februa, the festival of 
 expiation.] 
 
 FECAL, fe'kal, adj. relating to, consisting 
 of faeces. 
 
 FECES. See F.ffiCES. 
 
 FECIAL, fe'shal, n. a member of a college 
 of ancient Roman priests, whose province 
 it was when any dispute arose with a 
 foreign state, to demand satisfaction, to 
 determine the circumstances under which 
 war might be commenced, to perform the 
 various religious rites attendant on the 
 declaration of war, and to preside at the 
 formal ratification of peace. [L. feeiales, 
 fetiales,the Roman priests who sanctioned 
 treaties when concluded, and demanded 
 
 satisfaction from the enemy before a 
 
 formal deckaration of war.] 
 FECIAL, fe'shal, adj. in ancient Rome, 
 
 pertaining to the fecials or college of 
 
 priests, who acted as the guardians of the 
 
 public faith. 
 FECULENT, fek'u-lent. adj. containing 
 
 fteces or sediment : muddj- : foul. — iu 
 
 Fec'CISNCe or FECfrXENCY.' 
 FECUND, fek'und, adj., fruitful: fertile: 
 
 prolific. [L. fecundns — obs. feo, to bring 
 
 forth. ]^ 
 FECUNDATE, fek'und -at, v.t. to make 
 
 fruitful : to impregnate. 
 FECrUNDATION, fek-un-da'shun, n. the act 
 
 of impregnating : the state of being im- 
 pregnated. 
 FECUNDITY, fek-und'i-ti. n. fruitfulness : 
 
 proliflcness in female animals. 
 
 FED, fed, pa.t. and pa.p. of Feed. 
 FEDERAL, fed'er-al, adj. pertaining to or 
 
 consisting of a treaty or covenant : found- 
 ed upon mutual agreement. — A Federal 
 union or government is one in which sev- 
 eral states, while independent in home 
 affairs, combine for national or general 
 purposes, as in the United States and 
 Switzerland. In American civil war. Fed- 
 eral was the name given to the .states 
 of the North which defended the Union 
 against the Confederate separatists of the 
 South. [Fr. federal — L. fadns, foederis, a 
 treatv, akin to J'tdo, to trust.] 
 
 FEDERALIST, fed'er-al-ist, n. a supporter 
 of a federal constitution or union : 
 specifically, the name of the first Amer- 
 ican political partj- headed by Washing- 
 ton, Adams, and Hamilton, as opposed 
 to the Anti-Federalist, led by Jefferson 
 and his confreres : also the name of the 
 publication devoted to enforcing the 
 views of the former. — n. Fed'er.\lism, 
 the principles or cause maintained by 
 federalists. 
 
 FEDERATE, fed'er-at, adj. united by 
 league : confederated. — adj. Fed'era- 
 TIVE, uniting in league. 
 
 FEE, fe, n. price paid for services, as to a 
 lawyer or physician : recompense : a 
 grant of land for feudal service : an un- 
 conditional inheritance (often termed /e6 
 simple): possession: ownership. — v.t. to 
 pay a fee to: to hire: — pr.p. fee'ing; 
 pa.p. feed'. [A.S. /fo/i. cattle, property; 
 a special kind of property, property itt 
 land ; Ger. vieh, Ice. fe : alUed to L. 
 pecus. cattle, peetmia, money.] 
 
 FEEBLE, fe'bl, adj. weak :' wanting in 
 strength of body : showing weakness or 
 incapacity: faint: dull. — adv. Fee'bly. — 
 n. Fee'bleness. [O. Fr. foible, torfloible 
 — h. flebili.'i, lamentable, trom flco, fiere, 
 to weep.] 
 
 FEEBLE, fe'bl, n. tliat part of a sword or 
 fencing-foil extending from about the 
 middle of the blade to the point : so called 
 because it is the weakest portion of the 
 weapon for resisting pressure, deflecting- 
 a blow, etc. Called also Faible and Foi- 
 ble. 
 
 FEEBLE-MINDED, fe'bl - mind'ed, adj. 
 weak-minded : irresolute. 
 
 FEED, fed, v.t. to give /oorf to: to nourish: 
 to furnish with necessary material : to 
 foster. — v.i. to take food: to nourish one's 
 self by eating : — pr.p. feed'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa.j). fed. — n. an allowance of provender 
 given to cattle. — «. Feed'ER, he who feeds 
 or that which .supplies. [A.S. fedan, to 
 feed, nourish— /o(/a, food.] 
 
 FEEL, fel. v.t. to perceive by the touch : to 
 handle : to be conscious of : to be keenly 
 sensible of : to have an inward persuasion 
 of. — V. i. to know bj' the touch : to have 
 the emotions excited : to produce a cer- 
 tain sensation when touched, as to feel 
 hard or hot -.—pr.p. feel'ing ; pa.t. and'
 
 FEELER 
 
 159 
 
 FER^DE-LANCE 
 
 pa. p. felt. [A.S. felan, to feel ; Ger. 
 fiihlen ; akin to L. palpare.] 
 
 FEELER, fel'er, n. a remark cautiously 
 dropped to sound the opinions of others: 
 —pi. jointed fibres in the heads of in- 
 sects, etc., possessed of a delicate sense 
 of touch, termed antenna. 
 
 FEELING, fel'ing-, n. the sense of touch : 
 perception of objects by touch: conscious- 
 ness of pleasure or pain : tenderness : 
 emotion:— pZ. the affections or passions. 
 — adj. expressive of great sensibility or 
 tenderness : easily affected. — axlv, Feel'- 
 
 INGLY. 
 
 FEET, fet, plural of Foot. 
 
 FEIGN; fan, v.t. to invent : to imagine : 
 to make a show or pretence of. — adv. 
 Feion'edly. — n. Feiqn'edness. [Fr. 
 feindre, pr.p. feignant, to feign — L. 
 jingo, fictum, to form.] 
 
 FEINT, fant, ?«. a false appearance : a pre- 
 tence : a mock - assault : a deceptive 
 movement in fencing. [Fr. feint, pa.p. 
 of feindre. See Feign.] 
 
 FEINT, fant, v.i. to make a feint : to make 
 a pretended blow, thrust, or attack at 
 one point when another is intended to be 
 struck, in order to throw an antagonist 
 off his guard. 
 
 He practiced every pass and ward. 
 To thrust, to strike, to feint, to ^uard. 
 
 —Sir W. Scott. 
 
 FELDSPAR, feld'spar, FELDSPATH, feld'- 
 spath, n. a crystalline mineral found in 
 granite, etc. [Field spar — Ger. feld, 
 a field, spath. spar. See Spae.] 
 
 FELDSPATHIC, feld-spath'ik, adj. per- 
 taining to or consisting of feldi^par. 
 
 FELICITATE, fe-lis'i-tat, v.t. to express joy 
 or pleasure to : to congratulate. [L. fe- 
 licitas, from feluv, feud's, happy.] 
 
 FELICITATION, fe-lis-i-ta'shun, n. the act 
 of felicitating or congratulating. 
 
 FELICITOUS, fe-lis'i-tus, adj. happy: 
 prosperous : delightful : appropriate. — 
 
 (idr. P'ELIC'ITOUSLY. 
 
 FELICITY, fe-lis'i-ti, n. happiness ; bliss ; 
 bhssfulness ; "Absent thee from felicity 
 awhile." — Shak.; "In representing it, 
 art had its congenial function, a felicity 
 untroubled by struggles or outward in- 
 firmities." — Dr. Catrd: blessing; soui-ce 
 of happiness — in a concrete sense ; " The 
 felicities of her wonderful reign." — Atter- 
 oury : a skillful or happy faculty ; skill- 
 fulness ; a sldllful or happy turn ; ap- 
 propriateness ; as, he has a rare felicity 
 in applying principles to facts; ' Felicity 
 in taking a likeness." — H. Walpole ; 
 " Many felicities of expression will be 
 casuallj' overlooked." — Johnson. [L. fe- 
 licitas. froin feli.v, happy.] 
 
 FELID^. fe'li-de, n.pl. animals of the cat 
 kind, a family of carnivora in which the 
 predaceous instincts reach their highest 
 development. They are among the quad- 
 rupeds what the Falconidse are among 
 the birds. The teeth and claws are 
 the principal instruments of the de- 
 structive energy in these anunals. The 
 incisor teeth are equal ; the tliird tooth 
 behind the large canine in either jaw is 
 narrow and sharp, and these, the car- 
 nassial or sectorial teeth, work against 
 each other like scissors in cutting flesh ; 
 the claws are sheathed and retractile. 
 They all approach their prey stealthily, 
 seize it with a spring, and devour it 
 fresh. The species are numerous, and 
 distributed over Europe, Asia, Africa, 
 and America, but none are found in 
 Australia. No species is common to the 
 Old and New Worlds. They are all so 
 closely allied in structure tliat they are 
 still comprehended within the LinnMan 
 genus Felis. This family comprehends 
 the domestic cat, the wild cat, the lion. 
 
 tiger, leopard, lynx, jaguar, panther, 
 chetah, ounce, caracal, serval, ocelot, 
 etc. [L. felis, a cat, and Gr, eidos, like- 
 ness.] 
 FELINE, fe-ll'ne, n.pl. the cat family : a 
 sub-family ol the Felid;e, comprising the 
 cats, lions, tigers, and lynxes. [See Fe- 
 
 LIDjB.] 
 
 FELINE, fe'lin, adj. pertaining to the eat 
 or the catkind : like a cat. [L. felinus — 
 felcs, a cat.] 
 
 FELL, fel, n. a barren or stony hiU. [Ice.] 
 
 FELL, fel, pa.t. of Fall. 
 
 FELL, fel, v.t. to cause to faO : to bring to 
 the ground : to cut down. [A.S, feUan. 
 causal form of feallan, to fall. See Fall.] 
 
 FELL, fel, n. a skin. [A.S. fel; cf. L. pel- 
 li.'<. Gr. 2xlla.J 
 
 FELL, fel, adj. cruel : fierce : bloody. — n. 
 Fell'ness. — adv. Fel'ly. [A.S. fel; 
 Dut. fel, which appears also in O. Fr. 
 fel.] 
 
 FELLER, fel'er, n. a cutter of wood. 
 
 FELLOE. See Felly, n. 
 
 FELLOW, fel'o, n. an associate ; a com- 
 panion and equal: one of a pair: a mate: 
 a member of a university who enjoys a 
 fellowship : a, niemVjer of a scientific or 
 other society: a worthless person. [M.E. 
 felaioe — Ice. felagi, a partner in goods, 
 from/e (Ger. ineh), cattle, property, and 
 lag, a laying together, a law ; cf. E. fee, 
 and law A 
 
 FELLOW-FEELING, fel'o-fel'ing, n. feel- 
 ing between fellows or equals : sympa- 
 thy. 
 
 FELLOWSHIP, fel'o-ship, n. the state of 
 being afellorv or partner : friendly inter- 
 course : communion : an association : an 
 endowment in a university for the sup- 
 port of graduates called fellows: the 
 position and income of a fellow : (arith.) 
 the proportional division of profit and 
 loss among partners. 
 
 FELLY, fel'i, FELLOE, fel'o, 7i. one of the 
 curved pieces in the circumference of a 
 wheel. [A.S. felgii ; Ger. felge.] 
 
 FELO DE SE, fe'lo de se, in lata, one who 
 commits felony by suicide, or deliber- 
 ately destroys his own life. [Low L., 
 lit. a felon upon himself.] 
 
 FELON, fel'on, n. in law, a person who 
 has committed felony : a person guilty 
 of heinous crimes : a whitlow ; a sort of 
 inflammation in animals similar to that 
 of whitlow in the human subject. [Fr. 
 felon, a traitor ; It. fellone, felonious. 
 The real origin is not known.] 
 
 FELON, fel'on, adj. malignant : fierce : 
 malicious : proceeding from a depraved 
 heart. 
 Vaiu sliows of love to vail hisfelati hate. — Pope. 
 
 FELONIOUS, fe-lo'ni-us, af^'. malignant; 
 malicious ; indicating or proceeding from 
 a depraved heart or evil purpose ; vil- 
 lanous ; traitorous ; perfidious ; as, a fe- 
 lonious deed : in laiv, done with the 
 deliberate purpose to commit a crime ; 
 as, felonious homicide. 
 
 FELONIOUSLY, fe-lO'ni-us-li, adv. in a 
 felonious manner : with the deliberate 
 intention to commit a crime. Indict- 
 ments for capital offences must state 
 the fact to be done feloniovsly. 
 
 FELONY, fel'on-i, n. (orig.) in England a 
 crime punished by total forfeiture of 
 lands, etc.: a crime punishable by im- 
 prisonment or death. 
 
 FELSPAR. Same as Feldspar. 
 
 FELT, felt, pa./. anApa.p. of Feel. 
 
 FELT, felt, n. cloth made of wool united 
 without weaving. — v.t. to make into felt: 
 to cover with felt. [Ger. filz, woollen 
 cloth, allied to Gr. pUos, wool wrought 
 into felt, L. piletis, a felt-hat.] 
 
 FELTING, felt'ing, n. the art or process of 
 making felt. 
 
 FELUCCA, fe-luk'a, n. a boat with oai-e and 
 broad three-cornered sails, used in the 
 Meditei-ranean. [It. feluca, which, like 
 Fr. felouque. is from Ar. fidk, a ship.] 
 
 FEMALE, fe'mal, adj. of the sex that jjvo- 
 diices young : pertaining to females : 
 (hot.) having a pistil or fruit-bearing 
 organ. — n. one of the female sex. [Fr. 
 femelle — Ij.femella, a young female ; dim, 
 of femina — obs. feo. to bring forth.] 
 
 FEME-COVERT, FEMME-COVERT, fern- 
 ku'vert, /;. a married woman who is 
 under covert of her husband. 
 
 FEMERELL, fem'e-rel, FOMERELL. fom'- 
 e-rel, n. in arch, a lantern, dome, or cover, 
 placed on the roof of a kitchen, hall, etc., 
 for the purpose of ventilation, or the 
 escape of smoke. [Fr. fumerelle, from 
 fumer, to smoke, from L. fuimis, smoke.l 
 
 FEME-SOLE, FEMME-SOLE, fern-sol', n. 
 an unmarried woman. — Femme-sole mer- 
 chant, a woman who, bj' the custom of 
 London, carries on a trade on her own 
 account. 
 
 FEMININE, fem'i-nin, adj. pertaining to 
 women : tender, delicate : womanly : 
 (gram.) the gender denoting females. — ■ 
 adv. Fem'ininely. [See Female.] 
 
 FEMORAL, fem'o-ral, adj. belonging to the 
 thigh. [L. femoralis — femur, femoris, 
 the thigh.] 
 
 FEN, fen, >i. a kind of low luarshy land 
 often or pal tially covered with water : a 
 morass or bog.— adjs. Fenn'y% Fenn'ish. 
 [A.S. /e)i ,■ Ice. fen, Goth. fani. mud.] 
 
 FENCE, fens, n. a wall or hedge for inclos- 
 ing animals or for protecting land : the 
 art of fencing: defence. — v.t. to mclose 
 with a fence : to fortify. — v.i. to prac- 
 tice fencing. [Abbrev. of Defence.] 
 
 FENCIBLE, fens^-bl, adj. capable of being 
 fenced or defended. — n.pl. Fenc'ibles, 
 volunteer regiments raised for local de- 
 fence in England during a special crisis : 
 militia enlisted for home service. 
 
 FENCING, fens'ing, adj. defending or 
 guarding. — n. the act of erecting a 
 fence : the art of attack and defence 
 with a sword or other weapon. — n. 
 Fenc'er, one who practices fencing with 
 a sword. 
 
 FEND, fend, v.t. to ward off : to shut out. 
 [Merely an abbrev. of Defend — L. obs- 
 fendo, root of defendo, to fend or ward 
 off.] 
 
 FENDER, fend'er, n. a metal guard before 
 a fire to confine the ashes : a protection 
 for a ship's .side. [From Fend.J 
 
 FENESTRAL, fe-nes'tral, adj. belonging 
 to windows. [L. fenestralis— fenestra, a 
 window, allied to Gr. phaino, to shine.] 
 
 FENIAN, fe'ne-aii, n. applied to ana.ssocia- 
 tion of Irishmen for the overthrow of the 
 English government in Ireland. — n. Fe'- 
 NIAOTSM. [Prob. from the Finna, an 
 ancient Irish militia.] 
 
 FENNEL, fen'el, n. a fragrant plant with 
 yellow flowers. [^A..H. final : Qer. ftnchel 
 — L. fceniculum, fennel, from femim, 
 hay.] 
 
 FEOFF, fef, n. a, fief. — v.t. to ^raat posses- 
 sion of a fief or jjroperty in land. — ns. 
 Feoff'ment, the gift of a fief or feoff ; 
 Feoff'ER, he who grants thu Jief. [O.Fr. 
 leuffer or fief cr—O. Yr.fief.] 
 
 FER-DE-LANCE,fer-de-liiiigs,((. the lance- 
 headed viper or Cra.tpedoci'phalvs (Both- 
 rops) lanceolntu.i, a serpent common in 
 Brazil and some of the West Indian 
 Islands, and one of the most terrible 
 members of the rattlesnake family (Cro- 
 talidse). It is 5 to 7 feet in length, and is 
 capable of e.xeiiiting considerable springs 
 when in pursuit of prey or of .some object 
 which has irritated it. Its bite is almost 
 certainly fatal, the only antidote of any 
 avail being said to be ard«ut spirits.
 
 FERETORY 
 
 160 
 
 FESTOON 
 
 When 4, person is bit he is kept in a con- 
 tinual state of semi-intoxication, with the 
 view of counteracting the paralyzing ef- 
 fect of the poison upon the nerves. It 
 infests sugar plantations, and is dreaded 
 alike by man and beast. The tail ends in 
 a horny spine, which scrapes harshly 
 against rough objects, but does not rat- 
 tle. [Fr., iron of a lance, lance-head.] 
 
 FERETORY, fer'e-tor-i. n. a place in a 
 church for a bier. [L. feretrum—fero, 
 Gr. phero, to bear.] 
 
 FERI^.'E, fe'ri-e, ?i.p/. in Roman antiq. holi- 
 days, during wliich free Romans suspend- 
 edtheir political transactions and law- 
 suits, and slaves enjoyed a cessation from 
 labor. The feriae were thus dies nefasti. 
 They were divided into two classes, /erioB 
 publiece and privatce. The latter were 
 observed by single families or individuals 
 in commemoration of some particular 
 event of consequence to themselves or 
 their ancestors. Ferice publiece included 
 all daj's consecrated to any deity, and 
 consequently all days on which public 
 festivals were held. The manner in which 
 the public feriae were kept bears great 
 analogy to our observance of Sunday, the 
 people visiting the temples of the gods 
 and offering prayers and sacrifices. [L.] 
 
 FERINE, fe'rin, adj. pertaining to or like a 
 wild beast : savage, [h. ferinus—fera, a 
 wild beast— /erM.s, wild, akin to Gr. ther, 
 Ger. thier, a beast.] 
 
 FERINGEE, FERINGHEE, fe-ring'ge, n. 
 the name given to Englishmen by the 
 Hindus. "The first instalment of these 
 notorious cartridges . . . were without 
 doubt abundantly offensive to the Ferin- 
 ghees as well as to the Faithful." — Capt. 
 Mowbray Thomson. [Probably a corrup- 
 tion of Frank.'] 
 
 FERilENT, fer'ment, n. what excites fer- 
 mentation, as yeast, leaven : internal 
 motion amongst the parts of a fluid : 
 agitation : tumult. [L. fermenttim, for 
 ferrimentiun — ferveo, to boil.] 
 
 FERMENT, fer-ment', v.t. to excite fer- 
 mentation .' to inflame. — v. i. to rise and 
 swell by the action of fermentation : to 
 work, used of wine, etc. : to be in excited 
 action : to be stirred with anger. 
 
 FERMENTABLE, fer-ment'a-bl, adj. capa- 
 ble of fermentation. — j). Fermentabil'- 
 
 ITY. 
 
 ■FERMENTATION, fer-ment-a'shun, n. the 
 conversion of an organic substance into 
 new compounds in presence of a ferment. 
 Fermentation differs in kind according 
 to the nature of the substance which 
 promotes it. Sugar in solution is liable 
 to two principal kinds of fermentation 
 (vinous and lactic), both of which are 
 probablj' due to the growth in the hquid 
 of a mould or fungus. Fermentation may 
 be checked or altogether prevented by 
 anything which prevents the growth of 
 the fungus, as by keeping awaj' from the 
 liquid the spores or germs from which 
 the fungus springs, by the liquid being 
 either too hot or too cold for its develop- 
 ment, by its containing too much su^-ar, 
 or by the presence of a substance (called 
 an dntisejitic) which acts as a poison on 
 the fungus. Vinous fermentation is pro- 
 duced bj' tlie growth of the yeast-plant 
 (see Yeast) ; lactic fermentation is due to 
 the presence in the liquid of Penicillium 
 glaucum (common blue mould). In vi- 
 nous fermentation the sugar is converted 
 into carbonic acid and alcohol, the nitro- 
 genous element being assimilated bj' the 
 rapidly developing ova of the ferment. 
 Lactic fermentation takes place in milk 
 in the process of becoming sour, when 
 the sugar of the milk is converted into 
 lactic acid. (See under Lactic.) Acetous 
 
 fermentation occurs in liquids which have 
 already undergone vinous fermentation. 
 When exposed to the atmosphere such 
 liquids become sour, and vinegar is pro- 
 duced. This change is probably due to 
 the growth of a fungus, Mycoderma aceti 
 (the vinegar-plant). Other kinds of fer- 
 mentation are benzoic fermentation, in 
 which, amongst other matters, the es- 
 sential oil of bitter almonds is formed ; 
 and sinajiic fermentation, occurring in 
 mustard moistened with water, during 
 which oO of mustard is produced. For 
 an explanation of fermentation, in rela- 
 tion to the origin and spread of conta- 
 gious diseases, see Germ Theory. — Fig- 
 uratively, the state of being in high activ- 
 ity or commotion : agitation : excite- 
 ment, as of the intellect or feelings, a 
 society, etc. " The founders of the En- 
 glish Church wrote and acted in an age 
 of violent intellectual fermentation and 
 of constant action and reaction." — Ma- 
 caulay. [Low L. fermentatio, from L. 
 fermento, fermentatum.'] 
 
 FERMENTATIVE, fer - ment'a - tiv, adj. 
 causing or consisting in fermentation. — 
 n. Ferment' ativeness. 
 
 FERN, fern, n. a plant which becomes a 
 tree in the tropics with feather-like 
 leaves. [A.S. /eant; Ger. /ar?i.] 
 
 FERNSHAW; fern'shaw, n. a shaw, 
 brake, or thicket of ferns. " Telling 
 her some story or other of hill or dale, 
 oakwood or fernshau:" — Browning. 
 
 FERNY, fern'i, adj. full of or overgrown 
 with ferns. 
 
 FEROCIOUS, fe-ro'shus, adj. savage, 
 fierce : cruel. — adv. Fero'ciously. — n. 
 Fero'ciousness. [Fi-. and It. feroee — 
 L. ferox, wild— /e?^ts, wild.] 
 
 FEROCITY, fe-ros'i-ti, n. savage cruelty 
 of disposition : untamed fierceness. 
 
 FERRANDINE, fer'ran-dln, n. a stuff 
 made of wool and sUk. [Fr. ferran- 
 dine, possibly from an O. Fr. word, 
 ferrand, an iron-graj- horse, and trans- 
 ferred to the cloth from its color.] 
 
 FERRARA, fer-ra'ra, n. a claymore or 
 broad sword of peculiarly excellent 
 quality, named after a famous sword- 
 smith of the name of Andrea Ferrara, 
 but whether he was a Spaniard or Italian 
 is not determined. Genuine Andrea Fer- 
 raras have a crown mark on the blade. 
 
 FERREOUS, fer'e-us, adj. pertaining to or 
 made of iron. [L. ferreus — ferrum, 
 iron.] 
 
 FERRET, fer'et, n. ribbon woven from 
 spun-silk. [Corr. from Ital. floretto — L. 
 flos, fioris, a flower ; the ribbon being 
 prob. so called from some flowering- 
 work upon it.] 
 
 FERRET, fer'et, n. a tame animal of the 
 weasel kind employed in unearthing rab- 
 bits. [Fr. furet, a ferret, prob. from L. 
 ftir, a thief.] 
 
 FERRET, fer'et, v.t. to search out carefuUy 
 and minutely I'ke a ferret : to drive out 
 by patient effort: — pr.p. ferr'eting; pa.p. 
 ferr'eted. 
 
 FERRIFEROUS, fer-rif'er-us, adj.. bearing 
 or yielding iron. [L. ferrum, iron, and 
 fero. to bear.] 
 
 FERROTYPE, fe'ro-tip, n. in photog. a 
 term applied by Mr. Robert Hunt, the 
 discoverer, to some photographic proc- 
 esses in which the salts of iron are the 
 principal agents : a photograph taken 
 on japanned sheet-iron by a collodion 
 process. [L. ferrum, iron, and Gr. typos, 
 type.] 
 
 FERROUS, fer'us, adj. pertaining to or ob- 
 tained from iron : specifically appUed in 
 chem. to a compound of which iron forms 
 a constituent, but not to such an extent 
 as it does in ferric compounds. 
 
 FERRUGINOUS, fer-roo'jin-us, adj. of tht 
 color of iron-rust : impregnated with 
 iron. [L. ferrugineus — ferrugo, iron- 
 rust — ferrum.] 
 
 FERRULE, fer'ool, n. a metal ring on a 
 staff, etc., to keep it from splitting: in 
 steam-boilers, a bushing for expanding 
 the end of a flue. [Fr. virole, L. viriola, 
 a bracelet — viere, to bind.] 
 
 FERRY, fer'i, v.t. to carry or convey over 
 a water in a boat : — pr.p. ferr'j-ing ; pa.p. 
 ferr'ied. — n. a place where one may be 
 rowed across a water : the right of con- 
 veying passengers : the ferryboat. [A.S. 
 ferian, to convey, faran, to go ; Ger. 
 fdhre. a ferry— /aftren, to go, to carry.] 
 
 FERTILE, fer'til, adj. able to bear or pro- 
 duce abundantly : rich in resources : in- 
 ventive. — adv. Fer'tilely. [Fr. — L.fer, 
 tills — fero, to bear.] 
 
 FERTILITY, fer-til'i-ti, n. fruitfulness : 
 richness : abundance. 
 
 FERTILIZE, fer'til-iz, v.t. to make fertile 
 or fruitful : to enrich. 
 
 FERTILIZER, fer'til-Iz-er, n. he who or 
 that which fertilizes : specifically, a 
 manure, whether organic or inorganic ; 
 as, guano is a powerful fertilizer. 
 
 FERULE, fer'ool, 7i. a rod used for striking 
 children in punishment. [L. fenda. a 
 cane — ferio, to strike.] 
 
 FERVENCY, fer'ven-si, n. state of being 
 fervent: heat of mind: eagerness: 
 warmth of devotion. 
 
 FERVENT, fer'vent, adj. ardent : zealous : 
 warm in feeling. — adv. Fer'vently. [L. 
 ferveo, to boil, akin to Gr. thero, to heat, 
 E. and Ger. warm. Sans, gharma, heat.] 
 
 FERVID, fer'vid, adj. very hot : having 
 burning desire or emotion : zealous. — 
 adv. Fer'vidly. — n. Fer'vidness. [L. 
 ferindus.] 
 
 FERVOR, fer'vur, n. heat : heat of mind : 
 zeal. 
 
 FESCENNINE, fes'sen-nin, adj. pertaining 
 to Fescennium in Italy : licentious. — 
 Fescennine verses, gay, licentious, or 
 scurrilous verses of a personal character, 
 extemporized by performers at merry- 
 meetings, to amuse the audience, origi- 
 nating at Fescennium. 
 
 FESCENNINE, fes'sen-nln, n. a song of a 
 rude or licentious character prevalent in 
 ancient Italy. 
 
 FESCUE, fes'kil, n. a straw, wire, pin, or 
 the like, used to point out letters to 
 children when learning to read : fescue- 
 grass. [O.E. festue, from O. Fr. festu 
 (Fr. fetv), a straw ; L. festuca, a shoot or 
 stalk of a tree, a rod.] 
 
 FESCUE-GRASS, fes'kfl-gras, n. the species 
 of Festuca, a genus of grasses. [See Fes- 
 tuca.] 
 
 FESELS, fes'elz, n. a kind of kidney-bean 
 or French bean. 
 
 Disdain not fesels or poor vetch to sow. 
 Or care to make Eg^yptian lentils thrive. 
 
 — May, Virgil. 
 
 [O.E. fasels, Fr. fasioles, L. phaselus, Gr. 
 
 phajielos, a sort of kidney-bean.] 
 FESTAL, fes'tal, adj. pertaining to a 
 
 feast or holiday : joj-ous : gay. — adv. 
 
 Fes'tallt. 
 FESTER, fes'ter, v.t. to corrupt or rankle : 
 
 to suppurate : to become malignant. 
 
 — v.t. to cause to fester. — ?i. a wound 
 
 dischar^ring corrupt matter. [Ety. un 
 
 known.] 
 FESTIVAL, fes'ti-val, n. a joyful celebra^ 
 
 tion : a feast. 
 FESTIVE, fes'tiv, adj. festal : mirthful.- 
 
 adv. Fes'ttvely. [L. festivus—festtts.] 
 FESTIVITY, fes-tiv'i-ti, n. social mu-th at 
 
 a feast : joyfulness : gaiety. 
 FESTOON, fes-t6on',)(. a garland suspended 
 
 between two points : (arch.) an ornament 
 
 like a wreath of flowers, etc. — v.t. to
 
 FESTUCA 
 
 161 
 
 FIDDLE-STICK 
 
 adorn with festoons. [Fr. feston, from 
 L. feshim.] 
 
 FESTUCA, fes-tu'ka, n. fescue-grass, a ge- 
 nus of grasses containing a great number 
 of species, found in the temperate and 
 colder regions of the world. Nine species 
 are natives of Great Britain, and among 
 them are found some of the best meadow 
 and pasture grasses. In the United States 
 they are cultivated chiefly as pasture 
 grasses, though meadow fescue has re- 
 cently come into favor in the New En- 
 gland and Middle States. 
 
 FETCH, fech, v.t. to bring : to go and get : 
 to obtain as its price : to accomplish in 
 any way : to reach or attain. — v.i. to 
 turn : (naiit.) to arrive at. [A.S. fetian, 
 to fetch, from root of Foot ; Ger. fassen, 
 to seize.] 
 
 FETCH, fech, n. a trick. [From Fetch, 
 v.t., the meaning being, something that 
 one goes to Snd, a thing contrived.] 
 
 FETCH, fech, FETCH -CANDLE, fech'- 
 kan'dl, n. the apparition of a living per- 
 son : a nocturnal light, as of a moving 
 candle, supposed to portend a death. 
 [Prob. from Norwegian VcBttelys, the 
 Vsett's or goblin's candle ^ ignis-fatuus.] 
 
 FETE, fat, n. a, festival or feast : a holiday. 
 — v.t. to entertain at a feast. [Fr. — L. 
 festitm.'] 
 
 FETICH, fe'tish, n. an object, either natu- 
 ral or artificial, considered as possessing 
 divine power, and worshipped, as in W. 
 Africa : an_v object of exclusive and in- 
 ordinate devotion ; as, gold has become 
 his fetich. [Fr. fetiche — Port, feitifo, 
 magic ; a name given by the Port, to the 
 gods of W. Africa^Port. feitiqo, artifi- 
 cial — L. faetitius—facere. to make.] 
 
 FETICHISM, fe'tish-izm, FETICISM, fe'ti- 
 sizm, n. the practice of worshipping any 
 material object, living or dead, which the 
 fancy may happen to select, as a tree, 
 a stone, a post, an animal, etc., practiced 
 by some African tribes : excessive devo- 
 tion to one object or idea : abject super- 
 stition. 
 
 FETICHISTIC, fe-tish-ist'ik, adj. of or per- 
 taining to, or characterized by fetichism: 
 abjectly superstitious. " Our resuscitated 
 spirit was not a pagan philosopher nor a 
 philosophizing pagan poet, but a man of 
 the 15th century, inheriting its strange 
 web of belief and unbelief, of Epicurean 
 levity and Fetiehistie dread." — George 
 Eliot. 
 
 FETICIDE, FOETICIDE, fe'ti-sid, n. in 
 viedical jurisprudence, the destruction of 
 the 'etus in the womb, or the act by 
 which criminal abortion is produced. [L. 
 fetus, foetus, a fetus, and ccedo, to kill.] 
 
 FETID, fet'id or fe'tid, adj., stinking : hav- 
 ing a strong offensive odor. — n. Fet'id- 
 NESS. [L. foetidus—foeteo, to stink,] 
 
 FETLOCK, fet'lok, n. a tuft of hair that 
 grows behind on horses' feet : the part 
 where this hair grows : an instrument 
 fixed on the leg of a horse when put to 
 pasture for the purpose of preventing 
 him from running off. [From root of 
 Foot and Lock, as in Lock of hair.] 
 
 F'ETTER, fet'er, n. a chain or shackle for 
 the feet : anything that restrains : — used 
 chiefly in pi. — v.t. to put fetters on : to 
 restrain. [A.S. fetor — fet, feet.] 
 
 ITETTERED, fet'erd, ad/, bound by fetters : 
 (zool.) applied to the feet of animals 
 which bend backward and seem unfit for 
 walking. 
 
 FETUS, FCETUS, fe'tus, n. the young of 
 animals in the egg or in the womb, after 
 its parts are distinctly formed, until its 
 birth. [L.. from obs. feo, to bring forth.] 
 
 FETWA, FETWAH, fet'wa, n. in Turk, 
 law, the written decision of a Turkish 
 mufti on some legal point. " There is 
 
 K 
 
 besides a collection of all the fetwas or 
 decisions pronounced bj' the different 
 muftis." — Brougham. [Ai\l 
 
 FEU, fG, n. {in Srotland) a tenure where 
 the vassal, in place of military services, 
 makes a return in grain or in money : a 
 sale of land for a stipulated annual pay- 
 ment, esp. for building on. [Low L. 
 feuduni — root of Fee.] 
 
 FEUAR, fu'ar, n. {in Scotland) one who 
 holds real estate in consideration of a 
 paA'ment called feuduty. 
 
 FEUD, fud, n. a deadly quarrel between 
 tribes or families : a bloody strife. [A.S. 
 foehdh—fah, hostile ; Ger. fehde.] 
 
 FEUD, fud, n. a fief or land held on con- 
 dition of service. — adj. Feud'al, pertain- 
 ing to feuds or fiefs : belonging to 
 feudalism. — Feudal system, a form of 
 government formerly subsisting in Eu- 
 rope, and which forms the basis of many 
 European forms and customs. Accord- 
 ing to this system, persons holding in 
 feud or fee were bound by an oath of 
 fealty to serve the owner of the fee- 
 simple at home or abroad in all wars and 
 military expeditions when required. 
 [Low L. feudum. from root of Fee.] 
 
 FEUDALISM, fud'al-izm, n. the system, 
 during the middle ages, by wliich vas- 
 sals held lands from lords-superior on 
 condition of military service, as above. 
 
 FEUDATORY, fud'at-or-i, adj. holding 
 lands or power by a feudal tenure. 
 
 FEUILLANS, FEUILLANTS, fe-yangz, 
 n.pl. a religious order, an offshoot of the 
 Bernardines, founded by Jean de la Bar- 
 riere, in 1577 : so called from the convent 
 of Feitillant in Languedoc. where they 
 were first established. Written also 
 Feuillians. 
 
 FEUILLEA, fu-il'e-a, n. a genus of plants, 
 nat. order Cucurbitacese. The species 
 are natives of the tropical regions of 
 America, and are frutescent, climbing 
 herbs. The seeds are oilj' and of a bitter 
 taste, and are said to be powerful anti- 
 dotes against vegetable poisons, and are 
 used in South Anierica to prevent the 
 fatal effects of serpent bites. The seeds 
 of one Peruvian species contain so much 
 oil that they are used for making candles. 
 
 FEUILLEMORT, fwel'mor, n. a color like 
 that of a faded leaf. [Fr., dead leaf.] 
 
 FEUILLETON, f wel-tong, re. that part of 
 a French newspaper devoted to light 
 literature or criticism, and generally 
 marked off from the rest of the page by 
 a line. The feuilleton very commonly 
 contains a tale. [Fr., fiom feuille, a 
 leaf; lit. a small leaf.] 
 
 FEVER, fe'ver, re. a disease marked by 
 great bodily heat and quickening of 
 pulse : extreme excitement of the pas- 
 sions : a painful degree of anxiety. — i-f^. 
 to put into a fever. — v.i. to become fe- 
 vered. [Fr. fievre — L. fehris—ferveo, to 
 be hot ; or from root of Ger. beben, to 
 tremble, Gr. phobos, fear.] 
 
 FEVERISH, fe'ver-ish, adj. slightly fe- 
 vered : indicating fever : fidgety: fickle. 
 — adv. Fe'verishlt. — n. Fe'verishness. 
 
 FEVER-TREE, fe'ver-tre, n. the blue 
 gum-tree. 
 
 FEW, fu, adj., small in number: not 
 many. — n. Pew'ness. [A.S. /ea, plur. 
 feave ; Goth, favs ; Fr. pen ; L. jmucus, 
 small.] 
 
 FEZ, fez, n. a red cap or head-dress of fine 
 cloth, fitting closely to the head, with a 
 tassel of blue silk or wool at the crown, 
 much worn in Turkey, on the shores of 
 the Levant, in Egypt, and North Africa 
 generallj'. The core or central part of 
 a turban consists of a fez. [From Fez, 
 the principal town in Morocco, where 
 such caps are largely manufactured.] 
 
 FIACRE, fe-a-kr, n. a small four-wheeled 
 carriage common in England. [Fr., from 
 the Hotel St. Fiacre, where Sauvage, 
 the inventor of these carriages, estab- 
 lished in 1640 an office for the hire of 
 them.] 
 
 FIARS, ti'arz, n.pl. {in Scotland) the prices 
 of grain legally fixed for the j'ear, to 
 regulate the payment of stipend, rent, 
 and prices not expressly agreed upon. 
 [From the root of Fee.] 
 
 FIASCO, fi-as'ko, ?!. a failure in a musical 
 performance : a failure of any kind. [It. 
 fiasco, bottle, like Fr. flacon, Ger. flasclie, 
 peril, from L. vasculum, a httle vessel, 
 I'as, a vessel ; why it came to be used in 
 the sense of a failure, does not appear.] 
 
 FIAT, fi'at, re. a formal or solemn command: 
 a decree. [L. 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of 
 fio, passive of facio, to do.] 
 
 FIB, fib, n. something said falsely : a soft 
 expression for a lie. — v.i. to tell a fib or 
 lie : to speak falsely : — pr.p. fibb'ing ; 
 pa.p. fibbed'. [An abbrev. of Fable.] 
 
 FIBRE, fl'ber, re. one of the small threads 
 composing the parts of animals or vege- 
 tables : any fine thread, or thread-like 
 substance. — adj. Fi'bred, having fibres ; 
 Fi'breless, having no fibres. [Fr. — L. 
 fibra, a thread.] 
 
 FIBRIFORM, fi'bri-form, adj. in the form 
 of a fibre or fibres : resembling a fibre or 
 fibres. 
 
 FIBRIL, fi'bril, n. a small fibre : one of the 
 extremely minute threads composing an 
 animal fibre. [Low L. fibrilla, dim. of 
 L. fibra.l 
 
 FIBRILLOUS. fi-bril'us, adj. formed of 
 small fibres. 
 
 FIBRINE, fi'brin, re. an organic compound, 
 composed of thready fibres, found in 
 animals and plants. 
 
 FIBROUS, fl'brus, adj. composed of or 
 containing fibres. — n. Fi'brousness. 
 
 FICKLE, fik'l, adj. inconstant: change- 
 able.— re. Fick'leness. [A.S. ficol ; Ger. 
 ficken, to move quickly to and fro ; cf. 
 Fidget.] 
 
 FICTILE, fik'til, adj. used or fashioned by 
 the potter, [h. fictilis—fingo, to form or 
 fashion.] 
 
 FICTION, fik'shun, re. a feigned or false 
 story : a falsehood : romance : the act of 
 making or fashioning; as, "We have 
 never dreamt that parliaments had any 
 right whatever ... to force a currency 
 of their own fiction in the place of that 
 which is real." — Burke. [Fr. — 'L.fctio — 
 fictu^, pa.p. of Jingo.] 
 
 FICTITIOUS, fik-tish'us, adj. imaginary: 
 not real : forged.— adv. Ficti'tiocsly. 
 
 FIDDLE, fid'l, n. a stringed instrument of 
 music, called also a violin. — i\t. or v.i. to 
 play on a fiddle -.—pr.p. fidd'ling ; pa.p. 
 fidd'led.— re. Fidd'ler. [A.S. fithele ; Ger. 
 ficdel. See Violin.] 
 
 FIDDLE-BOW, fid'l-bo, n. the bow strung 
 with hoise-hair with which the player 
 draws sounds from the violin. 
 
 FIDDLE-HEADED, fid'l-hed-ed. FIDDLE- 
 PATTERNED, fid'1-pat-ernd, adj. terms 
 applied to forks, spoons, and the like. 
 who.se handles are fashioned after a pat- 
 tern which has some resemblance to a 
 fiddle. "A kind of fork that is fiddle 
 headed." — Hood. " My table-spoons . . 
 the little fiddle-patterned ones." — R. H 
 Barham. 
 
 FIDDLE-STICK, fld'1-stik, n. same as Fm= 
 DLE-BOW. This word is frequently used 
 as an interjection, and is equivalent to 
 nonsense ! pshaw ! or other exclamation 
 expressive of contemptuous incredulity, 
 denial, or the like. " At .such an asser- 
 tion he would have exclaimed, A fiddle- 
 stick .' Wliy and how that word has be- 
 come an interjection of contempt I nnist
 
 FIDDLE-STRING 
 
 162 
 
 FIGURATION 
 
 leave those to explain who can." — 
 Smithey. 
 
 FIDDLE-STEING, fldl-string, n. the string 
 of a fiddle, fastened at the ends and ele- 
 vated in the middle by a bridge. 
 
 FIDDLE- WOOD, fid'1-wood, n. the com- 
 mon name of a genus of trees or shrubs 
 with some twenty species, natives of 
 tropical America, nat. order Verbenaceas. 
 Some of the species are ornamental tim- 
 
 , ber trees : several yield a hard wood 
 
 ■ valuable for carpenter work. [From its 
 durable qualities the term hois fidele, 
 stanch or faithful wood, was applied by 
 the French to one of the species, which 
 the English mistook to mean_/MdZe-M'Ood.] 
 
 FIDDLING, fid'Ung, adj. trifling : trivial : 
 fussily busy with nothing. " Good cooks 
 cannot abide what they call fiddling 
 work." — Swift. 
 
 FIDELITY, fi-del'i-ti, n. faithful perform- 
 ance of duty : honesty : firm adher- 
 ence. [L. fldelitas—fidelis, faithful— _^do, 
 to trust.] 
 
 FIDGET, fij'et, v.i. to be unable to rest : to 
 move uneasily i—pr.p. fidg^'eting ; j)a.p. 
 fidg'eted. — re. irregular motion : restless- 
 ness. — pi. general nervous restlessness, 
 with a desire of changing the position. 
 [Ice. fika, to climb up nimbly ; Ger. 
 jicketi, to move to and fro ; conn, with 
 Fickle.] 
 
 FIDGETY, fij'et-i, adj. restless : uneasy. — 
 n. Fidg'etiness. 
 
 FIDUCIAIj, fi-du'shi-al, adj. showing co?t- 
 fidenoe or reliance : of tine nature of a 
 trust. — adv. Fidu'cially. [L. fiducia, 
 confidence, tvorafido, to trust.] 
 
 FIDUCIARY, fi-du'shi-ar-i, adj., confident: 
 unwavering : held in trust. — n. one who 
 holds anything in trust : {Uieol.) one who 
 depends for salvation on faith without 
 works, an Antinomian. [L. fiduciarius 
 — fiducia.'\ 
 
 FIE, fi, int. denoting disapprobation or dis- 
 gust. [Ger. pfui! Fr.fi! the sound in- 
 stinctively made in presence of a bad 
 smell.] 
 
 FIEF, fef, n. land held of a superior in fee 
 or on condition of military service : a 
 feud. [Fr. — Low L. feudum.'] 
 
 FIELD, feld, n. country or open country in 
 general : a piece of ground inclosed for 
 tillage or pasture : the locality of a bat- 
 tle : the battle itself : room for action of 
 any kind : a wide expanse : (her.) the sur- 
 face of a shield : the background on which 
 figures are drawn. [A.S. and Ger. feld ; 
 Dut. veld, the open country ; cf . E. fell, 
 a hill.] 
 
 FIELD, feld. v.i. to take to the field : in 
 cricket and base-ball, to be one of the 
 field whose duty is to watch the ball as 
 it is driven by the batsman, and endeavor 
 to put him out either by catching it be- 
 fore it reach the ground, or by recover- 
 ing it rapidly and returning it to the 
 infield. 
 
 FIELD, feld, v.t. in cricket and base-ball, 
 to catch or stop and return to the infield ; 
 as. to field a ball. 
 
 FIELDBOOK, feld'book, n. a book used in 
 surveying fields. 
 
 FIELD-DAY, feld'-da, w. a day when troops 
 are drawn out for instruction in field ex- 
 6rcis6S 1 
 
 FIELDFARE, feld'far, n. a species of 
 
 , thrush, having a reddish-yellow throat 
 and breast spotted with black. [A.S. 
 feldefare — feld, a field, and faran, to 
 fare, travel over.] 
 
 FIELD-GEOLOGIST, feld'-je-ol-o-jist, n. a 
 geologist who makes out-door observa- 
 tions, in contradistinction to one who 
 studies geology from books, museums, 
 etc. 
 
 FIELD-GLASS, feld'-glas, n. a kind of 
 
 binocular telescope or opera -glass for 
 looking at objects at a considerable dis- 
 tance from the spectator: a small achro- 
 matic telescope, usually from 30 to 34 
 inches long, and having from three to 
 six joints : that one of the two lenses 
 forming the eye-piece of an astronomical 
 telescope or compound microscope, which 
 is the nearer to the object-glass, the 
 other being the eye-glass. 
 
 FIELD-HAND, feld'-hand, n. a hand or per- 
 son wno works in the fields : a laborer 
 on a farm or plantation. 
 
 FIELD-MARSHAL, feld'-mar'shal, n. an 
 officer of the highest rank in the English 
 and Continental armies. [See Maeshal.] 
 
 FIELD-NATURALIST, feld'-na-tur-al-ist, 
 n. a person who studies animals or plants 
 in their natural habitats : a person who 
 collects wild animals or plants. 
 
 FIELD-NOTES, feld'-nots, n.pl. notes of 
 bearings, distances, etc., made by a sur- 
 veyor in the field. Goodrich. 
 
 FIELI>-OFFICER, feld'-of'i-ser, n. a. mili- 
 tary officer above the rank of captain, 
 and below that of general. 
 
 FIELDPIECE. feld'pes, n. a cannon or piece 
 of artillery used in the field of battle. 
 
 FIEL]>-SKETCHING, feld'-skech-ing, n. in 
 mint, the act of depicting in plan, quickly 
 and faithfully, the natural featui-es of a 
 country, so as to give to an experienced 
 observer the best possible idea of its 
 character. 
 
 FIELD-TELEGRAPH, feld-tel'e-graf, n. a 
 telegraph adapted for use in the field in 
 military operations. In some instances 
 part of the wire is reeled off from a wagon 
 and supported on light posts, and another 
 part is insulated and allowed to rest on 
 the ground. 
 
 FIELDTRAIN, feld'tran, n. a department 
 of the Royal Artillery responsible for the 
 safety and supply of ammunition during 
 war. 
 
 FIELDWORKS, feld'wurks, n.pl. tempo- 
 rary works thrown up by troops in the 
 field, either for protection or to cover an 
 attack upon a stronghold. 
 
 FIEND, fend, n. the de\'il : one actuated 
 by the most intense wickedness or hate. 
 [A.S. feond, pr.p. of feon, to hate ; Ger. 
 feind, Dut. vijand.'\ 
 
 FIENDISH, fend'ish. adj. like a. fiend: ma- 
 licious. — n. Fiend'ishness. 
 
 FIERCE, fers, adj., ferocious: violent: 
 angry. — adv. Fiekce'ly. — n. Fierce'- 
 NESS. [O. Fr. fers, fiers — L. ferus, wild, 
 savage.] 
 
 FIERI FACIAS, fT'e-rl fa'shi-as, n. in law, 
 a judicial writ that lies for him wlio has 
 recovered in debt or damages, command- 
 ing the sheriff to levy the same on the 
 goods of liim against whom the recovery 
 was had. [L., lit. cause it to be done.] 
 
 FIERY, fir'i or fi'er-i, adj. ardent : im- 
 petuous : irritable. — n. Ff ERINESS. 
 
 FIERYCROSS, fl'e-ri-kros, FIRECROSS, 
 fir'ki-os, n. in Scotland, a signal sent in 
 ancient times from place to place, ex- 
 pressive of a summons to repair to arms 
 within a limited time. It consisted of a 
 cross of light wood, the extremities of 
 which were set fire to and then extin- 
 guished in the blood of a recently slain 
 goat. 
 
 FIERY-FOOTED, fl'e-ri-foot-ed. adj. eager 
 or swift in motion. "Fiery-footed steeds." 
 —Shak. 
 
 FIERY-HOT, fi'e-ri-hot, adj. hot as a fire : 
 hence, (fig.) impetuously eager or enthu- 
 siastic. 
 
 Fiery-hot to burst 
 All barriers in her on^vard race 
 For power.— Tennyson. 
 
 FIERY-NEW, fl'e-ri-nu, adj. hot or fiery 
 from newness. 
 
 The vinta^, yet unkept, 
 Had relish, Jiery-neiv. — Tennyson. 
 
 FIERY-SHORT, fi'e-ri-short, adj. hot or 
 fiery and short : brief and passionate. 
 Fiery-short was Cyril's counter-scoff.— jTennyton. 
 
 FIFE, fif, n. a small piipe used as a wind- 
 instrument for military music, an octave 
 higher than the flute. — v.i. to play on the 
 fife. — n. Fif'ee, one who plays on a fife. 
 [Fr. fif re, Ger. pfeife, both, ace. to Littre, 
 from L. pipar2, to peep, to chirp. See 
 Pipe.] 
 
 FIFTEEN, fif'ten, adj. and n. five and ten. 
 [A.S. nftyne—nf, five, tyn, ten.] 
 
 FIFTEENTH, fiftenth, adj the fifth after 
 the tenth: beinsr one of fifteen equal parts. 
 —re. a fifteenth part. [A.S. fifteotha—fif, 
 five, teotha. tenth.] 
 
 FIFTH, fifth, adj. next after the fourth.— 
 n. one of five equal parts. [A.S. fif ta.] 
 
 FIFTHLY, flfth'li. adr. in the fifth place. 
 
 FIFTH-MONARCHY MAN. n. one of a 
 sect of EngUsh fanatics who assumed to 
 be '■ subjects only of King Jesus." It 
 sprung up in the time of Cromwell, and 
 considered him as commencing the fifth 
 great monarchy of the world (Assyria, 
 Persia, Greece and Rome being the first, 
 second, third, and fourth), during which 
 Christ should reign on earth 1000 years. 
 
 FIFTIETH, fif'ti-eth. adj. the ordinal of 
 fifty. — n. a fiftieth part. [A.S. fiftigotha.] 
 
 FIFTY, flf'ti, adj. and n. five tens or five 
 times ten. [A.S. fiftig—fif, five, tig, ten.] 
 
 FIG, fig, n. the fig-tree or its fruit, grow- 
 ing iu warm climates : a thing of little 
 consequence. [Fr. figue, which, like A.S. 
 fie, Ger. feige, is from L. fiens, a fig.] 
 
 FIG- APPLE, fig'-ap-l, n. a species of apple 
 without a core or kernel. 
 
 FIGARO, fe-ga-i-6. n. a witty, shrewd, and 
 intriguing person, so called from the 
 hero of two plays by Beaiuuarchais. 
 
 FIGARY, fig'a-ri, n. a frolic : a vagarj-. 
 Beau. & Fl. [Corrupted from vagary.^ 
 
 FIGHT, fit, v.i. to strive with : to contend 
 in war or in single combat. — v.t. to en- 
 gage in conflict with : — pr.p. fight'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. fought (fawt). — n. a 
 struggle : a combat : a battle or engage- 
 ment. — n. FiGHT'ER. [A.S. feohtan ; 
 Ger. fechten : prob. conn, with L. pug- 
 niis, the fist, Gr. pux, with clenched fist.] 
 
 FIGHTING, fifing, adj. engaged in or fit 
 for war. — n. the act of fighting or con- 
 tending. 
 
 FTGHTING-FISH, flt'ing-fish, n. a small 
 fish, a native of the south-e;ist of Asia, 
 remarkable for its pugnacious propensi- 
 ties. In Siam these fishes are kept in 
 glass globes, as we keep gold-fish, for the 
 purpose of fighting, and an extravagant 
 amount of gambling takes place about 
 the result of the fights, not only money, 
 but children and liberty being staked. 
 When the fish is quiet its colors are dull, 
 but when it is irritated, as by the sight 
 of another fish, or of its own reflection iu 
 a mirror, it glows with metallic splendor, 
 the projecting gill-membrane waving Uke 
 a black frill about the throat. 
 
 FIGHTING-GEAR, fit'ing-ger, ji. warlike 
 or military accoutrements. "Every- 
 where the Constitutional Patriot must 
 clutch his fighting-gear, and take the 
 road for Nancv." — Carlyle. 
 
 FIGMENT, fig'ment, n. a fabrication or 
 invention. [L. figmentum — fingo, to 
 form.] 
 
 FIGULINE, flg'u-lin, n. a name given by 
 mineralogists to potters' clay. [L. figu- 
 his. a potter, from fingo, to fashion.] 
 
 FIGURATION, fig-u-ra'shun. re. act of giv- 
 ing figure or form : (7nusic) mixture of 
 chords and discords.
 
 FIGURATIVE 
 
 163 
 
 FILTERING 
 
 FIGURATrVE, fig-'u-ra-tiv, adj. (rhet.) rep- 
 resenting by, containing- or abounding in 
 figures : metaphoricEil : flowery : typical. 
 —adv. Fig'uratively. 
 
 FIGURE, fig'ur, )i. the form of anything 
 in outline : the representation of any- 
 thing in drawing, etc.: a drawing : a de- 
 sign : a statue : appearance : a charac- 
 ter denoting a number : value or price : 
 (rhet.) a deviation from the ordinary 
 mode of expression, in wliich words are 
 changed from their literal signification 
 or usage : (logic) the form of a syllogism 
 with respect to the position of the middle 
 term : steps in a dance : a type or em- 
 blem. [Fr. — Ja. figura, from root ot jingo, 
 to form.] 
 
 FIGURE, fig'ur, v.t. to form or shape : to 
 make an image of : to mark with figures 
 or designs : to imagine : to symbolize : 
 to foreshow : to note by figures. — v.i. to 
 make figures : to appear as a distin- 
 guished person. — To FIGURE ON, to esti- 
 mate : to calculate : to make allowance 
 foi- : to expect. — adj. Fig'utiable. 
 
 FIGURED, fig'iird, adj. marked or adorned 
 with figures. 
 
 FIGUREHEAD, fig'ur-hed, n. the figui-e or 
 bust on the head or prow of a ship. 
 
 FILAMENT, fil'a-ment, n. a slender or 
 thread-Iikeobject: afibre. [Fr. — Ij.filum, 
 a thread.] 
 
 FILAMENTOUS, fll-a^ment'us, adj. , thread- 
 like. 
 
 FILANDER, fll-an'der, n. the came given 
 by Le Brun to a kangaroo found in some 
 of the islands of the East Indian Archi- 
 pelago. 
 
 FILANDERS, fil'an-derz, n.pl. a disease in 
 hawks consisting of filaments of blood, 
 also of small </iread-like worms. [Fr. 
 filandres — L. filum.'] 
 
 FILAR, fl'ler, adj. pertaining to a thread : 
 specificallj-, applied to a microscope, or 
 other optical instrument, into whosecon- 
 struction one or more threads or wires 
 are introduced : as, a, filar microscope, a 
 filar micrometer. [L. filum, a thread.] 
 
 FILATORY, fil'a-tor-i, n. a machine which 
 forms or spins threads. " This manufac- 
 tory has three filatories, each of 6-10 reels, 
 which are moved by a water wheel, and 
 besides a small filatory turned by men." 
 —Tooke. 
 
 FILATURE. fll'a-tOr, n. a forming into 
 threads; the reeling of silk from cocoons: 
 a reel for drawing off silk from cocoons ; 
 a lilatorv : an estabUshmeut for reeUng 
 silk. 
 
 FILBERT, fil'bert, n. the fruit oi- nut of the 
 cultivated hazel. [Prob. so called from 
 St. Philibert, whose day fell in the nut- 
 ting season, Aug. 33 (old st^'le); so in 
 German it is Lambertsnuss, St. Lam- 
 bert's nut.] 
 
 FILCH, filch, v.t. to steal: to pilfer. 
 [Filch stands for filh% formed from M.E. 
 felen, to hide, by adding k, as talk from 
 tell, stalk from steal, peril, from Ice. fela, 
 to hide or bury ; cf. PiLCH.] 
 
 FILCHER, filch'er, n. a thief. 
 
 FILE, fil, )(. a line or wii-e on which papers 
 are placed in order: the papers so placed: 
 a roll or list : a line of soldiers ranged 
 behind one another. — v.t. to put upon a 
 file : to arrange in an orderly manner : 
 to put among the records of a court : to 
 bring before a court. — r. i. to march in a 
 file. [Fr. file, from L. filum, a thread.] 
 
 FILE, fil, n. a steel instrument with sharp- 
 edged furrows for smoothing or rasping 
 metals, etc.— 1\<. to cut or smooth with, 
 or as with a file. [A.S. feol ; Grer. feile ; 
 Bohem. pila, a saw, pilnijk, a file ; allied 
 to L. polio, to polish. ] 
 
 FILE-CUTTER, fil'-kut-er, n. a maker of 
 files. 
 
 FILE-FISH, fil'-fish, n. a name given to 
 certain fishes from their skins being 
 granulated like a file. The European 
 flle-fish is a common inhabitant of the 
 Mediterranean. It has the power of in- 
 flating the sides of the abdomen at pleas- 
 ure, and grows to the size of 3 feet. An- 
 other vaj-iety is 12 or 14 inches long, and 
 is a native of the Indian and American 
 seas, as weU as of the Red Sea. 
 
 FllJATi, fil'yal, adj. pertaining to or be- 
 coming a son or daughter : bearing the 
 relation of a child. — adv. Fil'ially. [L. 
 filius, a son, filia, a daughter.] 
 
 FILIATE, fil'i-at, v.t. same as Affiliate. 
 
 FILIATION, £il-i-a'shun, n. same as Affili- 
 ation. 
 
 FILIBUSTER, FILLIBUSTER, fll'i-bus-ter, 
 n. a lawless military or piratical adven- 
 turer, as in the W. Indies : a buccaneer, 
 Tlie adventurers who followed Lopez to 
 Cuba in 1851, and those who with Walker 
 occupied Nicaragua from 1855 to 1857, are 
 the most notorious examples of filibusters 
 in modern times. [Sp. filibuster, Sp. fili- 
 bote, flibote, a small, fast-sailing vessel, 
 from E. flyboat.] 
 
 FILIFORM, fil'i-form, adj. ha\-ing the form 
 of a filament: long and slender. [L. 
 filum and FoR3I.] 
 
 FILIGREE, fil'i-gre, n. extremely fine 
 thread-like network, containing beads: 
 ornamental work of gold and silver wire, 
 [Sp. filigrana — L. filum, and granum, a 
 grain or bead.] 
 
 FILING, fll'ing, n. a particle rubbed off 
 with a file. 
 
 FILL, fil, v.t. to make full: to put into 
 until all the space is occupied : to supply 
 abvmdantly : to satisfy : to glut : to per- 
 form the duties of : to supply a vacant 
 office. — v.i. to become full : to become 
 satiated. — n. as much as fUls or satisfies : 
 a full supplj'. — n. Fill'kr, he who or 
 that which fills. [A.S. fyllan , fullian — 
 full, full ; Oev. fitlten. See Full.] 
 
 FILLET, fll'let, n. a little band to tie about 
 the hair of the head : a muscle, or a 
 piece of meat composed of muscles ; 
 especially, the fleshy part of the thigh — 
 applied chiefly to veal ; as, a fillet of 
 veal : meat rolled together and tied 
 round : in arch, (a) a small moulding 
 generally rectangular in section, and 
 having the appearance of a naiTow band, 
 generally used to separate ornaments 
 and mouldings ; an annulet ; a list ; a 
 listel ; (6) the ridge between the flutes 
 of a column — called also a Facet or 
 Facette : in the manege, the loins of a 
 horse, beginning at the place where the 
 hinder part of the saddle rests : in tech- 
 nology, in general, this word has a great 
 many applications, such as in carp, a 
 strip nailed to a wall or partition to sup- 
 port a shelf, a strip for a door to close 
 against ; in gilding, a band of gold-leaf 
 on a picture-frame or elsewhere ; in coin- 
 ing, a strip of metal rolled to a certain 
 size : also the thread of a screw : a ring 
 on the muzzle of a gun, etc. [Fr. filet, 
 a thread, a band, a net, the chine of an 
 animal, etc., dim, oi fil, thread, from L. 
 filum, a thread.] 
 
 FILLET, fil'let, v.t. to bind, furnish, or 
 adorn with a fillet or little band. "He 
 made hooks for the pillars, and overlaid 
 their chapiters, and filleted them.'" — Ex. 
 xxxvii. 28. 
 
 FILLETING, fil'let-ing, n. the material of 
 which fillets are made : fillets, collect- 
 ive! v. 
 
 FILLlBEG, PHILIBEG, fil'i-beg, n. the 
 kilt, the dress or petticoat reaching 
 nearlj- to the knees, worn by the High- 
 landers of Scotland. [Gael.' filleadhbeag 
 —filleadh, plait, fold, and beag, little.] 
 
 FILLING, firing, adj. calculated to fill : 
 satisfy, or satiate ; as, a filling diet. 
 " Things that are sweet and fat are more 
 fillin g. " — Bacon . 
 
 FILLING, firing, n. materials used for oc- 
 cupying some vacant space, for complet- 
 ing some structure, stopping up a liole, 
 or the like : sometimes applied to the 
 weft of a web ; the woof. 
 
 FILLIP, fil'ip, v.t. to strike with the nail 
 of the finger, forced from the ball of the 
 thumb with a sudden jerk •.—pr.j). fill'ip- 
 ing ; pa.p. fill'iped. — n. a jerk of the 
 finger suddenly let go from the thumb. 
 [Formed from the sound.] 
 
 FILLIPEEN, fil-li-pen', n. in .some of the 
 Northern States, a small present given 
 in accordance with a custom borrowed 
 from Germany, When a person eating 
 almonds or nuts finds one with two ker- 
 nels he or she gives it to a person of 
 the opposite sex, and whoever at the 
 next meeting shall utter the word filli- 
 peen first is entitled to a present from 
 the other. The term is applied also to 
 the kernel thus given. Written also 
 Phillipena, Philopena. [G«r. vielUeb- 
 chen. much-loved.] 
 
 FILLY, fil'i, n. a young mare: a lively, 
 wanton girl. [Dim. of font, formed by 
 adding suffix y, and modifj-ing- the vowel. 
 See Foal.] 
 
 FILM, film, n. a thin skin or membrane : 
 a very slender thread. — v.t. to cover with 
 a film, or thin skin. — v.i. to be or be- 
 come covered as if by a film. " Straight 
 her eyebrows filmed with horror." — 
 E. B. Broiming. — adj. Film'y. composed 
 of film or membranes. — ?i. FlLM'lNESS. 
 [A.S., formed by adding suffix -hi to the 
 root of E. /('//, a skin, present also in 
 Cioth. filleins, leathern.] 
 
 FILOPLUME, fi'lo-plum. n. in ornith. a 
 long, slender, and flexible feather, closely 
 approximating to a hair in form, and con- 
 sisting of a delicate shaft, either destitute 
 of vanes or carrying a few barbs at the 
 tip, [L. filum, a thread, and pluma, a 
 feather,] 
 
 FILTER, fil'ter, n. a strainer : a piece of 
 woollen cloth, paper, or other substance, 
 through which liquors are passed for de- 
 fecation. Filters are now largely em- 
 ployed for the purpose of filtering water, 
 eitlier for drinking or culinary purposes. 
 One of the most successful apparatus for 
 the purification of water for domestic 
 purposes is the ascending filter of Leloge. 
 It is divided into four compartments, one 
 above the other. The upper part, con- 
 taining the water to be filtered, comnm- 
 nicates with the lowest by a tube having 
 a loose sponge at its mouth to stop some 
 of the impurities. The top of the lowest 
 compartment is composed of a porous 
 slab, through which the water passes 
 into the third part, which is filled with 
 charcoal. The water is forced thiough 
 the charcoal and another porous slab into 
 the fourth compartment, which is fur- 
 nished with a tap to draw olf the filtered 
 water. To enable the filter to be cleaned, 
 there is a movable plug in the lowest 
 part. [Fr. fillr4^. It. feltrare, to filter, 
 troxa feltro. Low h. filtrum, feltrum, felt 
 or fulled wool, used originally as a 
 strainer.] 
 
 FILTER, fiVter. v.t. to purify or defecate 
 liquor by psissing it tlirough a filter, or 
 causing it to pass through a porous sub- 
 stance that retains anv feculent matter. 
 
 FILTER, fil'ter, v.i. to percolate : to pas» 
 through a filter. 
 
 FILTERING, fil'ter'ing, p. and adj. strain- 
 ing : defecating. — Filtering bag. a coni- 
 cal-shaped bag made of close flannel, and 
 kept open at the top by means of a hoop,
 
 FILTH 
 
 164 
 
 FION 
 
 to which it is attached. It is used in 
 filtering wine, vinegar, etc. — FILTERING 
 CUP, a pneumatic apparatus used for the 
 purpose of showing tliat, if tlie pressure 
 of tlie atmosphere be removed from an 
 under surface, the pressure on the surface 
 above has the effect of forcing a fluid 
 through the pores of such substances as it 
 could not otherwise penetrate. — Filter- 
 ing FUNNEL, a glass or other funnel made 
 with slight flutes or channels down the 
 lower parts of the sides. When used it 
 is hned with filtering-paper, folded and 
 loosely put in. The channels allow the 
 liquid to ooze more freelj' than in a funnel 
 of a smooth surface.— Filtering paper, 
 any paper unsized and sufficiently porous 
 to allow liquids to pass through it. — Fu^ 
 tering stone, any porous stone, such as 
 sandstone, through which water is fil- 
 tered. 
 FILTH, filth, 71., foul matter : anything 
 that defiles, physically or morally. [A.S. 
 fyldh—fiU, foul. See" Foul.] 
 FILTHY, filth'i, adj. foul: unclean: im- 
 pure.— adi'. Filth'ily.— *). Filth'iness. 
 FILTRATE.fil'trat, v.t. toJiUeror percolate. 
 FILTRATION, fil-tra'shun, n. act or process 
 
 of filtering. 
 FIMBRIATE, fim'bri-at, FIMBRIATED, 
 flm'bri-at-ed, adj. having jibres on the 
 margin: fringed. [L. fimbriatus — fim- 
 bricB, fibres — from root of Fibre.] 
 FIMBRIATE, fim'bri-at, v.t. to fringe: to 
 
 hem. 
 FIN, fia, n. the organ by which a fish 
 balances itself and swims. [A.S. fin ; L. 
 pinna, a fin.] 
 FINABLE, fin'a-bl, adj. Uable to a, fine. 
 FINAL, fl'nal, adj. last : decisive : re- 
 specting the ead or motive. — A Final 
 CAUSE is the last end or purpose for which 
 things were made, and the doctrine of 
 final causes teaches that all things were 
 made on a plan or for a purpose. — adv. 
 Fi'nally. [Fr. — L. finalis — finis, an end.] 
 FINALE, fe-na'la, n. the end : the last pas- 
 sage in a piece of music : the concluding 
 piece in a concert : the last part, piece, 
 or scene in any public performance or 
 exhibition ; as, " It was arranged that 
 the two horsemen should first occupy the 
 arena, . . . that Glaucus and the lion 
 should next perform their part in the 
 bloody spectacle ; and the tiger and the 
 Nazarene be the grand finale." — Lord 
 Lytton. [It. finale, final — L. finis.] 
 FINALITY, fi-nal'i-ti, n. the state of being 
 final : the state of being settled or final- 
 ly arranged : completeness : in pliilos. 
 tne doctrine that nothing exists or was 
 made except for a determinate end, the 
 doctrine of final causes. 
 FINALLY, fl'nal-li, adv. at the end or con- 
 clusion ; ultimately ; lastly ; as, the 
 cause is expensive, but we shall finally 
 recover : completely ; beyond recovery ; 
 " The enemy was finally exterminated." 
 — Sir J. Dames. 
 FINANCE, fi-nans', n. the sj-stem or sci- 
 ence of public revenue and expenditure ; 
 as, " I hope, however, he will not rely 
 too much on the fertility of Lord North's 
 genius for finance." — Junius' Letters : — 
 pi. revenue: funds in the public treasury, 
 or accruing to it : public resources of 
 money ; as, the finances of the king or 
 government were in a low condition : — 
 pi. the income or resources of individ- 
 uals ; as, my finances are in a very un- 
 healthy state. [Fr. , from Low 'L.financia, 
 a money payment, from finare, to pay a 
 fine or subsidj-, from L. finis, in the sense 
 of a sum of money paid by the subject to 
 the king for the enjoyment of a privi- 
 lege ; the final settlement of a claim by 
 composition or agreement.] 
 
 FINANCE, fi-nans', v.i. to conduct finan- 
 cial operations : especially, in a com- 
 mercial sense, to meet obligations by 
 continual borrowing. 
 FINANCIAL, fi-nan'shal, adj. pertaining 
 
 to finance.— adr. Finan'cially. 
 FINANCIER, fi-nan'ser, n. one skQled in 
 finance : an officer who administers the 
 public revenue. 
 FINANCIER, FINANCEER, fi-nan'ser, v.i. 
 to borrow one day to meet an obligation, 
 and on a subsequent day to again borrow 
 to meet the borrowed money, and so on 
 till one's affairs get into confusion. Lever. 
 FINCH, finsh, n. the name of several spe- 
 cies of birds, many of them excellent 
 sing-ers. [A.S. fine ; Ger. fink ; alUed to 
 W. jiiiic, a chaffinch, also smart, gay.] 
 FIND, find, v.t. to come upon or meet with: 
 to discover or arrive at : to perceive : to 
 experience : to supply -.—pr-p. find'ing ; 
 pa.t a.nA pa.p. found,— «. Find'er. [A.S. 
 findan ; Ger. finden.] 
 FINDING-STORE, find-ing'-stor, v. in the 
 United States, a store where shoemakers' 
 tools, etc., are sold. Called in England 
 Grindery Warehouse. 
 FINE, fin, adj. excellent : beautiful : not 
 coarse or heavy : subtle : thin : slender : 
 exquisite : nice : delicate : overdone : 
 showy: splendid. — The Fine arts, as 
 painting' and music, are those in which 
 the love of the beautiful and fineness of 
 taste are chiefiy concerned ; opp. to the 
 useful or industricd arts. — v.t. to make 
 fine : to refine : to purify. — adv. Fine'ly. 
 — n. Fine'ness. [Fr. — h.finitxs, finished, 
 from finio, to finish, _^HiS, an end.] 
 FINE, fin, n. a composition : a sum of 
 money imposed as a punishment. — IN 
 fine, in conclusion. — v.t. to impose a 
 fine on : to punish bj' fine. [Fi-om the 
 Law Lat. ^«js, a flne, a payment which 
 ends or concludes a. strife — L. finis, an 
 end.] 
 FINEER, fi-ner', v.i. to get goods made up 
 in a way unsuitable for any other pur- 
 chaser, and then refuse to take them 
 except on credit. Goldsmith. 
 FINER, fin'er, n. same as Refiner. 
 FINERY, fin'er-i, n. splendor, fine or 
 showy things : a place where anything is 
 fined or refined : a furnace for making 
 iron malleable. 
 FINESSE, fi-nes', n. subtilty of contrivance: 
 artifice. — v.i. to use artifice. [Fr., from 
 root of Fine.] 
 FINESTILL. fin'stil, v.t. to distil, as 
 spirits, from molasses, treacle, or some 
 preparation of saccharine matter. 
 FINESTILLER, fin'stil-er. n. one who dis- 
 tils spirit from treacle or molasses. 
 FINESTUFF. fin'stuf, ?;. the second coat 
 of plaster for the walls of a room, made 
 of finely-sifted lime with sand and hair. 
 FINGENT, fin'jent. adj. making: forming: 
 fashioning. " Ours is a most fictile 
 world, and man is the most fingent, 
 plastic of creatures." — Carlyle. ^L,. fin- 
 go, to make, to form.] 
 FINGER, fing'ger, n. one of the five ex- 
 treme parts of the hand : a finger's 
 breadth : skill in the use of the hand 
 or fingers. — v.t. to handle or perform 
 with the fingers: to pilfer. — v.i. to use 
 the fingers on a musical instrument. 
 [A.S.. Ger., Dan., from root of Fang.] 
 FINGER-BOARD, fing'ger-bord, n. the 
 board, or part of a musical instrument, 
 on which the keys for the fingers are 
 placed. 
 FINGER-BOWL, fing'ger-bol, n. a finger- 
 glass. 
 FINGERED, fing'gerd. adj. having fingers, 
 
 or anything like fingers. 
 FINGER-GLASS, fing'ger-glas, n. a glass 
 
 or bowl introduced at table in which to 
 rinse the fingers after dinner or dessert. 
 
 FINGERING, Hng'ger-ing, n. act or man- 
 ner of touching with the fingers, esp. a 
 musical in.strument. 
 
 FINGER-PLATE, fing'ger-plat, n. a plate 
 of metal or porcelain fixed on the edge of 
 a door where the handle is, to protect the 
 wood from finger-marks, and to preserve 
 the paint. 
 
 FINGER-POST, fing'ger-post, n. a post 
 with a. finger pointing, for directing pas- 
 sengers to the road. 
 
 FINGER-SHELL, fing'ger-shel, n. a marine 
 shell resembling a finger. 
 
 FINGER-STALL" fing'ger-stawl, n. a cover 
 of leather, etc., worn for protection of 
 the fingers, as when wounded. 
 
 FINGER-STONE, fing'ger-ston, n. a fossil 
 resembling an arrow. 
 
 FINIAL, fin'i-al, n. the bunch of foliage, 
 etc., at the top of a pinnacle : the pin- 
 nacle itself. [From L. fmio— finis.] 
 
 FINICAL, fin'i-kal, adj. affectedly fitie or 
 precise in trifles: nice: foppish. — adv. 
 Fin'icallt. 
 
 FINING, fin'ing, n. process of refining or 
 purifying. 
 
 FINIS, fi'nis, 71. the end : conclusion. [L.] 
 
 FINISH, fin'ish, v.t. to end or complete the 
 making of anything : to perfect : to give 
 the last touches to. — n. that which 
 finishes or completes : last touch : the 
 last coat of plaster to a wall. [Fr. finir, 
 finissant, 'L.. fin ire — finis, an end.] 
 
 FINISHED, fin'isht, p. and adj. polished to 
 the highest degree of excellence : com- 
 plete : perfect : as, a finished poem, a 
 finished education. "'The keen observa- 
 tion and ironical pleasantry of afiiiished 
 man of the world." — Maeaulay. •• There 
 are two great and separate senses in 
 which we call a thing /»(j67ied. . . . One, 
 which refers to the mere neatness and 
 completeness of the actual work, as we 
 speak of a well-finished knife-handle or 
 ivory toy ; and secondly, a sense which 
 refers to the effect produced by the thing- 
 done, as we call a picture well-finished, if 
 it is so full in its details as to produce the 
 effect of reality." — Ruskin. 
 
 FINISHER, fin'ish-er, n. one who finishes, 
 • completes, or perfects : specifically, in 
 many crafts or trades, a skilled workman 
 who does special work on the articles 
 produced, such as shoes, vehicles, cutlery, 
 etc. 
 
 FINITE, fT'nit, adj. having an end or limit: 
 —opp. to Infinite. — adv. Fi'nitely.— 
 n. Fi'niteness. [L. finitus, pa.p. of/»u"o.] 
 
 FINNY', fin'i, adj. furnished with y?ns. 
 
 FINOS, fen'oz, n. the second-best wool 
 from merino sheep. [Sp.] 
 
 FIN- PIKE, fin'-plk, n. the name g^ven to 
 the individuals of a family of ganoid 
 fishes, remarkable for the structure of 
 the dorsal fin, which, instead of being 
 continuous, is separated into twelve or 
 sixteen strong spines, distributed at short 
 intervals along nearlj' the whole of the 
 laack, and each bordered behind by a 
 small soft fin. Two species of this cu- 
 rious group are living, one of which in- 
 habits the Nile, and the other the Sene- 
 gal : but the familj* attained its maxi- 
 mum in palaeozoic times, most of the old 
 red and carboniferous fishes belonging 
 to it. 
 
 FION, FEIN, n. a name given in the Os- 
 sianic poetry to a semi-mythical class of 
 warriors of superhuman size, strength, 
 speed and prowess. Generally they are 
 supposed to have been a sort of Irish 
 militia, and to have had their name from 
 Fion Mac Cumhal (the Finn Mac Coul of 
 Dunbar, and Fingal of Macpherson), their 
 I most distinguished leader ; but Mr, Skene
 
 FIORD 
 
 believes them to have been of the race 
 that inhabited Germany before the Ger- 
 1 mans, and Scotland and Ireland before 
 
 the Scots. [Gael, fein, pi. feinne ; Ir. 
 Jion.Jian, p\. fiona, fionna.] 
 
 FIORI), fj'ord, n. name given in Scandi- 
 navia to a lon^. narrow, rock-bound 
 strait or inlet. [Norw.] 
 
 FIR. fer, n. the name of several species of 
 cone-bearing', resinous trees, valuable for 
 their timber. [A.S. furh : Ice.fura, Ger. 
 fohre. W. 2^1/'', L. quercus.] 
 
 FIRE, fir, n. the heat and light cau.sed by 
 burning : flame : anything burning, as 
 fuel in a grate, etc.: a conflagration : 
 torture by burning : severe trial : any- 
 thing inflaming or provoking : ardor of 
 passion : vigor : brightness of fancy : 
 enthusiasm : sexual love. [A.S., Sw., 
 and Dan. fijr ; Ger. feiier : Gr. pyr ; 
 allied to Sans, pdvana, pure, also fire.] 
 
 FIRE, fir. v.t. to set on flre : to inflame : 
 to irritate : to animate : to cause the 
 explosion of : to discharge. — v.i. to take 
 fire : to be or become irritated or in- 
 flamed : to discharge firearms. 
 
 FIREARMS, fir'armz, n.pl. arms or weap- 
 ons which are discharged by fire explod- 
 ing gunpowder. 
 
 FIREBALL, fir'bawl, n. a ball filled with 
 powder or other combustibles, intended to 
 be thrown among enemies, and to injure 
 by explosion, or to set fire to their works 
 in order that by the light movements may 
 be seen. Also a popular name applied to 
 a certain class of meteors which exhibit 
 themselves as globular masses of light, 
 moving with great velocity, and not un- 
 frequently passing unbroken across the 
 sky until lost in the horizon. They differ 
 from ordinary meteors, probably, more 
 in volume and brilliancj' than in any 
 other distinctive characteristic. They are 
 not to be confounded with another class 
 of meteors that explode in their passage, 
 and appear to let fall a dull red body (me- 
 teorolite) to the earth. 
 
 FIREBAR, fir-bar, FURNACE-BAR, fer'- 
 nas-bar, ?!. one of the series of bars 
 which form the grated bottom of a fur- 
 nace. on which the fuel rests. 
 
 FIREBOX, fir'boks, n. the box or chamber 
 of a steam engine, in which the fire is 
 placed. 
 
 FIREBRAND, fir'brand, n. a brand or piece 
 of wood on fire : one who inflames the 
 passions of others. 
 
 FIREBRICK, fir'brik, n. a brick so made 
 as to resist the action of fire. 
 
 FIRE-BRIGADE, fir'-brig-ad', n. a brigade 
 or company of men for extinguishing 
 firns or conflagrations. 
 
 FIRECLAY, fir'kla, n. a kind of clay, 
 capable of resisting fire, used in mak- 
 ing firebricks. 
 
 FIRECOCK, fir'kok, n. a cock or spout to 
 let out water for extinguishing fires. 
 
 FIREDAMP, flr'damp, n. a gas, carbu- 
 retted hydrogen, in coal-mines, apt to 
 take fire. 
 
 FIRE-DRESS, fir'-dress, n. an invention 
 used as a protection against fire, with 
 the view of enabling the wearer to ap- 
 proach, and even to pass through a 
 fierce flame, to rescue lives or valuable 
 property, or to use means for the extinc- 
 tion of flre. It consists of an exterior 
 light armor of metallic gauze, and of an 
 inner covering of a material which is a 
 slow conductor of heat, such as wool, 
 cotton, etc., immersed in certain saline 
 solutions. 
 
 FIRE-ENGINE, fir'-en'jin, n. an engine or 
 
 forcing-pump used to extinguish fires 
 
 with water. 
 
 FIRE-ESCAPE, fir'-es-kap', n. a portable 
 
 machine, or a fixed contrivance reaching 
 
 165 
 
 to and from the upper windows of build- 
 ings, and used to enable people to escape 
 from fires. 
 FIRE-FLAG, fir-'flag, n. a flash or gleam of 
 lightning unaccompanied with thunder. 
 
 The upper air burst into life ! 
 
 And a hundred fire-fiags sheen. — Coleridge. 
 
 FIREFLY, fir'fll, n. a winged luminous fly 
 whicli emits a bright light like a fire- 
 spai'k. 
 
 FIRELOCK, flr'lok, n. a gun in which the 
 fire is caused b3' a lock with steel and flint. 
 
 FIREMAN, flr'man, n. a man whose busi- 
 ness it is to assist in extinguishing fires : 
 a man who tends the fires, as of a steam- 
 engine, or a railway locomotive — called 
 on English railways a stoker. 
 
 FIREPLACE, fir'pl'as, n. the place in a 
 house appropriated to the fire : a hearth. 
 
 FIREPLUG, fir'plug, n. a plug placed in a 
 ))i|)e which supplies water in case of fire. 
 
 FIREPROOF, fir'proof, adj. proof against 
 fire : incombustible. Various plans have 
 been adopted for rendering houses, or an 
 apartment in a house, fireproof, as by 
 constructing them entirely of brick or 
 stone, and employing iron doors, ties, 
 and Untels, stone staircases, and land- 
 ings. In the case of textile fabrics, as 
 cotton, linen, etc., saturation with 
 various salts, as borax, which leave their 
 crystals in the substance of the fabrics, 
 is the means adopted for rendering them 
 incombustible. Wood ic best protected 
 by silicate of soda, which, on the appli- 
 cation of strong heat, fuses into a glass, 
 which enveloping not only the outside 
 but also the internal fibres of the wood 
 shield it from contact with the oxygen 
 of the air. All that can be done by any 
 process, however, is the prevention of 
 conflagration : no mode yet known can 
 prevent smouldering. 
 
 FIRESHIP, fir'ship, n. a vessel filled with 
 combustibles, to set an enemy's vessels 
 on fire. 
 
 FIRESIDE, fir'sld. n. the side of a fire- 
 place : the hearth : home. 
 
 FIRESTONE, fir'ston, n. a kind of sand- 
 stone that bears a liigh degree of heat. 
 
 FIREWORKS, fir'wurks, n.pl. artificial 
 works or preparations of gunpowder, 
 sulphur, etc., to be fired chiefly for dis- 
 play or amusement. 
 
 FIRE-WORSHIP, fir'-wur'ship, n. the wor- 
 ship of fire, the highest type of which 
 worship is seen in the adoration of the 
 sun, not only as the most glorious visible 
 object in the universe, but also as the 
 source of light and heat. In the early 
 religion of India the sun appears in the 
 form of the god Agni (L. ignis, fire), 
 what was first regarded as a mere ab- 
 stract influence or a phenomenon in time 
 being regarded as a sentient individual. 
 Thus in the Vedic hymns Agni is the god 
 of fire, corresponding to the Greek He- 
 phtBstos. In the East the worship of the 
 element of fire was practiced by the an- 
 cient Persians or Magians, and is con- 
 tinued by the modern Parsees. The es- 
 tablishment of this species of idolatry 
 among the Persians is ascribed to Zoro- 
 aster, who taught his disciples that in 
 the sun and in tlie sacred fires of their 
 temples God more especially dwelt, and 
 that tlierefore divine homage was to be 
 pjiid to these.—)). Fire'-wor'SHIPPER. 
 
 FIRING, fir'ing, «. a putting fire to or 
 discharge of guns : firewood : fuel. 
 
 FIRKIN, fer'kin, 7i. a measure equal to the 
 fourth part of a barrel : 9 gallons : .56 
 ll>s. of butter. [O. Dut. vier, four, and 
 the dim. suffi.x -A-ifi.] 
 
 FIRM, ferm, adj. fixinl : compact : strong: 
 not easily moved or disturbed: unshaken: 
 resolute': decided. — adr. Firm'ly. — n. 
 
 FIRST-RATE 
 
 Firm'ness. [Fr. ferme — h.firmics ; allied 
 to Sans, dhri, to bear, to support.] 
 
 FIRM, ferm, n. the title under which a 
 company transacts business : a business 
 house or partnership. [It. firma, from 
 Ij. firmiis.] 
 
 FIRMAMENT, fer'ma-ment, ji. the region 
 of the air : the sky or heavens. [The 
 Hebrew word rakia, which is so ren 
 dered in Scripture, conveys chiefly the 
 idea of expansion, although that of 
 solidity is also suggested, inasmuch as 
 the root signification of the word is tliat 
 which is expanded by beating out. The 
 English firmament is adoptee' from the 
 hatin firmamentjim, which is the equiv- 
 alent of the Greek stereoma (stereos, 
 firm, solid), by which the writers of the 
 Septuagint rendered rakia. L. firma- 
 mentum, from firmo, firmatum, to make 
 firm, to support, from firmns, steadfast; 
 stable, strong.] 
 
 FIRMAMENTAL, fer-ma-ment'al, adj. per- 
 taining to the firmament : celestial. 
 
 FIRMAN, fer'man, n. any decree emanat- 
 ing from the Turkish government, 
 {Pevs. firm&n ; Sans, pramfiwa, measure, 
 decision.] 
 
 FIRST, ferst, adj., foremost : preceding all 
 others in place, time, or degree : most 
 eminent : chief.^orfi-. before anything 
 else, in time, space, rank, etc. [A.S. 
 fyrst ; Ice. fyrstr ; the superl. of fore by 
 adding -st.] 
 
 FIRST-BORN, ferst'-bawrn, adj. born first. 
 — n. the first in the order of birth : the 
 eldest child. 
 
 FIRST-DAY, ferst'-da, n. the name given 
 to the Lord's-day by the Quakers and 
 .some other Christian bodies, from its be- 
 ing the first day of the week. 
 
 FIRST-FLOOR, ferst'-flor, n.in England the 
 floor or story of a building next above 
 the ground-floor : in the United States, 
 the ground-floor. 
 
 FIRST-FOOT, ferst'-foot, n. in Scotland, 
 the person who first enters a dwelling- 
 house after the coming' in of the year : 
 also, the first person or object met on 
 setting out on any important journey or 
 undertaking. " Great attention is paid 
 to the first-foot, that is, tlie person who 
 happens to meet them (the marriage 
 company) ; and if such person does not 
 voluntarilj' offer to go back with them, 
 they are generally compelled to do so. 
 A man on horseback is reckoned very 
 lucky, and a bare-footed woman almost 
 as bad as a witch." — Kdin. Mag. 
 
 FIRST-FRUIT, ferst'-fi'oot, FIRST- 
 FRUITS, ferst'-f roots, n. the fruit or prod- 
 uce first matured and collected in any 
 season, of which the Jews made an obla- 
 tion to God, as an acknowledgment of 
 his sovereign dominion : the first profits 
 of anything : as, (a) in old feudal tenures, 
 one year's profit of the land after the 
 death of a tenant, which was paid to the 
 king ; (b) in the Cliurch of England, the 
 income of every spiritual nenefice for the 
 first year, paid originally to the crown, 
 but now to a board, which ajiplies the 
 money so obtained to the supplementing 
 of the incomes of small benefices : the 
 first or earliest effect of anything, in a 
 good or bad sense ; as, the first-fruits of 
 grace in the heart, or the first-fruits ol 
 vice ; 
 See, Father, what first-fruits on earth are sprung:. 
 From tliy implanted ;jrrace in man ! — Milton. 
 
 FIRSTLING, ferst'ling, n. the first produce 
 
 or otisiiring, esp. of animals. [First and 
 
 dim. ling.] 
 FIRST-RATE, ferst'-rat, adj. of the first or 
 
 higliest rate or excellence : pre-eminent 
 
 in qualiiy, size, or estimation.
 
 FIRST-WATER 
 
 166 
 
 FLACCIDNESS 
 
 FIRST-WATER ferst'-waw-ter, n. the first 
 or highest quality : purest lustre : applied 
 to gems aaa principally to diamonds and 
 pearls ; as, a diamond of the first-wafer. 
 
 Fn?TH, ferth. Same as Frith. 
 
 FISC, fisk, ?i. the state treasury : the public 
 revenue. [Fr. fisc — L. fiscus, a basket or 
 purse, the treasury.] 
 
 FISCAL, fisk'al, acjj. pertaining to the public 
 treasury or revenue. — n. a treasurer : (in 
 Scotland) an officer who prosecutes in 
 petty criminal cases. 
 
 FISH, fish, n. an animal that lives in water, 
 and breathes through gills : the flesh of 
 fish :— p'. Fish or Fishes. — vt. to search 
 for fish : to search by sweeping : to draw 
 out or up : to seeK to obtain bv artifice. 
 [A.S. fisc ; Ge- fisch: icc. /»sXt,- Goth. 
 tisks ; L. piscis : Gr. ichthys : Gael, iasg.'] 
 
 FISHER, flsh'er, FISHERJIAN,fish'er-man, 
 n. one who fishes, or whose occupation is 
 to catch fish. 
 
 FISHERY, fish'er-i, n. the business of catch- 
 ing fish : a place for catching fish. 
 
 FISHING, fish'ing, adj. used in fishery. — n. 
 the art or practice of catching fish. 
 
 FISHMONGER, flsh'mung-ger, n. a dealer 
 in fish. [Fish and Monger.] 
 
 FISHY, fish'i, adj. consisting of fish : like 
 a fish : abounding in fish. — n. Fish'dtess. 
 
 FISSILE, fls'il, adj. that may be cleft or 
 split in the direction of the grain. [L. 
 fissilis, from flndo, to cleave.] 
 
 FISSION, fi'shun, n. the act of cleaving, 
 splitting or breaking up into parts : in 
 physiol. multiplication by means of a 
 process of self-division, consisting of grad- 
 ual division or cleavage of the body into 
 two parts, each of which then becomes a 
 separate and independent individual, as 
 when a vegetable or animal cell under- 
 goes spontaneous division, the divided 
 parts again subdividing, or an animalcule 
 or polyp divides into two parts. [L. _^s- 
 sio. iromfindo.Jissttm, to split or cleave.] 
 
 FISSIPAROUS, fis-sip'a-rus, adj., propa- 
 gated by spontaneous /ssiwi into minute 
 parts, [h.fissiis, pa.p. of jindo, andpario, 
 to bring forth.] 
 
 FISSIROSTRAL, fls-i-ros'tral, adj. having 
 a dee]}ly cleft or gaping beak, as swallows, 
 etc. [L.fissiis, and rostrum, a beak.] 
 
 FISSURE, fish'ur, n. a narrow opening or 
 chasm. [Fr. — L. fissura, from findo, 
 fitsus, to cleave.] 
 
 FISSURE -NEEDLE, fish'ur - ne'dl, n. a 
 spiral needle for bringing together the 
 lips of a wound ; being turned round its 
 axis it catches each lip alternately, and 
 it is so made as to be able to introduce a 
 thread or wire, which is left in the place 
 when the needle is withdrawn. 
 
 FIST, fist, n. the closed or clenched hand, 
 orig. as used for striking. [A.S. fyst; 
 Ger. faiist : Russ. x>iaste : allied to L. 
 pugnus, a fist, Gr. ptix, with clenched 
 fist.] 
 
 FISTULA, flst'u-la, n. a deep, narrow, 
 pipe-like, sinuous ulcer. [L. fistula, a 
 
 FISTULAR, flst'ii-lar, adj. hollow like a 
 pipe. 
 
 FISTULOUS, flst'Q-lus, adj. of the nature 
 oi- form of Sifistxda. 
 
 FTT, fit, adj. adapted to any particular 
 end or standard : qualified : convenient : 
 proper. — ?,'.f. to make fit or suitable : to 
 suit one thing to another : to be adapted 
 to : to qualify. — v.i. to be suitable or be- 
 coming :— pr.p. fitt'ing ; pa.p. fitt'ed. — 
 adv. Tn'LW—n. Fit'ness. [Ice. fitja, to 
 knit together ; Goth, fetjan, to adorn.] 
 
 FIT, fit, n. a sudden attack bj- convulsions, 
 as apoplexy, epilepsy, etc.: convulsion 
 or paroxysm : a temporary attack of 
 anything, as laughter, etc.: a sudden ef- 
 fort or motion : a passing humor. [A.S. 
 
 fit, a song ; Ice. fet, a foot ; Sans, pada, 
 a step, a verse of a poem. The orig. 
 sense was a foot or step, then a part of 
 a poem, a bout of fighting, and lastly, a 
 sudden attack of pain. Cf. fetch, foot, 
 fit (above).] 
 
 FiTCH. fich, n. now VETCH ; (B.) in Isa- 
 iah, the black poppy, with a seed like 
 cummin : in Ezekiel, a kind of bearded 
 wheat, spelt. [See Vetch.] 
 
 FITCH-BRUSH, flch'-b-ush, n. a brush or 
 hair-pencil made of the hair of the fitch 
 or pole-cat. Such brushes are much es- 
 teemed, are elastic and firm, can be 
 brought to a fine point, and work freely. 
 
 FITCHET, fich'et, FITCHEW, fich'66, n. 
 a polecat. [O. Fr. flssaii, from root of 
 Dnt. vies, nasty.] 
 
 FITFUL, fit'fool, adj. marked by sudden 
 impulses : spasmodic. — adv. Fit'eully. 
 
 — n. FlT'FtTLNESS. 
 
 FIT-ROD, fit'-rod, n. in ship-lmilding, a 
 small iron rod with a hook on the end, 
 used for being inserted into the holes 
 made in a vessel's sides, in order to as- 
 certain the required length of the bolts 
 or treenails which are to be driven in. 
 
 FITTER, fit'er, n. he who or that which 
 makes fit. 
 
 FITTING, fifing, adj. fit : appropriate.— 
 n. anj-thing used in fitting up, esp. in pi. 
 —adv. Fitt'inqly. 
 
 FITZ. fits, n. (a prefix), son of: used in 
 England, esp. of the illegitimate sons of 
 kings and princes. [Norman Fr. Jiz, Fr. 
 fits — L. fllins; cf. Russ. suffix I'/te, a son.] 
 
 FIVE, flv, adj. and v. four and one. [A.S. 
 flf ; Ger. fi'mf; Goth, fimf ; W. pump; 
 L. qtiinque ; Gr. pente, pempe ; Sans. 
 jjanchanT] 
 
 FIVE-FINGER-TIED, flv'-fing-ger-tid, adj. 
 tied by all the fingers of the hand, that 
 is. eagerly or securely tied. 
 And with another knot.'^ue-^srer-hed. 
 The fragments, scraps, the bits, and greasy re- 
 
 liques. 
 Of her o'er-eaten faith, are bound to Diomed. 
 
 —Shak. 
 
 FIVEFOLD, fiv'fold, adj. five times folded 
 or repeated : in fives. 
 
 FIVES, fivz, n. a kind of play with a ball, 
 originally called hand-tennis : so named 
 probably from its being usually plaj'ed 
 with five on each side, althougli others 
 give different explanations, as that it is 
 so called because the ball is struck with 
 the hand or five fingers. 
 
 FIVES, fivz, n. a disease of horses, re- 
 sembling the strangles. Written also 
 
 ViVES. 
 
 FIX, fiks, v.t. to make stable, firm, or fast ; 
 to set or place permanently ; to establish 
 firmly or immovably ; to establish ; as, 
 the universe is governed by fixed laws ; 
 the prince fixed his residence at York ; 
 some men have no fixed opinions ; to 
 make fast ; to fasten ; to attach firmly ; 
 as, to fix a cord or line to a hook : to 
 direct steadily, as the eye, the mind, the 
 attention, etc., without allowing it to 
 wander ; to ffisten ; as, the gentleman 
 fixed his eyes on the speaker : to make 
 solid ; to congeal ; to deprive of vola- 
 tility : to stop or keep from moving : in 
 popular use, in America, to put in order; 
 to prepare ; to arrange or manage ; to 
 adjust ; to set or place in the manner 
 desired or most suitable ; as, to fix 
 clothes or dress; to fix the furniture of 
 a room ; thus, to_^i' the hair, the table, 
 the fire, etc., is to dress the hair, lay 
 the table, make up the fire, and so on. 
 " Dampierhas^jc apparently in the New 
 England sense. ' We went ashore and 
 dried our cloaths, cleaned our guns, dried 
 our ammunition, and fhrt ourselves 
 ag.iinst our enemies if we should be 
 attacked.' "—G. P. Marsh.— To FES a pict- 
 
 ure, in photog. to give permanence to 
 the image on a negative or positive, by 
 removal of the superfluous salts of silver, 
 which would otherwise gradually blacken 
 and destroy the image ; this is usually 
 done by means of hyposulphite of soda, 
 [Fr. fixer : L.figo,fixuin, to fasten.] 
 
 FIX, fiks, v.i. to rest ; to settle or remain 
 permanentlj' ; to cease fron) wandering ; 
 to become firm, so as to resist volatiliza- 
 tion : to cease to flow or be fluid ; to 
 congeal ; to become hard and malleable, 
 as a metallic substance; "The quick- 
 silver will /.rand run no more." — Bacon. 
 — To fix on, to settle the opinion or reso- 
 lution on anj'thing ; to determine on ; 
 as, the contracting parties have/j*ed on 
 certain leading points. 
 
 FIX. fiks, n. a condition : predicament : 
 difficulty : dilemma. — To BE IN A FIX, to 
 be in a difficulty or dilemma. 
 
 FIXATION, fiks-a'shun, n. act of fixing or 
 state of being fixed : steadiness : firm- 
 ness : state in which a body does not 
 evaporate. 
 
 FIXED, fikst, p. or adj. settled : estab- 
 lished : firm : fast : stable. " The grad- 
 ual establishment of law by the consoli- 
 dation of custom is the formation of 
 something fixed in the midst of things 
 that are changing." — Herbert Spencer. — 
 Fixed air, the old name of carbonic 
 acid. — Fixed alkalies, potash, soda, 
 and lithia, in contradistinction to am- 
 monia, which is termed volatile alkali. 
 — Fixed ammunition, ammunition con- 
 sisting of the powder and ball inclosed 
 together in a wrapper or case, ready for 
 insertion in the bore of the firearm.— ^ 
 Fixfd bodies are those which bear a high 
 heat without evaporation or volatiliza- 
 tion. — Fixed oils, oils obtained by simple 
 pressure, and not readily, nor without 
 decomposition, volatilized : .so called in 
 distinction from volatile oils. They are 
 compounds of glycerine and certain or- 
 ganic acids. Such compounds are exclu- 
 sively natural products, not having been 
 as yet formed artificially. Among ani- 
 mals they occur chiefly in the cellular 
 membrane ; among plants, in the seeds, 
 capsules, or pulp suiTOunding the seed, 
 very seldom in the root. They are gen- 
 erally inodorous, and when fluid or 
 melted, make a greasy stain on paper, 
 which is permanent. — Fixed stars, such 
 stars as always retain the same apparent 
 position and distance with respect to 
 each other, and are thus distinguished 
 from planets and comets, which are re- 
 volving bodies. 
 
 FIXEDLY, fiks'ed-li, adv. firmly: in a 
 settled or established manner : stead- 
 fastly. 
 
 FIXEDNESS, fiks'ed-nes, n. a state of 
 being fixed ; stability ; firmness ; stead- 
 fastness ; as, a fixedness in religion or 
 politics ; fixedness of opinion on any 
 subject : the state of a body which re- 
 sists evaporation or volatilization by 
 heat ; firm coherence of parts ; as, the 
 fixedness of gold. 
 
 FIXITY, fiks'i-ti, n. fixedness. 
 
 FIXTURE, fiks'tur, n. what \s fixed to any 
 thing ds to land or to a house : a fixec 
 article of furniture. 
 
 FIZ, fiz, FIZZLE, fizl, v.i. to make a hissing 
 sound. [Formed from the sound. I 
 
 FLABBY, flab'i,ad;.easily moved or shaken; 
 soft and yielding: banging loose. ^»i. 
 Flabb'iness. [From FIap.] 
 
 FLACCID, flak'sid, «ry.,/((?)6^; lax: easily 
 yielding to pressure : soft and weak. — 
 adv. Flac'CIDlt. [O. Fr.— L. flaccidus— 
 flaccus, flabby ; conn, with Fl.\P.] 
 
 FLACCIDNESS,flak'sid-nes,FLACCIDITY, 
 flak-sid'i-ti, n. laxness : want of firmness.
 
 FLAG 
 
 167 
 
 FLARE 
 
 FLAG, flag, v.i- to grow languid or spirit- 
 less : — pl■^ flagg'ing- : pa.p. flagged'. 
 [From a root wiiich is found in A.S. Jla- 
 cor, flving, roving ; Ice. flaka, to flap ; 
 Ger. fiackern, to flutter.] 
 
 FLAG, flag, n. a water-plant. [So called 
 from its waving in the wind. From root 
 of 1-. Flag.] 
 
 FLAG, flag, n. the ensign of a sliip or of 
 troops : a banner. [Dan. flag, Ger. flagge; 
 from root of v. Fl_4.G, and so called from 
 its fluttering in the wind.] 
 
 FLAG, flag, FLAGSTONE, flag'ston, n. a 
 stone that separates in flakes or layers : 
 a flat stone used for paving. ^ [A form of 
 flake : Ice. flaga, a flag orslab.] 
 
 FLAGELLANT, flaj'el-ant, n. one who 
 scmirges himself in religious discipline. 
 
 FLAGELLATE, flaj'el-at, v.t. to trhip or 
 scourge. — )i. Flageixa'tion. [h-flagello. 
 flagellatus—flagelluin, dim. of flagnim, a 
 whip.] 
 
 FLAGEOLET, flaj'o-let, n. a small wind- 
 instrument like a. flute. [Fr., dim. of O. 
 Fr. flageol, a pipe — Low L. flautiolus — 
 flauia. a flute. See Flute.] 
 
 FLAGGY, flag'i. adj. flexible : weafe : full 
 of the plant flag. — n. FlaGG IXESS. 
 
 FLAGITIOUS, fl.a-jish'us, adj. grossly wick- 
 ed : gviiltv of enormous crimes. — adt\ 
 Flagi'tiousl^ .- -n. Flaoi'tiousness. [L. 
 flagitiosus—fliigiti'<(»i, aQ5^hing disgrace- 
 ful done In the heat of passion — rootflag, 
 in flagro, to burn.] 
 
 FLAGON, flag'un, n. a drinking vessel with 
 a narrow neck. [Fr. flacon for flascon — 
 Low L. flasco. See Ft \sk.] 
 
 FLAGRANT, fla'graut, adj. glaring : noto- 
 rious: enormous. — adv. P'la'GRantly. — 
 n. Fla'qraxcty. [L. flagrans, flagrantis, 
 pr.p. of flagro, to flame.] 
 
 FLAGSHIP, flag'ship, n. the ship in which 
 an admiral sails, and wliich carries his 
 flag. 
 
 ?LAlL, flal, 71. an instrument for thrash- 
 ing or beating grain from the ear, con- 
 sisting of the hand-stafl', which is held in 
 the hand, the swiple, which strikes the 
 grain, and the middle band, which con- 
 nects the hand-statf and swiple, and 
 which may be a thong of leather, a 
 hempen rope, or a rope of straw — now 
 little used : an ancient miUtary weapon 
 resembling the common flail, but having 
 the striking part strengtiiened with a 
 coating of iron and armed with rows of 
 spikes. [O. Fr. flael, flaiel, flaial, from 
 L. flagellum, a whip or scourge, whence 
 also Dut. vlegel, Ger. flegel.] 
 
 FLAKE, flak, n. a loose filiuy or scale-like 
 mass of anj'thing ; a small flat particle 
 of any matter looseh' held together ; a 
 flock ; a layer ; a scale ; as, a flake of 
 flesh or tallow ; a Jiake of snow ; '* Lit- 
 tle _^ai-e.'! of scurf." — Addison : "Great 
 flakes of ice encompassing our boat." 
 — Evelyn ; " Flakes of foam."' — Tenny- 
 son : a collection or little particle of 
 Are, or of combustible matter on tire, 
 separated and flying off : a sort of car- 
 nations of two colors only, having large 
 stripes going through the leaves. [Al- 
 lied to Ice. flalmn, to flake oS,flyka, a 
 flake, a rag ; E. flag, a stone for paving, 
 AnAflaw; Sw. flaga, a flake, a crack or 
 flaw.] 
 
 FLAKE, flak, n. in Scotland, a hurdle or 
 portable framework of boards or bars for 
 fencing : {naxit.) a small stage hung over 
 a ship's side, to calk or repair any breach : 
 in Massachusetts, a platform or stage of 
 hurdles or small sticks interwoven to- 
 
 f ether, and supported )iy stanchions for 
 r^-ing codfish, etc. [Ice. fleki. a flake or 
 hurdle, flcekja, to twist or entangle, Ger. 
 flechten. to twist or plait.] 
 FLAKE, flak, v.t. to form into flakes. 
 
 FLAKE, flak, v.t. to break or separate m 
 lavers : to peel or scale off. 
 
 FLAKE-WHITE, flak'-whit, n. mpainting, 
 (a) the purest white-lead, in the form of 
 scales or plates, sometimes graj- on the 
 surface — when levigated, called" *' body- 
 white " ; {b) basic nitrate of bismuth, or 
 pearl-white. 
 
 FLAKINESS, flak'i-nes, n. the state of 
 being flaky. 
 
 FLAKY, flaK'i, adj. consisting of flakes or 
 locks : consisting of small loose masses : 
 consisting of layers, or cleaving off in 
 layers : hing in flakes or laj-ers : flake- 
 like. "^Diamonds themselves have a 
 grain or a. flaky contexture.'' — Boyle. 
 
 FLAMBEAU, flam'bo, n. a flaming torch : 
 ~^}I. FLAJi'BEAtls (-bo). [Fr.—flambe— L. 
 flammn.J 
 
 FL.\MBOYANT, flam-boy'ant, adj {arch.) 
 with waving or _;Tame-like tracery. [Pr.p. 
 of Fr. flamboyer, to blaze — flamber.} 
 
 FLAME, flam, n. the gleam or blaze of a 
 fire : rage : ardor of temper : vigor of 
 thought : warmth of affection : love. — 
 v.i. to burn as flame : to break out in 
 passion. — adj. Flame'LESs. [Fr. flamnie, 
 from Tu. flamma, tor flagma— flag, root of 
 flagro, to burn ; Gr. phleg. Sans, bhrag, 
 to shine.] 
 
 FLAME-BEAEEE, flam'-bar*r, n. one who 
 bears flame or light ; the name given to 
 the members of a genus of humming- 
 birds, from their being furnished \\ith a 
 tuft of fiery crimson-colored feathers 
 round the neck like a gorget. The little 
 flame-bearer inhabits the inner side of the 
 extinct volcano Chiriqui, in Veragua, 
 about 9000 feet above the level of the sea. 
 It measures only 2i inches in length. 
 There are various other species, all tropi- 
 cal American. 
 
 FLAMEN, fla'men, n. {in ancient Borne) a 
 priest devoted to one particular god. [L. 
 same as fllamen, perh. from ftlum, a fillet 
 of wool, as a flamen w-ore a fillet round 
 his head.] 
 
 FLAMING, flam'ing, adj. red : gaudy : 
 violent.— arfr. Flaji'INGLT. 
 
 FLAMINGO, fla-ming'go, n. a bird of the 
 genus Phoenicopterus, formerly placed 
 m the order Grallatores, but now gen- 
 erally ranked among the Natatores or 
 Palmipedes, and constituting a family 
 Phceaicopteridse, allied to the AnatidcB. 
 Its body is smaller than that of the stork, 
 but owin^ to the great length of the 
 neck and Tegs it stands from 5 to 6 feet 
 high. The beak is naked, lamellate at 
 the edges, and bent as if broken : the 
 feet are palmated and four-toed. Tlie 
 common flamingo occurs abundantly in 
 various parts of Southern Europe. 'This 
 bird resembles the heron in shape, but is 
 entirely scarlet, except the quill-feathers, 
 which ' are jet black. The tongue is 
 fleshy, and one of the extravagances of 
 the Romans during the later period of 
 the empire was to have dishes composed 
 solely of flamingoes' tongues. [Sp. and 
 Port, flamenco, from L. flamma, flame, 
 from its red color.] 
 
 FLAMiHFEROUS, Uam-if'er-us, adj. pro- 
 ducing flame. [L. flamma, and fero, to 
 bear, produce.] 
 
 FLANGE, flanj, n. a raised edge or flank 
 on the rim of a wheel, as of a railway 
 engine. — adj. Flanged'. [Corr. of 
 Flank.] 
 
 FLANK, rtangk, n. the side of an animal 
 from the ribs to the' thigh : the side of 
 anything, esp. of an army or fleet. — v.t. 
 to attack or pass round the side of. — r.i. 
 to be posted on the side : to touch. [Fr. 
 flanc, perh. from L. flaeciis, flabby, the 
 flank being the weak part of the body. 
 See Flaccid.] 
 
 FLANKER, fianVer, n. j fortification which 
 commands the^an^" of an a.ssailing force. 
 — v.t. to defend by flankers : to attack 
 sideways. 
 
 FLANNEL, flan'el. n. a soft woollen cloth of 
 loose texture.— «cf/. Flann'eled. [Orig 
 flannen — ^W. gidanen, wool.] 
 
 FLAP, flap, n. anj'thing broad and flexible 
 that hangs loose or is attached by on« 
 end or side and easily moved : as, the 
 flaj} of a garment ; the Jlap of the ear ; 
 the flap of a hat; " Embroidered waist- 
 coats with large flaps." — Dickens; "A 
 cartilaginous flap on tlie opening of the 
 larynx." — Sir T. Broicn : the motion of 
 anything broad and loose, or a stroke 
 with it : — -jJ?. a disease in the lips of horses, 
 in which they become blistered and swell 
 on both sides. — Flap of a window-shut- 
 tek, a leaf attached to a shutter to in- 
 creiise its size when it is not sufficiently 
 broad to exclude tlie light. [Probably 
 onomatopoetic, being imitative of a blow 
 with a pliant flat surface. Of. flabby.] 
 
 FLAP, flap, r.^ to beat with or as with a 
 flap : to move, as something broad or 
 flap-like ; " The raven flapped his wing." 
 — Tickell : to let fa. I the vap of, as a hat. 
 
 FLAP, flap, v.i. to move as wings, or as 
 something broau or loose ; " The slack- 
 ened sail flaps." — Tennyson : to fall like 
 a flap, as the brim of a hat or other broad 
 thing ; to have the flap fall ; " He had an 
 old black hat on that flapped." — State 
 Trials. 
 
 FLAPDOODLE, flap'd66-<ll. n. nourish- 
 ment or food for fools. " 'The gentle- 
 man has eaten no small quantity of 
 flapdoodle in his lifetime.' 'AVfiat's 
 that?' 'It's the stuff they feed fools 
 on.'" — Marryat. "'I shall talk to our 
 regimental doctors about it, and get put, 
 through a courae of fool's-diet before w«| 
 start for India.' ^Flapdoodle tViey call it, 
 what fools are fed on.' " — 2 Hughes. 
 
 FLAPDRAGON, flap'dra-gon. w. a play in 
 which the players snatch raisins out of 
 burning brandy, and. extinguishing them 
 by closing the mouth, eat them : the 
 thing eaten in playing flapdragon. " He 
 . . . drinks candles' ends for flap- 
 dragons." — Sliak. 
 
 FLAPDRAGON. flap'dra-gon, v.t. to swal- 
 low at one gulp : to devom-. " To make 
 an end of the ship, to see how the sea 
 fiapdragoned it." — Shak. 
 
 FLAP-EARED, flap'-erd, adj. having broad 
 loose ears. "A . . . beetle-headed, flap- 
 eared knave." — Shak. 
 
 FLAPJACK, flap'jak, n. a sort of broad 
 flat pancake : a fried cake : an apple- 
 nuff. 
 
 FLAP-MOUTHED, flap'-moufM, adj. hav- 
 ing loose hanging lips. 
 
 FLAPPER, flap'er, n. one who or that 
 which flaps : in the following extract, 
 one who endeavors to make another re- 
 member — in allusion to the flappers 
 mentioned in Gulliver's visit to Laputa, 
 who were employed by the dieamy 
 philosophers of that island to flap tlii'in 
 on the mouth and ears with an inflated 
 bladder when their thoughts were to 
 be diverted from their speculations to 
 worldly aff.airs. " I write to you, by way 
 of flapper, to put you in mind of your- 
 self." — Lord Chesterfield : a young 
 wild duck; "Some young men down 
 latelv to a pond . . . to hunt flajyjyers or 
 yourig wild ducks." — Oilbert White; 
 " Lightbody happened to be gone out 
 to shoot flajypers." — Miss Edgeirorth. 
 
 FLARE, fl;ir. r.i. to burn witii a glaring, 
 unsteady Ught : to glitter or flash. — n. 
 an unsteady, offensive light. [From a 
 root found in Norw. /ara, Swed. flasa, to 
 blaze.]
 
 FLASH 
 
 168 
 
 FLAX 
 
 FLASH, flash, n. a momentary gleam of 
 light : a sudden burst, as of merriment : 
 a short transient state. — v.i. to break 
 forth, as a sudden light : to break out 
 into intellectual brilliancy : to burst out 
 into violence. — v.t. to cause to flash. 
 [From the root of Swed. flasa, to blaze ; 
 of. Ice. flasa, to rush ; allied to flare and 
 flush.] 
 
 tLASH, flash, adj. vulgarly sho\vy or 
 gaudy , as, a flash dress, a flash style : 
 forged ; counterfeit ; as, flash notes. — 
 Flash language, language spoken by 
 felons, thieves, knaves, and vagabonds ; 
 cant ; slang. '■ In a wild district of Der- 
 byshire, between MacclesOeld and Bux- 
 ton, there is a village called Flash, 
 surrounded by uninclosed land. The 
 squatters on these commons, with their 
 wild g^ipsey habits, travelled about the 
 neighborhood from fair to fair, using a 
 slang dialect of their own. They were 
 called the Flash men, and their dialect 
 Flash talk ; and it is not difficult to see 
 the stages by which the word Flash has 
 reached its present signification." — Isaac 
 Taylor. 
 
 FLASH-HOUSE, flasa'-hous, n. a house 
 frequented by thieves, robbers, and 
 knaves, and in whi3n stolen goods are 
 received. " The excesses of that age re- 
 mind us of the humors of a gang of foot- 
 pads, revelling with their favorite beau- 
 ties at a Hash-house." — Macaulay. 
 
 "FLASHING, flash'ing, n. the act of creat- 
 ing an artificial flood at shallows in a 
 river, by penning up the water either in 
 the river itself or in side reservoirs : in 
 arch, pieces of lead, zinc, or other metal, 
 •ised to protect the joining when a roof 
 comes in contact with a wall, or wlien a 
 chimney shaft or other object comes 
 through a roof and the like. The metal 
 is let into a joint or groove cut in the 
 wall, etc., and folded down so as to lap 
 over and protect the joining. When the 
 flashing is folded down over the upturned 
 edge of the lead of a gutter it is, in Scot- 
 land, called an apron. 
 
 FLASHY, flash'!, adj. dazzling for a mo- 
 ment : showy but empty. — adv. Flash'- 
 ILY.— ;i. FLASH'EfESS. 
 
 FLASK, flask, n. a kind of bottle, as, a flask 
 of wine or oil : specifically, (a), a narrow- 
 necked globular glass bottle ; as, a Flor- 
 ence flask ; (b) a metal or other pocket 
 dram-bottle; as, a pocket ./?asfc ; (c) a ves- 
 sel, generally of metal or horn, for con- 
 taininggunpowder. carried by sportsmen, 
 usually furnished with a measure of the 
 charge at the top ; (d) a vessel for con- 
 taining mercury; a flask of mercury from 
 California is about 75 lbs.: a shallow 
 frame of wood or iron, used in foundries 
 to contain the sand employed in mould- 
 ing. [ A.S. fla'sc,flasca,flaxa; the ultimate 
 origin of the word is doubtful. Cf. O. Fr. 
 flasche. llascon; Sp.flasco; It. flasco; Low 
 Jj. fla.sco.fla.sca, which Diez refers to L. 
 vasculuni, a dim, of vas, a vessel. The 
 Dsin. flaske, Sw. flaska, O.H.Ger. flasca, 
 are probably from the same source. The 
 O. Fr. flasche, Low L. flasco, appear orig- 
 'nally to have been coverings to protect 
 glass bottles ; and this being the case the 
 W. fflasg, a vessel of wicker-work, a 
 basket, may be the ultimate origin of all 
 the forms.] 
 
 JfTjASKET, flask'et, n. a vessel in which 
 ^ands are served up: a long shallow 
 basket. 
 
 FLAT, flat, adj. having an even and hori- 
 zontal, or nearly horizontal surface, 
 without elevations or depressions, hills 
 or valleys ; level without inclination ; 
 as, flat land, a flat roof : prostrate ; 
 lying the whole length on the ground : 
 
 level with the ground : fallen : laid low ; 
 ruined : in the. fine arts, wanting relief or 
 prominence of the figures : tasteless ; 
 stale ; vapid ; insipid ; dead ; as, ivmtflat 
 to the taste : dull ; unanimated ; frigid; 
 without point or spirit ; that can give no 
 relish or interest : brought to an end ; 
 brought to nought ; caused to collapse ; 
 ruiaed : not relieved, broken, or soft- 
 ened ; peremptory ; absolute ; positive ; 
 downright ; as, he gave the petitioner a 
 flat denial: in music, below the natural 
 or tlie true pitch ; hence, as applied to 
 intervals, indicating a note half a tone 
 below its natural ; minor ; &flat fifth is 
 an interval of a fifth diminished by a flat : 
 not sharp or shrill ; not acute ; as, aflat 
 sound : in gram, applied to one of that 
 division of consonants, in the enunciation 
 of which voice (in contradistinction to 
 breath) is heard — opposed to sharp ; as, 
 b, d, g, z, v: lacking briskness of com- 
 mercial exchange or dealings ; depressed ; 
 dull ; as, the market was very flat. — Flat 
 CANDLESTICK, a bedroom candlestick with 
 a broad flat foot or dish. — Flat candle, 
 the candle burned in such a candlestick. 
 " The idea of a girl with a really fine head 
 of hair, having to do it by one flat candle 
 and a few inches of looking-glass." — 
 Dickens. [Ice. flatr, Sw. flat, Dan. flad, 
 Ger. flaeh and platt, flat. Aidn Lith. 
 jilatus, Gr. platys. Sans, prithus, wide, 
 broad.] 
 
 FLAT, flat, n. a surface without relief or 
 prominences : a level or extended plain ; 
 a low tract of land : a level ground Ijing 
 at a small depth under the sm-face of 
 water ; a shoal ; a shallow ; a strand ; 
 a sandbank under water : something 
 broad and flat in form ; as, (a) a broad, 
 flat-bottomed boat without a keel, gen- 
 erally used in river navigation ; (b) a 
 broad-brimmed, low-crowned sti-aw hat ; 
 (e) a railway car without a roof : the 
 flat part or side of anything ; as, the 
 upper extended surface of tlie hand, tlie 
 broad side of a sword or knife, and the 
 like : in mtisic, a mark of depression in 
 sound, marked thus [j, and used to lower 
 or depress, by the degi'ee of a semitone, 
 any note in the natural scale ; an acci- 
 dental flat is one which does not occur 
 in the signature, and which affects only 
 the bar in which it is placed ; a double 
 flat depresses a note two semitones below 
 its natural pitch : in arch, that part of 
 the covering of a house laid horizontal, 
 and covered with lead or other material: 
 a story or floor of a building, especially 
 when fitted up for a single family : a 
 foohsh fellow ; a simpleton ; one who is 
 easily duped ; a gull : in ship-building, 
 one of the timbers in midships ; in 
 theatres, one of the halves of such scenes 
 or parts of, scenes as are formed by two 
 equal portions pushed from the sides of 
 the stage and meeting in the centre. 
 
 FLAT, flat, v.t. to level ; to lay smooth or 
 even ; to make broad and smooth ; to 
 flatten : to make vapid or tasteless : to 
 make dtUl or unanimated ; to depress : 
 in imisic, to reduce below the true pitch, 
 as a note, by depressing it half a tone. — 
 To FLAT IN "the SAIL (uaut.) to draw in 
 the aftmost clew of a sail towards the 
 middle of the ship. 
 
 FLAT, flat, v.i. to grow flat ; to fall to an 
 even surface : to become insipid, or dtdl 
 and unanimated : in music, to depress 
 the voice ; to render a sound less shaip ; 
 to fall below the true pitch. 
 
 FLATTEN, flat'n, v.t. to make flat ; to re- 
 duce to an equal or even surface ; to 
 level: to lay flat; to bring to the ground; 
 to prostrate : to make vapid or insipid ; 
 to render stale : to depress ; to deject. 
 
 as the spirits ; to dispirit : in music, to 
 lower in pitch ; to render less acute or 
 sharp. — To flatten a sail, to extend it 
 fore and aft, whereby its effect is lateral 
 onlv. 
 
 FLATTEN, flat'n, v.i. to grow or become 
 even on the surface : to become dead, 
 stale, vapid, or tasteless : to become dull 
 or spiritless: in iniisic, to depress th« 
 voice ; to render a sound less sharp ; to 
 drop tjelow the true pitch. 
 
 FLATTER, flat'er, v.t. to sooth with praise 
 and servile attentions : to please with 
 false hopes. — n. Flatt'erer. [Fr. flat- 
 ter; orig. dub., perh. from flat, in the 
 sense of making smooth by a gentle 
 caress, or from root flak or plag, to pat.] 
 
 FLATTERING, flat'er-ing, adj. uttering 
 false praise : pleasing to pride or vanity. 
 — adv. Flatt^eingly. 
 
 FLATTERY, flat'er-i, n. false praise. 
 
 FLATTISH. flat'ish, adj. somewhat flat. 
 
 FLATULENCE,flat'u-lens,FLATULENCY, 
 flat'u-len-si, n. windiness : air generated 
 in a weak stomach. [See Flatulent.] 
 
 FLATULENT, flat'u-lent, adj. affected 
 with air in the stomach : apt to generate 
 wind in the stomach : empty : vain. — 
 adv. Flat'ULENtlt. [Fr.— Low L. flatVr 
 lentvs — L. flo, flatus, to blow.] 
 
 FLATUS, fla'tus. n. a puff of wind : air 
 generated in the stomach or any cavity 
 of the body. [L.] 
 
 FLATWISE, flat'wiz, adj. or adv. flat- 
 wa2/s or with the flat side downward. 
 
 FLAUNT, flant or flawnt, v.i. to fly or 
 wave in the wind : to move ostentatious- 
 ly : to carry a saucy appearance. — Jt. 
 anything displayed for show. [Prob. 
 from a contr. of A.S. fleogan, fleon, to 
 fiv.] 
 
 FLAUTIST. See Flutee. 
 
 FLAVOR, fla'\'Tir, n. that quality of any 
 thing which affects the smell or the pal 
 ate. — v.t. to impart flavor to. — adj. Fla'- 
 VORLESS. [Fr. flairer — L. fragro, ta 
 smell.] 
 
 FLAYOROUS, fla'vur-us, adj. of a pleasant 
 flavor. 
 
 FLAW, flaw, n. a break, a crack: a defect : 
 — v.t. to crack or break. — adj. Flaw'- 
 LESS. [Ice. flaga, a fragment ; W. fflaio, 
 a splin ter.] 
 
 FLAWY, flaw'i, adj. full of flaws or 
 cracks : faulty. 
 
 FLAJX. flaks, n. the common name of the 
 
 Elants of the genus Linum. nat. order 
 inacea3, and of the fibre produced from 
 it. The species, of which there are 
 nearlj- a hundred, are herbs or small 
 shi-ulJs, ^^ith narrow leaves, and yellow, 
 blue, or even white flowers arranged in 
 variously formed cymes. They occur in 
 warm and temperate regions over the 
 world. The cultivated species is L. 
 usitati.s.simum. The fibre which is used 
 for making thread and cloth, called linen, 
 cambric, lawn, lace, etc., consists of the 
 woody bundles of the slender stalks. 
 The fine fibres may be so separated a3 to 
 be spun into threads as fine as silk. A 
 most useful oil is expressed from the 
 seeds, and the residue, caDed Un.seed- 
 cake, is one of the most fattening kinds 
 of food for cattle. The best seed tome* 
 from Riga and Holland. [A.S. fleax. 
 Cog. Dut. vlas, Fris. flax. Ger. flacks, 
 flax. Wedgwood remarks, "As parallel 
 forms in / and fl are very common, it ia 
 probable that the A.S. feax, the hair, is 
 radically identical with _^eax, flax." We 
 do find flax for hair in old English ; as, 
 "I will take thy ffingars and thv^a.T." 
 — The Squier, Percy MS. Comp. "Bohem. 
 vlas, Russ. volos, Lith. plaukas. which 
 mean hair, while from their form i^ey 
 are apparently cognate with fla,v ■ and
 
 FLAXEN 
 
 169 
 
 FLING 
 
 OQ the other hand Dan. har, prov. Ger. 
 har. flax, with E. hair. Probably from 
 a root meaning to comb or weave or 
 twist, the meanings of the Ger. flechten.] 
 
 FLAXEN, flaks'n, adj. made of or resem- 
 bling ^fflx; fair, long, and flowing. 
 
 FLAY, fla, v.t. to strip off the skin •.—pi:2). 
 flay'ing ; pa.p. flayed'. — «. Flay'er. 
 [A.S. jiean ; Ice. flaga, to cut tui'fs. See 
 Flakf.] 
 
 FLATFLINT, fla'flint, n. a skinflint : a 
 miser. 
 Tliere lived a, flay flint near ; we stole his fruit. 
 
 — Tennyson. 
 
 FLEA, fle, n. an insect of the genus Pulex, 
 and regarded by e ntomologists as consti- 
 tuting a distincr order Aphaniptera, 
 because the wings are inconspicuous 
 scales. All the species of the genus are 
 very similar to the common flea (P. irri- 
 tans). It has two ej-es and six feet ; the 
 feelers are like threads ; the oral appen- 
 dages are modified into piercing stilets 
 and a suctorial proboscis. The flea is 
 remarkable for its agility, leaping- to a 
 surprising distance, and its bite is very 
 troublesome. — ^A flea in the ear, an an- 
 noying, unexpected hint or reply. " My 
 mistress sends away all her suitors, and 
 puts fleas in their ears." — Swift. [A.S. 
 flta. from fleon, fleohan, fleogan, to fly, 
 to escape. Cf. Sc. flech, and Ger. floti, 
 O.H. Ger. flock, a flea.] 
 
 FLEAM, flem, n. an instrument for bleed- 
 ing cattle. [Fr. flamme — Gr. phleboto- 
 tnon, a lancet — phleps, phlebos, a vein, 
 and torn or tam, the base of temno, to 
 cut.] 
 
 FLECK, flek, n. a spot or speckle : a little 
 bit of a thing. [Ice. flekkr, a sx>ot, flekka, 
 to stain ; Ger.^ecA', a spot.] 
 
 FLECK, flek, FLECKER, flek'er, v.t. to 
 .>/>o; or speckle : to streak. [See Fleck, m.] 
 
 FLECTION. Same as Flexion. 
 
 FLED. QeA,pa.t. andpa.^. of Flee. 
 
 FLEDGE, flej, v.t. to furnish with feathers 
 or wings. [A.S. fleogan, Ger. fliegen, to 
 flyj 
 
 FLEDGLING, flej'liag, n. a little bird just 
 /edged. 
 
 FLEDGY, flej'i, adj. covered with feathers: 
 feathered : feathery. " The swan soft 
 leaning on her fledgy breast." — Keats. 
 
 FLEDWITE, fled'wlt, FLIGHTWITE, flit'- 
 wlt. n. in old Saxon law, a discharge 
 from penalties, where a person, having 
 been a fugitive, came to the peace of the 
 king of his own -accord, or with license. 
 I A.S. flyth, flight, and icite, punishment.] 
 
 FLEE, fle, v.i. to run away, as from dan- 
 ger. — v.t. to keep at a di-stance from: — 
 pr.p. flee'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. fled. [A.S. 
 fleohan, contracted .^eoi, akin to fleogan, 
 to fly ; Ger. fliehen, akin to fliegen, to fly. 
 See Fly.] - 
 
 FLEECE, fles, n. the coat of wool shorn 
 from a sheep at one time : the loose and 
 thin sheet of cotton or wool coming from 
 the breaking - card in the process of 
 manufactui-e. — v.t. to clip wool from : to 
 plunder : to cover, as with wool. — adj. 
 Fleece'less. [A.S. flys ; Dut. vlies, Ger. 
 
 rf('C-«.S.] 
 
 FLEECED, flest, adj. having a fleece. 
 
 FLEECER, fles'er, n. one who strips or 
 plunders. 
 
 FLEECY, fles'i, adj. covered with wool : 
 woolly. 
 
 FLEER, fler, v.t. or v.i. to make wry faces 
 in contempt, to mock. — n. mockery. 
 [From a root found in Norw. flira, Swed. 
 fli.ixa, to titter.] 
 
 FLEET, flet, n. a number of ships in com- 
 pany, esp. ships of war: a division of the 
 navy, commanded by an admiral. [A.S. 
 flf.oi.flota, a shm— /feo<a;i, to float; conn, 
 with Ice. Jioti, Dut. vloot, Ger. flotte.] 
 
 FLEET, flet, v.i. to pass swiftly:^pr.p. 
 fleet'ing ; pa.p. fleet'ed. — adj. swift : 
 nimble: fleeting or transient. — adv. 
 Fleet'lt.— ». Fleet'ness. [A.S. fleotan, 
 to float ._] 
 
 FLEETING, flet'ing, adj. passing quickly: 
 temporary. — adv. Fleet'inglt. 
 
 FLEMING, flem'ing, n. a native of 
 Flanders. 
 
 FLEMISH, flem'ish, adj. pertaining to 
 Flanders.— Flemish bond, a mode of lay- 
 ing bricks being that species of bond 
 which exhibits a header and stretcher 
 alternately. — Flemish brick, a species of 
 hard yellow brick used for paving. — 
 Flemish horse (naut.), the outer short 
 foot-rope for the man at the earing, the 
 outer end of which is spliced round a 
 tliimble on the goose-neck of the studd- 
 ing-sail boom-iron, while the inner end is 
 seized by its eye withiii the brace-block- 
 strop and head-earing-cleat. — Flemish 
 SCHOOL, the school of painting formed in 
 nanders by the brothers Van Eyck, at 
 the commencement of the fifteenth 
 century. The chief early masters were 
 Memling, Weyden, Matsys, Mabus, and 
 Moro. Of those of the second period, 
 Rubens and Vandyck, Snyders, Jor- 
 daens, Gasparde Crayer, and the younger 
 Teniers, take the liighest place. 
 
 FLEMISH, flem'ish, n. the language of the 
 Flemings : the people of Flanders. 
 
 FLENSE, flens, v.t. to cut up the blubber 
 of, as a whale. [Dan. /?eKse, Scot, flinch.} 
 
 FLESH, flesh, 71. the soft substance which 
 covers the bones of animals : animal 
 food : the bodies of beasts and birds, not 
 fish : the body, not tlie soul : animals or 
 animal nature : mankind : bodily appe- 
 tites : the present life : the soft substance 
 of fruit: the part of a fruit fit to be eaten. 
 [A.S. flcesc ; cog. forms in all the Teut. 
 laug.l' 
 
 FLESH, flesh, v.t. to train to an appetite 
 for flesh, as dogs for hunting : to accus- 
 tom : to glut : to use upon flesh, ad a 
 sword, esp. for the first time. 
 
 FLESHED, flesht, adj. having flesh : fat. 
 
 FLESHLESS, flesh'les, adj. without flesh : 
 lean. 
 
 FLESHLY, flesh'li, adj. corporeal : carnal : 
 not spiritual. — n. Flesh'liness. 
 
 FLESHY, flesh'i, adj. fat : pulpy : plump. 
 — adv. Flesh'ily. — n. Flesh'iness. 
 
 FLETCH, flech, v.t. to feather, as an arrow. 
 " He dips his curses in the gall of irony ; 
 and that they may strike the deeper, 
 fletches them with a profane classical 
 parodj'." — Warburton. [Fr. fleehe, an 
 arrow, from O.Ger. flitseh, or Dut. flits, 
 an arrow.] 
 
 FLETCHER, flech'er, n. an arrow-maker : 
 a manufacturer of bows and arrows: 
 hence the family named Fletcher. " It 
 is commended by our yfete/iers for bows, 
 next unto yew. ''^ — Mortimer. [O.Fr.flech- 
 ii'r. Low L. Jlechcrius. See Fletch.'] 
 
 FLETZ, flets, adj. \ngeol. a term, now obso- 
 lete, applied to a system of rocks corre- 
 sponding to the whole .series of sediment- 
 ary formations. These formations were 
 so called because the rocks usually appear 
 in beds more nearly horizontal than the 
 transition class. [Ger. flotz.'] 
 
 FLEUR-DE-LIS, floor'-de-le', «. the flower 
 of the lily -.—pi. Fleurs'-de-US'. [Yr.,lis 
 being for L. liliinn. a lily.] 
 
 FLEW, floo, 2iast tense of 'FlY. 
 
 FLEXIBILITY, fl.-ks-i-bil'i-ti, 11. pliancy : 
 easiness to be persuaded. 
 
 FLEXIBLE, fleks'i-bl, FLEXILE, fleks'il, 
 adj. easily bent: pliant: docile. — ?i. Flex'- 
 ibleness.— (((7c. Flex'ibly. [Fr.—h.flex- 
 ibilis, fle.viliK^lecto, flexum, to bend.] 
 
 FLEXION, flek'shun, n. a bend : a fold. 
 [L. fle.vio—flecto.] 
 
 FLEXOR, fleks'or, n. a muscle wr.ich betuJU 
 a joint. 
 
 FLEXUOUS, fleks'u-us, FLEXUOSE, 
 fleks'u-6s, adj. full of windings and turn- 
 ings : variable. 
 
 FLEXURA, fleks-u'ra, n. in avat. the joint 
 between the forearm and carpus it; 
 (}uadrupeds, usually called the fore-knee 
 in tlie hoi-se : analogous to the wrist 
 joint in man. [L., a bending.] 
 
 FLEXURE, fleks'ur, n. a bend or turning : 
 (math.) the curving of a Une or surface ; 
 the bending of loaded beams. [L. flex- 
 ura. See Flexible.] 
 
 FLICKER, flik'er, v.i. to flutter and move 
 the wings, as a bird : to burn unsteadily, 
 as a flame. [A.S. Jlicerian ; cf. Ice. flo- 
 kra, T)\xt. flikkeren.l 
 
 FLIER, FLYER, fli'er, n. one who flies 
 or flees : a fly-wheel : a race horse : a 
 fast express train. 
 
 FLIGHT, flit, n. a passing through the 
 air : a soaring : excursion : a sally : a 
 series of steps : a flock of birds flying 
 together : the birds produced in the same 
 season : a volley or shower : act of flee- 
 ing : hasty removal. [A.S. flyht^fleo- 
 gan.] 
 
 FLIGHTY, flit'i, adj. fanciful : change- 
 able : giddj'. — adv. Flight'ily. — n. 
 Flight'iness. 
 
 FLIMSY, flim'zi, adj. thin : without sol- 
 idity, strength, or reason : weak. — n. 
 Flim'siness. 
 
 FLINCH, flinsh, v.i. to shrink back : to 
 fail. — n. Flinch'er. — adv. Flinch'ingly. 
 [M.E. flecchen — Fr. flechir — L. flectere, to 
 bend.] 
 
 FLING, fling, v.t. to cast, send, or throw 
 from the hand ; to hurl ; as, to fling a 
 stone at a bird : to send forth or emit 
 with violence, as thougn thrown from 
 .the liand : to shed forth; to emit; to 
 scatter : to throw to the ground ; to 
 prostrate ; hence, to baflle ; to defeat ; 
 as, the wrestler flung his antagonist ; to 
 fling a party in litigation.— To PLINO 
 ABOUT, to throw in all directions ; to dis- 
 tribute on all sides. " We are stating 
 a plain matter of fact, and not merely 
 giving vent to invective or flinging about 
 sixrcasms."-Broug)inm. — To fling away, 
 to reject; to discard. "Cromwell, I 
 charge thee, fling away ambition. "-S/iofc. 
 — To FLING DOWN, (a) to demolish ; to 
 ruin : (b) to throw to the ground ; to 
 overturn ; as, he flung dotvn his oppo- 
 nent with great force : (c) to cast on the 
 ground, as a knight throws his glove, in 
 token of a general challenge ; hence, to 
 propose for settlement or decision. 
 Tliis question, so flung down before the quests. 
 And balanced either way by each, at Icn^'th 
 Was handed over by conselit of all 
 To one who hiul not spoken. — l^cnnyson. 
 — T'O FLING IN, to throw in ; to make an 
 allowance or deduction, or not to charge 
 in an account ; as, in settling accounts 
 one party flings in a small sum or a few 
 days' work-— to FLING OFF, to baflle in 
 the chase ; to defeat of pi'ey ; also, to get 
 rid of. — To fling open, to throw open ; 
 to open suddenly or witli violence ; as, 
 to fling open a door. — To fung out, to- 
 utter ; to speak ; as, to fling out liard 
 words agains^ another. — To FLING UP, to 
 relinquisli ; co abandon ; as, to fling up 
 c- i.esign- — To FLING THE HEAD, to throw 
 up the head with a violent, contempts 
 uous, or angry motion. [Perhaps a 
 nasalized form of A-S. fligan, to make to 
 fly, caus. oijlengan, to fly.] 
 
 FLING, fling, v.i. to flounce ; to wince ; to 
 fly into vioh.'nt and irregular motions ; 
 to throw out the legs violently ; as. the 
 horse began to kick and fling : to utter 
 harsh or abusive language ; to sneer ; to 
 upbraid ; as, the scold began to flout and
 
 FLING 
 
 170 
 
 FLORENTINE 
 
 fling : to start away with a sudden mo- 
 tion, as in token of displeasure ; to rush 
 away angrilj' ; as, he got into a rage and 
 Jtiing out of the house. ''Seek nie if 
 your mind change before he comes back. 
 ... 1 will no more seek you. — And away 
 she flung." — Eichardson. 
 FLING, fling, n. a throw ; a cast from the 
 hand ; a gibe ; a sneer ; a sarcasm ; a 
 severe or contemptuous remark; 
 
 I, who lore to have a, fling 
 
 Both at senate house and king.— Suift : 
 
 entire freedom of action ; wild dash into 
 pleasure, adventure, or excitement of 
 any kind ; enjoyment of pleasure to the 
 full extent of one's opportunities; "When 
 I was as young as you, I had my fling : I 
 led a life of pleasure." — Jerrokt: a kind 
 of dance — usually applied to a Scotch 
 dance, the Highland _/??»(;, in which there 
 is much exertion of the limbs. 
 
 FLINT, flint, n. a very hard kind of stone, 
 formerly used for striking flre : anything 
 proverbially hard. [A.S. flint; Dan. 
 flint : Gr. pUnthos, a brick.] 
 
 FLINT-GLASS, flint'-glas, n. a species of 
 glass, so called because pulverized flints 
 were originally employed in its manufact- 
 ure. It is extensivelj" used for domestic 
 purposes. Its dispersive power in regard 
 to liglit renders it invaluable in the 
 manufacture of the object-glasses of 
 telescopes and microscopes, as by com- 
 bining a concave lens of flint-glass with 
 one or two convex lenses of crown-glass, 
 which possesses a much less dispersive 
 power, a compound lens is formed in 
 which the prismatic colors arising from 
 a simple refraction are destroj'ed, and 
 the lens rendered achromatic. Quartz 
 and fine sand are now substituted for 
 flint in the manufacture of this g'lass. 
 
 FLINTY, flint'i, adj. consisting of or like 
 flint : hai'd : cruel. — n. Flist'INESS. 
 
 FLIP, flip, n. a hot drink of beer and 
 spirits sweetened. [Etv. vmknown.] 
 
 FLIPPANCY, flip'an-si, "n. the state or 
 quality of being flippant : smoothness 
 and rapidity of speech : pertness : incon- 
 siderate volubility : fluency of speech. 
 [See FUPPANT.J 
 
 FLIPPANT, flip'ant, adj. of smooth, fluent, 
 and rapid speech : speaking with ease 
 and rapidity : ha\-ing a voluljle tongue : 
 talkative. " It becometh good men, in 
 such cases, to be flippant and free in 
 their speech." — Barron- : spraking fluent- 
 ly and confidently, witlio\it knowledge or 
 consideration : voluble and thoughtless : 
 heedlessly pert : petulant. " It ill be- 
 comes one, while he bends under the 
 weight of insuperable objections, to grow 
 so exceedingly flippant."' — Waterland. 
 [Formed from flip, flap ; akin to Ice. 
 fleipr, tattle, fleipinn, pert, petulant, 
 Heppin. thoughtless.] 
 
 FLIRT, flert, v.i. to trifle with love: to 
 play at courtship. — n. a pert, giddy girl. 
 [A.S. fleardian, to trifle— ^fard, a foolish 
 thing.] 
 
 FLIRTATION, flert-a'shun, n. the act of 
 flirting. 
 
 FLIT, flit, v.i. to remove from place to 
 place : to flutter on the wing : to fly 
 quickly : to be unsteady or easily moved : 
 —pr.p. flitt'ing ; pa.2'i. flitt'ed. [From a 
 Teut. root found in Swed. flyita. Ice. 
 flyta.] 
 
 fLITCH, flich, n. the side of a hog salted 
 and cured. [A.S. fliece ; Prov. E. flick, 
 bacon.] 
 
 FLITTINGS, flit'ingz, n.pl. (Pr. Bk.) wan- 
 derings. 
 
 FLOAT, flot, v.i. to rest on the surface of 
 a fluid : to swim : to be buoyed up : to 
 glide without effort or impulse on the 
 surface of a fluid : to move as if sup- 
 
 ported by a fluid : to move gently and 
 easily tlirough the air. [A.S. flentan, 
 flotian, to float, apparently a kind of 
 causal of fliiiran, to flow. Comp. the 
 etymologies under Fleet, Flood, Flow, 
 which are all closely allied words.] 
 
 FLOAT, flot, v.t. to cause to float ; to cause 
 to rest or be conveyed on the surface of a 
 fluid ; as, the tide floated the ship into 
 the harbor ; the men are employed in 
 floating timber down the river : to flood ; 
 to inundate ; to overflow ; to cover with 
 water : in plastering, to pa-ss over and 
 level the surface of, as plaster, with a 
 float, fi-equently dipped in water : to 
 bring prominently before public notice ; 
 to raise funds, as by the sp' , of shares, 
 for carrying- on an undertaking ; to set 
 agoing ; as, to float a sclieme, a mining or 
 railway company, etc. 
 
 FLOAT, flot. It. that which floats or rests 
 on the surface of a fluid ; as (a) a body or 
 collection of timber, boards, or planks, 
 fastened together and conve^'ed down a 
 stream ; a raft ; a buoy ; (b) the cork or 
 quill used on an angling line, to support 
 it and indicate the bite of a fish ; (c) the 
 small place of ivory on the surface of the 
 mercury in the basin of a barometer; 
 (d) the hollow metallic sphere of a self- 
 acting faucet which floats in the boiler of 
 a steam-engine, or in a cistern: a quan- 
 tity of earth, 18 feet square and 1 tleep : 
 in plastering, a long- rule with a straight 
 edge, by which the work is reduced to a 
 plane surface — an angle float is one made 
 to fit an internal angle ; a tiro-handed 
 float is termed a darby : the float- 
 board of a water-wheel : a single-cut file 
 for smoothing. [A.S. flota, that which 
 floats, a fleet. See the verb. In some of 
 its meanings, however, the word has 
 probably a different origin.] 
 
 FLOATAGE, FLOTAGE, flot'aj, n. things 
 found floating on rivers or on the sea. 
 
 FLOATING, flSt'iug, adj. swimming : not 
 fixed : circulating". — adv. Float'inglt. 
 
 FLOCULENT, flok'u-lent, adj. adhering in 
 /0fA,-s or flakes.—)!. Flocc'ulenx-e. [See 
 Flock, a lock of wool.] 
 
 FLOCK, flok. n. a flight of birds sitting on 
 the ground : a company : a Christian 
 congregation. — v.i. to gather in flocks or 
 in crowds. [A.S. flocc, a flock, a com- 
 pany. /yg, a flying — fleogan, to flv.J 
 
 FLOC'K. flok, n. a lock of wool. '[O. Fr. 
 floe — L. floccu.^. a lock of wool.] 
 
 FLOCK-BED, flok'-bed, n. abed filled with 
 flocks or locks of wool, or pieces of cloth 
 cut up fine : a bed stuffed with flock. 
 A house well-furnish'd shall be thine to keep ; 
 And for a flock-bed I can shear my sheep. 
 
 —Dri/den. 
 
 FLOCKLING, flok'ling, n. a little member 
 of a flock : a lamb : a sheep. Brome. 
 
 FLOCKLY, flok'li, adv. in a body or in 
 flocks. 
 
 FLOCK-MASTER, flok'-mas-ter, n. an 
 owner or overseer of a flock : a sheep- 
 farmer. 
 
 FLOCK-PAPER, flok'-pa-per, n. a kind of 
 wall-paper, having raised figures resem- 
 bling cloth, made of flock, or of cloth 
 cut up very fine, and attached to the 
 paper bj' size or varnish. 
 
 FLOE, flo, n. a field of floating ice. [Dan. 
 ii.tflage, icefloe. See Flake.] 
 
 FLOG, flog, v.t. to beat or strike : to lash : 
 to chasti.se with blows : — pr.p. flogg'ing ; 
 pa.p. flogged'. [A late word ; perhaps 
 a school-boy's abbrev. from L. flagellare, 
 to whip.] 
 
 FLOOD, flud, 71. a great flow of water : a 
 river, so in B. : an inundation : a deluge : 
 the rise or flow of the tide : any great 
 quantity. — v.t. to overflow : to inundate : 
 —pr.p. flooding ; pa.p. flood'ed. — The 
 
 Flood, the deluge in the days of Noah, 
 [A.S. flod ; Scand. flod, Ger. fliith . Cog. 
 with FlowJ 
 
 FLOODGATE, flud'gat, n. a gate for letting 
 wsXerflow through, or to prevent it : an 
 opening or passage : an ob.struction. 
 
 FLOODING, flud'-ng, n. an extraordinary 
 flow of blood from the uterus. 
 
 FLOODMARK, flud'mark, )i. the mark or 
 line to whicli the tide ri.ses. 
 
 FLOOR, flor, n. that part of a building or 
 room on which we walk ; the bottom or 
 lower part, consisting in modern houses 
 of boards, planks, pavement, asphalte, 
 etc. : a platform of boards or planks laid 
 on timbers, as in a bridge ; any .similar 
 platform : a storj' in a building ; a suite 
 of rooms on a level ; as, the first or second 
 floor : (naut.) that part of the bottom of a 
 vessel on each side of the keelson which 
 is most nearly horizontal : in legislative 
 assemblies, the part of the house assigned 
 to the members. (U.S.) — To hate or get 
 THE floor, in the Unitetl States Congress, 
 to have or obtain an opportunitj^ of taking 
 part in a debate : equivnlent to the En- 
 
 flish phrase, to be in jm.fses.'^ion of the 
 oiise. "Mr. T. claimed that he had the 
 floor."' — Neir York Herald. [A.8. flor, 
 flore, a floor. Cog. Dut. vloer, a floor ; 
 Ger. flnr, a field, a fioor ; W. llairr. the 
 ground, the floor of a house ; Gael, lar, the 
 ground, earth-floor.] 
 
 FLOOR, flor, v.t. to cover witli a floor ; to 
 furnish with a floor ; as, to floor a house 
 with pine boards : to strike down or lay 
 level with the flooi- ; to beat ; to con- 
 quer ; as, to floor an antagonist : (fig.) 
 to put to silence by some decisive argu- 
 ment, retort, etc.; to overcome in any 
 way ; to overthrow ; " One question . . . 
 floored successively almost every witness 
 in favor of abolition to whom it was ad- 
 dressed." — Sat. Rev.; "The expi-ess ob- 
 ject of his \isit was to know liow he 
 could knock religion over and floor the 
 Established Church.'' — Dickens: to go 
 through ; to make an end of ; to finish; 
 "I've floored my little-go work." — 
 Hughes ; " I have a few bottles of old 
 wine left, we maj' as well fioor them." — 
 ]\J(tonillan's Mag. 
 
 FLOOR-CLOTH, flor'-kloth, «. a useful 
 substitute for a cai-pet, frequently made 
 partly of hemp and partly of flax, and 
 saturated with a wash of melted size, 
 and various coats of oil-paint, and orna- 
 mented with a great variety of patterns : 
 oil-cloth for coveiing floors. 
 
 FLOORING, flor'ing, n. material for floors : 
 a platform. 
 
 FLORA, flo'ra, n.pl. the whole of the 
 plants of a particular country : a cata- 
 logue of plants. [L. — flos.floris, a flower.] 
 
 FL(5RAL, flo'ral, adj. pertaining to I^ora 
 or to flou-ers ; \bot.) containing the 
 flower. 
 
 FLORENCE, flo'rens, n. a kind of cloth : 
 a kind of wine from Florence in Italy : 
 a gold coin of the reign of Edward III. of 
 the value of $1.50. — Florence flask, 
 a globular bottle of thin transparent 
 glass, with a long neck, in whicn Flo- 
 rence oil is exported. — Florence oil. a 
 superior kind of olive-oil prepared at Flo 
 rence. and exjDorted in Florence flasks. 
 
 FLORENTINE, flo'ren-tin, adj. of or per- 
 taining to Florence.— Florentine work, 
 a kind of mosaic work, consisting of 
 precious stones and pieces of marble, so 
 named because the Florentines were dis- 
 tinguished for tliis kind of work. — FLO- 
 RENTINE FRESCO, a kind of painting, first 
 practiced at Florence during the flourish- 
 ing period of Italian art. for decorating 
 walls. — Florestine lake, a pigment, 
 formerlj- used, prepared from cochineal.
 
 FLORENTINE 
 
 171 
 
 FLUKE 
 
 I FLORENTINE, flo'ren-tin, n. a native or 
 
 1 inhabitant of Florence : a kind of silk 
 j cloth. 
 
 I FLORESCENCE, flo-res'ens, n. a bursting 
 into flower: (bot.) the time when plants 
 :lower. [L. florescens, pr.p. of floresco, 
 to begin to blossom— ;/?oreo, to blossom^ 
 ■ftos. a flower.] 
 
 FLORET, flo'ret, n. a little flower : (bot.) a 
 separate little flower of an aggregate 
 flower. 
 
 FLORICULTXIRAL, flo-ri-kul'tOr-al, adj. 
 relating' to floriculture. 
 
 FLORICULTURE, flo'ri-kiil-tur, n. the cul- 
 ture or cultivation of flowers or flower- 
 ing plants, whether in open beds in gar- 
 lens, in conservatories or greenhouses, or 
 in rooms in dwelling-houses. [L. flos, 
 florix. a flower, and cultura, cultivation.] 
 
 FLORICULTURIST, flo-ri-kul'tur-ist, n. 
 one interested in the cultivation of flow- 
 ers or flowering plants. 
 
 FLORID, flor'id, adj. bright in color : 
 flushed with red : containing flowers of 
 rhetoric or lively figures : richly orna- 
 mental. — ach: 'Flor'idlt. — n. Flor'id- 
 N'ESS. [h.floridiis — fios.] 
 
 FLORIFEROUS, flo-rif'er-us. adj., bearing 
 ov producing /foifers. [h.flos,floris, and 
 fero. to bear.] 
 
 FLORIFORM, flo'ri-form, adj. flower- 
 shaped. [L. flos, and Form.] 
 
 FLORIN, flo'rin, n. a name given to dif- 
 ferent coins of gold or silver, of different 
 values, and to moneys of account, in dif- 
 ferent countries. The English florin is 
 50 cents ; the Austrain gulden or florin 
 of the present day about the same ; the 
 gulden or florin of Germany 40 cents ; 
 the guilder or florin of Holland 40 cents. 
 [Fr. — It. ftorino. a name first applied to 
 a Florentine coin, because it was stamped 
 with a lily, in It. flore, from Ij.flos,floris, 
 a flower.] 
 
 ITiORIST. floKist, n. acultivator of .forcers; 
 one wlio writes an account of plants. 
 
 FLOSCULAR, flos'ku-lar. FLOSCULOUS, 
 flos'ku-lus, adj. composed of many flos- 
 eiCles or tubular florets. 
 
 FLOSCULE, flos'kul, n. a. floret of an aggre- 
 
 fate flower. [L. floscidus, dim. of flos, a 
 ower.] 
 FLOSH, flosh, n. in metal, a hopper-shaped 
 box in which ore is placed for the action 
 of the stamps. The .side of the box has a 
 shutter which is raised or lowered to 
 allow the ore to escape when it has 
 acquired the desu-ed fineness. [Proliably 
 connected with Ger. flosse, a trough in 
 which ore is washed.] 
 FLOSS, flos, n. a small stream of water. 
 
 S Local. Akin to Ger, fluss, floss, a stream, 
 lii'.sseu, to flow.] 
 
 FLOS.S, flos, n. the loose downy or silky 
 substance in the husks of certain plants, 
 as the bean : portions of silk broken ofl' in 
 unwinding it. — adj. Floss'y. [It. ^oscio 
 — L. fli(,v>ts, loose— j7uo, to flow.] 
 
 FLOSS-SILK, flos'-silk, n. an inferior kind 
 of silk made from floss, or ravelled frag- 
 ments of fibre. 
 
 FLOTAGE. Same as Floatage. 
 
 FLOTILLA, tto-til'a, n. a fleet of small 
 ships. [Sp., dim. of flota, Fr. flotte, a 
 fleet.] 
 
 FLOTSAM, flot'.sam. FLOTSON, flot'son, n. 
 goods lost by shipwreck, and found float- 
 ing on the sea. [See Jetsam.] 
 
 FLOUNCE, flowns, v.i. to move abruptly 
 or impatiently : to plunge and struggle. 
 — re. an impatient gesture. [O. Sw. 
 flunsa. Dut. plonzen, to plunge in water.] 
 
 FLOUNCE, flowns, n. a plaited strip or 
 border sewed to the skirt of a dress. — v.t. 
 to furnish with flounces. [Fr. froncis, a 
 plait ; prob. from Low L. frontiare, to 
 
 i^ 
 
 wrinkle the brow — L. front, frontis, the 
 
 browj 
 
 FLOUNDER, flown'der, v.i. to struggle 
 witli violent motion. [From a Low Ger. 
 root found in Dut. flodderen.] 
 
 FLOUNDER, flown'der, n. a small flat fish, 
 generally found in the sea near the 
 mouths " of rivers. [Ger. flunder, Sw. 
 flundra.] 
 
 FLOUR, ffowr, n. the finely-ground meal 
 of wheat or other grain : the fine soft 
 powder of any substance. — v.t. to reduce 
 into or sprinkle witli flour. [Fr. fleur 
 (de farine, of meal), fine flour — h.flos, 
 floris, a flower.] 
 
 FLOUR-DRESSER, flowr'-dres-er, n. a cyl- 
 inder for dressing flour, instead of pass- 
 ing it through bolting-cloths. 
 
 FLOURISH, flur'ish, v.i. to thrive luxuri- 
 antly : to be prosperous : to use copious 
 and flowery language : to make orna^ 
 mental strokes with the pen. — FLOUR- 
 ISHED = lived (L. ./?on«7). — v.t. to adorn 
 with flourishes or ornaments : to swing 
 about by way of show or triumph. 
 'M.E. florisshen — Fr. fleurir, from L. 
 'orescere, to blossom— j?os.] 
 
 FLOURISH, flur'ish, n. decoration : showy 
 splendor : a figure made by a bold stroke 
 of the pen : the waving of a weapon or 
 other thing : a parade of words : a mus- 
 ical prelude. — FLOURISH OF Trumpets, a 
 trumpet-call, fan-fare, or prelude for one 
 or more instruments performed on the 
 approach of any person of distinction ; 
 hence, any ostentatious preliminary say- 
 ings or doings. 
 
 FLOURISHING, flur'ish-ing, adj. thriv- 
 ing : prosperous : making a show. — adv. 
 Flour'ishxngly. 
 
 FLOUT, flowt, v.t. or v.i. to jeer, mock, or 
 insult : to treat with contempt. — h. a 
 mock : an insult. [O. Dut. fltiyten (Dut. 
 fluiten), to play the flute, to jeer.] 
 
 FLOW, flo, v.i. to run, as water : to rise, 
 as the tide : to move in a stream, as air : 
 to glide smoothly : to circulate, as the 
 blood : to abound : to hang loose and 
 waving : (i?.)to melt. — v.t. to cover with 
 water. [A.S. flmran; Ger. fliessen, akin 
 to L. pluo, to rain, Gr. phleo, to swim, 
 Sans. J3?M, to s^vim.] 
 
 FLOW, flo, 71. a stream or current : the 
 setting in of the tide from the ocean : 
 abundance : copiousness : free expres- 
 sion. 
 
 FLOWER, flow'er, n. the blossom of a 
 plant : the best of anything : the prime 
 of life : the person or thing most dis- 
 tinguished : a figure of speech. — v.t. to 
 adorn with figures of flowers. — v.i. to 
 blossom : to flourish. [O. Fr. Jlour, Fr. 
 fleur— L,. flos, floris, akin to Blow, 
 Bloom.] 
 
 FLOWER-BUD, flow'er-bud, n. a bud with 
 the unopened flower. 
 
 FLOWERET, flow'er-et, ?i. a little flower : 
 a floret. 
 
 FLOWERLESS, flow'er-les, adj. (bot.) hav- 
 
 insj no flowers. 
 FLOWERS, flo'erz, n.jil. (B.) in Leviticus, 
 menstrual discharges. [Fi\ fleur — L. 
 flos. a flower.] 
 FLOWERY, flow'er-i, adj. full of or adorned 
 with flowers : highly embellished with 
 figurative style, florid. — n. Flow'eri- 
 
 I<'ESS. 
 
 FLOWING, flo'lng, adj. moving as a fluid : 
 fluent or smooth. — FLO wixo SHEETS 
 Cnaut.), the position of the sheets, or 
 lower corners of the principal sails, when 
 they are loosened to the wind, so as to 
 receive it into their cavities, in a direc- 
 tion more nearlv perpendicular than 
 when they are c"lose- hauled, although 
 more obliquely than when the vessel is 
 
 sailing before the wind. — adv, FijOWino 
 LT. — II. Flow'ikgness. 
 
 FLOWN, flon, pa.p. of FLY. 
 
 FLUCTUATE, fluk'tu-at, v.i. to float back- 
 ward and forward : to roll hither and 
 thither : to be irresolute. [L. flucfuo, 
 fluctuatus^fluctus, a wave— ;^uo, to flow. 
 See Flow.] 
 
 FLUCTUATION, fluk-tu-a'shun, n. a rising 
 and falHng, like a n-are : motion hither 
 and thither : agitation : unsteadiness, as 
 the fluctuation of prices, of the stock 
 market, of opinion, etc.: in med. the per- 
 ceptible motion given to pus or other 
 fluids by pressure or percussion. 
 
 FLUE, floo, n. a passage for smoke in a 
 chimney, leading from the fireplace to 
 the top of the chimnej-, or into another 
 passage : a pipe or tube for convening 
 heat to water in certain kinds of steam- 
 boilers : a passage in a wall for the pur- 
 pose of conducting heat from one part 
 of a building to another. [Comp. O. Fr. 
 flue, a flowing, from L. fluo, to flow. 
 Skeat takes it from O. Fr. fleute, a flute, 
 the beak of a retort.] 
 
 FLUE, floo, v.i. to expand or splay, as the 
 jambs of a window. 
 
 FiUE, floo, n. soft down or fur : very fine 
 hair : flew. [Probably connected 'with 
 fluff, Ger. flail, soft.] 
 
 FLUE, floo, n. a money of account of Mor- 
 occo of the value of 1-13 of a cent. 
 
 FLUE-BOILER, flo6'-boil-er. v. a steam- 
 boiler with flues running through the 
 part that contains the water. 
 
 FLUENCY, flo6'en-si, n. readiness or ra^- 
 pidity of utterance : volubility. 
 
 FLUENT, floo'ent, adj. ready in the use of 
 words : voluble.— adr. Flt/ently. [L. 
 fluens, fluentis. pr.p. of flito, to flow.] 
 
 FLUID, floo'id, adj. consistiug of particles 
 wliich move and change their relative 
 position without separation on the slight- 
 est pressure : capable of flowing: liquid 
 or gaseous : as, water and air are fluid 
 substances. — FLUID LENS, a lens made by 
 confining a liquid between two curved 
 pieces of glass. [L. fluidus, from fluo, to 
 flow.] 
 
 FLUID, floo'id, n. a body whose p:irticles on 
 tlie slightest pressure move and change 
 their relative position without separa- 
 tion : a body which yields to the slightest 
 pressiu-e : a liquid or gas : opposed to a 
 solid ; as. air, water, blood, cliyle, are 
 fluids. Fluids are divided into liquids, 
 such a.s water and bodies in the form of 
 water ; and gaseous bodies, or aeriform 
 fluids. Liquids have been also termed 
 non-elasfie fluids, for although they are 
 not altogether void of elasticity, they 
 possess it only in a small degree. Air 
 and aeriform ' bodies have been called 
 elastic fluids on account of their great 
 elasticity.— Fluid of Cotuknius, a thin 
 gelatinous fluid found in the bony cavity 
 of the labyrinth of the ear, so called from 
 the anatomist who first distinctly de- 
 scribed it.— Fluid compass, a compass, 
 the card of which revolves in a bowl of 
 alcohol on which it floats. 
 FLUIDITY, flo6-id'i-ti, n. the quality of be- 
 ing fluid, or capable of flowing : that 
 quality of a body which renders it im- 
 pressible to the 'slightest force, and by 
 which the particles easily move or change 
 their relative position without a separa^ 
 tion of the mass: a liquid, aeriform, or 
 gaseous state : opposed to solidity. 
 FLUIDIZE, floo'id-iz, v.t. to convert into a 
 
 fluid. 
 FLUIDNESS. floo'id-ncs, n. the state of be- 
 
 intr fluid : fluiditv (which see). 
 FLUKE, flook, /I. "a flounder : a parasitic 
 worm in sheep, so called because like a 
 miniature flounder. [A.S. ^oc,a flounder.)
 
 FLUKE 
 
 172 
 
 FLYING-SQUIRREL 
 
 fLUKE, flook, Ji. the part of an anchor 
 which fastens in the ground. [Akin to 
 Ger. pflug, a plough, Ice. fleika, to tear.] 
 
 FLUME, floom, n. the channel for the wa- 
 ter that drives a mill-wheel. [A.S./fwm, 
 a stream ; from L. Jlumen, a nver—fluo, 
 to flow.] 
 
 •FLUilMEEY, fluin'er-i, ?i. an acid jelly 
 made from the husks of oats, the Scotch 
 sowens : anything insipid : empty com- 
 pliment. [W. llymry — Uymrig, harsh, raw 
 — Uym, sharp, severe.] 
 
 FLUNG, flung, pa.t. and pa.p. of Fling. 
 
 FLL^NK, flungk, v.i. to fail, as in a lesson : 
 to retire through fear : to back out. 
 '■ Whj', little one, you must be cracked, 
 if yon flunk out before we begin." — J. C, 
 Nea!. [Probably a form of funk. Comp. 
 Scand. flunk, a lazy lounging person, to 
 flunk, to squat down.] 
 
 FLUNK, flungk, n. a failure or backing 
 out. 
 
 FLUNKEY, FLUNKY, flungT^i, n. a male 
 servant in livery : a term of contempt 
 for one who is mean and base-spirited ; 
 a cringing flatterer and servile imitator 
 of the aristocracy; a male toady; a snob; 
 " I don't frequent operas and parties in 
 London like you young flunkies of the 
 aristocracy." — Thackeray : a term among 
 stockbrokers for a person who, unac- 
 quainted with the manner in which 
 stocks are bought and sold, and deceived 
 by appearances, makes bad investments 
 or loses his money. [L. Ger. flunkem, 
 to flaunt ; Dut. flonkeren, flinkeren, to 
 glitter ; cf. A.S. u-loenc. proud.] 
 
 FLUNKEYDOM, FLUNKYDOM, flungk'i- 
 duiu. n. flunkeys collectively: the grade 
 or condition of flunkevs. 
 
 FLUNKEYISM, FLUNKYISM, flung'ki- 
 izm. n. the character or quaUty of a 
 flunkey : servility : toadyism. 
 
 FLUOR, floo'or, n. a beautiful mineral, 
 often crystallized, and usually called 
 Flu'or-spar. — adj. Fluor'ic. [A name 
 given by the alchemists to all mineral 
 acids because of their fluidity, from L. 
 fluo. to flow. ] 
 
 FLUORINE, floo'or-in, n. an elementary 
 substance allied to chlorine, obtained 
 chiefly from fluor. 
 
 FLURRY, flur'i, n. a sudden blast or gust : 
 agitation: bustle.- — v.t. to agitate: — 
 pr.p. flurr'ying ; jxi.p. flurr'ied. [Per- 
 haps conn, "with Flutter, Flit.] 
 
 FLUSH, flush, v.i. to flow and spread sud- 
 denly ; to rush ; as, blood flushes into 
 the face : to come in haste ; to start ; to 
 fly out suddenly, as a bird disturbed : to 
 become suffused ; to become suddenly 
 red ; to glow : to be gay, splendid, or 
 beautiful. [Cf. Dut. fluysen : Prov. Dan. 
 fluse, to flow with violence ; O.H.Ger. 
 fluizan, to flow. The word blush may 
 have had some influince on the word.] 
 
 FLUSH, flush, v.t. to cause to blush; to 
 redden suddenly ; to cause the blood to 
 rush suddenly into the face ; to color : to 
 elate ; to elevate ; to excite the spirits 
 of ; to animate with joy : to wash out 
 or cleanse by drenching with copious 
 supplies of water ; as, to flush a sewer, a 
 lane, etc.: in spoiling, to cause to start 
 up or flv off ; to spring ; as, to H^<sh a 
 woodcock. — To FLUSH UP, in bri:k,aying, 
 to fill up the vertical joints of brick with 
 mortar. 
 
 FLUSH, flush, adj. fresh ; full of. vigor ; 
 glowing ; bright : rich in blossom : ex- 
 uberant : well supplied with money ; 
 having fvdl pockets ; as, to be quite 
 flush : having the surface even or level 
 with the adjacent surface : in this sense 
 much used by builders, carpenters, etc., 
 and appUed to surfaces which are so 
 P'aced ; for example, the panel of a door 
 
 is said to be flush, when fixed level with 
 the margin, and not sunk below it : in 
 the game of cribbage or poker consisting 
 of cards of the same suit ; as, a flush 
 hand. — A FLUSH DECK (naut.), is a deck 
 without a half-deck or forecastle. [The 
 origin of tliis word or its connection 
 with the verb is not very clear.] 
 
 PTjUSH, flush, n. a sudden flow of blood to 
 the face ; or more generally, the redness 
 of face which proceeds from such an 
 afflux of blood ; as. her face was suffused 
 with a crimson flush : hence, anj' warm 
 coloring or glow, as the reddening of the 
 sky before daybreak : sudden impulse or 
 excitement ; sudden thrill or shock, as 
 of feeling ; as, a flu^h of joy : bloom ; 
 growth ; abundance : a rush or flow, as 
 of a jet or stream of water : in the game 
 of cribbage or poker, a run of cards of the 
 same suit : a flock of birds suddenly 
 started or flushed. 
 
 FLUSH, flush, adv. in a manner so as to be 
 even or level with. 
 
 FLUSHING, flush'ing, n. a glow of red, as 
 in the face ; as, the disease is characterized 
 by frequent flushings of the face : in 
 weaving, a thread which, in the process 
 of twOling, spans several threads of the 
 warp without intersection ; a floating : 
 a kind of stout woollen cloth ; " Some 
 stout skipper paces his deck in a suit of 
 flushing." — C. Reade. 
 
 FLUSTER, flus'ter, «., hurrying, confusion: 
 heat. — v.i. to bustle: to be agitated. — v.t. 
 to make hot and confused. [Perh. from 
 Scand. flaustr, hurry, and conn, with 
 Flutter.] 
 
 FLUSTRA, flus'tra, n. the sea-mat. It is 
 common on almost every coast, and is 
 found tlirown up among sea-rweeds. It is 
 flat and variously divided, of a pale brown 
 color, and, when examined, the surface is 
 found to be covered with a kind of net- 
 work of quadrangular cells, having mi- 
 nute teeth at the angles. When living 
 these cells are fitted with polj'pi, each 
 having a mouth fringed with tentacles. 
 On account of its peculiar scent the sea- 
 mat is sometimes called lemon weed. 
 [A.Q. flustrian, to weave.] 
 
 FLUSTRATED, flus'trat-ed, adj. more or 
 less excited, especially as if by drink : 
 elevated: tipsy. " We were coming down 
 Essex street one night a little flustrated, 
 and I gave him the word to al.arm the 
 watch." — Steele. 
 
 FLUSTRUM, flus'trum, n. a state of fluster 
 or agitation. " We may take the thing 
 quietly, without being in a flustrum." — 
 Miss Edgeworth. [Colloq.] 
 
 FLUTE, floQt, n. a musical pipe with finger- 
 holes and keys sounded by bloicing: a 
 channel, as on a pillar, called also Flut'- 
 ING. — v.i. to play the flute. — v.t. to form 
 flutes or channels in. [Fr., O. Fr. flaute. 
 It. fliiuto, from h. flo, flatiim, to blow.] 
 
 FLUTER, floot'er, FLAUTIST, flawt'ist, n. 
 a flute-player.'] 
 
 FLIITINA, flQ-te'na, n. a musical instru- 
 ment differing little from the accordion. 
 
 FLUTTER, flutter, v.i. to move or flap the 
 wings without flying or with short flights: 
 to move about with bustle : to ■sibrate : 
 to be in agitation or in uncertainty. — 
 v.t. to throw into disorder. — n. quick, 
 irregular motion : agitation : confusion. 
 [A.B. flotorian, to float about, irovaflot, 
 the sea ; cf. Ger. flattern. Low Ger. 
 fluttern.'] 
 
 FLUTTER-WHEEL, flut'er-whel, n. a 
 water-wheel of moderate size placed at 
 the bottom of a chute ; so called from its 
 rapid motion. 
 
 FLL^VIAL, floo'vi-al, FLUVIATIC, floo- 
 \'i-at'ik, adj. of or belonging to rivers : 
 growing or living in streams or ponds. 
 
 [L. fluvialis. fluviaticus—fluvius, a, river 
 — tiuo. to flow.] 
 
 FLtrv^LA.LIST, fl6o'vi-al-ist,?i. one who ex- 
 plains geological phenomena by the ac- 
 tion of existing streams. 
 
 FLUVIATIC, floo-vi-at'ik, FLirVTATILE. 
 floo'vi-a-til, adj. belonging to rivers: pro 
 duced by river action : growing or liv 
 ing in fresh-water rivers : fluvial : ae 
 fluviatile deposit, fluviatile plants. [L 
 fluvtaticus, fluviatilis, from fliwius, a 
 river, from fluo. to flow.] 
 
 FLUVIOMARINE. floo-%-i-o-ma-ren', adj. in 
 geol. a term appUed to such deposits as 
 have been formed in estuaries or on the 
 bottom of the sea at a greater or less 
 distance from the embouchure by rivers 
 bearing with them the detritus of the 
 land, \lj.fluvius, a river, and marinus, 
 marine, from mare, the sea.] 
 
 FLUX, fluks, n. act of floiving : the motion 
 of a fluid : a flow of matter : quick suc- 
 cession : that which flows, as the tide : 
 matter discharged : state of being liquid. 
 — v.t. to melt. [Ft. — h.fluxus—fluo, to 
 flow.] 
 
 FLUXATION, fluks-a'shun, n. the act of 
 fluxing or passing away and giving place 
 to another. 
 
 FLUXIBLE, fluks'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 fluxed or melted. — n. Fluxibil'ity. ' 
 
 FLUXION, fluk'shun, n. a flowing or dis- 
 charge : a difference or variation. 
 
 FLY, fli, v.i. to move through the air on 
 wings : to move swiftly : to pass away : 
 to flee: to burst: to flutter. — v.t. to 
 avoid, flee from : to cause to fly, as a 
 kite: — p/r.p. fly'ing ; p)a.t. flew (floo) 
 pa.p. flown (flon). — n. a smaU insect 
 with two transparent wings, esp. the 
 common house-fly : a fish-hook dressed 
 with silk, etc., in imitation of a fly : a 
 light double-seated carriage : (mech.) a 
 fly-wheel. \^X.B. fleogan : Ger. fliegen; 
 from a root flug, an extension of flu, • 
 which is conn, with root plu, to swinio 
 Thus Fly is akin to Flow.] 
 
 FLYBLOW, fli'blo, n. the egg of a fly. —adj. 
 Flyblown, fli'blon, tainted with the eggs 
 which produce maggots. [Prov. E. blots, 
 eggs of maggots.] 
 
 FLYBOAT, fli'bot, n. a long narrow swift 
 boat used on canals. 
 
 FLY-CATCHER, fli'-kach'er, n. a small 
 bird, so called from its catching fliea 
 whUe on the wing. 
 
 FLY-FISH, fli'-fish. v.i. to fish with flies, 
 natural or artificial, as bait. — n. Fly'- 
 fish'ing. 
 
 FLYING DUTCHMAN, fli'ing duch'man, 
 n. a legendary Dutch captain who for 
 some heinous offence was condemned to 
 sail the -sea, beating against head winds, 
 till the day of judgment. One form of 
 the legend has it that a horrible murder 
 had been committed on board his ship ; 
 another, that he swore a profane oath 
 that he would weather the Cape of Good 
 Hope, though he should beat there till 
 the last day. He sometimes hails vessels 
 througli his trumpet and requests them 
 to take letters home from him. The 
 legend is supposed to have originated 
 in the sight of some ship reflected from 
 the clouds. 
 
 FLYING-FISH, fii'ing-fish, n. a,flsh which 
 can leap from the water and sustain itself 
 in the air for a short time, bj' its long 
 pectoral fins, as if flying. 
 
 FLY-PAPER, fli'-pa-per, w. a kind of por- 
 ous paper, generally impregnated with 
 arsenic, for destroying flies. The paper 
 thus prepared is simply moistened and 
 spread out in a flat dish, and by sipping 
 this moisture the flies are killed. 
 
 FLYING-SQUIRREL, fli'ing-skwir'el, n. a 
 SQuirrel in S. Asia and N. America, which
 
 FLYLEAF 
 
 173 
 
 FOLIATION 
 
 has a broad fold of skin between its fore 
 and hind legs, bj' which it can take great 
 leaps in the air, as if flying. 
 
 FLYLEAF, fli'lef, j;. a blank leaf at the 
 beginning and end of a book. 
 
 FTjY-SLOw, fli'-slo, adj. moving slowly. 
 iTliis reading occurs only in one of the 
 roUo editions of the Poet and some mod- 
 ern ones ; the others have sly slow.] 
 
 The fty-slow hours shall not determinate 
 The dateless limit of thy dear exile. — Shak. 
 
 !FLY- WHEEL, fli'-whel, n. in mech. a wheel 
 with a heavy rim placed on the revolving 
 shaft of any machiner3' put in motion by 
 an irregular or intermitting force, for the 
 purpose of rendering the motion equable 
 and regular by means of its momentum. 
 This effect results from a law of nature 
 that all bodies have a tendency to con- 
 tinue in their state either of motion or of 
 rest until acted upon bj' some extraneous 
 force. Thus the rim of a fty-wheel, after 
 a few revolutions, acquires a momentum 
 sufficient to cause it to revolve with a 
 velocity depending upon the resistance of 
 the machinery and the augmentations and 
 diminutions of the impelling power suc- 
 ceeding each other rapidly, while m-ilher 
 cause acts sufficiently long- to either aug- 
 ment or diminish the velocity acquired 
 in any considerable degree ; and hence it 
 remains equable or nearly so. A fly- 
 wheel is often used as an accumulator of 
 force ; thus, when a small steam-engine 
 sets in motion a very large fly-wheel, the 
 wheel acts as a reservoir of all the small 
 pressures which have been communicat- 
 ed to it, and having thus concentrated 
 them can apply them all together and at 
 once when some great effect is to be pro- 
 duced. 
 
 FO, fo, n. the name under which Buddha 
 is worshipped in China. This name (writ- 
 ten also Foe and Folii) seems to be the 
 nearest approach that the Chinese, owing 
 to the meagreness of their articulations, 
 can make to the real sound, Buddha. 
 
 FOAL, fol, n. the young of a mare or of a 
 she-ass. — v.i. and v.t. to bring forth a 
 foal. [A.S. /oZa; Ger. folilen, Gr. polos ; 
 L. pullus, prob. contr. of puellus, dim. 
 of puer, a boy, Sans, putra, a son, from 
 root pti, to beget.] 
 
 FOAM, fom, n., froth : the bubbles which 
 rise on the surface of liquors. — v.i. to 
 gather foam : to be in a rage. — i:t. (B.) 
 (with otit) : to throw out with rage or 
 %'iolence. — adv. Foam'engly. — adj. Foam'- 
 LESS, without foam. [A.S. fain; Ger. 
 feim, akin to L. spuma — spiio, to spit ; 
 Sans, phena, froth.] 
 
 FOAMY, fom'i, adj. frothy. 
 
 FOB, fob, n. a small pocket for a watch. 
 [From a Low Ger. root, found only in 
 Prov. Ger. fuppe, a pocket.] 
 
 FOCAL, fo'kal, adj. of or belonging to a 
 focus. 
 
 FOCALIZE, fo'kal-iz, v.t. to bring to a 
 foeiis : to concentrate. 
 
 FOCUS, fo'kus, n. (optics) a point in which 
 the rays of light meet after reflection or 
 refraction, and cause great heat : any 
 central point :— /)Z. Fo'cusES and Foci 
 (fo'si). — v.t. to bring to a focus; jpp. fo'- 
 cussed. [L. focus, a hearth.] 
 
 FODDER, fod'er, n., food for cattle, as hay 
 and straw. — v.t. to supply with fodder, 
 f A.S. foder—foda, food.] " 
 
 Fodder, fod'er, n. a weight by which 
 lead and some other metals were former- 
 ly sold in England, varjing from 19^ to 
 34 cwts. [A.S. fother, a load, a mass ; 
 Low Ger. f Oder, foor : Dut. voeder ; Ger. 
 fuder,fuhr, a cart-load.] 
 
 FOE, fo. n. an enemy: an ill-wisher. [A.S. 
 fah—fian, flogan, to hate. See Feud, a 
 quarrel.] 
 
 FOEMAN. fo'man, n. an enemy in war. — 
 pi. FOE'irEN. 
 
 FCETUS, fe'tus. See Fetus. 
 
 FOG, fog, n. a dense watery vapor exhaled 
 from the earth or from rivers and lakes, 
 or generated in the atmosphere near the 
 earth. There is a constant ascent of 
 watery particles from the surface of the 
 earth occasioned bj' the evaporation from 
 masses of water and moist bodies ; and 
 when the air is saturated with vapor the 
 watery particles which continue to rise 
 are no longer dissolved, but remain sus- 
 pended in vesicular vapors, which form 
 clouds when they rise to a great height 
 and fogs when they hover near the siu'- 
 face of the earth. Fogs are more frequent 
 at tho.se seasons of the year when there 
 is a considerable difference of temperature 
 in the difi'erent parts of the day. " Have 
 sucked up from the sea contagious /ogr.s." 
 ..." Hover through the fog and filthy 
 air." — Shak. [Wedgwood compares Dan. 
 S)ie-fog, a snow-storm, fyge, to drive with 
 the wind, Dan. dial, fnge, to rain fine and 
 blow. Ice. fok, snow-storm.] 
 
 FOG, fog, FOGGAGE, fog^aj, n. grass 
 which grows in autumn after the hay is 
 cut. [Perh. of Celt, origin, as in W. fn-g, 
 dry grass, Scot, fog, moss.] 
 
 FOGBANK, fog'bangk, n. a dense mass of 
 fog sometimes seen at sea appearing like 
 a bank of land. 
 
 FOGGY, fog'i, adj. misty : damp : clouded 
 in mind, stupid. — adv. Fogg'ilt. — n. 
 FOGG'INESS. 
 
 FOG-HORN, fog'-horn, n. a kind of horn 
 kept on board of a vessel to sound as a 
 warning signal in foggy weather : specif- 
 ically, a sounding instrument for warn- 
 ing vessels of their proximity to the 
 coast during a fog. The most powerful 
 of these horns is an instrument called the 
 siren, or siren fog-horn , after the acoustic 
 instrument of that name ; the sound be- 
 ing produced on the same principle as in 
 the older instrument, by means of a disc 
 with twelve radial slits made to rotate in 
 front of a fixed disc exactly simUar, a 
 cast-iron trumpet 20 feet long forming 
 part of the apparatus. The moving disk 
 revolves 2800 times a minute and in each 
 revolution there are of course twelve 
 coincidences between the two discs ; 
 through the openings thus made steam 
 or air at a high pressure is made to pass, 
 so that there are actually 33,600 puffs of 
 steam or compressed air every minute. 
 This causes a sound of very great power, 
 which the trumpet collects and com- 
 presses, and the blast goes out as a sort 
 of sound beam in the direction required. 
 This fog-horn can be heard in all sorts of 
 weather at from 2i to 3 miles, and in an 
 experiment made at Trinity House, En- 
 gland, under favorable circumstances, 
 was heard 16J miles out at sea. 
 
 FOGLE, fo'gl, n. a pocket handkerchief. 
 " ' If j'ou don't take /ogr^es and tickers, . . 
 if you don't take pocket handkechers and 
 watches,' said the Dodger, reducing his 
 conversation to the level of Oliver's ca- 
 pacity, ' some other cove wll.'" — Dickens. 
 
 FOG-SIGNAL, fog'-sig'nal, ?i. an audible 
 sign.al iLsed on board ship, etc., during a 
 fog, when visible signals cease to be of 
 use. 
 
 FOGY, fo'gy, n. a dull old fellow : a per- 
 son with antiquated notions. [Ety. un- 
 known.] 
 
 FOH, fo. int. an exclamation of abhorrence 
 or contempt. [A form of Faugh.] 
 
 FOIBLE, foi'bl, n. a u-eak point in one's 
 character : a failing. [O. Fr. foible, 
 weak. See Feeble.] 
 
 FOIL, foil, v.t. to defeat : to puzzle : to 
 disappoint : — pr.p. foil'ing ; pa.p. foiled'. 
 
 — n. failure after success seemed certain; 
 defeat. [Fr. fouler, to stamp or crush- 
 Low L. fullare—fidlo, a fuller of cloth. 
 See Fuller.] 
 
 FOIL, foil, n. a blunt sword used in feno 
 ing. [So called because blunted or 
 foiled.'] 
 
 FOIL, foil, n. a leaf or thin plate of metal, 
 as tin-foil : a thin leaf of metal puc un- 
 der precious stones to increase theii 
 lustre or change their color : an^ thing 
 that serves to set off something else. 
 [Fr. feuille—L. folium, a leaf.] 
 
 FOIN, foin, v.i. to push in fencing. [Prov, 
 Fr. fouiner, to catch fish with a spear, 
 froxafouine, a fish-.spear.] 
 
 FOIN, foin, v.t. to prick : to sting. 
 
 FOIN, foin, n. a push : a thrust. 
 
 FOIN, foin, n. a small ferret or weasel : a 
 kind of fur, black at the top on a whit- 
 ish ground, taken from the ferret or 
 weasel of the same name. [Fr. fouine, 
 a beech-marten.] 
 
 FOISON, foi'zn, n. plenty : abundance. 
 As blossoming time. 
 That from the seedness the bare fallow brings 
 To teeming /oisoK. — Shak. 
 
 [Fr. ; Pr. fusion ; from L. fusio, fusioniSr 
 an outpouring, from fundo, fusum, to 
 pour.] 
 
 FOIST, foist, v.t. to bring in by stealth : to 
 insert wrongfully: to pass off as genuine. 
 — M. Foist'er. [Orig. to break wind in a 
 noiseless manner, and so to introduce 
 stealthily something afterwards felt to 
 be disagreeable, from Dut. vysten. to 
 fizzle, cog. with E. Fizz.] 
 
 FOLD, fold, 71. the doubling of any flexible 
 substance : a part laid over on another : 
 that which infolds : an inclosure for 
 sheep : a flock of sheep : the Churcii. — 
 v.t. to lay one part over another : to in- 
 close : to inclose in a fold. [A.S. fold — 
 fealdan, to fold ; Scot, fauld, Ger. falte 
 akin to L. -plex, in duplex, double, Gr. 
 -ploos, in dtploos. double.] 
 
 FOLD, in composition with numerals= 
 times, as in TENFOLD. 
 
 FOLDAGE, fold'aj, n. the right of folding 
 
 FOLDING, fold'ing, adj. that maybe folded 
 or doubled. — n. a fold or plait : the keep- 
 ing of sheep in inclosures on arable land. 
 
 FOLlACEOUS, fo-li-a'shus, adj. pertaining 
 to or consisting of leaves or lamina;. [L. 
 foliaceus— folium, a leaf.] 
 
 FOLIAGE, fo'li-aj, n., leaves: a cluster of 
 leaves. [Fr. feuillage—feuille — L. folium, 
 a leaf.] 
 
 FOLIAGED, fo'li-ajd, adj. worked ]ike foli- 
 age. 
 
 FOLIAGE-PLANT, fo'li-aj-plant, n. a plant 
 cultivated in gardens or hot-houses for 
 the distinctive character and beauty of 
 its foliage. 
 
 FOLIAGE-TREE, fo'li-aj-tre, n. a name 
 sometimes given to a tree with broad 
 leaves, such as the oak, elm, ash, etc., as 
 distinguished from a needle-leaved tree.- 
 
 FOLIATE, fo'li-at, v.t. (orig.) to beat into a 
 leaf : to cover with leaf-metal. 
 
 FOLIATED, fo'li-at-ed, p. and adj. spread 
 or covered with a thin plate or foil : in 
 mineral, consisting of plates ; resembling 
 or in the form of a plate ; lamellar ; as. a 
 foliated fracture ; " Minerals that con- 
 sist of grains, and are at the same time 
 foliated, are called granularly/o/lo/ed." 
 — Kirwan: containing foils; as, a foliated 
 arch. — Foliated coal, a subspecies of 
 black coal occurring in the coal forma- 
 tions, and distingiiished bj' its lamellar 
 concretions, splendid lustre, and easy 
 frangibilitv. 
 
 FOLIATIOIST, fo-li-a'shun, w. in hot. the 
 leafing of plants ; vernation ; the dis- 
 position of the nascent leaves within the-
 
 FOLIFEROUS 
 
 174 
 
 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 
 
 bud : the act of beating a metal into a 
 thin plate, lear, or foil : the act or opera- 
 tion of spreading foil over the back sur- 
 face of a mirror or looking-giass : in geol. 
 the property or qualitj' in certain rocks, 
 as gneiss, mica-schist, and other meta- 
 morphic rocks, of dividing into laraince 
 or plates which consist each ot a distinct 
 material, and which are generally par- 
 allel to the primitive planes of stratifi- 
 cation ; "Cleavage may be applied to 
 those divisional planes wliich render a 
 rock fissile, although it n]ay appear to 
 the eye quite or nearly homogeneous ; 
 foliation may be used for those alternat- 
 ing layers or plates of different minera- 
 logicai nature, of which gaeiss and other 
 metamorphic schists are composed." — 
 Darwin : in arch, the act of enriching 
 with ornamental cusps, as in the tracery 
 of Gothic windows; the ornaments them- 
 selves ; feathering. This style of orna- 
 mentation is based on the form of natural 
 foliage, but it generally exhibits conven- 
 tional rather than real leaves and flowers. 
 [L. foliatio, from foliatus, leaved, from 
 folium, a leaf.] 
 
 FOLIFEROUS, fo-lif er-us, adj., bearing or 
 producing leaves. [L. folium, a leaf, and 
 fero. to bear.] 
 
 FOLIO, fo'li-o. w. a sheet of paper once 
 folded: a book of such sheets: (book-k.) 
 a page in an account-book, or two oppo- 
 site pages numbered as one. — adj. per- 
 taining to or containing paper only once 
 folded. [Abl. of L. folium, the leaf of a 
 tree, a leaf or sheet of paper.] 
 
 FOLIOLE, fo'li-61, n. (6of.) a single leaflet 
 of a compound leaf. [Fr., dim. of L. 
 folium.] 
 
 FOLIOUS, foli-us, adj., leafy: (hot.) hav- 
 ing leaves mixed with the flowers. 
 
 60LK, fok, n. the people : certain people : 
 — gen. used in jjZ. Folk or Folks (foks). 
 [A.S. folc : Ger. volk ; akin perh. to E. 
 full, Ger. roll, full.] 
 
 FOLKLAND. fok'land.n. among the Anglo- 
 Saxons, public laud as distinguished from 
 boc-land (book -land), i.e.. land granted 
 to private persons by a written charter. 
 
 FOLKLORE, fok'lor, n., lore or knowledge 
 of the ancient customs, superstitions, 
 etc., of the folk or people. [The name 
 was first suggested by W. J. Thoma 
 ('Ambrose Merton,") in 1846. 
 
 FOLKMOTE, fok'mot, n. an assembly of 
 thepeople among the Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 FOLBrtllGHT, fok'rit, n. a word used in the 
 laws of Edward tlie Elder, of England, 
 declaring the same equal riglit, law, or 
 justice to be due to persons of all de- 
 grees: the right of the people as opposed 
 to that of the privileged classes. 
 
 FOLK-SPEECH, fok'-spech, n. the dialect 
 r-poken by the common people of a coun- 
 try or district, as distinguished from the 
 spieech of the educated people or from 
 the literary language. 
 
 FOLLICLE, fol'i-kl, n. a little bag: (anat.) 
 a gland : (bot.) a seed-vessel. [Fr. — L. 
 folficalus, dim. of follis, a wind ball or 
 bag.] 
 
 FOLLOW, fol'o, v.i. to go after or behind : 
 to pursue : to attend : to imitate : to 
 obey : to adopt, as an opinion : to keep 
 the eye or mind fixed on : to pursue, as 
 an object of desire : to result from : (B.) 
 to strive to obtain. — v.i. to come after 
 another : to result — To follow on (B.), 
 to continue endeavors. — Follow, Suc- 
 ceed, Ensue. Follow and sticceed are 
 applied to persons or things ; ensue, in 
 modem literature, to things only. Fol- 
 low denotes the mere going in order in a 
 track or line, but tells nothing of the 
 relative positions, in respect of either 
 place or time, of the individuals ; suc- 
 
 ceed, implying a regular series, denotes 
 the being in the same place which an- 
 other has held imraediatelv before ; as, 
 a crowd may follow, but only one person 
 or event can succeed to another. Ensue 
 is to follow close upon, to follow as the 
 effect of, or on some settled principle of 
 order ; as, nothing but suffering can en- 
 sue from such a course. [A.S. fylcgan, 
 peril, from A.S. folc, folk, a crowd. Ger. 
 folgen.'] 
 
 FOLLOW-BOAED, fol'6-bord, n. in found- 
 ing, the board on which the pattern for 
 a mould is laid : a moulding-board. 
 
 FOLLOWER, fol'o-er, n. one who comes 
 after ; a copier ; a disciple : in macli. the 
 part of a machine that receives motion 
 from another part : in the fttenm-engine, 
 the cover of a piston ; the cover of a 
 stuffing-box. 
 
 FOLLOWING, fol'6-ing, n. body of follow- 
 ers or retainers ; a sect or party following 
 the lead of their chief ; body of adherents 
 or disciples ; body of attendants ; 
 
 While bilr;^hers with important face 
 Described each new-come lord, 
 Discussed his lineage, told his uame. 
 His foUoioing and his feudal fame. 
 
 —Sir W.Scott: 
 
 vocation; calling; occupation ; " In every 
 age men in general attend more to their 
 own immediate pursuits and fallowings 
 than to the . . . claims of discontented 
 factions." — Sharon Turner. 
 
 FOLLY, fol'i, n. weakness of intellect ; 
 imbecility of mind ; want of understand- 
 ing : a weak or absurd act ; an incon- 
 siderate or thoughtless procedure ; weak 
 or light-minded conduct : criminal weak- 
 ness ; depravity of mind or actions : any 
 object plannetl without its author hav- 
 ing the means of bringing it to a success- 
 ful completion, such as a magnificent 
 mansion which exliausts a person's capi- 
 tal in building, or would ruin him in 
 keeping up in proper stj-le ; as, " We 
 know indeed how this scorn will embody 
 itself in a name given to the unfinished 
 structure. It is called this or that man's 
 folly: and the name of the foolish builder 
 is thus kept alive for longafter-years." — 
 Trench. [Fr. /o?/e, folly. See Fool.] 
 
 FOMENT, fo-ment', v.t. to" bathe with tmrm 
 water: to encourage. — n. Foment'er. 
 [Fr. — L. fomento — fomentum for fovi- 
 mentum — foveo, to v arm.] 
 
 FOMENTATION, fo-men-ta'shun, n. a 
 bathing with warm water : a lotion 
 applied hot : encouragement. 
 
 FOND, fond, adj., foolishly tender and 
 loving : weaklj' indulgent : very affec- 
 tionate. — ado. Fokd'lt. — 71. Fond'ness. 
 [For fonned, pa.p. of M.E. foniien, to act 
 loolishh', /on, a fool ; from Ice. f ana, to 
 be foolish. — Fond of, relishing highly.] 
 
 FONDLE, fond'l, v.t. to treat with fond- 
 ness : to caress. — n. Fond'ler. 
 
 FONDLING, foud'ling, n. the person or 
 thing fondled. 
 
 FONDUS, fong-du, n. a term applied to 
 that kind of printing of calico, paper- 
 hangings, etc., in whicli the colors are 
 blended into each other. [Fr. fondu, pp. 
 of fondre, to melt, to soften, to blend, 
 from L. fundo, to pour out, to cast, to 
 found.] 
 
 FONT, font, FOUNT, fownt, n. a complete 
 assortment of types of one sort, with all 
 that is necessarj' for printing in that kind 
 of letter. [Fr. font e— fondre — L. fundere, 
 to cast. See Found.] 
 
 FONT, font, n. the vessel used in churches 
 as tlie repository of the baptismal water. 
 Wlien baptism by immersion was prac- 
 ticed the baptistery was furnished with 
 a basin sufficiently capacious to admit of 
 the administration of the rite according 
 to the then prevaiUng form. When affu- 
 
 sion took the place of immersion the size 
 of the basin was diminished, and assumed 
 the dimensions familiar to the tourist in 
 most of the mediaeval churches in Great 
 Britain and upon the Continent. The 
 baptismal font consists of a basin or cup 
 hollowed out of a, solid block and sup 
 ported upon a stem. It is usually of stone 
 sometimes of lead, and sometimes o; 
 copper or bronze. In general, the font, 
 in external form and character, followed 
 the prevaiUng style of architectuie and 
 ornamentation. When not in use the 
 font was covered. Originally, the covers 
 were flat movable lids, but were after- 
 wards often very highly ornamented, and 
 sometimes carried up to a very consider- 
 able height in the form of spires, and 
 enriched with a variety of little but- 
 tresses, pinnacles, and other decorations. 
 The baptismal font must not be con- 
 founded with the hohj-u-atcr fount, which 
 usually stands near the entrance of Ro- 
 man Catholic churches, and from which 
 persons entering sprinkle their forehead. 
 [From L. fans, fontis, a fountain. The 
 word font was introduced in A.S. direct 
 from the L., among other L. ecclesiastical 
 terms. See Fount.] 
 
 FOOD, food, n. what one feeds on : that 
 which being digested nourishes t lie body : 
 whatever promotes growtli. — udj. FOOD'- 
 Less, without food. [A.S. foda, from a 
 root pa, to nourish.] 
 
 FOOD-VACUOLE, fo6d'-vak-u-6l, n. a clear 
 space in the endosarc of protozoans. It 
 is merely of a temporary character, being 
 produced by the presence of particles of 
 food, usually with a little water taken 
 into the body along with the food. H. A 
 I\icholson. 
 
 FOOL, f56l, n. one who acts stupidly : a 
 person of weak mind : a jester : (B.) a 
 wicked person. — v.t. to deceive : to treat 
 with contempt. — v.i. to plavthe fool : to 
 trifle. [O. Fr. fol (Fr. f&u). It. folle—L. 
 follis, an air-bag, a grimace made by puff- 
 ing out the cheeks.] 
 
 FOOLERY, fool'er-i, n. an act of folly : ha- 
 bitual folly. 
 
 FOOI^FISii, fool'-fish, n. a name applied 
 to the long-finned file-fish, from its ridic- 
 ulous manner of swimming willi a wrig- 
 gling motion, its body being sunk and its 
 mouth just on a level with the water. 
 
 FOOL-HARDY, fool'-har'di, adj., foolishly 
 hardy or bold: rash or incautious. — »i. ' 
 Fool'-har'diness. 
 
 FOOLISH, fool'ish, adj. weak in intellect : 
 wanting discretion : ridiculous : marked 
 with foUj' : deserving ridicule : (B.) sin- 
 ful, disregarding God's laws. — adc.FoOL'- 
 ISHLT. — n. Fool'ishkess. 
 
 FOOLSCAP, foolz'kap, n. paper of a cer- 
 tain size, so called from having original- 
 ly borne the water-mark of a foots cap 
 and bells. 
 
 FOOL'S-ERRAND, foOlz'-er'and, n. a silly 
 or fi'uitless enterprise : search for what 
 cannot be found. 
 
 FOOL'S-PAEADISE, n. deceptive happi- 
 ness : vain hopes: unlawful pleasure. 
 " If ye should lead her into a fool's para- 
 dise, it were a gross . . . behavior.' — 
 Shak. 
 
 FOOT, foot, n. that part of its body oi 
 which an animal stands or walks : the 
 lower part or base : a measiu'e -= Vi in. 
 (orig.) the length of a man's foot : foot- 
 soldiers : a division of a line of poetry:— 
 pi. Feet (fet). — v.i. to dance : to walk :— 
 pr.p. foot'ing ; pa.p. foot'ed. [A.S. fot. 
 pi. fet ; Ger. fuss, L. pes, pedis, Gr. 
 230US, podos, Sans, pad, from root jmd, 
 
 to £C0.] 
 
 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE, n. eczema 
 epizootica, a highly contagious eczema-
 
 FOOTBALL 
 
 175 
 
 FORCED 
 
 tous aflfection which attacks the feet and 
 mouths of cattle, manifesting- itself by 
 lameness, indisposition to eat, and gen- 
 eral febrile symptoms, with ultimately 
 eruptions of small vesicles on the parts 
 affected, and general indisposition of the 
 animal. The disease occasionally spreads 
 to the udder of milch-cattle, and it is 
 believed that it may be communicated 
 to persons who drink the milk of cows so 
 affected. 
 
 FOOTBALL, foot'bawl, n. a ball consisting 
 of an inflated ox-bladder, or a hollow 
 globe of india-rubber, cased in leather, to 
 be "driven by the foot; hence (fig.) any 
 object subjected to many vicissitudes or 
 changes of condition ; as, he was the 
 football of fortune : a game played with 
 a football by two parties of players, on a 
 large level piece of ground, generally ob- 
 long in shape, and having in the middle 
 of either of the ends a goal formed by 
 two upright posts, 6 to 8 yards apart, 
 with a bar or tape extended between 
 them at the height of 8 or 10 feet from 
 the ground. Tliere are various styles of 
 playing the game, but the two recog- 
 nized in all important matches are the 
 Rugbj' game and the Football Associa- 
 tion game. In both games tlie main ob- 
 ject is for either party to drive the ball 
 (which is kicked off in the centre of the 
 field) through the goal that their oppo- 
 nents are guarding, and thus count a 
 goal against them. In the Rugby game 
 the goal-posts are 18i feet apart, and 
 joined by across- bar at aheight of 10 feet 
 from the ground ; and to score a goal the 
 ball must be kicked over this bar by one 
 of the opposite side. In the Associ tion 
 game the upright poles are 8 yai-ds apai-t, 
 and joined at 8 feet from the ground by a 
 tape, under which the ball must pass to 
 secure a goal. The Rugby game is much 
 rougher and less scientific than the Asso- 
 ciation game, which discourages rough 
 play and relies mainly on the skillful 
 manteuvring of the bail with the feet, it 
 being forbidden to touch the ball with 
 the hands, while by the Rugby rules the 
 player may catch the ball in his hands, 
 run with it, and kick it dropping. When 
 a goal is made, or at some other ar- 
 ranged interval, the parties change 
 ground for the next struggle, so that any 
 inequalities of situation may be balanced. 
 The sport has lately gained considerable 
 popularity in this country. 
 
 FOOTBOY. foot'boy, n. an attendant in 
 livHi'v. 
 
 FOOTBRIDGE, foofbrij, n. a narrow bridge 
 for loot-passengers. 
 
 FOOTFALL, foot'fawl, n. a setting the foot 
 on the ground : a footstep. 
 
 FOOT-GUARDS, foot'-gardz, n.jjl. guards 
 that serve on foot, the ehte of the British 
 foot-soldiers. 
 
 FOOTHOLD, foot'hold, n. space on which 
 to plant the feet : that which sustains 
 the feet. 
 
 FOOTING, foot'ing, n. place for the foot to 
 rest on: firm foundation: position: settle- 
 ment : tread : dance : plain cotton lace : 
 the act or result of adding up a column 
 of figures : — pi. totals from such adding. 
 
 FOOTLIGHT, foot'llt, n. one of a row of 
 lights in front of and on a level with the 
 stage in a theatre, etc. 
 
 FOofjIAN, foot'man, n. (prig, and B.) a 
 soldier who serves on foot : a runner: a 
 servant or attendant in livery: — pi. 
 Foot'men. 
 
 FOOTMARK, foot'mark, FOOTPRINT, 
 foot'print, n. the mark or print of a foot : 
 a track. 
 
 FOOTPAD, foot'pad, n. a highwayman or 
 
 robber on foot, who frequents public 
 patlis or roads. [Foot, and Pad, a path.] 
 
 FOOT-PASSENGER, foot'-pas'en-jer, n. 
 one who travels on foot. 
 
 FOOT-POUND, foot'-pownd, n. the force 
 needed to raise one pound weight the 
 height of one foot — the usual unit in 
 measuring mechanical force. 
 
 FOOTROT, foot'rot, n. a disease in the feet 
 of sheep, the more common form of 
 which is an inordinate growth of hoof, 
 which at the toe, or round the margin, 
 becomes turned down, cracked, or torn, 
 thus affording lodgment for sand and 
 dirt. In the second form of the disease 
 the foot becomes hot, tender, and swol- 
 len ; there are ulcerations between the 
 toes, followed by the sprouting of proud 
 flesh. 
 
 FOOTRULE, foot'rool, n. a rule or meas- 
 ure a foot in length. 
 
 FOOT-SOLDIER, foot'-sol'jer, n. a soldier 
 that serves on foot. 
 
 FOOTSTALK, foot'stawk, to. (bot.) the lit- 
 tle stalk at the foot of and supporting 
 a leaf. 
 
 FOOTST^VLL, foot'stawl. n. a woman's 
 stirrup : in ardi. the plinth or base of a 
 pillar. [Foot, and Prov. E. stall, a case 
 for the finger.] 
 
 FOOTSTEP, foot'step, n. the step or im- 
 pression of the foot : a track : trace of a 
 course pursued : — pi. Foot'steps, course : 
 example. 
 
 FOP, fop, n. an affected dandy. [Dut. 
 fojjpen, to cheat, mock, fopper, a wag.] 
 
 FOPLING, fop'ling, n. a vain, affected 
 person. 
 
 FOPPERY, fop'er-i, n. vanity in dress or 
 manners: affectation: folly. 
 
 FOPPISH, fop'ish, adj. vain and showj' in 
 dress : affectedly refined in manners. — 
 adv. Fopp'iSHLY. — n. FOPP'ISHNISS. 
 
 FOR, for, prep, in the place of : for the 
 sake of : on account of : in the direction 
 of : with respect to : beneficial to : in 
 quest of : notwithstanding, in spite of : 
 in recom])ense of: during. — ^As FOE, as 
 far as concerns. [A.S. for; Ger. fur, 
 vor, akin to L. and Gr. pJ'O. Sans, pra, 
 before in place or time.] 
 
 FOR, for, conj. the word by which a reason 
 is introduced : because : on the account 
 that. — ^FoE iXl, (New Test.), notwith- 
 standing. — Foe to (B.), in order to. 
 
 FOR-, a prefix having generally the inten- 
 sive force of the Ger. ver, signifying 
 greatly, completely, utterly, as in for- 
 wearied, wearied out ; /orwounded. se- 
 verely wounded ; forlorn, utterly loi-n or 
 lonely; sometimes it has the force of a 
 negative or privative; as in /orbid, which 
 means to bid a thing not to be doae;/o)-- 
 swear, to swear not to do or have noth- 
 ing to do with (though in these examples 
 also it might be explained as an inten- 
 sive); sometimes it means amiss or badly, 
 as in /oredeem for /ordeem, to judge 
 badly of ; O.E. /orshapen, misshaped. 
 In most E. words it is cognate with Ger. 
 ver-, O.H. Ger. far-, Goui.fra-, L. per-, 
 Gr. para, par- ; but in some cases, when 
 it comes from the Fr. , as in forfeit, it is 
 from the L. foris, abroad, away. As 
 fore- is sometimes used for for-, so for- 
 is sometimes used for fore-, in the sense 
 of precedence; as, /onvard. 
 
 FORAGE, for'aj, ?!., fodder, or food for 
 horses and cattle : provisions : the act 
 of foraging. — v.i. to go about and forcibly 
 carr^ off food for horses and cattle, as 
 soldiers. — v.t. to plunder. — n. Foe'agee. 
 [Fr. fourrage — Low L. foragium—fod- 
 rwn, which is from a Teut. root found 
 in Ger. f utter. E. fodder, O. Dan. foder. 
 
 See FODDEE, FOEAV.] 
 
 FORAMEN, fo-ra'men, n. a small opening: 
 
 —pi. FoEAMETA, fo-ram'i-na. [L.— /ora 
 
 to pierce.] 
 FOR.UIINATED,fo-ram'i-nat-ed,FORAMl. 
 
 NOUS, fo-ram'i-nus, adj. pierced with 
 
 small holes : porous. 
 FORASMUCH, for'az-much, conj. because 
 
 that. 
 FORAY, for'a, n. a sudden incursion into 
 
 an enemy's country. [A Lowland Scotch 
 
 form of FoEAGE.] 
 FORAY, for'a, v.t. to ravage : to pillage^ 
 
 [A form of FoEAGE.] 
 FORAYER, for'a-er, «. one who takes part 
 
 in a foray : a marauder. 
 They miffht not choose the lowland road. 
 For the Merse forayers were abroad. 
 
 —Sir W. Scott. 
 
 FORBADE, for-bad', pa.f. of Fobbid. 
 FORBEAR, for-bar', v.i. to keep one's self 
 in check: to abstain. — v.t. to abstain 
 fi'om : to avoid voluntarily : to spare, to 
 withhold. [For-, prefijt, away, and Beae. 
 See list of prefixes.] 
 FORBEAR, for'ber, n. a forefather : an 
 ancestor. [Scotch.] 
 So may they, like their ?reat forbears. 
 For uiauy a year come through the shears. 
 
 — Burnt. 
 
 FORBEARANCE, for-bar'ans, n. exercise 
 of patience : command of temper : clem- 
 ency. 
 
 FORBEARING, for-bar'ing, adj. long-suf- 
 fering : patient. — adv. Foebeae'ixgly. 
 
 FORBID, for-bid', v.t. to prohibit : to com- 
 mand not to do. [For-, prefix, awa.v, 
 and Bid.] 
 
 FORBIDDEN, for-bid'n, adj. prohibited: 
 unlawful. 
 
 FORBIDDING, for-bid'ing, adj. repulsive : 
 raising dishke : unpleasant. 
 
 FORBIDDINGNESS, for-bid'ing-nes, n. the 
 state or quality of being foi-bidding or re- 
 pulsive ; repulsiveness. Richardson. 
 
 FORCE, fors, n. strength, power, energj", 
 efficacy : validity : influence : vehemence : 
 violence : coercion or compulsion . mili- 
 tarj' or naval strength (often in plural) : 
 an armament : (mech.) that which pro- 
 duces or tends to produce a change in a 
 body's state of rest or motion. — Mechani- 
 cal FOECE, the power which produces or 
 tends to produce motion, or an alteration 
 in the du-ection of motion. Mechanical 
 forces are of two sorts ; one of a body at 
 rest, being the same as pressure or ten- 
 sion ; the other of a body in motion, being 
 the same as impetus or mouientum. The 
 degree of resistance to any motion maj' 
 be measured by the active force required 
 to overcome that resistance, and hence 
 writers on mechanics make use of the 
 terms resisting forces and retarding 
 forces. "Wlien two forces act on a body 
 in the same line of direction, the result- 
 ing force, or resultant as it is called, will 
 be the sum of both forces. If they act in 
 opposite directions, the body will remain 
 at rest if the forces be equal ; or, if the 
 forces be unequal, it will move with a 
 force equivalent to their difference in the 
 direction of the greater. If the lines of 
 direction make an angle with each other, 
 the resultant will be a mean force in an 
 intermediate direction. [Fr. — Low L 
 forcia, fortia — L. fortis, strong.] 
 
 FORCE, fors, v.t. to draw or pusli by main 
 strength : to compel : to constrain : to 
 compel by strength of evidence : to take 
 bj' violence : to ravish : (hort.) to cause 
 to grow or ripen rapidlv. 
 
 FORCE, fors, FOSS, fos, n. a waterfalL 
 [Scand., as in Ice. foss, formerly /ors.] 
 
 FORCE, fors, v.t. (cookery) to stuff, as a 
 fowl. [A corr. of Faece.] 
 
 FORCED, forst, p. and adj. accomplished 
 by great effort, as a forced march ; 
 strained, excessive, unnatural.
 
 FORCEFUL 
 
 176 
 
 FOREMAST-MAN 
 
 FORCEFUL, fors'fool, adj. full of force or 
 might : driven or acting witli power. — 
 adv. Force'fuixt. 
 
 FORCELESS, fors'les, adj. weak. 
 
 FORCEMEAT, fors'met, n., meat chopped 
 fine and highly seasoned, used as a stuff- 
 ing or alone. 
 
 FORCEPS, for'seps, n. a pair of tongs, 
 pincers, or pliers for holding anything 
 hot or otherwise diflBcult to be held with 
 the hand. [L. formus, hot, and capio, to 
 hold.] 
 
 FORCE-PUMP, fors'-pump, FORCING- 
 PUMP, fors'ing-pump, n. a pump which 
 delivers the water under pressure, so as 
 to eject it forcibly or to a great eleva- 
 tion, in contradistinction to a lift-pump 
 in which the water is lifted and simplj' 
 runs out of the spout. 
 
 FORCIBLE, fors'i-bl, adj. active : impetu- 
 ous : done by force : efficacious : impres- 
 sive. — n. FoEC'iBLENESS. — adv. FORC'- 
 
 IBLY. 
 
 FORCIBLE-FEEBLE, fors'i-bl-fe-bl', adj. 
 striving to be or appear vigorous, or aim- 
 ing at vigor, but in reality feeble : as, 
 a, forcible-feeble style. " Epithets which 
 are in the bad taste of the forcible- 
 feeble school." — North British Review. 
 [From one of Sliakespeare's characters 
 named Feeble, whom Falstaff describes as 
 " most forcible Feeble . . . Valiant as 
 wrathful dove or most magnanimous 
 mouse."] 
 
 FORCIBLE-FEEBLE, fors'i-bl-fe-bl, n. a 
 feeble person, usually a writer, who 
 wants to appear vigorous. " When the 
 writer was of opinion he had made a 
 point, you maj' be sure the hit was 
 in italics, that last resource of the forci- 
 ble-feebles." — Disraeli. 
 
 FORCING, fors'ing, n. (hort.) the art of 
 hastening the growth of plants. 
 
 FORCIPATED, for'si-pat-ed, adj. formed 
 and opening like a forceps. [L. — forceps, 
 forcipis.] 
 
 FORD, ford, n. a place where water may be 
 crossed on foot. — r.f. to cross water on 
 foot. — adj. Ford' ABLE. [A.S. faran, to 
 go ; Ger. furt—fahren, to go on foot ; 
 akin to Gr. poros — root of perao, to 
 cross, and to E. Fare, Ferry, and Far.] 
 
 FORDO, for-doo', FOREDO, for-doo', v.t. to 
 destroy : to undo : to ruin ; 
 He hath commission from thy wife and me 
 To haiii^ Cordelia in the prison, and 
 To lay the blame upon her own despair. 
 That she fordid herself.— .Sftafc.; 
 to exhaust, overpower, or overcome, as 
 by toil ; 
 
 For there, with bodily antruish keen, 
 With Indian heats at last fordone. 
 With public toil and private teen. 
 
 Thou sank'st aXon^.^ilatt. Arnold. 
 [For, intens., and do.] 
 
 FORE, for, adj., in front of : advanced in 
 position: coming first — adv. at the front: 
 in the first part: previously. [A.S. radi- 
 cally the same as For, prep. But both 
 must be carefully distinguished from pre- 
 fix -for (Ger. ver- in vergessen, L. jjer). 
 See list of Prefixes.] 
 
 FORE, for, co>y. before. [Contracted from 
 before.] 
 
 Not a month 
 Fore your queen died she was more worth such 
 
 Kazes 
 Than what you took on now. — Sliak. 
 
 SXDRE, for, n. a word used only in the 
 phrase to the fore, alive: remaining still 
 in existence : present : not lost, worn out 
 or spent, as money etc. "While I am to 
 the fore." — W. Collins. "How many 
 captains in the regiment had two thou- 
 sand pounds to the fore." — Tliackeray. 
 
 FOREARM, for'arm, n. the forepart of the 
 arm. or that between the elbow and the 
 wri.st. 
 
 FOREARM, for-arm', v.t. to arm or pre- 
 pare beforehand. 
 
 FOREBODE, for-bod', v.t. to feel a secret 
 sense of something future, esp. of evil. 
 ^n. Forebod'er. [See Bode.] 
 
 FOREBODEMENT, tor-bod'ment, n. feel- 
 ing of coming evil. 
 
 FOREBODING, for-bod'ing, n. a boding or 
 perception beforehand: apprehension of 
 coming evil. 
 
 FORE-CABIN, for'-ka-bin, n. the cabin in 
 the forepart of a vessel, with accommo- 
 dation inferior to that of the aft-cabin 
 or saloon. 
 
 FORECAST, for-kast', v.t. to contrive or 
 reckon beforehand : to foresee. — v.i. to 
 form schemes beforehand. 
 
 FORECAST, for'kast, n. a previous con- 
 trivance : foresight. 
 
 FORECASTER, for-kast'er, n. one who 
 foresees or contrives beforehand. 
 
 FORECASTING, for'kast-ing, n. act of one 
 who forecasts : the act of one who con- 
 siders and provides beforeliand : antici- 
 patory planning. Coleridge. 
 
 FORECASTLE, for'kas-1 or fok'sl, n. a 
 foredeck, raised above the maindeck : 
 more commonly the forepart of the ship 
 under the maindeck, the quarters of the 
 crew : (orig.) that part of the upper deck 
 of a ship before the foremast, so called 
 from the small turret or castle near the 
 prow in ancient vessels. 
 
 FORECLOSE, for-kloz', v.t. to preclude : to 
 prevent : to stop. [Fr. forclos, pa.p. of 
 forclore, to exclude — L. foris, outside, 
 and claiido. clausus. to shut.] 
 
 FORECLOSURE, for-kloz'ur, n. a foreclos- 
 ing : (law) the depri^^ng a mortgager of 
 the right of redeeming a mortgaged 
 estate : in manj' if not most of the 
 States of the Union the foreclosure and 
 sale are followed by one year, during 
 which equitj' of redemption remains to 
 the mortsrager. 
 
 FORECONDEMN, for-kon-dem', v.t. to con- 
 demn beforehand. " "WTiat can equally 
 savor of injustice and plain arrogance as 
 to prejudice and forecondemn his adver- 
 sary . "—.1/t7f on . 
 
 FOREDATE, for-dat', v.t. to date before 
 the true time. 
 
 FOREDECK, for'dek, n. the /orepart of a 
 dech- or ship. 
 
 FOREND, for'end, n. the end that goes 
 first or that is forward. 
 
 FOREFATHER, for'fa-rter, n. an ancestor. 
 [Fore, and Father.] 
 
 FOREFEND, for-fend', v.t. to ward off, 
 avert. [Properly /or/enrf, from the pre- 
 fix/or-, and -fend, an abrev. of defend. 
 See prefix For-.] 
 
 FOREFINGER, for'flng-ger, n. the finger 
 before the others, or next the thumb. 
 
 FOREFOOT, for'foot, n. one of the feet of 
 an animal in front or next the head. 
 
 FOREFRONT, for'frunt. n. the foremost 
 part or place : as, the forefront of a 
 building, or of a battle. 
 
 FOREGAME. for'gam, n. a first game: 
 first plan. 
 
 FOREGANGER, for'gang-er, n. (naut.) a 
 short piece of rope grafted to the shank 
 of a harpoon, to which the line is at- 
 tached when the harpoon is used. 
 
 FOREGATHER, for-ga<7i'er, v.i. same as 
 Forgather. " Dicfiens, Carlyle, and my- 
 self foregathered vnXh Emerson." — John 
 Foster. 
 
 FOREGIFT, for'gift, n. in laiv, a premium 
 paid bv a lessee when taking his lease. 
 
 FOREGIRTH. for-gerth, n. a girth or strap 
 for the forepart, as of a horse : a martin- 
 gale. 
 
 FOREGO, for-go', v.t. to go before, pre- 
 cede : chiefly used in its pr.p. forego'ing 
 and pa.p. foregone'. — n. Forego'ER. — A 
 foregone conclusion is a conclusion 
 
 come to before examination of the evi- 
 dence. [Fore, and Go.] 
 
 FOREGO, for-go', v.t. to give up: to for- 
 bear the vise of. [Should have been 
 forgo, A.S. forgan, to pass over, from 
 the A.S. prefix for-, away, and gan, to 
 go. See prefix For-.] 
 
 FOREGROUND, for'grownd, ?i. the ground 
 or space which seems to lie before the 
 figures in a picture. 
 
 FOREHAND, for'hand, n. the part of a 
 horse which is in front of its rider. — 
 ad), taken in hand or done before needed. 
 
 FOREHANDED, for'hand-ed, adj., fore- 
 hand : seasonable : formed in the fore- 
 
 FOREHEAD, for'ed, n. the /orepart of 
 the head above the eyes, the brow. 
 
 FOREHEW, for-hu' v.t. to hew or cut in 
 front. Sackville. 
 
 FORE-HOLD, for'-hold, n. the front or for- 
 ward part of the hold of a ship. 
 
 FOREHOLDING, for-hold'ing, n. predic- 
 tion : ominous foreboding : superstitious 
 prognostication. L'Estrange. [FORE and 
 Holding, from hold.] 
 
 FOREHOOD, for'hood, n. in ship-building, 
 one of the most forward of the outside 
 and inside planks. 
 
 FOREHOOK, for'hook, n. (naut.) a piece 
 of timber placed across the stem to unite 
 the bows and strengthen the forepart of 
 the ship: a breasthook. 
 
 FOREIGN, for'in, adj. belonging to an- 
 other country : from abroad : not 
 belonging to, unconnected : not appro- 
 priate. [Fr. forain — Low L. foraneus — 
 foras, out of doors. See Door.] 
 
 FOREIGNER, for'in-er, n. a native of an- 
 other countrv. 
 
 F0REJUDGE,'f6r-juj', r.^ to judge before 
 hearing the facts and proof : in latr. to 
 expel from a court for malpractice or 
 non-appearance. When an attorney is 
 sued and called to appear in court, if he 
 declines he is forejudged, and his name is 
 struck from the rolls. 
 
 FOREJUDGER. for-juj-er, n. in law, a judg- 
 ment by which a man is deprived or put 
 out of the thing in question : a judgment 
 of expulsion or banishment. 
 
 FOREKING, for'king, n. a predecessor on 
 the throne. 
 Thy fierce forekings had clenched their pirate 
 
 hides 
 To the bleak church doors.— Tennyson. 
 
 FOREKNOW, for-no', v.t. to know before- 
 hand : to foresee. 
 
 FOREKNOWLEDGE, for-nol'ej, n. knowl- 
 edge of a thing before it happens. 
 
 FORELAND, fo'r'land, w. a point of land 
 running forward into the sea. 
 
 FORELOCK, for'lok, n. the lock or hair 
 that grows from the forepart of the head: 
 (naut.) a little fiat pointed wedge of iron 
 used at the end of a bolt to retain it firmly 
 in its place.— To take tlme by the fore- 
 lock, to make prompt use of anything : 
 to let no opportunity escape. 
 
 FOREMAN, for'man, n. (pi. FOREMEN, for'- 
 men), the first or chief man: particularly, 
 (a) the chief man of a jurj- who acts as 
 their speaker, (6) the chief of a set of 
 hands employed in a shop or on works 
 of any kind, who superintends the rest : 
 an overseer : a superintendent. 
 
 FOREMAST, for'mast, the mast of a ship 
 or other vessel which is placed in the 
 forepart or forecastle and carries the 
 foresail and foretop-sail yards. 
 
 FOREJLAST-MAN, for'mast-man, n. a com- 
 mon sailor: a luan before the mast. •• The 
 Adventure galley took such quantities of 
 cotton and silk, sugar and coffee, cinna- 
 mon and pepper, that the very foremast- 
 men received from a hundred to two 
 hundred pounds each." — Macaiday.
 
 FOREMENTIOKED 
 
 IT' 
 
 FORGET-ME-NOT 
 
 rOREMENTIONED, for-men'shund, adj. 
 mentioned before in a writing or dis- 
 course. 
 
 FOREMOST, for'most, adj. (superl. of Fore) 
 nrst in place : most advanced : first in 
 "rank or dignity. [A.S. forma, first superl. 
 of fore, and superl. suffix -st. It is 
 therefore, a double superl. ; the old and 
 correct form was formest, which was 
 wrongly divided /or-7nesf instead ot form- 
 est. and" the final -m£st was mistaken for 
 
 FORENAMED, for'namd, adj. mentioned 
 
 before. 
 FORENOON, for'nSOn, n. the part of the 
 
 day before noon or mid-day. 
 FORENOTICE, for-no-tis, n. notice of any- 
 thing before it happens. 
 FORENSIC, fo-ren'sik, FORENSICAL, fo- 
 ren'sik-al, adj. belonging to courts of 
 judicature, or to public discussion and 
 debate : used in courts or legal proceed- 
 ings, or in public discussions : appropriate 
 to an argument : as, a forensic term : 
 forensic eloquence or disputes. — Foren- 
 sic MEDICINE, the science which applies 
 the principles and practice of the differ- 
 ent branches of medicine to the elucida- 
 tion of doubtful questions in a court of 
 justice : medical jurisprudence. [From 
 L. forensis, from forum, a court.] 
 FORENSIC, fo-ren'sik, n. in some American 
 colleges, a written argument by a student 
 maintaining either the affirmative or 
 negative of a given question. Worcester. 
 FORE-ORDAIN, for-or-dan', v.t. to arrange 
 or appoint beforehand : to predestinate : 
 to predetermine. — n. Fore-ordina'tion. 
 FOREPART, for'part, n. the part before 
 the rest : the front : the beginning : (B.) 
 the bow of a ship. 
 fORE-PASSAGE, for'pas-aj. n. (naut.) a 
 passage made in the fore-cabin or inferior 
 part of a vessel : generally equivalent to 
 a steerage passage. 
 FOREPAYMENT, for-pa'ment, n. payment 
 beforehand : prepayment. " I had £100 
 of him in forepayment for the first edition 
 of.Esprieila." — Swithey, 
 FORERANK, for'rangk, n. the rank which 
 
 is before all the others : the front. 
 FORE-RESEMBLE, for-re-zemTjl, v.t. to 
 prefigure. "Christ being as well king 
 as priest was as well fore-resemhted by 
 the kings then as by the high priest. 
 —Milton. 
 FORERUN, for-run', v.t. to run or come 
 
 before : to precede. 
 FORERUNNER, for-run'er, n. a runner or 
 messenger sent before : a sign that some- 
 thing is to follow. 
 FORESAIL, for'.sal, n. a sail attached to 
 
 the fore-ya,vA on the foremast. 
 FORESEE, for-se', v.t. or v.i. to see or 
 
 know beforehand. 
 FORESHADOW, for-shad'o.uf. to shadow 
 
 or tvpify beforehand. 
 FORESHAPE, for-shap', v.t. to shape or 
 mould beforehand : to prepare in ad- 
 vance. " So foreshape the minds of 
 men." — Sir H. Taylor. 
 FORESHIP, for'ship, n. (B.) the bow or 
 
 /oivpart of a shiji. 
 FORESHORE, for'shor, Ji. the part imme- 
 diately before the shore : the sloping 
 part of a shore included between the 
 hiffh and low water marks. 
 FORESHORTEN, for-short'en, v.t. {in a 
 picture) to represent the shortened ap- 
 pearance of an object projecting for- 
 ward.— n. Forshortening {in painting), 
 the representation of the shortened ap- 
 pearance of an object projecting for- 
 ward. 
 FORESHOT. for shot, n. the first portion 
 of liquid that comes over in the distilla- 
 
 L 
 
 tion of low wines. It is a milkj- liquid 
 abounding in fusel-oil. 
 
 FORESHOW, for-sho', v.t. to show or rep- 
 resent beforehand : to predict. 
 
 FO RESIDE, for'sid, n. the side towards the 
 front. 
 
 FORESIGHT, for'sit, n. act of foreseeing : 
 wise forethought, prudence. 
 
 FORESKIN, for'skin, «. the skin that 
 covers the glans penis. 
 
 FOREST, for'est, n. a large uncultivated 
 tract of laud covered with trees and 
 underwood : woody ground and rude 
 pasture. — adj. pertaining to a forest : 
 silvan : rustic. — v.t. to cover with trees. 
 (O. Fr. forest, Fr. foi'St — Low L. foresta, 
 which in mediceval viriters is the open 
 wood, as opposed to the parens (park) 
 or walled-in wood— /oj'esfis, out of, not 
 shut — L. foris, out of doors— -/ores, doors. 
 [See Foreign and Door.] 
 
 FORESTAL, for'est-al, pertaining to a for- 
 est : as, forestal rights. 
 
 FORESTALL for-stawl', v.t. to take too 
 early action regarding something ; to 
 anticipate : to take possession of in ad- 
 vance of something or somebody else ; 
 to hinder by pre-occupation or preven- 
 tion ; to influence before the means or 
 the opportunity for a right opinion or 
 judgment : in laiv, to obstruct or stop 
 up, as a way ; to intercept on the road. 
 
 — To FORESTALL. THE MARKET, to buy up 
 
 merchandise on its way to market with 
 the intention of selhng it again at a 
 higher price, or to dissuade persons from 
 bringing their goods there, or to persuade 
 them to enhance the price when there. 
 This was an offence at law up till 1844. 
 [A.S. forestallen. See STALL.] 
 
 FORE-STALL, for'-stawl, n. the look-out 
 man who walks before the operator and 
 his victim when a garrote robbery is to 
 be committed. 
 
 FORESTALLER, for-stawl'er, n. one who 
 forestalls : a person who purchases mer- 
 chandise before they come to the market 
 with a view to raise the price. 
 
 FORESTAY, for'sta, n. (naut.) a large 
 strong rope reaching from the foremast 
 head toward the bowsprit end to sup- 
 port the mast. 
 
 FORESTER, for'est-er, n. one who has 
 charge of a forest : an inhabitant of a 
 forest : a member of one of the fraternal 
 organizations in the U.S. 
 
 FORETASTE, for-tast', v.t. to taste before 
 possession : to anticipate. 
 
 FORETASTE, for'tast, n. a taste before- 
 hand : anticipation. 
 
 FORETELL, for-tel', v.t. to tell before : to 
 prophesy. — v.i. to utter prophecy. — n. 
 
 FORFTPLI 'ER 
 
 FORETHOUGHT, for'thawt, n. thought or 
 care for the future : provident care. 
 
 FORETIME, for'tim, n. a time previous to 
 the present or to a time alluded to or 
 implied. Gladstone. 
 
 FORETOKEN, for'to-kn, n. a token or sign 
 beforehand. 
 
 FORETOKEN, for-to'kn, v.t. to signify be- 
 forehand. 
 
 FORETOOTH, for'tooth, n. a tooth in the 
 forepart of the mouth l—pl. FORETEETH, 
 for'teth. 
 
 FORETOP, for'top, n. {naut.) the platform 
 at the head of the foremast. 
 
 FORETOP-MAN, for'top-man, n. (naut.) a 
 man stationed in the foretopin readiness 
 to set or take in the smaller sails, and to 
 keep the upper rigging in order. 
 
 FORETOPMAST, for-top'niast, v. in a 
 ship, the mast erected at the top of the 
 foremast, and at the top of which is the 
 
 FORETOP-O ALL' ANT-MAST. 
 
 FOREVER, for-eVer, adv. for ever, for all 
 
 time to come : to eternity : through 
 endless ages. 
 
 FOREWARN, for-wawrn', v.t. to warn be- 
 forehand : to give previous notice. — n. 
 Forewarn'ing, warning beforehand. 
 
 FOREWOMAN, for'woo-man, n. a woman 
 who is chief : the head woman in a work- 
 shop or in a department of an establish- 
 ment. 
 
 FOREWORD, for'werd, n. a preface or in 
 troduction to a literary work : a word of 
 recent introduction and seldom used. 
 [Suggested by Ger. rorwort, preface.] 
 
 FOREWORLD, for'werld, n. a previous 
 world : specifically, the world before the 
 flood. Southey. 
 
 FOREWORN, for-worn', p. worn out : 
 wasted or obliterated by time oi use. 
 " Old foreicoiii stories almost forgotten." 
 — Brydges. [Fore, for for, utterly, and 
 Worn.] 
 
 FOREYARD, for'yard, n. (naut.) the yard 
 on the foremast of a vessel. 
 
 FORFAIRN, for-farn', p. and adj. forlorn : 
 destitute : worn out : jaded. (Scotch.) 
 
 And tho' wi crazy eild I'm s&ir for/aim, 
 
 I'll be a brig, when ye're a shapeless cairn. — Bur7is. 
 
 [A.S. forfaren, pp. of forfaran.] 
 
 FORFEIT, for'fit, v.t. to lose the right to 
 by some fault or crime : — pr.p. for'feit- 
 ing; jja.j). for'feited. — n. that which is 
 forfeited : a penalty for a crime : a fine : 
 something- deposited and redeemable. — 
 adj. For'FEITable. [Fr. forfaire, for- 
 fait — Low L. forisfacere, forisfactum, to 
 do beyond what is permitted, to offend — 
 foris, out of doors, beyond, /acere, to do.] 
 
 FORFEITURE, for'fit-ur, n. act of forfeit- 
 ing : state of being forfeited : the thing 
 forfeited. 
 
 FORGAT, for-gat' —forgot — old pa.t. of 
 Forget. 
 
 FORGE, forj, n. the workshop of a faber 
 or workman in hard materials : a fur- 
 nace, esp. one in which iron is heated : a 
 smithy : a place where anything is shaped 
 or made. — v.t. to form by heating and 
 hammering : to form : to make falsely : 
 to fabricate : to counterfeit. — v.i. to com- 
 mit forgery. [Fr. forge, Prov. farga— 
 h. fabrica— faber, a workman.] 
 
 FORGER, forj'er, n. one who forges or 
 makes : one guilty of forgery. 
 
 FORGERY, forj'er-i, n. fraudulently mak- 
 ing or altering any writing : that which 
 is forged or counterfeited. 
 
 FORGET, for-get', v.t. to lose or put atvay 
 from the memory: to neglect:— -pr.p. for- 
 gett'ing; pa.t. forgot'; pa.p. forgot', for- 
 gott'en. [A.S. forgitan — for-, prefir, 
 away, and gitan, to get.] 
 
 FORGETABLE, FORGETTABLE, for-get'^ 
 a-bl, adj. that may be forgotten : liable 
 to escape the memory. 
 
 FORGETFUL, for-get'fool, adj. apt to for 
 get ; easily losing remembrance ; as, a 
 forgetful man. should use helps to 
 strengthen his memory: heedless : care- 
 less ; neglectful ; inattentive : causing 
 to forget ; inducing oblivion ; oblivious ; 
 as, forgetful draughts; "The forgetful 
 wine." — ./. Webster. 
 
 FORGETFULLY, for-get'fool-i, adv. in a 
 forgetful manner. 
 
 FORGETFULNESS, for-get'fool-nes, n. the 
 quality of being forgetful, or of losing 
 the remembrance or recollection of a 
 thing ; proneness to let slip from the 
 mind : loss of remembrance or recollec 
 tion ; a ceasing to remember ; oblivion . 
 neglect ; negligence ; careless omission , 
 inattention. 
 
 FORGET-ME-NOT, for-get'-me-not', n. a 
 small herb with beautiful blue flowers, 
 regarded as the emblem of friendship . 
 a keepsake
 
 FORGETTER 
 
 178 
 
 FORSOOTH 
 
 FORGETTER, for-get'er, n. one who for- 
 gets : a heedless person. 
 
 FORGETTINGLY, for-get'ing-H, adv. by 
 forgettina: or forgetful ness. 
 
 FORGE-WATER, forj'-waw-ter, n. in mecl. 
 water in which a blacksmith has (lipped 
 his hot irons — a popular remedy, as a 
 lotion, for aphthse, etc., and also drunk 
 as a chalybeate. It contains sulphate of 
 iron. 
 
 FORGIE, for-ge', v.t. to forgive. "He 
 saved me frae being ta'en to Perth as a 
 witch. — Forgie them that wad touch sic 
 a puir silly auld body." — Sir W. Scott. 
 (Scotch.) 
 
 FORGING, forj'ing, n. the process of ham- 
 mering red-hot iron into any required 
 shape : the act of counterfeiting : the 
 thing forged ; a piece of forged work in 
 metal : a general name for a piece of 
 hammered iron or steel. 
 
 FORGIVE, for-giv', v.t. to pardon : to over- 
 look an offence or debt. [A.S. forgifan 
 — for-, prefix, awav, and gifan, to give ; 
 cf. Ger. ver-geben.] 
 
 FORGIVENESS, for-giv'nes, n. pardon : 
 remission : disposition to pardon. 
 
 FORGIVING, for-giv'ing, adj. ready to 
 pardon : merciful : compassionate. 
 
 FORK, fork, n. an instrument with two or 
 more prongs at the end : one of the points 
 or divisions of anything fork-like : the 
 bifurcated part of the human frame, the 
 legs. "Lord Cardigan had so good a 
 stature that, although somewhat long in 
 the fork, he yet sat rather tall in the 
 saddle." — Kinglake : in pi. the branches 
 into which a road or river divides, also 
 the point of separation. — i\i. to divide 
 into two branches, as a road or tree : to 
 shoot into blades, as corn. — v.t. to form 
 as a fork : to pitch with a fork. [A.S. 
 fore — L. furca.} 
 
 FORK-BEAM, fork'-bem, n. {naut.) a short 
 beam introduced to support the deck of a 
 vessel where there is no framing. 
 
 FORK-CHUCK, fork'-chuk, n. an append- 
 age to a turning-lathe, so called from that 
 part which screws on the mandril having 
 on the outer side a square hole in which 
 forked pieces of iron of different sizes, ac- 
 cording to the strength required, are 
 placed when in use. 
 
 FORKED, forkt, adj. opening into two or 
 more parts, points, or shoots ; darting 
 forth in sharp points ; jagged ; furcated ; 
 as, a forked tongue, the forked light- 
 ning : having two or more meanings ; 
 pointing more than one way ; ambigu- 
 ous ; equivocal ; 
 
 Men of your largre profession, . . . 
 That with mostquick ability, could turn. 
 And re-turn ; make knots and undo tiiem ; 
 Give forked counsel. — B. Jonson. 
 
 FORLORN, for-lorn', adj. quite lost : for- 
 saken : wretched. [A.S. forloren, pa. p. 
 of forleosan, to lose — for, away, and leo- 
 san, to lose ; Ger. verloren, pa. p. of ver- 
 lieren. to lose.] 
 
 FORLORN-HOPE, for-lorn'-hop, n. a body 
 of soldiers selected for some service of 
 uncommon danger. [From the Dut. 
 verloren hoop, the forlorn or lost troop. 
 See Hope.] 
 
 FORM, form, n. shape of a body: the 
 boundary -line of an object : a model : 
 a mould : mode of arrangement : order : 
 regularity : system, as of government : 
 beauty or elegance : established prac- 
 tice : ceremony : (print.) the type from 
 which an impression is to be taken ar- 
 ranged and secured in a chase : {in the 
 fol. sen.?efi pron. form) a long seat, a 
 bench : {in schools) the pupils on a form, 
 a class : the bed of a hare, which takes 
 its shape from the animal's body. [Fr. 
 forme — L. forma — fero, to bear, like 
 fades, appearance, from facto, to make.] 
 
 FORM, form, v.t. to give form or shape 
 to : to make : to contrive : to settle, as 
 an opinion : to combine : to go to make 
 up : to establish : {gram.) to make by 
 derivation. — v.i. to assume a form. 
 
 -FORM, a Latin termination denoting hke, 
 in the form of ; as, vermiform , worm- 
 like, falciform, scythe -like, ensi/orm, 
 sword-like, oviform, in the form of an 
 egg, etc. [L. forma, form, shape.] 
 
 FORMAL, form'al, adj. according to form 
 or established mode : ceremonious : me- 
 thodical : having the form only : having 
 the power of making a thing what it is : 
 essential : proper. — adv. Form'ally. 
 
 FORMALISM, form'al-izm, n. a resting in 
 the mere external /ornis of religion. 
 
 FORMALIST, form'al-ist, n. one who is 
 content with the mere forms of religion. 
 
 FORMALITY, for-mal'i-ti, w. the precise 
 observance of forms or ceremonies ; es- 
 tablished order. [L. formalitas— forma.] 
 
 FORMATION, for-ma'shun, n. the act of 
 forming or making ; the act of creating 
 or causing to exist ; the operation of com- 
 posing, by bringing materials together, 
 or of shaping and giving form ; genera- 
 tion ; production ; as, the formation of 
 the earth ; the formation of a state or 
 constitution ; the formation of ideas : 
 the manner in which a thing is formed ; 
 as, the peculiar formation of the heart : 
 in geol. any series of rocks referred to a 
 common origin or period, whether they 
 consist of the same or different materials. 
 Geological strata are divided into cer- 
 tain groups of one era of deposition, 
 sometimes of verj' dissimilar mineralogi- 
 cal character, but inclosing the same 
 fossil species ; as, the Carboniferous, 
 Oolitic, Cretaceous, Silurian, Laurentian, 
 etc., formations: (milit.)a.n arrangement 
 of troops, as in a square, column, etc. 
 [Fr., from L. formatio.] 
 
 FORMATrVT;, form'a-tiv, adj. giving form ; 
 having the power of giving form ; plastic ; 
 as, "The meanest plant cannot be raised 
 without seeds by any formative power 
 residing in the soil." — Bentley : in gram. 
 ser\nngto form ; derivative ; inflexional ; 
 as, a termination merely /or;?! o^i re. 
 
 FORMER, form'er, adj. (comp. of FoRE) be- 
 fore in time or order : past ; first men- 
 tioned. \_A.H. forma, first, superl. of fore, 
 and comp. sutBx -er.] 
 
 FORMER, form'er, n. one who forms or 
 makes. 
 
 FORMERLY, form'er-ii, adv. in former 
 times : heretofore. 
 
 FORMIC, for'mik, adj. pertaining to ants, 
 as formic acid, originallj* obtained from 
 ants. [L. formica, an ant.] 
 
 FORMICARY, for'mi-ka-ri, n. a colony of 
 ants : an ant-hill. 
 
 FORMICATE, for'mi-kat, adj. resembling 
 an ant. 
 
 FORMICATION, for-mi-ka'shun, n. a sen- 
 sation like that of ants creeping on the 
 skin. [L. formieatio — formicare, to 
 creep like an unt^orm ica .] 
 
 FORMIDABLE, for'mi-da-bl, adj. causing 
 fear: adapted to excite fear. — adv. For- 
 midably. — n. FOR'MIDABLENESS. [Fr. 
 — L. formidahilis^ormido, fear.] 
 
 FORMULA, form'u-la, n. a prescribed 
 form : a formal statement of doctrines : 
 {math.) a general expression for sohing 
 problems : {cheni.) a set of symbols ex- 
 pressing the components of a body : — pi. 
 Formulae, form'u-le, Form'ulas. [L., 
 dim. of forma.] 
 
 FORMULARISTIC, form-u-ler-ist'ik, adj. 
 pertaining to or exhibiting formulariza- 
 tion. Emer.wn. 
 
 FORMULARIZATION, form - u - ler - iz - a'- 
 shun, n. the act of formularizing : a 
 
 formularized or formulated statement 
 or exhibition. C. Kingsley. 
 
 FORMULARIZE, form-u'ler-iz, v.t. to re- 
 duce to a formula : to formulate : to ex- 
 press tersely and clearly in sj'stematic 
 form. " It is, therefore, to be regretted 
 that the commissioners as a bod.y have 
 not formularized an opinion on a subject 
 that was within their jurisdiction, and 
 which was examined by them at great/ 
 length and with evident care." — Satur.i 
 Rev. ' 
 
 FORMULARY, form'u-lar-i, n. a formula: 
 a book of formula! or precedents. — adj. 
 prescribed : ritual : closelv adhering to 
 formulas : formal. Carlyle. [Fr. form- 
 ulaire — L. formula.] 
 
 FORMULATE, forn/u-lat, FORMULIZE, 
 forra'u-liz, v.t. to reduce to or express in 
 a formula : to state or express in a clear 
 or definite form. 
 
 FORMULATION, form-u-la'shun, n. the act 
 or process of formulating, or of reducing 
 to or expressing in a formula. 
 
 FORNICATE, for'ni-kat, FORNICATED, 
 for'ni-kat-ed. adj., arched: {hot.) arching 
 over. [L. forricor, foi'nieatus— fornix, 
 fornicis, an arch.] 
 
 FORNICATE, for'ni-kat, v.i. to commit 
 lewdness : to have unlawful sexual inter- 
 course. [L. fornicor, for meatus— fornix, 
 an arch, a vault, a brothel.] 
 
 FORNICATION, for-ni-ka'shun, ??. sexual 
 intercourse between unmarried persons : 
 {B.) adultery, incest, and frequently idola- 
 trv. 
 
 FORNICATOR, for'ni-ka-tor, n. an un- 
 married person guilty of lewdness:— /e)?t. 
 Fornicatress, for'ni-ka-tres. [L. forni- 
 cator, and fornicatrix — fornicor.] 
 
 FORSAKE, for-sak', v.t. to desert: to aban- 
 don : — pr.p. forsak'ing ; pa.t. forsook' ; 
 pa.p. forsak'en. — Forsake, Desert, 
 Abandon. Forsake is applied to leaving 
 that which natural affection or a sense of 
 duty should have led us to remain by ; 
 as, to forsake our home, friends, or coun- 
 try ; a bird forsakes its nest. " When 
 my father and my mother forsake me, 
 then the Lord will take me up."-Ps. xxvii. 
 10. (In the passive it often means left 
 desolate, forlorn: — 
 
 When he is forsaken. 
 
 Withered and shaken, 
 
 What can an old man do but die.— ffood.) 
 
 Desert may sometimes be synonymous 
 with forsake, but it usually implies a 
 greater degree of culpability and the in- 
 fringement of some legal obligation ; as, 
 to desert one's wife and children ; to de- 
 sert one's regiment. Abandon is to leave 
 and give up finally and completely ; as, 
 to abandon evil courses ; but generally it 
 implies the laying aside of ful care and 
 concern for an object, especially when 
 danger threatens it, or when longer con- 
 nection might prove dangerous to our- 
 selves ; as, to abandon a hopeless enter- 
 prise, or a sinking ship. [A.S. forsaean 
 — for-, away, and O. E. .sake, dispute, 
 strife — A.S. sacan. to strive. See Sake.] 
 
 FORSOOTH, for-sooth', adv. in truth : in 
 fact : certainly: very well — often used 
 ironically. It was once a word of honor 
 or highly polite address to a woman. 
 "A fit man, forsooth, to govern a 
 realm." — Hayward. "Carry not too 
 much underthought betwixt yourself 
 and them, nor your city mannerly word 
 (forsooth), use it not too often in any 
 case ; but plain, ay, madam, and no. 
 madam." — B. Jonson. [A.S. forsuth — 
 for and sooth, that is, for or in truth.] 
 
 FORSOOTH, for-sooth', v.t. to use the word 
 forsooth to : hence, to address in a high- 
 ly polite and ceremonious manner. "The 
 captain of the Charles had forsoothed
 
 FORSOOTH 
 
 179 
 
 FOUL 
 
 her, though he knew her well enough, 
 and she him.'" — Pcpys. 
 
 FORSOOTH, for-sooth', n. a man given to 
 using tlie word forsooth to a lady : hence, 
 a man very polite and ceremonious to 
 ladies. "You sip so like a forsooth of 
 the city." — B. Jonson. 
 
 FORSWEAR, for-swar', v.t. to deny upon 
 
 oath.— (B.) To FORSWEAR 0NE"S SELF, tO 
 
 swear falsely, to commit perjurj'. [For-, 
 away, and Swear.] 
 
 FORT. fort. n. a small fortress. [Fr. — L. 
 fortis. strong.] 
 
 FORTALICE, fort'al-is, n. a small out- 
 work of a, fortification. [O. Fr. fortelesce 
 — Low L. fortalitia— fortis.'] 
 
 FORTE, fort, n. one's strong point, that in 
 which one excels. [Same as below.] 
 
 FORTE, for'ta, adv. \miLs.) strongly, with 
 emphasis, loud. [It. forte — L. fortis.] 
 
 FORTH, forth, adv., before or forward in 
 place or order : in advance : onward in 
 time : out into view : abroad : (J5.) out. 
 [A.S. forth : Dut. voort, forward, Ger. 
 fort, on. further, radically the same as 
 "For. Fore.] 
 
 FORTHCOMING, forth'kum-ing, adj. just 
 coming forth : about to appear. 
 
 FORTHWITH, forth-wif/i', adv. immedi- 
 atelv : witliout delay. 
 
 FORTIETH, for'ti-eth, adj. the fourth 
 tenth. — n. a fortieth part. [A.S. /eo'cer- 
 tigotha.'] 
 
 FORTIFICATION, for-ti-fl-ka'shun, n. the 
 art of strengthening a military position 
 by means of defensive works : that which 
 fortifies. 
 
 FORTIFY, for'ti-fl, v. t. to strengthen 
 against attack with forts, etc.: to in- 
 vigorate : to confirm : to increase the 
 alcoholic strength of by means of adven- 
 titious spirit ; as, to fortify port-wine 
 with brandy. — pa.p. for'tifled. — n. FOR'- 
 TIFIER. [Fr. fortifier — Low L. fortiftcare 
 —fortis. strong, facio, to make.] 
 
 JORTISSIMO, for-tis'i-mo, adv. (niiis.) very 
 strong or \o\iA. [It., superl. of /orie. See 
 Forte, adv.] 
 
 FORTITUDE, for'ti-tud, n. that strength 
 of mind which enables one to meet danger 
 or endure pain with calmness. [L. forti- 
 tudo — fortis.] 
 
 FORTNIGHT, fort'nit, n. two weeks or 
 fourteen days. [Contr. of fourteen nights.] 
 
 FORTNIGHTLY, fort'nlt-li, adj. and adv. 
 once a fortnight. 
 
 fXJRTRESS, for'tres, to. a fortified place : a 
 defence. [Fr. forteresse, another form of 
 fortelesce, which see under Fortalice.] 
 
 FORTUITOUS, for-tu'i-tus, adj. happening 
 by chance or accident. — adv. Fortu- 
 itously.— us. FORTU'ITOUSNESS, FORTU'- 
 iTfY. [L. fortnitus, casual.] 
 
 FOKTUNA, for-tu'na, n. in Rom. myth, the 
 goddess of fortune : a small planet or 
 a.steriod between the orbits of Mars and 
 Jupiter, discover'.-f! August 32, 1853, by 
 Professor Hind. 
 
 FORTUNATE, for tu-nat, adj. coming by 
 good luck or favorable chance ; bring- 
 ing some unexpected good ; presaging 
 happiness ; auspicious ; as, a fortunate 
 event ; a fortunate concurrence of cir- 
 cumstances ; a fortunate ticket in a lot- 
 terv : lucky ; successful ; receiving some 
 unforeseen or unexpected good, or some 
 good which was not dependent on one's 
 own skill or efforts ; as, a fortunate ad- 
 venturer, in a lottery ; I was most for- 
 tunate thus unexpectedly to meet my 
 friend. — Fortunate. Successful, Pros- 
 perous. Fortunate applies to that which 
 is deemed beyond human control ; success- 
 
 {ul denotes that effective h\iman effort 
 las been made to gain the object ; piros- 
 peroushas very much the meaning of suc- 
 cessful, but is applied rather to a series 
 
 of things than a single event ; we say, a 
 successful enterprise, a prosperous line of 
 business, a fortunate circumstance. [L. 
 fortunatus, pp. of fortuno, to make for- 
 tunate or prosperous. See FORTUNE.] 
 
 FORTUNATELY, for'tu-nat-li, adv. in a 
 fortunate manner : luckily : successfully : 
 happilv. 
 
 FORTUNATENESS, for'tu-nat-nes, n. good 
 luck : success : happiness. 
 
 FORTUNE, for'tQn, n. whatever comes by 
 lot or chance : luck : the arbitrary order- 
 ing of events : the lot that falls to one 
 in life : success : wealth, [Fr. — L. fcrrt- 
 una, a lengthened form olfors, fortis, 
 chance, from fero, to bear, and lit. mean- 
 ing, that which is produced.] 
 
 FORTUNE, for'tun, v.t. to make fortunate. 
 Chaucer : to dispose of, fortunately or 
 not. Shah. : to foretell the fortune or lot 
 of ; to presage. Dryden ; Shah. 
 
 FORTUNE, for'tun, v.i. to befall : to fall 
 out : to happeu : to come casually to 
 pass. " They attempted to remonstrate, 
 but were warned to beware, lest 'it 
 might fortune to cost some their heads.' " 
 — Hallam. 
 
 FORTUNED, for'tund, adj. supplied by 
 fortune: used in composition. "The 
 iwW-fortuned Ca;sar." — Shalt. 
 
 FORTUNE-HUNTER, for'tun-hunt'er, n. 
 a man who hunts for a marriage with a 
 woman oi fortune. 
 
 FORTUNELESS, for'tun-les, adj. without 
 a fortune : luckless. 
 
 FORTUNE-STEALER, for'tun-stel-er, n. 
 one who steals an heiress. 
 
 FORTUNE-TELL, for'tun-tel, v.i. to tell, 
 or pretend to tell, the future events of 
 one's life : to reveal futurity. Shak. 
 
 He tipples palmistry, and dines 
 
 Oq all iiQr forfmie-tellinfj lines. — Cleavelaiid. 
 
 FORTUNE-TELLER, for'tun-tel'ari n. one 
 who pretends to foretell one's fortune. — 
 n. For'txjne-tell'ing. 
 
 FORTY, for'ti, adj. and n. four times ten. 
 [A.S. feowertig—feower, four, tig, ten.] 
 
 FORUM, fo'rum, n. (fig.) a market-place, 
 esp. the market-place in Rome, where 
 public business was transacted a nd j ustice 
 dispensed : the courts of law as opp. to 
 the Parliament, Congress or Legislature: 
 in the U.S. any tribunal of public discus- 
 sion — having received this meaning by 
 virtue of the theory that the people decide 
 all questions discussed. [L., akin to foras, 
 out of doors. See Door and Foreign.] 
 
 FORWARD, for'ward, FORWARDS, for'- 
 wardz, adv., towards, what is before or 
 in front : onward : progressively. [A.S. 
 foreweard—forea,adiWeard, sig. direction. 
 Forwards — M.E. forwardes, was orig. the 
 gen. form (cf. Ger. vorwHrts).] 
 
 FORWARD, for'ward, adj. near or at the 
 /orepart : in advance of something else : 
 ready: too ready: pi'esumptuous: earnest: 
 early ripe. — ach'. For'wardly. — n. FoR'- 
 wardness. 
 
 FORWARD, for'ward. v.t.to advance ; to 
 help onward ; to promote ; to acceler- 
 ate ; to quicken ; to hasten ; as, to for- 
 ward a good design ; to forward the 
 growth of a plant ; to forward one in 
 improvement : to send forward ; to send 
 toward the place of destination ; to 
 transmit ; as, to forward a letter or de- 
 spatches : in bookbinding, to prepare for 
 the finisher, as a sewed book, by putting 
 a plain cover on. 
 
 FORWARDER, for'ward-er, n. one who 
 promotes or advances in progress : one 
 who sends forward or transmits goods ; a 
 forwarding merchant : in bookbinding, 
 one who does the plain covering of a 
 sewed book, and prepares it for the fin- 
 isher. 
 
 FORWARDING, for'ward-ing, p. and adj. 
 
 advancing : promoting : aiding in prog, 
 ress : accelerating in growth : sending 
 onward : transmitting. — Forwarding 
 MERCHANT, a merchant whose business 
 it is to receive and forward goods for 
 others. — Forwarding note, a note in 
 which a description of goods or a parcel 
 is entered with the name of consignee 
 and his place of residence and name of 
 consignor to be sent along with goods, 
 etc., conveyed by a carrier. 
 
 FORWARDING,' for'ward-ing, TO. the actor 
 business of sending forviard merchandise, 
 etc. : in bookbinding, the operation of 
 plain covering a sewed book, and prepar- 
 ing it for the finisher. 
 
 FOSSE, FOSS, fos, u. (fort.) a moat or 
 trench in front of a fortified place. [Fr. 
 fosse, L. fossa— fodio, fossuni. to dig.] 
 
 FOSSIL, fos'sil, adj. dug out of the earth ; 
 as, fossil coal, fossil salt : pertaining to 
 or resembling fossils ; changed into 
 stone ; petrified ; as, fo.<isil shells, bones, 
 or wood. [Fr. fossile, L. fossilis, from 
 fodio, fossum, to dig.] 
 
 FOSSIL, fos'sil, TO. a word which in its 
 widest and literal sense means whatever 
 is dug out of the earth, so that it in- 
 cludes all minerals and rocks, as well as 
 the organic remains embedded in rocks, 
 the liormer being the native fossils, the 
 Ifvtter the extraneoits fossils of older 
 writers. It is now, however, restricted 
 to designate the petrified forms of plants 
 and animals which occur in the strata 
 tliat compose the surface of our globe. 
 Most of these fossil species, many of the 
 genera, and some of the families, are ex- 
 tinct. When these remains are only par- 
 tially fossilized, and occur in superficial 
 or recent deposits, the term sub-fossil is 
 emploved. 
 
 FOSSILiFEROUS, fos-il-if'er-us. adj. bear- 
 ing or containing fossils. [L. fossilis, ' 
 and fero, to bear.] 
 
 FOSSILIST, fos'il-ist, n. one skilled in 
 
 FOSSILIZE, fos'il-iz, v.t to convert into 
 a fossil. — v.i. to be changed into a stony 
 or fossil state. — ?). Fossiliza'tion, a 
 changing into a fossil. 
 
 FOSSORIAL, fos-or'i-al, adj. (zool.) digging, 
 burrowing. 
 
 FOSTER, fos'ter, v.t. to bring up or nurse : 
 to encourage. — n. Fos'terer. [A.S. fos- 
 trian, to nourish, fostre, a nurse, fostor 
 (=.fod-stor), food. See Food.] 
 
 FOSTER-BROTHER, fos'ter-bruf/t'er, to. a 
 male child, fostered or brought up with 
 another of different parents. 
 
 FOSTERr-CHILD, fos'ter-chlld, n. a child 
 nursed or brought up by one who is not 
 its parent. 
 
 FOSTER-PARENT, fos'ter-pa'rent, n. one 
 who rears a child in the place of its pa- 
 rent. 
 
 FOTHER. fo7/ier, v.t. to endeavor to stop, 
 as a leak in the bottom of a ship, while 
 afloat, by letting down a sail by the cor- 
 ners and putting chopped yarn, oakum, 
 wool, cotton, etc., between it and the 
 ship's sides. [A.S. foder. fodder, food, a 
 covering or case ; cf. Ger. fiittern, to 
 feed, to line, to case, from futter, lining 
 food, fodder.] 
 
 FOUGASSE. foo-gac', to. (mil.) a small mine, 
 from six to twelve feet undergroimd. 
 [Fr. — "L. focus, hearth, fire.] 
 
 FOUGHT, fawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of Fight. 
 
 FOUL, fowl, adj. filthy : loathsome : pro- 
 fane : impure : stormy : imfair : run- 
 ning against : entanglecl. — adv. Foul'lt. 
 — )i. Foul'ness. [A.S. ful, akin to 
 Scand. ful, G«r. faul, Goth, fids: all 
 from root pu, to stink. See Putrid.]
 
 FOUL 
 
 FOUL, fowl, v.t. to make foul: to soil.— 
 v.i. to come into collision :—pr.p. foul'- 
 ing ; pa.p. fouled'. 
 
 FOUL, fowl, n. the act of fouling-, collid- 
 ing, or otherwise impeding due motion or 
 progress : specifically, in a racing con- 
 test, the impeding of a competitor by 
 collision, jostling, or the like : in base- 
 ball, a batted ball which first strikes 
 the ground not a sufficient distance in- 
 side one of the lines drawn from the home 
 base to the first and the third bases. 
 
 rOUL-MOUTHED, fowl'-mowttd, adj. ad- 
 dicted to the use of foul or profane 
 language. 
 
 FOmiART, fao'mfirt, n. the polecat. 
 [From A.S. fid, foul, and Fr. marte or 
 martre, a marten. See FoxJL and Mar- 
 
 FOUNI), pa.t. and pa.p. of Find. 
 FOUND, fownd, v.t. to lay the bottom or 
 foundation of : to establish on a basis : 
 to originate : to endow. [Fr. fonder— 
 L. fundo, fundafus, to found— fundus, 
 the bottom. See Bottom.] 
 FOUND, fownd, v.t. to form by melting 
 and pouring into a mould : to cast. [Fr. 
 fondre—L. fundo, fusus, to pour. Cf. 
 Fuse.] 
 FOLTfDATION, fownd-a'shun, n. the act 
 of founding : the base of a building : the 
 groundwork or basis : a permanent /i«id 
 for the support of any thing.— n. Founda'- 
 TiONER, one supported from the funds or 
 foundation of an institution. 
 FOUNDER, fownd'er, n. one who melts 
 
 and casts metal, as a brassfounder. 
 FOUNDER, fownd'er, «. one who founds, 
 establishes, or originates : an endower : — 
 fem. Foukd'ress. 
 FOUNDER, fownd'er, v.i. to go to the bot- 
 tom : to fiU with water and sink. — v.t. 
 to disable by injuring the feet, of a 
 horse. [Fr. fondre—fond—'L. fundus, 
 the bottom.] 
 FOUNDER, fownd'er, n. in farriery, (a) a 
 lameness occasioned by inflammation 
 within the hoof of a horse : {b) an in- 
 flammatory fever of the body, or acute 
 rheumatism. 
 FOUNDEROUS, fownd'er-us, adj. causing 
 to founder, go lame, or be used up. "1 
 have travelled through the negociation, 
 and a sad/oMndero!(s road it \s.— Burke. 
 FOUNDING, fownd'ing, n. metaX-casting. 
 FOUNDLING, fownd'ling, n. a little chUd 
 
 found deserted. 
 FOUNDLING - HOSPITAL. fowndTing- 
 hos'pit-al, n. a hospital at which children 
 deserted by their parents and found by 
 strangers are brought up. 
 FOUNDR-y.fownd'ri. FOUNDERY, fownd'- 
 er-i, n. the art of founding or casting : 
 the house where founding is carried on. 
 FOUNT, fownt, FOUNTAIN, fownt'an, n. 
 a spnng of water, natural or artificial : 
 the structure for a jet of water: the 
 source of anything.— Holy water fount, 
 the stone basin or receptacle for holy 
 water in Roman Catholic churches. [Fr. 
 fontaine, O.Fr. font— Low L. fontana— 
 fontanus, adj., from L. fons, fontis, a 
 spring— /undo, to pour.] 
 FOUNTAIN-HEAD, fownt'an-hed, n. the 
 head or source of a. fountain : the beffin- 
 ninp. 
 
 FOUNTAINLESS, fownt'an-les, adj. hav- 
 mg no fountain : wanting a spring. 
 A barren Aesert fountainleas and dry.— .IfiHon 
 
 FOUNTAIN-PEN, fownt'an-pen,n. a writ- 
 mg pen with a reservoir for furnishing 
 a continuous supply of ink. 
 
 FOUNTAm-TREE, fownt'an-tre, m. a pop- 
 ular name of the Indian cedar, from the 
 large quantity of turpentine which it 
 yields : a popular name for a Brazilian 
 
 180 
 
 tree, the young twigs of which yield, 
 when shaken, a clear drinkable fluid. 
 FOUNTFUL, fownt' fool, adj. full of springs: 
 
 as, /ou«f/«; Ida. ^ " 
 
 FOUR, for, adj. and n. two and two. [A.S. 
 feou-er; Ger. vier, Goth, jidvor, L. qua- 
 tuor, Gr. tettares, pisures. Sans, chatvar.] 
 FOURCHETTE, foor-shet', n. in anat. (a) 
 the thin posterior commissure by which 
 the labia majora of the pudendum unite 
 together ; (6) the united clavicles or mer- 
 ry-thought of birds : in surg. an instru- 
 ment used to raise and support the 
 tongue during the operation of dividing 
 the frasnum : in glovemaking, the piece 
 between the two fingers to which the 
 front and back portionsare sewed. [Fr., 
 a fork, a table-fork.] 
 FOURFOLD, for'fold, adj. folded four 
 times : multiplied four times. [FoUE 
 and Fold.] 
 FOUR-FOOTED, for'-foot'ed, adj. haNing 
 
 four feet. 
 FOURIERISM, foo'ri-er-izm, n. the system 
 propounded by Charles Fourier, a French- 
 man. According to him all the worl<? 
 was to be subdivided into pL.^..., .-"-as 
 or associations, consisting of 1800 mem- 
 bers, each group occupying a common 
 edifice, and all enjoying the fruit ol meir 
 labors in common. Though talent and 
 industry were to be rewarded, no one 
 was to be allowed to be indigent, or de- 
 barred from a certain amount of luxury 
 and amusement. A universal language 
 was to be established, wliile the several 
 groups were to be associated together 
 under a central government, like the 
 Cantons of Switzerland or the States of 
 America. Fourierism is one of the spe- 
 cific forms of Communism. 
 FOURIERIST, foo'ri-er-ist, FOURIERITE, 
 foo'ri-er-it, n. an adherent of the s.ystem 
 propounded by Charles Fourier of Besan- 
 con. 
 
 FOURSCORE, for'skor, adj. four times a 
 
 score — 80. 
 FOURSQUARE, for'skwar, adj. having 
 
 four equal sides and angles : square. 
 FOURTEEN, for'ten, adj. and n. four and 
 
 ten. 
 FOURTEENl'H, for'tenth, adj. and n. 
 
 fourth or the fourth after the tenth. 
 
 [A.S. feou-erteotha— feou-er and teotha, 
 
 tenth.] 
 
 FOURTH, forth, adj. next after the third. 
 —n. one of four equal parts. — The 
 Fourth, in U.S., Independence Dav, 
 July 4th. — adv. Foueth'ly. [A.S. 
 feortha.] 
 
 FOWL, fowl, n. a bird : a bird of the barn- 
 door or poultry kind, a cock or hen : the 
 flesh of fowl :—pl. Fowls or Fowl. — v.i. 
 to kill fowls by shooting or snaring. — n. 
 Fowt,'er, a sportsman who takes wild- 
 fowl. [A.S. fugel ; Ger. vogel. Ice. fugl : 
 connection with A.S. floegan, E.fy, etc., 
 is improbable.] 
 
 FOWLENG-PIECE, fowling-pes, n. a light 
 gun for small-shot, used in folding. 
 
 FOX, foks, 71. an animal of the dog family, 
 noted for cunning : any one notorious for 
 cunning. [A.S. ; Ger. fuchs] 
 
 FOXGLOVE, foks'gluv, n. a biennial plant 
 with glove-like flowers, whose leaves are 
 used as a soothing medicine. [A.S. foxes 
 glofa; cf. Norw. revhanskje, foxglove, 
 from rev, a fox.'' 
 
 FOXHOUND, foks'hownd, n. a hound for 
 chasing foxes: a variety of hound in 
 which are combined, in the highest de- 
 gree of excellence, fleetness, strength, 
 spirit, fine scent, perseverance, and .sub- 
 ordination. The foxhound is smaller than 
 the staghound, its average height being 
 from 20 to 33 inches. It is supposed to 
 
 FRAGILITY 
 
 be a mixed breed between the staghound 
 or the bloodhound and the greyhound. 
 It is commonly of a white color with 
 patches of black and tan. 
 FOXTROT, foks'trot, n. a pace, as of a 
 horse, generally consisting of a short 
 series of steps, usually adopted in break- 
 mg from a walk into a trot, or in slack 
 enmg from a trot to a walk. 
 FOXY, foks'i, adj. of foxes: cunning 
 UMint.) having too much of the reddish- 
 brown or fox-color. 
 FOYER, fwaw-ya, n. a saloon : specifically, 
 in theatres, opera-houses, etc. (a) a crush- 
 room ; (6) a green-room. [Fr.] 
 FRACAS, fra-ka', n. uproar : a noisy quar- 
 rel. [Fr., from fracasser, to break- -It 
 fracassare—fra, among, and cassare. Fr. 
 casser, to break— L. guassare, to shake. 
 FRACTION, frak'shun, n. a fragment or 
 very small piece : (arith.) one or more of 
 the equal parts of a unit ; if equal to ot 
 greater than 1. an improper fraction : if 
 Jess tnan one, a proper fraction : also 
 one ( I itij equal parts of a unit, as one- 
 uati, one-tha\i, etc. [Fr. — L. fractio— 
 frango, fractus, to break, from root frag, 
 whence Gr. rhegnumi, to break.] 
 FRACTIONAL, frak'shun-al, adj. belongs 
 ing to or containing a, fraction or frao 
 tions.— Fractional currency, the small 
 coins or paper-money of lower value than 
 the monetary unit of a country. 
 FRACTIONARY, frak'shun-a-ri, adj. frac- 
 tional : pertaining to a fraction or small 
 portion of a thing : hence, subordi- 
 nate : unimportant. ' Our sun may, 
 therefore, be only one member of a high- 
 er family— taking his part, along with 
 milHons of others, in some loftier system 
 of mechanism, by which they are all sub- 
 jected to one law, and to one arrange 
 ment — describing the sweep of such at 
 orbit in space, and completing th« 
 mighty revolution in such a period of 
 time as to reduce our planetary seasons 
 and our planetarj' movements to a very 
 humble and fractionary rank in the 
 scale of a higher astronomv. "—I>r. Chal- 
 mers. 
 FRACTIOUS, frak'shus, adj. readvto break 
 out in a passion : cross. — adv. Frac'- 
 
 TIOUSLY.— »l. FRAC'TIOUSNESS. [See FRAO- 
 TION.] 
 FRACTURE, frak-tur, n. a breakage; a 
 breach in a body, especially caused by 
 violence ; a rupture of a solid body : in 
 surg. the breaking of a bone ; a 'frac- 
 ture is simple or compound— simple when 
 the bone only is divided ; compound when 
 the bone is broken, with a laceration of 
 the integuments ; a fracture is termed 
 transverse, longitudinal, or oblique, ac- 
 cording to its direction in regard to the 
 axis of the bone : in mineral, the man- 
 ner in which a mineral breaks, and by 
 which its texture is displayed : the broken 
 surface ; as, a compact 'fracture ; a fi- 
 rous fracture : foliated, striated, or con- 
 choidal fracture, etc. [Fr. ; L. fractura, 
 from frango, fractum, to break.] 
 FRACTURE, frak-'tur, v.t. to break: to 
 burst asunder : to crack : to separate the 
 continuous parts of: as, to fracture a 
 bone, to fracture the skull. 
 FR^NUM, fre'num, n. (pi. Fr.sna. fie'na) 
 in anat. a ligament which checks or re 
 strains the motion of a part : as, the 
 frcenum linguce, a fold of the mucous 
 membrane of the mouth, which binds 
 down the tongue. [L., a bridle.] 
 FRAGILE, frayil, adj., easily broken: frail 
 delicate. [L. fragilis— from frango, to 
 
 break.] 
 
 FRAGILITY, fra-jU'i-ti, »?. the state of be 
 ing fragile.
 
 FRAGMENT 
 
 181 
 
 FRAUNHOFER'S LINES 
 
 FRAGMENT, fra^'meat, n. a piece broken 
 off: an unfinished portion. — adj. Frag- 
 ment' al. [See Fraction.] 
 
 FRAGMENTARI>7ESS, frag'ment-a-ri-nes, 
 »i. the state or quality of being fragment- 
 ary : want of continuity : brokenness. 
 George Eliot. 
 
 FRAGMENTARY, frag'ment-ar-i, adj. con- 
 sisting of fragments or pieces : broken. 
 
 FRAGOR, fra'gor, n. a loud and sudden 
 sound : the report of anything burst- 
 ing : a loud harsh sound : a crash. Watts. 
 [L., a breaking, a crashing, from f range, 
 to break.] 
 
 FRAGOR, fra'gor, n. a strong or sweet 
 scent. Sir T. Herbert. [From L. fragro, 
 to emit a scent.] 
 
 FRAGRANCE, fra'grans, n. pleasantness 
 of smell or perfume : sweet or grateful 
 influence. 
 
 FRAGRANT, fra'grant, adj. sweet-scented. 
 — adi: Fra'qrantly. [L. fragrans, fra- 
 grantis, pr.p. of fragro, to smell.] 
 
 FRAIL, fral, adj. wanting in strength or 
 firmness : weak. — n. Frail'ness. [Fr. 
 frt'le: from L. fragilis. See Fragile.] 
 
 FRAILTY, fral'ti, n. weakness : infirmity. 
 
 FRAME, fram, v.t. to form : to shape : to 
 construct by fitting the parts to each 
 other : to plan : to constitute : to put a 
 border on : (B.) to contrive. [A.S. frem- 
 >nan, to promote or make— /rant, forward, 
 strong, excellent ; conn, with Ger. fromm, 
 kind, pious, Goth, fruma, GrstfLi. primus.] 
 
 FRAME, fram, n. the form : a putting to- 
 gether of parts : a case made to inclose 
 or support anything : the skeleton : state 
 of mind. 
 
 FRAMER, fram'er, n. he who forms or 
 constructs : one who makes frames for 
 nictures etc 
 
 FRAMEWORK, fram'wurk, n. the work 
 that forms the frame: the skeleton or 
 outline of anything. 
 
 FRAMING, fram'ing, n. the act of con- 
 structing : a frame or setting. 
 
 FRAMING -CHISEL, fram'ing-cliiz-el, n. 
 in carp, a heavy chisel used for making 
 mortises. 
 
 F R A M M I T , fram'it, adj. estranged. 
 (Scotch.) 
 
 And monie a friend that kiss'd his caup. 
 Is now a frammit wight. — Burns. 
 
 FRAMPEL, fram'pel, FRAMPOLD, frani'- 
 pold, adj. unruly : forward : evil-condi- 
 tioned : peevish : rugged : quarrelsome. 
 Written also Frampal, Frampdl. (Old 
 English and Scotch.) "Is Pompey grovi-n 
 so malapert, so frampel." — Beau. & Fl. 
 " He's a very jealousy man ; she leads a 
 very /ram/)oM life with him, good heart !" 
 — Shak. [Perhaps compounded of A.S. 
 fram. eager, zealous, firm, which in 
 composition sometimes means very, ex- 
 tremely {framwis, very wise), and E. 
 bold.] 
 
 FRANC, frangk, n. the name given to two 
 ancient coins in France, one of gold and 
 the other of silver — the value of the gold 
 franc was about $2.50 ; the silver franc 
 was in value a third of the gold one : a 
 French silver coin and money of account 
 which since 1795 has formed the unit of 
 the French monetary system, and has 
 also been adopted as the unit of currency 
 by Switzerland and Belgium ; it is of the 
 value of 19.3 cents, gold standard, and is 
 divided into 100 centimes. [Fr., from the 
 device Fraiicorum rw.king of the French, 
 on the coin when first struck bv King 
 John of England, in 1360.] 
 
 FRANCHISE, fran'chiz, n. a privilege or 
 right granted by municipalities to street 
 railroad corporations, etc.: the right of 
 voting. [Fr., from franc, franche, free.] 
 
 FRANCHISE, fran'chiz. v.t. to enfranchise: 
 to give one the franchise. 
 
 FRANCISCA, fran-sis'ka, FRANCISQUE, 
 fran-sesk', n. in archcBol. the ancient 
 Prankish battle-axe, differing chiefly 
 from the more modern kind in the angle 
 at which it was joined with the handle. 
 
 FRANCISCAN, fran-sis'kan, adj. belong- 
 ing to the order of St. Francis in the R. 
 C. Church. — n. a monk of this order. [L. 
 Franciscus. Francis.] 
 
 FRANGIBLE, fran'ji-bl, adj. easily broken. 
 — n. Frangibil'itt. [See Fraction.] 
 
 FRANK, frangk, n. a member of the an- 
 cient German tjibe or aggregate of 
 tribes which overthrew the Roman do- 
 minion in Gaul and gave origin to the 
 name France ; a native of Franconia : a 
 name given by the Turks, Greeks, and 
 Arabs to any of the inhabitants of the 
 western parts of Europe, English, 
 French, Italians, etc.: a French coin. 
 [See Franc. ] 
 
 FRANK, frangk, n. a letter sent by mail 
 free of postage : also, that which makes 
 a letter free, as the signature of a person 
 possessing the privilege. The privilege 
 of giving franks for letters was enjoyed 
 within certain limits by all members of 
 the British parliament till 1840, when it 
 was abolished by the act which estab- 
 lished the penny postage. The Frank- 
 ing pririlege at one time gave rise to 
 serious scandals in Congress. No letters 
 are free now except those referring to 
 strictly public business, transmitting 
 public documents, etc. 
 
 FRANK, frangk, adj. open or candid in ex- 
 pression. — v.t. to send free of expense, as 
 a letter. — adv. Frank'ly {New Test.) gra- 
 tuitously. — n. Frank'ness. [Ft. franc — 
 Low L. francus — O. Ger. franko, one of 
 the tribe called Franks, a free man.] 
 
 FRANKINCENSE, frangk'in-scns, n. a 
 sweet-smelling vegetable resin issuing 
 from a tree in Arabia, and used in sacri- 
 fices. [O. Fr. franc encens, pure incense. 
 See Frank and Incense.] 
 
 FRANKLIN, frangk'lin, n. a freeholder : 
 a yeoman : latterly a small landholder, 
 but in Chaucer's time a much more im- 
 portant personage, being distinguished 
 from the common freeholder by the 
 greatness of his possessions, and the 
 holding of the dignities of sheriff, knight 
 of the shire, etc. 
 
 Not swear it, now I am a f^entleman ? 
 Let boors and franklins say it, I'll swear it. 
 
 —Shak. 
 
 [O. Fr. frankeleyn, francheleyn, from 
 franc. Low L. francus, franohius, free, 
 and term, -ling.] 
 
 FRANKLINIC, frangk-lin'ik, adj. in elect. 
 a term applied to electricity excited by 
 friction : frictional. [From the distin- 
 guished natural philosopher and states- 
 man Benjamin Franklin.] 
 
 FRANKLINITE. fracgk'lin-It, n. a mineral 
 compound of iron, zinc, and manganese, 
 found in New Jersey, and named from 
 Dr. Franklin. 
 
 FRANK-MARRIAGE, frangk'-ma-rij, n. 
 in English law, an estate of inheritance 
 given to a person, together with his wife 
 (being a daughter or near relative of the 
 donor), and descendible to the heirs of 
 their two bodies begotten. [This tenure 
 is now grown out of use in England, but 
 is still capable of subsisting.] . 
 
 FRANK-PLEDGE, frangk'-plej, n. in En- 
 glish laii: a pledge or surety for the good 
 behavior of freemen : specifically, an early 
 English system bj' which the members of 
 each decennary or tithing, composed of 
 ten households, were made responsible 
 for each other, so that if one of them 
 committed an offence the other nine were 
 bound to make reparation. " The bar- 
 barous plan of frank-pledge, known to 
 
 our Saxon ancestors, is also a part of the 
 Japanese law." — Brougham. 
 
 FRANTIC, fran'tik, adj. mad, furious : 
 wild.— adr. Fran'tically. [Fr. freni- 
 tique — L. phreneticus — Gr. p/ireHcfj^'os, 
 mad, suffering from phrenltis or inflam- 
 mation of the brain — Gr. phren, the heart, 
 mind. See Frenzy.] 
 
 FRATER-HOUSE, fra'ter-hous, FRATE- 
 RY, fra'te-ri, n. in arch, an apartment in 
 a convent used as an eating room : a re- 
 fectory. [L. f rater, a brother — lit. breth- 
 ren's house or hall.] 
 
 FRATERNAL, fra-ter'nal, adj. belonging 
 to abrother or brethren : becoming broth- 
 ers. — adv. Frater'nally. [Fr. — Low L. 
 fraternalis—f rater, a brother, akin to E. 
 brother, Gr. phrater, a clansman ; Sans. 
 bhratri.] 
 
 FRATERNITY, fra-ter'ni-ti, n. the state of 
 being brethren : a society formed on a 
 principle of brotherhood. [Fr. — L. froy 
 ter7iitas.] 
 
 FRATERNIZATION, fra-ter-niz-a'shun, n. 
 the associrting as brethren. 
 
 FRATERNIZE, frat'er-nlz, v.i. to associate 
 as brothel's : to seek brotherly fellowship. 
 —n. Frat'ernizer. 
 
 FRATERY, fra'ter-i, n. see Frater-House. 
 
 FRATRICELLI, fra'tri-sel-ll, FRATRICEL- 
 LIANS, fra-tri-sel'li-anz, n.pl. (eccles.) a 
 sect of schismatic Franciscans estab- 
 lished in Italy in 1294. They claimed to 
 be the only true church, and denounced 
 the pope, whose authority they threw 
 off, as an apostate. They made all per- 
 fection consist in poverty, forbade oaths, 
 and discountenanced marriage, and were 
 accused by their opponents of very lewd 
 practices. The sect is said to have con- 
 tinued till the Reformation, which they 
 embraced. [Low L. fratricelli, little 
 brothers.] 
 
 FRATRICIDE, frat'ri-sid, n. one who killa 
 his brother : the murder of a brother. — 
 adj. Frat'ricidal. [Fr.— L. frater,fra- 
 tris, and cccdo, to kill.] 
 
 FRAUD, frawd, n. deceit: imposture: a 
 deceptive trick. [Fr. — L. fraus, fraudis, 
 fraud.] 
 
 FRAUDFUL, frawd'fool, adj. deceptive : 
 treacherous. — adv. Fraud'fdixy. 
 
 FRAUDLESS, frawd'les, adj. without 
 fraud. 
 
 FRAUDULENCE, frawd'u-lens, FRAUD- 
 ULENCY, frawd'u-len-si, j;. the being 
 dishonest or deceitful. 
 
 FRAUDULENT, frawd'u-lent, adj. using, 
 containing or obtained by fraud: dis- 
 honest. — Fraudulent bankruptcy, in 
 Scots law, the willful cheating of credi- 
 tors by an insolvent person ; a bank- 
 ruptcy in which the insolvent is acces- 
 sory to the diminution, by alienation, 
 abstraction, or concealment of the funds 
 divisible among his creditors, with a 
 fraudulent intent, and with the knowl- 
 edge that the legal rights of tlit- credi- 
 tors are thereby infi'inged.- — adv. FraLT)'- 
 ULENTLY. [O. Fr. — L. fraudulentus.] 
 
 FRAUGHT, frawt, adj., freighted : laden: 
 filled. [Swed. frakta, to load ; ailied to 
 Dut. vracht, a cargo, Ger. frachten, to 
 load.] 
 
 FRAUNHOFER'S LINES, froun'ho-ferz 
 llnz, n.pl. the dark lines observed cross- 
 ing a very clear solai- spectrum at right 
 angles to its length, first discovered by 
 WoUa-ston, but named after Fratinhofer, 
 a Bavarian optician who first thorough- 
 ly investigated them. They aie caused 
 ijy the absorption of portions of the rays 
 emitted from the incandescent body of 
 the sun in their p;issage througl) the 
 
 fases and vapors, as those of iron. etc. 
 his ab.sorption takes place from the re- 
 markable property possessed by gases
 
 FRAY 
 
 182 
 
 FRENZY 
 
 and vapors of retaining those portions 
 of a ray of light passing througli tliem 
 from an incandescent solid or liquid 
 body, which tliey themselves would emit 
 if incandescent. The discovery of these 
 lines led to tlie invention and use of the 
 spectroscope, to the science of spectro- 
 scopy, and to all the discoveries due to 
 tViat wonderful science. 
 
 FRAY, fra, n. an affray. — v.t. (S.) to fright- 
 en. [See Affray.] 
 
 FRAY, fra, v.t. to wear off by rubbing. [Fr. 
 frayer — L. fricare, to rub.] 
 
 FREAK, frek, n. a sudden caprice or fancy: 
 sport. [A.S./rec, bold, rash ; Ger. frech, 
 Ice. frekr.} 
 
 FREAK, frek, v.t. to spot or streak : to 
 variegate. [From a root found in Ice. 
 freknur, Dan. fregne, which in pi. = 
 Freckles.] 
 
 FREAKISH, frek'ish, adj. apt to change 
 the mind suddenly : capricious. — adv. 
 Freak'ishly. — 71. Freax isHNESS. [See 
 Freak, n.] 
 
 FRECKLE, frek'l, v.t. to spot : to color 
 with spots. — n. a yellowish spot on the 
 skin : any small spot. — adj. Freck'ly, 
 full of freckles. ["Dim. of Freak, v.t.] 
 
 FREE, fre, adj. not bound : at libertj' : not 
 under arbitrary government : set at lib- 
 ertv : guiltless . frank : lavisli : not at- 
 taclied : exempt (fol. by from): having a 
 franchise (fol. by of): gratuitous: idio- 
 matic, as a translation. — udv. Free'ly. — 
 M. Free'ness. [A.S. freo ; Ger. frei. Ice. 
 frU 
 
 FREE, fre, v.t. to set at liberty : to deliver 
 from what confines : to rid (fol. hy from 
 or of): — prjp. free'ing : pa.ji freed . 
 
 FREE-AGENCY, fre'-a'jen-si, n. state or 
 power of acting freely, or without neces- 
 sity or constraint upon the will. — n. 
 Free'-a'gent. 
 
 FREEBOOTER, fre'boot-er, n. one who 
 roves about /reeZ^ in search of booty: a 
 plunderer. [See BOOTY.] 
 
 FREE-CHAPEL, fre'-cha-pel, n. in En- 
 gland, a chapel founded by the king and 
 not subject to the jurisdiction of the 
 ordinary. The king may also grant 
 license to a subject to found such a cha- 
 pel. 
 
 FREE-CHARGE, fre'-charj, ?i. in electrical 
 experiments with the Leyden jar or bat- 
 tery, a term applied to that part of the 
 induced electricity wliich passes through 
 the air to surrounding conductoi's. 
 
 FREE CHURCH, fre cherch, n. that eccle- 
 siastical body, called more fully the Free 
 Church of Scotland, which, on the 
 disruption of the Established Church of 
 Scotland in Maj', 1843, was founded by 
 those who left her communion, the title 
 bein^ designed to indicate that they, as 
 a religious body, while they claimed to 
 be the Church of Scotland, were no 
 longer subject to the control or inter- 
 ference of the state, as in the case of 
 the Established Church. 
 
 FREE-CITY, fre'-si-ti, FREE-TOWN, fre'- 
 tovvn, n. a city ha\ang an independent 
 government of its own and virtually 
 forming a state by itself : a name given 
 to certain cities, principallj^ of Germany, 
 which were really small republics, di- 
 restly connected with the German Em- 
 pire, and hence often called Imperial 
 Cities. They were once numerous, but 
 are now reduced to three, viz., Ham- 
 burg, Ltibeck, and Bremen. 
 
 FREEDMAN, fred'man, n. a vian who has 
 been a slave, and has been freed or set 
 free. 
 
 FREEDOM, fre'dum, n. liberty : frankness: 
 separation : privileges connected wtli a 
 city : improper familiarity : license. 
 
 FREE-HAJND, fr5'-hand,n(i/. a term appUed 
 
 to drawing, in which the hand is not 
 assisted by any guiding- or measuring 
 instruments, such as compasses, rulers, 
 scales etc 
 
 FREE-HANDED, fre'-hand'ed, adj. open- 
 handed : liberal. 
 
 FREE-HEARTED, fre'-hart'ed, adj. open- 
 hearted : liberal. 
 
 FREEHOLD, fre'hold, n. a property in 
 Great Britain and Ireland held free of 
 duty except to the sovereign. — n. Free'- 
 HOLDER, one who possesses a freehold, 
 
 FREE-LANCE, fre'-lans, n. a member of 
 one of those companies of knights and 
 men-at-arms who wandered from place 
 to place, after the crusades, selling their 
 services to the highest bidder. They 
 played their most conspicuous part in 
 Italy, where they were called Condot- 
 tieri. Figuratively applied to literary 
 men and others whose service is not con- 
 stant in its location or purpose. 
 
 FREEMAN, fre'man, n. a man who is free 
 or enjoys liberty : in some monarchical 
 countries, one who holds a pai-ticular 
 franchise or privilege :—pl. Free'men.^ 
 Freeman's roll, an official list of per- 
 sons entitled to vote in the election of 
 members of parliament for English bor- 
 oughs, and who would have been en- 
 titled to vote under such conditions as 
 were abolished by 6 and 7 Vict, xviii. : as 
 opposed to burgess roll, wliich includes 
 all qualified voters whatever. 
 
 FREEMARTIN, fre'mar-tin, u. a cow-calf 
 twin born with a bull-calf. It is gener- 
 ally barren, and in this case on dissection 
 is found to have parts of the oi-gans of 
 each sex, but neither perfect. 
 
 FREEMASON, f re'ma-sn, n. a member of a 
 society or organization for the promotion 
 of freemasonrj'. 
 
 FREEMASONIC, fre-ma-son'ik, adj. of or 
 pertaining to, or resembling freemasonry. 
 " Tliat mysterious undefinable freema- 
 sonic signal, which passes between 
 women, by which each knows that the 
 other hates her." — Thackeray. 
 
 FREEMASONRY, fre'ma-sn-ri, n. a term 
 applied to the organization of a society 
 calling themselves free and accepted 
 masons, and all the mysteries therewith 
 connected. This society, if we can reckon 
 as one a number of societies, many of 
 which are unconnected with each other, 
 though they have the same origin and a 
 great similarity in their constitution, ex- 
 tends over almost all the countries of Eu- 
 rope, many parts of America, and some 
 other parts of the globe. According to 
 its own peculiar language it is founded 
 on the practice of social and moral virtue. 
 It claims the character of charity, in the 
 most extended sense ; and brotherlj' love, 
 rehef, and truth are inculcated in it. 
 Fable and iuiagination have traced back 
 the origin of freemasonry to the Roman 
 Empire, to the Pharaohs, the temple of 
 Solomon, the tower of Babel, and even to 
 the building of Noah's ark. In reality it 
 took its rise in the middle ages along with 
 other incorporated crafts. Skilled masons 
 moved from place to place to assist in 
 building the magnificent sacred struct- 
 ures — cathedrals, abbeys, etc. — which 
 had their origin in these times, and it 
 was essential for them to have some signs 
 by which, on coming to a strang-e place, 
 they could be recognized as real crafts- 
 ■ men and not impostors. 
 
 FREE-PUBLICHOUSE, fre-pub'lik-hows, 
 n. a public-house in Great Britain not 
 belonging to a brewer, the landlord of 
 which has therefore Uberty to brew his 
 own beer, or purchase where he chooses. 
 
 FREE-SCHOOL, fre'-skool, Ji. a school 
 supported by funds, etc., in which pu- 
 
 pils are taught without paying for tui- 
 tion ; as, the tree-schools of the U.S. . 
 
 FREE-SOCAGE, fre'-sok-aj, n. in law, a 
 species of tenure of lands : conimon 
 socage. [See Socage.] 
 
 FREE-SOIL, fi-e'-soil, adj. a term appUed 
 to a party or the principles of a party 
 in the U.S., before the Ci\'il 'War, who 
 advocated the non-extension of slavery; 
 as, the free-soil platform, the free-soU 
 party. 
 
 FRE&-SOILER, fre'-soil-er, n. in the U.S., 
 one who advocated the non-extension ot 
 slaverv. 
 
 FREE-S'OLLISM, fre'-soil-izm, n. the prin- 
 ciples of Cree-soilers. 
 
 FREE-SPIRITS, fre'-spir-its, n.pl. a sect of 
 lieretics wiiich originated in Alsace in 
 the thirteenth century, and quickly be- 
 came disseminated over Italy, Fi-ance, 
 and Germanj^ They claimed "freedom 
 of spirit," and based their claims on 
 Rom. \'iii. 3-14: "The law of the spirit 
 hath made me free from the law of sin 
 and death." Thence they deduced that 
 they could not sin, and lived in open 
 lewdness, going from place to pUice ac- 
 companied by women under the came of 
 *' sisters " 
 
 FREESPOKEN, fre'spok-n, adj. accus- 
 tomed to speak without reserve. 
 
 FREESTONE, fre'ston, n. stone comjiosod 
 of sand or grit. [So called because it 
 can be freely cut.] 
 
 FREETHINKER, fre'thingk-er,>i. one wlio 
 professes to be free from common modes 
 of thinking in religion: one who di.scards 
 revelation. — n. Free'thinkixg, the habit 
 of mind of a freetliinker. 
 
 FREE-TRADE, fre'-trad, n., free or un- 
 restricted trade : free interchange of 
 commodities. 
 
 FREE-'VVILL, fre'-«Tl, 7i., freedom of the 
 icill from restraint : hberty of choice.— 
 adj. spontaneous. 
 
 FREEZE, frez, v.i. to become ice or like a 
 solid body. — v.t. to harden into ice : to 
 cause to shiver, as with terror : — pr.p. 
 freez'ing ;pa.f. froze •,pa.p. froz'en. [A.S. 
 freosan ; Dut. vriezen, Ger. frieren, to 
 freeze.] 
 
 FREEZING-MIXTURE, frez'ing-miks-tur, 
 71. a mixture such as jiroduces a degree 
 of cold sufficient to freeze liquids. A very 
 gi'eat degree of cold is produced by mix- 
 ing snow with certain salts. A mixture 
 of tliree parts of snow with four parts of 
 crystallized chloride of calcium produces 
 a degree of cold which sinks tlie ther- 
 mometer to 54° below zei'o Falir. 
 
 FREEZING-POINT, frez'ing-point, n. the 
 temperature at which water freezes, 
 marked 32° on the Fahrenheit thermom- 
 eter, and 0° on the Centigrade. 
 
 FREIGHT, frat, ?i. the lading or cargo, esp. 
 of a ship : merchandise, live stock and 
 produce transported on other than fast 
 express trains on American railways : 
 the charge for transporting goods by 
 water, or by rail. — v.t. to load a ship. — 
 71. Freight'age, money paid for freight. 
 — 11. Freight'er, one who freights a ves- 
 sel. [A late form of Fraught, from Fr. 
 fret—0. Ger. freht (Ger. fracht).] 
 
 FRENCH, frensh, adj. belonging toFcniic* 
 or its people. — ?i. the people or language 
 of France. 
 
 FRENETIC, fre-net'ik, FRENETICAL, fre 
 net'ik-al, adj. relating to or affecting the 
 brain. "Sometimes he shuts up, as in 
 frenetick or infectious diseases." — Milton. 
 
 FRENETICALLY, fre-net'ik-al-i, adv. in a 
 frenetic or frenzied manner : frantically. 
 " All mobs . . . work frenetically with 
 mad fits of hot and cold." — Carlyle. 
 
 FRENZY, fren'zi, n. violent excitement 
 approaching to madness : mania. — adj.
 
 FREQUENCY 
 
 183 
 
 FRISIAN 
 
 KREyziED, Fren'zical, partaking of 
 frenzy. [Tlu'ough Fr. and L., from Late 
 Or. phrenesis=Gr. phrenitis, inflamma- 
 tion of the brain— ;p/ircn, the heart, the 
 mind.] 
 
 FREQUENCY, fi-e'kwen-si, n. repeated oc- 
 currence of anything'. 
 
 FREQUENT, fre'kwent, adj. coming or oc- 
 curring often. — adv. FKE'QtrENTLY. — n. 
 Fre'quentness. \1i. frequens, frequentis, 
 allied to the root of Farce.] 
 
 f BEQUENT. fre-kweat', v.t. to visit often. 
 — II. Frequent'ek. 
 
 FREQUENTATION, fre-kvvent-a'shun, n. 
 the act of visiting often. 
 
 rREQUENTATIVE, fre-kwent'a-tiv, adj. 
 {gram.) denoting the frequent repetition 
 of an action. — ;/. (gram.) a verb express- 
 ing this repetition. 
 
 FRESCO, fres'ko, n. a painting executed 
 oil plaster while wet or fresh. — v.t. to 
 paint in fresco : — pr.p. fres'c5ing ; pa.j}. 
 fres'c5ed. [It. fresco, fresh. See Fkesh.] 
 
 FRESH, fresh, adj. in a state of activity 
 and health : new and strong : recently 
 produced or obtained : untried : having 
 renewed vigor : healthy : not salt. — adv. 
 Fresh'ly. — n. Fresh'ness. [A.B.fersc; 
 cog. with Dut. versch, Ger. fnsch, O. Ger. 
 
 {risg, frdm wfiichcome Fr. frais,fraische, 
 t. fresco.] 
 FRESH, fresh, n. a freshet ; a spring of 
 fresh water ; 
 
 He shall drink nou'jrht but brine ; for I'U not show 
 
 liim 
 Where the quick /resfte^ are. — Shak.: 
 
 a flood ; an overflowing ; an inundation : 
 •^pen weather ; a day of open weather : 
 a thaw (Scotch):— pt. in the U. S., the 
 mingling of fresh water with salt in rivers 
 or bays, or the increased current of an 
 ?bb-tide causetl by a flood of fresh water 
 flowing into the sea. 
 
 iTtESHEN, fresh'n, v.t. to make fresh : to 
 take the saltness from. — v.i. to grow 
 frc-ih : to grow brisk or strong. 
 
 FRESHET, Cresli'et, n. n pool or stream of 
 fresh water: the suiden ove flow of a 
 river from rain or melted snow — used in 
 this sense by old English auth .rs and re- 
 introduced in the Unii d Stat js. [From 
 Fresh, with dim. sutRx -c.j 
 
 FRESHMAN, fresh'man, n. one in the rudi- 
 ments of knowledge, esp. a university 
 student in his first year. 
 
 FRESISON, fre-sl'son, n. in logic, a mode 
 in the fourth figure of syllogisms con- 
 sisting of a universal negative major 
 premise, a particular attirmative minor 
 premise, and a particular negative con- 
 clusion. [A mnemonic word.] 
 
 FRET, fret, v.t. to wear away by rubbing: 
 to eat into : to vex. — v.i. to wear away : 
 to vex one's self : to be peevisli : — -pr.^j. 
 frett'ing ; pa.p. frett'ed. — n. agitation of 
 the surface of a liquid : u-ritation : ill- 
 humor. [A.S. fretan, to gnaw — for-, in- 
 tensive prefix, and etan, to eat.] 
 
 FRET, fret (B.) pa.p. of Fret, to wear 
 awav. 
 
 FRET,' fret, n. the worn side of the bank of 
 a river. [From Fret, to wear away.] 
 
 FRET, fret, v.t. to ornament with raised- 
 work : to variegate : — pr.p. frett'ing ; 
 pa.p. frett'ed. [A.S. frcetman, Goth. 
 yratvian, to adorn.] 
 
 /RET, fret, n. (lit.) the interlacing of bars 
 or fillets of iron : (arch.) an ornament 
 consisting of small fillets intersecting 
 each other at right angles : (her.) bars 
 crossed and interlaced. — adj. Frett'ed, 
 ornamented with frets. [O. Fr. frete, a 
 ferrule — It. ferrata, the grating of a 
 window — L. fernim, iron.] 
 
 FRET, fret, >i. a short wire on the finger- 
 board of a guitar or other instrument. — I 
 
 v.t. to furnish with frets. [Prob. the 
 same word as the above.] 
 FRETFUL, fret'fool, adj. ready to fret : 
 peevish. — adv. Fret'eiilly.— n. Fret'- 
 
 FCLNESS. 
 
 FRETTING, fret'ing, adj., tcearing out: 
 vexing. — n. peevishness. 
 
 FRETWORK, fret'wurk, n. work adorned 
 witli frets : raised- work. 
 
 FRIABLE, frfa-bl, adj. apt to crumble: 
 easily reduced to powder : pumice and 
 calcined stones are very friable. — ns. 
 Fri'ableness, Fria3IL'ity. [Fr.— L./rz- 
 abilis—frio, friatum, to crumble.] 
 
 FRIAR, fn'er, n. in the jR. C. Church, an 
 appellation common to the members of 
 all religious orders, but more especially 
 to those of the four mendicant orders, 
 viz. (1) Minors, Gray Friars, or Francis- 
 cans ; (3) Augustines ; (3) Dominicans or 
 Black Friars ; (4) White Friars or Car- 
 melites : in printing, a white patch on a 
 Jiage which has not received the ink. 
 Fr. frere, a brother. Contr. from L. 
 rater. See Brother.] 
 lARY, fri'ar-i, n. a monastery or resi- 
 dence of friars. 
 
 FRIBBLE, frib'l, v.i. to trifle.-n.a trifler. 
 iPei'h. from Fr. frivole — L. frivolus, 
 trifling.] 
 
 FRICANDEAU, frek-ang-do, FRICANDO, 
 frik-an-do', n. properly a fricassee of veal, 
 but applied to various preparations of 
 veal. [Fr. fricnndeau.] 
 
 FRICASSEE, frik-as-se', n. a dish made of 
 fowls cut into pieces and cooked in sauce. 
 — v.t. to dress as a fricassee : — -pr.p. fricas- 
 see'ing; pa.jj. fricasseed'. [Fr. fricassee — 
 fricasser, of which the orig. is unknown; 
 peril, (rom frico, fricare, to rub.] 
 
 FRICTION, frikshun, n. the act of rubbing 
 the surface of one body against that of 
 another ; attrition ; as, many bodies by 
 friction emit light, and friction generates 
 or evolves heat : in mech. the efl^ect of 
 rubbing, or the resistance which a mov- 
 ing body meets with from the surface on 
 which it moves. Friction arises from the 
 roughness of the surface of the body 
 moved on and that of the moving body. 
 No such thing can be found as perfect 
 smoothness of surface in bodies. In 
 every case there is, to a less or greater 
 extent, a roughness or unevenness of the 
 parts of the surface, arising from peculiar 
 texture, porosity, and other causes, and 
 therefore when two surfaces come togeth- 
 er the prominent parts of the one fall into 
 the cavities of the other. This tends to 
 prevent or retard motion, for in dragging 
 the one body over the otiier an exertion 
 must be used to lift the prominences over 
 the parts which oppose them. — Coeffi- 
 cient OF FRICTION, the coefficient of fric- 
 tion for any two surfaces is the ratio that 
 subsists between the force necessary to 
 move one of these surfaces horizontally 
 over the other, and the pressure between 
 the two surfaces. Thus the coefficient of 
 friction for oak and cast-iron is 38 : 100, 
 or -dS. [Fr. ; L. frictio, from frico, 
 frictum. to rub. to rub down.] 
 
 FRICTIONAL, frik'shun-al, adj. relating to 
 friction : moved by friction : produced 
 by friction : as, fricfional electricity. — 
 
 FrICTIONAL GE.4RING - WHEELS, wheels 
 
 which catch or bite, ^nd produce motion 
 not by teeth but by means of friction. 
 With the view of increasing or diminish- 
 ing the friction the faces are made more 
 or less V-.shapod. 
 FRICTION-BALLS, frik'shun-bawlz, n.pZ. 
 balls placed under a heavy object to 
 reduce the friction, while that object is 
 moving horizontally. Some forms of 
 swing-bridges have such balls placed un- 
 der them. 
 
 FRIDAY, frrda, n. the sixth day of the 
 week. [A.S. Frigedceg—Frig, Ice. Frigg, 
 tbe wife of the god Odin, and dceg, day.] 
 
 FRIEND, frend, n. one loving or attached 
 to another : an intimate acquaintance : 
 a favorer : one of a society so called. 
 [A.S. freotid, pr.p. otfreon, to love.] 
 
 FRIENDLESS, frend'les, adj. without 
 friends : destitute. — n. Friend'lessness 
 
 FRIENDLY, frend'Ii, adj. like a friend ; 
 having the disposition of a friend : 
 favorable.— »i. Friend'liness. 
 
 FRIENDSHIP, frend'ship, n. attachment 
 from mutual esteem : friendly assist- 
 ance. 
 
 FRIEZE, frez, n. a coarse woollen cloth 
 with a nap on one side. — adj. Friezed', 
 having a nap. [Fr. frise ; prob. from 
 Dut. Vrieslaiid, Friesland, whence the 
 cloth came.] 
 
 FRIEZE, frez, n. (arch.) the part of the 
 entablatui'e ol a column between the 
 architrave and cornice, often ornamented 
 with figures. [Fr. ; of dub. origin.] 
 
 FRIGA, frig'a, TRIGGA, frig'ga, w. in 
 Scand. myth, the wife of Odin, a goddess 
 corresponding in some respects to the 
 Aphrodite of the Greeks and Venus of 
 the Romans. Called also Freya. See 
 Friday. [Grimm has shown that this 
 name is, if not strictly synonymous, at 
 least Ivery nearly allied to that of the 
 Scandinavian goddess Frej/ya (with whom 
 indeed Frigga is often confounded), and 
 explains it to mean the Free, the Beau- 
 teous, the Winsome, connecting it with 
 E. Free, and also Friend.] 
 
 FRIGATE, frig'at, n. a quick-sailing ship- 
 of- war of second-rate power. [Fr. f re- 
 gate — It. fregata : of dub. originn 
 
 FRIGATEl-BIRD, frig'at-berd. n. a large 
 tropical sea-bird, with very long wings, 
 prob. named from its rapid flight. 
 
 FRIGATOON, frig-a-toon', n. a small Vene- 
 tian vessel. 
 
 FRIGHT, frit, n. sudden fear: terror. [A.S. 
 fyrhtu, akin to Ger. furcht, fear.] 
 
 FRIGHT, frit, FRIGHTEN, frit'n, v.t. to 
 make afraid : to alarm. 
 
 FRIGHTFUL, frit'fool, adj. full of what 
 causes fear: terrible: shocking. — adv. 
 Fright'fully.— w. Fright'fulness. 
 
 FRIGID, frij'id, adj. frozen or stiffened with 
 cold : cold : without spirit or feeling : 
 unanimated. — adv. Frig'idly. — li. Frig'- 
 n)NESS. [L. frigidus—frigco, to be cold 
 —frigus, cold ; akin to Gr. i-higos, cold. 
 See Freeze.] 
 
 FRIGIDITY, frij-id'i-ti, n. coldness : cold- 
 ness of affection : want of animation. 
 
 FRIGORIFIC, frig-or-if'ik, adj., causing 
 cold. [L. frigus, frigoris, cold, and faoio, 
 to cause.] 
 
 FRILL, fril, i\i. to ruflSo, as a hawk its 
 feathers, when sliii;ering. — v.t. to furnish 
 with a frill. [O.Fi: friller, to shiver — O. 
 Fr. frilleux, chilly — L. frigidulus, some- 
 what cold— frigidus. See Frigid.] 
 
 FRILL, fril, n. a ruSle : a ruffled or crimped 
 edging of linen. 
 
 FRINGE, frinj, n., loose threads forming a 
 border : the extremity : in ojytics, one of 
 the colored bands of light in tlie phe- 
 nojiiena of diffraction. — v.t. to adorn 
 with fringe : to border. — adj. Fringe' 
 LESS. [Fr. f range (ci. Wal. frimhie, Jim,- 
 brie) — L. fimbria, threads, fibres, akin to 
 
 fibra, a fibre.] 
 FftlNGY, frinj'i, adj. 
 
 FR] 
 
 ornamented with 
 rtnges. 
 
 IPPERY, frip'er-i, ?)., tcorn-out clothes : 
 the place where old clothes are sold : 
 useless trifles. [Fr. friperie—f riper, to 
 wear ; of doubtful origin.] 
 FRISIAN, friz'i-an, n. an inhabitant or na- 
 tive of Friesland • the language of Fries- 
 land : Fries«.
 
 FRISIAN 
 
 184 
 
 FRONTIER 
 
 FRISIAN, friz'i-an, adj. of or pertaining to 
 Friesland or its inhabitants : Friesic. 
 
 FRISK, irisk, v.i. to gambol : to leap play- 
 fully.— )i. a frolic— ji. Frisk'ee. [O. Fr. 
 f risque ; Low L. friscus — root of Ger. 
 frisch. See FRESH.] 
 
 FRISKET, frisk'et, n. {print.) the light 
 frame which holds a sheet of paper be- 
 fore it is laid on the form for impres- 
 sion, so called from the miickness of its 
 motion. [Fr. frisguette — 0. Fr. Jrisque.] 
 
 iVlSKX, frisk'i, ad), lively : jumping with 
 gaiety : frolicsome. — aav. Feisk'ILY. — n. 
 Prisk'iness. 
 
 bTHSUEE, fre-z66r', «. a curling or crisp- 
 g of the hair. Smollett. [Fr.] 
 IT, frit, n. in the manufacture of glass, 
 the matter of which glass Is made after 
 it has been calcined or baked in a fur- 
 nace. It consists of silex and metallic 
 alkali, occasionally with other ingredi- 
 ents. [Ft. fritie, It. fritta, from frit, 
 fritto, fried, pp. oi frire, friggere, to fry, 
 from Jj. frigo, frictum, to roast, to fry.] 
 
 FRIT, frit, v.t. to e.xpose to a dull red lieat 
 for the purpose of expelling moisture 
 and carbonic acid, as materials for mak- 
 ing glass : to fuse partially. 
 
 FRITH, frith, FIRTH, ferth, n. a narrow 
 arm of the sea ; an estuary ; the open- 
 ing of a riyer into the sea ; as, the 
 frith of Forth or of Clyde : a kind of 
 wear for catching fish ; a kind of net. 
 [Scandina\ian : frith is by metathesis 
 for firth. Ice. fjorthr, Dan. and N. fjord, 
 an arm of the sea. L. f return, a strait, 
 may have affected the spelling of the 
 English word, there being an old word 
 fret, from fretum. Cf. also Gael, frith, 
 Buia.\l, frith-nihuir, a little sea, an estu- 
 ary ; the Scandinayian word being from 
 another root.] 
 
 fRITH, frith, n. a forest ; a woody place ; 
 " Oyer holt and heath, as tliorou^h /n77i 
 and fell." — Drayton : a small field taken 
 out of a common. [W. ffridd, a forest.] 
 
 FRITTER, frit'er, n. a piece of meat fried : 
 a kind of pancake : a fragment. — v.t. to 
 break into fragments : to waste away by 
 degrees. [Fr. friture— frire, to fry — ll 
 frigere, fnctum, to fry.] 
 
 FRIVOLITY, fri-vol'i-ti, «. acts or habits 
 of trifling : levity. 
 
 FRIVOLOUS, friv'ol-us, adj. trifling: slight: 
 silly.— adi'. FRiv'oiotJSLY.— m. Fetto- 
 LOUSNESS. [L. frivolus, which orig. 
 seems to have meant nibbed aieay — L. 
 friare, fricare, to rub.] 
 
 FRIZZ or FRIZ, friz, v.t. to curl : to ren- 
 der rough and tangled. — n. a curl. [Fr. 
 friser, to cur) ; perh. from root of Frieze, 
 the cloth, and so meaning to raise the 
 nap on cloth.] 
 
 FRIZZLE, friz"!; v.t. to form in smaD short 
 curls. [Dim. of Feizz.] 
 
 FRO, ir^, adv., from : back or backward. 
 [A shortened form of from ; but perh. 
 directly derived from Ice. fra, from.] 
 
 FROCK, frok, n. a monk's cowl : a loose 
 upper garment worn by men : a goi,\Ti 
 worn by females. [Fr. froc, a monk's 
 cowl — Low L. frocus — L. itoccus, a flock 
 of wool ; or more prob. (ace. to Brachet 
 and Littre) from Low L. hrociis — O. Ger. 
 hroch ((Jer. rock), a coat.] 
 
 PROCKED, frokt, adj. clotlied in a frock. 
 
 ▼ROG, frog, n. the common English name 
 of the animals belonging to the genus 
 Rana, agenus of amphibians, having four 
 legs with four toes on the fore feet and 
 five on the hind, more or less webbed, a 
 naked boby, no ribs, and no tail. Ow- 
 ing to the last peculiarity frogs belong 
 to the order of amphibians known as 
 Anoura. Frog-s are remarkable for the 
 transformations they undergo before ar- 
 riving at maturity. The young frog, 
 
 which is named a tadpole, lives entirely 
 in water, breathes by external and then 
 by internal gills, has no legs, a long tail 
 furnished \%-ith a membranous fringe like 
 a fln, and a homy beak, which falls off 
 on the animal passing from the tadpole 
 to the frog state, while the tail is ab- 
 sorbed and legs are developed. The ma- 
 tm-e frog breathes by lungs, and cannot 
 exist in water without coming to the 
 surface for air. The only British species 
 '.s the common frog {R. temporaria), but 
 the tribe is very numerous, other va- 
 rieties being the edible frog {R. eseidenta) 
 of the south of Europe, eaten in France 
 and South (Jermany, the hind quarters 
 being the part chiefly used ; the bull- 
 frog of America {R. pipiens), 8 to 13 
 inches long, so named from its voice re- 
 sembling the lowing of a bull ; the black- 
 smith frog of Janeiro ; the Argus frog of 
 America, etc. The tree-frogs belong to 
 the genus Hyla. (See Tree-frog.) Frogs 
 lie torpid in winter, swim with rapidity, 
 and move by long bounds, being able 
 from the power of the muscles of their 
 hind-legs to leap many times their own 
 length. Their eggs or spawn are to be 
 seen floatine in ponds ana other stagnant 
 waters in large masses of gelatinous 
 matter. [A.S. frocga, froga, frose, frox; 
 Cf. Dut. vorsch, Ger. frosch, Dan. fro, 
 H.frosk.] 
 
 FROG, frog, n. an ornamental fastening for 
 a frock or gown, generally in the form of 
 a tassel, or spindle-shaped button covered 
 with silk or other material, which is 
 passed through a loop on the breast op*- 
 posite to that to which it is attached, 
 thus fastening the two breasts together : 
 the loop of the scabbard of a bayonet or 
 sword : in farriery, a sort of tender horn 
 that grows in the middle of the sole cf a 
 horse 8 foot, at some distance from the 
 toe, dividing into two branches, and run- 
 ning toward the heel in the form of a 
 fork : in the United States, a tri-Jigular 
 support or crossing plate for the wheels 
 of railway carriages, where one line 
 branches off fi-om another or crosses it at 
 an oblique angle. [Port, froco, a flock of 
 wool or of silk.] 
 
 FROLIC, frol'ik, adj. merry : pranky. — n. 
 gaiety : a wild prank : a merry-making. 
 — v.i. to play wild pranks or merry tricks : 
 to gambol r—^r.p. frol'icking ; pa.p. frol- 
 icked. [Dut. vrolijk, merry, from a root 
 preserved in Ger. froh, and suffix -lijk 
 (— E. like, ly) ; cf. Ger. frohlich, joyful, 
 gay.] 
 
 FROLICSOME, frol'ik-sum,ad;. gay : sport- 
 ive.— n. Fkol'icsomekess. 
 
 FROM, from, prep, out of the neighbor- 
 hood of : lessening or losing proximity to: 
 leaving behind : by reason of : out of : by 
 aid of ; denoting source, beginning, dis- 
 tance, absence, privation, or departure, 
 sometimes literally and sometimes figu- 
 ratively : the antithesis and correlative 
 of /ro7?i is to ; as, it is 20 mUes from the 
 one placebo the other; betook a knife 
 from his pocket ; lisht emanates from 
 the sun ; separate the sheep from the 
 goats ; we all come from Adam ; mat- 
 ters are getting from bad to worse ; the 
 merit of an action depends upon the 
 spirit /rom which it proceeds ; I judge of 
 him from my personal knowledge. From 
 sometimes is equivalent to atray from, 
 remote from, in the sense of inconsistent 
 with. "Anything so overdone is from 
 the purpose of playing." — Shak. It is 
 joined with adverbs and prepositions ; 
 as, from ahoi'e or frovi helow the bridge 
 —from the part or locality above, from 
 the part or locality below the bridge. 
 In certain cases the preposition from is 
 
 less logically placed before an adverh 
 which it does not govern, but which be- 
 longs to some verb in the sentence ; as 
 in the phrases from forth, from out ; 
 Sudden partings such as press 
 The Utefrom out young hearts.— Byron. 
 
 [A.S. from, f ram, O. Sax. Ice. O. H.Ger 
 and Goth fram; O.E. and dial. /ro,/ra 
 frae ; cog. with L. peren in perendie 
 the day after to-morrow, Gr. peran, be 
 yond, and Sans, param. AUied to /ow, 
 forth, etc.] 
 
 FROND, frond, n. a leafy branch or stalk, 
 esp. the fern. [L. frons, frondis, a leaf.] 
 
 FRONDE, frongd, n, the name of a party 
 in Fr ance, who, during the minority of 
 Louis XIV., waged civil war against' the 
 court party on account of the heavy fis- 
 cal impositions laid on the people. [Fr., 
 a sling. See Frondeur.] 
 
 FRONDESCENCE, fron-des'ens, n. act of 
 putting forth leaves: the season for put- 
 ling forth leaves. [L. frondescens—fron- 
 deseo, to grow leaf\-.] 
 
 FRONDEUR, frong-dei-', n. a member of 
 the Fronde, so named from a witty mem- 
 ber having stated in the French 'Parlia- 
 ment, in sarcastic reference to the fear 
 in which Its members held the minister, 
 Mazarin, that they were like the boys 
 who slung stones at each other in the 
 streets of Paris when the policeman wa* 
 absent, but who dispersed on his appear- 
 ance : generally, in Europe, an opponent 
 of the party in power ; a member of the 
 oppos ition . 
 
 FRONDIFEROUS, fron-dif er-us. adj.. bear- 
 ing or producing /ronds. [L. frons, and 
 fero, to bear.] 
 
 FRONT, frunt, n. the forehead : the who^e 
 face : the forepart of anything : tht 
 most conspicuous part : boldness : im 
 pudence. — IN FRONT OF, before. — adj. of 
 relating to, or in thfc front. — v,t. to stanc 
 in front of or opposite : to oppose face 
 to face. — v.i. to stand in front or fore- 
 most : to turn the front or face in any 
 direction. [Fr. — L. frons, frontis, the 
 forehead ; allied to Brow.] 
 
 FRONTAGE, frunt'aj, n. the /roni part of 
 a building. 
 
 FRONTAL, front'al, adj. of or belonging to 
 the front or forehead. — n. a front-piece : 
 something worn on the forehead or face : 
 (arch.) a pediment over a door or window. 
 [Fr. — L. frontale — frons, a front orna- 
 me nt fo r horses.] 
 
 FRONTED, frunt'ed, adj. formed with a 
 frmit. 
 
 FRONTIER, fron'tgr, n. that part of a 
 country which fronts or faces another 
 country ; the confines or extreme part of 
 a country bordering on another country ; 
 the marches ; the border : a fort ; a for- 
 tification ; "Of pallisadoes, frontiers, 
 parapets." — Shak.: the forehead; ••Then 
 on the edges of their bolster'd hair, which 
 standeth crested round their frontiers, 
 and hangeth over their faces." — Stiibbes. 
 [Fr. fronti^.re, a frontier, a border.] 
 
 FRONTIER, fron'ter, adj. of or pertaining 
 to, or acquired on a frontier : h"ing on 
 the exterior part : bordering : contermi- 
 nous; as, a /ronfier town. "Fro»f(Vr ex- 
 perience." — W. Irving. " They thus re 
 mained till new dangers made it expedi 
 ent for Russia to reassemble them, ana 
 she formed a frontier militia of theit 
 tribes. " — Brougham . 
 
 FRONTIER, fron'ter, v.i. to form or con- 
 stitute a frontier . to possess territories 
 bordering on or constituting a frontier — 
 with on or upon. 
 
 FRONTIER, fron'ter, v.t. to place on the 
 frontier : to guard or invest on the fron- 
 tier. '• Now that it is no more a bordel 
 no€ frontiered with enemies." — Spenser,
 
 FRONTISPIECE 
 
 185 
 
 FUEL 
 
 FROXTISPIECE. front'i-spes, ?!. the prin- 
 iipal front or face of a building': a 
 ligiire or engraving in front of a book. 
 [Fr. — Low L. frontispicium—frons. and 
 specio, to si e ; not conn, with Piece.] 
 
 FRONTLESS, friint'les, adj. void of shame 
 or niodestv. 
 
 FRONTLESSLY, frunt'les-li, adv. in a 
 froutless manner: with shameless ef- 
 frontery: sliamelessly. "The worse 
 depraving the better ; and that so front- 
 lessly, that shame and justice should fly 
 the earth for them." — Chapman. 
 
 FRONTLET, frunt'let, n. a frontal or brow- 
 band : a fillet or band worn on the fore- 
 head. Deut. vi. 8. For the Jeicish front- 
 let, see Phtiactery : (fig.) the look or 
 appearance of the forehead. 
 
 How now, (laughter, what makes that fr<yntlet on ? 
 
 Methinks jou axe too much of late 1' the frown. 
 
 —Shak : 
 
 in ornith. the margin of the head behind 
 the bill of birds, generally clothed with 
 rigid bristles. 
 
 inONTON, fron'ton, n. in arch, a pedi- 
 ment. " If once you can carve one 
 fronton such as you nave here, I teU you, 
 you would be able ... to scatter cathe- 
 drals over England." — Ruskin. [Fr.] 
 
 FROST, frost, n. the state of the atmos- 
 phere in which water freezes : frozen 
 dew, also called hoar-frost. — v.t. to cover 
 with anything resembling hoar-frost. 
 [A.S. forst—freosan ; cf. Ger. frost, 
 Goth, frius.] 
 
 FROST-BITE, frost'-bit, n. the freezing or 
 depression of vitaUty in a part of the 
 bodv by exposure t( jold. 
 
 FROST-felTTEN, frost'-bit'n, adj. bitten or 
 affected bv frost. 
 
 FROST-BOtWD. frost'-bownd, adj. bound 
 or confined by frost. 
 
 FROSTING, frost'ing, n. the composition, 
 resembling hoar-/rosf, used to cover 
 
 FROST-NAIL, frost'-nal, n. a nail driven 
 into a horseshoe to prevent the horse 
 from sMpping on ice. 
 
 FR0ST-SM0K:E, frost'-smok, n. a thick 
 fog resembling smoke, arising in high 
 latitudes from the surface of the sea 
 when exposed to a temperature much 
 below freezing-point. When the ther- 
 mometer is down to zero, Fahr., the fog 
 lies close on the water in eddying white 
 wreaths. "The brig and the ice round 
 her are covered b3' a strange black ob- 
 scurity ; it is the frost-smoke of Arctic 
 winters." — Kane. 
 
 FROSTWEED, frost'wed, FROSTWORT, 
 frost'wert, n. in the United States, the 
 popular name of a plant {Helianthemum 
 eanadense). sometimes used in medicine 
 as an astringent and aromatic tonic. It 
 is so called because late in autumn crys- 
 tals of ice shoot from the cracks of the 
 bark of its root. Called also Rock-rose. 
 
 FROST-WORK, frost'-wurk, ?;., irork re- 
 sembling hoar-/rosf on shrubs. 
 
 FROSTY, frost'i, adj. producing or con- 
 taining frost : chill in affection : frost- 
 like. — adi: Frost'ely. — n. Frost'iness. 
 
 FROTH, froth, n. the foam on liquids 
 caused by boiling, or any agitation : fig., 
 an empty show in speech : any light 
 matter. — v.t. to cause froth on. — v.i. to 
 throw up froth. [Scand., as in Ice. 
 fraud, froda, Dan. frande, Swed. 
 fragda.] 
 
 fROTHY, froth'i, adj. full of froth or 
 foam : empty : unsubstantial. — adv. 
 Froth'ily. — n. Feoth'iness. 
 
 FROUNCE, frowns, v.i. {obs.) to frown or 
 wrinkle the broii: — v.t. to plait : to curl : 
 to wrinkle up : to froivn. — n. a plait or 
 curl. [Fr. froncer — L. frons, frontis, 
 
 the brow. See FLOtwcE, n., of which it 
 is an older form.] 
 
 FROWARD, fro'ward, adj. self-willed : per- 
 verse : unreasonable : — opp. to Toward. 
 — adv. Fro'wakdly. — n. Fro'wardness. 
 [Scand. Eng. for A.S. from, away, averse, 
 and affix icard.] 
 
 FROWN, frown, v.i. to wrinkle the brow, 
 as in anger : to look angrj*. — v.t. to repel 
 by a frown. — n. a wrinkling or contrac- 
 tion of the brow in displeasure, etc. : a 
 stern look. — adv. Frown'ingly. [From 
 a Fr. frogner in .se refrogner, to knit the 
 brow ; orig. unknown.] 
 
 FROWSY, frow'si, adj. fetid : ill-scented : 
 dingy. 
 
 FROZEN, froz'n, pa.p. of Freeze. 
 
 FRUCTESCENCE, fruk-tes'ens, n. the time 
 for the ripening of /nwY. [Fr., from L. 
 frucfesco, to bear fruit — fructus. fruit.} 
 
 FRUCTIFEROUS, fruk-tif'er-us, adj., bear- 
 ing fruit. [L. fructifer— fructus, and 
 fero, to bear.] 
 
 FRUCTIFICATION, fruk-ti-fl-ka'shun, n. 
 act of fructifying, or producing fruit : 
 (bot.) all the parts that compose the 
 flowe r an d fruit. 
 
 FRUCTIFY, fruk'ti-fl, v.t. to make fruit- 
 ful: to fertilize. — v.i. to bear fruit. [L. 
 fructiflco — fructus, and facto, to make.] 
 
 FRUCTIST, fruk'tist, n. one who classifies 
 plants bv their fruit. Rees' Cyc. 
 
 FRUCTOSE, fruk'tos, n. in chem. sugar of 
 fruit, a sugai- consisting partly of cane- 
 sugar and partly of inverted sugar, an 
 uncrystallizable sugar, identical In com- 
 position and optical rotatory power with 
 the mixture of levo-glucose and dextro- 
 glucose obtained from cane-sugar by .the 
 action of acids. 
 
 FRUCTUARY, fruk'tu-a-ri, n. one who en- 
 joys the produce or profits of anything. 
 " Kings are not proprietors aovfructua- 
 ries." — Prynne. 
 
 FRUGAL, froo'gal, adj. economical in the 
 use of means : thrifty. — adv. FRU'OAIiY. 
 [Fr. — L. frugalis—frugi, temperate, fit 
 for food— friuv.frugis, fruit.] 
 
 FRUGALITY^ froo-gal'i-ti, n. prudent 
 economv : thrift. 
 
 FRUGIFEROUS, froo-jifer-us, adj., fruit- 
 bearing. [L. frux,frugis, fruit, wad fero, 
 to bear.] 
 
 FRUGIVOROUS,froo-jiv'o-rus,atZ/.,/eedmsr 
 0)1 fruits or seeds. [L. frux, frugis, and 
 roro, to eat.] 
 
 FRUIT, froot, n. the produce of the earth, 
 which supplies the wants of men and 
 animals : the part of a plant which con- 
 tains the seed : the offspring of animals : 
 product, consequence, effect, advantage. 
 [O. Fv.fruict, Fr. fruit — L. fructus, from 
 fruor. fructus, to enjoy.] 
 
 FRUITAGE, froot'aj, n., fruit collectively : 
 fruits. 
 
 FRUIT-CULTURE, froot'-kul-tQr, n. the 
 systematic cultivation, propagation, or 
 rearing of fruit or fruit-trees. 
 
 FRUITERER, froot'er-er, n. one who deals 
 in fruit. 
 
 FRUITERY, fro6t'er-i, n. a place for stor- 
 ing /7T*i7; fruitage. 
 
 FRUIT-FLY, froOt'-fli, n. a small black fly 
 fou nd a mong fruit-trees in spring. 
 
 FRUITFUL, froSt'fool, adj. producing 
 fruit abundantly : productive. — adv. 
 Fruit'fully.— ?i. Fruit'fulness. 
 
 FRUIT-GATHERER, froot'-ga<7t-er-er, n. 
 one who gathers fruit : a sort of long- 
 handled scissors, provided with a spring 
 to keep them open, used for gathering 
 fruit situated beyond the reach of the 
 .nrni. 
 
 FRUITION, froo-ish'un, n., enjoyment: 
 use or possession of anything, esp. ac- 
 companied with pleii-sure. [O. Fr. ftnii- 
 tion, from L. fruor, to enjoy.] 
 
 FRUITLESS, froot'les, adj. barren : with, 
 out profit : useless. — adv. Fkuit'LESSLY. 
 — re. Frcit'lessness. 
 
 FRUIT-PIGEON, froot'-pi-jon, n. the name 
 given to the pigeons of the genus Car- 
 pophagus, birds of very brilliant pla- 
 mage, occurring in India, the warmei 
 parts of Australia, etc. During the 
 breeding season a curious gristly knofc 
 grows on the base of the upper mandible 
 of some of the species, and soon after 
 disappears. They are so called because 
 they feed entirely on fruit. 
 
 FRUMENTACEOUS, f roo-men-ta'shus, adj. 
 made of or resembling wheat or other 
 grain. [L.frumentaceus—fruinentum, for 
 fnigintentum. corn—frv.v. frugis, fruit.] 
 
 FRUMENTATION, froo-nien-ta'shun. ?t. 
 among the Romans, a largess of grain be- 
 stowed on the people to quiet them when 
 uneasy or turbulent. [L. frumentatio, 
 from frmnentiim. corn.] 
 
 FRUMENTY, fro6'men-ti, FURMENTY, 
 fur'men-ti, n. food made of wheat boiled 
 in milk. [O. Fr. froumente, wheat boiled 
 — froument — L,. frumentum.] 
 
 FRUSH, frush, aaj. easily broken : brittle: 
 short : crisp. "Rotten sticks aie frush." 
 — Prof. Wilson. 
 
 FRUSH, frush, n. noise made by objects 
 coming into collision and being crushed. 
 Horrible uproar and frush 
 Of rocks that meet in battle. — Southed. 
 
 FRUSH, frush, n. the frog of a horse's 
 foot : a disease in that part of a horse's 
 foot. [Ger. /ro.sc7i. See Frog, a reptile.] 
 
 FRUSTRATE, frus'trat, v.t. to make vain 
 or of no effect : to bring to nothing : to 
 defeat. [L. frustro. frustratus—frustra^ 
 without effect, in vain.] 
 
 FRUSTRATE, frus'trat (ob.s.), pa.p, of 
 Frustrate. 
 
 FRUSTRATION, frus-tra'shun, n. disap. 
 pointment : defeat. [L. frustratio.] 
 
 FRUSTUM, frus'tum, n. a piece or slice of 
 a solid body : the part of a cone, w hich 
 remains when the top is cut off by a 
 plane parallel to the base. [L. frustum, 
 a piece, a bit.] 
 
 FRUTESCENT, fro5-tes'ent, adj. becoming 
 shrubby, or like a shrub. [L. frutex, 
 fruticis, a shrub.] 
 
 FRUTICOSE, froo'ti-kos. FRUTICOUS, 
 froo'ti-kus, adj., shrub-like : shrubby. 
 [L. fruticosus — fride.v.l 
 
 FRY, fri, v.t. to dress food with oil or fat 
 in a pan over the fire : — pr.p. fry'ing ; 
 pa.p. fried. — v.i. to undergo the action of 
 heat in a frying-pan : to simmer. — n. a 
 dish of an.ything fried. [Fr. frire— L. 
 frigo; cf. "Gr. phrygo, Sans, bhrij, to 
 fry.] 
 
 FRY, frI. n. a swarm of fishes just spawnfjd: 
 a number of small things. [Fr. frai, 
 frayer, act of fertilizing in fishes, from 
 L. fricare, to rub ; but cf. Goth, fraiv. 
 Ice. frio, seed, egg.] 
 
 FUCHSIA, fu'shi-a, n. a plant with long 
 pendulous red flowers, originally na- 
 tives of S. America. [Named after 
 Leonard Fuchs, a German botanist of 
 the 16th century.] 
 
 FUCHSINE, fooks'in, n. a beautiful ani- 
 line color : magenta. [From resembling 
 the fuchsia in color] 
 
 FUDGE, fuj, int. stuff : nonsense : an ex 
 clamation of contempt. [From the 
 sound ; cf. Prov. Fr. fuche, Ger. futsch.] 
 
 FUEGIAN, fu-e'ji-an, adj. belonging to 
 Tierra Del Fuego. 
 
 FUEGIAN. fii-e'ji-an, n. a native or inhab- 
 itant of Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 FUEL, fu'el, n. anything that feeds afire: 
 whatever supports heat, excitement, or 
 energy. [O. Fr. fouaille — Low L. foal- 
 lia, fuel— Low L. focale — L. focus, a fi'^ 
 place.]
 
 FUERO 
 
 FDERO, f<55-er'5, n. a Spanish term hav- 
 ing- such significations as— a code of law, 
 a charter of privileges, a custom having 
 the force of law, a declaration bj- a mag- 
 istrate, the seat or jurisdiction of a tri- 
 bunal.— Fceeo JUZGO, a code of Spanish 
 law, said to be the most ancient in 
 Europe. [Sp., from L. forum (which 
 see).] 
 rUGACIOCJS, fu-ga'shus, a^;'. apt to Jlee 
 away: fleeting. —h«. Pcga'ciousness, 
 FCGAC'ITY. riu fugax, fugaeis, from 
 fufjio; Gr. pheugo, to flee. Sans, bhiij, 
 to bend.] 
 FUGIE-WABRANT, fuj'i-wo-rant, n. in 
 Scots law, a warrant granted to appre- 
 hend a debtor, against whom it is sworn 
 that he intends to flee in order to avoid 
 pavment. 
 FUGILE, fuj'il, n. in meat, (a) the cerumen 
 of the ear ; (6) a nebulous suspension in, 
 or a deposition from, the urine ; (c) an 
 abscess, specifically an abscess near the 
 
 ear. 
 
 FUGITIVE, tuj'i-tiv, adj. apt to flee away: 
 uncertain : volatile : perishable : tempo- 
 rary. — n. one who flees or lias fled from 
 his station or country: one hard to be 
 caug ht. — adv. Fug'itivelt. — n. FuG'i- 
 ■nvESESS. [Fr.— h. fugitivus, bom fugio, 
 to flee. I 
 FUGLEMAN, fu'gl-man, n. (lit) a icing- 
 nian, a soldier who stands before a com- 
 pany at drill as an example. [Ger.Jfii- 
 gehnann, the leader of a wing or file— 
 JiiigeJ, a wing.] 
 FUGUE, fug, n. (mns.) a composition -n 
 which the parts follow or pursue one 
 another at certain distances. VFr. — It. 
 fitga, from L. fuga, flight.] 
 FUGUIST, fug'ist, n. one who writes or 
 
 plsTs fugues. 
 FULCRUM, ful'krum, n. (mech.) the prop 
 or fixed point on which a lever moves : 
 a prop:— p;. Ful'cra or Ful'crums.— 
 Ftlceum forceps, an instrument used 
 by dentists, and consisting of a forceps 
 in which one beak is furnished with a 
 hinged metal plate, padded with india- 
 rubber, which rests against the gum, 
 while the other beak hag the usual tooth 
 or gouge shape. [L. fulcrum, a prop, 
 from fulcio, to prop.] 
 FULFILL, fool-fll', v.t. to complete: to ac- 
 complish: to carrv into effect:— pr.n. 
 fulfill'ing; pa.p. 'fulfiUed'. — re. FuL- 
 fill'er. 
 FULFILLME?^, fool-fll'ment, n. full per- 
 formance: completion: accomplishment. 
 FULGENT, ful'jent, adj., shining: bright : 
 dazzling.— arty. Ful'gently. — n. FuL,'- 
 GEXCY. [h. fulgens,-entis,^r.v. oifulgeo, 
 to flash, to shine.] J n > 
 
 FULGURANT, ful'gur-ant, adj. lightening. 
 
 Sir T. More. 
 FLTLGUEATE, ful'giir-at, v.t. to flash as 
 
 lightning. [See FULGUUATIOX.I 
 FULGURATION, ful-gur-a'shun, n. the act 
 of lightening, or flashing with hght : in 
 assaying, the sudden brightening of the 
 melted globules of gold and sOver in the 
 cupel of the assayer, when the last film 
 of vitreous lead or copper leaves their 
 surface. [L. fulguratio, from fulguro, 
 T"h/i'ratum,to lighten, fvoni fulgur, hght- 
 ning.] 
 
 rULGURITE, ful'gur-I:, n. any rock-y sub- 
 stance that has been fused or vitrified l)y 
 lightning. More strictly, a vitrified tube 
 of sand formed by lightning penetrating 
 the solid ground, and fusing a portion of 
 the materials through which it passes. 
 
 PULGUROUS, ful'gu-rus, adj. flashing like 
 lightning. "A fulgurous impetuosity 
 almost beyond human."— Car/u?e. 
 
 FULIGINOUS, fu-lij'i-nus. adj. sootv : 
 smoky. [L. fuliginosiis—fuligo, soot.]" 
 
 186 
 
 FULL, fool, adj. having: all it can contain : 
 having no empty space: abundantly 
 supplied or furnisiied : abounding : con- 
 taining the whole matter: complete: 
 perfect : strong : clear. — n. complete 
 measure : highest degree : the whole : 
 time of full-moon. — n. ITull'ness or FoL'- 
 NESS. rA.S. full ; Goth, fulls. Ice. fullr, 
 Ger. voll, L. plenus, Gr. pleos. See Fill.] 
 
 FULL, fool, adv. quite : to the same de- 
 gree : wth the whole effect : completely. 
 
 FULL, fool. v.t. (obs.) to bleacli or whiten 
 cloth.— H. FCLL'ER, a bleacher or cleanser 
 of cloth. [Through A.S./««iaH, to whiten 
 as a fuller, from L. fullo, a fuller.] 
 
 FULL, fool, v.t. to press or pound cloth in 
 a mill : to scour and thicken in a mill.— 
 n. FULL'EE. [Through Fr. fouler, to 
 tread, to full or thicken cloth, from L. 
 fullo, a cloth-fuller.] 
 
 FULLAM, FULHAM, fool'am, n. an old 
 cant word for false dice, named from 
 Fidham, a suburb of London, which, in 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was the 
 most notorious place for black-legs in all 
 England ; those made to throw the high 
 numbers, from five to twelve, were called 
 "high," and those to throw the low 
 numbers, from ace to four, "low." 
 
 . J .. V. ^ „ ^°'" ?oi"">l and futtam holds. 
 And high aud " low " beg^ulle the rich and poor. 
 
 —Shak. : 
 hence, a sham ; a make-believe. " FuU 
 
 hams of poetic fiction." — Hvdibras. 
 
 FULL-BLOWN, fool'-blon, adj. blown or 
 
 fully expanded, as a flower. 
 
 FULL-BOTTOMED, fool'-bot'umd, adj. 
 
 ha\-ing a full or large bottom, as a viig. 
 
 FULLER'S-EARTH, fool'erz-erth, n. a soft 
 
 ca rWi or clay, capable of absorbin g grease, 
 
 used in fulling or bleaching cloth. 
 
 FULL-FACED, fool'-fast, adj. having a 
 
 full or broad face. 
 FULL-HEARTED, fool'-hSrt'ed, adj. full 
 
 of heart or courage : elated. 
 FULLING-OTLL, fool'ing-mil, n. a mill for 
 fulling cloth by means of pestles or 
 stampers, which beat and press it to a 
 close or compact state, and cleanse it. 
 The principal parts of a fuhing-mill are 
 the wheel, with its trundle, which gives 
 motion to the tree or spindle, whose 
 teeth communicate that motion to the 
 pestles or stampers, which fall into 
 troughs, wherein the cloth is put, with 
 fuller's-earth, to be scoured and thick- 
 ened by this process of beating. 
 FULI^ORBED. fool'-orbd, adj. having the 
 orb or disc fully illuminated, as the full- 
 moon : round. 
 FULLY, fool'li, adv. completelv : entirely. 
 FULMAR, ful'mar, n. a species of petrel 
 inhabiting the Shetland Isles and other 
 northern regions, valuable for its down, 
 feathers, and oil. [Named from the foxd 
 smell of its oil. See Foumart.) 
 FULMINATE, ful'min-at. r.?. to thunder 
 or make a loud noise : to issue decrees 
 with violence. — v.t. to cause to explode : 
 to send forth, as a denunciation. [Lit. to 
 hurl lightning. L. fulmino. fidminatiis— 
 fvlmen (f or fulgimen), lightning— fulgeo, 
 to shine. ]^ 
 FULMINATE, ful'min-at, n. a compound 
 
 of fulminic acid with mercurv, etc. 
 FULMINATION, ful-min-a'shuh, n. act of 
 fulminating, thundering, or issuing forth: 
 a chemical explosion : a denunciation. 
 FULMINE, ftil'min, v.t. to thunder; to ful- 
 minate ; to give utterance to in an au- 
 thoritative or vehement manner ; 
 
 Warming with her theme 
 She/ulmined out her scorn of laws Saliqua. 
 
 — Tennyaon . 
 to shoot or dart, as lightning ; 
 And ever and anon the rosy red 
 Flasht through her face as" it had been a flake 
 Of lightning through bright herer fulmiwd. 
 
 —Spenser. 
 
 FUNAMBULIST 
 
 FULMINE, ful'min, v.i. to thunder: to 
 sound hke thunder : to fulminate : to 
 speak out boldly and with resistless 
 power, or with supreme authority. 
 A very Cicei-one— vet, alas. 
 How unlike him who fultnined in old Rome: 
 
 — Boger8. 
 
 FULMINIC, ful-min'ik, adj. pertaining t« 
 an acid used in preparing explosive com- 
 pounds. 
 
 FULSOME, ful'sum, adj. cloying : nause- 
 ous : offensive : gross : 'disgustingly 
 fawning.— ady. Ful'somely,— «. Ful- 
 SOiiENESS. [A,S. ful, fuU. in the sense 
 of producing satiety, and then disgust, 
 and affix -some.'l 
 
 FULVOUS, ful'vus, FULVID, ful'vid. adj. 
 deep or dull yellow : tawny. [L. fulvus, 
 deep yellow, tawny.] 
 
 FUM, fum, FUNG, "fung, »). the Chinese 
 phoenLK, one of the four symbolical ani- 
 mals supposed to preside' over the des- 
 tinies of the Chinese Empire. 
 
 FUMAROLE, fum'a-rol, 71. a smoke-hole in 
 a volcano or sulphur-mine. [It. fuma- 
 rola — L. fumus.] 
 
 FUMBLE, fum bl, v.i. to grope about awk- 
 wardly : to do an3-thing awkwardly : to 
 handle much.— i-.f". to manage awkward- 
 ly.— ?i. Fum'blee. [From Dut. fommelen, 
 to fumble or grabble ; cf. Dan, famle. 
 Ice. falma, to grope about ; all come 
 ft-om the root of A.S. folm, the palm of 
 the hand. Cf. Palm.] 
 FUME, fum, ?!., smoke or vapor : any vola- 
 tile matter: heat of mind, rage": anv- 
 thing unsubstantial, vain conceit : the 
 incense of praise : hence, inordinate flat- 
 tery. " To smother him with fumes and 
 eulogies . . , because he is rich."— Bur- 
 ton.~v.i. to smoke : to throw off vapor : 
 to be in a rage : to worship as by offering 
 incense to : hence, to flatter excessively, 
 " They demi-deify and fume him so."— 
 Cowper. [Fr.— L. fumus, smoke, from 
 root dhii, to blow, whence DcST,] 
 FUMETTE, fu-met', n. the scent of meat, 
 as venison or game when kept too long : 
 the scent from meats cooking. " Unless 
 it had the right fumette." — Swift; 
 "There are such steams from savorv 
 pies, such a fumette from plump par- 
 tridges and roasting jiigs, that I think I 
 can distinguish them as easilv as I know 
 a rose from a pink."— i?. 21. Jejjhson. 
 
 [Fr.fumet, from 1.. fumus, smoke, funie.l 
 
 FUMIFEROUS, fum-ifer-us, adj. produc- 
 ing /iimes or smoke. [L. fumifer— fumus, 
 and fero, to bear, to produce."] 
 FOTOFUGIST, fum-if'u-jist, h. one who or 
 that which drives away smoke or fumes. 
 Dr. Allen. [L. fumus,' smoke, and fugo, 
 to drive awav.] 
 FUMIGATE, fum'i-gat, v.t. to expose to 
 smoke or gas, esp. for disinfecting : to 
 peifume. [L.fumigo, fumigatus— fumus, 
 ., and -ig = -an, the base of ago, to"drive. I 
 FUMIGATION, fum-i-ga'shun, n. act of 
 fumigating or of applying purifving 
 sm oke, etc., to. 
 FmUTORY, fum'i-tor-i, v. a plant of a 
 disagreeable smell. [O.Fr, futne-terre, 
 earth-smoke — L. fiimus, smoke, and 
 
 terra, earth.] 
 
 FIBIOUS. fum'us, FUMY, fflm'i, adj. pro 
 
 ducing futnes. 
 FUN, fun, n. merriment: sport. [Ety, 
 dub. ; not an old word ; ace. to Skea't 
 prob. imported from the Irish, in whick 
 occurs/oHH, delight.] 
 FUNAMBULATE, fu-nam^u-lat. v.i. to 
 jcfl/A- or dance on a rope. — n. Ftxajibcxa'- 
 TlON, [Sp.— L. funis, a rope, and ambulo, 
 to walk. See Ajible.] 
 FUNAMBULIST, fu-nam'bu-list, n. a rope- 
 dancer.
 
 FUNCTION 
 
 187 
 
 FURTHER 
 
 FUNCTION, fungk'shun, n. the doing of a 
 thing : duty pecuHar to any office or pro- 
 fession : the peculiar office of any part of 
 the body or mind : power : {matli.)a, quan- 
 tity so connected with another that any 
 change in the one changes the otlier. — 
 Vital functions, functions immediately 
 necessary to life, as those of the brain, 
 heart, lungs, etc. — NATURAL or vegeta- 
 tive FUNCTIONS, functions less instantly 
 necessary to life, as digestion, absorption, 
 assimilation, expulsion, etc. — Animal 
 FUNCTIONS, those which relate to the ex- 
 ternal world, as the senses, voluntary 
 motions, etc. — The equivalence of func- 
 tions, a communist term implj-ing that 
 no man's labor ought to be remunerated 
 at a higher rate than that of any other 
 man, wliatever be the difference of ca- 
 I)acity or production. [O. Fr. — 'L.fiuic- 
 tio , from fungor, functus, to perform.] 
 
 FUNCTION, fungk'shun, v.i. to perform or 
 discharge a function : to act. Also FoNO- 
 tionate. 
 
 FUNCTIONAL, fungk'shun-al, adj. per- 
 taining to or performed by /((ucho?is; — 
 opp. to Organic or Steuctural. — adv. 
 Func'tionally. 
 
 FUNCTIONARY, fungk'shun-ar-i, n. one 
 who discharges any function or duty : 
 one who holds an office. 
 
 FUND, fund, n. a sum of money on which 
 some enterprise is founded or expense 
 supported : a supply or source of money : 
 a store laid up : supplj' : — pi. permanent 
 debts due by a government and paying 
 interest : British Consols, whose principal 
 is never paid, are an example of such 
 funds. We have no such national debt in 
 this country. — SINKING fund, a fund or 
 stock set apart, generally at certain in- 
 tervals, for the reduction of a debt of a 
 government or corporation. — v.t. to form 
 a debt into a stock charged with interest : 
 to place money in a fund. [Fr. fond, 
 from L. fundus, the bottom. See Found, 
 to lav the bottom of.] 
 
 FUNDAJIENT, fund'a-ment. n. the lower 
 part or seat of the body. [Fr. — L. funda- 
 tnentum, from fundiis-l 
 
 FUNDASIENTAL, f un - da - ment'al, adj. 
 pertaining to or serving for the foun- 
 dation : essential : Important. — n. that 
 which serves as a foundation or ground- 
 work : an essential. — adv. Fundament'- 
 
 ALLT. 
 
 FUNDING, fund'ing, p. and adj. providing 
 a fund for the payment of interest on a 
 debt : converting loans to a government 
 into funds bearing a fixed rate of interest. 
 — Funding system, the manner in which 
 governments give .security to pubh'c 
 loans, by forming funds secured by law 
 for the p.ayment of the interest until the 
 state reduces the whole. 
 
 ETJNERAL, fu'ner-al, n., burial : the cere- 
 mony, etc., connected with bui-ial. — adj. 
 pertaining to or used at a burial. [Low 
 L. futieralis — L. funus, funeris, a funeral 
 procession.] 
 
 FUNEREAL, fu-ne're-al, adj. j)ertaining to 
 or suiting a funeral: dismal : mournful. 
 [L . funereii.'i.'] 
 
 FUNGACEOUS, fung'garshus, adj. per- 
 taining or relating to the order of Fungi. 
 
 FUNGI, fun'ji, n.pl. a large natural order 
 of acotyledonous or cryptogamous plants, 
 5000 being known, varying greatly m size, 
 form, color, and consistence. Under the 
 name fungus botanists comprehend not 
 only the various races of mushrooms, 
 toadstools, and similar plants, but a 
 large number of microscopic plants 
 growing upon other plants, and sub- 
 stances which are known as moulds, 
 mildew, smut, rust, brand, drv-rot. etc. 
 Fungi agree with algse and lichens in 
 
 their cellular structure, which is, with 
 very few exceptions, void of anything 
 resembling vascular tissue, but differ 
 from them in deriving their nutriment 
 from the bodj' on which they grow, not 
 from the medium by which tliey are sur- 
 rounded. They are among tlie lowest 
 forms of vegetable life, and, from the 
 readiness with which they spring up in 
 certain conditions, their germs are sup- 
 posed to be floating in the atmosphere 
 in incalculable numbers. Some diseases 
 are produced by fungi. Fungi differ 
 from other plants in being nitrogenous 
 in composition, and in inhaling oxygen 
 and giving- out carbonic acid gas. [L., 
 pi. of ftingus, a mushroom.] 
 
 FUNGOID, fung'goid, adj. resembling a 
 mushroom. [L. fungus, and Gr. eidos, 
 ap pearance.] 
 
 FUNGOUS, fung'gus, adj. of or like fun- 
 gus : soft : spongy : growing suddenly : 
 ephemeral. 
 
 FUNGUS, fung'gus, n. a member of the or- 
 der of acotyledonous plants called Fungi 
 (which see) : in med. (a) a spongy morbid 
 excrescence, as proud flesh formed in 
 wounds ; (6) a minute Incrustation and 
 alteration of the skin dependent on the 
 gTo^vth of vegetable parasites, as favus, 
 rin g-worm, etc. 
 
 FUNICLE, fu'ni-kl, n. a small cord or liga- 
 ture : a fibre. [L. funiculus, dim. of 
 funis, a cord or rope.] 
 
 FUNICULAR, fu-nik'u-lar, adj. consisting 
 of Sifunicle. 
 
 FUNNEL, fun'el, n. a tube or passage for 
 the escape of smoke, etc. : an instru- 
 ment for pouring fluids into close ves- 
 sels, as bottles, etc. [Ety. dub. ; perh. 
 from W. ffynel, air-hole— ^J^jcti, breath ; 
 or from L. in-fundibidum. — fundo, to 
 pour.] 
 
 FUNNY, fun'i, adj. fuU of fun : droll.— 
 adi: Funn'ily. 
 
 FUR. fui', n. the short, fine hair of certain 
 animals : their sl^ins with the fur pre- 
 pared for garments : a fur-like coating 
 on the tongaie, the interior of boilers, 
 etc. — v.t. to line with fur : to cover with 
 morbid fur-like matter •.^)r.p. furr'ing ; 
 pa.2). furred'. [O. Fr. fourre, Fr. fo\ir- 
 reau (cf. Sp. forro. It. fodero, lining) — 
 Teut. root found in Goth, fodr, Ger. fid- 
 ter , a case or sheath.] 
 
 FURBELOW, fur'be-lo, n. Hit.) a plait or 
 Jlounce : the fringed border of a gown 
 or petticoat. [Fr., It., and Sp. faR>ala ; 
 of unknown origin. The word simulates 
 an English toira^'ur-beloio.] 
 
 FURBISH, fur'bish, v.t. to purify or polish: 
 to rub up until bright. [Fr. fourbir — O. 
 Gev. furban, to purify.] 
 
 FURCATE, fur'kat, adj., forked : branch- 
 ing like the prongs of a fork. [L., from 
 furca. a fork.] 
 
 FURCATION, fur-ka'shun, n. a forking or 
 brandling out. 
 
 FURFURACEOUS, fur-fu-ra'shus, adj., 
 branny : scaly : scurfy. [L. furfuraceus 
 — f urfur, bran.] 
 
 FURIB'UND, fu'ri-bund, adj. furious : rag- 
 ing : mad. " Poor Louison Chabray . . . 
 has a garter round her neck, and furi- 
 bund Amazons at each end." — Carlyle. 
 [L. furibundus.] 
 
 FURIOSO, fu-ri-o'so, n. a violent, raging, 
 furious person. " A violent man and a 
 furioso was deaf to all this." — Bp. Hacket. 
 
 FURIOUS, fu'ri-us, adj. full of fury: mad: 
 violent.— adr. Fi/riously.- n. Fu'RIOUS- 
 NESS. [Fr. furienx — L. furioms—ftiria, 
 rage. See FuRY.] 
 
 FURL, furl, v.t. to draw or roU up, as a 
 sail. [Contr. of obs. furdle, from Far- 
 
 FURLONG, fur'long, n. 40 poles : the ith 
 
 of a mile. [A.S. furlang, lit. the "length 
 of a furrow "- -furli, furr«w, laiig, long.] 
 
 FURLOUGH, fur'lo, n., leave of absence. — 
 v.t. to grant leave of absence. [From 
 Dut. verlof, where i'<'r = E. for-, inten- 
 sive, and lof= E. leave ; cog. Grer. ver- 
 laub — root of erlauben, to give leave to.] 
 
 FURMENTY. See Frumenty. 
 
 FURNACE, fur'nas, n. a time or place ot 
 grievous afiliction or torment ; as, the 
 furnace of affliction : a place where a 
 vehement fu-e and heat may be made 
 and maintained, as for melting ores or 
 metals, heating the boiler of a steam- 
 engine, warming a house, baking pot- 
 tery or bread, and other such purposes. 
 Furnaces are constructed in a great va- 
 riety of ways, according to the different 
 purposes to wliich they are applied. In 
 constructing furnaces the following ob- 
 jects are kept in view : — (1) To obtain 
 the greatest quantity of heat from a 
 given quantitj' of fuel. (2) To prevent 
 the dissipation of the heat after it is pro- 
 duced. (3) To concentrate the heat and 
 direct it as much as possible to the sub- 
 stances to be acted upon. (4) To be able 
 to regulate at pleasure the necessary 
 degi-ee of heat and have it wholly under 
 the operator's management. An air fur- 
 nace is one in which the flames are 
 urged onlj' by the natural draught ; a 
 blast furnace, one in which the lieat is 
 intensified by the injection of a strong 
 current of air by artificial means ; a re- 
 verberatory furnace, one in which the 
 flames in passing to the chimney are 
 tlirown down by a low-arched roof upon 
 the objects which it is intended to ex- 
 pose to their action. [Fr. fournaise — L 
 fornax — funnis, an oven.] 
 
 FURNACE-BRIDGE, fur'nas-brij,j!. a bar- 
 rier of firebricks, or an iron plate cliam- 
 ber filled with water thrown across a 
 fui'nace at tlie extreme end of the fire- 
 bars, to prevent the fuel being carried 
 into the flues, and to quicken the draught 
 by contracting the area. 
 
 FURNISH, fur'nish. v.t. to jit vp or sup- 
 ply completely, or with what is necessary: 
 to equip. — n. Fur'nisher. [Fr. foum'ir 
 — O. Ger. frumjan, to do, to perfect.] 
 
 FURNITURE, fur'ni-tur, n. movables, 
 either for use or ornament, with which a 
 house is equipped: equipage: decorations. 
 [Fy. fournittire.] 
 
 FURRIER, fur'i-er, n. a dealer in furs and 
 fur-goods. 
 
 FURRIERY, fur'i-er-i, n.,furs in general : 
 tra de in furs. 
 
 FURRINGS, fur'in^z, n.2)l. incarj). slips of 
 timber nailed to joists or rafters in order 
 to bring- them to a level and to range 
 them into a straight surface, when the 
 timbers are sagged either 'by casting- or 
 by a set which tlicy have obtained by 
 their weight in the course of time. 
 Written also FiRRINGS. 
 
 FURROW, fur'o, n. the trench made bv a 
 plough : any trench or groove : a wrinkle 
 on the face. — v.t. to form furrows in : to 
 groove: to wrinkle. [A.S. fvrh ; cog 
 witli Ger./i(rc/ie ; and cf. L. porca, a sow 
 a ridge.] 
 
 FURRY, fm-'i, adj. consisting of, coverwi 
 with, or dressed iu fur. 
 
 FURTHER, fm-'ther. adv. to a greater dis- 
 tance or degree : in addition. — adj. more 
 distant: additional. [A.S. furtlmr, either 
 a comp. of furth (.=forth), or more prob. 
 of fore, with comp. suffix -thor or -thur, 
 wliich corresponds to Goth, -thar = Gr. 
 -tcr {in proteros) •= Sans. -tara. Cf. 
 After 1 
 
 FURTHER, tur'ther, v.t. to hulp fortcard, 
 promote. [A.S. fyrthran.]
 
 FURTHERANCE 
 
 188 
 
 GADFLY 
 
 FUETHERANCE, tuT'ther-a.us, n. a helping 
 forward. 
 
 FURTHERMORE, fur'i^er-mor, adv. in 
 addition to wtiat has been said, moreover, 
 besides. 
 
 FURTHERMOST, fur'rter-most, adj., most 
 further : most remote. 
 
 FURTHEST, fiir'ttest, adv. at the greatest 
 distance. — adj. most distant. [A superl. 
 either of furth (=fortli), or more prob. 
 of fore. See Fuether.] 
 
 /TTRTIVE, fur'tiv, adj. stealthy : secret.— 
 adv. Fue'ttvely. [Fr. — h. furtivus—fur, 
 a tiiief.] 
 
 FURY, fa'ri, n., rage : violent passion : 
 madness: {myth.) one of the three god- 
 desses of vengeance : hence, a passionate, 
 violent woman. [Fr. furie — -L. furia — 
 furo, to be ang^.J 
 
 FURZE, furz, ?i. the whin or gorse, a prick- 
 ly evergreen bush with beautiful yellow 
 flowers, so called from the likeness of its 
 spines to those of the ^r-tree. [A.S. fyrs; 
 cog , with Gael, preas, a brier.] 
 
 FURZY, furz'i, ad/, overgrown with furze. 
 
 FUSCOUS, fus'kus, adj. brown: dingy. 
 [L. fiiscus, akin to furvus (tor fiis-ims).] 
 
 FUSE, fiiz, v.t. to melt : to liquefy by heat. 
 — v.i. to be melted : to be reduced to a 
 liquid : in American politics, a new po- 
 litical party is sometimes said to fuse 
 witli one of the two old organizations. 
 [L. fundo, fusum. to melt.] 
 
 FUSE, fiiz, n. a tube filled with combusti- 
 ble matter for firing mines, discharging 
 shells, etc. [A corr. of Fusn-J 
 
 FUSEE, fti-ze', n. a match or cigar light : 
 a fuse : a fusil. 
 
 FUSEE, fu-ze', n. the spindle in a watch or 
 clock on which the chain is wound. [Fr. 
 fusee, a spindleful, from L. fusus, a 
 spindle.] 
 
 '/DSEL-OIL, fu'zel-oil, n. a nauseous oil 
 in spirits distilled from potatoes, barley, 
 etc. [Ger. fusel, bad spirits.] 
 
 FUSIBLE, fiiz'i-bl, adj. that may be fused 
 or melted. — w. Fusibil'ITT. 
 
 FUSlXi, fiiz'il, n. a light inusket or firelock. 
 [Fr. fusil, a flint, musket, same as It. 
 /oei7e — Low L. facile, steel (to strike fire 
 w ith), dim. of fociis, a fireplace.] 
 
 FUSHiADE, fuz'il-ad, n. a simultaneous 
 discharge of firearms. — i:t. to shoot 
 down by a simultaneous discliarge of 
 firearms. [Fr.— fusil, a musket.] 
 
 FUSmiER, FUSILEER, fu-zil-er', n. (orig.) 
 a soldier armed \v\\.\\ a fusH, but now 
 armed like other infantry. 
 
 FUSINO-POINT, faz'ing-point, n. the 
 temperature at which any solid sub- 
 stance is fused — ^that is, becomes liquid. 
 
 FUSION, fu'zhun, n. act of melting : the 
 state of fluidity from heat : a close union 
 of things, as if melted together : political 
 union of parties. [See Fuse.] — Point op 
 FUSION OF METALS, the degree of heat at 
 which they melt or liquefj% This point 
 is very different for different metals. 
 Thus potassium fuses at 136° Fahr.. bis- 
 muth at 504°, lead at 619°, zinc at 680°, 
 silver 1833", gold 2283°. Malleable iron 
 requires the highest heat of a smith's 
 forge (3912°) ; while cerium, platinum, 
 and some other metals are infusible in 
 the heat of a smith's forge, but are fusi- 
 ble before the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe. 
 
 fXrSS, fus, n. a bustle or tumult : liaste, 
 flurry. — adj. Fuss'Y. — adv. Fuss'ilt. 
 [A.S. fus, ready, prompt to find — fu7v- 
 dian, to strive after— findan, to findj 
 
 FUSTET, fus'tet, 7i. the wood of the Ven- 
 ice sumach : adyestuff. [Fr. fustet. dim. 
 of O. Fr. fust — L. fustis a stick, in Low 
 L. a tree.] 
 
 FUSTIAN, fust'yan, n. a kind of coarse, 
 twilled cotton cloth : a pompous and un- 
 natural style of writing or speaking : 
 
 bombast. — adj. made of fustian : bom- 
 bastic. [O. Fr. fustaine, Fr. futaine — 
 It. fustagno — Low L. fustaneum. from 
 Fostat (a suburb of Cairo) in Egj-pt, 
 where first made.] 
 
 FUSTIC, fus'tik, n. the w ood of a W. In- 
 dian tree, used as a dyestuff. [Fr. fustoc 
 — L. fustis.] 
 
 FUSTIGATION, fus-ti-ga'shun, n. a beat- 
 ing with a stick: [L. fustigo, fustigatus, 
 to beat with a stick— fztstis, a stick.] 
 
 FUSTY, fust'i, adj. (lit.) smelling of the 
 wood of the cask, as wine : ill-smelling. 
 —n. FusT'iNESS. [O. Fr. fust, wood of a 
 cask — L. fustis.] 
 
 FUTILE, fu'tU, adj. useless : unavailing : 
 trifling. — adv. Fu'tilely. [Ft. — L. fur 
 tills— fud, root of fundo, to pour.] 
 
 FUTILITARIAN, fu-til-i-ta'ri-an, n. a per- 
 son given to useless or worthless pur- 
 suits. Southey. [A word formed on the 
 type of utilitarian, and involving a sneer 
 at the philosophic school so called.] 
 
 FUTILITARIAN. fii-til-i-ta'ri-an, adj de- 
 voted to worthless or useless pursuits, 
 aims, or the like. " The utilitarian phil- 
 anthropist (Bentham) or the fidilitarian 
 misanthropist (Carlye)." — Fitzedward 
 Hall. 
 
 FUTILITY, fo-til'i-ti, n. uselessness. 
 
 FUTTOCKS, fut'uks, n.pl. a curved timber 
 forming part of one of the ribs of a ship. 
 [Pe rh. corrupted from foot-hooks.] 
 
 FUTURE, fut'ur, adj., abmd to be : that is 
 to come : (gram.) expressing what will 
 be. — n. time to come. [h.futuTnis, fut. 
 p. of esse, to be.] 
 
 FUTURIST, fut'ur-ist, n. one who has re- 
 gard to the future : one whose main in- 
 terest lies in the future : an expectant : 
 in theol. one who holds that the prophe- 
 cies of the Bible are yet to be fulfilled. 
 
 FUTURITY, fiit-iir'i-ti, n. time to come: 
 a n event or state of being yet to come. 
 
 FUZZ, fuz, v.i. to fly off in minute parti- 
 cles with a fizzing sound like water from 
 hot iron. — n. fine light particles, as dust. 
 — n. Fuzz'ball, a kind of fungus, whose 
 head is full of a fine dust. [Akin to Fizz ; 
 Ger. pfuschen, to fizz.] 
 
 FY. fi, int. Same as FlE. 
 
 FYLFOT, Hl'fot, n. a peculiarly-formed 
 cross, supposed to have been introduced 
 into Europe, about the sixth centiu-y, 
 from India or China, where it was era- 
 
 Eloyed as a mystic symbol among re- 
 gions devotees ; it was often used in 
 decoration and embroidery in the middle 
 ag es. 
 FYRD. ferd, FYRDUNG, fer'dung, n. in 
 old Eng. hist, the military array or land 
 force of the whole nation, comprising all 
 males able to bear arms : a force resem- 
 bling the German landwebr of to-day. 
 
 [A.i.\ 
 
 G 
 
 GAB, gab, n. in steam-engines, the name 
 given to the hook on the end of the ec- 
 centric rod opposite the strap. 
 
 GABARAGE, ga'ber-aj, n. coarse packing- 
 cloth : a term formerly used for the 
 wrappers in which Irish goods were 
 packed. 
 
 GABARDINE, gab-ar-den', GABERDINE, 
 gab ar-din, n. a coarse frock or loose 
 upper garment : a mean dress. [Sp. 
 gabardina — Sp. gaban, a kind of great- 
 coat, of which ety. dub.] 
 
 GABBLE, gab'l, v.i. to talK inarticulately : 
 to chatter : to cackle like geese. — ns. 
 Gabb'ler, Gabe'ltsg. [Prob. from Ice. 
 gabba; cf. Fr. gaber, Dut. gabberen, to 
 
 joke, and many other forms, which are 
 all imitative.] 
 
 GABBLEMENT, gab'1-ment, n. the act of 
 gabbling : inarticulate sounds uttered 
 with rapidity : chattering. Carlyle. 
 
 GABEL, ga'bel, GABELLE, ga-bel. n. a, 
 tax, impost, or excise duty : particu* 
 larly, in France, a tax on salt. "The 
 gabels of Naples are very high on oil, 
 wine, tobacco, and indeed on almort 
 everything that can be eaten, drank, or 
 worn." — Addison. [Fr. gahelle. Pr. gw- 
 beta, gabella. It. gahella, and O. It. ca- 
 bella, caballa, Sp. gabela, from Ar. kaba- 
 la, tax, impost. See, however, Gatel.] 
 
 GABELLMAN, gaTsel-man, n. a tax col- 
 lector : a gabeler. " Oabellmen and ex- 
 cisemen." — Carlyle. [See Gabel.] 
 
 6ABERLUNZIE, ga-ber-lun'zi, n. a men- 
 dicant : a poor guest who cannot pay for 
 his entertainment. (Scotch.) [A contr. 
 for gaberlunzie-man, from Scot, gaber- 
 lunzie, a wallet, and that compounded of 
 a contr. of gabardine, and lunzie, a Scot, 
 form of loin, the wallet resting on the 
 loins.] 
 
 GABIAN, ga'bi-an, adj. a term applied to a 
 variety of petroleum or mineral naphtha 
 exuding from the strata at Gabion, a 
 vUlage in the department of Herault, 
 France. 
 
 GABILLA, ga-bil'a, n. a finger or parcel of 
 tobacco in Cuba, consisting of about 
 thirty-six to forty leaves. The bales are 
 usually made up of 80 hands, each of 
 4 gabillas. Simmonds. 
 
 GABION, gaTsi-uu, v. (fort.) a bottomless 
 basket of wicker-work filled with earth, 
 used for shelter from the enemj-'s fire. 
 [Fr. — It. gabbione, a large cage-^gabbia 
 — L. cavea, a hollow place — cavus. hol- 
 low.] 
 
 6ABI0NNADE, ga-bi-im-ad', n. a line oJ 
 gabions thrown up as a defence. 
 
 GABLE, gaT^l, n. (arch.) the triangular 
 part of an exterior wall of a building 
 between the top of the side-walls and 
 the slopes of the roof. [Perh. of Celt, 
 origin, as in Ir. gabhal, a fork or gable ; 
 cf. Ger. giebel. a gable, gabel. a fork.] 
 
 GABLET, gaTslet, n. a small gable or 
 canopv. 
 
 GAB-LfiVER, gable-ver, GAB-LIFTER, 
 gab'-lift-er, n. in steam-engines, a contriv- 
 ance for lifting the gab from the wrist 
 on the crank of the eccentric shaft in 
 order to disconnect the eccentric from 
 the valve gear. 
 
 GABLOCK, gablok, n. a false spur fitted 
 on to the heel of a gamecock to make it 
 more effective in fighting. Craig. 
 
 GABREELITE, ga'bri-el-It, n. (eccles.) one 
 of a sect of A nabaptists in Pomerania, so 
 called from one Oabriel Scherling. 
 
 GABY, ga'bi, n. a simpleton. [From a 
 Scand. root seen in Ice. gapi — gajia, to 
 gape. See Gape.] 
 
 GAD, gad, n. a wedge of steel : a graver : 
 a rod or stick : in old Scotch prisons a 
 round bar of iron crossing the condemned 
 cell horizontally at the height of about 6 
 inches from the floor, and strongly buUt 
 into the wall at either end. Tlie ankles 
 of the prisoner sentenced to death were 
 secured within shackles which were con- 
 nected, by a chain about 4 feet long, with 
 a large iron ring which travelled on the 
 gad. — Upon the gad, upon the spur or 
 impulse of the moment. Shak. [Prob. 
 from Scand. gaddr, a goad, and cog. with 
 A.S. gad, a goad.] 
 
 GAD, gad, v.i. to rove about restlessly, like 
 cattle stung bv the gadfly: — pr.p. gadd'- 
 ing •,pa.p. ga^d'ed. 
 
 GADFLY, gad'fli, n. a fly which pierces the 
 skin of cattle in order to deposit its eggs : 
 one who is constantly going about, a
 
 GAELIC 
 
 1S9 
 
 GALIOT 
 
 seeker after pleasure or gaiety, a gad- 
 about. " Harriet may turn gadfly, and 
 never be easy but when she is forming 
 parties." — Richardson. [From Gad, n., 
 and Fly.] 
 
 (JAELIC, ga'lik, adj. pertaining to tlie 
 Gaels or Scottisli Higlilanders. — n. the 
 northern or Gadhelic branch of the Celtic 
 family of languages, embi'acing the Irish, 
 the Highland-Scottish, and the Manx : 
 (more commonly) tlie Highland-Scottish 
 dialect. [Prob. originally a Celtic word, 
 of whicli tlie Latinized form is Oallus. 
 The O. Ger. word walk or italah (E 
 Welsh), applied by the Teutons to their 
 neighbors, is not found till tlie 8th cent., 
 and is merely a form of L. Gallus, a 
 Gaul, a stranger or foreigner. See 
 Welsh.] 
 
 • 3AFF, gaf, n. a boat-hook or fisliing-spear: 
 a kind of boom or yard. [Fr. gaffe, from 
 a Celt, root found in Irisli gaf, a hook — 
 root gabh, to take ; allied to L. capio, E. 
 Have.] 
 
 GAFF, gaf, v.t. in angling, to strike or se- 
 cure by means of a gaff-hook, as a salmon. 
 
 GAFFER, gafer, n. (orig.) a word of re- 
 spect applied to an old man, now expres- 
 sive of familiarity or contempt. [Contr. 
 of gramfer, the West of England form 
 of Grandfather. See Gammer.] 
 
 GAFFSMAN, gafs'man, )i. an attendant on 
 an angler who aids in landing the fish by 
 means of a gaff-hook. -'The attendant 
 gaffsman stands or crouches, with a 
 sharp-pointed steel hook attached to a 
 short aslien staff called a gaff, waiting 
 his opportunity." — Ency. Brit. 
 
 GAG. gag, v.t. to forcibly stop the mouth : 
 to silence. — -^r.p.gagg'ing; pa.p. gagged', 
 — n. something thrust into the mouth or 
 put over it to enforce silence. [Ety. 
 dub.; prob. imitative.] 
 
 GAGE, gaj, n. a pledge: security for the 
 fulfilhnent of a promise : something 
 thrown down as a challenge, as a glove. 
 — v.t. to bind by pledge or security. [Fr. 
 gage — gager, to wager — Low L. vadium, 
 which is either from L. vas, vadis, a 
 pledge, or from a Teut. root found in 
 Goth, vadi, A.S. iced, a pledge, Ger. 
 tcette, a bet ; the two roots, however, 
 are cog. See Bet.] 
 
 GAGE, gaj, v.t. to measure. Same as 
 Gauge. 
 
 GAIDHEAL, ga'el or gal, n. (pi. Gaedheil, 
 ga'il or gal), one of the Gadhelic branch 
 of the Celtic race. 
 
 GAIETY, ga'e-ti, n. merriment : finery : 
 show. 
 
 GAILY, ga-li, adv. in a gay manner. [See 
 Gat.] 
 
 GAIX, gan, v.t. to obtain by effort : to 
 earn : to be successful in : to draw to 
 one's own party : to reach : (New Test.) 
 to escape. — n. that which is gained : 
 profit : — opp. to Loss. [M.E. gainen, to 
 profit, from the Scand., in Ice. gagn, Dan. 
 gavH. gain. The word is quite independ- 
 ent of Fr. gagner, with which it lias been 
 confused.] 
 
 GAIN AGE, gan'aj, n. in old lau; (a) the 
 gain or profit of tilled or planted land 
 raised by cultivating it ; {b) the horses, 
 oxen, and furniture of the wain, or the 
 instruments for carrying on tillage, 
 which, when a villain was amerced, 
 were left free, that cultivation might not 
 be interrupted. Burrill. 
 
 GAIN-DEVOTED, gan'-de-vot-ed, adj. de- 
 voted to the pursuit of gain. " Oain-de- 
 voted cities." — Couper. 
 
 GAINER, gan'er, n. one who gaitis profit, 
 etc. 
 
 GAINFUL, gan'fool, adj. productive of 
 wealth : advantageous. — <mv. Gain'FUL- 
 VI.— n. Gain'fulness. 
 
 GAININGS, gan'ingz, n.pl. what have been 
 gained or acquired by labor or enter- 
 prise. 
 
 GAINLESS, gan'les, adj. unprofitable. — n. 
 Gain'lessness. 
 
 GAINSAY, gan'sa or gan-sa', v.t. to say 
 something against : to deny : to dispute. 
 — )(. Gain'sayer (B.), an opposer. [A.S. 
 gegn, .against, and Sat.] 
 
 GAINSAY, gan'sa, ?i. opposition in words : 
 contradiction. "An air and tone admit- 
 ting of no gainsay or appeal." — Irving. 
 
 GAIRISH. See Garish. 
 
 GAIT, gat, Ji., M-a^ or manner of walking. 
 [Ice. gata, a way.] 
 
 GAITER, gat'er, n. a covering of cloth 
 fitting down upon the shoe. [Fr. guetre, 
 guest7-e.'\ 
 
 GAL, gal, GALL, gawl, a Celtic prefix or 
 suffix, which, when it enters into a name, 
 implies the presence of foreigners. It is 
 believed to have been first applied to a col- 
 ony of Gauls, whence it came to denote 
 foreigners in general. Thus, Donegal 
 Dun-na-n Gait) means the fortress of the 
 foreigners — in this case known to have 
 been Danes. Galhally in Limerick, and 
 GoZwally in Down, mean English town. 
 BallynagraZZ is the town of the English- 
 men ; Cloaegall, the meadow of the En- 
 glishmen. 
 
 GALA, ga'la, n.,shoir: splendor: festivity, 
 as a gala-day. [Fr. gala, show — It. gala, 
 finer3' ; from a Teut. root found in A.S. 
 gal, meri-y.] 
 
 GALACTIA, ga-lak'ti-a, n. in rned. (a) a re- 
 dundant flow of milk either in a female 
 who is suckling or in one who is not, and 
 which may occur without being provoked 
 by suckling ; (b) a morbid flow or defi- 
 ciency of milk. Dr. Good. [From Gr. 
 gala, galaktos, milk.] 
 
 GALACTIC, ga-lak'tik, adj. of or belonging 
 to milk ; obtained from milk ; lactic : in 
 astron. an epithet first applied by Sir 
 John Herschel to that great circle of the 
 heavens to which the course of the Milky 
 Way apparently most nearly conforms. 
 — Galactic poles, the two opposite 
 points of the heavens, situated at 90° 
 from the galactic circle. [Gr. galaktiJcos, 
 milky, from gala, galaktos, milk.] 
 
 GALACTODENDRON, ga-lak-to-den'dron, 
 n. a generic name given by some au- 
 thors to the cow-tree of South Ameri- 
 ca, now generally referred to the genus 
 Brosimum, Galactodendron being used as 
 the specific name. See Cow-tree. [Gr. 
 gala, galaktos. milk, and dendron, a tree.] 
 
 GALACTOGOGUE, ga-lak'to-gog, GALAC- 
 TAGOGUE, ga-lak'ta-gog, n. a medicine 
 which promotes the secretion of milk in 
 the breast. [Gr. gala, galaktos, milk, 
 and ago, to induce.] 
 
 GALACTOMETER, ga-lak-tom'et-er, n. an 
 instrument to test the qualitj' of milk, 
 that is, the percentage of cream yielded 
 by it : a lactometer. [Gr. gala, galaktos, 
 milk, and metron, a measure.] 
 
 GALACTOPHAGIST, ga-lak-tof'a-jist. n. 
 one who eats or subsists on milk. 
 Wright. [Gr. gala, galaktos, milk, and 
 phnqd, to eat.] 
 
 GALACTOPHAGOUS,ga-lak-tof'a-gus,ad;". 
 feeding on milk. Dungli.^on. 
 
 GALACTOPHORITIS, ga-lak-to-fo-ri'tis, n. 
 in pathol. inflammation of the galac- 
 tophorous ducts : sometimes inaccurate- 
 ly used for ulceration of the top of the 
 nipples towards their orifices. Dunglison. 
 [Gr. gala, galaktos. milk, phero, to carry, 
 and term, itis, denoting inflammation.] 
 
 GALACTOPHOROUS.ga-lak-tof'or-us,ad;'. 
 producing milk. [Gr. galaktophoros — 
 grata, galaktos, milk, and phero, to bear, 
 to produce.] 
 
 GALACTOPOIETIC.ga-lak.to-poi-et'ik,ad/'. 
 
 or 11. a term applied to substances which 
 increase the flow of milk. Brande. [Gr. 
 gala, galaktos, milk, and poietikos, capa- 
 ble of making, from poieo, to make.] 
 
 GALAXY, gal'ak-si, ». the Milky-Way, or 
 the luminous band of stars stretching 
 across the heavens : any splendid assem 
 blage. [Through Fr. and L.. from Gr ga 
 lajHas — gala, galaktos, akin to L. lac 
 lactis, milk.] 
 
 GALBANUM, gal'ban-um, GALBAN, gal' 
 ban, n. a resinous juice obtained from an 
 Eastern plant, used in med. and in the 
 arts, and by the Jews in the preparation 
 of the sacred incense. [L. — Gr. chalbane 
 — Heb. chelbenah, from cheleb, fat.] 
 
 GALE, gal, n. a strong wind between a stiff 
 breeze and a storm. [Prob. from Scand., 
 as in Dan. gal, mad, Norw. galen, raging.] 
 
 GALE, gal, n. the wild nijTtle, a shrub 
 found in bogs. [Prov. E. — A.S. gagel ; 
 Scot, gaul, Dut. gagel.] 
 
 GALEATED, ga'le-at-ed, adj., helmeted: 
 having a flower like a helmet, as the 
 monk's-hood. [L. galeatus — galea, a 
 helmet.] 
 
 GALENA, ga-le'na, n. native sulphuret of 
 lead. [L. galena, lead-ore — Gr. galene, 
 calmness : so called from its supposed 
 efficacy in allaying disease.] 
 
 GALENIC, ga-len'ik, GALENICAL, ga-len'- 
 ik-al, adj. relating to Galen, the cele- 
 brated physician (born at Pergamus in 
 Mysia, a.d. 130), or his principles and 
 method of treating diseases. The galenic 
 remedies consist of preparations of herbs 
 and roots, by infusion, decoction, etc. 
 The chemical remedies consist of prepa- 
 rations by means of calcination, diges- 
 tion, fermentation, etc. 
 
 GALENISM, ga'len-izm, n. the doctrines of 
 Galen. 
 
 GALENIST, ga'len-ist, n. a follower ol 
 Galen. 
 
 GALILEAN, ga-li-le'an, n. a native or in- 
 habitant of Galilee, in Judea : one of a 
 sect among the Jews, who opposed the 
 payment of tribute to the Romans. 
 
 GALILEAN, ga-li-le'an, adj. in geog. re- 
 lating to Galilee. " The pilot of the 
 Galilean lake." — Milton. 
 
 GALILEAN, ga-li-le'an, adj. of or pertain- 
 ing to, or invented by Galileo, the Italian 
 astronomer ; as, the Galilean telescope. 
 
 GALILEE, ga'li-le, n. a portico or chapel 
 annexed to a church, used for various 
 purposes. In it public penitents were 
 stationed, dead bodies deposited pre- 
 viously to their interment, and reUgious 
 processions formed ; and it was only in 
 the galilee tliat in certain religious 
 houses the female relatives of the monks 
 were allowed to converse with them, or 
 even to attend divine service. When a 
 female made an application to see a 
 monk she was directed to the porch, 
 usually at the western extremity of the 
 church, in the words of Scriptvire, " He 
 goeth before you into Galilee : there 
 shall you see him." The only English 
 buildings to which the term galilee is 
 applied are those attached to the cathe- 
 drals of Durham. Ely, and Lincoln. The 
 galilee at Lincoln Cathedral is a porch 
 on the west side of the south transept ; 
 at Ely Cathedral it is a porch at the west 
 end of the nave ; at Durham it is a larg« 
 chapel, dedicated to the Virgin, at the 
 west end of the nave, built chiefly for 
 the use of the women, who were not 
 allowed to advance further than the 
 second pillar of the nave. This last was 
 also used as the bishop's consistory court. 
 [Named after the scriptural " Galilee of 
 the Crentiles." See definition.] 
 
 GALIOT. GALLIOT, gal'i-ut. n. a small 
 galley or brigantine : a Dutch vessel
 
 GALL 
 
 190 
 
 GAMIN 
 
 carrying a mainmast, a mizzen-mast, 
 and a large gaff-mainsail. [Fr., dim. of 
 galee, a galley.] 
 
 GALL, gawl, n. the greenish-yellow fluid 
 secreted from the liver, called bile : bit- 
 terness : malignity. [A.S. gealla, gall ; 
 allied to Grer. galh, Gr. ehole, L./ei — all 
 from the same root as E. yellow, Ger. 
 gelb, L. helvtis.] 
 
 :#ALL, gawl, v.t. to fret cr hurt the skin 
 by rubbing : to annoy : to enrage. — n. a 
 wound caused bv rubbing. [O. Fr. galle, 
 a fretting of tlie skin — L. callus, hard 
 thick skin.] 
 
 GALL, gawl, GALL-NUT, gawl'-nut, n. a 
 light nut-like ball which certain insects 
 produce on the oak-tree, used in dyeing. 
 [Fr. galle — L. galla, oak-apple, gall-nut.] 
 
 GALLANT, gal'ant, adj. (orig.) gay. splen- 
 did, magnificent (B.) : brave : noble. — 
 adv. Gall'antly. — n, Gaul'antness. [Fr. 
 gain lit : It. galante — gala. See Gala.] 
 
 GALLANT, gal-ant', adj. courteous or at- 
 tentive to ladies : like a gallant or brave 
 man. — n. a man of fashion : a suitor : a 
 seducer. — v.t. to attend or wait on, as 
 a lady. 
 
 GALLANTRY, gal'ant-ri, n. bravei-y : in- 
 trepidity : attention or devotion to la- 
 dies, often in a bad sense. 
 
 GALLA-OX, gal'la-oks, 7i. a variety of the 
 ox, a native of Abyssinia, remarkable 
 for the size of its horns, which rise from 
 the forehead with an outward and then 
 an inward curve, so as to present a 
 very j)erfect model of a lyre. It has 
 also a hump on the shoulders. Called 
 also Sanga. 
 
 GALLEON, gal'i-un, n. a large Spanish 
 vessel with lofty stem and stern. [Sp. 
 galeon — Low L. galea : cf. Galley.] 
 
 SALLERY, gal'er-i, n. a balcony sur- 
 rounded by rails : a long passage : the 
 upper floor of seats in a church or 
 theatre : a room for the exhibition of 
 works of art : (fort.) a covered passage 
 cut through the earth or masonry. 
 [Fr. galerie — It. galleria — Low. L. gdl- 
 er-ia, an ornamental hall : perhaps from 
 Gala.] 
 
 <JALLEY, gal'i. n. a long, low-built ship 
 with one deck, propelled by oai-s : (on 
 hoard ship) the place where the cooking 
 is -done : a kind of boat attached to a 
 ship-of-war : (print.) the frame which 
 receives the type from the composing- 
 stick. [O. Fr. galee — Lou- L. galea; 
 origin unknown. ] 
 
 GALLEY-FOIST, GALLY-FOIST, gal'i- 
 foist, n. a barge of state : sometimes 
 specifically applied to the barge in which 
 the Lord Mayor of London went in state 
 to Westminster. " Rogues, hell-hounds, 
 stentors, out of my doors, you sons of 
 noise and tumult, begot on an ill Maj-- 
 day, or when the galley-foist is afloat to 
 Westminster." — B. Jonson. [Galley and 
 Foist, a kind of light ship.] 
 
 GALLEY-HALFPENNY, gal'i-haf'pen-i, 
 n. a base coin in circulation in the time 
 of Henry TV., so called from being 
 brought to England surreptitiously in 
 the galleys which carried merchandise 
 from Genoa. 
 
 GALLEY-SLAVE, gal'i-slav, n. one con- 
 demned for crime to work hke a slave at 
 the oar of a galley. 
 
 BALLEY-STICK, gal'i-stik, n. a long taper- 
 ing stick, the breadth of which is less 
 than the height of types, placed beside a 
 column of type in a galley, in order that 
 the type may be locked up or wedged in 
 place by quoins. 
 
 GALLI, gal'li, n.pl. in Rom. antiq. the 
 priests of Cvbele at Rome. 
 
 6ALLIAMBIC, gal-li-amTjik, adj. in pros. 
 a term applied to a kind of verse con- 
 
 sisting of two iambic dimeters catalectic, 
 the last of which wants the final syllable. 
 [L. galliambus. a song used by the priests 
 of Cybele — Gallus, a name appUed to 
 these priests, and iambus.'] 
 
 GALLIARD, gal'yard, >i. a lively dance. 
 [From the Sp. gallardo, livelj% gay.] 
 
 GALLIC, gal'ik, adj. pertaining to Gaul or 
 France. [L. Oallicus — Gallia, Gaul.] 
 
 GALLIC ACID, gal'ik as'id, )i. a crystalline 
 substance obtained from gall-nuts, mango 
 seeds, etc. 
 
 GALLICANISM, gal'i-kan-izm, ?;. the prin- 
 ciples or policy of the party in the Roman 
 Catholic Church of France who strive to 
 maintain the ancient privileges of their 
 church, and to defend it from the ag- 
 gressions of Ultraniontanism. 
 
 GALLICISM, gal'i-sizm, n. a mode of 
 speech peculiar to the French : a French 
 idiom. 
 
 GALLIGASKINS.gaI-i-gas'kinz.?!.jj/.large, 
 open hose or trousers : leggings worn by 
 sportsmen. [Prob. a corr. of Fr. Gre- 
 guesques. Grecians.] 
 
 GALLINACEOUS, gal-in-a'shus, adj. per- 
 taining to the order of birds to which 
 the domestic fowl, pheasant, etc., be- 
 long. [L. gallina, a hen — gallus, a cock.] 
 
 GALLIOT. SeeGALlOT. 
 
 GALLIPOT, gal'i-pot, n. a small glazed 
 pot for containing medicine. [Corr. of 
 O. Dut. gleypot, a glazed pot — Dut. gleis, 
 glazed.] 
 
 GALLON, gal'un, n. the standard measure 
 of capacity == 4 quarts. [O. Fr. gallon 
 (Fr.jale), a bowl.] 
 
 GALLOON, ga-l66n', n. a kind of lace : a 
 narrow ribbon made of silk or worsted, 
 or of both. [Sp. galon — gala, finery.] 
 
 GALLOP, gul'up, v.i. to ?ec(p in running : 
 to ride at a galloping pace. — n. the pace 
 at which a horse runs when the forefeet 
 are lifted together and the hind feet to- 
 gether : a quick dance (<« this sense pron. 
 gal-op'). [Fr. galoper, from a Teut. root 
 found in Goth, gahlaupan, Ger. laufen, 
 A.S. gehleapan, to leap.] 
 
 GALLOPADE, gal-up-ad', n. a quick kind 
 of dance — then, the music appropriate to 
 it. — v.i. to perform a gallopade. [Fr.] 
 
 GALLOWAY, gal'o-wa, n. a small strong 
 horse oiig. from Gallowat/ in Scotland. 
 
 GALLOWGLASS, GALLO'WGLAS, gal'o- 
 glas, n. an ancient hea\'V-armed foot- 
 soldier of Ireland and the 'Western Isles : 
 — opp. to Keene, a light-armed soldier. 
 
 The merciless Macdonwald . . . from the western 
 isles. 
 
 Of kernes and gallowglasses is supplied. — Shak. 
 
 [Ir. galloglach, a heavy-armed soldier — 
 gall, foreign, and oglach,a. youth, vassal, 
 soldier, from og, young, and adjectival 
 termination lach. Tlie Irish armed their 
 gallowglasses after the model of the En- 
 glish eai'lv military settlers.] 
 
 GALLOW-'GRASS, " gal'6-gras, n. an old 
 cant name for hemp, as furnishing hal- 
 ters for the gibbet. 
 
 GALLOWS, gal'us, n. an instrument on 
 which criminals are executed by hanging. 
 [A.S. galga : Ger. qalgen.] 
 
 GALOCHE. GALOSH, ga-losh', n. a shoe 
 or slipper worn over another in wet 
 weather. [Fr. galoche, of which ety. 
 dub. ; either from L. gallica, a slipper, 
 from Gallicus, pertaining to Gaul, or 
 from L. ealqpedia, a wooden shoe— Gr. 
 kalopodion, mm. of kalopoiis, kalapous, 
 a shoemaker's last — kalon, wood, and 
 pous. the foot.] 
 
 GALVANIC, gal-van'ik, adj. belonging to 
 or exhibiting galvanism. 
 
 GALVANISM, gal'van-izm, n. a branch of 
 the science of electricity, which treats of 
 electric currents produced by chemical 
 
 agents. [From Galvani of Bologna, the 
 discoverer, 1737-98.] 
 
 GALVANIZE, gal'van-iz, v.t. to affect 
 with galvanism. — n. Gal'vanist, one 
 skilled in galvanism. 
 
 GALVANOMETER, gal-van-om'et-er, n. 
 an instrument for measuring the strength 
 of galvanic currents. [Galvani, and Gr. 
 metron, a measure.] 
 
 GALVANOPLASTIC, gal-van-5-plast'ik, 
 adj. pertaining to the art or process of 
 
 • electrotyping : as, the galvanoplastic art, 
 that is, electrotypv. 
 
 GALVANOSCOPE, "gal-van'o-skop, n. an 
 instrument for detecting the existence 
 and direction of an electric current. A 
 magnetic needle is agalvanoscope. [Gal- 
 vanism, and Gr. slopeo, to examine?] 
 
 GALVANOSCOPIC. gal-van-o-skop'ik, adj. 
 of or pertaining to a galvanoscope. 
 
 GAJIA-GRASS, ga'ma-gras, n. a species 
 of grass (Tripsacum dactyloides), a t;dl, 
 stout, and exceedingly productive grass 
 cultivated in Mexico, the Southern States, 
 the West Indies, and to some extent in 
 Europe, said to admit of being cut six 
 times in a season. It beai-s drought re- 
 markably well. T. monostachyon (the 
 CaroUna gama-grass) is the only other 
 species known. 
 
 GA!MBADO,gam-ba'do,n.aleather covering 
 for the legs to defend them from mud in 
 riding. [It. gamba, the leg.] 
 
 GAMBLE, gam'bl, v.i. to play for money 
 in games of chance. — v.t. to squander 
 away. — n. Gam'bler. 
 
 GAJIBOGE, gam-booj' or gam-boj', n. a 
 yellow gum-resin tised as a pigment and 
 in medicine. [So named from Cambodia, 
 in Asia, where it is obtainetl.] 
 
 GAMBOL, gam'bol, v.i. to leap or skip : to 
 frisk or dance in sport: — J^P- gam'boling, 
 pa.p. gam'boled. — n. a skipping: play- 
 fulness. [Fr. gambade, a gambol, from 
 gambe. old form of Fr. jambe, the leg — 
 Low L. gamba, a thigh. ] 
 
 GA3IBREL, gambreC GAMBRIL, gam'- 
 bril, n. the hind-leg of a horse : a stick 
 crooked like a horse's leg. used by butch- 
 ers for suspending animals while dress- 
 ing them. " Spied two of them hung out 
 at a stall, with a gambril thrust from 
 shoulder to shoulder, like a sheep that 
 was new-flayed. ■' — Chapma n. — Gambrel 
 ROOF, a hipped roof : a mansard or curved 
 roof. [From It. gamba, the leg.] 
 
 GAMBREL, gam'brel, GAMBRIL, gambril, 
 i\t. to tie or hang up by means of a gam- 
 bril thrust through the legs. " Fll . . . 
 carry you gambreU'd like a mutton. " 
 —Bcaud- Fl. 
 
 GAjNIBROON, gam-broon', n. in manuf. a 
 kind of twilled linen cloth, used for lin- 
 ings. 
 
 GAME, gam, n., sport of any kind: an exer- 
 cise for amusement: the stake in a game: 
 wild animals protected by law and hunted 
 by sportsmen. [A.S. gamen, play ; cog. 
 with Ice. gavian, Dan. gamTnen, O. Ger. 
 gaman, mirth, joy.] 
 
 GAME, gam, v.i. to play at any game : to 
 play for money, to gamble. — n. Gam'ino, 
 the practice of playing for money. 
 
 GAMECOCK, gam'kok, n. a coc£ trained 
 to fight. 
 
 GAMEKEEPER, gam'kep-er, n. one who 
 keeps or has the care of game. 
 
 GAME-LAWS, gam'-lawz, n.pl. laws re< 
 latiug to the protection of certain ani- 
 mals I ailed game. 
 
 GAMESOME, garasum, adj. playful. 
 
 GAJMESTER, gam'ster, r>. one viciously ad- 
 dicted to gaming or playing for money: 
 a gambler. 
 
 GAMIN, gam 'in, g^-mang, n. a neglected 
 street boy : an Arab of the streets. 
 "The word gamin -wns printed for the-
 
 GAMMER 
 
 191 
 
 GARNITURE 
 
 first time, and passed from the populace 
 into literature in 1834. It made its first 
 appearance in a work called Claude 
 Guexux' : the scandal was great but the 
 word has remained. . . . The gamin of 
 Paris at the present day, like the Grrecu- 
 lus of Rome in former time, is the vouth- 
 
 • ful people with the wrinkle of tlie old 
 world on its forehead." — Trans, of Victor 
 Hugo. " In Japan the gamuis run after 
 you and say, ' Look at the Chinaman.' " 
 —Laurence OUphant. fTr.] 
 
 GAMMER, gam'er, n. an old woman — the 
 correlative of Gaffer. [Contr. of gram- 
 mer. the West of England form of 
 Gkaxdmother. See Gaffer.] 
 
 GA5IM0X. gara'un, n. the leg or thigh of 
 a hog pickled and smoked or dried. — 
 v.t. to cure, as bacon : — pr.p. gamm'on- 
 ing : pa.p. gamm'oned. [O. Fr. gambon, 
 old form of jambon, a ham.] 
 
 GAMMON, gam'un, n. a hoax: nonsense. — 
 v.t. to hoax, impose upon. [A.S. gmnen, 
 a game. See Game.] 
 
 GAMUT, gam'ut, n. the musical scale : the 
 scale or compass of wind instruments. 
 [So called from the Gr. gamma, wliich 
 stood first in the scale invented by Guy 
 of Arezzo, and thus gave its name to 
 the whole scale ; and L. ut, the syllable 
 used in singing the first note of the 
 scale.] 
 
 GAN, gan, v. an old English auxiliary 
 equivalent to did. "Melting in tores, 
 then gan shee thus lament." — Spenser. 
 [A contr. of Began, or from a simple 
 A.S. ginnan. A form can was used in 
 the same wav.] 
 
 6ANCH. gansh, GAUNCH, gawnsh, v.t. 
 to drop from a higli place on hooks, as 
 the Turks do malefactors, by way of 
 punishment. " Take him away, ganch 
 him. impale him, rid the world of such 
 a monster." — Dryden. [Fr. ganche. It. 
 gancio. a hook.] 
 
 6ANDER, gan'der. n. the male of the 
 goose. [A.S. gandra. from older form 
 ganra, with inserted d. See GooSE.] 
 
 GANG, gang, n. a number of persons going 
 together or associated for a certain pur- 
 pose, usually in a bad sense. [A.S. — 
 gangan, to go.] 
 
 GANGBOARD, gang'bord, n. a board or 
 plank on which passengers may go or 
 walk into or out of a ship. 
 
 GANGLIAC. gang'gli-ak, GANGLIONIC, 
 gang-gli-on'ik, adj. pertaining to a gang- 
 lion. 
 
 GANGLION, gang'gli-oo, n. a tumor in the 
 sheath of a tendon : a natural enlarge- 
 ment in the course of a nerve : — pi. 
 Gaxo'ua or Gano'lions. [Gr.] 
 
 GANGLIONICA, gang-gli-on'ik-a, n.pl. in 
 med. .a class of medicinal agents which 
 affect the sensibility or muscular mo- 
 tion of parts supplied by the ganglionic 
 or sympatlietic system of nerves. [Gr. 
 ganglion, a tumor.] 
 
 GANGLIONITIS, gang-gU-on-I'tis, n. in 
 pathol. inflammation of a nervous 
 ganglion. Sometimes used for inflam- 
 mation of a lymphatic ganglion. [Gr. 
 ganglion, a tumor.] 
 
 GANGRENE, gang'gren, n. loss of vitality 
 in some part of the body: the first stage 
 in mortification. — v.t. to mortify. — v.i. to 
 become putrid. [Fr. — L. gangrcena — Gr. 
 ganggraina. fron: graino, to gnaw.] 
 
 GANGRENOUS, gang'gren-us, adj. morti- 
 fied. 
 
 GANGWAY, gang'wa, n. a pa.ssage or way 
 by which to go into or out of anj' place, 
 esp. a ship : (naut.) a narrow platform of 
 planks along the upper part of a ship's 
 side. [A.S. gang, and Wat.] 
 
 GANGWTSEK, gan^r-wek, GANGTIDE, 
 gang'tid, n. Rogation week, when pro- 
 
 cessions are made to survey the bounds 
 of parishes. " It (birch) serveth well . . . 
 for beautifying of streets in the crosse or 
 gangweek, and such like." — Gerard. 
 
 GANNET, gan'et, n. a web-footed fowl 
 found in tlie northern seas. [A.S. ganot, 
 a sea- fowl, from root of Gamder.] 
 
 GANOID, gan'oid, n. one of an order of 
 fishes having shining scales, enamelled 
 and angular, as the sturgeon. [Gr. ganos, 
 splendor, eidos, form.] 
 
 GANTEINE, gan'te-In, n. a saponaceous 
 composition, used to clean kid and other 
 leather gloves, composed of small shav- 
 ings of curd soap 1 part, water 3 parts, 
 and essence of citron 1 part. [Fr. gant, 
 a glove.] 
 
 GANTLET, w. a glove. Same as Gatintlet. 
 
 GANTLET, gant'let, n. a military punish- 
 ment inflicted on criminals for some 
 heinous offence, said to have been intro- 
 duced by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. 
 It was executed in this manner : soldiers 
 were arranged in two rows, face to face, 
 each armed with i switch or instrument 
 of punishment ; between these rows, the 
 offender, stripped to his waist, was com- 
 pelled to pass a certain number of times, 
 and each man gave him a stroke. A 
 similar punishment was used on board of 
 ships. — To RUN THE GANTLET, to undergo 
 the punishment of the gantlet : hence, to 
 go through much and severe criticism, 
 controversy, or ill-treatment. " Win- 
 throp ran the gantlet of daily slights from 
 his neighbors." — Palfrey. [Nasalized 
 from Sw. gatlopp, from gata, a street, a 
 line of soldiers, and lopp, a course ; Dut. 
 loopen ; Scand. loup, to run.] 
 
 GAOL, JAIL, jal, n. a prison. — n. Gaol'er, 
 Jail'er, one who ha.s charge of a gaol or 
 of prisoners, called also a turnkey. [O. 
 Fr. gaiole, Fr. geole — Low L. gabiola, a 
 cage, dim. of Low L. gabia, a cage, 
 which is a corr. of cavea, a cage, coop, 
 lit. a hollow place — L. cavus, hollow. 
 See Cage.] 
 
 GAP, gap, v.f. to notch or jag : to cut into 
 teeth like those of a saw. " A cut with 
 a gap'd knife." — Sterne : to make a break 
 or opening, as in a fence, wall, or the 
 like. 
 Ready I take aim at their leader — their masses 
 are gapped with our frrape. — Tennyson. 
 
 GAP, gap, n. an opening made by rupture 
 or parting : a cleft : a passage. [JFYom 
 Gape.] 
 
 GAPE, gap, v.i. to open the mouth wide : 
 to yawn : to stare with open mouth : to 
 be open, like a grap. — n. act of gaping : 
 width of the mouth when opened : a fit 
 of yawning. "Another hoiu- of music 
 was to give delight or the gapes, as real 
 or affected taste for it prevailed." — Mv!S 
 Austen. [A.S. geapan, to gape ; Ice. 
 gapa. to open.] 
 
 GAPER, gap'er, n. one who gapes. 
 
 GAPING-STOCK, gap'ing-stok, n. a per- 
 son or thing that is an object of open- 
 mouthed wonder, curiosity, or the like. 
 " I was to be a gaping-stock and a scorn 
 to the young volunteers." — Oodunn. 
 
 GAP-TO'OTHED, gap'-tootht, adj. having 
 gaps or interstices between the teeth. 
 
 GAR, gar. GARFISH, giir'fish. n. a long, 
 slender fish with a pointed head. [A.S. 
 gar, a dart.] 
 
 Garb, garb, 71. fashion ol dress : external 
 appearance. [O. Fr., f -om O. Ger. gar- 
 airi, preparation, dress, O. G<»r. garo, 
 ready ; cf. A.S. gcani, ready, E. Yare.] 
 
 garb, garb, v.t. to dress : to clothe. 
 These black di>;,'-Dons 
 Oarh themMelves bravely. — Tennyeon. 
 
 GARBAGE, gar'baj, n. refuse, as the 
 bowels of an animal. [Prob. from Gar- 
 ble.] 
 
 GARBLE, gar'bl, v.t. to select out of a 
 
 book or writing what may serve our 
 own purpose, in a bail sense : to muti- 
 late or corrupt. — n. Gah'bler, one who 
 garbles or selects. [O. Fr. — Sp. garbillar, 
 to sift — garbillo, a sieve ; of dub. origin.} 
 
 GARDEN, gar'dn, n. a piece of ground on 
 which flowers, etc., are cultivated. — v.i. 
 to work in a garden : to practice garden 
 ing. [O. Fr. gardin, Fr. jardin, from 
 root of Ger. garten, A.S. geard, E. yard 
 Goth, gards.j 
 
 GARDENING, gar'dn-iug, n. the art of 
 laying out and cultivating gardens. — n. 
 Gab'dener, one who cultivates or has 
 cliarge of a garden. 
 
 GARDEN-PARTY, gar'dn-par-ti,?i. a select 
 couipanj' invited to an entertainment 
 held on the lawn or in the garden at- 
 tached to a private residence. 
 
 GARGLE, gar'gl, v.t. to make a liquid gur- 
 gle or bubble in the throat, without 
 swallowing it : to wash the throat, pre- 
 venting the liquid from going down by 
 expelling air against it. — n. a preparation 
 for washing tlie throat. [Fr. gargouiUer 
 — gargoiiille, the weasand or throat. 
 See Gargoyle.] 
 
 GARGOYLE, gar'goil, n. a projecting 
 spout, conveying the water from the 
 roof-gutters of buildings, often repre- 
 senting human or other figures. [Fr. 
 gargouille. the throat, mouth of a spout, 
 dim. from root garg or gorg in Gorge.] 
 
 GARISH, gar'ish, adj. showj': gaudy. — adv. 
 Gar'ishly. — n. Gak'ishness. [0!E. gave, 
 to stare; a form of M.E. gasen, whence 
 Gaze, which see.] 
 
 GARLAND, gar'land, n. a wreath of flowers 
 or leaves : a name for a book of extracts 
 in prose or poetry. — v.t. to deck with a 
 garland. [O. Fr. garlande; origin doubt 
 ful.] 
 
 GARLIC. gar'lik, n. a bulbous-rooted plant 
 having a pungent taste, used as seasoning. 
 — adj. Gar'licky, like garlic. ["Spear- 
 leek" or " spear-plant," from the shape 
 of its leaves, from A.S. garleac — gar, a 
 spear, and leac, a leek, plant.] 
 
 GARLIC-EATER, gar'lik-et-er, n. used by 
 Shakespeai-e in Coriolunus in the sense 
 of a low fellow, from the fact that garlic 
 was a favorite viand in Greece and Rome 
 among the lower orders. 
 
 GARMENT, gar'ment, n. any article of 
 clothing, as a coat or gown. [O. Fr. 
 garniment — gurnir, to furnish.] 
 
 GARNER, gar'ner, n. a granary or place 
 where grain is stored up. — v.t. to store as 
 in a g'arner. [O. Fr. gernier (Fr. grenier) 
 — L. granaria, a granary — granum, a 
 grain. See Granary.] 
 
 G-4RNET, gar'net, n. a precious stone re- 
 sembling the grains or seeds of the pome- 
 granate .■ (naut.) a sort of tackle fixed to 
 the mainstay in ships. [Fr. gi'enat — L. 
 (pomum) granatnm, grained (ajiple), the 
 jiomegranate — granum, a grain.] 
 
 GARNISH, gar'nish, v.t. to furnish : to 
 adorn : to surround with ornaments, as a 
 dish. [Fr. garnir, to furnish, old form 
 giKirnir, u-arnir. to warn, defend — from 
 a Tout, root fouml in A.S. u-arnian, (Jer. 
 warnen, E. l^((?^^.] 
 
 GARNISH, gar'nish, GARNISHMENT, 
 gar'nish-ment, n. that which garnishef 
 or embellishes : ornament. 
 
 GARNISHER, gar'nish-er, n. one who gar 
 nishes. 
 
 GARNITURE, giir'nit-fir, n, ornamental 
 appendages : furniture : dress : embel- 
 lishments. "The pomp of groves and 
 garnitiire of fields." — Beattie. " Her ed- 
 ucation in youth was not nmch attended 
 to : and she happily mis.sed all that train 
 of female garniture which passeth liy the 
 name of accomplishments."— La9)(ti.
 
 GAROOKUH 
 
 192 
 
 GAUCHO 
 
 GAEOOKUH, ^-roo'ka, n. a vessel met 
 with in the Persian Gulf, and trading- 
 often as far as the Malabar coast. In 
 length it varies from 50 to 100 feet, and 
 is remarkable for the keel being only one- 
 third the length of the boat. It sails 
 well, but carries only a small cargo, and 
 is more suitable for fishing than for trad- 
 ing purposes. 
 
 ijAERET, gar'et, n. a room next the roof 
 of a house. [O. Fr. garite, a place of 
 safety — O. Fr. garir, Fr. guerir, from a 
 Teut." root found in Grer. icehren, Goth. 
 I'arjan, A.S. warian, to defend, E. tcary, 
 trani.] 
 
 GARRETEER, gar-et-er', n. one who lives 
 in a garret : a poor author. 
 
 GAKRISON, gar'i-sn, n. a supply of sol- 
 diers for guarding a fortress : a fortified 
 place. — v.t. to furnish a fortress with 
 troops : to defend by fortresses manned 
 with troops. [Fr. garnison — gartiir, to 
 furnish. See Garnish.] 
 
 GAEROTE. ga-rot', v.i. to cheat in card- 
 playing by concealing certain cards at 
 the back of the neck : a mode of cheat- 
 ing practiced among card-sharpers. 
 
 GARROTER, ga-rot'er, n. one who com- 
 mits the act of garroting. 
 
 GARROTE-ROBBERY, ga-rot'-rob-er-i, n. 
 a robberj' committed by means of 
 garroting or compressing the victim's 
 windpipe tOl he becomes insensible. 
 This crime is usually effected by three 
 accompUces — the fore - stall or man 
 who walks before the intended vic- 
 tim, the back-stall who walks behind 
 the operator and his victim, and 
 the nasty -7na>i, the actual perpetra- 
 tor of the crime. The purpose of the 
 stalls is to conceal the crime, give 
 alarm of danger, carry off the booty, 
 and facilitate the escape of the nasty- 
 man. 
 
 MRROTTE, gar-rot', GARROTE. gar-rot', 
 n. a Spanish mode of strangling' crimi- 
 nals with a cord placed over the neck 
 and twisted tight by a stick : the brass 
 collar afterwards used in strangling. — 
 v.t. to strangle by a brass collar tight- 
 ened by a screw, whose point enters the 
 spinal marrow : to suddenly render in- 
 sensible by semi-strangulation, and then 
 to rob : — -pr.p. garrott'ing, garrot'ing ; 
 pa.p. garrott ed, garrot'ed. [Sp. garrote, 
 a cudgel, a packing-stick ; of uncertain 
 origin.] 
 
 GARROTTER, gar-rot'er, GARROTER, 
 gar-rot'er, n. one who garrottes. 
 
 GARRULITY, gar-ul'i-ti, GARRULOUS- 
 NESS, gar'u-lus-nes, n. talkativeness ". 
 loquacity. 
 
 GARRUL6US, gar'u-lus, adj. talkative. 
 [L. garrulus — root of garrio, to chatter.] 
 
 GARTER, gar'ter, n. a string or band used 
 to tie the stocking to the leg : the badge 
 of the highest order of knighthood in 
 Great Britain, called the Order of the 
 Garter. — v.t. to bind with a garter. 
 [Norm. Fr. gartier, Fr. jarretieres — 
 jarret. the ham of the leg. from Bret. 
 gar (W. gar), the shank of the leg.] 
 
 3AS, gas, n. in popular language, coal gas: 
 in chem. an elastic aeriform fluid, a term 
 originally synonymous with air, but af- 
 terwards rescricted to such bodies as 
 were supposed to be i.icapable of being 
 reduced to a liquid or solid state. TJn- 
 de ■ this supposition gas was defined to 
 be "a term applied to all permanent- 
 ly elastic fluids or airs differing from 
 common air." Since the liquefaction 
 of gases by Faraday, effected by com- 
 bining the condensing powers of me- 
 chanical compression with that of very 
 considerable depression of temperature, 
 the distinction oetween gas and vapor, 
 
 viz., that the latter could be reduced to 
 a liquid or solid condition by reduction 
 of temperature and increase of pressure, 
 while gas could not be so altered, is no 
 longer tenable, so that the term has re- 
 sumed nearly its original signification, 
 and designates any substance in an elas- 
 tic aeriform state. Gas maj' now be de- 
 fined to be a substance possessing the 
 condition of perfect fluid elasticity, and 
 presenting, under a constant pressure, 
 a uniform state of expansion for equal 
 increments ot temperature, being- dis- 
 tinguished by this last property from 
 vapor, which does not present such a 
 rate of uniform expansion. Gases are 
 distinguished from liquids by the name 
 of elastic fluids ; while liquids are termed 
 non-elastic, because they have, compara- 
 tively, no elasticity. But the most 
 prominent distinction is the following : 
 — Liquids are compressible to a certain 
 degree, and expand into their former 
 state when the pressure is removed ; 
 and in so far tliey are elastic, but gases 
 appear to be in a continued state of 
 compression, for when left unconfined 
 they expand in every direction to an ex- 
 tent which has not hitherto been deter- 
 mined. [A word invented by Van Hel- 
 mont, a chemist of Flanders, 1577-1644 ; 
 the form of the word was prob. sug- 
 gested by Flem. geest, Ger. geist, spirit.] 
 
 GASAlIER, gas-a-ler', ri. a hanging frame 
 witVi branches for gas-jets. 
 
 GAlL-fCONAUE, gas-kon-ad', n. a boasting 
 or bragging like a Gascon : bravado. — 
 v.i. to brag or boast. — ns. Gasconad'ing, 
 Gasconad er. [Gascon, a native of Gas- 
 cony in France — a province whose inhabi- 
 tants are noted for boasting.] 
 
 GAS-CONDENSER, gas'-kon-den-ser, n. 
 a part of the apparatus used in the 
 manufacture of illuminating gas, con- 
 sisting of a series of convoluted pipes 
 surrounded by water, in passing through 
 which the gas is freed from the tar it 
 brings with it from the retort. 
 
 GASCROMH, gas'krom, n. a long pick, 
 with a cross-handle and projecting foot- 
 piece, used in the Highlands of Scotland, 
 for digging in stony ground, when no 
 other instrument can be introduced. Sir 
 W. Scott. [Gael, cas, a foot, and crom, 
 crooked — crooked foot.] 
 
 GASEOUS, giiz'e-us, adj. in the form of 
 gas or air. 
 
 G^VS-FITTER, gas'-flt'er, n. one who fits up 
 the pipes and brackets for gas-lighting. 
 
 GASH, gash, v.t. to make a deep hack or 
 cut into anything, esp. into flesh. — n. a 
 deep, open wound. [Etv. dub.] 
 
 GASHLINESS, gash'li-nes, n. the condi- 
 tion or quality of being gashly or ghastly: 
 horribleness : dreadfulness : dismalness. 
 "The general dullness {gashliness was 
 Mrs. Wickam's strong expression) of her 
 present life." — Dickens. 
 
 GASHLY, gash'li, adj. calculated to inspire 
 terror : ghastly : horrible : dreadful : 
 dismal. Sterne. 
 
 GASIFY, gas'i-fl, v.t. to convert into gas : 
 — jjr.p. gas'ifying ; pa.p. gas'ifled. — n. 
 Gasifica'tion. [Gas, and L. facio, to 
 makej 
 
 GAS-METER, gas'-met-er, n. an instrument 
 through which the gas is made to pass, 
 in order to ascertain the number of cubic 
 feet which are consumed in a given time 
 in a particulai place. Of this instrument 
 there are two classes, the wet and the 
 drj'. The wet meter Is composed of an 
 outer box about three-fifths filled with 
 water. Within this is a revolving four- 
 chambered drum, each chamber being 
 capable of containing a definite quantity 
 of gas, which is admitted through a pipe 
 
 in the centre of the meter, and, owiaj; to 
 the arrangement of the partitions of the 
 chambers, causes the drum to maintain 
 a constant revolution. This sets in mo- 
 tion a train of wheels carrying the hands 
 over the dials which mark the' quantity 
 of gas consumed. The dry meter consists 
 of two or three chambers, each di-vided 
 by a flexible partition or diaphragm, by 
 the motion of which the capacitj- on one 
 side is diminished while that on the other 
 is increased. By means of slide-valves, 
 like those of a steam-engine, worked by 
 the movement of the diaphragms, the gas 
 to be measured passes alternately in and 
 out of each space. The contractions and 
 expansions set in motion the clockwork, 
 which marks the rate of consumption. 
 The diaphragms in all the chambers are 
 so connected that they move in concert. 
 
 GASOLENE, gas'o-len, n. a volatile fluid 
 distilled fromnaphtha. [E. gas, and L. 
 oleiim. oil.] 
 
 GASOMETER, gaz-om'et-er, ?i. an instru- 
 ment for measuring gas : a place for hold- 
 ing gas. [Gas, and Gr. metron, a meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 GASP, gasp. i\i. to gape in order to catch 
 breath : to breathe laboriously or con- 
 vulsively. — n. the act of opening the 
 mouth to catch the breath : a painful 
 catching of the breath. [Ice. geispa, to 
 yawn ; thus gaspa stands for gajysa, an 
 extension of Ice. gapa, to gape : hence 
 Gasp is etymologically a freq. of Gape.] 
 
 GASTRIC, gas'trik, adj. of or pertaining to 
 the belly or stomach. — Gastric .R^CE, a 
 thin pellucid liquor, separated by a pecul- 
 iar set of secretories in the mucous mem- 
 brane of the stomach, which open upon 
 Its internal tunic. It is the principal 
 agent in digestion, and contains pepsin 
 as its characteristic compound. In the 
 empty stomach it is neutral, but during 
 digestion it becomes acid, from the sepa- 
 ration of free hydrochloric acid. [From 
 Gr. gaster, the belly or stomach.] 
 
 GASTROLITH, gas'tro-lith, n. a concre- 
 tion found in the stomach : specifically, 
 one of those concretions called crab's eyes 
 formed in the stomach of the crayfish. 
 [Gr. qaster, the belly, and lithos, a stone.] 
 
 GASTRONOMY, gas-tron'om-i, n. the art 
 or science of good eating. [Gr. gaster, and 
 nomas, a rule.] 
 
 GAT, gat {B.), pa.t. of Get. 
 
 GATE, gat, n. a passage into a city, in- 
 closure, or any large building : a frame 
 in the entrance into any inclosure : an 
 entrance. [A.S. geat, a waj', a gate ; 
 cog. forms exist in all the "Teut. lan- 
 guages.] 
 
 GATED, gat'ed, adj. furnished with gates. 
 
 GATEWAY, gat'wa, 7i. the way through a 
 gate : a gate itself. 
 
 GATHER. ga/A'er, v.t. to collect : to ac- 
 quire : to plait : to learn by inference.— 
 v.i. to assemble or muster : to increase : 
 to suppurate. — «. a plait or fold in cloth, 
 made by drawing the thread through. 
 [A.S. gaderian — A.S. gaed, companv.J 
 
 GATHERER, gafft'er-er, n. one who" col- 
 lects : a gleaner. 
 
 GATHERING, ga<7i'er-ing, n. a crowd or 
 assembly : a tumor or collection o^ 
 matter. 
 
 GATHERING-HOOP, gatt'er-ing-hoop, n, 
 a hoop used by coopers for drawing in 
 the ends of the staves of a barrel or cask 
 so as to admit of the permanent hoop 
 being slipped on. 
 
 GATLlNG-GUN, gatling-gun, n an Amer- 
 ican form of the mitrailleuse, so named 
 from the inventor. [See MiTRAILLETJSE.] 
 
 GAUCHO, ga-o'cho, n. a native of the La 
 Plata pampas, of Spanish descent, noted 
 for marvellous horsemanship.
 
 GAUDY 
 
 193 
 
 GEMMARY 
 
 OAUDY, gawd'i, adj. showy : gay. — adv. 
 m Gaud'ily. — n. Gaud'iness, shbwiness. 
 [M.E. gaude, an ornament ; from L. gau- 
 aiiim, joy — gaudere.'] 
 
 GAUGE, gaj, v.t. to measure or to ascer- 
 tain the contents of ; to ascertain the 
 capacity of, as a pipe, puncheon, hogs- 
 head, barrel, tierce, keg, etc.: to meas- 
 ure in respect to proportion, capabihty, 
 or power, or in respect to character or 
 behavior ; to take cognizance of the car 
 pacity, capability, or power of ; to aj)- 
 praise ; to estimate; as, I gauged hb 
 character very accurately. " The vanes 
 nicely gauged on each side." — Derham. 
 You shall not gauge me 
 By what we do to-night. — Shak. 
 
 [O. Fr. ganger, perhaps of the same 
 origin with gallon, and signifying to find 
 the number of measures in a vessel ; or, 
 as Diez suggests, from L. cequalis, equal, 
 cequalifleare, to make equal, through 
 such forms as egalger, egauger, ganger.] 
 
 BAUGE, gaj, n. a standard of measure ; an 
 instrument to determine the dimensions 
 or capacity of anything ; a standard of 
 any kind ; a measure ; means of estimat- 
 ing : '■ Timothy proposed to his mistress 
 that she shouk' entertain no servant that 
 was above four foot seven inches high, 
 and for that purpose had prepared a 
 gauge, by which they were to be meas- 
 lured.'' — Arbuthnot : specifically, the dis- 
 tance between the rails of a railway; also, 
 the distance between the opposite wheels 
 of a carriage : naid. (a) the depth to 
 which a vessel sinks in the water; (b) the 
 position of a ship with reference to an- 
 other vessel and to the wind ; when to 
 the windward, she is said to have the 
 weather-gauge, when to the leeward, the 
 Ue-gauge : in build, the length of a slate 
 or tile below the lap : in plastering, (a) 
 Ihe quantity of plaster of Paris used with 
 common plaster to accelerate us setting; 
 (b) the composition of plaster of Paris and 
 other materials, used in finishing plas- 
 tered ceilings, for mouldings, etc.: in 
 type-founding, a piece of hard wood vari- 
 ously notched, used to adjust the dimen- 
 sions, slopes, etc., of the various sorts of 
 letters : in joinery, a simple instrument 
 made to strike a line parallel to the 
 straight side of a board, etc.: in the air- 
 pump, an instrument of various forms, 
 which points out the degree of exhaustion 
 in the receiver ; the siphon-gauge is most 
 generally used for this purpose. 
 
 GAUGER, gaj'er, n. an excise officer wiiose 
 business is to gauge or measure the con- 
 tents of casks. 
 
 GAUGING, gaj'ing, n. the art of measuring 
 casks containing excisable liquors. 
 
 Gaul, gawl, n. a name of ancient France : 
 an inhabitant of Gaul. — adj. Gaul'ish. 
 [L. Gallia.] 
 
 GAUNT, gant, adj. thin : of a pinched ap- 
 pearance. — adv. Gaunt'ly.— n. Gaxjkt'- 
 NESS. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 GAUNTLET, gant'let, n. the iron glove of 
 armor, formei-ly thrown down in chal- 
 lenge : a long glove covering the wrist. 
 [Fr. ga/ntelet — gant. from a Teut. root ; 
 of. Ice. vottr, a glove, Dan. vante/] 
 
 GAUR, gour, n. a Persian priest. Guthrie. 
 
 GAUR. GOUR, gour. n. one of the largest 
 of all the members of the ox tribe (Bos 
 gaurus). inhabiting the mountain jungles 
 of India, remarkable for the extraordi- 
 nary elevation of its spinal ridge, the 
 absence of a dew-lap, and its white 
 " stockings,"' which reach above the 
 knee, and so fierce when roused that 
 neither tiger, rhinoceros, nor elephant 
 dare attack it. The hide on tne shoul- 
 ders and hind-quarters is sometimes nearly 
 2 inches in thickness even after beic^ 
 
 M 
 
 dried, and is therefore much valued for 
 the purpose of being manufactured into 
 shields. The animal is supposed to be 
 incapable of domestication. [A Hindo- 
 stanee name.] 
 
 GAUSABEY, gou'sa-ba, n. a village com- 
 mittee or petty court in Ceylon, to which 
 all disputes respecting rice cultivation, 
 water rights, cattle trespass, etc., are re- 
 ferred for decision. 
 
 GAUZE, gawz, jj. a thin, transparent fa- 
 bric, orig. of silk, now of any fine hard- 
 spun fibre. — adj. Gauz'y, Uke gauze. [Fr. 
 gaze — Gaza in Palestine, whence it was 
 first brought.] 
 
 GAVE, gkv.pa.t. of Give. 
 
 GAVELKIND, ga\''el-kind, n. tenure by 
 which lands descend from the father to 
 all the sons in equal portions. [Celt. ; 
 Ir. gabhail, a tenure, cine, a race.] 
 
 GAVIAL. ga'vi-al, n. a genus of the order 
 Crocodilia, characterized by the narrow, 
 elongated, almost cylindrical jaws, which 
 form an extremelj' lengthened muzzle. 
 The cervical and dorsal shields are con- 
 tinuous. The teeth are all of equal 
 length, and the feet completely webbed. 
 The only species now living occurs in 
 Southern and Eastern Asia. It feeds on 
 fish. [The name of the animal in Hindo- 
 stan.] 
 
 GAVOTTE, garvot', n. a Uvely kind of 
 dance, somewhat like a country-dance, 
 orig. a dance of the Gavotes, the people 
 of Ga/p, in the Upper Alps. 
 
 GAWKt gawk, n. a cuckoo : a simpleton : 
 a tall, awkward fellow. — adj. Gawk'y, 
 like a cuckoo, awkward. [A.S. geac; 
 Scot, gou-k, Ger. gauch, cuckoo, a simple- 
 ton. See Cuckoo.] 
 
 GAY, ga, adj., lively: bright: sportive, 
 merry : showy. — adv. Gai'ly or Gay'ly. 
 [Fr. gai ; prob. from root of Ger. jahe, 
 quick, lively.] 
 
 GAYAL, GYAL, gi'al, n. a species of ox 
 (Bos frontalis) found wild in the mount- 
 ains of Northern Burmah and Assam, 
 and long domesticated in these countries 
 and in the eastern parts of Bengal. The 
 head is very broad and flat in the upper 
 part, and contracts suddenly towards the 
 nose ; tlie horns are short and slightly 
 curved. The animal has no proper hump, 
 but on the shoulders and fore part of the 
 back there is a sharp ridge. The color is 
 chiefly a dark brown. Its milk is exceed- 
 ingly rich, though not abundant. 
 
 GAY-DIANG, ga'-di-ang, n. a vessel of 
 Anam, generally with two, but in fine 
 weather with three masts, carrying lofty 
 triangular sails. It has a curved deck, 
 and in construction somewhat resembles 
 a Chinese junk. These vessels carry 
 heavy cargoes from Cambodia to the Gulf 
 of Tonquin. 
 
 GAYETY, ga'e-ti, n. same as Gaiety. 
 
 GA2E, gaz, v.i. to look fixedly. — >i. a fixed 
 look : a look of prolonged attention : the 
 object gazed at. [From a Scand. root 
 preserved in Swed. gasa, to stare ; akin 
 to the Goth, base gais. See Aghast 
 and Ghastly.] 
 
 GAZEE, gil-ze', n. one who is gazed at. 
 " Relieve both parties — gazer and ga- 
 zee.'" — De Quincey. 
 
 GAZELLE. GAZEL, ga^zel', n. a small 
 species of antelope with beautiful dark 
 eyes, found in Arabia and N. Africa. 
 [Fr. — Ar. ghazal, a wild-goat.J 
 
 GAZETTE, garzet', n. a newspaper: the 
 British and Continental official news- 
 paper. — v.t. to publish in a gazette : — 
 pr.p. gazett'ing ; pa.p. gazett'ed. [Fr.— 
 It. gazzetta, a Venetian coin wortli abouc 
 1* cents, the sum charged for a reading 
 of the first Venetian newspaper, a writ- 
 ten sheet which appeared about the 
 
 middle of the 16th century during the 
 war with Soliman II. ; or "from It. graz. 
 zetta, in the sense of a magpie = a 
 
 GAZETTEER, gaz-et-er', ??. (orig.) a writer 
 for a gazette : a geographical dictionary. 
 
 GAZING-STOCK, gaz'ing-stok, n. some- 
 thing stuck up to be gazed at : a person 
 exposed to public view as an object of 
 curiosity or contempt. 
 
 GEAR, ger, w. dress : harness : tackle \ 
 (inech.) connection by means of toothed 
 wheels. — v.t. to put in gear, asmachinery. 
 [A.S. geanve, preparation — gearu, ready 
 Yaee is a doublet : also Gaeb.] 
 
 GEARING, ger'ing, n. harness : (mech.) a 
 train of toothed wheels and pinions. 
 
 GEESE, plural of Goose. 
 
 GEHENNA, ge-hen'na, n. a term used in 
 the New Testament as equivalent to hell, 
 place of fire or torment and punishment, 
 and rendered by our translators by hell 
 and hell-fire. Matt, xviii. 9 ; xxiii. "io. 
 
 The pleasant valley of Hinnom — Tophet thence 
 And black Gehenna called — ths type of hell. 
 
 — Milton. 
 
 [L. gehenna, Gr. geenna, from the Heb. 
 ge-hinom, the valley of Hinom. in which 
 was Tophet, where the Israelites some- 
 times sacrificed their children to Moloch 
 (2 Kings xxiii. 10). On this account the 
 place was afterwards regarded as a place 
 of abomination and became the recep- 
 tacle for the refuse of the city, perpetual 
 fires being kept up in order to prevent 
 pestilential effluvia.] 
 
 GELASTIC, je-las'tik, adj. calculated or 
 fit for raising laughter. " Dilating and 
 expanding the gelastic muscles." — Tom 
 Broini. [Gr. gelastikos, pertaining to 
 laughter, gelastes, a laughter, from 
 gelao. to laugh.] 
 
 GELASTIC, je-las'tik, n. something capa- 
 ble of exciting smiles or laughter. 
 " Happy man would be his dole who, 
 when he had made up his mind in dis- 
 mal resolution to a dreadful course of 
 drastics, should find tliat gelastics had 
 been substituted, not of the Sardonian 
 kind." — Southey. 
 
 GELATIN, GELATINE, jel'a-tin, n. an 
 animiil substance which dissolves in hot 
 water and forms a, jelly when cold. [Fr. 
 — L. gelo, gelatum, to freeze — gehi, frost.] 
 
 GELATWATE, je-lat'in-at, GELATINIZE, 
 je-lat'in-Iz, v.t. to make into gelatine or 
 jelly. — v.i. to be converted into gelatine 
 or jelly.— »i. Gelatina'tion. 
 
 GELATINOUS, je-lat'in-us, adj. resembling 
 or formed into jelly. 
 
 GELD, geld, v.t. to emasculate or castrate: 
 to deprive of anything essential : to de- 
 prive of anything obscene or objection- 
 able. — n. Geld'er. [Scand., as in Ice. 
 gelda. Dan. gilde. See Cullion.] 
 
 GELDING, geld'ing, n. act of castrating : 
 a castrated animal, especially a horse. 
 
 GELID, jel'id, adj., icy cold: cold. — adv. 
 Gel'toly. — 7is. Gel'idness, Gelid'ity. 
 [L. gelidus — gelu.] 
 
 GEM, jem, n. (lit.) leaf-bud : anj' precious 
 stone, especially when cut : anything 
 extremely valuable or attractive'. — v.t. 
 to adorn with gems : — pr.j?. gemm'ing , 
 pa.p. gemmed'. [Fr. gemme—L. gemma,. 
 a bud ; allied to Gr. gemo, to be full.] 
 
 GEMINI, jem'i-nl, n.jil. the tunns, a con- 
 stellation containing the two bright 
 stars Castor and Pollux. [L., pi. of 
 geminus, twin-born, for genminus — gen, 
 root of gigno, to beget.] 
 
 GEMINOUS, jem'in-us, adj. (hot.) double, 
 in pairs. 
 
 GEMMARY, jem'a-ri, GEMMERY, jem'- 
 er-i. n. a depositary for gems ; a jewel- 
 house. Blount: that branch of knowledge 
 which treats of gems or precious stones.
 
 GEMMATE 
 
 194 
 
 GENIUS 
 
 "In paintings and gemma?-?/ Fortunate, 
 like his countrymen, was a quack.'" — Poe. 
 
 GE5IMATE, jem'at, «.7;".(&o^) having bitrfs. 
 [L. gemmatus, pa.p. of gemmo, to bud — 
 gemma/\ 
 
 GE5IMATI0N, jem-ma'shun, n. (hot.) act 
 or time of budding : arrangement of buds 
 on the stalk. 
 
 GEM3.IIFER0US. jem-mifer-us, adj., pro- 
 ducing buds. [L. genimifer — gemma, and 
 fero. to bearj 
 
 GEJIMIPAEOUS, jem-mip'ar-us, adj. 
 (zool.) reproducing by buds growing on 
 the body. [L. gemma, a bud, pario, to 
 bring forth.] 
 
 GEMIIULE, jem'ul, n. a little gem or leaf- 
 bud. [Fr. — L. gemmula, dim. of gemma.'\ 
 
 GEMSBOK, geraz'bok, n. Oryx Gazella. the 
 name given to a splendid variety of the 
 antelope, inhabiting the open plains of 
 South Africa, ha\'ing somewhat the ap- 
 pearance of a horse, with remai'kably 
 fine, straight, sharp-pointed horns, with 
 which it is said to foil even the lion. [Ger. 
 gemsbock,\,hB male or buck of the chamois, 
 from gemse. chamois, and bock, buck.] 
 
 GEM-SCULPTURE, jem'-skulp-tur. ?(. the 
 art of lithoglyptics : the art of represent- 
 ing designs upon precious stones, either 
 in raised work or by figures cut into or 
 below the surface. Stones cut according 
 to the former method are called cameos 
 (which see), and those cut according to 
 the latter intaglios. 
 
 GENAPPE, je-nap', n. a, worsted yarn 
 whose smoothness enables it to be con- 
 veniently combined with silk, and so well 
 adapted for braids, fringes, etc. [From 
 Gen\appe, in Belgium, where it was origi- 
 nally manufactured.] 
 
 GENDARME, zhang-darm, n. the name of a 
 private in the armed police of France in 
 our day ; but in former times the appella- 
 tion of gens d'armes or gendarmes was 
 confined to the flower of the French 
 army, composed of nobles or noblesse, 
 and armed at all points. The present 
 gendarmerie of France are charged with 
 the maintenance of its poUce and the 
 execution of its laws. The gendarmes 
 are all picked men ; they are usually 
 taken from the regular forces, and are 
 of tried courage or approved conduct. 
 There are horse gendarmes and foot gen- 
 darmes. They are formed into small par- 
 ties called brigades ; and the union of a 
 number of these forms a departmental 
 company. [Fr., from the pi. gensd'armes, 
 men-at-arms.] 
 
 GENDER, jen'der, v.t. to beget.— ^.i. (B.) 
 to copulate. [An abbrev. of Engender.] 
 
 GENDER, jen'der, 7!., kind, esp. with re- 
 gard to sex : (gram.) the distinction of 
 nouns ace. to sex. [Fr. genre — L. genus, 
 generis, a kind, kin.] 
 
 GENEALOGICAL, jen-e-a-loj'ik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to or exhibiting the genealogy 
 or pedigree of families or persons. — adv. 
 Genealoo'ically. 
 
 GENEALOGIST, jen-e-al'o-jist, n. one who 
 studies or traces genealogies or descents. 
 
 GENEALOGY, jen-e-al'o-ji, n.. histoi~y of 
 the descent of families : the pedigree of 
 a particular person or family : progeny ; 
 offspring ; generation. " The family con- 
 sisted of an old gray-headed man and his 
 wife, with five or six sons and sons-in- 
 l.iw, and their several wives, and a 
 joyous genealogy out of them." — Sterne. 
 [Fr. — L. — Gr. genealogia — genea, birth, 
 descent, and -logia, an account^Jegrein, 
 to speak of. See Gents and Logic] 
 
 GENERA. See Gents. 
 
 GENERAL, jen'er-al, adj. relating to a 
 genus or whole class : including many 
 species : not special : not restricted : 
 
 common : prevalent : public : loose : 
 vague. [Fr. — L. generalis — genus.] 
 
 GENERAL, jen'er-al. n. the whole or chief 
 part : an oflBcer who is head over a 
 whole department : a military officer 
 who commands a body of men not less 
 than a brigade : the chief commander 
 of an army in service : in the R. C. 
 Chm'ch, the head of a religious order, 
 responsible only to the Pope. 
 
 GENERALIZATION, jen-er-al-i-za'shun, n. 
 act of generalizing or of comprehending 
 under a common name several objects 
 resembling each other in some part of 
 their nature. 
 
 GENERALIZE, jen'er-al-iz, v.t. to make 
 general : to reduce or to include under 
 a genus or general term : to infer from 
 one "or a few the nature of a whole 
 class. [Fi\ generaliser — general.] 
 
 GENERALISSBIO, jen-er-al-is'i-mo, n. the 
 chief general or commander of an army 
 of two or more divisions, or of separate 
 armies. [It.] 
 
 GENERALITY, jen-er-al'i-ti. n. state of 
 being- general or of including particu- 
 lars : the main part : the greatest part. 
 [Fr. — L. generalitas.] 
 
 GENERALLY, jen'er-al-i, adv. in generaJ : 
 commonly : extensively : most frequent- 
 ly : in a general wav : without detail : 
 (B.) coDectively, together: {Pr. Bk.) 
 without restriction or limitation. 
 
 GENERALSHIP, jen'er-al-ship, n. the office 
 or skill of a general or military officer : 
 miUtary skill. 
 
 GENERANT, jen'er-ant, n. the power that 
 generates ov produces. [L., pr.p. of gen- 
 era, to generate.] 
 
 GENERATE, jen'er-at, v.t. to produce one's 
 kind : to bring- into life : to originate. 
 [L. genera, generatus — genus, a kind.] 
 
 GENERATION, jen-er-a'shun, n.& produc- 
 ing or originating- : that which is gen- 
 erated : a single stage in natural descent : 
 the people of the same age or period : 
 race -.^pl. (B.) genealogy, history. [Fr. 
 — L. generatio.] 
 
 GENERATIVE, jen'er-a-tiv, adj. having 
 the power of generating or producing : 
 prolific. 
 
 GENERATOR, jen'er-a-tor, n. begetter or 
 producer : the principal sound in music : 
 a vessel or chamber in which something 
 is generated ; as, the generator of a 
 steam-engine, or in a:as-making appara- 
 tus. [L.J 
 
 GENERIC, je-ner'ik, GENTIRICAL, je-ner'- 
 ik-al. adj. marking or comprehending a 
 genus. — adv. Gener'icallt. [Fr. gene- 
 rique.] 
 
 GENEROSITY, jen-er-os'i-ti, n. nobleness 
 or liberality of natui-e. [Fr. generositi 
 — L. genero.ntas.] 
 
 GENEROUS, jen'er-us, adj. of a noble nat- 
 ure : courageous : hberal : invigorating 
 in its nature, as wine. — adv. GEyEROCS- 
 LT. — n. Gen'erousness. [Lit. and orig-. 
 of a high or noble genus or family. (D. 
 Fr. — L. generosus — genus, birth.] 
 
 GENESIS, jen'e-sis, n.. genei-ation, crea- 
 tion,lor production : the first book of the 
 Bible, so called from its containing an 
 account of the Creation. [L. and Gr. — 
 Gr. gignomai — obs. geno, to beget.] 
 
 GENET. Same as Jennet. 
 
 GENET. GENETTE. je-net', n. the Viverra 
 genetta, a carnivorous animal belonging 
 to the family Viverridai (civets and 
 genets). The genet is a native of the 
 western parts of Asia, and is about the 
 size of a very small cat, but of a longer 
 form, with a'sharp-pointed snout, uprisrht 
 ears, and a very long tail. It has a very 
 beautiful soft "fur, and, like the civet, 
 produces an agreeable perfume. It is of 
 
 a mild disposition, and easily tamed. [Low 
 L. geneta. Sp. gineta, from Ar. djerneit.] 
 
 GEN'EVA. je-ne'va, n. a spirit di-stilied from 
 grain and flavored witii Juniper-berrieSy 
 also called Hollands. [Fr. genieiTe — L. 
 Juni2}erus, the juniper : corrupted to 
 Geneva by confusion with the town of 
 that name. See Gix.] 
 
 GENT .AT., je'ui-al. adj.' cheering : merrv : 
 kindly: sympathetic: healthful. — ot?i-. 
 Ge'nt'at.t.y. [Ft. — L. genialis, from genii'i^, 
 the spirit of social enjoyment.] 
 
 GENIALITY, je-ni-al'i-ti. GENIALNE^-., 
 je'ni-al-nes, n. qualitj- of being genial: 
 gaietv : cheerfulness. 
 
 GENICtTLATE. je-nik'u-lat, GENICLTLAT- 
 ED. je-nik'ii-lat-ed. adj. (bot.) bent abrupt- 
 Iv like tlie knee: jointed: knotted. — n. 
 Genicula'tion. [L. geniculatus — genu -- 
 lum. a little knee — genu, the knee.] 
 
 GENIOPLASTY. je-nT'o-pla-s-ti, Ji. in f - ' 
 the operation of restoringthe chin, [i • : 
 geneion. the chin, and jj?<(S.so, to forii; 
 
 GENITAL, jen'i-tal. adj. belonging to ;; - 
 eration, or the act of producing. [Fi . - 
 h. genitalis — gigno,genit us, toheget. ^ - 
 Gents.] 
 
 GENITALS, jen'i-talz, n.pl. the exterior or- 
 gans of generation. 
 
 GEN ITr\'E.jen'it-iv,adj.ingiam. pertaining 
 to or indicating origin, source, possession, 
 and the like : a term appUed to a case in 
 the declension of nouns, adjectives, pro- 
 nouns, etc., in English called the posses- 
 sive case, or to the relation expressed by 
 such a case : as, jMtri.s, -• of a father, "a 
 father's," is the genitive case of the Latin 
 noun xiater, a father. [L. genitivus, from 
 gigno. genitum, to beget. The L. casus 
 genitivus. genitive case, was a mistrans- 
 lation of the Gr. genike ptosis, general 
 case. See extract under next article.] 
 
 GENITIVE, jen'it-iv, n. in gram, a case in 
 the declension of nouns, adjectives, j)ro- 
 nouns. participles, etc.. expressing in the 
 widest sense the genus or kind to which 
 something belongs, or more specifically 
 soui-ce. origin, possession, and the like"; 
 in English grammar, the possessive case. 
 See extract. '-The Latin genitivus is a 
 inere blunder, for the Greek word gen ike 
 could never mean (/eju'fi Cits. . . . Genike 
 in Greek had a much wider, a much more 
 philosophical meaning. It meant casus 
 generalis, the general case, or rather the 
 case wliich expresses the genus or kind. 
 This is the real power of the genitive. If 
 I say • a bird of the water,' ' of the water ' 
 defines the genus to which a certain bird 
 belongs ; it refers to the genus of water 
 birds. ' Man of the mountains ' means a 
 mountaineer. In phrases such as ' son 
 of the father' or - father of the son,' the 
 genitives have the same effect. They 
 predicate something of the son or of the 
 father, and if we distinguished between 
 the sons of the father and the sons of 
 the mother, the genitii-es would mark the 
 class or genus to which the sons respect- 
 ively belonged. " — Ma.v Midler. 
 
 GENltJS, je'ni-us or jen'yus, n. a good or 
 evil spirit, supposed by the ancients to 
 preside over every person, place, and 
 thing, and esp. to preside over a man'* 
 destiny from his birth :—pl. Genii, je'- 
 ni-i. [L. genius — gigno, genitus, to beget 
 produce. See Genxs.] 
 
 GENIUS, jen'jTis or je'ni-us. n. the special 
 inborn faculty of any indi\-idu.al : special 
 taste or disposition qualifj-ing for a par 
 ticular employment : superior inborn 
 power of mind : a man ha\-ing such 
 power of mind : jieculiar constitution or 
 character of anything: — pi. Genttses, 
 ien'yus-ez. — Gen-tts. "VVisdoji, Abilities, 
 Talents. Parts. Ingentity, CAPAaTY, 
 Cleverness. " Genius is the power of
 
 GENNET 
 
 195 
 
 GEORGIAN 
 
 new combination, and may be shown in 
 a campaign, a plan of policy, a steam- 
 engine, a system of philosophy, or an 
 epic poem. It seems to require serious- 
 ness and some dignity in the purpose. 
 ... In weaving- together the parts of 
 an argument, or the incidents of a tale, 
 it receives the inferior name of inge- 
 nuity. Wisdom is the habitual employ- 
 ment of a patient and comprehensive 
 understanding in combining- various and 
 remote means to promote the happiness 
 of mankind. . . . Abilities may be ex- 
 erted in conduct or in the arts and 
 sciences, but rather in the former. . . . 
 Talents are the power of executing well 
 a conception, either original or adopted. 
 . . . Parts have lost a considerable por- 
 tion of their dignity. They were used in 
 the last century perhaps almost in the 
 sense in which we now i-ather employ 
 talents. . . . Capacity is a ])ower of ac- 
 quiring. It is most remarkable in the 
 different degrees of f;icility Viith wliich 
 different men acquire a language.'" — Sir 
 J. ytackintosh. To the above it may be 
 added that properly capacity is passive 
 power, or the power of receiving, while 
 ability is active power, or the power of 
 doing. Cleverness designates mental dex- 
 terity and quickness, and is evidenced by 
 facility in acquiring a new subject, or by 
 happy smartness in expressing one's con- 
 ceptions. 
 
 GENNET. Same as Jennet. 
 
 GENRE-PAINTING, zhongr-pant'ing, n. 
 (paint.) the general name applied to all 
 compositions with figures that are not 
 specifically landscapes or historical paint- 
 ings. [Fr. genre, kind, sort — L. genus. 
 Cf. Gender.] 
 
 GENT, jent. n. familiar abbrev. of Gen- 
 tleman : one who a])es the gentleman. 
 
 GENTEEL, jen-tel', arlj. well-bred: gi-aceful 
 in manners or in form. — adv. Genteel'- 
 LY.— ?i. Genteel'ness, same as Gentility. 
 [Lit. belong-ing to a noble race or family, 
 from Fr. gentil — L. gentilis — gens, a Ro- 
 man clan or family — gen, root of Gr. gig- 
 nomni. to beget. See Genus.] 
 
 GENTIAN, jen'shan, n. a plant the root of 
 which is used in medicine, said to have 
 been brought into use by Gentius, king 
 of lUvria, conquered by the Romans in 
 167 B.C. 
 
 GENTILE, jen'tn, n. (B.) any one not a 
 Jew : a heathen. — adj. belonging to anj- 
 nation but tlie Jews : (gram.) denoting 
 a race or country. [L. gentilis — gens, 
 a nation ; the Jews spoke of those who 
 did not acknowledge their religion as the 
 nations.'^ 
 
 GENTILITY, jen-til'i-ti, n. good birth or 
 extraction : good breeding : politeness of 
 manners. 
 
 GENTLE, jent'l, adj. well-born : mild and 
 refined in manners : mild in disposition : 
 amiable : soothing. — adv. Gent'ly. — n. 
 Gent'leness. [Fr. — h. gentilis. See Gen- 
 teel.] 
 
 GENTLE, jen'tl, n. the maggot of the 
 blue-bottle used as bait in angling. 
 [Etv. dub.] 
 
 GENTLEFOLKS, jen'tl-foks, n.pl, folk of 
 good family or above the vulgar. [See 
 Folk.] 
 
 GENTLEMAN, jen'tl-man, v. a man of 
 gentle or good birth : in England, one 
 who without a title wears a coat of 
 arms : every man above the rank of yeo- 
 man, including the nobility : one above 
 the trading classes ; an officer of the 
 royal household : in the broadest sense, 
 a man of refined manners and good 
 behavior : — in pi. a word of address : — 
 pi. Gen'tlemen -.—fern. Gen'tlewoman. 
 
 GENTLEMANLIKE, jen'tl-man-lik, GEN- 
 
 TLEMANLY, jen'tl-man-li, adj. well- 
 bred, refined, generous. — n. Gen'TLEMAN- 
 LINESS. 
 
 GENTLEMAN - PENSIONER, jen'tl-man- 
 pen-shun-er, n. in England, one of a band 
 of forty gentlemen, entitled esquh-es, 
 whose office it is to attend the sover- 
 eign's person to and from the chapel 
 royal, and on other occasions of solem- 
 nity. They are now called Gentleiien- 
 at-aems. 
 
 GENTRY, jen'tri, n. the class of people 
 between the nobility and the vulgar. 
 [M. E. gentrie is a corr. of an older form 
 gentrise, from O. Fr. genterise, gentilise, 
 which was formed from adj. gentil, gen- 
 tle, like noblesse from noble."] 
 
 GENUFLECT, je'nu-flekt, v.i. to kneel, as 
 in worship : to make a genuflection or 
 genuflections. 
 
 GENUFLECTION, GENX^FLEXION, jen- 
 u-flek'shuu, )i. act of bending the knee, 
 esp. in worship. [Fr. — L. genu, the knee, 
 Jlexio, a bending— .flec/o,./?e.xi(Hi, to bend.] 
 
 GENUINE, jen'u-in,' adj. natural, not spu- 
 rious or adulterated : real : pure. — adv. 
 Gen'uinely. — M. Gen'on-entiss. [Fr. ; 
 L. geniiinus — gigno, genitus, to beget, to 
 be born.] 
 
 GENUS, je'nus, n. (pi. Genttses or Genera, 
 je'nus-ez, je'ne-ra), in logic, that which 
 has several sjiecies under it ; a class of a 
 greater extent than species ; a universal 
 which is predicable of several things of 
 different species ; a predicable which is 
 considered as the material part of the 
 species of which it is affirmed : in natural 
 science, an assemblage of species possess- 
 ing certain characters in common, by 
 which they are distinguished from all 
 others ; it is subordinate to tribe and 
 family ; a single species, possessing cer- 
 tain peculiar characters which belong to 
 no other species, may also constitute a 
 genus, as the camelopard and the flying 
 lemur : in music, the general name for 
 any scale. — Subaltern genus, in logic. 
 that which is capable of being a species 
 in respect of a higher g-enus, as quad- 
 ruped in respect of mammal. — SUJIMUM 
 GENUS, in logic, the highest genus ; a ge- 
 nus which is not considered a species of 
 anything, as being. [L. ; Gr. genos, race, 
 familv, i'rom root gen. Sans, jan, to be- 
 get. Cog. Gael, gin, to beget ; Gael, and 
 Ir. gein, offspring; A.S. cyn, kin, race; 
 E. kin, kind. From same root are gentle, 
 genteel, general, genius, generous, genesis, 
 genial, genital, genuine, etc.] 
 
 GEOCENTRIC, je-o-sen'trik, GEOCEN- 
 TRICAL. je-o-sen'trik-al, adj. having 
 the earth for its centre : {astr.) as seen or 
 measured from the earth. — adj. Geocen'- 
 TRICALLY-. [Gr. ge, the earth, and ken- 
 tron, a centre.] 
 
 GEODE, je'od, n. (min.) a rounded nodule 
 of stone with a hollow interior. [Gr. 
 geodes. earth-like, earthen — ge, earth, 
 eidos. form.] 
 
 GEODESIC, je-o-des'ik, GEODESICAL, 
 je-o-des'ik-al. GEODETIC, je-o-det'ik, 
 GEODETICAL, je-o-det'ik-al, adj. per- 
 taining to or determined by geodesy. 
 
 GEODESY, je-od'e-si, n. a science whose 
 object is to measure the earth and its 
 parts on a large .scale. [Fr. gi^odcsie- 
 Gr. geodaisia — ge, the earth, daiij, to 
 divide.] 
 
 GEOGENY, je-oj'e-ni. n. that branch of 
 natural science which treats of the 
 formation of the earth : geogony. 
 " Geologj' (or rather geogeny\ct us call 
 it, that we may include all those min- 
 eralogical and meteorological changes 
 that the word geology, as now used, 
 recognizes but tacitly) is a specialized 
 part of this special astronomy." — H. 
 
 Spencer. [Gr. ge, earth, and gen, root 
 of genesis, etc.] 
 
 GEOGNOSIS, je-og-no'sis, n. a knowledge 
 of the earth. "He has no bent tow 
 aids exploration, or the enlargement of 
 our geognosis." — George Eliot. [Gr. ge, 
 earth, and gnosis, a knowing.] 
 
 GEOGNOSY, je-og'no-si, n. a branch of 
 geology which explains the actual min- 
 eral structure of the earth without in- 
 quiring into its history or the mode of 
 its formation. — ;;. Ge'ognost. — adj. Ge- 
 ociNOST'j.c. [Fr. geognosie — Gr. </<?, the 
 earth, and gnosis, knowledge — gignosko, 
 to know.] 
 
 GEOGONY, je-og'o-ni, n. the doctrine of 
 the production or formation of the 
 earth. — adj. Geogon'ic. [Fr. giogonie — 
 Gr. ge, tiie earth, gone, generation — 
 geno, gignomai, to be born, produced.] 
 
 GEOGRAPHER, je-og'i-a-fer, n. one who is 
 versed in. or who writes on geography. 
 
 GEOGRAPHIC, je-o-graf'ik, Geogr.yph- 
 ICAL. je-o-graf'ik-al,acy. relating to geog- 
 raphy. — adv. Geograph'ically*. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY, je-og'ra-fi, n. the science 
 which describes the surface of the earth 
 and its inhabitants : a book containing 
 a description of the earth. [Fr. — L. — 
 
 ■ Gr. geographia — ge, the earth, graphs, a 
 description — grapiho, to write, to de- 
 scribe.] 
 
 GEOLATRY, je-ol'a-tri, ?(. earth-worship 
 or the worship of terrestrial objects. "To 
 this succeeded astrolatry in the East, and 
 geolatry in the "West." — Sir G. Cox. [Gr. 
 ge. earth, and latreia. worship.] 
 
 GEOLOGICAL, je-o-loj'ik-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to geology. — adv. Geologically. 
 [Fr. geolbgique.] 
 
 GEOLOGIST, je-ol'o-jist, w. one versed in 
 geologv. 
 
 GEOLOGIZE, je-ol'o-jlz, v.i. to study geol- 
 ogy. 
 
 GEOLOGY, je-ol'o-ji, n. the science that 
 treats of the structure and hi.story of the 
 earth, of the changes it has undergone, 
 and their causes, and of the plants and 
 animals imbedded in its crust. [Fr. geol- 
 ogic — Gr. ge, the earth, logos, a dis- 
 course.] 
 
 GEOMANCER, je'o-man-ser, n. one skilled 
 in geomancy. 
 
 GEOSlANCY, je'o-man-si, n., divination 
 by figures or lines drawn on the earth. 
 [Fr. geomancie — Gr. ge, the earth, and 
 manteia. divination.] 
 
 GEOMANTIC. je-o-man'tik, adj. pertaining 
 to geomancy. 
 
 GEOMETER." je-om'e-ter, 
 I.\N. je-om'e-trish-yan, n 
 
 feometrv. 
 OMETRIC, je-o-met'rik, 
 AL, je-o-met'rik-al, adj. 
 geometry : according- to or done by ge- 
 om._'tr\-.— ode. Geomet'rically. 
 
 GEOMETRY, je-om'e-tri. «. the science 
 of measurement : that branch of m:ithe- 
 matics wliich treats of magnitude and its 
 relations. [Fr. — L. — Gr. geometria — geo- 
 metreo, to measure land — gi>, the earth, 
 metreo, to measure.] 
 
 GEOPIliVGOUS, je-of'a-gus, adj. earth-eat- 
 intr ; as. geojihagous tribes. 
 
 GEOPONIC, ie-o-pon'ik, GEOPONICAL, 
 je-o-pon'ik-al, adj. pertaining- to tilling 
 the earth or to agriculture. [Fr. geopo- 
 nique — Gr. geuponikos — ge, the earth — 
 ]>onos. labor — penomai, to labor.] 
 
 GEORAJIA, je-o-rii'ma or je-o-ra'ma, n. a 
 spherical chamber with a general r-ieu- of 
 the earth on its inner surface. [Gr. ge, 
 the earth, horama, a ^'iew — horaO,\-o see.] 
 
 GEORGIAN, jorj'i-an, adj. relating to the 
 reigns of the four Georges, kings of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 GEOMETRIC- 
 one skilled iu 
 
 GEOMETRIC- 
 pertaining- to
 
 GEORGIC 
 
 196 
 
 GIMLET 
 
 GEORGIC, jorj'ik, GEORGICAL, jorj'ik-al, 
 adj. relating to agrictilture or rustic af- 
 fairs. [L. georgicus, Gr. georgikos — geor- 
 gia, agriculture — ge, the earth, and ergon, 
 a work.] 
 
 GEORGIC, jorj'ik, »!. apoem on husbandry. 
 
 GERAH, ge'ra, n. (B.) the smallest Hebrew 
 weight and coin, l-20th of a shekel, and 
 worth about 3 cents. [Heb. gerah, a 
 bean.] 
 
 GERANIUM, je-ra'ni-um, n. a genus of 
 plants with seed-vessels like a crane',': bill. 
 [l. — Gr. geranion — geranos, a crane.] 
 
 GERFALCON, jer'faw-kn, n. same as 
 Gyefalcon. 
 
 GERM, jerm, n. rudimentary form of a 
 living thing, whether a plant or animal : 
 (bot.) the seed-bud of a plant : a shoot : 
 that from which anything springs, the 
 origin : a first principle. [Fr. germe — L. 
 germen. a bud.] 
 
 GERMAN, jer'man, GERMANE, jer-man', 
 adj. of the first degree, as consins-german: 
 closely allied. [Fr. — L. germanus, prob. 
 for germin-anus — germen, bud, origin.] 
 
 GERJIAN, jer'man, n. a native of Germany: 
 the German language : — pi. Ger'MANS. — 
 adj. of or from Germany. [L. Germani, 
 variously given as meaning "the shout- 
 ers," from Celt, gairm. a loud cry: "neigh- 
 bors," i.e. to the Gauls, from the Celtic ; 
 and "the war-men," from Ger. xcehr 
 =Fr. guerre, war.] 
 
 GERMAN-SILVER, jer'man-sil'ver, ??. an 
 alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc, white 
 like silver, and first made in Germany. 
 
 GERMEN, jerm'en, n. same as Germ. 
 
 GERMINAL, jerm'in-al, adj. pertaining to 
 a germ. 
 
 GERMINANT, jerm'in-ant, adj., sprouting : 
 sending forth germs or buds. 
 
 GERMINATE, jerm'in-at, v.i. to spring 
 from a germ : to begin to grow. — n. Ger- 
 mina'tion. [L. germino, germinatus — 
 L. germen.] 
 
 GERUND, jer'und, n. a part of the Latin 
 verb e.xpressing the carrying on of the 
 action of the verb. — adj. Gerund'ial. 
 [L. gertindium — gero, to bear, to carry.] 
 
 GESTATION, jes-ta'shun, n. the act' of 
 carrying the young in the womb : the 
 state or condition in which the young is 
 so carried. [Fr. — L. gestatio — gesto, ges- 
 tatum. to carry — gero, to bear.] 
 
 GESTATORY, j"es'ta-tor-i, adj. pertaining 
 to gestation or carrying: that may be 
 carried. 
 
 GESTIC, jes'tik, adj. pertaining to bodily 
 action or motion. [L. gestus — carriage, 
 motion — gero.] 
 
 GESTICULATE, jes-tik'u-lat, v.i. to make 
 gestures or motions when speaking : to 
 play antic tricks. [L. gesticulor, gesticu- 
 latus — gesticulus, dim. of gestus, a gesture 
 — gero, to carry.] 
 
 GESTICULATIO"N, jes-tik-u-la'shun, n. act 
 of making gestures in speaking : a gest- 
 ure : antic tricks. 
 
 GESTICULATOR, jes-tik'u-lat-or, n. one 
 who ^gesticulates or makes gestures. 
 
 GESTICULATORY, jes-tik'u-la-tor-i, adj. 
 representing or abounding in gestietda- 
 tions or gestures. 
 
 GESTURE, jes'tiir, n. a bearing, position, 
 or movement of the body : an action ex- 
 pressive of sentiment or passion. [From 
 tut. p. of L. gero, to carry.] 
 
 GET, get, v.t. to obtain : to beget offspring : 
 to learn : to persuade : (B.) to betake, to 
 carry. — v.i. to arrive or put one's self in 
 any place, state, or condition : to be- 
 come i^pr.p. gett'ing ; pa.t. got ; pa.p. 
 got, (obs.) gott'en. — Get at, to reach : 
 Get off, to escape : Get on, to proceed, 
 advance : Get over, to surmount : Get 
 THROUGH, to finish : Get up, to arise, to 
 ascend, [A.S. gitan, to get ; allied to 
 
 chad, root of Gr. chandano, and hed, 
 root of L. pre-hendo, to seize.] 
 
 GETTER, get'er, n. one who gets or ob- 
 tains. 
 
 GETTING, get'ing, n. a gaining : anything 
 gained. 
 
 GEWGAW, gu'gaw, w. a toy : a bauble. — 
 adj. showj' without value. [Ace. to 
 Skeat, a re*luplicated form of A.S. gifan, 
 to give ; preserved also in Northern E., 
 •IS giff^-go.ff, interchange of intercourse.] 
 
 GEYSER, gi'ser, 71. a boiling spring, as in 
 Iceland. [Ice. geysa, to gush.] 
 
 GHASTLY, gast'li, adj. deathlike: hide- 
 ous. — n. Ghast'liness. [A.S. gcestUc, 
 terrible, from gaist, an extended form of 
 the base gais, and -lie {=like, -ly). See 
 Aghast and Gaze.] 
 
 GHAUT, gawt, n. (in India) a mountain- 
 pass : a chain of mountains : landing- 
 stairs for b.atiiers on the sides of a river 
 or tank. [Hind, ghat, a passage or gate- 
 way.] 
 
 GHAWAZEE, GHAWAZI, ga-wa'ze, n. 
 the name given to a tribe of Egyptian 
 dancing-girls ; often confounded with the 
 Alines or Almehs, who are principally 
 female singers. "The Ghmvazee per- 
 form, unveiled, in the public streets, 
 even to amuse the rabble." — Lane. 
 
 GHAZI, ga'ze, «. a title of honor assumed 
 by or conferred on those Mohammedans 
 who have distinguished themselves in 
 battle against the " infidels." [Ar., contr. 
 of ghazi-iid-din, champion of the faith.] 
 
 GHEE, ge, n. clarified butter, made in 
 India, esp. from buffaloes' milk. [The 
 native name.] 
 
 GHERKIN, ger'kin, n. a small cucumber 
 used for pickling. [Dut. agtirkje, a gher- 
 kin : a word of Eastern origin, as in 
 Pers. khiydr.] 
 
 GHOST, gost, n. (lit.) breath, spirit : the 
 soul of man : a spirit appearing after 
 death. — adj. Ghost'uke. — To give up 
 the ghost (B.), to die. [A.S. gast ; Ger. 
 geist.] 
 
 GHOSTLY, gost'li, adj., spiritual: relig- 
 ious : pertaining to apparitions. — n. 
 Ghost'liness. 
 
 GHOUL, gool, n. a demon supposed to feed 
 on the dead. [Pers. ghol, a mountain 
 demon.] 
 
 GIANT, ji'ant, n. a man of extraordinary 
 size : a person of extraordinary powers. 
 —fern. Gi'antess. — adj. gigantic. [Fr. 
 geant — L. gigas — Gr, gigas, gigantos, of 
 which etj'. uncertain.] 
 
 GIAOUR, jowr, n. infidel, term applied by 
 the Turks to all who are not of their own 
 religion. [Pers. gau-r.] 
 
 GIB, jib, V.I. to pull against the bit, as a 
 horse : to jib. 
 
 GIBBERISH, gib'er-ish, n. rapid, gab- 
 bling talk : unmeaning words. — adj. un- 
 meaning. [Obsolete gibber, to gabble or 
 jabber. See Gabble.] 
 
 GIBBET, jib'et, n. a gallows : the project- 
 ing beam of a crane. — v.t. to expose on 
 a gibbet, to execute. [Fr. gibet ; origin 
 unknown.] 
 
 GIBBON, gib'un. n. a kind of long-armed 
 ape, native of the East Indies. 
 
 GIBBOSE, gib-bos', adj., humped: having 
 one or more elevations. [Fr. gibbeux — 
 L. gibbosus — gibbus, a hump.] 
 
 GIBBOUS, gib'us, adj.,hump-baeked: swell- 
 ing, convex, as the moon when nearly 
 f ul 1 . — ad V. Gibb'ously. — )) . Gibb'ousness. 
 
 GIBE, jib, v.t. to sneer at : to taunt.—?!, a 
 scoff or taunt : contempt. — adv. Gib'ing- 
 LY. [From Scand., as in Ice. geipa, to 
 talk nonsense.] 
 
 GIBLETS, jib'lets. n.pl. the internal eatable 
 parts of a fowl, taken out before cooking 
 it. — adj. Gib'let, made of giblets. [O. Fr. 
 
 gibelet ; origin imknown ; not a dim. of 
 gibier, game.] 
 
 GIDDY, gid'i, adj. unsteady, dizzy : that 
 causes giddiness : whirling : inconstant : 
 thoughtless. — adv. Gidd'ily. — n. Gidd'- 
 INESS. [A.S. gyddian, to sing, bo 
 merry.] 
 
 GIER-EAGLE, jer'-e'gl, 71. (B.) a species of 
 eagle. [See Gykfalcon.] 
 
 GIFT, gift, n. a thing grtreji ; a bribe : a 
 quality bestowed by nature : the act of 
 giving. — v.t. to endow with any power 
 or faculty. [See GrvE.] 
 
 GIFTED, gift'ed, adj. endowed by nature. 
 
 GIG, gig, n. a light, two-wheeled carriage: 
 a long, light boat. [Found in Ice. gigja, 
 a fiddle (Fr. gigue, a lively dance), and 
 properly meaning a "thing that moves 
 lightly."] 
 
 GIGANTIC, jl-gan'tik, adj. suitable to a 
 giant: enormous. — adv. Gigan'ticaixy. 
 
 GIGGLE, gig'l, v.i. to laugh with short 
 catches of the breath, or in a silly man- 
 ner. — n. a laugh of this kind. — n. Gigg'- 
 LER. [From the sound.] 
 
 GIGOT, jig'ut, n. a leg of mutton. [Fr.— 
 O. Fr. gigue, a leg ; a word of unknown 
 origin. There is another gigue, an old 
 stringed instrument.] 
 
 GIGSTER, gig'ster, 71. a horse suitable for 
 a gig. "'The gigster, or light harness 
 horse, maj'also be a hack, and many are 
 used for both purposes, with benefit both 
 to themselves and their masters." — J. H. 
 Walsh. 
 
 GILD, gild, v.t. to cover or overlay with 
 gold : to cover with any gold-like sub- 
 stance : to adorn witli lustre : — pr.p. 
 gild'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. gild'ed or gilt. 
 J A.S. gyldan — gold. See GOLD.] 
 
 GILDER, gild'er, n. one whose trade is to 
 gild or cover articles with a thin coating 
 of gold. 
 
 GILDING, gild'ing, 71. act or trade of a 
 gilder : gold laid on any surface for or 
 nament. 
 
 GILL, gil, n. (pi.) the breathing organs in 
 fishes and certain other aquatic animals: 
 the flap below the bill of a fowl. [Scand., 
 as in Dan. gicelle, a gill, Swed. gal.] 
 
 GILL, jil, 71. a measure =^ i pint. [O. Fr. 
 gelle ; cf . Low L. gillo, a flask ; allied to 
 Fr. jale, a large bowl, E. gallon. See 
 Gallon.] 
 
 GILL, jil, 71. ground-ivy : beer flavored 
 with ground-ivy. [From Gillian or Juli- 
 ana (from Julius), a female name, con- 
 tracted Gill, Jill] 
 
 GILLIE, GILLY, gil'i, ?i. a youth, a man- 
 servant. [G.aei. gille, a lad, Jr. ceile. See 
 
 C^TTT T)P"F' "I 
 
 GILLYFLOWER, jil'i-flow-er, n. popular 
 name for stock, wallflower, etc., so called 
 from its clove-like smell. [Fr. girojlie — 
 Gr. karyophyllon, the clove-tree — karyon, 
 a nut, phyllon, a leaf.] 
 
 GILT, gilt, adj. gilded. — adj. Gilt-edged, 
 having gilded edges, as the leaves of a 
 book. 
 
 GILT, gilt, pa.t. anApa.p. of Gild. 
 
 GILT, 71. gold : money. 
 
 Three corrupted men, . . . 
 Have, for the f/ilt of France, — O ^lilt indeed ! — 
 Confirmed consfjiracy with fearful France. — .S/jafc. 
 
 GIMBALS, gim'balz, 7i.pl.. tico i-ings for 
 suspending the mariner's compass so as 
 to keep it always horizontal. [L. gemelli, 
 twins.] 
 
 GIMBLET. Same ss Gimlet. 
 
 GIMCRACK, jim'krak, n. a toy : a trivial 
 mechanism. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 GIMLET, gim'let, ?i". a small tool for boring 
 holes by irimbling or turning it with the 
 hand. — v.t. to pierce with a gimlet: 
 (naut.) to turn round (an anchor) as if 
 turning a gimlet. [Fr. gibelet, gimbelet, 
 from a Teut. root, whence also E. WnJ- 
 ble.]
 
 GIMP 
 
 197 
 
 GLANDERS 
 
 GIMP, gimp, n. a kind of trimming, etc., of 
 silk, woollen, or cotton twist. [Fr. guimpe, 
 from O. Grer. wimpal, a light robe ; E. 
 u'iinj)le.] 
 
 GIN. jin, H. same as Geneva, of which it 
 is a contraction. 
 
 OIN. jin, n. a trap ; a snare : a machine or 
 instrument by which the mp^hanical 
 powers are employed in aid of human 
 •trength ; especially, (a) a machine used 
 instead of a crane, consisting essentially 
 of three poles from 13 to 15 feet in length, 
 often tapering from the lower extremity 
 to the top, and united together at their 
 upper extremities, whence a block and 
 tackle is suspended, the lower extremities 
 being planted in the ground about 8 or 
 9 feet asunder, and there being a kind of 
 windlass attached to two of the legs ; 
 {,b) a kind of whim or windlass worked 
 by a horse which turns a cylinder and 
 winds on it a rope, thus raising minerals 
 or the hke from a depth; (c) a machine for 
 separating the seeds from cotton, called 
 hence a cotton-gin, which was invented 
 by Eli Whitney of Massachusetts, in 1794. 
 Tlie name is also given to a machine for 
 driving piles, to an engine of torture, and 
 to a pump moved by rotary sails. [A 
 contr. of engine.] 
 
 GIN. jin, v.t. to clear cotton of its seeds by 
 means of the cotton-gin : to catch in a 
 trap. "So, so, the woodcock's ginn'd." 
 —Bean. & Ft. 
 
 GIN. gin, v.i. to begin. [A.S. gynnan, to 
 begin.] 
 
 As wheu the sun gin3 his reflexiou. — Shak, 
 
 GIN, gin, conj. if ; suppose (Scotch) ; 
 Gin a body meet a body, 
 Comia^ thro' the rye.— Scotch song : 
 
 by 01 against a certain time ; as, I'll be 
 there gin five o'clock. [A.S. ge&n, gen, 
 against.] 
 
 •DINGER, jin'jer, n. the root of a plant in the 
 E. and W. Indies, with a hot and spicy 
 taste, so called from being shaped like a 
 horn. [Old form in M. E. gingivere — O. 
 Fr. gingibre — L. zingiber — Gr. zingiberis 
 — Sans, ^nga-vera — rringa, horn, vera, 
 shape.] 
 
 GINGERBEER, jin'jer-ber, n. an efferves- 
 cent drink flavored with ginger. 
 
 GINGERBREAD, jin'jer-bred, n. sweet 
 bread flavored with ginger. 
 
 GINGERLY, jin'jer-li. adv. with soft steps: 
 cautiously. [From a Scand. root, seen in 
 Swed. gingla, to totter.] 
 
 GINGHAM, ging'ham, n. a kind of cotton 
 cloth. [Fr. guingan, ace. to Littre, a 
 corr. of Guingampi a town in Brittany, 
 wlinre such stuffs are made.] 
 
 GINGLE, jing'I. Same as Jingle. 
 
 GIPSY. GYPSEY, GYPSY, iip'si, n. one of 
 a wandering race, originally from India, 
 now scattered over Europe : a reproach- 
 ful name for one with a dark complexion : 
 a sly, tricking woman. [Lit. Egyptian, 
 because supposed to come from Egypt, 
 M. E. Gyptian.} 
 
 CHRAFFE, ji-raf, v. the camelopard (&i- 
 raffa Camelopardalis or Camelopardalis 
 Oiraffu), a ruminant animal inhabiting 
 various parts of Africa, and constituting 
 the only species of its genus and family. 
 It is the tallest of all animals, a full- 
 grown male reaching the height of 18 or 
 30 feet. This great stature is mainly due 
 to the extraordinary length of the neck, 
 in which, however, there are but seven 
 Vertebra?, though these are extremely 
 elongated. It has two bony excrescences 
 on its head resembling horns. Its great 
 height is admirably suited with its habit 
 ©f feeding upon the leaves of trees, and 
 in this the animal is further aided by its 
 tongue, which is both prehensile and ca- 
 pable of being remarkably elongated or 
 
 contracted at will. It rarely attempts 
 to pick up food from the ground. Its 
 color is usually light fawn marked with 
 darker spots. It is a mild and inoffensive 
 animal, and in capti\nty is very gentle 
 and playful. " The giraffe is, in some 
 respects, intermediate between the hol- 
 low-horned and solid-horned ruminants, 
 though partaking more of the nature 
 of the deer."— Pj-o/. Owen. [Fr. girafe, 
 giraffe, Sp. girafa. It. giraffa, from Ar. 
 zurafa; Hind, zurafu, that is long- 
 necked.] 
 
 GIRD, gerd, v.t. to bind round : to make 
 fast by binding : to surround : to clothe : 
 — pa.t. and pa.p. erird'ed or gu't. [A.S. 
 gyrdan ; akin to Ger. gilrten ; from a 
 root gard, whence also £. Gaeden and 
 Yaed.] 
 
 GIRDER, gerd'er, n. one who or that which 
 girds . one of the principal pieces of tim- 
 ber in a floor binding the others together : 
 (engineering) any simple or compound 
 beam sustaining a weight, and supported 
 at both ends. 
 
 GIRDLE, gerd'i n. that which girds or 
 encircles, esp. a band for the waist : an 
 inclosure : (jew.) a horizontal line sur- 
 rounding a .stone. — v.t. to bind, as with 
 a girdle : to inclose : to make a circular 
 incision, as through the bark of a tree to 
 kill it. [A.S. gyrdel — gyrdan, to gird.] 
 
 GIRL, gerl, n. a female child : a young 
 woman. [Prob. from 0. Ger. giir, a 
 child, with suffix -1= -?a.] 
 
 GIRLHOOD, gerl'hood, n. the state of 
 being a girl. 
 
 GIRLISH, gerl'ish, adj. of or like a girl.— 
 adv. — Girl'ishly. — n. Giel'ishness. 
 
 GIRT, gert, GIRTH, gerf/i.7i. belly-band of 
 a saddle : measure round the waist. 
 
 GIRT, gert, v.t. to gird. 
 
 GIST, jist, n. the main point or pith of a 
 matter. [The word in this sense comes 
 from an old French proverb, " I know 
 where the hare lies " (O. Fr. gist, Fr. git), 
 i.e., I know the naain point — Fr. gesir, 
 to lie — L. jacere.] 
 
 GIVE, giv, t;.i. to bestow: to impart: to 
 yield : to grant : to permit : to afford : 
 to furnish : to pay or render, as thanks : 
 to pronounce, as a decision : to sliow, as 
 a result : to apply, as one's self : to allow 
 or admit. — v.i. to yield to pressure : to 
 begin to melt : to grow soft •.—pr.j). giv'- 
 ing ; pa.t. gave ; pa.p. given (giv'n). — 
 Give chase, to pursue : Give forth, to 
 emit, to publish : Give in, to yield: Give 
 OUT, to report, to emit : Give over, to 
 cease : Give place, to give way. to 
 ^'ield: GrvE up. to abandon. [A.S. gifan; 
 (jer. geben, Goth, gihan, fi-om a Teut. 
 root gab, to give.] 
 
 GIVER, gi\''er, n. one who gives or be- 
 stows. 
 
 GIZZARD, giz'ard, n. the muscular stom- 
 ach of a fowl or bird. [M. E. giser, Fr. 
 gesier — L. gigerium, used only in pi. gige- 
 ria, the cooked entrails of poultrv.] 
 
 GLABROUS, gla'brus, adj., smonih : hav- 
 ing no hairs or any unevenness. [L. 
 glaber, smooth ; akin to gl'ibo, to peel, 
 Gr. glapho, to carve.] 
 
 GLACIAL, gla'shi-al, adj., iey: frozen: 
 pertaining to ice or its action, esp. to 
 glaciers. [Fr. — L. glacialis — glacies, ice.] 
 
 GLACIER, gla'slier or glas'i-er, n. a field 
 or, more properly, a slowly moving river 
 of ice, such as is found in the hollows and 
 on the slopes of lofty mountains. — GLA- 
 CIER TABLES, large stones found on gla- 
 ciers supported on pedestals of ice. The 
 stones attain this peculiar position by 
 the melting away of the ice around them, 
 and the depression of its g'eneral surface 
 bv the action of the sim and rain. The 
 block, like an uinlM-ella, protects the ice 
 
 below it, from both ; and accordingly its 
 elevation measures the level of the gla- 
 cier at a former period. By and by the 
 stone table becomes too heavy for the 
 column of ice on which it rests, or its 
 equilibrium becomes unstable, whereupon 
 it topples over, and falling on the sur- 
 face of the glacier defends a new spac« 
 of ice, and begins to mount afresh — 
 Prof. J. D. Forbes. \Tr.— glace, ice — L 
 glacies, ice.] 
 
 GLACIS, gla'sis or gla-ses', n. a gentle 
 slope : (fort.) a smooth sloping bank. 
 [Fr. — O. Fr. glacier, to shde — glace, ice.] 
 
 GLAD, glad, adj. pleased : clieerful : 
 bright : giving pleasure. — v.t. to make 
 glad : — pr.2i. gladd'ing ; pa.p. gladd'ed. — 
 adv. Glad'lt. — n. Glad'ness. [A.S. 
 glced ; Ger. glatt, smooth, Ice. glathr, 
 bright, Dan. glad : the root meant • shin- 
 ing,' and is found also in Glade.] 
 
 GLADDEN, glad'n, v.t. to make glad : tc 
 cheer : to animate. 
 
 GLADE, glad, n. an open space in a wood^ 
 [Scand., as in Norw. gleite, a clear spot 
 among clouds, Ice. glita, to shine, glathr, 
 bright ; the original sense being, a 
 " bright opening." See GhXD.] 
 
 GLADIATE, glad i-at, adj., sword-sha^ied 
 
 iL. gladiu.'i, a sword.] 
 ADIATOR, glad'i-a-tor, ?!. in ancient 
 
 Rome, a professional combatant with 
 
 men or beasts in the arena. [L. (lit.) a 
 
 sword.tman — gladiits, a sword.] 
 GLADIATORIAL, glad-i-a-tor'i-al. GLAD- 
 
 lATORY, glad'i-a-tor-i, adj. relating to 
 
 gladiators or prize-fighting. 
 GLADIOLE, glad'i-ol, GLADIOLUS, gla- 
 
 di'o-lus, n. the plant sword-lily. [L, 
 
 gladiolus, dim. of gladius.] 
 
 GLADSOJIE, glad'sum. adj., glad: joyous, 
 
 . — n. gL 
 
 SOMENESS. 
 
 jay. — adv. Glad'somely. 
 
 iLaJ> 
 
 GLAIR, glar. n. the clear part of an egg 
 used as varnish : any viscous, trans- 
 parent substance. — v.t. to varnish with 
 white of egg. — adjs. Glair'y, Glar' 
 ECUS. [Fr. glaire — Low L. clara ovi, 
 white of egg — L. clarus, clear. See 
 Clear.] 
 
 GLAIVE, glav, ?;. same as Glave. 
 
 GLAMOUR, glam'er. n. the supposed in- 
 fluence of a charm on the eyes, making 
 them see things as fairer than tliey are. 
 
 i Scotch ; Ice. ylain, dimness of sight.] 
 ANCE, glans, n. a sudden shoot of light: 
 a darting of the eye : a momentary view. 
 — v.i. to dart a ray of light or splendor : 
 to snatch a momentary view : to tly ofl 
 obliquelj- : to make a passing allusion. — 
 v.t. to dart suddenly or obliquely — adt'. 
 Glanc'INGLY. [Fi-o'm a Teut. root found 
 in Swed. glans, Dut. glans, Ger. glam 
 lustre, and allied to obs. E. glint, E. glit- 
 ter, glass.] 
 
 GLAlSfD, gland, n. a fleshy organ of the 
 body which secretes some substance from 
 the" blood : (bot.) a small cellular spot 
 which secretes oil or aroma. [Fr. glande 
 — L. glans. glandis. an acorn : from the 
 likeness of shape to an acorn.] 
 
 GLANDER, gland'er, v.t. to affect with 
 glanders. 
 
 GLANDERED gland'erd, p. and adj. af- 
 fected with glanders. " Being drank in 
 plenty, it (tar watei-) hath recovered even 
 a gla'ndered horse that was thought in- 
 curable." — Berkeley. 
 
 GLANDERS, gland'erz, ?!. in farriery, a 
 very dangerous and highly contagious 
 disease of the mucous membrane of the 
 nostrils of horses, attended with an in- 
 creased and vitiated .secretion and dis- 
 charge of mucus, and enlargement and 
 induration of the glands of the lower jaw: 
 in med. a dangerous contagious disease 
 in the human subject, accompanied by a
 
 GLANDIFEROUS 
 
 pustular eruption, communicated bv in- 
 oculation from glandered animals, ff rem 
 Gland.] 
 
 GLAXDIFEROUS. gland-if'er-us, adj. Mur- 
 ing (iconis or nuts. [L. glandifer — glans, 
 glandis, and fero, to beai-.] 
 
 GLANDIFORM, gland'i-form, acli. resem- 
 bling a gland: nut-shaped. [L. glans, 
 i»nd fofiuu. form.] 
 
 GLANDULAR, gland ' u - lar, GLANDU- 
 LOUS, g-land'u-lus, adj. containing, con- 
 sisting of. or pertaining to glands. 
 
 GLANDULE, gland'ul, n. a smaH gland. 
 
 GLARE, glar, n. a clear, dazzling light : 
 overpowering lustre : a piercing look. — 
 v.i. to shine with a clear, dazzling light : 
 to be ostentatiously splendid : to look 
 ■with piercing eyes.' [Perh. from A.S. 
 gher. a pellucid substance, amber ; akin 
 to Glass.] 
 
 GLARING, glar'iug, adj. bright and daz- 
 zling-: barefaced: notorious. — adv. Glar'- 
 ISGLY. — n. Glae'isgniss. 
 
 GLASS, glas, n. the hard, brittle, trans- 
 parent substance in windows : anything 
 made of glass, esp. a drinking vessel, a 
 mirror, etc. : — -p/. spectacles: the quantity 
 of liquid a glass holds. — adj. made of 
 glass. — v.t. to case in glass. — adj. Glass'- 
 LIKE. [A.S. glees ; widely diffused in the 
 Teut. languages, and from a Teut. base 
 gal. to shine, seen also in Glow, Glea-SI, 
 Glad. Glance, and Glare.] 
 
 GLASS-BLOWER, glas'-bl6-er, n. one who 
 blows and fashions glass. 
 
 GLASS-BLOWING, glas'-blo-ing, Ji. amode 
 of manufacturingglasswareand window- 
 glass bj' taking a mass of viscid glass 
 from the meltina--pot on the end of the 
 blowing tube and then inflating the mass 
 by blowing through the tube, repeatedly 
 heating if necessarj' at the furnace, and 
 subjecting it to various manipulations. 
 Moulds are often used in the making of ar- 
 ticles by blowing. The term glass-blowing 
 also includes the production of toys and 
 other articles under the blow-pipe.' 
 
 6LASSCH0RD. glas'kord, n. the name 
 given by Franklin to a musical instru- 
 ment, witli kej-s like a pianoforte, but 
 witli bars of glass instead of strings of 
 wire, invented'in Paris in 1785 by a Ger- 
 man named Bever. 
 
 GLASS-ROPE, g\as'-rop, n. a name given 
 to a species of siliceous sponge {Hyalo- 
 nema Sieboldii) found in Japan. It con- 
 sists of a cup-sliaped sponge-bod v, sup- 
 ported by a i-ope of long twisted siliceous 
 fibres, which are sunk in the mud of the 
 sea bottom. 
 
 GLASSWORT, glas'wurt, ?;, a plant so 
 called from its yielding soda, used in 
 making glass. [&lass, and A.S. u-ifrt, a 
 plant.] 
 
 GLASSY, glas'i, adj. made of or like glass. — 
 adi-. Glass'ily. — n. Glass'ixess. 
 
 GLAUCOMA, glawk'6-ma, n. a disease of 
 the eye, marked by the green color of the 
 pupil". [See GLAtJcous.] 
 
 GLAUCOUS, glaw'kus, adj. sea-green : 
 grayish blue : {bot.) covered with a fine 
 green bloom. [L. glauats. bluish — Gr. 
 glaukos. blue or gray. orig. g'leaming, 
 akin to glaiwiso. to shine.] 
 
 OLA^'E. glav, n. a sword. [Fr. — L. gladuis 
 (= cladius, akin to eludes). See Clay- 
 more.] 
 
 ©LAZE, glaz, v.t. to furnish or cover with 
 glass : to cover with a thin surface of or 
 resembling glass : to give a glassy sur- 
 face to. — n. the glassy coating put upon 
 pottery : any shining exterior. [M.E. 
 glnsen— Glass.] 
 
 ©Lazier. gUVzl-er. n. one whose trade is 
 to set glass in window-frames, etc. [For 
 glaz-er : like laiv-y-er for lan--erj] 
 
 GLAZING, glaz'ing, n. the act or art of 
 
 198 
 
 setting glass : the art of covering with 
 a vitreous substance : (J50^»^^) semi-trans- 
 parent colors put thinly over others to 
 modifv the effect. 
 
 GLEAJf, glem, v.i. to gloto or shine: to 
 flash. — n. a small stream of light : a 
 beam : brightness. [A.S. glcem, gleam, 
 brightness ; akin to Glass. Glow.] 
 
 GLEAMY, glem'i, adj. casting beams or 
 rays of light. 
 
 GLEAN, glen, v.t. to gather in handfuls 
 the corn left by the reapers: to collect 
 what is thinly scattered. — v.i. to gather 
 after a reaper. — n. that which is gleaned: 
 the act of gleaning. — ns. Glean'er, 
 Glean'ing. [O. Fr. glener (Fr. glaner), 
 through Low L. forms, from A.S. gdm, 
 a handful.] 
 
 GLEBE, gleb, n. the land belonging to a 
 parish church or ecclesiastical benefice : 
 (mining) a piece of earth containing ore. 
 [Fr. — L. gleba, a clod, soil. Cf. Globe.] 
 
 GLEBOUS, gleb'us, GLEBY, gleb'i, adj., 
 cloddy, tui'fy. [L. glebosus — gleba.] 
 
 GLEDE. gled. n. (B.) the common kite, a 
 rapacious bird. [A.S. glida, " the glider," 
 akin to glidan, to glide.] 
 
 GLEE, gle, n. joy : mirth and gaiety : 
 (mus.) a song or catch in parts. [A.S. 
 gleo. mirth, song ; Ice. gly.] 
 
 GLEEFUL, gle'fool, adj. merry. 
 
 GLEEMAN, gle'raan, n. a minstrel. [See 
 Glee.] 
 
 GLEET, glet. n. a glairv discharge from a 
 mucous surface. — adj. Gleet'Y. [From 
 root of Glide.] 
 
 GLEN, glen, «. a narrow valley worn by 
 a river : a depression between hills. 
 [Celt., as in Gael, and Ir. gleann, W. 
 glyn.] 
 
 GLIB, glib, adj. moving easOy : voluble. — 
 adv. Glib'ly. — n. Glib'n'ess. [A contr. 
 of Dut. glibberig, slippery.] 
 
 GLIDE, gild, v.i. to slide smoothly and 
 easily : to flow gently : to pass rapidly. 
 — «. 'act of gliding. — odr. Glid'ingly. 
 [A.S. glidan, to slip, to slide; Ger. gleiten, 
 to move smoothly, closely akin to Glad.] 
 
 GLIMMER, glim'er, v.i. to burn or appear 
 faintly. — n. a faint lieht : feeble rays of 
 light : {min.) mica. [From a Teut. root, 
 found in Dan. and Ger. glimmer, of which 
 the base is seen in Gleaji.] 
 
 GLIMMER-GOWK, glim'er-gowk. n. an 
 owl. " Like a gTaat glimmer-gmvk wi' 
 "is g-lasses athurt 'is noase." — Tennyson. 
 
 GLIMMERING, glim'er-ing. n. same as 
 Glijtmer. n. 
 
 GLIMPSE, glimps, n. a short gleam : a 
 weak light : transient lustre : a hurried 
 view : fleeting enjoJ^nent : the exhibi- 
 tion of a faint resemblance. — v.i. to ap- 
 pear by glimpses. [M.E. glimsen, to 
 glimpse — glim. See Glijimer.] 
 
 GLINT, glint, v.i. to glance : to gleam : to 
 pass suddenly, as a gleam of light, a 
 flash of lightning, or anj-thing that re- 
 sembles it : to peep out, as a flower from 
 the bud. 
 
 Yet cheerfully thou glirifed forth 
 
 Amid the storm. — Btirns. 
 
 "The sun lay warm on the grass, and 
 glinted pleasantly through the leaves of 
 the ash.'" — Lord Lytton. [Of kindred 
 origin with glimpse, glimmer, glance, etc. 
 Comp. Dan. glimt. a gleam, glimte, to 
 flash.] 
 
 GLINT, glint, n. a glance : a glimpse : a 
 gleam : a transient view- : a flash, as of 
 lightning: a moment. '• The little I'oom 
 was dusky, save for a narrow glint 
 streaming through the not quite closed 
 door of the room." — Dickens. 
 
 GLISTEN, glis'n. GLISTER, glis'ter. v.i. 
 to glitter or sparkle with light : to shine. 
 [From base glis-, to shine, with excres- 
 
 GLORY 
 
 cent -^ ; cf. Dut. glinsteren. See Gut 
 
 TER.] 
 
 GLITTER, glit'er. r.(. to glisten, to sparkle 
 with light : to be splendid : to be showy. 
 — n. lustre: brilliancy. [Scand., as in 
 Ice. glitra, to glisten. Ice. glit, glitter; 
 closely akin to GusTEN, Glister, etc.] 
 
 GLITTfiRING. glit'er-ing. adj.. .tkrmngt 
 splendid : brilliant.— arfr. Glitt'eringly ' 
 
 GLOAM, glom, 7i. the twilight : gloaming 
 
 I sa^v their starved lips In the qlnam. 
 With horrid warning f:aped witie.— Keats. 
 
 GLOAMING, glom'ing, n. twilight, dusk r 
 " As gloaming, the Scottish word for twi- 
 light, is far more poetical, and has been 
 recommended by many eminent literary 
 men, particularly by Dr. Moore in his 
 letters to Burns, I have ventured to use 
 it on account of its harmony." — Byron: 
 closing period ; decline; as, the gloaming 
 of life : gloominess of mind or spirit ; 
 "Woman, pluck up your heart, and leave 
 off all this gloaming." — J. Still. [A.S. 
 glomnng. Scot, gloamin. akin to Gloom.J 
 
 GLOAT, glot, i\i. to look eagerly, in a bad 
 sense: to view with joy. [Scand., as in 
 Ice. glotta, to grin.] 
 
 GLOBATE, glob'at, adj. like a globe : cir- 
 cular. [L. globo, globatus, to form into 
 a ball — globus.] 
 
 GLOBE, glob, n. a ball : a round body, a 
 sphere : the earth : a sphere represent- 
 ing the earth (terrestrial globe) or the 
 heavens (celestial globe). [Fr. — L. glob- 
 us : akin to gleba. a clod.] 
 
 GLOBE, glob, v.i. to become round or 
 g-lobe-shaped. E. B. Brouming. 
 
 GtOBOSE, glob-6s', GLOBOUS, glob'us 
 adj. globular. — n. Globo'sity. 
 
 GLOBULAR, glob'u-lar, GLOBULOUS, 
 glob'ii-lus. adj. like a globe : spherical.— 
 adv. Glob'ularly. — n. Globular'ity. 
 
 GLOBULE, glob'ill, n. a little globe or round 
 particle. 
 
 GLOME, glom, n. (bot.) a globular head of 
 flowers. [L. glomus = globus, and conn. 
 with Clump, Ltjup.] 
 
 GLOJIERATE, glom'er-at, v.t. to gather 
 into a ball : to collect into a spherical 
 mass. — adj. growing in rounded or mas- 
 sive forms : conglomerate. [L. gloniero, 
 -atus — glomus, gtomeris. a clue of yarn.] 
 
 GLOMERATION, glom-er-a'shun, n. act of 
 gathering' into a.ball : a body formed into 
 a ball. 
 
 GLOOM, gloom, n. partial darkness : cloudi- 
 ness : heaviness of mind, sadness : hope- 
 lessness: sullenness. — i:i. to be sullen or 
 dejected : to be cloudy or obscure. [A.S. 
 glom, gloom ; Prov. GJer. glumm, gloomy, 
 E. Glum.] 
 
 GLOOMTH, gloomth. n. the state of being 
 dim, obscure, or gloomy : partial dark- 
 ness. '• The gloomth of abbeys and cathe- 
 drals." — H. Walpole. 
 
 GLOOMY, gloom'i, adj. dim or obscure : 
 dimly lighted : sad, melancholy. — adv, 
 Gloom'ily. — n. Gloom'iness. 
 
 GLORIFY, glo'ri-fi, v.t. to make glorious: 
 to honor : to exalt to glory or happiness: 
 to ascribe honor to, to worship : — pa.p. 
 glo'rified. — n. Glorifica'tion. [L. gloria, 
 and facio. to make.] 
 
 GLORIOLE. glo'ri-6l. n. a circle, as of rays, 
 represented in ancient paintings as sur^ 
 rounding the heads of saints : in tlie 
 extract, used figuratively. [Formed oo 
 type of Aureole.] 
 
 Sappho, with that gUiriiHe 
 Of ebon hair on calniSd brows. — E. B. Brovminq. 
 
 GLORIOUS, glo'ri-us, adj. noble, splendid: 
 conferring renown. — adv. Glo'eiously. 
 — n. Glo'riousness. [L. gloriosus.] 
 
 GLORY, glo'ri, n. renown : honor : the oc- 
 casion of praise : an object of pride : 
 excellency : splendor : brightness : circle 
 of rays surrounding the head of a saint ; 

 
 GLORY 
 
 x99 
 
 GNAW 
 
 (B.) the presence of Grod : the manifes- 
 tation of God to the blessed in heaven : 
 heaven. — v.i. to boast : to be proud of 
 anvthing: : to exult -.^pa.p. glo'ried. [Tr. 
 — t. gloria (for cloria), akin to clams, 
 from root of L. clu-eo, Gr. khi-o, to be 
 famed ; E. Loud.] 
 
 ©LORY. gl6-ri, i:t. to make glorious : to 
 magnify and honor in worship: to glorify. 
 " The troop that gloried "Venus on her 
 wedding day." — Greene. 
 
 BLOSS. glos, n., brightness or lustre, as 
 from a polished surface : external sliow. 
 — v.t. to give a superficial lustre to: to 
 render plausible : to palliate. [Ice. glossi, 
 brightness, gloa, to glow. See Glass.] 
 
 GLOSS, glos, n. a remark to explain a 
 subject : a comment. — r.i. to comment 
 or make explanatory remarks. [L. glossa, 
 a word requiring explanation — Gr. glossa, 
 the tongue.] 
 
 GLOSSANTHRAX, glos-an'thraks, n. a 
 disease in horses and cattle, character- 
 ized by malignant carbuncles in the 
 mouth, and especially on the tongue. 
 [Gr. glossa. the tongue, and anthrax, a 
 carbuncle.] 
 
 6L0SSARIAL, glos-a'ri-al, arlj. relating to 
 a glossar\' : containing explanation. 
 
 GLOSSARfST. glos'ar-ist, n. a writer of a 
 glossary. 
 
 GLOSSARY, glos'ar-i, n, a vocabulary of 
 words requiring special explanation. 
 [From Gr. glossa."] 
 
 GLOSSATOR, glos-a'tor, n. a writer of 
 glosses or comments : a. commentator. 
 
 6L0SSIC, glos'ik, v. a phonetic system of 
 spelling invented by Mr. A. J. Ellis, in- 
 tended to be used concurrently with the 
 existing English orthography (Noniic) 
 in order to remedy some of its defects 
 without changing' its form or detract- 
 ing from its value. The following is a 
 specimen of Glossic : — " Ingglish Glosik 
 konvai'Z whotever proanunsiai'sh.m iz 
 inten'ded bei dhi reitep. Glosik bucks 
 kan dliaii-foar bee maid too impaar.t 
 risee-vd aurthria-ipi too aul reederz.'' — 
 A. J. Ellis. [Fi om Gr. glossa. a tongue]. 
 
 GLOSSOGRAPH\ . glos-og'raf-i. v. the 
 irriting of gloss iries or comments. — ». 
 GLOSSOO'RAPHER.— arfj. GLOSSOCrR.\PH'T- 
 CAL. [Gr. glossa. and grapho. to write.] 
 
 GLOSSOLOGY, glos-ol'o-ii. n. the science 
 of language : the knowledge of the defi- 
 nition of technical terms. — n. Glossol'O- 
 QiST.— adj. Glossolog'ical. [Gr. glossa, 
 and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 GLOSSY, glos'i, adj. smooth and shining : 
 highly polished. — adv. Gloss'ily. — n. 
 
 GLOSS'IN'ESS. 
 
 GLOTTIC, glot'ik. adj. of or pertaining to 
 glottologv : glottological. 
 
 GLOTTIS.' glot'is, n. the opening of the 
 larvnx or entrance to the windpipe. — 
 adj. Glott'al. [Gr. glottis— glossa, the 
 tongue J 
 
 6L0TT0L0GIST, glot-ol'o-jist, v.. a stu- 
 dent of or one versed in glottology : a 
 glossolo<rist. 
 
 GLOTTOLOGY, glot-ol'o-ji, n. the science 
 of language, comparative philology. [Gr. 
 glottal Attic for glo.^sa, and logos', a dis- 
 course.] 
 
 GLOVE, gluv, n. a cover for the hand, with 
 a sheath for each finger. — v.t. to cover 
 with or as with a glove. [A.S. glof 
 {=.ge-lof) ; allied to Scot, loof. Ice. lofi, 
 palm of the hand.] 
 
 Glover, gluv'er, n. one who makes or 
 sells gloves. 
 
 GLOW, glo. v.i. to shine with an intense 
 heat : to feel great he.-it of body : to be 
 flushed : to feel the heat of passion : to 
 be ardent. — )?. shining or white heat: 
 unusual warmth : brightness of color : 
 vehemence of pa.ssion. [A.S. glowan, to 
 
 glow, as a fire ; Ger. gluhen, Ice. gloa, tc 
 
 glow.] 
 
 GL0W-"\V0RM. glo'-wurm, n. the female 
 of a certain insect, which gloics or shines 
 in the dark. 
 
 GLOZE, gloz, v.i. to give a false meaning 
 to: to flatter: to wheedle. — r.f. to palli- 
 ate bj' specious explanation. [M. E. 
 glosen, to make glosses, from M. E. glose, 
 a gloss. See Gloss, a remark.] 
 
 GLUCOSE, gloo-kos', n. the peculiar kind 
 of sugar in the juice of fruits. [Gr. gly- 
 Icys. sweet.] 
 
 GLUCOSIDE, glu'ko-sTd, ??. one of a large 
 group of substances, derived from animal 
 or vegetable products, possessing the 
 common propei-ty of yielding glucose and 
 other products when they are boiled with 
 dilute acids, or are acted on by certain 
 ferments. 
 
 GLUE, gloo, n. a sticln- substance obtained 
 by boiling to a jelly the skins, hoofs, etc., 
 of animals. — v.t. to join with glue : — 
 pr.p. glii'ing ; pa.p. glued'. [Fr. glu — 
 Lov/ L. glus, glutis — gluo, to draw to- 
 gether.] 
 
 GtUEY. gloo'i. adj. containing glue: sticky: 
 viscous. — n. Gltj'etness. 
 
 GLUM, glum, adj. frowning : sullen : 
 gloomy. [From root of GLob.M.] 
 
 GLUME, gloom, n. the husk or floral cover- 
 ing of grain and grasses. — adj. Glttsia'- 
 CEOrs. U-i. ghima, husk — glubo, to peel 
 off bark.] 
 
 GLUMLY, glumli, adv. in a glum or sul- 
 len manner: ^vith moroseness. 
 
 GLUT, glut, v.t. to swallow greedily: to 
 feast to satiety: to supply in excess: — 
 2}r.p. glutt'ing ; pn./). glutt'ed. — >!. that 
 which is gorged : more tlian enough : 
 anything that obstructs tlie passage. 
 [L. ghitio — root glu, akin to Sans, gri, 
 to devour, and L. gida, and gurgulio, 
 tlie throat : from the sound of swallow- 
 ingj 
 
 GLUTEN, gloo'ten, n. a tough elastic sub- 
 stance of a gi-ayish color, which becomes 
 brown and brittle by drying, found in the 
 flour of wheat and other g-iain. It con- 
 tributes much to the nutritive quality of 
 flour, and gives tenacity to its paste." A 
 similar substance is found in the juices 
 of certain plants. Gluten consists of 
 gliadine. vegetable fibrine. and ca,seine, 
 \vith sometimes a fatty substance. "Glu- 
 ten exhibits the same percentage com- 
 Eosition as the albuminoids ; it is not, 
 owever, a simple proximate principle, 
 but may be separated into two distinct 
 substances, one soluble and the other in- 
 soluble in alcohol ; and. according to 
 Ritthausen, the portion soluble in alcohol 
 may be further resolved into two sub- 
 stances, one called mucin or %'egetable 
 casein, the other ghitin. gliadin. or vege- 
 table gelatin ; the portion insoluble in 
 alcohol is called vegetable fibrin." — Watts, 
 Diet, of Chem. [L. See"GLtT..] 
 
 GLUTEN-BREAD, gloo't en-bred, n. a kind 
 of bread in which there is a large pro- 
 portion of gluten. It is used in diabetes. 
 
 GLUTINATE, gloo'tin-at. v.t. to unite, as 
 with glue. — )(. GLrnxA'xiox. [L. ghitino, 
 ghitinatiim — gluten.'] 
 
 GLUTINATTVE, gloo'tin-a-tiv, adj. haiing 
 the quality of gluing or cementing: tena- 
 cious. 
 
 GLUTINOUS. gl56'tin-us. adj. gluey: tena- 
 cious : (bot.) covered, as a loaf, with 
 slimv moisture. — n. GLU'TIN'OrsN"ESS. 
 
 GLUTTON, glut'n, n. one who eats to ex- 
 cess : a carnivorous quadruped in north- 
 ern regions, once thought very voracious. 
 [Fr. glouton — L. glu to, from' L. root of 
 
 GLtT.] 
 
 GLUTTONIZE. glut'n-Tz, v.i. to eat to ex- 
 cess, like a glutton. 
 
 GLUTTONOUS, glut'n-us, GLUTTONISH, 
 glut'n-ish, adj. given to, or consisting in 
 gluttony. — adv. Glutt'onouslt. 
 
 GLUTTONY, glut'n-i, n. excess in eating. 
 
 GLYCERIDE, glis'e-rid, n. in chem. a com- 
 pound ether of the triatomic alcohol gly- 
 cerine. Some of the glycem.es exist 
 ready formed as natural tats, in the bodies 
 of plants and animals, and many more 
 may be produced artificially by the action 
 of acid upon glycerine. 
 
 GLYCERINE. GLYCERIN, glis'e-rin, n. 
 a transparent colorless liquid with a sweet 
 taste, obtained from natural fats by sa- 
 ponification with alkahes or by the action 
 of superheated steam. [From Gr. glykys, 
 sweet.] 
 
 GLYPH, glif, n. {arch.) an ornamental 
 sunken chsmnel or fluting, usually verti- 
 cal. [Gr. glypM — glypho, to hollow out, 
 carve.] 
 
 GLYPHOGRAPHY. glif-og'raf-i. n. a proc- 
 ess of taking a raised copy of a drawing 
 bv electrotype. — adj. Glyphograph'ic 
 [Gr. glypho, to carve, engrave, and gra- 
 phe. drawing — grapho, to write.] 
 
 GLYPTIC, glip'tik, adj. pertaining to cnn> 
 ing on stone, etc.: (win.) figured. — Gltp'- 
 TICS. 7i.sing. the art of engraving, esp. on 
 precious stones. 
 
 GLYPTODON. glip'tod-on. n. a fossU ani- 
 mal of S. America with fluted teeth. 
 [Gr. glyptos, carved, and odous, odontos, 
 tooth.] 
 
 GLYPTOGRAPHY, ghp-tog'raf-i, n. a de- 
 scription of the art of engraving on 
 precious stones. — adj. Gltptograph'IC. 
 [Gr.(//jfp/os,can'ed.and grapho. to write.] 
 
 GNAR. nar, v.i.to snarl or growl. [From 
 a Teut. root found in Ger. kniirren, Dan.i 
 knurre. to growl ; formed from the! 
 sound.] ' 
 
 GNARL. narl,i'.t. to snarl or growL fFrea ' 
 of Gn.\e.] 
 
 GNARL. narl. n. a growl : a snarl. " My 
 caress provoked a long guttural gnarh" 
 — E. Bronte. 
 
 GNARL. narl, n. a twisted knot in wood. 
 — adj. Gnarled, knotty, twisted. [From 
 a Teut root, as in Ger. knorren. Dan. 
 knort. a knot, gnarl, and prob. akin to 
 gnarl in the sense of pressing close to- 
 gether.] 
 
 GNASH, nash, v.t. to strike the teeth to- 
 gether in rage or pain. — v.i. to grind the 
 teeth. [From the sound.] 
 
 GNAT, nat, n. a name applied to several 
 insects of the genus Culex. Tlie pro- 
 boscis or sting of the female is a tube 
 containing four spicula? of exquisite fine- 
 ness, dentated or edged ; these are the 
 modified mandibles and maxilte. The 
 males are destitute of stings, and are 
 furtiier distinguished by their plume-like 
 antennse. The most troublesome of this 
 genus is the mosquito. "Strain at a 
 gnat" fMatt. xxiii. 34), to be scrupulous 
 about small matters. In this phrase the 
 at is said to be a typographical l)lunder 
 of the first edition of tlie King James 
 version of the Bible for out. It is an al- 
 lusion to the custom of the Jew.s, Greeks, 
 
 • and Romans of passing their wines fwhich 
 in the southern countries might easily 
 receive gnats) through a strainer. This 
 was a matter of religion with the Jews, 
 who considered the insect unclean. [A.S. 
 gncvt : Low Gor. gnid. a small kind of 
 gnat : perhaps akin to Ger. gnatze, the 
 itch.l 
 
 GNAW, naw, v.t. to bite so as to make a 
 noise with the teeth : to bite off by de- 
 grees : to bite in agony or rage : ( fig.) to 
 torment. — v.i. to use the teeth in biting. 
 fA.S. gnagan .-cf. Dut. knagen. Ice. naga, 
 Prov. E. nag, to tease, worry.]
 
 GNEISS 
 
 200 
 
 GOLF 
 
 GNEISS, nis, n. igeol.) a species of strati- 
 fied rock composed of quartz, felspar, 
 and mica. [Ger. gneiss, a name used by 
 the Saxon miners, of unknown origin.] 
 
 GNEISSOID, nls'oid, adj. having some of 
 tlie eharcicters of gneiss. [Gneiss, and 
 Gr. eidos, form.] 
 
 ■JNOME, nom, n. a sententious saying. — 
 ad/'.GNOM'ic. [Gr. gnome, an opinion — 
 gnonai, gignosko, to know.] 
 
 dNOME, nom, n. a kind of sprite, said to 
 preside over the inner parts of the earth 
 and its treasures : a dwarf or goblin. [Fr. 
 — a word traced by Littr6 to Paracelsus, 
 and perh. formed from Gr. gnome, intel- 
 ligence, because it was supposed these 
 spirits could reveal the treasures of the 
 earth.] 
 
 GNOlfED, nom'ed, adj. haunted or inhab- 
 ited bj' a gnome or gnomes. "The 
 haunted air and gnomed mine." — Keats. 
 
 GNOMON, no'mon, n. the pin of a dial, 
 whose shadow points to the hour : the 
 index of the hour-circle of a globe : 
 (geom.) a parallelogram minus one of the 
 parallelograms about its diagonal. [Gr. 
 gnomon, an interpreter — gnonai, to 
 know.] 
 
 GNOMONIC, n6-mon'ik, GNOMONICAL, 
 no-mon'ik-al. adj. pertaining to the art 
 of dialling. — adv. Gnomon'ically.— n. 
 sing. Gnojion'ics, the art of dialling. 
 
 GNOSTIC, nos'tik, n. one of a sect in the 
 beginning of the Christian era who pre- 
 tended that they alone had a true knowl- 
 edge of religion. — adj. pertaining to the 
 Gnostics or their doctrines : knowing ; 
 well-informed ; skillful. Sir W. Scott. 
 [Gr. gnostikos, good at knowing — gignos- 
 ko. to know.] 
 
 ONOSTICALLY, nos'tik-al-i, adv. in a 
 gnostic or knowing manner : skillfully. 
 (Slang.) " He was tog'd gnostically 
 enough." — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 ufNOSTICISM, nos'ti-sizm, n. the doctrines 
 of the Gnostics. 
 
 &NU, nu, n. a kind of antelope in S. 
 Africa, resembling the horse and ox. 
 [Hottentot, grmt.] 
 
 GO, go, v.i. to pass from one place to an- 
 other : to be in motion : to proceed : to 
 walk : to depart from : to lead in any 
 direction : to extend : to tend : to be 
 about to do : to pass in report : to pass, 
 a-s in payment : to be accounted in 
 value : to happen in a particular way : 
 to turn out : to fare : — pr.j). go'ing ; 
 pa.t. went ; jja./j. gone (gon). — Go ABOUT 
 (B.), to set one's self about : to seek : to 
 endeavor. — Go beyond (B.), to overreach. 
 — Go TO, int. (J5.) come now ! [A.S. gan, 
 ga»>gan ; Ger. geheh, Dan. gan.] 
 
 GOAD, god, 71. a sharp-pointed stick, often 
 shod with iron, for driving oxen : a 
 stimulus. — v.t. to drive with a goad : to 
 urge forward. [A.S. gad, a goad.] 
 
 GOADSTER, god'ster, n. one who drives 
 with a goad : a goadsman. " Goadsters 
 in classical costume." — Carlyle. 
 
 GOAL, gol, 11. a mark set up to bound a 
 race : the winning-post ; also the .start- 
 ing-post : the two upright posts between 
 which the ball is kicked in the game of 
 football : the act of driving the ball 
 through between the posts : an end or 
 
 , aim. [Fr. gaule, a pole ; prob. of Teut. 
 origin, as Fris. tvalu, a staff, Goth, u-alus ; 
 but ace. to Littre from L. vallus, a .stake.] 
 
 <iOAT, got, n. the well-known quadruped, 
 allied to the sheep. [A.S. gat ; Ger. 
 geiss — obs. and prov. Ger. geissen = gehen, 
 to go ; like Gr. aix, a goat — aisso, to leap ; 
 akin to L. hcedus.] 
 
 GOATMOTH. got'moth, n. one of the 
 largest of British vioths, which has a 
 goatlike odor. 
 
 GOAT-PEPPER, got'-pep-er, n. a species of 
 
 Capsicum or Cayenne pepper (Capsicum 
 frutescens). 
 
 GOAT'S'-BEARD, -herd, GOAT'S'-RUE, 
 -roo. GOAT'S'-STONES, -stonz, GOAT'S'- 
 THORN, -thorn, )i. names of plants. 
 
 GOATSUCKER, got'suk-er, n. a kind of 
 swallow erroneous!}' thought to suck 
 goats. 
 
 GOBBET, gob'et, n. a mouthful : a little 
 lump. [Fr. gobet — Gael, gob, the mouth, 
 from the sound.] 
 
 GOBBLE, gob'l, v.t. to swallow in lumps : 
 to swallow hastily. — v.i. to make a noise 
 in the throat, as a turkej'. [Fr. gober, 
 to devour, with E. suffix -le — a Celt, 
 word gob, the mouth, which has also 
 passed into prov. E.] 
 
 GOBELIN, go'be-lin, adj. a term applied 
 to a species of rich tapestry in France, 
 ornamented with complicated and beau- 
 tiful designs in brilliant and permanent 
 colors : also, pertaining to a printed 
 worsted cloth for covering chairs, sofas, 
 etc., in imitation of tapestry. [From 
 the dyehouse in Paris originally belong- 
 ing to a famous family of dyers called 
 Gobelin, and, after them, named "the 
 Gobelins." M. Colbert subsequently ac- 
 quired it for the state, collecting into 
 it the ablest workmen in the divers arts 
 and manufactures connected with up- 
 holstery and house decoration, as paint- 
 ers, t&pestrj'-makers, ebonists, sculptors. 
 etc., prohibiting at the same time the 
 importation of tapestry from other coun- 
 tries. The Gobelins has since then con- 
 tinued to be the first manufactory of 
 the kind in the world, tapestry-work in 
 ]3articular being its glory.] 
 
 GOBEMOUCHE, gob-moosh, ?i. (lit.) a fly- 
 swal'.ower ; hence, a credulous person, 
 simpleton, or ninny: so named from such 
 persons listening or staring with open 
 mouth. [Fr.] 
 
 GO-BET"\VEEN, go'be-twen, n. one who 
 goes between two others as an agent 
 or assistant : an intermediary. " Her 
 assistant or go-between." — Shale. " Swore 
 besides to play their go-between as hereto- 
 fore." — Tennyson. 
 
 GOBLET, gob'let, n. a large drinking cup 
 without a handle. [Fr. gobelet, dim. of 
 Low L. gubellus, which again is a dim. 
 of L. ci(pa, a cask. See Cup.] 
 
 GOBLIN, gob'lin, n. a frightful phantom : 
 a fairj'. [Fr. goblin — Low L. gobelinus — 
 Gr. kobalos, a mischievous spirit. See 
 Cobalt.] 
 
 GOBY, g5 bi, n. a genus of small sea-fishes, 
 which build nests of seaweed. [L. gobius 
 — Gr. kobios.] 
 
 GO-BY, go'-bl, }). a going by without no- 
 tice : escape by artifice : evasion. 
 
 GO-CART, go'-kart, 7i. a cart or contriv- 
 ance for teaching children to go or walk. 
 
 GOD, god, n. the Supreme Being : the Cre- 
 ator and Preserver of the world : an ob- 
 ject of worship, an idol : (B.) a ruler. — 
 fern. Godd'ess. [A.S. god; Ger. gott, 
 Goth, guth, Dut. god, and in all the other 
 Teut. languages ; all from a Teut. root 
 giitha, God, and quite distinct from good: 
 perh. conn, with Pers. khoda, lord, and 
 Sans, gudha, secret.] 
 
 GODFATHER, god'm-ther, ?!. a man who, 
 at a child's baptism, engages to be its 
 father in relation to God or its religious 
 training.— /e?n. God'mother. — ns. God'- 
 
 CHILD, GOD'-DAUGHTER, GOD'SON. 
 
 GODHEAD, god'hed, n. state of being a 
 god : deity : divine nature. [GoD, and 
 Head, which .see in list of Affixes.] 
 
 GODLESS, god'les, adj. living mthout God: 
 impious : atheistical. — adv. God'lesslt. 
 — )( . God 'lessness. 
 
 GODLIKE, god'llk, adj. like God : divine. 
 
 GODLY, god'li, adj. like God in character : 
 
 pious : according to God's law. — adva. 
 God'lt, GtoD'LXLY. — n. God'liness. [God, 
 and ly^ike.] 
 
 GODMOTHER. See Godfather. 
 
 GODSEND, god'send, Ji. an unexpected 
 piece of good-fortune. [GOD and Send.] 
 
 GODSHOUSE, godz'hous, n. an almshouse. 
 Camden. 
 
 GODSON, god'sun. See Godfather. 
 
 GODSPEED, god'sped, n. for good speed or 
 success. [Cf. A.S. god-spedig, successful.J 
 
 GODWARD, god'vvawrd, adv., toivard God. 
 [God, and A.S. iveard, L. versus, sig. 
 direction.] 
 
 GODWIT, god'wit, n. a bird with a long 
 bill and long slender legs, that frequents 
 marshes. [Perh. from A.S. god, good, 
 and u-iht, creature.] 
 
 GOER, go'er, n._ one who or that which 
 goes : a horse, considered in reference to 
 his gait. 
 
 GOGGLE, gogl, v.i. to strain or roll the 
 eyes. — adj. rolling : staring : prominent. 
 — n. a stare, or affected rolling of the 
 eye : — pi. spectacles with projecting eye- 
 tubes : blinds for sh5ing horses. [Prob. 
 freq. of Celt, gog, to move slightly ; gog, 
 a nod.] 
 
 GOING, go'ing, n. the act of moving : de- 
 parture: (B.) course of life, behavior. — 
 Going forth, n. (B.) an outlet.— Goings 
 or GOINGS out, n. (B.) utmost extremity . 
 departures or journeyings. 
 
 GOITRE, GOITER, goi'ter, n. a tumor on 
 the forepart of the throat, being an en- 
 largement of one of the glands. [Fr. 
 goitre — L. guttur, the throat. Cf. Cre- 
 tin.] 
 
 GOITRED. GOITERED, goi'terd, adj. af- 
 fected with goitre. 
 
 GOITROUS, goi'trus, adj. pertaining to 
 goitre. 
 
 GOLD, gold, n. one of the precious metals 
 much used for coin : money, riches : yel- 
 low, gold color. [A.S. ; also in most 
 Aryan languages, as Ice. gull, Ger. gold, 
 Goth, gul-th, Russ. zla-to, Gr. chry-sos. 
 Sans, hirana — all froir a primary form 
 ghar-ta. from a root g Mr, to be yellow, 
 from which also grei n, yellow, are de- 
 rived.] 
 
 GOLD-BEATER, gold'-bet'er, n. one whose 
 trade is to beat gold into gold-leaf. — n. 
 Gold'-be.at'ing. 
 
 GOLD-DUST, gold'-dust, n. gold in dust or 
 very fine particles, as it is sometimes 
 found in rivers. 
 
 GOLDEN, gold'n, adj. made of gold : of the 
 color of gold : bright : most valuable ; 
 happy : highly favorable. — Golden 
 fleece, an order of knightliood : the 
 Toison d'or. See under ToisoN. ^Golden 
 ROSE, in the R. Cath. Ch. an ornament of 
 gold, musk, and balsam, consecrated by 
 the pope on the fourth Sunday in Lent. It 
 was anointed with chrism and sprinkled 
 with perfumed dust ; and after benedic- 
 tion it was set upon the altar during 
 mass, and then carried awaj* in the pope's 
 hands to be sent to some favored prince, 
 some eminent church, or distinguished 
 personaffo. [A.S. gi/lden — gold.] 
 
 GOLDFINCH, gold'finsh, n. a singing-bird 
 or finch with gro/d-colored wngs. 
 
 GOLDFISH, gold'flsh, n. a small gold- 
 colored fish, native to China, kept in this 
 countrv in glass globes and ponds. 
 
 GOLD-LfeAF, gold'-lef, n. gold beaten ex- 
 tremely thin, or into leaves, and used for 
 gildina:. 
 
 GOLDSMITH, gold'smitli, n. a smith or 
 worker in gold and silver. 
 
 GOLDYLOCKS. gold'i-loks, n. a plant with 
 yellow flowers, like locks of hair : wood 
 crowfoot. 
 
 GOLF, golf, n. a game played with a club 
 and ball, in which he who drives the ball
 
 GOLOSH 
 
 201 
 
 GOUGE 
 
 Into a series of small holes in the ground 
 with fewest strokes is the winner. [From 
 name of a Dut. game— Dut. kolf, a club : 
 cf. Grer. kolbe. Ice. kolfr. See Club.] 
 
 GOLOSH, go-losh', Ji. same as Galoche. 
 
 GONDOLA, gon'do-la, n. a long narrow 
 pleasure-boat used at Venice. [It., a 
 dim. of gonda — Gr. kondy, a drinking- 
 vessel, said to be a Pers. word.] 
 
 GONDOLIER, gon-do-ler', n. one who rows 
 a gondola. 
 
 GONE, gon, pa.p. of Go. 
 
 GONFAXiON, gon'fa-lon, n. an ensign or 
 standard with streamers. — n. Gon'fal- 
 ONIER, one who bears the foregoing. [Fr. 
 — It. gonfalone.l 
 
 GONG, gong, n. a musical instrument of 
 circular form, made of bronze, producing, 
 when struck with a wooden mallet, a 
 loud sound. [Malay.] 
 
 GONORRHEA, gon-or-re'a, n. an inflamma- 
 tory discharge of mucus from the mem- 
 brane of the urethra. [Gr. gonorrhoia 
 — gone, that which begets, and . rheo, to 
 flow J 
 
 GOOD, good, adj. having qualities, 
 whether physical or moral, desh-able or 
 suitable to the end proposed : promoting 
 success, welfare, or happiness : virtuous: 
 pious : kind : benevolent : proper : fit : 
 competent : sufficient : valid : sound : 
 serviceable : beneficial : real : serious, as 
 in good earnest : not small, considerable, 
 asingood deal: full, complete, as meas- 
 ure : unblemished, honorable, as in good 
 name : — comp. Bett'er ; superl. Best. — 
 As GOOD AS, the same as. no less than. 
 [A.S. god : closely akin to Dut. goed, 
 Ger. gut, Ice. gothr, Goth, gods.} 
 
 GOOD, good, n. tliat which promotes hap- 
 piness, success, etc. : — opposed to Evil : 
 prosperity : welfare : advantage, tem- 
 poral or spiritual : moral qualities : vir- 
 tue: (B.) possessions: — pi. household fur- 
 niture: movable property: merchandise. 
 
 GOOD, good. int. well I right ! 
 
 GOOD-BREEDING, good-bred'ing, n. po- 
 lite manners formed by a good breeding 
 or education. 
 
 GOOD-BYE, good-bi', n. or int. contracted 
 from God be with you : farewell, a form 
 of address at parting. 
 
 GrOOD-DAY, good-da'^, n., int. a common 
 salutation, a contr. of Itoish you a good 
 day. 
 
 GOOD-FELLOW, good-fel'o, n. a jolly or 
 boon companion. 
 
 GOOD-FELLOWSHIP, good-fel'o-ship, n. 
 merry or pleasant company : convivi- 
 ality.' [See Fellow.] 
 
 GOOC-FRIDAY, good-fri'da, n. a fast, in 
 memory of our Loi-d's crucifixion, held on 
 the Friday of Passion- week. 
 
 GOOD-HUMOR, good-yoo'mur, n. a good 
 or cheerful temper, from the old idea 
 that temper depended on the humors of 
 
 ■ the body. — arfy. GoOD-Htj'MORED. — adv. 
 
 GOOD-HU'MOREDLY. 
 
 GOODLY', good'li, adj., good-like; good- 
 looking : fine : excellent : — comp. GOOD'- 
 LIER ; superl. Good'liest. — n. Good'li- 
 
 NESS.] 
 
 GOODMA&I, good-man', n. (B.) the man or 
 master of the house : the co-relative to 
 
 it is GOODWIFE. 
 
 aOOD-NATURE. good-na'tur, v. natural 
 goodness and mudness of disposition. — 
 <iOj. Good-na'tured. — adv. Good-na'- 
 
 TUREDLY. 
 
 GOODNESS, good'nes, ji. virtue: excellence: 
 benevolence. 
 
 GOOD-NIGHT, good-nIt', n., int. a com- 
 mon salutation, a contr. of Imsh you a 
 good-night. 
 
 GOOD-SPEED, good-sped', n. a contr. of 
 / Irish yon good-speed. [Cf. SPEED and 
 Godspeed.] 
 
 GOOD-WILL, good-wU', n. benevolence : 
 well-wishing : the custom of any busi- 
 ness or trade. 
 
 GOODY, good'i, adj. mawkishly well in- 
 tentioned. " All this may be mere 
 goody weakness and twaddle on my 
 part." — Sterling. 
 
 GOOSE, goos, 71. a web-footed animal like 
 a duck, but larger and stronger : a tailor's 
 smoothing-iron, from the likeness of the 
 handle to the neck of a goose : a stupid 
 silly person :— p^ Geese. [A.S. gos (from 
 older form gans) ; akin to Ice. gas (also 
 for gans), Ger. gans, L. anser (= lians-er), 
 Gr. chen. Sans, hamsa, Russ. gfits"; from 
 base ghan-, root gha-, to gape (whence 
 Gajinet, Gander, and Yawn), with s 
 added.] 
 
 GOOSEBERRY^ gooz'ber-i, n. the berry or 
 fruit of a shrub of the same name. [Goose- 
 is for grose- or groise-, which appears in 
 O.Fr. groise/e, a gooseberry, Scot, grosart, 
 and is from the O. Ger. krus (G«r. kraus), 
 crisp, curled, from the hairs with which 
 the coarser varieties are covered.] 
 
 GOOSE-GRASS, goos'-gras, n. a common 
 creeping plant, a favorite food of the 
 goose. 
 
 GOOSE-QUILL, goos'-kwil, n. one of the 
 quills or large wing-feathers of a goose, 
 used as pens. 
 
 GOOSERY, goos'er-i, jj. a place tor keeping 
 geese. 
 
 GOPHER, go'fer, n. (B.) a kind of wood, 
 prob. fir. [The Heb. word.] 
 
 GORCOCK, gor'kok, n. the moorcock or 
 red grouse. [Gor is either derived from 
 Gorse, furze ; or it may be from its cry.] 
 
 GORCROW, gor'kro, n. the gore or carrion 
 crow. [A.S. gor, filth, carrion, and 
 Crow.] 
 
 GORDIAN, gord'yan, adj. intilcate : diffi- 
 cult. [The Gordian knot was a knot so 
 tied by Gordius, king of Phi-ygia, that 
 no one could untie it.] 
 
 GORDIAN, gord'yan, v. t. to tie or bind up : 
 to complicate in knots : to knot. (Rare, 
 perhaps unique in the following extract.) 
 
 Locks bri^'ht enough to make me mad ; 
 And they were simply gordian'd up and braided, 
 Ijeavins", in naked comeliness, unshaded. 
 Her pearl round ears, white neck, and orbed brow, 
 
 — Keats. 
 
 GORE, gor, n. clotted blood : blood. [A.S. 
 gor, blood, dung, dirt ; akin to Sw. gorr. 
 Ice. garn-ir, gorn, guts ; L. hira, gut.] 
 
 GORE, gor, n. a triangular piece let into a 
 garment to widen it : a triangular piece 
 of land. — v.t. to shape like or furnish 
 with gores : to pierce with anything 
 pointed, as a spear or horns. [A.S. gara, 
 a pointed triangular piece of laud — gar, 
 a spear with triangular blade.] 
 
 GORGE, gorj, li. the throat : a narrow pass 
 among hills : {fort.) the entrance to an 
 outwork. — v.t. to swallow greedily: to 
 glut. — v.i. to feed. [Fr. — L. gurges, a 
 whirlpool ; from its gaping appearance or 
 voracity, applied to the gullet ; akin to 
 Sans, gar-gar-a, whirlpool.] 
 
 GORGEOUS, gor'.ius,a^/y'. showy: splendid. 
 — adv. Gor'oeously. — n. Gor'geousness. 
 [O. Fr. gorgias, beautiful, gaudy — gor- 
 gias, a ruff, Fr. gorge, the throat. See 
 Gorge.] 
 
 GORGET, gor'jet, n. a piece of armor for 
 the throat: a military ornament round 
 the neck. [O. Fr. gorgette — Fr. gorge. 
 See Gorge.] 
 
 GORGON, gor'gun, n. a fabled monster of 
 so horrible an aspect that every one who 
 looked on it was turned to stone : any- 
 thing very ugly. [L. gorgon — Gr. gorgo 
 — gorgos, grim.] 
 
 GORGON, gor'gun, GORGONEAN, GOR- 
 GONIAN, gor-go'ni-an, adj. like a gorgon: 
 very uglj' or terrific. 
 
 GORiLLA, gor-il'a, n. the largest of the 
 
 monkey tribe, found on the west coast of 
 tropical Africa. [The African word.] 
 
 GORMAGON, gor'ma-gon, n. a member of 
 a brotherhood, somewhat similar to the 
 Freemasons, which existed from 1725 to 
 1738. Po2}e. 
 
 GORMAND. Older form of Gourmand. 
 
 GORMANDIZE, gor'mand-iz, v.i. to eat Uk« 
 a gormand. — n. Gor'mandizer. 
 
 GORMANDIZING, gor'mand-Iz-ing, n. the 
 act or habit of eating like a gormand or 
 voraciously. 
 
 GORSE, gors, n. a prickly shrub growing 
 on waste places, the furze or whin. [A.S. 
 gorst, furze.] 
 
 GORY, gor'i, adj. covered with gore: 
 bloody. 
 
 GOSHAWK, gos'hawk, n. a short-winged 
 hawk, once used for hunting wild-geese 
 and other fowl. [A.S. gos, goose, hafuc, 
 hawk.] 
 
 GOSLING, goz'ling, n. a young goose. 
 [A.S. gos, goose, liiig, little.] 
 
 GOSPEL, gos'pel, Ji. the Christian revela- 
 tion : the narrative of the life of Christ, 
 as related by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or 
 John : a system of religious truth. [A.S. 
 godspell ; commonly derived fiom A.S. 
 god, good, and spell, story, and so a trans- 
 lation of Gr. eu-anggelion, good news ; 
 but more prob. from god, God, and spell, 
 a narrative, God-story ; so also the Ice. 
 is guth-spjall, God-story, and not goth- 
 spjall, good-story ; and the O. Ger. was 
 got (God) -spel, not guot (good) -spel.'\ 
 
 GOSSAMER, gos'a-mer, n. very fine 
 spider-threads which float in the air or 
 form webs on bushes in fine weather. 
 [M.E. gossomer, perh. formed from god 
 and sunimei — M.E. samare — Romance 
 samaiva, the skirt of amantua, from the 
 legend that it is tlie shreds of the Virgin 
 Mary's shroud which she cast away when 
 she was taken up to heaven; Skeat thinks 
 it is formed of goose and summer, of which 
 summer may (as in Ger. mddchen-som- 
 mer) mean "summer-film."] 
 
 GOSSIP, gos'ip, 11. a familiar acquaintance: 
 one who runs about telling and hearing 
 news : idle talk. — v.i. to run about tell- 
 ing idle tales : to talk much : to chat. 
 —n. Goss'iPRY. — adj. Goss'ipy. [Orig. 
 a sponsor in baptism, or one related in 
 the service of God; M.E. grossib (earlier 
 form, godsib) — God, and sib, peace, re- 
 lationship ; cf. Ger. sippe, Ice. sif, affin- 
 ity, Scot, sib, related.] 
 
 GOT, GOTTEN. See under Get. 
 
 GOTH, goth, Ji. one of an ancient Germanic 
 nation : a rude or uncivilized person, a 
 barbarian. [A..S. Geatas, L. Oothi, Gr. 
 Gothoi, Goth. &uthans, the Goths.] 
 
 GOTHAMITE, goth'a-mit, or GOTHA- 
 MIST, goth'a-mist, n. a simpleton, a 
 wiseacre. [Orig. "man of Gotham," a 
 village of Nottingliamshire, Eng., which 
 got a reputation for foolish blundering, ] 
 
 GOTHAMITE, goth'a-mlt, Ji. an inhabitant 
 of the city of New Y'ork — no connection 
 with the preceding. [From Gotham, a 
 familiar name for tlie American metrop- 
 olis.] 
 
 GOTHIC, goth'ik, adj. belonging to the 
 Goths or their language : barlraious : ro- 
 mantic : denoting a style of architecture 
 with high-pointed arches, clustered col- 
 umns, etc. [Applied to architecture as 
 a term of reproach at the time of the 
 Renascence] 
 
 GOTHICISM. goth'i-sizm. Ji. a Gothic idiom 
 or St vie of building: rudeness of manners. 
 
 GOTH'ICIZE, goth'i-slz, v.t. to make Gothic: 
 to bring back to barbarism. 
 
 GOUGE, gooj or gowi. n. a chisel, with a 
 hollow blade, for cutting grooves or holes. 
 — v.t. to scoop out, as with a gouge : to
 
 GOURD 
 
 202 
 
 GKAMPUS 
 
 force out, as the ere with the thumb. 
 [Fr. — Low L. <jr(«'m,"a kind of chisel.] 
 
 CKjURD, grord or goord, n. a large fleshy 
 fruit : rind of a gourd used as a drinking- 
 cup : the gourd plant. [Fr. cougourde — 
 L. euctirbita, a gourd.] 
 
 GOURMAND, gSor'mand, n. one who eats 
 greedily: a glutton. — arJJ. voracious: 
 gluttonous. [Fr. gourmand, a glutton ; 
 origin unknown.] 
 
 yOXJT, gowt, n. a disease of the smaller 
 joints, and esp. of the great toe. [Fr. 
 goiitte — L. gutta, a drop, because the dis- 
 ease was supposed to be caused by a hu- 
 mor settling on the joints in drops.] 
 
 GOUT, goo, n. taste: relish. [Fr. — L. gus- 
 tus. taste : akin to Gr. geuo, to make, to 
 taste.] 
 
 GOUTY, gowt'i, adj. relating to gout : 
 diseased with or subject to gout. — adv. 
 Gr<:>lT'iLY. — n. Goct'in'ess. 
 
 GOVERN, guv'ern, v.t. to direct: to control: 
 to rule with authority : {gram.) to deter- 
 mine the mood, tense, or case of. — v.i. to 
 exercise authority : to administer the 
 laws. — adj. QoVernable. [Fr. gorwerner 
 (It. govcrnare) — L. guherno, to steer a 
 ship, to rule, borrowed from Gr. kybemao, 
 akin to Gr. kybe, head.] 
 
 (JOVERNANCE, guv'er-nans, n., govern- 
 ment : control: direction. 
 
 GOVERNANTE. guv-er-nant' or guv'-, n. 
 the same as GOVERNESS, t^*^' — gouver- 
 nant. pr.p. of gouverner.'] 
 
 GOVERNESS, gu\''er-nes, n. a lady who 
 has cliarge of the instruction of young 
 ladies : a tutoress. [O. Fr. goveniesse — 
 L. guheniatri.r — gubemo.'] 
 
 GOVERNMENT, guv'ern-ment, n. a ruling 
 or managing: control : system of govern- 
 ing : tlie persons authorized to adminis- 
 ter the laws : the territory over which 
 sovereign power extends : (gram.) the 
 power of one word in determining the 
 form of another. — adj. of or pursued by 
 government. [Fr. gouveri,sment — gou- 
 vcriier.'] 
 
 GOVERNJIENTAL, guv-ern-ment'al, adj. 
 pertaining to or sanctioned by goi-ern- 
 menf. 
 
 OOVERNOR, guv'ern-ur, n. the chief exec- 
 utive officer of a State of the American 
 Union : a ruler : one invested with su- 
 preme authority: a tutor : (machinenj) a 
 regulator, or contrivance for maintain- 
 ing uniform velocity with a varying re- 
 sistance: (B.) a pilot.' — n. Got'ernoeship. 
 
 ©OWAN. gow'an, n. the wild daisv. [CeJt., 
 as in Ir. and Gael, guagu, bud, (laisy.J 
 
 GOWN, gown, n. a woman's upi er gar- 
 ment : a long loose robe worn by profes- 
 sional men. [W. gim, akin to givnio, to 
 stitch.] 
 
 (JOWNED. gownd, adj. dressed in a govn. 
 
 GOAVNMAN, gown'man, GOWNSMAN, 
 go^\•nz'man, n. one whose professional 
 habit is a gown, as a di^^ne or law^j-er, 
 and esp. a member of an English univer- 
 sity. 
 
 GRAAFL\N, grafi-an, adj., GR-iAFIAN 
 VESICLES, in annt. numerous small glob- 
 ular transparent follicles found in the 
 ovaries of mammals. They are developed 
 for the special purpose of expelling the 
 ovum. Small at first and deeply bedded 
 in the ovary, they gradually approach 
 the surface, and finally burst and dis- 
 charge the ovum. [From Regnier de 
 Ontaf, a Dutch physician of the seven- 
 teenth century.] 
 
 <>RAB, grab (\nilgar), v.t. to seize or grasp 
 suddenly : —pr.p. grabb'ing : xjii.p. 
 
 g-abbed'. [From same root as Grapple, 
 RASP. Grip. Cf. Sw. grabba, to grasp, 
 Ger. (/reifen, to .seize.] 
 GRABBLF. grabn, v.i. to grope. [Freq. 
 of Grab.] 
 
 GRACE, gras, n. easy elegance in form or 
 manner : what adorns and commends 
 to favor : adornment, embellishment : 
 favor : mercy, pardon : the undeserved 
 kindness and mercy of God : divine in- 
 fluence : eternal life or salvation : a short 
 prayer at meat : tlie title of a duke or 
 an archbishop : — pi. (with good) favor, 
 friendship : (myth.) tlie three sister god- 
 desses in whom beauty was deified. — v.t. 
 to mark with favor : to adorn. — Days OF 
 Grace, three daj-s allowed for the paj'- 
 ment of a note or bill of exchange, after 
 being due ace. to its date. [Ft. — L. 
 gratia, favor — gratus, agreeable ; akin 
 to Gr. char is, grace.] 
 
 GRACEFUL, gras'fool, adj. elegant and 
 easy.— «dr. Geace'fcixy. — 7i. Geace'- 
 
 FULXESS.l 
 
 GRACELESS, grasles, adj. wanting grace 
 or excellence : depraved : wicked. — adv. 
 Grace'lessly. — n. Grace'lessness. 
 
 GRACIOUS, gra'shus, adj. abounding in 
 grace or kindness : benevolent : proceed- 
 mg from divine favor : acceptable.— acto. 
 Gra'ciously. — rt. GRA'ciorsNEss. 
 
 GRACY, gra'si, adj. pertaining to orteach- 
 ing the doctrines of grace : evangelical. 
 "A gracy sermon like a Presbyterian," — 
 Pcpys. 
 
 GRADATION, gra-da'shun, v. a. rising «fep 
 by step : progress from one degree or 
 state to another : state of being arranged 
 in ranks : (miis.) a diatonic .succession of 
 chords: (pa!'??^) the gradual blending of 
 tints. — adj. Grada'TION.u.. [Fr. — L. 
 gradatio, a rising by stps — gradus, a 
 step.] 
 
 GRADATIONED,gra-da'shund, adj. formed 
 by gradations or stages. 
 
 GRADE, grad, n. a degree or step in rank 
 or dignify : the degree of slope on a road. 
 [Fr.-^L. gradus, a'step — graaior, to step, 
 to go.] 
 
 GRADIENT, gra'di-ent, adj. gradually ris- 
 ing : ri.sing with a regular slope. — )!. the 
 degree of slope on a road or railway : the 
 difference iu the height of the barometer 
 between one place and another place at 
 some distance : an incline. [L. gradiens, 
 -eritis, pr.p. of gradior, to step.] 
 
 GRADUAL, grad'u-al, adj. advancing by 
 grades or degrees: regular and slow.— 
 adv. Grad'ually. — It. Gradual'ity. 
 
 GRADUAL, grad'u-al, GRAIL, gral, n. in 
 the Roman Cliurch, the portion of the 
 mass betw een the epistle and the go.spel, 
 formerly alw.iys sung from the steps of 
 the ah.ir : the book containing such an- 
 thems. [Low L. gradiiale (ov gradate) — 
 L. gradti.t, a step. Grail is from O. Fr. 
 r/ / -eel — (/rn dua /e. J 
 
 GRADUATE, grad'fl-at, v.t. to {li^^de into 
 regidar intervals : to mark with degrees: 
 to proportion. — v.i. to pass by grades or 
 degrees : to pass through a university 
 course and receive a degree : in England 
 the regular usage is to say that a person 
 nradiiiiti s (takes an academical degree), 
 m U.S. it is more common to say that he 
 or she is graduated ; as, Longfellow was 
 graduated at Bowdoin College. — n. one 
 admitted to a degree in a college, imi- 
 versity, or society. — n. GRAorA'TlON. 
 [LowL. graduatus — L. gradus, a step, 
 a deorree.j 
 
 GRADtJATCR, grad'fi-a-tor, n. a mathe- 
 matical instrument for graduating or 
 dividing lines into regular intervals. 
 
 GRADU^, gra'dus, n. a dictionary of Greek 
 or Latin prosody. [Contr. of grad^is ad 
 Parnassum, a step or stair to Parnassus, 
 the abode of the Muses.] 
 
 GRAFF, n. and v. (B.) old form of Geaft. 
 
 GRAFT, graft, n. a small branch used in 
 grafting. — v.t. to make an incision in a 
 tree or plant, and insert in it a small 
 
 branch of another : to insert m some> 
 thing an\-thing not belonging to it.— 
 v.i. to insert cuttings into a tree. — n. 
 Graft'er. [Orig. Graff — O. Fr. graffe 
 (Fr. greffe) — L. grapildum. a style or pen- 
 cil (which the inserted slip resembled)— 
 Gr. graplib, to write.] 
 
 GRAHAM-BREAD, gTam'-bred, «. brown 
 bread. [From the name of an Ameri' 
 can lecturer on dietetics.] 
 
 GRAIL. See Gradual. 
 
 GRAIL, gral, n. (in medieval legend) the 
 Holy Cup in which Christ celebrated the 
 Lord's Supper. [Orig. the San Chreal, 
 "Holy Dish" (not Sang Real, "Holy 
 Blood "), in wliich it is said Joseph of 
 Arimathea collected our Lord's blood ; 
 from O. Fr. graal or great, a flat disli — 
 Low L. gradate, pr6b. a corr. of eratetla, 
 dim. of crater, a bowl. Cf. Crater.] 
 
 GRAIN, gran, n. a single small hard seed : 
 (collectively) the seeds of certain plants 
 ■which form the chief food of man : a mi- 
 nute particle : a ver^ smali quantity : 
 the smallest British weight : the arrange- 
 ment of the particles or fibres of any- 
 thing, as stone or wood : texture : the 
 dye made from cochineal in.sects, which, 
 in the prepared state, resembles grains of 
 seed : hence to Dte in grain is to dj-e 
 deeply, also, to dye in the wool.' — v.t. to 
 paint in imitation of wood. [Fr. — L. 
 granrum, seed, which is akin to E. COEN.l 
 
 GRAINED, grand, adj. rough, as if covered 
 with grains. 
 
 GRAINER, gran'er. n. one who paints in 
 imitation of the grain of wood. 
 
 GRALLAT0RL4L, gral-a-tor'i-al, GRAL- 
 LATORY, gral'a-tor-i, adj. at or relating 
 to the grallatores or wading birds, as the 
 crane, stork, etc. [L. grallator, one 
 walking on stilts — grallce, stilts, contr 
 of gradula, dim. of gradus, a step— 
 gradior, to step.] 
 
 GRAM, GRAMME, gram, »!. a French or 
 Metric System unit of weight, equal to 
 15-433 grains. [Gr. gramma, a letter, a 
 small weight.] 
 
 GRAMINEAL, gra-min'e-al, GRAMINE- 
 OUS, gra-min'e-us, ad,i- like or pertaining 
 to grass: grassy. [L. gramineus — gra- 
 men. -inis, grass. See Grass.] 
 
 GRAMINIFOLIOUS, gram-in-i-to'li-us, adj. 
 bearing leai-es. [L. gramen, and folium, 
 a leaf.] 
 
 GRA3IINn''0R0US. gram-in-iv'o-rus. adj., 
 feeding or subsisting on grass and herbs. 
 [L. gramen, graminis, grass, and voro,to 
 eat greedily.] 
 
 GRA5IMAK,'gram'ar, n. the science of the 
 right use of language : a book which 
 teachesgrammar : any elementary work, 
 [Ft. grammaire ; from Low L. gramma, A 
 letter, with the termination -arius — Gr. 
 gramma, a letter — grapho. to write.] 
 
 GRAMMARIAN, gram-ma'ri-an, n. one 
 versed in or who teaches grammar. [Fr. 
 gramma irien.] 
 
 GRAMMAR-SCHOOL, gram'ar-skool. n. a 
 school in which grammar is taught : a 
 higher school, in which Latin and Greek 
 are taught. 
 
 GRAMMATIC. gram-mat'ik, GRAMMAT- 
 ICAL, gram-mat'ik-al. ad,), belonging 
 to or according to the rules of gram/' 
 mar. — adv. Grammat'ICAT.T.y. [Fr.— L. 
 gi-ammaticus — Gr. grammatikos — gram^ 
 ma, grammatos, a letter.] 
 
 GRAMMATICIZE, gram-mat'i-slz, v.t. to 
 make grammatical. — i\i. to act the 
 grammarian. 
 
 GIIAMPUS, gram'pus, n. a large voracious 
 fish of the Dolphin family, common in 
 Arctic seas and on British coasts. [A 
 corr.. through It., Port., or Sp., of the 
 L. grandis piscis, great fish.] 
 
 I
 
 I 
 
 GRANARY 
 
 GRANARY, gran'ar-i, n. a storehouse for 
 (;(■«('/! or thrashed corn. [L. granaria — 
 (iranum.] 
 
 GRAND, grand, adj. of great size, extent, 
 power, or dignit3': splendid: inustrious: 
 noble: sublime: chief: of the second de- 
 gree of parentage or descent, as Gr.oo)'- 
 FATHER, a father or mother's father, 
 Graxd'CHILD, a son or daughter's child; 
 I so Grand'mother. Grand'sox, Graxd'- 
 > DAUGHTER, etc. — GraXD-JC'RT, a jurv 
 that decides whether there is sufBcient 
 evidence to put an accused person on 
 trial. — adv. Grand'lt. — n. Graxd'xess. 
 JTr. grand — L. grandis, great.] 
 
 GRANDAM, gran'dam. n. an old dame or 
 woman : a grandmother. [Graxd and 
 Daji, a mother.] 
 
 GRANDEE, gran-de', n. a Spanish noble- 
 man of the Rrst rank : a man of high 
 rank or station. — n. Grandee'ship. [Sp. 
 — L. grandis, great.] 
 
 GRANDEUR, grand'ur. >?. vastness: splen- 
 dor of appearance : loftiness of thought 
 or deportment. [Fr., from grand, great. 
 See Grand.] 
 
 GRAND-GARDE,GRAND-GUARD, grand'- 
 gSrd, (/. a piece of plate armor used in 
 the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in 
 the tournament. It covered the breast 
 and left shoulder, was affixed to the 
 breastplate by screws, and hooked on the 
 helmet. 
 
 You care not for a grand-guard T 
 X(». we will use no horses: I perceive 
 You would fain be at that ti^'-ht. — Old play. 
 
 GRANDILOQUENT, gran-dil'o-kwent, adj. 
 speaking grandly or bombastically : 
 pompous. — adv. Grandil'oquently.— '«. 
 Graxdil'oquence. [L. grandis, and 
 loq»or. to speak.] 
 CJRAND-MASTER. grand'-mas-ter, n. title 
 of the head of the religious orders of 
 knighthood (Hospitallers. Templars, and 
 Teutonic Kniglits) : the head, for the 
 time being, of the Freemasons. 
 URANDSIRE. grand'sir. n. a grandfather : 
 
 any ancestor. [See GRAND.] 
 GRANGE, gran.i, n. (lit.) a granary; 
 The loose unlettered hinds : 
 When for their teeming: flocks, and granges full. 
 In waut<ju dance they praise the bounteous Pan. 
 
 —Milton: 
 
 the farming establishment and granary 
 attached to a religious house, where, in 
 addition to their own crops, the grain 
 paid as rent and tithes was stored ; the 
 name was also given to the farm build- 
 ings and granary of a feudal lord, the 
 residence of his "^chief bailiff ; a grange, 
 in its original signification, nie.int a 
 farmhouse of a monastery, from wliich 
 it was always at some little distance, and 
 one of the monks was usually appointed 
 to inspect tlie accounts of the farm — he 
 was called the prior of the grange : in 
 England, a farm, with the" dwelling- 
 house, stables, byres, barns, etc.; par- 
 ticularly, a house or farm at a distance 
 from other houses or villages ; the dwell- 
 ing of a yeoman or gentleman-farmer ; 
 
 Shepherds at the grunge. 
 Where the Babe was born, 
 
 San^, with many a chanfre, 
 Christmas carols until m<»rn. 
 
 — Longfellow; 
 At the moated grange resides this dejected Mariana. 
 
 —Shak.; 
 "A grange implies some one particular 
 house immediately inferior in rank to a 
 hall, situated at a small distance from 
 the town or village from which it takes 
 its name, as Hornby Grange. Blackwell 
 Grange, and is in the neigliborhood 
 simply called the Grange."— JRifson : a 
 combination, society, or lodge of farm- 
 ers for the purpose of promoting the m- 
 terests of agriculture, more especially 
 for abolishing the restraints and burdens 
 
 3C3 
 
 imposed on it by the commercia' classes, 
 the railroad and canal companies, etc., 
 and for doing away with the middlemen 
 or agents intervening between the pro- 
 ducer and the consumer ; granges origi- 
 nated in the great agricultural region on 
 the Mississippi, and still prevail most 
 generally there. [Fi\ grange, a barn ; 
 Low L. granea, granica, a barn, from L. 
 grannm. grain.] 
 
 GRANGER, granj'er, n. a member of a 
 farmers' grange for the advancement of 
 the interests of agriculture, as distin- 
 guished from the commercial and manu- 
 facturing interests : on the Stock Ex- 
 change, western railroad shares and their 
 owners and manipulators are called 
 Grangers. 
 
 GRANITE, gran'it, n. an igneous crystal- 
 line rock, composed of grains of quartz, 
 feldspar, and mica, and of a whitish, 
 grayisli, or reddish color. [It. graniot, 
 granite, grained — L. grannm, grain.] 
 
 GRANITIC, gran-it'ik.arf;'. pertaining to, 
 consistine: of, or like granite. 
 
 GRANITIFORM, gran-it'i-form, GRANI- 
 TOID, gran'i-toid, adj. of the /or?n of or 
 resfmblins: granite. 
 
 GRANIVOROUS. gran-iv'or-us. adj., eat- 
 ing grain : feeding on seeds. [L. gramtm, 
 and i-oro, to eat.l 
 
 GRANT, grant. i:t. to bestow or give over: 
 to give possession of : to admit as true 
 what is not yet proved : to concede. [M. 
 E. graunten, grannt ; O. Fr. graanter, 
 eraanter, creanter, to promise, as if from 
 a Low L. credento — L. ereilo. to believe.] 
 
 GRANT, grant, n. a bestowing : something 
 bestowed, an allowance: a gift: a transfer 
 or couveyance by deed or writing. 
 
 GRANTEE, grant-e', n. the person to whom 
 a grant, gift or conveyance is made. 
 
 GRANTOR, grant'or, n. the person by 
 whom a grant or convevanee is made. 
 
 GRANULAR, gran'ii-lar. GRANTJLARY, 
 gran'ii-lar-i. adj. consisting of or like 
 qrainn. — adr. GRAN'tXARLY. 
 
 Gl^ANULxVTE. gTan'ti-liit, r.t. to form or 
 break into grains or small masses : to 
 make rougli on the surface. — r.i. to be 
 formed into grains. — adj. granular : hav- 
 ing the surface covered with small eleva- 
 tions. [Formed from GRANULE.] 
 
 GRANLTLATION. gran-ri-l.-i'shun, n. act of 
 forming into grains, esp. of metals by 
 pouring them thi-ough a sieve into water 
 while hot:— pi. the grain-like bodies which 
 form in sores when healine 
 
 GRANULE, gran'fil, n. a little grain. [L. 
 granidiim. dim. of grannm. See GRAIN.] 
 
 GRANTJLOUS, gran'u-lus, adj. full of 
 grains or particles. 
 
 GRAPE, grap, n. the fruit of the \-ine : a 
 mangy timior on the legs of horses : 
 grapeshot. [O. Fr. grapjte, a cluster of 
 grapes, which came in E. to mean a 
 single berry ; from O. Ger. chrapfo, a 
 hook. It properly meant a hook, then 
 clustered fruit, hooked on, attached to, 
 a stem (Brachet).] 
 
 GRAPERY, grap'er-i, n. a. place where 
 f/rape.i are grown. 
 
 GRAPE-SHOT, grap'-shot, n. a missile dis- 
 charged from a cannon intermediate lie- 
 tween case-shot and solid shot, having 
 much of the destructive sj)read of the 
 former witli somewhat of the range and 
 penetrative force of the latter. A round 
 of grape-shot consists of three tiers of 
 cast-iron balls ai'ranged, generally three 
 in a tier, between four parallel iron discs 
 connected together by a central wrought- 
 iron pin. For carronades, in which the 
 shot are not liable to such a violent dis- 
 persive shook, they are simply pai'kfd in 
 canisters with wooden bottoms,— QnLTED 
 GRAPE-SHOT, shot Sewed up in a canvas 
 
 GRASS 
 
 bag and afterwards tied round with cord 
 
 so as to form meshes. 
 
 GRAPHIC, graf'ik. GRAPHICAL, graf'ik- 
 al, adj. pertaining to writing, describing, 
 or delineating : ]jicturesquely described. 
 — adv. Graph'ically, [L. 'graphicus — 
 Gr. gntpldkos — grapho. to write!] 
 
 GRAPHITE, graf'It, n. a mineral, common- 
 ly called blacklead or plumbago (thougt 
 containing no lead) largely used in mak- 
 ing pencils: in archa'ol. a riidely scratched 
 or engraved representation of a figure 
 or a rude inscription on a wall, pillar, 
 and the like. •• The next (in the cata- 
 comb under the farm of Tor Marancia 
 near Rome) was a graphite, one of those 
 rude scratchings which, though made by 
 idle or mischievous hands, prompted by 
 the spirit which has moved the ■ cock- 
 neys ' of all ages to disfigure walls by 
 recording their names or fancies upon 
 them, nevertheless often contain most 
 valuable information. This graphite v.-a.a 
 found on the intonaco (plaster) of the 
 apse. It represented in rude outline tiie 
 profile of a bishop seated, evidently 
 preaching from the episcopal chair, with 
 a kind of background showing the side of 
 the choir, with tlie pulpit or ambo for the 
 epistle. It was clearly a reminiscence of 
 an event which had occurred within the 
 basilica. Here, again, conjecture could 
 only ofi'er an explanation ; but what event 
 could the representation of a pontiff 
 preaching in a basilica within the cata- 
 comb beheved to be that of Domitilla 
 suggest other than the sainted Giegory 
 delivering that homily he is recorded to 
 have preached to the people in tlie ceme- 
 tery wliere the saints Nereus and Achil- 
 leus werebiu-ied, and which tradition has 
 connected with the church dedicated to 
 them within the walls!" — Shakespeare 
 Wood. [Gr. grapho.'] 
 
 GRAPNEL, grap'nel, n. a small anchor 
 with several claws or arms : a grappling- 
 iron. [Fr. grapjnn ; O. Fr. grappil; from 
 root of Grapple.] 
 
 GRAPPLE, grap'l, r.t. to gripe or seize : 
 to lav fast hold of. — r.i. to contend in 
 close 'fight. [Dim. of Gr.\B.] 
 
 GRAPPLING-IRON, grap'ling-I'uru. n. a 
 large grapnel formerly used for seizing 
 hostile ships in naval engagements. 
 
 GRAPPLE-PLANT, grap"'l-plant, n. the 
 Cape Colony name of tb.e Harpagophy- 
 tiim procumhens, a South African pro- 
 cumbent plant of the natural order Pe- 
 daliacefe. The seed has many hooked 
 thorns, and clings to the mouth of any 
 ox which has come on it while grazing', 
 the pain being so exquisite that the ani- 
 mal roars through agony and a sense of 
 helplessness. 
 
 GRAPY, grap'i, adj. made of or like 
 grapes. 
 
 GRASP, grasp, v.t. to seize and hold by 
 clasping with the fingers or arms : to 
 catch at. — r.i. to eHdeavor to seize : to 
 catch (followed by at). — n. gripe of the 
 hand : reach of the arms : power of 
 seizure. [M.E. graspm ^ grajisen . See 
 Grope and Grapple.] 
 
 GRASPINGNESS, grasp'ing-nes, n. tlie 
 state or character of being grasping ; 
 rapacity. Richardson. 
 
 GRASPLESS, gnisples, adj. not graspings 
 relaxed. 
 
 From my graspleaa hand. 
 Drop friendship's nrecious pearls, like hour-glass 
 sand. — Coleridge. 
 
 GRASS, g-ras. n. common herbage: an order 
 of plants with long, narrow leaves, and 
 tubular stem, including- ivheat, rye, oats, 
 etc. — r.t. to cover with grass." [-^-S. 
 gcers, grces; Ice.. G«r., Dut., and Goth. 
 gras; prob. allied to green and grou:]
 
 GRASSANT 
 
 204 
 
 GRAYSTONE 
 
 GRASSANT, gi-as'ant, adj. mo'^nno: aboi'.'o: 
 stirring : in full swing. " Maiefaitora 
 and clieats everj'where grasi'itnt." — Roger 
 North. [L. grassari, to be moving aboi:t.] 
 
 GRASSHOPPER, gras'hop-e; , n^ a hopping 
 insect that feeds on grass, allied to the 
 locust. 
 
 GRASS-PLOT, gras'-plot, n. a vlot of 
 qrassy ground. 
 
 ORaSS-WIDOW, gras'-v,-i-d5, n. originally, 
 an unmarried woman who had a child : 
 now applied to a wife temporarily sepa- 
 rated from her husband, as a wife living 
 in England while her husband is in 
 America, or vice versa : also to a woman 
 divorced from her husband. "A slightly 
 different idea has been recently attached 
 to the term (grass-iridow). Curing- the 
 gold mania in California a man wonld not 
 unfrequently put his \vife and children to 
 board with some family while he went 
 to the diggin's. This ha called ' putting 
 his wife to grass,' as we put a horse to 
 grass when net wanted or unfit for 
 work." — Brever. [Fr. grace, courtesy, 
 and E. itndow — a widow by courte.sy.] 
 
 GRASSY, gras'i, adj. covered with or re- 
 sembling grass: green. — n. Grass'iness. 
 
 GRATE, grat, n. a framework composed of 
 bars with interstices, esp. one of iron 
 bars for holding coals while burning. 
 [Low L. grata, a grate, hurdle, lattice 
 — from L. crates, a nurdle. See Crate.] 
 
 URATE, grat, v.t. to rub hard or wear 
 away with anything rough : to make a 
 harsh sound : to irritate or offend. [Fr. 
 gratter ; through Low L., from O. Ger. 
 chrnzon (Ger. kratzen), to scratch, akin 
 to Sw. kratta.'] 
 
 'JrRATED, grat'ed, adj. having a grate or 
 grating. 
 
 <JRATEFDX., grat'fool, adj. causing pleas- 
 ure : acceptable : delightful : thankful : 
 having a due sense of benefits. — adv. 
 GRATE'FULLY.— ?Z. GRATE'FtJLNESS. [O. 
 
 Fr. grat — L. grains, pleasing, thankful, 
 and Full. See Grace.] — Gratefxtl, 
 Thankful. Oratefiil is preferred when 
 we speak of the general character of a 
 person's miiid ; as, a person of a grateful 
 disposition ; or when a person has re- 
 ceived favors from some individual. 
 Tliankful has reference rather to grati- 
 tude for a particular act of kindness, and 
 does not necessarilj' imply a favor con- 
 ferred by a person ; as, for instance, 
 when we say we are thankfid at bemg 
 delivered from danger ; I felt thankful at 
 my escape, where it is nearly equivalent 
 to relieved or glad ; thankful has gen- 
 erally reference to some specific act ; 
 grateful is more general or characteris- 
 tic of a habit. This is clearly seen in 
 their opposites, ungrateful and thankless, 
 or ingratitude and thanklessness.] 
 
 GRATER, grat'er, ?!. an instrument with a 
 rough surface for grating or rubbing 
 down a body : in book-l)inding, an iron 
 instrument used by the forwarder in rub- 
 bing the backs of sewed books after past- 
 ing'. 
 
 GRATIFICATION, grat-i-fi-ka'.shun. n. a 
 pleasing or indulging : that which grati- 
 fies : delight. [L. gratiflcatio.] 
 JR.\TIFY, grat'i-fl, v.t. to do what is 
 agreeable to : to please : to soothe : to in- 
 dulge : — 2^"-P- grat'iSed. — n. Grat'ifier. 
 [Fr. — Jm gratificor — grains, and facio, to 
 make.] 
 
 GRATING, grat'ing, n. the bars of a, grate: 
 a partition or frame of bars. 
 
 GRATING, grat'ing, adj. rubbing hard on 
 the feelings : harsh : irritating. — adv. 
 Grat'ingly. 
 
 GRATIS, gratis, adv. for nothing : without 
 payment or recompense. [L. contr. of 
 
 graiiis, ablative pi. oi gratia, favor — 
 graius.'\ 
 
 GRATITUDE, grat'i-tud, n. warm and 
 friendly feeling towards a benefactor : 
 thankfulness. [Fr. — Low L. gratitudo.] 
 
 GRATUITOUS, gra-tu'i-tus, adj., done or 
 given gratis or for nothing : voluntary : 
 without reason, ground, or proof. — adv. 
 Gratd'itocsly. [L. gratuitus — grains.] 
 
 GRATUITY, gra-tu'i-ti, n. a present : an 
 acknowledgment of service, generally 
 pecuniary. [Fr. — Low L. gratuitas — L. 
 grat us.] 
 
 GRATULATE, grat'u-lat, v.t. to Congrat- 
 ulate. 
 
 GRATULATION, grat-u-la'shun, n. Con- 
 gratulation. 
 
 GRATULATORY, grat'u-la-tor-i, adj. Con- 
 gratulatory. 
 
 GRAVA3IEN, grav-a'men, n. grievance : 
 substantial ground of complaint or ac- 
 cusation. [L. — gravis, heavy.] 
 
 GRAVE, grav, v.t. to carve or cut, on a 
 hard substance : to engrave. — v.i. to en- 
 grave : — pa.j). graved' or grav-^en. — n. a 
 pit graved or dugout, esp. one in which 
 to bury the dead : any place of burial : 
 (Jig.) death : destruction. [A.S. gnifan ; 
 cog. with Dut. graven, (whence Fr. grav- 
 er), Ger. graben, Goth, graban ; Gr. 
 grapho, to grave, scratch, L. scribere, to 
 write, scrobs, a ditch.] 
 
 GRAVE, grav, I'.t. to smear with graves 
 or greaves, a mixture of tallow, rosin, 
 etc.. boiled together. [See Greaves.] 
 
 GRAVE, grav, adj. {Jig.) weight3' : of im- 
 portance : serious : not gay : sober : 
 solemn : {miis.) not acute : lew. — adv. 
 Grave'ly. — n. Grave'ness. [Fr. — L. 
 gravis : Sans, guru.] 
 
 GRAVE-FELLOW, giav'-fel-6, n. one who 
 lies in the same grave as another : the 
 sharer of a grave. " The grave-felloiv of 
 Elisha raised with the touch of his 
 bones." — Fuller. 
 
 GRAVEL, grav'el, n. small stones often 
 intermixed with sand : small collections 
 of graveJly matter in the kidneys or 
 bladder. — I'.t. to cover with gravel : to 
 puzzle : — 2^''-P. grav'elling' ; pa.p. grav'- 
 elled. — adj. Grav'elly. [O. Fr. gravelle 
 — Fr. greve or grave, a sandy shore ; 
 prob. Celt., as in Bret, grouan, sand, W. 
 gro, pebbles.] 
 
 GRAVE-MAN, gra\-'-man, n. a sexton : a 
 gravedig'ger. Wm. Combe. 
 
 GRAVER, grav'er, w. an engraver : a tool 
 for engraving on hard substances. 
 
 GRAVES. Same as Greaves, tallow-drip- 
 pings. 
 
 GRAVID, grav'id, adj., heavy, esp. as being 
 with child : pregnant. [L. gravidus — 
 grai-is, heavy.] 
 
 GRAVING, grav'ing, n. act of graving or 
 cutting out on liard substances : that 
 which is graved or cut out : carved- 
 work : act of cleaning a ship's bottom. — 
 71. Grav'ing-dock, a dock into which 
 ships are taken to be graved. 
 
 GRAVITATE, grav'i-tat, r.i. to be acted 
 On by gravity: to tend towards the 
 earth. [From L. gravis, heavy.] 
 
 GRAVITATION, grav-i-ta'shun,'?!, the act 
 of gravitating or tending to a centre of 
 attraction : the force by which bodies 
 are pressed or drawn, or by which thej' 
 tend toward the centre of the earth or 
 other centre, or the effect of that force. 
 The attraction of gra\'itation exists be- 
 tween bodies in the mass, and acts at 
 sensible distances. It is thus distin- 
 guished from chemical and cohesive at- 
 tractions, which unite the particles of 
 bodies together, and act at insensible dis- 
 tances, or distances too small to be meas- 
 ured. — Terrestrial gravitation, gravi- 
 tation which respects the earth, or bv 
 
 which bodies descend or tend towards the 
 centre of the earth. All bodies, when 
 unsupported, fall by gravitation towards 
 the earth in straight lines tending to its 
 centre. — General or universal gravi- 
 tation, gravitation by which all the 
 planets tend towards one another, and 
 by which all the bodies and particles of 
 matter in the universe tend towards one 
 another. The theory of universal giavi- 
 tation was established by Sir Isaac New- 
 ton, who laid down the law that every 
 particle of matter within the universe 
 attracts every other particle with a force 
 proportional directly to the product of 
 the numbers representing their mass, 
 and inversely to the square of the dis- 
 tance separating one from the other. 
 
 GRAVITY, gi-av'i-ti, n. weightiness : the 
 tendency of matter to attract and be at- 
 tracted, thus causing- weight : state of be- 
 ing grave or sober : relative importance : 
 {mus.) lowness of a note.-ABSOLUTE grav- 
 ity, that by which a body descends freely 
 and perpendicularly in a vacuum or non- 
 resisting- medium. — Relative gravity, 
 that by which a body descends when the 
 absolute gravity is constantly counter- 
 acted by a uniform but inferior force, 
 such as in the descent of bodies down in- 
 clined planes, or in resisting mediums, 
 as air and water. — Specific gravity, the 
 weight belonging to an equal bulk of 
 every different substance : the relative 
 gravity or weight of anj- body or sub- 
 stance considered with regard to the 
 weight of an equal bulk of some other 
 bodj' which is assumed as a standard of 
 comparison. The standard for the spe- 
 cific gravities of solids and liquids is pure 
 distilled water at the temperature of 63° 
 Fahr., which is reckoned unity, and by 
 comparing the weights of equal bulks of 
 other bodies with this standard o-e obtain 
 their specific gravities. Thus, if we take 
 equal bulks of water, silver, and platinum, 
 and weigh them, the silver will be found 
 to be 10-5 times and the platinum 31 '4 
 times heavier than the water ; and reck- 
 oning the specific gravity of water unity, 
 the specific gravity of silver is said to be 
 10-5 and that of platinum 21-4. The prac- 
 tical rule is, weigh the body in air, thea 
 in pure distilled water, and the weight in 
 air divided by the loss of weight in water 
 will give the specific gra^^ty of the body. 
 One substance is said to have a greater 
 specific gravity than another when a 
 given bulk of the former weighs more 
 than the same bulk of the latter. In 
 designating the specific gra\'ities of 
 gases the standard or unity is atmo- 
 spheric air. [Fr. gravite — L. graviias — 
 gravis, heavy.] 
 
 GRAVY, gravi, n. the juices from meat 
 whOe cooking. [Prob. orig. an adj. 
 formed from Greaves, the dregs of 
 tallow.] 
 
 GRAY, gra, adj. of a white color mixed 
 with black : ash-colored : {Jig.) aged. — n. 
 a gray color : an animal of a grayish 
 color, as a horse, etc. — n. Gray'ness. 
 [A.S. graeg : allied to Ger. grau, and L. 
 varus, tawny.] 
 
 GRAY, GREY, gra, v.i. to cause to become 
 gray : to change to a gra3' color. 
 
 Canst thou undo a wrinkle. 
 Or chancre but the complexion of one hair '-. 
 *Yet thoM hast grai/'d a thousand. — Shirley. 
 
 GRAYBEARD, gra'berd, n. one with a gray 
 beard, hence, an old man : a coarse earth- 
 enware vessel for holding liquors. 
 
 GRAYISH, gra'ish, adj. somewhat gray. 
 
 GRAYLING, gra'ling. n. a silvery gray fish 
 of the salmon family, but with a smaller 
 mouth and teeth, and larger scales. 
 
 GRAYSTONE. gra'ston. n. a grayish or 
 gieeuish volcanic rock allied to basalt.
 
 GRAYWACKE 
 
 205 
 
 GRIDE 
 
 GRAYWACKE, gra'wak-e, n. a kind of 
 sandstone, consisting of rounded pebbles 
 and sand firmly united together. [Ger. 
 grauirocke — grau, gray, and Wacke.] 
 
 GRAZE, graz, i:t. to eat or feed on grass : 
 to feed with grass. — v.i. to eat grass : to 
 supply grass. [From Grass.] 
 
 wRAZE, graz, i:f. to pass lightlj' along the 
 surface. — n. Graz'ee, an animal which 
 grazes. [Ety. dub. ; perh. only a special 
 use of Graze above ; perh. coined from 
 rase (Fr. raser), the form of the word 
 being- modified by confusing it with graze 
 (tlie above word). See Rase.] 
 
 GRAZIER, gra'zher, n. one who grazes or 
 pastures cattle and rears them for the 
 market. [For graz-er — GRASS.] 
 
 jREASE, gres, n. soft thick animal fat : 
 oily matter of any kind : an inflamma- 
 tion in the heels of a horse, marked hy 
 swelling, etc. — v.t. (sometimes pron. 
 grez) to smear with grease. [Fr. graisse, 
 from gras, fat — L. eraisiis, gross, thick.] 
 
 ■jREASY, gre'zi or gres'i, adj. of or like 
 grrase or oil : smeared with grease : 
 smooth : fat. — adv. Greas'ily. — n. 
 Greas'iness. 
 
 ^REAT, grat, adj. large : long-continued : 
 superior : distinguished : highly gifted : 
 noble : mighty : sublime : of high rank : 
 chief : proud : weighty : indicating one 
 degree more remote in the direct line of 
 desCent,asGREAT'-GRANT)'FATHER.GREAT'- 
 
 grand'son. — adv. Great'ly. — ?;. Great'- 
 NESS. [A.S.; Dut. groot, Ger. gross ; perh. 
 allied to Grand, Gross, Grow.] 
 
 GREATCOAT, gi-at'kot, n. British term 
 for overcoat. 
 
 GREAT-HEARTED, grat'-hart'ed, adj. 
 having a great or noble heart : high- 
 spirited : noble. 
 
 GREAVES, grevz, n.pl. the sediment of 
 melted tallow, pressed into cakes for 
 'dogs' food. [Sw. grevar, leavings of tal- 
 low, Ger. griebe.} 
 
 GREAVES, grevz, n.pl. ancient armor for 
 the legs, of leather, etc. [O. Fr. grives, 
 from greve, the shin-bone.] 
 
 GREBE, greb, n. an aquatic bird, having a 
 long conical beak, short wings, and no 
 tail. [Fr. grebe ; from the Celtic, as in 
 Bret. Krib, a comb, W. crib, crest, one 
 species having a crest.] 
 
 GRECIAN, gre'shan, adj. pertaining to 
 Greece. — n. a native of Greece : one well 
 versed in the Greek language and litera- 
 ture : (5.) a Jew who spoke Greek : a 
 gay roistering fellow. "A well-booted 
 Grecian in a fustian frock and jockey 
 cap." — Qrares. [A.S. and Fr. Grec — L. 
 Grcfcus — Gr. Graikos.'] 
 
 GRECISM, gre'sizm, n. an idiom of the 
 Greek language. 
 
 GRECIZE, gre'slz, v.t. to make Grecian ; 
 to translate into Greek. — v.i. to speak 
 Greek. 
 
 GREED, gred. n. an eager desire or long- 
 ing : covetousness. [See Greedt.] 
 
 GREEDY, gred'i, adj. having a voracious 
 appetite : covetous : eagerlj' desirous. — 
 adv. Greed'ily. — n. Greed'iness. [A.S. 
 grcedig, Dut. gretig, Goth. gredags,tiun- 
 gry ; Sans, gridhnu (from v. gridh, to be 
 greedy).] 
 
 3REEK, grek, adj. Grecian. — n. a Grecian: 
 the language of Greece : (B.) a Greek by 
 race, or more frequently a GentUe as op- 
 posed to a Jew. 
 
 GREEK-FIRE, grek'-fir, n. a combustible 
 substance inextinguishable by water, 
 used by the Greeks of the Byzantine 
 empire against the Saracens. 
 
 GREEN, gren, adj. of the color of growing- 
 plants : growing : vigorous : new : un- 
 ripe : inexperienced : young. — n. the 
 color of growing-plants : a small green 
 or grassy plat : — pi. fresh leaves : 
 
 wreaths : the leaves of green vegetables 
 for food, etc. — n. GREEffNESS. [A.S. 
 grene: Ger. griin, Dut. groen, green, 
 Ice. griinn, allied to Grow.] 
 
 GREEN, gren, v.i. to grow green : to be- 
 come covered with verdure : to be ver- 
 dmous. " Yonder greening tree." — Ten- 
 nyson. " By greening slope and sing- 
 ing flood." — Whittier. 
 
 GREENBACK, gren'bak, >i. popular name 
 for the paper monev first issued bv the 
 United States in 1863 -.—pi. wealth. ' 
 
 GREEN-BRIER, gren'-bri-er, n. a popular 
 name in the United States for a very 
 common thorny cMmbing shrub, Sniilux 
 rohindifolia, having a yellowish-green 
 stem and thick leaves, with smaJl bunches 
 of flowers. 
 
 GREEN-CLOTH, gren'-kloth, ?!. formerly, 
 a court for regulating the affairs of a 
 royal household, and which in England 
 had power to punish offenders within the 
 palace, aiid 200 yds. bej-ond the gates, so 
 called from the green cloth on the table 
 round which it sat. 
 
 GREEN-CROP, gren'-krop, n. a crop of 
 green vegetables, as grasses, turnips, etc. 
 
 GREENERY, gren'er-i, n. green plants: 
 verdure. 
 
 GREENGAGE, gren'gaj, n. a green and 
 very sweet variety of the plum. [Latter 
 part of the word obscure.] 
 
 GREENGROCER, gren'gro-ser, n. a grocer 
 or dealer who retails greens, or fresh 
 vegetables and fruits. 
 
 GREENHORN, gren'horn, n. a raw, inex- 
 perienced person : in the U.S., a popular 
 term for an immigrant recently landed. 
 
 GREENHOUSE, gren'hows, n. a house to 
 shelter tender plants from the cold weath- 
 er. 
 
 GREENING, gren'ing, n. a name given to 
 certain varieties of apples green when 
 ripe ; as the Rhode Island greening. 
 
 GREENISH, gren'ish, adj. somewhat 
 green. — ?;. Green'ishnesS. 
 
 GREEN-ROOM, gren'-room, n. a room in a 
 warehouse where new or green cloth is 
 received from the weaving factory : a 
 room near the stage in a theatre to which 
 actors retire during the intervals of their 
 
 Earts in the play — it is so called from 
 aving been originally painted or decor- 
 ated in green. "The Friday came ; and 
 for the first time in my life I found my- 
 self in the green-room of a tlieatre — it 
 was literally a green-room, into which 
 liglit was admitted by a thing like a cu- 
 cumber-frame at one end of it. It was 
 matted, and ro\md the walls ran a bench 
 covered with faded green stuff, where- 
 upon the dramatis personje deposited 
 themselves untO called to go on the stage; 
 a looking-glass under the skj'-light, and 
 a large bottle of water and a tumbler on 
 the chimney-piece, completed the furni- 
 ture of this classic apartment." — T. Hook. 
 
 GREENSAND, gren'sand. n. a sandstone 
 in which green specks of iron occur. 
 
 GEEEN-SICKNESS, gren'-sik'nes. n. chlo- 
 rosis, a disease of young females charac- 
 terized by general languor and a pale or 
 greenish color of skin. 
 
 GREENSTONE, gren'ston, n. a variety of 
 trap-coeS: of a green color. 
 
 GREEN-TEA, gren'-te, n. a tea of a green- 
 ish color. The green color is due to 
 the mode in which the leaves of the 
 tea-plant are treated in the process of 
 drying. 
 
 GR^ENTH, grenth, n. the quality of being 
 green : greenness. " The gleams and 
 green th ot summer." — George Eliot. "I 
 found my garden brown and bare, but 
 these rains have recovered the greenth." 
 — H. Walpole. 
 
 GREET, gret, v.t. to salute or address 
 
 with kind wishes : to send kind wishes to: 
 to congratulate. — v.i. to meet and salute: 
 —pr.p. greet'ing ; pa.p. greet'ed. [A.S. 
 gretan, to go to meet ; Dut. groeten, Grer. 
 griissen, to salute.] 
 
 GREETING, gret'ing, n. expression of 
 kindness or joy : salutation. 
 
 GREGARIOUS, gre-ga'ri-us, adj. associat 
 ing or Uving in flocks or herds. — adv 
 Grega'riouslt. — n. Grega'riousness 
 [L. gregaritts — grex, gregis, a flock.] 
 
 GREGGOE, GREGO, gre'go, n. a short 
 jacket or cloak made of thick coarse 
 cloth with a hood attached, worn bj- the 
 Greeks and others in the Levant.] 
 
 GREGORIAN, gre-go'ri-an, adj. belonging 
 to, established, or produced by Gregory. 
 — Gregorian calendar, the calendar as 
 reformed by Pope Gregorj' XHI. in 1.582, 
 which adjusts the leap-j'ears so as to 
 harmonize the civil year with the solar, 
 and shows the new and full moon, with 
 the time of Easter and the movable feasts 
 depending thereon, by means of epacts. 
 — Gregorian year, the ordinarv year, as 
 reckoned according to the 6regorian 
 calendar. It consists of 365 days, 5 
 hours, 48 minutes, 49 seconds, the ex- 
 cess over 365 days forming a whole day 
 every fourth year. — Gregorian epoch, 
 the time from which the Gregorian 
 calendar or computation dates, that is, 
 from the year 1582. — Gregorian chant, 
 one of a series of choral melodies intro- 
 duced into the service of the Catholic 
 church by Pope Gregory I. about the 
 end of the sixth century. — Gregorian 
 telescope, the first and most common 
 form of the reflecting telescope, invented 
 by James Gregory, professor of mathe- 
 matics in the univer.sitj' of St. Andrew's, 
 and afterwards of Edinburgh. 
 
 GREGORIAN, gre-go'ri-an, n. one ot a club 
 or brotherhood somewhat similar to the 
 Freemasons, which existed in the early 
 part of the eighteenth century. 
 Let Poets and Historians 
 Record tile brave Gregorians, 
 In long and tasting lays. — Carey. 
 
 GRENADE, gre-nad', n. a small shell of 
 iron or glass, filled with powder and bits 
 of iron, and thrown fi-om the hand, so 
 called from its resembling a pomegran- 
 ate. [Fr. — Sp. granada — L. granatum^ 
 a pomegranate — granurn, a grain.] 
 
 GRENADIER, gren-a-der', n. (orig.) an 
 English soldier who threw grenades : 
 formerly, a member of the first company 
 of every battalion of foot. 
 
 GREW, groo, past tense of Grow. 
 
 GREY. gra. Same as Gray. 
 
 GREYHOUND, gra'hownd, n. a swift 
 hunting hottnd, of slender form, great 
 length of hmb and muzzle, and great 
 keenness of sight. [Ice. greyhundi — 
 Ice. grey, a dog, and tiundr (E. hound), 
 a hound.] 
 
 GRIDDLE, grid'l, n. a flat iron plate for 
 baking cakes. [W. greidell — greidio, to 
 scorch or singe ; Gael, greidil, Scot. 
 girdle.] 
 
 GRIDE, grid, v.i. to pierce ; to cut through ; 
 to cut ; " So sore the griding sword 
 . . . passed through him." — Milton; 
 •'Through his thigh the mortal steel did 
 gride." — Spenser : to grate ; to jar haish. 
 Iv ; "Above the wood which grides and 
 clangs its leafless ribs." — Tennyson. 
 [According to Skeat a metathesis of 
 gird, O. E. girden, to strike, pierce, cut, 
 from gerde, a rod=^ord; lit. to stiike 
 with a rod.] 
 
 GRIDE, grid, n. a grating or harsh sound ; 
 a harsh scraping or cutting. 
 
 The gride of hatcliets fiercely thrown 
 On «igwam log, and tree, and stone.— WTiiMter.
 
 GRIDELIN 
 
 206 
 
 GROTTO 
 
 GRIDELIN, grid'e-lin, n. a color mixed 
 of white iind red, or a grray violet. [Fr. 
 gris de lin, flax gray.] 
 The ladies dress'd iu rich symars were seen. 
 Of Florence satten, flower'd with white and green. 
 And for a shade betwixt the bloomy gridelin. 
 
 — Dryden. 
 
 ©RIDIRON', grid'I-urn, n. a frame of iron 
 bars for broiling flc^h or fish over the 
 fire. [M. E. gredire, a griddle, and from 
 the same Celtic root as griddle; but the 
 termin. -ire became identified with M. E. 
 ire. iron.] 
 
 ORIEF, gref, n., heaviness ot heart: sorrow: 
 regret: mourning: cause of sorrow: afflic- 
 tion: {B.) bodily as well as mental pain. 
 [Fr. grief — grever, to burden — L. gravo, 
 to grieve — gravis, heavy.] 
 
 GRIEVANCE, grev'aos, ». cause of grief : 
 burden: hardship: injury: grief. 
 
 GRIE\T<;, g-rev, v.t. to cause grief or pain 
 of mind to : to make sorrowful : to vex : 
 (B.) also, to inflict bodily pain. — v.i. to 
 feel grief: to mourn. 
 
 GRifiVOUS, grev'us, adj. causing or full of 
 grief: burilensome : painful: heinous: 
 atrocious : hurtful. — n. Griev'OUSNESS. 
 
 GRIEVOUSLY, grev'us-li, adv. in a griev- 
 ous manner : (B.) severely. 
 
 GRIFFIN, grif in, GRIFFON, grif un, n. an 
 imaginary animal, with the body and legs 
 of a lion, and the crooked beak and wings 
 of an eagle. [Fr. griffon — L. and Gr. 
 gryps — Gr. grypos, hook-nosed.] 
 
 GRIG, grig, 11. a small lively eel, the sand- 
 eel. I^Prov. E. grig, a cricket : from its 
 wriggling motion.] 
 
 ORILL, gril, v.t. to broil on a gridiron : to 
 torment. [Fr. griller — gril, a gridiron — 
 L. craticuJa, dim. of crates, a grate.] 
 
 GRILLAGE, gril'aj, 7i. in engin. a frame- 
 work composed of hea\'j' beams laid 
 longitudinally,aud crossed at right angles 
 by similar beams notched upon them, 
 used to sustain foundations and prevent 
 their irreg'ular settling in soils of unequal 
 compressibility. The grUlage is firmly 
 bedded, and the earth packed into the 
 interstices between the beams ; a flooring 
 of thick planks, termed a platform, is 
 then laid on it, and on this the founda- 
 tion courses rest. [Fr., from grille, a 
 grate, a railing.] 
 
 GRILLE, gril, n. a lattice or open work or 
 grating : a piece of grated work : as (a) 
 a metal screen to inclose or protect any 
 particular spot, locality, slorine, tomb, or 
 sacred ornament ; (b) a gate of metal in- 
 closing or protecting- the entrance of a 
 religious house or sacred building ; (c) 
 a small screen ot iron bars inserted in the 
 door of a monastic or conventual building, 
 in order to allow the inmates to converse 
 with visitors, or to answer inquiries with- 
 out opening tlie door : the wicket of a 
 monastery. [Fr. See Grill, to broil.] 
 
 CrRILSE, grils, n. a young salmon on its 
 first return from salt water. [Sw. graa- 
 la.r, a gray salmon.] 
 
 GRIM, grim, adj. of forbidding aspect : 
 ferocious : ghastly : sullen. — adv. Grim'- 
 hY.—n. Griji'ness. [A.S. grim ; Ger. 
 grimmif) — gvimin, fui-y. Dut. grimmig, 
 Ice. grimntr.] 
 
 GRIM, grim, v.t. to make g-rim : to give a 
 forbidding or fear-inspiring aspect to. 
 '• To withdraw . . . into lurid half light, 
 grimmed by the shadow of that red "flag 
 of theirs." — Carlyle. 
 
 JRIMACE, gri-mas', n. a distortion of the 
 face, in jest, etc.: a smirk. [Fr.. of un- 
 certain orig., perh. from root of Ice. and 
 A.S. grima, a mask or phantom.] 
 
 GRIMACED,gri-masd', adj. with a grimace: 
 distorted. 
 
 GRMALKIN, gri-markin, n. an old cat. 
 [GR.4.Y. and malkiii. a dirty drab, a hare, 
 a dim. of Moll or Jlary.] 
 
 GRDIE, grim, n. ingrained dirt. — v.t. to 
 soil deeplj'. [From a Teut. root found in 
 Dan. grim, soot, Fris. grime, a dark spot 
 on the face.] 
 
 GRIMY, grim'i, adj. full of grime : foul. 
 
 GRIN, grin, v.i. to set the teeth together 
 and withdraw the lips. — v.t. to express 
 by grinning: — i^r.p. grinn'ing ; pa.j). 
 grinned'. — n. a»t of grinning. [A.S. gren- 
 nian ; Ice. grenja, Ger. greinen, Dut. grij- 
 nen, to grumble, Scand. girn ; allied to E. 
 gronii, Fr. grogiier.] 
 
 GRIND, grind, v.t. to reduce to powder by 
 friction : to wear down or sharpen by 
 rubbing : to rub together : to oppress or 
 harass. — v.i. to be moved or rubbed to- 
 getlier i—jir.p. grind'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 gTound. [A.S. griiidan.] 
 
 GRINDER, grind'er, m. he or that which 
 grinds : a double or jaw tooth that grinds 
 food. 
 
 GRINDSTONE, grind'stSn, n. a circular 
 revolving .stone for grinding or sharpen- 
 ing tools. 
 
 GRIP, grip, GRIPE, grip, n., grasp or flrm 
 hold witli the hand, etc.: oppression ; 
 pinching distress : — pi. Gripes, severe 
 pains in the bowels. — [See Gripe, v.] 
 
 GRIPE, grip, V. t. to grasp with the hand : 
 to seize and hold fast : to squeeze : to 
 give pain to the bowels. — GRip'rN'G, part, 
 adj. avaricious : of a pain that catches 
 or seizes acutely. [rj^.S. gripan ; Ice. 
 gripa, Ger. greifen, Dut. grijpen : allied 
 to Gr.ajb.] 
 
 GRIPPE, grip, n. a French term applied 
 to various epidemic forms of catarrh. 
 
 GRISETTE, gri-zet', n. a gay young French- 
 woman of the lower class. fFr. grisette, 
 a g'ray gown, whicli used to be worn by 
 that class — gris, gray.] 
 
 GRISLED, griz'ld. Sa'me as Grizzled. 
 
 GRISLY, griz'li, adj. frightful : hideous. 
 [A.S. gryslic, agrisan. to dread ; Ger. 
 grUsslich, grieselii. to shudder.] 
 
 GRIST, grist, n. grain for grinding at one 
 time : supply : profit. [A.S. grist, gerst, 
 a grinding ; from root of Grixb.] 
 
 GRISTLE, u-i'is'l, n. a soft, elastic substance 
 in animal bodies, also called cartilage. 
 [A.S. gristel; a dim. of gi-ist and grind, 
 because one must crunch it in eating.] 
 
 GRISTLY, gris'li, adj. consisting of or hke 
 gristle. — n. Gelst'liness. 
 
 GRIT, grit, v.. the coarse part of meal : 
 gravel: a kind of hard sandstone : — pi. 
 oats coarsely ground, groats. [A..S. 
 greot, grytt: Dut. grut, groats, Ger. 
 grie.'i, gravel, akin to groat, grout.] 
 
 GRITTY, grit'i. adj. consisting of or hav- 
 ing grits or hard particles. — n. Gritt'- 
 iot;ss. 
 
 GRIZZLE, grizl, n. a gray color. [Fr. arts, 
 gray — O. Ger. gris, gray, Ger. greis.] 
 
 GRIZZLE, griz'l, v.i. to grow gray or griz- 
 zlv : to become graj'-haired. Emerson. 
 
 GRlZZLED, griz'ld, cuJj., gray, or mixed 
 with gray. 
 
 GRIZZLY, grizli, adj. of a gray color. 
 
 GROAN, gron, v.i. to utter a moaning 
 sound in distress : (fig.) to be aflSicted. 
 — n. a deep moaning sound as of dis- 
 tress : SL sound of disapprobation. [A.S. 
 granian.] 
 
 GROANING, gron'ing, ■». a deep moan as 
 of pain : any low rumbling sound. 
 
 GROAT, grawt or grSt, n. an old English 
 coin =. 4d. [O. Low Ger. grote, a coin 
 of Bremen ; like Dut. groot =■ great, so 
 called because greater than tlie copper 
 coins formerly in use (Skeat) ; Ger. gros- 
 chen — Low L. grossiis, thick.] 
 
 GROATS, grawts or grots, n.pl. the grain 
 of oats deprived of the husks. [A.S. grnt, 
 coarse meal.] 
 
 GROBIAX. grob'I-an. n. a coarse, ill-bred 
 fellow : a rude lout : a boor. " Grobians 
 
 I and sluts."— Burton. " He who is a grolh 
 ian in liis own company will sooner or 
 later become a grobian in that of his 
 friends." — King.fley. [Ger., from grob, 
 coarse.] 
 
 GROCER, gros'er, n. a dealer in tea, sugar, 
 etc. [Fr. grossier. from root of Gross ; 
 the word, formerly grosser, orig meant 
 one who sold wholesale.] 
 
 GROCERY, gros'er-i, n. (generally used in % 
 2)1.) articles sold bj* grocers. 
 
 GROG, grog, n. a mixture of sjnrit and 
 cold water. [Derived from '• Old Grog," 
 a nickname given by British sailors to 
 Admiral Vernon, who first introduced it, 
 because he used, in badweather, to wear 
 a grogram cloak.] 
 
 GROG, grog, v.t. to make into grog by 
 mixing water with spirits : to extract 
 grog from, by pouring hot water into an 
 empty spirit cask, by which means a 
 weak spirit may be extracted from the 
 wood. (British excise slang.) 
 
 GROGRAM, grog'ram, M. a. kind of cloth 
 made of silk and mohair, of a coarse 
 grain or texture. [O. Fr. gros-grain, of 
 a coarse grain or texture. See GROSS and 
 Gr.\in.] 
 
 GROIN, groin, n. the part of the body just 
 where the legs begin to divide: (arch.) 
 the angular curve formed by the crossing 
 of two arches. [Ice. gr'ein. division, 
 branch — greina, to divide ; Sw. gren, 
 branch, space between the legs ; Scot. 
 graine, grane, the branch of a tree or 
 river.] 
 
 GROINED, groind, adj. having groins or 
 angular curves made by the intersection 
 of two arches. 
 
 GROOM, gi-oom. n. one who has the charge 
 of horses : a title of several officers of a 
 royal household : a bridegroom. — v.t. to 
 tend, as a horse. — n. Grooms'man, at- 
 tendant on a bridegroom at his marriage. 
 [Ety. dub.; pi-ob. from A.S. gtima fin 
 bridegroom), a man, which is allied to 
 Goth, guma, Ice. gum.i, L. homo.] 
 
 GROOVE, gi'Sov, n. a furrow, or long hol- 
 low, such as is cut with a tool. — r.t. to 
 grave or cut ,a groove or furrow in. [A.S. 
 grof. gr(ef — grafav, to dig- ; Ger. grtibe — 
 grdben, to dig ; Dut. groeve, a tui-row, 
 pit ; from root ot GR.4.VE.] 
 
 GROPE, grop, v.i. (orig.) to gripie or feel 
 with the hands : to search or attempt to 
 find something, as if blind or in the dark. 
 — v.t. to searcli by feeling, as in the dark. 
 [A.S. grapian, to seize, handle ; allied to 
 Grab, Gripe.] 
 
 GROPINGLY, grop'ing-U, adv. in a grajJ- 
 ing manner. 
 
 GROSBEAK. Same as Grossbeak. 
 
 GROSS, gros, adj. coarse : rough : dense: 
 palpable: whole: coarse in mind: .stupid: 
 sensual: obscene. — ?<. the main bulk: the 
 whole taken together: a great hundred, 
 i.e., twelve dozen. — adv. Gross'LY. — n, 
 Gross'ness. [Fr. gros — Low L. grossus— 
 L. crnssiis.] 
 
 GROSSBEAK. grosTjek, n a genus of birds 
 with a thick strong convex beak. [Gross 
 and Beak.] 
 
 GROT, grot, GROTTO, grot'o, «. a cave: a 
 place of shade, for pleasure, made like 
 a cave:— p/. Grots, Grottos. [Fr. grotte 
 — L. crypta ; thus a doublet of Crtpi 
 grotto is the It. form.] 
 
 GR0TESQTJE.gr5-tesk'. adj. extravagantly 
 formed : ludicrous. — ii. irirt.) extravagant 
 ornament, containing animals, plants, 
 etc not really existing, — adv. Gro- 
 
 TESQLTl'LT. — n. ' GrOTESQUE'NESS. [Fr. 
 
 grotesque — It. grottesca — grotto : because 
 old grottos were commonly adoi-ned with 
 quaint and extravaa-ant paintings,] 
 GROTTO. See Grot)
 
 GKOUND 
 
 207 
 
 GUARD 
 
 GROUND, grownd, pa.t. and 2ia.p. of 
 Grikd. 
 
 GROUND, grownd, n. the surface of the 
 earth : a portion of the earth's smface : 
 land : field : the iloor, etc. : position : 
 field or place of action : (lit. or fig.) that 
 on wliicb something is raised : founda- 
 tion : reason : (art.) the surface on which 
 the figures are represented. [A.S. 
 gritiid ; cog. -witti Ger. Dan. and S\v. 
 grund, Ice. grunnr, Goth, grundus ; 
 prob. conn, with grind, and orig. mean- 
 ing •' earth ground small."] 
 
 GROUND, grownd, v.t. to fix on a found- 
 ation or principle : to instruct in first 
 principles. — v.i. to strike the bottom and 
 remain fixed. 
 
 GROUNDAGE, grownd'aj, n. the tax paid 
 by a ship for the ground or space occupied 
 while in port. 
 
 GROUSTD-FLOOR, grownd'-flor, n. the 
 floor of a house on a level witli tlie street 
 or exterior groimd. 
 
 GROUND-GAME, grownd'-gam, ». a name 
 given to hares, rabbits, and tlie like, as 
 distinguished from wnged game, as 
 pheasants, grouse, partridges, etc. 
 
 GROUND-HOG, grownd'-liog, n. the pop- 
 ular name of the American rodent, Arc- 
 tomy.t moncLV. or marmot, usually called 
 in New England WoODCEnrcK : a name 
 applied to the Orycteropus capensis, a 
 South African edentate quadruped which 
 burrows in the ground — so called from its 
 bearing a general resemblance to a small, 
 short-legged pig. 
 
 GROUNDLES.S, grownd'les, adj. without 
 ground, foundation, or I'eason. — adv. 
 GEOt.->D'LESSLY. — ». GROt^SD'LESSNESS. 
 
 GROUNDLING, grownd'ling, ii. asmall fish 
 which keeps near the bottom of the wa- 
 ter : a spectator in the pit of a theatre. 
 [Both formed from GROU^■D and double 
 dim. -ling.] 
 
 IROUND-MAIL, grownd'-mal, Ji. duty paid 
 for the right of having a corpse interred 
 in a churchyard. " Reasonable charges,'' 
 said the sexton," ou, there's ground-mail, 
 and bell-siller (though the bell's broken, 
 nae doubt), and the kist, and my day's 
 wark, and my bit fee, and some brandy 
 and ale to the drigie." — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 GROUND-NUT, grownd'-nut, n. a term ap- 
 plied to the fruit of some plants and the 
 root of others found in the ground. 
 
 GROUND-PLAN, grownd'-plan, n.,plan of 
 the horizontal section of the lowest or 
 ground storv of a building. 
 
 GROUND-PL'OT, grownd'-plot, n. the plot 
 of ground on which a building stands. 
 
 GROUND-RENT, grownd'-reut, n., rent 
 paid to a landlord for hberty to build on 
 his ground. 
 
 GROUNDS, grownds, n.pl. dregs of drink : 
 sediment at the bottom of liquors. [Gael, 
 and Ir. grutindas ; conn, with Grocnd.I 
 
 GROUND-SEA, grownd'-se, n. the West In- 
 dian name for the swell called Rollers, or 
 in Jamaica the Xorth Sea, occurring in 
 a calm, and with no other indication of a 
 previous gale. Tlie sea rises in huge bil- 
 lows and dashes against the shore with 
 roarings resembling thunder. It is prob- 
 ably due to the gales called "Northers," 
 which suddenij' rise and ra^^e off the 
 capes of Virginia round to the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 CJROUNDSEL, grownd 'sel, n. an annual 
 plant, about a foot high, with small yel- 
 low flowers. [A.S. grundsu-elige — grund, 
 ground, and swelgan, to swallow ; there- 
 fore lit. ground-.iwallower.] 
 
 GROUND-SWELL, grownd'-swel, n. 
 a broad, deep strell or undulation of the 
 ocean, proceeding from a distant storm. 
 
 GROUNDWORK, grownd' wurk, n. the 
 tivrk which forms the ground or founda- 
 
 tion of anj'thing : the basis : the essen- 
 tial part : the first principle. 
 
 GROUP, groop, n. a number of persons or 
 things together : (art) an assemblage of 
 persons, animals, or things, forming a 
 whole. — v.t. to form into a group or 
 grou])s. [Fr. groupe — It. groppo, a 
 bunch, knot ; from a root found in Gter. 
 kropf, a protuberance.] 
 
 GROUPING, groop'ing, n. (art) the act of 
 disposing and arranging figures or objects 
 in groups. 
 
 GROUSE, grows, n. the heathcoek or moor- 
 fowl, a bu'd with a short curved bill, 
 short legs, and feathered feet, which fre- 
 quents moors and hiUs. [Prob. formed 
 from the older griee (on the analogy of 
 inouse, miee)—0. Fr. griesche, of unknown 
 origin.] 
 
 GROUT, growt, ii. coarse meal : the sedi- 
 ment of liquor : lees : a thin coarse mor- 
 tar : a fine plaster for finishing ceilings. 
 [A.S. grut, coarse meal ; cog. with Dut. 
 grut. Ice. grautr, porridge, Ger. grUtze, 
 gi'oats.] 
 
 GROVE, grov, n. a wood of small size, 
 generallj' of a pleasant or ornamental 
 character : an avenue of trees. [A.S. 
 graf, a grove, a lane cut among trees — 
 grafan, to dig. See Grave, Groove.] 
 
 GROVEL, grovel, v.i. to crawl on the 
 earth : to be mean : — pr.p. groVelling ; 
 pa.p. grov'elled. — n. Grov'eller. [Perh. 
 from Ice. grafla, to grovel, from grufa, 
 as in grufa nidr, to stoop down. See 
 Grab, Grope.] 
 
 GROW, gro, v.i. to become enlarged by 
 a natm-al process : to advance towards 
 maturity: to increase in size: to develop; 
 to become greater in any way: to extend: 
 to improve: to pass from one state to an- 
 other: to become. — v.t. to cause to grow: 
 to cultivate : — pa.t. grew (groo); pa.p. 
 grown. — n. Grow'er. [A.S. growan; Ice. 
 groa : conn, with green.] 
 
 GROWL, growl, v.i. to utter a deep, mur- 
 muring sound, like a dog : to grumble 
 surlUy. — i:t. to express by growling. — n. 
 Grovvl'ee. [Dut. and Ger. grollen, to be 
 angry, to roar ; allied to Gr. gryllizo, to 
 grunt, gryllos, a pig : from the sound. 
 See Grudge and Grxjnt.] 
 
 GROWL, growl, n. a murmuring, snarling 
 sound, as of an angry dog. 
 
 GROWTH, .groth, n. a groicing : gradual 
 increase : progress : development : that 
 which has grown : product. 
 
 GRUB, grub, v.i. to dig in the dirt : to be 
 occupied meanlj'. — v.t. to dig or root out 
 of the ground (generally followed by up): 
 — pr.}}. grubb'ing; pa.j). grubbed'. [Ety. 
 dub.; but prob. allied to Grab, Gripe.] 
 
 GRUB, grub, n. the larva of the beetle, 
 moth, etc. [Same word as above.] 
 
 GRUBBER, grub'er, n. ho who or that 
 which gi-ubs : an instrument for digging 
 up the roots of trees, etc. 
 
 GRUBBY, grub'i, adj. dirty : unclean. " A 
 grubbif lot of sooty .sweeps or colliers." — 
 Hood'. 
 
 GRL^-STREET, grub'-stret, n. a street in 
 Loiulou inhabited by shabby literary men. 
 — adj. applied to any mean literary pro- 
 duction. 
 
 GRUDGE, gruj, v.t. to murmur at : to look 
 upon with en\'v : to give or take unwill- 
 ingly. — v.i. to s"how discontent. — n. secret 
 enmity or en\'y' : an old cause of quarrel. 
 [M.E. grucchen, gruggen — O. Fr. groucher, 
 groucer, gruger, from an imitative root 
 gru. which is found in Gr. gry, the grunt 
 of a pig, also in growl, grunt.] 
 
 GRUDGINGLY, gruj'ing-li, adv. unwill- 
 ingly. 
 
 GRUDGINGS, gi-uj'ingz. ii.jjI. coarse meal : 
 grouts : the part of the grain which re- 
 mains after the fine meallias passed the 
 
 sieve. " You that can deal with grudg- 
 ings and coarse flour." — Beau. <&■ Fl. 
 [Fr. grugeons, from gruger, to crunch, to 
 grind. Cf. Low Ger. grusen, to grind, 
 and see Grudge, v.t.] 
 GRUDGMENT, gruj'ment, n. the act of 
 grudging: discontent: dissatisfaction. 
 
 This, see, which at my breast I wear. 
 
 Ever did (rather to Jacynth's gwdgment^ 
 
 And ever shall. — Brotming. 
 
 GRUEL, groo'el, n. a thin food, made by 
 boiling groats or oatmeal in water. [O. 
 Fr. gruel (Fr. gruau), groats — Low L. gru- 
 fcllum, dim. of grutum. meal — O. G«r. 
 grut, groats, A.S. grut.] 
 
 GRUESOJIE. groo'sum, ac?/. horrible: fear- 
 ful. [Scan. ; cog. with G^r. grausam.] 
 
 GRUFF, gruf, adj. rough, stern, or abrupt 
 in manner : chiu-lish. — adv. Gruff'lt. — 
 n. Gruff'xess. [Dut. grof ; cog. with 
 Sw. grof, Dan. grov, Ger. grab, coarse ; 
 prob. imitative.] 
 
 GRUMBLE, grum'bl, v.i. to murmur with 
 discontent : to growl : to rumble. — n. 
 Gruii'bler. — adv. Grum'blxsgly. [Fr. 
 grommeler ; from O. Ger. grummeln.] 
 
 GRUME, groom, n. a thick consistence of 
 fluid : a clot as of blood. [O. Fr. grume, 
 a knot, a bunch (Fr. grumeau, a clot of 
 blood) — L. grumns, a Uttle heap.] 
 
 GRU5IOUS. groom'us. adj. thick : clotted. 
 
 GRUMPISH.'gi-um'pish, <(C?;'. surly : gruff: 
 cross: grumpy. " If you blubber or look 
 grumpish." — Sirs. TroUope. 
 
 GRUMPY, grum'pi, ac?;'. surly: dissatisfied: 
 melancholic. [Frc 
 
 BLE.] 
 
 melancholic. [From same root as GRUil- 
 
 GRUNT, grunt, v.i. to make a sound like 
 a pig. — «. a short, guttural sound, as of 
 a hog. — )(. Gruxt'er. [Like words are 
 found iu most European languages : all 
 from the soimd. See Growl and GRUDGE.] 
 
 GRUTCH, gruel), n. a grudge. Hudibvos. 
 
 GRUYERE, groo-yar', n. a kind of Swiss 
 cheese held in much repute. It is made 
 of large size, is firm and dry, and ex- 
 hibits numerous cells of considerable 
 magnitude. [From Gruyires, a small 
 town in the canton of Freiburg, Switzer- 
 land.] 
 
 GUAIACU51, gwa'ya-kum. n. a genus of 
 trees in the W. Indies, that vield a green- 
 ish resin used in medicine. [Sp. guayaco, 
 from a Haytiau word.] 
 
 GUANO, gwa'no,, n. a substance found on 
 many small islands, especially in the 
 Southern Ocean and on the coast of 
 South America and Africa, which are 
 the resoi-t of large flocks of sea-birds, and 
 chiefly composed of their excrements in 
 a decomposed state. It sometimes forms 
 beds from 50 to 60 feet in thickness. It 
 is an excellent manure, and since 1841 has 
 been extensively apjilied for that pur- 
 pose. Its active constituent is ammonia, 
 containing much oxalate and urate of 
 ammonia, with .some phosphates. [Sp. 
 guano, liuano, from Peruv. huanu, dung.] 
 
 GUARANTEE, gar-an-te', GUARANTY. 
 gar'au-ti, n. a warrant or surety : a con- 
 tract to see perfoinied what another has 
 imdertaken : the person who makes such 
 a contract. — v.t. to undertake that anoth- 
 er shall perform certain engagements : to 
 make sure : — pr.ji- guarautee'ing ; pa.p. 
 guaranteed'. [O Fr. gurantie, guaran- 
 tie, pa.p. of garantir. to warrant — gai' 
 ant. warrant. See Wakraxt.] 
 
 GUARD, gard. v.t. to ivord, watch, or 
 take care of : to protect from danger. 
 — v.i. to watch : to be wary. — }t. that 
 which guards from danger : a man or 
 body of men stationed to jirotect : one 
 who has charge of a coach or railway- 
 train : state of caution : posture of de- 
 fence : part of the hilt of a sword : a 
 watch-chain :— /iZ. troops attached to the
 
 GUARDANT 
 
 208 
 
 GULF-WEED 
 
 person of a sovereign. [O. Fr. garden, 
 guarder — O. Ger. icarten ; cog. with E. 
 ward.] 
 
 GUARDANT, gar'dant, adj. {her.) having 
 the face turned towards the beholder. 
 
 GUARDED, gard'ed, adj. wary : cautious : 
 uttered with caution. — adv. Guabd'edly. 
 — n. Guard'edness. 
 
 GUARDIAN, gard'yan, ji. one who guards 
 or takes care of : (law) one wlio lias the 
 care of an orphan minor. — adj. protect- 
 ing. — n. GuAED'lANsmv. 
 
 GUARDROOM, gard'rooin, n. a room for 
 the accommodation of guards. 
 
 GUARDSHIP, gard'ship, n. a ship of war 
 that guards or superintends marine 
 affairs in a harbor. 
 
 GU ARDSM A N, gards'man, n. a soldier of 
 the guards. 
 
 GUAVA, gwa'va, n. a genus of trees and 
 shrubs of tropical America, with yellow, 
 pear-shaped fruit which is made into 
 ■jelly. [Sp. guayaba ; of W. Indian 
 origin.] 
 
 GUDGEON, guj'un, n. a small fresh-water 
 fish, allied to the carp, easily caught — 
 hence, any one easily clieated. [Fr. 
 gotijon — L. gobio — Gv.kobios. See Goby.] 
 
 GUELDER-ROSE, gel'der-roz, 71. a tree 
 with large white ball-shaped flowers. 
 [So called from Gueldres in Holland — also 
 called snowball-tree.] 
 
 GUELF, GUELPH, gwelf, n. the name of 
 a distinguished princely family in Italy, 
 originally German, and re-transported 
 into Germany in the eleventh century, 
 still, however retaining large possessions 
 in Italy. Welf, son of Isenbrand, Count 
 ol Altorf, one of the vassals of Charle- 
 magne, is said to have been the first to 
 bear the name. It still continues in tlie 
 two branches of the House of Brunswick 
 — the ducal and the royal, to which latter 
 the reigning family of Britain belongs. 
 After the battle of "Weinsberg, fought in 
 1140, against the Waiblingens (Ghibel- 
 lines), where the name of the head of the 
 house was given as a rallying cry or 
 watchword to his followers, the term be- 
 came gradually extended to all the mem- 
 bers of that faction in Italy which aimed at 
 national independence and supported the 
 pope, while that of Ghibelline was given 
 to the supporters of the emperors in their 
 endeavor to subjugate Italy to Germany. 
 The contest lasted for nearly 300 years, 
 desolating both countries. Latterly the 
 term was applied to a supporter of demo- 
 cratic principles, and that of Ghibelline to 
 an upholder of aristocracy. The terms fell 
 into disuse towards the end of the fifteenth 
 century. [It. guelfo, O.Ger. hwelfa, O.H. 
 Ger. hwatf, O.Sax. and A.S. Incelp, 
 whelp.] 
 
 GUELFIC, GUELPHIC, gwelfik. adj. of 
 or pertaining to the Guelfs. — GXJEUIO 
 ORDER, a Hanoverian order of knight- 
 hood founded in 1815 by George IV., then 
 prince regent, and entitled the Royal 
 Hanoverian Guelfic Order. It consists 
 of grand crosses, commanders, and 
 knights, both civil and military. 
 
 GUERDON, ger'dun, n. a reward or recom- 
 pense. [O. Fr. guerdon, gnerredon (It. 
 guidardone) — Low L. u-iderdonum. corr. 
 from O. Ger. undarlon, A.S. tcidherlean — 
 widher (same as unth- in E. uHthstand), 
 against, lean (same as E. loan), reward ; 
 or more prob. the latter part of the word 
 is from L. domim, a gift.] 
 
 GUERILLA, GUERRILLA, ger-ril'a, 71. a 
 mode of harassing an army by small 
 bands adopted by the Spaniards against 
 the French in the Peninsular War, and 
 by Quantrell, Mosby and Morgan during 
 the Civil War in this country : a member 
 of such a band. — adj. conducted by or 
 
 conductine petty warfare. [Sp. guerril- 
 la, dim. of guetra (Fr. guerre) — O. Ger. 
 werra, war. See War.] 
 
 GUESS, ges, i\t. to form an opinion on un- 
 certain knowledge. — v.i. to judge on un- 
 certain knowledge : to conjecture right- 
 ly. [M. E. gessen; cog. withDut. gissen; 
 Dan. gis.'<e, Ice. giska, for git-ska — geta, 
 to get, think, A.S. gitan, whence E. GET. 
 See also Forget.] 
 
 GUESS, ges, n. judgment or opinion with- 
 out sufficient evidence or grounds. 
 
 GUESSWORK, ges'wurk, n., work done by 
 guess. 
 
 GUEST, gest, n. a visitor received and en- 
 tertained. [A.S. gest, gcest ; allied to Dut. 
 and Ger. gast, L. hostis, stranger, enemy. 
 Cf. Host, an army.] 
 
 GUEST-CHAMBER, gest'-cham'ber, ??. (B.) 
 a chamber or room for the accommoda- 
 tion of guests. 
 
 GUFFAW, guf-fa-iv', n. a loud laugh. 
 [Pi-om the sound.] 
 
 GUIDANCE, gid'ans, n. direction : govern- 
 ment. 
 
 GUIDE, gid, v.t. to lead or direct : to regu- 
 late : to influence. — n. he who or that 
 wliich guides : one who directs another 
 in his course of life : a soldier or other 
 person employed to obtain information 
 for an army. [Fr. guider ; prob. from a 
 Teut. root, as in A.S. untan, to know, 
 observe, uns, wise, Ger. u-eisen, to show, 
 and so conn, with lint, and wise.] 
 
 GUIDEBOOK, gid'book, n. a book of in- 
 formation for tourists. 
 
 GUIDELESSNESS. gid'les-nes. n. the state 
 or condition of being destitute of a guide 
 or of wanting a director : want of guid- 
 ance. " To fight with poverty and guide- 
 le.^sness. " — Kingsley. 
 
 GUIDEPOST, gid'post. n. a post erected at 
 a road-side, to guide the traveller. 
 
 GUIDE-SCREW, gid'-skroo, n. in mach. 
 a screw for directing or regulating cer- 
 tain movements. 
 
 GUIDE-TUBE, gid'-tub, n. in mach. any 
 contrivance by which a boring-bit or 
 drill is guided, but which consists com- 
 monly of a fixed tube to prevent swerv- 
 ing. 
 
 GUIDON, gi'don, n. the little flag or stand- 
 ard of a troop of cavalry ; a flag used to 
 direct the movements of infantry ; a flag 
 used to signal with at sea ; the flag of a 
 guild or fraternity: one who bears a gui- 
 don ; a standard-bearer : one of a com- 
 munity that Charlemagne established 
 at Rome to guide pilgrims to the Holy 
 Land. [Fi-. See Guide.] 
 
 GUIDONIAN, gwe-do'ni-an, adj. of or 
 pertaining to Ouido Aretino, or to the 
 hexachordal system of music said to be 
 introduced by him. 
 
 GUILD, gild, n. (arig.) an association in a 
 town where payment was made for mu- 
 tual support and protection : an associa- 
 tion of men for mutual aid : a corpora^ 
 tion. — Guild'hall, n. the hall of a guild 
 or corporation, esp. in London. [A.S. 
 gild, money, gildan, to pay : it is the 
 same word as GOLD and Gni).] 
 
 GUILE, gil, n. wile : jugglery : cunning : 
 deceit. [O. Fr. guille, deceit ; from a 
 Teut. root, as in A.S. ivil. Ice. vel, a 
 trick. See WiLE.] 
 
 GUILE, gil, 71. as much liquor as is brewed 
 at once. 
 
 Thee best befits a lowly style. 
 
 Teach Dennis how to stir the guile. — Smft. 
 
 GUILEFUL, gil'fool, adj crafty : deceit- 
 ful.— adr. GOTLE'FULLY. — n. GuiLE'FUL- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 GUILELESS, gil'les, adj. without deceit : 
 artless. — adv. Guile'lessly. — n. GuiLE'- 
 
 LESSICESS 
 
 GUILLEMOT, gil'e-mot, n. a genus of 
 
 marine birds having a pointed bill and 
 very short tail. [Fr.] 
 
 GUICLOTINE, gil'o-ten, n. an instrument 
 for beheading — consisting of an upright 
 frame down which a sharp hea\'j- axe 
 descends on the neck of the victim — 
 adopted during the French Revolution, 
 and named after Guillotin, a physician 
 who first proposed its adoption. — v.t tf 
 behead with the guilloti7ie. 
 
 GUILLOTINEMENT, gil-o-ten'ment, n. de 
 capitation by means of the guillotine, 
 " In this poor National Convention, bro- 
 ken, bewildered bj' long terror, perturb- 
 ations, and guillotinement, there is no 
 pilot." — Carlyle. 
 
 GUILT, gilt, n. punishable conduct : the 
 state of having broken a law : crime. 
 [Orig. a payment or jine for an offence ; 
 A.S. gylt, guilt — gildan, to pay, to atone.] 
 
 GUILTLESS, gilt'les, adj. free from crime : 
 innocent. — adr.GuiLT'LESSLY. — ra.GuiLT'- 
 
 LESSNESS. 
 
 GUILTY, gilt'i, adj. justly chargeable with 
 a crime : wicked. — GxJiLTY OF (sometimes 
 in B.), deserving.^adr. GuELT'lLY. — ?t. 
 GtiLT'iNESs. [A.S. gyltig.] 
 
 GUINEA, gin'i, ?;. an English gold coin, no 
 longer used=21s., so called because first 
 made of gold brought from Guinea, in 
 Africa. 
 
 GUINEA-FOWL, gin'i -fowl, GUINEA- 
 HEN, gin'i-lien, n. a fowl like the turkey, 
 of a dark-gray color, with white spots, 
 oriainally from Guinea, in Africa. 
 
 GUINEA-PIG, gin'i-pig, n. a small S.Amer- 
 ican animal, belonging to the Rodentia, 
 and somewhat resembling a small pig, 
 [Prob. a mistake for Ouia7ia-pig.] 
 
 GUIPURE, ge-pur', n. an imitation of an- 
 tique lace, very durable, equally beauti- 
 ful, and less expensive : a kind of gimp. 
 
 GUISE, gl7, II., 7nan7ier, behaviour : exter- 
 nal appearance : dress. [Fr. guise ; frono 
 O. Ger. tvisa (Ger. weise), a way, guise, 
 which is cog. with A.S. ^ns, wise, wisa, 
 cause, manner, E. unse, guide.] 
 
 GUISER, giz'er, n. a person in disguise : a 
 Christmas mummer. 
 
 GUITAR, gi-tar', n. a musical stringed in- 
 strument like the violin in shape, bui 
 larger, and played upon with the fingers. 
 [Fr. guitare ; from L. cithara — Gr. kith- 
 ara, a lyre or lute. See Cithern.] 
 
 GULDEN, gool'den, n. the florin of Austria- 
 Hungary, nominally equal to 50 cents. 
 
 GULES, gulz, 71. (her.) a red color, marked 
 in engraved fig-ures by perpendicular 
 lines. [Fr. gueules ; of loubtful origin : 
 ace. to Brachet, fron; Pers. ghul, a rose ; 
 but ace. to other authoiities, it is from 
 Fr. gueide — L. gula, tlu- throat, prob. 
 from the color of the open moutli of the 
 heraldic lion.] 
 
 GULF, gulf, 71. a hollow or indentation in 
 the sea-coast: a deep place in the earth: 
 an abyss : a whirlpool : anything insati- 
 able. [Fr. golfe — Late Gr. kolphos, Gr. 
 kolpos, the bosom, a fold, a gulf.] 
 
 GULF, gulf, r.^ to engulf : to absorb or 
 swallow up, as in a gulf. " Chdfed with 
 Proserpine and Tantalus." — Su~i7iburne. 
 
 GULF-STREAM, gult'-strem, n. a stream 
 or current of warm water, which flows 
 from the Gulf of Mexico through thf 
 cliannel between Cuba and America 
 past the Bermudas, touching the tail ot 
 the great bank of Newfoundland ^ and 
 thence sweeps onwards towards Europe, 
 part going north, and part returning 
 southerly to the tropics. 
 
 GULF- WEED, gulf-wed, n. a genus of sea- 
 weeds (Sargassum), of the sub - order 
 Fucaceae, of which two species, .S". vul- 
 gare and S. bacciferum, are found abun- 
 dantly in the Atlantic Ocean as well as
 
 aULFY 
 
 209 
 
 GYMNASIUM 
 
 m the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. 
 They are tropical plants. lu the Atlantic 
 they chiefly occupy a more or less inter- 
 rupted space between the 30th and 30th 
 parallels of north latitude, called the 
 Sarsasso Sea, and are also plentiful in 
 the Gulf-stream, whence the name. The 
 S. bacciferum has its specific name from 
 the numerous grapelike air-vessels by 
 which the plant is buoyed. It was first 
 ai<rovered by Columbus. 
 artJLFY, grulf 1, adj. full of gulfs or whirl- 
 pools. 
 
 To Dass the qvlfy purple sea that did no sea-rites 
 Know. — dhapmnn. 
 
 GUL-GUL, gul'-gul, n. a sort of chunam or 
 cement made of pounded sea-shells mixed 
 with oil, which hardens like a stone, and 
 is put over a ship's bottom in India, so 
 that worms cannot penetrate even when 
 the copper is ofl". [Native name.] 
 
 OtJLIELMA, goo'li-el-ma, n. a genus of 
 South American palms, of which G. spe- 
 eiosa or peach-palm is "Cultivated on the 
 banks of the Amazon and Rio Negro, 
 supplying the natives with food and 
 other necessaries. It grows to the height 
 of 60 or 80 feet. [After Queen Caroline 
 WUhelmine, wife of Maximilian I. of Bar 
 varia.] 
 
 OULL, gul, n. a web-footed sea-fowl, named 
 from its loailing cry. [Corn, gullan, W. 
 gwylan, Bret, gwelan — Bret, gwela, to 
 weep, to cry.] 
 
 OULL. gul, v.t. to beguile : to deceive. — n. 
 a trick : one easily cheated. [Same word 
 as giiU, a sea-fowi, the bird bemg thought 
 stupidj 
 
 GULLET, gul'et, n. the throat : the pass- 
 age in the neck by which food is taken 
 into the stomach. [Fr. goulet, the gullet, 
 dim. of O. Fi'. gotUe, Fr. gueule — L. gula, 
 the throat.] 
 
 "iULLIBLE, gul'i-bl, adj. easily gulled or 
 deceived. — n. GULLIBIL'lTT. 
 
 UULLY, gul'i, n. a gullet or channel worn 
 by running- water. — v.t. to wear a gully 
 or channel in. [A form of Gtjllet. J 
 
 GULP, gulp, v.t. to swallow eagerly or in 
 large draughts. [Dut. gulpeti, to swallow 
 eagerly, from Dut. giilp, agreat draught.] 
 
 GUM. gum, n. the flesh of the jaws which 
 surrounds the teeth. [A.S. goma; Ice. 
 gomr. Ger. gaumen, roof of the mouth, 
 palate.] 
 
 GUM. gum, n. a substance which exudes 
 from certain trees, and hardens on the 
 siu-face. — v.t. to smear or unite with 
 gum : — pr.p. gumm'ing ; pa.p. gummed'. 
 [Fr. gonime — L. gummi—tir. kom7ni.] 
 
 GUMBO, gum'bo, GOMBO, gom'bo, ;;.. the 
 name given in the Southern States to 
 Ochra or Okra, the pod of Hibiscus 
 escitlentus : a soup in which this fruit en- 
 ters largely as an ingredient ; also, a dish 
 made of young capsules of ochra, with 
 salt and pepper, stewed and served with 
 melted butter. 
 
 GUMBY. gum'bi, n. a kind of drum used 
 by the negroes of the West Indies, made 
 out of a piece of a hollow tree, about 6 
 feet long, with a skin braced over it. It 
 IS carried by one man while another beats 
 :t with his open hands. " A squad of 
 drunken black vagabonds, singing and 
 plaving on gitmbies, or African drums." 
 ~.Vidi. Scott. 
 mMMIFEROUS, gum-ifer-us, adj., pro- 
 dnciitfj gum. [L. gununi, and fero, to 
 bear, to produce.] 
 
 aUlVDIOUS, gum'us, GUMSr?, gum'i, adj. 
 consisting of or resembling guvi : pro- 
 ducing or covered with gum. — n. Gcmm'- 
 INESS. [L. gummosiis.] 
 
 GUN. gun, 11. a firearm or weapon, from 
 whicn balls or other projectiles are dis- 
 (^harged, usually by means of gunpow- 
 
 N 
 
 der : now, generally applied to cannon. 
 [Ety. dub. ; perh. from W. gimi, a bowl, 
 gim.] 
 
 GUN-BARREL, gun'-bar'el, n. the barrel 
 or tube of a gun. 
 
 GUNBOAT, gunliOt, n. a boat or small 
 vessel of light draught, fitted to carry 
 one or more guns. 
 
 GUN-CARRIAGE, gun'-kar'ij, n. a carriage 
 on which a gun or cannon is supported. 
 
 GUN-COTTON, gun'-kot'n, n. a highly 
 explosive substance produced bv <=oaking 
 cotton or any vegetable fibre \n nitric 
 and sulphuric acids, and then leaving it 
 to dry. It has about four times the ex- 
 plosive force of gunpowder, and is occa^ 
 sionally used as a substitute for it. 
 Gun-cotton explodes without smoke, and 
 does not foul the piece, but when confined 
 in the bore of a rifle it occa.sionally bursts 
 the barrel. By dissolving it in a mixture 
 of rectified ether and alcohol, collodion 
 is obtained. 
 
 GUNNAGE, gun'aj, n. the number of guns 
 carried by a ship of war. 
 
 GUNNER, grun'er, n. one who works a gun 
 or cannon : {naut.) a petty officer who 
 has charge of the ordnance on board ship. 
 
 GUNNERY, gun'er-i, n. the art of manag- 
 ing griois, or the science of artillery. 
 
 GUIWY, gun'i, n. a strong coarse cloth 
 manufactured in India from jute, and 
 used as sacking. [Prob. a native word.] 
 
 GUNPOWDER, gun'pow-der, n. an explo- 
 sive powder used for guns and firearms. 
 
 GUNSHOT, gun'shot, n. the distance to 
 which sliot can be thrown from a gun. — 
 adj. caused by the shot of a giin. 
 
 GUNSMITH, gun'smith, n. asmith or work- 
 man who makes or repairs guns or small- 
 arms. 
 
 GUNSTOCK, g^n'stok, n. the stock or piece 
 of wood on which the barrel of a gun is 
 fixed. 
 
 GUNTER'S CHAIN, gun'terz chan, the 
 chain in common use for measuring land, 
 having a length of 66 feet, or 23 yai'ds, 
 or 4 poles, of 5i yt vds each ; and it is 
 divided into 100 links ">f 'I''93 inches each, 
 100,000 square links make one acre. 
 [After Edmund Gunter, the inventor.] 
 
 GUNTER'S LINE, gun'terz lin, (a) a log- 
 arithmic line on Gunter's scale, used 
 for performing the multiplication and 
 division of numbei's mechanically by the 
 dividers — called also Line of Likes and 
 Line of Numbees : (6) a sliding scale cor- 
 responding to logarithms for performing 
 these operations by inspection without 
 dividers — called also Guntee's Slidino- 
 rule. 
 
 GUNTER'S QUADRANT, gun'terz kwod- 
 rant, a quadrant made of wood, brass, or 
 other substance, being a kind of stereo- 
 graphic projection on the plane of the 
 equator, the eye being supposed in one 
 of the poles. It is used to find the hour 
 of the day, the sun's azimuth, etc., as 
 also to take the altitude of an object in 
 degrees. 
 
 GUNTER'S SCALE, gun'terz skal, a large 
 
 Ehiin scale having various lines upon it, 
 oth natural and logarithmic, of great 
 use in solving mechanically by means of 
 a slider problems in navigation and sur- 
 veying. It is usually 3 feet long, and 
 about H inch broad. 
 
 GUNWALE, gun'el, n. the umle or upper 
 edge of a ship's side next to the bulwarlcs, 
 so called because the upper guns are 
 pointed from it. [See Wale.] 
 
 GUP, GUP-SHUP, gup, gup'-shup, n. in 
 British India, gossip : tattle : topics of 
 the time and place : current rumors. 
 
 GURGLE, gur'gl, v.i. to flow in an irregu- 
 lar noisy current, as water from a bottle : 
 to make a bubbling sound. [Through an 
 
 It. gorgogliare. from the same root as 
 GcROE ; cf. Gargle.] 
 
 GURNET, gur'net, GURNARD, gur'nard, 
 n. a kind of fish. [Supposed to be so 
 called from the sound it makes when 
 taken out of the water ; from O. Fr. gour 
 nauld — Fr. grogner, to grunt — li. gnm 
 nio, to grunt.] 
 
 GUSH, gush, v.i. to flow out with violence 
 or copiously. — n. that which flows out : 
 a violent issue of a fluid. [From a Teut. 
 root, found in Ice. gusa. to gush, A.S. 
 geotan, Ger. giessen, akin to Gr. cheo, to 
 pourj 
 
 GUSHING, gush'ing, adj. rushing forth 
 with violence, as a liquid : flowing co- 
 piouslv : effusive. — adv. Gush'inqly. 
 
 GUSSET, gus'et, n. the piece of cloth in a 
 shirt which covers the armpit : an angu- 
 lar piece of cloth inserted in a garment 
 to strengthen some part of it. [Fr. goits- 
 set, armpit, gusset — gousse, It. giiscio. a 
 pod, husk ; from the fancied Ukeness of 
 the armpit to the hollow husk of a bean 
 or pea.] 
 
 GUST, gust, n. a sudden blast of wind : a 
 violent burst of passion. [Ice. gitstr, 
 blast, from root of GuSH.] 
 
 GUST, gust, GUSTO, gust'o, n. sense of 
 pleasure of tasting ; relish : gratification. 
 [L. gusttis, taste ; akin to Gr. geuo, to 
 
 GUSTATORY, gust'a-tor-i, adj. pertaining 
 to, or tending to please the taste. 
 
 GUSTFUL, gust' tool, adj. attended with 
 gusts : gusty. "A gustful April morn." 
 — Tennyson. 
 
 GUSTY, gust'i, adj. stormy : tempestuous. 
 — n. GUST'INESS. 
 
 GUT, gut, n. the intestinal canal. — v.t. to 
 take out the bowels of : to plunder : — 
 pr.p. gutt'ing ; pa.p. gutt'ed. [A.S. gut, 
 the orig. sense being channel ; cf. A.S. 
 geotan, to pour, Prov. E. gut, a drain, 
 O. Dut. gate, a channel.] 
 
 GUTTA-PERCHA, gut'a-perch'a, n. the 
 solidified juice of various trees in the 
 Malayan islands. [Malay, gatah, guttah, 
 gum. percha, the tree producing it.] 
 
 GUTTER, g^t'er, «. a channel at the eaves 
 of a roof for conveying away the drops: 
 a channel for water. — v.t. to cut or form 
 into small hollows. — v.i. to become hol- 
 lowed : to run down in drops, as a can- 
 dle. [Fr. gouttiire — goutte — L. gutta. a 
 drop. J 
 
 GUTTURAL, gut'ur-al, adj. pertaining to 
 the throat: formed in the throat. — n. 
 (grra?n.) a letter pronounced in the throat. 
 — adv. Gtnr'URAiiLY. [L. guttur, the 
 throat.] 
 
 GUY, gi, n. {7iaut.) a rope to guide or 
 steady any suspended weight. [Sp. guia, 
 a guide ; from the same source as Guide.] 
 
 GUY, gi, n. an effigy of Guy Fawkeg, 
 dressed up grotesquely on the day of the 
 Gunpowder plot : an odd figure. 
 
 GUZZLE, guz'l, v.i. to eat and drink with 
 haste and greediness. — I'.t. to swallow 
 with exceeding relish. — n. Guzz'ler. [O. 
 Fr. des-gouzUler, to swallow down — 
 gosior, the throat.] 
 
 GUZZLE, guz'l, n. an insatiable thing or 
 person ; 
 
 That senseless, sensual epicure. 
 That sink of filth, that guzzle most impure. 
 
 — ilarstcrti: 
 
 a debauch, especially on drink: drink', 
 intoxicating liquors ; "Sealed Winchest- 
 ers of threepenny gri'zz'e." — Toiti Brovrn 
 GYMNASIUM, jim-na'zi-um, n. (orig.) a 
 place where atliletic exercises were prac 
 ticed naked: a school for gymnastics : a 
 school for the higher brandies of litera- 
 ture and science :— p^ Gymnasia, jim- 
 na'zi-a. [L. — Gr. gymnasion — gymnazo 
 to exercise — gymnos, naked.]
 
 GYMNAST 
 
 JIO 
 
 HAGGARD 
 
 GYJINAST, jimnast, n. one who teaches 
 or practices gymnastics. [Fr. gymnasfe — 
 Gr. gymna-stes.] 
 
 GYMXASTIC, jim-nas'tik, GY.MXASTIC- 
 AL. jim-nas'tik-al, adj. pertaining to 
 athletic exercises. — n.pl. used as sing. 
 Gymxas'tics, athletic exercises, the art 
 of performing- athletic exercises. — adv. 
 Gtmxas'ticallt. [L. gymnasticus — Gr. 
 gymiiastikos, relating to gymnastics. 
 See Gymxasicii.] 
 
 GYMNOSOPHIST, jim-nos'of-ist, n. one of 
 a sect of Indian philosophers who lived 
 an ascetic life and went 7iaked. [Gr. 
 gymnos. naked, sophos. wise.] 
 
 GYN.-EOLATRY. GENEOLATRY. jin-e- 
 ol'a-tri. n. the extravagant adoration or 
 worship of woman. J. S. Lowell. [Gr. 
 gyne. a woman, and latreia, worship.] 
 
 6YNARCHY, jin'ar-ki, w.. government hy 
 a female. [Gr. ffyne, a woman, arche, 
 rule.] 
 
 GYNECOCRACY, jin-e-kok-ra-si, GYXE- 
 OCRASY. jin-e-ok'ra-si, n., government 
 by women. [Gr. gyne, a woman, krateo, 
 to rule.] 
 
 GYKETHUSIA, jin-e-thu'si-a. n. the sacri- 
 fice of women. ''A kind of Snttee-gyne- 
 thitsia, as it has been termed." — Archce- 
 ologia. 1868. [Gr. gyne, a woman, and 
 thiisia, a sacrifice, an offering.] 
 
 GY'P. jip, )i. at Cambridge, a college serv- 
 ant. 
 
 GY'^PSEOUS, jip'se-us, adj. of or resem- 
 bling gypsum. 
 
 GYPSUM, jip'sum, n. sulphate of lime ; 
 when calcined it ib plastee of Paris. 
 [L. — Gr. gt/psos, chalK.J 
 
 GYPSY. See Gipsy. 
 
 GYRATE, ji'rat. v.i. to whirl round a cen- 
 tral point: to move spirally. — adj. (bot.) 
 winding round. [L. gyro, gyratum, to 
 move in a circle.] 
 
 GYRATION, jl-ra'shun, n. act of whirling 
 round a central point : a spiral motion. 
 
 GY'RATIONAL. jl-ra'shun-al, adj. of, per- 
 taining to, 01 characterized by gyration ; 
 as. the gyrational movements" of the 
 planets. R. A. Proctor. 
 
 GYRATORY, jl'ra-tor-i, adj. moving in a 
 circle. 
 
 GYRE, jlr, n. a circular motion. [L. gyrus 
 — Gr. gyros, a ring, round.] 
 
 GYRFALCON. GIERFALCON, jer'faw-kn, 
 ;/. a large falcon, found in the northern 
 regions of both the Old and New Worlds. 
 [Low L. gyrofalco : from G«r. geier (O. 
 Ger. giri, voracious), a vulture, and falke, 
 falcoLi.] 
 
 GYROJIANCY, ji'ro-man-si, n., diinnation 
 by walking in a circle. [Gr. gyros, a cir- 
 cle, and manteia. divination.] 
 
 GYROSCOPE, ii'ro-skop, n. an apparatus, 
 consisting of a rotating disc mounted by 
 very accurately fitted pivots in a ring or 
 rings, also rotating in different ways, for 
 illustrating vai-ious properties of rotation 
 and the composition of rotations. By 
 means of this instrument the rotation 
 of the earth on its axis can be ocularly 
 demonstrated. [Gr gyros, a circle, and 
 skopeo. to view.] 
 
 GYROSTAT, jl'ro-stat. n. a modification 
 of the gyroscope, devised by Sir W. 
 
 \ Thomson to illustrate the dynamics of 
 rotating rigid bodies. It consists essen- 
 tially of a fly-wheel with a massive rim, 
 fixed on the middle of an axis which can 
 rotate oi, fine steel pivots inside a rigid 
 case. [Gr. gyros, a circle, and statikos, 
 stationary.] 
 
 GYVE, jiv, n. a fetter, esp. one to confine 
 the legs — used commonly in pi. — v.t. to 
 , fetter. [W gefyn, fetters.] 
 
 H 
 
 HA, ha, int. denoting surprise, joy, or 
 grief ; and, when repeated, laughter. 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 HAAF, haf, n. Shetland fishing ground. — 
 Haaf-fishin'G, the term used in Shetland 
 to denote the deep-sea fishing for ling, 
 cod, tusk, etc. [Ice. haf, the sea ; Ger. 
 haff. hav. gulf.] 
 
 HABAKKUK, ha-bak'kook, n. the name 
 of one of the books of the Old Testament. 
 Habakkuk was the eighth of the twelve 
 minor prophets, and his prophecy is ad- 
 mired for its elevated, religious, lyrical 
 style. 
 
 HABEAS-CORPUS. ha'be-as-kor'pus, n. a 
 writ to a jailer to produce the body of one 
 detained in prison and to state the reasons 
 of such detention, that the court may 
 judge of their sufficiency. [Lit. have the 
 body, from L. habeo, toliave, and corpus, 
 the body.] 
 
 HABENDUM, ha-ben'dum, n. in law, that 
 clause of a deed which determines the 
 estate or interest granted by the deed. 
 [L.. a thin g to be possessed.] 
 
 H.\BERDASHER, hab'er-dash-er, n. a sell- 
 er of small-wares, as ribbons, tape, etc. 
 [O. Fr. hapertas : of uncertain origin.] 
 
 HABERDASHERY', hab'er-dash-er-i, n. 
 goods sold by a haberdasher. 
 
 HABERGEOJf, ha-ber'je-un. n. a piece of 
 armor to defend the neck and breast. 
 [Fr. haiibergeon, dim. of O. Fr. hauberc. 
 See Hauberk.] 
 
 HABILABLE, ha'bil-a-bl, adj. capable of 
 being clothed. "The whole habitable 
 and liabilable globe." — Carlyle. 
 
 HABILATORY. ha'bil-a-tor-i. adj. per- 
 taining or relating to habiUments or 
 clothing. " The ai-cana of habilatory 
 art." — Ld. Lytton. "For indeed is not 
 the dandj' culottic, habilatory, by way of 
 existence ; a cloth-animal ? '" — Carlyle. 
 
 HABILIMENT, ha-bil'i-ment, n. a gar- 
 ment : — ph clothing, dress. [Fr. habille- 
 ment — habiller, to dress — L. habilis, fit, 
 ready — habeo.] 
 
 HABIT, hab'it, n. ordinary course of con- 
 duct : tendencj' to perform certain ac- 
 tions : general condition or tendency, 
 as of the body : practice : custom : out- 
 ward appearance, dress : a garment, esp. 
 a tight-fitting dress, with a skirt, worn 
 by ladies on horseback. — v.t. to dress: — 
 pr.p. hab'iting ; jxi.pi. hab'ited. [Tr. — 
 L. habitus, state, dress — habeo, to nave, 
 to be in a condition.] 
 
 HABITABLE, hab'it-a-bl, adj. that may be 
 dwelt in. — adv. Hab'it ably. — n. Hab'it- 
 ABLENESS. [Fr. — L. habitabilis — habito, 
 habitatus, to inhabit, freq. of habeo, to 
 have.] 
 
 HABITAT, hab'it-at, n. (nat. hist, and bot.) 
 the natural abode or locality of an ani- 
 mal or plant. [3d pers. sing. pres. ind. 
 of L. habito.] 
 
 HABITATION, liah-i-ta'shun, ?;. act of in- 
 habiting or dwelling- : a dwelling or resi- 
 dence. [Fr. — L. habitatio — habito.] 
 
 HABITUAL, ha-bit'u-al, adj. formed or ac- 
 quired by habit or frequent use : custom- 
 ary. — adv. Habit'ually. [Low L. habitu- 
 al'is — L. habitus.] 
 
 HABITUATE, ha-bit'u-at, v.t. to cause to 
 acquire a habit : to accustom. [L. habi- 
 tuo, habituatiim — habitus, held in a state 
 or condition.] 
 
 HABITUDE, hab'i-tud, n. tendency from 
 acquiring a habit : usual manner. [L. 
 habitudn — habeo.] 
 
 HABITUfi, a-be-tu-a, n. a habitual fre- 
 quenter of any place, esp. one of amuse- 
 ment, recreation, etc. [Fr., pp. of habit- 
 uer, to accustom.] 
 
 HACK, hak, v.t. to cut : to chop o. man- 
 gle : to notch. — n. a cut made by hack-> 
 ing. — Hacking cough, a broken, trouble, 
 some cough. [A.S. haccan ; Dnt. hakken, 
 •ind Ger. hacken. See Hash.] 
 
 HACK, hak, n. a hackney, esp. a poor and 
 jaded one : any person overworked on 
 hire : a literary drudge. — adj. hackney, 
 hired. — v.t. to offer for hire: to use 
 roughly. [Contr. of Hackney ; ef. Cab.] 
 
 HACKLE, hak'l, n. an instrument with 
 hooks or iron teeth for sorting hemp or 
 flax : any flimsy substance unspun : a 
 feather in a cock's neck: a hook and fiy 
 for angling, dressed with this feather. 
 [Dut. hekel, dim. of haak, a hook ; akin 
 to Ger. hechel — haken, E. Hook.] 
 
 HACKLE, hak'l, v.t. to dress with a 
 hackle, as flax : to tear rudely asunder. 
 
 HACKLET, hak'let, n. a marine bii-d : 
 prob. one of the shear- waters. ' " The 
 choughs cackled, the hacklets wailed." 
 — Kingsley. 
 
 HACKLOG, hak'log, n. a chopping-block. 
 "A kind of editorial hacklog on which 
 ... to chop straw." — Carlyle. 
 
 HACKLY, hak'li, adj. rough and broken, 
 as if hacked or chopped : {viin.) covered 
 with sharp points. 
 
 HACKNEY, hak'ni, n. a horse for general 
 use, esp. for hire. — v.t. to carry in a 
 hackney-coach: to use much : to make 
 commonplace. [Fi\ haqtietiee — Dut. 
 hakke-nei, an ambling nag ; prob. from 
 hakken (E. Hack, to cut), and negge (E. 
 Nag, a small horse).] 
 
 HACKNEY, hak'ni, HACKNEYED, hak'- 
 nid, adj. let out for hire : devoted to 
 common use : much used. 
 
 HACKNEY-COACH, hak'ni -koch, n. a 
 coach let out for hire. 
 
 HAD, pa.t. and pa. p. of Have: (B.) = 
 held. Acts xxv. 26. [Contr. from AS 
 hafed. hiifd = haved.] 
 
 HADDOCK, had'uk, n. a sea-fish of the 
 cod family. [Ety. dub.; cf. W. hadog, 
 prolific — had, seed ; perh. from Low L. 
 gadus, cod — Gr. gados, and dim. termi- 
 nation ock.] 
 
 HADES, ha'dez, n. the unseen world : the 
 abode of the dead. [Gr. haides, hades — 
 prob. from a, priv., and idein, to see, 
 " The Unseen."] 
 
 H^SL\L, HEMATITE, etc. See Hemal, 
 Hematite. 
 
 H^MATOCRYA, he - ma - tok'ri - a, n.pl. 
 Pi'of. Owen's name for the cold-blooded 
 vertebrates, which include the fishes, 
 amphibians, and reptiles. [Gr. hainia. 
 haimatos. blood, and cryos, cold.] 
 
 H^MATOCRYAL, he-ma-tok'ri-al, adj. is 
 zool. pertaining or belonging to the 
 Hrematocrva : cold-blooded. 
 
 H^MATOTHERMA, he-ma - to - ther'ma, 
 n.pl. Prof. Owen's name for the warm- 
 blooded vertebrates, which include the 
 mammals and birds. [Gr, haima, haima- 
 tos. hlood, and thermos, warm.] 
 
 H^JL\T0THERJL\L. hf-ma-to-ther'raai, 
 adj. in zool. pertaining or belonging to 
 the Htematotherma : warm-blooded. 
 
 HEMOGLOBIN, he-mo-glob'in, n. thfi 
 coloring matter of the blood. [Gr 
 haima, blood. L. globu.-i, a round body.' 
 
 H..^:M0RRHAGE, etc. See Hesiorrhage 
 
 HAFT, haft, n. a handle. [A.S. hceft 
 from the root of have; cog. with Dut. 
 and Ger. heft.] 
 
 HAG, hag, n. an ugly old woman : (orig.; 
 a witcli. [Shortened from A.S. hoeg^ 
 tesse, a witch or fury ; Ger, and Dan. 
 hexe: perh. conn, with Ice. hagr, wise, or 
 with A.S. haga, a hedge, because ^yitches 
 were thought to frequent bushes.] 
 
 HAGGARD, hag'ard: adj., wild, apphedto 
 an untrained hawk. [Fr. — Ger. hager,. 
 lean — hag, a thicket.]
 
 HAGGARD 
 
 211 
 
 HALSER 
 
 HAGGARD, ha^'ard, cidj. lean : hollow- 
 eyed. — adi'. Hagg'akdly. [Lit. #' hag- 
 like." See Hag.] 
 
 HAGGIS, hag'is, n. a Scotch dish raade of 
 different parts of sheep or lamb chopped 
 up with suet, onions, oatmeal, etc., and 
 boiled in a sheep's maw. [Scot, hag, to 
 chop, E. Hack; of. Fr. hachis, from 
 hacher.] 
 
 IIAQGISH. haglsh, a4j. hag-like.— «dr. 
 Hago'ishly. 
 
 HAGGLE, hag'l, v.t. to cut unskillfuUy : to 
 mangle. [EYeq. of BLACK, to cut.] 
 
 HAGGLE, hag'l, v.i. to be slow and hard 
 in making a bargain : to stick at trifles. 
 — n. Hagg'Ler. [Prob. same as above.] 
 
 HAGIOGRAPHA, hag- or ha-ji-og'raf-a, 
 HAGIOGRAPHY, hag- or ha-ji-og'raf-i, 
 n.pl. the last of the three Jewish di\asions 
 of the Old Testament, comprehending the 
 books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Daniel, 
 Ezra, Nehemiah, Ruth, Esther, Chron., 
 Cant., Lament., Eccles. — adj. Hagiog'- 
 HAPHAL. [Gr. hagiographa (biblia) — 
 hagioa. holy, grapho, to write.] 
 
 HAGIOGRAPHER, hag- or ha-ji-og'raf-er, 
 ■(. one of the writers of the Hagiographa, 
 1 sacred writer. 
 
 HAGIOlOGY, hag- or ha-ji-ol'oj-i, n. his- 
 tory of saints. [Gr. hagios, holy, and 
 logos, discourse.] 
 
 HAGWEED, hag wed, n. the common 
 liroom, in allusion to the popular super- 
 titioa that hags or witches rode through 
 fhe air on broom-sticks. 
 For awful covej^s of terrible things . . . 
 On haguved broom-sticks, and leathern wlngs^ 
 Are hovering round the hut. — Hood. 
 
 HAH, ha, int. same as Ua. 
 
 HAHA. haha', n. same as Hawhaw. 
 
 ilAIL. hal, int. or imp. (tit.) may you be in 
 health. [Ice. heill, hale, healthy, much 
 used in greeting. See Hale, Healthy, 
 Heal, and Whole.] 
 
 tlAIL, hal, v.t. to greet : to call to, at a 
 distance : to address one passing. [Same 
 word as above.] 
 
 HAIL, hill, n. frozen rain or particles of ice 
 falling from the clouds. — «.<. to rain hail. 
 [M. E. hawel — A.S. hagal ; Ger. hagd, 
 and in most other Teut. languages.] 
 
 HAILSHOT, hal'shot, n. smaU shot which 
 S(.-atters like hail. 
 
 HAILSTONE, hal'ston, n. a single stone or 
 hall of hail. 
 
 HAIR, har, n. a filament growing from the 
 skin of an animal : the whole mass of 
 liairs which forms a covering for the head 
 r the whole body : (pot.) minute hair- 
 like processes on the cuticle of plants: 
 anything very small and fine. — adj. 
 Hair'less. [A.S. hcer, a common Teut. 
 word.] 
 
 HAIRBREADTH, har^redth, HAIR'S- 
 BREADTH, harz'-bredth, n. the breadth 
 of a hair : a very small distance. 
 
 HAIRCLOTH, harTtloth, n. cloth made 
 partly or entirely of hair. 
 
 HAIR-PENCIL, har'-pen'sil, n. an artist's 
 brush made of a few fine hairs. 
 
 HAIR-POWDER, har'-pow'der, n. a white 
 powder for dusting the hair. 
 
 HAIR-SPLITTER, har'-split-er, n. one 
 given to hair-splitting or m.iking nice 
 distinctions in reasoning. "The cavil- 
 ling hair-splitter." — De Quincey. 
 
 HAIR-SPLITTING, liar'-split'ing, n. the 
 art of making minute distinctions. 
 
 HAIRSPRINGj har'spring, u. a very fine 
 /iOiclike spring on the oalance-wheel of 
 a watch, 
 
 nviRSTROKE, har'strSk, n. in writing, a 
 stroke or line as fine as a hair. 
 
 HAIR-TRIGGER, har'-trig'er, n. a trig- 
 ger which discharges a gim or pistol by 
 a hairlike spring. 
 
 HAIRWORM, hilr'wurm, n. a worm, like a 
 
 horse-hair, which lives in the bodies of 
 
 certain insects. • 
 
 HAIRY, har'i, adj. of or resembling hair : 
 covered with hair. — n. Hatr'iness. 
 
 HAKE, hak, HAKOT, hak'ut, n. a sea-fish 
 of the cod family. [Lit. the "hooked 
 fish," A.S. hacod, Norw. hake-Jlsk, Ger. 
 hechf, a pike.] 
 
 HALBERD, hal berd, ??. apohaxe: a weapon 
 consisting of an axe and heavy dagger 
 fixed on a, pole. [Fr. hallebarde — O. Ger. 
 helmbarte (Ger. hellebarte), the long-han- 
 dled axe, from O. Ger. halm, a handle, 
 barte, an axe.] 
 
 HALBERDIER, hal-berd-er', n. one armed 
 with a halberd. 
 
 HALCYON, hal'si-un, n. the kingfisher, a 
 bird that was once believed to make a 
 floating nest on the sea, which remained 
 calm while it was hatching. — adj. calm : 
 peaceful : happy. — Hence Halcyon-DAYS, 
 a time of peace and happiness. [L. — 
 Gr. alkyon, halkyon ; the fancied ety., 
 with which the fable is associated, is from 
 hals, the sea, and 7«/o, to conceive, to 
 breed ; true ety. dub., prob. correctly 
 spelt alkyon without an aspirate, and 
 conn, with aloedo, the true L. name for 
 the bird.] 
 
 HALE, hal. adj., healthy: robust : sound of 
 body. [M. E. heil — Ice. heill ; cog. with 
 Whole.] 
 
 HALE, hal, v.t. to drag. [A variant of 
 Haul.] 
 
 HALF, haf (pi. HALVES, havz), n. one of 
 two equal parts : an English schoolboys' 
 term for a session ; a contraction ot half- 
 year; the term between vacations. " It's 
 a jolly time, too, getting to the end of 
 the half."' — T. Hughes. — adj. ha\'ing or 
 consisting of one of two equal parts : be- 
 ing in part : incomplete, as measures. 
 — adv. in an equal part or degree : in 
 part : imperfectly. [A.S. healf, half; 
 the word is found in all the Teut. lan- 
 guages; there is also a parallel form healf, 
 sig. side or part, which may have been 
 the original meaning. See Behalf.] 
 
 HALF-BAKED, haf'-bakt, adj. not thor- 
 oughly baked ; hence, raw : inexperi- 
 enced : silly. " He treated his cousin as 
 a sort of harmless lunatic, and, as they 
 say in Devon, half-baked." — Kingsley. 
 
 HALF-BLOOD, haf-blud, n. relation be- 
 tween those who are of the game father 
 or mother, but not of both. 
 
 HALF-BLOODED, haf - blud'ed, HALF- 
 BREED, haf-bred, adj. produced from a 
 male and female of different blood or 
 breeds. 
 
 HALF-BRED, h5f'-bred, adj.. half or not 
 well bred or trained : wanting m refine- 
 ment. 
 
 HALF-BROTHER, haf-brnf/i'er, HALF- 
 SISTER, haf'-sis'ter, n. a brother orsister 
 liy one parent only. 
 
 HALF-CASTE, haf'kast, n. a person one 
 of whose parents belongs to a Hindu 
 caste, and the other is a European. 
 
 HALF-COCK, hafntok, n. the position of 
 the cock of a gun when retained by the 
 first notch. 
 
 HALFLING, hSfning, n. a halfpenny : the 
 half of an old silver penny. " Not a sil- 
 verpenny, not a halfling." — Sir XV. Scott. 
 
 HALF-MO"ON, hfifmSon, n. the moon at 
 the quarters when but half of it is illum- 
 inated : anything semicircular. 
 
 HALF-PAY, haf'pa, n. reduced pay, as of 
 naval or militarv officei-s. 
 
 HALFNESS, haf nes, n. the state ot being 
 in halves : the being or acting in a con- 
 dition or manner no"t nearly so complete 
 or thorough as required, desired, or ex- 
 ppctfd. Emerson. 
 
 HALFPENNY, ha'pen-i (pi. Halfpence, 
 hftfpens or ha'pens), n. a copper coin 
 
 worth half a penny: the value of half a 
 penny.—)). HALF'PENKYWORTH,the u-orth 
 or value of a halfpenny. 
 
 HALF-ROUND, hafround, n. in arch, a 
 moulding whose profile is a semicircle. 
 It may be either a bead or a torus : a 
 hemisphere. " This fair half-round, this 
 ample azure sky." — Prior. 
 
 HALF-TINT, haf'tint, n. an intermediate 
 tint. 
 
 HALF-TRUTH, hfif'-trooth, n. a propo-' 
 sition or statement only pai-tially true, 
 or that only conveys part of the truth : 
 a statement not "wholly true. E. B. 
 Brcnming. 
 
 HALF-WAY, haf-wa, adv. athalf the way 
 or distance: imperfectly. — adj. equally 
 distant from two points. 
 
 HALF-WITTED, haf'-wit'ed, adj. weak in 
 v~it or intellect : sillv. 
 
 HALF-YEARLY, haf-yer-li, adj. occurring 
 at everj' half-year or twice in a year. — 
 adv. twice in a vear. 
 
 HALIBUT, hal'i-but, «. the largest kind of 
 flat fishes. [M.E. hali, holy, and butte, 
 a flounder, plaice, the fish being much 
 eaten on fast- or holy-days ; cf. Dut< 
 heilbot, Grer. heilbutf.] 
 
 HALITE, hallt, n. common salt when in 
 the form of rock-salt. [Gr. hals, salt, 
 and lithos, sto ne.] 
 
 HALITHERIUM, ha-li-the'ri-um, n. a fossil , 
 cetaceous animal of the order Sirenia, and 
 closely allied to the dugongs or sea-cows. 
 Its remains are found in the tertiary 
 system. [Gr. hals, halos, the sea, and 
 therion, abeast.] 
 
 HALL, hawl, n. a large room or passage 
 at the entrance of a house : a large 
 chamber for public business : an edifice 
 in which courts of justice are held : a 
 manor-house (so called because courts 
 of justice used to be held in them) : the 
 edifice of a college : at Oxford, an unen- 
 dowed college : at Cambridge, a college. 
 [A.S. heal, a word found in most Teut. 
 languages, which has also passed into 
 Fr. halle, from the root of A.S. helan, to 
 cover ; allied to L. cella ; not conn, with 
 
 HALLELUIAH, HALLELUJAH, hal-e- 
 loo'j'a, n. an expression of praise. [Heb. 
 "Praise ye Jehovah," 7ia?e77(, praise ye, 
 and Jah. Jehovah. God.] 
 
 HALLIARD. See Halyard. 
 
 HALL-JIARK, hawl'-mark, n. the mark 
 made on plate at Goldsmiths' Hall to 
 show its purity. 
 
 HALLOO, nal-loo', iy\t., n. a hunting cry: 
 a cry to draw attention. — v.i. to crj' after 
 dogs : to raise an outcry. — v.t. to encour- 
 age or chase with sliouts. [From the 
 sound, like~A..S. eald, Fr. halle ! Ger. haU 
 loh.-\ 
 
 HALLOW, hal'o, x\t. to make holy : to set 
 apart for religious use : to reverence. 
 [A.S. halgian, haligtin — haliq, holy; 
 conn, with Hale, Heal, Holy, Whoi.e.J 
 
 HALLOWEEN, hal'o-en, n. the evening be- 
 fore All-Hallows or All-Saints" -Day. 
 
 HALLOWMAS, hal'o-nias, n. the nwss or 
 feast of All-Halloirs. [ Hallow and Mass.] 
 
 HALLUCINATION, hal-lu-sin-a'shun, n. 
 error : delusion : (med.) perception of 
 things that do not exist. [L. hallucina 
 tio--halluHnor, alueinor, -atvm, to wan 
 der in niindj 
 
 HALLUCINATORY, hal-lfi'sin-a-tor-i, adj 
 partaking of or tending to produce hal 
 hieination. 
 
 HALO, ha'lo, n. a luminous circle round 
 the sun or«moon, caused by the refrac- 
 tion of light through mist:' (paint.) the 
 bright ring round the heads of holy per- 
 sons:— ^j?. Halos. ha'Ioz. [L. halos — Gr 
 halos. a round thi-asliin^floor.] 
 
 HALSER, hawz'er, n. see Hawser.
 
 HALT 
 
 212 
 
 HARANGUE 
 
 HALT, hawlt, v.t. (mil.) to cause to cease 
 marching. — v.i. to stop from going on : 
 (mil.) to stop in a march : to Ump : (B.) 
 to be in doubt : to hesitate : to walk 
 lamely. — adj. lame. — n. a stopping: (mil.) 
 a stop in marching. [A.S. healt ; Ice. 
 haltr, Dan. and Swed. halt.] 
 
 HALTER, hawlt'er, n. a head-rope for 
 holding and leading a horse : a rope for 
 hanging criminals : a strong strap or 
 cord. — v.t. to catch or bind with a rope. 
 [A.S. healfter ; Ger. halfter ; the root is 
 uncertain.] 
 
 HALTING, hawlt'ing, adj. holding back : 
 stopping : hmping. — adv. Hai.t'ingly. 
 
 HALVE, hav, v.t. to divide into halves or 
 two equal parts. 
 
 HALVED, hiivd, adj. divided into halves: 
 (bot.) appearing as if one side were cut 
 away. 
 
 HALYARD, HALLIARD, hal'yard, n. 
 (naiit.) a rope by which yards, sails, 
 etc., are hauled or hoisted. [See Yard 
 and Hale, v.} 
 
 HAM, ham, n. the hind part or inner bend 
 of the knee : the thigh of au animal, esp. 
 of a hog salted and dried. [A.S. hamm; 
 Ger. hamnie, from root ham or kam, to 
 bend, Celt, cam, crooked, bent.] 
 
 HAMADRYAD, ham'a-dri-ad, n. (myth.) 
 a dryad or wood-nj'mph, who lived and 
 died along with the tree in which she 
 dwelt :—pl. Ham'adeyads and Hamadry'- 
 ADES (-ez). [Gr. hamadryas — hama, to- 
 gether, drys, a tree.] 
 
 HAMITIC, ham-it'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 Ham, a son of Noah, or to his descend- 
 ants. 
 
 HAMLET, hamlet, n. a cluster of houses 
 in the country : a small village. [O. Fr. 
 hamel (Fr. hameau), and dim. affix -et — 
 from the O. Ger. chain, Ger. heim, A.S. 
 ham, a dwelling ; E. home ; conn, also 
 with Gr. home, a village. See Home.] 
 
 HAMMER, ham'er, n. a tool for beating, 
 or driving nails : anything like a ham- 
 mer, as the part of a clock that strikes 
 the bell : the baton of an auctioneer. — 
 v.t. to drive or shape with a hammer : to 
 contrive by intellectual labor. [A.S. 
 hamor ; Ger. hammer. Ice. hamarr.\ 
 
 HAMMERCLOTH, ham'er-kloth, n. the 
 cloth which covers a coach-box. [An 
 adaptation of Dut. hemel, heaven, a cov- 
 ering ; Ger. himmel (Skeat).] 
 
 HAMMERMAN, ham'er-man, n. a man 
 who hammers. 
 
 HAJMMOCK, ham'uk, n. a piece of strong 
 cloth or nettiug suspended by the corners, 
 and used as a bed by sailors. [Hamaca, 
 an American Indian word, meaning a 
 net.] 
 
 HAMPER, ham'per, v.t. to impede or per- 
 plex : to shackle. — n. a chain or fetter. 
 [A corr. through M.E. hamelen and obs. 
 hamble from A.S. hamelian, to maim, the 
 root of which is seen in Goth, hanfs, 
 maimed, Scot, hummel cow, i.e. maimed, 
 deprived of its horns.] 
 
 HAMPER, ham'per, n. a large basket for 
 conveying goods. — v.t. to put in a ham- 
 per. rContr. from Hanaper.] 
 
 HAMSTER, ham'ster, n. a species of rat 
 provided with cheek-pouches. [Ger.] 
 
 HAMSTRING, ham'string, n. tlie .tiring or 
 tendon of the ham. — v.t. to lame by cut- 
 ting the hamstring. 
 
 HANAPER, han'a-per, n. a large strong 
 basket for packing goods, esp. crockery : 
 (orig.) a royal treasure-basket : a treasury 
 or exchequer. [Low L. hanaperium, a 
 large vessel for Keeping cii^s in — O. Fr. 
 hanap, a drinking-cup — O. Ger. hnapf, 
 Ger. napf, A.S. hnaip, a bowl.] 
 
 HAND, hand, n. the e.xtremity of the arm 
 below the wrist : that which does the 
 duty of a hand by pointing, as the hand of 
 
 a clock : the fore-foot of a horse : a 
 measure of four inches : an agent or 
 workman : performance : power or man- 
 ner of performing : skill : possession : 
 style of handwriting : side : direction. — 
 V.}. to give with the hand : to lead or 
 conduct : (naut.) to furl, as sails.— n. 
 Hand'er. — Hand down, to transmit in 
 succession. — Hand over head, rashly. — 
 Hand to mouth, without thought for the 
 future, precariously. — Off hand or Out 
 op hand, immediately. — To bear a hand, 
 make haste to help. [A.S. hand ; found 
 in all the Teut. languages, and perh. from 
 the base of A.S. hentan, Goth, hinthan, 
 
 to SPlZf I 
 
 HAND-BARROW, hand'-bar'o, n. a bar- 
 row, without a wheel, carried by the 
 hands of men. 
 
 HANDBILL, hand'bil, n. a bill or pruning- 
 liook used in the hand : a bill or loose 
 sheet, with some announcement. 
 
 HANDBOOK, hand'book, n. a manual or 
 book of reference for the hand : a guide- 
 book for travellers. 
 
 HANDBREADTH, hand'bredth, n. the 
 breadth of a hand : a palm. 
 
 HANDCART, hand'kart, »t. a small cart 
 drawn bv liand. 
 
 HANDCUFF, hand'kuf, n. a cuff or fetter 
 for the hand. — v.t. to put handcuffs on : 
 — pr.p. hand'cuffing ; pa.p. haad'cuffed 
 (-kuft). [A.S. handcosp,handcops — hand, 
 and cosj), a fetter, the latter being modi- 
 fied by confusion with Cuff.] 
 
 HANDFUL, hand'fool, 11. as much as fills 
 the hand: a small number or quantity: 
 —pi. Hand'fuls. 
 
 HANEMjALLOP, hand'-gal'up, n. an easy 
 gallop, in which the speed of the horse 
 is restrained by the hand pressing the 
 bridle. 
 
 HANDGLASS, hand'glas, n. a glass or 
 small glazed frame used to protect 
 plants, able to be lifted by the hand. 
 
 HAND-GRENADE, hand'-gre-nad', n. a 
 grenade to be thrown by the hand. 
 
 HANDICAP, hand'i-kap, ?;. a race in which 
 the horses carry different weights, or 
 are placed at different distances, or start 
 at different times, so tliat all shall have, 
 as nearly as possible, an equal chance of 
 winning. [Orig. applied to a method of 
 settling a bargain or exchange by arbi- 
 tration, in which each of the parties ex- 
 changing put his hand containing money 
 into a cap, while the terms of the award 
 were being stated, the award being set- 
 tled only if money was found in the 
 hands of both when the arbiter called 
 "Draw."] 
 
 HANDICRAFT, hand'i-kraft, n. a craft, 
 trade, or work performed bv the hand. 
 
 HANDICRAFTSMAN, hand'i-krafts-man 
 n. a man skilled in a handicraft or man- 
 ual occupation. 
 
 HANDIWORK, HANDYWORK, hand'i- 
 wurk, n. work done by the hands: work 
 of .skill or wisdom. [A.S. kandgeweorc — 
 hand, hand, and geweorc, another form of 
 weorc. work.] 
 
 HANDKERCHIEF, hang'ker-chif, n. a 
 piece of cloth for wiping the nose, etc.: 
 a neckerchief. [Hand and Kerchief.] 
 
 HANDLE, hand'l, v.t. to touch, hold, or 
 use with the hand : to make familiar by 
 frequent touching : to manage : to dis- 
 cuss : to practice. — v.i. to use the hands. 
 [A.S. handlian, from Hand.] 
 
 HANDLE, hand'l, n. that part of anything 
 held in the hand: (fig.) that of which use 
 is made : a tool. 
 
 HANDLESS, hand'les, adj. without hands. 
 
 HANDMAID, hand'mad, HANDSL4.IDEN, 
 hand'mad-n, n. a female servant. 
 
 HANDSEL, hand'sel, n. money for some- 
 thing sold given into the liands of an- 
 
 other : the first sale or using of any^ 
 thing : a first instalment or earnest : % 
 new-year's gift. — v.t. to give a handsel: 
 to use or do anything the first time. 
 [A.S. handselen, a giving into hands- 
 wand, and sellan, to give, whence Ej 
 sell] 
 
 HANDSOME, hand'sum or han'sum, adj\ 
 good-looking: with dignity: liberal ot] 
 noble : generous : ample.-^dt'. Hand'- 
 SOMELY. — n. Hand'someness. [Hand, 
 and affix some : Dut. handzaam, easily 
 handled.] 
 
 HANDSPIKE, hand'splk, n. a spike or bar 
 used with the hand as a lever. 
 
 HANDSTAVES,hand'stavz, n.pl. (B.) staves 
 for the hand, probablv javehns. 
 
 HANDWRITING, hand'rit-ing, ?(. the style 
 of writing peculiar to each hand or per- 
 son : writing. 
 
 HANDY, hand'l, adj. dexterous : ready to 
 the hand : convenient : near, [A.S. hen- 
 dig, from Hand ; Dut. handig, Dan. 
 hcendig.] 
 
 HANDYWORK. Same as Handiwork. 
 
 HANG, hang, i\t. to hook or fix to some 
 high point : to suspend : to decorate with 
 
 Eictures, etc., as a wall : to put to death 
 y suspending, and choking. — v.i. to be 
 hanging so as to allow of free motion : 
 to lean, or rest for support : to drag : to 
 hover or impend : to be in suspense : to 
 linger : — pr.p. hang'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 hanged' or hung. [A.S. hangian, causal 
 form of ho7i, pa.p. hangen ; Dut. and Ger, 
 hangen, Goth, liahan.] 
 
 HANGER, hang'er, n. that on which any- 
 thing is hung : a short sword, curved 
 near the point : one who places wall 
 paper, as paper-hanger. 
 
 HANGER-ON, hang'er-on, n. one who 
 hangs on or sticks to a person or place : 
 importunate acquaintance : a dependent. 
 
 HANGING, hang'ing, adj. deserving death 
 by hanging. — n. death by the halter: that 
 which is hung, as draperj', etc.: — used 
 chiefly in pi. — Hang-dog, adj. like a fel- 
 low that deserves hanging, as in "a 
 hang-dog look.'' 
 
 HANGMAN, hang'man, n. a public execu- 
 tioner. 
 
 HANK, hangk, n. (lit.) that by which any- 
 thing is hung or fastened: two or more 
 skeins of thread tied together. [Ice. 
 hanki, cord ; Ger. henkel, a handle, nen- 
 ken, to hang ; from root of Hang.] 
 
 HANKER, hangk'er, v.i. to long for with 
 eagerness and uneasiness : to linger 
 about. [A freq. of Hang, in the sense 
 of to hang on ; cf. Dut. hnnkeren.] 
 
 HANSEATIC, han-se-at'ik, adj. pertaining 
 to the Hanse cities of Germany, wliich 
 leagued together for protection about the 
 13th century. [O. Fr. hanse, league — O. 
 Ger. haiisa, troop, association.] 
 
 HANSOM-CAB, han'sum-kab, n. a light 
 two -wheeled cab or carriage with the 
 driver's seat raised behind. [From the 
 name of tlie inventor.] 
 
 HAP. hap, n. chance : fortune : accident. 
 [Ice. happ, good-luck.] 
 
 HAP-HAZARD, hap'-haz'ard,7i, that which 
 liappens hy hazard : chance, accident. 
 
 HAPLESS, hap'les. adj. unlucky: unhappy. 
 — adv. Hap'lessly. 
 
 HAPLY, hap'li, adv. by hap, chance, or 
 accident: perhaps: it inav be. 
 
 HAPPEN, hap'n, v.i. to fall out : to take 
 l)lace. 
 
 HAPPY, hap'i, adj. lucky, successful: pos- 
 sessing or enjoying pleasure or good ; 
 secure of good : furnishing enjovment '. 
 dexterous. — adv. Happ'ily. — n. Happ'i- 
 NESS. [See Hap.] 
 
 HARANGUE, ha-rang', n. a loud speech 
 addressed to a multitude : a popular, 
 pompous address. — v.i. to deliver a ha-
 
 HARASS 
 
 213 
 
 HARTSTONGUE 
 
 rangue. — i-.t. to address by a harangue : 
 — -pr.p. haranguing (-rang'ing) ; pa. p. 
 harangued (-rangd'). — ". Harang'TJEr. 
 [Fr., from O. Ger. hring (Ger. 7-ing, A.S. 
 hring), a ring, a ring of people assem- 
 bled.) 
 
 HAEASS, har'as, v.t. to fatigue: to an- 
 noy or torment. — n. Har'asser. [Fr. 
 hdrasser ; prob. from O. Fr. liarer, to in- 
 «ite a dog, from the cry har, made in 
 inciting a dog to attack.] 
 
 HARBINGER, har'bin-jer, n. {prig.) one 
 ■vrho goes forward to provide harbor or 
 lodging: a forerunner. — v.t. to precede, 
 as a harbinger. [M.E. herberaeour — O. 
 Fr. herberge (Fr. auberge) — O. Ger. here- 
 berga. See Harbor.] 
 
 HARBOR, har'bur, n. any refuge or shelter: 
 a port for ships. — v.t. to lodge or enter- 
 tain : to protect : to possess or indulge, 
 as thoughts. — i:i. to take shelter. — adj. 
 Har'borless. [M.E. herberive: prob. 
 through O. Fr. herberge, from O. Ger. 
 hereberga, a military encampment, from 
 heri (Ger. heer), and bergan, to shelter; 
 a similar form occurs in Ice.] 
 
 HARBORAGE, har'bur-aj, n. place of har- 
 bor or shelter : entertai anient. 
 
 HARBORER, har'bur-er, n. one who har- 
 bors or entertains. 
 
 HARBORr-MASTER, har'bur-mas'ter, n. 
 the master or public oflScer who has 
 charge of a harbor. 
 
 HARD, hard, adj. not easily penetrated : 
 firm : solid : difficult to understand or 
 accomplish : difficult to bear : painful : 
 unjust : difficult to please : unfeeling : 
 severe : stiff : constrained. — adv. with 
 urgency : with difficulty : close, near, as 
 in Hard by ; Hard-a-lee, i.e. close to 
 the lee-side, etc. : earnestly : forcibly. — 
 To DIE hard, to die onl3' after a desper- 
 ate struggle for life. — n. Hard'ness (B.), 
 sometimes hardship. [A.S. heard : Dut. 
 hard, Ger. hart, Goth, hardus ; allied to 
 Gr. kratys, strong.] 
 
 Harden, hard'n, i:t. to make hard or 
 harder ; to make firm : to strengthen : 
 to confirm in wickedness : to make in- 
 sensible. — v.i. to become hard or harder, 
 either lit. or Jjg.—n. Hard'ener. [A.S. 
 heardian. See Hard.] 
 
 HARDENED, hard'nd, adj. made hard, 
 unfet ling. 
 
 HARD-FAVORED, hard'-fa'vrd, adj. hav- 
 ing coarse features. 
 
 HARD-FEATURED, hard'-fet'urd, adj. of 
 hard, coarse, or forbidding /eafwres. 
 
 HARD-FISTED, hard'-fist'ed. adj. having 
 hard or strong fists or hands : close- 
 fisted : niggardly. 
 
 hard-handed; hard'-hand'ed, adj. hav- 
 ing Itard or tough hands : rough : severe. 
 
 hard-headed, hard'-hed'ed, adj. 
 shrewd, intelligent. 
 
 HARD-HEARTED, hard'-hiirt'ed, adj. 
 having a hard or unfeeling heart : cruel. 
 — )!. Hard'-heart'edness. 
 
 HARDIHOOD, HARDINESS. See Hakdy. 
 
 HARDISH. hard'ish. adj. somewhat hard. 
 
 HARDLY, hard'li, adv. with difficulty : 
 scarcelv, not (juite : severelj-, harshlv." 
 
 HARD-MOUTHED, hard'-mowi/wl, adj. 
 having a mouth hard or insensible to the 
 bit : not easily managed. 
 
 HARDS, hardz, n.pl. coarse or refuse flax. 
 
 HARDSHIP, hard'ship, n. a hard state, or 
 that which is hard to bear, as toil, in- 
 jury, etc. 
 
 HARlD^VISAGED. hard'-viz'ajd, adj. of a 
 hard, coarse, or forbidding visage. 
 
 HARDWARE, hard'war, n. trade name for 
 all sorts of articles made of the baser 
 metals, such as iron or copper. [Hard 
 and Ware. J 
 
 HARDY, h&rd'i, adj. daring, brave, reso- 
 lute : confident : impudent : able to bear 
 
 cold, exposure, or fatigue. — adv. Hard'- 
 ihY.—ns. Hard'ihood, Hard'iness. [Fr. 
 l(ardi—0. Ger. harti (Ger. hart) ; A.S. 
 heard, hard. See Hard.] 
 
 HARE, bar, n. a common and very timid 
 animal, with a divided upper lip and long 
 hind-legs, which runs swiftly bj' leaps. 
 [A.S. /iaj-a;Dan. and Sw. hare, Ger. 
 hase : Sans, caca — cae, to jump.] 
 
 HAREBELL, har'bel, ii. a plant with blue 
 bell-shaped flowers. [Hare and Bell , 
 a fanciful name.] 
 
 HAREBRAINED, har'brand, adj. having a 
 wild, scared brain hke that of a hare : 
 giddy : heedless. 
 
 HARELIP, har'lip, n. a fissure in one or 
 both lips, generally the upper, like that 
 of a hare. — adj. Hare'lipped. 
 
 HAREM, ha'rem, n. the portion of a house 
 allotted to females in Turkish dominions, 
 forbidden to all males except the husband: 
 the collection of wives belonging to one 
 Turkish householder. [Ar. haram, any- 
 thing forbidden — harama, to forbid.] 
 
 HARICOT, har'i-ko, n. small pieces of mut- 
 ton, partly boiled, and then fried with 
 vegetables : the kidney-bean. [Fr. hari- 
 cot, a stew, a kidney-bean, so called be- 
 cause used in a stew : of unknown origin.] 
 
 HARK, hark, int. or imp., hearken, listen. 
 [Contr. of Hearken.] 
 
 HARL, harl, n. the skin of flax : any flla^ 
 mentous substance. 
 
 HARLEQUIN, har'le-kwin or -kin, n. the 
 leading character in a pantomime, in a 
 tight spangled dress, with a wand, by 
 means of which he is supposed to be in- 
 visible and to play tricks : a buffoon. 
 [Fr. harlequin, arleqiiin ; It. arlecchino ; 
 ety. unknownj 
 
 HARLEQUINADE, har'le-kwin- or -kin- 
 ad', n. exhibitions of harlequins : the por- 
 tion of a pantomime in which the harle- 
 quin plays a chief part. [Fr.] 
 
 HARLOT,'har'lot, n. a woman who prosti- 
 tutes her bodj' for hire. — adj. wanton : 
 lewd. [O. Fr. arlot, herlot ; origin dub., 
 perh. from Ger. kerl, A.S. ceorl, the word 
 being orig. used for a person of either sex, 
 and in the sense ot felloio, a rogiie.'\ 
 
 HARLOTRY, har'lot-ri, n. trade or prac- 
 tice of being a harlot or prostitute : 
 prostitution. 
 
 HARM, harm, n. injury : moral wrong. — 
 v.t. to injure. [A.S. Tiearm; Ger. harm, 
 conn, with gram, grief.] 
 
 HARMATTAN, har-mat'an, n. a hot, dry, 
 noxious wind which blows periodically 
 from the interior of Africa. [Arab.] 
 
 BLAJRMFUL, harm 'fool, adj. injurious, 
 hurtful.— orfr. Harm'fully.— n. Harm'- 
 
 FULKESS. 
 
 HARMLESS, harm'les, adj. not injurious : 
 unharmed. — adv. Harm'lessly. — n. 
 Harm'lessness. 
 
 HARMONIC, har-mon'ik, HARMONICAL, 
 har-mon'ik-al, adj. pertaining to har- 
 mony : musical : concordant : recurring 
 periodically. — HARMONIC proportion, 
 proportion in which the first is to the 
 third as the difference between the first 
 and second is to the difference between 
 the second and third, as in the three 
 numbers, 2, 3, and 6. — adv. Harmon'ic- 
 ally. 
 
 HARMONICS, har-mon'iks, n.pl. used as 
 sing, the science of harmony or of mus- 
 ical sounds : — as pi. consonances, the 
 component sounds included in what ap- 
 pears to the ear to be a single sound, 
 
 HARMONIOUS, har-mo'ni-us. adj. having 
 harmony : symmetrical : concordant. — 
 adv. Harmo'niously, — n. Harmo'nious- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 HARMONIST, har'mon-ist, n. one skilled 
 
 in harmony: a musical composer. 
 HARMONIUM, har-mo'ni-um, n. a musical 
 
 wind-instrument with keys, so called 
 from its harmonious sound. 
 
 HARMONIZE, har'mon-iz, v.i. to be in 
 harmony: to agree. — v.t. to make in har 
 mony : to cause to agree : (inus.) to pro- 
 vide parts to.^n. Harmoniz'er, 
 
 HARMONY, har'mo-ni, n. a fitting tO' 
 gether of parts so as to form a con- 
 nected whole : {mus.) a combination o£ 
 accordant sounds heard at the same 
 time : concord : a book with parallel 
 passages regarding the same event. [Fr. 
 — L. — Gr. harmonia — harmos, a fitting — 
 aro, to fit.] 
 
 HARNESS, har'nes, n. formerly, the armor 
 of a man or horse : the equipments of a 
 horse. — v.t. to equip with armor : to put 
 the harness on a horse. [Fr. harnais ; 
 from the Celt., as in Low Bret, harnez, 
 old iron, also armor, from Bret, houam, 
 iron ; W. haiarn, Gael, iartinn ; conn, 
 with E. iron, Ger. eisen, etc.] 
 
 HARP, harp, n. a triangular musical in- 
 strument with strings struck by the 
 fingers. — v.i. to play on the harp : to 
 dwell tediously upon anything. [A.S. 
 hearpe ; Dan. harpe, Ger. harfe.] 
 
 HARPER, harp'er, HARPIST, harp'ist, n. 
 a player on the harp. 
 
 HARPOON, har-poon , n. a dart for strik- 
 ing and killing whales. — v.t. to strike 
 with the harpoon. [Dut. harpoen — Fr. 
 harpon ; origin uncertain, perh. from O. 
 Ger. harfan, to seize.] 
 
 HARPOONER, har-poon'er, HARPOON- 
 EER, har-pon-er', n. one who uses a liar- 
 poon. 
 
 HARPSICHORD, harp'si-kord, n. an old- 
 fashioned keyed musical instrument 
 strung with chords or wires, like a Itarp. 
 [O. Fr. harpe-chorde. See Harp and 
 Chord.] 
 
 HARPY, har'pi, n. (myth.) a hideous rapa- 
 cious monster, half bird and halt woman : 
 a species of eagle : an extortioner. [Gr., 
 pi. harpyiai, " snatchers," symbols of 
 the storm-wind — harpazo, to seize.] 
 
 HARQUEBUS, HARQUEBUSE, HAR- 
 QUEBUSS, har'kwi-bus, n. same as 
 Arquebcse. 
 
 HARRIDAN, har'i-dan, n. a worn-out 
 strumpet. [Another form of O. Fr. 
 haridelle, a lean horse, a jade, ety. un- 
 known.] 
 
 HARRIER, har'i-er, n. a Tiore-hound, a dog 
 witli a keen smell, for hunting hares. 
 [Formed like graz-i-er.] 
 
 HARRIER, har'i-er, n. a^kind of hawk so 
 named from its harrying or destroying 
 small animals. 
 
 HARROW, har'o, n. a frame of wood or 
 iron toothed with spikes for tearing and 
 breaking the soil, etc. — v.t. to draw a 
 harrow over : to harass : to tear, — adj. 
 Harr'Owing, acutely distressing to the 
 mind. — adv. Haer'owinoly. [A.S. hyrtve, 
 a harrow ; Dan. harv, a harrow.] 
 
 HARRY, har'i. v.t. to plunder : to ravage : 
 to destroy : to harass : — pr.2}. harr'ying ; 
 pa.p. harr'ied. [A.S. liergian. from root 
 of A.S. here, gen. herg-es, an army : Ger. 
 heer.] 
 
 HARSH, harsh, adj. rough: bitter: jarring: 
 abusive: severe. — adi: Harsh'ly. — n. 
 HaRSH'NESS. [M.E. harsh ; from a root 
 found in Dan. harsk, rancid, Ger. harsch, 
 hard.] 
 
 HART, hart, n. the stag or male deer :— 
 fern. Hind. [Lit. " ix horned animal," 
 from A.S. heort : Dut. hert, Ger. hirsch; 
 conn, with L. cervus, W. earw, a stag, 
 also with Gr. keras, E. horn.'\ 
 
 HARTSHORN, harts'horn. n. a solution of 
 ammonia, orig. a decoction of the shav- 
 ings of a hart's horn. 
 
 HARTSTONGUE, harts'tung, n. a species 
 of fern shaped like the tongue of a hart.
 
 HARUM-SCARUM 
 
 S14 
 
 HAZE 
 
 HARmi-SCARUM, lia'rum-ska'rum, adj- 
 flighty : rash. [Prob. compounded of an 
 obs. V. hare, to ailrigbt, aud Scare.] 
 
 HARVEST, har'vest, n. the time of g-ather- 
 ing in the crops or fruits: the crops 
 gathered in : fruits : the product of any 
 labor : consequences. — v.f. to reap and 
 
 gather in. [A.S. haerfest ; Ger. herbst, 
 lut. herfst; conn, with L. earpo, to 
 gather fruit, Gr. Tcarpos, fruit.] 
 
 lilARVESTER, liar'vest-er, n. a reaper in 
 harvest: a self-binding reaper: a machine 
 formerly used, having a platform on 
 which two binders stood and bound the 
 grain by hand, as it was passed to them 
 from tHe knives and reels. 
 
 HARVEST-HOIIE, har'vest-hom, n. the 
 feast held at the bringing home of the 
 harvest. 
 
 HARVEST-MAN, har'vest-man, n. (B.) a 
 laborer in harvest. 
 
 HARVEST-MOON, ha/vest-moon, n. the 
 moon about the full in harvest, when it 
 rises nearly at the same hour for several 
 davs. 
 
 HARVEST-QUEEN, har'vest-kwen, n. an 
 image of Ceres, the queen or goddess of 
 fruits, in ancient times carried about on 
 the last day of harvest. 
 
 HAS. haz, 3d pers. sing. pres. !nd. of ^ave. 
 
 HASH, hash, v.t. to hack : to mince : to 
 chop small. — n. that which is hashed : a 
 mixed dish of meat and vegetables in 
 small pieces : a mixture and preparation 
 of old matter. [Fr. haoher^—Ger. ha/iken; 
 same root as E. hack.^ 
 
 HASHISH, hash'esh, n. name given to the 
 leaves of the Indian hemp, from which 
 a strongly intoxicating preparation is 
 made. [Ar.] 
 
 HASP, hasp, n. a clasp : the clasp of a pad- 
 lock. — v.t. to fasten with a hasp. [A.S. 
 hcepse ; Dan. and G«r. /ictspe.] 
 
 HASSOCK, has'uk, n. a thicij mat for 
 kneeling on in church. [W. hesgog, 
 sed^y, liesg, sedge, rushes ; from being 
 made of coarse grass.] 
 
 HAST, hast, 2d pers. sing. pres. ind. of 
 Have. 
 
 HASTATE, hast'at, HASTATED, hast'at- 
 ed, adj. (pot.) shaped like a spear. [L. 
 hastatiis — hasta, a spear.] 
 
 HASTE, hast, n. speed : quickness : rash- 
 ness : vehemence. [From a Teut. root, 
 seen in Sw., Dan., and Ger. hast, whence 
 also Fr. h&te. Sec Hate.] 
 
 HASTE, hast, HASTEN, has'n, v.t. to put 
 to speed: to hurry on: to drive forward. — 
 v.t. to move with speed : to be in a hurry: 
 — pr.p. hast'ing, hastening (has'ning) ; 
 pa.p. hast'ed, hastened (hasnd). 
 
 HASTINESS, hast'i-nes, n. hurry : rash- 
 ness : irritability. 
 
 HASTY, hast'i, adj. speedy : quick : rash : 
 eager : passionate. — adv. Hast'ily. 
 
 HAT, hat, n. a covering for the head : the 
 dignity of a cardinal, so named from his 
 red hat. [A.S. host ; Dan. hat. Ice. hattr; 
 conn, with Sans, chhad, to cover.] 
 
 HATABLE, hat'a-bl, adj. deserving to be 
 hated. 
 
 HATCH, hach, n. a door with an opening 
 over it, a wicket or door made of cross 
 bars : the covering of a hatchway. 
 [North E. heck, from A.S. haca, the bar 
 of a door ; Dut. hek, a gate.] 
 
 HATCH, hach, r.^ to produce, especially 
 from eggs, by incubation : to originate : 
 to plot. — v.i. to produce young : to be 
 advancing towards maturity. — n. act of 
 hatching : brood hatched. " [Lit. to pro- 
 duce young by sitting in a hatch or coop, 
 a hatch being an5i;hing made of cross 
 bars of wood (Skeat). and hence the same 
 word as H.\TCH. a door.] 
 
 HATCH, hach, v.t. to shade by minute 
 lines crossing each other in drawing and 
 
 j engra^-ing. — n. Hatch'ing, the mode of 
 so shadin;,'-. [Fr. hacher, to chop, from 
 root of Hack.] 
 
 HATCHEL, haeh'el, n. same as Hackle. 
 
 HATCHET, hach'et, n. a small axe. [Fr. 
 hachi'tte. See Hatch, to shade.] 
 
 HATCHMENT, hach'ment, ?i. the escutch- 
 eon of a dead person placed in front of 
 the house, etc. [Corrupted from Achieve- 
 mentJ 
 
 HATCHWAY, hach'wa, n. the opening in 
 a ship's deck into the hold or from one 
 deck to another. 
 
 HATE, hat, v.t. to dislike intensely. — n. 
 extreme dislike : hatred. — n. Hat'er. 
 [A-S. hatian, to hate ; Grer. liassen, Fr. 
 hair; conn, with L. odisse, and Gr. kedo, 
 to vex. Hate is from the same root as 
 Haste, and orig. meant to pursue, then 
 to p ersec ute, to dislike greatly.] 
 
 HATEFUL, hat'fool, adj. exciting hate: 
 odious : detestable : feeling or manifest- 
 ing hate. — adv. Hate'pxilly. — n. Hate'- 
 FuLxESS. 
 
 HATRED, hat'red, n. extreme dislike : en- 
 mitv : malignitj'. 
 
 HATTED, hat'ed, adj. covered with a hat. 
 
 HATTER, hat'er, n. one who makes or sells 
 hats. 
 
 HATTI-SHERIFF, hat'i-sher'if, n. a Turk- 
 ish decree of the highest authority. [Ar., 
 " noble writing."] 
 
 HAUBERK, haw'berk, n. a coat of man 
 formed of rings interwoven. [O. Fr. 
 hauberc — O. Ger. hdlsberge — hols, the 
 neck, and bergan, to protect.] 
 
 HAUGHTY, hawt'i, adj. proud : arrogant : 
 contemptuous. — adv. Haught'ilt. — n. 
 Haught'iness. [M.E. hautein — O. Fr. 
 hautain, haut, high — L. altus, high.] 
 
 HAUL, hawl, v.t. to drag : to pull with 
 violence. — n. a puUing : a draught, as of 
 fishes : an unexpected or a dishonest gain. 
 — 71. Hatil'er. [A.S. holian, to get ; 
 Ger. holen, Dut. halm, to fetch or draw.] 
 
 HAULAGE, hawl'aj, n. act of hauling : 
 charge for hauling or pulling a ship or 
 boat. 
 
 HAULM, HAUM, hawm, n. straw : stubble. 
 [A.S. healm ; Dut. halm, Russ. soloma, 
 Fr. chaume, L. calamus, Gr. halamos, a 
 reed.] 
 
 HAUNCH, hSnsh, n. the part between the 
 last rib and the thigh : the hip. [Fr. 
 hanche — O. Ger. ancha, the leg, of the 
 same root as AlfKLE.] 
 
 HAUNT, hant, v.t. to frequent : to follow 
 importunately : to inhabit or visit as a 
 ghost. — v.i. to be much about : to appear 
 or visit frequently. — n. a place much re- 
 sorted to. [Fr. hanter ; ace. to Littre, a 
 corr. of L. nabitare.] 
 
 HAUTBOY, ho'boi, n. a high-toneA vrooden 
 wind-instrument, of a tapering tube, 
 and having holes and keys, also called 
 Oboe (o'bo-i) : a large kind of straw- 
 berry. [Fr. haidbois — haut, high, hois, 
 woo"d ; It. oboe — L. altus, high, and Low 
 L. boscus, a bush. See Bush.] 
 
 HAVE, hav, v.t. to own or possess : to 
 hold : to regard : to obtain : to bear or 
 beget : to effect : to be affected by : — 
 pr.p. ha^-'ing ; pa.t. and jja.p. had. [*A.S. 
 haoban ;Oer. haben, Dan. 7iare; allied 
 to L. capio, to take, Gr. kope, a handle.] 
 
 HAVEN, ha'vn, n. an inlet of the sea, or 
 mouth of a river, where ships can get 
 good and safe anchorage : anv place of 
 safety: an asylum. [A.S. Jicefene ; Dut. 
 haven, Ger. hafen, Ice. hofn, Fr. havre, 
 O. Fr. havle; from Teut. base hab in 
 Have.] 
 
 HA^TERSACK, ha\''er-sak. n. a bag of 
 strong linen for a soldier's provisions. 
 [Lit. "oat -sack," Fr. havresae — Ger. 
 habersack — haber or hafer, Dan. havre, 
 prov. E. haver, oats, and Sack.] 
 
 HAVOC, hav'uk, n. general waste or d» 
 strucfion: devastation. — v.t. to laj' waste, 
 — int. an ancient hunting or war cry. 
 [Ety. dub. ; cf. A.S. hafoc, a hawk, and 
 W. hafog. destruction, wliich prob. is de- 
 rived from the E.] 
 
 HAW, haw. n. (orig.) a hedge or inclosure: 
 the berry of the hawthorn. [A.S. haga, 
 a yard or inclosure; Dut. haag, a hedge. 
 Ice. hagi, a field. See Hedge.] 
 
 HAW, haw, v.i. to speak with a liatv ot 
 hesitation. — n. a hesitation in speech 
 [Formed from the sound.] 
 
 HAWFINCH, haw'finsh, n. a species of 
 grossbeak, a very shy bird, with varie- 
 gated plumage, li\'ing chiefly in forests 
 [See Haw, a hedge.] 
 
 HAW HAW, haw-haw', n. a sunk fence, or 
 a ditch not seen till close upon it. [Re 
 duplication of Haw, a hedge.] 
 
 HAWK, hawk, n. the name of several birds 
 of prey allied to the falcons. [A.S. hafoc; 
 Dut. havik, Ger. habicht. Ice. hnrlkr ; 
 from Teut. root hab, to seize, seen in E. 
 Have.] 
 
 HAWK, hawk, v.i. to hunt birds with 
 hawks trained for the purpose : to attack 
 on the wing. — n. Hawk'er. 
 
 HAWK, hawk, v.i. to force up matter from 
 the throat. — n. the efl'ort to do this. fW. 
 hoehi ; Scot, haugh ; formed from the 
 sound.] 
 
 HAWK, hawk. v.t. to carry about for sale : 
 tocryfor sale. [See Hawker.] 
 
 HAWKER, hawk'er, n. one who carries 
 about goods for sale on his back, a ped- 
 dler. "[From an O. Low Ger. root found 
 in O. Dut. heukeren, to hawk, and Ger. 
 hSker^ a hawker ; conn, with Huckster.] 
 
 HAWSE, hawz, n. the situation of the 
 cables in front of a sliip's bow when she 
 has two anchors out forward : — pi. the 
 holes in a ship's bow through which the 
 cables pass. [JLE. hals, A.S. ImIs or 
 licals, the neck, applied to the corre- 
 sponding part of a ship ; Ice. and Ger. 
 /taZsJ 
 
 HAWSEHOLES, hawz'holz. See Haw.se. 
 
 HAWSER, HALSER, hawz'er, n. a small 
 cable : a large towline. [From haivse, 
 meaning orig. the rope which passes 
 through the hawses at the bow of a ship.] 
 
 HA'WT'HORN, ha^v'thoru. n. the hedge or 
 white thorn, a shrub with shining leaves, 
 and small red fruit called haivs, much 
 used for hedges. 
 
 HAY, ha, n. grass after it is cut down and 
 cm-ed — drjing out to be avoided. [A.S. 
 heg, hig ; Ger. heu. Ice. hey ; from root of 
 Hew.] 
 
 HAYCOCK, ha'kok, ji. a cock or conical 
 pQe of hai/ in the field. 
 
 HAY-FEVER, ha'-fe'ver, n. an ailment in 
 time of liaj'maldng marked by excessive 
 irritation of the nose, throat, etc., and 
 accompanied with violent sneezing. 
 
 HAY^IAKER, ha'mak-er, n. one employed 
 in cutting and curing grass for hay : a 
 kind of mowing machine. 
 
 HAZARD, haz'ard, ». a game or throw at 
 dice : chance : accident : risk. — v.t. to 
 expose to chance : to risk. [Fr. hasard ; 
 prob. through the Sjx from Arab, at zar, 
 the die ; but Littre prefei-s to derive it 
 from Hazart, a castle in Syria where the 
 game was discovered during the cru- 
 sades.]^ 
 
 HAZARDOUS, haz'ard-us, adj. dangerous : 
 perilous: uncertain. — adv. Haz'ard- 
 
 OURLT. 
 
 HAZE, haz, n. vapor which renders the air 
 thick : obscurity. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 HAZE, haz, v.i. t(5 be foggv. 
 
 HAZE, HASE. haz. rj^'to harass with 
 labor; to punish with unnecessary work — 
 used among seamen : to play shameful
 
 HAZEL 
 
 215 
 
 HEAVENLY-MINDED 
 
 tricks on, among^ American students — 
 slowly but surely faUing into disuse. 
 
 HAZEL, ha'zl, n. a well-known tree or 
 shrub. — adj. pertaiuiug to the hazel : of 
 a light-brown color, like a hazel-nut. 
 [A.S. hcesel; Ger. hasel, L. corulits (for 
 eos»7i«.s).l 
 
 HAZELL\, ha'zel-i, adj. light-brown like 
 the hazel-imt. 
 
 HAZEL-NUT, ha'zl-nut, n. the nut of the 
 hazel-tree. v 
 
 HAZY, haz'i, adj. thick vdih haze.—n. 
 Haz'iness. 
 
 HE, he, pron. of the third person : the 
 male person named before : anj' one. — 
 adj. male. [A.S. he ; Dut. hij. Ice. 
 hann.'l 
 
 HEAD, hed, n. the uppermost or foremost 
 part of an animal's body : the brain : the 
 understanding : a chief or leader : the 
 place of honor or command : the front : 
 an individual : a topic or chief point of a 
 discourse : the source or spring : height 
 of the source of water : highest point of 
 anything : a cape : strength. [A.S. 
 heafod : Gler. haupt, L. caput, Gr. 
 kepliale.] 
 
 HEAD, hed, v.t. to act as a head to, to 
 lead or govern : to go jn front of : to 
 commence : to check : (naut.) to be con- 
 trary. — v.i. to grow to a head : to origi- 
 nate. 
 
 HEADACHE, hed'ak, n. an ache or pain in 
 the head. 
 
 HEADBAND, hed'band, n. a band or fillet 
 for tlie head: the band at each end of a 
 book. 
 
 HEAD-DRESS, hed'-dres, n. an ornamental 
 dress or covering for the head, worn by 
 women. 
 
 HEADGEAR, hed'ger, n. gear, covering, or 
 ornament of the head. 
 
 HEADINE.SS. See under Headt. 
 
 HEADING, hed'ing, n. that which stands 
 at the head. 
 
 HEADLAND, liedland, n. a point of land 
 running out into the sea, like a head, a 
 cape: in agri. a "land" or set ploughed 
 at each end of a ploughed field and at right 
 angles with the body of the ploughing. 
 
 HEADLESS, hed'les, adj. without a head. 
 
 HEADLONG, hed'loug, adv. with the head 
 first : without thought, rashlj- : precipi- 
 tately. — Of//, rash : precipitous, steep. 
 [Head and adv. termination -inga, linga, 
 seen also in Darkixng, Sidelong, and in 
 Learn-ing.] 
 
 HEADMOST, hed'most, adj., most ahead 
 or advanced. 
 
 HEADPIECE, hed'pes, n. a,piece of armor 
 for the head, a helmet. 
 
 HEADQU^VRTERS, hed'kwor-terz, n. the 
 quarters or residence of a commander-in- 
 chief or general. 
 
 HEADSMAN, hedz'man, n. a man who 
 cuts off hecas, an executioner. 
 
 HEADSTALL, hed'stawl, n. the part of a 
 bridle round the head. [From Stall, a 
 place or receptacle.] 
 
 HEADSTONT:, hed'ston, n. the principal 
 stone of a Ijuilding : the corner-stone : 
 the stone at the head of a grave, to 
 which sense it is usually confined in this 
 coimtry. 
 
 HEADSTRONG, hed'strong,adj. self-willed: 
 violent. 
 
 HEADWAY, hed'wa, n. the u-ay or dis- 
 tance gone ahead or advanced : motion 
 of an advancing ship. 
 
 HEADWIND, hed'wiud, n. a iwnd blowing 
 right against a ship's head. 
 
 HEADY, lied'i, adj. affecting the head or 
 the brain : intoxicating : inflamed : rash. 
 — adv. Head'ily. — n. Head'ixess. 
 
 HEAL, hel, v.t. to make ichole and healthy : 
 to cure : to remove or subdue : to restore 
 to soundness : (B.) often, to forgive. — v.i. 
 
 to grow sound : — pr.jx heal'ing : pa.p. 
 healed'. — n. Heal'ek. [A.S. hcelan, as 
 Haeland, the Healer, Saviour ; from A.S. 
 hnl, whole ; Ger. heil. Whole is simplj- 
 another form of the A.S. root. See Hail, 
 Hale.J 
 HEALING, hel'ing, 7i., the act or process 
 by which anything is healed or cured. — 
 adj. tending to cure : mild. — adv. Heal' • 
 
 IXGLY. 
 
 HEALTH, helth,?!., wholeness or soundness 
 of body : soundness and vigor of mind : 
 (B.) salvation, or divine favor. [A.S. 
 hcelih — hdl. whole.] 
 
 HEALTHFUL, helthfool, adj. full of or en- 
 2oyiug health : indicating health : whole- 
 some : salutary. — adr. Health'fxtlly. — 
 71. Health'fulxess. 
 
 HEALTHLESS, helth'les, adj. sickly, ail- 
 ing. — n. Health'lessness. 
 
 HEALTHY, helth'i, adj. in a state of good 
 health : conducive to health : sound : vig- 
 orous. — adv. Health'ilt. — n. Health'- 
 
 INESS. 
 
 HEAP, hep, 71. a pile or mass heaved or 
 thrown together : a collection : (B.) a 
 ruin. — v.t. to throw in a heap or pile : to 
 amass : to pile above the top : — jir.p. 
 heap'ing; jja.p. heaped'. [A.S. heap; 
 Ice. hopir, Ger. haufe.] 
 
 HEAR, her, v.t. to perceive by the ear : to 
 listen to : to grant or obey : to answer 
 favorably : to attend to : to try judicial- 
 ly. — v.i. to have the sense of hearing : to 
 listen: to be told -.—pir.p. hear'ing ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. heard (herd). — n. Hear'er. 
 [A.S. hyran ; Ice. heyra, Ger. horen, 
 Goth, hausjan.] 
 
 HEARING, her'ing, n. act of perceiving by 
 the ear : the sense of perceiving sound : 
 opportunity to be heard : reach of the 
 ear. 
 
 HEARKEN, hark'n, v.i. to hear atten- 
 tively : to listen : to grant. [A.S. hyrc- 
 O. Dut. hareken, Ger. 
 
 common talk : ru- 
 
 nian, from Hear 
 horchen.] 
 
 HEARSAY', her'sa, n. 
 mor : report. 
 
 HEARSE, hei-s, n. (orig.) a triangular 
 framework for holding candles at a 
 church service, and esp. at a funeral 
 service: a carriage in which the dead 
 are conveyed to the grave. [Fr. herse. 
 It. erpice — L. hirpex, hirpieis, a har- 
 row, which, from its triangular shape, 
 gave rise to the derived meanings.] 
 
 HEART, hart, n. the organ that circulates 
 the blood : the vital, inner, or chief part 
 of anything : the seat of the affections, 
 etc., esp. love: courage: vigor: secret 
 meaning or design : that which resem- 
 bles a heart. [A.S. heorte: Dut. hart, 
 Ger. herz; cog. with L. cor, cordis, Gr. 
 kardia, ker, Sans, hrid.] 
 
 HEARTACHE, hart'ak, ?J. sorrow: an- 
 guish. 
 
 HEART-BREAKING, hart'-brak'ing, ady. 
 .rushing wjtii yrief or sorrow. 
 
 HEART-feROKEN, hart'-brok'n, adj. in- 
 tenselv afflicted or grieved. 
 
 HEARTBURN, hart'burn, n. a disease of 
 the stomach causing a burning, acrid 
 feeling near tlie heart : dyspepsia. 
 
 HEARTBL'RNING, hart'burn-ing, n. dis- 
 cont'Mit : secret enmitv. 
 
 HEARTEASE, hart'ez, n., ease of mind : 
 quiet. 
 
 HEARTEN, hart'n. v.t. to encourage. 
 
 HEARTFELT, hart'felt. adj felt deeply. 
 
 HExVRTH, hiirth, v. the part of the floor 
 on whicli the fire is made : the fireside : 
 the house itself: the home. [A.S. heorth; 
 Ger. herd.] 
 
 HEARTHSTONE, h&rth'ston. n. the stone 
 of the liearth : the home. 
 
 HEARTLESS, hirt'les, adj. without heart, 
 
 courage, or feeling. — adr. Heaet'lesslt. 
 
 — n. Heart'lessxess. 
 HEARTLET. hart'let, n. a little heart. 
 HEART-RENDING, hart'-rend'ing, adj. 
 
 deeplv afflictive : agonizing. 
 HEAKT'S-EASE, harts'-ez, n. a common 
 
 name for the pansj-, a species of violet, 
 
 an infusion of which was once thought 
 
 to ease the lovesick heart. 
 HEARTSICK, hart'sik, adj. pained in mind: 
 
 depressed. — n. Heaet'sickxess. 
 HEARTWHOLE, hart'hol, adj. ichole at 
 
 heart: unmoved in the affections or spirits. 
 HEARTY, hart'i, adj. full of or proceeding 
 
 from the heart : warm : genuine : strong: 
 
 healthy. — adv. Heaet'ily. — n. Heakt'- 
 
 INESS. 
 
 HEAT, het, n. that which excites the sen- 
 sation of warmth : sensation of warmth : 
 a warm temperature : the warmest peri- 
 od, as the heat of the day : indication of 
 warmth, flush, redness : excitement : a 
 single course in a race : animation. — r.(. 
 to make hot : to agitate. — v.i. to become 
 hot:^}r.p. heat'ing: po.p. heat'ed. [A.S. 
 hceto, which is from adj. hat, hot : conn, 
 with Ger. hitze, Goth, heito. Ice. hita. 
 See HoT.l 
 
 HEATER, het'er, n. one who or that which 
 heats. 
 
 HEATH, heth, n. a barren open countrj' : 
 a small evergreen shrub with beautiful 
 flowers, that grows on heaths. [A.S. 
 hceth : Ger. heide, Goth, haithi, a waste.] 
 
 HEATHEN, hethn, n. an unbeliever when 
 Christianity prevailed in cities alone : an 
 inhabitant of an unchristian country : a 
 pagan : an irrelig-ious person. — adj. pa- 
 gan, irieligious. [Lit. a dweller on the 
 heath or open countrj', A.S. hcethen, a 
 heathen ; Dut. and Ger. heiden. See 
 Heath, and cf. Pagan.] 
 
 HEATHENDOM, he'rtn-dum, n. those re< 
 gions of the world where heathenism 
 prevails. 
 
 HEATHENISH, he'tlm-ish. adj. relating to 
 the heathen : rude : uncivilized : cruel. — 
 adv. Hea'the>ishly. — ?i. Hea'thenish- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 HEATHENISM, he'thn-izm. 7i. the relig- 
 ious system of the heathens : paganism : 
 barbarism. 
 
 HEATHENIZE, he'f/m-Iz, v.t. to make 
 heathen. 
 
 HEATHER, hef/i'er, n. a small evergreen 
 shrub, growing on heaths. — adj. Heath'- 
 ERY. [A Northern E. form, appearing 
 to be uothino- more than heafh-er = in- 
 habitant of the heath (Skeat).] 
 
 HEATHY', heth'i, adj. abounding with 
 heath. 
 
 HEAVE, hev, v.t. to lift up : to throw : to 
 cause to swell : to force from the breast. 
 — v.i. to be raised : to rise and fall : to 
 try to vomit : — jyr.j). heav'ing ; j)a.<. 
 and 2}(i.p- heaved' or (naut.) hove. — )i. an 
 effort upward : a throw : a swelling : an 
 effort to vomit -.—pi. a disease of horses 
 characterized by difficult and laborious 
 breathing. [A.S. hebban ; Ger. heben, 
 Goth, hafjan, to lift.] 
 
 HEAVEN, hev'n. n. the arch of skj- over- 
 hanging the earth: the air: the dwelling- 
 place of the Deity and the blessed ■ 
 supreme happiness. [A.S. heofon : O. Ice. 
 hifinn; origin doubttul. though conn, by 
 some with heave, and so meaning the 
 " heaved " or " lifted up."] 
 
 HE-AVENLY, hev'n-li, adj. of or inhabiting 
 heaven : cele.stial: pure: supremely bless- 
 ed : veiy excellent. — adv. in a manner 
 like that of heaven : by the influence of 
 heaven.— )i. Heav'eslixess. 
 
 HEAVENLY'-MINDED. hev'n-li-niind'ed, 
 adj. havingthe Hiuid placed upon heaven- 
 ?(/ tilings :''pure.— n. Heav'esly-mixd'ed- 
 
 NESS.
 
 I 
 
 HEAVENWARD 
 
 HEA\T:N^VABD, hev'n-ward, HEAVEN- 
 WARDS, hev'n-wardz, adv., toward or in 
 the dii-ection of heaven. [Heaven, and 
 ivard. sig. direction.] 
 
 HEAVE-OFFERING, hev'-of'er-ing, n. a 
 Jewish offering heaved or moved up and 
 down by the priest. 
 
 HEAVER, hev'er, n. one who or that which 
 heaves. 
 
 HEAVY, hev*!, adj. weighty ; not easy to 
 bear : oppressive : aflflicted : inactive : in- 
 clined to slumber : violent : loud : not 
 easily digested, as food : miry, as soil : 
 having strengrth, as liquor : dark with 
 clouds : gloomy : expensive : (B.) sad. — 
 adv., also Heav'ily.— n. Heav'dtess. 
 [A.S. hefig — hebbaii, to heave, and so 
 meaning hard to heave; O. Ger. hepig, 
 hehig.] 
 
 HEBDOMADAL, heb - dom'a - dal, HEB- 
 DOJIADARY. heb-dorr/a-dar:, adj. oc- 
 curring everj' seven days : weekly. [L. 
 hebdomadalis — Gr. hebdomas, a period of 
 seven davs — hepta, seven.] 
 
 HEBDOIMADARY, heb-dom'a-dar-i, n. a 
 member of a chapter or convent whose 
 u-eek it is to officiate in the choir, etc. 
 
 HEBRAIC, he-bra'ik, HEBRAICAL, he- 
 bra'ik-al, adj. relating to the Hebrews, 
 or to their language. 
 
 HEBRAICALLY, he-bra'ik-al-i, adv. after 
 the manner of the Hebrew language : 
 from right to left. 
 
 HEBRAISM, he'bra-izm, n. a Hebreio 
 idiom. 
 
 HEBRAIST, heT^ra-ist, n. one skilled in 
 Hebrew. 
 
 HEBRAISTIC, he-bra-ist'ik, adj. of or like 
 Hebrexr. 
 
 HEBRAIZE, he'bra-iz, v.t. to turn into 
 Hebreiv. 
 
 HEBREW, he'broo, n. one of the descend- 
 ants of Abraham, who emigrated from 
 beyond the Euphrates into Palestine : an 
 Israelite, a Jew : the lang:uage of the 
 Hebi-ews. — adj. relating to the Hebrews. 
 [Fr. Hebreu — L. Hebrceus — Gr. Hebraios 
 — Heb. ibhri, a stranger from the other 
 side of the Euphrates — ebher, the region 
 on the other side — abar, to pass over.] 
 
 HECATOMB, hek'a-toom or-tom, n. among 
 the Greeks and Romans, a sacrifice of a 
 hundred oxen : any large number of 
 victims. [Gr. hekatombe — hekaton, a 
 hundred, and bous, an ox.] 
 
 HECKLE, heka. Same as Hackle. 
 
 HECTIC, hek'tik, HECTICAL, hek'tik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to the constitution or 
 habit of body : affected with hectic fever. 
 — adv. Hec'tically. [Fr.— Gr. hektikos, 
 habitual — lie.x-is, habit.j 
 
 HECTIC, hek'tik, n. a fiabitual or remit- 
 tent fever, usually associated with con- 
 sumption. 
 
 HECTOR, hek'tor, n. a bully : one who 
 annoys. — v.t. to treat insolently: to an- 
 noy. — v.t. to play the bullj'. [From Hec- 
 tor. the famous Troian leader.] 
 
 HEDGE, hej, n. a thicket of bushes : a 
 fence round a field, etc. — v.t. to inclose 
 with a hedge : to obstruct : to surround: 
 to guard. [A.S. hege ; Dut. hegge. Ice. 
 heggr.'] 
 
 UEDGEBILL, hei^il, HEDGING-BILL, 
 hej'ing-bil, n. a bill or hatchet for dress- 
 ing hedge.'!. 
 
 ftEDGEBORN, hejliawrn, adj. of low birth, 
 as if born by a hedge or in the woods : 
 ^ow : obscure. 
 
 HEDGEHOG, hej'hog, n. a small prickly- 
 backed quadruped, so called from its liv- 
 ing in hedges and bushes, and its resem- 
 blance to a hog or pig. 
 
 HEDGER, hej'er, n. one who Aresses hedges. 
 
 HEDGEROW, hej'ro. n. a roic of trees or 
 shrubs for hedging fields. 
 
 HEDGESCHOOL, hej'skool, n. an open-air 
 
 216 
 
 school kept by the side of a hedge dur- 
 ing the reign of penal laws in Ireland. 
 
 HEDGE-SPARROW, hej'-spar'o, n. a little 
 singing bird, hke a sparrow, which fre- 
 quents hedges. 
 
 HEED, hed, v.t. to observe : to look after : 
 to attend to. — n. notice : caution : atten- 
 tion. [A.S. hedan; Dut. hoeden, Ger. 
 hiiten.J 
 
 HEEDFUL, hed'fool, adj. attentive : cau- 
 tious. — adv. Heed'fullt. — n. Heed'fuic 
 
 NESS. 
 HEEDLESS, hedles, adj. inattentive : care- 
 less.— adi;. Heed'lessly. — n. Heed'less- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 HEEL, hel, 71. the part of the foot project- 
 ing behind : the whole foot (esp. of beasts): 
 the covering of the heel : a spur : tlie 
 hinder part of anything. — v.t. to use the 
 heel : to furnish with heels. [A.S. hela ; 
 Dut. hiel ; prob. conn, with L. calx, Gr. 
 lax, the heel.] 
 
 HEEL, hel, v.i. to incline : to lean on one 
 side, as a ship. [A.S. hyldan ; Ice. halla, 
 to incline.] 
 
 HEELPIECE, hel'pes, n. a piece or cover 
 for the heel. 
 
 HEFT. heft. Same as Hait. 
 
 HEGEMONY, he-jem'o-ni, «., leadership: 
 esp. among nations, governments and 
 tribes in ancient history ; as, the hege- 
 mony of Sparta among Grecian states. — 
 adj. Hegemon'ic. [Gr. hegemonia — hege- 
 mon, leader — hegeisthai, to go before.] 
 
 HEGIRA, HEJIRA, he-jt'ra, n. the Jiight 
 of Mohammed from Mecca, July 16, 628 
 A.D., from which is dated the Mohamme- 
 dan era: any flight. [Ar. 7nj"ra/i, flight.] 
 
 HEIFER, hef'er, n. a young cow. [A.S. 
 heahfore : ace. to Skeat from A.S. heah, 
 high, and fear, an ox, and so meaning a 
 fidl-grou'n ox.\ 
 
 HEIGH-HO, hi -ho, int. an exclamation 
 expressive of weariness. [Imitative.] 
 
 HEIGHT, hit, n the condition of being 
 high : distance upwards : that which is 
 elevated, a hill : elevation in rank or 
 excellence : utmost degree. [Corr. of 
 highth — ^A.S. heahthu — heah, high. See 
 High.] 
 
 HEIGHTEN, hit'n, v.t. to make higher: to 
 advance or improve : to make brighter or 
 more prominent. 
 
 HEINOUS, ha'nus, adj. vdcked in a high 
 degree : enormous : atrocious. — adv. 
 Hei'nously.— ». Hei'nousness. [O. Ft. 
 ha'inos, Fr. haineux — haine, hate, from 
 hair, to hate, from an O. Ger. root, found 
 in Ger. hassen, Goth, hatyan, to hate. 
 See Hate.] 
 
 HEIR, ar, n. one who Inherits anything 
 after the death of the owner : one en- 
 titled to anything after the pi'esent 
 possessor : — fern. HEIRESS (ar'es). — ns. 
 Heir'dom, Heir'ship. [O. Fr. heir—L. 
 heres. an heir, allied to L. hems, a mas- 
 ter, and Gr. cheir, the hand, from a root 
 ghar, to seize.] 
 
 HEIR-APPARENT, ar-ap-par'ent, n. the 
 one apparently or acknowledged to be 
 heir, esp. to a throne. 
 
 HEIRLESS, ar'les, adj. without an heir. 
 
 HEIRLOOM, ar'loom. n. any piece of fur- 
 niture or personal property which de- 
 scends to the heir. [Heir and loom — 
 M.E. tome — A.S. loyna. geloma, furniture. 
 See Loom, m.] 
 
 HEIR-PRESUMPTIVE,ar-pre-zump'tiv,n. 
 one who is presumed to be or would be 
 heir if no nearer relative should be born. 
 
 HEJIRA. See Hegira. 
 
 HELD, pa.t. and pa. p. of Hold. 
 
 HELIACAL, he-ll'ak-al. adj. relating to 
 the sun : (astr.) emerging from the light 
 of the sun or falling into it. — adv. Heli'- 
 acally. [Gr. heHakos — helios, the sun.] 
 
 HELLEINISTIC 
 
 HELICAL, hel'ik-al, adj. spiral. — adr>, 
 Hel'ically. [See Helix.] 
 
 HELIOC ENTRIC. he-li-o-sen'trik, HELIO 
 CENTRICAL, lie-li-o-sen'trik-al, adj. 
 (astr.) as seen from the su7i's centre. — 
 adv. Heuocen'trically. [From Gr. 
 helios, the sun, kenfron, the centre.] 
 
 HELIOGRAPH, he'U-o-graf, n. an appara 
 tus for telegraphing by means of the 
 sun's rays. 
 
 HELIOGRAPHY, he-li-og'ra-fi, n. the art 
 of taking pictures by sinilight, photog- 
 raphy : tlie art of signalling by flashing 
 the rays of the sun. — adj. Heliograph'- 
 ICAL. — n. Heliog'eapher. [Gr. helios, 
 the sun, graphe, a painting — grapho, to 
 grave.] 
 
 HELIOLATER, he-li-ol'a-ter, n. a tvor- 
 shipperot the sun. [Gr. helios, the sun, 
 latris, a servant.] 
 
 HELIOLATRY, he-li-ol'a-tri, n., worship 
 of the sun. [Gr. helios, the sun, latreia, 
 service, worship.] 
 
 HELIOMETER, he-li-om'e-ter, n. an instru- 
 ment for measuritig the apparent diame- 
 ter of the sun or other heavenly body. 
 [Gr. helios, and metron, a measure.] 
 
 HELIOSCOPE, he'li-o-.skop. n. a telescope 
 for vieinng the sun without dazzling the 
 eyes. — adj. Helioscop'ic. [Fr. helioscope 
 -— Gr. hciios, the sun, skopeb, to look, to 
 spy.] 
 
 HELIOSTAT, he'li-o-stat, n. an instrument 
 by means of which a beam of sunlight is 
 reflected in an invariable direction. [Gr. 
 helios, and statos, fixed.] 
 
 HELIOTROPE, he'li-o-trop, n. a plant 
 whose flowers are said always to turn 
 round to the sun : (rnin.) a bloodstone, a 
 variety of chalcedony of a dark-green 
 color Variegated with red: an instru- 
 ment for signalling by flashing the sun's 
 rays. [Fr. — L. — Gr. heliotropion — helios, 
 the Sim, tropos. a turn — trepo, to turn.] 
 
 HELIOTYPE. he'l)-otIp, n. a photograph. 
 [Gr. hciios, the su a, and *ypos, an impres- 
 sion.] 
 
 HELIgPHERIC,hel-i-sfer'ik,HELISPHER- 
 ICAL, hel-i-sfev'ik-al, adj., tvinding spi- 
 rally round a sjihcre. 
 
 HELIX, he'liks, n. a sjnral, as of wire in a 
 coil: (zool.) the snaU or its shell : the 
 external part of the ear -.—pi. Helices, 
 hel'i-sez. [L. — Gr. helix — helisso, to turn 
 round.] 
 
 HELL, hel, n. the place or state of punish- 
 ment of the wicked after death: the abode 
 of evil spirits : the powers of hell : any 
 
 Elace of vice or misery : a gambling- 
 ouse. [A.S. hel, helle; Ice. hel, Gter. 
 holle (O. Ger. hella). From Hel (Scand.), 
 Hell (A.S.), or Hella (O. Ger.), the Tent, 
 goddess of death, whose name again is 
 from a Teut. root seen in A.S. helan. to 
 hide, Ger. hehlcn, cog. with L. eel-are. to 
 hide.] 
 
 HELLEBORE, hel'e-bor, n. a plant used in 
 medicine, ancientlv used as a cure for in- 
 sanity. [Fr. hellebore — h. hdleborus— 
 Gr. h'ellehoros.l 
 
 HELLENIC, hel-len'ik or hel-le'nik, HEL- 
 LENIAN, hel-le'ni-an, adj. pertaining tc 
 the Hellenes or Greeks : Grecian [Gr. 
 HeUenios, Hellenikos — Hellenes, a name 
 ultimately given to all the Greeks— 
 HelUn t!ie -son of Deucalion, the Greek 
 Noali.j 
 
 HELLENISM, hel'en-izm, ■>*. a Greek 
 idiom. [Fr. HelUnisme—Gi: Heltenis- 
 mos.'] 
 
 HELLENIST, hel'en-ist, n. one skilled in 
 the Greek language : a Jew who used the 
 Greek language as his mother-tongue. 
 [Gr. Hellcnistes.} 
 
 HELLENISTIC, hel-en-ist'ik. HELLEN- 
 ISTICAL, hel-en-ist'ik-al, af^. pertaining
 
 HELLENIZE 
 
 217 
 
 HERBAL 
 
 to the Hellenists: Greek w-ith Hebrew 
 idioms.— adr. Hellenist'icallt. 
 
 HELLENIZE, hel'en-Iz, v.i. to use the 
 Greek lang:uage. [Gr. hellenizo — Hellen.] 
 
 HELLHOUND, hel'hownd, n. a hound of 
 hell : an agent of hell. 
 
 HELLISH, hel'ish, adj. pertaining to or 
 like hell ; ver3'-n-icked.— adf. Hell'ishly. 
 —(I. Hell'ishness. 
 
 HELM, helm, n. the instrument by which 
 a ship is steered : the station of manage- 
 ment or government. [A.S. helma : Ice. 
 hjalm, a rudder, Ger. helm, a handle ; 
 allied to helve.} 
 
 HELM, helm, HELMET, hel'met, n. a 
 covering of armor for the head : (hot.) 
 the hooded upper lip of certain flowers. 
 [A.S. — helan, to cover ; Ger. helm, a 
 covering, helmet. Helmet is from the 
 O. Fr. hecilmet, dim. of healme, the O. Fr. 
 form of the same word.] 
 
 HELMED, helmd', HELMETED, hel'met- 
 ed. adj. furnished with a helmet. 
 
 HELMINTHIC, hel-min'thik, adj. pertain- 
 ing to irorms : expelling worms. — n. a 
 medicine for expelling worms. [From 
 Gr. helmins. helminthos, a worm — heileo, 
 helisso. to wriggle.] . 
 
 HELMINTHOID, hel'min-thoid. ad/. worm- 
 shaped. [Gr. helmins, and eidos. form.] 
 
 HELMINTHOLOGY. hel-min-thol'o-ji, ?i. 
 the science or natural history of worms. 
 — adj. Helmintholog'icai,. — n. Helmin- 
 THOLOGIST. [From Gr. helmins, and 
 logos, a discourse.] 
 
 HELMSMAN.helmz'man, n. the maw at the 
 helm. 
 
 HELOT, hel'Dt or he'lot, n. a slave, among 
 the Spartans. [Gr. ; said to be derived 
 from Helos, a town in Greece, reduced to 
 slavery by the Spartans.] 
 
 HELO'liSM. hel'ot-izm or he'lot-izm, n. 
 the condition of the Helots in ancient 
 Sparta : slavery. 
 
 HELOTRY, hel'bt-ri or he'lot-ri, n. the 
 whole body of the Helots : any class of 
 slaves. 
 
 HELP, help, v.t. to support : to assist : to 
 give means for doing anything: to rem- 
 edy : to prevent. — v.i. to give assistance: 
 tocontribute:— pa./), helped', (B.) holp'en. 
 — n. means or strength given to another 
 for a purpose : assistance : relief : one 
 who a.ssists : a hired man or woman. 
 [A.S. helpan ; Goth, hilpan, Ice, hialpa, 
 Ger. helfen, to aid, assist.] 
 
 HELPER, help'er, n. one who helps : an 
 
 helpful', help'fool, adj. giving help: 
 useful. — n. Help'fulkess. 
 
 HELPLESS, help'les, adj. without help or 
 power in one's self : wanting assistance: 
 — adv. Help'lessly. — ?i. Help'lessness. 
 
 HELP5IATE, help'mat, n. a mate or com- 
 panion who helps : an assistant: a partner: 
 a wife. [Formed on a misconception of 
 the phrase an help meet in Gen. ii. 18, 20.] 
 
 HELTER-SKELTER, hel'ter-skel'ter, adv. 
 in a confused hurry: tumultuously. [Imi- 
 tative.] 
 
 HELVE, helv, n. a handle : the handle of 
 an axe or hatchet. — v.t. to furnish with a 
 handle, as an axe. [A.S. hielf, helfe, a 
 handle ; O. Dut. helve.'] 
 
 HELVETIC, hel-vet'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 Switzerland. [L. — Helvetia, L. name of 
 Switzerland.] 
 
 HEM, hem, n. the border of a garment 
 doubled dowr- and s^ve^l. — v.t. to form 
 a heiu on : to edge ; — pi .p- hemm'ing ; 
 pa.p. hemmed'. — Hem in, to siu-round. 
 [A.S. hem, a border : Ger. hci.mv-.i z. 
 fence, Fris. hamel, an edge.] 
 
 HEM, hem, n. (int.) a sort of half cough 
 to draw attention. — v.i. to utter the 
 sound hem! — pr.p. hemm'ing: pa.p. 
 hsmmed'. [From the sound.] 
 
 HEMAL, he'mal, adj. relating to the blood 
 or blood-vessels. [Gr. haima. blood.] 
 
 HEMATINE, hem'a-tin, n. the red coloring 
 matter in the blood. [Fr. — Gr. haima, 
 blood.] 
 
 HEMATITE, hem'a-tit, n. (min.) a valuable 
 ore of iron, sometimes of a reddish-brown 
 color, with a Woorf-red streak. — adj. 
 Hematit'ic. [L.— Gr. haimatite.s, blood- 
 like — haima, haimatos. blood.] 
 
 HEMIPTERA. hem-ip'ter-a, ?(. an order of 
 insects, having four wings, the two an- 
 terior of which are scarcely preceptible. 
 [Gr. hemi, half (cog. with Lat. semi), and 
 pteron. a wing.] 
 
 HEMISPHERE, hem'i-sfer, n, a half-sphere: 
 half of the globe, or a map of it. [Gr. 
 hemisphairion — hemi, half, and sphaira, 
 a sphere.] 
 
 HEMISPHERIC, hem - i - sfer'ik, HEMI- 
 SPHERICAL, hem-i-sfer'ik-al, adj. per- 
 taining to a hemisphere. 
 
 HEMISTICH, hem'i-stik, «., half aline, or 
 an incomplete line in poetry. [L. hemi- 
 stichium — Gr. hemistiehion — hemi, half, 
 stichos, a line.] 
 
 HEMISTICHAL, he-mis'tik-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or written in hetnistichs. 
 
 HEMLOCK, hem'lok, n. a poisonous plant 
 used in medicine. [A.S. hemlic — leac, a 
 plant, a Leek, the first syllable being of 
 unknown origin. Cf. Chaelock and Gar- 
 lic] 
 
 HEMORRHAGE, hem'or-aj, n. a bursting 
 or flowing of blood. — adv. Hemorrhagic 
 (hem-or-aj'ik). [Gr. haimorrhagia — hai- 
 ma, blood, rhegnymi, to burst.] 
 
 HEMORRHOIDS, hem'or-oidz, n.pl. pain- 
 ful tubercles around the margin of the 
 anus, from which blood occasionally 
 floirs.—adj. Hemorrhoid' al. [Gr. ha'i- 
 morrhoides — haima, blood, ?7ie6, to flow.] 
 
 HEJIP, hemp, n. a plant with a fibrous 
 bark used for cordage, coarse cloth, etc. : 
 the fibrous rind prepared for spinning. — 
 adjs. Hemp'en, made of hemp ; HEm>'T, 
 like hemp. [A.S. hcenep. Ice. hampr ; 
 borrowed early from L. cannabis — Gr. 
 kannabis. which is considered to be of 
 Easte' a origin, from Sans, fana, hemp. 
 Cf. Canvas.] 
 
 HEN, hen, n. the female of any bird, esp. 
 of the domestic fowl. [A.S. henn, akin 
 to Ger. henne, Ice. heena, the fem. forms 
 respectively of A.S. hana, Ger. hahn. 
 Ice. hani, the male of birds, a cock ; orig. 
 the singer or crier, akin to L. cano, to 
 sing.] 
 
 HENBANE, hen'ban, n. a plant which is 
 a bane or poison to domestic fotcls : the 
 stinking night-shade, used in medicine 
 for opium. 
 
 HENCE, hens, adv., from this place or 
 time : in the future : from this cause or 
 reason : from this origin. — int. away I 
 begone ! [M.E. hennes. henen — A.S. 
 heonan, from the base of He ; Ger. hin- 
 nen, hin, hence ; so L. hinc, hence — hie, 
 this.] 
 
 HENCEFORTH, hens-forth' or hens'-, 
 HENCEFORWARD, hens-for'ward, adv. 
 from this time forth or forward. 
 
 HENCHMAN, hensh'man, n. a servant : a 
 page. [Usually derived from hannch- 
 man, cf. Fujnkey ; perh., however, from 
 A.S. hengest, a horse, Ger. hengst. and 
 man, and meaning a groom (Skeat).] 
 
 HENCOOP, hen'koop, ?(. a coop or large 
 cage for domestic fowls. 
 
 HENDECAGON, hen-dek'a-gon, n. a plane 
 figure of eleven angles and eleven sides. 
 [Fr. hend^cagone — Gr. hendeka, eleven, 
 oonia. an angle.] 
 
 HENiTCASYLLABLE. hen-dek'a-sil'a-bl, 
 n. a met-ical ^ine of eleven syllables. — 
 adj. Hendec'^syllab'ic. [Gr. hendeka, 
 eleven; syllabe, a .syllable.] 
 
 HENDIADYS, hen-dl'a-dis, n. a figure in 
 which one and the same notion is pre- 
 sented in tiro expressions. [Gr. Hen dia 
 dyoin, one thing bv means of two.] 
 
 HEN-H.VRRIER. hen'-har'i-er, n. a species 
 of falcon, the common harrier. See 
 Harrier, a hawk.l 
 
 HENNA, hen'a, n. a pigment used in the 
 Orient for dyeing the nails and hair. TAr. 
 hinna, the shrub from whose leaves it is 
 made.] 
 
 HENPECKED, hen'pekt. adj. weakly sub- 
 ject to his wife, as a cock pecked by the 
 hen. 
 
 HEP. hep, n. See Hip, the fruit of the 
 dogrose. 
 
 HEPATIC, hep-at'ik, HEPATICAL. hep- 
 at'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the liver : 
 liver-colored. [L. he2}aticns — Gr. hepar, 
 hepafos, the liver. ] 
 
 HEPATITIS, hep-a-ti'tis. n. inflammation 
 of the liver. [Gr. hepar, hepatos, the 
 liver.] 
 
 HEPATOSCOPY, hep-a-tos'kop-i, n. divi- 
 nation by inspection of the livers of 
 animals. [Gr. hepatoskopia — hepar, 
 hepatos. liver, skopeo, to inspect.] 
 
 HEPTADE, hep'tad. n, the sum or number 
 of seven. [Fr. — Gr. heptas, hepitados — 
 hepta, seven.] 
 
 HEPTAGLOT, hep'ta-glot, adj. in seven 
 languages. — n. a book inseven languages. 
 [Gr. heptaglottos — hepta, seven, glotta, 
 glossa, tongue, language.] 
 
 HEPTAGON, hep'ta-gon, n. a plane figure 
 with seven angles and seven sides. — adj. 
 Heptag'onal. [Gr. heptagonos, seven- 
 cornered — hepta, and gonia, an angle.] 
 
 HEPTAHEDRON, hep-ta-he'dron,M. a solid 
 figure with seven bases or sides. [Gr, 
 hepta. seven, hedra, a seat, a base.] 
 
 HEPTARCHY, hep'tar-ki, n. a government 
 by sei'en persons : the country governed 
 by seven : a period in the Saxon history 
 of England (a use of the word now disap- 
 proved by historians). — adj. Heptar'chic. 
 tGr. hepta, seven, arche, sovereignty.] 
 
 HER. her, pron. objective and possessive 
 case of She. — adj. belonging to a female. 
 [M.E. here — A.S. hire, genitive and dative 
 sing, of heo, she.] 
 
 HERALD, her'ald, n. in ancient times, an 
 officer who made public proclamations 
 and arranged ceremonies : in medieval 
 times, an officer who had charge of all 
 the etiquette of chivalry, keeping a reg- 
 ister of the genealogies and armorial 
 bearings of the nobles : an officer in En- 
 gland whose duty is to read proclama- 
 tions, to blazon the arms of the nobility, 
 etc.: a proclaimer : a forerunner. — v.t, 
 to introduce, as by a herald: to proclaim. 
 [O. Fr. heralt ; of Ger. origin, O. Ger. 
 hari (A.S. here, Ger. heer), an army, and 
 wald = tvalt, strength, sway. See Wield, 
 VaudJ 
 
 HERALDIC, her-al'dik. adj. of or relating 
 to heralds or heraldry. — adv. Hekal'dic- 
 
 ALLY. 
 
 HERALDRY, her'ald-ri, n. the art or office 
 of a herald: the science of recording 
 genealogies and blazoning coats of arms. 
 
 HERB, herb or erb, tt. a plant the stem of 
 which dies every year, as distinguished 
 from a tree or shrub which has a per- 
 manent stem. — adj. Herb'less. [Fr. 
 herbe — L. herba, akin to Gr. phorbe, 
 pasture — pherbo, to feed, to nourish.] 
 
 HERBACEOUS, her-ba'shus. adj. pertain- 
 ing to or of the nature oi herbs: (bot.) 
 having a soft stem that dies to the root 
 annually. [L. herbaceris.'] 
 
 HERBAGE, herb'aj or erb'aj, ?!. green 
 food for cattle : pasture : herbs collec- 
 tively. 
 
 HERBAL, herb'al, adj. pertaining to 
 herbs. — n. a book containing a classifi-
 
 HERBALIST 
 
 218 
 
 HETEROTAXY 
 
 cation and description of plants : a col- 
 lection of preserved plants. 
 
 HERBALIST, herb'al-ist, n. one who makes 
 collections of hei-bs or plants : one skilled 
 in plants. 
 
 HERBARIUM, her-ba'ri-um, n. a classified 
 collection of preserved herbs ov plants: — 
 pi. Herba'eiums and Herba'ria. [Low 
 L. — L. herha.] 
 
 flERBESCENT, her-bes'ent, adj., growing 
 into herbs, becoming; herbaceous. [L. 
 herbescens, -entis, pr.p. of herbesco, to 
 grow into herbs.] 
 
 HERBIVOROUS, her-biVor-us, a<JJ., eating 
 or living on herbaceous plants. [L. herba, 
 roro. to devour.] 
 
 HERBORIZATION, herb-or-i-za'shun, n. 
 the seeking' for plants : (rnin.) the figure 
 of plants. 
 
 HERBORIZE, herb'o-iiz, v.i. to search for 
 plants : to botanize. — v.t. to form plant- 
 like figures in, as in minerals. [Fr. 
 herboriser, for herbariser — L. herbn.J 
 
 HERCULEiiJN, her-ku'le-an, adj. extreme- 
 ly difficult or dangerous, such as might 
 have been done by Hercides, a Greek hero 
 famous for his strength : of extraordi- 
 nary strength and size. 
 
 HERD, lierd, n. a number of beasts feed- 
 ing- together, and watched or tended : 
 any collection of beasts, as distinguished 
 from a flock : a company of people, in 
 contempt: the rabble. — v.i. to run in 
 herds. — v.t. to tend, as a herdsman. [A.S. 
 heard, herd ; cognate words are found in 
 all the Teut. languages.] 
 
 HERD, herd, n. one who tends a herd. 
 [A.S. heorde, hirde, from hewdor herd, 
 a herd of beasts ; Ger. hirt.'] 
 
 HERDSMAN, herdz'man (B., Herd'man), 
 n. a man employed to herd or tend cattle.] 
 
 HERE, her, adv. in this place : in the pres- 
 ent life or state. — Here' about, adv. about 
 this place. — Herf.aft'er. adv. after this, 
 in some future time or state. — n. a future 
 state. — Here and There, adv. in this 
 place, and then in that : thinly : irreg- 
 ularly. — Hereby', adv. by tliis^ — Here- 
 in', adv. in this. — Hereof', adv. of this. 
 — Heretofore', adv. before this time : 
 formerly. — HEREUNTO', adv. to this point 
 or time. — Herecpon', adv<. on this : in 
 consequence of this. — HEREW^TH', adv. 
 with this. [A.S. her ; Ger. hier, from 
 the demonstrative stem hi-. See Her, 
 and cf. Who. Where.] 
 
 HEREDITABLE, he-red'it-a-bl, adj. that 
 mav be inherited. 
 
 HEREDITAMENT, her-e-tlit'a-ment, n. all 
 property of whatever kind that maj' pass 
 to an heir. 
 
 HEREDITARY, he-red^-tar-i, adj. descend- 
 ing by inheritance : transmitted from 
 parents to their offspring. — adv. Heeed'- 
 ITARILY. [L. hereditarius — hereditas, the 
 state of an heir — heres, an heir.] 
 
 HEREDITY, he-red'i-ti, n. the transmission 
 of qualities from the parents or ancestors 
 to tlieir offspring. 
 
 HERESIARCH, her'e-si-ark or he-re'zi-ark, 
 n. a leader in heresy, a chief among here- 
 tics. [Gr. hairesis, heresy, and archos, a 
 leader — archo, to lead.] 
 
 HERESY, her'e-si, n. an opinion adopted 
 in opposition to the usual belief, esp. in 
 theology : heterodoxy. [Fr. heresie — L. 
 ha;resis — Gr. hairesis — haired, to take or 
 elK>ose.J 
 
 HERETIC, her'e-tik, w. the upholder of a 
 heresy. — adj. Heret'ical.— adi-. Heeet'- 
 ICAIXY. [Gr. liairetikos, able to choose, 
 heretical. I 
 
 HEREBY, HEREUNTO, HEREWITH, etc. 
 See under Here. 
 
 HERIOT. her'i-ot. n. a tribute of )H?(Jwh'oj!s 
 of irar anciently given to the lord of the 
 manor on the decease of a tenant: a duty 
 
 paid to the lord of the manor on the de- 
 cease of a tenant. [A.S. heregeatu, a 
 military preparation — here, an army, 
 geatwe. apparatus.] 
 
 HERITABLE, her'it-abl, adj. that may be 
 inherited. — Heritable Property (Scotch 
 law) real property, as opposed to movable 
 property, or chattels.— Heritable Seclt?- 
 ITY, same as English mortgage. [O. Fr. 
 heritable, hereditable — Low L. heredita- 
 bilis — L. hereditas.] 
 
 HERITAGE, her'it-aj, n. that which is in- 
 herited : (B.) the children (of God). [Fr. 
 — Low L. heritagium, hoereditagium — L. 
 hereditas.] 
 
 HERITOR, her'it-or, n. (in Scotland) a 
 landholder in a parish. [Low L. herita- 
 tor, for hcei-editator — L. hereditas.} 
 
 HERMAPHRODISM, lier- maf ' ro5 - izm, 
 HERMAPHRODITISM, her-maf'rod-it- 
 izm. n. the union of the two sexes in one 
 body. 
 
 HERMAPHRODITE, her-maf'rod-it, n. an 
 animal or a plant in which the two sexes 
 are united: an abnormal individual in 
 whom ai-e united the properties of both 
 sexes. — adj. uniting the distinctions of 
 both sexes. [L. — Gr. Hermaphrod^ios, 
 the son of Bermes and Aphrodite, who, 
 when batiiing, grew together ^Wth the 
 nymph Salmacis into one person.] 
 
 HERMAPHRODITIC, her- maf - rod - it'ik, 
 HERMAPHRODITICAL, her-maf-rod-it'- 
 ik-al, adj. pertaining to a hermaphrodite: 
 partaking- of both sexes. 
 
 HERMENEUTIC, her-me-nu'tik, HERME- 
 NEUTICAL. her-me-nu'tik-al. adj., inter- 
 preting: explanatory. — adv. Hermeneu'- 
 TiCAJXT. — n. sing. Hermeneu'tics, the 
 science of interpretation, esp. of the 
 Scriptures. [Gr. hermeneutikos — herme- 
 neiis. an interpreter, from Hermes. Mer- 
 curv, the god of art and eloquence.] 
 
 HERMETIC, her-met'ik, HERMETICAL, 
 her-met'ik-al, adj. belonging in any way 
 to the beliefs current in the middle ages 
 under the name of Hermes, the Thrice 
 Great : belonging to magic or alchemy, 
 magical : perfectly close. — adv. Hermet'- 
 
 ICALLY.— HEEMEt'iCALLY SEALED, closed 
 completely, said of a glass vessel, the 
 opening of which is closed by melting the 
 glass. [From Hermes Trismegistns,a.t^r- 
 mes " the thrice-greatest," the Gr. name 
 for the Egyptian god Thoth, who was 
 god of science, esp. alchemy, and whose 
 magic seal was held by medieval alchem- 
 ists to make vessels and treasures inac- 
 cessible.] 
 
 HERMIT, her'mit, n. one who retires from 
 society and lives in solitude or in the 
 desert. [M.E. eremite, through Fr. and 
 L. from Gr. eremites — eremos, solitary, 
 desert.] 
 
 HERMITAGE, her'mit-aj, n. the dwelling 
 of a hennit : a retired abode : a kind of 
 ■wine, so called from Hermitage, a dis- 
 trict of France. 
 
 HERN. Same as Heeon. 
 
 HERNIA, her'ni-a, n. a rupture, esp. of 
 the abdomen. — adj. Her'nl\L. [L.] 
 
 HERO, he'ro, n. (orig.) a varrior, a demi- 
 god : a man of distinguished braveiy : 
 any illustrious person : tlie principal fig- 
 ure in any history or work of fiction : — 
 fern. Heroine, h'er'o-in. [Thi-ough Fr. 
 and L. from Gr. herds; akin to L. vir, 
 A.S. v:er, a man. Sans, viru, a hero.] 
 
 HERODIANS, lie-ro'di-ans. n.pl. a party 
 among the Jews, taking their name from 
 Herod, as being his especial partisans. 
 
 HEROIChe-ro'ik, HEROICAL, he-ro'ik-al, 
 adj. becoming a hero : courageous : il- 
 lustrious : designating the style of verse 
 in wliich the exploits of heroes are cele- 
 brated. — «. a heroic verse. — adv. Heeo'- 
 
 ICALLY.l 
 
 HEROI-COJIIC, her'o-i-kom'ik, HEROI- 
 COMICAL, her'o-i-kom'ik-al, adj. consist- 
 ing of a mixture of heroic and coviic; 
 designating the high burlesque. 
 
 HEROISM, her'o-izm. ri. the qualities of 
 hero .- courage : boldness. 
 
 HERON, her un, n. a large screamingi 
 water-fowl, with long legs and neck. — n,\ 
 Her'oney, a place where herons breed. 
 [Fr. — O. Ger. heigro, cog. with A.S., 
 hriigra. Ice. hegri, all imitative of ita. 
 croak.] 
 
 HERONSHAW, her'un-shaw, 71. a yoiing^ 
 heron. [Properly, heronseive (ety. un- 
 known), which was confounded with the 
 old form hernshaw, a heronry, from 
 Heron, and .shau; a wood.] 
 
 HERO-WORSHIP, he'ro-wur'ship, n. the 
 frorship of heroes : excessive admiration 
 of great men. 
 
 HERPES, her'pez, n. a kind of skin dis- 
 ease. [So called from its creeping over 
 the skin, from Gr. herpes, herpo, to 
 creep.] 
 
 HERPETON, her'pet-on, n. a genus of 
 non-venomous serpents of Southern 
 Asia, allied to Eryx, and characterized 
 by two soft flexible prominences covered 
 with scales which are appended to the 
 muzzle. Written also Eepeton. [Gr., 
 a reptile.] 
 
 HERRING, her'ing, n. a common small 
 sea-fish found moving in great shoals or 
 vndtitvdes. [A.S. hoering (Ger. hiiring) 
 — here (Ger. heer), an army or multitude; 
 or perh. corr. from L. halec, fish-pickle.] 
 
 HERS, herz, pron. possessive of She. 
 
 HERSE. Same as Hearse. 
 
 HERSELF, her-self, j)j-0)i. the emphatic 
 form of She in the nominative or ob- 
 jective case : in her real character : liav 
 ing the command of her faculties : sane 
 [Her and Self. ] 
 
 HESITANCY, hez'i-tan-si, HESITATION 
 hez-i-ta'shun, ?i. wavering : doubt : stam- 
 mering. 
 
 HESITATE, hez'i-tat, v.i. to stop in mak- 
 ing a decision : to be in doubt : to stam- 
 mer. — adv. Hes'itatingly. [L. hcesito, 
 hcesitatvm, freq. of hcereo, ncesum, to 
 stick, adhere.] 
 
 HESPER, hes'per, HESPERUS, hes'per-us, 
 n. the evening-sta.1' or Venus. [L. and Gr. 
 hesperos, evening, also L. i'espe?"J 
 
 HESPERIAN, hes-pe'ri-an, adj. of Hesperus 
 or the west. 
 
 HETEROCERCAL, het-er-o-ser'kal, adj. 
 having- the upper fork of the tail differ- 
 ent from or longer than the lower, as the 
 shark : opposed to Homocercal. [Gr. 
 heteros, different from, and kei'kos, the 
 tail.] 
 
 HETEROCLITE, Iiet'er-o-klTt, HETERO- 
 CLITIC, het-er-o-klit'ik, HETEROCLIT- 
 ICAL, het-er-o-klit'ik-al, af(/'., irreqnlnrly 
 inflected: irregular. [Gr. heteroklitos — 
 heteros, other, and klitos, inflected— 
 klino. to inflect.] 
 
 HETEROCLITE, het'er-o-klit, n. (gram.) a 
 word irregularly inflected : anything ir- 
 regular. 
 
 HETERODOX, her'er-o-doks, adj. holding 
 an opinion other or difierent from the 
 established one, esp. in theology : hereti 
 cal. [Gr. heterodoxos — heteros. other 
 do.ra. an opinion — dokeo. to think.] 
 
 HETERODOXY, liet'er-o-doks-i, n. heresy. 
 
 HETEROGENEOUS, het - er - o - jen'e - us 
 HETEROGENEAL, het-er-o-ien'e-al, adj. 
 of another race or kind: dissimilar: — 
 opposed to HoMOGENEOrs.— odr. Heter- 
 ogen'eously. — ns. Heterogene'ity, 
 Heterogen'eocsness. [Gr. heferogeiies 
 — hrfrrox. other, genos, a kind.] 
 
 HETEROTAXY. het-ei-o-taks'i, n. arrange- 
 ment different from that existing in a 
 normal form or type : confused, abnor-
 
 HETMAN 
 
 219 
 
 HIGH-SOUNDING 
 
 mal, or heterogeneous arrangement or 
 structure. [Gr. heteros, diflfei-ent, and 
 ta.vis, arrangement.] 
 
 HETStAN, het'man, n. the chief or general 
 of the Cossacks. [Russ.] 
 
 HEW, hu, v.i. to cut ■with any sharp in- 
 strument : to cut in pieces : to shape : — 
 pa.j). hewed' or hewn. [A.S. heairan ; 
 Ger. hatten.] 
 
 HEWER, liu'er, n. one who hews. 
 
 HEXAGON, helvs'a-gon, n. a plane figure 
 with sisc angles and sides. — adj. Hkxag'- 
 ONAL. —adr. Hexag'onallt. TGr. hexa- 
 gonon — he.v. six, gonia, an angle.] 
 
 HEXAHEDRON, heks-a-he'dron. n. a cube, 
 a regular solid with six sides or faces, 
 each of these being a square. — adj. Hex- 
 ahe'dral. [Gr. hex, six, hed-ra, a base.] 
 
 HEXAMETER, heks-am'et-er, n. a verse of 
 SIX measures or feet. — adj. having six 
 metrical feet. [L. — Gr. hex, six, metron, 
 a measure.] 
 
 HEXAPLA, neks'a-pla, n. an edition of the 
 Scriptures in six different versions, esp. 
 that prepared hy Origen of Alexandria. 
 — adj. Hex'aplae. [Gt. hexanloris, six- 
 fold.] 
 
 HEXAPOD, heks'a-pod. n. an animal Tvith 
 six feet. [Gr. hexapous, -podos — hex, six, 
 poiis, a foot.] 
 
 HEXASTICH, heks'a-stik, n. a poem of 
 sue lines or verses. [Gr. hexastiehos — 
 h&v. six. stichos, a line.] 
 
 HEXASTYLE. heks'a-stll, n. a building 
 with six pillars. [Gr. }iekastylos — Jiex, 
 six, stylos, a pillar.] 
 
 HEXATEUCH, heks'a-tuk, ?;. the first six 
 books of the Old Testament. [Gr. hex, 
 six, and teuchos, a book.] 
 
 HEY. ha, int. expressive of joy or interro- 
 gation. [^From the sound, like Ger. hei.] 
 
 HEYDAY, ha'da, int. expressive of frolic, 
 exultation, or wonder. [Ger. heida, or 
 Dut. hei daar, (Ger.) da, (Dut.) daar =• 
 
 HEY'DAY, ha'da, w. the wild gaiety of 
 youth. [For highday: M.E. hey-day.] 
 
 HEY-GO-MAD, ha'-go-mad, a colloquial 
 expression imjjlj-ing an intense or ex- 
 treme degree, boundlessness, absence of 
 restraint, or the like. "Awav they go 
 cluttering like hey-go-mad." — Sterne. 
 
 HEY-PAS8, ha'-pas, n. an interjectional 
 expression used by jugglers during the 
 
 f)erformance of their feats, and eqiziva- 
 ent to change or disappear suddenlj- ! 
 "You wanted but hey-pass to have made 
 your transition like a m3'stical man of 
 Sturbridge. But for all your sleight of 
 hand, our just exceptions against liturgy 
 are not vanished." — Milton. 
 
 HIATUS, hl-a'tus, n. a gaj) : an opening : 
 a defect : (gram.) a concurrence of vowel 
 sounds in two successive syllables. [L., 
 from Mo. to gape ; Gr. ehaino, to gape ; 
 from root cha, the sound produced by 
 gaping.] 
 
 HIBERNAL, hl-ber'nal, adj. belonging to 
 winter: wintry. [Fr. — L. hibernatis — 
 hiems, Gr. cheima, winter, Sans, hima, 
 .snow.] 
 
 HIBERNATE, hi'ber-nat, v.i. to winter : 
 to pass the winter in sleep or torpor. — n. 
 Hiberna'tion, the state of torpor in 
 which many animals pass the winter. 
 [L. hiberno, hibematum — hiberna, win- 
 ter-quarters.] 
 
 HIBERNIAN. liT-ber'ni-an, adj. relating to 
 Hibernia or Ireland. — n. an Irishman. 
 [From L. Hibernia, Gr. louemia, Ire- 
 land.] 
 
 HIBERNIANISM. hl-ber'ni-an-izm. HI- 
 BERNICISM, hi-ber'ni-sizm, n. an Irish 
 idioMi or poculiaritv. 
 
 HICCOUGH. HICCUP, HICKUP. hik'up. 
 n. a sudden and involuntary' kind of 
 cough. — v.i. to have a cough of this 
 
 kind -.^ir.p. hiccoughing (hik'up-ing) ; 
 ])a.p. hiccoughed (hik'upt). [Imitative ; 
 there are similar words in many lan- 
 guages, as Dut. hik, Dan. hikke, Bret. 
 hik.] 
 
 HICKORY', hik'or-i, n. the name of several 
 American nut-bearing trees. [Ety. un- 
 known.] 
 
 HID, HIDDEN. See Hide. 
 
 HID AT, GO, hi-dal'go, n. a Spanish noble- 
 man of the lowest class. [Sp. liijo de 
 algo, the sou of something, i.e., of a good 
 house, and without mixture of Moorish 
 or Jewish blood.] 
 
 HIDDEN, liid'u, adj. concealed : unknown. 
 
 HIDE, hid, v.t. to conceal : to keep in 
 safety. — v.i. to lie concealed i—pa-t. hid ; 
 pa.p. hidd'en, hid. [A.S. hydan, to hide ; 
 allied to Gr. keutho, and perh. to L. 
 custos (^ cvd-tos), a protector.] 
 
 HIDE, hid, n. the gkiti' of an animal. — v.t. 
 to flog or whip. [A.S. hyd ; Ger. haul, 
 allied to L. cutis, Gr. sktitos.'] 
 
 HIDE, hid, n. an old measure of land vary- 
 ing from 60 to 130 acres. [A.S. hid, con- 
 tracted for hlgid=hiwisc, both words 
 meaning as much land as could support 
 a famil}', and so conn, with A.S. hiwan, 
 domestics. See Hive.] 
 
 HIDEBOUND, hid'bownd, adj. havmg the 
 hide closely bound to the bodj', as in ani- 
 mals: in trees, having' the bai'k so close 
 that it impedes the growth. 
 
 HIDEOUS, hid'e-us, adj. frightful: hor- 
 rible : ghastlj'. — adv. Hid'eously. — n. 
 Hid'eocsness! [Fr. hideux—O. Fr. hide, 
 hisde, dread ; perh. from L. hispidus, 
 rough, rude.] 
 
 HIDENG, hid'ing, n. a place of conceal- 
 ment. 
 
 HIDING, hid'ing. n. a flogging, thrashing, 
 or beating. '• I wasn't going to shed the 
 beggar's blood ; I was only going to give 
 him a hiding for his unpudence."— ^C 
 Reade. 
 
 HIE, hi, v.i. to hasten : — pr.pi. hie'ing ; 
 2M.p. hied'. [A.S. higian, to hasten.] 
 
 HIERARCH, hrer-ark, n. a ruler in sacred 
 matters. — adj. Hi'eeaechal. [Gr. hier- 
 arches — hieros, sacred, archo, to rule.] 
 
 HIERAPCHY, hl'er-ark-i, n., rule in sacred 
 matters : persons that so rule : the body 
 of the clergy : a government by priests. 
 
 ■—adj. HrF.BARCH'lCAI.. 
 
 HIERATIC, hl-er-at'ik, adj., sacred: re- 
 lating to piiests. [L. hieratieus — Gr. 
 hieratikos ] 
 
 HIEROGLY'PH, hI'er-0-glif, HIERO- 
 GLYPHIC, lii-er-o-glil'ik, n. the sacred 
 characters of the ancient Egyptian lan- 
 guage: picture-writing, or writing in 
 which figures of objects are employed 
 instead of conventional signs, like the 
 alphabet : any symbohcal figure. — adjs. 
 HXEaOGLYPH'lC, filEROGLYPH'lCAL. — adl\ 
 
 Hieroglyph ' ic a i .t , y . [Gr. hieroglyvhi- 
 kon — hieros, sacred, glypho, to carve.] 
 
 HIEROGLY'PHIST, hl-er-o-gUf'ist, n. one 
 skilled in reading h ieroglyphies. 
 
 HIEROGRAPHIC, hl-er-o-grafik, HIERO- 
 GRAPHICAL, hl-er-o-^raf'ik-al. adj. per- 
 taining' to sacred, writing. [Gr. Iiievo- 
 graphikos — hieros, sacred, axiAgraphikos, 
 from graphu, to write.] 
 
 HIEROLOGY. lu-er-ol'o-ji, n. the science 
 which ttTeats of sacred matters, especiallj' 
 sacred writing and uiscriptions. [Gr. 
 hierologia — hieros, sacred, and logos, a 
 discourse or treatise.] 
 
 HIEROPHANT, hi'er-o-fant, n. one who 
 shows or reveals sacred things : a priest. 
 [Gr. hierophantes—hieros, saucreA, phaino, 
 to show.] 
 
 HIGGLE, hig^l, v.i. to haick about provis- 
 ions for sale: to make difficulty in bargain- 
 ing : to chaffer. — n. Hiog'ler. [A form 
 of Haggle, and Hawk, to sell.] 
 
 HIGH, hi, adj. elevated : lofty : tall : emi- 
 nent in anj-thing : exalted in rank : 
 dignified : chief : noble : ostentatious : 
 arrogant : proud : strong : po'werful : 
 angry : loud : violent : tempestuous : ex- 
 cellent : far advanced : difficult : dear : 
 remote in time. — High wine, the strong 
 spirit obtained by the redistillation of 
 the low wines, or a strong alcoholic 
 product obtained by rectification. — adv 
 aloft : eminently : powerfully : profound- 
 ly. — adv. High'ly. [A.S. heah : Goth. 
 hauhs. Ice. har, Ger. Iwch.] 
 
 HIGH- ADMIRAL, hi'-ad'mi-ral, n. a high 
 or chief admiral of a fleet. 
 
 HIGH-ALTAR, hi'-awl'tar, n. the princi- 
 jial altar in a church. 
 
 HIGH-BAILIFF, hi'-bal'if, n. an English 
 officer who sei"ves writs, etc., in certain 
 franchises, exempt from the ordinary 
 supervision of the sheriff. 
 
 HIGH-BORN, lu'-bawrn, adj. of high or 
 noble birth. 
 
 HIGH-BRED, hi'-bred, adj. of high or 
 noble breed, training, or family. 
 
 HIGH-CHURCH, hl'-church, ii. a party 
 within the Church of England, who exalt 
 the authority and jurisdiction of the 
 church, and attach great importance to 
 ecclesiastical dignities, ordinances, and 
 ceremonies. — 7is. High'-chcrch'man, 
 High'-chuech'ism. 
 
 HIGH-COLORED, hi'-kul'urd, adj. having 
 a strong or glaring color. 
 
 HIGH-DAY^, hi'-da, n. a holiday: (B.) 
 broad daylight. 
 
 HIGH-FED, hi'-fed, adj., fedhighly or hrx- 
 uriouslv: pampered. — n. High'-feed'ING. 
 
 HIGHFLIER, hi'fll-er, n. one who flies high, 
 or runs into extravagance of opinion or 
 action. — adj. High'-FLY'ing. 
 
 HIGH-FLOWN, hl'-flon, adj. extravagant 
 elevated : turg'id. 
 
 HIGH-HANDED, hi'-hand'ed, adj. over 
 bearing : violent. 
 
 HIGH-HEARTED, hi'-hart'ed, adj with 
 the lieart high or full of courage. 
 
 HIGHLAND, hl'land, ii. a mountainous 
 district. 
 
 HIGHLANDER, hi'land-er, n. an inhabi- 
 tant of a mountainous region ; specifi- 
 callv. in Scotland. 
 
 HIGH-MASS, hi'-mas, n. in the R. Cath. Ch. 
 the mass which is read before the high- 
 altai- on Sundays, feast-days, and great 
 occasions. 
 
 HIGH-MINDED, hi'-mlnd'ed, aclj. ha\'ing 
 a high, proud, or arrogant mind : having 
 honorable pride : magnanimous. — »j. 
 High'-mind'kdness. 
 
 HIGHNESS, hi'nes, n. the state of being 
 high : dignity of rank : a title of honor 
 g'iven to princes. 
 
 HIGH-PLACE, hl'-plils, )i. (B.) an eminence 
 on wliich unlawful worship was per- 
 formed bv the Jews. 
 
 HIGH-PRESSURE, hi'-presh'ur, adj. ap- 
 plied to a steam-engine in which tht 
 steam is raised to a high temperature, so 
 that the pi-essure may exceed that of the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 HIGH-PRIEST, hi'-prest, n. a chief -priest, 
 under the Mosaic dispensation. 
 
 HIGH-PRINCIPLED, hi'-prin si-pld, adj. 
 of high, noble, or sU-ict principle. 
 
 HIGH-PROOF, hl'-proof, adj., jiroved to 
 contain much alcohol : highly I'ectified. 
 
 HIGH-ROAD, hi'-rod, n. one of the public 
 or chief roads. 
 
 HIGH-SEASONED, hl'-se'znd, adj. made 
 rich or piquant with spices or other sea- 
 soning. 
 
 HIGH-.SOULED, hi'-sold, aclj. ha-ring a 
 high or loft V sow? or spirit. 
 
 HIGH-SOUNbiNG, hi- .sownd'ing, aclj. 
 pompous : ostento ';ious.
 
 HIGH-SPIRITED 
 
 220 
 
 HISTRIONICISM 
 
 HIGH-SPIRITED, hi'-spir'it-ed, adj. hav- 
 ing a high spirit or natural fire : bold : 
 daring- : irascible. 
 
 HIGHT, hit, a pass, verb, used in the third 
 pers. sing-., he was oris called or named. 
 \A..S.hatan, to be called — hatan, to call ; 
 Ger. heissen.'] 
 
 HIGH-TASTED, hi'-tast'ed, od/. hainng a 
 strong piquant taste or relish. 
 
 tnGH-TREASON, hi'-tre'zn, n. treason 
 against the sovereign or state, being- the 
 higliest civil offence. 
 
 HIGH- WATER. hi'-waVter, n. the time 
 at which the tide is highest : the greatest 
 elevation of the tide. 
 
 HIGHWAY, hi'wa, n. a high or public way 
 or road. 
 
 HIGHWATMAN, hl'wa-nian, n. a robber 
 who atta cks people on the public tvay. 
 
 HIGH-WROUGHT, hi'-rawt, adj. wrougJit 
 with exquisite skill : highly finished. 
 
 HILARIOUS, hi-la'ri-us, adj. gay : very 
 merry. [L. hilaris — Gr. hilaros — hilaos, 
 kindly, gay, cheerful.] 
 
 HILAlilTY, hi-lar'i-ti, n. gaiety : pleasura- 
 ble excitement. 
 
 HILARY, hil'ar-i, adj. the name applied 
 to one of the four terms of tlie law- 
 courts of England, from 11th to 31st 
 January, so called fronn St. Hilary, 
 whose festival is Jan. 13. 
 
 HILL, hil, n. a high mass of land, less 
 than a mountain. [A.S. hyl! ; aOied to 
 L. collis, a hill, and root eel in celsus, 
 high, Gr. kolonos, a hill.] 
 
 HILLOCK, hil'uk, n. a small hill. 
 
 HILLY, hil'i, adj. full of hills.— n. Hn.T/- 
 
 LNESS. 
 
 HILT, hilt, n. the handle, esp. of a sword. 
 [A.S. hilt; Dut. hilte, O. G«r. helza ; not 
 conn, with HOLD.] 
 
 flILTED, hilt'ed, adj. having a hilt. 
 
 HIM, liim, pron. the objective case of He. 
 [A.S. he, dative him, ace. hine.'\ 
 
 HIMSELF, him-self, pron. the emphatic 
 and reflective form of He and Hem ; it 
 also expresses the proper character or 
 state of mind of a person. 
 
 HIN, bin, n. a Hebrew liquid measure, 
 containing about 6 quarts. [Heb.] 
 
 HIND, hind, n. the female of the stag. 
 [A.S. hind ; (Jer. hinde, hindin, O. Ger. 
 hinda. hinia.] 
 
 HIND, hind, n. a farm-servant, a plough- 
 man, a peasant. [Lit. a domestic, from 
 A.S. hina, hiwan, domestics — hiiv, a 
 house. See HiVE.] 
 
 HIND, hind, adj. placed in the rear : per- 
 taining to the part behind : backward : 
 opposed to Fore. [A.S. hindan, from 
 the base hi, seen also in He, Hence, and 
 Hither.] 
 
 HINDER, hind'er, adj. comparative of 
 Hind, but used in the same signiflca- 
 tions. 
 
 HINDER, hin'der, v.t. to put or keep be- 
 hind: to stop, or prevent progress: to 
 embarrass. — v.i. to raise obstacles. [A.S. 
 hiyidrian ; G«r. hindern ; from HIND, 
 
 HINDERANCE,hin'der-ans,HlNDRANCE, 
 hin'drans, n. act of hindering: that wliich 
 hinders: obstacle. 
 
 aiNDERMOST, hind'er-most, HUSTDMOST, 
 hind'most, adj. superlative of Hind ; 
 lurtbest behind. [For -most, see After- 
 most and Foremost.] 
 
 ftlNDI, hin'de, n. one of the languages of 
 Arvan stock now spoken in North India. 
 [Pers. Hind, " India."] 
 
 HINDLEG, hind'leg, n. one of the back or 
 posterior legs of anything ; cis, the hiyid- 
 leg of a horse, of a chair, or the like. 
 
 HINDOOSTANEE. See Hindustani. 
 
 HINDRANCE. See Hinderance. 
 
 HINDU HINDOO, Mn'doc, n. a native ot 
 Hindustan : now r lore properly applied 
 
 to native Indian believers in Brahman- 
 ism, as opp. to Mohammedans, etc. [Lit. 
 a dweller on the banks of the river 
 Sindhu, Sans, for Indus.] 
 
 HINDUISM, HINDOOISM, hin'do5-izm, n. 
 the religion and customs of the Hindus. 
 
 HINDUSTANI, hin-doo-stan'e, n. a dialect 
 of Hindi, also called Urdu (" language of 
 the camp," Turk, urdu or ordu, " camp "'), 
 being likewise the chief official and com- 
 mercial language of India. 
 
 HINGE, hinj, n. thehook or joint on which 
 a door or lid hangs: that on which any- 
 thing depends or turns. — v.t. to furnish 
 with hinges : to bend. — v.i. to hang or 
 turn as on a hinge : — pr.p. hing'ing; pa.p. 
 hinged'. [M. E. henge, from M. E. heiP- 
 gen. to hang, which, according to Skeat, 
 is of Scand. origin, as in Ice. henja, to 
 hang, but cog. with A.S. hangian.] 
 
 HINNY, hin'i, n. the produce of a stallion 
 and a she-ass. [L. hinnus — Gr. hinnos, 
 ginnos, a mule.] 
 
 HINT, hint, n. a distant allusion : slight 
 mention: insinuation. — v.t. to bring to 
 mind by a slight mention or remote al- 
 lusion : to allude to. — v.i. to make an 
 indirect or remote allusion : to allude. 
 [Lit. a thing taken, from A.S. hentan, to 
 seize, and so allied to hunt and hand.'] 
 
 HIP, hip, n. the haunch or fleshy part of 
 the thigh. — v.t. to sprain the hip : — pr.p. 
 hipp'ing ; pa.p. hipped'. [A.S. hype ; 
 Goth. hnps. Ger. hi(,fte.'\ 
 
 HIP, hip, HEP, hep, n. the fruit of the 
 wild brier or dogrose. [M.E. hepe ; from 
 A.S. heope.'] 
 
 HIPPIATRIC, hip-pi-at'rik, adj. i)ertaining 
 or relating to farriery or veterinary sur- 
 gery : veterinary. 
 
 HIPPIATRY, hip''pi-at-ri, n. the art of 
 curing diseases of the horse : veterinary 
 surgery. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and iatros, 
 a physician.] 
 
 HIPPISH.hip'ish.ad/. somewhat hypochon- 
 driac. [A familiar corr. of Hypochon- 
 driac] 
 
 HIPPOCAMPUS, hip'o-kam-pus, n. a genus 
 of fishes with head and neck somewhat 
 like those of a horse, and a long, tapering 
 tail which they can tinst round anything. 
 [Gr. h ippokampos — hippos, a horse, kam- 
 pe, a turningj 
 
 HIPPOCENTAUR, hip-o-sent'awr> n. same 
 as Centaur. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and 
 Centaur.] 
 
 HIPPODROME, hip'o-drom, n. a race- 
 coiirse for horses and chariots : an eques- 
 trian circus. [Gr. hippodromes — hippos, 
 a horse, dromos, a course.] 
 
 HIPPOGRIFP, hip'o-grif, n. a fabulous 
 winged animal, half horse and half grif- 
 Jin. [Fr. hippogriffe — Gr. hippos, a horse, 
 and gryps, a griffin.] 
 
 HIPPOPATHO'LOGY, hip-o-pa-thol'o-ji, n. 
 the pathology of the horse : the science 
 of veterinary medicine. [Gr. hippos, a 
 horse, and Pathology.] 
 
 HIPPOPHAGOUS, hip-pof'a-gus, adj., 
 horse-eating. [Gr. hippos, a horse, and 
 phago, to eat.] 
 
 HIPPOPHAGY, hip-pofarji, n. the act or 
 practice of feeding on /loj'se-flesh. — n. 
 
 HIPPOPH' AGIST. 
 
 HIPPOPOTAilUS, hip-o-pot'a-mus, n. the 
 river-horse — an African quadruped, one 
 of the largest existing, of aquatic habits, 
 having a very thick skin, short legs, and 
 a large head and muzzle. [L. — Gr. hippo- 
 potamos — hippos, and potamos, a river.] 
 
 HIPPURIC, hip-u'rik. adj. denoting an acid 
 obtained from the urine of horses. [Fr. 
 hippurique — Gr. hippos, a horse, and 
 miron, urine.] 
 
 HIRCINE. hersin, adj. pertaining to or 
 resembling a goat : liaving a strong, 
 rank smell Uke a goat : goatish. "Goat- 
 
 like in aspect, and very hircine in many . 
 of its habits, the cliamois is often sup- 
 posed to belong to the goats rather than 
 to the antelopes." — J. G. Tl'ood. "The 
 landlady . . . pulled a hircine man or two 
 hither, and pushed a hircine man or two 
 thither, with the impassive countenance ] 
 of a housewife moving her furniture." 
 C. Reade. [L. hircus, a goat.] 
 
 HIRE, hir, n., u-ages for service : the price I 
 paid for the use of anything. — v.t. to pro- 
 cure the use or services of, at a price : to 
 engage for wages : to let for compensa- 
 tion : to bribe. — n. HiR'EH. [A.S. Iiyr, 
 wages, hyrian, to hire ; Ger. heuer, Dut. 
 huur, Dan. hyre.] 
 
 HIRELING, hir'ling, n. a hired servant : a 
 mercenary : a prostitute. [A.S. hyrling.] 
 
 HIRES, hirz (B.), n. plural of Hire, not 
 now used. 
 
 HIRSUTE, hir-sut', adj., hairy: rough: 
 shaggy : (bot.) having long, stiffish hairs, 
 [L. liirsutus — hirsus,hirtus, rough, hairy, 
 shaggy.] 
 
 HIRUNDINE, hi-run'din, adj. pertaining 
 to or resembling a swallow. " Activity 
 almost snfer-hirundine." — Carlyle. 
 
 HIS, hiz, pron. possessive form of He: 
 (B.) used for its. [A.S. his, possessive ol 
 he, and orig. of it.] 
 
 HISPID, his'pid, adj. (bot.) rough with or 
 having strong hairs or bristles. [L. his- 
 pidus.] 
 
 HISS, his, v.i. to make a sound like the 
 letter s, as the goose, serpent, etc. : to 
 express contempt, etc., by hissing. — v.t. 
 to condemn by hissing. [A.S. hysian; 
 formed from the sound.] 
 
 HISS, his, n. the sound of the letter s, an 
 expression of disapprobation, contempt, 
 etc. 
 
 HISSING, his'ing, n. the noise of a hiss : 
 object of hissing : object or occasion ol 
 contempt. 
 
 HIST, hist, int. demanding silence and at- 
 tention : hush! silence ! [Formed from 
 the sound.] 
 
 HISTOLOGY, his-tol'o-ji, n. the science 
 which treats of the minute structure of 
 animal and vegetable tissue. [Gr. histos, 
 beam of a loom, web, texture — hisfemi, 
 to make to stand (the beam in the Gr. 
 loom was upright), and logos, a dis- 
 course.] 
 
 HISTORIAN, his-to'ri-an, w. a u-riter ol 
 history. 
 
 HISTORIC, his-tor'ik, HISTORICAL, his- 
 tor'ik-al, adj. pertaining to history : con- 
 taining history : derived from history. — 
 adv. Histor'ically. 
 
 HISTORIETTE, his-tor-i-et', n. a short his- 
 torj- or story. [Fr.] 
 
 HISTORIOGRAPHER, his-to-ri-og'ra-fer, 
 n. a tcriter ot history: a professed or 
 official historian. 
 
 HISTORIOGRAPHY, his-to-ri-og'ra-fi, n. 
 the art or employment of tvriting his- 
 tory. [Gr. historiographia — historia, and 
 graph o, to write.] 
 
 HISTORY, his'to-n, n. an account of an 
 event : a systematic account of the origin 
 and progress of a nation : the knowledge 
 of facts, events, etc. [L. and Gr. historia 
 — Gr. historeo, to learn by inquiry — his 
 tor, knowing, learned, from the root id-, 
 in eidenai, to know, which is found alsc 
 in L. videre. Sans, rid, E. jrit.] 
 
 HISTRIONIC, his-tri-on'ik, HISTRIONIC 
 AT., his-tri-on'ik-al. adj. relating to the 
 stage or stage-players : befitting a thea- 
 tre. — adv. Histrion'ically. [L. histri- 
 aniens — histrio, Etruscan, primary form 
 hister. a player.J 
 
 HISTRIONICISM, his-tri-on'i-sizm. n. the- 
 atrical, stilted, or artificial manners or 
 deportment : histrionism. W. Black.
 
 HISTRIONISM 
 
 221 
 
 HOLETHNIC 
 
 HISTRIONISM, his'tn-o-nizm, n. the acts 
 or practice of stage-playing, or of panto- 
 mime. 
 
 HIT. hit, v.t. to light on that which is aimed 
 at : to touch or strike : to reach: to suit. 
 — v.i. to come in contact: to chance luclv- 
 ily: to succeed:— j>r .p. hitt'ing ;pa.^ and 
 p'a.p. hit. — n. Httt'er. [Ice. hitta, tohght 
 on, to find; perh. allied to L. cado, to fall.] 
 
 HIT, hit, n. a lighting upon: a lucky chance: 
 a stroke: a happy turn of thought or 
 expression. 
 
 aiTCH, hicb, v.i. to move by jerks, as if 
 caught by a hook: to be caught by a hook: 
 to be caught or fall into. — v.t. to hook: to 
 catch. — n. a jerk : a catch or anything 
 that holds : an obstacle : a sudden halt : 
 (naut.) a knot or noose. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 HITHER, hi^ft'er, adv., to this jyl^'^ce. — 
 adj. toward the speaker : nearer. [A.S. 
 hither, hider, from the Teut. base 7m and 
 affix -ter, as in Af-ter.Whe-ther; Goth. 
 hidre. Ice, hedhra. See He.] 
 
 HTTHERMOST, hiWer-most, adj. nearest 
 on this side. 
 
 HITHERTO, hith'er-tHQ, adiu, to this place 
 or time : as yet. 
 
 HITHERWARD, hiffe'er-ward, adv., tow- 
 ards this place. 
 
 HIVE, htv, n. a swarm of bees in a box or 
 basket : the habitation of bees : any busy 
 company. — v.t. to collect into a hive : to 
 laj' up in store. — v.i. to take shelter to- 
 gether : to reside in a body. — n. HiVer. 
 [Lit. a house or family, from A.S. hiw, a 
 house, hiwan, domestics ; conn, with 
 Goth, heiv. Ice. hiu, family.] 
 
 HO, HOA, ho, int. a call to" excite atten- 
 tion : hold I stop 1 [Formed from the 
 sound.] 
 
 ;30AR. nor, adj., white or g:rayish-white, 
 esp. with age or frost. — n.' hoariness. 
 [A.S. Jmr, hoary, gray ; Ice. harr.] 
 
 HOARD, hord, 7i." a store : a hidden stock : 
 a treasure. — v.t. to store : to amass and 
 deposit in secret. — v.i. to store up : to 
 collect and form a board. — n. Hoaed'er. 
 [A.S. hord ; Ice. hodd, Gter. hort ; from 
 the same root as house.'] 
 
 HOARD, hord, HOARDING, hSrd'ing, n. a 
 hurdle or fence inclosing a house and 
 materials while builders are at work. 
 [O. Fr. horde : Dut. horde, a hurdle ; 
 same root as Hordle.] 
 
 HOAR-FROST, hoi-'-frost. ?!., white frost: 
 the white particles formed by the freez- 
 ing of dew. 
 
 HOAR HOUND, HOREHOUND, hor*- 
 hownd, n. a plant of a whitish or downy 
 appearance, used as a tonic. [M. B. hore- 
 hune — A.S. harhune, from har, hoar or 
 white, and hune (ace. to Skeat, meaning 
 "strong-scented"); cf. L. cunila, Gr. 
 konile. wild marjoram.] 
 
 HOARSE, liors, adj. having a harsh, grat- 
 ing voice, as from a cold : harsh : dis- 
 cordant. — adv. Hoarse'ly. — n. Hoaese'- 
 NESS. [A.S. has : Ice. hass, Dut. heesch, 
 Qer. heiser, lioarse.] 
 
 HOARSEN, hors'n, v.t. or v.i. to make or 
 to grow hoarst'. " I shall be obliged to 
 hoarsen my voice and roughen my char- 
 acter." — Richardson. "The last words 
 had a perceptible irony in their hoars- 
 ened tone." — Oeorge Eliot. 
 
 30ARY, hor*!, adj., white or gray with 
 age : (bot.) covered with short, dense, 
 whitish hairs. — n. Hoak'iness. [See 
 
 HOAE.l 
 
 HOAX. n5ks, n. a deceptive trick : a prac- 
 tical joke. — v.t. to deceive: to play a 
 trick upon for sport, or without malice. 
 — n. Hoax'er. [Corr. of hocus. See 
 Hocus-pocus.] 
 
 HOB, hob, 7!. the projecting nave of a 
 wheel : the flat part of a grate, orig. the 
 raised stones between which the embers 
 
 were confined. [Ger. hub, a heaving ; 
 W. hob, a projection. See Hotip.] 
 
 HOB, liob, n. a clownish fellow : a rustic : 
 a fairy. [A corr. of Robin, which again 
 is a Fr. corr. of Robert.] 
 
 HOBBLE, hoba, v.i. to walk with a limp : 
 to walk awkwardly : to move u-regularly. 
 — v.t. to fasten loosely the legs of. — n. an 
 awkward, limping gait : a difficulty. — n. 
 Hobb'ler. — adv. Hobb'ltnglt. [Freq. of 
 Hop.] 
 
 HOBBLEDEHOY, hobl-de-hoi', m. a strip- 
 ling : neither man nor boj-. [Ety. un- 
 known.] 
 
 HOBBY, hob'i, HOBBY-HORSE, hob'i- 
 hors, 71. a strong, active horse : a pacing 
 horse : a stick or figure of a horse on 
 which boys ride : a subject on which one 
 is constantly setting off : a favorite pur- 
 suit. [O. Fr. hobin, Dan. hoppe, a mare ; 
 cog. with Hop.] 
 
 HOBBY, hob'i, n. a small species of falcon. 
 [O. Fr. hobereaii.] 
 
 HOBGOBLIN, hob-goblin, n. a fairy : a 
 frightful apparition. [HOB, Robin, and 
 GoblinJ 
 
 HOBNAIL, hob'n.al, n. a nail with a thick, 
 strong head, used in the shoes of horses, 
 and sometimes of men : a clownish fel- 
 low, so called from the hobnails in his 
 shoes. — adj. Hob'nailed. [From HoB, a 
 
 projecting head.] 
 lOF ■ ■ • ■ 
 
 HOBNOB, hob'nob, adv., have or not have, 
 a familiar invitation to drink. [A.S. 
 habban, to have, and nabban, not to 
 have.] 
 
 HOCK, hok, n. and v. see HouGH. 
 
 HOCK, hok, n. properly, the wine pro- 
 duced at Hochheim, in Germany; now 
 applied to all white Rhine wines. 
 
 HOCKEY, hok'i, HOOKEY, hook*!, n, a 
 game at ball played with a club or 
 hooked stick. 
 
 HOCKLE, hokl, v.t. to hamstring. [See 
 HoughJ 
 
 HOCUS-POCUS, ho'kus-poTnis, n. a jug- 
 gler : a juggler's trick. — v.t. (also To Ho- 
 cus) to cheat :—pr.p. ho'cussing ; pa.p. 
 ho'cussed. ['The meaningless gibbensh of 
 a juggler ; Ihere is no ground for the 
 ordinary etymologies.] 
 
 HOD, hod, n. a kind of trough borne on 
 the shoulder, for carrjdng bricks and 
 mortar. [Fr. hotte, a basket carried on 
 the back ; of Teut. origin, and prob. cog. 
 withE.HuT.]^ 
 
 HODDENGRAY, hodn'gra, n. coarse cloth 
 made of undyed wooL [Said to be from 
 HoiDEN and Gray.] 
 
 HODGEPODGE, hoj'poj, n. see Hotch- 
 potch. 
 
 HODMAN, hod'man, n. a man who carries 
 a hod : a mason's laborer. 
 
 HODOMETER, ho-dom'e-ter, n. an instru- 
 ment attached to the axle of a vehicle to 
 register the revolutions of the wheels. 
 [Gr. Iiodos, a way, and metron, a meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 HOE, ho, n. an Instrument for hewing or 
 digging up weeds, and loosening the 
 earth. — v.t. to cut or clean with a hoe : 
 to weed. — v.i. to use a hoe : — pr.p. hoe'- 
 ing ; pa.p. hoed'.— n. Ho'er. [Fr. houe 
 — O. Ger. hoitwa (Ger. haue), a hoe, from 
 O. Ger. houtvan, to strike, E. Hew.] 
 
 HOG, hog, n. a general name for swine : a 
 castrated boar : a pig. — v.t. to cut short 
 the hair of:— pr.p. hogg'ing ; iw.p. 
 hogged'. [W. hwch ; Bret, hoc'h, houek, 
 swine — houd'ha, to grunt.] 
 
 HOGGEREL, hog'er-el (in Scot. HOGG), n. 
 a young sheep of the second year. [Dut. 
 hohkelinq, a beast of one year old, from 
 being fed in the hok or pen.] 
 
 HOGGET, hog'et, n. a boar of the second 
 year : a sheep or colt after it has passed 
 its first year. 
 
 HOGGISH, hog'ish, adj. resembling a hog , 
 brutish : filthy : .selfish. — adv. HOQG'- 
 isHLY. — n. Hogg'ishness. 
 
 HOGGISM, hog'izm, n. same as Hoggish 
 
 NESS. 
 
 In hoggism sunk 
 I grot with punch, alas 1 confounded drunk. 
 
 —Wolcof 
 
 HOGHOOD, hog'hood, n. the nature oi 
 condition of a hog. "Tempoiary cob 
 version into beasthood and hoghood."— 
 Carlyle. 
 
 HOGMANAY, hog-ma-na', n. (in Scot.) the 
 old name for the last day of the year. 
 [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 HOG-RINGER, hog'-ring'er, n. one who 
 puts rings into the snouts of hogs. 
 
 HOGSHEAD, hogz'hed, n. a measiare of 
 capacitj'=52i imperial gallons, or' 63 old 
 wine gallons ; OF Claret^46 gallons : of 
 Beee==o4 gallons ; of Tobacco {in United 
 States) varies from 750 to 1200 lbs.: a 
 large cask. [Corr. of O. Dut. okshoofd, 
 ox-head ; the cask perh. was so called 
 from an ox's head having been branded 
 upon it.] 
 
 HOG'S-LARD, hogz'-iard, n. the melted fat 
 of the hog. 
 
 HOIDEN, hoi'dn, n. a romping, ill-bred 
 girl : s, flirt. — adj. rude, rustic, bold. — 
 v.i. to romp indelicately. [M.E. hoydon 
 — O. Dut. heyden, a clownish person, a 
 form of Heathen.] 
 
 HOIST, hoist, v.t. to lift : to raise with 
 tackle : to heave. — n. act of Ufting : the 
 height of a sail : an apparatus for lift- 
 ing heavy bodies to the upper stories of 
 a building. [Formerly noise or hoyse, 
 from O. Dut. hyssen, Dut. hijschen, to 
 hoist.] 
 
 HOITY-TOITY hoi'ti-toi'ti, int. an excla, 
 mation of surprise or disapprobation.— 
 adj. giddy, flighty, gay, noisy. [Like 
 hut and tut, interjections, expressive ol 
 disapprobation.] 
 
 HOLD, hold, v.t. to keep possession of oj 
 authority over : to [sustain : to defend : 
 to occupy : to derive title to : to bind : 
 to confine : to restrain : to continue : to 
 persist in : to contain : to celebrate : to 
 esteem. — v.i. to remain fixed : to be true 
 or unfailing : to continue unbroken or 
 unsubdued : to adhere : to derive right : 
 —pr.p. hsld'ing ; pa.t. held ; pa.p. held 
 {obs. hold'en). — "To hold over, to keep 
 possession of land or a house beyond the 
 term of agreement. — Hold of (Pr. Bk.), 
 to regard. — n. Hold'ee. [A.S. healdan ; 
 O. Ger. /iaKa«, Goth. 7iaWa)(, Dan. holde, 
 to keep.] 
 
 HOLD, hold, «., aet or manner of holding : 
 seizure: power of seizing : something for 
 support : a place of confinement : cus- 
 tody : a fortified place : (mtis.) a. mark 
 over a rest or note, indicating that it is 
 to be prolonged. 
 
 HOLD, hold, n. the interior cavity of a 
 ship between the floor and the lower 
 deck, used for the cargo. [Dut. hoi, a 
 cavity or hole, with excrescent d. See 
 Hole.] 
 
 HOLDEN, hold'n (B.), old pa.p. of Hold. 
 
 HOLDFAST, hold'fast, n. that which holds 
 fast : a long nail : a catch. 
 
 HOLDING, hold'ing, n. anything held: a 
 farm held of a suiJerior: hold: influence ; 
 (Scots law) tenure. 
 
 HOLE, hoi, n. a hollow place: a cavity: at' 
 opening in a .solid body: a pit: a subter- 
 fuge : a means of e.scape. — v.t. to form 
 holes in : to drive into a hole. — v.i. to go 
 into a hole. [A.S. Jiol, a hole, cavern ; 
 Dut. hoi. Dan. hul, Ger. hohl, hollow: 
 conn, witli Gr. koilos, iiollow.] 
 
 HOLETHNIC, hol-eth'nik, adj. pertaining 
 or relating to a holethnos, or parent race, 
 "The hoh'thnic history of the Aryans."— 
 Academy.
 
 HOLETHNOS 
 
 222 
 
 HOMMOCK 
 
 HOLETHNOS, hol-eth'nos, n. a primitive 
 or parent stock or race of people not j'et 
 divided into separate tribes or branches. 
 "It seems liard to avoid the conckisioa 
 that the rarious Aryan nations of his- 
 torical times are, linguistically speaking, 
 descended from a single primitive tribe, 
 conveniently termed the Aryan holethnos, 
 in contradistinction to its later repre- 
 sentatives as marked off by such lines 
 of distinction as are found between 
 EUndoos and Greeks, and be'^ween the 
 latter and Teutons or Celts." — A'-arlemy. 
 [Gr. holos, entire, whole, and ethnos, na- 
 tionj 
 
 HOLIBUT. See Halibut. 
 
 HOLIDAY, hol'i-da, n. (orig.) holy-day 
 (which see) : a day of amusement. 
 
 HOLILY. See Holy. 
 
 HOLINESS, ho'li-nes, n. state of being 
 holj-: religious goodness : sanctitj' : a 
 title of the pope. 
 
 HOLLA, hol'a, HOLLO, HOLLOA, hol'6 
 or hol-l6', int., ho, there: attend: (naut.) 
 the usual response to Ahoy. — n. a loud 
 shout. — v.i. to crj' loudly to one at a dis- 
 tance. [Ger. holla is from Fr. hold — ho, 
 and Id—L. iliac, there ; the other forms 
 are due to confusion with Halloo.] 
 
 HOLLAND, hol'and, n. a kind of linen first 
 made in Holland. 
 
 HOLLANDS, hol'andz, n. gin made in 
 BoUand. 
 
 HOLLOW, hol'6, adj. vacant : not solid : 
 containing an empty space : sunken : 
 unsound : insincere. — n. a hole : a cav- 
 ity : any depression in a body : any 
 vacuity: a groove: a channel.-^-. f. to 
 make a hole in : to make hollow b\' dig- 
 ging : to excavate. [A.S. holh, a hollow 
 Slace— A.S. hoi, E. Hole.] 
 LLOW-ETED, hol'o-id, adj. having 
 annken eyex. 
 
 HOLLOW-HEARTED, hol'o-hart'ed, adj. 
 having a, hollow or untrue heart: faith- 
 less : treacherous. 
 
 HOLLOWNESS, hol'o-nes, n. the state of 
 being hollow : cavity : insincerity : 
 treachery. 
 
 HOLLOW-WARE, hol'o-war, n. trade 
 name for hollotv articles of iron, as pots 
 and kettles. 
 
 HOLLY, hol'i, n. an everg^reen shrub hav- 
 ing pricklv leaves and scarlet or yellow 
 berries. [M.E. holiu — A.S. fiolegn, the 
 hollv ; cog. vrith W. celyn, Ir. etrileann.] 
 
 HOLLYHOCK, hol'i-hok, n. a kind of mat- 
 low, brought into Europe from the Boly 
 Land. [M. E. holihoc — holi, holy, and 
 A.S. 7ioe, mallows ; W. hocys.} 
 
 HOLM, holm or hom, n. a river islet: rich 
 flat land near a river. [A.S. holm, a 
 movind ; in various Teut. tongues.] 
 
 HOLM-OAK, holm'- or hom'-ok, n. the ilex 
 or evergreen oak, so called from some re- 
 semblance to the holly. [Holm- is a eorr. 
 of holin, the M. E. form of holly, which 
 see.] 
 
 HOLOBLAST. hol'o-blast, n. in zool. an 
 ovum consisting entirely of germinal 
 matter : as contradistinguished from a 
 meroblast (wliich see), [Gr. holos, whole, 
 entire, and blastos, a bud or germ.] 
 
 HOLOCAUST, hol'o-kawst. n. a burnt sac- 
 rifice, in which the whole of tlie victim 
 was consumed. PL. — Gr. holokauston — 
 holos, whole, and Kaiistos, burnt.] 
 
 aOLOGRAPH, hol'o-graf, 7i. a document 
 wholly u-ritten by the person from whom 
 it proceeds. —ar?j. HoLOGRAPH'iC. [Gr. — 
 holos. wliolf , and grajpho, to write.] 
 
 HOLOJIETER. hol-om'et-er. n. an instru- 
 ment for taldng all kinds of measures. 
 [Ft. holometrc — Gr. holos, whole, and 
 rnetron. measur«.] 
 
 HOLOSTERIC, hol-o-ster'ik, adj. wholly 
 solid : speciflcally applied to barometers 
 
 constructed wholly of solid materials, 
 and so as to show the variations of at- 
 mospheric pressure without the inter- 
 vention of liquids. The aneroid barometer 
 is an example. [Gr. holos, whole, and 
 stereos, solid.] 
 
 HOLPEN, holp'n, old pa.p. of Help. 
 
 HOLSTER, hol'ster, n. the leathern case 
 carried by a horseman at the forepart of 
 the saddle for covering a pistol. — adj. 
 HoL'STERED. [Acc. to Skeat, from But. 
 holster, a pistol-case — hullen, to cover, 
 which is cog. with A.S. helan, to cover.] 
 
 HOLT, holt, n. a wood or woody hiU : a 
 hole, or other place of security, esp. a 
 deep hole in a river, where there is pro- 
 tection for fish. [A.S. holt, a wood ; Ice. 
 liolt, a copse, G«r. holz.] 
 
 HOLUS-BOLUS, hol'us-boaus, «. adv. all 
 .nt a gulp : altogether. [A vulgarism, 
 formed from zchole. and bolus, a pill.] 
 
 HOLY, ho'li, adj. perfect in a moral sense. 
 pure in heart : religious : set apart to 
 a sacred use. — adi\ Ho'LILY. [A.S. halig, 
 lit. whole, perfect ; healthy — hal. sound, 
 whole ; conn, with Hail, Heal, Whole.] 
 
 HOLY-DAY, ho'li-da. n. a holy day: a 
 religious festival : a day for the com- 
 memoration of some event. 
 
 HOLY GHOST, ho'li gost, HOLY SPIRIT, 
 ho'li spir'it, 71. the third person of the 
 Trinity. [HOLY and A.S. gro's*. See 
 Ghost.] 
 
 HOLY-OFFICE, ho'h-of'is, n. the holy 
 tribunal : tlie Inquisition. [HoLY and 
 Office.] 
 
 HOLY ONE, ho'li wun, n. the one who is 
 holy, by way of emphasis : God : Christ : 
 one separated to the service of God. 
 
 HOLY ORDERS, ho'li or'ders, n. ordina- 
 tion to the rank of minister in holj' 
 things : the Christian ministry. [HoLY 
 and Orders.] 
 
 HOLY-ROOD, ho'li-rood, n. the holy cross, 
 in R. Cath. churches, over the entrance 
 to the chancel. [Holy and Rood.] 
 
 HOLY SPIRIT. See HoLY Ghost. 
 
 HOLYSTONE, ho'li-ston, n. a stone used 
 by seamen for cleaning the decks. — v.t. 
 to scrub with a holystone. 
 
 HOLY-THURSDAY, ho'Ii-thurz'da. n. the 
 day on which the ascension of ourSa\iour 
 is commemorated, ten days before Whit- 
 suntide. 
 
 HOLY-WATER, hSli-waw'ter, n., water 
 consecrated by the priest for sprinkling 
 persons and things. 
 
 HOLY-AVEEK. h5'li-wek, n. the tceel' be- 
 fore Easter, kept holy to commemorate 
 our L ord' s passion. 
 
 HOLY-WRIT, ho'li-rit, n. the holy urit- 
 ings : the Scriptures. 
 
 HOMAGE, horn aj, n. the submission and 
 service which a tenant promised to his 
 feudal superior, in these words, homo 
 venter devenio, I become your man : the 
 act of fealty: respect paid by external 
 action : reverence dii-ected to the Su- 
 preme Being : devout affection. [Fr. 
 hommage — Low L. homatieum — L. homo, 
 a man.] 
 
 HOME, hom, n. one's house or country : 
 place of constant residence : the seat, as 
 of war. — adj. pertaining to one's dwell- 
 ing or country: domestic : close : severe. 
 — adv. to one's habitation or country : 
 close : closely : to the point. — adj. 
 Home'less. — w. Home'lessness. [A.S. 
 ham ; Dut. and Ger. heim, Goth, haims ; 
 from a root lei, to rest, which appears 
 also in Gr. keimai, to lie, home, a %nllage, 
 L. ciris. a citizen, E. hive.'] 
 
 HOME-BRED, hom'-bred, adj., bred at 
 home : native : domestic : plain : unpol- 
 ished. 
 
 HOME-FARM, hom'-farm, n. the farm 
 
 near the home or mansion of a gentle- 
 man. 
 
 HOME-FELT, hom'-felt, adj., felt in one's 
 own bi-east : inward : private. 
 
 HOMELY, hom'lis adj. pertaining to home: 
 familiar : plain : rude. — 11. Home'liness. 
 — adv. Home'lily. 
 
 HOMELYN, hom'el-in, n. a species of ray. 
 found on the south coast of England. 
 
 HOME-MADE, hom'-mad, adj., made at 
 home: made in one's own country : 
 plain. 
 
 HOMEOPATHIC, ho-me-o-path'ik, adj. of 
 or pertaining to homeopathy: — adv. Qo- 
 meopath'ically. 
 
 HOMEOPATHIST, ho-me-op'a-thist, n. one 
 who believes in or prattices homeopathy. 
 
 HOMEOPATHY, ho-me-op'a-thi, n. the 
 system of curing diseases by small quan- 
 tities of those drugs which excite symp- 
 toms similar to those of the disease. [Lit. 
 similar feeling or affection, from Gr. 
 homoiopatheia — homoios, like, pathos, 
 feeling.] 
 
 HOMER, ho'mer, n. a Hebrew measure con- 
 taining as a liquid measure about 2 bar- 
 rels, as a dry measure 8 bushels. [Heb. 
 ehomer. a heap — chamar, to swell up.] 
 
 HOMERIC, ho-mer'ik, adj. pertaining to- 
 Homer, the great poet of Greece : per- 
 taining to or resembling the poetry of 
 Homer. 
 
 HOME-RULE, h6m'-ro5l, n. (in Ireland) a 
 form of home government claimed by 
 the League, the chief feature of it being 
 a separate parliament for the manage- 
 ment of Irish internal affairs. 
 
 HOMESICK, hom'sik, adj., sick or grieved 
 at separation from home.—n. Home'-sick'- 
 ness. 
 
 HOilESPUN, hom 'spun, adj., spun or 
 wrought at home: not made in foreign 
 countries : plain : Inelegant. — n. cloth 
 made at home. 
 
 HOMESTALL, hom'stawl, HOMESTEAD, 
 hom'sted, n. thepZaceof a mansion-house: 
 the inclosures immediately connected 
 with it : original station. [Home and 
 Stall and Stead.] 
 
 HOMESTEAD. See under Homestall. 
 
 HOMETHRUST, hom'thrust, n. a well-di- 
 rected, effective, or telling thrust : an 
 action or remark which seriously affects 
 a rival or antagonist. "The duke . . . 
 felt this a homethrust." — Disraeli. 
 
 HOMEWARD, hom'ward, adv., totrard 
 home : toward one's habit.ation or coun- 
 try. — adj. in the direction of home. 
 [Some, and ward. sig. direction.] 
 
 HOMEWARD-BOUNC, hom'ward-bownd, 
 adj., bonnd homeu-ard or to one's native 
 land. [See Bound, adj.] 
 
 HOJIEWARDS, hom'wardz, adv., toward 
 home. 
 
 HOJnCIDAL, hom'i-sld-al, adj. pertaining 
 to homicide : murderous : bloody. 
 
 HOMICIDE, hom'i-sid, «., manslaughter: 
 one who kills another. [Fr — L. homi- 
 cidiuni — homo, a man, and ccedo, to kill.l 
 
 HOMILETICS, hom-i-let'iks, n.sing. the 
 science which treats of homilies, and the 
 best mode of preparing and delivering 
 them. — adjs. Homiiet'ic, Homilet'ical. 
 
 HOMILIST, hom'i-list, n. one who preacher 
 to a congregation. 
 
 HOMILY, hom'i-li, n. a plain seraoE 
 
 S reached to a mixed assembly : a serious 
 iscourse. [Gr. homiha, an assembly, a 
 
 sermon — homos, the same, cog. with E. 
 
 Same, and He. a crowd.] 
 HOMINY, hom'i-ni, n. maize huUed, or 
 
 hulled and crushed, boiled with water. 
 
 [American Indian, auhuminea, parched 
 
 corn.] 
 HOiOrOCK, hom'uk, n. a hillock or small 
 
 conical eminence. [A dim. of Hump.]
 
 HOMOCEXTRIC 
 
 f^fvO 
 
 HOOPOE 
 
 HOMOCENTEIC, ho-ruo-sen'trik. adj. bav- 
 ins the same centre. [Fr. homocentrique 
 — Gr. homokenfros — homos, the same, 
 and kentron, centre.] 
 
 HOMOCERCAL, ho-mo-ser'kal, adj. ha\-- 
 ing the upper fork of the tail similar to 
 the lower one, as the herring-. [Gr. Ico- 
 mos, the same, kerkos, tail.] 
 
 HOMOCERCY, ho-mo-ser'si, «. the state 
 of 1 being honiocercal: equality or sym- 
 metrv in the lubes of tlie tails of fishes. 
 
 HOMOEOPATHY, etc. See HOMEOPATHY. 
 
 HOMOGAMOUS, ho-mog'a-mus, adj. in 
 bot. a term applied to grasses when all 
 the florets of the spikelets of the same 
 individual are hermaphrodite : also ap- 
 plied to composite plants when all the 
 florets of a flower-heatl are hermaphrod- 
 ite. [Gr. homos, like, and gamos, mar- 
 riage.] 
 
 HOMOGAMY, ho-mog'a-mi, n. the state of 
 being homogamous : fertilization in a 
 
 Elant when the stamens and pistil of a 
 ermaphrodite flower mature simultane- 
 ously. 
 
 BOMOGENEAL. ho-mo-je'ni-al. HOMO- 
 GENEOUS, ho-mo-je'ni-us. adj. of the 
 same kiiul or nature : having the constit- 
 uent elements all similar. — 7is. HOMO- 
 ge'neousness, Homogene'ity. [Gr. ho- 
 mogenes — homos, one, same, and genos, 
 kind.] 
 
 HOMOLOGATE, ho-mol'o-gat, v.t. to say 
 the name : to agree : to approve : to al- 
 low. — n. Homologa'tion. [Low L. ho- 
 mologo, homologatum — Gr. nomologeo — 
 homos, the same, and lego, to say.] 
 
 HOMOLOGOUS, ho-mol'o-gus, adj. apree- 
 ing : corresponding in relative position, 
 proportion, value, or structure. [Gr. 
 homologos — homos, the same, and logos 
 — lequ. to say.] 
 
 HOMOLOGUE, hom'o-log, n. that which 
 is homologous to something else, as the 
 same organ in different animals under 
 its various forms and functions. 
 
 HOMOLOGY, ho-mol'o-ji, n. the quality of 
 being homologous : affinity of structure, 
 and not of form or use. — adj. Homolog'- 
 ICAL. 
 
 HOMONYM, hom'o-nim, n. a word having 
 the same sound as another, but a differ- 
 ent meaning. [Fr. homonyme — Gr. hom- 
 onymos — homos, the same, and onoma, 
 name.] 
 
 HOMONYMOUS, ho-mon'i-mus, adj. hav- 
 ing the same name: having different 
 significations : ambiguous : equivocal.— 
 adv. Homon'tmously. 
 
 HOMONYMY, ho-mon'i-mi, n., sameness of 
 name, with difference of meaning: am- 
 biguity : equivocation. [Fr. homunymie 
 — Gr. homonymia.'] 
 
 HOMOPHONE, hom'o-fon, n. a letter or 
 character having the same sound as an- 
 other. [Gr. homos, the same, and phone, 
 sound. ]^ 
 
 HOMOPHONIC, ho-mo-fon'ik, adj. same 
 as HOMOPHONOUS : specifically, in music, 
 a term applied to a composition consist- 
 ing of a principal theme or melody, with 
 accompanying parts merely serving to 
 strengthen it— contradistinguished from 
 PoLYTHOSlC (which see). 
 
 HOMOPHONOUS, ho-mof'o-nus, adj hav- 
 ing the same sound. — n. Homoph'oxy. 
 
 HOMOPLASMY, ho-mo-plaz'mi, n. in biol. 
 the condition or quality of being homo- 
 plastic : resemblance between certain 
 plants or animals in particular organs or 
 in general habits, not resulting from de- 
 scent from a common stock, but from the 
 influence of surrounding circumstances. 
 
 HOMOPTERA, hom-op'ter-a. n. an order of 
 insects having two pair of wings uni- 
 form throughout.— adj. Homop'terous. 
 
 [Gr. homos, the same, uniform, and 
 pteron, a wing.l 
 
 HOMOTAXIAL. ho-mo-taks'i-al, adj. per- 
 taining or relating to homotaxy or ho- 
 motaxis. 
 
 H0M0TA5IS, ho-mo-taks'is, a. the same 
 arrangement: specifically, in (/eoZ. agree- 
 ment in the arrangement in different lo- 
 calities of strata which occupy the same 
 place or position in the stratified systems, 
 but which may or may not be eontempo- 
 raneoas. [Gr. homos, the same, and taxis, 
 arrangement.] 
 
 HOMOTAXY'.'ho-mo-taks'i, n. same as Ho- 
 MOTAXIS. Huxley. 
 
 HOMOTYPE, hom'o-tip, 7i. that which has 
 the same fundamental type of structure 
 with something else. [Gr. homos, the 
 same, and typos, type.] 
 
 HOMOTYPY, ho-mot'i-pi, n. in compar. 
 anat. correlation or correspondence in 
 structure in one segment of any given 
 part in another segment or in the same 
 segment of one and the same animal : 
 serial homology. Oivetu 
 
 HOMUNCULE, Iio-mung'kul, n. same as 
 HoMUNCDLUS: a little man; a manikin ; 
 a dwarf. "The giant saw the homuneule 
 was irascible, and played upon him." — C. 
 Reade. 
 
 HOJIY, ho'nii, adj. pertaining to or resem- 
 bling home : homelike. (Rai-e.) "I saw 
 . . . plenty of our dear English 'lady's 
 smock ' in the wet meadows near here, 
 which looked very homy." — Kingsley. 
 
 HONE, hon, n. a stone of a fine grit for 
 s/ia>7Je)u')i!7 instruments. — v.t. to shai-pen 
 as on a hone. [A.S. han; Ice. hein; allied 
 to Gr. konos, a cone, Sans, cana, a whet- 
 stone' from a root ha, to sharpen. See 
 Gone.] 
 
 HONEST, on'est, adj. full of honor : just : 
 the oiip. of thievish, free from fraud: 
 frank: chaste: (B.) also, honorable. — adv. 
 Hon'estly. [L. honestus — honor.] 
 
 HONESTY, on'es-ti, n. the state of being 
 honest: integrity: candor: a small flow- 
 ering plant so called from its transparent 
 seed-pouch : (B.) becoming deportment. 
 
 HONEY, hun'i, m. a sweet, thick fluid col- 
 lected by bees from the flowers of plants: 
 anything sweet like honey. — v.t. to 
 sw eeten: to make agreeable: — J>r.jj. hon'- 
 ej'in^ ; pa.p. hon'eyed (-'id). [A.S. hunig; 
 Ger.honig, Ice. Jiuiiang.] 
 
 HONEYBEAH, hun'i-bSr, ?». aSouth Amer- 
 ican carnivorous mammal abouu the size 
 of a cat, with a long protrusive tongue, 
 which he uses to rob the nests of wild 
 
 HONEY-BUZZAED, hun'i-buz'ard, n. a 
 genus of buzzards or falcons, so called 
 from their feeding on bees, wasps, etc. 
 
 HONEYCOMB, hun'i-kom, n. a comb or 
 mass of waxy cells formed by bees, in 
 which they store their honey : anything 
 like a honeycomb. — adj. Hon'eycombed 
 (-komd), formed like a honeycomb. 
 [Honey, and Comb, a hoUow cell.] 
 
 HONEYDEW, hun'i-du, n. a sugary secre- 
 tion from the leaves of plants in hot 
 weather : a fine .sort of tobacco moist- 
 ened with moUisses. 
 
 HONEYED, HONIED, hun'id, adj. covered 
 with honey : sweet. 
 
 HONEYMOON, hun'i-moon, HON'EY- 
 MONTH, -munth. n. the honey or sweet 
 moon or utontli, the first month after 
 niarriiigp. 
 
 HONEY-MOUTHED, hun'i-mow«d, adj. 
 having a honeyed mouth or speech : soft 
 or smooth in speech. 
 
 HONEYSUCKLE, hun'i-suk-1, n. a climb- 
 ing shrub with beautiful cream-colored 
 flowers, so named because honey is readily 
 sucked from the flower. [A.S. hunig- 
 sucle.1 
 
 HON'EY-TONGUED, hun'i -tungd, adA 
 having a honeyed tongue or speech : soft 
 in speech. 
 
 HONIED. Same as Honeyed. 
 
 HONORARIUM, hon-ur-a'ri-um, n. a volun- 
 tary fee paid to a professional man for 
 his services. [L. honorarium (donum), 
 honorary, (gift).] 
 
 HONOR AilY, on'ur-ar-i, adj., conferring 
 honor : holding a title or office without 
 performing services or receiving a re- 
 ward. — n. afee. [L. TionornrMfs — honor.] 
 
 HONOR, on'ur, n. the esteem lue or paid to 
 worth : respect : high estimation : ven- 
 eration, said of God : that which right- 
 fully attracts esteem : exalted rank : dis- 
 tinction: excellence of character: noble- 
 ness of mind : any special virtue much 
 esteemed : any mark of esteem : a title 
 of respect :—pl. privileges of rank or 
 birth : civilities paid : the four highest 
 cards in card-plajing : academic prizes 
 or distinctions. — adj. Hon'ORLESS. [L. 
 honor.] 
 
 HONOR, on'ur, v.t. to hold in high esteem : 
 to respect: to adore : to exalt: to accept 
 and pay when due. — adj. Hon'ored. 
 
 HONORABLE, on'ur-a-bl, adj. worthy of 
 honor : illustrious : actuated by princi- 
 ples of honor : conferring honor : be- 
 coming men of exalted station : a title 
 of distinction. — adv. Hon'orably. 
 
 HONORABLENESS, on'ur-a-bl-nes, n. emi- 
 nence : conformity to the principles of 
 honor : fairness. 
 
 HOOD, hood, n. a covering for the head : 
 anything resembling a hood : an orna- 
 mental fold at the back of an academic 
 gown. — v.t. to cover with a hood : to 
 blind. — adj. Hood'ed. [A.S. hod ; Dut. 
 hoed, Ger. hut, conn, with Heed.] 
 
 HOODLUM, hood'lum, n. a young, hector 
 ing vagabond: a lounging, good-for-noth 
 ing, quarrelsome fellow : a rough : a 
 rowdv. 
 
 HOODWINK, hood'wing:k, v.t. (lit.) to 
 make one wink by covering the eyes with 
 a hood : to blindfold : to deceive. [Hood 
 and Wink.] 
 
 HOOF, hoof, n. the horny substance on the 
 feet of certain animals, as horses, etc. : 
 a hoofed animal : — pi. Hoofs or Hooves 
 — adj. Hoofed'. [A.S. hof ; Ger. huf. 
 Sans, capha.] 
 
 HOOK, hook, n. a piece of metal bent into 
 a curve, so as to catch or hold anything : 
 a snare : an instrument for catting grain. 
 [A.S. hoc ; Dut. haak, Ger. haken, allied 
 to Gr. kyklos, a circle.] 
 
 HOOK, hook, v.t. to catch or hold with a 
 hook : to draw as with a hook : to in- 
 snare. — v.i. to bend : to be curved. — adj. 
 Hooked'. — By hook ob. by crook, one 
 way or tlie other. 
 
 HOOKAH, hoo'ka, n. a pipe in which the 
 smoke is made to pass through water, 
 [Ar. hucjMij] 
 
 HOOK-NOSED, hook'-nozd, adj. having a 
 hooked or curved nose. 
 
 HOOKY, hook'i, adj. full of or pertaining 
 to hooks. 
 
 HOOP, lioop, n. a pliant strip of wood or 
 metal formed into a ring or band, for 
 holding together the staves of casks, etc.: 
 something resembhng a hoop : a ring : — 
 ]>l. elastic materials used to expand the 
 skirt of a la<ly"s dress — v.t. to bind with 
 hoops : to encircle. [Akin to Dut. lioep ; 
 cf. Ice. liop, a bay, from its round form.] 
 
 HOOP, hoop, v.i. to call out. Same as 
 Whoop. 
 
 HOOPER, hoop'er, n. one who hoops casks: 
 a cooper. 
 
 HOOPING-COUGH. See under Whoop. 
 
 HOOPOE, hoop'o, HOOPOO, hoop'66, n. a 
 bird with a large crest. [L. upupa, Gir. 
 epops — imitative. ]
 
 HOOT 
 
 224 
 
 HORSEWHIP 
 
 HOOT, hoot, v.i. to shout in contempt : to 
 cry like an owl. — v.t. to drive with cries 
 of contempt. — n. a scornful cry. [An 
 imitative word : cf. Scand. hut, begone ; 
 Fr. hiier, to call ; W. hict, off with it.] 
 
 HOP. hop, v.i. to leap on one leg: tospring: 
 to walk lame : to limp : — jjr.p. hopp'ing ; 
 pa.t. andpa.j}. hopped'. — n. aleaponone 
 leg : a jump : a spring. [A.S. hojopian, 
 to dance ; Ger. hiipfen.} 
 
 jdOP, hop, )!. a plant with a long twining 
 stalk, the bitter cones of which are much 
 used in brewing and in medicine. — v.t. 
 to mix with hops. — v.i. to gather hops : 
 — pr.p. hopp'ing; pa.t. a.adpa.p. hopped'. 
 [Diit. hop: Ger. hopfen.] 
 
 HOPBIND, hop'bind (corr. into hopbine), 
 n. the stalk of the hop. [-bind expresses 
 the clinging of the stalk to its support ; 
 cf. Bindweed.] 
 
 HOPE, hop, v.i. to cherish a desire of good 
 with expectation of obtaining it : to 
 place confidence (in). — v.t. to desire with 
 expectation or with belief in the prospect 
 of obtaining. [A.S. hopian; Dut. hopen, 
 Ger. hoffen, pei-haps akin to L. eup-io, to 
 desire.] 
 
 HOPE, hop, n. a desire of some good, with 
 expectation of obtaining it : confidence : 
 anticipation : he who or that which fur- 
 nishes ground of expectation : that which 
 is hoped for. [A.S. hopa; Ger. hoff- 
 nung.] 
 
 HOPE, hop, n. troop, only in the phrase 
 forlorn-hope. [Dut. verlorsn hoop — hoop, 
 a band of men, E. Heap. See also For- 
 lorn.] 
 
 HOPEFUL, hop'fool, adj. full of hope: 
 having qualities which excite hope : 
 promising good or success. — adv. Hope'- 
 
 FULLY. — n. HoPE'FULNESS. 
 
 HOPELESS, hop'les, adj. without hope: 
 giving no ground to expect good or suc- 
 cess : desperate. — adv. Hope'lessly. — n. 
 Hope'lessness. 
 
 HOPPER, hop'er, n, one who hops : a wood- 
 en trough through which grain passes 
 into a mill, so called from its hopping or 
 shaking motion : a vessel in which seed- 
 grain is carried for sowing : a hop-picker. 
 Dicl'ens. 
 
 HOPPLE, hop'l, v.t. to tie the feet close 
 together to prevent hopping or running. 
 —n. chiefly injil., a fetter for horses, etc. 
 when left to graze. [Freq. of Hop.] 
 
 HOPSCOTCH, hop'skoch, n. a game in 
 which children hop over lines scotched or 
 traced on the ground. 
 
 HOPVINE, hop'vin, n. the stalk or stem 
 of the hop. [See Vine, and cf. Hop- 
 bind.] 
 
 HORAL, hor'al, adj. relating to an hour. 
 
 HORARY, hor'ar-i, adj. pertaining to an 
 hour : noting the hours : hourly : con- 
 tinuing an hour. 
 
 HORDE, hord, /(. a migratory or wander- 
 ing tribe or clan. [Fr.— Turk, ordtl, 
 camp — Pers. orda, court, camp, horde 
 of Ttii'tjirs 1 
 
 HOREHOUND. See Hoaehound. 
 
 HORIZON, ho-rl'zun, n. the circle bound- 
 ing the view where the earth and sky 
 appear to meet. [Fr. — L. — Gr. horizon 
 (kyklos), bounding (circle), horizo, to 
 bound — horos, a limit.] 
 
 JHORIZONTAL, hor-i-zon'tal, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the horizon : parallel to the hori- 
 zon : level : near the horizon. — adv. 
 
 HORIZON'TALLY.— ?l. HORIZONTAX'lTY. 
 HORN, horn, n. the hard substance pro- 
 jecting from the heads of certain ani- 
 mals, as oxen, etc.: something made of 
 or like a horn : a symbol of strength : 
 {mits.) a wind-instrument consisting of a 
 coiled brass tube.— ^^;. to furnish with 
 horns.— od; Horned'. [A.S. horn; Scand. 
 
 and Ger. horn, Celt, corn, L. cornu, Gr. 
 keras.] 
 
 HORNBILL, horn'bil, n. a bird about the 
 size of the turkey, having a horny ex- 
 crescence on its bill. 
 
 HORNBLENDE, horn'blend, n. a mineral 
 of various colors, found in granite and 
 other igneous rocks that contain quartz. 
 [Ger., from hor7i, horn, from the shape 
 of its crystals, and -blende — blenden, to 
 dazzle, from its glittering appearance.] 
 
 HORNBOOK, horn'book, /(. a first book for 
 children, which formerly consisted of a 
 single leaf set in a frame, with a thin 
 plate of transparent horn in front to pre- 
 
 SCl'VG it. 
 
 HORNED-OWL. See Hornowl. 
 
 HORNED-POUT, hornd'-pout, n. a North 
 American fish. Called also Bull-head 
 and Cat-fish. 
 
 HORNET, horn'et, n. a species of wasp, so 
 called from its antennse or horns. [A.S. 
 hi/rnet, dim. of lior^i.] 
 
 HORNFOOT, horn'foot, adj. having a hoof 
 or liorn on the foot. 
 
 HORNING, horn'ing, n. appearance of the 
 moon when in its crescent form. 
 
 HORNOWL, horn'owl, H0RNT:D-0WL, 
 hornd'-owl, n. a species of owl, so called 
 from two tufts of feathers on its head, 
 like hor7is. 
 
 HORNPIPE, horn'pTp, n. a Welsh musical 
 instrument, consisting of a wooden pipe, 
 with a horn at each end : a lively air : a 
 lively dance. 
 
 HORN'STONE, horn'ston, & stone much like 
 flint, but more brittle. [HoEN and Stone.] 
 
 HORNWORK, horn'wurk, n. {fort.) an out- 
 trork having angular points or horns, 
 and composed of two demi-bastions joined 
 by a curtain. 
 
 HORNY, horn'i, adj. like horn : hard : cal- 
 lous. 
 
 HOROGRAPHY, hor-og'ra-fl, n. the art of 
 constructing dials or instruments for in- 
 dicating the hours. [Gr. hora, an hour, 
 and grapho, to describe.] 
 
 HOROLOGE, hor'o-loj, n. any instrument 
 for telling the hours. [O. Fr. horologe 
 (Fr. horloge) — L. horologium — Gr. horolo- 
 gion — hbra, an hour, and lego, to tell.] 
 
 HOROLOGY, hor-ol'o-ji, n. the science 
 which treats of the construction of ma- 
 chines for feZHngr the hours. — adj. HORO- 
 loo'ical. 
 
 HOROMETRY, hor-om'et-ri, n. the art or 
 practice of measuring time. — adj. HOR- 
 omet'rical. [Gr. hbra, an hour, and 
 metron, a measure.] 
 
 HOROSCOPE, hor'o-skop, n. an observa- 
 tion of the heavens at the hour of a 
 person's birth, by which the astrologer 
 predicted thj events of his life : a repre- 
 sentation of the heavens for this pur- 
 pose. [Fr. — L. — Gr. horoskopos — hora, 
 an hour, and skopeo, to observe.] 
 
 HOROSCOPY. hor-os'kop-i, n. the art of 
 predicting the events of a person's life 
 from his horoscope : aspect of the stars 
 at the time of birth. — adj. HOROSCOP'IC. 
 — n. HOROS'COPXST, an astrologer. 
 
 HORRENT, hor'eut, adj. standing on end, 
 as bristles. [L. horrens, -entis, pr.p. of 
 horreo, to bristle.] 
 
 HORRIBLE, hor'i-bl, adj. causing or tend- 
 ing to cause horror : dreadful : awful : 
 terrific. — adv. Horr'ibly. — n. Horr'i- 
 BLENESS. [L. horribilis — horreo.] 
 
 HORRID, hor'id, adj. fitted to produce 
 horror : shocking : offensive. — adv. 
 Horr'idly. — n. Horr'idness. [L. hor- 
 ridiis. orig. bristling — horreo. See Hor- 
 ror.] 
 
 HORRIFIC, hor-rif'ik, adj. exciting horror : 
 frightful. 
 
 HORRIFICATION, hor-ri-fi-ka'shun, n. the 
 act of horrifying : anything that causes 
 
 horror. " As the old woman and het 
 miserable blue light went on before us, 
 I could almost have thought of Sir 
 Bertrand or some German liorrifica- 
 tions." — Mi.is Edgeworth. 
 
 HORRIFY, hor'i-n, v.t. to strike with 
 horror :— pa.p. horr'ified. [L. horror, 
 and faeio, to make.] 
 
 HORROR, hor'ur, n. a shuddering : exces- 
 sive fear : that which excites horror, 
 [Lit. •' a bristling," as of hair, L. — horreo, 
 to bristle, to shudder.] 
 
 HORSE, hors, n. a well-known quadruped : 
 (collectively) cavalry : that by which 
 something is supported. — v.t. to mount 
 on a horse : to provide with a horse : to 
 sit astride : to carry on the back. — v.i. 
 to get on horseback. [A.S. hor.% Ice. 
 hross, O. G«r. hros (Ger. ross), perh. akin 
 to Sans, hresh, to neigh, but more prob. 
 conn, with L. cui~ro, cursus, to run ; cf. 
 
 HORSEBLOCK, hors'blok, n. a block or 
 stage by which to mount or dismount 
 from a horse. 
 
 HORSEBOAT. hors'bot, n. a boat for carry- 
 ing horses. 
 
 HORSE-BREAKER, hors'-brak'er.HORSE- 
 TAMER, hors'-tam'er, n. one whose bus- 
 iness is to break or tame horses, or to 
 teach them to draw or carry. 
 
 HORSE-CHESTNUT, hors'-ches'nut, n. a 
 large variety of chestnut, prob. so called 
 from its coarseness contrasted with the 
 edible chestnut : the tree that produces 
 it. [See Chestnut.] 
 
 HORSEFLY, hors'fli, n. a large fly that 
 stings horses. 
 
 HORSE-GUARDS, hors'-gardz, n. horse- 
 soldiers employed as guards : the 3d 
 heavy cavalry regiment of the British 
 army, forming part of the household 
 troops: {formerly) the official residence 
 in London of the commander-in-chief of 
 the British army. 
 
 HORSEHOE, hors'ho, HORSERAKE,hors'- 
 rak, etc., n. a hoe, rake, etc., drawn 
 by horses. 
 
 HORSELAUGH, hors'laf, n. a harsh, bois- 
 terous laugh. [Hoarse and Laugh.] 
 
 HORSELEECH, hors'lech, n. a large spe- 
 cies of leech, so named from its fastening 
 on horses when wading in the water. 
 
 HORSE-LITTER, hors'-lit'er, ?j. a litter or 
 bed borne between two horses. 
 
 HORSEMAN, hors'man, n. a rider on horse- 
 back: a mounted soldier. 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP, hors'man-ship, n. the 
 art of riding, and of training and man- 
 aging horses. 
 
 HORSE-POWER, hors'-pow'er, n. the 
 jMwer a horse can exert, or its equiva- 
 lent=that required to raise 33,000 lbs. 
 avoirdupois one foot per minute : a 
 standard for estimating the power of 
 steam-engines. 
 
 HORSERACE, hors'ras, n. a race b3' horses. 
 
 HORSERACING, hors'ras-ing, n. the prac- 
 tice of racing or running horses in 
 matches. 
 
 HORSE-RADISH, hors'-rad'ish, n. a plant 
 with a pungent root, used in medicine 
 and as a salad. [So named from a notion 
 of its being wholesome for Iiorses.] 
 
 HORSESHOE, hors'shoo, n. a shoe for 
 horses, consisting of a curved piece of 
 iron : anvthing shaped like a horseshoe. 
 
 HORSETAIL, hors'tal, n. a genus of leaf- 
 less plants with hollow rush-like stems, 
 so called from their likeness to a horse's 
 tail. 
 
 HORSE-TRAINER, hors'-tran'er, n. one 
 who trains horses for racing, etc. 
 
 HORSEWHIP, hors'hwip, n. a whip for 
 driving horses. — v.t. to strike with a 
 horsewhip : to lash.
 
 HORSINESS 
 
 225 
 
 HOVEL 
 
 HORSINESS, hors'i-nes, n. the state or 
 quality of being horsj-; inclination to de- 
 vote one's attention to horses and matters 
 connected with them : that which per- 
 tains to horses, as the smell of a stable or 
 the like. 
 
 It shall be all my study for one hour 
 To rose and lavender my horsiness^ 
 Before I dare to glance upon your Grace. 
 
 ^Tennyson. 
 
 HORTATIVE, hort'a-tiv, HORTATORY, 
 hort'a-tor-i, adj., inciting: encouraging: 
 giving advice. [L. hortor, hortatus, 
 to incite.] 
 
 HORTICULTURAL, hor-ti-kul'tur-al, adj. 
 pertaining to the culture of gardens. 
 
 HORTICULTURE, hor'ti-kul-tur, n. the 
 art of cultivating gardens. [L. hortus, a 
 garden, and Culture.] 
 
 HORTICULTURIST, hor-ti-kul'tur-ist, n. 
 one versed in the art of cultivating 
 gardens. 
 
 HOSANNA, ho-zan'a, n. an exclamation of 
 praise to God, or a prayer for blessings. 
 [Lit. "save. I pray thee," Gr. hosanna 
 — Heb. hoshiahnnah — yasha, hoshia, to 
 save, and na, I pray thee.] 
 
 HOSE, hoz, n. a covering for the legs or 
 feet : stocldngs : socks : a flexible pipe 
 for conveying fluids, so called from its 
 shape :—/)?. HosE : (B.) Hos'en. [A.S. 
 ho.ia : Dnt. 7ioos. Ger. hose.] 
 
 HOSIER, ho'zhi-er, n. one who deals in 
 liose. or stockings and socks, etc. 
 
 HOSIERY, ho'zhi-er-i, n., hose in general. 
 
 HOSPICE, hos'pes, n. an Alpine convent 
 where ti-avellers are treated as guests. 
 [Fr.. from L. hospitium — hospes, a stran- 
 ger who is treated as a guest, one who 
 treats another as his guest.] 
 
 HOSPITABLE, hos'pit-abl, adj. pertaining 
 to a hoat or guest : entertaining strangers 
 and guests kindly and without reward : 
 showing kindness. — adv. Hos'pitably. — 
 
 n. HOS'PITABLENESS. 
 
 HOSPITAL, hos'pit-al or os'-, n. a building 
 for the reception and treatment of the 
 old, sick, etc., or for the support and 
 education of the young. [Orig. a place 
 for the entertainment of strangers or 
 guests, from O. Fr. hospital — Low L. hos- 
 pitale — hospes, a guest. See Hospice.] 
 
 HOSPITALITY, hos-pi-tal'it-i, n. the prac- 
 tice of one who is hospitable : friendly 
 welcome and entertainment of guests. 
 
 HOSPITALLER, hos'pit-al-er, n. one of a 
 charitable brotherhood for the care of 
 the sick in hospitals : one of an order of 
 knights, commonly called Knights of St. 
 John, who, during the Crusades, built a 
 hospital for pilgrims at Jerusalem. 
 
 HOSPODAR, hos'po-dar, n. (formerly) the 
 title of the princes of Moldavia and Wal- 
 lachia. [Slav.] 
 
 HOST, host, n. one who entertains a 
 stranger or guest at his house without 
 reward : an innkeeper -.—fem. Host'ess. 
 [O. Fr. hoste — L. hospes.] 
 
 HOST, host, n. an army : a large multi- 
 tude. [Orig. an enemy ; O. Fr. host — 
 L. hostis, an enemy.]^ 
 
 HOST, host, n. in the R. Cath. Church, the 
 consecrated bread of the Eucharist, in 
 wliich Christ is offered. [L. ho.stia, a vic- 
 tim — hostio, to strike.] 
 
 HOSTAGE, hos'tilj. n. one remaining with' 
 the enemy as a i)ledge for the fulfillment 
 cf the conditions of a treaty. [O. Fr. 
 hostage. Fr. tit age — Low L. obsidaticus — 
 obses. obsidis, a hostage.] 
 
 HOSTEL, hos'tel, HOSTELRY, hos'tel-ri, 
 n. an inn. [O. Fr. hostel, hostellerie. See 
 Hotel.] 
 
 HOSTILE, hos'til, adj. belonging to an en- 
 emy: showing enmity: warlike: adverse. 
 — adv. Hos'TlLELY. " [L. host His — hostis.] 
 
 HOSTILITY, hos-til'it-i, w. enmity:— pi. 
 HOSTIL'ITIES, acts of warfare. 
 
 O 
 
 HOSTLER, os'ler, n. he who has the care 
 of horses at an inn. [Orig. one who kept 
 a house for strangers, O. Fr. hostelier — 
 hostel — L. hospes.] 
 HOT, hot, adj. having heat : very warm : 
 fiery: pungent: animated: ardent in tem- 
 per : violent : passionate : lustful. — adv. 
 Hot'ly.— «. HOT'NESS. [A.S. hat ; Ger. 
 heiss, Sw. het. See Heat.] 
 HOTBED, hot'bed, n. a glass-covered bed 
 heated for bringing forward plants rapid- 
 ly : any place favorable to rapid growth. 
 HOTBLAST, hot'blast, n. a blast of heated 
 air blown into a furnace to raise the heat. 
 
 nOT-BLOODED, hot'-blud'ed, adj. having 
 
 hot blood : high-spirited : irritable. 
 HOTCHPOTCH, hoch'poch, HOTCHPOT, 
 hoch'pot, HODGEPODGE, hoj'poj, n. 
 a confused mass of ingredients shaken or 
 mixed together in the same pot. [Fr. 
 hochepot — hocher, to shake, and pot, a 
 pot — O. Dut. liutsen, to shake, and Dut. 
 pot. a pot. See HusTLE and Pot.] 
 
 HOTEL, ho-tel', n. a superior house for the 
 accommodation of strangers : an inn : in 
 France, also a palace. [M.E. hostel — O. 
 Fr. hostel (Fr. hotel)—!,, hospitalia, guest- 
 chambers — hospes. See Hospital.] 
 
 HOT-HEADED, hot'-hed'ed, adj. hot in the 
 head : having warm passions : violent : 
 impetuous. 
 
 HOTHOUSE, hot'hows, n. a house kept hot 
 for the rearing of tender plants. 
 
 HOT-POT, hot'-pot, n. in cookery, a dish 
 consisting of small chops of mutton, sear 
 soned with pepper and salt, and stewed 
 in a deep dish between layers of sliced 
 potatoes. "The Colonel himself was 
 great at making hash mutton, hot-pot, 
 curry and pillau." — Thackeray. 
 
 HOTPRESS, hot'pres, v.t. to press paper, 
 etc., between hot plates to produce a 
 glossy surface. 
 
 HOTSPUR, hot'spur, n. one pressing his 
 steed with spurs as in hot haste : a vio- 
 lent, rash man. 
 
 HOTTENTOT, hot'n-tot, n. a native of the 
 Cape of Good Hope : a brutish individual. 
 [Dut., because the language of the S. 
 Africans seemed to the first Dutch set- 
 tlers to sound like a repetition of the syl- 
 lables hot and tot ; Dut. en = and.] 
 
 HOUDAH. See Howdah. 
 
 HOUGH, hok, HOCK, hok, n. the joint on 
 thehindleg of a quadruped, between the 
 knee and fetlock, corresponding to the 
 ankle-joint in man : in man, the back 
 part of the knee-joint : the ham. — v.t. to 
 hamstring : — pr.p. hough'ing ; pa.p. 
 houghed (hokt'). [A.S. hoh, the heel.] 
 
 HOUND, hownd, n. a dog used in hunting. 
 — v.t. to set on in chase : to hunt : to 
 urge on. [Orig. the dog generally, from 
 A.S. hund : akin to Gr. kyon, kynos, L. 
 canis. Sans, cvan.] 
 
 HOUNDFISH. Same as Dogfish. 
 
 HOUND'S-TONGUE, howndz'-tung, n. a 
 plant, so called from the shape of its 
 leaves. [A.S. hundestunge.] 
 
 HOUR, owr, n. 60 min. or the 24th part of 
 a day : tlie time indicated by a clock, 
 etc.: a time or occasion : — pi. (myth.) the 
 goddesses of the seasons and the hours: 
 in the R. Cath. Church, prayers to be 
 said at certain liours. [Orig. a definite 
 space of time fixed by natural laws ; O. 
 Fr. hnre, Fi\ heiire — L. hora — Gr. hora. 
 See Year.] 
 
 HOURGLASS, owr'glas, n. an instrument 
 for nii-asiu'ing the hours by the running 
 of sand from one glass vessel into an- 
 other. 
 
 HOURI, how'ri, n. a nymph of the Mo- 
 hammedan paradise. [Pers. huri — hura. 
 a black-eyed girl.] 
 
 HOURLY, owr'll, adj. happening or done 
 
 every hour : frequent. — adv. every hour: 
 frequentlv. 
 
 HOURPLATE, owr'plat, n. the plate of a 
 timepiece on which the hoursare marked: 
 the dial. 
 
 HOUSE, hows, n. a building for dwelling 
 in: a dwelling-place: an inn : household 
 affaii-s : a family : kindred : a trading 
 establishment : one of the estates of the 
 legislature : (astral.) the twelfth part ofi 
 the heavens : — pi. HOUSES (howz'ez).' 
 [A.S. hus ; Goth, hus, Ger. haus.] 
 
 HOUSE, howz, v.t. to protect by covering: 
 to shelter: to store. — v.i. to take shelter: 
 to reside. 
 
 HOUSEBREAKER, hows'brak-er, n. one 
 who breaks open and enters a house 
 for the purpose of stealing. — n. HousE'- 
 
 BREAKING. 
 
 HOUSEHOLD, hows'hold, n. those who 
 are held together in the same house, and 
 compose a family. — The Household, a 
 royal domestic establishment. — adj. per- 
 taining to the house and family. 
 
 HOUSEHOLDER, hows'hold - er, n. the 
 holder or tenant of a house. 
 
 HOUSEKEEPER, hows'kep-er, ?i. a female 
 servant who keeps or has the chief care 
 of the house. 
 
 HOUSEKEEPING, hows'kep-ing, n. the 
 keeping or management of a house or of 
 domestic affairs : hospitality. — adj. do- 
 mestic. 
 
 HOUSELESS, hows'les, adj. without a 
 house or home : having no shelter. 
 
 HOUSELESSNESS, hows'les-nes, n. the 
 condition of being houseless. Dickens. 
 
 HOUSEMAID, hows'mad, n. a maid em- 
 ploj'ed to keep a house clean, etc House- 
 maid's KNEE, an acute or chronic drop- 
 sical effusion between the skin and the 
 bursa or sac over the kneepan, and so 
 called because it was thought most com- 
 mon among housemaids who had much 
 kneeling while scrubbing floors, etc. 
 Acute cases may be cured by rest, and 
 the application of iodine, mercurials, and 
 tight bandages ; chronic ones by com- 
 pression with splints, by evacuation of 
 the pus in the sac, and injection of iodine 
 solution. 
 
 HOUSE-MATE, hows'-mat.n.one who lives 
 in the same house with another: a fellow 
 lodger or tenant. Carlyle. 
 
 HOUSE-STEWARD, hows'-stu'ard, n. a 
 steu-ard who manages the household af- 
 fairs of a great family. 
 
 HOUSE-SURGEON, hows'-sur'jun, w. the 
 surgeon or medical officer in a hospital 
 who resides in the house. 
 
 HOUSE-WARM, hows-wawrm, v.t. to give 
 a feast or entertainment to, as to a per- 
 son who is entering on the occupation of 
 a new house. "Resolved ... to house- 
 icarm my Bettv." — Pepys. 
 
 HOUSE)- WARMING, hows'-wawrm'ing. )!. 
 an entertainment given when a family 
 enters a new house, as if to warm it. 
 
 HOUSEWIFE, hows' vvlf, n. the mistress of 
 a house: a female domestic manager. — 
 
 adj. HOUSE'WIFELY. 
 
 HOUSEWIFE, huz'if, n. a small case for 
 articles of female work, properly spelt 
 HUSSIF (which see). 
 
 HOUSEWIFERY, hows'wif-ri, n. business 
 of a hoiisetrife. 
 
 HOUSING, howz'ing, n. an ornamental 
 covering for a horse : a saddle-cloth : — 
 pi. the trappings of a horse. [Fr. housse ; 
 prob. from O. Ger. hid.'it. a covering — 
 ludleu. to cover. Cf. HoLSTER, Hcsk.] 
 
 HOUSTV'. hows'ti, ?(. a soi-e throat. Kings- 
 ley. (Provincial English.) 
 
 HOVE. 2'a.t. and pa.2). of Heave. 
 
 HOVEL, huv'el, n. a small or mean duell- 
 iny: a shed. — v.t. to put in a hovel : to
 
 HOVER 
 
 226 
 
 HUMBUG 
 
 shelter :^pr.p. hovelling ; pa.p. hov'- 
 elled. [Dim. of A.S. hof, a dwelling.] 
 
 HOVER, nov'er or huv'er, v.i. to remain 
 aloft flapping the wings : to wait in sus- 
 pense : to move about near. [Prob. from 
 A.S. hof, and therefore lit. to dwell : O. 
 Fris. hovia. to receive into one's house ; 
 cf. W. hofian, to hang over.] 
 
 HOW, how, adv., in trhat manner : to 
 what extent : for what reason : by wliat 
 means : from what cause : in what con- 
 dition : (New Test.) sometimes = that. 
 [A.S. hu, hwu, from the interrogative 
 u-ha, who, as L. qut, how, from quis, 
 who.] 
 
 HOWBEIT, how-be'it, conj., he it hoiv it 
 mav : notwithstanding- : yet : however. 
 
 HOWDAH, HOUDAH, how 'da, n. a seat 
 fixed on an elephant's back. [Ar. 
 hawdaj.] 
 
 HOWEVER, how-ev'er, adv. and conJ. in 
 irhatever manner or degree : neverthe- 
 less : at all events. [How, Ever.] 
 
 H0"W1TZER, how'its-er, ii. a short, Ught 
 cannon, used for throwing shells. [Ger. 
 haubitze. orig-. haufnitz — Bohem. haiif- 
 nice. a sling. J 
 
 HOWKER, howTcer, n. a Dutch vessel 
 with two masts : a fishing-boat with 
 one mast used on the Irish coast. [Dut. 
 hoeker.l 
 
 HOWL, howl, v.i. to yell or cry, as a wolf 
 or dog : to utter a long, loud, whining 
 sound: to wail: to roar. — v.t. to utter 
 with outcry : — pr.p. howl'ing ; pa.p. 
 howled'. — n. a loud, prolonged cry of 
 distress : a mournful cry. [O. Fr. huller ; 
 from L. ululare, to shriek or howl — idula, 
 an owl ; conn, with Grr. hulad;Ger. heulen, 
 E. md.] 
 
 HOWLET, how'let. Same as Owlet. 
 
 HOWSOEVER, how-so-ev'er, adv. in u-hat 
 way soever : although : however. 
 
 HOY, hoi, n. a large one-decked boat, com- 
 monly rigged as a sloop. [Dut. lieu, Flem. 
 hiii.] 
 
 HOY, hoi, int., Iio .' stop! [From the 
 sound.] 
 
 HOYDENISH, hoi'den-ish, adj. same as 
 HoiDENiSH. "Too hoydenish and for- 
 ward." — H. Kingsley. 
 
 HUB, hub, n. the ^trojecting nave of a 
 wheel : a projection on a wheel for tlie 
 insertion of a pin : the hilt of a weapon ; 
 a mark at which quoits, etc., are oast: 
 applied in pleasantrjiio Boston. [A form 
 of Hob.] 
 
 HUBBLE-BUBBLE, hub'l-bub'l, n. a kind 
 of tobacco-pipe, used in the E. Indies, in 
 which the smoke is drawn through water 
 with a bubbling sound. 
 
 HUBBUB, hub'ub, n. a confused sound of 
 many voices : riot : uproar. [Either 
 from the repetition of hoop, ivhoop 
 (which see), or in imitation of the con- 
 fused noise of numerous voices, like nnir- 
 mnr in Latin. Cf. Barbarian.] 
 
 HUCK, link, /(. the hip. Tennyson. (Pro- 
 vincial English.) 
 
 HUCKABACK, huk'a-bak, n. a coarse 
 variety of table-linen, having raised 
 figures on it. [Peril, because sold by 
 hucksters with their goods on their back.] 
 
 HUCKLE, huk'l, n. a hunch : the hip : one 
 of the small metatarsal bones in the foot 
 of a sheep and some other quadrupeds. 
 " The little square hueele-bone in the 
 ancle place of the hinder legs:e."—J. 
 Udall. [Dim. of Huck, a Prov^E. form 
 of Hook, from its bent or joiutad ap- 
 pearance.] 
 
 HUCKLE-BACKED, hukT-bakt, HUCK- 
 SHOULDERED, li:ik-stioi'derd, adj. hav- 
 ing the back or shoulders round like a 
 hunch. 
 
 HUCKLE-BONE, huk'l-bon. n. the hipbone. 
 
 HUCKSTER, huk'ster, n. a retailer of small 
 
 wares, a hawker or peddler : a mean, 
 trickish fellow:— /e»i. HCCK'STRESS. — v.i. 
 to deal in small articles. [Orig. and 
 properlj' a fem. form of an O. Low Grer. 
 root, of which hawker is the masculine. 
 This root is found in Dut. heuker, a re- 
 tailer, from O. Dut. hucken, to stoop or 
 bow, and conn, with Ice. huka, to sit on 
 one's hams (whence E. HuG) ; Ger. hucke, 
 the bent back. See Hawker, Hook, 
 
 HUCKLE.] 
 
 HUDDLE, hudl, v.i. to put up things con- 
 fusedly : to hurry in disorder : to crowd. 
 — v.t. to throw or crowd together in con- 
 fusion : to put on hastily. — n. a crowd : 
 tumult : confusion. [M.E. hodren ; perh. 
 conu. with root of HIDE, to conceal, and 
 so orig. meaning to crowd together for 
 concealment or shelter.] 
 
 HUDIBRASTIC, hu-di-bras'tik, adj. suni- 
 lar in style to Hudibras, a satire by But- 
 ler, 1613-80 ; doggerel. 
 
 HUE, hii, 11. appearance : color : tint : 
 dye. — adj. Hue'less. [A.S. hiw, heow ; 
 Goth, hiivi, Swed. hy, appearance, com- 
 plexion.] 
 
 HUE. hu, n. a shouting. — Hce and cry, 
 the old practice of pursuing felons with 
 loud hooting and crying. [Fr. huer, of 
 imitative origin ; cf. W. hu-a, to hoot.] 
 
 HUFF, huf, n. sudden anger or arrogance : 
 a fit of disappointment or anger : ;i boast- 
 er. — v.t. to swell : to bully : to remove a 
 " man " from the board for not capturing 
 pieces open to him. as in draughts. — v.i. 
 to swell : to bluster. [An imitative word, 
 the idea of •• puJEug " or •' blowing" being 
 present in it.] 
 
 HUFFISH, hufish, adj. given to huff : in- 
 solent : arrogant. — adv. HUFF'ISHLT. — Ji. 
 
 HrFFISHXESS.] 
 
 HUFFY, hufi. adj. given to huff: pulled 
 up : petulant. — n. Huff'iness. 
 
 HUG. hug, v.t. to embrace closely and 
 fondly : to congratulate (one's self) : 
 (natit.) to keep close to. — v.i. to crowd to- 
 gether : — 2^''-P- hugg'ing ; pa.}}, hugged'. 
 — n. a close and fond embrace : a partic- 
 ular grip in wrestling. [Scand., orig. to 
 squat or cower together, as in Ice. huka, 
 to sit on one's hams. See HUCKSTER.] 
 
 HUGE, huj, adj. (com p. Hug'er ; superl. 
 HUG'EST) having great dimensions, es- 
 pecially height; enormous: monstrous: 
 (B.) large in number. — adv. Hcge'ly. — 
 n. Hugeness. [M.E. huge; formed by 
 dropping a (supposed article) from O.Fr. 
 ahuge, the root of which may prob. be 
 found in Dut. hoog, Ger. hoch, E. High.] 
 
 HUGKJER-MUGGER, hug'er-mug'er, n. 
 secrecy : confusion. [Perh. a rhyming 
 extension of HuG.] 
 
 HUGUENOT, hu'ge-not or -no, n. the name 
 formerly given in France to an adherent 
 of the Reformation. [15 false etymologies 
 have been given of this name, which most 
 authorities now regard as a dim. of Fr. 
 Hugues, Hugh, the name of some one of 
 the French Calvinists, and afterwards 
 applied as a nickname to them all.] 
 
 HXJLK, hulk. n. the body of a ship: an 
 old ship unfit for serxice : anything un- 
 wieldy — often confounded in meaning 
 with ilULL. the body of a ship -.^pl. The 
 Hulks, old ships used as prisons. [Orig. 
 a large merchant-ship, from Low L. 
 hulka — Gr. holkas, a ship which is towed 
 — helko, to draw.] 
 
 HULL, hul, n. the husk or outer covering 
 of anj-thing. — v.t. to strip off the hull : 
 to husk. [A.S. hulu, a husk, as of corn 
 — helan, to cover ; Ger. hiille, a covering, 
 hehlen. to cover.] 
 
 HULL, hul, )i. the frame or body of a ship. 
 — v.t. to pierce the hull (as with a can- 
 non-ball). — v.i. to float or drive on the 
 water, as a mere hull. [Same word as 
 
 above, perh. modified in meaning by 
 confusion with Dut. hoi, a ship's hold, or 
 with Hulk.] 
 
 H LILLY', hul'i, adj. having husks or pods. 
 
 HUM, hum, v.i. to make a buzzing sound 
 like bees : to utter a low droning sound : 
 to suppl3' an interval in speaking by an 
 audible sound. — v.t. to sing in a low tone: 
 — pr.j). humni'ing : j:)a.j}. hummed'. — n. 
 the noise of bees and some other insects. 
 any low, dull noise. — int. a sound with a 
 pause implying doubt. [An imitative 
 word; cf. Ger. hiimmen, numsen ; Dut. 
 hommelen.'] 
 
 HUMAN, hu'man, adj. belonging or per- 
 taining to man or mankind : having the 
 qualities of a man. — adv. Hu'maXLY. 
 [Fr. — L. humanus — homo, a human be- 
 ing.] 
 
 HUIilANE, hu-man', adj. having the feel- 
 ings proper to man: kind: tender: 
 merciful. — adv. Huhane'ly. 
 
 HUMANIST, hu'man-ist, n. a student of 
 poUte literature : at the Renascence, a 
 student of Greek and Roman literature : 
 a student of human nature. [L. [literce) 
 humaniores. polite (literature).] 
 
 HUMANTTARIAN, hu-man-i-ta'ri-an, n. 
 one wlio has a great regard or love for 
 humanity; a philanthropist: one who 
 denies the divinity of Christ, and believes 
 him to have been a mere man : a disciple 
 of St. Simon, from his maintaining the 
 perfectabilitj- of human nature without 
 the aid of grace : one who adopts the 
 doctrine or theory that man's sphere of 
 dutj' is limited to a benevolent interest 
 in, and practical promotion of the welfare 
 of the liuman race, apart from all con- 
 siderations of rehgion. 
 
 HTOLVNITARL^N, hu-man-i-ta'ri-an, adj. 
 pertaining to humanitarians or humani- 
 tarianism. 
 
 HUMANITARLA.N1SM, hu-man-i-ta'ri-an- 
 izm, n. humanity ; philanthropy : the 
 doctrine that Jesus Christ was possessed 
 of a human nature only : the doctrine of 
 St. Simon and liis disciples that mankind 
 may become perfect without divine aid : 
 the doctrine that benevolence or philan- 
 thropy forms the sum of man's duties, 
 to the exclusion of his duties to the Su- 
 preme Being. 
 
 HUMAKITY, hu-man'it-i, n. the nature 
 peculiar to a human being: the kind 
 *eelings of man : benevolence : tender- 
 ness: mankind collectively:^}?. HtTMAN'- 
 Ities, in Scotland, grammar, rhetoric, 
 Latin, Greek, and poetry, so called from 
 their humanizing efl'ects: the preparatory 
 course in Catholic ecclesiastical semi- 
 naries and some other institutions of 
 learning. — Professor of Humanity, in 
 Scotch universities, the Professor of 
 Latin. [Fr. — L. humanitas — humanus.] 
 
 HUMANIZE, hu'man-iz, v.t. to render 7jm- 
 man or humane: to soften. — v.i. to be- 
 come humane or civilized. 
 
 HUMANKIND, hu'man-kXnd, n. the human 
 species. 
 
 HUMANNESS, hu'man-nes, n. the state or 
 quality of being human : humanity. E 
 B. Browning. 
 
 HUMBLE, hum'bl, um'bl, adj. low: meek, 
 modest.— r.f. to bring down to the ground: 
 to lower : to mortify : to degrade. — n. 
 Huji'BLENESS. — ac7f. Hum'bly. [Lit. "on 
 the ground.'' from Fr. — L. humilis, low 
 — humus, the 2-round.] 
 
 HUMBLE-BEE,"' hum'bl-be, n. the hum- 
 in ing-bee : a genus of social bees which 
 construct their hives under ground. 
 [Hum-b-le is a freq. of Hum.] 
 
 HUMBUG, hum'bug, n. an imposition un- 
 der fair pretences : one who so imposes. 
 — v.t. to deceive : to hoax : — 2^''-P- hum'- 
 bugging ; pa.}), hum'bugged. [Orig. a
 
 HUMDRUM 
 
 227 
 
 HUSSAR 
 
 false alarm, a bugbear, from Hum and 
 Bro. a frightful object. Approbation in 
 pxiblic places was formerly expressed by 
 ntimining, which in slang E. came to be 
 conn, with anything flattering, deceiv- 
 ing, false.] 
 
 HUMDRUM, hum'drum, adj. dull : dron- 
 ing : monotonous. — n. a stupid fellow. 
 [Compound of Hum and Droi.] 
 
 HtnUECTAISfT, hu-mek'tant, adj. pertain- 
 ing to remedies supposed to increase the 
 fluidity of the blood. [L. humectmis — 
 hiimeo. to be moist.] 
 
 HUMECrn^, hu-mek'tiv, adj. having the 
 power to moLsten. 
 
 HUMERAL, hu'mer-al, adj. belonging to 
 the shoulder. [Fr. — L. humerus, the 
 shoulderj 
 
 HUMERU3, hu'mer-us, n. the arm from 
 the shoulder to the elbow : the bone of 
 the upper arm. [L. " the shoulder."] 
 
 HUMHUM, hum'hum, n. a kind of plain, 
 coarse cotton cloth used in E. Indies. [?] 
 
 HUMIC, hCi'mik, adj. denoting an acid 
 formed by the action of alkadies on hu- 
 VI nx. 
 
 HUMID, hu'mid, adj., moist: damp: 
 rather wet. — n. Hu'midness. [L. humid- 
 vji — humeo, to be moist.] 
 
 HUMIDITY, liu-mid'i-ti, n. moisture : a 
 moderate degree of wetness. 
 
 HUMILIATE, hu-mil'i-at, v.t. to make 
 htiinble : to depress : to lower in condi- 
 tion. [L. humilio, -atum.1 
 
 HUJIILIATION, hu-mil-i-a'shun, n. the 
 act oi humiliating : abasement : mortifi- 
 cation. 
 
 HUMILITY, hu-mil'i-ti, ?!.the state or qual- 
 ity of being humble: lowliness of mind : 
 modesty. [Fr. humilite — L. hiimilitas.} 
 
 HUMMING-BIRD, hum'ing-berd, n. a 
 tropical bird, of brilliant plumage and 
 rapid flight, so called from the humming 
 sound of its wings. 
 
 HUMMOCK, hum uIj:. Same as Hommock. 
 
 HUMORAL, hu'mur-al, adj. pertaining to 
 or proceeding from the humors. 
 
 HUMORALISM, hu'mur-al-izm, n. the state 
 of being humoral : the doctrine that dis- 
 eases have their seat in the humors. — )^. 
 Hu'moralist, one who favors the doc- 
 trine of humoralism. 
 
 HUMORIST, hu'mur-ist, n. one whose con- 
 duct and conversation are regulated by 
 humor or caprice : one who studies or 
 portrays tlie humors of people. 
 
 HIBIORLESS, hu'mur-les, adj. without 
 hniuor. 
 
 HUJIOROUS, hu'mur-us, adj. governed by 
 humor: capricious: iri-egular : full of 
 humor : exciting laughter. — adi: Hu'- 
 MOROUSLT. — n. HU'MOROUSNESS. 
 
 HUM0RS03IENESS, hu'mur-smn-nes, 7i. 
 tlie state or quality of being humor- 
 some : capriciousness : petulance. "I 
 never blame a lady for her htiviorsome- 
 ness so much as ... I blame her mo- 
 tlier." — Richardson. 
 
 HUMOR, hu'niur, n. the moisture or fluids 
 of animal bodies : an animal fluid in an 
 unhealthy state : state of mind (because 
 once thought to depend on the humors 
 of the body) : disposition : caprice : a 
 mental qualitj- whicli delights in ludi- 
 crous and mirthful ideas. — t:f. to go in 
 with the huinor of : to "i-atifj' by com- 
 pliance. [O. Fr. humor (Fr. humeur) — L. 
 humor — humeo, to be moist.] 
 
 HUMP, hump, n. a lump or hunch upon 
 the back. [Prob. a form of Heap ; a 
 Low Ger. word, as in Dut. homp ; cf. Gr. 
 kyphos, a lumip. Sans, kubja, hump- 
 backed ; allied to HUNOH.] 
 
 HUMPBACK, hump'bak, n. a hack with a 
 hump or hunch : a person with a hump- 
 back. — adj. HuMFBACKED, having a 
 humpback. 
 
 HUMPH, humf, interj. an exclamation ex- 
 pressive of disbelief, doubt, dissatisfac- 
 tion, or the like : sometimes used as a 
 verb = to make such an exclamation. 
 '• Humphing and considering over a par- 
 ticular paragrapli." — MUs Austen. 
 
 HUMUS, hiun'us, HUMIXE, hum'in, n. a 
 brown or black powder in rich soils, 
 formed by tlie action of air on animal or 
 vegetable matter. [Uit. the " ground, 
 soil"; L., akin to Gr. chamai, on the 
 ground.] 
 
 HUNCH, hunsh, n. a hump, esp. on the 
 back: a lump. — Hunch'back, n. one 
 with a hunch or hump on his back. — 
 Hun'CH'baCKED, adj. having a humpback. 
 [Tlie nasalized form of HoOK ; cog. with 
 Ger. hucke. the bent back ; cf. Scot, to 
 hunker down, to sit on one's heels with 
 tlie knees bent vip towards the chin.] 
 
 HUNDRED, hun'dred, n. the number of 
 ten times ten : a division of a county 
 in England, orig-. supposed to contain a 
 hundred fa.mi\ies. [A.S. hundred — old 
 form hund, a hundred, with the super- 
 fluous addition of red or reed (E. rate), a 
 reckoning ; cogs, of A.S. hund are O. 
 Ger. hunt, Goth, hund, W. cant, Gael. 
 ciad, Lat. cent-um, Gv. he-kat-on. Sans. 
 i;ata, a hundred.] 
 
 HUNDREDFOLD, hun'dred-f old , adj. , 
 folded a h undred times, multiplied by a 
 hundred. 
 
 HUNDREDTH, hun'dredi/i, adj. coming 
 last or forming one of a hundred. — n. 
 one of a hundred. 
 
 HUNDREDWEIGHT, hun'dred-wat, n. a 
 weight the twentieth part of a ton. or 
 112 pounds avoirdupois ; orig. a Jiundred 
 lbs., abbreviated cwt. (e. standing for L. 
 centum, wt. for weight). 
 
 HUNG, 2>a.t. and pa.jj. of Hang. 
 
 HUNGER, hung'ger, n. desire for food : 
 strong desire for anything. — v.i. to crave 
 food : to long for. [A.S. hungor (n.), 
 hyngran (v.) ; corresponding words are 
 found in all the Teut. languages.] 
 
 HUNGER-BITTEN, hung'ger-bit'n, adj. 
 bitten, pained, or weakened by hunger. 
 
 HUNGRY, hung'gri, adj. having eager de- 
 sire : greedy : lean : poor. — adv. HUNG'- 
 RILT. 
 
 HUNKS, hungks, n.sing. a covetous man : 
 a miser. 
 
 HUNT, hunt, v.t. to chase wild animals 
 for prey or sport : to search for : to pur- 
 sue. — v.i. to go out in pursuit of game : 
 to search. — ii. a chase of wild animals : 
 search : an association of huntsmen. — 
 Hunt down, to destroy by persecution 
 or \aolence. — Hunt out, ut, after, to 
 search for, seek. [A.S. huntian; A.S. 
 hentan, to seize, Goth, hinthan ; from 
 the same root is E. hand.'] 
 
 HUNTER, hunt'er, v. one who hunts : a 
 horse used in the chase •.—fern. HUNT'- 
 
 RESS. 
 
 HUNTING-BOX, hunt'ing-boks, HUNT- 
 ING-SEAT, hunt'ing-set, n. a temporary 
 residence for hunting. 
 
 HUNTSMAN, hunts'man,?i. one who hunts: 
 a servant who manages the liounds diu-- 
 ing the chase. 
 
 HUNTSMANSHIP, liunts'man-ship, n. the 
 qualifications of a huntsman. 
 
 HURDLE, hur'dl. n. a frame of twigs or 
 sticks interlaced: (agri.) a movable frame 
 of timber or iron for gates, etc. — v.t. to 
 inclose with hurdles. [A.S. hyrdel : Grer. 
 Imrde, Goth, haurds, a wicker-gate, L. 
 crates. See Cradle and Crate.1 
 
 HURDY-GURDY, hur'di-gur'di, n. a music- 
 al stringed instrument, like a rude violin, 
 the notes of which are produced bj- the 
 friction of a wheel. [Prob. a rhyming 
 imitation of its sound.] 
 
 BTURL, hurl, r.i. to make a noise by throw- 
 
 ing : to move rapidlj- : to whirl. — v.i. to 
 tlirow with violence : to utter with vehe- 
 mence. — n. act of hurling, tumult, con- 
 fusion. — n. Hurl'er. [Contr. of Hurtle, 
 which see.] 
 
 HURLY-BURLY, hur'li-bur'li, n. tumult ; 
 confusion. [Hurly is from O. Fr. Iiurler, 
 to yell, orig. huller, whence E. Howl. 
 Burly is simjjlv a rhvniing addition.] 
 
 HURRAH. HURRA, hoor-ra', int. an ex- 
 clamation of excitement or joy. — n. and 
 r./. [Dan. and Swed. hurra.]' 
 
 HURRICANE, hur'ri-kan, n. a storm with 
 extreme violence and sudden changes of 
 the wind, common in the E. and W. 
 Indies. [Sp. huracan ; from an Ameri- 
 can-Indian word, prob. imitative of the 
 rushing of the wind.] 
 
 HURRY, hur'i, v.t. to urge forward : to 
 hasten. — v.i. to move or act with haste : 
 — pa.p. hurr'ied. — ?). a driving forward: 
 haste : tumult.— adf. Hurr'yingly. [An 
 imitative word, to which correspond O. 
 Swed. hurra, to whirl round, and other 
 Scand. forms.] 
 
 HURRY-SKURRY. hur'i-slcur'i, n. confu- 
 sion and bustle. [HuRRY, with the rhym- 
 ing addition skurry.] 
 
 HURT, hurt, v.t. to cause bodily pain to : 
 to damage : to wound, as the feelings : 
 — 2)a.t. and j)«.j). hurt, — n. a wound : in- 
 juiy. [Lit. to butt oi* thrust like a. ram. 
 O. Fr. hurter (Fr. heurter). to knock, to 
 run against ; prob. from the Celtic, as in 
 W. hwrdd, a thrust, the butt of a ram, 
 Corn, hordh, a ram.] 
 
 HURTFUL, hurt'fool, adj. causing hurt or 
 loss : mischievous. — adv. HtTRT'FULLY. — 
 n. Hurt'fulness. 
 
 HURTLE, hurt'l, v.t. to dash against : to 
 move violently : to clash : to rattle. 
 [Freq. of HlTtf in its original sense.] 
 
 HURTLESS, hurfles, adj. without hurt or 
 injury, harmless. — adv. Hurt'lessly. — 
 n. Hurt'lessness. 
 
 HUSBAND, huz'band, n. a married man : 
 (B.) a man to whom a woman is betrothed: 
 one who manages affairs with prudence: 
 {naut.) the owner of a ship who manages 
 its concerns in person. — v.t. to supply 
 with a husband : to manage with econ- 
 omy. [M. E. hushonde — A.S. hvshonda. 
 Ice. husbondi — hus, a house, and Ice. 
 bondi, for buandi, inhabiting, pr.p. of 
 Ice. bua, to dwell, akin to Ger. batien, to 
 till. See Bondage.] 
 
 HUSBANTDMAN, huz'band-man. n. a work- 
 ing farmer : one who labors in tillage. 
 
 HUSBANDRY, huz'band-ri, 7i. the business 
 of a farmer: tillage: economical manage- 
 ment: thrift. 
 
 HUSH. hush. int. or inq). silence ! be still ! 
 — adj. silent : quiet. — v.t. to make quiet. 
 [Imitative. Cf. Hist and Whist.] 
 
 HUSH-MONEY, liush'-mun'i, n.. money 
 given as a bribe to hush or make one 
 keep silent. 
 
 HUSK, husk, n. the dry, thin covering of 
 certain fruits and seeds. — v.t. to remove 
 the husks from. [Hulsk with the I 
 dropped, from M.E. hulen (with suflix 
 -.sk) — helan, to cover: cf. Ger. liUl.te. Dut. 
 hulse, etc., in all of which the 1 has been 
 retained.] 
 
 HUSKED, huskt', adj. covered witha /iiisfc: 
 stripped of hu.sks. 
 
 HUSKING, husk'ing, n. the stripping of 
 hH.iks : specifically the detaching of ears 
 of Indian corn or maize from the staUc 
 and taking off the husks. 
 
 HUSKY, husk'i, adj. hoarse, as the voice : 
 rough in sound. — adv. Ht'SK'lLY. — n. 
 HusK'iNESS. [A corr. of husty. from M.E. 
 host (Scot, ho.'it. a couglii — A.S. Inrosta, 
 a cough ; cog. with Ger. husten.] 
 
 HUSSAR, hoo'z-zfir', n. (orig.) a soldier of 
 the national cavaliy of Hungary: a light-
 
 HUSSIF 
 
 228 
 
 HYMEN 
 
 armed cavalry soldier. [Hun. Imszar — 
 hiisz, twenty, because at one time in 
 Hungary one cavalry soldier used to be 
 levied from every twenty families.] 
 
 HTJSSIF, huz'if, ?;. a case for needles, 
 thread, etc., used in sewing. [Ice. husi, 
 a case — hus. a house. The -/ was added 
 through confusion with Housewife.] 
 
 HUSSY, huz'i, n. a pert girl : a worthless 
 female. [Contr. of HOUSEWIFE.] 
 
 HUSTINGS, hus'tingz, n.sing. the princi- 
 pal court of the City of London : {form- 
 erly) tlie booths where the votes were 
 taken at an election of a M.P., or the 
 platfoi-m from which the candidates 
 gave their addresses. [A.S. Inisting, a 
 council, but a Scand. word, and used in 
 speaking of tlie Danes — Ice. husthing — • 
 hus, a house, and thing, an assembly ; 
 cogs. E. House and Thing.] 
 
 HUSTLE, hus'l, v.t. to shake or push to- 
 
 S ether : to crowd with violence. [O. 
 lut. hutsen, hutselen. to shake to and 
 fro. See Hotchpotch.] 
 
 HUSTLE, hus'l, r.i. to push or crowd : to 
 move about in a confused crowd : to 
 move with difficulty and attempted 
 haste : to shamble hurriedly: in U.S. to 
 actively move about, in a good sense. 
 " Every theatre had its footmen's gal- 
 lery; an army of the liveried race hustled 
 round every chapel-door." — JViacfceray. 
 "Leaving the king, who had hustled 
 along- the floor with his dress wofully 
 ill-arrayed."^Sir W. Scott. 
 
 HUT. hut, n. a small or mean house : 
 (mil.) a small temporary dwelling. — v.t. 
 (mU.) to place in huts, as quarters : — 
 pr.p. hutt'ing : pa.2x hutt'ed. [Fr. hiitte 
 — O. Ger. hutta (Ger. hiitte).] 
 
 HUTCH, huch, n. a bo.v, a chest: a coop 
 for rabbits. [Fr. huche, a chest ; from 
 Low L. hutica. a box.] 
 
 HUZZA, hooz-za', int. and n. hurrah ! a 
 shout of joy or approbation. — i\t. to at- 
 tend with shouts of joy. — v.i. to utter 
 shouts of joy or acclamation -.— pr.p. 
 huzza'ing ; pa.p. huzzaed (-zad'). [Ger. 
 hussa : the same as HUKRAH.] 
 
 HYACINTH, hl'a-sinth. n. (tnyth.) a flower 
 which sprang from the blood of Hyakin- 
 thos [Gr.]. a youth killed by Apollo with 
 a quoit : a bulbous-rooted flower of a 
 great variety of colors : a precious stone, 
 the jacinth. [Doublet, Jacinth.] 
 
 HYACINTHINE, hl-a-sinth'in, adj. con- 
 sisting of or resembling hyacinth : curling 
 like the hyacinth. 
 
 HYADES, hl'a-dez, HYADS. hl'adz, n. a 
 cluster of five stars in the constellation 
 of the Bull, supposed by the ancients to 
 bring rain when they rose with the sun. 
 [Gr. hyades — hyein, to rain.l 
 
 HY.'ENA. See Hyena. 
 
 HYALINE, h!'a-lin,o4/., glassy: consisting 
 of or like glass. [Gr. hyalinos — hyalos, 
 glass, probably an Egyptian word mean- 
 ing a transparent stone.] 
 
 HYBERNATE. etc. See Hibernate, etc. 
 
 HYBRID, hi'brid, n. an animal or plant 
 pi'oduced from two different species : a 
 mongrel : a mule : a word formed of ele- 
 ments from different languages. [Lit. 
 something unnatural, from L. hibridn, 
 a mongrel, peril, from Gr. hybris, hy- 
 brirlos. outrage, insult.] 
 
 HYBRID, hrbrid, HYBRIDOUS, hib'rid-us, 
 adj. produced from different species : 
 mongrel. 
 
 HYBRIDISM, hl'brid-izm, HYBRIDITY. 
 hib-rid'i-ti. ?;. state of being hybrid. 
 
 HYCSOS. hik'sos. See Shepherd Kings 
 under Shepherd. 
 
 HYDATID, hid'a-tid, 7!. a iratery cyst or 
 vesicle sometimes found in animal bodies. 
 [Gr. hydatis. a watery vesicle — hydor, 
 hydatos, water.] 
 
 HYDRA, hi'dra, n. (myth.) a water-serpBnt 
 with many heads, which when cut off 
 were succeeded by others : anj' manifold 
 evil : a genus of fresh-water polypes i-e- 
 markable for their power of being mul- 
 tiplied by being cut or divided. [L. — Gr. 
 hydra — hydor, water, akin to Sans, nd- 
 ras, an otter, also to E. Ottee.] 
 
 HYDR^^MIA. hi-dre'mi-a, n. a state of the 
 blood in which the watery constituents 
 are in excess : autemia. [Gr. hydor, 
 water, and haima, blood.] 
 
 HYDRANGEA, hl-dran'je-a, n. a genus of 
 shrubby plants with large heads of showy 
 flowers, natives of China and Japan. 
 [Lit. the " water- vessel" ; so called from 
 the C(fp-shaped seed-vessel. Coined from 
 Gr. hydor. water, and anggeion, vessel.] 
 
 HYDRANT, hi'drant, n. a machine for dis- 
 charging water : a water-plug-. [Gr. hy- 
 dor, water.] 
 
 HYDRA-TUBA, hi'dra-tu-ba, n. in zool. a 
 locomotive, cOiated, trumpet - shaped 
 body arising from the ovum of several 
 groups of Hydrozoa. It develops a mouth 
 and tentacles at the expanded extremity, 
 and multiplies itself by gemmation, the 
 liberated segments developing- into med- 
 usoids of considerable size. 
 
 HYDRAULIC, hi-drawl'ik. HYDRAUL- 
 ICAL, hl-drawl'ik-al, adj. relating to hy- 
 draulics : conveying water : worked by 
 water. — adi\ Hydraul'icallt. [Lit. 
 " belonging to a water-organ " or water- 
 pipe, from Gr. hydor, water, anlos, a 
 pipe.] 
 
 HYDRAULICS, hi-drawl'iks, n.pL used as 
 sing, the science of hjdrodynamics in its 
 practical application to water-pipes, etc. 
 
 HYDROCEPHALUS, hi-dro-sef'a-lus, n., 
 water in the head : dropsy of the brain. 
 [Gr. hydor, water, kephale, the head.] 
 
 HYDRODYNAMICS, hi - dro - di - nam'iks, 
 n.pl. used as sing, the science that treats 
 of the motions and equilibrium of a ma- 
 terial system partly or wholly fluid, 
 called Hydrost atics when the s5'stem is 
 in equilibrium, Hydrokinetics when it is 
 not. — adjs. Hydrodynaji'ic, Hydrodi- 
 NAM'lCAL. [Gr. hydor, water, and Dy- 
 NAincs.] 
 
 HYDROGEN, hl'dro-jen, n. a gas which in 
 combination with oxygen produces water , 
 an elementary gaseous substance, the 
 lightest of all known substances, and 
 very inflammable. [A word coined b_y 
 Cavendish (1766) from Gr. hydor, water, 
 and gen-nao. to produce.] 
 
 HYDROGENOUS, hl-droj'e-nus, adj. per- 
 taining to or containing hydrogen : 
 formed or produced by water: specifi- 
 cally, in geol. a term applied to rocks 
 formed by the action of water, in con- 
 tradistinction to pyrogenous rocks, those 
 formed bv the action of fire. 
 
 HYDROGRAPHER, hi-drog'ra-fer. n. a 
 describer of ^caters or seas : a maker of 
 sea-charts. 
 
 HYDROGRAPHY, hl-drog'ra-fi, n. the art 
 of measuring and describing the size and 
 position of traters or seas : the art of 
 making sea-charts. — adjs. Hydrograph'- 
 ic, H-ydrograph'ical. — adv. Hydro- 
 qr.aph'ically. [Gr. 7!?/d6r, water, grapho, 
 to write.] 
 
 HYDROKINETICS, hi-dro-ki-net'iks, n.pl. 
 used as .<.'(?(£f. a branch of Hydrody- 
 namics, which see. [Gr. hydor, water, 
 and see Kinetics.] 
 
 HYDROLOGY, hl-clrol'o-ji, ii. the science 
 which treats of ivater. [Gr. hydor, water, 
 logos, a discourse.] 
 
 HYDROMANIA,hi-dro-nia'ni-a, >i. a species 
 of melancholia or mental disease under 
 the influence of which the sufferers are 
 led to commit suicide by drowning. It 
 frequently accompanies the last stages 
 
 of the skin disease called Pellagra (whicL 
 see). [Gr. hydor, water, and maniod 
 madness.] T 
 
 HYDROMETER, hi-drom'et-er, n. an in-! 
 strument for measuring the specific gravJ 
 ity of liquids, also the strength of spiritJ 
 uous liquors. — adjs. Hydromet'ric. Hy-J 
 dromet'eical. — n. Hydrom'etry. [Gr. 
 hydor. metron, a measure.] 
 
 HY'dROPATHIST, hl-drop'a-thist, w. one 
 who practices hydropathy. 
 
 HYDROPATHY, hi-drop'a-thi, n. the treatJ 
 ment of disease by cold irater. — adjs. 
 Hydropath'ic, Hydropath'ical. — adt\ 
 Hydropath'ically. [Gr. hydor, water, 
 and paf/ios, suffering, trom pa^eho, path- 
 ein. to suffer.] 
 
 HYDROPHOBIA, hl-dro-fo'bi-a, n. an un- 
 natural dread of crater, a symptom of a 
 disease resulting from the bite of a mad 
 animal, hence the disease itself. — adj. 
 Hydrophob'ic. [Gr. hydor, water, and 
 pjhobos. fear.] 
 
 HYDROPSY, hi'drop-si, n. same as Dropsy. 
 
 HYDROSTATICS, hl-dro-stat'iks, n.pl. 
 used as sing, a branch of Hydrodynam- 
 ics, which see. — adjs. Hydrostat'ic, 
 H-vdrostat'ical. — adv. Hydrostat'ic- 
 ally. [Gr. hydor, water, and Statics.] 
 
 HYDROZOAL, hi-dro-z6'al. adj. pertain- 
 ing, relating to. or resembling a hydro- 
 zoon or the Hvdrozoa. H. A. Nicholson. 
 
 HYDROZOON. "hi-dro-zo'on, ?(. (pi. Hy- 
 drozoa, hi-dro-z6'a), in zool. one of a 
 class of radiated animals, forming, -with 
 the Actinozoa, the sub-kingdom Co-len- 
 terata. The Hydrozoa are divided into 
 four sub-classes — Hj'droida, Siphono- 
 phora, Di.scophora, and Lucernarida. 
 The genus Hydra may be taken as the 
 tj'pe. [Gr. hydra, a water-serpent, and 
 zbon, a living creature. See Hydra.] 
 
 HYEMAL, hl-e'mal, adj. belonging to win- 
 ter : done during winter. [L. hiemalis — 
 hiems, winter. See HiBERNAl..] 
 
 HYENA, HYAENA, hl-en'a, n. a bristly- 
 maned quadruped of the dog kind, so 
 named from its likeness to the sow. \ L. 
 — Gr. hyania (lit.) "sow-like" — hys, a 
 sow.] 
 
 HYETOLOGY. hi-e-tol'o-ji, n. that branch 
 of meteorologry which treats of all the 
 phenomena connected with rain. [Gr. 
 hyetos, rain, and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 HYGEIAN, hi-je'an, adj. relating to health 
 and its preservation. [Gr. hygieia, health, 
 the goddess of health, hygies. healthy — 
 root hyg. Sans. ^lg. L. i-eg. i^g.] 
 
 HYGIENE, hi'ji-en. HYGIENICS, hi-ji-en'- 
 iks, HYGIENISM. hl'-ji-en-izm, ■». the 
 science which treats of the preservation 
 of health. — adj. Hygien'ic. [Fr.] 
 
 HYGIENIST, hi'ji-en-ist, n. one skilled in 
 hygiene. 
 
 HYGROMETER, hi-grom'et-er, n. an in- 
 strument for measiiring the moisture in 
 the atmospliere. [Gr. hygros, wet, met- 
 I'on. a measure.] 
 
 HY^GROMETRY, hl-grom'et-ri, n. the art 
 of measuring the moisture in the atmos- 
 phere, and of bodies generally. — adjs. 
 Hygromet'ric, Hygeomet'rical. 
 
 HYGROSCOPE. hi'gro-skop, n. an instru- 
 ment for showing the moisture in the at- 
 mosphere.— nrfj. Hygroscop'ic. [Gr. hy 
 gros, skopeo. to view.] 
 
 HYK-SHOS, hik'-shos. HYKSOS. hik•^os, 
 )). see Shepherd Kings imder Shepherd. 
 
 HYLOGENESIS, hl-lo-jen'e-sis, HYLOG- 
 ENY, hl-loj'e-ni, w. the origin of matter. 
 [Gr. hi/le, matter, and gene.9is. birth.] 
 
 HYLOLOGY. hl-lol'o-ji, n. the doctrine or 
 theory of matter as unorganized. Krauth. 
 [Gr. fiyle. matter, and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 HYMEN, hi'nien, n. {myth.)ihe god of mar' 
 riage : marriage. — adjs. Htmene'ai-, Hv-
 
 HYMN 
 
 229 
 
 IBIS 
 
 siENE'AN. [L., Gr. hymen, perh. conn, 
 with Gr. hymnos, a festive song, a hymn.] 
 HYMN, him, n. a song of praise. — v.f. to 
 celebrate in song : to worship by hymns. 
 — v.i. to sing in praise or adoration. [L. 
 hymnits — Gr. hymnos.] 
 HYMNIC, hini'nik, adj. relating to hynms. 
 HYMNOLOGIST, him-nol'o-jist, n. one 
 skilled in hymnology: a writer of hymns. 
 HYMNOLOGY, liim-noro-ji, n. the science 
 which treats of hymns : a collection of 
 hymns. [Gr. hymnos, a hymn, logos, a 
 discourse.] 
 HY'PALLAGE, hi-pal'a-je, n. an iiiter- 
 ehange : in rhetoric, a figure in which 
 the relations of things in a sentence are 
 mutually interchanged, but without ob- 
 scuring the sense, as he covered his hat 
 icith his head, instead of he covered his 
 head with his hat. [Fr. — L., Gr., from 
 hypallasso, to interchange — hypo, under, 
 and allasso. to change.] 
 HY'PERBATON, lii-per'ba-ton, n. (rhet.) a 
 fiirure by which words are transposed 
 from their natural order. [Gr. a " trans- 
 position," from hyperbainb — hyper, be- 
 yond, and baino, to go.] 
 HYPERBOLA, hl-per'bo-Ia, n. (geom.) one 
 of the conic sections or curves formed 
 when the intersecting plane makes a 
 greater angle with tlie base than the 
 side of the cone makes. — adjs. Hyper- 
 bol'ic. Htperbol'ical. — adv. Hyper- 
 BOL'lCAlxLY. [L. (lit.) a "throwing be- 
 vond " — Gr. hyperbole, from hyperballo — 
 hyper, bevond, ballo. to tlu-ow.] 
 HYPERBOLE, hl-per'bo-le, n. a rhetorical 
 figure which produces a vivid impression 
 by representing things as niucli greater 
 or less than they really are : an exag- 
 geration. — adjs. Hypeebol'ic, Hyper- 
 bol'ical. — adv. Hyperbol'ically. [A 
 doublet of the above.] 
 HYPERBOLIZE, hl-per'bol-iz, v.t. to repre- 
 sent hyperbolically. — v.i. to speak hyper- 
 bolicaUy or with exaggeration. — n. Hy- 
 per'bolisji. 
 HYPERBOREAN, hl-per-bo're-an, adj. be- 
 longing to the cvtreme north. — m. an 
 inhabitant of the extreme north. [Gr. 
 hyperboreos — hyper, beyond, and Boreas, 
 the north wind.] 
 HYPERCRITIC, hl-per-krit'ik, n. one who 
 is over-critical. — adjs. Hypercrit'ic, Hy- 
 percrit'ical, over-critical. — adv. Hyper- 
 crit'ically. — n. Hypercrit'icissi. [Gr. 
 hyper, over, and Critic] 
 HYPERKINESIS, hi-per-ki-ne'sis, n. ab- 
 normal increase of muscular movement: 
 spasmodic action : spasm. [Gr. hyper, 
 over, and kinesis, motion.] 
 HY'PERKINETIC, hl-per-ki-net'ik, adj. re- 
 luting to or characterized by hyperki- 
 nesis. 
 HYPERMETRICAL, hi-per-met'rik-al, adj. 
 beyond or exceeding the ordinary metre 
 of a line : having a syllable too much. 
 [Gr. hyper, and Metrical.] 
 HYPER'PHYSICAL, hl-per-fiz'ik-al, adj. 
 
 bevond phvsical laws : supernatural. 
 HYPERSTHENE, hi'per-sthen, HYPER- 
 STENE. liT'per-sten, n. a mineral, Labra- 
 dor hornblende. Its color is between 
 gra3'ish and greenish black, but nearly 
 ■copper-red on the cleavage. It is usu- 
 ally found foliated, massive. [Gr. hyper, 
 beyond, and sthenos, strength : so named 
 from its difficult frangibility as compared 
 with hornblende, with which it was form- 
 erlv confounded.] 
 HYPERSTHENIA, hl-per-sthe'ni-a, «. in 
 med. a morbid condition characterized 
 bv extreme excitement of all the vital 
 phenomena. 
 HYPERSTHENIC, hi-per-sthen'ik. adj. 
 containing hypersthene : resembling hy- 
 persthene : relating to, characterized by. 
 
 or producing over-excitement : stimulat- 
 ing : stimulated. 
 HY'PERTROPHY, hl-per'tro-fi, n., over- 
 7iourishment : the state of an organ, or 
 part of the body when it grows too large 
 from over-nourishment. [Gr. hyper, and 
 trophe, nourishment — trepho, to nour- 
 ish.] 
 HYPHEN, hl'fen, n. a short stroke (-) join- 
 ing two sj-llables or words. [Gr. hy^M, 
 under, hen, one.] 
 HYPHOMYCETES, hl-fo-ml-se'tez, n.pl. 
 one of the great divisions of fungi, con- 
 taining those species which have naked 
 spores borne on free or only fasciculate 
 threads. The plants are microscopic, 
 growing as moulds over dead or living 
 organic substances ; and various cuta- 
 neous disorders of animals, as well as 
 many diseases of plants, are ascribed to 
 them. By some authorities yeast is in- 
 cluded in this division. [Gr. hyphao, 
 hyphaino, to weave, and mykes, myketos, 
 a fungus.] 
 HYPHOJfYCETOUS, hl-fo-mi-se'tus, adj. 
 pertaining, relating to, or characteristic 
 of the Hj'phomyoetes or microscopic 
 vegetable 'moulds ; as, hyphomycetous 
 fungi. 
 HYPNOBATE.hip'no-bat,?i. asleep-walker: 
 a somnambulist. [Gr. hypnos, sleep, and 
 baino, to go.] 
 HYPNOTISM, hip'no-tizra, n. a sleep-like 
 condition induced by artificial means : a 
 nervous sleep like tlie condition under 
 mesmerism. [Coined in 1843, from Gr. 
 hypnos, sleep.] 
 HYPOCHONDRL^, hip-o-kon'dri-a, n. a 
 nervous malady, often arising from in- 
 digestion, and' tormenting the patient 
 with imaginary fears. [L., Gr., from 
 hyjM, under, chondros, a cartilage, be- 
 cause the disease was supposed to have 
 its seat in the parts tinder the cartilage 
 of the breast.] 
 HYPOCHONDRIAC, hip-o-kon'dri-ak, adj. 
 relating to or affected with hypochon- 
 dria: melancholy. — n. one suffering from 
 hypochondria. 
 HYPOCOTYL, hi'po-kot-il, n. see extract. 
 "With seedlings the stem which sup- 
 ports the cotyledons (i.e., the organs 
 which represent the first leaves), has 
 been called by many botanists the 
 ' hypocotyledonous stem,' but for brev- 
 ity sake we will speak of it merely as 
 the hypocotyl.''— Darwin. 
 HY'POCOTYLEDONOUS, hi-p6-kot-i-le'- 
 don-us, adj. in bot. situated under or 
 sutjporting tlie cotvledons. Darwin. 
 HYPOCOTYLOUS, hl-po-kot'il-us, adj. of 
 or pertaining to the hypocotyl. Nature. 
 HY'POCRISY, hi-pok'ri-si, )i. a feigning to 
 be what one is not : conceabiient of 
 true character. [Lit. " the acting of a 
 part on the stage," from Gr. hypokrisis — 
 hypokrinomai, to play on the stage, from 
 hypo, under, krino. to decide.] 
 HYTOCRITE, hip'o-krit, n. one who prac- 
 tices hypocrisy.— flrfj. Hypocrit'IC, prac- 
 ticing " hypocrisy. — adr. Hypocrit'ical- 
 LY. [Lit. "an'actor," Fr.— L., Gr. hy- 
 IMkrites.'] 
 HYPODERM, hi'po-derm, ITYPODERMA, 
 hi-p6-der'ma, n. in bot. those layers of 
 tissue lying under the epidermis, and 
 which serve to strengthen the epidermal 
 tissue. [Gr. hypo, under, and derma, the 
 skin.] 
 HYPOGASTRIC, hip-o-gas'trik. adj. be- 
 longing to the loicer part of the nMomen. 
 [Gr. hi/j)0. under, gnster. the belly.] 
 HYPONASTY. hl-p6-nas'ti. «. in bot. a 
 term implying increased growth along 
 the lower surface of an organ or part of 
 a plant, causing the part to bend up- 
 
 wards. Darwin. [Gr. hypo, under, and 
 na.itos. close-pressed, soUd.] 
 
 HYPOSTASIS, hi-pos'ta-sis, n. a substance: 
 the essence or personality of the three 
 divisions of the Godhead. — adjs. Hypos- 
 TAT'ic, Hypostat'ical. — adr. Hypostat- 
 ICALLY. [Lit. a " standing under." L., 
 Gr. hy^wstasis — Ityjihi^temi — hypo, under, 
 histeini. to make to stand.] 
 
 HY^POTENUSE, hi-pot'en-us or hip-, HY'- 
 POTHENUSE, hl-poth'en-us. n. the side 
 of a right-angled triangle opposite to 
 the right angle. [Fr. — Gr. hypoteinousa 
 (gramme), (lit.) (a line) " which stretches 
 under " — Injpo. under, teino, to stretch.] 
 
 HYPOTHEC, hi-poth'ek, n. in Scotch law. 
 a security in favor of a creditor over the 
 property of his debtor, while the prop- 
 erty continues in the debtor's possession. 
 [Fr. — L. hypotheca — Gr. hypotheke. a 
 pledge.] 
 
 HYPOTHECATE, hi-poth'e-kat, v.t. to 
 place or assign anything as security 
 under an arrangement : to mortgage. — 
 11. Hypotheca'tion. [Low L. hypotheco, 
 hypothecatum — hypotheca. a pledge, from 
 Gr. hypotheke — hyjio, under, tithemi, to 
 place. ] 
 
 HYPOTHESIS, hl-poth'e-sis, n. a suppo- 
 sition : a proposition assumed for the 
 sake of argument : a theory to be proved 
 or disproved by reference to facts: a pro- 
 visional explanation of anything. [Lit. 
 " that which is placed under," Gr. hypo, 
 under, tithemi. to place.] 
 
 HYPOTHETIC, hi-po-thet'ik, HYPO- 
 THETICAL, lii-po-thet'ik-al, adj. belong- 
 ing to a hypothesis : conditional. — adr. 
 Hypothet'ically. [Gr. hypothetikos.'] 
 
 HYPSIBRACHYXEPHALI, hip-si-brak-i- 
 sef'a-li, n.pl. in ethn. those races of men 
 characterized by high broad skulls, such 
 as the Malayan inhabitants of Madura. 
 [Gr. hypsos, height, brachys, short, and 
 kephale, the head.] 
 
 HYSON, hi'son, n. a very fine sort of green 
 tea. [Chinese " first crop."] 
 
 HY'SSOP, his'up, n. an aromatic plant. 
 [Fr. — L. hysso2}um — Gr. hyssopos — Heb. 
 ezobh.] 
 
 HYSTERIC, his-ter'ik, HY'STERICAL, his- 
 ter'ik-al, adj. resulting from the womb : 
 convulsive : affected with hj-sterics. — 
 adr. Hyster'ically. [L. hystericus— Gr. 
 hysterikos — hystera, the womb.] 
 
 HYSTFJIICS, his-ter'iks. HYSTERIA, his- 
 ter'i-a, n. a disease resulting from an af- 
 fection of the ivomb, causing nervous or 
 convulsive fits. 
 
 HYSTERON-PROTERON, his'ter-on-prof- 
 er-on, n. a figure of speech in which what 
 should follow comes first : an inversion. 
 [Gr. (lit.) "the last first."] 
 
 1, 1, pron. the nominative case singular of 
 the first personal pronoun : the word 
 used by a speaker or writer in mention- 
 ing himself. [M.E. ich. A.S. ic ; Ger. 
 ich. Ice. ek, L. ego, Gr. ego. Sans, aham.] 
 
 IAMBIC, I-am'bik. IAMBUS, i-am'bus. n. 
 a metrical foot of two syllables, the first 
 short and the second long, as in L. fides ; 
 or the first uniiccented and the second 
 accented, as in deduce. [L. iambus — Gr, 
 iambos. from iapto, to assail, this metre 
 being first used by writers of satire.] 
 
 IAMBIC, I-am'bik, ~adj. consisting of iam- 
 bics. 
 
 IBEX, T'beks. n. a genus of goats, inhabit- 
 insT the Alps and other mountainous 
 regions. [L.] 
 
 IBIS. I'bis. ». a genus of wading birds like 
 the stork, one species of which was wor
 
 ICARIAN 
 
 330 
 
 IGNIS-FATUUS 
 
 shipped by the ancient Egyptians. [L., 
 Gr. ; an Egyptian word.] 
 
 ICAEIAN. I-ka'ri-an, adj. belonging to 
 Icarus : adventurous or unfortunate in 
 flight. [L. Icarius — Gr. Ikarios — Ikaros, 
 who fell into the sea on his flight from 
 Crete, his waxen wings being melted by 
 the sun.] 
 
 ICE. Is. )i. water congealed by freezing : 
 concreted sugar. — v.t. to cover with ice : 
 to freeze : to cover with concreted sugar: 
 —pr.p. ic'ing ; pa.p. Iced'. [A.S. is ; Ger. 
 eis. Ice., Dan. is.] 
 
 ICEBERG, Is'berg, n. a mountain or huge 
 mass of floating ice. [From Scand. or 
 Dut. the latter part bergr ^ mountain.] 
 
 ICEBLINK. Is'blingk. n. the hlink or light 
 reflected from ice near the horizon. 
 
 ICEBOAT, Is'bot. n. a boat used for forc- 
 ing a passage through or being di-agged 
 over ice. 
 
 ICEBOUND. Is'bownd, adj., hound, sur- 
 rounded, or fixed in with ice. 
 
 ICECREAil, Is'krem, ICED-CREAM, ist- 
 krem. n.. cream sweetened or flavored, 
 and artificially frozen. 
 
 ICEFIELD, is'feld, n. a large jield or sheet 
 of ice. 
 
 ICEFLOAT. Is'flot. ICEFLOE, Is'flo, n. a 
 large mass of fioatiiig ice. 
 
 ICEHOUSE, is'hows, n. a hmise for pre- 
 serving ice. 
 
 ICELAND-MOSS, is'land-mos, n. a lichen 
 found in the northern parts of the world, 
 esp. in Iceland and Norway, and valuable 
 as a medicine and as an article of diet. 
 
 ICEPACK, ts'pak, n. drifting ice packed to- 
 gether. 
 
 ICEPLANT, Is'plant, n. a plant whose 
 leaves glisten in the sun as if covered 
 with ice. 
 
 ICHNEUMON, ik-nu'mun, n. a small car- 
 nivorous animal in Egj-pt, famed for de- 
 stroying the crocodile's eggs : an insect 
 which lays its eggs on the larvte of other 
 insects. [Gr. {lit.) the " hunter," from 
 ichneuo, to hunt after — ichnos.a. track.] 
 
 ICHNOGRAPHY, ik-nog'raf-i, n. a tracing 
 out : (arch.) a ground-plan of a work or 
 building. — adjs. Ichnograph'ic, Ichxo- 
 graph'ical. — ctdv. Ichnogbaph'ically. 
 [Gr. ichnograpliia — ichnos, a track, gra- 
 pho. to grave/) 
 
 ICHNOLOGY, ik-nol'oj-i, n., footprint lore : 
 the science of fossil footprints. [Gr. 
 ichnos, a track, a footprint, and logos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 ICHOR, i'kor, n. (myth.) the ethereal juice 
 in the veins of the gods : a watery humor: 
 colorless matter from an ulcer. — adj. 
 I'CHOROrs. [Gr. ichor, akin to Sans, sieh, 
 to sprinkle. Ger. seihen, to filter.] 
 
 ICHTHYOGRAPHY, ik-thi-og'ra-fi, w. a 
 descrijjtion of or treatise on fishes. [Gr. 
 ichthys, ichthyos, a fish, grapho, to write.] 
 
 ICHTHYOLITE. ik'thi-6-lIt, n. a fish turned 
 into stone, a fossil fish : the impression of 
 a fish in a rock. [Gr. ichthys, a flsh, and 
 lithos. a stone.] 
 
 ICHTHYOLOGY, ik- thi-ol'o- ji, n. the 
 branch of zoology that treats of fishes. — 
 adj. Ichthyolog'ical. — n. Ichthtol'o- 
 GIST. one skilled in ichthyology. [Gr. 
 ichtliys. a flsh. logos, discourse, science.] 
 
 ICHTHYOPHAGOUS, ik-thi-of'a-gus. adj., 
 eating or subsisting on fish. [Gr. ichthys, 
 a fish, phaqo, to eat.] 
 
 ICHTIIYOSAURUS,ik-thi-o-sawr'us.?!.the 
 fish-lizard, a genus of extinct marine rep- 
 tiles, uniting some of the characteristics 
 of the Saurians with those of fishes. [Gr. 
 ichthys. a flsh, sanros. a lizard.] 
 
 ICICLE, is'i-kl, n. a hanging point of ice 
 formed by the freezing of dropping water. 
 [A.S. isgicel, for isesgicel : ises being the 
 gen. of is, ice, and gicel, a dim. of a Celt. 
 
 word sig. ice (Ir. aigh). Ct Ice. jokidl, 
 icicle, also a dim.] 
 
 ICILY, ICINESS. See ICT. 
 
 ICING, is'ing, n. a covering of tee or con- 
 creted sugar. 
 
 ICONOCLASM, i-kon'o-klazm, n. act of 
 breaking images. — adj. Iconoclast'ic, 
 image - breaking : pertaining to icono- 
 
 ICONOCLAST, i-kon'o-klast, n. a breaker 
 of images, one opposed to idol-worship. 
 [Coined from Gr. eikon, an image, and 
 klastes, a breaker — klad. to break.] 
 
 ICONOLOGY, i-kon-ol'o-ji. n. the doctrine 
 of images, especiallj- with reference to 
 worsliip. [Gr. eikon, and logos, science, 
 discourse.] 
 
 ICOSAHEDEAL, I-kos-a-he'dral, adj. hav- 
 ing twenty equal sides or faces. 
 
 ICOSAHEDRON, I-kos-a-he'dron, ?(. (geom.) 
 a solid having twenty equal sides or faces. 
 [Gr. eikosi, twenty, liedra, base — hed-, 
 root of hezomai, E. Sit.] 
 
 ICY, is'i, adj. composed of, abounding in, 
 or like ice : frosty : cold : chilling : \vith- 
 out warmth of aiffection. — adv. Ic'ily. — 
 n. Ic'ixESS. 
 
 IDEA, I-de'a, ji. an imageof a thing- formed 
 by the mind: a notion: thought: opinion. 
 [L. — Gr. idea — idein, to see ; akin to 
 
 \VlT.] 
 
 IDEAL, T-de'al, adj. existing in idea : men- 
 tal : existing in imagination only : the 
 highest and best conceivable, the perfect, 
 as opp. to the real, the imperfect. — n. the 
 highest conception of anything. — adv. 
 Ide'ally. 
 
 IDEALISM, I-de'al-izra, n. the doctrine that 
 in external perceptions the objects im- 
 mediately known are ideas : any system 
 that considers thought or the' idea as 
 the ground either of knowledge or exist- 
 ence: tendency' towards the highest con- 
 ceivable perfection, love for or search 
 after the best and highest. 
 
 IDEALIZATION, I-de-al-i-za'shun, n. act 
 of forming in idea, or of raising to the 
 highest conception. 
 
 IDEALIZE. i-de'al-Iz. v.t. to form in idea : 
 to raise to the highest conception. — v.i. 
 to form ideas. 
 
 IDEALIST, i-de'al-ist, n. one who holds 
 the doctrine of idealism. 
 
 IDEALISTIC, i-de-al-ist'ik, adj. pertaining 
 to idealists or to idealism. 
 
 IDEALITY, i-de-al'i-ti, n., ideal state: 
 ability and disposition to form ideals of 
 beaut v and perfection. 
 
 IDENTICAL, I-den'tik-al, adj. the very 
 same : not different. — adv. Iden'tically. 
 — n. Ides'ticaUs-ess, identity. [L. as it 
 identicus — idem, the same.] 
 
 IDENTIFY, i-den'ti-fi, v.t. to make to be 
 the sam.e : to ascertain or prove to be the 
 same : — pa.p. Tden'tifled. — n. Identifica'- 
 Tiox. [Fr. identifier (It. identificare) — 
 L. as if identicus — idem, the same, and 
 faeio, to make.] 
 
 IDENTITY, i-den'ti-ti. n. state of being the 
 same : sameness. [Fr. — Low L. identitas 
 — L. idem, the same.] 
 
 IDEOGRAPHIC, id - e - o - graf'ik, IDEO- 
 GRAPHICAL, -'ik-al, adj. representing 
 ideas by jjictures instead of words. [Gr. 
 idea, idea, grapho. to write.] 
 
 IDEOLOGY, I-de-ol'o-ji. n. the science of 
 ideas, metaphysics. [Gr. idea, and logos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 IDES, idz, n.sing. in ancient Rome, the 
 1.5th day of March. May. July, Oct., and 
 the 13th of the other months. [Fr. — L. 
 idus. origin doubtful, said to be Etruscan.] 
 
 IDIOCRASY, id-i-ok'ra-si. n. same as 
 Idiosyncrasy. [Fr. — Gr. idiokrasia — 
 idios. peculiar, and krasis. See Crasis.] 
 
 IDIOCY, id'i-o-si. IDIOTCY. id'i-ut-si. n. 
 state of being an idiot ; imbecUity : folly. 
 
 IDIOM, id'i-una, n. a mode of expression 
 pecidiar to a language. [Fr. — L. — Gr. 
 idioma, pecuh:u-ity — idioo, make one's 
 own — idios, one's own.] 
 
 IDIOMATIC, id-i-o-mat'ik. IDIOMATICAL, 
 id-i-o-mat'ik-al, adj. conformed or per- 
 taining to the idioms of a language. — 
 adv. Idiojiat'ically. [Gr. idiomatikos 
 — idioma, idiomatos, peculiarity.] 
 
 IDIOPATHIC, id-i-o-path'ik, adj. [med.) 
 primary, not depending on or preceded 
 by another disease. — adv. Idiopath'io- 
 
 AXLY. 
 
 IDIOPATHY, id-i-op'a-thi. n. a peculiar 
 affection or state : {med.) a primai-y dis- 
 ease, one not occasioned by another.' [Gr. 
 idios, peculiar, pathos, suffering — path- 
 ein, to suffer.] 
 
 IDIOSYNCRASY, id-i-o-sin'kra-si, n..p€cu^ 
 liurity of temperament or constitution: 
 any characteristic of a person. — adj. 
 Idiosysceat'ic. [Gr. idios, one's own, 
 peculiar, and syncrasis, a mixing together 
 — syn. together, and krasis, a mixing. 
 See Ceasis.] 
 
 IDIOT, id'i-ut. n. one deficient in intellect : 
 a foolish or unwise person. [Fr. — ^L. idi- 
 ota — Gr. idiotes, orig. a '• private man," 
 then an ignorant, rude person — idios, 
 one's own, peculiar J 
 
 IDIOTCY. Same as Idiocy. 
 
 IDIOTIC, id-i-ot'ik, IDIOTICAL, id-i-ot'ik- 
 al. adj. pertaining to or like an idiot: 
 foolisli.— «rff. Idiot'ically. 
 
 IDIOTISM. id'i-ut-izm, n. an idiom. [L.— 
 Gr. — idiotizo, to put into common or 
 current language— fd?ofes. See Idiot.] 
 
 IDLE, I'd], adj. vain: trifling: unem- 
 ployed : averse to labor : not occupied : 
 useless : unimportant : unedifying. — v.t. 
 to spend in idleness. — ns. I'DLER, I'dle- 
 NESS. — adv. I'DLY. [A.S. idel : Dut. ij- 
 del, Ger. citel, conn, with Gr. itharos, 
 clear, aither, upper air. from aitho, 
 burn. The orig. sense was prob. "clear"; 
 then pure, mere, sheer ; then vain, un- 
 important (Skeat).] 
 
 IDOL, I'dul, n. a figure : an image of some 
 object of worship : a person or thing too 
 much loved or honored. [L. idolum — 
 Gr. eidolon — eidos. that which is seen — 
 idein. to see. See "Wit.] 
 
 IDOLATER, i-dol'a-ter. n. a worshipper of 
 idols: a great admirer: — fern. Idol'a- 
 tress. [Fr. idoldtre, corr. of L. — Gr. 
 eidololatres — eidolon. ido\, /fibres. worship- 
 per.] 
 
 IDOLATRIZE. i-dol'a-ti-iz, r.f. to trorship 
 as an idol : to adore. 
 
 IDOLATROUS, I-dol'a-trus. adj. pertaining 
 to idolatnj. — adv. Idol'atrously. 
 
 IDOLATRY, I-dol'a-tri, n. the tvorship of 
 idols : excessive love. 
 
 IDOLIZE, I'dul-iz, v.t. to make an idol of, 
 for worship : to love to excess. — n. IDOL- 
 IZ'EE. 
 
 IDYL, IDYLL, i'dil, n. a short pictorial 
 poem, chiefly on pastoral subjects : a 
 narrative poem. [L. idyllium — Gr. eidyl- 
 lion, dim. of eidos. image — eidomai, to 
 seem. See WiT.] 
 
 IDYLLIC, i-dil'ik, adj. of or belonging to 
 idyls. 
 
 IF,if, eonj. an expression of doubt: whether: 
 in case that : supposing that. [A.S. gif; 
 cog. with Dut. of. Ice. ef. if. efa. to doubt; 
 O. Grer. ibu, ipu, dative caseof iba, a con- 
 dition.] 
 
 IGNEOUS, igr'ne-us, 0£^'. pertaining to, con- 
 sisting of, orlike_/(re : (greo/.) produced by 
 the action of fire. [L. igneus — ignis, flre, 
 cog. with Sans, agni.] 
 
 IGNESCENT. ig-nes'ent, adj. emitting 
 sparks of fire. [L. igne.icens — igjiis.] 
 
 IGNIS-FATUUS, ig'nis-fat'u-us. n. a light 
 which misleads travellers, often seen over 
 marshy places, of which the cause is not
 
 IGNITE 
 
 231 
 
 IMBOKDER 
 
 well understood, also called " "Will-o'-the- 
 wisp : — pi. iGNES-FATxn, ig^'nez-faffl-i. 
 [L. ignis, fire, fatims, foolish.] 
 
 IGfXITE. ig-nit', v.t. to set on Jire, to 
 kindle : to render luminous with heat. — 
 I'.i'. to take fire : to burn. [See Ig- 
 nition.] 
 
 IGNITIBLE, ig-nlt'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 ignited. 
 
 IGNITION, ig-nish'un, n. act of setting on 
 fre: state of being kindled, and esp. of 
 being made red-hot. [Fr., coined from 
 L. igmo. ignifiis. to set on fire — ignis, 
 fire.T 
 
 IGNOBLE, ig-no'bl. adj. of low birth: mean 
 or worthless : dishonorable. — a(h\ Igno'- 
 BLY.—n. Igno'bleness. [Fr. — L. igno- 
 bilis — in, not, gnobiHs, nnoilis. noble.] 
 
 IGNOMINIOUS, ig-no-min'i-us, adj. dis- 
 honorable : marked with ignominy : con- 
 temptible : mean. — adv. IGNOMIN'IOCSLY. 
 — n. Ignomin'iousness. 
 
 IGNOMINY, ig'no-min-i. v. the loss of 
 one's good name : public disgrace : in- 
 famy. [Fr. — L. ignominia — in, not, 
 gnomen. nomen, name. See Name.] 
 
 IGNORAMUS, ig-no-ra'mus, n. an ignorant 
 person, esp. one making a pretence to 
 knowledge :—p?. Ignora'mtses. [L. "we 
 are ignorant," 1st pers. pi. pres. ind. of 
 ignoro.'l 
 
 IGNORANCE, ig'no-rans. n. state of being 
 ignorant : want of knowledge : — pi. in 
 Litany, sins committed through igno- 
 rance. [Fr.— L. ignoravtia.] 
 
 IGNORANT, ig'no-rant.ac?/ without knowl- 
 edge: uninstructed : unacquainted with. 
 — adv. Ig'noraxtly. [Fr. — L. ignorans, 
 -anfis. pr.p. of ignore. See Ignore.] 
 
 IGNORE, ig-nor'. %:t. willfully to disregard: 
 to set aside. [Fr.^L. ignoro, not to 
 know — ill, not. and gno-, root of (g)nosco, 
 to know. See Know.] 
 
 IGUANA, i-gwa'na. »i. a genus of tropical 
 lizards, ha\'ing a large dewlap under tlie 
 throat. [Sp., said to De a Haytian word.] 
 
 ILEX, rieks, n. the scientific name for 
 Holly (which see) : the evergreen or 
 holm oak. [L.] 
 
 ILL4.C. il'i-ak. adj. pertaining to the 
 lower intestines. [Fr.. through a Low 
 L. iliaeus — ilias. the flanks, the groin.] 
 
 ILL^D. il'i-ad, n. an epic poem b3- Homer, 
 gi\ing an account of the destruction of 
 Iliinn or ancient Troy. [L. Ilias, Iliadis 
 — Gr. Ilias, Hiados (jwiesis. a poem). 
 relating to Ilium, the city of Uos, its 
 fovmder.] 
 
 ILK, ilk, adj. the same. [Scot., from A.S. ylc, 
 from ij- or i- (base of He), and lie = like.] 
 
 ILL. il, adj. (comp. worse : superl. 
 WORST), evil, bad : contrary to good : 
 wicked: producing e\nl: unfortunate: un- 
 favorable: sick: diseased : improper: in- 
 correct : cross, a.s temper. — adv. not well: 
 not rightly : with difficulty. — n. evil : 
 wickedness : misfortune. — III, when 
 compounded with other words, expresses 
 badness of quality or condition. [From 
 Ice. illr. a contr. ofthe word wl)ich ap- 
 pears in A.S. yfel, E. Evil.] 
 
 ILLAPSE. il-laps', n. a sliding in : the en- 
 trance of one thing into another. [L. 
 illap.iiis — illabor — in, into, labor, to slip, 
 to slide.] 
 
 ILLATION, il-la'shnn, n. act of inferring 
 from premises or reasons : inference : 
 conclusion. [Fr. — L. illntio, a bringing 
 in, a logical inference — infero, illatiim — 
 in. in, into, fero. to bear.] 
 
 ILLATIVE, il'la-tiv, adj. denoting an in- 
 ference : that may be inferred. — adv. IL'- 
 
 LATITELT. 
 
 ILL-BLOOD, il'-blud, n. ill feeling: resent- 
 ment. 
 
 ILI^BRED. il'-bred, adj. badly bred, or 
 educated : uncivil. — n. Ill-BREED'ING. 
 
 ILLEGAL, il-le'gal, adj. contrary to law. — 
 adv. Ille'gally. [Fr. — L. in, not ; see 
 Lei;al.] 
 
 ILLEGALITY, il-le-gal'i-ti, n. the quality 
 or condition of being illegal. 
 
 ILLEGALIZE, il-le'gal-iz, v.t. to render un- 
 lau-fid. 
 
 ILLEGIBLE, il-lej'i-bl, adj. that cannot be 
 read : indistinct. — adv. Illeg'ebly. — ns. 
 Illeg'ibleness, Illegibll'ity. [Fr. — L. 
 in, not ; see Legible.] 
 
 ILLEGITIMATE, il-le-jit'i-mat, adj., not 
 according to law : not born in wedlock : 
 not properly interred or reasoned : not 
 genuine. — adv. Illegit'imately. — n. 
 Illegit'imacy. [L. in, not ; see Legiti- 
 mate.] 
 
 ILI^FAVORED, il-fa'vurd, afy.ill-looldng : 
 deformed : uglv. 
 
 ILLIBERAL, il-Iib'er-al. adj. niggardly : 
 mean. — adv. Illeb'erally. — n. Illiber- 
 al'ity. [Fr. — L. ?■)!, not, and Liberal.] 
 
 ILLICIT, il-lis'it. adj., not allowable: un- 
 lawful ; unlicensed. — adv. Illic'itly. — n. 
 Illic'itntiss. [Fr.— L. illicitus—in, not, 
 and licittis, pa. p. of liceo, to be allowable. 
 See License.] 
 
 ILLIMITABLE, il-lim'it-a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be bounded : infinite. — adi: II- 
 lim'itably. — 7). Illim'itableness. [L. 
 in. not, and Luhtable.] 
 
 ILLISION, il-lizh'un, n. the act of dashing 
 or striking against. [L. illisio — illido, 
 to strike against — i7i, upon, Icedo, to 
 da.sli, to strike.] 
 
 ILLITERACY, il-lit'er-a-si, n. state of be- 
 ing illiterate : want of learning. 
 
 ILLITERATE, il-lit'er-at. adj., not learned: 
 uninstructed : ignorant. — adv. Ilut'er- 
 ately. — n. Illit'erateness. [L. in, not, 
 and Literate.] 
 
 ILI^NATURED. il-na'turd, adj of an ill 
 natui-e or temper : cross : peevish. — adv. 
 Ill-na'turedly. 
 
 ILLNESS, il'nes, n. sickness : disease. 
 
 ILLOGICAL, il-loj'i-kal, adj. contrary to 
 the rules of logic. — adv. Illog'ICAlly. 
 — n. Illog'icalness. [L. in, not, and 
 Logical.] 
 
 ILL-STARRED, il'-stard, adj. born (accord- 
 ing to an ancient superstition) under the 
 influence of an unlueky star : unluckj-. 
 
 ILLLTDE, il-lud', v.t. to play upon by arti- 
 fice : to deceive. [L. illudo, illusum — in, 
 upon. ludo. to play.] 
 
 ILLUTtfE. See Illtoitne. 
 
 ILLUMINATE, il-lu'min-at, v.t. to light 
 vip : to enlighten : to illustrate : to adorn 
 with ornamental lettering or illustra- 
 tions. — adj. enlightened. [L. illumino, 
 illnminatus — in. in, upon, and lumino, to 
 cast light — lumen (= lucimen) — luceo, to 
 sliine, light.] 
 
 ILLUIUNATI, il-lu-min-a'tl. n.pl. the en- 
 lightened, a name given to various sects, 
 and esp. to a society of German Free- 
 thinkers at the end of last centurv. 
 
 ILLUMINATION, il-lu-min-a'shun^ n. act 
 of giving light: that which gives light : 
 splendor : brightness : a display of 
 lights : adorning of books with colored 
 lettering or illustrations : (B.) enlighten- 
 ing influence, inspiration. 
 
 ILLUJHNATIVE, il-lu'rain-a-tiv, adj. tend- 
 ing to give light : illustrative or explana- 
 tory. 
 
 ILLUMINATOR, il-lu'min-a-tor, n. one who 
 illuminates, especially one who is em- 
 ployed in adorning books with colored 
 letters and illustrations. 
 
 ILLUMINE, il-lu'min. ILLUME, il-lum', 
 r.^ to make luminous or bright : to en- 
 lighten : to adorn. 
 
 ILLUSION, il-lu'zhun, n. a. playing tipon: 
 a mocking : deceptive appearance : false 
 show : error. [Fr. See ILLI'DE.] 
 
 ILLUSIVE, il-lu'siv, ILLUSORY, il-hVsor-i, 
 
 adj., deceiving by false appearances: false, 
 — adv. iLLU'sivELY.— ». Illu'siveness. 
 
 ILLUSTRATE, il-lus'trat, v.t. to make dis- 
 ting-uished : to make clear to the mind : 
 to explain : to explain and adorn by 
 pictui-es. — ?[. Illcs'trator. [L. illustro, 
 illnstratnm, to light up — 'illustris. See 
 Illustrious.] 
 
 ILLUSTRATION, il-lus-tra'shun, n. act of 
 making lustrous or clear : act of explain- 
 ing : that which illustrates : a picture 
 or diagi-am. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE, il-lus'tra-tiv, adj. having 
 the quality of TOoXi(i(/c/e((r or explaining. 
 — ad I'. Illus'tratively. 
 
 ILLUSTRIOUS, il-lus'tri-us, adj. morally 
 bright, distinguished : noble : conspicu- 
 ous : conferring honor. — adv. Illus'- 
 triously. — ?i. Illus'triousness. [L. il- 
 lustris, prob. for illucestris — in, in, and 
 lu.v, lucis, light.] 
 
 ILL-WILL, il-wil', n. unkind feeling : en- 
 mity. 
 
 IMAGE, im'aj, n. Likeness : a statue : an 
 idol : a representation in the mind, an 
 idea : a picture in the imagination : (op- 
 tics) the figure of any object formed by 
 rays of hght. — v.t. to form an unage of : 
 to form a likeness of in the mind. [Fr. 
 — L. imago, an image, from root of imi- 
 tor, to imitate. See Imitate.] 
 
 IMAGERY, im'a-jer-i or im'aj-ri, n. (orig.) 
 images in general : the work of the 
 imagination : mental pictures : figures of 
 speec 1 1 . 
 
 IMAGINABLE, im-aj'in-a-bl, adj. that 
 maybe imagined. — adr. Imao'INABLT. 
 — n. Imag'inableness. 
 
 IMAGINARY, im-aj'in-ar-i, adj. existing 
 only in the imagination : not real : (alg.) 
 impossible. 
 
 IMAGINATION, im-aj-in-a'shun, n. act of 
 imagining: the faculty of forming images 
 in the mind : that which is imagined : 
 contrivance. [See Imagine.] 
 
 IMAGINATIVE, im-aj'in-a-tiv, adJ full of 
 imagination : given to imagining : pro- 
 ceeding from the imagination. — n. Im- 
 ag'inativeness. 
 
 IMAGINE, im-aj'in, i\t. to form an image 
 of in the mind : to conceive : to think: 
 (B.) to contrive or devise. — v.i. to form 
 mental images : to conceive. — n. Ihag'- 
 INER. [Ft. — L. imagino — imago, an 
 imag'e.] 
 
 IMAGO, i-ma'go, n. the last or perfect 
 state of insect life, when the case cov- 
 ering it is dropped, and the inclosed 
 image or being comes forth. [L.] 
 
 IMAN, i-man', IMAM, i-mam', IMAUM, 
 i-mawm', n. a Mohammedan priest : a 
 Mohammedan prince with botli temporal 
 and spiritual authority. [Ar. Imam, 
 chief.] 
 
 IMBANK, im-bangk*. Same as Embank. 
 
 IMBECILE, im'be-sel,ad/. without strength 
 either of body or of mind : feeble. — n. 
 one destitute of strength, either of mind 
 or body. [Fr. imbecile — L. imbecillus ; 
 origin unknown. See Embezzle.] 
 
 IMBECILITY, im-be-sil'i-ti. n. state ot 
 being imbecile : weakness of body or 
 miml. 
 
 IMBED, im-bed', v.t. to lay, as in a bed: 
 to place in a mass of matter. [E. In 
 {=into) and BED.] 
 
 IMBIBE, ini-bib', v.t. to drink in: to ab- 
 sorb : to receive into the mind. — n. 1m- 
 biber. [Fr. — L. iinbibo — in, in, into, 
 and bibo. to drink.] 
 
 BIBITTER. im-bit'er. v.t. to make bitter : 
 to render more violent : to render un- 
 happy. — n. Imbitt'erer. [E. In and Bit- 
 ter.] 
 
 IMBODY. im-bod'i. Same as Embody. 
 
 IMBORDER, im-bor'der, v.t. to border.
 
 IMBOSOM 
 
 232 
 
 IMPEACH 
 
 DIBOSOM, im-booz'um. Same as Em- 
 bosom. 
 
 IMBRICATE, iiu'bri-kat. IJIBRICATED, 
 ira'bri-kat-ed, adj. bent like a gutter-tile : 
 {hot.) overlapping each other like tiles 
 on a roof. [L. imbricatus, pa.p. of im- 
 brico, to cover with tiles — imbrex, a gut- 
 ter-tile — iniber, a shower.] 
 
 IJIBRICATION, im-bri-ka'shun, n. a con- 
 cave indenture as of a tile : an overlap- 
 ping of the edges. 
 
 MBROGLIO, im-brol'yo, ?i. an intricate 
 plot in a romance or drama: a perplexing 
 state of matters: a complicated misunder- 
 standing. [It.] 
 
 IMBROWN, im-brown', v.t. to make 6ro«,'» .■ 
 to darken : to obscure. [E. IN and 
 Brown.] 
 
 IMBRUE, im-broo', v.t. to wet or moisten: 
 to soak : to drench ; causal of imbibe. 
 [O.Fr. embr Her— O.Vr. bevre (Fr. boire) 
 — L. bibere, to drink.] 
 
 IMBUE, im-bu', v.t. to cause to drink : to 
 moisten: to tinge deeply: to cause to im- 
 bibe, as the mind. [L. imbuo — in, and 
 root of bibo, to drink ; akin to Gr. pi, po, 
 root of pino. Sans, pa, to drink.] 
 
 IMITABLE, im'it-a-bl, adj. that may be 
 imitated or copied : worthy of imitation. 
 — n. Imitabil'ity. 
 
 IMITATE, im'i-tat, v.t. to copy, to strive 
 to be the same as : to produce a likeness 
 of. — n. iM'iTAToa. [L. imitor, imitatus, 
 etv. unknown.] 
 
 IMITATION, im-i-ta'shun, n. act of imitat- 
 ing : that which is produced as a copy, a 
 
 IMITATIVE, im'i-tat-iv. adj. inclined to 
 imitate: formed after a model. — adv. 
 Im'itatively. 
 
 IMMACULATE, im-mak'u-lat, adj., spot- 
 less: unstained: pure. — adv. Immac'u- 
 
 LATELY.— n. iMMAC'tlLATENESS. — IMMACU- 
 LATE Conception, the R. Cath. doctrine 
 that the Virgin Mary was born without 
 original sin. [L. immaeulatus — in, not, 
 and macnlo, to stain — macula, a spot.] 
 
 IMMANENT, ira'a-nent, adj., remaining 
 within : inherent. [L. immanens, -entis, 
 pr.p. of immaneo — in, in or near, maneo, 
 to remain.] 
 
 IMMATERIAL, im-a-te'ri-al, adj., not con- 
 sisting of matter : incorporeal : unimpor- 
 tant. — adv. Immate'blally. — v. Immate'- 
 RiALiZE. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Material.] 
 
 IMMATERIALISM, im-a-te'ri-al-izm, n. the 
 doctrine that there is no material sub- 
 stance. — n. Immate'rialist, one vrho be- 
 lieves in this. 
 
 DOIATERIALITY, im-a-te-ri-al'i-ti, n. the 
 quality of being immaterial or of not con- 
 sisting of matter. 
 
 IMMATURE, im-a-tur', IMMATURED, im- 
 a-turd'. adj. not ripe : not perfect : come 
 before the natural time. — adv. Imma- 
 tuke'ly. — IIS. Immature' NESS, Immatub'- 
 ITY. [L. in. not, and Mature.] 
 
 IMMEASURABLE, im-mezh'ur-a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be measured. — adv. Immeas'- 
 
 UHABLY. — n. ImMEAS'URABLENESS. [FV. — 
 
 L. in, not, and Measurable.] 
 
 IMMEDIATE, im-me'di-at, adj. with noth- 
 ing ia the middle between two objects: 
 not acting by second causes : direct : 
 present : without delav.— odr. Imme'di- 
 ately.— «. Imme'diate'ness. [Fr.— Low 
 L. immediatus — in, not, and medius, the 
 middle.] 
 
 IMMEMORIAL, ira-me-mo'ri-al, adj. be- 
 yond the reach of memory.— adv. Imsie- 
 mo'rially. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Me- 
 
 M'miALj 
 
 IMMENSE, im-mens', adj. that eannct be 
 measured : vast in extent ; verv large. — 
 adv. Immense'ly. — ?!. Immense'ness. [Fr. 
 — L. immensus — in, not, mensus, pa.p. 
 of metier, to measure.] 
 
 IMMENSITY, im-mens'it-i, n. an extent not 
 to be measured : infinity : greatness. 
 
 IMMENSURABLE, im-mens'ur-a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be measured. — n. Immens- 
 Urabil'ity. [Fr. — L. in, not, and mens- 
 ^lrabilis — metior.l 
 
 IMMERGE, im-merj', v.t. to plunge some- 
 thing into. [L. in, into, and merge, 
 mer.-nis, to plunge.] 
 
 DIMERSE, im-mers, v.t. to immerge or 
 plunge something into : to engage 
 deeplj' : to overwhelm. 
 
 IMMERSION, im-mer'shun, n. act of im- 
 mersing or plunging into : state of being 
 dipped into : state of being deeply en- 
 gaged. 
 
 DIMETHODICAL, im-me-thod'ik-al, adj. 
 without method or order : irregular. — 
 adv. Immethod'ically. [L. in, not, and 
 Methodical.] 
 
 IMMIGRANT, im'i-grant, n. one who im- 
 migrates. 
 
 DIMIGRATE, im'i-grat, v.i. to migrate or 
 remove into a country. [L. immigro — 
 in, into, and migro, migratum, to re- 
 move.] 
 
 IMMIGRATION, im-i-gra'shun, n. act of 
 immigrating. 
 
 IMMINENT, im'i-nent, adj. near at hand : 
 threatening : impending. — adv. Imm'i- 
 nently'. — n. Imm'inence. [L. imminens, 
 -entis — in, upon, mineo, to project.] 
 
 IMMISSION, im-mish'un, n. act of immit- 
 ting. 
 
 IMMIT, im-mit', v.t. to sendinto: to inject: 
 — pr.p. immitt'ing ; pa.p. immitt'ed. [L. 
 immitto — in, into, mitto, missus, to send.'] 
 
 IMMOBILITY, im-mo-bil'i-ti, n. the being 
 immovable. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Mo- 
 
 BIUTY.] 
 
 IMMODERATE, im-mod'er-at, adj. exceed- 
 ing proper bounds. — adv. Immod'ebaTE- 
 LY. [L. in, not, and Moderate.] 
 
 IMMODEST, im-mod'est, adj. wanting re- 
 straint : impudent : wanting shame or 
 delicacy. — adv. Immod'estly. — m. Immod'- 
 ESTY, leant of modesty. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Modest.] 
 
 IMMOLATE, im'o-lat, v.t. to offer in sacri- 
 fice. [Lit. "to sprinkle meal on a vic- 
 tim," L. immolo, immolatus — in, upon, 
 niola, meal.] 
 
 IMMOLATION, im-o-la'shun, n. act of im- 
 molating" : a sacrifice.] 
 
 IMMORAL, im-mor'al, adj. inconsistent 
 with what is right : wicked. — adv. Im- 
 mor'ally. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Moral.] 
 
 IMMORALITY, im-mor-al'i-ti, n. quality of 
 being immoral : an immoral act or prac- 
 tice. 
 
 IMMORTAL, im-mor'tal, adj. exempt from 
 death: imperishable: never to be forgot- 
 ten (as a name, poem, etc.). — n. one who 
 will never cease to exist. — adv. Immor'- 
 tally. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Mortal.] 
 
 IMMORTALITY, im-mor-tal'i-ti, n. quaUty 
 of being immortal : exemption from 
 death or oblivion. 
 
 DIMORTALIZE, im-mor'tal-Iz, v.t. to make 
 immortal. 
 
 IMMORTELLE, im-mor-tel', n. the flower 
 commonly called everlasting. [Fr. {fleur) 
 immortelie, immortal (flower).] 
 
 IMMOVABLE, im-moov'a-bl, adj. stead- 
 fast : unalterable : that cannot be im- 
 pressed or made to fall. — adv. Immov'a- 
 BLY.— hs.Immoy'ableness, Immovabil'ity. 
 [Fr. — L. in. not, and Movable.] 
 
 IMMOVABLES, im-moov'a-blz, n.pl. fixt- 
 ures, etc., not movable by a tenant. 
 
 IMMUNITY, im-mun'i-ti, n., freedom from 
 any obligation or duty : privilege. [Fr. 
 — L. immunitas — in. not, munis, serving, 
 obliging.] 
 
 IMMURE, im-mur', v.t. to ivall in : to shut 
 up : to imprison. [Fr. — L. in, in, and 
 munis, a walL] 
 
 IMMUTABILITY, im-mut-a-biri-ti, DI- 
 MUTABLENESS, im-mut'a-bl-nes, n. un- 
 changeableness. 
 
 IMMUTABLE, im-mut'a-bl, adj. unchange- 
 able. — adv. Immut'ably. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Mutable.] 
 
 IMP, imp, n. little devil or wicked spirit. — 
 v.t. (falconry) to mend a broken or de- 
 fective wing by inserting a feather : to 
 qualify for flight. — adj. IMP'ISH, like an 
 imp : fiendish. [Lit. and orig. a graft, 
 offspring ; from Low L. impotus, a graft 
 — Gr. emphytos, ingrafted — en, and root 
 phy-, to grow ; akin to Be.] 
 
 IMPACT, im'pakt, n. a striking against: 
 colhsion : the blow of a body in motion 
 impinging on another body : the impulse 
 resulting from collision. — Impact', v.t. to 
 press firmlj- together. [L. impactus, pa.p. 
 of impingo. See Impinge.] 
 
 UyiPAIE, im-par', v.t. to make worse: to 
 diminish in quantity, value, or strength: 
 to injure : to weaken. [M.E. empeiren — 
 O. Fr. empeirer (Fr. empirer), from L. 
 im (=in), intensive, and Low L. pejorare, 
 to make worse — L. pejor, worse.] 
 
 IMPALE, IMPALEMENT. Same as Em- 
 pale, Empalement. 
 
 IMPALPABLE, im-pal'pa-bl, adj. not per- 
 ceivable by touch : not coarse : not easi- 
 ly understood. — adv. Impal'pably. — n. 
 Impalpabil'ity. [Fr. — L. in, not, and 
 Palpable.] 
 
 IMPANEL, IMPANNEL, im-pan'l, v.t. to 
 enter the names of a jury in a list, or on 
 a piece of parchment called a panel : — 
 pr.p. impan'elling ; pa.p. impan'elled. 
 [L. in. in, and Panel.] 
 
 IMPARITY, im-par'i-ti, n.. ivant of parity 
 or equality : indivisibility into equal 
 parts. [L. in, not, and Pajiity.] 
 
 IMPARK, im-park', v.t. to inclose for a 
 jjark: to shut up. [L. in, in, and Park.] 
 
 IMPART, im-part', v.t. to bestow a part 
 of : to give : to communicate : to make 
 known. — v.i. to give a part. [O. Fr. — L. 
 impartio — in, on, and pars, partis, a 
 part.] 
 
 IMPARTIAL, im-par'shal, adj. not favor- 
 ing one more than another : just. — adv. 
 Impae'tially. [Fr. — L. in, not, and 
 
 "P X T? TT A T 1 
 
 IMPARTIALITY, im-par-shi-al'i-ti, n. qual- 
 ity of being impartial : freedom from 
 bias. 
 
 IMPABTIBLE, im-part'i-bl, adj. capable 
 of being imparted. — H. Impartibil'ity. 
 [From Impart.] 
 
 BIPARTIBLE, im-part'i-bl, adj. not parti- 
 ble : indivisible. — n. Impartibil'ity. [L. 
 in, not, and Partible.] 
 
 IMPASSABLE, im-pas'a-bl, adj. not capa- 
 ble of being passed. — adv. Impass'ably. 
 — ns. Impassabil'ity, Impass'ablen'ess. 
 [L. in, not. and Passable.] 
 
 MPASSIBLE, im-pas'i-bl, adj. incapable 
 of passion or feeling. — ns. Impassibil'ity, 
 IsrPASS'lBLENESS, quality of being impass- 
 ible. [Fr. — L. inqmssibilis — in, not, and 
 potior, x>assus, to suff'er.] 
 
 niPASSIONED,im-pash'und,IMPASSION- 
 ATE, im-pash'un-at, adj. moved by strong 
 passion or feeling : animated : excited. 
 [L. in. intensive, and Passion.] 
 
 DlPASSrVE, im-pas'iv, adj. not susceptible 
 of pain or feeling. — adv. Impass'ively. — 
 
 ?!. iMPASS'rVENESS. 
 
 IMPATIENT, im-pa'shent, adj. not able to 
 endure or to wait : fretful : restless. — 
 adv. Impa'tiently.— ?i. lMPA'TIENCE,want 
 of patience. 
 
 IMPAWN, im-pawn', v.t. to paum or de- 
 posit as security. [L. in, intensive, and 
 Pawn.] 
 
 IMPEACH, im-pech', v.t. to charge with a 
 crime : to cite before a court for oflicial 
 misconduct: to call in question. — n. Im-
 
 IMPEACHABLE 
 
 233 
 
 IMPORTABLE 
 
 PEACH'MENT, an accusation presented by 
 the House of Representatives to the 
 Senate, on wliich officers of tlie govern- 
 ment are tried for high crimes and mis- 
 demeanors. On such trial, the Senate is 
 presided over by the Chief Justice of- the 
 U.S. [Lit. "to hinder," Fr. empecher 
 (It. impacciare) ; eitlier from L. impin- 
 gere, to strike against, or impedicare, to 
 fetter. See Impinge and Impede.] 
 
 IMPEACHABLE, im-pech'a-bl, adj. liable 
 to impeachment : chargeable with a 
 crime. 
 
 IMPEAEL, im-perl', v.t. to adorn with or 
 as with pearls : to make like pearls. [L. 
 ill. in, and Peael.] 
 
 IMPECCABLE, im-pek'a-bl, adj. not liable 
 to sin. — n^. Impeccabil'itt, Impecc'ahct. 
 [L. in. not. and PECCABLE.] 
 
 IMPECUNIOUS, im-pe-ku'ni-us, adj. hav- 
 ing no money: poor. — n. Impecunios'itt. 
 [L. in, priv., ani jiemnia. money.] 
 
 IMPEDE, im-ped', v.t. to hinder or ob- 
 struct. [Lit. "to entangle the feet," 
 from L. impedio — in, in, and 2;e«, j'edis, 
 a foot.] 
 
 DIPEDBIENT, im-ped'i-ment, n. that 
 wliii-h impedes : ninderance : a defect 
 prfventing fluent speech. 
 
 niPEDITIVE, im-ped'i-tiv, adj. causing 
 hiiiderance. 
 
 IMPEL, im-pel', v.t. to drive or urge for- 
 ward : to excite to action : to instigate : 
 —pr.p. impeWing ; pa. p. impelled'. — n. 
 Impeix'er. [L. "impello, impulsus — in, 
 on. and pello, to drive.] 
 
 IMPELLENT, im-pel'ent, adj. having the 
 quality of impelling or driving on. — n. a 
 power that impels. 
 
 IMPEND, im-pend', v.i. to hang over: to 
 threaten : to be near. [L. in, on, and 
 pendeo. to hang.l 
 
 IMPENDENT, im-pend'ent, UNENDING, 
 ira-pend'ing, adj., hanging over: ready 
 to act or happen. 
 
 IMPENETRABLE, im-pen'e-tra-bl, adj. in- 
 capable of being pierced : preventing an- 
 other bod J' from occupying the same 
 space at the same time : not to be im- 
 pressed in mind or heart. — adv. Impen'- 
 
 ETRABLY. — n. IJrPEN'ETRABILITY, quality 
 
 of being impenetrable. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Penetrable.] 
 
 IMPENITENT, im-pen'i-tent, adj. not re- 
 penting of sin. — n. one who does not 
 repent : a hardened sinner. — adv. IirpEN'- 
 ITENTLY. — n. Impen'itence. [Fr. — L. in, 
 not. and Penitent.] 
 
 IMPENNATE, im-pen'at, IMPENNOUS, 
 im-pen'us, adj. wingless : having very 
 short wings useless for flight. [L. in, 
 not. and Pennate.] 
 
 IMPERATIVE, im-per'a-tiv, adj. expressive 
 of command : authoritative : obligatory. 
 — adi: Imper'atively. [Fr. — L. imper- 
 atimts — impero, to command — in, and 
 paro, to prepare.] 
 
 IMPERCEPTIBLE. im-per-.sep'ti-bl, adj. 
 not discernible : insensible : minute. — ».s. 
 Impercep'tibleness, Imperceptibil'ity. 
 —adv. Impercep'tibly. [L. in, not, and 
 Perceptible.] 
 
 IMPERFECT, im-per'fekt, adj. incom- 
 plete : defective : not fulfilling its de- 
 sign : liable to err. — ns. Ijiper'fectness, 
 Imperfec'tion. — adv. Imper'fectly. [Fr. 
 --L. in, not, and Perfect.] 
 
 IMPERFORABLE, im-per'for-a-bl, adj. 
 tliat cannot be perforated or bored 
 through. 
 
 IMPERFORATE, im-per'fo-rat, IMPER- 
 FORATED, im-per'fo-rat-ed, adj. not 
 pierced through: having no opening. — n. 
 Imperfora'tion. [L. in, not, and Per- 
 forate.] 
 
 IMPERIAL, im-pe'ri-al, adj. pertaining to 
 an empire or to an emperor : sovereign : 
 
 supreme : of superior size or excellence. 
 — n. a tuft of hair on the lower lip : a 
 kind of dome, as in Moorish buildings : 
 an outside seat on a diligence. — adv. IM- 
 pe'rially. [Fr. — L. imperialis — impe- 
 rium, sovereignty. See Empire.] 
 
 IMPERIALISM, mi-pe'ri-al-izm, n. the 
 power or authority of a,n emperor: the 
 spirit of empire. 
 
 IMPERIALIST, im-pe'ri-al-ist, n. one who 
 belongs to an emperor : a soldier or par- 
 tisan of an emperor. 
 
 IMPERIALITY, im-pe-ri-al'i-ti, n. imperial 
 power, right, or privilege. 
 
 IMPERIL, im-per'il, v.t. to put in peril: to 
 endanger. [L. Mi, in, and Peril.] 
 
 IMPERIOUS, im-pe'ri-us. adj. assuming- 
 command: haughty: tj'rannical: authori- 
 tative.— adi'. Impe'eiously.— n. Impe'ri- 
 OUSNESS. [L. imperiosus.'\ 
 
 IMPERISHABLE, im-per'ish-a-bl, adj. in- 
 desti'uctible : everlasting. — ns. Imper'- 
 ISHABLENESS. Ijiperishabil'ity. — adv. Im- 
 PER'isHABLY. [Fr. — L. m=not,and Per- 
 ishable.] 
 
 IMPERMEABLE, im-per'me-a-bl, adj. not 
 permitting passage : impenetrable. — ns. 
 Impermeabil'ity, Imper'meableness. — 
 adv. Imper'jieably. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Permeable.] 
 
 IMPERSONAL, im-per'sun-al, adj. not rep- 
 resenting a person : not having person- 
 ality : (gram.) not varied ace. to the 
 persons. — adv. Imper'sonally. — n. Im- 
 PEESONAL'iTY. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Per- 
 sonal.] 
 
 BIPERSONATE, im-per'sun-at. v.t. to in- 
 vest with personality or the bodily sub- 
 stance of a person : to ascribe the quali- 
 ties of a person to : to personify. — n. 
 Impersona'tion. [L. in, in, and Per- 
 sonate.] 
 
 IMPERSUASIBLE, im-per-swa'zi-bl, adj. 
 not to be moved by persuasion or argu- 
 ment. [L. in, not, and Persuasible.] 
 
 IMPERTINENCE, im-per'ti-nens, n. that 
 which is impertinent, out of place, or of 
 no weight : intrusion : impudence. 
 
 IMPERTINENT, im-per'ti-nent, adj. not 
 pertaining to the matter in hand : tri- 
 fling : intrusive : saucy : impudent. — adv. 
 Imper'tinently. [Fr.— L. in, not, and 
 Pertinent.] 
 
 IMPERTURBABLE, im-per-tur^a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be disturbed or agitated : 
 permanently quiet. — n. Imperturbabil'- 
 ITY. [L. impertiirbabilis — in, not, and 
 perturbo, to disturb.] 
 
 IMPERTURBATION. im-per-tur-ba'shun, 
 n. freedom from agitation of mind. 
 
 BIPERVIABLE, im-per'vi-a-bl, IMPER- 
 VIOUS, im-per'vi-us, adj. not to be pene- 
 trated.— )!.<{. Imper'viableness, Impervi- 
 abil'ity, Imper'viousness.— adc. Imper'- 
 tiously. [L. in, not, and PERVIOUS.] 
 
 IMPETIGO, im-pe-tT'go, n. a skin disease 
 characterized bj' thickly-set clusters of 
 pustules. [L. impeto, to attack.] 
 
 BIPETUOUS, im-pet'u-us, adj. rushing 
 upon with impetus or violence : vehe- 
 ment in feeling : furious : passionate. — 
 ns. Impet'cousness, Impetuos'ity. — adv. 
 Impet'uously. 
 
 BIPETUS, im'pe-tus, n. an attack : as- 
 sault : force or quantity of motion : vio- 
 lent tendency to any point : activity. 
 [L.— ('((. andpeto. to fall upon.] 
 
 BIPIETY. See Impiousness. 
 
 IMPINGE, im-pinj', v.i. to strike or fall 
 against : to touch upon. [L. impingo— 
 in. against, and pango, to strike.] 
 
 BIPINGEMENT, im-ping'ment, n. act of 
 impinging. 
 
 IMPINGENT, ua-pinj'ent, adj. striking 
 against. 
 
 IMPIOUS, im'pi-us, adj. irreverent : want- 
 
 ing in veneration for God : profane. — adv 
 Im'piously. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Pious.] 
 
 BIPIOUSNESS, im'pi-us-nes, IMPIETY, 
 im-pl'e-ti, n. want of piety : irreverence 
 towards God : neglect of the divine pre- 
 cepts. 
 
 IMPLACABLE, im-plak'a-bl, adj. not to be 
 appeased : inexorable : irreconcilable.— 
 adv. Impla'cably. — ns. Impla'cableness, 
 Implacability. [Fr. — L. in, not and 
 Placable. J 
 
 BIPLANT, im-plant', v.t. to jAant or fix 
 into : to plant in order to grow : to in- 
 sert : to infuse. [Fr. — L. in, into, and 
 Plant.] 
 
 IMPLANTATION, im-plan-ta'shun, n. the 
 act of implanting or infixing, esp. in the 
 mind or heart. 
 
 IMPLEAD, im-pled, v.t. to put in or urge a 
 pilea : to prosecute a suit at law. — n. Im- 
 plead'er. [Fr. — L. in, in, and Plead.] 
 
 IMPLEMENT, im'ple-ment, n. a tool or 
 instrument of labor. — v.t. to give effect 
 to. [Low L. implementum, an accomplish- 
 ing — L. im-p)leo. to fill, to discharge; akin 
 to ple-nus. See Full.] 
 
 IMPLETION, im-pleshun, n. a filling: the 
 state of being full. [From impleo. See 
 Implement.] 
 
 IMPLEX, im'pleks, adj. not simple : com- 
 plicated. [L. implexus — implecto — in. in- 
 to, waAj>lecto, akin to Gr. pleko, to twine.] 
 
 IMPLICATE, im'pli-kat, v.t. to infold: to 
 involve : to entangle. [L. implico, impli- 
 catui, implicitiis — im (^m), in, and plica, 
 a fold. See Ply. Imply and Employ are 
 doublets.] 
 
 IMPLICATION, im-pli-ka'shun, n. the act 
 of implicating: entanglement: that which 
 is implied. 
 
 BIPLICATIVE, im'pli-ka-tiv, adj. tendingr 
 to implicate. — adv. Im'plicatively. 
 
 IMPLICIT, im-plis'it, adj. implied : resting 
 on or trusting another : relying entirely, 
 — adv. Implicitly. — n. Impuc'itness. 
 [Lit. infolded, from L. implicitus — im- 
 plico. See Implicate.] 
 
 BIPLORE, im-pl6r', v.t. to ask earnestly ; 
 to beg. [Fr.— L. imploro — in, and ploro, 
 to weep aloud.] 
 
 IMPLORINGLY, im-plor'ing-li, adv. in an 
 imploring or very earnest manner. 
 
 BIPLY, im-pir, v.i. to include in reality : 
 to mean : to signify : — pa.p. implied'. 
 [Lit. to infold — L. implico. Cf. Impli- 
 cate.] 
 
 IMPOLICY, im-pol'i-si, n. imprudence. 
 
 IMPOLITE, im-po-lit', adj. of unpolished 
 manners : uncivil. — adv. Impolite'ly. — 
 n. Impolite' NESS. [L. in, not, and Polite.] 
 
 IMPOLITIC, ini-pol'i-tik, adj. imprudent : 
 unwise: inexpedient. — adv. Impol'iticlt. 
 [L. in. not, and POUTIC] 
 
 IMPONDERABLE, im-pon'der-a-bl, adj. 
 not able to be weighed : without sensi- 
 ble weight. — Impon'derables, n.2)l. fluids 
 without sensible treight, the old genei-al 
 name given to heat, light, electricity, 
 and magnetism, when they were sup- 
 posed to be material. — ns. Impon'dera- 
 bleness, Imponderabil'ity. [L. in, not, 
 and Ponderable.] 
 
 IMPONDEROUS, im-pon'der-us. Same as 
 Imponderable. 
 
 IMPORT, im-port', v.t. to carry into: to 
 bring from abroad : to convey, as a word : 
 to signify : to be of con.sequence to : to 
 interest. [Fr. — L. importo, -attis — in, in, 
 and porta, to carry.] 
 
 IMPORT, im'port, n. that which is brought 
 from abroad : meaning : importance : 
 tendencv. 
 
 IMPORTABLE, im-port'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be imported or brought into a country ; 
 (obs.) not to be borne or endured : Insup- 
 portable.
 
 mPORTANT 
 
 234 
 
 IMPUTABLE 
 
 IMPORTAJNT. im-port'ant, adj. of great 
 /miiort or consequence : momentous. — 
 adv. Import'a>tly. — n. Import' ance. 
 
 IMPORTATION, im-p6v-ta'shun. n. the act 
 of importing : the commodities imported. 
 
 DIPORTER. im-p6rt'er, n. one who brings 
 in goods from abroad. 
 
 LMPORTUXATE. im-port'u-nat, adj. troub- 
 lesomely urgent : over-pressing in request. 
 — adi: Luport'O'ately. — n. Import'c- 
 KATENESS. [Coined from the word fol- 
 lowing.] 
 
 IMPORTUNE, im-por-tun', v.t. to urge 
 with troublesome application : to press 
 urgently. [In M. E. and adj.. and sig. 
 "troublesome," through the Fr., from 
 L. importunus, orig. " difficult of access." 
 from (■/(. not, and portus, a harbor. Cf. 
 Opportune.] 
 
 IMPORTUNITY, im-por-tun'i-ti, n. the 
 quality of being importunate : urgent 
 request. [L. importnnitas.] 
 
 DIPOSABLE, im-poz'a-bl, adj. capable of 
 being imposed or laid on. 
 
 IMPOSE, im-poz', v.t. to j^^dce upon : to 
 lay on : to enjoin or command : to put 
 over by authority or force : to obtrude 
 unfairly : to palm off. — i:i. to mislead or 
 deceive. [Fr. imposer — im (= L. in), 
 on. and poser, to place. See Pose.] 
 
 DIPOSING. im-poz'ing, adj. commanding : 
 adapted to impress forcibly. — adv. Iil- 
 
 POS'INGLY. 
 
 IMPOSITION, im-po-zish'un, n. a laying 
 on : laying on of hands in ordination : a 
 tax, abui-den : a deception. [Fr. — L. — 
 impono. impositus, to laj' on — in, on, and 
 pono, to place.] 
 
 IMPOSSIBLE, im-pos'i-bl, adj. that which 
 cannot be done : that cannot exist : ab- 
 surd.— ?i. Impossibility. [Fr. — L. in, 
 not. and Possible.] 
 
 IMPOST, im'post. n. a tax, esp. on im- 
 ports : (areh.) that part of a pillar in 
 vaults and arches on wliich the weight 
 of the building is laid. [O. Fr. impost, 
 Fr. impot — L. impono. to lav on.] 
 
 DIPOSTHUMATE. im-pos'tum-at, v.i. to 
 form an imposthume or abscess. — v.t. to 
 affect with an imposthume. — n. Ijipos- 
 thuma'tion, the act of forming an ab- 
 scess : an abscess. 
 
 IMPOSTHUME, im-pos'tum, n. an abscess : 
 a gathering of corrupt matter in a cav- 
 ity in the tissues. [A corr. of L. apos- 
 temu — Gr. aphistemi. to separate — opo, 
 away, histemi, to make to stand.] 
 
 IMPOSTOR, im-pos'tur, n. one who prac- 
 tices imposition or fraud. [L. — iiupiono, 
 to lay on.] 
 
 DIPOSTXJRE, im-pos'tur. n. imposition or 
 frauil. 
 
 IMPOTENT, ini'po-tent, adj. powerless : 
 unable : imbecile : useless : wanting the 
 power of self-restraint. — adv. IM'POTEST- 
 LY. — U.S. Im'potence, Im'potexcy. [Fr. 
 — L. in. not. and POTENT.] 
 
 DIPOUNT), ini-pownd', v.t. to confine, as 
 in a pound: to restrain within limits: 
 to take possession of. — n. Impound' age, 
 the act of impounding cattle. [E. IN 
 and Pound, an inclosure.l 
 
 BIPOVERISH. im-pov'er-ish. f.f. to make 
 poor: to exhaust the resources (as of a 
 nation), or fertility (as of the soil). — n. 
 Impov'erishment. " [A corr. of apporriss- 
 ant. pr.p. of O. Fr. appovrir (Fr. appavv- 
 rir) — Fr. prefix ap- (=L. ad), towards, 
 and O. Fr. povre (Fr. panvre), poor— L. 
 pauper.] 
 
 IMPRACTICABLE, im-prak'tik-a-bl, adj. 
 not able to be done : unmanageable : 
 stubborn. — odi: ImpraC'ticaBLY. — n.f. 
 IJIPRAC'TICABILITY. IMPRAC'TICABLENESS. 
 [L. in. not. and PRACTICABLE.] 
 
 IMPRECATE, im'pre-kftt, v.t. (lit.) to pray 
 for good or evil ?«>07i ; to curse. — n. 
 
 Impkeca'tion, the act of imprecating : 
 a curse. [L. imprecor, imprecatus — in, 
 upon, precor. precatum, to prav.] 
 
 BIPRECATORY, ira'pre-ka-tor-ii^ adj. curs- 
 ing. 
 
 IMPREGNABLE, im-preg'na-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be taken or seized : that cannot 
 be moved or shaken : invincible. — adv. 
 Impreg'nably. — n. Impreg'nability. [Fr. 
 imprenahle — L. in, not, and pn-ehendo, to 
 take. See Get.] 
 
 IMPREGNATE, im-preg'nat, v.t. to make 
 pregnant : to come into contact with an 
 ovrmi. so as to cause it to germinate : to 
 impart tlie particles or qualities of one 
 thing to another. [Low L. imprcegno, 
 -atus — in, a,nd pircegnans, pregnant. See 
 Pregnant.] 
 
 IMPREGNATION, im-preg-na'shun, n. the 
 act of impregnating : that with which 
 anything- is impregnated. 
 
 IMPRESS, im-pres', v.t. to press upon: to 
 mark by pressure: to produce by pressure: 
 to stamp : to fix deeply (in the mind): to 
 force into service, esp. the public service. 
 — n. Im'press, that which is made by 
 pressure : stamp, likeness : device, mot- 
 to. [L. in, in, premo. pressMS, to press.] 
 
 IMPRESSIBLE, im-pres'i-bl, adj. capable of 
 being impressed or made to feel : suscep- 
 tible. — fidi-. Impress'ibly. — n. Impressi- 
 
 BIL'ITY. 
 
 IMPRESSION, im-presh'un, n. the act of 
 impressing : that which is produced by 
 pressure : a single edition of a book : the 
 effect of any object on the mind : idea : 
 slight remembrance. — adj. Impress'iona- 
 BLE, able to receive an impression. 
 
 IMPRESSIVE, im-pres'iv, adj. capable of 
 making an impression on the mind : 
 solemn. — adv. Impress'ively. — n. Im- 
 
 PRESS'rVENESS. 
 
 IMPRESSMENT, im-pres'ment, n. the act 
 of impressing or seizing for service, esp. 
 in the na\'y. [A word coined from press, 
 in Pressgang.] 
 
 IMPRIMATUR, im-pri-ma'tur, n. a license 
 to print a book. etc. [Lit. "let it he 
 printed '' ; from L. imprinio — in, on, and 
 premo. to press.] 
 
 IMPRINT, im-print', v.t. to print in or 
 upon: to print; to stamp: to impress: 
 to fix in the mind.— ». Im'print, that 
 which is imprinted : the name of the 
 publisher, time and place of publication 
 of a book, etc., printed on the title-page: 
 also the printer's name on the back of the 
 title-page, and at the end of the book. 
 [L. in, in or upon, and Prikt.] 
 
 IMPRISON, im-priz'n, v.t. to put inprison : 
 to shut up : to confine or restrain. — n. 
 ISIPRIS'ONMENT, the act of imprisoning 
 or state of being imprisoned : confine- 
 ment or restraint. [Fr. — L. in, into, 
 and Prison.] 
 
 IMPROBABLE, im-prob'a-bl, adj. unlikely. 
 
 — adv. ImPROB'ABLY. — n. IjrPROBABIL'lTY. 
 
 [Fr. — L. in. not. and Probable.] 
 
 BIPROBITY. ini-prob'i-ti, v.. ivant of prob- 
 ity or integritv : dishonesty. [L. in, not, 
 and Probity.] 
 
 IMPROMPTU, mi-promp'tu, adj., prompt, 
 ready: olf-hand. — adv. readily. — n. a 
 short witty saying expressed at the mo- 
 ment: any composition produced at the 
 moment. [Fr. — L. — in, and promptus, 
 readiness. See PROMPT.] 
 
 IMPROPER, im-prop'er, adj. not suitable : 
 unfit: unbecoming: incorrect: wrong. 
 — adv. Improp'erly^. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Proper.]^ 
 
 BIPROPRLA.TE, im-pro'pri-at, v.t. (lit.) to 
 appropriate io private use: to place ec- 
 clesiastical property in the hands of a 
 layman. — n. Impropria'tion. the act of 
 appropriating: the property impropri- 
 
 ated. [L. in, in. a\iApropi-io,propriatum, 
 to appropriate — proprius, one's own, 
 proper.] 
 IMPROPRIETY, im-pro-pri'e-ti, n. that 
 which is improper or unsuitable : want 
 of propriety or fitness. [L. in, not, and 
 Propriety."]^ 
 BIPROVABLE, im-proov'a-bl, adj. able to 
 be improved : capable of being used to 
 advantage. — adv. Improt'ably. — ns. Im- 
 peovabil'ity, Improv'ableness. 
 BIPROVE, im-pro6v', v.t. to make better: 
 to advance in value or excellence : to 
 correct : to employ to good purpose.— 
 v.i. to grow better: to make progress: to 
 increase : to rise (as prices). — n. Improv'- 
 EK. [Prefix in- and O. Fr. prover — L. 
 probare, to try, to consider as good.] 
 niPEOVEMENT, im-proov'ment, n. the 
 act of improving : advancement or prog- 
 ress : increase, addition, or alteration : 
 the turning to good account : instruc- 
 tion. 
 IMPROVIDENT, im-prov'i-dent, adj. not 
 pro\'ident or prudent : wanting foresight: 
 thoughtless. — adv. Improv'idently. — n. 
 Impeov'idence. [L. in, not, and Provi- 
 dent.] 
 IMPROVINGLY', im-proov'ing-li, adv. in an 
 
 improving manner. 
 BIPROVISATE, im-prov'i-sat, BIPRO- 
 VISE, im-pro-viz', v.t. to compose and 
 recite, esp. in verse, without prejmration: 
 to bring about on a sudden: to do anything 
 off-hand. — n. iMPRO^as'ER. [Fr. impro- 
 viser — It. improvisare — L. in, not, and 
 provisiis, foreseen. See PROVIDE.] 
 IMPROVISATION, im-prov-i-sa'shun, n. 
 act of improvising : that which is impro- 
 vised. 
 BIPROVISATORE. im-pro-\-iz-a-t6'ra, n, 
 one who improvises : one who comiioses 
 and recites verses without preparation : 
 —pL Improvisato'ri (-re). [It. See IM- 
 provisate.] 
 BIPRUDENT, im-pro6'dent, adj. wanting 
 foresight or discretion : incautious : in- 
 considerate. — adv. Impru'dently. — n. 
 Impru'dence. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Pru- 
 dent.] 
 IMPUDENT, im'pu-dent, adj., wanting 
 shame or modesty : brazen-faced : bold: 
 rude : insolent. — adr. Im'pudently. — n. 
 Im'pudence. [Fr. — L. in. not, pndens, 
 -entis, from pudio, to l)e ashamed.] 
 BIPUGN. im-ptin', v.t. to oppose : to attack 
 by words or arguments : to call in ques- 
 tion. — n. Impugn'er. [Fr. — L. impugno 
 — in, against, pngno, to fight.] 
 BIPUGNABLE, im-pun'a-bl, adj. able to be 
 
 impugned'or called in question. 
 BIPULSE, im'puls. IMPULSION, im-pul'- 
 shun, n. the act of impelling or driving 
 on : effect of an impelling force : force 
 suddenly communicated : influence on 
 the mind. [From Impel.] 
 IMPULSIVE, im-puls'iv. adj. having the 
 power of impelling or dri\-ing on : act- 
 uated by mental impulse : (mech.) acting 
 by impulse : not continuous. — adv. Im- 
 
 PULS'rVELY. — n. IMPI^LS'IVENESS. 
 
 BIPUNITY. im-pun'i-ti. n. freedom or 
 safety from punishment : exemption from 
 injury or loss. [Fr. — L. impntnitas — in, 
 not, pnna, punishment.] 
 
 BIPtfRE, im-pur', adj. mixed witli other 
 substances : defiled by sin : unholy : un- 
 chaste : unclean. — adv. Impure'ly. — ns. 
 I:mpur'ity, Impure'ness, quality of being 
 impure. [Fr. — L. in. not, and Pure.] 
 
 BIPURPLE, im-pur'pl. S.ame as Empur- 
 ple. 
 
 BIPUTABLE, im-put'a-bl, adj. capable of 
 being imputed or charged : attributable. 
 — adv. Imput'ably.— 7is. Imput'ableness, 
 Impttabil'ity.
 
 IMPUTATION 
 
 235 
 
 INCESTUOUS 
 
 IMPUTATION, im-pu-ta'shun, n. act of 
 imputing or charging- : censure : re- 
 proach : the reckoning as belonging to. 
 
 IMPUTATIVE, im-pufa^-tiv, adj. that may 
 be imputed. — adv. IJlPrT'ATTV'ELY. 
 
 IMPUTE, im-put', v.t. to reckon as belong- 
 ing to — in a bad sense: to charge. — n. Ill- 
 PUT'ER. [Fr. imputer — L. imputo, -atum 
 — i/i. andputo, to reckon.] 
 
 IN. in. prep, denotes presence or situation 
 in place, time, or circumstances — within, 
 during : by or through. — adi: within : 
 not out. [A.S. in : Dut.. Grer.. and Goth. 
 in. Scand. i: W. yn, Ir. in; L. in. Gr. 
 en : Sans, ana.] 
 
 INABILITY, in-a-bil'i-ti, n. want of suffi- 
 cient power : incapacity. [Fr. — L. in, 
 not. and Ability.] 
 
 INACCESSIBLE, in-ak-ses'i-bl, adj. not to 
 be reached, obtained, or approached. — 
 adv. IXACCESS'IBLT. — ns. IXACCESS'IBIII- 
 TT. INACCESS'IBLEXESS. [Fr. — L. i»i, not, 
 
 and Accessible.] 
 
 INACCURACY, in-ak'kur-a-si, Ji. want of 
 exactness : mistake. 
 
 INACCURATE, in-ak'kur-at, adj. not ex- 
 act or correct : erroneous. — adv. Inac'- 
 crKATELY. [L. in. not, and Accurate.] 
 
 INACTION, in-ak'shun. n. want of action : 
 idleness : rest. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Ac- 
 tios.] 
 
 INACTIVE, in-akt'iv, adj. having no power 
 to move : idle : lazy : (chem.) not show- 
 ing any action. — adv. Inact'itely. [L. 
 in. not. and Active.] 
 
 INACTIVITY, in-akt-iv'i-ti, n. want of ac- 
 tivity : inertness : idleness. [L. in, not, 
 and Activity.] 
 
 INADEQUATE, in-ad'e-kwat. adj. insuffi- 
 cient.— arfr. Ixad'equately.— ns. Ixad'- 
 EQUACT, Ixad'equatexess. insufficiency. 
 [L. in. not, Adequate.] 
 
 INADJUSSIBLE, in-ad-mis'i-bl. adj. not ad- 
 missible or allowable. — n. Inadmissibil'- 
 ITY. [Fr. — L. in, not. Admissible.] 
 
 INADVERTENCE, in-ad-vert'ens. INAD- 
 VERTENCY, in-ad-vert'en-si, n. lack of 
 advertence or attention : negligence : 
 oversig-ht. 
 
 INADVERTENT, in-ad-vert'ent, adj. inat- 
 tentive. — adv. Inadvert'ently. [L. in, 
 not. Advertent.] 
 
 INALIENABLE, in-al'yen-arbl. adj not 
 capable of being transferred. — n. Inal'- 
 lESABLE>rESS. [Fr. — L. in, not, .iVxiena- 
 ble.] 
 
 INAMORATO, in-am-o-ra'to, n. one who is 
 enamored or in love : — pi. Inamora'ti 
 j-te). [It. See Enamor.] 
 
 INANE, in-an', adj., empty : void : void of 
 ordinar\' intelligence: useless. [L. inanis.] 
 
 INANIMATE, in-an'im-at. adj. without ani- 
 mation or life : dead. [L. in, not, ANI- 
 MATE.] 
 
 INANIMATION, in-an-im-a'shun, n. want 
 of animation : lifelessness. [L. in, not, 
 and AsiMAnON.] 
 
 INANITION, in-a-nish'un. n. state of being 
 inane : emptiness : exhaustion from 
 want of food. [Fr.. from root of Inane.] 
 
 INANITY, in-an'i-ti, n. empty space : 
 senselessness. 
 
 INAPPLICABLE, in-ap'plik-a-bl, adj. not 
 applicable or suitable. — n. Inapplic.^bil'- 
 ITY. [L. in. not, Appucable.] 
 
 INAPPLICATION. in-ap-plik-a'shun. n. 
 want of application or attention. [L. in, 
 not. Application.] 
 
 INAPPOSITE, in-ap'poz-it, adj. not appos- 
 ite or suitable. — adv. Inap'positely. [L. 
 m. not. Apposite.] 
 
 INAPPRECIABLE, in-ap-pre'shi-a-bl, adj. 
 not appreciable or able to be valued. [L. 
 in. not. Appreciable.] 
 
 INAPPROACHABLE. in-ap-proch'a-bl,af7/. 
 inaccessible. [L. in, not, Approacha- 
 ble.] 
 
 INAPPROPRIATE, in-ap-pro'pri-at, adj. 
 not suitable.— odr. Inappro'priately. — 
 n. Ixappro'priateness. [L. in, not. Ap- 
 propriate.] 
 
 INAPT, in-apt', adj. not apt: unfit. — adv. 
 Inapt'ly. — n. Inapt'itude, unfitness. [L. 
 in. not. Apt.] 
 
 INARCHING, in-arch'ing. n. a method of 
 grafting by which branches are united 
 together, generally in the form of an 
 arch, before being separated from the 
 original stem. [L. in. and Arch.] 
 
 INARTICULATE, in-ar-tik'ul-at. adj. not 
 distinct : (zool.) not jointed. — adv. Inar- 
 tic'ulately.— ns. Inahtic'ulateness. In- 
 articula'tion, indistinctness of sounds 
 in speaking. [L. in, not, and Articu- 
 late.] 
 
 INARTIFICIAL, in-ai-t-i-fish'yal, adj. not 
 done by art: simple. — adv. Inartific'xajl- 
 LY. [L. in. not, and Artificial.] 
 
 INASMLTCH, in-az-much'. adv. since : see- 
 ing that : this being the case. [In, As, 
 and Much.] 
 
 INATTENTION, in-at-ten'shun, n. want of 
 attention : neglect : heedlessness. [Fr. 
 — L. in. not. and Attention.] 
 
 INATTENTIVE, in-at-tent'iv, adj. careless. 
 — adv. Inattent'ively. 
 
 INAUDIBLE, in-awd'i-bl, adj. not able to 
 be heard. — adv. Inaud'ibly. — ns. Inaud- 
 ibil'ity. Inaud'ibleness. [L. in, not, 
 and Audible.] 
 
 INAUGURAL, in-aw'gur-al. adj. pertain- 
 ing to, done, or pronounced at an inaug- 
 uration. 
 
 INAUGURATE, in-aw'gur-at. v.t. to induct 
 into an office in a formal manner : to 
 cause to begin : to make a public ex- 
 hibition of for the first time. [L. in^ 
 angnro. -atum. See AuGUE.] 
 
 INAUGURATION, in-aw-gur-a'shun, n. act 
 of inaugurating (in its different mean- 
 ings). 
 
 INAUGURATOR. in-aw'gur-a-tor, n. one 
 who inaugurates. 
 
 INAUSPICIOUS, in-aw-spish'us. adj. not 
 auspicious : ill-omened : unlucky. — adv. 
 Inauspi'ciously. — n. Inauspi'ciouskess. 
 [L. in, not, and Auspicious.] 
 
 INBORN, in'bawrn, af(/.. bom in oricith: 
 implanted by nature. [E. IN and BORN.] 
 
 INBREATHE, m-'bveth'. v.t. to breathe into. 
 [E. In and Breathe.] 
 
 INBRED, in'bred, adj., bred mthin: in- 
 nate : natural. 
 
 INBREED, in-bred', v.t. to breed or gener- 
 ate within : to breed from animals of the 
 same parentage or otherwise closely 
 related : to breed in-and-in. [E. In and 
 Breed.] 
 
 INBURST, in'burst, n. a bursting in from 
 without : an irruption : an inbreak : 
 opposed to outburst. " Let but that 
 accumulated insurrectionarj' mass find 
 entrance, like the infinite iiibnrst of 
 water." — Carlyle. 
 
 INCA, ing'ka. n. a name given to the an- 
 cient kings and princes of Peru : — pi. 
 INCAS. ing'kaz. 
 
 INCAGE. in-ka.i'. Same as Engage. 
 
 INCALCULABLE, in-kal'ku-la-bl, adj. not 
 calculable or able to be reckoned. — adv. 
 lNc.\L'crLABLY. [L. «!, not. and Calcu- 
 lable.] 
 
 INCANDESCENT.in-kan-des'ent.afT?'. white 
 or glowing with heat. — n. Incandes'- 
 CENCE, a white-heat. [L. incandescens — 
 in. and candesco. inceptive of candeo, to 
 glow. Cf. Candle.] 
 
 INCANTATION, in-kan-ta'shun. n. a magi- 
 cal charm uttered by singing : enchant- 
 ment. [L. incantatio. from root of En- 
 chant.] 
 
 INCAPABLE, in-kap'a-bl. adj. not capable : 
 insufficient : unable : disqualified. — adv. 
 
 Incap'ably.— n. Incapabil'ity. [Fr. — 
 L. in, not, and Capable.] 
 
 INCAPACIOUS, in-kap-a'shus, adi. not 
 capacious or large : narrow. [L. m, not, 
 and Capacious.] 
 
 INCAPACITATE, in-kap-as'i-tat, v.t. to 
 deprive of capacity : to make incapable : 
 to di.si|iialify. [L. in, not, and Capaci- 
 tate.] 
 
 INCAPACITY, in-kap-as'i-ti. n. want of 
 capacity or power of mind : inability : 
 disqualification. [Fr. — L. in, not, and 
 Capacity. See Capacious.] 
 
 INCARCERATE, in-kar'ser-at. v.t. to im- 
 prison: to confine. — n. Incarcera'TION, 
 imprisonment. [L. in, and carcer-o. -atus 
 — career, a prison, a word of doubtful 
 origin.] 
 
 INCARNADINE, in-kar'na-din. v.t. to dye- 
 of a red color. [Fr., from root of Incar- 
 nate.] 
 
 INCARNATE, in-kar'nat. v.t. to embody io 
 flesh. — adj. invested with flesh. [Low L. 
 incur~i}-o,-atus — in, and caro, carnis. flesh. 
 Cf. Carnal.] 
 
 INCARNATE, in-kar'nat, adj. not in the 
 flesh : tlivested of a bodj' : disembodied. 
 " I fear nothing . . . that devil carnate 
 or incarnate can fairly do against a virtue 
 so established." — Richardson. [In, priv., 
 and L. caro, cai-nis, flesh.] 
 
 INCARNATION, in-kar-na'shun. n. act of 
 embodying in flesh : act of taking a humart 
 body and the nature of a man : an incar- 
 nate form : manifestation : (.t^irg.) the- 
 process of healing, or forming new flesh. 
 
 INCARNATIVE, in-kar'na-tiv, adj. causibg- 
 new flesh to grow. — n. a medicine whicb 
 causes new flesh to grow. 
 
 INCASE, in-kas', v.t. to put in a ease : to 
 surround with something solid. [Fr. en- 
 caisser — L. in, in. and Case.] 
 
 INCASEMENT, in-kas'ment, n. act of in- 
 closing with a ease: an inclosing sub- 
 
 INCAUTIOUS, in-kaw'shus. adj. not cau- 
 tious or careful.— adr. Incau'TIOUSLY. — 
 n. I>:cau'tiousness. want of caution. 
 [L. in. not. and Cautious.] 
 
 INCENDIARY, in-sen'di-ar-i, n. one that 
 sets fire to a building, etc.. maliciously t 
 one who promotes quarrels. — adj. will- 
 fully setting fire to : relating to incendi- 
 arism : tending to excite sedition or 
 quaiTels. — n. Incen'diarism. [L. ineendi- 
 arius — incendinm, a burning — incendo, 
 incensus, to kindle, allied to candeo. to 
 glow.] 
 
 INCENSE, in-sens', v.t. to inflame witb 
 anger. [See above word.] 
 
 INCENSE, in'sens, n. odor of .spices burned 
 in religious rites : the materials so 
 burned. [Fr. encens — L. incensum. w-hat 
 is burned. See Incendiary.] 
 
 INCENTIVE, in-sent'iv. adj. inciting : en- 
 couraging. — Ji. that which incites to ac- 
 tion or moves the mind : motive. [L. 
 incevtivns, striking up a tune, hence pro- 
 vocative, from incino — in, and eawo. to 
 sing. Cf. Chant, Enchant.] 
 
 INCEPTION, in-sep'shun. n. a beginning. 
 — (((//. Incep'THE. beginning or marking- 
 the beginning. [L. incipio, inceptns. to 
 begin — in. on. and capio. to seize.] 
 
 INCERTITUDE, in-ser^ti-tfid. n. want of 
 certainty : doubtfulness. [From L. in- 
 certns — in. not. and certtis, certain.] 
 
 INCESSANT, in-ses'ant. adj. not cea.sing : 
 uninterrupted : contiiuial. — adv. ISCESS'- 
 antly. [L. incesa-ans, -antis — in, not, 
 and cesso. to cease.] 
 
 INCEST, in'sest. n. sexual intercourse with- 
 in the prohibited degrees of kindred. [Fr. 
 inceste — L. ince.'itits, unchaste — in. not, 
 and cnsfiis. chaste. Cf. Chaste.] 
 
 INCESTUOUS. in-sest'u-u.s, adj. guilty of 
 incest. — adv. Incest'uocslt.
 
 INCH 
 
 336 
 
 INCONSTANT 
 
 INCH, insh, n. the twelfth part of a foot : 
 proverbially, a small distance or degree. 
 — By inches, by slow degrees. [A.S. 
 ynce, an inch — L. uncia, the twelfth part 
 of anything, an inch, also an ounce 
 (twelfth of a pound). Doublet OUNCE.] 
 
 INCH, insh, INCHED, insht, adj. contain- 
 ing inches. 
 
 INCHOATE, in'ko-at, adj. only begun : un- 
 finished. — n. iNCHOa'TiON, beginning. — 
 adj. Incho'ath'E, inceptive. [L. inchoo, 
 inchoatus. to begin.] 
 
 INCIDENCE, in'si-dens, n. a falling upon : 
 the meeting of one body with another. — 
 Angle of Incidence, the angle at which 
 a ray of light or radiant heat falls upon 
 a surface. [See INCIDENT.] 
 
 ENCIDENT, in'si-dent, adj., falling upon: 
 fortuitous: liable to occur: naturally be- 
 longing. — n. that which falls out or hap- 
 pens: an event: a subordinate action: an 
 episode. [Fr. — L. incidens.} 
 
 INCIDENTAL, in-si-dent'al, adj., falling 
 out: coming without design: occasional: 
 accidental. — adv. Incident'ally. — n. In- 
 cident' alness. 
 
 INCIPIENT, in-sip'i-ent, adj. beginning.— 
 adv. Incip'iently. — ns. Incip'ience, In- 
 ciP'iENCY. [Pr.p. of L. incipio. See 
 Inception.] 
 
 INCIRCLE, in-serM. Same as Encircle. 
 
 INCISE, in-.slz', v.t. to cut into : to cut or 
 gash : to engrave. [Fr. inciser — L. itv- 
 cTdo. incisus — in, into, and ccedo, to cut. 
 Cf. C.a:suRA and Excision.] 
 
 INCISION, in-sizh'un, n. the act of cutting 
 into a substance : a cut : a gash. 
 
 INCISIVE, in-si'siv, adj. having the quali- 
 ty of cutting into, or penetrating as witli 
 a sharp instrument : trenchant : acute : 
 sarcastic. [Fr. incisif — L. incisus.] 
 
 INCISOR, in-sl'zor, n. a cutting or fore 
 tooth.— rrdj. Inci'SORY'. [L.] 
 
 iNCITATION, in-si-ta'shun, 7i. the act of 
 inciting or rousing : that which stimu- 
 lates to action : an incentive. [Fr. — L. 
 See Incite.] 
 
 LNCITATIVE, in-sit'a-tiv, n. a provocative : 
 a stimulant : an incitant. " They all 
 carried wallets, wliich, as appeared af- 
 terwards, were well provided with incit- 
 ative.'i, and such as provoke to thirst at 
 two leagues' distance." — Jarvis. 
 
 INCITE, in-sit', v.t. to rouse ; to move the 
 mind to action : to encourage : to goad. 
 —adv. Incit'ingly. — n. Incit'er. [Fr. — 
 L. iiicito — in, and dto, to rouse — cieo, to 
 put in motion.] 
 
 INCITEMENT, in-slt'ment. Same as IN- 
 citation. 
 
 nrciVILITY. in-si-vil'i-ti, n. want of civil- 
 ity or courtesy : impoliteness : disre- 
 spect: an act of discourtesy (in this sense 
 has a, pi. , Inctvtl'ities). [L. in, not, and 
 Civility.] 
 
 INCLEJIENT, In-klem'ent, adj. unmerci- 
 ful : stormy : very cold. — adv. InCLEM'- 
 ently-.— ?!. Inclem'ency. [Fr. — L. in, 
 not, and Clement.] 
 
 INCLINABLE, in-klin'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be inclined or bent tovjards : leaning : 
 tending : somewhat disposed. — n. &- 
 *"tlin'ableness 
 
 INCLINATION,' in-kli-na'shun, n. the act 
 of inclining or bending toicards : ten- 
 dency : natural aptness : favorable dis- 
 position : affection : act of bowing : angle 
 between two lines or planes. 
 
 CNCLINE, in-klln', v.i. to lean toicards : to 
 deviate from a line toward an object : to 
 be disposed : to have some desire. — v.t. 
 to cause to bend towards : to give a lean- 
 ing to : to dispose : to bend. — n. an in- 
 clined plane : a regular ascent or descent. 
 [Fr. — L. inelino — in, towards, clino ; cog. 
 with Gr. klino, to bend, and E. lean.] 
 
 INCLOSE, ln-kl6z', v.t. to close or shut in: 
 
 to confine : to surround : to put within 
 a case : to fence. [Fr. — L. includo, in- 
 clusus — in, in, and claudo, to shut.] 
 
 INCLOSURE, in-kl6'zhur, n. act of inclos- 
 ing : state of being inclosed : that which 
 is inclosed : a space fenced off : that 
 which incloses : a barrier. 
 
 INCLUDE, in-klo6d', v.t. to close or shut 
 in : to embrace within limits : to con- 
 tain : to comprehend. [L. includo, in- 
 clusus- in, in, and claudo, to shut. See 
 Close.] 
 
 INCLUSION, in-kl6o'zhun, n. act of in- 
 cluding. 
 
 INCLUSIVE, in-kloo'siv, adj., shutting in: 
 inclosing : comprehending the stated 
 limit or extremes. — adv. Inclu'sively. 
 
 INCOGNITO, in-kog'ni-to, adj., unknoum: 
 disguised. — adv. in concealment: in a 
 disguise : under an assumed title. [It. 
 — L. incognitus — in, not, and cognitus, 
 known — cognosco, to know.] 
 
 INCOGNIZABLE, in-kog'niz-a-bl or in- 
 kon'iz-a-bl, adj. that cannot be known 
 or distinguished. [Prefix in-, not. Cog- 
 nizable.] 
 
 INCOHERENCE, in-ko-her'ens, n. want of 
 coherence or connection ; looseness of 
 parts : want of connection : incongruity. 
 [Fr. — L. Mi, not, and Coherence.] 
 
 INCOHERENT, in-ko-her'ent, adj. not 
 connected: loose: incongruous. — adv. 
 Incohee'ently. 
 
 INCOMBUSTIBLE, in-kom-bust'i-bl, adj. 
 incapable of being consumed by fire. — 
 ns. Incombustibil'ity-, Incombust'ible- 
 NESS. — adv. Incombust'ibly. [L. in, not, 
 and Combustible.] 
 
 INCOME, in'kum. ?i. the gain, profit, or 
 
 . interest resulting' from anything: reve- 
 nue. [E. In and Cojie.] 
 
 INCOMMENSURABLE, in-kom-en'su-ra-bl, 
 adj. having- no common measure. — ns. 
 Incommensurabil'ity, Incommen'suea- 
 BLENESS. — adv. Incommen'surably. [Fr. 
 — L. in, not, and Commensurable.] 
 
 INCOMMENSURATE, in-kom-en'su-rat , 
 adj. not admitting of a common meas- 
 ure : not adequate : unequal. — adv. IN- 
 commen'sueately. 
 
 INCOaiMODE, in-kom-od', v.t. to cause 
 trouble or inconvenience to : to annoy : 
 to molest. [Fr.— L. incommodo — incom- 
 modiis, inconvenient — in, not, and cowi- 
 modus. See Comjiodious.] 
 
 INCOMMODIOUS, in-kom-o'di-us, adj. in- 
 convenient : annoying. — 7i. Incommo'- 
 DIOUSNESS. — adv. Incosimo'diously. [L. 
 in, not, and Commodious.] 
 
 INCOIMIMUNICABLE, in-kom-un'i-ka-bl, 
 adj. that cannot be communicated or im- 
 parted to others. — ns. Incommunicabil'- 
 iTY, Incommun'icableness. — adv. Incom- 
 mu"n'icably. [Fr. — L. in, not, and COM- 
 ml-nicable.] 
 
 INCOMMUNICATIVE, in-kom-un'i-ka-tiv, 
 adj. not disposed to hold communion 
 with: unsocial. — adv. iNCOMMtra'lCA- 
 
 TIVELY". 
 
 INCOMMUTABLE, in-kom-ut'a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be commuted or exchanged. 
 — ns. Incommutabil'ity, Incommut'able- 
 NESS. — adv. Incommut'ably. [Fr. — L. 
 in, not, and Commutable.] 
 
 INCOMPARABLE, in-kom'par-a-bl, adj 
 matchless. — n . Incom'parableness.— adv. 
 Incom'parably. [Fr. — L. in, not, and 
 Comparable.] 
 
 INCOMPATIBLE, in-kom-pat'i-bl, ad), not 
 consistent: contradictory: — pi. things 
 which cannot co-exist. — n. Incompati- 
 bil'ity. — adv. Incompat'lbly. [Fr. — L. 
 in. not, and Comp.\tible.] 
 
 INCOMPETENCE, in-kom'pe-tens, IN- 
 COMPETENCY, in-kom'pe-ten-si, n. state 
 of being incompetent : want of sufficient 
 
 power : want of suitable means: insuffi 
 ciencv. 
 
 INCOMPETENT, in - kom'pe - tent, adj. 
 wanting adequate powers : wanting the 
 proper qualiflcatious: insufficient. — adv. 
 Incom'petently-. [Fr.— L. in, not, and 
 Competent.] 
 
 INCOMPLETE, iu-kom-plet', adj. imper 
 feet. — n. Incomplete'ness. — adv. Incom 
 plete'ly. [L. in, not, and Complete.] 
 
 INCOMPLIANT. in-kom-pli'ant, INC05I- 
 PLIABLE, iu-kom-pli'a-bl, adj. not dis- 
 posed to compl}' : unyielding to request. 
 — n. Inco.mpli'ance. — adv. Incompli'ant- 
 LY. [L. in, not, and COMPLIANT.! 
 
 INCOMPREHENSIBLE, in-kom-pre-hen'- 
 si-bl, adj. (Pr. Bk.) not to be compre- 
 hended or contained within limits : not 
 capable of being understood: inconceive- 
 able. — ns. Incomprehensibil'ity, Incom- 
 prehen'sibleness, Incomprehen'sion. — 
 adv. Incomprehen'sibly. [Fr. — L. in, 
 not, and Comprehensible.] 
 
 INCOMPREHENSIVE, in-kom-pre-hen'- 
 siv, adj. limited. — n. Incomprehen'sivk- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 INCOMPRESSIBLE, in-kom-pres'i-bl, adj. 
 not to be compressed into smaller bulk. 
 —n. Incompressibil'ity. [L. in, not, 
 and Compressible.] 
 
 INCOMPUTABLE, in-kom-put'a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be computed or reckoned. 
 [L. in, not, and COMPUTABLE.] 
 
 mcONCEIVABLE, in-kon-sev'a-bl. adj. 
 that cannot be conceived by the mind : 
 incomprehensible. — n. Inconcetv'able- 
 NESS. — adv. Inconc'Eiv'ably. l[Fr.— L. 
 in, not, and Conceivable.] 
 
 INCONCLUSIVE. in-kon-kl66s'iv, adj. not 
 settling a point in debate. — adv. INCON- 
 CLUs'n-ELY.— H. Inconclus'iveness. [L. 
 in, not, and Conclusive.] 
 
 INCONDENSABLE, in-kon-dens'a-bl, adj. 
 not to be condensed or made more dense 
 or compact. — n. Incondensabil'ity. [L. 
 in. not. Condensable.] 
 
 INCONGENIAL, in-kon-je'ni-al, adj. un- 
 suitable : unsympathetic. — n. Inconge'- 
 NiALiTY. [See Congeni.yl.] 
 
 INCONGRUOUS, in-kong'groo-us, adj. in- 
 consistent: unsuitable. — n. Incongru'ITY. 
 — adv. Incon'gruously. [L. in, not, and 
 
 CONGRUOUSj 
 
 INCONSEQUENT, in-kon'se-kwent, adj. 
 not following from the premises. — n. 
 Incon'sequence. [L. in, not, and Con- 
 sequent.] 
 
 INCONSEQUENTIAL, in - kon - se - kwen'- 
 shal, adj. not regularly following from 
 the premises: of little importance. — adv. 
 Inconsequen'ti.vlly. 
 
 INCONSIDERABLE, in-kon-sid'er-a-bl, adj. 
 not worthy of notice : unimportant. — 
 adv. Inconsid'erably. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Considerable.] 
 
 INCONSIDERATE, iu-kon-sid'er-at, adj. 
 not considerate : thoughtless : inatten- 
 tive. — adv. Inconsid'erately'. — n. IN- 
 consid'erateness. 
 
 INCONSISTENT, in-kon-sist'ent, adj. not 
 consistent: not suitable or agi-eeing with: 
 contrary: not uniform : irreconcUable. — 
 IIS.INCONSIST'ENCE, INCONSIST'ENCY'. — adv. 
 
 Inconsist'ently'. [L. in, not, and Con- 
 sistent.] 
 
 INCONSOLABLE, in-kon-sol'a-bl, adj. not 
 to be comforted. — adv. Inconsol'ably. 
 [Fr. — L. in. not, and Consolable.] 
 
 INCONSPICUOUS, in-kon-spik'u-us, adj. 
 not conspicuous : scarcely discernible. — 
 adv. Inconspic'uously.— )i. Inconspic'- 
 
 UOUSNESS. 
 
 INCONSTANT, in-kon'stant, adj. subject 
 to change : fickle. — n. Incon'stancy. — 
 adv. Incon'stantly. [Ft.— L. hi, not, aad 
 Constant.]
 
 INCONSUMABLE 
 
 237 
 
 INDELICACY 
 
 a. [L 
 
 INCONSUMABLE, in-kon-sum'a-bl, 
 that cannot be consumed or wasted, 
 in, not, Consumable.] 
 
 INCONTESTABLE, in-kon-test'a-bl, adj. 
 too clear to be called in question : unde- 
 niable.— adi.'. Incontest'ably. [Fr.— L. 
 in, not. and Contestable.] 
 
 (NCONTIKENT, in-kon'ti-nent, adj. not 
 restraining the passions or appetites : 
 unchaste. — ns. IncON'TINENCE, Incon'ti- 
 NENCY. — adv. Incon'tinently. [Fr. — L. 
 in. not, and CoxTrNENT.] 
 
 INCONTINENTLY, iii-kon'ti-nent-li, adv. 
 imiiiediatelv. [Same root as above.] 
 
 INCONTROLLABLE, in-kon-trol'a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be controlled. — adv. INCON- 
 troll'ably. [L. in, not, and CONTROLL- 
 ABLE.] 
 
 INCONTROVERTIBLE, in-kon-tro-vert'i- 
 bl. adj. too clear to be called in question. 
 — n. Incontrovertibil'ity. — adv. Incon- 
 trovert'ibly. [L. in, not, and Contro- 
 vertible.] 
 
 INCONVENIENCE, in-kon-ven'yens, IN- 
 CON VENIENCY, in-kon-ven'yen-si, n. 
 the being inconvenient : want of con- 
 venience : that which causes trouble or 
 uneasiness. — v.t. Inconven'ience, to 
 trouble or incommode. 
 
 INCONVENIENT, in-kon'ven'yent, adj. un- 
 suitable : causing trouble or uneasiness : 
 increasing difficulty : incommodious, — 
 adv. Inconven'iently. [Fr.— L. in, not, 
 and Convenient.] 
 
 INCONVERTIBLE, in-kon-vert'i-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be changed. — n. Inconvert- 
 IBIL'ity. [L. in. not, and CONVERTIBLE.] 
 
 INCONVINCIBLE, in-kon-vins'i-bl, adj. not 
 capable of conviction. — adv. Inconvinc'- 
 IBLY. [L. in, not, and Convincible.J 
 
 QiCORPORATE, in-kor'po-rat, v.t. to form 
 into a body : to combine into one mass : 
 to unite : to form into a corporation. — 
 v.i. to unite into one mass : to become 
 part of another body. — adj. united in one 
 body : mixed. [L. ineorporo, -atum — in, 
 into, corpora, to furnish with a body. 
 
 Sgp CjORPORATE 1 
 
 INCORPORATION, in-kor-po-ra'shun, n. 
 act of incorporating : state of being in- 
 corporated : formation of a legal or polit- 
 ical body : an association with capital 
 stock and under State supervision. 
 
 INCORPOREAL, in-kor-p6're-al, adj. not 
 having a body : spiritual, — adv. IncORPO'- 
 really. [L! in, not, and Corporeal,] 
 
 INCORRECT, in-kor-ekt', adj. containing 
 faults : not accurate : not accordintc to 
 the rules of duty. — adv. Incorrect'ly. — 
 n. Incorrect' NESS. [Fr. — L. in, not, and 
 
 COPRKPT "I 
 
 INCORRIGIBLE, in-kor'i-ji-bl, adj. bad be- 
 yond correction or reform. — n,9. Incorr'- 
 igibleness, Incorrigibil'ity. — adv. IN- 
 corr'igibly. 
 
 INCORRODIBLE, in-kor-od'i-bl, adj. not 
 able to be rusted. [L. in, not, and COR- 
 rodible.] 
 
 INCORRUPT, in-kor-upt',adj. sound: pure : 
 not depraved : not to be tempted by 
 bribes.— adt'. Incorrtjpt'ly. [L. in, not, 
 and Corrupt.] 
 
 INCORRUPTIBLE, in-kor-upt'i-bl, adj. not 
 capable of decay : that cannot be bribed: 
 inflexibly just. — adv. Incorrxjpt'ibly. — 
 n . Incorrupt'ibleness. 
 
 INCORRUPTION, in-kor-up'shun, n. state 
 of being incorrupt or exempt from cor- 
 ruption. 
 
 INCORRUPTNESS, in-kor-upt'nes, n. a 
 being exempt from corruption or decay : 
 purity of mind. 
 
 mCRA'SSATE. in-kras'at, v.t to make 
 thick. — v.i. (med.) to become thicker. — 
 adj. made thick or fat : {hot.) thickened 
 towards the flower. — n. Inceassa'tion. 
 
 [L. incrasso, -atum — in, into, crasso, to 
 make thick — erasstis, thick. See Crass.] 
 
 INCRASSATIVE, in-kras'a-tiv, adj., thick- 
 ening. — n. that which has power to 
 thicken. 
 
 INCREASE, in-kres', v.i. to grow in size : 
 to become greater : to advance. — v.t. to 
 make greater : to advance ; to extend : 
 to aggravate. — In'cbease, n. growth: 
 addition to the original stock : profit : 
 produce: progeny. [Through Norm. Fr. 
 from L. ineresco — in, in, creseo, to grow.] 
 
 INCREDIBLE, in-kred'i-bl, adj. surpassing 
 belief. — adv. Incred'ibly. — n. Incredi- 
 bil'ity. [Fr.^L, in, not, and Credible. 
 See Creed,] 
 
 INCREDULOUS, in-kred'u-lus, adj. hard 
 of belief : also, not easy to be believed ; 
 incredible. "No dram of a scruple.no 
 scruple of a scruple, no obstacle, no in- 
 crednlous or unsafe circumstance."— 
 Shak. — adv. Incred'ulously. — n. In- 
 CREDU'lity. 
 
 INCREMENT, in'kre-ment, n. act of in- 
 creasing or becoming greater : growth : 
 that by which anything is increased : 
 (math.) the finite increase of a variable 
 quantity : (rhet.) an adding of particu- 
 lars without climax (see 3 Peter i. 5-7). 
 [L. incremetitum — ineresco. See In- 
 crease.] 
 
 INCRESCENT, in-kres'ent, adj. increasing: 
 growing. [L. in, and CRESCENT.] 
 
 INCRIMINATE, in-krim'in-at. Same as 
 Criminate. 
 
 INCRUST, in-krust', v.t. to cover with a 
 crust or hard case : to form a crust on 
 the surface of. [Fr. — L. incrust-o, -atus 
 — in, on, and crusta. See Crust.] 
 
 INCRUSTATION, in-krus-ta'shun, n. act 
 of incrusting : a crust or layer of any- 
 thing on the surface of a body : an in- 
 laying of marble, mosaic, etc. 
 
 INCUBATE, in'ku-bat, v.i. to sit on eggs 
 to hatch them. [L. innd>o, -atum — in, 
 upon, cuho. to lie down.] 
 
 INCUBATION, in-ku-ba'shun, n. the act of 
 sitting on eggs to hatch them : {med.) 
 the period between the implanting of a 
 disease and its development : the act of 
 sleeping for oracular dreams. "This 
 place was celebrated for the worship of 
 ..SIsculapius, in whose temple innd>ation, 
 i.e. sleeping for oracular dreams, was 
 practiced." — E. B. Tylor. 
 
 INCUBATOR, in'ku-ba-tor, n. a machine 
 for hatcliing eggs by artificial heat. 
 
 INCUBUS, in'ku-bus, n. a sensation during 
 sleep as of a weight lying on the breast, 
 nightmare : any oppressive or stupefy- 
 ing influence :— p?. In'cubuses, Incubi 
 (in'-ku-bi). [L, — inc^tho.'\ 
 
 INCULCATE, in-kul'kat, v.t. to enforce by 
 frequent admonitions or repetitions. — n. 
 Incul'cator. [Lit. to iread or press in ; 
 L. incrdco, inculcatum — in, into, calco, 
 to tread — calx, the heel.] 
 
 INCULCATION, in-kul-ka'shun, n. act of 
 impressing by frequent admonitions. 
 
 INCULPABLE, in-kul'pa-bl, adj. blame- 
 less. — adv. Incul'pably. [L. in, not, 
 and Culpable.] 
 
 INCULPATE, in-kul'pat, v.t. to bring into 
 blame : to censure. — n. Inculpa'tion. 
 [Low L. inculpo, inculpatum — L. in, into, 
 culpa, a fault.] 
 
 INCULPATORY, in-kul'pa-tor-i, a<y. im- 
 puting blame. 
 
 INCUIMBENCY, In-kum'ben-si, n. a lying 
 or resting on : the holding of an office : 
 an ecclesiastical benefice. [See INCUM- 
 BENT.] 
 
 INCUMBENT, in-kumlDent, adj.. lying or 
 resting on : lying on as a duty : indis- 
 pensable. — n. one who holds an eccle- 
 siastical benefice (in England or Ireland). 
 — adv. Incum'bently. [L. incumbent, 
 
 -entis, pr.p. of incumbo, incubo, to lie 
 upon. See Incubate.] 
 
 INCUMBER, INCUMBRANCE. Same an 
 Encumber, Encumbrance. 
 
 INCUNABULA, in-ku-nab'u-la, n.pl. books 
 printed in the early period of the art, 
 before the year 1.500. [L. incunabula, 
 (lit.) " swaddling-clothes, hence " begins 
 nings."] 
 
 INCUR, m-kur', v.t. to become liable to ! 
 to bring on : — ^pr.p mcurr'ing ; pa.p, in- 
 curred'. [Lit. to run into, to fall upon ; 
 L. ineurro, incursum — in, into, curro. to 
 run.] 
 
 INCURABLE, :n-kur'a-bl, adj. not admit- 
 ting of correction. — n. one beyond cure. 
 — ns. Incur' ABLENEss, Incurabil'ity. — 
 Incur' ABLY. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Cur- 
 able.] 
 
 INCURSION, in-kur'shun, n. a hostile in- 
 road. [Fr. — L. incursio — ineurro.] 
 
 INCURSrVE, in-kur'siv, adj. pertaining to 
 or making an incursion or inroad. 
 
 INCURVATE, in-kur'vat, v.t. to curve or 
 bend. — adj. curved inward. — n. Incurva'- 
 tion. [L. incurvo, incurvatum — in, in, 
 and curvus, bent. See Curve.] 
 
 INDEBTED, in-det'ed, adj. being in debt : 
 obliged by something received. — )i. IN- 
 debt'edness. [Fr. — L. in, in, and Debt,] 
 
 INDECENT, in-de'sent, adj. offensive to 
 common modesty. — adv. Inde'cently. — 
 n. Inde'cency. [Fr. — L. in, not, and 
 Decent.] 
 
 INDECISION, in-de-sizh'un, n. want of de- 
 cision or resolution: hesitation. [Fr. — L. 
 in, not, and Decision.] 
 
 INDECISIVE, in-de-si'siv, adj. unsettled: 
 wavering. — adv. Ittdech'sivelt. — ?;. IN- 
 
 DECI'SIVENESS. 
 
 INDECLINABLE, in-de-klin'a-bl, adj. 
 (gram.) not varied by inflection. — adv. 
 Indeclin'ably. [L. in, not, and Declin- 
 able.] 
 
 INDECOMPOSABLE, in-de-kom-poz'a-bl, 
 adj. that cannot be decomposed. [L. in, 
 not. and Decomposable.] 
 
 INDECOROUS, in-de-ko'rus, adj. not be-, 
 coming : violating good manners. — adv. 
 Indeco'rously. [L. in, not, and De- 
 corous.] 
 
 INDECORUM, in-de-ko'rum, n. want of de- 
 corum or propriety of conduct. [L. in, 
 not, and Decokum",] 
 
 INDEED, in-ded', adv. in fact: in truth: in 
 realitv. [E. In and Deed.] 
 
 INDEFATIGABLE, in-de-fat'i-ga-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be fatigued or wearied out : 
 unremitting in efi'ort : persevering. — adv. 
 
 INDEFAT'IGABLY, — j(.InT)EFAT'IG ABLENESS. 
 
 [Fr. — L. indefatigabilis — in, not, de, 
 down, and fatigo, to tire.] 
 
 INDEFEASIBLE, in-de-fezM-bl, adj. not 
 to be defeated or made void. — adv. IN- 
 DEFEAs'iBLY. — n. Indefeas'ibility. [Fr. 
 — L. in, not, and Defeasible.] 
 
 INDEFECTIBLE, in-de-fekt'i-bl, adj. inca- 
 pable of defect: unfailing. [L. m, not, 
 and Defectlble.] 
 
 INDEFENSIBLE, in-de-fens'i-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be maintained or justified. — adv. 
 Indefens'ibly. [L. in, not, and De- 
 fensible.] 
 
 INDEFINABLE, in-de-fln'a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be defined. — adi\ Indefin'aBLY. 
 [L. in, not, and Definable.] 
 
 I^rDEFINITE, in-def'i-nit, adj. not limited, 
 not precise or certain. — adv. Indef'INITE- 
 LY. — n. Indef'INITENESS. [L. t«, not, and 
 Definite,] 
 
 INDELIBLE, in-del'i-bl, adj. that cannot 
 be blotted out or effaced.— odr. Indel'i- 
 BLY.— ». Indel'ibility. [Fr.— L. in, not, 
 and delebilis — deleo. to destroy,] 
 
 INDELICACY, in-del'i-ka-si. n. want of 
 delicacy or refinement of taste and man- 
 ners : rudeness.
 
 INDELICATE 
 
 238 
 
 INDIVIDUATE 
 
 INDELICATE, iu-del'i-kat, adj. offensive 
 to good manaers oi' purity of mind : 
 coarse.— adi'. Int)El'icatelt. [Fr. — ^L. in, 
 not, and BelicateJ 
 
 INDEMNIFICATION, in-dem-ni-fl-ka'shun, 
 n. act of indemnifying: tiiat wliich in- 
 demnifies;^ 
 
 INDEMNIFY, in-dem'ni-S, v.t. to make 
 good for damage done : to save harm- 
 less ■.—pa.p. indem'nifled. [Fr. — L. i?i- 
 demnis, unharmed — in, not, and dam- 
 num, loss ; and/acjo, to make.] 
 
 INDEMNITY, in-dem'ni-ti, n. security from 
 damage, loss, or punishment : compensa- 
 tion for loss or injury. fFr. — L. indein- 
 n itas.] 
 
 INDEMONSTRABLE, in -de- mon'stra-bl, 
 adj. that cannot be demonstrated or 
 proved. [L. in, not, and Demonstrable.] 
 
 INDENT, m-dent', v.t. to cut into points 
 like teeth: to notch: (print.) to begin 
 further in from the margin than the rest 
 of a paragraph. — n. a cut or notch in 
 the margin : a recess hke a notch. [Low 
 L. indentu — L. in, dens, dentis, a tooth.] 
 
 INDENTATION, in-den-ta'shun, n. act of 
 indenting or notching : notch : recess. 
 
 INDENTURE, in -dent 'Or, n. a written 
 agreement between two or more parties: 
 a contract. — v.t. to bind by indentures : 
 to indent. [Indentures were originally 
 duplicates indented so as to correspond to 
 each other.] 
 
 INDEPENDENT, in-de-pend'ent, adj. not 
 dependent or relying on others : not sub- 
 ordinate : not subject to bias : affording 
 a comfortable livelihood : said of coun- 
 tries not subject to any other govern- 
 ment : self governing. — adv. Independ'- 
 EXTLT. — ns. Independ'ence, Independ'- 
 EXCT. [L. in, not, and Dependent.] 
 
 •INDEPENDENT, in-de-pend'ent, n. one 
 who in ecclesiastical affairs holds that 
 every congregation is independent of 
 every other and subject to no superior 
 autliority. 
 
 CNDESCRiBABLE, in-de-sktfb'a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be described. [L. in, not, 
 and Describable.j 
 
 INDESTRQCTIBLE, in-de-struk'ti-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be destroyed. — adv. Inde- 
 struc'tibly.— >i. Indesteuctibil'ity. [L. 
 in, not, and Destructible.] 
 
 INDETERMINABLE, m - de - ter'min-a^bl, 
 adj. not to be ascertained or fixed. — adv. 
 Indeter'junably. [L. in, not, and De- 
 terminable.] 
 
 INDETERMINATE, in-de-ter'min-at, adj. 
 not determinate or fixed : uncertain. — 
 adv. Indeter'jiinately. 
 
 INDETERJIINATION, in - de - ter - min - a'- 
 sliun, n. want of determination : a waver- 
 ing state of the mind : want of fixed 
 direction. 
 
 INDETERMINED, in-de-ter'mind, adj. not 
 determined : unsettled. 
 
 INDEX, in'deks, n. (pi. Indexis, in'deks-ez, 
 and in math.. Indices, in'di-sez), anything 
 that indicates or p)oints out : a hand that 
 directs to anytliing, as the hour of the 
 day, etc. : the forefinger : alphabetical 
 list of subjects treated of in a book : 
 (math.) the exponent of a power. — v.t. 
 to provide with or place in an index. [L. 
 index, indicts — indico, to sliow.] 
 
 CNDIAMAN, in'di-a-mau or ind'j'a-man, n. 
 a large ship employed in trade with 
 British India. 
 
 ^DIAN, in'di-an, adj. belonging to the 
 Indies, East or West, or to the abo- 
 rigines of America. — n. a native of the 
 Indies : an aboriginal of America. — In- 
 dian CORN, maize, so called because 
 brought from W. Indies. — Indian file, 
 following" one another in single file, like 
 Indians through a wood. — Indian ink, a 
 substa.uce used in water-colors, composed 
 
 of lampblack and animal glue, orig. used 
 ill India, or ratlier in China. — INDIAN or 
 India rubber, caoutchouc, so named 
 from its rubbing out pencil-mai-ks. 
 [From the river Lidits. and appUed by 
 mistake to the W. Indies by their first 
 discoverers, wlio tliought they had ar- 
 rived at India. See Hindu.] 
 
 INDICAN, in'di-kau, n. a colorless sub- 
 stance found in plants wliich j'ield in- 
 digo-blue, in hiuiian blood and urine, 
 and also in the blood and urine of tlie 
 ox, and which forms indigo when in a 
 state of decomposition. 
 
 INDICATE, in'di-liat, v.t. to point out: to 
 show. [L. indico, -atum — in, and dico, 
 to proclaim.] 
 
 INDICATION, in-di-ka'shun, n. act of in- 
 dicating : that which indicates : mark : 
 token : symptom. 
 
 INDICATIVE, in-dik'a-tiv, adj., pointing 
 out : giving intimation of : (gram.) ap- 
 plied to the mood of the verb which in- 
 dicates, i.e. affirms or denies. — adv. IN- 
 dic'atively. 
 
 INDICATOR, in'di-ka-tor, n, one who in- 
 dicates : an instrument on a steam-en- 
 gine to show the pressure. — adj. In'dica- 
 tory, showing. 
 
 INDICT, ia-dit', v.t. to charge with a crime 
 formally or in writing, esp. by a grand 
 jury. [L. in, and dicto, freq. of dico, to 
 say.J 
 
 INDICTABLE, in-dlt'a-bl, adj. liable to be 
 indicted. 
 
 INDICTION, in-dik'shun, n. (lit.) a proo- 
 lamation: a cycle of fifteen years insti- 
 tuted by Constantine the Great. [L. 
 indictio.\ 
 
 INDICTMENT, in-dit'ment, n. the written 
 accusation against one who is to be tried 
 by jury. 
 
 INDIFFERENT, in-dif'er-ent, adj. without 
 impoi'tance : of a middle quality : neu- 
 tral : unconcerned. — ns. Inditf'erence, 
 Indiff'erency. [Lit. " without a differ- 
 ence '■; L. in, not, and Different.] 
 
 INDIFFERENTISM, in-dif'er-ent-izm, n. in- 
 difference, esp. in matters of beUef : un- 
 concern. 
 
 INDIFFERENTLY, in-dif'er-ent-li, adv. in 
 an indifferent manner: tolerably, pass- 
 ably : (Pr. Bk.) without distinction, im- 
 partially. 
 
 INDIGEl^CE, in'di-jens, n., want of means : 
 extreme poverty. 
 
 INDIGENOUS, in-dij'en-us, adj., native 
 born or originating in : produced natu- 
 rally in a country. [L. indigenTis — indu 
 or in, in, and gen, root of gigno, to pro- 
 duce.] 
 
 INDIGENT, in'di-jent, adj., in need of anj-- 
 thing : destitute of means of subsistence : 
 poor. — adv. In'digently. [Fr. — L. indi- 
 getis, -entis, pr.p. of indigeo—indu or in, 
 in, and egeo, to need.] 
 
 INDIGESTED, in-di-jes'ted, adj. not di- 
 gested : unarranged : not methodized. 
 JTi. in. not, and Digested. See Digest.] 
 
 INDIGESTIBLE, in-di-jest'i-bl, adj. not 
 digestible : not easily digested : not to be 
 received or patiently endured. — adi'. In- 
 DIGest'ibly. 
 
 INDIGESTION, in-di-jest'yun, n. want of 
 digestion : painf id digestion. [L-in, not, 
 and Digestion.] 
 
 INDIGNANT, in-dig-nant, adj. affected 
 with anger and disdain. — adv. INDIG'- 
 Nantly. [Lit. "considering as un- 
 worthy "or "improper," from L. indig- 
 nans, -antis, pr.ji. of indignor — in, not, 
 dignus, wortliy.] 
 
 INDIGNATION." in-dig-na'shun, n. the 
 feeling caused by what is unu'orthy or 
 base : anger mixed with contempt. [Fr. 
 — L. indignatio.] 
 
 INDIGNITY, in-dig'ni-ti, n. unmerited 
 
 contemptuous treatment : inci\'ility with 
 contempt or insult. [Lit. " unworthi- 
 uess," Fr. — L. indignitaa.] 
 
 INDIGO, iu'di-go, n. a blue dye obtained 
 from the stalks of the indigo or Indian 
 plant. [Fr. — Sp. indico — L. indicum, 
 from Inaicus, Indian.] 
 
 INDIRECT, in-di-rekt', adj. not direct or 
 straight : not tending to a result by the 
 plainest course : not straightforward or 
 honest. — adr.IxDiEECT'LY. — >i. iNDncECT'- 
 NESS. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Direct.] 
 
 INDISCERNIBLE, in-diz-ern'i-bl. adj. not] 
 discernible. — adv. Ixdiscern'ibly." [L. 
 in, not, and DISCERNIBLE.] 
 
 INDISCOVERABLE,in-dis-kuv'er-a-bl.afr/. 
 not discoverable. [L. in, not, and Dis-J 
 COverableJ 
 
 INDISCREET, in-dis-kret', adj. not dis- 
 creet : imprudent : injudicious. — adv. 
 Indisceeet'ly. — n. Indiscreet'ness. [Fr. j 
 — L, in, not. and Discreet.] 1 
 
 INDISCRETION, in-dis-kresh'un, v. want 
 of discretiou : rashness : an indiscreet | 
 act. 
 
 INDISCRIMINATE, in-dis-krim'i-nat, adj. 
 not distinguishing : confused. — adv. In-J 
 discrim'inately. [L. in, not, and Dis-I 
 CRnnNATE.] ' 
 
 INDISPENSABLE, in-dis-pens'a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be dispensed with : abso- 1 
 lutely necessary. — adv. Intjispens'ably. 
 — n. Indispens'ableness. [L. in, not, | 
 and Dispensable.] 
 
 INDISPOSE, in-dis-p6z', v.t. to render in-] 
 diftposed or unfit : to make averse to. 
 [Fr. — L. in. not, and Dispose.] I 
 
 INDISPOSED, in-dis-pozd'. adj. averse : 
 disinclined : slightly disordered in health. I 
 — )). Indispos'edness. 
 
 INDISPOSITION, in-dis-po-zish'un, n. 
 state of being indisjiosed : disinclination : 
 slight illness. 
 
 INDISPUTABLE, in-dis'pu-ta-bl, adj'. too ] 
 evident to be called in question : certain. 
 — adv. INDIS'PUTABLY. — n. iNDIS'FriABLE- 
 KESS. [Fr. — L. in, not, and DISPUTABLE.] ^ 
 
 INDISSOLUBLE, in-dis'ol-u-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be broken or violated : insepar- 
 able : binding for ever. — adv. Indiss'- 
 olubly. — )).s. Indiss'olubleness, Indiss- 
 OLUBiL'iTY. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Dissol- 
 uble.] 
 
 INDISTINCT, in-dis-tingkt', adj. not plainly 
 marked: confused: not clear to the mind. 
 —adv. Indistinct'ly.— Ji. Indistinct'ness. 
 [L. in, not, and DISTINCT.] 
 
 INDISTINGUISHABLE, in-dis-ting'^wish- 
 a-bl, adj. that cannot be distinguisued. — 
 adv. Indistin'guishably. 
 
 INDITE, in-dit', v.t. to dictate what is to 
 be uttered or written : to compose or 
 write.— ns. Indit'er, iNDITE'MENr. [O. 
 Fr. enditer. endieter, from root of Indict.] 
 
 INDIVIDUAL, in-di-vid'ii-al, adj. not di- 
 vided: subsisting as one; pertaining to 
 one only. — n. a single person, animal, 
 plant, or thing. — adv. Inditid'ually. 
 [L. individuus, and suffix -al — in, not, 
 dividmis. divisible — dicido, to divide.] 
 
 INDIVIDUALISM, in-di-vid'u-al-izm. n. the 
 state of regard to individual interests 
 instead of those of societv at large. 
 
 INDIVIDUALISTIC, in-di-vid'u-al-is'tik, 
 adj. of, pertaining" to, or characterized 
 by individualism : caring supremely for 
 one's self. Prof. W. R. .Smitli. 
 
 INDI^^DUALITY, in-di-vid-u-al'it.i, n. 
 separate and distinct existence : one- 
 ness : distinctive cliaracter. 
 
 INDmDUALIZE, in-di-vid'u-al-Iz, v.t. to 
 distinguish each individual from all 
 others ; to particularize. — n. iNDrviDU- 
 aliza'tion. 
 
 INDIVIDUATE. in-di-%-id'u-at, v.t. to i»- 
 dividualize : to make single. — n. iNDI* 
 vidua'tion.
 
 INDIVISIBLE 
 
 239 
 
 INEXCUSABLE 
 
 INDIVISIBLE, in-di-Wz'i-bl, adj. not 'di- 
 visible. — n. (math.) an indefinitely small 
 quantity. — adv. Lnditis'IBLY. — n. IXDI- 
 vis'lBLENESS. [Fr. — L. ill, not, and Dl- 
 
 TISIBLE.l 
 
 INDO-CHIXESE, in-do-chl'nez, adj. of or 
 pertaining to Indo-China, the south- 
 eastern peninsula of Asia, or to its peo- 
 ple or their languages. 
 
 INDOCILE, in-do'sil or in-dos'il, adj. not 
 docile : not disposed to be instructed. — 
 n. Ixdocil'ity. [Fr. — L. in, not, and 
 Docile.] 
 
 INDOCTRINATE, in-dok'trin-at, v.t. to in- 
 struct in any doctrine : to imbue with 
 any opinion.— H. Indoctrina'TIOM. [L. 
 in' into, doctriua, doctrine. See Doc- 
 trine.] 
 
 INDOLENT, in'do-lent, adj. indisposed to 
 activity. — adv. In'dolentlt. — n. In'do- 
 LEJJCE. [Lit. and orig. " free from pain " 
 or " trouble," from L. in, not, dolens, 
 -€»ifis, pr.p. ot doleo, to suffer pain.] 
 
 INDOMITABLE, in-dom'it-a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be tamed : not to be subdued. — 
 adv. Indom'itably. [L. indomitus, un- 
 tamed — in, not, domo, to tame.] 
 
 INDORSE, in-dors', v.t. tc write ujjon the 
 back of : to assign by writ.ng on the back 
 of: to give one's sanction to. — n. ISDORS'- 
 ER. [Through an old form endosse. from 
 Fr. endosser — Low L. indorso — L. in, 
 upon, dorsum, the back.] 
 
 INDORSEE, in-dor-se', n. the person to 
 whom a bill, etc., is assigned by indorse- 
 ment. 
 
 INDORSEMENT, in-dors'ment, «. act of 
 writing on the bach of a bill, etc., in order 
 to transfer it : that which is written on a 
 bill. etc. : sanction given to anything. 
 
 INDUBIOUS, in-du'bi-us, adj. not dubious : 
 certain. [L. in, not. and DrBlous.l 
 
 INDUBITABLE, in-du'bit-a-bl, adj! that 
 cannot be doubted : too plain to be called 
 in question: certain. — adv. Indu'bitably. 
 — H. Indu'BITABLENESS. [Fr.— L. indubi- 
 tabilis — in, not, dubito, to doubt. See 
 Doubt.] 
 
 INDUCE, in-diis', v.t. to prevail on : to 
 cause : (jfliysicn) to cause, as an electric 
 state, by mere proximity ^' surfaces. — 
 n. Induc'er. [L. induco, inductum — iti, 
 into, duco, to lead.] 
 
 INDUCED, in-diist', p. and adj. caused by 
 Induction. — Induced current, in elect. 
 one excited by the presence of a primary 
 current. — Induced magnetism, magnet- 
 ism produced in soft iron when a magnet 
 is held near, or a wire, through which a 
 current is passing, is coiled round it. 
 
 INDUCEMENT, in-dus'ment, n. that which 
 induces or causes : {luw) a statement of 
 facts introducing other important facts. 
 
 INDUCIBLE, in-dus'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 induced : offered by induction. 
 
 INDUCT, in-dukt', i'.t. (lit.) to bring in : 
 to introduce : to put in possession, as of 
 a benefice. — n. Induct'or. [See IN'DUCE.] 
 
 INDUCTILE, in-duk'til. adj. that cannot 
 be drawn out into wire or threads. — n. 
 'Inductil'ity. 
 
 INDUCTION, in-duk'shun, n. introduction 
 to an office, esp. of a clergyman : the 
 act or process of reasoning from particu- 
 lars to generals : ( physics) the produc- 
 tion by one body of an opposite electric 
 state in another by proximity. — adj. In- 
 duc'tional. [See Induce.] 
 
 INDUCTIVE, in-dnk'tiv, adj., leading or 
 dratving : leading to inferences : proceed- 
 ing by induction in reasoning. — adv. IN- 
 duc'tively. 
 
 INDUE, in-du', v.t. to put on, as clothes: 
 to invest or clothe with : to supply with: 
 — jir.p. indu'ing ; pa.}}, indued'. — n. In- 
 DUe'ment. [L. indue, indnere, to put on.] 
 
 INDUE, in-du', v.t. a corr. of Endue (which 
 
 see), which has been very generally con- 
 fused with In'DUE, to invest with. 
 
 INDUTiGE, in-dulj', v.t. to j-ield to the 
 wishes of : to allow, as a favor : not to 
 restrain, as tlie will, etc. — v.i. to allow 
 one's self. — n. Indulg'er. [See INDUL- 
 GENT.] 
 
 INDULGENCE, in-dul'jens, n. permission : 
 gratification : in R. Catholic Church, a 
 remission, to a repentant sinner, of pun- 
 ishment which would otherwise await 
 him in purgatory. [Fr.] 
 
 INDULGENT, in-dufjent, adj. j-ielding 
 to the wishes of others : compliant : not 
 severe. — adv. Indul'GENtly. [Fr. — L. in- 
 dulgens, -entis, pr.p. of indalgeo, which 
 perh. is from in, towards, and dulcis, 
 
 SWGPt 1 
 
 INDURATE, in'du-rat, v.t. to harden, as 
 the feelings. — v.i. to grow hard: to hard- 
 en. ^n. Indura'tion. [L. induro, indu- 
 ratum — in, in, duro, to harden — durus, 
 hard.] 
 
 INDUSIAL, in-du'zi-al, adj. (geol.) com- 
 posed of indusia, or the petrified larva- 
 cases of insects. 
 
 INDUSIUM, in-du'zi-um, n. (bot.) a sort of 
 hairj- cup inclosing- the stigma of a 
 flower : the scale covering the fruit-spot 
 of ferns. [Lit. " an under garment ;" L. 
 — induo."] 
 
 INDUSTRIAL, in-dus'tri-al, adj. relating 
 to or consisting in industry. — adv. Indus- 
 trially. 
 
 INDUSTRIALISM, in-dus tri-al-izm, n. de- 
 votion to labor or industrial pursuits : 
 that system or condition of society in 
 which industrial labor is the chief and 
 most characteristic feature, opp. to feu- 
 dalism and the military spirit. 
 
 INDUSTRIOUS, in-dus'tri-us. adj. diligent 
 or active in one's labor : laborious : dili- 
 gent in a particular pursuit. — adv. Indus'- 
 TRIOUSLY. [Fr. — L. ; perh. from indu, 
 old form of in, within, and struo, to build 
 up, to arrange.] 
 
 INDUSTRY, in'dus-tri, n. quality of being 
 industrious : steady application to labor : 
 habitual diligence : applied also to oc- 
 cupations and various classes of manu- 
 facturing ; as, the iron and steel industry, 
 etc. 
 
 INDWELLING, in'dwel-ing, adj., dwelling 
 within. — n. residence within, or in the 
 heart or soul. [E. In, within, and Dwell- 
 ing.] 
 
 INEBRIATE,in-e'bri-at, v.t. to make drunk: 
 to intoxicate. [L. inebrio, inebriatum 
 — in, inten., ebrio, to make drunk — ebri- 
 us, drunk. See Ebriety.] 
 
 INEBRIATION, in-e-bri-a'shun, INEBRI- 
 ETY, in-e-bri'e-ti, n. drunkenness : in- 
 toxication. 
 
 INEBRIOUS, in-e'bri-us, adj. drunken or 
 causing drunkenijess : intoxicating. 
 "With inebrious fumes distract our 
 brains.'' — Tom Brown. 
 
 INEDITED, in-ed'it-ed, adj. not edited: un- 
 published. [L. in. not, and Edited.] 
 
 INEFFABLE, in-ef'a-bl, adj. that cannot 
 be spoken or de.scribed. — adv. INEFF'- 
 ABLY. — )i. Ineff'ablen'Ess. [Fr.— L. in- 
 effaltilis — in, not, effabilis — effor, to 
 speak, to utter — ef, for ex, out, fari, to 
 speak.] 
 
 INEFFACEABLE, in-ef-fas'a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be rubbed out. — adv. InefFaCe'- 
 ably. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Efface- 
 
 ABLE.] 
 
 INEFFECTn'E, in-ef-fek'tiv, adj. ineffi- 
 cient: useless. — adv. Ineffec'tively'. [L. 
 in, not, and Effective.] 
 
 INEFFECTUAL, in-ef-fek'tu-al, adj. fruit- 
 less. — adv. Ineffec'tually. — n. Inef- 
 fec'tualness. 
 
 INEFFECTUALITY, in-ef-fek-tu-al'i-ti, n. 
 something powerless or unable to px'o- 
 
 duce the proper effect. "A vague aurora- 
 borealis, and brilliant ineffectuality." — 
 Carlyle. 
 
 INEFFICACIOUS, in-ef-fi-ka'shus, adj. not 
 having power to produce an effect. — adv. 
 Ineffica'ciously. 
 
 ES'EFFICACY, in-ef'fi-ka-si, n. want of 
 effieacv or power to produce effect. 
 
 INEFFICIENT, in-ef-fish'ent, adj. effecting 
 nothing. — adv. Ineffic'iently. — n. Is- 
 efficiency. 
 
 INELEGANCE, in-el'e-gans, INELE- 
 GANCY, in-el'e-gan-si, n. want of ele- 
 gance : want of beauty or polish. 
 
 INELEGANT, in-el'e-gant, adj. wanting 
 in beauty, refinement, or ornament. — 
 adv. Inel'egantly. [L. in, not, and 
 Elegant.] 
 
 INELIGIBLE, in-el'i-ji-bl, adj. not capable 
 or worthy of being chosen. — adv. iKEh'- 
 igibly.— "(i. Ineligibil'ity. [Fr. — L. in, 
 not. and Eligible.] 
 
 INELOQUENCE, iu-el'o-kwens, n. the state 
 or quaUty of being ineloquent : want of 
 eloquence : habit of not speaking much. 
 '• To us, as already liinted, the Abbot's 
 eloquence is less admirable than his in- 
 eloquence, his great invaluable talent of 
 silence." — Carlyle. 
 
 INELOQUENT, in-el'o-kwent, adj. not 
 fluent or persuasive. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Eloquent.] 
 
 INEPT, in-ept', adj. not apt or fit : unsuit- 
 able : foolish : inexpert. — adv. Inept'LY. 
 — n. Inept' itude. [Fr. — L. ineptus — in, 
 not, aptus, apt. See Apt.] 
 
 INEQUALITY, iu-e-kwol'i-ti, n. want of 
 equality : difference : inadequacy : in- 
 competency: unevenness : dissimilarity. 
 [Fr.— L. in, not, and Equality,] 
 
 INEQUITABLE, in-ek'wi-ta-bl, adj. un- 
 fair, unjust. [L. in, not, and Equita- 
 ble.] 
 
 INEQUITY, in-ek'wi-ti, li. unfairness ; in- 
 justice. •Habitually, if we trace party 
 feehng to its sources, we find on the one 
 side maintenance of and on the other 
 opposition to some form of inequity." 
 — H. Spencer. 
 
 INERADICABLE, in-e-rad'i-ka-bl, adj. not 
 able to be eradicated or rooted out. — 
 adv. In'ERad'icably". [L. in, not, and 
 root of Eradicate.] 
 
 INERT, in-ert', adj. dull : senseless : inac- 
 tive : slow : without the power of mov- 
 ing itself, or of active resistance to mo- 
 tion : powerless. — adv. Inert'ly. — n. 
 Inert'ness. [Lit. without art or skill, 
 from L. iners, inertis — in, not, and ars, 
 artis. art. See Art.] 
 
 INERTIA, ia-er'shi-a, n., inertness: the 
 inherent propertj- of matter by which it 
 tends to remain forever at rest wlien 
 still, and in motion when moving. 
 
 INESCAPABLE, in-es-kap'a-bl, adj. not 
 to be eluded or escaped from : inevitable. 
 '■ Within the clutch of inescapable an- 
 guish." — George Eliot. 
 
 INESSENTIAL, in-es-sen'shal, adj. not es- 
 sential or necessary. [L. in, not, and 
 Essential.] 
 
 INESTIMABLE, iu-es'tim-a-bl. adj. not 
 able to be estimated or valued : price- 
 less. — adv. Int:s'ti.mably. [Fr. — L. in, 
 not. and ESTIMABLE.] 
 
 INEVITABLE, in-ev'it-a-bl, adj. not abl« 
 to be evaded or avoided : that cannot 
 be escaped : irresistible. — adv. Inev'ita- 
 BLY.— ?i. Inev'itableness. [Fr.— L. in- 
 evitabilis — in. not, and evitabilis, avoid- 
 able — evito, to avoid — e, out of, and vito, 
 to avoid.] 
 
 INEXACT, in-egz-akt', adj. not precisely 
 correct or true. — n. Inexact'ness. [L. 
 in. not, and Exact.] 
 
 INEXCUSABLE, in-eks-kuz'a-bl, adj. not 
 justifiable : unpardonable. — adv. INEX-
 
 INEXHAUSTED 
 
 240 
 
 INFLEXIBLE 
 
 CCS' ABLY. — n. Inexctjs'ableness. [Fr.— 
 L. -in, not, and EXCUSABLE.] 
 
 INEXHAUSTED, in-egz-hawst'ed, adj. not 
 exhausted or spent. [L. in, not, and Ex- 
 hausted.] 
 
 INEXHAUSTIBLE, in-egz-hawst'i-bl, adj. 
 not able to be exhausted or spent : un- 
 faihng.— arfr. Inexhaust'ibly.— ?i. Inex- 
 haustibil'ity.] 
 
 tNEXORABLE, in-egz'or-a-bl, adj. not to 
 be moved by entreaty : unrelenting : un- 
 alterable. — adi: Inex'orably. — ns. Inex'- 
 orableness, Inexorabil'ity. [Fr. — L. 
 •ine.vorahilix—in, not, and exorabilis, from 
 exoro—e^i; and oro, to entreat, from os, 
 oris, the mouth.] 
 
 iNEXPANSIBLE, in-eks-pans'i-bl. adj. in- 
 capable of being expanded, dilated, or 
 diffused. Prof Tyndall. 
 
 INEXPECTABLE, in-eks-pekt'a-bl, adj. not 
 to be expected : not to be looked for. 
 " What inexpectable, unconceivable mer- 
 cv."—Bp. Hall. 
 
 INEXPECTANT, in-eks-pekt'ant, adj. not 
 expecting : not waiting : not looking for. 
 "Loverless and ine-vpectant of love." 
 — Charlotte Bronte. 
 
 INEXPEDIENT, in-eks-pe'di-ent, adj. not 
 *«nding to promote any end : unfit : in- 
 convenient. — adv. Inexpe'diently. — ns. 
 Inexpe'dience, Inexpe'diency. [Fr.— L. 
 in, not. and EXPEDIENT.] 
 
 INEXPENSIVE, in - eks - pens ' iv, adj. of 
 slight expense. 
 
 INEXPERIENCE, in-eks-pe'ri-ens, n. want 
 of experience. [Fr. — L. in, not, and EX- 
 PERIENCE.] 
 
 INEXPERIENCED, ineks-pe'ri-enst, adj. 
 not having experience : unskilled or un- 
 practiced. 
 
 (INEXPERT, in-eks-pert', adj. unskilled.— 
 ji. Inexpert'n'ess. [L. in, not, and Ex- 
 pert.] 
 
 INEXPIABLE, in-eks'pi-a-bl, adj. not able 
 to be expiated or atoned for. — adv. Inex'- 
 PIABLY. — n. Inex'piablen-ess. [Fr. — L. 
 in, not. and Expiable.J 
 
 INEXPLICABLE, in-eks'pli-ka-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be explained : unintelligible. — 
 adv. Inex'pucably. — ns. Inexpucabil'- 
 ITY, Inex'pucableness. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Explicable.] 
 
 INEXPLICIT, in-cks-plis'it, adj. not clear. 
 [L. in. not, and Explicit.] 
 
 INEXPRESSIBLE, in-eks-pres'i-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be expressed : unutterable : 
 indescribable —rtdv. Inexpress'ibly. [L. 
 in. not, and Expressible.] 
 
 INEXPRESSIVE, in-eks-pres'iv, adj. not 
 expressive or significant. — n. Inexpress'- 
 
 fY Ji'MTTCC 
 
 ENEXTINGUISHABLE, in-eks-ting'gwish- 
 a-bl, adj. that cannot be extinguished, 
 quenched, or destroyed. — adv. Inextin'- 
 guishably. [Prefix in-, not, and Extin- 
 
 GtnSHABLE.] 
 
 INEXTRICABLE, in-eks'tri-ka-bl, adj not 
 able to be extricated or disentangled. — 
 adv. Inex'tricably. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Extricable.] 
 
 INFALL, in'fawl, n. an incursion : an in- 
 road. Carlyle. 
 
 INFALLIBLE, in-fal'i-bl, adj. incapable of 
 error : trustworthy : ce"tain. — adv. IN- 
 fall'ibly.— H. Infallibil'ity. [Fr. — L. 
 in, not, and I?allible.] 
 
 INFAMOUS, in'fa-mus, adj., of ill fame or 
 bad report : having a reputation of the 
 worst kind: publicly branded with guilt: 
 notoriously ^^le : disgraceful. — adv. In*- 
 famouslyI [Prefix in-, not, and Fa- 
 
 MOUSj 
 
 INFAMY, in'fa-mi, n., ill fame or repute : 
 public disgrace: extreme vileness. 
 
 INFANCY, in'fan-si, n. the state or time of 
 being an infant : childhood : the begin- 
 ning of anything: inexpressiveness: want 
 
 of utterance: inability to speak. "So 
 darkly do the Saxon Annals deliver their 
 meaning with more than wonted in- 
 fancy. " — Milton . 
 
 INFANT, in'fant, n. a babe: in tote, a person 
 under 21 years of age, though for many 
 purposes both boys and girls attain their 
 majority at 18. — adj. belonging to infants 
 or to infancy : tender : intended for in- 
 fants. [L. iiifans, -antis, that cannot 
 speak — in, not. and/<()is. pr.p. olfari, to 
 speak, Gr. phemi. See Fame.] 
 
 INFANTA, in-fan'ta, n. a. title given to a 
 daughter of the kings of Spain and Por- 
 tugal, except the heiress-apparent. [Sp., 
 from root of Infant.] 
 
 INFANTE, in-fan'ta, n. a title given to any 
 son of the kings of Spain and Portugal 
 except the heir-apparent. [Sp., from root 
 of Infant.] 
 
 INFANTICIDE, in-fant'i-sTd, n., infant or 
 child murder : tlie murderer of an infant. 
 — adj. Infant'icidal. [Fr.^ — L. infantici- 
 diuni — in fans, and ccedo, to kill.] 
 
 INFANTILE. in'fant-Il or-il, INFANTINE, 
 in'fant-In or -in, adj. pertaining to infancy 
 or to an infant. 
 
 INFANTRY, in'fant-ri, n. foot-soldiers. 
 [Fr. infanterie — It. infanteria — infante, 
 fante, a, child, a servant, a foot-soldier, 
 foot-soldiers being formerly the servants 
 and followers of knights.] 
 
 INFATUATE, in-fat'ii-at. v.t. to roeike fool- 
 ish : to affect with folly : to deprive of 
 judgment : to inspire with foolish pas- 
 sion : to stupefy. — n. Infatua'tion. [L. 
 infatiio, -aium — in, and fatmis, foolish.] 
 
 INFATUATE, in-fat'u-at, adj., infatuated 
 or foolish. 
 
 INFECT, in-fekt', v.t. to taint, especially 
 with disease: to corrupt: to poison. [Lit. 
 "to dip anything into," from Fr. infect 
 — L. infieio,'infectum — in, into, and /acio, 
 to make.] 
 
 INFECTION, in-fek'shun, n. act of infect- 
 ing : that which infects or taints. 
 
 INFECTIOUS, in-fek'shus, INFECTIVE, 
 in-fek'tiv, adj. ha^^ng the quality of in- 
 fecting : corrupting : apt to spread. — 
 adv. Infec'tiously" — n. lNFEC''nousNESs. 
 
 INFELICITOUS, in-fe-lis'i-tus, adj. not 
 felicitous or happy. [L. in, not, and 
 Felicitous.] 
 
 INFELICITY, in-fe-lis'i-ti, n. want of fe- 
 licity or happiness : misery : misfortune: 
 unfavorableness. 
 
 INFER, in-fer', v.t. to deduce: to derive, as 
 a consequence : — pr.p. inferr'ing ; pa.p. 
 inferred'. [Fr. — L. infero — in, into, and 
 fero. to bring.] 
 
 INFERABLE, in-fer'a-bl, INFERRIBLE, 
 in-fer'i-bl, adj. that may be inferred or 
 deduced. 
 
 INFERENCE, in'fer-ens, n. that which is 
 inferred or deduced : conclusion : conse- 
 quence. 
 
 INFERENTIAL, in-fer-en'shal, adj. dedu- 
 cible or deduced by inference. — adv. In- 
 feren'tially. 
 
 INFERIOR, in-fe'ri-ur, adj., lotcer in any 
 respect : subordinate : secondary. — n, 
 one lower in rank or station : one 
 younger than another. [Fr. — L. infe- 
 rior, conip. of inferus, low.] 
 
 INFERIORITY, in-fe-ri-or'i-ti, n. the state 
 of being inferior : a lower position in any 
 respect. 
 
 INFERNAL, in-fcr'nal. adj. belonging to 
 the lower regions or hell : resembling or 
 suitable to hell : devilish. — adv. Infer'- 
 nally. [Fr. — L. inferniis — inferus.] 
 
 INFERTILE, in-fer'til. adj. not productive: 
 barren. — n. Intertil'ity. [L. ii2, not, and 
 Fertile.] 
 
 INFEST, in-fest', v.t. to disturb : to harass. 
 [Fr. — L. infesto, from infestus, hostile. 
 
 from in and an old verb fendere, to 
 strike, found in of-fendere, de-fendere.] 
 
 INFIDEL, in'fi-del, (((//.. unbelieving : scep- 
 tical: disbelieving Cliristianity: heathen. 
 — n. one who withholds belief, esp. from 
 Christianity. [Fr. — L. injidelis — in, not, 
 fidelis. faithful— _/ides, faith.] 
 
 INFIDELITY, in-fi-del'i-ti, »i., want of 
 faith or belief : disbelief in Christianity : 
 unfaithfulness, esp. to the marriage con- 
 tract : treachery. 
 
 INFILTRATE, in-fil'trat, v.t. to enter a 
 substance by filtration, or through its 
 pores. — n. Infiltra'tion, the process of 
 infiltrating, or the substance infiltrated. 
 [L. in, in, and Filtrate.] ' 
 
 INFINITE, in'fin-it, adj. without end or 
 limit : without bounds : (math.) either 
 greater or smaller than any quantity 
 that can be assigned. — adv. In'finitely. 
 — ?(,'In'finite, that which is infinite : the 
 Infltiite Being or God. [L. in, not, and 
 
 Ft NTT B.] 
 
 INFINITESIMAL, in-fin-i-tes'im-al, adj. 
 infinitely small. — n. an inflnitelj' small 
 quantity. — adv. Infinites'imally. 
 
 INFINITIVE, in-fin'it-iv, adj. (lit.) unlim- 
 ited, unrestricted : (gram.) the mood of 
 the verb which expresses the idea with- 
 out person or number.— adt". Infin'itite- 
 LY. [Fr. — L. infinitivus.] 
 
 INFINITUDE, in-fin'i-tud, INFINITY, in- 
 fin'i-ti, n. boundlessness: immensity: 
 countless or indefinite number. 
 
 INFIRM, in-ferm'. adj. not strong : feeble : 
 sickly : weak : not solid : irresolute : im- 
 becile. [L. in, not, and Firm.] 
 
 INFIRMARY, in-ferm'ar-i. n. a hospital or 
 place for the infirm. [Fr. — Low L. in- 
 firmaria.] 
 
 INFIRMITY, in-ferm'it-i, n. disease: fail- 
 ing : defect : imbecility. 
 
 INFIX, in-flks', v.t. to fix in: to drive or 
 fasten in : to set in by piercing. [L. in, 
 in, and Fix.] 
 
 INFLAME, in-flam', v.t. to cause to flame: 
 to cause to burn : to excite : to increase : 
 to exasperate. — v.i. to become hot, pain- 
 ful, or angry. [Fr. — L. in, into, and 
 Flame.] 
 
 INFLAMMABLE, in-flam'a-bl. adj. that 
 may be burned : combustible : easily 
 kindled.— n. Inflamslibil'ity.— adr. Ix- 
 flamm'ably. 
 
 INFLAMMATION, in-flam-a'shun, n. state 
 of being in flame : heat of a part of the 
 body, with pain and swelling: violent 
 excitement : heat. 
 
 INFLAMMATORY, in-flam'a-tor-i, adj. 
 tending to inflame: inflaming : exciting. 
 
 INFLATE, in-fiat', r.f. to swell with air: 
 to puff up. — adv. Inflat'ingly. [L. inflo, 
 inflatum — in, into, and^o, to blow, with 
 which it is cog.] 
 
 INFLATION, in-fla'shun, n. state of being 
 puffed up : in finance, the increased is- 
 sue of a paper currency, not warranted 
 bv the security and other circumst.nnces. 
 
 INf'LATUS, in-fla'tus, n. a bloiring or 
 breathing into : inspiration. [L.] 
 
 INFLECT, in-flekt', v.t. to bend m : to turn 
 from a direct line or course : to modu- 
 late, as the voice : (gram.) to vary in the 
 terminations. [L. inflecto — in, in, and 
 fleeto,fle.rum, to bend.] 
 
 INFLECTION, in-flek'shun, n. a bending 
 or deviation : modulation of the voice : 
 (gram.) the varying in termination — adj. 
 Inflec'tional. * 
 
 INFLECTIVE, in-flekt'iv, adj. subject to 
 inflection. 
 
 INFLEXED, in-flekst', adj., bent inward: 
 bent : tiu-ned. 
 
 INFLEXIBLE, in-fleks'i-bl, adj. that can- 
 not be bent : unyielding : unbending.— 
 ns. Inflexibil'ity, Intlex'ibleness.—
 
 INFLEXION 
 
 241 
 
 INITIAL 
 
 adv. Intlex'ibly. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 
 Flexible.] 
 INFLEXION. Same as Inflection. 
 iNFLEXTUEE, in-fleks'ur, n. a bend or 
 
 foUI. 
 iNFLICT, in-flikt', v.t. to lay on : to im- 
 
 |)cl^e, as punishment. jXit. " to strike 
 
 ajrainst," L. in, against, and fligo, to 
 
 strike. J 
 .NFLICTION, in-flik'shun, n. act of in- 
 
 tli. ting- or imposing: punishment ap- 
 
 jilied. 
 
 INKLICTIVE, in-flikt'iv, adj. tending or 
 able to inflict. 
 
 INFLORESCENCE, in-flor-es'ens. n. char- 
 acter or mode of flowering of a plant. 
 [Fr. — ^L. inflorescens — infloresco. to begin 
 to blossom. See Florescence.] 
 
 INFLUENCE, in'floo-ens, n. power exerted 
 on men or things : power in operation : 
 authority. — v.t. to affect : to move : to 
 direct. [Orig. a term in astrology, the 
 power or virtue supposed to flow from 
 
 Elanets upon men and things : Fr. — Low 
 I. infliientia — L. in, into, and fliio, to 
 flow.] 
 
 INFLUENTLA-L, in-floo-en'shal, adj. hav- 
 ing or exerting influence or power over. 
 — adv. Intxuen'tially. 
 
 INFLLTENZA, in-floo-en'za, n. a severe 
 epidemic catarrli, accompanied with 
 weakening fever. [It. — L., a by-form of 
 Influence, which see.] 
 
 INFLUX, iu'fluks, n. a floiving in : infu- 
 sion : abundant accession. [L. injluxus 
 — influo.'] 
 
 INFOLD, in-fold', v.t. to inwrap : to in- 
 volve : to embrace. [E. In, into, and 
 Fold.] 
 
 INFORM, in-for.-n', v.t. to give/o7*m to : to 
 animate or give life to : to impart knowl- 
 edge to : to tell. [Fr. — L. in, into, and 
 Form.] 
 
 INFORMAL, in-forn^'al, adj. not in proper 
 form : irregular.— adr. Inform' ally. — n. 
 Informal'ity. [L. in, not, and Formal.] 
 
 INFORMANT, in-form'ant, n. one who in- 
 forms or gives intelligence. 
 
 INFORMATION, in-for-ma'shun, n. intel- 
 ligence given : knowledge : an accusa- 
 tion given to a magist- ite or court. 
 
 INFORMER, in-form'e"-, n. one who in- 
 forms against another for the breaking 
 of a law. 
 
 INFRACTION, in-frak'shun, n. violation, 
 esp. of law. [Fr. — L. infraetio — in, in, 
 and frango, fractus, to break. See 
 Fraction.J 
 
 INFRANGIBLE, in-fran'ji-bl, a(^. that 
 cannot be broken: not to be violated. 
 
 — ?!S. INFRANGIBIL'ITY, iNTRAN'aiBLENESS. 
 
 [See Infraction.] 
 
 I^IFREQUENT, in-fre'kwent, adj. seldom 
 occurring : rare : uncommon. — adv. In- 
 fre'qtje.ntly. — n. Infre'quenoy. [L. in, 
 not, and Frequent.] 
 
 INFRINGE, in-frinj', v.t. to violate, esp. 
 law : to neglect to obey. [Lit. to " break 
 into," from L. infringo — in, and/rowgro.] 
 
 INFRINGEMENT, iu-frinj'ment, n. breach: 
 violation : non-fulflllnaent. 
 
 INFURIATE, in-fu'ri-at, v.t. to enrage : to 
 madden. [L. in, and furio, -atutn, to 
 ;iiadden—/M ro, to rave.] 
 
 INFUSE, in-fuz', v.t. to pour into: to in- 
 spire with : to introduce : to steep in 
 liquor without boiling. [Fr. — L. in, into, 
 fundo, fiisum, to pour.] 
 
 INFUSIBLE, in-fuz'i-bl, adj. that cannot 
 be dissolved or melted. [L. in, not, and 
 Fusible.] 
 
 INFUSION, in-fu'zhun, .i. the pouring of 
 water, whether boiling or not, over any 
 substance, in order to extract its active 
 qualities : a solution in water of an 
 organic, esp. a vegetable substance : the 
 liquor so obtained: inspiration: instilling. 
 P 
 
 INFUSORIA, in-fQ-so'ri-a, n.pl. microscopic 
 animalcula found in infusions of animal 
 or vegetable material exposed to the at- 
 mosphere. [L.] 
 
 INFUSORLAL, in-fu-so'ri-al, INFUSORY, 
 in-fu'sor-i, adj. composed of or containing 
 infusoria. 
 
 INGATHERING, in'gsith-ev-ing, n. the 
 collecting and securing of tiie fruits of 
 the earth : harvest. [E. In and Gather- 
 ing.] 
 
 INGENIOUS, in-je'ni-us, adj. of good nat- 
 ural abilities : skillful in inventing : 
 showing ingenuity : witty. — adv. Inge'- 
 NIOUSLY. — n. Inge'NIOUSNESS. [Fr.— L. 
 ingeniosus — ingeniuni, mother-wit, from 
 in, and gen, root of gigno, to beget.] 
 
 INGENUITY, in-jen-u'i-ti, n. power of 
 ready invention : facility in combining 
 ideas : curiousness in design. [Orig. 
 meant "ingenuousness ;" L. ingenuitas 
 — ingenuiis.'] 
 
 INGENUOUS, in-jen'u-us, adj. frank: 
 honorable : free from deception. — adv. 
 Ingen'uously. — n. Ingen'uousness. [Lit. 
 "free-born, of good birth ;" L. ingenmis.] 
 
 INGLORIOUS, in-glo'r-i-us, adj. not glori- 
 ous ; without honor : shameful. — adv. 
 Inglo'riously. — n. Inglo'eiousness. [Ft. 
 — L. in, not, and Glorious.] 
 
 INGOT, in'got, n. a mass of unwrought 
 metal, esp. gold or silver, cast in a 
 mould. [Lit. "something poured in," 
 from A.S. in, in, and goten, pa.p. of 
 geotan, to pour ; cog. with Ger. giessen, 
 Goth, gjidan, and L. fu-n-do, fud-i, to 
 pour. The Ger. ein-guss is an exact 
 parallel to ingot.'] 
 
 INGRAFT, in-graff, v.t. to graft or insert 
 a shoot of one tree into another : to in- 
 troduce something foreign : to fix deeply. 
 [Fr. — L. in, into, and Graft.] 
 
 INGRAFTMBNT, iu-graft'ment, n.,ingraft- 
 ing: the thing ingrafted : a scion. 
 
 INGRAIN, in-gran', v.t. (orig.) to dye in 
 grain (meaning with grain), that is, coch- 
 ineal : hence, to dye of a fast or la.sting 
 color : to dye in the raw state : to infix 
 deeply. [L. in, into, and see Grain.] 
 
 INGRATE, in'grat, adj. unthankful. [Fr. 
 — L. ingratus.'] 
 
 INGRATIATE, in-gra'shi-at, v.t. to com- 
 mend to grace or favor (used reflexively, 
 and followed by ivith) : to secure t&e 
 good-will of another. [L. in, into, and 
 gratia, favor. See Grace.] 
 
 INGRATITUDE, in-grat'i-tud, n. unthank- 
 f ulness : the return of evil for good. [Fr. 
 — L. in, not, and Gratitude.] 
 
 INGREDIENT, in-gre'di-ent, n that which 
 enters into a compound : a component 
 part of anything. [Fr. — L. ingrediens, 
 -entis, pr.p. of ingri-dioi — in, into, and 
 gradior, to walk, to enter. See Grade 
 and Ingress.] 
 
 iNGRESS, in'gres, n., entrance : power, 
 right, or means of entrance. [L. Ingres- 
 sus — ingredior.] 
 
 INGUINAL, ing^gwin al adj. relating to 
 the groin. [L. inyuiunlis — inguen, in- 
 guinis, the groin.] 
 
 INGULF, in-gulf, v.t. to swallow up whol- 
 ly, as in a gulf: to cast into a gulf : to 
 overwhelm. — n. InguLF'ment. [E. IN 
 and Gulf.] 
 
 INGURGITATE, in-gur'ji-tat, v.t. to swal- 
 low up greedily, as in a gulf. [L. ingur- 
 gito, -atum — in, into, and gurges, a gulf, 
 whirlpool.] 
 
 INHABIT, in-hab'it, v.t. to dwell in : to 
 occupy. [Fr. — L., from in, in, and Jiab- 
 ito, to have frequently, to dwell — habeo, 
 to have. Cf. Habit.] 
 
 INHABITABLE, in-hab'it-a-bl, adj. that 
 may be inhabited. [Late L. inhabita- 
 bilis.l 
 
 INHABITANT, in-nab'it-ant, Inhab'iter 
 
 (B.), n. one who inhaoits : a resident, 
 [L. inhabitans.] 
 
 I^lHALATION, in-ha-la'shun, n. the draw- 
 ing into the lungs, as air, or fumes. 
 
 INHALE, in-hal', v.t. to draiv in the breath: 
 to draw into the lungs, as air. — j!. Inhal'- 
 ER. [L. inhalo, to breathe upon — in, \v^ 
 on, and halo, to breathe.] 
 
 INHARMONIOUS, u. har-mS'ni-us.arfj. ais 
 cordant : unmusical. — adv. Inharmo'ni 
 ously. — n. Inharmo'niousness. [P.-efla 
 in-, not, Harmonious.] 
 
 INHERE, in-her'. v.i. to stich fast : to re- 
 main firm in. [L. inha:reo — in . and hcereo, 
 to stick.] 
 
 INHERENCE, in-her'ens, INHERENCY, 
 in-her'en-si, n. a sticking fast : existence 
 in something else : a fixed state of being 
 in another bodv or substance. 
 
 INHERENT, in-fier'ent, adj., sticking fast . 
 existing in and inseparable from some- 
 thing else : innate : natural. — adv. Iv 
 her'ently. [L. inhareiis.'] 
 
 INHERIT, in-her'it, v.t. to take as heir or 
 by descent from an ancestor : to possess. 
 — v.i. to enjoy, as property. [L. in, and 
 Fr. heriter — L. heredito, to inherit. See 
 Heir.] 
 
 INHERITABLE. Same as Heritable. 
 
 INHERITANCE, in-her'it-ans, n. that 
 which is or may be inherited : an 
 estate derived from an ancestor : he- 
 reditary descent : natural gift : posses- 
 sion. 
 
 INHERITOR, in-her'it-or, n. one who in- 
 herits or may inherit : an heir : — fern. 
 Inher'itress, Inhes'itrls. 
 
 INHESION, in-he'zhun. Same as Inher- 
 ence. 
 
 INHIBIT, in-hib'it, v.t. to hold in or back : 
 to keep back : to check. [L. inlnbeo, 
 -hibitum — in, in, and habeo, to have, to 
 hold. Cf. Habit.] 
 
 INHIBITION, in-hi-bish'un, n. the act of 
 inhibiting or restraining : the state of 
 being inhibited : prohibition : a writ 
 from a higher court to an inferior judge 
 to st;iy proceedings. 
 
 INHIBITORY, in-hib'it-or-i, adj. prohibi- 
 tory. 
 
 INHOSPITABLE, in-hos'pit-a-bl, adj. af- 
 fording no kindness to strangers. — adv. 
 Inhos'pitably'. — n. Inhos'pitableness. 
 [Fr. — L. in, not, and Hospitable.] 
 
 INHOSPITALITY, in - hos - pi - tal'i - ti, n. 
 want of hospitality or courtesy to stran- 
 gers. 
 
 INHUMAN, in-hu'man, adj. barbarous : 
 cruel : unfeeling. — adv. Inhu'MANLY. 
 [Fr. — L. in, not, and Human.] 
 
 INHUMANITY, in-hu-man'i-ti, n. the 
 state of being inhuman : barbarity : 
 crueltv. 
 
 INHUMATION, in-hu-ma'shun, v. the act 
 of inhuming or depositing- in the ground: 
 burial. 
 
 INHUME, in-hum', v.t. to inter. [Fr.— L. 
 inhumo — in, in, and humus, the g^round.] 
 
 INIMICAL, in-im'i-kal, adj. like an enemy, 
 not friendly: contrary: repugnant. — 
 adv. Inim'ically. [L. inimicalis — ini- 
 viicus — in, not, and amicus, friendly— 
 amo, to love.] 
 
 INiraTABLE, m-im'it-a-bl, adj. that can 
 not be imitated : surpassingly excellent. 
 — adv. Inim'itably. [Fr. — L. in, not, and 
 Imitable.] 
 
 INIQUITOUS, in-ik'wi-tus, adj. unjust 
 unreasonable : wicked. — adv. Iniq'ui 
 
 TOUSLY. 
 
 INIQUITY, in-ik'wi-ti, 7i. want of equity 
 or fairness : injustice : wickedness : a 
 crime. [Fr. — L. inicniitas — iniquus, un- 
 equal — m, not, and cequus, equal or 
 fair.] 
 
 INITIAL, in-ish'al, adj. commencing : 
 placed at the beginning. — n. the letter
 
 INITIATE 
 
 242 
 
 INOSCULATE 
 
 beginning a word, esp. a name. — v.t. to 
 put the initials of one's name to. [L. 
 initialis — initium, a beginning, ineo, 
 initus — in, into, eo, itum, to go.] 
 
 INITIATE, in-ish'i-at, v.t. to make a begin- 
 ning : to instruct in principles: to ac- 
 quaint with : to introduce into a new 
 state or society. — v.i. to perform tiie first 
 act or rite. — n. one who is initiated. — 
 adj. fresh : unpracticed. [See Imttat,.] 
 
 INITIATION, in-ish-i-a'shun, n. act or proc- 
 ess of initiating or acquainting one with 
 principles before unknown : act of ad- 
 mitting to any society, by instructing in 
 its rules and ceremonies. 
 
 INITIATIVE, in-ish'i-a-tiv, adj. serving to 
 initiate : introductory. — n. an introduc- 
 tory step. 
 
 INITIATORY, in-ish'i-a^tor-i, adj. tending 
 to initiate : introductory. — n. introduc- 
 tory rite. 
 
 INJECT, in-iekt', v.t. to throw into : to 
 cast on. [L. injicio, injectiim — in, into, 
 jaeio, to tiirow.] 
 
 INJECTION, in-jek'shun, n. act of inject- 
 ing or throwing in or into . the act of fill- 
 ing the vessels of an animal body with 
 any liquid : a liquid to be injected into 
 any part of the body. ' 
 
 INJUDICIAL, in-joo-dish'al, adj. not ac- 
 cording to law-forms. [L. in, not, and 
 Judicial.] 
 
 INJUDICIOUS, in-joo-dish'us, adj. void of 
 or wanting in judgment : inconsiderate. 
 —adv. Injudi'ciously.— n. Injudi'cious- 
 NESS. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Judicious.] 
 
 INJUNCTION, in-jungk'shun, n. act of en- 
 joining or commanding: an order: a pre- 
 cept : exhortation : a writ of prohibition 
 granted by a court of equity. [L. injunc- 
 tio — in, and jungo, juncttim, to join.] 
 
 INJURE, in'joor, v.t. to act with injustice 
 or contrary to law : to wrong : to dam- 
 age : to annoy. [Fr. injurier — L. ire- 
 jtirior — injuria, injury — in, not, and jus. 
 Juris, law.] 
 
 INJURIOUS, in-j66'ri-us, adj. tending to 
 injure : unjust : wrongful : mischievous: 
 damaging reputation. — adv. iNJCfRIOUS- 
 LY. — n. Inju'riousness. 
 
 INJURY, in'joor-i, m. that which injures : 
 wrong : mischief: annoyance : {Jhr. Bk.) 
 insult, offence. 
 
 INJUSTICE, in-jus'tis, n. violation or with- 
 holding of another's rights or dues : 
 wrong : iniquity. [Fr. — L. injusiitia, in, 
 not, and Justice.] 
 
 INK, ingk, n. a colored fluid used in writ- 
 ing, printing, etc. — v.t. to daub with ink. 
 [O. Fr. enque (Fr. eiicre) — L. encaustum, 
 the purple-red ink used by the later 
 Roman emperors — Gr. engkauston — en- 
 gkaio, to burn in. See Encaustic] 
 
 INK-BERRY, ingk'-be-ri, n. the popular 
 name of an elegant shrub (Ilex glabra) 
 found on the Atlantic coast of North 
 America. It grows from 2 to 4 feet high, 
 has slender and flexible stems, brilliant, 
 evergreen leaves, leathery and shining 
 on the surface and of a lanceolate form, 
 and produces small black berries. 
 
 INKHOLDER, ingk'hold-er, INKSTAND, 
 ingk'stand, 7i. a vessel for holding ink. 
 
 INKHORN, ingk'horn, n. {obs.) an ink- 
 holder, formerly of horn : a portable case 
 for ink, etc. 
 
 INKING-ROLLER, ingk'ing-rol'er, n. a 
 roller covered with a composition for ink- 
 ing printing types. 
 
 INKING-TABLE, ingk'ing-ta'bl, n. a table 
 or flat surface used for supplying the 
 inking-roller with ink during the proc- 
 ess of printing. 
 
 INKLE, ingtl, v.t. to guess : to conject- 
 ure. "She turned as pale as death, . . . 
 and she inkled what it was." — R. D. 
 , Blaekmore, 
 
 INKLING, ingkling, n. a hint or whisper: 
 intimation. [From the M.E. verb to 
 inkle (for im-k-le, cog. with Ice. ym-ta, 
 to mutter, from ytn-r, a humming sound), 
 a freq. formed from an imitative base 
 -um (Sw. luim, E. Hum).] 
 
 INKY, ingk'i, adj. consisting of or resem- 
 liling ink : blackened with ink. — n. Ink'- 
 
 INESS. 
 
 INLAID, in-lad', pa. p. of Inlat, 
 
 INLAND, in'land, n. the interior part of a 
 country. — adj. remote from the sea : car- 
 ried on or produced within a country : 
 confined to a country. [A.S. inland, a 
 domain — in, and landT] 
 
 INLANDER, in'land-er, n. one who lives 
 inland. 
 
 INLAY, in-la', v.t. to ornament by laying 
 inov inserting pieces of metal, ivory, etc.: 
 —pa.p. Inlaid'. — n. pieces of metal, 
 ivory, etc., for inlaying. — ns. Inlay'ing, 
 Inlat'er. [E. In and Lay.] 
 
 INLET, in'let, n. a passage by which one 
 is let in : place of ingress : a small bay. 
 [E. In and Let.] 
 
 INLY, inii, adj., inward: secret. — adv., 
 inwardly: in the heart. [A.S. inlic — in, 
 and lie, like.] 
 
 IN5LATE, in'mat, n. one who lodges in the 
 same house with another : a lodger : one 
 received into a hospital, etc. [IN and 
 Mate.] 
 
 INMEATS, in'mets, n.pl. the interna! parts 
 of animal bodies ; the viscera : the en- 
 trails : the guts. 
 
 Get thee gone. 
 Or I shall try six inches of my knife 
 On thine own innieats first. — Sir H. Tayiof. 
 
 INMOST. See Innermost. 
 
 INN, in, n. a house for the lodging and en- 
 tertainment of travellers : a hotel : (B.) a 
 lodging : the word is seldom used in this 
 country. — Inns of Court, four societies 
 in London for students-at-law, qualifying 
 them to be called to the bar. [A..S. in, 
 inn, an inn, house — in, inn, withm, from 
 the prep, in, in ; Ice. inni, a house, inni, 
 within.] 
 
 INNATE, in'at or in-nat', adj., inborn : nat- 
 ural : inherent. — n. Inn'ateness. — adv. 
 Inn'ately. [L. innatus — innascor — in, 
 in, nascor, to be born.] 
 
 ESnSTAVIGABLE, in-nav'i-ga-bl, adj. im- 
 
 Jia-ssable by ships. — adv. Innav'iqablt. 
 Fr.— L. in, not. and Navigable.] 
 NER, in'er, adj. (comp. of In), further 
 in : interior. [A.S.] 
 INNER, in'er, n. m rifle practice, that part 
 of a target immediately outside the bull's- 
 eye, inclosed by a ring varjdng in breadth 
 according to the distance fired from ; 
 called also the Centre : a shot striking 
 that part of a target. 
 INNERMOST, in'er-most, DJMOST, in'- 
 most, adj. (superl. of In), furthest in : 
 most remote from the outer part. [A.S. 
 innemest : for the termination -most, see 
 
 AFTER3I0ST, FOREXIOST.] 
 
 INNERVE, in-er\'', v.t. to supply with force 
 or nervous energy. — n. Inner va'tion, 
 special mode of activity inherent in the 
 nervous structure, whereby the organism 
 maintains relations with external media: 
 nervous activity. [Fr. — L. in, in, and 
 Nerve.] 
 
 INNING, in'ing, n. thewigathering of grain: 
 turn for using the bat in base-ball and 
 cricket (in this sense used only in the 
 pi.) •.~pl. lands recovered from the sea. 
 [A verbal noun from old verb to inn, i.e. 
 to house corn, which is from noun Inn.] 
 
 INNKEEPER, in'kep-er, n. one who keeps 
 an inn. 
 
 INNOCENCE, in'o-sens, INNOCENCY, in'- 
 o-sen-si, n. liarmlessness: blamelessness: 
 puritv : integrity. 
 
 INNOCENT, in'o-sent, adj. not hurtful: 
 
 inoffensive : blameless : piu-e . lawful.— 
 n. one free from harm or fault. — adv. 
 Inn'ocently. [Fr. — L. innocens, -enti8~ 
 in, not, and noceo, to hurt. Cf. Noxious.) 
 
 INNOCUOUS, in-nok'u-us, ady'. not hurtful: 
 harmless in effects. — adv. Innoc'uouslYc 
 — n. Innoc'uousness. [L. innocuus.] 
 
 INNOMINABLES, in-nom'in-a-blz, w.pi. a 
 humorous euphemism for trousers : un- 
 mentionables: inexpressibles. "The lower 
 part of his dress represented iniioniinO' 
 bles and hose in one." — Southey. 
 
 INNOVATE, in 'o- vat, v.t. to introduct 
 something neiv. — t\i. to introduce novel- 
 ties : to make changes. — ns. Inn'ovator, 
 Innova'tion. [L. innovo, -novatum — in, 
 and novels, new.] 
 
 INNOXIOUS. Same as Innocuous.— ad». 
 Innox'iously. [L. in, not, and Noxious.] 
 
 INNUENDO, in-u-en'do, n. a side-hint : an 
 indirect reference or intimation. [Lit. a 
 suggestion conveyed by a nod ; L. ; it is 
 the gerund ablative of innuo — in, and 
 nuo, to nod.] 
 
 INNUMERABLE, in-nu'mer-a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be numbered : countless. — adv. 
 
 iNNTfMEEABLY. — n. INNU'MERABLENESS. 
 
 [Fi-. — L. 171, not, and Numerable.] 
 
 INNUTRITION, in-nu-trish'un, n. want of 
 nutrition : failure of nourishment. 
 
 INNUTRITIOUS, in-nu-trish'us, adj. not 
 nutritious : without nourishment. [L, 
 in, not. Nutritious.] 
 
 INOBSERVANT, in-ob-zerVant, adj. not 
 observant : heedless, jjj- *i> lot, and 
 ObservantJ 
 
 INOBTRUSIVE, in-ob-tro6'siv, adj. not ob- 
 trusive. — adv. Inobtru'sively. — Ji. Inob- 
 tru'siveness. [L. in, not, and Obtbu- 
 
 SITE.] 
 
 INOCULATE, in-olf'u-lat. v.t. to insert a,n 
 eye or bud : to ingraft : to communicate 
 disease by inserting matter in the skin 
 — v.i. to propagate by budding : to prao 
 tice inoculation. [L. inocido, -atinn — 
 in, into, and oculus, an eye. See Ocu- 
 lar.]^ 
 
 INOCULATION, in-ok-u-la'shun, n. act or 
 practice of inoculating : insertion of the 
 buds of one plant into another : the com* 
 municating of disease by inserting matter 
 in the skin. 
 
 INODOROUS, in-o'dur-us, ac^'. without 
 smell. [L. in, not, and ODOROUS.] 
 
 INOFFENSIVE, in-of-fen'siv, adj. giving 
 no offence : harmless. — adv. Inoffen- 
 sively.— n. Inoffen'siveness. [Fr.— I* 
 in, not, and Offensive.] 
 
 INOFFICIAL, in-of-fish'al, adj. not pro- 
 ceeding from the proper officer : without 
 the usual forms of authority. — adi\ IN- 
 offic'ially. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Offi- 
 cial.]^ 
 
 ESrOl'ERATIVE, in-op'er-a-tiv, a<^: not in 
 action : producing no effect. [Fr. — L. 
 in, not, and OPERATIVE.] 
 
 INOPPORTUNE, in-op-por-tun', adj. un- 
 seasonable in time. — adv. Inopportune'- 
 LY. [Fr. — L. in, not, and OPPORTUNE.] 
 
 INORDINATE, in-or'di-nat, adj. beyond 
 usual bounds : irregular : immoderate.- 
 adv. Inor'dinately. — n. Inor'dinatb- 
 NTESS. [L. in, not, and Ordinate.] 
 
 INORDINATION, in-or-di-na'shun, 7i. de 
 viation from rule : irregularity. 
 
 INORGANIC, in-or-gan'ik, adj. without 
 life or organization, as minerals, etc- 
 adv. Inorgan'ically. [Fr. — L. in^ not, 
 and Organic] 
 
 INORGANIZED, in-or'gan-izd, adj. same 
 as Inorganic. 
 
 INOSCULATE, in-os'ku-lat, v.t. and v.i. to 
 unite by mouths or ducts, as two vessels 
 in an animal body : to blend. — n. INOS- 
 cula'tion [L. in, and oscular, -atuin, to 
 kiss.]
 
 INQUEST 
 
 243 
 
 IXSPECTOK 
 
 IJJQUEST, in'kwest, n. act of inquiring : 
 search : judicial inquiry : a jurj- for in- 
 quiring into any matter, esp. anj' case 
 of violent or sudden death. [O. Fr. en- 
 queste. : see iNQtHRE. Doublet Inquiry.] 
 
 DfQUIETUBE, in-kwi'et-iid, n. disturbance 
 or uneasiness of body or mind. [Fr. — L. 
 in. not, and Quietude.] 
 
 INQUIRE, in-kwir', v.i. to ask a question : 
 to make an investigation. — vA. to ask 
 about : to make an examination regard- 
 ing. — n. Inquib'er. [L. inquiro — in, and 
 qucero, quoesitum, to seek.] 
 
 INQUIRING, in-kwTr'ing, adj. given to in- 
 quiry. — adv. iNQUm'lNGLY. 
 
 INQUIRY, in-kwl'ri, n. act of inquiring : 
 search for knowledge : investigation : a 
 question. [Doublet Inquest.] 
 
 INQUISITION, in-kwi-zish'un, n. an in- 
 quiring or searching for : investigation : 
 judicial inquiry : formerly a tribunal in 
 some Catholic countries for examining 
 and punishing hei-etics. [Fi'. — L. in- 
 qitisitio ; see INQUIRE.] 
 NQUISITIONAL, in-k\vi-zish'un-al, adj. 
 making inquiry : relating to the Inqui- 
 sition. 
 
 INQUISITIVE, in-kwiz'i-tiv, adj., searching 
 into : apt to ask questions : curious.^ 
 adv. Inquis'itively. — n. Inquis'itive- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 INQUISITOR, in-kwiz'i-tur, n. one who 
 inqni>'es : an official inquirer : a member 
 of the Court of Inquisition. — adj. InqUI- 
 sito'rial. — adv. Inquisito'mally. [L.] 
 
 INROAD, in'rod, n. a riding into an enemy's 
 country : a sudden or desultory invasion: 
 
 . attack : encroachment. [E. In, into, and 
 RoadJ^ 
 
 INRUSH, in'rush, n. a sudden Invasion or 
 incursion : an irruption. " The ceaseless 
 inru.ih of new images." — Kingsley. "Mor- 
 decaiwasso possessed by the new inrush 
 of belief that he had forgotten the ab- 
 sence of any other condition to the fulfill- 
 ment of his hopes." — George Eliot. 
 
 INSAJUVATION, in-sal-i-va'shun, n. the 
 process of mixing the food with the saliva. 
 
 INSALUBRIOUS, in-sa-l6o'bri-us, adj. not 
 healthful : unwholesome. — n. InsaLU'- 
 brity. [L. in, not, and Salubrious.] 
 
 INSANE, iu-san', adj. not sane or of sou7id 
 mind : mad : pertaining to insane persons: 
 utterly unwise. — adv. Insake'ly. [L. in, 
 not, and Sane.] 
 
 INSANITY, in-san'i-ti, n. want of sanitj' : 
 state of being insane : madness. 
 
 INSATIABLE, in-sa'shi-a-bl, INSATIATE, 
 in-sa'shi-at, adj. that cannot be satiated 
 or satisfied. — adv. Insa'tiably. — ns. In- 
 sa'txableness, Insatiabil'ity. [Fr. — ^L. 
 in. ncft, Satiable, Satiate.] 
 
 INSCRIBE, in-skrib', v.t. to ivrite upon : to 
 engrave, as on a monument : to address: 
 to imprint deeply : (geom.) to draw one 
 figure within another. — n. Inscrib'er. 
 [L. in.icribo, inscriptus — in, upon, and 
 .^cribo. to write.] 
 
 INSCRIPTION, in-skrip'shun, n. a writing 
 upon: that which is inscribed : title : ded- 
 ication of a book to a person. [See In- 
 scribe.] 
 
 INSCRIPTrVE. in-skrip'tiv, adj. bearing an 
 inscription : of the character of an in- 
 scription. 
 
 INSCRUTABLE, in-sln-oot'a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be scrutinized or searched into 
 and understood : inexplicable. — adv. In- 
 scrut'ably. — ns. Inscrutabil'ity, In- 
 scrut'ableness. [Fr.— L. inserutabilis — 
 in, not, and scrutor, to search into.] 
 INSECT, in'sekt, n. a small animal, as a 
 wasp or fly, with a body as if cut in the 
 middle, or divided into sections : anj'- 
 thing small or contemptible. — adj. like 
 an insect : small : mean. [Fr. — L. in- 
 
 seotum, pa.p. of inseco — in, into, and 
 seco, to cut.] 
 
 INSECTILE, in-sek'tU, adj. having the 
 nature of an insect. 
 
 INSECTION, in-sek'shun, n. a cutting in : 
 incision. 
 
 INSECTIVOROUS, in-sek-tiv'or-us, adj., 
 devouring or living on insects. [L. mi- 
 .'iectum, and voro, to devour.] 
 
 INSECURE, in-se-ktir', adj. apprehensive 
 of danger or loss : exposed to danger or 
 loss. — adv. Insecuee'ly. — n. Insecur'- 
 ity. [L. in, not, and Secure.] 
 
 INSENSATE, in-sen'sat, adj. void of sense : 
 wanting sensibility : stupid. [L. insen- 
 satus — in, not, and sensatus, from sensus, 
 feeling.] 
 
 INSENSIBLE, in-sen'si-bl, adj. not having 
 feeling : callous : dull : imperceptible by 
 the senses. — adv. Insen'sibly. — n. Insen- 
 sibil'ity. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Sen- 
 sible.] 
 
 INSENSIBLIST, in-sens'i-blist, n. one in- 
 susceptible of emotion or passion : one 
 who is apathetic or who affects apathy. 
 "Mr. Meadows . . . since he commenced 
 insensiblist, has never once dared to be 
 pleased." — Miss Bumey. 
 
 INSENTIENT, in-sen'shi-ent, adj. not hav- 
 ing perception. [L. in, not, and Senti- 
 ent.] 
 
 INSEPARABLE, in-sep'ar-a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be separated. — adv. Insep'ar- 
 A3LY. — ns. Insep'arableness, Insepar- 
 abil'ity. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Separa- 
 ble.] 
 
 INSERT, in-sert', v.t. to introduce into : to 
 put in or among. [L. in, and sero, sertum, 
 to join.] 
 
 INSERTION, in-ser'shun, n. act of insert- 
 ing : condition of being inserted : that 
 which is inserted. 
 
 INSESSORIAL, in-ses-so'ri-al, adj. having 
 feet (as birds) formed for perching or 
 climbing on trees. [L. insessor, from in- 
 sideo. insessum — in, on, and sedeo. to sit.] 
 
 INSEVERABLE, in-sev'er-a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be severed or separated. [L. in, 
 not, and Severable.] 
 
 INSHEATHE, in-she<7i', v.t. to put or hide 
 in a sheath. [E. In and Sheathe.] 
 
 INSHORE, in-shor', adv., on or near the 
 shore. [E. In and Shore.] 
 
 INSHRINB, in-shrin'. Same as Enshrine. 
 
 INSICCATION, in-sik-ka'shun, n. act of 
 drying in. [L. in, in, and sicco, siccatum, 
 to dry.] 
 
 INSIDfe, in'sid, n. the side or part mthin. 
 — adj. being within : interior. — adv. or 
 prep, within the sides of : in the interior 
 of. [E. In and Side.] 
 
 INSIDIOUS, in-sid'i-us, adj. watching an 
 opportunity to insnare : intended to en- 
 trap: treacherous. — adv. Insid'iously. — 
 n. Insid'iousness. [Lit. " sitting in 
 wait," from Fr. — L. insidiosus — insidice, 
 an ambush — insideo — in, sedeo, to sit.] 
 
 INSIGHT, in'sit, n., sight into: view of the 
 interior : thorough knowledge or skill : 
 power of acute observation. [E. IN and 
 Sight.] 
 
 INSIGNIA, in-sig'ni-a, n.pl., signs or 
 badges of office or honor : marks by 
 which anything is known. [L., pi. of 
 insigne, from in, and signum, a mark.] 
 
 INSIGNIFICANT, in-sig-nifi-kant, adj. 
 destitute of meaning : without effect : 
 unimportant : petty. — adv. Insionif'i- 
 cantly. — ns. Insignif'icance, Insignif'i- 
 cancy. [L. in, not, and Significant.] 
 
 INSIGNIFICATIVE, in-sig-nif'i-ka-tiv, adj. 
 not significative or expressing by exter- 
 nal signs. 
 
 INSINCERE, in-sin-ser', adj. deceitful: dis- 
 sembling : not to be trusted : unsound. — 
 ad r. Insincere'ly. — n. Insincer'ity. [Fr. 
 — L. t'w, not, SlNCEEK.] 
 
 INSINUATE, in-sin'u-at, v.t. to introdime 
 gently or artfully : to hint, esp. a fault : 
 to work into favor. — v.i. to creep or flow 
 in : to enter gently : to obtain access by 
 flattery or stealth. — n. Insin'uator. [L. 
 insinuo, -atuni — in, and sinus, a curve, 
 bosom.] 
 
 INSINUATING, in-sin'u-at-ing, adj. tend- 
 ing to insinuate or enter[gently : insensi- 
 bly winning confidence. — adv. Insin'uaT' 
 
 INPLY. 
 
 INSINUATION, in-sin-u-a'shun, n. act of 
 insinuating : power of insinuating : that 
 which is insinuated : a hint, esp. convey- 
 ing an indirect imputation. 
 
 INSINUATIVE, in-sin'fl-a-tiv, adj., insiniu- 
 ating or stealing on the confidence : using 
 insinuations. 
 
 INSIPID, in-sip'id, adj., tasteless: wanting 
 spirit or animation : dull. — adv. Insip^ 
 idly. — ns. Insip'idness, Insipid'ity, want 
 of taste. [Fr. — L. insipidus — in, not, 
 sapidus, well-tasted — sapio, to taste.] 
 
 INSIST, in-sist', v.i. to dwell on in dis- 
 course : to persist in pressing. — n. IN- 
 sist'ence. [Fr. — L. in, upon, sisto, to 
 stand.] 
 
 INSNARE. in-snar*, v.t. to catch in a 
 snare : to entrap : to take by deceit : to 
 entangle. [E. In, and Snare.] 
 
 INSOBRIETY, in-so-brl'e-ti, n. want of 
 sobriety : intemperance. [Prefix in-, 
 not, and Sobriety.] 
 
 INSOLATE, in'so-lat, v.t. to expose to the 
 sun's rays. [L. in, in, and sol, the sun.] 
 
 INSOLATION, in-so-la'shun, n. the act or 
 condition of being heated by the sun. 
 "The comparative calmness of the at- 
 mosphere, the clearness of the skj', the 
 dryness of the air, and the strong in- 
 solation which took place under these 
 circumstances." — Eiicyc. Brit. [L. Pre- 
 fix in. and sol, the sun.] 
 
 INSOLENT, in'so-lent, adj. haughty and 
 contemptuous : insulting : rude. — adv. 
 In'solently. — n. In'solence. [Lit. "un- 
 usual," Fr. — L. insolens — in, not, solens, 
 pr.p. of soleo, to be accustomed.] 
 
 INSOLIDITY, in-so-hd'i-ti, n. want of so- 
 lidity : weakness. [Prefix in-, not, and 
 
 SOUDITY.] 
 
 INSOLUBLE, in-sol'u-bl, adj. not capable 
 of being dissolved : not to be solved or 
 explained. — ns. Insolubil'ity, Insol'u- 
 bleness. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Soluble.] 
 
 INSOLVABLE, in-solv'a-bl, adj. not solva- 
 ble : not to be explained. [L. in, not, 
 and Solvable.] 
 
 INSOLVENT, in-solVent, adj. not able to 
 pay one's debts : pertaining to insolvent 
 persons. — n. one who is unable to pay 
 his debts.— »i. Insolv'ency. [L. in, not, 
 and Solvent.] 
 
 INSOMNIA, in-som'ni-a, n. sleeplessness. — 
 adj. Inso.m'nious. [L. insoninis, sleep- 
 less.] 
 
 INSOMNOLENCE, in-som'n5-lens, w. sleep- 
 lessness : insomnia. Southey. [L. in- 
 somnia, sleeplessnsss.] 
 
 INSOJIUCH, in-so-much', adi\ to such a 
 degree : so. [IN, So, MUCH.] 
 
 INSPAN, in-span', v.t. to yoke draught- 
 oxen or horses to a vehicle. [E. In, and 
 Span, a yoke of oxen.] 
 
 INSPECT, in-spekt', v.t. to look into: to 
 examine : to look at narrowly : to super- 
 intend. [L. inspecto, freq. of inspicio, 
 inspectum — in, into, and specio, to look 
 or see.] 
 
 INSPECTION, in-spek'shun, n. the act of 
 inspecting or looking into : careful or 
 official e.xamination. 
 
 INSPECTOR, in-spekt'ur, n. one who looks 
 into or oversees : an examining officer : 
 a superintendent. — n. Insfect'oeship, 
 the office of an inspector.
 
 INSPIRABLE 
 
 INSPIRABLE, in-splr'a-bl, adj. able to be 
 inhaled. 
 
 INSPIRATION, in-spi-ra'shun, n. the act 
 of inspiriDg or breathing into : a breath : 
 the divine influence by which tlie sacred 
 writers were instructed : superior elevat- 
 ing or exciting influence. 
 
 INSPIRATORY, in-splr'a-tor-i or in'spir-a- 
 tor-i, adj. belonging to or aiding inspira- 
 tion or inhalation. 
 
 INSPIRE, in-spir', v.t. to breathe into: to 
 draw or inhale into the lungs : to iilfuse 
 by. breathing, or as if by breathing : to 
 infuse into the mind : to instruct by 
 diNine influence : to instruct or affect 
 with a superior influence. — v.i. to draw 
 in the breath. — n. Inspie'er. [Fr.— L. 
 inspiro — in, into, and spiro, to breathe.] 
 
 INSPIRIT, in-spir'it, v.t. to infuse spirit 
 into : to give new life to : to in%'igorate : 
 to encourage. [IN and Spirit.] 
 
 INSPISSATE, in-spis'at, v.t. to thicken by 
 the evaporation of moisture, as the 
 juices of plants. — n. Inspissa'tion. [L. 
 inspisso, -atum — in, and spissus, thick.] 
 
 INSTABILITY, in-sta-bil'i-ti, n. want of 
 stability or steadiness: want of firmness: 
 inconstancy: fickleness: mutability. [Fr. 
 — L. in, not, and Stability.] 
 
 INSTALL, mSTAL, in-stawl', v.t. to place 
 in a stall or seat : to place in an office or 
 order: to invest with any charge or ofl3ce 
 with the customary ceremonies. [Fr. — 
 Low L. — L. in, in, and Low L. stallurn, a 
 stall or seat — O. Ger. stal (Ger. stall, E. 
 Stall).] 
 
 INSTALLATION, in-stal-a'shun, n. the act 
 of installing or placing in an office with 
 ceremonies. 
 
 INSTALMENT, in-stawl'ment, n. the act 
 of installing : one of the parts of a sum 
 paid at various times : that which is pro- 
 duced at stated periods. 
 
 INSTANCE, in'stans, n. quality of being 
 instant or urgent : soUcitation : occur- 
 rence : occasion : example. — v.t. to men- 
 tion as an example or case in point. [Fr. 
 — L. instantia — instans.'] 
 
 INSTANT, in'stant, adj. pressing, urgent : 
 immediate : quick : without delay : pres- 
 ent, current, as the passing month. — n. 
 the present moment of time: any mo- 
 ment or point of time. — adv. In'stantly, 
 on the instant or moment: immediately: 
 (B.) importunately, zealously. [L. in- 
 stans, -antis, pr.p. of insto, to stand upon 
 — in, upon, sto, to stand.] 
 
 INSTANTANEOUS, in-stan-tan'e-us, adj. 
 done in an instant : momentary : occur- 
 ring or acting at once : very quickly. — 
 adv. Instantan'eously. 
 
 INSTANTER, in-stan'ter,adf. immediately. 
 [L. See Instant.] 
 
 INSTATE, in-stat', v.t. to put in posses- 
 sion : to install. [In and State.] 
 
 INSTEAD, in-sted', adv., in the stead, 
 place, or room of. [M.E. in stede — A.S. 
 on stede, in tlie place. See Stead.] 
 
 INSTEP, in'step, ?i. the prominent upper 
 part of the human foot near its junction 
 with the leg : in horses, the hindleg from 
 the ham to the pastern joint. [Prob. 
 from In and Stoop, as if sig. the "in- 
 bend " (Skeat).] 
 
 INSTIGATE, in'sti-gat, v.t. to urge on : to 
 set on : to incite. [L. instigo — in, and 
 root stig, Gr. stizo, Sans, tij, to prick. 
 See Stioma and Sting.] 
 
 INSTIGATION, in-sti-ga'shun, n. the act 
 of instigating or inciting : impulse, esp. 
 to evil. 
 
 INSTIGATOR, in'sti-gat-ur, n. an inciter 
 to ill. 
 
 INSTIL, in-stil', v.t. to dro]> into : to in- 
 fuse slowly into the mind : — pr.j). instill'- 
 ing ; pa.p. instilled'. [Fr. — L. instillo — 
 in, and stillo. to drop. See Distil.] 
 
 Hi 
 
 INSTILLATION, in-stil-a'shun, INSTIL- 
 MENT, in-stil'ment, n. the act of in- 
 stilling or pouring in by drops : the act 
 of infusing slowly into the mind : that 
 which is instilled or infused. 
 
 INSTINCT, in'stingkt, n. impulse : an in- 
 voluntary or unreasoning prompting to 
 action : the natural impulse by which 
 animals are guided apparently independ- 
 ent of reason or experience. [L. instinc- 
 tus, from instinguo, to instigate — in, and 
 stinguo — stig.'] 
 
 INSTINCT, in-stingkt', adj., instigated or 
 incited : moved : animated. 
 
 INSTINCTIVE, in-stingkt'iv, adj. prompted 
 by instinct: involuntary: acting' accord- 
 ing to or determined by natural impulse. 
 — adv. Instinct'ively. 
 
 INSTITUTE, in'sti-tut, v.t. to set up in: 
 to erect : to originate : to establish : to 
 appoint : to commence : to educate. — n. 
 anything instituted or formally estab- 
 lished: established law : precept or prin- 
 ciple : a book of precepts or prin- 
 ciples : an institution : a literary and 
 philosophical society. [Lit. to "cause" 
 to "stand up," L. instituo — in. and 
 statuo, to cause to stand — sto, to stand.] 
 
 INSTITUTION, in-sti-tu'shun, n. the act 
 of instituting or establishing: that which 
 is instituted or established : foundation : 
 established order : enactment : a society 
 established for some object : that which 
 institutes or instructs : a system of prin- 
 ciples or rules. 
 
 INSTITUTIONAL, in-sti-tu'shun-al, IN- 
 STITUTIONARY, in-sti-tu'shun-ar-i, adj. 
 belonging to an institution : instituted 
 by authority: elementary. 
 
 INSTITUTISt, in'sti-tut-ist, n. a writer of 
 institutes or elementary rules. 
 
 INSTITUTIVE, in'sti-tut-iv, adj. able or 
 tending to institute or establish : depend- 
 ing on an institution. 
 
 INSTRUCT, in-strukt', v.t. to prepare : to 
 inform : to teach : to order^or command. 
 — n. Instrcct'or :— /e/H. Instruct'ress. 
 [Lit. to " put in order," L. instruo, in- 
 structum — in, and striio, to pile up, to set 
 in order.] 
 
 INSTRUCTIBLE, in-strukt'i-bl, adj. able to 
 be instructed. 
 
 INSTRUCTION, in-struk'shun, n. the act 
 of instructing or teaching : information : 
 command. 
 
 INSTRUCTIVE, in-strukt'iv, adj. contain- 
 ing instruction or information : convey- 
 ing knowledge. — adv. Instruct'ively. — 
 1!. Instruct'iveness. 
 
 INSTRUMENT, in'stroo-ment, n. a tool or 
 utensil : a machine producing musical 
 sounds : a writing containing a contract : 
 one who or that which is made a means. 
 [Lit. " that which instructs " or " builds 
 up," Fr. — L. instrumentum — instruo. See 
 Instruct.] 
 
 INSTRUMENTAL, in-stroo-ment'al, adj. 
 acting as an instrument or means : serv- 
 ing to promote an object : helpful : be- 
 longing to or produced by musical instru- 
 ments. — adi: Instrument' ALLY. — n. In- 
 strumental'ity", agency. 
 
 INSTRUMENTALIST, in-stroo-ment'al-ist, 
 n. one who plays on a musical instrument. 
 
 INSTRUMENTATION, in - stroo - men - ta'- 
 shun, )i. (music) the arrangement of a 
 composition for performance by different 
 instruments : the playing upon musical 
 instruments. 
 
 INSUBJECTION, in-sub-jek'shun, n. want 
 of subjection or obedience. [Prefix in-, 
 not, and Subjection.] 
 
 INSUBORDINATE, in-sub-or'din-at, adj. 
 not subordinate or submissive : disobe- 
 dient. — n. Insubordina'tion. [In, not, 
 and Subordinate.] 
 
 INSUFFERABLE, in-suf'er-a-bl, adj. that 
 
 INTACTIBLE 
 
 cannot be suffered or endured : uubear* 
 able: detestable. — adv. Insuff'erably. 
 [In, not, and Sufferable.] 
 INSUFFICIENT, in-suf-flsh'ent, adj. not 
 sufficient : deficient : unfit : incapable. — 
 
 ((du.lNSUFFl'CIENTLY. — ?i . InSUTFI'CIENCY. 
 
 [In. not, and Sufficient.] 
 
 INSULAR, in'su-lar, adj. belonging to an 
 island : surrounded by water. — adv. In'- 
 suLARLY-.— «. Insulak'ity, the state of 
 being insular, .[Fr. — L. insudaris — in- 
 sula, an island. See IsLE.] 
 
 INSULATE, in'su-lat, v.t. to place in a de- 
 tached situation : to prevent connection 
 or communication : (electricity) to sep- 
 arate by a non-conductor. — n. Insula'- 
 TiON. [Lit. to make an island of : from 
 L. insida.'] 
 
 INSULATOR, in'su-lat-ur, n. one who or 
 that which insulates : a non-conductor of 
 electricity. 
 
 INSULT, in-sult', v.t. to treat with indig- 
 nity or contempt : to abuse : to affront. 
 — In'sult, ?(. abuse : affront : contumely. 
 [Fr. — L. insulto — insilio, to spring at — 
 %n, upon, and salio, to leap.] 
 
 INSULTINGLY, in-sult'ing-h, adv. in an 
 insulting or insolent manner. 
 
 INSUPERABLE, in-su'per-a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be passed over : insurmountable : 
 unconquerable. — adv. Insu'PERABLY. — n. 
 Insuperabil'ity. [Fr.— L. insuperabilis 
 — in, not, sutperabilis — supero, to pass 
 over — .super, above.] 
 
 INSUPPORTABLE, in-sup-port'a-bl, adj. 
 not supportable or able to be supported 
 or endured : unbearable : insufferable. — 
 adv. Insupport'ably.— n. Insupport'a- 
 bleness. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Support- 
 able.] 
 
 INSUPPRESSIBLE, in-sup-pres'i-bl, adj. 
 not to be suppressed or concealed. [L. 
 in, not, and Suppressibi' "* 
 
 INSURABLE, in-shoor'a-b'i, .^dj. that may 
 be insured. 
 
 INSURANCE, in-shoor'ans, n. the act of 
 insuring, or a contract by which one 
 party undertakes for a payment or pre- 
 mium to guarantee another against risk 
 or loss : the premium so paid. 
 
 INSURE, in-shoor', v.t. to make sure or se- 
 cure : to contract for a premium to make 
 good a loss, as from fire, etc., or to pay 
 acertain sum on a certain event, as death. 
 — v.i. to practice making insurance. [Fr. 
 — L. in. intensive, and Sure.] 
 
 INSURER, in-shoor'er, n. one who insures. 
 
 INSURGENCY, in-sur'jen-si, n. a rising up 
 or against : insurrection : rebellion. 
 
 INSURGENT, in-sur'jent, adj.. rising up 
 or against : rising in opposition to au- 
 thority : rebellious. — n. one who rises in 
 opposition to established authority : a 
 rebel. [L. insurgens, -entis — insurgo, to 
 rise upon — in, upon, and surgo, to rise.] 
 
 INSURMOUNTABLE, in-sur-mownt'a-bl, 
 adj. not surmountable : that cannot be 
 overcome. — adv. Insurmount'ablY'. [Fr. 
 — L.. ill, not. and Surmountable.] 
 
 INSURRECTION, in-sur-rek'sliun, n. a ris- 
 ing lip or against : open and active oppo- 
 sition to the execution of the law : a re- 
 bellion.— at/js. Insurrec'tional, Insur- 
 rec'tionary. [L. insurrectio— insurgo. 
 See Insurgent.] 
 
 INSURRECTIONIST, in-sur-rek'shun-ist,n. 
 one who favors or takes part in an insur- 
 rection. 
 
 INSUSCEPTIBLE, in-sus-sep'ti-bl, adj. not 
 susceptible : not capable of feeling or of 
 being affected.— n. Insusceptibil'ity. [L, 
 in, not, and Susceptible.] 
 
 INTACT, in-takt', adj., untouched: unin- 
 jured. [L. intactus — in, not, tango, tac- 
 tus, to touch. See Tangent and Tact.] 
 
 INTACTIBLE, in-takt'i-bl, ad;.=lNTANGI- 
 ble. 
 
 »
 
 INTAGLIATED 
 
 245 
 
 INTERCONNECTION 
 
 IMTAGLIATED, in-tal'yat-ed, eujy. formed 
 
 ill intaglio : engraved. 
 
 INTAGLIO, in-tal'j-o. ((. a flgxire cut into 
 any substance : a stone or gem in which 
 the desigrn is hollowed out, the opposite 
 of a cameo. [It. — intagliare — in, into, 
 tagliare, to cut — Low L. taleo, to cut 
 twigs — L. talea, a rod, twig. See Tally 
 and De'Jail.] 
 
 INTANGIBLE, in-tan'ji-bl, ac^. not tangible 
 or perceptible to touch. — Ji-s. Intan'giblb- 
 NEss, Lntangibil'ity. — adv. Intan'oibly. 
 rSee Intact. 1 
 
 INTEGER, in'te-jer, n. that which is left 
 untouched, or undiminished, a whole : 
 {arith.) a whole number. [L. — in, not, 
 and tag, root of tango, to touch. Doublet 
 Entire.] 
 
 INTEGRAL, in'te-gral, adj., entire or whole: 
 not fractional. — n. a whole: the whole as 
 made up of its parts. — adv. In'teqrally. 
 — n. Integral calcxilus, a branch of the 
 higher mathematics. 
 
 INTEGRANT, in'te-grant, adj. making part 
 of a ivhole : necessary to form an integer 
 or an entire thing. [L. integrans, -antis, 
 pr.p. of integro.'] 
 
 INTERGRATE, in'te-grat, v.t. to make up 
 as a u-hole : to make entire : to renew. — 
 n. Inteqra'tion. [L. integro, integratum 
 — integer. See Integer.] 
 
 INTEGRITY, in-teg'ri-ti, n. {lit.) entire- 
 ness, wholeness : the unimpaired state of 
 anything : uprightness : honesty : pur- 
 ity. [See Integer.] 
 
 INTEGUMENT. in-teg'Q-raent, n. the ex- 
 ternal protective covering of a plant or 
 animal. — adj. Integumentary. [L. irv- 
 tegumentum — intego — in, upon, tego, to 
 cover.]^ 
 
 INTELLECT, in'tel-lekt, n. the mind, in 
 reference to its rational powers : the 
 thinking principle. [Fr. — ^L. intellectus 
 — intelligo, to choose between — inter, be- 
 tween, lego, to choose.] 
 
 INTELLECTION, in-tel-lek'shun, n. the 
 act of understanding : (phil.) apprehen- 
 sion or perception. 
 
 INTELLECTIVE, in-tel-lekt'iv, adj. able to 
 understand: produced or perceived by 
 the understanding. 
 
 INTELLECTUAL, in-tel-lekt'u-al, adj. of 
 or relating to the intellect or mind : per- 
 ceived or performed bj' the intellect : 
 having the power of understanding. — 
 adi: Intellect'ually. 
 
 INTELLECTUALISM, in-tel-lekt'u-al-izm, 
 n. system of doctrines concerning the in- 
 tellect : the culture of the intellect. 
 
 INTELLECTUALIST, in-tel-lekt'u-al-ist, n. 
 one wiio overrates the human intellect. 
 
 INTELLIGENCE, in-tel'i-jens. n., intelleet- 
 tial skill or knowledge : information com- 
 municated : news : a spiritua ' being. 
 
 INTELLIGENT, in-tel'i-jent. adj. having 
 intellect : endowed with the faculty of 
 reason : well-informed. — adv. Intell'- 
 igently. [L. intelligens, -entis, pr.p. of 
 intellif/o.] 
 
 INTELLIGENTIAL, in-tel-i-jen'shal, adj. 
 pertaining to the intelligence : consisting 
 of spiritual being. 
 
 INTELLIGIBLE, in-tel'i-ji-bl, adj. that 
 maybe understood : clear. — adi: Intell'- 
 IGIBLY. — n.$. InTELL'IOLBLENESS, INTELLI- 
 
 gibil'ity. 
 
 INTEMPERANCE, iu-tem'per-ans, n. want 
 of due restraint : excess of any kind : 
 habitual indulgence in intoxicating liq- 
 uor. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Te.MPERANCE.J 
 
 iNTEMPERANT, in-tem'per-ant, n. one 
 who is intemperate, especially one who 
 intemperately indulges in the use of al- 
 coholic liquors. Dr. Richardson. 
 
 INTEMPERATE, in-tem'per-at, adj. in- 
 duigmgto excess any appetite or passion: 
 given to an immoderate use of intoxicat- 
 
 ing liquors : passionate : exceeding the 
 usual degree. — adv. Intem'perately. — 
 n. Intem'perateness. 
 
 INTEND, in-tend', v.t. to fix the mind 
 upon : to design : to purpose. — v.i. to 
 have a design : to purpose. [Orig. "to 
 stretch " out or forth, M. E. entend — FV. 
 entendre — L. intendo, intent um and in- 
 tensum — in, towards, tendo, to stretch.] 
 
 INTEND ANT, in-tend'ant, n. an officer who 
 superintends. — n. Intend' ANCY, his office. 
 
 INTENDED, in-tend'ed, adj. purposed : be- 
 trothed. — ?!.an affianced lover. 
 
 INTENSATION, ;n-tens-a'shun, n. the act 
 of intensifying : a stretch : a strain. 
 " Successive intensations of their art." — 
 Carlyle. 
 
 INTENSE, in-tens', adj. closely strained : 
 extreme in degree : very severe. — adv. 
 Intense'ly. — ns. Intense'NESS. Intense'- 
 ITY. [See In'tend.] 
 
 INTENSIFY, in-tens'i-fi, v.t. to make 
 more intense. — v.i. to become intense : — 
 p^.p. intens'lfled. 
 
 Intension, In-ten'shun, n. a straining or 
 bending : increase of intensity : (logic) 
 the sum of the qualities implied by a 
 general name. 
 
 INTENSIVE, in-tens'iv, adj., stretched: 
 admitting of increase of degree : unre- 
 mitted : serving to intensify : (gram.) 
 giving force or emphasis. — adv. Intens'- 
 
 rVELY. — n. iNTENS'lYENESS. 
 
 INTENSIVE, in-tens'iv, n. something serv- 
 ing to give force or emphasis : specifl- 
 cally, in gram, an intensive particle, 
 word, or phrase. 
 
 INTENT, in-tent', adj. having the mind 
 intense or bent on : fixed with close 
 attention: diligently applied. — n. the 
 thing aimed at or intended : a design : 
 meaning. — adi\ Intent'LY. — n, Intent*- 
 NESS. JSee Intend.] 
 
 INTENTION, in-ten'shun,w. (lit.) a stretch- 
 ing of the mind towards any object : 
 fixed direction of mind : the object 
 aimed at : design : purpose. 
 
 INTENTIONAL, in-ten'shun-al, INTEN- 
 TIONED, in-ten'shund, adj., u-ith in- 
 tention : intended : designed. — ^Well (or 
 III) Intentioned, ha\iug good (or ill) 
 designs. — adv. Inten'tioxally. 
 
 INTER, in-ter', v.t. to bury -.—pr.p. interr'- 
 ing ; j)a,p. interred'. [Fr. interred — Low 
 L. interro — L. in, into, terra, the earth.] 
 
 INTERACT, in'ter-akt, v.i. to act recipro- 
 cally : to act on each other. Prof. Tyn- 
 dall. "The two complexions, or two 
 styles of mind — the perceptive class, and 
 the practical finality class — are ever in 
 counterpoise, interacting mutually." — 
 Emerson. 
 
 INTERACTION, in-ter-ak'shun, n., action 
 befnren bodies, mutual action. [L. in- 
 ter, between, and ACTION.] 
 
 INTERBRACHIAL, in-ter-bra'ki-al, adj. 
 situated between the arms or brachia. 
 " The reproductive organs . . . open by 
 orifices on the ventral surface of tlie 
 body or in the interbrachial areas." — H. 
 A. Nicholson. [L. prefix inter, and bra- 
 chium, the arm.J 
 
 INTERCALARY, in-ter'kal-ar-i, INTER- 
 CALAR. in-ter'kal-ar, adj. inserted be- 
 tween others. 
 
 INTERCALATE, in-ter'kal-at, v.t. to in- 
 sert between, as a day in a calendar. — n. 
 Intercala'tion. [L.* intercalo, -atum — 
 inter, between, calo, to call. See Cal- 
 ends 1 
 
 INTERCEDE, in-ter-sed', v.t. to act as 
 peacemaker between two : to plead for 
 one. — n. Interced'er. [Fr. — L. intercedo, 
 -cessum — inter, between, cedo, logo. See 
 Cede.] 
 
 INTERCEDENT, in-ter-sed'ent, adj. going 
 
 between : pleading for. — adv. Interced' 
 ently. 
 
 INTERCELLULAR, in-ter-sel'u-lar, adj 
 lying between cells. [L. inter, between 
 and Cellulae.] 
 
 INTERCEPT, in-ter-sept', v.t. to stop and 
 seize on its passage: to obstruct, check, 
 to interrupt communication with : to 
 cut off : (math.) to take or compre 
 hend between. — ns. Inteecept'er, In 
 tercept'or, Inteecep'tion. — adj. I.\ 
 tercept'ive. [Fr. — L. iniercipio, -ce2riun, 
 — inter, between, capio, to seize.] 
 
 INTERCESSION, in-ter-se.sh'un, n. act of 
 interceding or pleading for another. 
 
 INTERCESSIONAL, in-ter-sesh'un-al, adj. 
 containing intercession or pleading for 
 otliers. 
 
 INTERCESSOR, in-ter-ses'ur, n. one who 
 goes between: one who reconciles two 
 enemies : one who pleads for another : a 
 bishop who acts during a vacancj' in a 
 see. — adj. Intercesso'elal. 
 
 INTERCESSOEY, in-ter-ses'or-i, adj. inter- 
 ceding. 
 
 INTERCHANGE, in-ter-clianj', v.t. to give 
 and take mutually: to exchange: to suc- 
 ceed alternately. — n. mutual exchange: 
 alternate succession. [Fr. — L. inter, be- 
 tween, and Change.] 
 
 INTERCHANGEABLE, in-ter-chanj'a-bl, 
 adj. that may be interchanged : follow- 
 ing each other in alternate succession. 
 - adv. Interchange' ably. — ns. Inter- 
 change' ableness, Inteechangeabil'ity. 
 
 INTERCIPIENT, in-ter-sip'i-ent, adj., in- 
 tercepting. — n. the person or thing tiiat 
 intercepts. [L. interdpiens, -entis, pr.p, 
 of intercitiio,^ 
 
 INTERCLUDE, in-ter-klood', v.t. to sh^it 
 out from anything by something coming 
 between: to intercept : to cut off. — n. In- 
 teeclu'sion. [L. tntereludo — inter, be- 
 tween, claudo, to shut.] 
 
 INTERCOLONIAL, in-ter-kol-6'ni-al, adJ 
 pertaining to the relation existing between 
 colonies. [L. inter, between, and Colo- 
 nial.] 
 
 INTERCOLUMNIATION.in-ter-ko-lum-ni- 
 a'shun, n. (arch.) the distance between 
 columns, measured from the lower part 
 of their shafts. [L. inter, between, and 
 root of Column.] 
 
 INTERCOMMUNE, in-ter-kom-Qn'. v.t. to 
 comriune between or together. [L. inter, 
 between, and COMMUNE.] 
 
 INTERCOMMUNICABLE, in-ter-kom-un'i- 
 ka-bl, adj. that maj' be communicated 
 between or mutually. 
 
 INTERCOMMUNICATE, in-ter-kom-un'i- 
 kat, v.t. to commiinicate between or mu- 
 tual ly. — n. Intercommunica'tion. 
 
 INTERCOMMUNION, in-ter-kom-un'yun, 
 n., communion between or mutual com- 
 munion. 
 
 INTERCOMMUNITY, in-ter-kom-uu'i-ti, n. 
 mutual communication : reciprocal in- 
 tcrcoursG. 
 
 INTERCOMPLEXITY, in-ter-kom-pleks'i- 
 ti, n. a mutual involvement or entangle- 
 ment. " Intercomplexities had arisen 
 between all complications and inter- 
 weavings of descent from three original 
 strands." — De Quincey. 
 
 INTERCONNECT, in-ter-kon-nekt', v.t. U 
 conjoin or unite closely or intimately 
 " So closely interconnected and so mutu 
 ally dependent." — H. A. Nichoho)i. 
 
 INTERCONNECTION, in-ter-kon-nek shun, 
 71. the state or condition of being inter- 
 connected : intimate or mutual connec- 
 tion. " There are cases where two .'itars 
 dissemble an interconnection wliich they 
 reallv have, and other cases where they 
 simulate an interconnection which they 
 have not." — De Quincey.
 
 INTERCOSTAL 
 
 246 
 
 INTERNMENT 
 
 INTERCOSTAL, in-ter-kost'al, adj. (anat.) 
 lying between the ribs. [Fr. — L. inter, 
 between, and Costal.] 
 
 INTERCOUESE, in'ter-koi-s, h. connection 
 by dealings : couimunication : com- 
 merce : communion. [Fr. — L. inter, 
 between, and COXIRSE.] 
 
 INTERCURRENT, in-ter-kur'ent, adj., run- 
 ning between: intervening. — n. Inter- 
 curr'ence. [L. inter, between, and Cur- 
 rent.] 
 
 INTERDEPENDENCE, in-ter-de-pend'ens, 
 n. mutual dependence : dependence of 
 parts one on another. [L. inter, be- 
 tween, and Dependence.] 
 
 INTERDICT, in-ter-dikt'. v.t. to prohibit: 
 to forbid : to forbid communion. — n. 
 Interdic'tion. [L. interdico, -dictum — 
 inter, between, and dico, to say, pro- 
 nounce.] 
 
 INTERDICT, in'terdikt, n. prohioition : a 
 prohibitory decree : a prohibition of the 
 Pope restraining the clergy from per- 
 forming divine service. 
 
 INTERDICTIVE, in-ter-dikt'iv, INTER- 
 DICTORY, in-ter-dikt'or-i, adj. contain- 
 ing interdiction : prohibitory. 
 
 INTEREST, in'ter-est, n. advantage : pre- 
 mium paid for the use of money (in Com- 
 pound Interest, the interest of each 
 period is added to its principal, and the 
 amount forms a new principal for the 
 next period) : any increase : concern : 
 special attention : influence over others : 
 share : participation : a collective name 
 for those interested in any particular 
 business, measure, or the like ; as, the 
 landed interes* of the country, the ship- 
 ping interest of our principal ports. [O. 
 Fr. interest (Fr. interet) — L. interest, it is 
 profitable, it concerns — inter, between, 
 and es.se, to be. See Essence.] 
 
 INTEREST, in'ter-est, v.t. to engage the 
 attention : to awaken concern in : to ex- 
 cite (in behalf of another). [From obs. 
 interess — O. Fr. interesser, to concern — L. 
 i'nteresse.l 
 
 INTERESTED, in'ter-est-ed, adj. having an 
 interest or concern : liable to be affected. 
 — adv. In'terestedly. 
 
 INTERESTEDNESS, in'ter-est-ed-nes, n. 
 the quality or state of being interested, 
 or of having a personal interest in a 
 question or event : a regard for one's 
 own private views or profit. " I might 
 give them whaudegree of credit I pleased, 
 and take them with abatement for Mr. 
 Solmes's interestedness, if I thought fit." 
 — Richardson. 
 
 INTERESTING, in'ter-est-ing, adj. engag- 
 ing the attention or regard : exciting 
 emotion or passion. — adv. In'terest- 
 
 INGLT. 
 
 INTERFERE, in-ter-fer', v.i. to come in 
 collision : to intermeddle : to interpose : 
 to act reciprocally — said of waves, rays 
 of light, etc.— ns. Interfer'er, Inter- 
 Fer'ence. |Xit. " to strike between," 
 through O. Fr., from L. inter, between, 
 and ferio, to strike.] 
 
 INTERFLUENT, in-ter'floo-ent, INTER- 
 FLUOUS, in-ter'floo-us, adj., flowing 
 between. [L. interfluens — inter, between, 
 and /?!(o, to flow.] 
 
 INTERFOLLACEOUS, in-ter-fS-li-a'shus, 
 adj. placed between leaves. [L. inter, 
 between, and FOLIACEOUS.] 
 
 INTERFRETTED, in-ter-fret'ed, adj.,fret- 
 ted between or interlaced. [L. uUer, 
 between, and Fretted.] 
 
 INTERFUSED, in-ter-fuzd', adj., poured or 
 spread between. [L. interfusus — inter, 
 between, oxiA fimdo, to pour.] 
 
 INTERFUSION, in-ter-fu'zhun, n. a.pour- 
 ing or spreading between. 
 
 INTERIM, in'ter-im, «. time bettceen or in- 
 
 tervening : the mean time. [L. — inter, 
 between.] 
 
 INTERIOR, in-te'ri-ur, adj., inner: inter- 
 nal : remote from the frontier or coast : 
 inland. — n. the inside of anything : the 
 inland part of a country. — adv. Inte'- 
 RiORLT. [L. — comp. of interns, inward.] 
 
 INTERJACENCY, in-ter-ja'sen-si, ?(. a ly- 
 ing between : a space or region between 
 others. 
 
 INTERJACENT, In-ter-ja'sent, adj., lying 
 between : intervening. [L. inter, between, 
 and jaceo, to lie.] 
 
 INTERJECT, in-ter-jekt', v.t. to thrmv be- 
 tween : to insert. — v.i. to throw one's self 
 between. [L. inter, between, and jacto, 
 freq. of jacio, to throw.] 
 
 INTERJECTION, in - ter - jek'shun. n. a 
 throwing between : {gram.) a word thrown 
 in to express emotion. — adj. Interjec'- 
 tional. [Fr. — L. interjectio.] 
 
 INTERJUNCTION, in-ter-jungk'shun, n. a 
 junction or joining between. [L. inter, 
 between, and Junction.] 
 
 INTERKNIT, in-ter-nit', v.t. to knit to- 
 gether: to unite closely. [L. inter, be- 
 tween, and Knit.] 
 
 INTERLACE, in-ter-las', v.t. to lace to- 
 gether : to unite : to insert one thing 
 witiiin another : to intermix. — n. Inter- 
 liACE'MENT. [L. inter, between, and 
 Lace.] > 
 
 INTERLARD, in-ter-lard', v.t. to mix in, 
 as fat with lean : to diversify by mixt- 
 ure. [L. inter, between, and Lard.] 
 
 INTERLAY, in-ter-la', v.t. to lay among or 
 between. [L. inter, between, and Lat.] 
 
 INTERLEAVE, in-ter-lev', v.t. to put a 
 leaf between : to insert blank leaves in a 
 book. [L. inter, and Leaf.] 
 
 INTERLINE, in-ter-lln', v.t. to write in al- 
 ternate lines : to write between lines. 
 [L. inter, between, and Line.] 
 
 INTERLINEAR, in-ter-lin'e-ar, adj. writ- 
 ten between lines. [L. inter, between, 
 and Linear.] 
 
 INTERLINEATION, in-ter-lin-e-a'shun, n. 
 act of interlining : that which is inter- 
 lined. 
 
 INTERLINK, in-ter-lingk', r.<. to connect 
 by uniting links. [L. inter, between, 
 and Link.] 
 
 INTERLOBULAR, in-ter-lob'u-lar, adj. 
 being between lobes, [L. inter, between, 
 and Lobular.] 
 
 INTERLOCATION, in-ter-lo-ka'shun, n. a 
 placing between. [L. inter, between, and 
 Location.]^ 
 
 INTERLOCUTION, in-ter-lo-ku'shun, n. 
 conference : an intermediate decree be- 
 fore final decision. [Fr. — L. interlocutio, 
 from interloquor — inter, between, and 
 loquor, locuttis, to speak.] 
 
 INTERLOCUTOR, in-ter-lok'u-tur, n. one 
 who speaks between or in dialogue : 
 (Scotch latv) an intermediate decree be- 
 fore final decision. — adj. Intemloc'UTORY. 
 
 INTERLOPE, in-ter-lop', v.t. to intrude in- 
 to any matter in whicli one has no fair 
 concern. — n. Interlop'er. [L. inter, 
 between, and Dut. loopen, to fun ; Scot. 
 loup; E. leap.} 
 
 INTERLUDE, in'ter-lood, n. a short dra- 
 matic performance or play between the 
 play and afterpiece, or between tlie acts 
 of a play : a short piece of music played 
 between the parts of a song. [From L. 
 inter, between, Indus, play.] 
 
 INTERLUDED, in-ter-lood'ed, adj inserted 
 as an interlude : having interludes. 
 
 INTERLUNAR, in-ter-l6o'nar, INTERLU- 
 NARY, in-ter-lou'nar-i, adj. belonging to 
 the time when the moon, about to cliange, 
 is invisible. [Lit. " between the moons ; " 
 L. inter, between, and LCXAR.] 
 
 INTERMARRY, in-ter-mar'i, v.i. lo marry 
 bettceen or among : to marry reciprocally 
 
 or take one and give another in mar- 
 riage. — n. Intermarr'iage. 
 
 INTERMAXILLARY, in-ter-maks'il-ar-i, 
 adj. situated between the jawbones. [L. 
 inter, between, and MAXILLARY.] 
 
 INTERMEDDLE, in-ter-med'l, v.i. to med- 
 dle or mix with : to interpose or inter- 
 fere improperly. — n. Intermedd'ler. [Fr. 
 — L. inter, among, and Meddle.] 
 
 INTERMEDIATE, in-ter-me'di-at. INTER 
 MEDLARY, in-ter-me'di-ar-i, INTERME. 
 DIAL, in-ter-me'di-al, adjs. in tlie mid- 
 dle between : intervening. — adv. Inter- 
 me'diately. [L. inter, between, and 
 Mediate, Mediary, Medial. 
 
 INTERMEDIUM, in-ter-me'di-um, n. a me- 
 dium between : an intervening agent or 
 instrument. 
 
 INTERMENT, in-ter'ment, n. burial. [From 
 Inter.] 
 
 INTERMIGRATION, in-ter-ml-gra'shun, n. 
 reciprocal migration. [L. inter, among, 
 and Migration.] 
 
 INTERMINABLE, in-ter'min-a-bl, INTER- 
 MINATE, in-ter'min-at, adj., without ter- 
 mination or limit: boundless: endless. — 
 adv. Inter'jonably. — n. Inter'aonable- 
 NESS. [L. interminabilis — in, not, and 
 terminus, a boundary.] 
 
 INTERMINGLE, in-ter-ming'gl, v.t. or v.i. 
 to mingle or mix together. [L. inter, 
 among, and MiNGLE.] 
 
 INTERMISSION, in-ter-mish'un, n. act of 
 intermitting : interval : pause. — adj. In- 
 TERMlss'rvE, coming at intervals. 
 
 INTERMIT, in-ter-mit', v.t. to cause to 
 cease for a time : to interrupt. [L. iti- 
 termitto, -missum — inter, between, and 
 viitto, to cause to go.] 
 
 INTERMITTANCE, in-ter-mit'ens, n. tht 
 act or state of intermitting : intermis- 
 sion. Prof. Tyndall. 
 
 INTERMITTENT, in-ter-mit'ent, adj., in- 
 termitting or ceasing at intervals, as a 
 fever. — adv. InTERJUTT'INGLY. 
 
 INTERMIX, in-ter-miks', v.t. or v.i. to mix 
 among or together. [L. intsr, among, 
 
 and_SIlsJ_ 
 
 in-ter-mlks'tur, n. a 
 mixture ; something 
 
 in-ter-mun'dan, adj., 
 [L. inter, between, and 
 
 INTERMIXTURE, 
 
 mass formed by 
 
 intermixed. 
 INTERMUNDANE, 
 
 between worlds. 
 
 Mundane.] 
 INTERMURAL, in-ter-mu'ral, adj. lying 
 
 beticeen ivalls. [L. inter, between, and 
 
 Mural J^ 
 INTERMUSCULAR, in-ter-mus'ku-lar, adj. 
 
 between the muscles. [L. inter, between, 
 
 and Muscular.] 
 INTERMUTATION, in-ter-mu-ta'shun, n., 
 
 mutual change: interchange. [L. inter, 
 
 between, and Mutation.] 
 INTERN, in-tern', v.t. {mil.) to disarm and 
 
 quarter in a neutral country such troops 
 
 as have taken refuge within its frontier. 
 
 [Fr. interner. See'lNTERNAL.] 
 INTERNAL, in-ter'nal, adj. being in the 
 
 interior: domestic, as opposed to foreign: 
 
 intrinsic : pertaining to the heart : — op- 
 
 Jiosed to External. — adv. Inter'nally. 
 L. internus — inter, within.] 
 TERNATIONAL, in-ter-nash'un-al, adj. 
 pertaining to the relations between na- 
 tions. — adv. Interna'tionally. [L. inter. 
 between, and National.] 
 
 INTERNECINE, in-ter-ne'sin, adj., nmtu. 
 ally destructive : deadly. [L. inter neco-- 
 inter, between, and neco, to kill, akin to 
 Sans, root nak.} 
 
 INTERNITY, in-tern'i-ti, n. the state or 
 condition of being interior : inwardness. 
 "Tl\e inteniity of His ever-living light 
 kindled up an externity of corporea! irra- 
 diation." — Henry Brooke. 
 
 INTERNMENT, iu-tern'ment, n. the ?tat« 
 or condition of being interned : confio*
 
 INTERNODE 
 
 247 
 
 INTIMIDATE 
 
 ment, as of prisoners of war, in the in- 
 terior of a country. 
 
 INTERNODE, inter-nod, n.(bot.)ihe space 
 between two noden or points of the stem 
 from which the leaves arise. — adj. Inter- 
 no'dial. [L. internodium, from inter, be- 
 tween, and nodus, a knot.] 
 
 INTERNUNCIO, in-ter-nun'shi-o, n. a mes- 
 senger between two parties : the Pope's 
 representative at republics and small 
 courts. — acy. Internun'cial. [Sp. — L. 
 inteniuncius — inter, between, and nim- 
 cius. a messeneer.] 
 
 INTEROCEANIC, in-ter-o-she-an'ik, adj., 
 betu-een oceans. [L. inter, between, and 
 Oceanic. 1 
 
 INTEROCULAR, in-ter-ok'u-lar, adj., be- 
 ticeen the eyes. [L. inter, between, and 
 OCITLAR.l 
 
 DSTEROSSEAL, ia-ter-os'e-al, INTEROS- 
 SEUS, in-ter-o.s'e-us. adj. situated between 
 bones. [L. inter, between, and Ossblal, 
 Osseous.] 
 
 INTERPELLATION, in-ter-pel-a'shun, n. 
 a question raised during the cour.se of a 
 debate : interi'uptioQ : intercession : a 
 summons: an earnest address. — i\t. In- 
 ter'pellate, to question. [Fr. — L. in- 
 terpellatio, from interpello, interpella- 
 tum. to disturb by speaking- — inter, be- 
 tween, and petio, to drive.] 
 
 INTERPETALARY, in-ter-pet'al-ar-i, adj. 
 {bot.) between tlie petals. [L. inter, be- 
 tween, and Petal.] 
 
 INTERPETIOLAE, in-ter-pet'i-o-lar, adj. 
 {bot.) between the petioles. [L. inter, be- 
 tween, arid Petiole.] 
 
 INTERPILASTER, in - ter - pi - las'ter, n. 
 (arcli.) space between, two j)ilasters. [L. 
 inter, between, and PilaSTER.J 
 
 INTERPLANETARY, in-ter-plan'et-ar-i, 
 adj., between the planets. [L. inter, be- 
 tween, and Planet.] 
 
 INTERPLEAD, in-ter-pled', v.i. {laic) to 
 plead or discu.ss a point, happening- be- 
 tween or incidentally, before the princi- 
 pal cause can be tried. 
 
 INTERPLEADER, in-ter-pled'er, n. one 
 who interpleads : {law) a biD in equity 
 to determine to which of the parties a 
 suit, di'bt, or rent is due. 
 
 INTERPLEDGE, in-ter-plej', v.t. to pledge 
 mutually : to give and take a pledge. 
 [L. inter, between, mutually, and 
 Pledoe.] 
 
 CNTERPOLABLE, in-ter-pol'a-bl, adj. ca- 
 pable of being interpolated or inserted : 
 suitable for interpolation. De Morgan. 
 
 INTERPOLATE, in-ter'po-lat, v.t. to in- 
 sert unfairly, as a spurious word or pas- 
 sage in a book or manuscript : to cor- 
 rupt : {math.) to fill up tlie intermedi- 
 ate terms of a series. — ns. Inter'polator, 
 Interpola'tion. [L. interpolo, inter- 
 polatum. from inter, between, and polio, 
 to polisli.J 
 
 INTERPOLITY, in-ter-pol'i-ti, n. inter- 
 course of one city witli another : inter- 
 change of citizenship. "An absolute 
 sermon upon emigration, and the trans- 
 plantirig and interpolity of our species." 
 — Lord Lytton. 
 
 INTERPOSAL, in-ter-poz'al. Same as In- 
 terposition. 
 
 INTERPOSE, in-ter-poz', v.t. to place be- 
 tween ■ to thrust in: to offer, as aid or 
 services. — v.i. to come between : to medi- 
 ate : to put in by way of interruption : 
 to interfere. — n. Interpos'er. [Fr. — L. 
 infer, between, and Fr. poser, to place. 
 See Pose, n.] 
 
 INTERPOSITION, in-ter-pO-zish'un, n. act 
 of interposing: intervention : mediation: 
 anything interposed. [Fr. — inter, and 
 Position.]^ 
 
 INTERPRET, in-ter'pret, v.t. to explain 
 the meaning of : to translate into intel- 
 
 ligible or familiar terms. [Fr. — L. inter- 
 pretor, -pretatus — interjtres, from inter, 
 between, the last part of the word being 
 of uncertain origin.] 
 
 INTERPRETABLE, in-ter'pret-a-bl, adj. 
 capable of interpretation. 
 
 INTERPRETATION, in-ter-pre-ta'sliun, n. 
 act of interpreting : the sense given by 
 an interjjreter : the power of explaining. 
 
 INTERPRETATIVE, in-ter'pre-ta-tiv, adj. 
 collected by or containing- interpretation. 
 — adv. Inter'pretati v ely. 
 
 INTERPRETER, in-ter'pret-er, n. one who 
 explains betiveen two parties : an ex- 
 pounder : a translator. 
 
 INTERREGNUM, in-ter-reg'num, n. the 
 time between two reigns : the time be- 
 tween the cessation of one and the estab- 
 lisliment of another government : used 
 chiefly witli reference to monarchies. 
 [L. inter, between, regnum, rule.] 
 
 ESITERRELATION, in-ter-re-la'shun, n. 
 mutual, recij^rocal, or corresponding re- 
 lation: correlation. Fitzedward Hall. 
 
 INTERREX, in'ter-reks, n. one who rules 
 during an interregnum : a regent. [L. 
 inter, between, and rer, a king.] 
 
 INTERROGATE, in-ter'o-gat, v.t. to ques- 
 tion : to examine by asking questions. — 
 v.i. to ask questions : to inquire. — n. 
 Interr'ogator. [L. interrogo, interro- 
 gatum, from inter, between, and rogo, 
 to ask.] 
 
 INTERROGATION, in-ter-o-ga'shun, n. act 
 of interrogating : a question put : the 
 mark of a question (?), orig. the first and 
 last letters of L. queestio, a question. 
 
 INTERROGATIVE, in-ter-rog'a-tiv, adj. 
 denoting a question: expressed as a ques- 
 tion. — n. a word used in asking a ques- 
 tion. — adv. Interroo' All \' ELY. 
 
 INTERROGATORY, in-ter-rog'a-tor-i, n. a 
 question or inquiry. — adj. expressing a 
 question. 
 
 INTERRUPT, in-ter-rupt', v.t. to break in 
 between : to stop or hinder by breaking 
 in upon : to divide : to break continu- 
 ity. [L. interrumpo — inter, between, and 
 rumpo, ruptum, to break.] 
 
 INTERRUPTEDLY, in-ter-rup'ted-li, adv. 
 with interruptions. 
 
 INTERRUPTION, in-ter-rup'shun, n. act 
 of interrupting : hinderance : cessation. 
 
 INTERRUPTIVE, in-ter-rup'tiv, adj. tend- 
 ing to interrupt. — adv. Interrup'ttvely. 
 
 INTERSCAPULAR, in-ter-ska'pii-lar, adj. 
 {atiat.) between the shoulder-blades. [L. 
 inter, between, and SCAPULAR.] 
 
 INTERSCRIBE, in-ter-skrib', v.t. to write 
 between. [L. interscribo — inter, between, 
 and scribo. to write.] 
 
 INTERSECANT, in-ter-se'kant, adj. divid- 
 ing into parts : crossing. 
 
 INTERSECT, in-ter-sekt', v.t. to cutbetween 
 or asunder : to cut or cross mutually : to 
 divide into parts. — v.i. to cross each 
 other. [L. inter, between, and seco, sec- 
 tiini, to cut.] 
 
 INTERSECTION, in-ter-selr'shun, n., inter- 
 secting : {geom.) the point or line in which 
 two lines or two planes cut each other. 
 
 INTERSIDEREAL, in-ter-si-de're-al, adj. 
 situated between or among tlie stars ; as, 
 intersidereal space. 
 
 INTERSPERSE, in-ter-spers'.r.f. to scatter 
 or set here and there. — n. Intersper'sion. 
 [L. interspergo, interspersnni — inter, 
 among, xpargo, to scatter, akin to Gr. 
 speiro. to sow-.] 
 
 INTERSTELLAR, in-ter-stcl'ar, INTER- 
 STELLARY, in-ter-stel'ar-i. adj. situated 
 beyond the solar sy.stem or among the 
 stars : in the intervals between the stars. 
 [L. inter, between, and stella, a star.] 
 
 INTERSTICE, in'ter-stis or in-ter'stis, n. a 
 small space between things closely set, or 
 
 between the parts which compose a bodr, 
 — adj. Interstit'ial. [Fr.— L. intersti 
 tiuni— inter, between, and sisto, stitum, 
 to .stand.] 
 
 INTERSTRATIFIED, in-ter-strat'i-f!d, adj. 
 stratijied bettceen other bodies. [L. in- 
 ter, between, and STRATIFIED.] 
 
 INTERTEXTURE, 5n-ter-teks'iur, n. a. 
 being interwoeen. [L. inter, between, 
 and Texture.] 
 
 INTERTROPICAL, in-ter-trop'ik-al, acy., 
 beticeen the tropics. [L. inter, be-tween, 
 and Tropical.] 
 
 INTERTWINE, in-ter-twin', v.t. to tmne 
 or twist together. — v.i. to be twisted to- 
 gether : to become mutually involved. — 
 adv. Intertwin'ingly. [L. inter, to- 
 gether, and Twine.] 
 
 INTERTWIST, in-ter-twist', v.t. to tunst 
 together. — adv. Intertwist'ingly. [L. 
 inter, together, and Twist.] 
 
 INTERVAL, in'ter-val, n. time or space be- 
 tween : the distance between two given 
 sounds in music. [Lit. the space between 
 the rampart of a camp and the soldiers' 
 tents. Fr. — L. intervallum — inter, be- 
 tween, and vallum, a rampart.] 
 
 INTERVENE, in-ter-ven', v.i. to come or 
 be between : to occur between points of 
 time : to happen so as to interrupt : to 
 interpose. — v.t. to separate. [Fr. — L. in- 
 ter, between, and venio, to come.] 
 
 INTERVENTION, in-ter-ven'shun, n., in- 
 tervening: interference: mediation: in- 
 terposition. 
 
 INTERVIEW, in'ter-vu, n. a mutual view 
 or sight : a meeting : a conference : a 
 conversation with a journalist for publi- 
 cation in a newspaper. — v.t. to visit a 
 person with a view to publishing- a ro- 
 port of his conversation in the news 
 papers. [Fr. entrevue — L. inter, between 
 and View.] 
 
 INTERVITAL, in-ter-vi'tal, a<y., between 
 lives, between death and resurrection, 
 [L. inter, between, and t-ita, life.] 
 
 INTERWEAVE, in-ter-wev', v.t. to weave 
 together : to intermingle. [L. inter, to- 
 getlier, and Wea^ve.] 
 
 lOTESTACY, in-tes'ta-sy, n. the state of 
 one dying without having made a valid 
 will. 
 
 INTESTATE, in-tes'tat, adj. dying without 
 having made a valid xeill: not disposed 
 of by will. — n. a per.son who dies without 
 making a valid will. [L. intestatns — in, 
 not, and testatus — testor, to make a will.] 
 
 INTESTINAL, in-tes'tin-al, adj. pertaining 
 to the intestines of an animal body. 
 
 INTESTINE, in-tes'tin, adj., internal: con- 
 tained in the animal body : domestic : 
 not foreign. — ;;. (usually in jj?.) the part 
 of the alimentary canal that lies between 
 the stomach and the anus. [Fr. — L. in- 
 testiniis — intus, within, on the inside.] 
 
 INTHRAL, in-thrawl', v.t. to bring into 
 thraldom or bondage : to en.slave : to 
 shackle : — Jir.p. inthrall'ing ; 2^o.p. in- 
 thralled'. JE. In, into, and Thrall.] 
 
 INTHRALMENT, in-thrawl'ment, n. act of 
 intliralling or enslaving : slavery. 
 
 INTIM.VCY", in'ti-ma-si. n. state of being 
 intimate : close familiarity. 
 
 INTIMATE, in'ti-mat, adj. , Innermost : in- 
 ternal : close : closely acquainted : fa- 
 miliar. — n. a familiar friend : an associ 
 ate. — adv. In'timately. [L. ititimus. in 
 nerniost — intus, witliin.J 
 
 INTIMATE, in'ti-mat, v.t. to hint : to an- 
 nounce. [Lit. to make one intimate with, 
 L. intimo. -atnm — intus.'] 
 
 INTIMATION, in-ti-ma'sliun. n. obscure 
 notice : hint : announcement. 
 
 INTIMIDATE, in-tim'i-dst, v.t. to make 
 timid or fearful : to dispirit. [L. in, and 
 timidus, fearful — timeo, to fear.]
 
 USTTIMIDATIUN 
 
 248 
 
 INVALID 
 
 4 
 
 INTDnDATTOX, in-tim-i-da'shun, n. act 
 of intimidating : state of being intimi- 
 dated. 
 
 INTITULED, in-tit'uld. Same as Entiti^ed. 
 
 INTO, in'too, prep, noting passage inwards: 
 noting tlie passage of a thing from one 
 state to anottier : (B.) often used for 
 Unto. [Lit. coming to and going in, IN 
 and To.] 
 
 VNTOLERABILITY, in-tol-er-a-bil'i-ti, n. 
 tlie state or quality of being intolerable ; 
 unbearableness: excessive badness. "The 
 goodness of your true pun is in the direct 
 ratio of its intolerdbility." — Poe. 
 
 INTOLERABLE, in-tol'er-a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be endured.— ?j. Intol'erabieness. 
 — adv. Intol'erably. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Tolerable.] 
 
 INTOLERANT, in-tol'er-ant, adj. not able 
 or willing to endure : not enduring differ- 
 ence of opinion, esp. on questions of relig- 
 ious dogma: persecuting. — n. one opposed 
 to toleration. — adv. Intol'erajttly. — ns. 
 Intol'erance. Intolera'tion. [L. in, 
 not, and Tolerant.] 
 
 ENTOMB, in-toom'. Same as Entomb. 
 
 INTONATE, in'ton-at, v.i. to sound forth : 
 to sound the notes of a musical scale : to 
 modulate the voice. [Low L. intono, 
 -atum — L. in tonum, according to tone. 
 See Tone.] 
 
 INTONATION, in-to-na'shun, n. act or 
 manner of sounding musical notes : mod- 
 ulation of the voice. 
 
 INTONE, in-ton', v.i. to utter in ton^ : to 
 give forth a low protracted sound. — v.t. 
 to chant : to read (the church service) in 
 a singing, recitative manner. [See In- 
 tonate.] 
 
 ENTORSION, in-tor'shun, n. a tinsting, 
 winding, or bending. [L. in, and Tor- 
 sion.] 
 
 INTOXICABLE, in-toks'i-ka-bl, adj. capa- 
 ble of being intoxicated or made drunk : 
 capable of being highly elated in spirits. 
 '• If . . . the people (were) not so intoxi- 
 cable as to fall in with their brutal as- 
 sistance, no good could come of any false 
 plot." — Roger North. 
 
 INTOXICATE, in-toks'i-kat, v.t. to poison. 
 " Meat, I say, and not poison. For the 
 one doth intooneate and slay the eater, 
 the other feedeth and nourisheth him." 
 — Latimer. ■ 
 
 INTOXICATE, in-toks'i-kat, v.t. to make 
 drunk : to excite to enthusiasm or mad- 
 ness. [Lit. to drug or poison, from Low 
 L. into.vico, -atum — toxicum — Gr. toxi- 
 ko)i, a poison in which arrows were 
 dipped — toxon, an arrow.] 
 
 INTOXICATION, in-toks-i-ka'shun, n. state 
 of being drunk : high excitement or ela- 
 tion. 
 
 INTRACTABLE, in-trakt'a-bl, adj. un- 
 manageable : obstinate. — ns. Intracta- 
 bil'ity, Intract'ableness. — adv. In- 
 tract'ablt. [Fr.— L. in, not, Tract- 
 able.] 
 
 INTRA-MERCURIAI,, in-tra-mer-ku'ri-al, 
 adj. situated between Mercurj' and the 
 sun : applied to the hjrpothetical planet 
 Vulcan. 
 
 ESTTRAMURAL, in-tra-mu'ral, adj., tmtJiin 
 the walls, a-s of a citv. [L. intra, within, 
 and Mural.] 
 
 INTRANSIGENT, in-trans'i-jent, adj. re- 
 fusing to agi'ee or come to an understand- 
 ing : uncompromising : irreconcilable : 
 used especially of some extreme politi- 
 cal party. [:^r. intransigeant, from L. 
 in, not. and transigo, to transact, to come 
 to a settlement.] 
 
 ENTRAXSIGENT, in-trans'i-jent, n. an ir- 
 reconcilable person : especially one who 
 refuses to agree to some political settle- 
 ment. 
 
 INTRANSIGENTES,in-trans-i-jen'taz,n.p?. 
 
 the name given to the extreme left in the 
 Spanish Cortes, and afterwards to a very 
 advanced republican party, correspond- 
 ing to the extreme Communists of France 
 and elsewhere. The name was first used 
 in its latter sense in the Spanish troubles 
 consequent upon the resignation of King 
 Amadeus, in 1872. 
 
 INTRANSITIVE, in-tran'si-tiv, adj. not 
 passing over or indicating passing over : 
 (gram.) representing action confined to 
 the agent.— odr. Intran'sitivelt. [L. 
 in. not, and Transitive.] 
 
 INTRANSinSSIBLE, in-trans-mis'i-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be transmitted. [L. in, not, 
 and Transmissible.] 
 
 INTRANSMUTABLE, in-trans-mut'a-bl, 
 adj. that cannot be changed into another 
 substance. — n. Intransitotabil'ity. [L. 
 in. not, Transitutable.] 
 
 INTRANT, in'trant, adj., entering: pene- 
 trating. — n. one who enters, esp. on 
 some public duty. [L. intrans, -antis 
 — intra, to enter.' See Enter.] 
 
 INTRAPARIETAL, in-tra-pa-rl'et-al, adj. 
 situated or happening within walls or 
 within an inclosure : shut out from 
 public view: hence, private; as, intra- 
 parietal executions. [L. intra, and 
 paries, parietis, a wall.] 
 
 INTRENCH, in-trensh', v.t. to dig a trench 
 around : to fortify with a ditch and para- 
 pet : to furrow. — v.i. to encroach. [E. 
 In and Trench.] 
 
 INTRENCHMENT, in-trensh'ment, n. act 
 of intrenching : a trench : a ditch and 
 parapet for defence : any protection or 
 defence : an encroachment. 
 
 INTREPID, in-trep'id, adj. without trepi- 
 dation or fear: undaunted: brave.-^— ». 
 iNTREPlD'rrY, firm, unshaken courage. — 
 adv. iNTREP'roLY. [L. intrepidus — in, 
 not, and root of Trepidation.] 
 
 INTRICATE, in'tri-kat, adj. involved : en- 
 tangled : perplexed. — Jis. In'tricacy, In'- 
 tricaten-ess. — adv. In'tricately. [L. 
 intricatus — in, and tricar, to make diffi- 
 culties — tricce, hinderances.] 
 
 INTRIGLTE, in-treg*, n. a complex plot : a 
 private or party scheme : the plot of a 
 play or romance: secret illicit love. — v.i. 
 to form a plot or scheme: to carry on 
 illicit love : — pr.p. intrigu'ing ; pa.p. in- 
 trigued'. [Ft. intriguer — root of fijTRl- 
 cate.] 
 
 INTRIGUER, in-treg'er, n. one who in- 
 trigues, or pursues an object by secret 
 artifices. 
 
 INTRINSIC, in-trin'sik, INTRINSICAL, in- 
 trin'sik-al, adj. inward : essential : gen- 
 uine : inherent. — n. Intrinsical'ity. — 
 adv. Intrin'sically. [Fr. — L. intrinse- 
 ens — intra, within, and secus, following.] 
 
 INTRODUCE, in-tro-dus', v.t. to lead or 
 bring in : to conduct into a place : form- 
 ally to make known or acquainted : to 
 bring into notice or practice: to com- 
 mence : to preface. fL. introduco, -duo- 
 turn — intro, within, duco, to lead. See 
 
 DCTvE.] 
 
 INTRODUCTION, in-tro-duk'shun, n. act 
 of conducting into : act of making per- 
 sons known to each other : act of bring- 
 ing into notice or practice : preliminary 
 matter to the main thoughts of a book : 
 a treatise introductory to a science or 
 course of studv. [See INTRODUCE.] 
 
 INTRODUCTORY, in-tro-duk-tor-i, IN- 
 TRODUCTIVE, in-tro-duk'tiv, adj. serv- 
 ing to introduce: preliminary: prefatory. 
 — adv. Introduc'torily. 
 
 INTROinSSION, in-tro-mish'un, n.,sending 
 within or into : {Scot, law) intermeddling 
 with another's goods. [See INTROMIT.] 
 
 INTROMIT, in-tro-mit', v.t. to send with- 
 in : to admit : to permit to enter -.—pr.p. 
 
 intromitt'ing ; pa.p. intromitt'ed. [1» 
 intro. within, mitto, missiim, to send.] 
 INTROSPECTION, in-tro-spek'shun, «. a 
 sight of the inside or interior: self-ex- 
 amination. — adj. Introspec'tiye. [I* 
 intro, within, specio, to see.] 
 
 INTROSPECTIONIST,in-tro-spek'shun-ist, 
 n. one given to introspection : one who 
 studies the operations of his own mind, 
 
 INTROVERT, in-tro-vert', v.t. to turn iw 
 u-ard. [L. intro, within, and verto, to 
 turn.]^ 
 
 INTRUDE, in-trood'. v.i. to thrust one's 
 self in : to enter unin\'ited or unwelcome. 
 — v.t. to force in. — ?i. Intrud'er. [L. in, 
 in, trudo, to thrust.] 
 
 INTRUSION, in-troo'zhun, n. act of intrud- 
 ing or of entering into a place without 
 welcome or invitation : encroachment. 
 
 INTRUSIVE, in-troo'siv, adj. tending or 
 apt to intrude : entering- without Wel- 
 come or right. — adv. Intru'sively. — n, 
 Intru'siveness. 
 
 INTRUST, in-trust', v.t. to give in trust: 
 to commit to another, trusting his fidel- 
 ity. [E. In, in, and Trust.] 
 
 INTUITION, in-tu-ish'un, n. the power of 
 the mind by which it immediately per- 
 ceives the truth of things without rea- 
 soning or analysis : a truth so perceived. 
 — adj. Intci'tional. [Lit. a looking 
 upon or into, L. in, into or upon, and 
 tuitio — tueor, tuitus, to look. See Tui- 
 tion and Tutor.] 
 
 INTUI'TIVE, in-tu'i-tiv, adj., perceived or 
 perceiving by intitition : received or 
 known by simple inspection. — adv. In- 
 tu'ittvely. 
 
 INTUMESCENCE, in-tu-mes'ens, n. the 
 action of swelling : a swelling : a tumid 
 state. [Ft. — L. in, and tumesco, -cens- 
 tumeo. to swell.] 
 
 Same as Entwinb 
 Same as Extwist. 
 
 INTWINE. in-twin'. 
 [In and Twine.] 
 
 INTWIST, in-twist', 
 [In and Twist.] 
 
 ESlUMBRATE, in-um'brat, v.t. to cast a 
 shadoiv upon : to shade. [L. inumbro, 
 inumbratum — in, and umbra, to shade — 
 ■umbra, a shadow.] 
 
 INUNDATE, in-un'dat or in'-, v.t. to jlow 
 vpoii or over in u-aves (said of water) : 
 to flood : to fill with an overflowing 
 abundance. — n. Inunda'tion, act of in- 
 undating : a flood : an overflowing. [L., 
 from inundo, -atum — in, and undo, to 
 rise in waves — undo, a wave.] 
 
 INURE, in-Qr', v.t. to use or practice hab- 
 itually: to accustom : to harden. — v.i, 
 {laic) to come into use or effect : to 
 serve to the use or benefit of. [From 
 in, and an old word ure (used in the 
 phrase, "to put in ure" — i.e. in opera- 
 tion), which is from O. Fr. ovre. cure 
 (Fr. oeurre, work) — L. opera, work : the 
 same word ure is found in mamire, which 
 see.] 
 
 INUREMENT, in-ur'ment, n. act of ium-- 
 ing : practice. 
 
 INURN. in-urn', v.t. to replace in an urn: 
 to entomb, to bury. [L. in, in. and 
 Urn.] 
 
 DnjTILITY, in-fi-til'i-ti, n. want of util'ty: 
 uselessness: unprofitableness. [Fr — I* 
 in, not, and Utility.] 
 
 INVADE, in-vad', v.t. to enter a country 
 as an enemy : to attack : to encroach 
 upon : to violate : to seize or fall upon. 
 — n. Invad'er. [Fr. — L. invado, invasum 
 — in, and vado, to go. See Wade.] 
 
 INVALID, in'va-lid, adj. not valid or 
 strong : infirm : sick. — n. one wlio is 
 weak : a sickly person : one disabled for 
 active serxnce, esp. a soldier or sailor. — 
 v.t. to make invalid or affect with dis- 
 ease : to enrol on the list of invalids.
 
 INVALID 
 
 249 
 
 IOTA 
 
 [Ft. iiivalide — L. iitvalidus — in, not, and 
 I'alidus. strong. See Valid.] 
 
 IXVALID, in-vai'id, adj. not sound: weak: 
 without value, weight, or cogency: hav- 
 ing no effect: void: null. [Fr. — L. in, 
 not, and Valid.] 
 
 INVALIDATE, in-val'id-at, v.t. to render 
 invalid : to weaken or destroy the force 
 of.— li. Ijtvalida'tion. 
 
 tNVALIDITY, in-val-id'i-ti, n. want of co- 
 gency : want of force. 
 
 INVAiiUABLE, in-val'u-arbl, adj. that can- 
 not be valueil . priceless. — adi\ Inval'U- 
 ABLY. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Valuable.] 
 
 INVARIABLE, in-va'ri-a-bl, adj. not vari- 
 able : without variation or change : un- 
 alterable : constantly in the same state. 
 
 — arfl'.lNTA'RIABLY. — ((.INVa'RIABLENESS. 
 [Fr. — L. in, not. and VARIABLE.] 
 
 INVASION, in-va'zhun, n. the act of in- 
 vading : an attack : an incursion : an at- 
 tack on the rights of another : an en- 
 croachment : a violation. See Invade.] 
 
 INVASIVE, in-va'siv, adj. making inva- 
 sion : aggressive : infringing another's 
 rights. 
 
 INVECTIVE, in-vek'tiv, n. a severe or re- 
 proachful accusation brought against a.ny 
 one : an attack with words : a violent 
 utterance of censure : sarcasm or satire : 
 — adj. railing: abusive: satirical. [See 
 Inveigh.] 
 
 [NVECTIVENESS, in-vek'tiv-nes, n. the 
 quahi,y of being invective or vituperar 
 tive : abusiveness. "Some wonder at his 
 ini-eetiveness ; I wonder more that he in- 
 veigheth so little." — Fuller. 
 
 INVEIGH, in-va, v.i. to attack with words : 
 to rail against : to revile. [Lit. to carry 
 or bring against, L. inveho, inrectum — in, 
 and veho. to carry. See Vehicle.] 
 
 i(NVEIGLE, in-ve'gl, v.t. to entice: to se- 
 duce : to wheedle. [Ety. dub. ; prob. a 
 corr. of Fr. areugle, blind — L. ab, with- 
 out, oculus, the eye ; therefore perh. {lit.) 
 " to hoodwink."] 
 
 INVEIGLEMENT, in-ve'gl-ment, n. an en- 
 ticing' : an enticement. 
 
 INVENT in-vent', I'.t. to devise or contrive: 
 to make: to frame: to fabricate: to forge. 
 [Lit. to come upon : Fr. — L. invenio, in- 
 ventum — in, upon, andi'enio, to come.] 
 
 INVENTION, in-ven'shun, n. that which 
 is invented: contrivance: a deceit: power 
 or faculty of inventing : ability displayed 
 by any invention or effort of the imagi- 
 nation. 
 
 INVENTIVE, in-vent'iv, adj. able to invent: 
 ready in contrivance.— adf. Invent'IVELY. 
 — n. "Invent'iveness. 
 
 INVENTOR. INVENTER, in-vent'ur, n. 
 one who ini^ents or finds out something 
 new : — fern. Invent'ress. 
 
 INVENTORY, in'ven-tor-i, n. a catalogue 
 of furniture, goods, etc. — v.t. to make an 
 inventory or catalogue of. [Fr. invent- 
 aire — L. inventarium, a list of the things 
 found. See Invent.] 
 
 INVERSE, in-vers', adj., inverted: in the 
 reverse or contrary order : opposite. — 
 adv. Inverse'ly. 
 
 INVERSION, in-ver'shun, n. the act of 
 ini-erting ; the state of being inverted : a 
 change of order or position. 
 
 INVERT, in-vert', v.t. to twn in or about : 
 to turn upside down : to reverse : to 
 change the customary order or position. 
 [L. inverto. inversum — in, and verto, to 
 turn. See Verse.] 
 
 INVERTEBRAL. in-vert'e-bral, INVERT- 
 EBRATE, in-vert'e-brat, adj. without a 
 vertebral column or backbone. — n. IN- 
 vert'ebrate, an animal destitute of a 
 skull and vertebral column. [L. in, not, 
 and Vertebrate.] 
 
 INVERTEDLY, in-vert'ed-li, adi). in an 
 inverted or contrary manner. 
 
 INVEST, in-vest', v.t. to put vesture on, to 
 dress : to confer or give : to place in of- 
 fice or authority: to adorn : to surround : 
 to block up : to lay seige to : to place, as 
 property in business : to lay out money 
 on. [L. investio, -itum — in, on, unAvestio, 
 to Clothe. See Vest.] 
 
 ESrVESTIGABLE, in-vest'i-ga-bl, adj. able 
 to be investigated or searched out. 
 
 INVESTIGATE, in-vest'i-gat, v.t. {lit.) to 
 trace the vestiges or tracks of : to search 
 into : to inquire into with care and ac- 
 curacy. [L. investigo, -aium — in, and 
 vestigo. to track. See Vestige.] 
 
 ESIVESTiGATION, in-vest-i-ga'shun, n. 
 act of investigating or examining into : 
 research : study. 
 
 INVESTIGATIVE, in-vest'i-ga-tiv, IN- 
 VESTIGATORY, in-vest'i-ga-tor-i, adj. 
 promoting or given to investigation. 
 
 INVESTIGATOR, in-vest'i-ga-tur, n. one 
 who investigates or examines into. 
 
 INVESTITURE, in-vest'i-tur, n. the act or 
 the right of investing or putting in pos- 
 session : specifically, in the Old World, 
 the right claimed by temporal rulers of 
 investing bishops with authority within 
 their dominions. The word is little used 
 in the affairs of this country, in any 
 sense. 
 
 INVESTMENT, in-vest'ment, n. the act of 
 investing : a blockade : the act of sur- 
 rounding or besieging : laying out money 
 on : that in which anything is invested. 
 
 INVETERATE, in-vet'er-at, adj. firmly 
 established by long continuance : deep- 
 rooted : violent. — adv. Invet'erately. 
 — ns. Invet'erateness, Invet'eracy, 
 firmness produced by long use or con- 
 tinuance. [Lit. groirn old, L. im^etero, 
 -atum, to grow old — in, and vetus, veteris, 
 old. See Veteran.] 
 
 XNVIDIOUS, in-vid'i-us, adj. likelj; to incur 
 or provoke iU-will : likely to excite envy, 
 enviable. — adv. Invid'iously. — n. Invid'- 
 lOUSNESS. [L. invidiosus — invidia. See 
 Envy.] 
 
 INVIGORATE,' in-vig'or-at, v.t. to give 
 vigor to : to strengthen : to animate. — n. 
 Invigora'tion, the act or state of being 
 invigorated. [L. in, in, and Vigor.] 
 
 INVINCIBLE, in-vin'si-bl, adj. that cannot 
 be overcome : insuperai)le. — adv. Invin'- 
 Cibly. — ns. Invin'cibleness, Invincibil'- 
 ity. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Vincible.] 
 
 INVIOLABLE, in-vT'ol-a-bl, adj. that can- 
 not be profaned : that cannot be injured. 
 —adv. Invi'olably.— )!. Inviolabil'ity. 
 [Fi'. — L. in, not, and Violable.J 
 
 INVIOLATE, in-vl'o-lat, INVIOLATED, 
 in-vi'o-lat-ed, adj. not violated : unpro- 
 faned : uninjured. [L.] 
 
 INVISIBLE, in-viz'i-bl, adj. not visible or 
 capable of being seen. — adi\ Invis'IBLY. 
 — ns. Invisibil'ity, Invis'ibleness. [Fr. 
 — L. in, not, and Visible.] 
 
 INVITATION, in-vit-a'shun, n. the act of 
 inv iting : an asking or solicitation. 
 
 INVITE, in-vit', v.t. to a.sk : to summon: 
 to allure : to attract. — v.i. to ask in in- 
 vitation. — n. Invit'er. [Fr. — L. invito, 
 -«/?/?«.] 
 
 INVITINGLY, in-vlt'ing-li, adv. in an in- 
 viting or tempting manner. 
 
 INVOCATE, in'vo-kat, v.t. to invoke or 
 call on solemnly or with prayer : to im- 
 plore. [See Invoke.] 
 
 INVOCATION, in-vo-ka'sliun, n. the act or 
 the form of invocating or addres.sing in 
 prayer : a call or summons, especially a 
 judicial order. 
 
 INVOICE, in'vois, n. a letter of advice of 
 the despatch of goods, with particulars of 
 their price and quantity. — i\t. to make 
 an invoice of. [Prob. a corr. of envois, 
 English plur. o'.Yr. envoi. See Envoy.] 
 
 INVOKE, in-vok', v.t. to call upon earnest- 
 
 ly or solemnly : to implore assistance : 
 to address in prayer. [Fr. — L. inivco, 
 -atum — in, on, voco, to call, conn, with 
 vox, vocis, the voice.] 
 
 INVOLUCRE, in-vol-u'ker. n. {bot.) agroup 
 of bracts in tlie form of a whorl around 
 an expanded flower or umbel. [Lit, an 
 envelojje or m-apper, L. involucrum—in 
 voh-o. See In\'0Lve.] 
 
 INVOLUNTARY, in-vol'un-tar-i, adj. not 
 voluntary : not having the power of will 
 or choice: not dene willingly: not chosen. 
 — n. Invol'untariness. — adv. Invol'uk- 
 tamly. [L. in, not, and Voluntary.] 
 
 INVOLUTE, in'vo-lut, n. that whicli is in- 
 volved or rolled inward : a curve traced 
 by the end of a string unwinding itself 
 from another curve. 
 
 INVOLUTB, in'vo-lut, INVOLUTED, in'- 
 vo-lut-ed, adj. {bot.) rolled spirally in- 
 ward: {conchology) turned inward :'also, 
 twisted ; involved ; confusedly mingled. 
 "The style is so involute that one cannot 
 help fancying it must be falselj' con- 
 structed." — Poe. [See Involve.] 
 
 INVOLUTION, in-vo-lu'shun, n. the action 
 of involving : state of being involved or 
 entangled : {arith.) act or process of rais- 
 ing a quantity to any given power. 
 
 INVOLVE, in-volv', v.t. to wrap vip : to 
 envelop : to implicate : to include : to 
 complicate : to overwhelm : to catch : 
 {arith.) to multiply a quantity into itself 
 any given number of times. [Fr. — L. in- 
 volvo — in, upon, i-olvo, volutum, to roll.] 
 
 INVOLVEMBNT, in-volv'ment, Ji. act of 
 involving : state of being involved or en- 
 tangled. 
 
 INVULNERABLE, in-vul'ner-a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be wounded. — ns. Invulneb- 
 abil'ity, Invul'nerableness.— odr. IN' 
 vul'Nerably. [Fr. — L. in, not, and VuL 
 
 NERABLE.] 
 
 INWARD, in'ward, adj. placed or being 
 unthin : internal : seated in the mind or 
 .soul : {B.) intimate. — n.pl. (B.) the in- 
 testines. — adv. toward the inside : toward 
 the interior : into the mind or thoughts. 
 [A.S. inneweard — ni.and j/;ard,direction.] 
 
 Inwardly, in'ward-ll, adv. in the parts 
 unthin : in the heai-t : privately : toward 
 the centre. 
 
 INWARDS, in'wardz, adv. same as In- 
 ward. 
 
 INWEAVE, in-wev*, v.t. to weave into : to 
 entwine : to complicate. [E. In and 
 Weave.] 
 
 INWRAP, in-rap', v.t. to cover by wrap- 
 ping : to perplex : to transport. " [E. IN 
 and Wrap.]^ 
 
 INWREATHE, iu-reth', v.t. to encircle as 
 with a u-reatli, or the form of a wreath. 
 IE. In and Wreathe.] 
 
 INWROUGHT, in-rawt\ adj., lerought in 
 or among other things : adorned with 
 figures. [E. IN and Wrought. See 
 Work.] 
 
 lODATE, I'o-dat, n. a combination of iodic 
 acid with a salifiable base. 
 
 IODIDE, I'o-did, n. a combination of iodine 
 with a simple body. 
 
 IODINE, T'o-din, n. one of the elementary 
 bodies, so named from the violet color of 
 its vapor. — adj. Iod'ic. [Gr. ioeides, 
 violet-colored — ion, a violet, and eidoB, 
 form, appearance.] * 
 
 lOLITE, I'o-llt, n. a transparent gem which 
 presents a violet-blue color when looked 
 at in a certain direction. [Gr. ion, a 
 violet, and lithos, a stone.] 
 
 IONIC, I-on'ik, adj. relating to Ionia in 
 Greece : denoting an order in architect- 
 ure distinguished bj- the ram's horn 
 volute of its capital. 
 
 IOTA, i-o'ta, n. a jot : a very small quan- 
 tity or degree. [Gr., the smallest letter
 
 IPECACUANHA 
 
 250 
 
 IRRESPONSIBLE 
 
 in the alphabet, corresponding' to the 
 English 1. See JOT.] 
 
 IPECACUANHA, ip-e-kak-u-an'a, n. a 
 West Indian plant, whose root affords a 
 useful emetic. [Brazilian, roadside-sick- 
 making { plant).] 
 
 IRADE, i-ra'de, «. a decree or proclama- 
 tion of the Sultan of Turkey. [Turk.] 
 
 IRASCIBLE, I-ras'i-bl, adj. susceptible of 
 ire or anger : easily provoked : irritable. 
 — n. Ieascibil'ity. — adv. Iras'cibly. 
 [Fr. — L. irascibilis — irascor, to be angry 
 — ira.l 
 
 IRATE, i-rat', adj. enraged : angry. [L. 
 iraliis, pa.p. of irascor, to be angry.] 
 
 IRE. ir, n., anger : rage : keen resentment. 
 [Fr.— L. ira.] 
 
 IREFUL, Ir'fool, adj., full of ire or wrath : 
 resentful. — adv. Ire'fuult. 
 
 IRID. i'rid, n. the circle round the pupil of 
 the eye : the iris. "Many a sudden ray 
 levelled from the irid under his well- 
 charactered brow." — Charlotte Bronte. 
 
 IRIDESCENT, ir-i-des'ent. IRISATED, i'- 
 ris-iit-ed, adj. colored like the iris or 
 rainbow. —M. Irides'cence. [See IRIS.] 
 
 IRIS, I'ris, n. the rainbow : an appearance 
 resembling the rainbow : the contractile 
 curtain perforated by the pupil, and 
 forming the colored part of the eye : the 
 flem--de-lis or flagflower : — -p?. I'rises. 
 [L. iris, iridis — Gr. iris, iridos, the mes- 
 senger of the gods, the rainbow.] 
 
 BRISH. I'rish, adj. relating to or produced 
 in Ireland. — n. language of the Ii-ish, a 
 form of Celtic : — pi. the natives or in- 
 habitants of Ireland. 
 
 IRITIS, i-ri'tis, n. inflammation of the iris 
 of the eye. 
 
 IRK. erk, v.t. to weary : to trouble : to 
 distress (now used only impersonally). 
 [From a Teut. root found in A.S. iceorc- 
 snm, painful, Sw. yrka, to urge press ; 
 L. nrgere. See URGE.] 
 
 IRKSOME, erk'sum, adj. causing uneasi- 
 ness : tedious : unpleasant. — adv. Irk'- 
 
 SOMELT. — n. IRK'SOMENESS. 
 
 IRON, Turn, n. the most common and use- 
 ful of the metals : an instrument or uten- 
 sil made of iron : strength : — pi. fetters : 
 chains. — adj. formed of iron: resembling 
 iron : rude : stern : fast-binding : not to 
 be broken : robust : dull of understand- 
 ing. — v.t. to smooth with an iron instru- 
 ment : to arm witli iron : to fetter. — 
 Cast-iron, a compound of iron and car- 
 bon, obtained directly from iron ore by 
 smelting. [A.S. ireii ; Ger. eisen. Ice. 
 jaryi. W. haiarn.'\ 
 
 IRONBOUND, furn-bownd, adj., hound 
 witli iron : rugged, as a coast. 
 
 LRONCLAD, I'urn-klad, adj., clad in iron: 
 covered or protected with iron. — n. a 
 vessel defended by iron plates. 
 
 IRON-FOUNDER, i'urn-fownd'er, n. one 
 who founds or makes castings in iron. 
 
 IRON-FOUNDRY, I'urn - fownd'ri, n. a 
 place wliere iron Ls founded or cast. 
 
 IRONGRAY, I'urn-gra, adj. of a gray color, 
 like that of iron freshly cut or broken. — 
 n. this color. 
 
 IRON-H.\NDED, i'urn-hand'ed, adj. hav- 
 intr ha>ids hard as iron. 
 
 IRON-HEARTED, I'urn-hart'ed, adj. hav- 
 iug a heart liard as iron: cruel. 
 
 IRONICAL, I-ron'ik-al, adj. meaning the 
 opposite of what is expres.sed : satirical. 
 —adv. Irojj'icai.lt. [See Irony.] 
 
 IRON-MASTER, I'urn-mas'ter, n. a master 
 or proprietor of jrojiworks. 
 
 IRONMONGER, I'urn-numg-ger, n. a mon- 
 ger or dealer in articles made of iron. 
 [Bdtish.] 
 
 IRONMONGERY, furn-raung-ger-i, n. a 
 general name for articles made of iron: 
 hardware. [British.] 
 
 IRONMOULD, I'urn-mold, n. the spot left 
 
 on wet cloth after touching rusty iron. 
 [See MoriD, dust or earth.] 
 IRONWARE, i'urn-war, n., wares or goods 
 of iron. 
 
 ' IRONWOOD, I'urn-wood, Ji. appUed to the 
 timber of various trees on account of 
 their hardness. 
 
 IRONWORK, I'urn-wurk, n. the parts of a 
 building-, etc., made of iron : anything of 
 iron : a furnace where iron is smelted, or 
 a foundry, etc., where it is made into 
 heavy work. 
 
 IRONY, I'urn-i, adj., made, consisting, or 
 partaking of iron : like iron : hard. 
 
 IRONY, I'run-i, n. a mode of speech con- 
 veying the opposite of what is meant : 
 satire. [Fr. — L. ironia, Gr. eironeia, 
 dissimulation — eiron, a dissembler — eiro, 
 to talk.] 
 
 IRRADIANCE,ir-ra'di-ans, IRRADIANCY, 
 ir-ra'di-an-si, n. the throwing of rays of 
 light on (any object) : that which irradi- 
 ates or is irradiated : beams of light 
 emitted : splendor. 
 
 IBRADIANT, ir-ra'di-ant, adj., irradiating 
 or shedding beams of light. 
 
 IRRADL4.TE, ir-ra'di-at, v.t. to dart rays 
 of light upon or into : to adorn with lus- 
 tre: to decorate with shining ornaments: 
 to animate with light or heat : to illu- 
 minate the understanding. — r.;. to emit 
 rays : to shine. — adj. adorned with rays 
 of light or with lustre. [L. irradio, tr- 
 radiatum — in, on, and Radiate.] 
 
 IRRADIATION, ir-ra-di-a'shun, n. act of 
 irradiating or emitting beams of Mght : 
 that which is irradiated : brightness : in- 
 tellectual light. 
 
 IRRATIONAL, ir-rash'un-al, adj. void of 
 reason or understanding : absurd. — n. 
 Irrational'ity. — adv. Ibea'tionally. 
 [L. in. not, and Rational.] 
 
 IRREALIZABLE, ir-re-al-Iz'a-bl, adj. inca- 
 pable of being realized or defined. " That 
 mighty, unseen centre, incomprehen- 
 sible, irrealizahle, with strange mental 
 effort only divined." — Chttrlotte Bronte. 
 
 ntRECLAIIHABLE, ir-re-klam'a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be reclaimed or reformed: 
 incorrigible. — adv. Irreclaim'ably. [Fr. 
 — L. in, not, and Reclaimable.] 
 
 IRRECOGNITION, ir-rek-og-ni'shun.7!. the 
 act of ignoring, or the withholding of 
 recognition. Carlyle. 
 
 IRRECONCILi\:BLE, ir-rek-on-sil'a-bl, adj. 
 incapable of being brought back to a 
 state of friendship : inconsistent. — n. Ir- 
 reconcil'ableness. — adv. Irreconch,'- 
 ABLY. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Reconcil- 
 able.] 
 
 IRRECOVERABLE, ir-re-kuVer-a-bl, adj. 
 irretrievable. — n. Ireecov'erableness. — 
 adv. Irbecov'erably. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Recoverable.] 
 
 IRREDEEMABLE, ir-re-dem'a-bl, adj. not 
 redeemable : not subject to be paid at the 
 nominal value. — lis. Irredeem'ableness, 
 
 IrREDEEMABIL'ITY.— ndr.lRREDEEJi'ABLY. 
 rPi-efix in-, not, and REDEEMABLE.] 
 
 IRREDUCIBLE, ir-re-dus'i-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be reduced or brought from one 
 form or state to another. — n. Irreduc'- 
 ibleness.— adt. Irreduc'ibly. [L. in, 
 not, and REDUCIBLE.] 
 
 IRREFLECTIVE, ir-re-flekt'iv, adj. not re- 
 flective. [L. in. not, and REFLECTIVE.] 
 
 IRREFRAG.VBLE, ir-ref'ra-ga-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be refuted or overthrown : un- 
 answerable. — ns. Irrefraoabil'ity, Ir- 
 
 EEF'RAGABLENESS.— adr. IRREF'RAGABLY. 
 
 [L. that cannot be broken or bent, from 
 Fr. — L. in. not, re. backwards, and frag, 
 root of frango, to break.] 
 IRREFUTABLE, ir-re-fut'a-bl or ir-ref'u- 
 ta-bl. adj. that cannot be refuted or 
 proved false. — adv. Ikrefdt'ably or 
 
 Irref'utably. [Fr.— L. in, not, and 
 Refutable.] 
 
 IRREGULAR, ir-reg'u-lar, adj. not accord- 
 ing to rule : unnatural : unsystematic : 
 vicious : (gram.) departing from the ordi- 
 nary rules in its inflection : variable : 
 not synnnetrical. — n. a soldier not in 
 regular service. — adv. Irreg'ularly. 
 [L. in, not, and Regular.] 
 
 IRREGULARITY, ir-reg-ii-lar'i-ti, n. state 
 of being irregular : deviation from a 
 straight line, or from rule : departure 
 from method or order : vice. 
 
 IRRELATIVE, ir-rel'a-tiv, adj. not rela/. 
 tive : unconnected. — adv. Irrel'aTTVELY. 
 [L. in, not, and Relative.] 
 
 IRRELEVANT, ir-rel'e-vant, adj. not bear- 
 ing directly on the matter in hand. — 
 n. lRREL'EVA>-CY.~adr. Ierel'etantly. 
 ITrefix in-, not, and Relevant.] 
 
 IRRELIGION, ir-re-lij'un, n. want of re- 
 ligion. 
 
 IRRELIGIOUS, ir-re-lij'us, adj. destitute 
 of religion : ungodly. — adv. Irrelig'ious- 
 LY. — n. Irreliq'iousness. [Fr.— L. in, 
 not. and RELIGIOUS.] 
 
 IRREMEDIABLE, ir-re-me'di-a-bl, adj. 
 that cannot be remedied or redressed. — 
 n. Irreiie'diableness. — adv. Irreme'- 
 diably. [Fr.— L. in, not, and Remedi- 
 able.] 
 
 IRREMISSIBLE, ir-re-mis'i-bl, adj. not to 
 be remitted or forgiven. — n. Ibremiss'i- 
 bleness. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Remissi- 
 ble.] 
 
 IRREMOVABLE, ir-re-moov'a-bl, adj. not 
 removable: steadfast. — ns. Ireemovabil'- 
 ITY, Irremov'ableness. — adv. Irkemov'- 
 ably. [Prefix in-, not, and Removable.] 
 
 IRREPARABLE, u--rep'ar-a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be recovered. — n. Irreip'arable- 
 NESS. — adv. Irrep'aeably. [Fr.— L. in. 
 not, and Reparable.] 
 
 IRREPEALABLE, ir-re-pel'a-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be repealed or annulled. — adv. Ir- 
 repeal'ably. [L. in, not, and Repeal- 
 able.] 
 
 IRREPREHENSIBLE, ir-rep-re-hens'i-bl, 
 adj. that cannot be blamed. — adv. Ir- 
 reprehens'ibly. — n. Irreprehens'ible 
 NESS. [Fr. — L. in, not, and Reprehensi- 
 ble.] 
 
 IRREPRESSIBLE, ir-re-pres'i-bl, adj. not 
 to be restrained. — adv. Ierepress'LBLY. 
 [Fr. — L. in, not, and Repressible.] 
 
 IRREPROACHABLE, ir-re-proch'a-bl, adj. 
 free from blame : upright : innocent. — 
 adv. Irreproach'ably. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Reproach a ble. ] 
 
 IRREPROVAELE, ir-re-proov'a-bl, adj. 
 blameless. — adv. Irrepeov'ably. — n. IH- 
 reprov'ableness. [Fr.— L. in, not, and 
 Reprovable.]^ 
 
 IRRESISTANCE, ir-re-zist'ans, n. want of 
 resistance : passive submission. [L. in, 
 not, and Resistance.] 
 
 IRRESISTIBLE, ir-re-zist'i-bl, adj. not to 
 be opjjosed with success. — adv. IKEE- 
 
 SIST'LBLY.— ilS. IRRESIST'IBLENESS, IRRE- 
 
 sistabil'ity. 
 
 IRRESOLUTE, ir-rez'o-lut, adj. not firm in 
 purpose. — adv. Irres'olutely. [L. in, 
 not, and Resolute.] 
 
 IRRES0LUTENT:SS, Ir-rez'o-lut-nes, IR- 
 RESOLUTION, ir-rez-o-lu'shun, n. want 
 of resolution, or of firm determination of 
 purpose. 
 
 IRRESOLVABLE, ir-re-zoh-'a-bl. adj. that 
 cannot be resolved. [L. in. not, and Re- 
 solvable.] 
 
 IRRESPECTIVE, ir-re-spekt'iv, adj. not 
 having regard to. — adv. Irrespect'ive- 
 LY. [Fr.— L. in. not, and Respective.] 
 
 IRRESPONSIBLE, ir-re-spous'i-bl. adj. not 
 responsible or liable to answer (for). — 
 adv. Irrespons'ibly.— H. Irresponsibil'- 
 iTY. [L. in, not. Responsible.]
 
 IRRETENTION 
 
 251 
 
 ITCHY 
 
 lERETEXTIOX. ir-re-ten'sliun, n. the state 
 or quality of being irretentive : want of 
 retaining power. " From irretention of 
 memory he (Kant) could not recollect 
 the letters which composed his name." — 
 De Quincey. 
 
 IRRETRIEVABLE, Ir-re-trev'a-bl, adj. not 
 to be recovered or repaired. — adv. Irre- 
 
 TRIEV ' ABLY. — n. IRRETRIEV ' ABLENESS. 
 
 [Fr.— L. in, not, and Retrievable.] 
 
 IRREVERENCE, ir-rev'er-ens, n. want of 
 reverence or veneration : want of due 
 regard for the character and authority 
 of the Supreme Being. 
 
 IRREVERENT, ir-rev'er-ent, adj. not rev- 
 erent : proceeding from irreverence. — 
 adv. Irreverently. [Fr. — L. in, not, 
 and Reverent.] 
 
 IRREVERSIBLE, ir-re-vers'i-bl, adj. not 
 reversible : that cannot be recalled or 
 annulled. — adv. Irrevers'ibly. — n. Irre- 
 VERs'iBLENESS. [L. in, not, and Re- 
 versible.]^ 
 
 IRREVOCABLE, ir-rev'o-ka-bl, adj. that 
 cannot be recalled. — adv. Irrev'ocably. 
 —n. Irrev'ocablen'ess. [Fr. — L. in, 
 not, and Revocable.] 
 
 IRRIGATE, ir'i-gat, v.t. to water : to wet 
 or moisten : to cause water to flow upon. 
 [L. irrigo, -atum — in, upon, rigo, to wet; 
 akin to Ger. regen, E. rain.] 
 
 IRRIGATION, ir-i-ga'shun, n. act of water- 
 ing, es|). of watering lands artificially; 
 as is done in the Great Basin of tlus 
 country, by means of canals. 
 
 IRRIGUOUS, ir-rig'u-us, adj., watered : 
 wet : moist. 
 
 IRRISION, ir-rizh'un, n. act of laughing 
 at another. [Fr. — L. irrisia — in, against, 
 rideo. risum, to laugh.] 
 
 IRRISORY, ir-rl'zo-ri, adj. addicted to 
 laugliing or sneering at others. "I 
 wish that, even there, j-ou had been 
 less irrisory, less of a pleader." — Landor. 
 [L. irrisorius. See Irrision.] 
 
 IRRITABILITY, ir-i-ta-bil'i-ti, n. the qual- 
 ity of being easily irritated: the peculiar 
 susceptibility to stimuli possessed by the 
 living tis.sues. 
 
 IRRITABLE, ir'i-ta-bl, adj. that may be 
 irritated: easily provoked: (med.) suscep- 
 tible of excitement or irritation. — adv. 
 Irr'itably. — H. Irr'itableness. [L. ir- 
 ritahiiiji. See IRRITATE.] 
 
 IRRITANT, ir'i-tant, adj., irritating.— n. 
 that which causes irritation. [L. irri- 
 tans. -antis, pr.p. of irrito.} 
 
 IRRITATE, ir'i-tat, v.t. to make angry: to 
 
 firovoke : to excite heat and redness in. 
 L. irrito, -atum, prob. freq. of irrio, to 
 snarl, as a dog.] 
 
 IRRITATION, ir-i-ta'shun, n. act of irri- 
 tating or exciting : excitement : {med.) 
 a vitiated state of sensation or action. 
 
 IRRITATrVE, ir'i-tat-iv, IRRITATORY, 
 ir'i-ta-tor-i, adj. tending to irritate or 
 excite : accompanied with or caused by 
 irritation. 
 
 IRRUPTION, ir-rup'shun, ?;. a breaking or 
 bursting in : a sudden invasion or incur- 
 sion. [Fr. — L. irruptio — in, and rumpo, 
 ruptnm, to break.] 
 
 IRRUPTIVE, ir-rupt'iv, adj., rushing sud- 
 denly in or upon. — adv. Irrupt'ively. 
 
 IS, iz, tliird person sing. pres. of Be. [A.S. 
 is : Ger. ist, L. est, Gr. esti, Sans, asti — 
 as. to be.] 
 
 ISAGON, i'sargon, n. a figure having equal 
 atigles. [Fr. isagone — Gr. isos, equal, 
 gonia, an angle.] 
 
 ISCHIADIC, isk-i-ad'ik, ISCHIATIC, isk-i- 
 at'ik, ad), relating to the region of the 
 hip. [Fr. — L. — Gr., from is-chion, the 
 hip-ioint.] 
 
 ISINGLj\JSS, I'zing-glas, n. a glutinous 
 substance, chiefly prepared from tlie air- 
 bladders of the sturgeon. [A corr. of 
 
 Dut. hnizenhlas — huizen, a kind of stur- 
 geon, bias, a bladder ; Ger. hausenblase. 
 See Bladder.] 
 
 ISLAM, iz'lam, ISLAMISM, iz'lam-izm, n. 
 the ■ Mohammedan religion. — adj. Isla- 
 mit'ic. [Lit. complete submission to the 
 will of God, from Ar. islam — salama, to 
 submit to God.] 
 
 ISLAND, riand, n. land surroimded ^vith 
 water : a large floating mass. [M.E. 
 Hand, A.S. igland — ig, an i-sland, and 
 land, land ; Dut. and Ger. eiland. Ice. 
 eyland, Swed. and Dan. oland. A.S. ig= 
 Ice. ey, Swed. and Dan. 6, and is from a 
 root which appears in A.S. ea, L. aqua, 
 water, so that it orig. means water-land. 
 The s in island is due to a confusion with 
 isle, from L. in.^ula.} 
 
 ISLANDER, T'land-er, n. an inhabitant of 
 an island. 
 
 ISLE, II, n. an island. [M. E. He, yle — O. 
 Fr. isle (Fr. tie) — L. insula, considered to 
 be so called because lying in salo, in the 
 main sea, L. salum being akin to Gr. salos, 
 the main sea, while both are allied to E. 
 swell, Ger. schwellen,&nd mean the "swell- 
 ing " or " billowing," the higli sea ; Celt. 
 inuis, ennis, Scot, inch.] 
 
 ISLET, i'let, n. a little isle. 
 
 ISOCHEUIAL, I-so-kI'mal, ISOCHEIMEN- 
 AL, i-so-ki'men-al, adj. having the same 
 mean winter temperature. [Lit. having 
 equal winters, Gr. isos, equal, cheinia, 
 winter.] 
 
 ISOCHROMATIC, I-so-kro-mat'ik, adj. (op- 
 tics) having the same color. [Gr. isos, 
 equal, and chroma, color. 
 
 ISOCHRONAL, I-sok'ron-al, ISOCHRON- 
 OUS, I-sok'ron-us, adj. of equal time : per- 
 formed in equal times. [Gr. isochronos 
 — isos. equal, chronos, time.] 
 
 ISOCHRONISM, i-sok'ron-izm, n. the qual- 
 ity of being isochronous or done in equal 
 times. 
 
 ISOLATE, I'so-lat, is'o-lat, or iz'-, v.t. to 
 place in a detached situation, like an 
 island. — li. Isola'tion. [It. isolare — 
 isola — L. insida, an island.] 
 
 ISOLATING, i'so-lat-ing, adj. in philol. ap- 
 plied to tliat class of languages in which 
 each word is a simple, uninflected root : 
 monosyllablic. A. H. Sayce. 
 
 ISOMERIC, I-so-mer'ik, adj. applied to 
 compounds which are made up of the 
 same elements in the same proportions, 
 but having different properties. — n. 
 Isom'erism. [Lit. having .qual parts, 
 Gr. isos, equal, meros, part.] 
 
 ISOMETRIC, I-so-met'rik, ISOMETRIC AL, 
 I-so-met'rik-al, adj. having equality of 
 measure. [Gr. isos, equal, metron, meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 ISOMORPHISM, I-so-morf'izm, n. the prop- 
 ertv oE being isomorphous. 
 
 LSOMORPHOUS, I-so-morf'us, adj. having 
 the same crystalline form, but composed 
 of different elements. [Gr. isos, equal, 
 and morphe, form.] 
 
 LSONOMY, i-son'o-mi, n., equal laic, 
 rights, or privileges. [Gr. isonomia — 
 isos, equal, nomos, law — nemo, to deal 
 out, distribute.] 
 
 ISOPOLITY, i-s6-pol'i-ti, n. equal rights 
 of citizenship, as conferred by the peo- 
 ple of one city on those of another. 
 " Niebuhr . . . establishes the principle 
 that the cen.sus comprehended all the 
 confederate cities [in Ancient Rome] 
 which had the right of isopolity." — Mil- 
 man. [Gr. isos, equal, a.nApoliteia, gov- 
 ernment, from polls, a city.] 
 
 ISOSCELES, I-sos'e-lez, adj. (r/fOJH.) having 
 two equal sides, as a triangle. [Lit. hai^ 
 ing equal legs, Gr. iso.fkeles — isos, equal, 
 skelos, a leg.] 
 
 ISOSEISMAL, I-s6-sis'mal. ISOSEISMIC, 
 i-s6-sis'mik, adj. applied to lines of equal 
 
 seismal disturbance on the earth's surface, 
 "It is generally possible after an earth- 
 quake to trace a zone of maximum dis- 
 turbance, where the damage to the 
 shaken country has been greatest. The 
 line indicating this maximum is termed 
 the meizoseismic curve, whilst lines 
 along which the overthrow of objects 
 may be regarded as practically the same 
 are known as isoseismic curves." — Ency, 
 Brit. [Gr. isos, equal, and »eismos, a 
 shaking, an earthquake, from seio, to 
 
 ISOTHERAL, I-soth'er-al, adj. having the 
 same mean summer temperature. [Lit. 
 having equal summers, Gr. isos, equal, 
 theros, summer — thero, to be warm.] 
 
 ISOTHERMAL, I-so-ther'mal, adj. having 
 an equal degree of heat. [Fr. isotherme 
 — Gy. isos, equal, therme, heat — thermos, 
 hot.] 
 
 ISOTONIC, i-so-ton'ik, adj. having equal 
 tones. [Gr. isos, equal, tonos, tone.] 
 
 ISRAELITE, iz'ra-el-It, n. a descendant of 
 Israel, or Jacob : a Jew. [Gr. Israelites 
 — Israel, Heb. Yisrael, contender, soldier 
 of God — sara, to fight, and El, God,] 
 
 ISRAELITIC, iz-ra-el-it'ik, ISRAELITISH, 
 iz'rarel-It-ish, adj. pertaining to the Isra- 
 elites or Jews. 
 
 ISSUE, ish'Q, v.i. to go, flow, or come out : 
 to proceed, as from a source : to spring : 
 to be produced : (laic) to come to a point 
 in fact or law : to terminate. — v.t. to 
 send out : to put into circulation : to 
 give out for use. — n. Iss'der. [Fr. issue 
 — O. Fr. issir, to go or flow out — L. exire 
 — e.v, out, ire, to go.] 
 
 ISSUE, ish'u, n. a going or flowing out : 
 act of sending out : that which flows or 
 passes out : fruit of the body, children : 
 produce, profits : circulation, as of bank- 
 notes : publication, as of a Ijook : a giv 
 ing out for use : ultimate result, conse- 
 quence : political question for discussion : 
 (law) the question of fact submitted to a 
 jury : (med.) an ulcer produced artifi- 
 cially. 
 
 ISSUELESS, ish'66-les, adj. without issue : 
 chikllrss. 
 
 ISTHMUS, ist'mus, n. a neck of land con- 
 necting two larger portions of land. [L. 
 — Gr. isthmos, a passage, an isthmus, 
 allied to ithma, a step, from root of 
 eimi, to go.] 
 
 IT, it, pron. the thing spoken of or referred 
 to. [M.E. and A.S. hit, neut. of he ; Ice. 
 hit, Dut. het, Goth, ita ; akin to L. id. 
 Sans. (, pronominal root^here. The t \a 
 an old neuter suffix, as in tha-t, rvha-t, 
 and cognate with d in L. illu-d, istu-d, 
 quo-d.] 
 
 ITALIAN, i-tal'yan, ITALIC, i-tal'ik, adj. 
 of or relating to Italy or its people. — «. 
 a native of Italy : the language of Italy. 
 [It. Italiano, lialico—L. Italia — Gr. ifa- 
 los, a bull. L. vitulus, a calf.] 
 
 ITALIANIZE, i-talyan-iz, v.t. to make 
 Italian. — v.i. to play the Italian: to 
 speak Italian. 
 
 ITALICIZE, i-tari-siz,f.f. to print in ItaUcs. 
 
 ITALICS, i-tal'iks, n.pl. a kind of tj'pes 
 whicli slope to the right (as in the last 
 four words), so called because first used 
 by an Italian printer, AldoManuzio, about 
 1500. 
 
 ITCH, ich, n. an uneasy, irritating sen= 
 sation in the skin : an eruptive disease 
 in the skin, caused by a parasitic animal : 
 a constant teasing desire. — v.i. to have an 
 uneasj-, irritating sensation in the skin : 
 to have a constant, teasing desire. [A.S. 
 gictha, gicenes. an itching — giccfin, to 
 itch ; Scot, youk, yuck, Ger. jUcken, to 
 itch.] 
 
 ITCHY, ich'i, ac{;. pertaining to or affected 
 with itch.
 
 ITEM 
 
 252 
 
 JAWBONE 
 
 ITEM, I'tem, adv. (lit.) liketeise : aJso. — n. 
 a separate article or particular. — v.t. to 
 make a note of. [L. — id. that, akin to 
 Sans, ittham, thu.s.J 
 
 ITERATE, it'er-at, v.t. to do again: to re- 
 peat, in modern usage replaced by the 
 verb reiterate. — n. Itera'tion, repetition. 
 [L. itero, -atiim — iterum {is, this, and 
 comparative affix terum), beyond this, 
 again ; alrin to Sans, itara, otl'ier.] 
 
 ITERATIVE, it'er-at-iv, adj., repeating. 
 [L. iterativus.l 
 
 ITINERANT, I-tin'er-ant, adj., making 
 joxirneys from place to place : ti-avel- 
 linir. — ». one who travels from place to 
 pla*e, esp. a preacher : a wanderer. — 
 
 adv. ITIN ERANTLY. — ns. ItIN'ERACY, ItIN'- 
 
 ERANCY. [L. itinerans, -antis, part, of 
 obs. v. itinera, to travel — L. iter, itineris, 
 a journey — eo, itum, to go.] 
 ITINERARY. I-tin'er-ar-i, adj., travelling: 
 done on a journey. — n. a book of travels : 
 a guide-book for travellers : a rough 
 sketch and description of tlie country 
 through which troops are to march. [U. 
 
 ITINERATE, I-tin'er-at, v.i. to travel from 
 place to place, esp. for the purpose of 
 preaching or lecturing. [Xi. itinera — iter, 
 itineris — eo, itum, to go.] 
 
 ITS, its, pass, ^yron., the possessive of It. 
 [The old form was his, its not being older 
 than the end of the 16th century. Its 
 does not occur in the English Bible of 
 1611 or in Spenser, rarely in Shakespeare, 
 and is not common until the time of Dry- 
 den.] 
 
 ITSELF, it-self. pron. the neuter reciprocal 
 pronoun, applied to things. [IT and Self.] 
 
 rvlED, IVYED, I'vid, IVY-MANTLED, 
 r%i-man'tld, ac^'. overgrown or mantled 
 with ivy. 
 
 'TORY, i'vo-ri, to. the hard, white sub- 
 stance composing the tusks of the ele- 
 phant and of the sea-horse. — adj. made 
 of or resembling ivory. [O. Fr. iimrie, 
 Fr. ivaire — L. elmr, eboris, ivory — O. 
 Egyptian ebon, Sans, ibha, an elephant.] 
 
 rVORY-BLACK, i'vo-ri-blak, n. a black 
 powder, orig. made from burnt ivary, but 
 now from bone. 
 
 IVORY-NUT, I'vo-ri-nut, n. the md of a 
 species of palm, containing a substance 
 lik e ivory. 
 
 IVY, Tvi, a creeping evergreen plant on 
 trees and walls. [A.S. ijig ; O. Ger. ebah ; 
 Brob. conn, with L. apium, parsley.] 
 
 JABBER, jab'er, v.i. to gabble or talk rap- 
 idly and indistinctly: to chatter. — v.t. to 
 utter indistinctly : — p?\p. jabb'ering ; 
 pa.p. jabb'ered. — n. rapid indistinct 
 speaking. — n. Jabb'eeer. [From root of 
 Gabble.] 
 
 JACINTH, ja-sinth, to. (B.) a precious stone, 
 a red variety of zircon, now called hya- 
 cinth : a dark-purple color. [Contr. of 
 Hyacinth.] 
 
 4"ACK, jak, n. used as a familiar name or 
 diminutive of John ; a saucy or paltry 
 fellow : a sailor : any instrument serving 
 to supply the place of a boy or helper, as 
 a bootjack for taking off boots, a contriv- 
 ance for turning a spit, a screw for rais- 
 ing heavy weights : the male of some 
 animals : a young pike : a support to 
 saw wood on : a miner's wedge : a flag 
 displayed from the bowsprit of a ship : 
 a coat of mail. [Fr. Jacques, the most 
 common name in France, hence used as 
 a substitute for John, the most common 
 name in England : but it is really =- 
 
 James or Jaccf) — ^L. Jacobus. See Jaoo- 
 
 binJ 
 
 JACK, JAK, jak, n. a tree of the E. Indies 
 of the same genus as the b' ead-fruit- 
 tree. 
 
 JACK AT/, jak'awl, to. a wUd, gregarious 
 animal closely allied to the dog. [Pers. 
 shaghal ; Sans, erigfila.'] 
 
 JACKANAPES, jak'a-naps, ?!. an impu- 
 dent fellow : a coxcomb. [For Jack o' 
 apes, being one who exhibited monkeys, 
 with an n inserted to avoid the hiatus.] 
 
 JACKASS, jak'as, n. the 7»a?e of the ass: 
 a blockhead. [Jack — the male, and 
 Ass 1 
 
 JACKBOOTS, jakTDoots, n.pl. large boots 
 reaching above the Icnee, to protect the 
 leg, formerly worn by cavalry, and cov- 
 ered with plates of iron. [Jack — coat 
 of mail, and Boots.] 
 
 JACKDAW, jak'daw, n. a species of crow. 
 [Jack and Daw.] 
 
 JACKET, jak'et, n. a short coat. [O. Fr. 
 jaquette, a jacket, or sleeveless coat, a 
 dim. of O. Fr.jaque, a coat of maU.] 
 
 JACKETED, jak'et-ed, adj. wearing a 
 jacket. 
 
 JACKSCREW, jaVskrOO, n. a screw for 
 raising heavy weights.[jACK and Screw.] 
 
 JACOBIN, jaro-bin, m. one of an order of 
 monks, so named from their orig. estab- 
 lishment in the Hue St. Jacques (St 
 James's Street), Paris ; one of a society 
 of revolutionists in France, so called from 
 their meeting in a Jacobin convent : a 
 demagog-ue : a hooded pigeon. [Fr. — L. 
 Jacobus, James — Gr. Jacobos — Heb. Ja'- 
 akob.l 
 
 JACOBINICAL, jak-o-bin'l-kal, adj. per- 
 taining to the Jacobins or revolutionists of 
 France: holding revolutionary principles. 
 
 JACOBINISM, jak'o-bin-izm, n. the prmci- 
 plesof the Jacobins or French revolution- 
 ists. 
 
 JACOBITE, jak'o-bit, n. an adherent of 
 James II. and his descendants. — adj. of 
 or belonging to the Jacobites. — adj. 
 Jacobit'ical,— ?j. Jac'obitism. 
 
 JACOB'S-LADDER,ja'kobs-lad'er,«.(TOattf.) 
 a ladder made of ropes with wooden 
 steps: a garden plant \\nth large blue 
 flowers. [From the ladder which Jacob 
 saw in his dream.] 
 
 JACQUERIE, zhak'e-re, n. name given to 
 the revolt of the French peasants in the 
 14th century. [From Jaques (Bonhomme), 
 Jack (Goodfellow), a name applied in de- 
 rision to the peasants.] 
 
 JADE, jad, TO. a tired horse : a worthless 
 nag : a woman — in contempt or irony. — 
 v.t. to tire : to harass. [Ety. dub. ; Sc. 
 yad, yaud.] 
 
 JADE, jad, TO. a dark-green stone used for 
 ornamental purposes. [Fr. — Sp. ijada, 
 the flank — L. ilia. It was believed to 
 cure pain of the side.] 
 
 JAG, jag, n. a notch : a ragged protuber- 
 ance : (bot.) a cleft or division. — v.t. to 
 cut into notches : — pr.p. jagg'ing ; pa.p, 
 jagg'ed. [Celt, gag, a cleftJ 
 
 JAGijrED, jag'ed, adj., notched: rough- 
 edged. — adv. Jagg'edly. — to. Jagg'ed- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 JAGGER, jag'er, to. a brass wheel with a 
 notched edge for cutting cakes, etc., into 
 ornamental forms. 
 
 JAGKjY, jag'i, adj., notched: set with 
 teeth : uneven. 
 
 JAGUAR, jag'ii-ar or jag-war', to. a power- 
 ful beast of prey, allied to the leopard, 
 found in South America. [Braz. janou- 
 ara.'^ 
 
 JAH, ja, to. Jehovah. [HebJ 
 
 JAIL, JAILER. Same as Gaol, Gaoler. 
 
 JALAP, jal'ap, w. the purgative root of a 
 plant first brought from Jalapa or Xal- 
 apa, in Mexico. 
 
 JAM, jam, n. a conserve of fruit boiled 
 vrith sugar. [Ety. dub. ; perh. from Jam, 
 to squeeze.] 
 
 JAM, jam, v.t. to press or squeeze tight : — 
 pr.p. jamm'ing: pa.p. jammed'. [From 
 the same root as champ.'] 
 
 JAMB, jam, n. the sidepiece or post of a 
 door, fireplace, etc. [Fr. jambe, O. Fr. 
 gaynbe. It. gcrmba a leg — Celt. cam. 
 bent.] 
 
 JANGLE, jang'l, v.i. to sound discordant- 
 ly as in tvrangling : to wrangle or quarrel. 
 — v.t. to cause to sound harshly. — n. dis- 
 cordant sound : contention. — ns. Jang'- 
 LER, Jang'ung. [O. Fr. jangler, from 
 the sound, like JiNGLE and Chin'k.] 
 
 JANITOR, jan'i-tor, to, a doorkeeper : a 
 porter ■.—fern. Jan'ttrix. [L., from jan- 
 ■ua, a door.] 
 
 JANIZAEY, jan'i-zar-i, JANISSARY, jan'- 
 i-sar-i, to. a soldier of the old Turkish 
 foot-guards, formed oiiginally of a trib- 
 ute of children taken from ChristiaB 
 subjects. — adj. Janiza'rlan. [Fr. Janis- 
 saire — Turk, yefiii, new, and askari, a 
 soldier.] 
 
 JANTILY, JANTINESS, JANTY. See 
 Jaunty, etc. 
 
 JANUARY, jan'u-ar-i, to. the first month 
 of the year, dedicated by the Romans to 
 Janus, the god of the sun. [L. Janvar' 
 ius — Janus, the sun-god.] 
 
 JAPAN, ja-pan', v.t. to varnish after the 
 manner of the Japanese or people of Ja- 
 pan : to make black and glossy : — pr.p. 
 japann'ing ; pa.p. japanned'. — to. work 
 japanned : the varnish or lacquer used in 
 japanning. — n. Japann'ek. 
 
 JAR, jSr, x:i. to make a harsh discordant 
 sound : to quarrel : to be inconsistent.^ 
 v.t. to shake: — pr.p. jarr'ing ; pa.p, 
 jarred'. — to. a harsh rattling sound : ola^b 
 of interests or opinions : discord. — adv. 
 Jarr'ixgly. [From an imitative Teut. 
 root, kar, found also in Care, and ■onn. 
 with Jargon, and L. garrire, to prattle.] 
 
 JAE, jar, 7i. an earthen or glass bottle 
 with a wide mouth : a measure. [Fr. 
 Jarre — Pers. jarrah, a water-pot.] 
 
 JARGON, jar'gun, n. confused talk : slang. 
 [Fr. jargon. See Jar, to quarrel.] 
 
 JARGONELLE, jar-go-nel', to. a kind of 
 pear. [Fr.] 
 
 JASMINE, jas'min, JESSAMINE, jes'a- 
 min, TO. a genus of plants, many species 
 of which nave very fragrant flowers. 
 [At. and Pers. jOsmin.'] 
 
 JASPER, jas'per, n. a precious stone, being 
 a hard siliceous mineral of various colors. 
 [Fr. jaspe — L. and Gr. iaspis — Arab. 
 yasb.] 
 
 JAUNDICE, jaii'dis, «. a disease, charac- 
 terized bj' a yellowness of the ej-es, skin, 
 etc., caused by bile. [Fr. jaunisse, from 
 jaune, yellow — L. galbamis, yellowish, 
 galbus, yellow.] 
 
 JAUNDICED, jan'dist, adj. affected with 
 jaundice : prejudiced. 
 
 JAUNT, jant, v.i. to go from place to 
 place : to make an excursion. — n. an ex- 
 cursion : a ramble. [Old form ja'.oice— 
 O. Fr. jancer, to stir (a horse).] 
 
 JAUNTING, jan t'ing, acy.,s^ro?m!g'.- ni;.k 
 ing an excursion. 
 
 JAUNTY, JANTY, jant'i, adj. airy: show7! 
 dashing: finical. — adv. Jacnt'ily.— Jt, 
 Jaunt'iness. [From Jal-nt.1 
 
 JAVELIN, jav'Iin, n. a speorabout six feet 
 long, anciently used by both infantry and 
 cavalry. [Fr. javeline, of uncertain ori- 
 gin-] 
 
 JAW, jaw, TO. the bones of the mouth m 
 which the teeth are set: the mouth; 
 anything like a jaw. [Old spelling chaw, 
 akin to Chew.] 
 
 JAWBONE, jaw'bon, n. the bone of the 
 jaw, in which the teeth are set. 

 
 JAWED 
 
 253 
 
 JOCUND 
 
 JAWED, jawd, adj. hamngjaws : denoting' 
 the appearance of the jaws, as lantern- 
 jawed. 
 
 JAWFALL, jaw'fawl, n. a falling of the 
 jaw : {fig.) depression of spirits. [Jaw 
 and Fall.] 
 
 JAY. ja, n. a bird of the crow family with 
 guy plumage. [O. Fr. jay, Fr. geai ; from 
 ■.•oot of Gay.] 
 'EALOUS, jel us, adj. suspicious of or in- 
 censed at rivalry : anxious to defend the 
 honor of. — adv. Jeal'ouslt. — n. Jeal'- 
 OUST. [Fr. jaloux — L. zelus — Gr. zelos, 
 emulation.] 
 
 JEAX. jan, n. a twilled cotton cloth. [From 
 Jaeii, in Spain.] 
 
 JEER, jer, v.t. to make sport of : to treat 
 with derision. — v.i. to scoff: to deride: 
 to make a mock of. — n. a railing remark: 
 biting- jest: mockery. — adv. Jeee'ingly. 
 [Ace. to Skeat, from the Dut. phrase den 
 gek scheeren, lit. to shear the fool, to mock, 
 the words gek scheeren bei ng run together, 
 and corr. into^eer.] 
 
 JEHOVAH, je-ho'va, n, the eternal or self- 
 existent Being, the chief Hebrew name of 
 the Deity. [Heb. Yehovah, from hayah, 
 to be.] 
 
 JEJUNE, je-joon' adj. empty : void of in- 
 terest : barren. — adv. Jejune'LY. — n. 
 Jejtne'ness. [L. jejunus, abstaining 
 from food, hungry.] 
 
 JEJUNTTJf, je-joo'num, n. a part of the 
 smaller intestine, so called because gen- 
 erallj' found empty after death. [L. — 
 jejiinus.'\ 
 
 JELLIED, jel'id, adj. in the state ot jelly. 
 
 JELLY, jel'i, n. anything gelatinous : the 
 juice of fruit boiled with sugar. [Any- 
 thing congealed or frozen, Fr. gelie, from 
 geler — L. gelo, to freeze.] 
 
 1)ELLY-FISH, jel'i-fish, n. marine radiate 
 animals ]ike jelly. [Jelly and Fish.] 
 
 JENNET, also spelt GENNET, GENET, 
 jen'et, n. a small Spanish horse. [Fr. 
 genet — Sp. giiiete, a na^^, orig. a horse- 
 soldier: of Moorish origin.] 
 
 JENNETING, jen'et-ing, n, a kind of early 
 apple. [?] 
 
 lENN'Y', jenl, n. a gin or machine for spin- 
 ninir. [From root of GlK, a machine.] 
 
 JEOPARD, jep'ard, JEOPARDIZE, jep'- 
 ard-Iz, v.t. to put in jeopardy. 
 
 i**;OP.\RDOUS, jep'ard-iKs, adj. exposed to 
 daneer or loss. — adv. Jeop'ardously. 
 
 JEOPARDY, jep'ard-i, n. hazard, danger. 
 [Fr. jeu parti, lit. a divided game, one in 
 which the chances are even — Low L. 
 jociixpartitus — Ij.jocus, a g'Mxie, partitus, 
 divided^jar^jor, to divide.] 
 
 JERBOA, jer'bo-a or ier-bo'a, n. a genus 
 of small rodent quadrupeds, remarkable 
 for the length of their hindlegs and 
 their power of jumping. [Ar. yerboa, 
 yarbua.] 
 
 JEREMIAD, jer-e-ml'ad, n. a lamentation : 
 a tale of grief: a doleful story. [From 
 Jeremiah, the prophet, author of the 
 book of Lamentations.] 
 
 JERFALCON. Same as GyepaLCON. 
 
 JERK, jerk, v.t. to throw with a quick 
 effort : to give a sudden movement. — n. 
 a short, sudden movement : a striking 
 asuinst with a sudden motion. [Orig. 
 to sitrike, Scot, yerk, by-forms being Jer< 
 and gird, and conn. %vith yard, a rod.] 
 
 iERICED-BEEF, jerkt'-bef, n., beef cut 
 into thin pieces and dried in the sun. 
 [Chilian charguL] 
 
 JERKIN, jer'kin, n. a jackftt, a short coat 
 or close waistcoat. [Dut., dim. of jurk, 
 a frock.] 
 
 JER.SEY, jer'zi, n. the finest part of wool : 
 combed wool : a kind of close-fitting 
 woollen shirt worn in rowing, etc. 
 [F rom the island Jersey.] 
 
 JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, je-ro6'sa- 
 
 lem ar'ti-chok, n. a plant of the same 
 genus as the common sunflower, the 
 roots of which are used as food. [A. 
 corr. of It. girasole (L. gyrare, to turn, 
 and sol, the sun), sunflower, and Arti- 
 choke, from the similarity in flavor of 
 its root to that of this plant.] 
 
 JESS, jes, n. a short strap round the legs 
 of a hawk, by which she is held and let 
 go. [Lit. a throiv, O. Fr. ject—jecter, to 
 throw — li.jactare, to throw.] 
 
 JESSAMINE, jes'a-min. See Jasmine. 
 
 JESSE, jes'i, »i. a large branched candle- 
 stick used in churches. [From its like- 
 ness to the genealogical tree of Jesse, 
 tile father of David, formerly hung up 
 in churches.] 
 
 JESSED, jest, adj. halving jesses on. 
 
 JEST, jest, n. something- ludicrous : joke : 
 fun : something uttered in sport : object 
 of laughter. — v.i. to make a jest or mer- 
 riment. — adv. Jest'ingly. [Orig. a deed, 
 a story, M. E. geste — O. Fr. geste—h. ges- 
 turn — gero, to do.] 
 
 JESTER, jest'er, n. one who jests : a buf- 
 foon. [Orig. a story-teller.] 
 
 JESUIT, jez'u-it, n. one of the Society of 
 Jesus, founded in 1584 by Ignatius 
 Loyola, the members of which are re- 
 putedly celebrated for craftiness. — adjs. 
 Jesuit'ic, Jesuit'ical. — ad?;. Jesuit'i- 
 
 CALLY. 
 
 JESUITISM, jez'u-it-izm, n. the principles 
 and practices of the Jesuits: cunning: 
 deceit. 
 
 JESUS, je'zus, the Saviour of mankind. 
 [Gr. lesous — Heb. Jo'^ma — Jehoshua, 
 help of Jehovah, the Saviour — yasha, to 
 save.] 
 
 JET, jet, n. a mineral very compact and 
 black used for ornaments. [Fr. jaiet — 
 L., Gr. gagates, from Gagas, a town and 
 river in Lycia, in Asia Minor, wnere it 
 was obtained.] 
 
 JET, jet, v.i. to throw or shoot forward ; to 
 jut. — v.t. to emit in a stream : — pr.p. 
 jett'ing ; pa.p. jett'ed. [Fr. jeter — L. 
 jacto, freq. of jaeio, to throw.] 
 
 JET, jet, n. a spouting stream : a short 
 pipe emitting a flame of gas. [Fr., It. 
 geto — L. jactus, from jacio, to throw.] 
 
 JET-BLACK, jet'-blak, adj., black as jet, 
 the deepest black color. 
 
 JETSAM, jet'sam, JETSON, jet'sun, JET- 
 TISON, jet'i-sun, n. the throwing of 
 goods overboard in a case of g^eat peril 
 to lighten a vessel : the goods so thrown 
 away which remain under water. 
 
 JETTY, jet'i, adj. made of jet, or black as 
 jet. — n. Jett'INESS. 
 
 JETTY, jet'I, n. a projection : a kind of 
 pier. [Fr. jetee, thrown oat— jeter.] 
 
 JEW, joo, n. an inhabitant of Judea : a 
 Hebrew or Israelite •.—fern. Jew'ess. [O. 
 Fr. Juis — L. Judceus, Gr. lottdaios — 
 Itnidaia, Judea.] 
 
 JEWEL, joo'el, n. an ornament of dress : a 
 precious stone : anything highly valued. 
 — V. t. to dress or adorn with jewels : to 
 fit with a jewel:— pr.p. jew'elliug; pa./i. 
 jew'elled. [O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau ; either 
 a dim. of Fr. joie, joy, from L. gaudium, 
 joy — gaudeo, to rejoice (see Joy'), or de- 
 rived through Low L. jocale, from L. 
 JQcari. to jest.] 
 
 JEWELLER, joo el-er, n. one who makes or 
 de.als in jeirels. 
 
 JEWELRY, joo'el-ri, JEWELLERY, j55'el- 
 er-i, n., jewels in general. 
 
 JEWISH, joo'ish, adj. belonging to the 
 Jews. — adv. Jew'ishly. — n. Jew'ishness. 
 
 JEWRY, jSo'ri, n., Judea: a district in- 
 haliited by Jews. 
 
 JEW'S-HARP, jooz'-hfl,rp, n. a small harp- 
 shaped musir.il instrument played be- 
 tween the LCeth by striking a spring with 
 
 the finger. [From Jew, and Harp ; » 
 name prob. given in derision.] 
 
 JIB, jib, n. a triangular sail borne iu front 
 of the foremast in a ship, so called from 
 its shifting of itself. — v.t. to shift a boom 
 sail from one tack to the other.— t'.j". to 
 move restively. [Dan. gibbe, Dut. gijpen 
 to turn suddenly.] 
 
 JIB-BOOM, jib'-boom, n. a boom or exten 
 siou of the bowsprit, on which the jib i* 
 spread. 
 
 JIBE. Same as Gibe. 
 
 JIG, jig, n. a quick, lively tune : a quick 
 dance suited to the tune. — v.i. to dance 
 a. jig:— pr.p. jigg'ing ; pa.p. jigged'. 
 [Fr. gigue, a stringed instrument — Ger. 
 geige : conn, with Gig.] 
 
 JILT, jilt, n. a woman who encourages a 
 lover and then neglects or rejects him : 
 a flirt. — v.t. to encourage and then dis- 
 appoint in love. [Scot, jillet, dun. of 
 Jill (L. Juliana — Julius), a female name, 
 used in contempt.] 
 
 JINGLE, jing'l, n. a jangling or clinking 
 sound : that which makes a rattling 
 sound : a correspondence of sounds. — v.i. 
 to sound with a jingle. [Formed from 
 the sound, Uke Jangle.] 
 
 JINGOISM, jing'o-izm, n. nickname for a 
 phase of the military spirit in England. 
 [Jingo is said to be the Basque name foi 
 " lord."] 
 
 JOB, job, n. a sudden stroke or stab with a 
 pointed instrument \\ke a,beak.— v.t. to 
 strike or stab suddenly : — pr.p. jobb'ing ; 
 pa.p. jobbed'. [Gael, goh, W. gyb, a beak; 
 conn, with Gobble, Job.] 
 
 JOB, job, n. any piece of work, esp. of t. 
 trifling or temporary nature : any under- 
 taking- with a view to profit : a mean 
 transaction, in which private gain is 
 sought under pretence of public service 
 — v.i. to work at jobs : to buy and sell, 
 as a broker : to hire or let out for a short 
 time, esp. horses. [Lit. "a lump" or 
 "portion," and formerly spelt gob, M. E. 
 gobet — O. Fr. gob, a mouth fu' ; from the 
 same Celtic root as Gobble.] 
 
 JOBBER, job'er, n. one who jobs ; one who 
 buys and sells, as a broker : one who 
 turns official actions to private advan- 
 tage : one who engages in a mean, lu- 
 crative affair. 
 
 JOBBERY, job'er-i, n., jobbing : unfair 
 means employed to procure some private 
 end. 
 
 JOB'S-NEWS, jobz'-nuz, n. evil tidings: 
 bad news, such as Job's servants brought 
 him. " Poverty escorts him ; from home 
 there can nothing come except Job's- 
 netvs." — Carlyle. 
 
 JOB'S-POST, jobz'-post, n. a bearer of Ul 
 news : a messenger carrying evil tidings. 
 "This Job's-post, from Dumouriez, thick- 
 ly preceded and escorted by so many 
 other Job's-posts, reached the conven- 
 tion." — Carlyle. 
 
 JOCKEY, jok-i, n. a man (orig. a bo3') who 
 rides horses in a race : a liorsedealer : one 
 who takes undue advantage in business. 
 — v.t. to jostle by riding agiiinst : to 
 cheat. [Dim. of Jock, northern E. for 
 .lack, which see.] 
 
 JOCKEYISM, jok'i-izm, JOCKEYSHIP, 
 jok'i-ship, n. the art or practice of s 
 jock<!V. 
 
 JOCOSE, jo-k5s', adj. full of jokes: humor 
 ous : merry. — adv. Jocose'ly. — 71. Jo- 
 cose'ness. [L. jocosus—joeus, a joke. 
 See Joke.] 
 
 JOCULAR, jok'u-lar, adj. given to jolces : 
 humorous: droll: laughable. — adv. Joc'- 
 tJLARLY.— n. JoctTLAK'lTY. [L. jocularts 
 — jocus.] 
 
 JOCUND, jok'und, adj. in a jocose humor : 
 merry : cheerful : pleasant. — adv. Joo'-
 
 JOG 
 
 254 
 
 JUDICIARY 
 
 UNTLY. — n. Jocr>'D'iTT. [L. jocundiis — 
 
 jOCliS.} 
 
 JOG, jog, r.(. to shock or shake: to push 
 with the elbow or hand. — v.i. to move 
 by small shocks : to travel slowly : — pr.p. 
 jogg'ing; pa.p. jogged'.— «. a slight 
 shake : a push. [A weakened form of 
 Shock.] 
 
 JOGGLE, jog'l, v.t. to jog or shake slightly: 
 to jostle. — v.i. to shake : — pr.p. jogg'- 
 lin«: ; pa.p. jogg'led. [Dim. of JoG.] 
 
 JOGTROT, jog'trot, n. a, slow jogging trot. 
 
 JOHN DOREE. See Doeee. 
 
 JOIN, join, t'.f. to connect: to unite: to as- 
 sociate: to add or annex. — v.i. to be con- 
 nected with : to grow together : to be in 
 close contact: to unite (with). [Fr.joindre, 
 It. giugnere — h.jungere,junctum; conn, 
 with Gr. zevgnumi, Sans, y^lj, to join. 
 See Yoke.] 
 
 JOINER, join'er, n. one who joins or 
 unites : a carpenter. 
 
 JOINERY, join'er-i, the art of the joiner. 
 
 JOINT, joint, n. a. joining : the place where 
 two or more things join : a knot : a 
 hinge : a seam : the place where two 
 bones are joined : (cook.) the part of the 
 limb of an animal cut off at the joint. — 
 adj. joined, united, or combined : shared 
 among more than one. — v.t. to unite by 
 joints : to fit closely : to provide with 
 joints : to cut into joints, as an animal. 
 — v.i. to fit like joints. [Fr., O. Fr.joinet 
 — Fr. joindre. See Join.] 
 
 JOINTLESS, joint'lcs. adj. having no joint: 
 hence, stiff, rigid. " ' Let me die here,' 
 were her words, remaining jointless and 
 immovable."' — Richardson. 
 
 JOINTLY, joint'li, adv. in a joint manner : 
 unitedlv or in combination : together. 
 
 JOINT-STOCK, joint'-stok, n., stock held 
 jointly or in company. 
 
 JOINTURE, joint'ur, n. property Joined to 
 or settled on a woman at marriage to be 
 enjoyed after her husband's death. — v.t. 
 to settle a jointure upon. [Fr., O. Fr. 
 joincture — h. junctura. See Join.] 
 
 JOINTURESS, joint'ur-es, JOINTRESS, 
 joint'res, n. aw-omau on whom a. jointure 
 is settled. 
 
 JOIST, joist, n. the timbers to which the 
 boards of a floor or the laths of a ceihng 
 are nailed. — v.t. to fit with joists. [Lit. 
 "that on which anytliing lies," Scot. 
 geist — O. Fr. giste, from Fr. gesir — L. ja- 
 cere. to lie. See Gist.] 
 
 JOKE, jok, n. a jest : a witticism : some- 
 thing witt3' or sportive : anything said 
 or done to excite a laugh. — v.t. to cast 
 jokes at : to banter : to make merry 
 with. — v.i. to jest: to be merry: to 
 make sport. [L. jocus.] 
 
 JOKER, jok'er. n. one who jokes or jests, 
 an additional card in the pack of 53, used 
 in certain games as the highest. 
 
 JOKESMITH, jok'smith, n. a professional 
 joker : one who manufactures jokes. " I 
 feai-ed to give occasion to the jests of 
 newspaper jofcesmitts." — Southey. 
 
 JOKINGLY, j6k'ing-li, adv. in a joking 
 manner. 
 
 JOLE, another form of Jowl. 
 
 JOLLIFICATION, jol-i-fi-ka'shun, n. a 
 making jolly : noisy festivity and merri- 
 ment. [Jolly, and L. facio, to make.] 
 
 JOLLY, jol'i, adj., merry: expressing or 
 exciting mirth : comely, robust. — adt\ 
 JOLL'ILY. — ns. JOLL'ITY, JOLL'INESS. [Fr. 
 joli — Ice. jot, a Christmas feast. E. ynle.'\ 
 
 JOLLYBOAT, jol'i-bot, n. a small boat 
 belonging to a ship. [JOLLY (a corr. of 
 Dan. jolle, a boat, a vawl) and Boat. See 
 Yawl] 
 
 JOLT, jolt, I'.?', to shake with sudden jerks. 
 — v.t. to shake with a sudden shock. — n. 
 a sudden jerk. [Old form joll, prob. conn, 
 with Jowl, and so orig. meaning to 
 
 knock one h?ad against another, as in the 
 
 phrase, jolthead.] 
 JOLTINGLY, j6lt'ing-li, adv. in a jolting 
 
 manner. 
 JONQUIL, jon'kwil, JONQUILLE, jon- 
 
 kwel', n. a name given to certain species 
 
 of narcissus with Jtts/i-like leaves. [Fr. 
 
 jonquille — h.juncus, a rush.] 
 JOSS, jos, n. a Chinese idol. '• Those pagan 
 
 josses." — Wolcot. 
 
 Critick in jars and josses, shows her birth. 
 Drawn, like the brittle ware itself, from earth. 
 
 — Coteman. 
 
 [Chinese joss, a deity, corrupted from 
 Port, deos, from L. deiis, a god.] 
 
 JOSS-HOUSE, jos'-house, n. a Chinese tem- 
 ple. [See Joss.] 
 
 JOSS-STICK, jos'-stik, n. in China, a stick 
 of gum burned as incense to their gods. 
 [Chinese joss, a god.] 
 
 JOSTLE, jos'l, v.t. to Jo«sf or strike .against: 
 to drive against. [Freq. of Joust!] 
 
 JOT, jot, n. the least quantity assignable. — 
 v.t. to set down briefly : to make a mem- 
 orandum of •.—pr.p. jott'ing ; pa.2i. jott'- 
 ed. [L. — Gr. iota — Heb. yod, the smallest 
 letter in the alphabet, E. i.] 
 
 JOTTING, jot'ing, n. a memorandum. 
 
 JOURNAL, jur'nal, n. a diurnal or daily 
 register or diary : a book containing an 
 account of each day's transactions : a 
 newspaper published daily or otherwise: 
 a magazine : the transactions of any 
 society. [Fr. — L. diumalis. See DruE- 
 nal.] 
 
 JOURNALISM, jur'nal-izm, n. the keeping 
 of a journal : the profession of conduct- 
 ing public journals. 
 
 JOURNALIST, jur'nal-ist, n. one who 
 writes for or conducts a Journal or 
 newspaper. 
 
 JOURNALISTIC, jur-nal-ist'ik, adj. per- 
 taining to journals or newspapers, or to 
 journalism. 
 
 JOURNEY, jur'ni, n. any travel : tour : 
 excursion. — v.i. to travel -.—pr.p. jom-'- 
 neying ; pa.p. jour'neyed (-nid). [Lit. a 
 day'strarel, Fr. Joiirnee— jour, It, giorno, 
 a day — L. diumus.'] 
 
 JOURNEYMAN, jur'ni-man, n. one who 
 vvforks by the day : any hired workman : 
 one whose apprenticeship is completed. 
 
 JOUST, just or joost, n. the encounter of 
 two knights on horseback at a tourna- 
 ment. — i\i. to rim in the tilt. [Lit. a com- 
 ing together, O. Fr.jouste, juste — li.juxta, 
 nigh to.] 
 
 JOVIAL, jo'vi-aJ, adj. joyous : full of mirth 
 and happiness. — adv. Jo'vially. — «^. Jo- 
 vial'ity, Jo'vtalness. [L. Jovialis— Ju- 
 piter, Joi'is, Jupiter, the star, which, ac- 
 cording to the old astrology, had a happy 
 influence on human affairs.] 
 
 JOVIALIZE, j6'vi-al-Iz, v.t. to make jovial: 
 to cause to be merry or jolly. " An ac- 
 tivity that jovialized us all." — Miss 
 BuTniey. 
 
 JOVIAN, j6'vi-an, adj. of or pertaining to 
 Jove, the chief divinity of the Romans, 
 or to the planet Jupiter. [See Jovial.] 
 
 JOWL, JOLE, jol, n. the jau- or cheek. 
 [M.E. forms are choul, chaul, corr. from 
 chavel, and this again from A.S. ceajl, 
 the jaw.] 
 
 JOY, joy, n. gladness : rapture : mirth : 
 the cause of joy. — v.i. to rejoice : to be 
 §-lad : to exult -.—pr.p. joy'ing ; pa.p. 
 joyed'. [Fr. joic. It. gioja—L,. gaiulium 
 — gaudeo, to rejoice, allied to Gr. gethed.'\ 
 
 JOYFUL, joy'fool, adj. full of joy : very 
 glad, happy, or merry. — adv. Joy'fully. 
 
 — n. JOTFULNESS. 
 
 JOYLESS, joy'les, adj. without joy : not 
 giving joy. — adv. Joy'lessly.— n. JoY*- 
 
 LESSNESS. 
 
 JOYOUS, joy'us, adj. full of joy, happi- 
 
 ness, or merriment. 
 n. Joy'ocsness. 
 
 <idv. Joy'ously.— 
 
 JUBILANT, joo'bi-lant, adj. shouting for 
 joy : rejoicing : uttering songs of tri. 
 umph. [L. jubilo, to shout for joy, nol 
 conn, with Jubilee.] 
 
 JUBILATE, joo'bi-la'te, n. the third Sun. 
 day after Easter, so called because the 
 Church Service began on that day with 
 the 66th Psalm, '^ Jubilate Deo," etc. 
 [From root of Jubilant.] 
 
 JUBILATE, joo'bi-lat, i\t. to rejoice : to 
 exult: to triumph. "Hope jubilating 
 cries aloud.'" — Carlyle. "The hurralis 
 were yet ascending from our jubilating 
 lips."' — De Quincey. 
 
 JUBILATION, j6o-bi-la'shun, n. a shouting 
 for joy : the declaration of triumph. 
 [See Jubilant.] 
 
 JUBILEE, joo'bi-le, n. the year of release 
 among the Jews every fiftieth year, pro- 
 claimed bj' the sound of a trumpet : any 
 season of great public joy and festi\nty. 
 [Fr. jubile — L. jubilceus — Heb. yobel, "a 
 trumpet, the sound of a trumpet.] 
 
 JUDAIC, joo-da'ik, JUDAICAL. joo-da'- 
 ik-al, adj. pertaining to the Jeus. — adv. 
 Juda'ically. [L. Judaicus — Jitda. Ju- 
 dah, one of the sons of Israel.] 
 
 JUDAISE, joo'da-Iz, v.i. to conform to or 
 practice Judaism. 
 
 JUDAISM, joo'da-izm, n. the doctrines 
 and rites of the Jews : conformity to the 
 Jewish rites. 
 
 JUDEAN, joo-de'an. adj. belonging to 
 Judea. — n. a native of Judea. 
 
 JUDGE, juj, v.i. to point out or declare 
 what is Just or laic: to hear and decide : 
 to pass sentence : to compare facts to 
 determine the truth : to form or pass an 
 opinion : to distinguish. — v.t. to hear and 
 determine authoritatively : to sentence . 
 to be censorious towards : to consider : 
 (B.) to condemn. [Fr. juger — L. Judico 
 — jus, law, and dico, to declare.] 
 
 JUDGE, juj, n. one who judges : acivilofli' 
 cer who hears and settles any cause, 
 either in connection with a jury or with- 
 out one : an arbitrator : one who can 
 decide upon the merit of anything : in 
 Jewish history', a magistrate having ci^nl 
 and militarj' powers : — pi. title of 7th 
 book of the Okl Testament. [Fr. Juge, 
 L. judea'— Judico.] 
 
 JUDGESHIP, juj'ship, n. the office of a 
 judge. 
 
 JUDGMENT, juj'ment, n. act of judging: 
 the comparing of ideas, to elicit truth : 
 faculty by which this is done, the rea- 
 son : opinion formed : taste : sentence : 
 condemnation : doom. 
 
 JUDGMENT-DAY. juj'ment-da, n. the dap 
 on which God will pronounce final judg- 
 ment on mankind. 
 
 JUDGMENT-SEAT, juj'ment-set, n., seat 
 or bench in a court from -mhich judgment 
 is pronounced. 
 
 JUDICABLE, j5o'di-ka-bl, adj. that may 
 be judged or tried. [L. judicabilis.] 
 
 JUDICATIVE, joo'di-ka-tiv, adj. having 
 power to Judge. 
 
 JUDICATORY, jo6'di-ka-tor-i, adj. per- 
 taining to a Judge : distributing justice. 
 — n. distribution of justice : a tribunal. 
 
 JUDICATURE, j66'di-ka-tur, n. profession 
 of a Judge : power or svstem of dispens- 
 ing justice by legal trial : jm-isdiction : a 
 tribunal. 
 
 JUDICIAL, joo-dish'al, adj. pertaining to 
 a Judge or court : practiced in, or pro- 
 ceeding from a court of justice : estab- 
 lished by statute. — adv. Judi'cially. [O. 
 Fr. — h. Judieialis.] 
 
 JUDICIARY, j66-dish'i-ar-i, n. the judges 
 taken collectivelj' : one of the depart- 
 ments of the Federal and State Govern-
 
 JUDICIOUS 
 
 255 
 
 JUXTAPOSITION 
 
 zoents. — cnlj. pertaining to the courts of 
 law: passing judgment. \\j. judiciarius.'\ 
 
 JUDICIOUS, joo-dish'us, adj. according to 
 sound Judgment : possessing sound judg- 
 ment : discreet. — n. Judi'CIOUSNess. — 
 adv. Jr-DI'CIOUSLY. 
 
 JUG. jug, n. a large vessel with a swelling 
 body and narrow mouth for liquors. — v.t. 
 to boil or stew as in a jug :—pr.j}. jugg*- 
 ing; pa.p. jugged'. [Prob. a familiar 
 equivalent of Joan or Jenny, and jocularly 
 applied to a drinking-vessel; cf. Jack and 
 Jill in a like sense.] 
 
 JUG, jug, v.i. to utter the sound jug, as 
 certain birds, esp. the nightingale. [From 
 the sound.] 
 
 JUGGLE, jug'l, t'.J. to joke or jest : to amvise 
 by sleight-of-hand : to conjure : to prac- 
 tice artifice or imposture. ~7i. a trick by 
 sleight-of-hand : an imposture. [O. Fr. 
 joiigler — L. joenlor, to jest— jocms, a jest.] 
 
 fuGGLER, jug'ler, n. one who performs 
 tricks by sleight-of-hand, a trickish fellow. 
 [M..E. jogelour—Fv. jongleur— L. joeidator, 
 a j'sster.] 
 
 JUGGLERY, jug'ler-i, n. art or tricks of a 
 juggler : legerdemain : trickery. 
 
 JUGLANDINE. jug-Ian'din, n. a substance 
 contained in tlie juice expressed from the 
 green shell of the walnut {Juglans regia). 
 It is used as a remedy in cutaneous and 
 scrofulous diseases, also for dyeing the 
 hair black. 
 
 JUGULAR, j66'gu-lar, adj. pertaining to 
 the collar-bone, which yot»s the neck and 
 shoulders. — n. one of the larg-e veins on 
 eacli side of the neck. [L. jugtdiim, the 
 collar-bone— jitnyo, to join.] 
 
 JUICE, joos, n. the sap of vegetables : the 
 fluid part of animal bodies. — adj. Juioe'- 
 LESS. [Fr. — "L.jus. lit. mi.vture.\ 
 
 JUICY, joos'i, adj., full of juice. — n. Jcic'- 
 
 INESS. 
 
 JUJUBE, joo'joob, n. a genus of spiny 
 shrubs or small trees, the fruit of which 
 is dried as a sweetmeat : a lozenge made 
 of sugar and gum. [Fr. — L. zizyphus — 
 Gr. zizyphon — Pers. zizfun, the jujube- 
 treej 
 
 JULEIP, joo'lep, JULAP, joo'lap, n. a 
 pleasant liquid medicine in which other 
 nauseous medicines are taken. [Liit. rosc- 
 water, Fr. — Ar. jidab — Pers. gid, rose, db, 
 water.] 
 
 JULIAN, jool'yan, adj. noting the old ac- 
 count of time established by Julius 
 Caesar, and used from 46 B.C. till 1753. 
 
 JULIENNE, zhii-le-en, n. a kind of soup 
 made with various lierbs or vegetables 
 cut in very small pieces. [Fr.] 
 
 JULY, jo6-U', n. the seventh month of the 
 year, so called from Caius Julius Caesar, 
 who was born in this month. 
 
 JUilBLE, jum'bl, v.t. to mix confusedly : 
 to throw together without order. — v.i. 
 to be mixed together confusedly: to be 
 agitated. — )i. a confused mixture. [M.E. 
 jombre. prob. a freq. of Jusrp, in the 
 sense of to stamp or shake about.] 
 
 JUMBLINGLY. jum'bling-li, adv. in a 
 jumbled or confused manner. 
 
 JUMP, jump, v.i. to spring upward, or for- 
 ward, or both: to bound: to pa-sstoas by 
 a leap. — v.t. to pass by a leap : to skip 
 over : — pr.p. jump'ing ; pa.p. jumped'. 
 — )J. act of jumping : a bound. [From a 
 Teut. root seen in Sw. gtimpa, O. Ger. 
 gumpcn. to jump.] 
 
 JUNCTION, juugk shun, n. a joining, a 
 union or combination : place or point of 
 union : a place, not in a town or city, 
 where two or more railroads meet or 
 cross one another ; when such a place 
 becomes a town or city it sometimes re- 
 tains the word junction in its title of in- 
 corporation. [See Join.] 
 
 JUNCTURE, jungk'tur, n. a joining, a 
 
 union : a critical or import ant point of 
 time. \lu. junctura.'\ 
 
 JUNE, joon, n. the sixth month, orig. of 
 26 days, but since Julius Cffisar's time of 
 30. [L. Junius, the name of the sixth 
 montli, and also of a Roman gens or 
 clan, prob. from root of L. juvenis, 
 junior. Sans, juu-an, yoimg, and so =■ 
 the month of growth.'] 
 
 JUNGLE, jung'gl, n. land covered with 
 thick brushwood, etc. — adj. Jcng'LY. 
 \Ba.ns. jaiigala, desert.] 
 
 JUNIOR, joon'yur, adj., younger: less ad- 
 vanced. — n. one j'ounger or less ad- 
 vanced. [Contr. of L. juvenior, younger 
 — juvenis, young.] 
 
 JUNIORITY, joo-ni-or'i-ti, JUNIORSHIP, 
 joo'ni-ur-ship, n. state of being junior. 
 
 JUNIPER, j66'ni-per, ri. an evergreen 
 shrub, the Ijerries of which are used in 
 making gin. [L. juniperus — juvenis, 
 young, and pario, to bring forth ; Ut. 
 young-bearing, from its everg^'een ap- 
 pearance.] 
 
 JUNK, jungk, n. a Chinese vessel, hav- 
 ing three masts. [Port, junco — Chinese 
 chiv'an, a boat.] 
 
 JUNK, jungk, n. pieces of old cordage, 
 used for making mats, etc., and when 
 picked to pieces forming oakum for the 
 seams of ships : salt meat suppUed to ves- 
 sels for long voyages, so called because it 
 becomes as haril as old rope. [L. juneus, 
 a rush, of which ropes used to be made.] 
 
 JUNKET, jung'ket, n. any sweetmeat, so 
 called from being carried in little baskets 
 made of rusJies : a stolen entertainment. 
 — v.i. to feast in secret. — i\t. to feast : — 
 jir.p. jun'keting ; jia.j). jim'keted. [It. 
 giuncata — L,. juneus, a rush.] 
 
 JUNTA, jun'ta, n. a body of men joined or 
 united : a Spanish grand council of state: 
 a word used in the Spanish-American 
 States for various political combinations, 
 revolutionary and other. [Sp., a fem. 
 form of Junto.] 
 
 JUNTO, jun'to, n. a body of men joined or 
 united for some secret intrigue : a con- 
 federacy : a cabal or faction : — -jsZ. JUN'- 
 TOS. [Sp. — L. junclus—jungo.] 
 
 JUPITER, joo'pi-ter, n. the chief god 
 among the Romans : tlie largest, and, 
 next to Venus, tlie brightest of tlie 
 
 Slanets. [Contr. from Jovis pater or 
 Hespiter, "Jove-father" or "Heaven- 
 father," from Jovis (= Gr. Zeus, Sans. 
 Dyaus, A.S. Tiir, O. High Ger. Zio, L. 
 dies, divum, and sig. light, heaven), and 
 pater, father.] 
 
 JURIDICAL, joo-rid'ik-al, adj. relating to 
 the distribution of justice : pertaining to 
 a judge : used in courts of law. — adv. Ju- 
 eid'icaixy. [L. juridicus—jiis, juris, law, 
 and dico, to declare.] 
 
 JURISCONSULT, j66-ris-kon'sult, n. one 
 who is consulted on the law: a lawyer 
 who gives opinions on cases put to him : 
 a jurist. [L. jus, juris, law, and consultus 
 —con.tido, to consult.] 
 
 JURISDICTION, j66-ris-dik'.shun, n. the 
 distribution of justice : legal authority : 
 e.xtent of power : distr'^t over whicli any 
 authority extends.— ady. Jtxrisdic'tionai.. 
 [Fr. — L. jurisdictio. See Just and Dic- 
 tion.] 
 
 JURISPRUDENCE, joo-ris-proo'dens, n. 
 the scienee or knomedge of lau: [Fr. — 
 L. jurisprudentia—jus, juris, law, and 
 prudentia, knowledge. See Just and 
 Prudence.] 
 
 JURIST, joo rist, n. one who professes or 
 is versed in the science of law, especially 
 the Roman or civil law : a civilian. [Fr. 
 juriste.] 
 
 JUROR, joo'rur, JURYMAN, joo'ri-man, 
 n. one who serves on a jury. [Fr. 
 jureur.] 
 
 JURY, joo'ri, n. a body of nor ^iass than 
 twelve men, selected and su-orn, as pre- 
 scribed bj' law, to declare the truth on 
 evidence before them : a committee for 
 deciding prizes at a pubhc exhibition, 
 though in this sense confined to England 
 chiefly — in U.S., such a committee re- 
 ceives the more dignified and scriptural 
 title of judges. [Fr. jure, sworn— jurer 
 — L. jwro, to swear.] 
 
 JURYMAST, joo'ri-mast, n. a temporary 
 mast erected in a ship instead of one 
 lost or destroyed. [Ety. dub., by some 
 thought to be an abbrev. of injury- 
 mast.] 
 
 JURY-RUDDER, joo'ri-rud'er, n. a tem- 
 porary rudder for one lost. 
 
 JUSSIEUAN, jus-su'an, adj. in bat. applied 
 to the natural sj'stem of classifying 
 plants originally promulgated by J((.s- 
 sieu, a French botanist, which superseded 
 the artificial system of Linneeus. The 
 system has been improved bj' De Can- 
 dolle, Lindley, the Hookers, and others, 
 though the broad principles are the same 
 as originally sketched ovit by its founder. 
 
 JUST, n. a tilt. Same as Joust. 
 
 JUST, just, adj., lauful : upright : exact : 
 regular: true: rigliteous.— adr. accurate- 
 ly : barely. [Fi\ — L. Justus — jus, law.] 
 
 JUSTICE, jus'tis, J?, quality of being just : 
 integrity : impartialitj' : desert : retribu- 
 tion: a judge : a magistrate : in the U.S. 
 the term is applied to the lowest order of 
 the judiciary — the local magistrates or 
 Justices of the Peace, and to the highest 
 — the Justices of State and Federal Su- 
 preme Courts ; the intermediate county, 
 circuit and district courts being presided 
 over by judges. [Fr. — L. justitia.] 
 
 JUSTICESHIP, jus'tis-ship, n. office or 
 dignity of a justice or judge. 
 
 JUSTICIARY, jus-tish'i-ar-i. JUSTICIAR, 
 jus-tisli'i-ar. n. an administrator of jus 
 tice : a chief-justice. 
 
 JUSTIFIABLE, jus-ti-fi'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be justified or defended. — n. Justifi'able- 
 NESS.— adr. Justifi'ably. 
 
 JUSTIFICATION, jus-ti-C-ka'shun, n. vin- 
 dication : absolution : a plea of sufficient 
 reason for. 
 
 JUSTIFICATIVE, jus'ti-fi-ka-tiv, JUSTI- 
 FICATORY, jus'ti-fi-ka-tor-i, adj. having 
 power to justify. 
 
 JUSTIFIER, jus'ti-fl-er, n. one who de- 
 fends, or vindicates : he who pardons and 
 absolves from guilt and punishment. 
 
 JUSTIFY, jus'ti-fl, v.f. to make just: to 
 prove or sliow to be just or right : to vin- 
 dicate: to absolve: in printing, to adjust 
 and cause to fit as type in tlie forms : — 
 pr.]}. jus'tifj'ing; j>o.p. jus'tified. [Fr. — L. 
 justijico — Justus, just, and f ado, to make.] 
 
 JUSTLE, v.t. Same as Jostle. 
 
 JUSTLY, just'Ii, adv. in a just manner : 
 equitably : uprightly : accuratelj' : by 
 right. 
 
 JUSTNESS, just'nes, n. equity : propriety: 
 exactness. 
 
 JUT, jut, i\i. to shoot forward : to project : 
 — pr.}}. jutt'ing ; pa.p. jutt'ed. [A form 
 of Jet.] 
 
 JUTE, joot, n. the fibre of an Indian plant 
 resembling hemp, used in the manufac- 
 ture of coarse bags, mats, etc. [Orissa 
 jhot. Sans, jhat.] 
 
 JUVENESCENT, joo-ven-es'ent, adj. be- 
 coming young. — n. Jutenes'cence. [L, 
 JHvencscens—juvenesco, to grow young.] 
 
 JUVENIIiE, joo've-nll or -nil, adj., young: 
 pertaining or suited to youth : puerile. — 
 r!.s. Ju'venii.eness, Juvenii/ity. [Fr. — 
 L. juveuilis — juvenis, j'oung ; akin to 
 S.ans. j'lnci/n. young.and djuna, sportive.] 
 
 JUXTAPOSITION, juks-ta-po-zish'un, n. a 
 placing or being placed near : contigu- 
 ity. [L. ju.vta, near, and Position.]
 
 KAFFIR 
 
 256 
 
 KINDERGARTEN 
 
 K 
 
 KAFFIR, kafir, n. one of a native race of 
 
 S. E. Africa. [Ar. Kafir, unbeliever.] 
 KAIL, KALE, kal, n. a cabbage with open 
 curled leaves. [The Nortliern E. form 
 of Cole.] 
 KALEIDOSCOPE, ka-ll'do-skop, n. an op- 
 tical toy in which we see an endless vari- 
 ety of beautiful colors and forms. [Gr. 
 Jcalos. beautiful, eidos, form, and skopeo, 
 to see.] 
 KALENDAR. KALENDS. Same as Cal- 
 ENDAB, Calends. 
 
 KAMPTULICON, kamp-tu'li-kon, n. a 
 floorcloth made of gjound cork and 
 caoutchouc. [Gr. kampto, to bend.] 
 
 KANGAROO, kang-gar-oo', n. an Austra- 
 lian quadruped, remarkable for the 
 length of its hindlegs and its power of 
 leaping. [The native name.] 
 
 KEDGE, kej, n. a small anchor for keeping 
 a ship steady and for warping the ship. 
 — v.t. to move by means of a kedge, to 
 warp. — ». Kedg'er, a kedge. [Ice. kaggi, 
 a cask fixed to an anchor as a buoy.] 
 
 KEEL, kel, n. the part of a ship extending 
 along the bottom from stem to stern, and 
 supporting the whole frame : a low flat- 
 bottomed boat : (bot.) the lowest petals 
 of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower. 
 — v.t. or v.t. to plough with a keel, to nav- 
 igate : to turn keel upwards. [A.S. ceol, 
 a ship : Ger. and Dut. kiel : prob. con- 
 fused with Ice. kiolr, the keel of a ship.] 
 
 KEELAGE, kel'aj, n. dues for a free/ or ship 
 in port. 
 
 KEELED, keld, adj. (bot.) keel-shaped: 
 having a prominence on the back. 
 
 KEELHAUL, kel'hawl, v.t. to punish by 
 hauling under the keel of a ship by ropes 
 from tihe one side to the other : to treat 
 a subordinate in a galling manner. 
 
 KEELSON, KELSOlir, kel'sun. n. an inner 
 keel placed right over the outer keel of 
 a ship, and securely fastened thereto. 
 [Swed. kolsvin, Norw. kjolsvill, the latter 
 syllable=Ger. schwelle, E. Sill.] 
 
 KEEN, ken, adj. eager: sharp, ha\'ing a 
 fine edge: piercing: acute of mind: pene- 
 trating. — adv. Keen'ly. — ??. Keen'ness. 
 [A.S. cene ; Ger. kiihn, bold ; Ice. A-cerew, 
 wise. It is from the same root as ken 
 and can, the orig. sense being able or 
 knoii}ing.'\ 
 
 KEEP, kep, v.t. to have the care of : to 
 guard : to maintain : to have in one's 
 service : to remain in : to adhere to : to 
 practice : not to lose : to maintain hold 
 upon : to restrain from departure : to 
 preserve in a certain state. — v.i. to re- 
 main in any position or state : to last 
 or endure : to a.ihere : — pr.p. keep'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. kept.—?;, that which 
 keeps or protects : the innermost and 
 strongest part of a castle, the donjon : 
 a stronghold.— n. Keep'er.— «,. Keep'er- 
 SHIP, office of a keeper. [A.S. cepan, 
 orig. to traffic, hence to store up, keep — 
 ceap. price. See Cheap.] 
 
 KEEPING, kep'ing, n. care : just propor- 
 tion, harmony : (paint.) due proportion 
 of light and shade. 
 
 KEEPSAKE, kep'sak, n. something given 
 to be kept for the sake of the giver. 
 
 KEG. keg, n. a small cask or barrel. [Ice. 
 kaggi, a cask.] 
 
 KELP, kelp, n. the calcined ashes of sea- 
 weed, once used in making glass. [Ety. 
 unknown.] 
 
 KELPIE. KELPY, kel'pi, n. a water-sprite 
 in the form of a horse. [Etv. dub.] 
 
 KELSON. Same as KEELSO^f. 
 
 KEN. ken, v.t. to know: to see and recog- 
 nize at a distance. — n. reach of knowl- 
 
 edge or sight. [Ice. henna, orig. to 
 
 cause to know. See Can and Know.] 
 KENDAL-GREEN, ken'dal-gren, «., green 
 
 cloth made at Kendal in Westmoreland. 
 KENNEL, ken'el, n. a house for dogs: a 
 
 pack of hounds : the hole of a fox, etc. : 
 
 a haunt. — v.t. to keep in a kennel. — v.i. 
 
 to live in a kennel: — pr.p. kenn'elling ; 
 
 pa.]}, kenn'elled. [Norm. Fr. keiiil, Fr. 
 
 chenil — L. canile — canis, a dog.] 
 KENNEL, ken'el, n. the water-course of a 
 
 street : a gutter. [A form of Canal.] 
 KENNEI^COAL. Same as Cannel-coal. 
 KEPT, past tense and past participle of 
 
 Keep. 
 KERBSTONE, kerb'ston, n. a form of CtmB- 
 
 STONE. 
 
 KERCHIEF, ker'chif, n. (orig.) a square 
 piece of cloth worn by women to cover 
 the head: any loose cloth used in dress. 
 [M.E. couerchef, Fr. couvrechef — cotivrir, 
 to cover, chef, the head. See Cover and 
 
 KERN. ' See QuERN. 
 
 KERN, KERNE, kern, n. an Irish foot-sol- 
 dier. [Ir. cearn, a man.] 
 
 KERNEL, kern'el, n. anything in a husk 
 or shell : the substance in the shell of a 
 nut : the seed of a pulpy fruit. [Lit. a 
 grain of corn, A.S. cyrnel, from A.S. 
 corn, grain, and dim. suffix -el ; Ger. 
 kern, a grain. See Corn and Grain.] 
 
 KERNELLY. kern'el-i, adj. full of or re- 
 sembling kernels. 
 
 KEROSENE, ker'o-sen. n. an oil obtained 
 from bituminous coal, used for lamps, 
 etc. [Gr. keros, wax.] 
 
 KERSEY, ker'zi, n. a coarse woollen cloth. 
 [Perh. from Kersej' in Suffolk, where a 
 woollen trade was once carried on.] 
 
 KERSEYMERE, ker-zi-mer' or ker'-, n. a 
 twilled cloth of the finest wools. [A corr. 
 of Cassimere, Cashmere.] 
 
 KESTREL, kes'trel, n. a small species of 
 falcon like the sparrow-hawk. [Fr. cres- 
 serelle, of unknown origin.] 
 
 KETCH, kech, n. a small two-masted ves- 
 sel, generally used as a yacht or as a 
 bomb-vessel. [Corr. from Turk, qaiq, a 
 boat, skiff, whence also FV. ca'iqueT] 
 
 KETCHUP. Same as Catchup. 
 
 KETTLE, ket'l, n. a vessel of metal, for 
 heating or boiling liquids. [A.S. eetel ; 
 Ger. Jcessel, Goth, katils ; all conn, with 
 and perh. borrowed from L. catillus, 
 dim. of catinus, a deep cooking-vessel.] 
 
 KETTLEDRUM, ket'l-drum, n. a drum 
 made of a metal vessel like a kettle, and 
 covered with parchment : a tea-party. 
 [See Drum.] 
 
 KEY, ke, n. an instrument for shutting or 
 opening a lock : that by which some- 
 thing is screwed or turned : (arc7(.) the 
 middle stone of an arch : a piece of wood 
 let into another piece crosswise to pre- 
 vent warping : (mus.) one of the small 
 levers in musical instruments for pro- 
 ducing notes : the fundamental note of 
 a piece of music : that which explains a 
 mystery : a book containing answers to 
 exercises, etc. [A.S. coeg, a key; O. Fris. 
 kei, kai."] 
 
 KEYBOARD, ke'bord, n. the keys or levers 
 in a piano or organ arrang-ed along a flat 
 hoard. 
 
 KEYHOLE, ke'hol, n. the hoU in which a 
 key of a door, etc., is inserted. 
 
 KEYNOTE, ke'not, n. the key or funda- 
 mental note of a piece of music. 
 
 KEYSTONTE, ke'ston, n. the same as Key, 
 in arch. 
 
 KHAN, kan, n. in N. Asia, a prince or 
 chief : in Persia, a governor. — n. Khan'- 
 ATE, the dominion or jurisdiction of a 
 khan. [Pers. khan, lord or prince, which 
 is a modification of a Tartar word.] 
 
 KHEDIVE, ked'iv, n. the title of the ruler 
 
 of Egypt. [Persian khid'iv, prince or 
 sovereign.] 
 
 KIBE, kib, n. a chilblain. [W. cibu-st, from 
 cih, a cup, expressive of the swollen or 
 rounded appearance of the disease, and 
 gwst, a disease.] 
 
 KICK, kik, v.t. to hit with the foot.— v.i. 
 to thrust out tlie foot with violence : to 
 show opposition. — n. a blow with the 
 foot. [M.E. kiken — ^W. cicio — eic, the 
 foot.] 
 
 KICKSHAW, kik'shaw, n., something un- 
 common or fantastical that has no name: 
 (coofc.) a fantastical dish. [Corr. of Fr. 
 quelque chose, something.] 
 
 KID, kid, n. a young goat. — v.t. or v.i. to 
 bring forth a goat : — pr.p. kidd'ing ; 
 pa.p. kidd'ed. [Scand., as in Ice. kidh; 
 Ger. kitze, a young kid.] 
 
 KIPLING, kid'ling, n. a young kid. 
 
 KIDNAP, kid'nap, v.t. to steal, as a human 
 being: — pr.p. kid'napping ; pa.t. and 
 ja.p. kid'napped. — n. Kid'napper. [Vul- 
 gar kid (see Km), a child, and vulgar 
 nab, to steal.] 
 
 KIDNEY, kid'ni, n. one of two flattened 
 glands, on each side of the loins, which 
 secrete the urine. [M.E. kidn£re—A.S. 
 cieid, Scot, kijte, Ice. kvidr, the womb, 
 the belly, and Ice. nyra, Ger. niere, a 
 kidnev.] 
 
 KIDNE'YBEAN, kid'ni-ben, n. a kind of 
 bea7i shaped like a kidney. 
 
 KILDERKIN, kil'der-kin, n. a small barrel; 
 a liquid measure of 18 gallons. [Old 
 Dut. kindeken, kinneken. Scot, kitiken, 
 dim. of Dut. kind, a child.] 
 
 KILL, kil, v.t. to put to death : to slay. — 
 n. Kill'er. [M.E. killen or ctdlen-^lce. 
 kolla, to hit on the head — kollr, the head ; 
 or perh. a doublet of Quell.] 
 
 KILN, kil, 71. a large oven in which corn, 
 bricks, etc., are dried : bricks piled for 
 burning. — v.t. Kiln'-dry, to dry in a kOn. 
 [A.S. eyln ; Ice. kylna, a drying-house 
 for corn : ace. to Skeat from" L. eulina, 
 
 KILOGRAMME, kil'o-gram, n. a French 
 measure of weight = 1000 grammes, or 
 2^ lbs. avoirdupois. [Lit. 1000 grammes, 
 Gr. chilioi, 1000, and Gramme.] 
 
 KILOMETRE, kil'o-me-tr, n. a French 
 measure, being 1000 metres, or nearly i 
 of a mile. [Fr.— Gr. chilioi, 1000, and 
 Metre.] 
 
 KILT, kilt, n. a kind of short petticoat, 
 worn by the Highlandmen of Scotland. 
 [Northern E. kilt, to tuck up, from Dan. 
 kilte, to tuck up, cf. Ice. kilting, a skirt.] 
 
 KIN, kin, n. persons of the same family : 
 relatives : relationship : affinity. [A.S. 
 cyn : Ice. kyn, Goth, kuni, family, race, 
 from a root gan, to beget, found in L. 
 genus, Gr. genos. See Genus, also Kind. 
 Kindred, King.] 
 
 KIND, kind, n. those of kin, a race : sort 
 or species: natiu'e: style: character: prod- 
 uce, as distinguished from money. — adj. 
 having the feelings natural for those of 
 the same family : disposed to do good 
 to others. — n. "Kind'ness. — adj. KmD'- 
 hearted. [A.S. cynd — cyn. kin. See 
 Kin.] 
 
 KINDERGARTEN, kin'der-gar-tn, ?i. a kind 
 of infant's school, intermediate between 
 the nursery and the primary school, in 
 which pla3' is combined with a certain 
 amount of educational training, the latter 
 being based especially on object lessons, 
 and in teaching the child to produce 
 simple articles or objects of an elementary 
 kind so as to develop the thinking faculty 
 and mduce habits of order. The name was 
 given b3' the originator of the system. 
 Friedrich Froebel. [Ger., lit. children- 
 garden.]
 
 KINDLE 
 
 25? 
 
 KNOT 
 
 KINDLE, kin'dl, v.t. to set Are to : to light : 
 to inflame, as the passions : to provolve : 
 to excite t'y action. — v.i. to take fii-e : to 
 begin to be excited: to be aroused. — n. 
 Kin'dler. [Ice. kynda, to set fire to, 
 kiindyll, a torch, conn, with Candle.] 
 KIXDLY, kind'li, adj. (orig.) belonging to 
 tlie Icind or race: natural: benevolent. 
 —adv. KiND'LY.— ?i. KinD'LINESS. 
 
 KINDRED, kin'dred, n. (lit.) state of being 
 of the same /amiZ^; relatives: relation- 
 ship: — pi. {B.) families. — adj. related: 
 congenial. [M. E. kinrede — A. S. cyn, 
 kin. and the suffix rcBden, expressing 
 n)ode or condition.] 
 
 KIXE, kin, n.pl. (B.) cows. [M. E. ky-en, 
 a doubled plur. of A. S. cu, a cow, the 
 plur. of which is cy ; cf. Scotch kye.] 
 
 KINEMATICS, kin-i-mat'iks, n. the science 
 of pure motion without reference to 
 ;orce. — adj. Ktnemat'ical,. [Gr. hinema, 
 -ritos. motion - -A-'i'neo to move.] 
 
 KINETICS, :.-: net'ik.s, n. the science of 
 motion viewed with reference to its 
 causes. — adj. Kinet'ic. [Gr. kinetikos, 
 putting in motion — kineo, to move.] 
 
 KING, king, n. the chief ruler of a nation : 
 a monarch : a card having the picture of 
 a king : the most important piece in 
 chess:— /em. QuEEN. — adjs. KlNG'UESS, 
 King'like. [A.S. cyning — cyn, a tribe ; 
 Sa.ns. janaka, father — root gan, to beget, 
 therefore meaning " father," the father 
 of a tribe, the " king of his own kin ; " 
 but ace. to Skeat, cyning^cyn (as above) 
 and suffix -ing, meaning " belonging to," 
 son of" the " tribe," the elected chief 
 of the people. See Kin.] 
 
 KING-AT-ARMS, king-at-armz', n. one of 
 the three chief officers of the Herald's 
 College. 
 
 KTNCJCRAB, king'krab, «. the chief or 
 largest of the crah genus, most common 
 in the Molucca Islands. 
 
 KINGCRAFT, king'kraft, n. the art of 
 governing, mostly in a bad sense. 
 
 KINGCUP, king'kup, n. the buttercup or 
 •jpright meadow crowfoot. 
 
 KINGDOM, king'dum. n. the state or at- 
 tributes of a king: the territory of a 
 king : government : a region : one of the 
 three g^and divisions of Nat. Hist., as 
 the animal, vegetable, or mineral. 
 
 KINGFISHER, king'fish-er, n. a bird with 
 very brilliant or kingly plumage, which 
 feeds on fish, the halcyon. 
 
 KINGLET, king'let, n. a httle or petty 
 king : the golden-crested wren. 
 
 KlNGLY. kingli, adj. belonging or suitable 
 to a king : royal : noble. — adv. Kino'lt. 
 — n. King'liness. 
 
 KING'S BENCH, kingz" bensh, n. the bench 
 or seat of the king: one of the high courts 
 of law, so called because the king used to 
 sit there, called Queen's Beni'i -^-iTag ?, 
 queen's reign. 
 
 KING'S-EVIL, kingZ-e'vI, n. a scrofulo-j.i 
 disease or evil formerly supposed to be 
 healed by the touch of the king. 
 
 KINSFOLK, kinz'fok, n., folk or people 
 kindred or related to one another. 
 
 KINSMAN, kinz'man, n. a 7nanoi the same 
 kin or race with another -.—fern. KlNs'- 
 
 WOMAN. 
 
 BLIOSK, ki-osk', n. an Eastern garden pa- 
 vilion. [Turk, kieiichk.'] 
 
 KIPPER, kip'er, n. a salmon in the state 
 of spamiing : a salmon split open, sea- 
 .soned, and dried. — v.t. to cure or pre- 
 serve, as a salmon. [Lit. spaumer — Dut. 
 kipj^en, to hatch, to seize; Norw. kij^a.] 
 
 KIRK, kerk, n. in Scotland, a church. [A 
 Northern E. form of Church.] 
 
 KIRTLE, ker'tl, n. a sort of gown or outer 
 petticoat: a mantle. [A.S. cyrtel ; D.an. 
 kiortel: Ice. kyrtill; perh. conn, with 
 Skirt and Shiet.] 
 
 Q 
 
 KISS, kis, v.t. to salute by touching with 
 the lips : to treat with fondness : to touch 
 gently. — v.i. to salute with tlie lips. — n. 
 a salute with the lips. — n. Kiss'er. [A.S. 
 cyssan. to kiss, coss, a kiss ; Ger. kiissen, 
 Van. kys ; allied to CHOOSE.] 
 
 KIT, kit, n. a small wooden tub: asoldiei"'s 
 outfit. [Dut. kit, kitte, a hooped beer- 
 can.] 
 
 KIT, kit, n. a smail pocket violin. [Con- 
 tracted from A.S. cytere ; see Cithern ; 
 Guitar.] 
 
 KITCAT, kit'kat, adj. the name of a Lon- 
 don club in the reign of Queen Anne, 
 which met at the house of Christopher 
 Kat : a portrait 28 by 36 inches in size, 
 so called from the portraits of the Kitcat 
 Club painted by Sir G. KneUer. 
 
 KITCHEN, kich'en, n. a room where food 
 is cooked : a utensil with a stove for 
 dressing food, etc. [A^-S. cicen ; Ger. 
 kilche, Fr. cuisine, all from L. coqaina — 
 coquor. to cook.] 
 
 KITCHEN-GARDEN, kioh'en-gar'dn, n. a 
 garden where vegetables are cultivated 
 for the kitchen. 
 
 KITCHEN-MAID, kich'en-mad, n. a maid 
 or servant whose work is in the kitchen. 
 
 KITE, kit, n. a rapacious bird of the hawk 
 kind : a rapacious person : a paper toy 
 for flving in the air. [A.S. eyta ; cf. w. 
 cud, Bret, kidel, a hawk.] 
 
 KITTEN, kit'n, n. a young caX.—v.i. to 
 bring forth young cats. rai. E. kyton, 
 dim. of Cat, Scot, kitting ; L. catulus, a 
 whelp.] 
 
 KLEPTOMANIA, klep-to-ma'ni-a, n. a 
 mania for stealing: a morbid impulse 
 to secrete things. [Gr. klepto, to steal, 
 and mania, madness.] 
 
 KLICK. Same as Click. 
 
 KNACK, nak, n. a petty contrivance : a 
 toy : a nice trick : dexterity. [Orig. an 
 imitative word ; cf. Gael, ewac, Dut. knak, 
 a crack, Ger. knacken, to crack.] 
 
 KNACKER, nak'er, n. a dealer in old 
 horses and dog's-meat. [From Ice. 
 knakkr, a saddle.] 
 
 KNAG, nag, n. a knot in vi'ood : a peg. 
 [From a root found in Dan. knag, CJer. 
 knagge, Ir. and Gael, cnag, a knot in 
 wood, a knob.] 
 
 KNAGGY, nag'i, adj., knotty: rugged. 
 
 KINAP, nap, (obs.) v.t. to snap or break 
 with a snapping noise : — pr.p. knapp'ing ; 
 pa.p. knapped'. [Perh. from Dut. knap- 
 pen, to crack or crush ; but cf. Celtic 
 root cnap.J 
 
 KNAPSACK, nap'sak, n. a provision-sack : 
 a case for necessaries borne by soldiers 
 and travellers. [Dut. knappen, to crack, 
 eat, and zak, a sack.] 
 
 KNAVE, nav, n. a false, deceitful fellow : 
 a villain : a card bearing the picture of a 
 servant or soldier. — n. Knav'ery, dis- 
 honesty. [A.S. cnafa, cnapa, a boy, a 
 youth, Ger. knabe, knappe, Gael, kna- 
 pach,] 
 
 KNAVISH, nav'ish, adj. fraudulent : vil- 
 lainous. — adv. Knav'ishly. 
 
 KNEAD, ned, v.t. to work and press to- 
 gether into a mass, as flour into dough. 
 — n. Knead'er. [A.S. cncdan; Ice. knoda, 
 Ger. kneten, to knead.] 
 
 KNEADING-TROUGH, ned'ing-truf, n. a. 
 tnnigh for kneading. 
 
 KNEE, ne, n. the joint between the thigh 
 and shin bones : a piece of timber like a 
 bent knee. [A.S. cneow, cneo ; G«r. knie, 
 L. genu, Gr. genu. Sans. j&mi.'\ 
 
 KNEED, ned, adj., having knees: (bat.) 
 having angular joints like the knee. 
 
 KNEEL, nel, v.i. to bend the knee : to rest 
 or fall on the knee : — pa.t. and jia.p. 
 kneeled', knelt. [Formed from Knee.] 
 
 KNELL, nel, n. the stroke of a bell : the 
 sound of a bell at a death or funeral. — 
 
 v.i. to sound as a bell : toll. [A.S. eiiyl- 
 lan, to beat noisily ; Sw. and Ger. knaU, 
 loud noise ; Ice. gnella, to scream. Low 
 L. nola, a bell.] 
 
 KNEW, nu, past tense of Know. 
 
 KNICKERBOCKERS, nik-er-bok'erz, n.pl. 
 loose breeches gathered in at the knee. 
 fFrom the wide-breeched Dutchmen in 
 '■Knickerbocker's" (Washington Irv- 
 ing's) humorous History of Neiv YorkA 
 
 KNICK-KNACK, nik-nak," ??. a trifle ori 
 toy. [A doubling of Knack.] 
 
 KNIFE, nif, n. an instrument for cutting . 
 a sword or dagger -.^pl. Knives, nJvz. 
 [A.S. cnif ; Ger. kneif, knife, kneifen, to 
 
 ip.] 
 
 riFE-i 
 
 KNIFE-EDGE, nif-ej, n. (mech.) a sharp 
 piece of steel like a knife's edge serving 
 as the axis of a balance, etc. 
 
 KNIGHT, nit, n. a man-at-arms : cham= 
 pion : one admitted in feudal times to a 
 certain military rank : the rank of gen- 
 tlemen next below baronets ; a piece 
 used in the game of chess. — i\t. to cre- 
 ate a knight. — adj. and adv. Knight'ly. 
 — Knight op the Shire, a member of 
 parliament for a county. [Lit. a youth, 
 a hcrvant, A.S. cniht ; Ger. and Dut. 
 knecht, Dan. knegt, a servant.] 
 
 KNIGHT-ERRANT, nit-er'ant, n. a knight 
 who travelled in search of adventures. — 
 n. Knight-ebe'antry. 
 
 KNIGHTHOOD, nlt'hood, n. the character 
 or privilege of a knight: the order or 
 fraternity of knights. 
 
 KNIGHT-MARSHAL, nit-mar'shal, n. aa 
 officer of the royal household. 
 
 KNIGHT-SERVICE, nit-ser'vis, n. tenure 
 by a knight on condition of military ser- 
 vice. 
 
 KNIT, nit, v.t. to form into a knot : to 
 tie together : to unite into network by 
 needles : to cause to grow together : to 
 unite closely : to draw together, to con- 
 tract. — v.i. to interweave with needles : 
 to grow together : — p>r.p>. knitt'ing ; pa.t, 
 and pa.p. knitt'ed or knit. — «. Knitt'ee. 
 [A.S. cnyttan : from A.S. cnotta, a knot.] 
 
 KNITTING, nit'ing, n. the work of a knit- 
 ter : union, junction : the network formed 
 by knitting. 
 
 KNIVES, plural of Knife. 
 
 KNOB, nob, n. a hai-d protuberance : a hard 
 swelling : a round ball. [A later form of 
 
 E[JNOP.] 
 
 KNOBBED, iiobd, adj. containing or set 
 with knobs. 
 
 KNOBBY, nob'i, adj. full of knobs: knotty. 
 — H. Knobb'iness. 
 
 KNOCK, nok, v.i. to strike with something 
 hard or heavy : to drive or be driven 
 against : to strike for admittance : to 
 rap. — v.t. to strike : to drive against. — »j, 
 a sudden stroke : a rap. [A.S. cntician 
 — Gael, and Ir. oiag, a crack; Ger. knack- 
 en, to crack or snap, like Knack and 
 Crack, orig. imitative of the sound.] 
 
 KNOCKER, nok'er, n. the hammer sus- 
 pended to a door for making a knock. 
 
 KNOCK-KNEED, nok'-ned, adj. having 
 knees that knock or touch in walking. 
 [Knock and Knee.] 
 
 KNOLL, nol, n. a round hillock : the top 
 of a hill. [A.S. cnol : Ger. knollen, a 
 knob, lump ; perh. a dim. of Gael, cnoc- 
 a hill.] 
 
 KNOLL, nol. Same as Knell. 
 
 KNOP, nop, n. (B.) a knob, a bud. [A.S 
 ejicpp, Dut. knop, Ger. knojrf'; conn, witli 
 and ne-'-i 'Isrived from the Celt., as Gael. 
 enap.] 
 
 KNOT, not, n. a wading bird much resem- 
 bling a snipe, said in Drayton's Polypi 
 bion to be named from king Canute, with 
 whom it was a favorite article of food. 
 
 KNOT, not, n. anything confusedly fafU 
 ened or twisted, as threads, etc.: a figura
 
 KNOT-GKASS 
 
 the lines of which are interlaced : a bond 
 of union : a diflScuIty : a cluster : the 
 part of a tree where a branch shoots 
 out : an epaulet : pad for supporting- 
 burdens carried on the head : (naut.) a 
 division of the log-hne, a mile. — v.t. to 
 tie in a knot : to unite closely. — v.i. to 
 form knots or joints : to knit knots for 
 a fringe -.—pr.p. knott'ing ; pa.t. and 
 •pa.p. knott'ed. [A.S. ciiotta ; Ger. knot- 
 en. Dan. knude, L. nodus for gnodus.] 
 
 KNOT-GRASS, not'-gras. n. a common 
 weed or grass, so called from the joints 
 or knots of its stem. 
 
 KNOTTY, not'i, adj. containing- knots : 
 hard, rugged: difficult, intricate. — n. 
 Kxott'iness. 
 
 KNOUT, nowt, n. a whip formerlj' used as 
 an instrument of punishment in Russia : 
 punish ment inflicted by the knout. [Russ. 
 knute.] 
 
 KNOW, no, i:t. to be informed of : to be as- 
 sured of: to be acquainted with: to recog- 
 nize: (B.) to approve :-^jr.j>. know'ing; 
 pa.t. knew (nu) ; 2M.p. known (non). — n. 
 Know'ableness. [A.S. cnairan: Ice. k7m, 
 Russ. znate, L. nosco for gnoseo, Gr. gig- 
 noskO, Sans. j>ia.] 
 
 KNOWING, no'ing, adj. intelligent : skill- 
 ful: cunning. — adv. Know'inglt. 
 
 KNOWLEDGE, nol'ej, n. assured belief: 
 that which is known : information, in- 
 struction: enlightenment, learning: prac- 
 tical skill. [M.E. knoideche, where -leche 
 is the Northern form of the sufiix in ived- 
 lock. being A.S. lac, gift, sport. See 
 Lakk, a game.] 
 
 KNUCKLE, nuk'l, n. projecting joint of 
 the fingers : (cook.) the knee-joint of a 
 calf or pig. — v.i. to bend the fingers: to 
 yield. [M.E. knokil ; prob. from a (not 
 found) A.S. form, like Dut. and Dan. 
 knokel. ] 
 
 KOBOLD, ko'bold, n. same as Goblin. 
 
 KOPECK, ko'pek, n. a Russian copper coin 
 about the size of a cent. 
 
 KORAN, ko'ran, n. the Mohammedan 
 Scriptures : Alcoran. [Lit. reading, the 
 book — Ar. quran, reading— root qara-a, 
 he read.] 
 
 KRAAL, kral, n. a Hottentot -sallage or 
 hut, so named by the Dutch settlers from 
 the huts being arranged like a coral, or 
 string of beads. 
 
 KRAKEN, kra'ken, n. a fabled sea-animal 
 of enormous size. [Scand.] 
 
 KREATIN, KREOSOTE. See Creatin, 
 Creosote. 
 
 KREESE. See Ceease, a Malay dagger. 
 
 KYANIZE, ki'an-Iz, v.t. to preserve wood 
 from dry-rot by Immersing it in a solu- 
 tion of corrosive sublimate. [Kyan, the 
 inventor.] 
 
 KYRIE, kir'i-e, n. (lit.) O Lord : the first 
 word of all masses : (music) a part of a 
 mass. [Voc. case of Gr. kj/rios. Lord.] 
 
 KYTHE, kith (Scot.), v.t. to make known. 
 — v.i. to show one's self, to appear. [Scot. 
 — A.S. cythan, to make known. See Un- 
 OOCTH.] 
 
 LA, la, int., lo! seel behold I ah I indeed I 
 
 [A.S.] 
 
 jLABARUM, lab'a-rum, n. a Roman mili- 
 tary standard, adopted as the imperial 
 standard after Constantine's conversion. 
 It bore the Greek letters XP (Chr), joined 
 in a monogram, to signify the name of 
 Christ. [Gr.] 
 
 LABEL, la he\, n. a small slip of writing 
 affixed to anything to denote its contents, 
 ownership, etc.: (law) a paper annexed 
 to a will, as a codicil : (her.) a fillet with 
 
 258 
 
 pendants : (arch.) the dripstone over a 
 Gothic window or doorway arch. — v.t. to 
 affix a label to: — pr.p. la'belling ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. la'belled. [O. Fr. label (Fr. 
 lambeau) ; perh. from O. Ger. lappa (Ger. 
 lappen).] 
 
 LABELLUM, la-bel'um, Ji. the lower petal 
 of a flower, esp. an orchis. [L. dim. of 
 labium, a lip.] 
 
 LABIAL, la'bi-al, adj. pertaining to the 
 lips: formed by the lips. — n. a sound 
 formed by the lips: a letter representing 
 such a sound as b, p. — adv. La'bially. 
 [Fr. — L. labium, a lip. See Lip.] 
 
 LABIATE, la'bi-at, LABIATED. hVbi-at-ed, 
 adj. (bot.) having two unequal divisions, 
 as in the monopetalous corolla of the 
 mints. [See LabIAL.] 
 
 LABIODENTAL, la-bi-o-dent'al. adj. pro- 
 nounced both by the ^?ps and teeth. [L. 
 labium, a lip. Dental.] 
 
 LABORATORY, lab'or-a-tor-i, n. a chem- 
 ist's workroom: a place where scientific 
 experiments are systematically carried 
 on : a place for the manufacture of arms 
 and war-material : a place where any- 
 thing is prepared for use. [L. laborare — 
 labor, work.] 
 
 LABOR, la'bur. n. toil or exertion, esp. 
 wlien fatiguing: work : pains: duties: a 
 task requiring hard work: the pangs of 
 childbirth. — v.i. to undergo labor: to 
 work : to take pains : to be oppressed : 
 to move slowly: to be in travail : (naut.) 
 to pitch and roll heavily. [Fr. labeui — 
 L. labor.1 
 
 LABORED, la'burd, adj. beai'ing marks of 
 labor or effort in tiie execution. 
 
 LABORER, la'bur-er, n. one who labors: 
 one who does work requiring little skill. 
 
 LABORIOUS, la-bo'ri-us, adj. full of labor : 
 toilsome : wearisome : devoted to labor : 
 industrious. — adv. Labo'riously. — n. La- 
 bo'eiousness. [Fr. laborieiuc — L. labori- 
 osus — labor.'\ 
 
 LABURNUM, la-bur'num, n. a small tree 
 with beautiful yellow flowers, a native 
 of the Alps. [L.] 
 
 LABYTIINTH, lab'i-rinth, n. (orig.) a build- 
 ing consisting of halls connected by in- 
 tricate passagres : a place full of inextri- 
 cable windings: an inexplicable dilhculty: 
 (anat.) the cavities of the internal ear. 
 [Fr. labyrinthe — L. labyrinthus — Gr. 
 labyrinthos ; akin to laura, a passage.] 
 
 LABYRINTHIAN, lab-i-rinth'i-an, LABY- 
 RINTHINE, lab-i-rinth'in, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or like a labyrinth : winding : in- 
 tricate : perplexing. 
 
 LABYRINTHIFORM, lab - i - rinth'i - form, 
 adj. having tlie form of a labyrinth: in- 
 tricate. 
 
 LAC,'lak, n. the term used in the E. Indies 
 for 100,000, primarily applied to money. 
 At the exchange of 50c. for the rupee, a 
 lac=$50,000. [Hind, lak. Sans, laksha, 
 100,000, a mark.] 
 
 LAC, lak, 71. a resinous substance, pro- 
 duced on trees in the East by the lac 
 insect, used in dyeing. [Pers. lak ; Sans. 
 laksha — ranj, to dye.] 
 
 LACE, las, 11. a plated string for fastening : 
 an ornamental fabric of fine thread 
 curiouslj- woven. — v.t. to fasten with a 
 lace : to adorn with lace. [Fr. lacer, to 
 lace — L. kiqueus, a noose.] 
 
 LACERABLE, las'er-a-bl, adj. that may be 
 lacerated or torn. 
 
 LACERATE, las'er-at, v.t. to tear: to 
 rend : to wound : to afflict. [L. lacero, 
 -atum, to tear — lacer, torn ; akin to Gr. 
 lakis and rakoi, a rent.] 
 
 LACERATION, las-er-a'shun, n. act of lac- 
 erating or tearing : the rent or breach 
 made bv tearing. 
 
 LACERATrVE, las'er-a-tiv, adj., tearing: 
 having power to tear. 
 
 LADE * 
 
 LACHRYMAL, lak'ri-raal, adj. pertainiug 
 to tears : secreting or conveying tears. — 
 n. same as Lachrymatory. [L. lachryma 
 (properly laerima), a tear ; akin to Gr. 
 dukru. E. Tear.] 
 
 LACHRYMARY, lak'ri-mar-i, adj. contain- 
 ing tears. 
 
 LACHRYMATORY, lak'ri-ma-tor-i, n. a 
 vessel anciently Interred with a deceased 
 person, symbolizing the tears shed foi- his 
 loss. [LowL. laci-ym.atorium—lachryma.\ 
 
 LACHRYMOSE, lak'ri-mos, adj. full of 
 tears : generating- or shedding tears. — 
 adv. Lach'rymosely. 
 
 LACING, las'ing, n. a fastening with a 
 lace or cord through eyelet-holes: a 
 cord used in fastening. 
 
 LACK, lak, r.t. and v.i. to want : to be in 
 want : to be destitute of. — n. want : des- 
 titution. [From an O. Low Ger. root 
 found in Dut. lak, blemish ; Ice. lahr, 
 defective ; akin to Lax and Slack.] 
 
 LACKADAISICAL, lak-a-da'zi-kal, adj. 
 affectedly pensive, sentimental. [Alack- 
 a-day. See Alack.] 
 
 LACK-A-DAY, lak-a-da', int. see Alack- 
 
 A-DAY. 
 
 L4CKER. See I^cquer. 
 
 Lackey, lak'i, n. a menial attendant : a 
 footman or footboy. — v.t. »nd v.i. to pay 
 servile attendance : to act as a footman. 
 [O. Fr. laquay, Fr. laquais — 8p. lacayo, 
 a lackey ; of uncertam origin, perh. 
 Arab.] 
 
 LACONIC, la-kon'ik, LACONICAL, la-kon'- 
 ik-al, adj. expressing in few words after 
 the manner of the Laeones or Spiaiians : 
 concise : pithy. — adv. Lacon'ically. [I* 
 — Gr. Lakoni'kos — Lakon, a Laconian.J 
 
 LACONISM, lak'on-izm, LACONICISM, lap 
 kon'i-sizm, n. a laconic or concise style! 
 a short, pithy phrase. 
 
 LACQUER, LACKER, lak'er, n. a varnish 
 made of lac and alcohol. — v.t. to covet 
 with lacquer : to varnish. [Fr. laqtie — 
 Lac] 
 
 LACQUERER, lak'er-er, n. one who var- 
 nishes or covers with lacquer. 
 
 LACTATION, lak-ta'shun. n. the act of 
 giNnng milk : the period of suckling. [See 
 Lacteal.] 
 
 LACTEAL, lak'te-al, adj. pertaining to or 
 resembhng milk: conveying chyle. — «. 
 one of tlie absorbent vessels of the in- 
 testines which convey the chyle to the 
 thoracic ducts. [L. lac, lactis, akin to 
 Gr. gala, galaktos. milk.] 
 
 LACTESCENT, lak-tes'ent, adj. turning ta| 
 milk : producing milk or white juice 
 milkj'. — ?i. Lactes'cence. [L. lacteeco, 
 to turn to milk — lac] 
 
 LACTIC, lak'tik, adj. pertaining to nn'Zfc.— 
 Lactic Acid, an acid obtained from milk. 
 
 LACTIFEROUS, lak-tif'er-us, adj. produc- 
 ing milk or white juice. [L. lac, and fero, 
 to bear.] 
 
 LACUNA, la-ku'na, n. a gap or hiatus. [LI; 
 
 LACUSTRAL, la-kus'tral. LACUSTRINl^ 
 la-Uus'trin, adj. pertaining to lakes. 
 
 J From L. lacus, a lake.] 
 D, lad, n. a boy: a youth -.—fern. Lass. 
 [W. llawd ; Ir. lath, a youth, champion, 
 perh. cognate with Goth, lautlis, from 
 liudan, to grow, and so akin to Ger. lodt 
 or latte. a shoot.] 
 
 LADANUM, lad'a-num, n. a resinous exuda- 
 tion from the leaves of a shrub growing 
 round the Mediterranean. [L. — Gr. led 
 anon — Pers. ladan. See Laudakum. ] 
 
 LADDER, lad'er, n. a frame made with 
 steps placed between two upright pieces, 
 by which one may ascend a building, 
 etc. : anj-thing by which one ascends : a 
 gradual rise. [A.S. hlceder ; O. Ger. 
 Ideitra. Ger. leiter.] 
 
 LADE, lad, v.t. a form of Load. [See 
 Load.]
 
 LADE 
 
 25^ 
 
 LAND-TAX 
 
 LADE, lad, v.t. to throw in or out, as a 
 fluid, with a ladle or dipper. [A.S. 
 hkidan.] 
 
 LADEN, lad'n, adj., laded or loaded : op- 
 pressed. 
 
 LADING, lad'ing, 7i. that which lades or 
 loads: load : cargo : freight. [See Load.] 
 
 LADLE, lad'l, n. a large spoon for lading 
 or lifting out liquid from a vessel : the 
 receptacle of a mill-wheel which receives 
 the water that turns it. [See Lade, to 
 throw in or out.] 
 
 LADY, la di, n. the mistress of a house : 
 a wife : a title of the wives of knights, 
 and all degrees above them, and of the 
 daughters of earls and all higher ranks : 
 a title of complaisance to any woman of 
 refined manners. [A.S. hlcef<Uge — Jdcef, 
 a loaf, bread, and dcegee, a kneader, and 
 thus lit. a bread-k Header, or = hldf- 
 weardige {i.e. loaf-keeper, bread-distribu- 
 ter, see "Ward), and thus a contr. fem. of 
 Lord.] 
 
 LADYBIRD, lii'di-berd, n. a genus of little 
 beetles, usually of a brilliant red or yellow 
 color, called also Ladybug, Ladycow. 
 [Lit. " Our Lady's " bug ; Lady = Vii-gin 
 Sdarv, and Bird, a corruption of BUG.J 
 
 LAD"^-CHAPEL, la'di-chap'el, n. a chapel 
 dedicated to " Our Lady," the Virgin 
 MaiT. 
 
 LADYDAY. la'di-da. n. the 25th March, 
 the day of the Annunciation of " Our 
 La dy," the Virgin Mary. 
 
 lADYFERN, la'di-fern, n. one of the pretti- 
 est varieties of British ferns. 
 
 LADYLIKE, la'di-llk, adj., like a lady in 
 manners : soft, deUcate. 
 
 LADYLOVE, la'di-lu"', n. a lady or woman 
 loved : a sweetheart 
 
 LADYSHIP, laMi-ship, :.. the title of a 
 lady. [See Lady.) 
 
 LAG, lag, adj., slack: sluggish: coming 
 behind. — n. he who or that which comes 
 behind: the fag-end. — v.i. to move or 
 walk slowly: to loiter: — pr.p. lagg'ing; 
 pa.p. lagged'. [From the Celt., as in W. 
 Hag, loose, sluggish, Gael, lag, feeble ; 
 akin to Gr. lagaros, slack, L. la.rus, loose.] 
 
 LAGGARD, lag'ard, adj., lagging : slow; 
 
 LAGGAED,' lag'ard, LAGGER, lag'er, n. 
 one who lags or stays behind : a loiterer: 
 an idler. 
 
 LAGGINGLY, lagg'ing-!!, adv. in a lagging 
 manner. 
 
 LAGK)ON, LAGUNE, la-goon', n. a shallow 
 lake or pond into which the sea flows. 
 [It. lagiina — L. lacuna, from root of 
 Lake.] 
 
 LAIC, LAICAL. See Lay, adj. 
 
 LAID, jpn.t. andpa.j). of Lay. 
 
 LAIN, pa.p. of Lie, to rest. 
 
 LAIR, lar, n. a lying-place, esp. the den or 
 retreat of a. wild beast. [A.S. leger, a 
 couch — licgan, to lie down ; Dut. leger, 
 Ger. lager. "^ 
 
 LAITY, la'i-ti, n. the people as distinct 
 from the clergy. [See Lay, Laic] 
 
 LAKE, lak, n. a color Uke lac, generally of 
 a deep red. [Fr. laque. See Lac, a res- 
 inous substance.] 
 
 LAKE, lak, n. a large body of water within 
 land. — Lake dwellings were settlements 
 in prehistoric times, which were built on 
 piles driven into a lake, and of which 
 many remains have bee. discovered in 
 late years. [A.S. lac — L. lacus, akin to 
 Gr. lakkos. a pit. a pond.] 
 
 LAKELET, lak'let, n. a little lake. 
 
 LAKH, n. See Lac, term used for 100,000. 
 
 LAKY, lak'i, adj. pertaining to a lake or 
 lakes. 
 
 LAMA, n. an animal. See Llama. 
 
 LAMA, la'ma, n. a Buddhist priest in Tibet. 
 [Tib. llama, spiritual teacher or lord.] 
 
 LAMAISM, la'ma-izm, n. the religion pre- 
 
 vailing in Tibet and Mongolia, a develop- 
 ment of Buddhism, the object of worship 
 being the Grand Lama. 
 
 LAMB, lam. n. the young of a sheep : one 
 innocent and gentle as a lamb : the Sav- 
 iour of the world. — v.i. to bring forth 
 young, as sheep. [A.S.] 
 
 LAJIBENT, lam'bent, adj. moving about 
 as if licking, or touching lightlj' : play- 
 ing about : gliding over : flickering. [L. 
 lambens—lambo, to lick.] 
 
 LAMBKIN, lam'kin, n. a little lamb. 
 
 LAMBLIKE, lam'Uk, adj. like a lamb: 
 gentle. 
 
 LAME, lam, adj. disabled in the limbs: 
 hobbling : unsatisfactory : imperfect. — 
 v.t. to make lame : to cripple : to render 
 imperfect. — adv. Lame'ly. — n. Lame'- 
 NESS. [A.S. lama, lame ; Ice. lami, 
 broken, enfeebled, from lama, to break.] 
 
 LAMEN'T, la-ment', i\i. to utter grief in 
 outcries: to wail: to mourn. — v.t. to 
 mourn for : to deplore. — ii. sorrow ex- 
 •pressed in cries : an elegy or mournful 
 ballad. [Fr. lamenter — L. Wmenfor, akin 
 to clamc , to crj' out.] 
 
 LAIVIENTAB^.E. laru'ent-a-bl, adj. deserv- 
 ing or expressing sorrow : sad : pitiful, 
 despicable. — adv. Lam'eni'aBLY. 
 
 LAIMENTATION, lam-en-tashun, n. act 
 of lamenting : audible expression of grief . 
 wailing : — jjl. (B.) a book of Jeremiah, so 
 called from its contents. 
 
 LAMENTINGLY, la-raent'ing-li, adv., vrith 
 lamentation. 
 
 LAMINA, lam'i-na, n. a thin plate . a thin 
 layer or coat lying over another : — pi. 
 Lamin.e, lan-.i-ce. — adj. LAtfiNABLE. 
 
 L<oilNAIl, lam'i-nar, adj. in lamince or 
 thin plates : consisting of or resembling 
 thin plates. 
 
 LAMINATE, lam'i-nat, LAMINATED, 
 lam'i-nat-ed, adj. in laminae or thin 
 plates : consisting of scales or layers, 
 one over another. — n. Lamina'tion, the 
 arrangement of stratified rocks in thin 
 lamince or layers. 
 
 LAMINIFEROtrS, lam-in-if'er-us, adj. con- 
 sisting of laminse or layers. [L. lamina, 
 and /pro, to bear.] 
 
 LAMISH, iam'ish, adj. a little lame : hob- 
 bling. 
 
 LAMJIAS, lam'as, n., loaf-mass or feast of 
 first-fruits, on 1st August. [A.S. hlaf- 
 moesse and hlammcesse — hlaf, loaf, and 
 mcesse. feast.] 
 
 LAMP, lamp, n. a vessel for burning oil 
 with a wick, and so giving light: a light 
 of any kind. [Fr. lampe — Gr. lampas — 
 lampo, to shine.] 
 
 LAMPBLACK, lamp'blak, ?i. the btacA; sub- 
 stance formed by the smoke of a lam,p : 
 a fine soot formed of the smoke of pitcn, 
 etc. 
 
 LAMPOON, lam-poon', 7i. a personal satire 
 in writing : low censure. — v.t. to assail 
 with personal satire : to satirize ■.—ipr.x>. 
 lampoon'ing ; pa.p. lampooned'. [O. Fr. 
 lampon, orig. a drinking-song, with the 
 refrain lampons=\et us drink — tamper (or 
 taper, to lap), to drink.] 
 
 LAMPOONER, lam-poon'er, ?!. one who 
 writes a lampoon, or abuses with per- 
 sonal satire. 
 
 LAMPOONRY, lam-p55n'ri, n. practice of 
 lampooning: written personal abuse or 
 satire. 
 
 LAMPREY, lam'pre. )i. a genus of cartilagi- 
 nous fishes resembling the eel, so called 
 from their attaching themselves to rocks 
 or stones by their mouths. [Fr. tamproie 
 — Low L. lampreda, lampetra — L. lambo, 
 to lick, am.] petra, rock.] 
 
 LANCE, lans, n. a long sliaft of wood, with 
 a spear-head, and bearing a small flag. — 
 v.t. to pierce with a lance : to open with 
 
 a lancet. [Fr. — L. laneea, akin to Gr. 
 longche, a lance.] 
 
 LANCEOLATE, lan'se-o-lat, LANCEO- 
 LATED, lan'se-o-Iat-ed, adj. (bat.) hav- 
 ing the form of a lance-head : tapering 
 toward both ends. [L. lanceolatits-^ 
 laneeola, dim. of lanceaT] 
 
 LANCER, lan'ser, n. name given to a kind 
 of cavalry armed with a lance :—pl. a 
 kind of dance. 
 
 LAJNCET. lan'set, n. a surgical instrument 
 used for opening veins, etc. : a high and 
 narrow window, pointed like a laace. 
 [Fr. lancette, dim. of lance.] 
 
 LANCH. Same as Launch. 
 
 LAND, land, n. earth, the solid portion of 
 the surface of the globe : a country : a 
 district: soil : real estate : a nation or 
 people. — v.t. to set on land or on shore. 
 — v.i. to come on land or on shore. [A.S.; 
 found in all the Teut. languages.] 
 
 LANDAU, lan'daw, n. a coach or carriage 
 with a top which may be opened and 
 thrown back, so called from Landau in 
 Germanj'. 
 
 LANDBREEZE, land'brez, n. a breeze set- 
 ting from the land towards the sea. 
 
 LANDCRAB, land'krab, n. a family of 
 crabs wliich Uve much or chiefly on land. 
 
 LANDFLOOD. land'flud, n. a flooding or 
 overflowing of land by water • inunda- 
 tion. 
 
 LANDFORCE. laadfors, n. a military /orce 
 serving on land, as distinguished "from a 
 naval force. 
 
 LANDGRAVE, land'grav, n. a German 
 earl. — ns. Landgra'viate, the territory 
 of a landgrave. Landgravine, land'gra- 
 ven, the wife of a landgrave. [Lit. 
 " land-earl," Land, and Grer. graf, earl, 
 fem. griifiti.l 
 
 LANDHOLDER, land'hold-er, n. a holder 
 or proprietor of land. 
 
 LANDING, land'ing, n. act of going on 
 land from a vessel : a place for getting 
 on shore : the level part of a staircase 
 between the flights of steps. — adj. relat- 
 ing: to the unloading of a vessel's cargo. 
 
 LANDLADY, land'la-di, n. a lady or wo- 
 man who has property in lands or houses: 
 the mistress of an inn or lodging-house. 
 
 LANDLOCK, landlok, v.t. to lock or in- 
 close by la7id. 
 
 LANDLORD, land'lord, n. the lord or own- 
 er of land or houses : the master of an 
 inn or lodging-house. 
 
 LAND-LUBBER, land'-lub'er, n. a lands- 
 man, a term used by sailors. 
 
 LANDMARK, land'mark, n. anj-thing- serv- 
 ing to mark the boundaries of lancl : any 
 object on land that serves as a guide to 
 seamen. 
 
 LANDRAIL, land'ral, n. the crake or corn- 
 crake, so named from its cry. [Lard and 
 Rail.] 
 
 LANDSCAPE, land'skap. n. the shape or 
 appearance of that portion of land which 
 the eye can at once view: the aspect of 
 a country', or a picture representing it. 
 [Borrowed from the Dutch artists, Dut. 
 landschap, lit. the form or fashion of the 
 land, from land and -schap, a suffix = 
 A.S. -scipe, and the mod. E. -ship.] 
 
 LANDSLIP, land'slip, n. a portion of land 
 that falls down, generally from the side 
 of a hill, usually due to the underrain- 
 intr eff'ect of water. 
 
 LA>JDSMAN, landz ' man, LANDMAN, 
 land'man, n. a man who lives or serves 
 on land : one inexperienced in sea-far- 
 
 LAl?b-STEWARD, land' - stu'ard, n. a 
 steward or person who manages a landed 
 estate. 
 
 LAND-TAX, land'-takSjM. a tax upon land.
 
 LAND WAITER 
 
 260 
 
 LATCHET 
 
 LAND-WAITER, land'-wat'er, n. a cus- 
 tom-house officer who ivaits or attends 
 on the landing ot goods from ships. 
 [Land and Waiter.] 
 
 Landward, land'ward, adv. towards 
 the land.— adj. lying toward the land, 
 away from the seacoast: situated in or 
 forming part of the country, as opposed 
 to the town: rural. 
 
 LANE. Ian, n. an open space between 
 corn-fields, hedges, etc. : a narrow pas- 
 sage or road): a narrow street. [A.S. 
 lane : Scot, loan. North E. Zonnira, Dut. 
 laan.] 
 
 LANGUAGE, lang'gwaj, n. that which is 
 spoken by the tongue: liuman speech; 
 speech peculiar to a nation : style or ex- 
 pression peculiar to an individual : dic- 
 tion : any manner of expressing- thought. 
 [Fr. langage — langue — L. lingua (old form 
 aingua), the tongue, akin to L. lingo, 
 Gr. leicho, Sans, lih, to lick.] 
 
 LANGUID, lang'gwid, adj., slackor feeble : 
 flagging : exhausted : sluggish : spiritless. 
 — adv. LAN'GniDLY. — n. Lan'ouidness. 
 [L. languidus — langueo, to be weak, conn, 
 with LagJ 
 
 LANGUISH, lang'gwish, v.i. to become 
 languid or enfeebled : to lose strength 
 and animation : to pine : to become dull, 
 as of trade. [Fr. languii — L. langueseo — 
 langtieo.] 
 
 LANGUISHINGLY, lang'gwish-ing-li, adv. 
 in a languishing, weak, dull, or tender 
 manner. 
 
 LANGUISHMENT, lang'gwish-ment, n. 
 the act or state of languishing : tender- 
 ness of look. 
 
 LANGUOR, lang'gwur, n. state of being 
 languid or faint : dullness : listlessness : 
 softness. 
 
 LANIARD. Same as LANYARD. 
 
 LANIFEROUS,lan-if'er-us,LANIGEROUS, 
 lan-ij'er-iis, adj., wool-bearing. [L. lani- 
 fer. laniger — lana, wool, and fero, gero, 
 to bear.] 
 
 Lank, langk, adj. (lit.) faint or weak: 
 languid or drooping: soft or loose : thin. 
 — adv. Lank'ly.— /t. Lank'ness. [A.S. 
 hlanc ; Dut. slank, Ger. schlank, slender, 
 conn, with Lag and SLACK.] 
 
 LANSQUENET, lans'ke-net, n. a German 
 foot-soldier: a game at cards. [Fr.^ 
 Ger. landsknecht — land, country, and 
 knecht, a soldier.] 
 
 LANTERN, lant'ern, it. a case for holding 
 or carrying a light: a drum-shaped 
 erection surmounting a dome to give 
 light and to crown the fabric : the upper 
 square cage whicli illuminates a cori'idor 
 or gallery. — v.t. to furnish witli a lantern. 
 [Fr. lanterne — L. lanterna — Gr. lampter 
 — lampo. to give light.] 
 
 LANTHORN, n. an obsolete spelling of 
 Lantern, arising from the use of horn 
 for the sides of lanterns. 
 
 LANYARD, LANIARD, lan'yard, n. the 
 lanyards are short ropes used on board 
 ship for fastening or stretching. [Fr. 
 lani&re, perh. from L. lanarius, made of 
 wool — lana, wool.] 
 
 LAP, lap, v.t. or v.i. to lick up with the 
 tongue: — pr.p. lapp'ing; pa.t. a,nA pa.p. 
 lapped'. [A.S. lapian; Fr. taper, Gr. /oyj- 
 to, allied to L. lambo. Sans, lih, to lick.] 
 
 LAP, lap, n. the loose or overhanging^a/) 
 of anything : the part of the clothes Ijing 
 on the knees when a person sits down : 
 the part of the body thus covered : a fold. 
 — v.t. to lay over or on. — v.i. to be spread 
 on or over : to be turned over or upon. 
 [A.S. la;ppa, a loosely hanging part; Ice. 
 lapa. to hang loose, Ger. lappen. any- 
 thing hanging loose ; conn, with Flap.] 
 
 LAP, lap, v.i. to wrap, fold, involve. [M.E. 
 tclappen. l)eing a form of Wrap. See 
 Envelope.] 
 
 LAPEL, la-pel', n. the part of tlie breast 
 of a coat which folds over like a lap. — 
 adj. Lapelled'. [Dim of Lap.] 
 
 LAPFUL. lap'fool, M. as much sisjillsa, lap. 
 
 LAPIDARY, lap'i-dar-i, adj. pertaining to 
 the cutting of stones. — n. a cutter ot 
 stones, esp. precious stones: a dealer in 
 precious stones. [L. lapidarius — lapis, 
 lapidis, a stone.] 
 
 LAPIDESCENT, lap-id-es'ent, adj. becom- 
 ing stone: having the quality of petrify- 
 ing or turning to stone. — n. Lapides'- 
 CENCE. [L. lapidesco, to become stone.] 
 
 LAPIDIFY, la-pid'i-fi, v.t. to 7nake into 
 stone. — v.i. to turn into stone: — pr.p. 
 lapid'ifying ; pa.p. lapid'ified. — n. Lapid- 
 ifica'tion. [L. lapis, nadfacio, to make.] 
 
 LAPIDIST, lap'id-ist, n. Same as Lapi- 
 dary. 
 
 LAPPER, lap'er, n. one who laps, wraps, 
 or folds. 
 
 LAPPET, lap'et, n. a little lap or flap.— 
 adj. Lapp'eted. [Dim. of Lap.] 
 
 LAPSE, laps, v.i. to slip or glide : to pass 
 by degrees : to fall from the faith or from 
 virtue : to fail in duty : to pass to an- 
 other proprietor by the negligence of 
 a patron, etc. : to become void. — n. a 
 slipping or falling : a failing in duty : a 
 fault: a gliding, a passing. [L. labor, 
 lapsus, to slip or fall, akin to Lap and 
 Flap.] 
 
 LAPWING, lap'wing, n. the name of a bird 
 of the plover family, also called peewit, 
 from its peculiar cry. [M.E. lappewinke 
 — A.S. hleapewince — hleapan, to leap or 
 run, and root of wink, which like Ger. 
 wanken orig. meant to move from side to 
 side ; the name is descriptive of the move- 
 ment of the bird.] 
 
 LAR, lar, n. among- the ancient Romans, 
 a household god, supposed to be animated 
 by the soul of a deceased ancestor •.—pi. 
 Lares, la'rez. [L.] 
 
 LARBOARD, lar'liord. n. an obsolete naval 
 term for tlie left side of a ship looking 
 from the stern, now substituted by the 
 term port, to prevent the mistakes 
 caused bv its resemblance in sound to 
 starboard. — adj. pertaining to the lar- 
 board side. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 LARCENIST. lar'sen-ist, n. one who com- 
 mits larceny : a thief. 
 
 LARCENY, lar'sen-i, n. the legal term for 
 stealing : theft. [Fr. larcin — L. latrocin- 
 ium — latro, Qr. latris, a robber.] 
 
 LARCH, larch, n. a cone-bearing kind of 
 pine-tree. [L. and Gr. larix.l 
 
 LARD, lard, n. tlie melted fat of swine. — 
 v.t. to smear with lard: to stuff with 
 bacon or pork : to fatten : to mix with 
 anything. [Fr. — d. laridum or lardum ; 
 akin to Fr. larinos, fat — laros, sweet or 
 dainty.] 
 
 LARDACEOUS, lard-a'shus, adj. of or like 
 lard. 
 
 LARDER, lard'er, n. a room or place where 
 meat, etc., is kept. [Lit. a place where 
 lard is kept.] 
 
 LARDY, lard'i, adj. containing lard: full 
 of lard. 
 
 LARGE, l§.rj, adj. great in size : extensive : 
 bulky: wide: long: abundant. — adv. 
 Large'ly. — n. Large'ness. — At large, 
 without restraint or confinement : fully. 
 [Fr. — L. ZargfM.sJ 
 
 LARGE-HEARTED, larj'-hart'ed, adj hav- 
 ing a large heart or lil)eral disposition : 
 generous. 
 
 LARGESS, larj'es, n. a present or donation. 
 [Fr. largesse — L. largitio—largior, to give 
 freely — largus.] 
 
 LARIAT, lar i-at, n. a lasso. [Sp.] 
 
 L.\RK, lark, n. a well-known singing-bird. 
 — v.t. to catch larks. [Scot, and M. E. 
 laverock— A.S. laicerce; Dut. leeuverik, 
 lercke, Ger. lerclui.} 
 
 LARK, lark, n. a game, frolic. [A, S. lac, 
 which appears as suffix in kaow-ledge, 
 and wed-lock.] 
 
 LARKSPUR, lark'spur, 7t. a plant with 
 showy flowers. 
 
 LARUM, lar'um, n., alarm: a noise giving 
 notice of danger. [A contr. of Alarm.] 
 
 LARVA, lar'va, n. an insect in its first 
 stage after issuing from the egg, i.e. in 
 the caterpillar state:— jjZ. Larv.*; (lar'- 
 ve). — adj. Lar'val. [L. larva, a spectre, 
 a mcsk, a fanciful name applied to the 
 caterpillar, because it hides as in a mask 
 its higher life. 
 
 LAR\NGITIS, lar-in-ji'tis, ?i. inflammation 
 of the larynx. 
 
 LARYNGOSCOPE, la-ring'go-skop, m. a 
 kind of reflecting mirror for examining 
 the larynx and the throat. [Gr. larynx, 
 and skopeo. to behold.] 
 
 LARYNX, lar'ingks or lar'ingks, n. the 
 upper part of the windpipe : the throat. 
 — adjs. Laryn'geal, Laryn'gean. [Gr. 
 larynx, laryngos.] 
 
 LASCAR, las'kar, n. a native East Indian 
 sailor. [Hind. — Pers. lashkar, an army, 
 from which lashkari, a camp-follower.] 
 
 LASCIVIOUS, las-siv'i-us, adj. lustful: 
 tending to produce lustful emotions. — 
 adv. Lasciv'iously. — n. Lasciv'iousness. 
 [L. lascivus; Sans, lash, to desire.] 
 
 LASH, lash, n. a thong or cord : the flexible 
 part of a whip : a stroke with a whip or 
 anything pliant : a stroke of satire, a 
 sharp retort. — v.t. to strike with a lash: 
 to whip : to dash against : to fasten or 
 secure with a rope or cord : to censure 
 severely : to scourge with sarcasm or 
 satire. — v.i. to use the whip: to attack 
 severely. [From a Teut. root, seen in O. 
 Low Ger. laske, a flap, Ger. lasche, a 
 stripe or flap, influenced perh. by Fr. 
 forms from L. laqueus, a snare, and laX' 
 us, loose.] 
 
 LASHER, lash'er, n. one who lashes or 
 whips. 
 
 LASHING, lash'iag, n. a whipping with a 
 lash : a chastisement : a rope for making 
 anything fast. 
 
 LASS, las, n. {fern, ot Lad) a girl. esp. a 
 country girl. [Prob. a contr. of ladaess, 
 formed from Lad ; or directly from W. 
 llodes. fem. of llawd, a Lad.] 
 
 LASSITUDE, las'i-tud, n.,/aiHfness; weak- 
 ness : weariness: languor. [Fr. — L. lasa- 
 itudo — lassiis, faint : akin to Languid.] 
 
 LASSO, las'6. ?(. a rope with a noose for 
 catching wild horses, etc.:— pi. LaSS'OS. 
 — v.t. to ciitch with the lasso: — pr.p. 
 lass'oing; jm.p. lass'oed. [Port. lafO, 
 Sp. lazo — L. laqueus, a noose. See 
 Latch.] 
 
 LAST, last, n. a wooden mould of the foot 
 on which boots and shoes are made. — v.t. 
 to fit with a last. [A.S. last, Goth, laists, 
 a footm.ark.] 
 
 LAST, last, v.i. to continue, endure. [Same 
 word as above, and lit. meaning to fol- 
 low a trace or footmark, and so to follow 
 out. to continue.] 
 
 LAST, Last, n. a weight generally estimated 
 at 4000 lbs., but varying in different ar- 
 ticles : a ship's cargo. [A.S. hlcest — 
 hladan, to load; Ger. last, Ice. hlass.] 
 
 LAST, last, adj.. latest: coming after all 
 the others : final : next before the pres- 
 ent: utmost: meanest — advs. Last, 
 Last'ly. [A contr. of Latest.] 
 
 LASTINGLY, last'ing-li, adv. in a lasting 
 or enduring manner. 
 
 LATCH, lach, n. a small piece'of wood or 
 iron to fasten a door.— v.t. to fasten with 
 a latch. [A.S. Iceccan, to catch ; akin to 
 L. laqueus. See Lace. 
 
 LATCHET, lach'et, n. a lace or buckle for 
 fastening a shoe. [Dim. of Latch.]
 
 LATCHKEY 
 
 261 
 
 LAY 
 
 LATCHKEY, lach'ke, n. a key to raise the 
 lateh of a door. 
 
 LATE, lat, adj. (comp. Lat'er ; superl. 
 Lat'EST), slow, tardy : behindhand : 
 coming after the expected time : long 
 delayed : far advanced towards the 
 close : last in any place or character : 
 deceased : departed : out of office : not 
 long past. — advs. Late, Late'ly. — n. 
 Late'ness, state of being late. [A.S. 
 lat. slow; Dut. laat, Ice. latr, Ger. lass, 
 weary : L. lasstis, tired.] 
 
 LATEEN, la-ten', adj. applied to a tri- 
 angular sail, common in the Mediter- 
 ranean. [Lit. Latin or Roman sails, Fr. 
 — L. Latinus, Latin.] 
 
 LATENCY, la'ten-si, n. state of being 
 latent. 
 
 LATENT, la'tent, adj., lying hid: con- 
 cealed : not visible or apparent : not 
 making itself known by its effects. — 
 adv. La'tently. [L. latens, pr.p. of la- 
 teo, to lie hid ; akin to Gr. lanthano, to 
 hide.] 
 
 LATERAL, lat'er-al, adj. belonging to the 
 side : proceeding from or in the direction 
 of the side. — adv. Lat'erally. [L. lat- 
 eralis — lat/iis, lateris, a side.l 
 
 LATERITIOUS. laterish'ns, adj.. brick- 
 colored. [L. lateritius — later, lateris, a 
 brick.] 
 
 LATH. lath. n. a thin cleft slip or wood 
 used in slating, plastering, etc. -.—pi. 
 Laths (\a,thz). — v.t. to cover with laths. 
 [A. S. Imttu : Dut. lat, Ger. latte. a lath, 
 W. U&th, a rod.] 
 
 LATHE, laf/i, n. a machine for turning 
 and shaping articles of wood, metal, etc. 
 [Ice. loth, root uncertain.] 
 
 LATHER. la</t'er, n. a foam or froth made 
 with water and soap : froth from sweat. 
 — v.t. to spread over with lather. — v.i. to 
 form a lather : to become frothy. [A.S. 
 leathor, lather ; Ice. liidr, foam or the 
 sea.l 
 
 LATIN, lat'in, adj. pertaining to Latin or 
 to the Latins or Romans : written or 
 spoken in Latin. — n. the language of the 
 ancient Romans. [L. Latinus, belong- 
 ing to Latium, the district in which Rome 
 was built. 
 
 LATINISM, lat'in-izm, n. a Latin idiom. 
 
 LATINIST, lat'in-ist, n. one skilled in 
 Latin. 
 
 LATINITY, la-tin'i-ti, w. purity of Latin 
 style : the Latin tongue, style, or idiom. 
 
 LATINIZE, lat'in-iz, v.t. to give Latin ter- 
 minations to. — v.i. to use words or 
 phrases from the Latin. 
 
 LATISH, lat'ish, adj. somewhat late. 
 
 LATITUDE, lat'i-tud, n. the distance of a 
 place north or south from the equator : 
 the angular distance of a celestial body 
 from the ecliptic : fig. extent of signifi- 
 cation : freedom from restraint : scope. 
 fPV. — L. latitudo, -inis — latiis, broad.] 
 
 LATITUDINAL, lat-i-tud'i-nal, adj. per- 
 taining to latitude: in the direction of 
 latitud.'. 
 
 LATITUDINARIAN, lat - i - tud-i-nil'ri-an. 
 adj., broad or liberal, esp. in religious 
 belief: not orthodox: lax: not restricted 
 by ordinary rules or limits. — n. one who 
 io principle or practice departs from or- 
 thodox rule. — 71. Latitudina'rianism. 
 
 LATITUDINOUS, lat-i-tud'i-nus, adj. hav- 
 ing latitude or large extent. 
 
 LATRINE, lat'rin, n. a place of convenience 
 for soldiers in camp or barracks. [Fr. — 
 L lavatrina — lavo, to wash.] 
 
 LATTEN, lat'en, n. brass or bronze used 
 for crosses : sheet tin, tinned iron-plate. 
 [O. Fr. laton, Fr. laiton : from Fr. latte, 
 a lath, the metal being wrought into thin 
 plates. See Lath.] 
 
 LATTER, lat'er, adj., later: coming or ex- 
 isting after : mentioned the last of two : 
 
 modem: recent. [An irreg. comp. of 
 Late.] 
 
 LATTERLY, lat'er-li, adv. in latter time : 
 of late. 
 
 LATTICE, lat'is, n. a network of crossed 
 laths or bars, called also Lattice-work : 
 anything of lattice-work, as a window. — 
 v.f. to form into open-work: to furnish 
 with a lattice. [Fr. lattis — latte, a lath, 
 from Ger. latte, cog. with E. Lath.] 
 
 LAUD, lawd, v.t. to praise in words, or 
 with singing : to celebrate. — n. Ladd'er. 
 [L. laudo — laus. laudi^, praise, probably 
 akin to Gr. kluo. Sans, gru, to hear.] 
 
 LAUDABLE, lawd'a-bl, adj. worthy of be- 
 ing p)-o?sed. — adv. Laud'ably. — n. Laud'- 
 ablej^ess. 
 
 LAUDANUM, lawd'a-num, w. a preparation 
 of opium : tincture of opium. [Orig. the 
 same word as Ladantjm, transfen-ed to a 
 different drug.] 
 
 LAUDATORY, lawd'artor-i, adj. containing 
 praise ; expressing praise. — n. that which 
 contains praise. 
 
 LAUGH, laf, v.i. to make the noise showing 
 or caused by mirth : to be gay or lively. 
 — n. the sound caused by merriment. — 
 Laugh at, to ridicule. [A.S. hlihan ; 
 Ger. lachen, Goth, hlahjan; prob. from 
 the sound J 
 
 LAUGHABLE, lafVbl, adj. fitted to cause 
 laughter : ludicrous. — adv. La ugh' ably. 
 — n. Laugh'ableness. 
 
 LAUGHING-GAS, laf'ing-gas, n. a gas 
 which excites laughter, called nitrous 
 oxide. 
 
 LAUGHINGLY, laf ing-li, adv. in a laugh- 
 ing or merry way : with laughter. 
 
 LAUGHING-STOCK, laf'ing-stok, n. an 
 object of ridicule, like something stuck 
 up to be laughed at. 
 
 LAUGHTER, iaf'ter, n. act or noise of 
 laughing. 
 
 LAUNCH. LANCH. lansh. v.t. to throw as 
 a lance or spear : to .send forth : to cause 
 to slide into the water. — v.i. to go forth, 
 as a ship into the water : to expatiate in 
 language. — n. act of launching or moving 
 a ship into the water : the largest boat 
 carried bj' a man-ofwar. [Fr. lancer — 
 lance, a lance. See Lance.] 
 
 LAUNDER, lawn'der, n. (mining) a trough 
 used in washing ore. [Orig. a washer- 
 ivoman, M. E. lavandre — Fr. lavandiere 
 ■ — L. lavarc] 
 
 LAUNDRESS, lawn'dres, n. a ivasherico- 
 man. 
 
 LAUNDRY, lawn'dri, n. a place or room 
 where clothes are washed and dressed. 
 [See Lave.] 
 
 L.4URE.\TE, law're-at, adj. crowned with 
 laureL — n. one crowned with laurel : the 
 poet - laureate or court poet. — v.t. to 
 crown with laurel, in token of literary 
 merit : to confer a degree upon. [See 
 Lai'Rel.] 
 
 LAUREATESHIP, law're-at-ship, n. office 
 of a laureate. 
 
 LAUREATION, law-re-a'shun, n. act of 
 laureatihg or conferring a degree. 
 
 LAUREL, law'rel, n. the bay-tree, used 
 by the ancients for making honorary 
 wreaths. [Fr. laurier — L. laurus.] 
 
 LAURELLED, law'reld, adj. crowned with 
 laurel. 
 
 LAVA, la'va or la'va, n. the melted matter 
 discharged from a burning mountain, and 
 that flows down its sides. [It. lai^a, a 
 stream — L. lavare, to wash.] 
 
 LAVATORY, lav'a-tor-i, n. a pJace for 
 washing: a place where gold is got by 
 washing. [See Lave.] 
 
 LAVE, lav, v.t. and v.i. to wash : to bathe. 
 [Fr. laver — L. lavo, lavatum, akin to Gr. 
 Imio. to wash.] 
 
 LAVE, lav, v.t. (obs. and prov.) to lift or 
 
 jade or throw out (as water from a boat). 
 [Perh. Fr. lever — L. levo, to lift.] 
 
 LAVENDER, lav'en-der, n. an odoriferous 
 plant, so called from its being laid with 
 newly washed clothes. [Fr. lavande. 
 See Lave.] 
 
 LAVER, la'ver, n. a large vessel for laving 
 or washing. 
 
 LAVISH, lav'ish, v.t. to expend profusely: 
 to waste. — adj. lavishing or besto^ving 
 profusely : prodigal : extravagant : wild : 
 unrestra"ined. — adv. Lav'ishly. [From 
 Lave, to throw out.] 
 
 LAVISHMENT, lav'ish-ment, LAVISH- 
 NESS. lav'ish-nes, n. state of being lav- 
 ish : profusion : prodigality. 
 
 LAW. law, n. a rule of action laid domi or 
 established by authority : edict of a gov- 
 ernment : statute : the rules of a com- 
 munity or state : a rule or principle of 
 science or art : the whole jurisprudence 
 or the science of law : established usage: 
 that which rules : conformity to law : 
 that which is lawful : a theoretical prin- 
 ciple educed from practice or observa- 
 tion : {theol.) the Mosaic code or the 
 books containing it : (B.) the word of 
 God, the Old Testament. [M. E. lawe— 
 A.S. lagu, lah, from lecgan, to lay, or 
 licgan, to lie ; Ice. lag ; akin to L. lex, 
 law, Gr. lego, to lay.l 
 
 LAWFUL, law'fool.'ao/. according to law : 
 legal : constituted by law : rightful. — 
 adv. Law'fully. — »i.'Law'fulness. 
 
 LAWGIVER, law'giv-er, n. one who gives 
 or enacts laws: a legislator. [Law and 
 Giver.] 
 
 L.\WLESS, law'les, adj. unrestrained by 
 law : illegal. — adv. Law'lessly. — Ji. 
 Law'lessness. 
 
 LA WMONGER, law'mung-ger, n. a monger 
 or low dealer in law. 
 
 LAWN, lawn, n. a sort of fine linen or cam- 
 bric. — adj. made of lawn. [Prob. Fr. 
 linon — L. Unum. modified perh. by con- 
 fusion with L. lana, wool. See Linen.] 
 
 LAWN, lawn. n. an open space between 
 woods : a space of ground covered with 
 grass, generally in front of or around a 
 house or mansion. [M.E. laund — O. Fr. 
 lande, from Ger. land (see Land), or from 
 Bret, lann.} 
 
 LAWN-TENNIS, lawn'-ten'is, n. a kind of 
 tennis generally played on an open laum. 
 
 LAWSUIT, law'sut, n. a suit or process in 
 la w. 
 
 LAWYER, law'yer, n. one versed in or 
 who practices laiv: (B.) a Jewish divine 
 or expounder of the law. [Law, and suf- 
 fix -yer.} 
 
 LAX, laks, adj., slack : loose : soft, flabby: 
 not crowded : not strict in discipline or 
 morals : loose in the bowels. — adv. Lax'- 
 LY. [L. laxus, loose, kia-o, -atum, to un- 
 loose ; prob. akin to LANGUID.] 
 
 LAXATION, laks-a'shun, n. act of loosenr 
 ing : state of being loose or slackened. 
 
 LAXATIVE, laks'a-tiv, adj. having the 
 power of loosening the bowels. — n. a 
 purgative or aperient medicine. — n. h\x'- 
 ATivENESS. [Fr. laxatif^L. laj^o.] 
 
 LAXITY, laks'i-ti, LAXliESS, laks'nes, n. 
 state or quality of being lax: want of 
 exactness. 
 
 LAY, pa.t. of Lie, to lay one's self down. 
 
 LAY, la, v.t. to cause to lie down : to place 
 or set down : to beat down : to spread 
 on a surface : to calm : to appease : to 
 wager : to bring forth ; to impose : to 
 charge: to present. — v.i. to produce 
 eggs: — pr.p. lay'ing; pa.t. a.nd pa.p. laid. 
 — Lay to (Pr. Bh.) to apply with vigor. 
 [It is the causal of lie, from A.S. lecgan; 
 Ice. leggja, Ger. legen ; Gr. lego. See 
 Lie.] 
 
 LAY. la, n. a song: a lyric or narrative 
 poem. [O. Fr. lai, of Celtic orig-in. aa
 
 LAY 
 
 26S 
 
 LED 
 
 W. llais, a sound, Gael, laoidh, a verse, 
 sacred poem ; perh. conn, with Ger. 
 liedA 
 
 LAY, la, LAIC, la'ik, LAICAL, la'ik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to the people : not cleri- 
 cal. [Fr. lai — L. laieus — Gr. laikos — 
 laos. the people.] 
 
 LAYER, la'er, n. a bed or stratum : a 
 
 • shoot laid for propagation. [See Lay, 
 v.f.] 
 
 IxAYERING, la'er-ing, n. the propag'ation 
 of plants by layers. 
 
 LAY-FIGURE, la'-fig'ur, or LAYMAN, la'- 
 man, n. a wooden figure used by artists 
 to represent the human bod3', and which 
 serves as a model for attitude and drap- 
 ery. [Dut. leeman, a jointed image — 
 leaf, lid, a joint.] 
 
 LAYMAN, la'man, n. one of the laity : a 
 non-professional man. [See Lay, Laic] 
 
 LAZAR, la'zar, n. one afflicted with a 
 filthy and pestilential disease like Laz- 
 anis. the beggar. [Fr. lazare, from Laz- 
 ar>is of the parable in Luke xvi.] 
 
 LAZARETTO, laz-a-ret'o, LAZARET, laz'- 
 a-ret, n. a public hospital for c' . sase.' 
 persons, esp. for such as have i'; iCtioiiS 
 disorders. [It- lazzeretto , Fr. lazx: ?i. 
 See LazaR, r 
 
 LaZAR-HOUSE, la'zar-hows, n. a laza- 
 retto : a hospital lor quarantine. [Lazab 
 and House.] 
 
 LAZARLIKE, la'zar-lik, adj., like a lazar: 
 full of sores : leprous. 
 
 LAZY, la'zi, adj. disinclined to exertion : 
 averse to labor : sluggish : tedious. — 
 adv. La'zily. — n. La'ziness, state or 
 quahty of being lazy. [M.E. lasche — O. 
 Fr. lasche (Fr. Idche), slack, weak, base — 
 L. lojcus, loose.] 
 
 LAZZARONI, laz-arro'ni, n. name given to 
 the lowest classes in Naples, who used to 
 live an idle outcast life. [It., from Laza- 
 rus.] 
 
 LEA or LEY, le (obs. Lay), n. a meadow: 
 grassland, pasturage. [A.S. leak ; of. 
 prov. Ger. lohe, lok, found also in place- 
 names, as Waterloo = water-lea.] 
 
 LEAD, led, n. a well-known metal of a blu- 
 ish-white color : the plummet for sound- 
 ing at sea : a thin plate of lead separat- 
 ing lines of type :— p/. a flat roof covered 
 with lead. — v.t. to cover or fit with lead : 
 (print.) to separate lines mth leads. — n. 
 Lead-pois'oning, poisoning by the ab- 
 sorption and diffusion of lead in the sys- 
 tem. [A.S.; Ger. loth.] 
 
 LEAD, led, v.t. to show the iray by going 
 first : to guide by the hand : to direct : 
 to precede : to allure. — v.i. to go before 
 and show the way : to have a tendency : 
 to exercise dominion: — pr.p. lead'ing; 
 pa.t. and pta.p. led. — n. first place : pre- 
 cedence : direction : guidance. [A.S. 
 Icedan, to make to go, causal form of 
 lidan. to go ; Ice. leida, Ger. leiten, to 
 lead.] 
 
 LEADEN, led'n, adj. made of lead : heavy : 
 dull, 
 
 LEADER, led'er, n. one who leads or goes 
 first : a chief : the leading editorial ar- 
 ticle in a newspaper : principal wheel in 
 anv machinerv. 
 
 LEA"pERSHIP,"led'er-ship, n. state or con- 
 dition of a leader or conductor. 
 
 LEADING-STRINGS, led'ing-stringz, n.pl. 
 strings used to lead children when be- 
 ginning to walk. 
 
 LEAD-PENCIL, led'-pen'sil, n. a pencil or 
 instrument for drawing, etc., made of 
 blackZead. 
 
 LEAF, lef, 11. one of the thin, flat parts of 
 plants : anything beaten thin like a leaf : 
 two pages of a book : one side of it win- 
 dow-shutter, etc.:— pi. Lea^-es, levz. — 
 v.i. to shoot out or produce leaves : — 
 
 pr.p. leafing ;pa.p. leafed'. [A.S.; Ger. 
 
 laiib, Dut. loof, a leaf.] 
 LEAFAGE, lef'aj, n., leaves collectively: 
 
 abundance of leaves : season of leaves 
 
 or leafing. 
 LEAFLESS, lef'les, adj. destitute of leaves. 
 LEAFLET, lef let, n. a little leaf. 
 LEAFY, lef'i, adj. full of leaves. — Ji. Leaf'- 
 
 DfESS. 
 
 LEAGUE, leg, n. a distance of about three 
 English miles, but varying greatly in 
 different countries. — A Sea-league eon- 
 tains 3i Eng. miles nearly. [Fr. lieue — 
 L. leuca, a Gallic mile of 1500 Roman 
 paces ; from the Celt., as in Bret, leo, 
 Gael, ieig. a league.] 
 
 LEAGUE, leg, n. a bond or alliance: union 
 for the promotion of mutual interest. — 
 v.i. to form a league: to unite for mutual 
 interest:— ^r.p. leag'uing; pa.t. and pa.ji. 
 leagued'. [Fr. ligiie — Low L. liga — L. 
 ligo, to bind.] 
 
 LEAGUER, leg'er, n. a camp, esp. of a 
 besieging army. [Dut. leger, a lair. See 
 Beleaguer.] 
 
 TjEAK, lek, n. a crack or hole in a vessel 
 through which liquid may pass: the ooz- 
 ing of any fluid through an opening. — 
 v.i. to let any fluid into or out of a vessel 
 through a leak. [Ice. leka, Dut. leJcken, 
 to drip.] 
 
 LEAKAGE, lek'aj, n. a leaking : that 
 which enters or escapes by leaking : an 
 allowance for leaking. 
 
 LEAKY, lek'i, adj. having a leak or leaks : 
 letting any liquid in or out. — n. Leak'i- 
 ness. 
 
 LEAL, lei, adj. true-hearted, faithful. [M. 
 E. lei — Norm. Fr. leal, same as LoyalT] 
 
 LEAN, len, v.i. to incline or bend : to turn 
 from a straight line : to rest against : to 
 incline towards : — pr.p. lean'ing ; pa.t. 
 and pa. p. leaned' or leant (lent). [A.S. 
 hlinian and causal form hlcenan ;l)ut. 
 leuiicn; akin to Gr. kliiio, L. in-clino, to 
 bend.] 
 
 LEAN, len, adj. thin, wanting flesh : not 
 fat. — n. flesh without fat. — adv. Lean'ly. 
 — n. Leanness. [A.S. hlcene ; Low Ger. 
 leen ; from Lean, to bend, from want of 
 substance or support.] 
 
 LEAP, lep, v.i. to move with springs or 
 bounds : to spring upward or forward : 
 to jump: to rush with vehemence. — v.t. 
 to spring or bound over i—pr.p. leap'ing ; 
 pa.t. leaped' or leapt (lept) ; pa.p. leaped', 
 rarely leapt. — n. act of leaping : bound : 
 space passed bv leaping : sudden transi- 
 tion. [A.S. hteapan; Ice. hlaupa, to 
 spring, Ger. laufen, to run.] 
 
 LEAP-FROG, lep'-frog, ;;. a play in which 
 one boy Zeaps over another like a frog. 
 
 LEAP-YEAR, lep'-yer, n. every fourth 
 year which leaps forward or adds one day 
 in Februarj', a j-ear of 366 da3S. 
 
 LEARN, lern, v.t. to acquire knowledge of, 
 to get to know : to gain power of per- 
 forming. — v.i. to gain knowledge : to im- 
 prove bj' example. [A.S. leornian ; Ger. 
 lern en.] 
 
 LEARNED, lern'ed, adj. having learning : 
 ver.sed in literature, etc. : skillful. — adv. 
 LE-UiyEDLY. — n. Leahn'ed>t:ss. 
 
 LEARNER, lern'er, n. one who learns : one 
 who is yet in the rudiments of any sub- 
 ject. 
 
 LEARNING, lern'ing, j;. what is karnfrf • 
 knowledge : scholarsliip : skill in lan- 
 guages or science. 
 
 LEASE, les, n. a letting of tenements for a 
 terra of years : the contract for such let- 
 ting: any tenure. — v.t. to let for a term 
 of years : — pr.j). leas'ing : pa.t. a.ndpa.p. 
 leased'. [O. Fr. le.iser.Fr. laisser, to let, 
 leave, relinquish— L. laxo, to loose, laxus, 
 loose.] 
 
 LEASEHOLD, les'hold, adj., held hy lease 
 or contract. — n. a tenure held bj' lease. 
 
 LEASH, lesh, 71. a lash or line by which a 
 hawk or hound is held : a brace and a 
 half, three. — v.t. to hold by a leash: to 
 bind. [O. Fr. lesse. Fr. laisse, a thong to 
 hold a dog by, a thong held loosely— L, 
 laxus, loose.] 
 
 LEASING, lez'ing, 11. (J5.) falseJiood : lies 
 fA.S. leasung — leas, false, loose, Goth 
 laus. Ice. los.] 
 
 LEAS'!, lest, adj. (serves as superl. of Lit- 
 tle), little beyond all others : smallest. 
 — adv. in the smallest or lowest degree. 
 [A.S. lest, contr. from Icesest, from root 
 of Less.] 
 
 LEATHER, lei/t'er, 11. the prepared skin of 
 an animal. — adj. consisting of leather. 
 [A.S. lether, leather ; Dut. and Ger.leder.] 
 
 LEATHERN, leWi'ern, adj. made or consist- 
 ing of leather. 
 
 LEATHERY, lef/i'er-i, adj. resembling 
 leather: tough. 
 
 LEAVE, lev, ?;., permission: liberty grant- 
 ed : formal parting of friends : farewell. 
 [A.S. leaf ; Ice. leyfa, to permit ; conn, 
 with LiEF, Love, Believe, Furlough.] 
 
 LEAVE, lev, v.t. to allow to remain : to 
 abandon, resign : to depart from : to have 
 remaining at death : to bequeath : to 
 refer for decision. — v.i. to desist : to 
 cease -.-pr-p. leav'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 left. [A.S. loefan ; Ice. leifa, L. linquo, 
 Gr. leipo. to leave. The primarj- meaning 
 is to let remain : the root is seen in A.S. 
 liflan. Ice. Ufa, to be remaining, to Live, 
 also in Ger. bleiben (=he-leiben), to re- 
 main.] 
 
 LEAVED, levd, adj. fm-uished with leaves: 
 having a leaf, or made with leaves or 
 folds. 
 
 LEAVEN, lev'n, n. the ferment which 
 makes dough rise in a spongy form : 
 anything that makes a general change 
 whether good or bad. — v.t. to raise witli 
 leaven : to taint. [Fr. levain — L. leva- 
 men — leva, to raise — levis, light.] 
 
 LEAVES, levz, pi. of Leaf. 
 
 LEAVINGS, lev'irigz, n.jil., things left: 
 relics : refuse. 
 
 LECHER, lech'er, n. a man addicted to 
 lewdness: [Fr. lecheur — lecher, to 
 lick ; from O. Ger. lecehon, Ger. leckeii, 
 E. Lick ; L. ligurio, to lick up what is 
 daintv.] 
 
 LECHEROUS, lech'er-us, adj. lustful: 
 provoking lust. — adv. Lech'erously. — 
 lis. Lech'erousness, Lech'ery. 
 
 LECTERN, lek'turn, n. a reading-desk in 
 churches from which the Scripture les- 
 sons are read. [Corr. from Low L. lectri- 
 num. a reading-desk — Low L. lecinim, a 
 pulpit — Gr. lektron. a couch, and so a 
 sup])ort for a book.] 
 
 LECTION, lek'shun, «. a reading: a, va- 
 riety in a manuscript or book : a portion 
 of Scripture read in divine service. [L. 
 lectio — lego, lectnm, to read.] 
 
 LECTIONARY, lek-'shun-ar-i, n. the R. C. 
 service-book, containing lections or por- 
 tions of Scripture. 
 
 LECTOR, lek'tor, n. a reader : a reader of 
 Scripture in the ancient churches. 
 
 LECTURE, lek'tur. 7i. a discourse on any 
 subject : a formal reproof. — v.t. to in- 
 struct by discourses : to instruct authori- 
 tatively : to reprove. — v.i. to give a lec- 
 ture, or lectures. [See LECTION.] 
 
 LECTURER, lek'tur-er, ;;. one -^ho lectures: 
 one who instructs by giving set dis-^^ 
 courses. 
 
 LECTURESHIP, lek'tur-ship. n. the office 
 of a lecturer. 
 
 LECTURN, lek'turn, LETTERN, let'em, n. 
 same as Lectern. 
 
 LED. led. pa.f. and^a.^. of Leas, to show 
 the way.
 
 LEDGE 
 
 263 
 
 LEOPARD 
 
 LEDGE, lej, n. a shelt on which articles 
 may be laid : that which i-esembles such 
 a shelf: aridgeor shelf of rocks: a layer: 
 a sinall mouTding-. [A.S. lecgan, to lay. 
 See Lay, t'.<.] 
 
 LEDGER, lej'er, n. the principal book of 
 accounts among merchants, in which the 
 entries in all the other books are laid up 
 or entered. 
 
 LEDGER-LINE. See Leoer-Line. 
 
 LEDGY, lej'i, adj. abounding- in ledges. 
 
 LEE, le, n. the part toward which the 
 wind blows. — adj. as in Lee-side, the 
 sheltered side of a ship : Lee-shoee, the 
 shore opposite to the lee-side of a ship. 
 [Lit. a sheltered place, A.S. hleow, shel- 
 ter : Ice. hie, Low Ger. lee ; cf. Goth. 
 hlija, a tent, prov. E. lew, a shelter.] 
 
 LEECH, lech, n. a physiciaii : a blood- 
 sucking worm. — v.t. to apply leeches to. 
 [A.S. Icece ; Goth, lekeis, a phj-sician, 
 found also in Celt, and Slav, languages.] 
 
 LEEK, lek, n. a kind of onion : the na- 
 tional emblem of Wales. [A.S. leac, a 
 leek, a plant, which is present also in 
 Char-lock. Gar-lic, Hem-lock,] 
 
 LEER, ler, n. a sly, sidelong look. — v.i. to 
 look askance : to look archly or oblique- 
 ly. [A.S. hleor, face, cheek ; Ice. hlyr.'\ 
 
 LEERINGLY, ler'ing-li, adv. with a leer- 
 imi look. 
 
 LEES, lez, n.pl. sediment or dregs that 
 settle at the bottom of liquor. [Fr. lie, 
 ety. dub.] 
 
 LEET. let, n, (Scot.) a selected list of can- 
 didates for an office. 
 
 '^EEWAJRD, le'ward, adj. pertaining to or 
 in the direction of the lee, or the part 
 toward which the wind blows. — adv. 
 toward the lee. 
 
 LEEWAY, le'wa, 11. the way or distance a 
 ship is driven to leeivard of her true 
 cour.se. [Lee and Way.] 
 
 LEFT, left, jKi.t. a.nd pa.p. of Leave. 
 
 LEFT, left, adj. the weaker as opposed to 
 the stronger, heavier right : being on 
 the left side. — n. the side opposite to the 
 right. [M.E. lift, luft, prob. a contr. of 
 lefcd, p. of A.S. Ufan, to weaken — lif, 
 weak : Dut. loof, weak.] 
 
 LEFT-HANDED, left-hand'ed, adj. having 
 the left hand .stronger and readier than 
 the right: awkwuril: unlucky. — )is. Left- 
 HANDE0NESS, Leet-han-d'iness, awkward- 
 ness. 
 
 CiEG, leg, n. one of the limbs by which ani- 
 mals walk: a long, slender support of any- 
 thing, as of a table. — adj. Legged', hav- 
 ing legs. [Ice. leggr, a stalk, Dan. liig, 
 Sw. liigg.'X 
 
 LEGACY, leg'a-si, n. that which is left to 
 one by icill: a bequest of ])ei-.sonal prop- 
 erty. [L. as if legatia, for legatum — lego, 
 to leave by will.] 
 
 LEGACY-HUNTER, leg'a-si-hunt'er, n. 
 one who hunts after legacies by courting 
 thos.» likely to leave them. 
 
 LEGAL, le'gal, adj. pertaming to or accord- 
 ing to Itxw : lawful: created by law. — adv. 
 Legally.— ». Legal'ity. [Fr. — L. legalis 
 — le.v, legis, law.] 
 
 LEGALIZE, le'gal-iz, v.t. to make legal or 
 lawful : to authorize : to sanction. 
 
 LEGATE, leg'at, n. an ambassador, esp. 
 from the Pope. — n. Leg'ateship, tlie 
 office of a legate. [Fr. legal. It. legato — 
 L. legatus — lego, to send with a commis- 
 sion. 1 
 
 LEGATEE, leg-a-te', n. one to whom a 
 legacy is left. 
 
 LEGATINE, leg'a-tln, adj. of or relating to 
 a legate. 
 
 LEGATION, le-ga'shun, n. the person or 
 persons sent as legates or ambassadors : 
 a deputation. 
 
 LEGEND, lej'end or le'-, n. a marvellous or 
 romantic story from earlv times : the 
 
 motto on a coat of arms, medal, or coin. 
 [Fr. — Low L. legenda, a book of chronicles 
 of the saints read at matins — L. legendus, 
 to be read — lego, to read.] 
 
 LEGENDARY, lej'end-ar-i, n. a book of 
 legends : one who relates legends. — adj. 
 consisting of legends : romantic : fabu- 
 lous. 
 
 LEGERDEMAIN, lej-er-de-man', n., light- 
 ness or nimbleness of hand: sleight-of- 
 hand : jugglery. [O. Fr. legier (Fr. leger) 
 de main, " light of hand " — L. as if leviar- 
 ius — levis, light, and Fr. de, of, main, L. 
 manus, hand.] 
 
 LEGER-LINE, lej'er-lin, n. (nius.) one of 
 the short lines added above or below the 
 staff to extend its compass. [Fr. leger, 
 light, and LlNE.] 
 
 LEGGING, leg'ing, n. a covering for the 
 leg. 
 
 LEGIBLE, lej'i-bl, adj. that may be read : 
 clear and distinct : that may be under- 
 stood. — adv. Leg'ibly*. — ns. Leg'ible- 
 NEss, Legibil'ity. [L. legibiUs—lego.] 
 
 LEGION, le'jun, n. in ancient Rome, a 
 body of soldiers of from three to six thou- 
 sand : a military force : a great number. 
 [Fr. — L. legio — lego, to choose, to levy.] 
 
 LEGIONARY, le'jun-ar-i, adj. relating to 
 or consisting of a legion or legions : con- 
 taining a great number. — n. a soldier of 
 a legion. [L. legionarius.] 
 
 LEGISLATE, lej'is-lat, v.i. to bring for- 
 ward, propose, or make laws. — n. Legis- 
 la'tion. [L. lex. legis, law, /ero, latum, 
 to bear, propose.] 
 
 LEGISLATIVE, lej'Ls-lat-iv, adj., giving or 
 enacting lairs : pertaining to legislation. 
 
 LEGISLATOR, lej'is-la-tor, n. one who 
 makes laws : a lawgiver:— /ej/i. Leg'isla- 
 
 TRESS. 
 
 LEGISLATURE, lej'is-lat-ur, n. the body 
 of men in a state who have the power of 
 making laws. 
 
 LEGIST, le'jist, n. one skilled in the laws. 
 [Fr. legiste — Low L. legista — L. lex.l 
 
 LEGITIMACY, le-jit'i-ma-si, n. state of be- 
 ing legitimate or according to law : law- 
 fulness of birth : genuineness : regular 
 deduction. 
 
 LEGITIMATE, le-jit'i-mat, adj. lawful: 
 lawfully begotten : genuine : fairly de- 
 duced : following bj* natural sequence : 
 authorized by usage. — v.t. to make law- 
 ful : to give the rights of a legitimate 
 child to an illegitimate one. — adv. Legit'- 
 imately. [Low L. legit imo, -atum — L. 
 lev.] 
 
 LEGITIMATION, le-Jit-i-ma'shun, ii.actof 
 rendering legitimate, esp. of conferring 
 the privileges of lawful birth. 
 
 LEGITIMIST, le-jit'i-mist, n. one who sup- 
 ports legitimate authoritj-: in France, an 
 adherent of the Bourbons deposed in 1830. 
 
 LEGLESS, leg'les, adj. witliout legs. 
 
 LEGUilE. leg'um, LEGUMEN, le-gu'men, 
 n. (bot.) a seed-vessel which splits into 
 two valves, having the seeds attached to 
 the ventral suture only: a pod, as of the 
 pea, bean. etc. : — jj?. Legit mens, Legi?- 
 MiN.\. [Fr. — L. legumen — lego, to gather; 
 so called because gathered for food.] 
 
 LEGUMINOUS, le-gu'min-us, adj. bearing 
 legumes aa seed - ve.ssels : consisting of 
 pul.se. 
 
 LEISURE, le'zhoor or lezh'-, n. time free 
 from emiiloyment : freedom from occu- 
 pation. — adj. unoccupied. [M. E. leyser 
 — O. Fr. leisir, " to be permitted " — L. 
 licet, it is permitted.] 
 
 LEISURELY, le'zhoor-li, a(i/. done at lei- 
 sure: .slow: deliberate. — adi\ in a leisure- 
 ly manner. 
 
 LEMAN, le'man, n. a sweetheart. [M.E. 
 leminan, earlier form leofmon — A.S. leof, 
 loved, and Man.] 
 
 LEMMA, lem'a, n. (math.) a proposition 
 
 demonstrated for the purpose of being 
 used in a subsequent proposition. [L. 
 — Gr. lemma — lambano, to receive, as- 
 sume.] 
 
 LEMMING, lem'ing, n. a species of rat in 
 northern countries, remarkable for mi- 
 grating southward in great numbers. 
 [Norw. lemming, Sw. lemel, Lap. loumik.] 
 
 LEMON, lem'un, n. an oval fruit, resem- 
 bling the orange, with an acid pulp : the 
 tree that bears lemons. [Fr. limon — 
 Pers. limun.] 
 
 Z_EMONADE, lem-un-ad', n. a drink made 
 of lemon-juice, water, and sugar. 
 
 LEMUR, le'mur, n. an animal in Madagas- 
 car, allied to the monkey, which goes 
 about at night, whence its name. [L. 
 lemur, a ghost.] 
 
 LEND, lend, v.t. to give for a short time 
 something to be returned : to afford or 
 grant, in general : to let for hire -.^pr.p. 
 lend'ing ; pa.t. and jja.jj. lent. — n. Lend'- 
 er. [M.E. lene}i — A.S. kenan ; Ger. leilien. 
 See Loan.] 
 
 LENGTH, length, 7!. quality of being long: 
 extent from end to end : the longest 
 measure of anything : long continuance : 
 detail. [A.S. length — lung, long.] 
 
 LENGTHEN, length'n, v.t. to increase in 
 length, : to di'aw out. — v.i. to grow longer. 
 
 LENGTHWISE, length'wlz, adv. in the 
 way or direction of the length. [For 
 Lengthways.] 
 
 LENGTHY', lengtli'i, adj. of great length : 
 rather long. — adv. Length'ily. — n. 
 Length'lness. 
 
 LENIENT, le'ni-ent, adj., softening or miti- 
 gating: mild: merciful. — n. (ined.) that 
 which softens : an emollient. — n. Le'ni- 
 ENCY. [L. leniens, -entis, pr.p. of lenio, 
 to soften — lenv!, soft.] 
 
 LENITIVE, len'it-iv, adj., softening or miU 
 igatiug : laxative. — n. (med.) an appli^ 
 cation for easing pain : a mild pui'gativ& 
 
 LENITY, len'i-ti, »(. mildness : clemency. 
 
 LENS, lenz, n. (optics) a piece of glass or 
 other transparent substance with one or 
 both sides convex, so called from its like- 
 ness to a lentil seed : the crystalline 
 humor of the eye. [L. lens, lenlis, the 
 lentil.] 
 
 LENT, lent, n. a fast of forty days, ob- 
 served in commemoration of the fast of 
 our Saviour, beginning with Ash-Wed- 
 nesday and continuing till Easter. [M.E. 
 lenten — A.S. lencten, the spring; Dut. 
 lente, Ger. hmz ; ace. to some derived 
 from root of LONG, because in spring the 
 days grow long.] 
 
 LENTEN, leut'en, adj. relating to or used 
 in Lent : sparing. 
 
 LENTICULAR, len-tik'u-lar, LENTIFORM, 
 lea'ti-forni, adj. resembling a lens or len- 
 til seed : double-convex. — adv. Lentic'U- 
 Larly. [L. lentieularis — lenticula, dim. 
 of lens, a lentil.] 
 
 LENTIL, len'til, 11. an annual plant, com- 
 mon near the Mediterranean, bearing 
 pulse used for food. [Fr. lentille — L. lens, 
 lenfis, the lentil.] 
 
 LENTISK, len'tisk, n. the mxstic-ti-ee. 
 [Fr.lentisque — 'L.lentiseus — ?en<Hs. stickj-; 
 so called from the stickiness of its gum.] 
 
 LENTOUS, len'tus, adj., sticky: viscid 
 [See Lentisk.] 
 
 LEO, le'o, ft. (astr.) the Lion, the fifth sign 
 of tlio zodiac. [L.] 
 
 LEONINE, lo'o-nin, adj. of or like a lion. 
 
 LEONINE, le'o-nlii. adj. a kind of Latin 
 verse which rhymes at the middle and 
 end, much in use among the Latin hymn- 
 writ'-rs of the Middle Ages. [Said "to be 
 named from Leoninus. a canon in Paris 
 in the 12th century ; or from Pope Leo II., 
 who was a lover of music] 
 
 LEOPARD, lep'ard. n. an animal of the cat- 
 kind, with a spotted skin. £0. Fr. — L.
 
 LEPER 
 
 264 
 
 LIBEL 
 
 ■ leopardus — Gr. i eopa rdos — lean , lion , 
 pardos, pard ; ! ecause supposed by the 
 ancients to ' e a mongrel between the 
 pard or paniner and lioness.] 
 
 LEPER, lep'ar, n. one affected with leprosy, 
 whicli covers the skin «ith scales. [L. — 
 Gr. lepra, leprosy — lepras, scaly — lepos, 
 a scale— ?epo, to peel off.] 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA, lep-i-dop'ter-a, n.pl. an 
 order of insects, with four wings covered 
 with very fine scales like powder, as the 
 butterfly, moth, etc. [Gr. lepis, lepidos, 
 a sca\e, pternn, a wing.J 
 
 LEPIDOPTERAL. lep-i-dop'ter-al, LEPI- 
 DOPTEROUS, lep-i-dop'ter-us, adj. per- 
 taining to the lepidoptera. 
 
 LEPORINE, lep'o-rin, adj. pertaining to 
 or resembling the hare. [L. leporirms — 
 lepus, leporis, the hare.] 
 
 LEPROSY, lep'ro-si, n. a disease of the 
 skin marked bv scales or scurfy scabs. 
 
 LEPROUS, lep'rus. adj. affected with lep- 
 rosy. — adv. Lep'rously. — n. Lep'rous- 
 NESS. [See Leper.] 
 
 LESION, le'zhun, n. a hurt: (med.) an in- 
 jury or wound. [Fr. — L. Icesio — loedo, 
 Icesum, to hurt.] 
 
 LESS, les, adj. (serves as comp. of Litt'LE), 
 diminished : smaller. — adv. not so much: 
 in a lower degree. — n. a smaller portion : 
 (B.) the inferior or younger. [A.S. Ices, 
 Icessa ; comparative form from a root 
 las, feeble, found also in Goth, lasivs, 
 weak, Ice. las, weakness, and which is 
 not conn, with the root of little.} 
 
 LESSEE, les-se', n. one to whom a lease is 
 granted. 
 
 LESSEN, les'n, v.t. to make less, in any 
 sense : to weaken : to degrade. — v.i. to 
 bGcoruG Igss 
 
 LESSER, les'er, adj. (B.) less : smaller : in- 
 ferior. [A double comp., formed from 
 Less.] 
 
 LESSON, les'n, n. a portion of Scripture 
 read in divioe service : that which a pu- 
 pil learns at a time : a precept or doc- 
 trine inculcated : instruction derived 
 from experience : severe lecture. [Fr. 
 le^on — L. lectio — lego, to gather, to read. 
 See Lection.] 
 
 LESSOR, les'or, n. one who grants a lease. 
 
 LEST, lest, conj. that not : for fear that. 
 [From the A.S. phrase thy Ices the (that 
 the less = L. quominus), the first word 
 being dropped, while the third joined to 
 the second made lesthe, leste. See Less.] 
 
 LET, let, v.t. to slacken or loose restraint 
 ytpon : to give leave or power to : to al- 
 low, permit, suffer : to grant to a ten- 
 ant or hirer -.^pr.p. lett'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. let. [A.S. Icetan, to permit — Icet, 
 Ice. latr, slow, lazy, slack ; Ger. lassen, 
 Fr. laisser, to let, permit. See Late.] 
 
 LET, let, v.t. (B.) to prevent : to hinder.— 
 n. (laic) hinderance, obstruction : delay. 
 [A.S. lettan, to make late — ket, slow, 
 slack, being same root as above.] 
 
 LETHAL, le'thal, adj., death-dealing, blot- 
 ting out : deadly : mortal. [L. lethalis — 
 lethum, letum, death ; akin to leo. simple 
 form of deleo, to blot out, or to Sans, li, 
 to melt, dissolve.] 
 
 LETHARGIC, le-thar'jik,LETHARGICAL, 
 le-thar'jik-al, adj. pertaining to lethargy : 
 unnaturally sleepy : dull. — adv. Lethar'- 
 GlCAT.T.Y. [L. leihargicus — Gr. lethar- 
 gikos.] 
 
 LETHAJIGY, leth'ar-ji, n. heavy unnatural 
 slumber : dullness. [Fr. — L. — Gr. lethar- 
 gia, drowsy forgetfulness — lethe, forget- 
 fulness.] 
 
 LETHE, le'the, n. (myth.) one of the rivers 
 of hell said to cause forgetfulness of the 
 past to all who drank of its waters : ob- 
 livion. [Gr. — letho, old form of lanthano, 
 to forget.] 
 
 LETHEAN, le-the'an, adj., of Lethe: ob- 
 livious. 
 
 LETHIFEROUS, le-thif'er-us, adj., carry- 
 ing death : deadly. [L. lethifer — lethum, 
 death, and fero, to bear.] 
 
 LETTER, let'er, n. a conventional mark to 
 express a sound : a written or printed 
 message : literal meaning : a printing- 
 type :^p/. learning. — v.t. to stamp let- 
 ters upon.— H. Lett'erer. [Fr. lettre — 
 L. iitera — lino, lituni, to smear; so called 
 because smeared or scrawled on parch- 
 ment.] 
 
 LETTERED, let'erd, adj. marked with let- 
 ters : educated : versed in literature : be- 
 longing to learning. 
 
 LETTER -FOUNDER, let'er-fownd'er, n. 
 one who founds or casts letters or types. 
 
 LETTERING, let'er-iag, n. the act of im- 
 pressing letters : the letters impressed. 
 
 LETT'ER-OF-CRED'IT, n. a letter author- 
 izing credit or cash to a certain sum 
 to be paid to the bearer. — Lett'er-of- 
 MAEQUE (mark), n. a commission given 
 to a private ship by a government to 
 make reprisals on the vessels of another 
 state. [See Marque.] 
 
 LETTERPRESS, let'er-pres, n., letters im- 
 pressed or matter printed from type, as 
 distinguished from engraving. 
 
 LETTERS-PATENT, let'erz-pat'ent, n. a 
 writing conferring a patent or authoriz- 
 ing a person to enjoy some privilege, 
 so called because written on open sheets 
 of parchment. [See Patent.] 
 
 LETTUCE, let'is, n. a plant containing a 
 nu7A'2/ white juice, the leaves of which are 
 used as a salad. [O. Fr. laictuce, Fr. 
 laitue — L. laetuca—lac. milk.] 
 
 LEVANT, le-vant', n. the point where the 
 sun rises : the East : the coasts of the 
 Mediterranean east of Italy. — adj. Lev'- 
 ant or Le'vant, eastern. [It. levante — L. 
 levare, to raise.] 
 
 LEVANTER, le-vant'er, n. a strong easter- 
 ly wind in the Leva7it or eastern part of 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 LEVANTINE, le-vant'in, adj. belonging to 
 the Levant. 
 
 LEVEE, lev'e, n. a morning assembly of 
 visitors : an assembly received by a sov- 
 ereign or other great personage : a bank 
 along the river, to prevent inundation. 
 [Fr. levee, a rising — leivr.] 
 
 LEVEL, lev'el, n. a horizontal line or sur- 
 face : a surface without inequalities : 
 proper position : usual elevation : state 
 of equality: the line of direction : an in- 
 strument for showing the horizontal. — 
 adj. horizontal: even, smooth: even with 
 anything else: in the same line or plane: 
 equal in position or dignity. — v.t. to make 
 horizontal : to make flat or smooth : to 
 make equal: to take aitn-.^pr.p. lev'el- 
 ling ; pa.t. and pa.p. lev'elled. [O. Fr. 
 livel, liveau (Fr. niveau) — L. libel/a, a 
 plummet, from libra, a level, a balance.] 
 
 LEVELLER, lev'el-er, n. one who levels or 
 makes equal. 
 
 LEVELLING, lev'el-ing, n. the act of mak- 
 ing uneven surfaces level : the process 
 of finding the differences in level between 
 different points on the surface of the 
 earth. 
 
 LE^^;LNESS, lev'el-nes, n. state of being 
 level, even, or equal. 
 
 LEVER, le'ver, n. a bar of metal or other 
 substance turning on a support called the 
 fulcrum or prop, for raising weights. 
 [Lit. that which lifts or raises, Fr. Uvier 
 — lever — L. lei'o. to raise.] 
 
 LEVERAGE, le'ver-aj, n. the mechanical 
 potver gained by the use of the lever. 
 
 LEVERET, lev'er-et, n. a young hare : a 
 hare in its first year. [O. Fr. levrault, 
 Fr. lievre — L. lepus, leporis, a hare.] 
 
 LEVIABLE, lev'i-a-bl, adj. able to be levied 
 or assessed and collected. 
 
 LEVIATHAN, le-vl'a-than, n. (B.) a huge 
 aquatic animal, described in the book of 
 Job : anything of huge size. [Heb. tirf- 
 y&tliAn — Vv'yah, a wreath, Ar. lau-a'. to 
 bend or twist ; so called from its twisting 
 itself in folds.] 
 
 LEVIGATE, lev'i-gat, v.t. to make sjhoo^/i; 
 to grind to a fine, impalpable powder. — n. 
 Leviga'tion. [L. lerigo, levigatum — levis, 
 Gr. leios, smooth, akin to Level.] 
 
 LEVITATION, lev-i-ta'shun, n. act of ren- 
 dering light. [L. levis, light.] 
 
 LEVITE, le'vit, n. a descendant of Levi: 
 an inferior priest of the ancient Jewish 
 Church. — adjs. Levit'ic, Levit'ical. — 
 adv. Levit'ically. [Heb. Levi, a son of 
 Jacob, whose descendants were priests.] 
 
 LEVITICUS, le-\'it'i-kuK, n. the name of 
 one of the books of the Old Testament, 
 so called from its containing the laws, 
 etc., relating to the Levites. 
 
 LEVITY, lev'it-i, ?i.. lightness of weight: 
 lightness of temper or conduct: thought- 
 lessness : disposition to trifle : vanity. 
 [L. levitas — levis. light.] 
 
 LEVY, lev'i, v.t. to raise : to collect by au- 
 thority, as an army or a tax -.—pr.p. lev- 
 ying ; pa.t. and pa.p. lev'ied. — n. the act 
 of collecting by authority : the troops 
 so collected. [Fr. lever — L. leva, to make 
 light or raise — levis, light.] 
 
 LEWD, lud or lood, adj. ignorant, vicious, 
 or bad, so in B. : lustful : licentious : un- 
 chaste : debauched. — adv. Lewd'ly. — n. 
 Lewd'ness. [A.S. loewed, lay, belonging 
 to the laity, either the pa.p. of the verb 
 laeican, to weaken, and so meaning weak, 
 simple, untaught, or from leod, the peo- 
 ple. See Laity.] 
 
 LEXICOGRAPHER, leks-i-kog'ra-fer. n. 
 one skilled in lexicography or the art of 
 compiling dictionaries. 
 
 LEXICOGRAPHY, leks-i-kog'ra-fl, n. the 
 art of u-riting a dictionary. — adjs. Lexi- 
 cograph'ic, Lexicograph'ical. [Gr. 
 lexikon, and grapho, to write.] 
 
 LEXICOLOGIST, leks-i-kol'o-jist, n. one 
 skilled in lexicology. 
 
 LEXICOLOGY, leks-i-kol'o-ji, n. that 
 branch of philology which treats of the 
 proper signification and use of words. 
 [Gr. lexis, and logos, a discourse or treat- 
 ise.] 
 
 LEXICON, leks'i-kon, n. a word-book or 
 dictionary. — adj. Lex'ical, belonging to 
 a lexicon. [Gr. lexikon — levis, a word — 
 lego, to speaK.] 
 
 LEY, le, n. Same as Lea. 
 
 LIABILITY, ll-a-bil'i-ti, n. state of being 
 liable or responsible. 
 
 LIABLE, li'a-bl, adj. able to be bound or 
 obliged : responsible : tending : subject : 
 exposed. [Fr. Her — L. ligare, to bind.] 
 
 LIAISON, lea-zong, n. union, or bond of 
 union: connection, esp. an illicit intimacy 
 between a man and woman. [Fr. — Her, 
 from L. ligare, to bind.] . 
 
 LIAR, U'ar, ?;. one who lies or utters false- 
 hood. 
 
 LIAS, ll'as, n. (geol.) a formation of argil- 
 laceous limestone, etc., underlying the 
 oolitic system. — adj. Liassic. li-as'ik. per- 
 taining to the lias formation. [Fr., of 
 uncertain origin, perh. from Bret, liach, 
 a stone.] 
 
 LIBATION, ll-ba'shun, n. the pouring forth 
 wine or other liquid in honor of a deity: 
 the liquid poured. [L. libatio — libo. Gr. 
 leibo, to pour.] 
 
 LIBEL, li'bel, n. a written accusation : any 
 malicious defamatory publication : {law) 
 the statement of a plaintiff's grounds of 
 complaint against a defendant. — v.t. to 
 defame by a libel : to satirize unfairly : 
 {laiv) to proceed against by producing a 
 
 I 
 I
 
 LIBELLER 
 
 265 
 
 LIGHT 
 
 written complaint: — pr.p. li'belling; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. li'belled. [Lit. a " little book," 
 from L. libeUus, dim. of liber, a book.] 
 
 LIBELLER, li'bel-er, n. one who defames 
 by libels. 
 
 LIBELLOUS, ll'bel-us, adj. containing a 
 libel : defamatory.— adr. Li'bellouslt. 
 
 LIBERAL, lib'er-al, adj. becoming a gentle- 
 man : generous : noble-minded : candid : 
 free : free from restraint : general, ex- 
 tensive. — n. one who advocates greater 
 freedom in political institutions. — adv. 
 LiB'ERAliY. [Lit. "belonging or suit- 
 able to a free-born man," Fr. — L. liberalis 
 — liber, free, doing as one pleases — libet, 
 hibet, to please, akin to Gr. eleutheros, 
 free. Sans, lubh, to desire. See Lief, 
 Love.] 
 
 LIBERALISM, lib'er-al-izm, n. the princi- 
 ples of a liberal in politics or religion. 
 
 LIBERALITY, lib-er-al'i-ti, n. the quality 
 of being liberal : generosity : largeness 
 or nobleness ot mind : candor : impar- 
 tiality. 
 
 LIBERALIZE, iib'er-al-Iz, v.t. to make lib- 
 eral, or enlightened : to enlarge. 
 
 LIBERATE, lib'er-at, v.t. to set free : to 
 release from restraint, confinement, or 
 bondage.— 7i. Libera'tion. [L. libera, 
 liberatum.J 
 
 LIBERATOR, lib'er-at-or, n. one who lib- 
 erates or frees. 
 
 LIBERTINE, Ijb'er-tin or -tin, n. formerly, 
 one w*io professed free opinions, esp. in 
 religion : one who leads a licentious life, 
 a rake or debauchee. — adj. belonging to 
 a freedman : unrestrained : licentious. 
 [L. libertimts, a freedman.] 
 
 LIBERTINISM, lib'er-tin-izm. n. the con- 
 duct of a libertine : licentiousness of 
 opinion or practice : lewdness or de- 
 baucherj'. 
 
 LIBERTY, lib'er-ti, n. freedom to do as one 
 pleases : freedom from restraint : the un- 
 restrained enjoyment of natural rights : 
 privilege : exemption : leave : relaxation 
 of restraint : the bounds within which 
 certain privileges are enjoyed : freedom 
 of speech or action beyond ordinary civil- 
 ity. [Fr. — L. libertas.] 
 
 LIBIDINOUS, li-bid'in-us, adj., lustful: 
 given to the indulgence of the animal 
 passions. — adv. Libid'inously. — /;. Ll- 
 bid'inousness. [Fr. — L. libidinosus — 
 libido, desire, lust — lubet.] 
 
 LIBRA, li'bra, n. the balance, a sign of the 
 zodiac. [L.] 
 
 LIBRARIAN, li-bra'ri-an, ?i. the keeper of 
 a library. — n. Libra'riajs'SHIP. [L. libra- 
 rius, a transcriber of books.] 
 
 LIBRARY, li'brar-i, n. a building or room 
 containing a collection of books : a col- 
 lection of books. [L. librarium — liber, a 
 book.] 
 
 LIBRATE, li'brat, v.t. to poise: to balance. 
 — v.i. to move slightly, as a balance : to 
 be poised. — n. Libra'tion, balancing : a 
 state of equipoise: a slight swinging mo- 
 tion. [L. libro, Itbratum — libra, a level, 
 a balance. See under Level.] 
 
 LIBRATORY, li'bra-tor-i, adj. swaying like 
 a balance. 
 
 LIBRETTO, li-bret'o, n. a book of the words 
 of an opera or other musical composition. 
 [It., dim. of libro — L. liber, a book.] 
 
 LICE, lis, plural of Louse. 
 
 LICENSE, LICENCE, li'sens, n. a being 
 alloiced: leave: grant of permission: the 
 document by which authority is con- 
 ferred : excess or abuse of freedom. — 
 Li'CENSE, v.t. to grant license to : to 
 authorize or permit. [Fr. — L. licentia 
 — licet, to be allowed.] 
 
 LICENSER, li'sens-er, ?i. one who grants 
 license or permission : one authorized to 
 license. 
 
 LICENTIATE, li-sen'shi-at, n. one who has 
 
 a license or grant of permission to exer- 
 cise a profession. 
 
 LICENTIOUS, ll-sen'shus, adj. indulging in 
 excessive freedom : given to the indul- 
 gence of the animal passions : dissolute. 
 — adv. Licen'tiously. — ?). Licen'tiods- 
 NESS. [Fr. — L. licentiosus.] 
 
 LICHEN, li'ken or lich'en, n. one of an or- 
 der of cellular flowerless plants : an erup- 
 tion on the skin. [L. — Gr. leichen, from 
 leicho. Sans. Hh, to lick ; from its lick- 
 ing up or encroaching on the soil. See 
 Lick.] 
 
 LICHGATE, lich'gat, n. a churchyard gate 
 with a porch to rest the bier under. 
 [M. E. lich—A.S. lie (Ger. leiche, Goth. 
 leik, a corpse), and Gate. See Like, adj.] 
 
 LICHWAKE, lich'wak, n. the u-ake or 
 watch held over a dead body. [M. E. 
 lich, a body, a corpse (see Like, adj.), and 
 Wake.] 
 
 LICK, lik, v.t. to pass the tongue over : 
 to take in by the tongue : to lap. — n. 
 Lick'er. [A.S. liccian ; Ger. lecken, L. 
 lingo, Gr. leicho. Sans. lih. See Tongce 
 and Language.] 
 
 LICKERISH, lik'er-ish, adj. dainty : eager 
 to taste or enjov. [From Lick.] 
 
 LICKSPITTLE, lik'spit-1, n. a mean servile 
 dependent. 
 
 LICORICE. Same as Liquorice. 
 
 LICTOR, lik'tor, n. an officer who attended 
 the Roman magistrates, bearing an axe 
 and bundle of rods. [L., conn, with ligare, 
 to bind.] 
 
 LID, lid, n. a cover : that which shuts a 
 vessel : the cover of the eye. [A.S. Mid ; 
 Dut. iid ; akin to L. eliims, Gr. klino, E. 
 Lean.] 
 
 LIE, 11, n. anything meant to deceive : an 
 intentional violation of truth : anything 
 that misleads. — v.i. to utter falsehood 
 with an intention to deceive : to make a 
 false representation : — pr.p. ly 'ing ; pa. t. 
 and pa.p. lied'. [A.S. leogan {lyga, a 
 falsehood), prov. E. lig; Dut. liegen, Goth. 
 liugan, G«r. liigen, to lie. Cf. Lett, leeks, 
 " crooked," and L. ob-liqu-us, slanting.] 
 
 LIE, ll, v.i. to rest in a reclining posture : 
 to lean : to press upon : to be situated : 
 to abide : to consist : (late) to be sustain- 
 able : — pr.p. ly'ing ; pa.f. lay ; pa.p. lain, 
 (B.) Wen. — 7is. Li'er, Lie-a-bed, one who 
 lies long in the morning (also adj.). — To 
 LIE IN, to be in childbed. [A.S. licgan ; 
 Grer. liegen : Goth, ligan ; Ice. liggja ; Ir. 
 luighim ; Gr. lechos, a bed, L. lectus.] 
 
 LIEF, lef , adj. ( poetry) loved, dear. — adv. 
 lovingly : willingly, now chiefly used in 
 the plirase, " I had as lief." [A.S. leof ; 
 Ger. lieb, loved.] 
 
 LIEGE, lej. adj. true, faithful: subject; 
 under a feudal tenure: .sovereign or hav- 
 ing lieges. — n. one under a feudal tenure: 
 a vassal: a lord or superior or one who 
 has lieges. [Fr. lige, which prob. is de- 
 rived from O. Ger. ledec. Ger. ledig, free, 
 unfettered. Tlie word was orig. applied 
 to the free bands in the German tribes 
 that overturned tlie Roman empire. But 
 as the free bands settled on the conquered 
 territory and formed the Feudal System, 
 the meaning of the word gradually 
 changed ; thus it orig. meant " free," 
 then " true to their chief," " loyal," 
 " bound " by a feudal tenure ; but the 
 sense of " bound " was also due to con- 
 fusion with L. ligatus. bound.] 
 
 LIEN, ll'en or le'en, n. (law) a right in one 
 to retain the property of another to pay 
 a claim. [Fr., tie, band — L. ligamen — 
 ligo. to bind.] 
 
 LIEN, ll'en. {B.) pa.p. of Lie, to lie down. 
 
 LIETH, ll'eth, (B.) 3d pers. sing, of LlE, to 
 lie down. 
 
 LIEU, lu, n., place, stead. [Fr.— L. locus, 
 place.] 
 
 LIEUTENANCY, lil-ten'an-si or lef-, «., 
 o_^ce or commission of a lieutenant : the 
 body of lieutenants. 
 
 LIEUTENANT, lu-ten'ant or lef-, n. an offi- 
 cer holding the place of another in his 
 absence : a commissioned officer in the 
 army next below a captain, or in the 
 navy next below a commander : one 
 holding a place next in rank to a su- 
 perior, as in the compounds lieutenant- 
 colonel, lieutenant-general. [Fr., from 
 lieu, a place, and tenant, holding — tenir, 
 to hold. See LlEU and Tenant.] 
 
 LIFE, lif, n. state of living : animate ex- 
 istence : union of soul and body : the 
 period between birth and death : present 
 state of existence : manner of living : 
 moral conduct : animation : a living 
 being : system of animal nature : social 
 state : human affairs : narrative of a 
 life : eternal happiness, also He who be- 
 stows it : a quickening principle in a 
 moral sense : — pi. Lives, livz. [A.S., 
 Ice., and Sw. lif; Dut. liif, body, life; 
 Ger. leben. to live. See Live.] 
 
 LIFE - ASSURANCE, ilf- ash - shoor'ans. 
 Same as Life-insurance. 
 
 LIFEBOAT, llt'bot, n. a boat of peculiar 
 construction for saving shipwrecked per- 
 sons. 
 
 LIFE-ESTATE, lif'-es-tat', n. an estate held 
 during the life of the possessor. 
 
 LIFE-GUARD, lif-gard, n. a guard of the 
 life or person : a guard of a prince or 
 other dignitarv. 
 
 LIFEHOLD, llf'hold, n. land held by lease 
 for life. 
 
 LIFE-INSURANCE, lif'-in-shoor'ans, n. a 
 contract by which a sum of money is . 
 insured to be paid at the close of a per- 
 sons life. [Life and Insurance.] 
 
 LIFELESS, lif'les, adj. dead: without vigor: 
 insipid : sluggish. — adv. Life'lessly. — n. 
 Life'lessness. 
 
 LIFELONG, llf'long, adj. during the length 
 of a life. 
 
 LIFE-PRESERVER, iTf'-pre-zerv'er, w. an 
 invention for the preservation of life, in 
 cases of fire or shipwreck : a cane with a 
 loaded head. 
 
 LIFERENT, iTfrent, n. a rent that con- 
 tinues for life. 
 
 LIFT, lift, v.t. to bring to a higher position: 
 to elevate : to elate : to take and carry 
 away. — v.i. to try to raise. — n. act of 
 lifting: tliat which is to be raised: that 
 which assists to lift. [Lit. "to raise into 
 the air," from M.E. lift or luft. the air, 
 sky. It is simpl}' a form of LoFT, which 
 .see.] 
 
 LIGAMENT, lig'a-ment, n. anything that 
 binds: (anat.) the membrane connecting 
 tlie movable bones : a bond of union. 
 [Fr. — L. ligamentum — ligo, ligatum, to 
 bind.] 
 
 LIGAMENTAL, lig - a - ment'al, LIGA- 
 MENTOUS, lig-a-ment'us, adj. compos- 
 ing or resembling a ligament. 
 
 LIGATION, li-ga'shun, n. act of binding : 
 state of being bound. 
 
 LIGATURE, lig'a-tur, n. anything that 
 biiuls : a bandage : (wfMA'.) a line connect- 
 ing notes : ( p)■^H^) a type of two letters : 
 {tned.)a, cord for tying the blood-vessels, 
 etc. [See Ligament.] 
 
 LIGHT, lit, n. that which shines or is bril- 
 liant : the agent by which objects are 
 rendered visible : the power of vision ; 
 day : dawn of day : that which gives 
 light, as the sun, a candle : the ilhirai- 
 nated part of a picture : (fig.) mental or 
 spiritual illumination : enlightenment : 
 knowledge : public view : point of view : 
 a conspicuous person : an aperture for 
 admitting light : (B.) prosperitj', favor. 
 — arf/. not dark: bright: whitish. — v.t. to 
 give light to : to set fire to : to attend
 
 LIGHT 
 
 266 
 
 LINCHPIN 
 
 with a light i—pr.p. light'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pci.p. liglit'ed or lit. — n. Light'er. [A.S. 
 leolit, lyht : Ger. licht, Goth, liiihath, W. 
 llug, L. lux, light, Gr. leukos; aUiu to 
 Sans, lok, loch, to see, to shine, ruch, to 
 shine.] 
 
 LIGHT, lit, adj. not hea\'y : easily suifered 
 or performed: easily digested: not heav- 
 ily armed: active: not heavily burdened: 
 unimportant : not dense or copiou.s : 
 gentle : easily influenced : gay, lively : 
 amusing: unchaste: not of legal weiglit: 
 loose, sandy : {B.) idle, worthless. — adv. 
 Light'lt, cheaply: (B.) easily, carelessly. 
 — u Liqht'ness' (B.) levity, ficklenes's. 
 [A.S. leoht ; Ger. leicht, loe. lettr ; L. 
 leris, Gr. elachys ; akin to Sans, laghu, 
 light.] 
 
 LIGHT, lit, v.i. (followed by on, upon) to 
 stoop from flight : to settle : to rest : to 
 come to by chance : (fol. by down, from) 
 to descend, to alight : — pr.p. light'ing ; 
 pa.t. and I3a.p. Ught'ed or lit. [From 
 Light, not heavy, as "to light from a 
 horse," to relieve hira of his burden.] 
 
 LIGHTEN, lit'n, v.t. to make light or 
 dear: (fig.) to illuminate with knowl- 
 edge: (B.) to free from trouble. — v.i. 
 to shine like hghtning : to flash: to be- 
 come less dark. 
 
 LIGHTEN, Ilt'n, v.t. to make %/i^er or less 
 heavv : to alleviate : to cheer. 
 
 LIGHTEN UPON, v.i. (Pr. Bk.) to aUght 
 or descend upon. 
 
 LIGHTER, llt'er, n. a large open boat used 
 in lightening (unloading) and loading 
 
 ships. — )i. LiGHT'ERMAN. 
 
 LIGHTERAGE lit'er-aj, n. price paid for 
 
 unloading ships bj' lighters : the act of 
 
 thus unloading. 
 LIGHT-FINGERED, lit'-fing'gerd, adj., 
 
 light or active with oae's fingers: thievish. 
 LIGHT-HEADED, lit'-hed'ed, adj. giddy 
 
 in the head : thoughtless : unsteady. 
 
 [Light and Head.] 
 LIGHT-HEARTED, llt'-hart'ed, adj., light 
 
 or merry of heart : free from anxiety : 
 
 cheerful. — adv. Light'-heakt'edly. — n. 
 
 Light'-heart'edness. 
 LIGHTHORSE, lit'hors, n., light-armed 
 
 cavalry. 
 LIGHTHOUSE, lit'hows, n. a tower or 
 
 hotise with a light at the top to guide 
 
 mariners at night. 
 LIGHT-INFANTRY, Ilt'-in'fant-ri, n., in- 
 fantry lightly or not heavilv armed. 
 LIGHT-MINDED, lit'-mind'ed, adj. having 
 
 a Uglit or unsteady mind : not considerate. 
 LIGHTNING, lit'ning, n. the electric flash 
 
 usuallv followed bv thunder. 
 LIGHTNING-ROD, "Ufning-rod, n. a me- 
 tallic rod for protecting buildings from 
 
 lightning. 
 LIGHTS, llts, n.pl. the lungs of animals. 
 
 [So called from their light weight.] 
 LIGHTSOME, ITt'sum, adj., light, gay, live- 
 
 Iv. cheering. — n. Light'someness. 
 LIGN-ALOES, lln-al'oz, LIGNALOES, lig- 
 
 nal'oz, n. (B.) aloes-wood. [L. lignum, 
 
 wood, and Aloes.] 
 LIGNEOUS, lig'ne-us, adj., wooden : woody: 
 
 made of wood. [L. ligneus — lignum, 
 
 wood.] 
 LIGNIFEROUS, lig-nif'er-us, adj., produc- 
 ing wood. [L. lignum, wood, and fero, 
 
 to bearj 
 LIGNIFY; lig'ni-fi, v.t. to turn into wood. 
 
 — v. i. to become wood or woody : — pr.j). 
 
 lig'nifying ; pa.p. lig'nified. — n. LlGNIFl- 
 
 cation. [Fr. lignijier — L. lignum, wood, 
 
 and facio. to make.] 
 LIGNINE, lig'nin, n. pure woody fibre. 
 LIGNITE, lig'nit. n. coal retaining the 
 
 texture of wood. — adj. Lignit'ic. 
 LIGNUM-VIT^, lig'num-ve'ta, n. popular 
 
 name of a South American tree with very 
 
 hard wood. 
 
 LIGULE, lig'ul, n. (hot.) the flat part of the 
 leaf of a grass : a strap-shaped petal in 
 certain flowers. [Lit. "a little tongue,"' 
 L. ligula. dim. of lingua, a tongue.] 
 
 LIGURE, li'gur or lig'ur, n. (B.) a precious 
 stone. [Gr. ligurion.'] 
 
 LIKE, Ilk, adj. equal in quantity, quality, 
 or degree: similar: likely. — it. the like 
 thing or person: an exact resemblance: 
 a liking. — adv. in the same manner : 
 probably. [A.S. lie, oftener ge-lic. Ice. 
 likr, Dut. ge-lijk, Ger. gleich (^geleich). 
 Ace. to Bopp, the simple forms, as in 
 Ice., A.S., etc., are abbreviations of the 
 full form, as seen in Goth, ga-leik-s ; 
 Goth, leik, A.S. lie means body, shape 
 (see Lichgate), and ga-, ge- -= with, L. 
 cum : so that ge-lic means ■■ having body 
 or shape in common with another " = 
 L. conforynis. A.S. lie appears in the 
 suffix -ly (godly), and the same root may 
 be traced in L. ta-li-s, Gr. te-lik-os.'\ 
 
 LIKE, Ilk, v.t. to be pleased u-ith: to ap- 
 prove: to enjoy: (obs.) to please. [Orig. 
 the verb meant " to be pleasing," and 
 was used impersonally, as "it likes me," 
 i.e. it pleases me, A.S. lician, to be 
 pleasing- — lie, like, similar, conformable, 
 suitable, pleasing.] 
 
 LIKELY llk'li, adj., like the thing re- 
 quired : credible : probable : having rea- 
 son to expect. — adv. probably. — ns. Like'- 
 
 LINESS, LIKE'LIHOOD. 
 
 LIKELY, lik'li, adj. that may be liked : 
 pleasing. 
 
 LIKEN, lik'n, v.t. to represent as like or 
 similar : to compare. 
 
 LIKENESS, llk'nes, n. resemblance : one 
 who resembles another : that which re- 
 sembles : a portrait or picture : eflfigy. 
 
 LIKEWISE, lik'wiz, adv. in like wise or 
 manner : also : moreover : too. [Like, 
 adj. and Wise.] 
 
 LIKING, lik'ing, n. state of being pileased 
 with : inclination : satisfaction in : (B.) 
 condition, plight. — adj. (B.), as in Good- 
 liking, Well-liking, in good condition. 
 
 LILAC, ll'lak, n. a pretty flowei-ing shrub. 
 [Sp. — the Pers. lilaj.] 
 
 LILLA.CEOUS, lil-i-a'shus, adj. pertaining 
 to lilies. 
 
 LILIED. lil'id, adj. adorned with lilies. 
 
 LILLIPUTIAN, lil-i-pu'shi-an, n. an inhab- 
 itant of the island of Lilliput, described 
 by Swift in his Gullix^er's Travels : a per- 
 son of small size, a dwarf. — adj. of small 
 size : dwarfish. 
 
 LILT, lilt, v.i. to do anything cleverly or 
 quickly, as to hop about : to sing, dance, 
 or play merrUy. — n. a cheerful song or 
 air. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 LILY, lil'i, n. a bulbous plant, with showy 
 and fragrant flowers. — T.TT.Y OF the Val- 
 ley, a well - known and much - loved 
 flower of the lily genus. [A.S. lilie — L. 
 liliiim — Gr. leirion, lilj'.] 
 
 LIMB, lim, n. a jointed part in animals : a 
 projecting pavt : a branch of a tree. — v.t. 
 to supply with limbs : to tear off the 
 limbs. [A.S. Ii7n ; perh. from A.S. 
 lemian (hence Lame), to break, and so 
 orig. " a part broken off, fragment."] 
 
 LIMB, lim, Ji. an edge or border, as of the 
 sun, etc.: the edge of a sextant, etc. [L. 
 limbus.] 
 
 LIMBER, lim'ber, 71. the part of a gun-car- 
 riage consisting of two wheels and a 
 shaft to which the horses are attached. 
 — v.t. to attach to the limbers, as a gun. 
 [Prov. E. limbers, shafts — Ice. limar, 
 boughs, cart-shafts orig. being onlj- 
 boughs of trees ; cf. LniB, a branch of a 
 tree.] 
 
 LIMBER, lim'ber, adj. pliant, flexible. 
 [See Limp, adj.] 
 
 LIMBO, lim'bo, LIMBUS, lim'bus, n. in 
 the creed of the R. Cath. Church, a place 
 
 on the borders of hell, in which the soula 
 of the pious who died before the time of 
 Christ await his coming, and where the 
 souls of unbaptized infants remain : a 
 place of confinement. [It. li7nbo, L. lim- 
 bus. border.] 
 
 LIME, lim, n. any slimy or gluey material ; 
 birdlime ; the white caustic earth from 
 limestone, and used for cement. — v.t. to 
 cover with lime : to cement : to manure 
 with lime : to insnare. [A.S. lim ; cog. 
 with Ger. leim, glue, L. limus, slime ; 
 from a baseZi' seen in L. li-nere, to smear, 
 and Sans, li, to be viscous.] 
 
 LIME, lim, n. a kind of citron or Ze»no» tree \ 
 and its fruit. [Fr. See Lemon.] 
 
 LIME-JUICE, Um'-jus, n. the acid juice of 
 the lime, used at sea as a specific against 
 scurvy. 
 
 LIMEKILN, llm'kil, n. a kiln or furnace in 
 which limestone is burned to lime. 
 
 LIMESTONE, lim'ston.Ji., stone from wliich 
 lime is procured bv burning. 
 
 LIME-TREE, llm'-tre, ?;. the linden tree, 
 common in Europe, with heart-shaped 
 leaves and panicles of yellowish flowers. 
 [Lime is a corr. of line, and line of lind, 
 which is=lindeu tree. See LiNDEX.] 
 
 LIMETWIG, lim'twig, n. a twig smeared 
 with bird-Z('me. 
 
 LIMIT, lim'it, ?i. boundary: utmost extent: 
 restriction. — v.t.Xo confine within bounds: 
 to restrain. [Fi . — L. limes, limitis — limus, 
 transverse.] , 
 
 LIMITABLE, Um'it-a-bl, adj. that may be 
 limited, bounded, or restrained. 
 
 LIMITARY, lim'it-ar-i, adj. placed at the 
 boundai'j', as a guard, etc. : confined with- 
 in limits. 
 
 LIMITATION, lim-it-a'shun, n. the act of 
 limiting, bounding, or restraining : the 
 state of being limited, bounded, or re- 
 strained : restriction. 
 
 LIMITED, lim'it-ed, adj. within limits. 
 narrow : restricted.— Limited Liability, 
 in a joint-stock company, means that 
 the members are liable only in a fixed 
 proportion to each share. — adv. Lim'- 
 
 ITEDLY. — M. Lni'lTEDNESS. 
 
 LIMITLESS, lim'it-les, adj. having no lim- 
 its : boundless : immense : infinite. 
 
 LEMN, lim, v.t. (orig.) to illuminate with 
 ornamental letters, etc. : to draw or paint, 
 esp. in water-colors. [Contr. of Fr. enlu- 
 miner — L. illumino, from root of Lumin- 
 ary.] 
 
 LIMNER, lim'ner, n. one who limns, or 
 paints on paper or parchment : a portrait- 
 painter. 
 
 LIMOUS, llm'us, adj., gluey: slimy: mud- 
 dy. [See Lime, any slimy material.] 
 
 LIMP, limp, adj. wanting' stUTness, flex- 
 ible : weak, flaccid. [A nasalized form 
 of Lap, seen also in W. llibin, lleipr, 
 drooping, Ice. limjja, weakness.] 
 
 LIMP, limp, v.i. to halt : to walk lamely. 
 — n. act of limping- : a halt. [A.S. limp- 
 healt, lame; O. Ger. limphin, to limp: 
 prob. a form of LajNIE.] 
 
 LBIPET, lim'pet, n. a small shell-fish, 
 which clings to bare rocks. [Prob. 
 through the Fr., from L. and Gr. lepas, 
 a limpet — Gr. lepas, a bare rock — lepo, 
 to peel.] 
 
 LIMPID, limpid, adj., clear : shining ; 
 transparent : pure. — ns. Limpid'itY, 
 Lim'pidness. [Fr. — L. limpidus. perh. a 
 form of liquidus. See Liquid.] 
 
 LIMPINGLY, limp'ing-Ii, adv. in a limping 
 manner. 
 
 LIJIY. lim'i, adj., glutinous : sticky : con- 
 taining, resembling, or Iiaving the quali- 
 ties of lime. 
 
 LINCHPIN, linsh'pin, n. a pin used to keep 
 the wheel of a carriage on the a,vle-tree. 
 [A.S. lynis, an axle-tree; cog. with Dut. 
 tuns, O. G«r. lun, peg, bolt, and Pin.]
 
 LINDEN 
 
 LINDEN, lin'den, n. the lime-tree. [A.S., 
 Sw., Ice. lind, Grer. linde, O. Ger. linta.] 
 
 LINE, Un, n. a thread of linen, or flax : a 
 slender cord : (math.) that which has 
 length without breadth or thickness : an 
 extended stroke : a straight row : a cord 
 extended to dii-ect any operations : out- 
 line : a series, succession of : a mark or 
 lineament, hence a characteristic : a 
 row : a rank : a verse : a short letter or 
 note : a trench, in pi. military works of 
 defence : limit : method : the equator : 
 Uneage : direction : occupation : the 
 regular infantry of an army : the twelfth 
 part of an inch. [L. lined— linum, flax.] 
 
 LEJE, lln, v.t. to mark out with lines : to 
 cover with lines : to place along by the 
 side of for guarding : by a g^ard within 
 or by anything added. 
 
 LINE, Un, v.t. to cover on the inside with 
 linen or other material : to cover. 
 
 LINEAGE, lin'e-aj, n. descendants in a line 
 from a common progenitor: race: family. 
 
 LINEAL, lin'e-al, adj. of or belonging to a 
 line : composed of lines : in the direction 
 of a line : descended in a direct line from 
 an ancestor. — adi\ Lin'eallt. 
 
 LINEAMENT, lin'e-a-ment, n. feature: dis- 
 tinguishing mark in the form, esp. of the 
 face. [Lit. "a drawing;" Fr.— L. lineo, 
 to draw aline.] 
 
 LINEAR, lin'e-ar, adj. of or belong^ing to a 
 line : con.sisting of or having the form of 
 lines : straight. — adv. Lin'EARLY. 
 
 LINEATION, lin-e-a'shun, n. same as De- 
 lineation. 
 
 LINEN, lin'en, n. cloth made of lint or flax: 
 underclothing, particularly that made of 
 linen. — adj. made of flax : resembling 
 linen cloth. [Properly an adj. with suf- 
 fix -en — A.S. Hn — L. linum, flax ; Gr. 
 linon.'\ 
 
 LINER, lln'er, n. a vessel belonging to a 
 regular line or series of packets. 
 
 LING, ling, n. a fish resembUng the cod, 
 so called from its lengthened form. [A.S. 
 lang. long.] 
 
 LING, ling, n. heather. [Ice. lyng.'] 
 
 LINGER, ling'ger, v.i. to remain long in 
 any state : to loiter : to hesitate. [A.S. 
 lengan, to protract — lang, long.] 
 
 LINGERING, ling'ger-ing, adj., lengthened 
 (ltd in time: protracted. — n. a remaining 
 
 LINGET, Ung'get, LINGOT, ling'got, n. 
 same as INGOT. [Fr. lingot, from root of 
 Ingot.] 
 
 LINGUADENTAL, ling-gwa-den'tal, adj. 
 uttered by the joint action of the tongue 
 und teeth, as of the letters d and /. — n. a 
 '-Quad thus produced. [L. lingua, the 
 tongue, and Dental..] 
 
 LINGUAL, ling'gwal, adj. pertaining to 
 the tongue. — n. a letter pronoiniced 
 mainly by the tongue, as I. — adv. LlN"- 
 QUALLY. [From L. lingua (old form din- 
 gun), the tongue.] 
 
 UNGUIST, ling'gwLst, n. one skilled in 
 tonqnex or litnguages. 
 
 LINGUISTIC, ling-gwist'ik, LINGUISTIC- 
 AL, ling-gwist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to 
 langimges and the affinities of languages. 
 
 LINGUISTICS, ling-gwist'iks, n.xing. the 
 science of language,'! and words, the gen- 
 eral or comparative study of languages. 
 
 LINIMENT, lin'i-ment, n. a kind of thin 
 ointment. [L. Knimentum — lino, to be- 
 smear.] 
 
 LINING, lln'ing, n. act of drawing lines 
 upon, or of marking with lines : an in- 
 side covering. 
 
 LINK, lingk. n. something bent so as to 
 form a, joint: a ring ot a chain: anvthing 
 connecting: a single part of a series. — 
 v.t. to connect as by a link : to join in 
 confederacy . to unite in a series. — v.i. to 
 
 267 
 
 be connected. [A.S. hlence; Ice. hlekkr, 
 Grer. gelenk {lenken, to bend).] 
 
 LINK, Ungk, n. a light or torch of pitch 
 and tow. — n. Llnk'boy, boy wlio carries 
 such to light travellers. [Prob. corr. 
 from Dut. lont, a gunner's match of tow ; 
 Scot, lunt, Dan. hinte.] 
 
 LINKS, liugks, n.jjl. a stretch of flat or 
 gently undulating ground along a sea- 
 shore,ou which the game of golf is playSd. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 LlNN^AN, LINNEAN, lin-ne'an, adj. per- 
 taining to Linnaeus, the Latinized form 
 of the name of Linne, the celebrated 
 Swedish botanist (1707-78), or to the artifi- 
 cial system of classification introduced by 
 liira into Botany. 
 
 LINNET, lin'et, n. a small singing-bird, so 
 called from feeding on the seed of flax. 
 [Fr. linot — Un, flax — L. linum. See 
 Linen.] 
 
 LINOLEUM, lin-o'le-um, n. a prepai-ation 
 used as a floorcloth, linseed -oil being 
 greatly used in the making of it. [L. 
 linum, flax, oleum, oil.] 
 
 LINSEED, lin'sed, LINTSEED, lint'sed, n., 
 lint oTfla.v seed. [From Lint.] 
 
 LINSEED-CAKE, lin'sed-kak, n. the cake 
 remaining when the oil is pressed out of 
 lint or Jiax seed. 
 
 LINSEED-OIL, lin'sed-oU, n., oil iromflax- 
 
 LINSEY-WOOLSEY, lin'ze-wool'ze, adj. 
 made of linen and wool mixed: mean : of 
 unsuitable parts. — n. a thin coarse stuff • 
 of linen and wool mixed. 
 
 LINSTOCK, lin'stok, n. a staff to hold a 
 lighted match for firing cannon. [Also 
 lintstoek, lint being a mistaken form of 
 lunt, due to confusion with lint, scraped 
 linen, from Dut. lontstok — lont, a match, 
 and stok, a stick. See LINK.] 
 
 LINT, lint, 71., ^oar; linen scraped into a 
 soft wooUy substance to lay on wounds. 
 [See Linen.] 
 
 LINTEL, lin'tel, n. the piece of timber or 
 stone over a doorway : the headpiece of 
 a door or casement. [O. Fr. liittel (Fr. 
 linteau) — Low L. lintellus for limitellus, 
 dim. of L. limes, a boundary, border. 
 See Limit.] 
 
 LION, IJ'un, n. a large and fierce quadru- 
 ped, remarkable for its roar : (astr.) Leo, 
 a sign of the zodiac : anj- object of inter- 
 est -.—fern. Li'ONESS. [O. Fr. lion — L. leo 
 — Gr. leCm : Ger. lOwe; A.S. leo, borrowed 
 directly from L.] 
 
 LION-HEARTED, li'un-hart'ed, adj. hav- 
 ing the heart or courage of a lion. 
 
 LIONIZE, ll'un-iz, v.t. to treat as a lion or 
 object of interest. 
 
 LIP, lip, n. the muscular border in front of 
 the teeth by which things are taken into 
 the mouth : the edge of anything. [A.S. 
 lippe : Dut. lip, Ger. lijilte, L. labium, 
 akin to L. lanibo, E. laj), expre.seive of 
 the sound of lapping.] 
 
 LIPPED, lipt, adj. having lips: having a 
 raised or rounded edge like the lip. 
 
 LIQUATION, li-kwa'shun, n. the act of 
 making liquid or melting : the capacity 
 of being melted. [L. liquo. liquatum, 
 to make liquid, to melt.] 
 
 LIQUEFACTION, lik-we-fak'shun. n. the 
 act or process of making liquid : the 
 state of being melted. 
 
 LIQUEFY, lik'we-fi, ».«. to make liquid: 
 to dissolve. — v,i. to become liquid: — j)a.t. 
 and pa. p. liq'uefied. [L. liqnefacio — 
 liqueo. to be fluid or liquid, and faeio, to 
 make.] 
 
 LIQUESCENT, li-kwes'ent, adj., becoming 
 liquid : melting. — n. LiQUES'CENCY. [L. 
 liqueseens. -entis, pr.p. of liquesco, to be- 
 come liquid — liqueo.'\ 
 
 XIQUEUR, lik-er', n. a flavored spirit : a 
 cordial. [Fr.] 
 
 LITERATE 
 
 LIQUID, lik'wid, adj., flowing: fluid: soft: 
 smooth : clear. — n. a flowing substance : 
 a letter of a smooth flowing sound, as / 
 and r in pla, pra. — ns. Liqcid'ity, Liq'- 
 UIDNESS. [L. liquidus, fluid, clear — liqueo, 
 to be fluid or liquid.] 
 
 LIQUIDATE, lik'wi-dat, v.t. to make ctear, 
 esp. to clear or settle an account : to ar- 
 range or wind up the affairs of a bank- 
 rupt estate. [See LiQOD.] 
 
 LIQUIDATION, lik-wi-da'shun, »i. the 
 clearing up of money affairs, esp. the 
 adjustment of the affairs of a bankrupt 
 
 LIQUIDATOR, lik-wi-dat'or, n. one en- 
 gaged in a liquidation. 
 
 LIQITOR, lik'ur, n. anything liquid : strong 
 drink. 
 
 LIQUORICE, lik'ur-is, n. a plant with a 
 stveet root which is used for medicinal 
 purposes. [Through an O. Fr. form, 
 from L. liquiritia, a corr. of Gr. glykyr- 
 rhiza — glykys, sweet, and rhiza, root.] 
 
 LISP, lisp, v.i. to speak with the tongue 
 against the upper teeth or gums, as in 
 pronouncing th for s or z : to articulate 
 as a child : to utter imperfectly. — v.t. to 
 pronounce with a lisp. — n. the act or 
 liabit of lisping. [A.S. uiisp. lisping ; 
 Dut. lispen, Ger. lispieln : from the sound.] 
 
 LISPING, lisp'ing, adj. pronouncing- with 
 a lis}). — n. the act of speaking with a 
 lisp. — adv. Lisp'ingly. 
 
 LISSOME, lis'um, adj. same as Lithesoiie. 
 
 LIST. list. n. a stripe or border of cloth. 
 [A.S. ; Ice. lista, Ger. leiste, border.] 
 
 LIST, list, n. an edge or border : a cata- 
 logue or roll. — v.t. to place in a list or 
 catalogue : to engage for the pubhc ser- 
 vice, as soldiers. [Orig. a strip, as of 
 parchment, hence a roll, a list of names, 
 Fr. liste — O. G«r. lista, Ger. leiste, stripe, 
 border ; A.S. list, and orig. the same 
 word as the above.] 
 
 LIST, list, n. a line inclosing a piece of 
 ground, esp. for combat:^}/. LISTS, the 
 ground inclosed for a contest. — To ENTER 
 THE lists, to engage in contest. [Fr. 
 lice. It. lizza — Low L. licioe, barriers ; of 
 unknown origin.] 
 
 LIST, list, v.i. to have pleasure in : to de- 
 sire : to like or please : to choose. [A.S. 
 lystan, to desire — lust, pleasure ; Dut. 
 and Ger. lust, pleasui-e.] 
 
 LIST, list, v.t. or v.i. dim. of Listen. 
 
 LISTEN, lis'n, v.t. to hear or attend to. 
 — v.i. to give ear or hearken : to follow 
 advice. [A.S. hlistan — hlyst. hearing, 
 fi'om hhtst, the ear ; Ice. hlusta, L. duo, 
 Gr. kluo, to hear, W. dust, an ear. See 
 
 LOLT).] 
 
 LISTENER, lis'n-er, n. one who listens or 
 hearkens. 
 
 LISTLESS, list'les, adj. having no desire 
 or wish : careless: uninterested: weary: 
 indolent. — adv. List'LESSLY. — n. List'- 
 u:8SNESs. [From Lust and suffix -less.} 
 
 LIT. jM.t. and jw.p. of LIGHT, to lighten, 
 and Light, to alight. 
 
 LITANY", lit'a-ni, n. a praying: a form of 
 supplication in public worship. [Fr. — 
 L. lifavia—Gr, litaneia — lite, a prayer.] 
 
 LITERAL, lit'er-al, adj, according to the 
 letter : plain : not figurative or meta- 
 phorical : following the letter or exact 
 meaning, word for word. — adv, Lit'eraI/- 
 LY. — n. Lrr'ERALNESs. [Fr.f— L. literalis 
 — litera. a letter.] 
 
 LITERARY, lit'er-ar-i, adj. belonging to 
 letters or learning : pertaining to men of 
 letters : derived from learning : skilled 
 in learning : consisting of written or 
 printed compositions. [L. literarius.] 
 
 LITERATE, lit'er-at, adj. acquainted with 
 letters or leaiiiing : learned. — n. one 
 educated but not having taken a univer- 
 sity degree. [L literatus.]
 
 LITERATI 
 
 268 
 
 LOBSTER 
 
 LITERATI, lit-er-a'ti, n.pl. men of letters, 
 the learned. 
 
 LITERATURE, lit'er-a-tur, n. the science of 
 letters or what is written : the whole 
 body of literary compositions in any lan- 
 guage, or on a given subject : all literary 
 productions except those elating to 
 positive science and art, usually confined, 
 however, to the belles-lettres. [Fr. — L. 
 lit erat lira — litera.] 
 
 LITHARGE, lith'ai-j, n. the semi-vitrified 
 oxide of lead separated from silver in re- 
 fining. [Lit. "stone-silver," Fr. — Gr. 
 lithargyros—lithos, a stone, and argyros, 
 silver.] 
 
 LITHE, \\th, adj. easily bent, flexible, 
 active. — ». Lithe'ness. [A.S. lithe (for 
 linthe) ; Ger. ge-lind, Ice. linr, akin to L. 
 lenis, soft, tender.] 
 
 LITHESOME, llf/i'sum, adj. lithe, supple, 
 nimble.— ?i. Lithe'someness. 
 
 LITHOGRAPH, lith'o-graf. v.t. to tcrite or 
 engrave on stone and transfer to paper 
 by printing. — n. a print from stone. [Gr. 
 lithos. a stone, and grapho, to write.] 
 
 LITHOGRAPHER, lith-og'ra-fer, n. one 
 who practices the art of lithography. 
 
 LITHOGRAPHIC, lith-o-graf'ik, LITHO- 
 GRAPHICAL. lith-o-graf'ik-al, adj. be- 
 longing to lithography. — adv. Litho- 
 graph'ically. 
 
 LITHOGRAPHY, lith-og'raf-i, n. the art 
 of writing or engraving on stone and 
 printing therefrom. 
 
 LITHOLOGY, lith-ol'o-ji, n. a department ■ 
 of geology treating of the structure of 
 rocks. — adj. Litholog'ical. — n. Lithol'- 
 OGIST, one skilled in lithology. [Gr. 
 lithos. a stone, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 LITHOPHYTE, lith'o-flt, n. an animal 
 production apparently both stone and 
 plant, as coral. [Gr. lithos, stone, phyton, 
 plant — phyo, to grow.] 
 
 LITHOTOMY, lith-ot'o-mi, n. the opera- 
 tion of cutting for stone in the bladder. 
 — n. LiTHOT'OMiST, one who practices 
 lithotomy. [Gr. lithos, a stone, and 
 tome, a cutting — temno. to cut.] 
 
 UTHOTRIPSY, lith-ot'rip-si. LITHOT- 
 RITY, llth-ot'ri-ti, n. the operation of 
 breaking a stone in the bladder. [Gr. 
 lithos, stone, and tribo, cog. with L. 
 tero, to grind.] 
 
 LITIGABLE, lit'i-ga-bl, adj. that may be 
 contested in law. 
 
 LITIGANT, lit'i-gant, adj. contending at 
 law : engaged in a lawsuit. — n. a person 
 engaged in a lawsuit. 
 
 LITIGATE, lit'i-gat, v.t. to contest in law. 
 — i\i. to carry on a lawsuit. — w. Litiga'- 
 TION. [L. litigo. -atum — lis, litis, a strife, 
 and ago. to do.] 
 
 LITIGIOUS, li-tij'yus, adj. inclined to en- 
 gage in lawsuits : subject to contention. 
 
 —adv. LlTIG'lOUSLY.— Jl. LiTIG'lOUSNESS. 
 
 LITMUS, lit'mus, n. a purple dye obtained 
 from certain lichens ; known also as 
 turnsole. [For lakmose — Dut. lakmoes — 
 lak, lac, and moes, pulp.] 
 
 LITOTES, lit'o-tez or 11'-, n. (rhet.)a soften- 
 ing of a statement for siviplicity and 
 sometimes for emphasis. [Gr. litotes, 
 simplicity — litos, plain.] 
 
 LITRE, le'tr, n. a French liquid measure, 
 about If E. pints. 
 
 LITTER, lifer, n. a heap of straw, etc., for 
 animals tp lie upon : materials for a bed : 
 any scattered collection of objects, esp. 
 of little vaiue : a vehicle containing a 
 bed for carrying about : a brood of small 
 quadrupeds. — v.t. to cover or supply with 
 litter : to scatter carelessly about : to 
 give birth to (said of small animals). — 
 v.i. to produce a litter or brood. [Fr. 
 litiere — Low L. hctaria — L. lecius, a bed, 
 from root of Lis.] 
 
 LITTLE, lit'l. adj~ (comp. Less; superl. 
 
 Least) small in quantity or extent : 
 weak, poor: brief. — n. that which is 
 small in quantity or extent : a small 
 space. — adi\ in a small quantity or de- 
 gree : not much. — n. Litt'leness. [A.S. 
 lytel : Ice. litill, O. Ger. luzil, Goth. 
 leitils.] 
 
 LITTORAL, lit'or-al, adj. belonging to the 
 _ sea-shore. — n. the strip of land along the 
 ' shore. [L. littus, -oris, the shore.] 
 
 LITURGICS. li-tur'jiks, n. the doctrine or 
 theory of liturgies. 
 
 LITURGIST, lit'ur-jist, n. one who adheres 
 to or has a knowledge of liturgies. 
 
 LITURGY, lit'ur-ji, n. the form of service 
 or established ritual of a church. — adjs. 
 Litue'gic, Litur'gical. [Fr. — Gr. lei- 
 tourgia — leitos. public — laos, the people, 
 and ergo, to work, do.] 
 
 LIVE, liv, v.i. to have life : to continue in 
 life : to be exempt from death : to last : 
 to subsist : to enjoy life, to be in a state 
 of happiness : to be nourished or support- 
 ed : to dwell. — v.t. to spend : to act in 
 conformity to : — pr.p. liv'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. lived'. — n. Lit'er. [A.S. liflan, 
 lybban ; Dut. leven, Ger. leben ; orig. 
 meaning to remain, to continue. See 
 Leave, v.t.] 
 
 LIVE, llv, adj. having life: alive, not dead: 
 active: containing fire: burning: vivid. — 
 -Lived, Uvd, used in compounds, as Long- 
 lived. 
 
 LIVELIHOOD, llv'li-hood, n. means of liv- 
 ing : support. [For M. E. lijlode, lijiade, 
 from A.S. lif, life, and lad, a leading, 
 way, lit., life-leading.] 
 
 LIVELONG, liv'long, adj. that lives or lasts 
 long. 
 
 LIVELY, llv'li, adj. having or showing life: 
 vigorous, active: sprightly: spirited: 
 strong : vivid. — adv. vivaciously, vigor- 
 ously. — n. Live'liness. 
 
 LIVER, liv'er. n. the largest gland in the 
 body, which secretes the bile. [A.S. 
 lifer: Ger. leber. Ice. lifr.] 
 
 LIX'ER-GROWN, liv'er-gron, adj. having 
 a swelled or overgrou-n liver. 
 
 LIVERIED, liv'er-id, adj. having or wear- 
 ing a livery. 
 
 LIVERWORT.liv'er-wurt.n. Iceland-moss. 
 [From A.S. %mirt, plant.] 
 
 LIVERY, liv'er-i, n. (orig.) the distinctive 
 dress worn by the household of a king or 
 nobleman, so called because delivered or 
 given at regular periods: the uniform 
 worn by servants: a dress peculiar to 
 certain persons or things, as in the trade- 
 guilds of London : any characteristic 
 dress : the being kept and fed at a certain 
 rate, as horses at livery : the whole body 
 of liverymen in London. [Fr. lii-rie — 
 livrer — Low L. libero, to give or hand 
 over. See Deuver.] 
 
 LIVERYMAN, liv'er-i-man, n. a man who 
 wears a livery : a freeman of the city of 
 London entitled to wear the livery and 
 enjov other privileges of his Company. 
 
 LIVERY-STABLE, liv'er- i-sta'bl, w. a 
 stable where horses are kept at livery. 
 
 LIVESTOCK, liv'stok, n. the animals em- 
 ployed or reared on a farm. 
 
 LIVID, hv'id, adj. black and blue : of a 
 lead color : discolored. — ?i. Liv'idness. 
 [Fr. — L. lividus — liveo, to be of a lead 
 color, or black and blue.] 
 
 LIVING, liv'ing, adj. ha\ing life : active, 
 lively : producing action or vigor : run- 
 ning or flowing. — n. means of subsist- 
 ence : a property : the benefice of a 
 clergyman. — T'HE LIVING, those alive. 
 
 LrVRE, le'vr, n. an old French coin, about 
 the value of a franc, by which it was su- 
 perseded. [Fr. — L. Ultra, a pound.] 
 
 LIZARD, liz'ard, n. a genus of four-footed 
 scaly reptiles. [Fr. lizard, It. liicerta — 
 L. lacerta.] 
 
 LLAMA, la'ma or la'ma, n. a small speciM 
 of camel peculiar to South America. 
 [Peruvian.] 
 
 LLANO, lan'o, n. one of the vast steppes 
 or plains in the northern part of South 
 America -.—pi. Llan'os. [Sp., from L. 
 planus, plain.] 
 
 LLOYD'S, loidz, n. a part of the London 
 Royal Exchange frequented by ship- 
 owners, underwriters, etc., to" obtain 
 shipping intelligence, and transact ma- 
 rine insurance. [So called from their 
 orig. meeting in Lloyd's Coffee-house.] 
 
 LO, 16, int. look : see : behold. [A.S. la, 
 an imitative word.] 
 
 LOACH. LOCHE, loch, n. a small river 
 fish. [Fr. loche, Sp. loja.] 
 
 LOAD, lod, v.t. to /adc or burden : to put 
 on as much as can be carried : to heap 
 on : to put on overmuch : to confer or 
 give in great abundance: to charge, as a 
 gun. — n. a lading or burden : as much as 
 can be carried at once : freight or cargo : 
 a measure : any large quantity borne : a 
 quantity sustained with difficulty : that 
 which burdens or grieves : a weight or 
 encumbrance. [A.S. liladan, to load.] 
 
 LOADING, lod'ing, n. the act of loading or 
 lading : a charge, cargo, or lading. 
 
 LOADSTAR. Same as Lodestab. 
 
 LOADSTONE. Same as Lodestone. 
 
 LOAF, lof, n. a regularly shaped mass of 
 bread : a mass of sugar : any lump : — 
 pi. Loaves (lovz). [A.S. hlaf; Goth. 
 hlaifs, Ger. laib, Russ. khlieb.] 
 
 LOAF, lof, v.i. to loiter, pass time idly. — 
 n. Loaf'er. [Pro v. Ger. lof en, Ger. lauf- 
 en, to run about.] 
 
 LOAF-SUGAR, lof'-shoog'ar, n. refined 
 sugar in the form of a loaf or cone. 
 
 LOAM, lom, n. a muddy soil, of clay, sand, 
 and animal and vegetable matter. — v.t, 
 to cover with loam. [A.S. lam ; Ger. 
 lehm. akin to E. LlME.] 
 
 LOAMY, lom'i, adj. consisting of or re- 
 sembling loam. 
 
 LOAN, Ion, n. anything lent: the act of 
 lending : permission to use : monej- lent 
 for interest. — v.t. to lend. [A.S.' Icen; 
 Ice. Ian, Dan. laan. cf. Ger. lehen, a fief.] 
 
 LOATH or LOTH, loth, adj. disliking : re- 
 luctant, unwilling. — adv. LOATH'LT. — M, 
 Loath'ness. [A.S. lath ; Ger. leiden, to 
 suffer.] 
 
 LOATHE, ]oth, v.t. to dislike greatly, to 
 feel disgust at. [A.S. lathian.] 
 
 LOATHFUL, \dth'loo\, adj. full of loathing, 
 hate, or abhorrence : exciting loathing or 
 disgust. 
 
 LOA'THING, loffe'ing, n. extreme hate or 
 disgust : abhorrence. — adj. hating. — adv. 
 Loath'inoly. 
 
 LOATHSOME,]6<;i'sum,arfy.exciting loath- 
 ing or abhorrence: detestable. — adv. 
 Loath'somely. — n. Loath'someness. 
 
 LOAVES, lovz, n.. pi. of LoAF. 
 
 LOBATE, lob'at, LOBED, lobd', adj. having 
 or consisting of lobes. 
 
 LOBBY, lob'i, n. a small hall or waiting 
 room : a passage serving as a common 
 entrance to several apartments. [Low 
 L. lobia — O. Ger. loube, Ger. laube. a por- 
 tico, arbor — laub, E. leaf. See Lodge.] 
 
 LOBE, lob, n. the lower part of the ear : 
 (anat.) a division of the lungs, brain, 
 etc. : {bot.) a division of a leaf. — adj. 
 Lob'ULAB. [Fr., prob. through Low L. 
 from Gr. lobos ; akin to Lap, to fold.] 
 
 LOBELET, lob'let, LOBULE, lob'ul, n. a, 
 small lobe. 
 
 LOBELIA, lob-e'li-a, n. an ornamental 
 flower, the roots of which are used in 
 medicine. [Lobel, a Flemish botanist.] 
 
 LOBSTER, lob'ster, n. a shellfish with 
 large claws, used for food. [A.S. lop- 
 pestre, lopystre ; a corr. of L. loeusta, a 
 lobster.]
 
 LOBWORM 
 
 269 
 
 LOO 
 
 LOBWOEM, lob'wurm, n. a large worm 
 used as bait. [So called from its clumsy 
 form. See Lubbakd.] 
 LOCAL, lo'kal, adj. of or belong-ing- to a 
 place: confined to a spot or district. — 
 adi: Lo'CALLY. [Fr. — L. localis — locus, 
 a place.] 
 LOCALITY, lo-kal'i-ti, n. existence in a 
 
 place : position : district. 
 LOCALIZE, lo'kal-iz, v.t. to make local : to 
 
 put into a place. — n. Locauza'tion. 
 LOCATE, l6-kat' or lo'kat, v.t. to place . to 
 set in a particular position : to designate 
 tlie place of. 
 LOCATION, l6-ka'shun, ti. act of locating 
 or placing : situation : (law) a leasing on 
 rent. 
 LOCATIVE, 16'ka-tiv, adj. (gram.) indicat- 
 ing place. 
 LOCII. loch, n. a lake or arm of the sea. 
 [Gael, and Ir. loch, W. llwch, L. lacus, 
 E. Lake.] 
 LOCHE. n. See Loach. 
 LOCK, lok, n. an instrument to fasten 
 doors, etc. : an inclosure in a canal for 
 raising or lowering boats : the part of 
 a firearm by which it is discharged : a 
 grapple in wrestling : a state of being 
 immovable : any narrow confined place. 
 — v.t. to fasten with a lock : to fasten so 
 as to impede motion : to shut up : to 
 close fast : to embrace closely: to furnish 
 with locks. — v.i. to become fast: to unite 
 closely. [A.S. loca, a lock ; Ice. loka, a 
 bolt, (xer. loch, a dungeon.] 
 LOCK, lok, n. a tuft or ringlet of hair : a 
 flock of wool, etc. [A.S. locc; Ice. lokkr, 
 Ger. locke, a lock.] 
 LOCKAGE, lok'aj, n. the locks of a canal : 
 the difference in their levels, the materi- 
 als used for them, and the tolls paid for 
 passing through them. 
 LOCKER, lok'er, n. any closed place that 
 
 mar be locked. 
 LOCKET, lok'et, n. a frmall lock : a little 
 ornamental case of gold or silver, usually 
 containing a miniature. 
 LOCK-JAW, lok' -jaw, LOCKED-JAW, 
 lokt'-jaw, n. a contraction of the mus- 
 cles of the jaw by which its motion is 
 suspended. [LOCK and Jaw.] 
 LOCK-KEEPER, lok'-kep'er, n. one who 
 
 keeps or attends the locks of a canal. 
 LOCKRAM, lok'ram, n. a kind of coarse 
 linen, so called from Locrenan, in Bre- 
 tagne, where it is made. 
 LOCKSMITH, lok'smith, n. a smith who 
 
 makes and mends locks. 
 LOCKSTITCH, lok'stich, n. a .stitch formed 
 
 by the locking of two threads together. 
 LOCKUP, lok'up, 71. a place for locking 
 up Oi confining persons for a short time. 
 LOCOMOTION, l6-ko-m6'shuii, a. act or 
 
 power of moving from place to place. 
 LOCOMOTIVE, lo-ko-mo'tiv or lo'-, adj., 
 moving from place to place : capable of 
 or assisting in locomotion. — n. a loco- 
 motive machine : a railway engine. — n. 
 LocoJiOTrv'iTY. [L. locus, a place, and 
 7noveo. motum. to move.] 
 LOCULOUS, lok'u-lus, adj. (bot.) divided 
 internally into cells. [L. loculiis, a cell, 
 dim. of locus.] 
 LOCUS, lo'kus, 11., place : (math.) the curve 
 described by a point, or the surface gen- 
 erated by a line, moving in a given man- 
 ner. [L.] 
 LOCUST, lo'kust, n. a migratory winged 
 insect, in shape like the grasshopper, 
 highly destructive to vegetation : a 
 name' of several plants and trees. [L. 
 locusta.] 
 LODE, lod, n. (mining) a course or vein 
 containing metallic ore. [A.S. lad, a 
 course — lithan, to lead. See Lead, to 
 show the way.] 
 
 LODESTAR, lod'star, Ji. the star that leads 
 or guides : the pole-star. 
 
 LODESTONE, lod'ston, n. a stone or ore of 
 iron that leads or attracts other pieces 
 of iron. [Made up of LODE and STONE. 
 See Magnet.] 
 
 LODGE, loj, n. a small house in a park (B., 
 a hut) : the cottage of a gatekeeper : a 
 retreat : a secret association, also the 
 place of meeting. — r.^. to furnish with a 
 temporary dwelling : to infix, to settle : 
 to drive to covert : to lay flat, as grain. 
 — v.i. to reside : to rest : to dwell for a 
 time {B., to pass the night) : to lie flat, 
 as gi-ain. [Fr. loge, from root of Lobby.] 
 
 LODGER, loj'er, n. one who lodges or lives 
 at board or in a liired room : one who 
 stays in any place for a time. 
 
 LODGING, loj'ing, n. temporary habitar 
 tiou : a room or rooms hired in tlie house 
 of another (often in pi.) : harbor. 
 
 LODGMENT, loj'ment, «., act of lodging, 
 or state of being lodged : accumulation of 
 something that remains at rest : (mil.) 
 the occupation of a position by a be- 
 sieging party, and the works thrown up 
 to maintain it. 
 
 LOFT, loft, n. the room or space immedi- 
 ately under a roof : a gallery in a hall or 
 church: (B.) an upper room. [From the 
 Scand., as in Ice. loi>t (pronounced loft), 
 the sky or air, an upper room ; A.S. lyft, 
 G«r. luft, the air. See Lift.] 
 
 LOFTY, loft'i, adj. high in position, char- 
 acter, sentiment, or diction: high: state- 
 ly: haughty. — adv. Loft'ily. — n. Loft'i- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 LOG, log, n. a Hebrew liquid measure^ 
 or f of a pint. [Heb., a basin — lug, to be 
 hollow.] 
 
 LOG, log, n. a bulky piece of wood : (naut.) 
 a piece of wood, with a line, for measur- 
 ing the speed of a ship. [Scand., as in 
 lee. lag, Dan. log.] 
 
 LOGARITHM, log'a-rithm, ?!. (of a number) 
 the power to which another given num- 
 ber must be raised in order that it may 
 equal the former number. [Lit. " the 
 number of the ratios," Gr. logos, ratio, 
 and arithmos. number.] 
 
 LOGARITHMIC, log-a-rith'mik, LOGA- 
 RITHMICAL, log-a-rith'mik-al. adj. per- 
 taining to or consisting of logarithms. — 
 adv. Logarith'mically. 
 
 LOGBOARD, log'bord, LOGBOOK, log'- 
 book, ns. (naut.) a board and book on 
 which the fogr-reckoning is kept. 
 
 LOG-CABIN, log' - kab'in, LOGHOUSE, 
 log'hows. LOGHUT, log'hut, n.i. a cabin, 
 house, or hut built of logs. 
 
 LOGGERHEAD, log'er-hed, n. a blockhead: 
 a dunce : (naut.) a round piece of timber, 
 in a whale-boat, over which the line is 
 passed : a species of sea-turtle : — pi. quar- 
 rel : dispute. [LoG, a piece of wood, and 
 Head.] 
 
 LOGIC, loj'ik, n. the science and art of 
 reasoning correctly: the science of the 
 necessary laws of thought. [Gr. logike, 
 from logos, speech, reason.] 
 
 LOGICAL, loj'ik-al, adj. according to the 
 rules of logic : skilled in logic : discrimi- 
 nating. — adv. LOG'ICALLT 
 
 LOGICIAN, lo-jish'an, m. one skilled in 
 logic. 
 
 LOGISTIC, lo-jis'tik, LOGISTICAL, lo-jis'- 
 tik-al, adj. (lit.) skilled in calculating : 
 (math.) made on the scale of si.xty. [Gr. 
 logistikos — logizomai, to calculate — 
 logos, a number.] 
 
 LOGLINE, log'lTn, n. the line fastened to 
 tlie log, and marked for finding the speed 
 of a vessel. 
 
 LOGOGRAPHY, lo-gog'ra-fi, n. a method 
 of printing with whole words cast in 
 a single type. [Gr. logographia, word- 
 
 writing — logos, word, and grapM, to 
 
 write.] 
 
 LOGOMACHY, lo-gom'a-ki, n., contention 
 
 about words or in words merely. [Gr. 
 
 logomachia — logos, word, and mache^ 
 
 fight.] 
 
 LOGREEL, log'rel, n. a reel for the ?ogline. 
 
 LOGWOOD, log'wood, n. a red u-ood much 
 
 used in dyeing. [LoG and WoOD.] 
 LOIN, loin, n. the back of a beast cut for 
 food : — pi. the reins, or the lower part of 
 the back. [O. Fr. logne, Fr. longe, loin— 
 L. lumbus, loin.] 
 LOITER, loi'ter, v.i. to delay : to be slow 
 in moving: to linger. — n. Loi'tereb. 
 [Dut. leuteren, to trifle ; Ger. lottem, to 
 waver ; from root of Lout.] 
 LOLL, lol, v.i. to lie lazily about, to lounge: 
 to hang out from the mouth. — v.t. to 
 thrust out (the tongue). ([M. E. lollen, 
 prob. from O. Dut. lollen, to sit over the 
 fire ; Ice. lalla, to move slowly. See 
 Lull.] 
 LOLLARDS, lol'ards, n.pl. a sect of re- 
 formers in Germany, arising about 1300 
 A.D.: the followers of Wycliffe in En- 
 gland. [Prob. from Low Ger. lollen, to 
 sing, to hum, the name having arisen 
 from the manner of singing peculiar to 
 them ; cf. Lull.] 
 LONE, Ion, LONELY, lon'li, adj., alone: 
 having no company : solitary : retired ; 
 standing by itself .—?i. Lone'liness. [Con- 
 traction of Alone.] 
 LONESOME, lon'sum, adj. solitary: dismal. 
 — adv. Lone'somely. — n. Lone'someness, 
 LONG, long, adj. (comp. Lonq'er ; superl. 
 Long'est) extended: not short: extended 
 in time : slow in coming : tedious : far- 
 reaching. — adv. to a great extent in space 
 or time : through the whole : all along. 
 — v.i. to desire earnestly : to have an 
 eager appetite. — adv. Lonq'ingly. [A.S. 
 lang : found in all the Teut. languages, 
 as in Ger. lang, also in L. longus.] 
 LONGBOAT, long'bot, n. the longest boat 
 
 of a ship. 
 LONGEVAL, lon-je'val, LONGEVOUS, 
 lon-je'vus, adj. of long or great age. 
 [L. longus. long, aevum, age.] 
 LONGEVITY, lon-jev'i-ti, n., long life : old 
 
 age. 
 LONGIMANOUS, lon-jim'a-nus, adj., long- 
 handed. [L. longus, long, and nianus, a 
 hand,] 
 LONGISH. long'ish, adj. somewhat long. 
 LONGITUDE, lon'ji-tud, n. distance of a 
 place east or west of a given meridian : 
 distance in degrees from the vernal equi- 
 nox, on the ecliptic. [Lit. "length," 
 Fr.— L. longitude.'] 
 LONGITUDINAL, lon-ji-tud'i-nal, adj. per- 
 taining to longitude or length : extend- 
 ing lengthwise.— adi'. Longitud'inally. 
 LONG-MEASURE, long'-mezh'ur, n. the 
 
 measure of length. 
 LONGRUN, long'run, n. the long or whole 
 run or course of events : the ultimate 
 result. 
 LONGSHORE-MAN, long'shor-man, n. a 
 man employed along the s/iore*or about 
 wharves in loading and unloading vessels. 
 LONG-SIGHTED, long'-slt'ed, adj. able to 
 see at a long distance : sagacious. — n. 
 Long'-sight'ednes.s. 
 LONG-SUFFERING, long'-suf'er-ing, adj., 
 suffering or enduring long. — n., long en- 
 durance or patience. 
 LONG-VACATION, long[-va-ka'shun, n. 
 (law), in autumn, the period during which 
 judicial proceedings are intermitted. 
 LOO. 156, n. a game at cards.— ^'.^ to beat 
 in the game of loo -.—pr.p. loo'ing ; pa.p. 
 looed'. [Formerly lanterloo — Fr. lan- 
 turrlu. nonsense, fudge, a game at cards, 
 orig. the refrain of a famous vaudeville 
 of the time of Cardinal Richelieu.]
 
 LOOF 
 
 270 
 
 LOW 
 
 LOOF, loot, n. the after-part of a ship's 
 bow where the planks begin to curve in 
 towards the cut-water. [See Lctp.] 
 
 LOOK, look, r.i. to turn the eye toward 
 so as to see: to direct the attention to : 
 to watch : to seem : to face, as a house : 
 (S.) to expect. — v.t. to express by a 
 look: to influence by look. — Look after, 
 to attend to or take care of: (B.) to e.\- 
 pect. — Look into, to inspect closely — 
 Look on, to regard, view, think. — Look 
 OUT, to watch : to select. — Look to. to 
 take care of : to depend on. — Look 
 through, to penetrate with the eye or 
 the understanding. — n. Look'er-on. 
 [A.S. loeian, to see; O. Ger. luogen.^ 
 
 LOOK, look, n. the act of looking or see- 
 ing : sight : air of the face : appearance. 
 
 LOOK, look. imp. or int. see : behold. 
 
 LOOKING, look'ing, n., seeing : search or 
 searching. — Look'inq-for, (B.) expecta- 
 tion. — Look'ing-glass. a glass which re- 
 flects the image of the person looking 
 into it, a mirror. 
 
 LOOKOUT, look'owt, n. a careful looking 
 out or watching for : an elevated place 
 from which to observe : one engaged in 
 watching. 
 
 LOOM, loom, n. the frame or machine for 
 weaving cloth : the handle of an oar, or 
 the part within the rowlock. [A.S. gelo- 
 via. furniture, utensils.] 
 
 LOOM, loom, v.L to shine or appear above 
 the horizon : to appear larger than the 
 real size, as in a mist : to be seen at a 
 distance in the mind's eye, as something 
 in the future. [A.S. leomian, to shine — 
 leoma. a beam of light. Allied to Light.] 
 
 Looming, loOm'lng, n. the indistinct and 
 magnified appearance of objects seen in 
 certain states of the atmosphere : mi- 
 rage. 
 
 LOON, loon, n. a low fellow, a rascal. [O. 
 Dut. loen.] 
 
 LOON (also LOOJD, loon, n. a genus of 
 web-footed aquatic birds, with short 
 wings, and legs placed very far back, 
 also called Divers from their expertness 
 in diving. [Ice. loinr, prob. influenced 
 by loon, as above, from their awk^vard 
 manner of walking.] 
 
 LOOP, loop, n. a doubling of a cord through 
 which another may pass : an ornamental 
 doubling in fringes. — v.f. to fasten or 
 ornament with loops. [Prob. from Celt. 
 lub. a bend, a fold.] 
 
 LOOP, loop, LOOPHOLE, loop'hol, n. a 
 small hole in a wall, etc., through which 
 small-arms may be fired : a means of 
 escape. — adj. Loop' holed. 
 
 LOOPERS. loop'erz, n.pl. the caterpillars 
 of certain moths, which move by draw- 
 ing up the hindpart of their body to the 
 head, thus forming a loop. 
 
 LOOSE, loos, adj., slack, free: unbound: 
 not confined: not compact: not strict: 
 unrestrained : licentious : inattentive. — 
 adv. Loose'ly. — n. Loose'ness. — Break 
 loose, to escape from confinement. — 
 Let loose, to set at liberty. [A.S. leas, 
 loose, Weak ; from the same root as 
 Loose, v.t. and Lose, seen also in Goth. 
 /(IKS, Ger. las, loose.] 
 
 LOOSE, loos, v.t. to free from any fasten- 
 ing : to release : to relax. — v.i. (B.) to set 
 sail. [A.S. losian ; Ger. liisen. Goth. 
 lausjcui, to loose. From root of LoSE.] 
 
 LOOSEN, loos' n, v.t. to make loose : to re- 
 lax anj'thing tied or rigid : to make less 
 dense : to open, as the bowels. — v.i. to 
 become loose : to become less tight. 
 
 LOOT, loot, H. act of plundering, esp. in a 
 conquered city: plunder. — v.t. or v.i. to 
 plunder. [Hindi hit — Sans, lotra, loptra, 
 stolen goods.] 
 
 LOP. lop, v.t. to cut off the top or extreme 
 parts of, esp. of a tree : to curtail by 
 
 cutting away the superfluous parts : — 
 pr.j). lopp'ing ; po.f. anApa.p. lopped'. — 
 n. twigs and small bi-anches of trees cut 
 off. [Dut. liibben, to cut ; perhaps con- 
 nected with Leaf.] 
 
 LOQUACIOUS, lo-kwa'shus, adj.. talkative. 
 — adv. Loqua'ciously. — ns. Loqca'cious- 
 N^ESS. LOQUAC'ITT, talkativeness. [L. lo- 
 qua.c, -ads — loquor, to speak.] 
 
 LORD, lawrd, n. a master : a superior : a 
 husband : a ruler : the proprietor of a 
 manor : a baron : a peer of the realm : 
 the son of a duke or marquis, or the 
 eldest son of an earl : a bishop, esp. if a 
 member of parliament: (B.) the Supreme 
 Being, Jehovah (when printed in capitals). 
 — v.t. to raise to the peerage. — r.)'. to act 
 the lord : to tjTannize. — Lord's Day, 
 the first day of the week. — LORD'S SuPPER, 
 the sacrament of the communion, insti- 
 tuted at our Lord's last supjjer. [M.E. 
 loverd, laverd — A.S. hlaford — hlaf, a loaf, 
 bread, and either ii-eard, warder, or ord, 
 origin ] 
 
 LORDLING, lawrd'ling, n. a little lord : a 
 would-be lord. 
 
 LORDLY, lawrd'li, adj.. like, becoming or 
 pertaining to a lord : dignified: haughty: 
 tyrannical. — adv. Lord'ly. — n. Lord'li- 
 
 KESS. 
 
 LORDSHIP, lawrd'ship, n. state or con- 
 dition of being a lord : the territory 
 belonging to a lord: dominion: authority. 
 
 LORE, lor, '/(. that which is learned or 
 taught: doctrine: learning. [A.S. lar, 
 from root of Learx.] 
 
 LOEICA, lo-rl'ka, n. in ancient Rome, a 
 cuirass made of thongs. [L. — lorum, a 
 thong.] 
 
 LORICATE, lor'i-kat, v.t. to furnish with a 
 lorica or coat of mail : to plate or coat 
 over. [L. lorico, -atum — loricu.'\ 
 
 LORICATION, lor-i-ka'shun, n. a coating 
 or crusting over, as with plates of mail. 
 [L. loricatio.] 
 
 LORIOT, lo'ri-ut, n. the oriole. [Fr. le, the, 
 and oriol — L. anreolus, dim. of aureus, 
 golden — aurum, gold. See Oriole.] 
 
 LORRY, lor'i, n. a four-wheeled wagon 
 without sides. [Perh. from prov. E. Iwry, 
 to pull or lug.] 
 
 LORY, lo'ri, n. a small bird allied to the 
 parrot. [Malay luri.] 
 
 LOSE, looz, v.t. the opposite of keep or 
 gain : to be deprived of : to mislay : to 
 waste, as time : to miss : to bewilder : to 
 cause to perish: to ruin: to suffer waste : 
 — P>'-1^- losing (lobz'ing); pa.t. and pa.p. 
 lost. — adj. Los' ABLE. — 11. Los'er. [A.S. 
 losian — leosan ; cog. with Ger. ver-?!eren, 
 to lose, Gr. luo, to loose ; pei-h. akin to 
 Less. See Loose.] 
 
 LOSING, looz'ing, adj. causing loss. — adv. 
 Los'ingly. 
 
 LOSS, los, n. the act of losing : injury : 
 destruction : defeat : that which is lost : 
 waste. [A.S. los — leosan, to lose. See 
 Lose.] 
 
 LOST, lost, adj. parted with : no longer 
 possessed : missing : thrown away : 
 squandered : ruined. 
 
 LOl", lot, n. one's fate in the future : that 
 which falls to any one as his fortune : 
 that which decides by chance : a separate 
 portion. — v.t. to allot : to separate into 
 lots : to catalogue : — pr.p. lott'ing ; pa.p. 
 lott'ed. [A.S. Idot, a lot, hleotan. to cast 
 lots ; Ice. hhitr, lot, hljota, to cast lots.] 
 
 LOTE, lot, LOTUS, lo'tus, LOTOS, lo'tos, 
 n. the water-lily of Egypt : a tree in N. 
 Africa, fabled to make strangers who ate 
 of its fruit forget their home : a genus 
 of leguminous plants. — Lo'tus-eat'er, n. 
 an eater of the lotus: one given up to 
 sloth. [L. lotus — Gr. lotos.l 
 
 LOTH, loth, adj. same as Loath. 
 
 LOTION, lo'shun, n. (med.) a fluid for ex- 
 
 ternal application to a wound, bruise, 
 etc. [Fr. — L. lotio — lavo, lotvm, to wash.] 
 LOTTERY, lot'er-i, n. a distribution o! 
 prizes by lot or chance: a game of chance. 
 LOTUS, n. See Lote. 
 LOUD, lowd, adj. making a great sound : 
 striking the ear with great force : noisy : 
 clamorous. — advs. LouD. Loud'ly. — n. 
 Loud'ness. [Lit. "heard," A.S. hhtd : 
 Ice. hliod, Ger. laut, sound ; L. inclytus, 
 much heai'd of, Gr. klytos, heard — klyo. 
 Sans. Aj'm, to hear.] 
 LOUGH, loch, n. the Irish form of LoCH. 
 LOUIS-D'OR, loo'e-dor'. v. a French gold 
 coin, superseded in 179.5 by the 20-franc 
 piece. [Fr. Lords, king's name, and or — 
 L. aurum. gold.] 
 LOUNGE, lownj, v.i. to recline at one's 
 ease : to move about listlessly. — n. the 
 act or state of lounging : an idle stroll : 
 a place for lounging : a kind of sofa. — n. 
 Loung'er. [Fr. longis. one that is long 
 in doing anything, formed (but with a 
 pun on L. longus, long) from L. Longius 
 or Longinus, the legendary name of the 
 centurion who pierced the body of Christ.] 
 LOUSE, lows, n. a common wingless para- 
 sitic insect : — -p?. Lice (lis). [A.S. lus, pi. 
 lys ; Ger. laiis : from the root of Goth. 
 liusan, to destroy, to devour.] 
 LOUSY, lowz'i, adj. swarming with lice. — 
 
 n. Lous'iNESS. 
 LOUT, lowt, n. a clown : a mean, awlrward 
 fellow. [From old verb lout — A.S. hv- 
 tan, to stoop.] 
 LOUTISH, lo\rt'ish, adj. clownish : awk- 
 ward and clmnsy. — adv. Lout'ishi.y. — ?(. 
 Lout'ishness^ 
 L01TV;ER, LOUVEE, 166'ver, n. an open- 
 ing in the roofs of ancient houses serv- 
 ing for a skyliglit, often in the form of 
 a turret or small lantern. — Louver- WIN- 
 DOW, an open window in a church tower, 
 crossed by a series of sloping boards, 
 [O. Fr. louvert for Vouvert, the open 
 space. See 0^'EET.] 
 LOVABLE, luv'a-bl, adj. worthy of love : 
 
 amiable. 
 LO'VE, luv, n. fondness: an affection of 
 the mind caused by that which delights : 
 pre-eminent kindness: benevolence: rev- 
 erential reganl : devoted attachment to 
 one of the opposite sex : the object of 
 affection : the god of love, Cupid : noth- 
 ing, in billiards and some other games. 
 — v.t. to be fond of : to regard with affec- 
 tion : to delight in with exclusive affec- 
 tion : to regard with benevolence. [A-S. 
 lufu, love ; Ger. Hebe ; aldn to L. libet, 
 lubet, to please. Sans, lubh, to desire.] 
 LOVEBIRD, luv'berd, n. a genus of small 
 birds of the parrot tribe, so called fi-oni 
 their tore or attachment to each other. 
 LOVEKJSrOT, luv'not, n. an intricate knot, 
 
 used as a token of loi-e. 
 LO'VELOCK, luv'lok, n. a lock or curl of 
 hair hanging at the ear, worn by men of 
 fashion in the reigns of Elizabeth and 
 James I. 
 LOVELORN, luv'lorn, adj. forsaken by 
 
 one's love. [See Forlorn.] 
 LOVELY, luv'li, adj. exciting love or ad- 
 miration : amiable : pleasing : delight- 
 ful.— ». Love'liness. 
 LOVER, luv'er, n. one who loves, esp. one 
 in love with a person of the opposite 
 sex : one who is fond of anything : (B.) 
 a friend. 
 LGVING, luv'ing, adj. having love or kind- 
 ness: affectionate: fond: expressing love. 
 — adv. LOT'INGLY.- n. Lov'ingness. 
 LO"VING-KINDNESS, luv'ing-klnd'nes, n., 
 kindness full of love : tender regard : 
 mercy : favor. 
 LO'W, lo, v.i. to make the loud noise of 
 oxen: to bellow. [A.S. hlou-an ; Dut. 
 loeijen : formed from the sound.]
 
 LOW 
 
 LUNCH 
 
 XX)W, lo. adj. (comp. Low'er ; superl. 
 Low'est), lying oa an inferior place or 
 position: not hiffh: deep: shallow: small: 
 moderate: cheap: dejected: mean: plain: 
 in poor circumstances : humble. — adv. 
 not aloft : cheaplj' : meanly: in subject- 
 tiou, poverty, or disgrace : in times near 
 our own; not loudly: {astr.) near the 
 equator. — n. Low'ness. [Ice. lagr. Dut. 
 laag. low : allied to A.S. iicgan. to lie.] 
 
 LOW- CHURCH, 16'-chiu-ch. a. a party 
 within the Protestant Episcopal Cliurch 
 who do not attach anj' great importance 
 to ecclesiastical constitutions, ordi- 
 nances, and forms : — opposeii to HlGH- 
 CHUKCH. 
 
 LOWER, lo'er, v.t. to bring loir : to de- 
 press : to degrade : to diminish. — v.i. to 
 fall : to sink : to grow less. 
 
 LOWER, low'er, v.i. to gather and appear 
 gloomy, as the clouds : to threaten a 
 storm : to frown. [M. E. louren — Dut. 
 loeren, to frown ; or from M. E. lure, lere, 
 the cheek, allied to A.S. hleor, and thus 
 another form of Leee.] 
 
 LOWERING, lo'er-ing. n. the act of bring- 
 ing low or reducing. — adj. letting down : 
 sinking : degrading. 
 
 LOWERING, low'er-ing, adj., looking md- 
 len : appearing dark and threatening. — 
 
 adv. LOW'ERINGLY. 
 
 LOWERMOST, lo'er-most, adj. lowest. [See 
 
 Foremost.] 
 LOWING, lo'ing, adj. bellowing, or making 
 
 the loud noise of oxen. — n. the bellowing 
 
 or crv of cattle. 
 LOWLAND, lo'land, n., land Ion-, with 
 
 respect to higher land. — n. Low'lander, 
 
 a native of lowlands. 
 LOWLY, 16'li, adj. of a low or humble mind: 
 
 not high : meek : modest. — n. Low'li- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 LOW-PRESSURE, lo'-presh'ur, adj. em- 
 ploying or exerting a loiv degree of press- 
 ure (viz., less than 50 lbs. to the sq. inch), 
 said of steam and steam engines. 
 
 LOW-SPIRITED, lo'-spir'it-ed, adj. having 
 the spirits lotc or cast down : not lively : 
 sad. — n. Low'-spir'itedness. 
 
 LOW-WATER, lo'-waw'ter, n. the lowest 
 point of the tide at ebb. 
 
 LOYAL, loy'al. adj. faithful to one's sover- 
 eign : obedient : true to a lover. — adv. 
 Loy'aixy. — n. Loy'altt. [Orig. faithful 
 to law, Fr. — L. legalis, pertaining to the 
 law — lex, legis, law.] 
 
 LOYALIST, loy'al-ist, n. a loyal adherent 
 of his sovereign, esp. in English history, 
 a partisan of the Stuarts: in the Revolu- 
 tionary War, one that sided with the 
 British troops. 
 
 LOZENGE, loz'enj, n. an oblique-angled 
 parallelogriim or a rhombus : a small 
 cake of flavored sugar, orig. lozenge or 
 diamond shaped: (/ier.)the rhomb-shaped 
 figure in which the arms of mtuds, 
 widows, and deceased persons are borne. 
 [Fr. losange. of uncertain origin.] 
 
 LUBBER, lub'er, LUBBARD, lub'ard, n. 
 an awkward, clumsy fellow : a lazj', 
 sturdy fellow. — adj. and adv. Lubb'erly. 
 [W. llob, a dolt, llabbi. a stripling, perh. 
 conn, with lleipr, flabby.] 
 
 LUBRICATE, loo'bi-i-kat, v.t. to make 
 smooth or slippery. — us. Ld'bricator, 
 Lubrica'tion, Lu'bricant. [L. lubrico, 
 -at urn — Inbricus, slippery.] 
 
 LUBRICITY, loo-bris'i-ti, n., slipperiness: 
 smoothness : instability : lewdness. 
 
 LUCE, loos, n. a fresh-water fish, the pike. 
 [0. Fr. Ills — L. lucius.] 
 
 LUCENT, 166'sent, adj., shining: bright. 
 [L. lucens — Itieeo, to shine — lux, hicis, 
 light.] 
 
 LUCERNE, 166-sern', n. a well-known fod- 
 der-plant. [Fr. luzerne, from the Gael. 
 llysian, a plant.] 
 
 LUCID, loo'sid, adj.. shining: transpar- 
 ent: easily understood: intellectually 
 bright: not darkened with madness. — 
 adv. Lu'cidly. — ns. Lucid'ity, Lu'cid- 
 NESS. [L. lucidus — lux, lucis, lisrlit.] 
 
 LUCIFER, loo'si-fer, n. (lit.) light-bringer : 
 tiie planet Venus when it appears as the 
 morning-star: Satan: a match of wood 
 tipped with a combustible substance 
 which is ignited by friction. [L. lux, 
 lucis, light, and fero, to bring.] 
 
 LUCK, luk, n. fortune, good or bad: chance: 
 lot : good fortune. [From a Low Ger. 
 root, seen in Dut. luk, also in Ger. gluck, 
 prosperity, fortune.] 
 
 LUCKLESfe, luk'les, adj. without good- 
 luck : unhappy. — adv. Luck'lessiA'. — n. 
 Luck'lessness. 
 
 LUCKY, luk'i, adj. having good-luck : 
 fortunate : auspicious. — adv. Luck'ily. 
 — n. Luck'iness. 
 
 LUCRATIVE, loo'kra-tiv, adj. bringing 
 lucre or gain : profitable. — adv. Lu'- 
 cratitely. 
 
 LUCRE, loo'ker, n., gain (esp. sordid gain) : 
 profit : advantage. [Fr.- -L. lucrum, gain, 
 akin to Gr. leia, booty, Jr. luach, wages, 
 Ger. lolin, pay, Sans, lotra for loptra, 
 booty. See Loot.] 
 
 LUCUBRATE, loo'ku-brat, v.i. to work or 
 study by lumplight or at night. [L. lu- 
 cubro, -afunt—lu.r.] 
 
 LUCUBRATION, loo-ku-bra'shun, w. study 
 by \a.m\>light : that which is composed 
 by night : any composition produced in 
 retirement. 
 
 LUCUBRATORY, loo'ku - bra - tor - i, adj. 
 composed by candle-light. 
 
 LUCULENT,l6o'ku-lent, adj. lucid : clear : 
 transparent : evident. [L. lucidentus — 
 lu.i:] 
 
 LUDICROUS, loo'di-krus, adj. that serves 
 for sj)ort : adapted to excite laughter : 
 laughable : comic. — adv. Lu'dicrously. 
 — ((.Lu'dicrousness. [L. ludicrus — ludo, 
 to play.] 
 
 LUFF, luf, n. the vnndivard side of a ship : 
 the act of sailing a ship close to the wind: 
 the loof. — i:i. to turn a ship towards the 
 wind. [Orig. the palm of the hand (Scot. 
 loof), then a fixed paddle (like the palm 
 of the hand) attached to a ship's side, 
 and which being placed to suit the wind, 
 gave its name to the windward side of a 
 ship ; found in M.E. lof, which is cog. 
 with and (in this sense) perh. borrowed 
 from Dut. loef.'] 
 
 LUG, lug, v.t. to pull along: to drag: to 
 pull with difficulty: — pr.i^. lugg'iug ; 
 pa.t. nwiXpa.p. lugged'. [From aScand. 
 root, found in Sw. lugga, to pull by the 
 hair — lugg, the forelock ; from a base luk, 
 to pull, present in Scot, lug, the ear.] 
 
 LUGGAGE, lug'aj, n. the trunks and other 
 baggage of a traveller, so called from 
 their being lugged or dragged along. 
 
 LUGGER, lug'er, n. a small vessel with 
 two or three masts, a running bowsprit, 
 and long or lug sails. 
 
 LUGSAIL, lug'sal, w. a square sail bent 
 upon a yard that hangs obliquely to the 
 mast. 
 
 LUGUBRIOUS, loo-gu'bri-us, adj., mourn- 
 ful : sorrowful. — adv. LuGU BEIOUSLY. 
 JX. lugnbris — lugeo, to mourn.] 
 
 LUGWORM, lug'wurm, n. a sluggish irorm 
 found in the sand on the sea-shore, nmch 
 used for bait by fishermen, also called 
 Lob' WORM. [From root of Lag, Loo, 
 and Worm.] 
 
 LUKEWARM, look'wawrm, adj., partially 
 or moderately warm : indifferent. — adv. 
 L u K e'w arm ly. — n. Luke'waemness. 
 [M. E. leak, luke, an extension of lew, 
 cog. with the A.S. hleo, the source of 
 Lee, or from A.S. wkec, warm ; cf. Dut. 
 leuk, Ger. lau,] 
 
 LULL, lul, v.t. to soothe : to compose : to 
 quiet. — v.i. to become calm : to subside. 
 — n. a season of calm. [Scand., as in Sw. 
 hdla ; an imitative word, like Ger. lallen, 
 Gr. laleo.] 
 
 LULLABY, lul'a-bi, ?i. a song to lull chil- 
 dren to sleep. 
 
 LUMBAGO, lum-ba'go, n. a rheumatic 
 pain in the loins and small of the back. 
 \Lj.—himbus, a loin.] 
 
 LUMBAR, lum'bar, LUMBAL, lum'bal, 
 adj. pertaining to or near the loins. [See 
 Lumbago.] 
 
 LUMBER, Ivun'ber, n. anything cumber- 
 some or useless : timber sawed or split 
 for use. — v.t. to fill with lumber : to heap 
 together in confusion. [Fr. — Ger. Lang- 
 bart : the lumber-room being orig. the 
 Lombard-room or place where the Lom- 
 bards, the medicBval bankers and pawn- 
 brokers, stored their pledges.] 
 
 LUMBER, lum'ber, v.i. to move heavily 
 and laboriously. [From a Scand. root 
 seen in prov. Sw. lomra, to resound, Ice. 
 hljomr, a sound.] 
 
 LUMBERING, lum'ber-ing, adj. filling with 
 lumber : putting in confusion (See LuM^ 
 BEE, n.) : moving heavily. (See Lumber, 
 v.i.) 
 
 LUMINARY, loo'min-ar-i, n. any body 
 which gives light, esp. one of the heavenly 
 bodies : one who illustrates any subject 
 or instructs mankind. [L. lumen, lumi- 
 nis, light — luceo, to shine.] 
 
 LUMINIFEROUS, lo6-min-if'er-us, adj., 
 transniittiiig light. [L. lumen, luminis, 
 light— /ct'O, to carry.] 
 
 LUMINOUS, 166'min-us, adj. giving light : 
 shining: illuminated: clear: lucid. — 
 adv. Lu'minously. — ns. Lu'minousness, 
 
 LUMTNOS'ITY. 
 
 LUMP, lump, n. a small shapeless mass : 
 the whole together : the gross. — v.t. to 
 throw into a confused mass : to take in 
 the gross. [From a Scand. root seen in 
 Norvv. lump, Dut. lomp.^ 
 
 LUMPER, lump'er, n. a laborer employed 
 in the lading or unlading of ships, [From 
 Lump, v.t.'\ 
 
 LUMPFISH, lump'fish, n. a clumsj' sea- 
 fish ■with a short, deep, and thick body 
 and head, and a ridge on its back, also 
 called LUMP'SUCKER, from the power of 
 its sucker. [Lump and Fish.] 
 
 LUMPING, lump'ing, adj. in&himp: heavy: 
 bulky. 
 
 LUMPISH, lump'ish, adj. like a lump: 
 heavj' : gross: dull. — adv. LuMP'iSHLY. 
 — 7). LUMP'ISHNESS. 
 
 LUMPY, lump'i, <idj. full of lumps. 
 
 LUNACY, loo'na-si, n. a kind of madness 
 formerly supposed to be affected by the 
 moon : insanity. 
 
 LUNAR, loon'ar. LUNARY, loon'ar-i, adj. 
 belonging to the moon : mea.sured by the 
 revolutions of the moon : caused by the 
 moon : like the moon. — LtTNAR CAUSTIC, 
 fused crystals of nitrate of silver, applied 
 to ulcers, etc. [L. iunaris — luna, the 
 moon — I'tceo, to shine.] 
 
 LUNATE, loon'at, LUNATED, loon'at-ed, 
 adj. formed like a half-»ioon; crescent- 
 shaped. 
 
 LUNATIC, loo'na-tik, adj. affected with 
 lunacy. — n. a person so affected : a mad- 
 man. 
 
 LUNATION, loo-na'shun, n. the time be- 
 tween two revolutions of tiie moon: a 
 lunar month. 
 
 LUNCH, lunsh. LUNCHEON, lunsh'un, n. 
 a slight repast between breakfast and 
 dinner. — v.i. to take a lunch. [Our word 
 lunch is a contr. of luncheon, and the 
 latter is prob. from prov. E. lunch, a 
 lump of bread, which again is simply a 
 form of Lump.]
 
 LUNE 
 
 272 
 
 MACERATE 
 
 LUNE, looD, n. anything in the shape of a 
 half-Hioon. [Fr. lune — L. luna.] 
 
 LUXETTE, loo-net', n. a little moon: {fort.) 
 a detached bastion : a hole in a concave 
 ceiling to admit light: a watch-glass flat- 
 tened more than usual in the centre. 
 [Fr., dim. of ifwree.] 
 
 LUNG, lung, n. one of the organs of 
 breathing, so called from its light or 
 spongy texture. — adj. LCNGED. [A.S. 
 Itaigan, the lungs ; from a root seen in 
 Sans, laghu, light.] 
 
 LUNGE, lunj, n. a sudden thrust in fenc- 
 ing. — i:i. to give such a thrust. [A 
 clipped form of Fr. allonger, to lengthen 
 — L. ad, and loiigus, long, the arm being 
 extended in delivering a thrust.] 
 
 LUNGWORT, lung'wurt. n. an herb with 
 purple flowers, so called from a fancied 
 likeness of its spotted leaves to the lungs: 
 a lichen that grows on tree trunks. 
 [LuxG. and A.S. mirt, plant.] 
 
 LUPINE, loo' pin, adj. like a trolf: wolfish. 
 [L. lupiniis — lupus, Gr. lykos, a wolf.] 
 
 LUPINE, loo'pin, n. a kind of flowering 
 pulse. [Fr. — L. lupinus, same word as 
 the above.] 
 
 LUPUS, loo'pus, n. a malignant corroding 
 skin-disease, often affecting the nose. [L. 
 lupus, a wolf ; so called from its eating 
 away the flesh.] 
 
 LURCH, lurch. To leave in the, to leave 
 in a difficult situation, or without help. 
 [O. Fr. lourche, a game at tables, also 
 used when one party gains every point 
 before the other makes one.] 
 
 LURCH, lurch, v.i. to evade by stooping, 
 to lurk : to roll or pitch suddenly to one 
 side (as a ship). — n. a sudden roll of a 
 ship to one side. [From root of Luek.] 
 
 LURCHER, lurch'er, n. one who lurks or 
 lies in wait : one who watches to steal, 
 or to betray or entrap : a dog for game 
 ^a cross between the greyhound and 
 collie). 
 
 LURE, loor, n. any enticement : bait, de- 
 coy. — i\t. to entice. [Orig-. an object 
 dressed up like a bird to entice a hawk 
 back, O. Fr. loerre, Fr. feurre— Ger. luder, 
 bait.] 
 
 LURID, loo'rid, adj. ghastly pale : wan : 
 gloomy. [L. luridus.} 
 
 LURK, lurk, v.i. to lie in wait : to be con- 
 cealed. [Prob. from Scand., as in Sw. 
 lurka.] 
 
 LURKING, lurk'ing, adj. lying hid : keep- 
 ing out of sight. 
 
 LUSCIOUS, lush'us, adj. sweet in a great 
 degree : delightful : fulsome as flattery. 
 — adv. Lus'ciousLY. — 71. Lus'ciousness. 
 [Old form lushious, from Lusty.] 
 
 LUSH, lush, adj. rich and juicy, said of 
 grass. [A contr. of lushious, old form of 
 Luscious.] 
 
 LUST, lust, n. longing desire: eagerness to 
 possess: carnal appetite: (B.) any violent 
 or depraved desire. — v.i. to desire eagerlj*: 
 to have carnal desire : to have depraved 
 desires. [A.S. lust, orig. meaning pleas- 
 ure; found in all the Teut. languages. See 
 List, to have pleasure in.] 
 
 LUSTFUL, lust'fool, adj. ha\'ing lust : in- 
 citing to lust: sensual. — adv. Lust'fully. 
 —n. LuST'FULNESS. 
 
 LUSTRAL, lus'tral, adj. relating to or 
 used in lustration or purification. [See 
 Lustre, a period.] 
 
 LUSTRATION, lus-tra'shun, n. a purijlca- 
 tioH by sacrijice : act of purifying. [L. 
 — htstro, to purifj' — lu.itrum. See Lustre, 
 a period.] 
 
 LUSTRE, lus'ter, n. brightness : splendor: 
 (fig.) renown : a candlestick ornamented 
 with pendants of cut-glass. [Fr. ; either 
 from L. lustro, to purify — lustrum (see 
 below), or from the root of L. luceo, to 
 shine.] 
 
 LUSTRE, lus'ter, LUSTRUM, lus'trum, n. 
 a period of five years : (orig.) the solemn 
 offering for the purification of the Roman 
 people made by one of the censors at the 
 conclusion of the census, taken every five 
 years. [L. lustrum — luo, to wash, to pur- 
 ify.] 
 
 LUSTRELESS, lus'ter-les, adj. destitute of 
 lustre. 
 
 LUSTRING, lus'tring, n. a kind of glossy 
 silk cloth. [Fr. lustrine — It. lustrino. 
 See Lustre, brightness.] 
 
 LUSTROUS, lus'trus, adj. bright: shining : 
 luminous, — adv. Lus'trously. 
 
 LUSTY, lust'i, adj. vigorous : healthful : 
 stout: bulky. — adv. LusT'lLY. — ns. Lust'- 
 IHOOD, Lust'iness, [From LuST, mean- 
 ing pleasure.] 
 
 LUTARIOUS, 166-ta'ri-us, adj. of or like 
 mud. [See LuTE, composition like clay.] 
 
 LUTE, loot, 11. a stringed instrument of 
 music like the guitar. — ns. Lut'er, Lut'- 
 IST. a player on a lute. [O. Fr. leut, Fr. 
 luth : like Ger, laute, from Ar. al-'ud — 
 al, the, and ud, wood, the lute.] 
 
 LIjTE, loot, LUTING, loot'ing, n. a com- 
 position like clay for making vessels air- 
 tight, or protecting them when exposed 
 to fire. — v.t. to close or coat with lute. — 
 n. Luta'tion, [Lit. mud, what is washed 
 down, L. lutum, from luo, to wash.] 
 
 LUTESTRING, loot'string, n. the string of 
 a lute. 
 
 LUTESTRING, n. a lustrous silk. [A 
 blunder for Lustring.] 
 
 LUTHERAN, I66'ther-an, adj. pertaining 
 to Luther, the German Protestant re- 
 former (1483-1546), or to his doctrines : a 
 follower of Luther. — n. Lu'THERANISM, 
 his doctrines. 
 
 LUXATE, luks'at, v.t. to put out of joint : 
 to displace. — n. Luxa'tion, a dislocation. 
 [L. lu^o, luxatum — luxus, Gr. loxos, 
 slanting.] 
 
 LUXURIANT, lug-zu'ri-ant, adj. exuber- 
 ant in growth : overabundant. — adv. 
 LUXU'RIANTLY. — nS. LuXU'RIANCE, LUX- 
 U'RIANCY'. 
 
 LUXURIATE, lug-zu'ri-at, v.i. to be luxu- 
 riant : to grow exuberantly : to live lux- 
 uriously : to expatiate with delight. 
 
 LUXURIOUS, lug-zu'ri-us, adj. given to 
 luxury : administering to luxury : fur- 
 nished with luxuries : softening by pleas- 
 ure. — adv. Luxu'riously, — n. Luxu'Ri- 
 
 OUSNESS. 
 
 LUXURY, luks'ii-ri or luk'shii-ri, n. free 
 indulgence in rich diet or costly dre.ss or 
 equipage : an^'thing delightful : a dainty. 
 [Lit. " excess, extravagance," from L. 
 luxuria, luxury — luanis, excess.] 
 
 LYCANTHROPY, ll-kan'thro-pi, n. a form 
 of madness, in which the patient imagines 
 himself to be a wolf. [Gr. lykos, a wolf, 
 and anthropos, a man.] 
 
 LYCEUM, U-se'um, n. a place devoted to 
 instruction by lectures : an association 
 for literary improvement. [Orig. the 
 place where Aristotle tlie Greek philoso- 
 pher taught. L. — Gr. lykeion. from the 
 tem])le of Apollo Lykeios, the Wolf-Slayer 
 —h/kos. a wolf.] 
 
 LYCHGATE. Same as Lichgate. 
 
 LYE, ir, n. a mixture of ashes and water 
 for washing. [A.S. leah ; Ger. lauge; 
 allied to lavo, to wash.] 
 
 LYING, ll'ing, adj. addicted to telling lies. 
 — n. the habit of telling lies. — adv. Ly'- 
 
 INGLY. 
 
 LYMPH, limf, n. water : a colorless nutri- 
 tive fluid in animal bodies. [L. lympha.] 
 
 LY'MPHATIC, lim-fat'ik, adj. pertaining 
 to lymph. — n. a vessel which conveys the 
 lymph. 
 
 LYNCH, linch, v.t. to judge and punish 
 without the usual forms of law. [From 
 
 Lynch, a farmer in N. Carolina, who so 
 cLctsd 1 
 
 LYNCH -LAW, linch'-law, n. a kind of 
 summary justice exercised by the people 
 in cases where the regular law is thought 
 inadequate. 
 
 LYNX, lingks, n. a wild animal of the cat- 
 kiud noted for its sharp sight. [L. and 
 Gr. lyn.v : prob. from Gr. lyke, light, and 
 so called from its bright eves.] 
 
 LYNX-EYED, lingks'-Id.adj. sharp-sighted 
 like the lynx. [Lynx and Eye.J 
 
 LYON COURT, li'un kort, n. the Heralds' 
 College of Scotland, the head of which 
 is the Lyon King-at-arms. [From the 
 heraldic lion (O. Fr. lyon) of Scotland.] 
 
 LYRATE, ll'rat, adj. (bot.) lyre-shaped. 
 
 LYRE, llr, 71. a musical instrument like 
 the harp, anciently used as an accom- 
 paniment to poetry : Lyra, one of the 
 northern constellations. — 71. Lyr'ist, a 
 plaver on the lyre or harp. [Fr. — L. 
 lyr'a—Qi:] 
 
 LYREBIRD, lir'berd, n. an Australian bird 
 about the size of a pheasant, having the 
 16 tail-feathers of the male arranged in 
 the form of a lyre. 
 
 LYRIC, lir'ik, LYRICAL, lir'ik-al, adj. per- 
 taining to the lyre : fitted to be sung to 
 the lyre : written in stanzas : said of 
 poetry which expresses the individual 
 emotions of the poet : that composes 
 lyrics. — n. Ltk'ic, a lyric poem. 
 
 M 
 
 MAB, mab, n. the queen of the fairies. 
 [W. j?iaf>, a male child.] 
 
 MACADAMIZE, mak-ad'am-iz.r.^ to cover, 
 as a road, with small broken stones, so as 
 to form a smooth, hard surface. — 71. Mac- 
 adamiza'tion. [From Macadam, the in- 
 ventor, 1756-1836.] 
 
 MACARONI, mak-a-ro'ni, 71. a preparation 
 of wheat-flour in long slender tubes : a 
 medley : something fanciful and extrava- 
 gant : a fool : a fop. [O. It. 7nacca7-o7ii — 
 maccare, to crush, prob. from the root 
 of Macerate.] 
 
 MACARONIC, mak-a-ron'ik, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or like a 77iacaroni, medley, or fool : 
 trifling : affected : consisting of modern 
 words Latinized, or Latin words modern- 
 ized, intermixed with genuine Latin 
 words.- — 71. a jumble : a macaronic com- 
 position. 
 
 MACAROON, mak-a-ro6n', w. a sweet bis- 
 cuit made chiefly of almonds and sugar. 
 [Fr. — It. macarone, sing, of Macaroni.] 
 
 MACASSAR- OIL, ma-kas'ar-oil, n. an oil 
 much 'used for the hair, imported from 
 India and other Eastern countries. [So 
 called b( cause orig. exported from Ma- 
 cassar, the Dutch capital of the island of 
 Celebes.] 
 
 MACAW, ma-kaw', 7!. a genus of large and 
 beautiful birds of tropical America, close- 
 ly allied to the parrots. [Said to be the 
 native name in the W. India Islands.] 
 
 JLiCE, mas, n. a staff used as an ensign of 
 authority : the heavier rod used in bill- 
 iards : formerly, a weapon of offence, 
 consisting of a staff headed with a heavy 
 spiked ball of iron. [O. Fr. 7nace (Fr. 
 7na,'<se) — obs. L. matea, whence L. dim. 
 mateola. a mallet.] 
 
 MACE, mas, «. a spice, the second coat of 
 the nutmeg. [Fr. mads — L. macer — Gr. 
 7naker ; cf. Sans. makar-a7ida, nectar of 
 a flower.] 
 
 MACER, mas'er, ?i. a ?uace-bearer. 
 
 MACERATE, mas'er-at, v.t. to steep : to 
 soften by steeping. [L. macero, -atus, to 
 steep.]
 
 MACERATION 
 
 273 
 
 MAGNOLIA 
 
 MACERATION, mas-er-a'shun, n. act of 
 softening by steeping : mortification of 
 the flesh by fasting and other austerities. 
 
 MACHIAVELIAN, niak-i-a-vel'yan,Of(;'- po- 
 litically cunning : crafty: perfidious. — ?(. 
 one who imitates MacHiavel. — n. IVIachi- 
 avel'ianism. [Lit. " pertaining to 3ioc/w- 
 avel." a Florentine .statesman and polit- 
 iccd writer (1469-1537), who expounded a 
 peculiar sj'stem of statecraft.] 
 
 MACHICOLATION, mach-i-ko-la'shun, n. 
 {arcJi.) a projecting parapet with aper- 
 tures for pouring molten substances upon 
 assailants. — adj. IMachic'OLATED, having 
 viachicolations. [Fr. machecouUs, from 
 meche, a match, and couler, to flow — L. 
 eolo, to filter.] 
 
 MACHINATE, mak'i-nat, t\t. to contrive 
 skillfidly : to form a plot or scheme. 
 [L. machinor, -atus — macliina. See ]Ma- 
 
 CHINE.] 
 
 MACHINATION, mak-i-na'shun, n. act of 
 machinating or contriving a scheme for 
 executing some purpose, esp. an evil one: 
 an artful design deliberately formed. 
 
 MACHINATOR, mak'i-na-tur, n. one who 
 machinates. 
 
 MACHINE, ma-shen', n. any artificial 
 means or contrivance : an instrument 
 formed by combining two or more of 
 the mechanical powers : an engine : {fig.) 
 supernatural agency in a poem : one who 
 can do only what he is told. [Fr. — L. 
 machina — Gr. mechane, akin to jncc/i-os, 
 contrivance, and to the root of May, 
 v.i. to be able, and Make.] 
 
 MACHINERY, ma-slien'er-i, n., machines 
 in general : the parts of a machine : 
 means for keeping in action : supernat- 
 ural agency in a poem. 
 
 MACHINIST, ma-shen'ist. n. a constr\ictor 
 of machines : one well versed in machin- 
 erv : one who works a machine. 
 
 MACKEREL, mak'er-el, w. a sea-fish 
 largely used for food. [O. Fr. maker cl 
 (Fr. maquereau), prob. from L. macula, 
 a stain, and so meaning the "spotted" 
 one.] 
 
 MACKINTOSH, mak'in-tosh, n. a water- 
 proof overcoat. [From Mackintosh, the 
 inventor.] 
 
 MACROCOSM, mak'ro-kozm, n. the whole 
 universe : — opposed to Microcosm. [Lit. 
 the "great world," Gr. makros, long, 
 great, and kosmos, the world.] 
 
 MACULA, mak'u-la, ii. a spot, as on tlie 
 skin, or on the surface of the sun, moon, 
 or planets -.—pi. Mactjl-E, mak'u-le. [L.] 
 
 MACULATE, mak'u-lat, v.t. to spot, to de- 
 
 I file. — n. Macula'tion, act of spotting, a 
 
 T spot. [L. maculo, -atus — macula, a spot.] 
 
 MAD. mad, adj. {comp. Madd'er ; superl. 
 Madd'est) disordered in intellect: insane: 
 proceeding from madness : troubled in 
 mind : excited with any violent passion 
 or appetite : furious with auger. — adv. 
 Mad'lt. — n. Mad'ness. [Prob. lit. " hurt," 
 " weakened," A.S. ge-mced ; cog. with O. 
 Sax. ge-med. foolish. Ice. meidd-r, hurt.] 
 
 MADAM, mad 'am, n. a courteous form of 
 
 address to a lady : a ladj'. [Fr. madame 
 — ma, my — L. mea, and Fr. dai 
 L. domi7ia.'] 
 
 X7ne, lady — 
 
 MADCAP, mad'kap, n. a wild, rash, hot- 
 headed person. [Mad and Cap.] 
 
 MADDEN, mad'n, v.t. to make mad: to 
 enrage. — v.i. to become mad : to act as 
 one mad. 
 
 MADDER, mad'er. n. a plant whose root 
 afl'ords a red dye. [A.S. mtedere; cog. 
 with Ice. madhra, and Dut. meed, mad- 
 derj 
 
 MADE, mad, pa.t. and pa.jj. of Make. 
 
 MADE CONTINUALLY, {Pr. Bk.) estab- 
 lished for ever. 
 
 MADEIRA, ma-de'ra, n. a rich wine pro- 
 duced in Madeira. 
 
 R 
 
 MADEMOISELLE, mad-mwa-zel', n. a 
 courteous form of address to a young 
 lady : Miss. [Fr. ma, my, and demoiselle. 
 See Damsel.] 
 
 MADHOUSE, mad'h'ows, n. a honse for 
 mad persons. 
 
 J\L4^DMAN, mad'man, n. a maniac. 
 
 MADONNA, MADONA, ma-don'a, n. a 
 name given to the Virgin Mary, esp. as 
 represented in art. [It. madonna, lit. 
 " my lady" — L. mea domina.] 
 
 MADREPORE, mad're-por, n. the common 
 coral. [Lit. "mother-stone," Fr. — It., 
 from madre, mother, and -pora — Gr. 
 poros. tufa.] 
 
 MADRIGAL, mad'ri-gal, n. (mus.) an elab- 
 orate vocal composition in five or six 
 parts : a short poem expressing a grace- 
 ful and tender thought. [Lit. "pastoral," 
 It. madrigale, from manara, a sheepfold 
 — L. and Gr. ma^idra, a fold ; the affix 
 -gal — L. -calls.'] 
 
 ]\l4.DWORT, mad'wurt, n. & plant heWeveA 
 to cure canine madness. [From A.S. 
 inirt. plant.] 
 
 MAELSTROM, mal'strom, n. a celebrated 
 whirlpool off the coast of Norway. 
 [Norw. " grinding stream."] 
 
 MAGAZINE, mag-a-zen', n. a storehouse : 
 a receptacle for military stores : the 
 gunpowder-room in a ship : a pamphlet 
 published periodically, containing mis- 
 cellaneous compositions. [Fr. magasin 
 — It. magazzino — Ar. makhzan, a store- 
 house.] 
 
 MAGDALEN, mag'da-len, n. a reformed 
 prostitute. [From Mary Magdalene of 
 Scriptvire.] 
 
 MAGENTA, ma-jen'ta, n. a delicate pink 
 color. [From the battle of Magenta in 
 N. Italy, 1859.] 
 
 MAGGOT, mag'ut, n. a worm or grub : a 
 whim. — adj. Magg'Oty, full of maggot.'!. 
 [Lit. "something bred," W. maceiad, akin 
 to magiaid, worms — niagv, to breed.] 
 
 MAGI, ma'ji, n.pl. priests of the Persians : 
 the Wise Men of tlie East. [L.— Gr. 
 magos, orig-. a title equivalent to "Rev- 
 erend," "Doctor," given by the Akka- 
 dians, the primitive inhabitants of Chal- 
 dea, to tlieir wise men, whose learning 
 was chiefly in what we should now call 
 astrology and magical arts. The word 
 is found in cuneiform inscriptions ; it 
 was adopted by the Semitic inhabitants 
 of Babylon, and from them by the Per- 
 sians and Greeks.] 
 
 MAGIAN, ma'ji-an, adj. pertaining to the 
 Magi. — ?i. one of the Magi. — n. Ma'giajj- 
 ISM, tlie philosophj' or doctrines of the 
 Magi. 
 
 MAGIC, maj'ik, n. the science of the Magi : 
 the pretended art of producing marvel- 
 lous results contrary to nature, generally 
 by evoking spirits : enchantment : sor- 
 cery. [Fr. See Magi.] 
 
 MAGIC, maj'ik, MAGICAL, maj'ik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to, used in, or done by magic : 
 imposing or startling in performance. — 
 adv. Mag'ically. — Magic-Lanterx, an 
 optical instrument which produces strik- 
 ing effects by throwing a magnified 
 image of a picture on a screen. 
 
 MAGICIAN, ma-jish'an, n. one skilled in 
 magic. 
 
 MAGISTERIAL, maj-is-te'ri-al, adj. per- 
 taining or suitable to a master : au- 
 thoritative : proud: dignified. — adv. 
 Magiste'rially.— jj. Magiste'rialxess. 
 [L. magisterius — magister, a master — 
 mag, root of L. mag-7ius, great. See 
 May, v.i. to be able.] 
 
 MAGISTRACY, maj'is-tra-si, n. the office 
 or dignity of a magistrate : the body of 
 magistrates. 
 
 MAGISTRATE, maj'is-trat, n. a public civil 
 officer invested with authority, as a 
 
 president, a governor, or a justice of 
 the peace. — adj. Magistrat'ic. [Fr. — 
 L. magistraius, magister. See Magis- 
 terial.] 
 
 MAGNA CHARTA, mag'na kfir'ta. ». the 
 Great Charter obtained from King John, 
 1215 A.D. [L.] 
 
 MAGNANIMITY, mag-na-nim'i- ti. n., 
 greatness of sovl : mental elevation or 
 dignity : generosity. [Fr. — L. magnani- 
 mitas — magniis, great, and animus, the 
 mind.] 
 
 MAGNANIMOUS, mag-nan'i-mus, adj., 
 great-souled : elevated in soul or senti- 
 ment : noble or honorable : brave : un- 
 selfish. — adv. Magnan'imously. [L.] 
 
 MAGNATE, mag'nat, n. a great man : a 
 noble : a man of rank or wealth. [Fr. 
 magnat, a title of nobles of Hungary and 
 Poland — L. magnas, niagnatis, a prince 
 — magniis. great.] 
 
 MAGNESIA, mag-ne'shi-a or -si-a, n. the 
 single oxide of magnesium, occurring as 
 a light, white powder. (^So called from 
 some resemblance to tne Magnet or 
 " Magnesian " stone.] 
 
 MAGNESIAN, mag-ne'shi-an or -si-an. adj. 
 belonging to, containing, or resembling 
 m agnesia. 
 
 MAGNESIUM, mag-ne'shi-um or-si-um, n. 
 the metallic base of magnesia. 
 
 MAGNET, mag'net, n. the lodestone, an 
 iron ore which attracts iron, and, when 
 freely suspended, points to the poles : a 
 bar or piece of steel to which the prop- 
 ei'ties of the lodestone have been im- 
 parted. [Through O. Fr., from L. mag- 
 nes, a magnet — Gr. magnes, properly 
 "Magnesian" stone, from Magnesia, a 
 town in Lydia or Thessaly.] 
 
 MAGNETIC, mag-net'ik, MAGNETICAL, 
 mag-net'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the mag- 
 net : having the properties of the mag- 
 net : attractive. — adv. Magnet'ically. 
 
 MAGNETISM, mag'net-izm, n. the cause 
 of the attractive power of the magnet : 
 attraction : the science which treats of 
 the properties of the magnet. 
 
 MAGNETIST, mag'net-ist, n. one skilled 
 in magnetism. 
 
 MAGNETIZE, mag'net-Iz, v.i. to render 
 magnetic : to attract as if by a magnet. 
 — v.i. to become magnetic. 
 
 MAGNETIZER, mag'net-Iz-er, n. one who 
 or that which imparts magnetism. 
 
 MAGNIFIC, mag-nif'ik, MAGNIFICAL, 
 mag-nif'ik-al, adj. great : splendid : no- 
 ble. [L. magnificus — magnits, great, and 
 facio, to do.] 
 
 MAGNIFICAT, mag-nif'i-kat, n. the song 
 of the Virgin Mary, Luke i. 46-55, begin- 
 ning in the Latin Vulgate with this \vord, 
 [L. "(my soul) dotli magnify," 3d pera. 
 sing. pres. itid. of magnifico.'] 
 
 MAGNIFICENT, mag-nif'i-sent, adj. grand: 
 noble : pompous : displaying grandeur. 
 — adv. Magnif'icently.' — n. Magnif'- 
 icexce. [Lit. "doing great things." 
 See Magnify.] 
 
 JLA.GNIFY, niag'ni-fl, r.^ to make great 
 or greater : to enlarge : to inci-ease the 
 apparent dimensions of : to exaggerate : 
 to praise highly : — pa.p. mag'nified. [Fr, 
 — L. magnifico. See Magnific] 
 
 MAGNILOQUENT, mag-nil'o-kwent. adj. 
 .ipeaking in a grand or pomjjous style ; 
 bombastic— ndr. Magntl'oquently'.— w. 
 Magnil'oquence. [L., from magnus. 
 great, and loqnor, to speak.] 
 
 MAGNITUDE, mag'ni-tud, n., greatness: 
 size : extent : importance. [L. magnitu- 
 do — magnus.] 
 
 MAGN0LL4, mag-nol'i-aor-ya, »i. a species 
 of trees of beautiful flower and foliage 
 found chiefly in N. America. [Named 
 after Pierre Magnol, once professor of 
 botany at Montpellier.]
 
 MAGNUM 
 
 MAGNTTM, luag-'nirm, n. a bottle holding 
 two quarts. [L.] 
 
 MAGPIE, mag-'pl, n. a chattering- bird of a 
 genus allied to the crow, with pied or 
 colored feathers. [Mag, a familiar contr. 
 of Margaret (cf. Robin-Iiedbreast, Jenny- 
 Wren), and Pie, from L. jnca, a magpie, 
 irora pingo. pictum, to paint.] 
 
 MAHOGANY, ma-hog'a-ni, n. a tree of 
 tropical America : its wood, of great 
 value for making furniture. [Mahogon, 
 the native South American name.] 
 
 MAHOMEDAISf, MAHOMETAN. See Mo- 
 hammedan. 
 
 MAID, mad, MAIDEN, mad'n, n. an unmar- 
 ried woman, esp. a young one : a virgin : 
 a female servant. [A.S. mceden, mcegdm 
 — mceg or moege, a " may," a maid — root 
 mag. See May, v.i. to be able.] 
 
 MAIDEN, mad'n, n. a maid : in Scotland, a 
 machine like the guillotine, formerly 
 used for a like purpose. — adj. pertaining 
 to a virgin or young woman : consisting 
 of maidens: (fig.) unpolluted: fresh: new: 
 unused : first. 
 
 MAIDENHAIR, mad'n-har, n. a name 
 given to a fern, from the fine hair-like 
 stalks of its fronds. 
 
 MAIDENHOOD, mad'n-hood, MAIDEN- 
 HEAD, mad'n-hed, n. the state of being 
 a, maid: virginity: purity: freshness. 
 
 MAIDENLY, mad'n-li, adj., maiden-like: 
 becoming a maiden : gentle : modest. — 
 11. Maid'enliness. 
 
 MAIL, mal, n. defensive armor for the body 
 formed of steel rings or network : armor 
 generally. — v.t. to clothe in mail. [Fr. 
 inaille (It. maglia) — L. macula, a spot or 
 a mesh.] 
 
 MAIL, mal, n. a bag for the conveyance 
 of letters, etc.: the contents of such a 
 bag : the person or the carriage by 
 which the mail is conveyed. [Fr. malle, 
 a trunk, a mail— O. G«r. malaha, a sack ; 
 akin to Gael, mala, a sack.] 
 
 MAIM, mam, n. a bruise: an injury: a 
 lameness : the deprivation of any essen- 
 tial part. — i\t. to bruise : to disfigure : to 
 injure : to lame or cripple : to render de- 
 fective. [O. Fr. mehaing, a bruise or de- 
 fect, of uncertain origin.] 
 
 MAIMEDNESS, mam'ed-nes, n. the state 
 of being maimed or injured. 
 
 MAIN, man, n. might : strength. [A.S. 
 mcegen — mag, root of May, v.i. to be able.] 
 
 MAIN, man, adj. chief, principal : first in 
 importance: leading. — n. the chief or 
 principal part : the ocean or main sea : a 
 continent or a larger island as compared 
 with a smaller. — adv. Main'ly, chieflj', 
 principall}-. [O. Fr. maine or magne, 
 gi-eat — magnus, great.] 
 
 MAINDECK, man'dek,)!. the j3n'n«paZ deck 
 of a ship. So in other compounds, Main'- 
 mast, IMain'sail, Main'spring, Main'- 
 
 STAY, MaIN'TOP, MaIN'YABD. 
 
 MAINLAND, man'land, n. the principal or 
 larger land, as opposed to a smaller por- 
 tion. 
 
 MAINTAIN, men-tan', v.t. to keep in any 
 state : to keep possession of : to carry 
 on : to keep up : to support : to make 
 good : to support by argument : to affirm : 
 to defend. — v.i. to" affirm, as a position : 
 to assert. [Fr. maintenir — L. manu 
 te.nere, to hold in the hand — manus, a 
 I hand, and teneo, to hold.] 
 'MAINTAINABLE, men-tan'a-bl, adj. that 
 can be supported or defended. 
 
 MAINTENANCE, man'ten-ans, n. the act 
 of maintaining, supporting, or defend- 
 ing : continuance : the means of sup- 
 port : defence, protection. 
 
 MAIZE, maz, n. a plant, and its fruit, 
 called also Indian corn or wheat. [Sp. 
 maiz (Fr. ma'is) — Haitian mahiz, maliis.} 
 
 274 
 
 MAJESTIC, ma-jes'tik, adj. having or ex- 
 hibiting majesty : stately : sublime. 
 
 MAJESTY, maj'es-ti, n., greatness: grand- 
 eur : dignity : elevation of manner or 
 style : a title of kings and other sover- 
 eigns. [Fr. majeste — L. majestas — majus, 
 comp. of mag-nus, great.] 
 
 MAJOLICA, ma-jol'i-ka, n. name applied 
 to painted or enamelled earthenware. 
 [So called from tlie island of Majorca, 
 where it was first made.] 
 
 MAJOR, ma'jur, adj., greater: (logic) the 
 term of a syllogism which forms the 
 predicate of the conclusion. — n. a per- 
 son of full age (21 years) : an officer in 
 rank between a captain and a lieutenant- 
 colonel. — Major-General, ma'jur-jen'- 
 eral, n. an officer in the army next in 
 rank below a lieutenant-general. [L., 
 comp. of mag-nus, great.] 
 
 MAJORATE, ma'jur-at, MAJORSHIP, ma'- 
 jur-ship, n. the office or rank of major : 
 majority'. 
 
 MAJOR-DOMO, ma'jur-do'mo, n. an official 
 who has the g-eneral management in a 
 large household : a general steward : a 
 chief minister. [Sp. mayor - dome, a 
 house - steward — L. major, greater, and 
 domus, a house.] 
 
 MAJORITY, ma-jor'i-ti, n. the greater 
 number : the amount between the 
 greater and the less number : full age 
 (at 21) : the office or rank of major. 
 
 MAKE, mak, v.t. to fashion, frame, or form: 
 to produce : to bring about : to perform : 
 to force : to render : to represent, or 
 cause to appear to be : to turn : to oc- 
 casion : to bring into any state or con- 
 dition : to estabUsh : to prepare : to 
 obtain : to ascertain : to arrive in sight 
 of, to reach : (B.) to be occupied with, to 
 do. — v.i. to tend or move : to contribute: 
 (B.) to feign or pretend : — jia.t. and pa.^i. 
 made. — Make a\vay, to put out of the 
 way, to destroy. — Make for, to move 
 toward : to tend to the advantage of, so 
 in B. — Make of, to understand bj- : to ef- 
 fect : to esteem. — JIake OCT, to discov- 
 er : to prove : to furnish : to succeed. — 
 Make over, to transfer. — Make cp to, 
 to approach : to become friendly.— Make 
 crp FOR, to compensate. [A.S. macian, 
 cog. with Ger. maclien, A.S. and Goth. 
 niagan, all from mag, root of L. mag-nus, 
 Gr. meg-as, great. See May, v.i. to be 
 able, and Match, «.] 
 
 MAKE, mak, n. form or shape : structure, 
 texture. 
 
 MAKER, mak'er, 7i. one who malces: the 
 Creator. 
 
 MAKESHIFT, mak'shift, n. that which 
 serves a shift or turn : a temporary ex- 
 pedient. 
 
 MAKEWEIGHT, mak'wat, n. that which 
 is thrown into a scale to make up the 
 u-eight : something of little value added 
 to supply a deficiency. 
 
 MALACHITE, mal'a-klt, n. a. green-colored 
 mineral, composed essentially of carbon- 
 ate of copper, much used for inlaid- 
 work. [Formed from Gr. malache, a 
 mallow, a plant of a green color.] 
 
 MALADJUSTMENT, mal-ad-just'ment, n. 
 a bad or wrong adjustment. [Fr. mal — 
 L. inaUis. bad, and Adjustment.] 
 
 MALADMINISTRATION, mal-ad-mia-is- 
 tra'shun, n. bad management, esp. of 
 public affairs. [Fr. mal — L. malus, bad, 
 and ADjnxisTRATiox.] 
 
 MALADY, mal'a-di. «., illness : disease, 
 bodily or mental. [Fr. maladie — malade, 
 sick — L. male habitus, in ill condition — 
 male, badly, and habitus, pa. p. of habeo, 
 have, hold.] 
 
 MALAPERT, mal'a-pert, adj. saucy : im- 
 pudent.— adr. Mal'apertly.— H. " Mal'- 
 apertness. [O. Fr. mal—L. mains, bad. 
 
 MALL 
 
 and apert, well-bred — L. apertus, open. 
 See Aperient.] 
 
 MALARL\, ma-la'ri-a, )!. the noxious ex- 
 halations of marshy districts, producing 
 fever, etc.: miasma. — adjs. Mala'rious, 
 Mala'riajl. [-'Bad air;" It. mala aria 
 — L. malus, bad. and aer. See Air.] 
 
 MALCONFORMATION, mal-kon-for-ma'. 
 shnu, n., bad conformation or form : im*; 
 perfection or disproportion of parts. [Fr.' 
 mal — L. mcdus, bad. and Conformation.] 
 
 MALCONTENT, MALECONTENT, maV- 
 kon-tent, adj. discontented, dissatisfied, 
 esp. in political matters. — n. one who is 
 discontented. — n . Malcontent'edness. 
 [Fr. — L. mcde, ill, and Fr. content. See 
 Content.] 
 
 MALE, mal. adj.. masculine : pertaining to 
 the sex that begets (not bears) young : 
 (bot.) bearing stamens. — n. one of the 
 male sex : a he-animal : a stamen-bearing 
 plant. [Fr. male — L. mascidus, male — 
 mas (for mcdi-s), a male. cog. with Man.] 
 
 MALEDICTION, mal-e-dik'shun. ?i., evil- 
 S2}eakitig : denunciation of evil : curse : 
 execration or imprecation. [Fr. — L. 
 maledictio — male, badly, dice, aictus, to 
 speak.] 
 
 MALEFACTOR, mal'e-fak-tur or mal-e- 
 fak'tur, ?i. au. evil-doer : a criminal. [L., 
 from male, badly, and factor, a doer — 
 facio, to do.] 
 
 MALEVOLENT, mal-ev'o-lent, adj., wish- 
 ing evil: ill-disposed towards others : en- 
 vious : malicious. — adv. JIalev'olently. 
 — n. SIalet'olence. [L. male, badly, 
 volens, pr.p. of volo, to wish.] 
 
 MALFORMATION, mal-for-ma'shun, «., 
 bad or wrong formation : irregular or 
 anomalous structure. [Fr. mal — L. 
 malus, bad, and Formation.] 
 
 MALICE, malls, n. (lit.) badness — so in 
 B. : ill-will : spite : disposition to harm 
 others : deliberate mischief. [Fr. — L. 
 malitia — malus, bad, orig. dirty, black 
 = Gr. melas.] 
 
 MALICIOUS, ma-lish'us, adj. bearing ill- 
 will or spite : prompted by hatred or 
 ill-will : with mischievous intentions. — 
 adv. Malic'iously. — n. Malic'iocsness. 
 [See Malice.] 
 
 MALIGN, ma-uu', adj. of an evil nature or 
 disposition towards others : malicious : 
 unfavorable. — i:t. (orig.) to treat with 
 malice : to speak evil of. — adv. Malign'- 
 ly. — n. Maugn'er. [Fr. malin, fem. ma- 
 ligne — L. malignus, for maligenus,oi e\'\\ 
 disposition — malus, bad, and gen, root of 
 Gents.] 
 
 MALIGNANT, ma-lig'nant, adj., malign: 
 acting maliciously : actuated by extreme 
 enmity: tending to destroy Ufe. — n. (Eng. 
 Hist.) a name applied by the Puritan par- 
 ty to one who had fouglit for Charles I. 
 in the Ci\-il War.— adr. JIalig'nantly. — 
 n. Malig'nancy, state or quality of being 
 malignant. [L. malignans, pr.p. of ma- 
 ligno. to act maliciously. See Maugn.] 
 
 MALIGNITY, ma-hg'ni-ti, n. extreme mal- 
 evolence : virulence : deadlj- quality. 
 
 5L\LINGER. ma-hng'ger, v.i. to feign sick- 
 ness in order to avoid duty. [Fr. ma- 
 lingre, sickly, from mal, badly — L. mains. 
 bad, and O. Fr. heingre, emaciated — L 
 ceger. sick.] 
 
 5LALI.S0N, mal'i-zn, n. a curse— opposed to 
 Benison. [O. Fr., a doublet of Maledio-I 
 TiON ; cf. Benison and Benediction.] 
 
 MALL, mawl or mal, n. a large wooden 
 beetle or hammer. — v.t. to beat with a 
 mall or something heavy : to bruise. 
 [Fr. mail — L. malleus, prob. akin to Ice. 
 Mjiil-nir, Thor's hammer.] 
 
 MALL, mal or mel, n. (orig.) a place for 
 playing in with malls or mallets and 
 balls : a level shaded walk : a public 
 walk. [Qontr. through O. Fr. of O. ItaL 
 
 
 fl
 
 MALLARD 
 
 275 
 
 MANIPULATE ' 
 
 ■poUamaglio — It. palla, a ball, and maglio, 
 a mace, or hammer.] 
 
 MALLARD, mal'ard, n. a drake : the com- 
 mon duck in its wild state. [O. Fr. mal- 
 ard (Fr. malart) — m&le, male, and suffix 
 -ard.} 
 
 MAIXEABLE, mare-a-bl, adj. that may 
 be malleated or beaten out by hammer- 
 ing.— »js. Mall'eableness, Malleabil'- 
 ITT, quality of being malleable. [O. Fr. 
 See Mat.t.f'ate.] 
 
 JIALLEATE, mal'e-at, v.t. to hammer: to 
 extend by hammering. — n. Mallea'tion, 
 [L. mallens. See Mall, a hammer.] 
 
 MALLET, mal'et, »;. a wooden hammer. 
 [Dim. of Mall, a hammerj 
 
 MALLOW, mal'6, MALLOWS, mal'oz, n. 
 a plant having soft downy leaves and 
 relaxing properties. [A.S. malwe (Ger. 
 malve) ; borrowed from L. vialua, akin 
 to Gr. malache, from malasso, to make 
 soft.] 
 
 MALMSEY, mam'ze, n. a sort of grape : a 
 strong and sweet wine. [Orig. malvesie 
 —Fv. malvoisie, from Malvasia, in the 
 Morea.] 
 
 BLALPRACTICE, mal-prak'tis, 71. e\'il prac- 
 tice or conduct : practice contrary to 
 established rules. [L. male, evil, and 
 Practice.] 
 
 MALT, mawlt, n. barley or other grain 
 steeped in water, allowed to sprout, and 
 dried in a kiln. — v.t. to make into malt. 
 — v.i. to become malt. — adj. containing 
 or made with malt. [A.S. mealt, pa.t. 
 of melt a II (see Melt) ; cog. with Ice. 
 malt. Ger. malz. See also Mild.] 
 
 MALTREAT, mal-tret', v.t. to abuse : to 
 use roughly or unkindh'. — n. Maltreat'- 
 MENT. [Fr. maltraiter — L. 7nale, ill, and 
 tractare. See Treat.] 
 
 MAISTER, mawlt'ster, n. one whose trade 
 or occupation it is to make malt, [ster 
 was up to the end of the 13th centurj' a 
 fern, affix. Cf. Spinster.] 
 
 MALVACEOUS, mal-va'shus, adj. (bot.) 
 pertaining to mallows. [See Mallow.] 
 
 MALVERSATION, mal - ver - sa'shun, n. 
 fraudulent artifices : corruption in otBoe. 
 (_Fr. ; from L. male, badlj', and versor, ver- 
 sattis, to turn or occupy one's self.] 
 
 MAMALUKE, mam'a-look, MAJNIELUKE, 
 mam'e-look, );. (formerly) one of a force 
 of light horse in Egypt formed of Circas- 
 sian slaves. [Fr. Mamelue — Ar. mamlfik, 
 a purchased slave — malaka, to possess.] 
 
 MAMMA, mam-ma', n., mother — used chief- 
 ly by young children. [Ma-ma, a repeti- 
 tion of 7na, the first syllable a child nat- 
 urallv utters.] 
 
 MAMMAL, mam'al, n. (zool.) one of the 
 mammalia : — pi. Mammals, mam'alz. 
 [See Mammalia.] 
 
 MAMMALIA, niam-ma'li-a, n.pl. [zool.) the 
 whole cla.ss of animals that suckle their 
 young. — arf/. Mamma'lian. [Formed from 
 L. mammalis (neut. pi. mammalia), be- 
 longing to the breast — L. mamma, the 
 breast.] 
 
 MAMMALOGY, mam-mal'o-ji, n. the .sci- 
 ence of mammals. [Mammal, and logos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 MAMMIFER, mam'i-fer, 11. an animal hav- 
 ing breasts or jxips. — adj. Mammip'erous. 
 [L. )Ha»i?na, breast, and /ero, to bear.] 
 
 WAMMILLARY, mam-il'ar-i or mani'il- 
 ar-i, adj. pertaining to or resembling 
 the breasts. [L., from mammilla, dim. 
 of mamma, breast.] 
 
 MAIDIILLATED, mam'il-lat-ed, adj. hav- 
 ing small -nipples or paps, or little globes 
 like nipples. 
 
 MAMMO>i, mam'un, 71., riches : the god of 
 riches. [L. mammona — Gr. mambnas — 
 Svriac 7na)ndna. riches.] 
 
 MAMMONIST, mam'un-ist, IVIAMMONITE, 
 
 mam'un-It, n. one devoted to mammon 
 or riches : a woi'ldling. 
 
 MAMMOTH, mara'utli, n. an extinct spe- 
 cies of elephant. — adj. resembling the 
 mammoth in size : verj' large. [Russ. 
 mamanf, from Tartar mamma, the earth, 
 because believed by the Tartars to have 
 worked its way in the earth like a mole.] 
 
 MAN, man, n. a human being : mankind : 
 a grown-up male : a male attendant : 
 one possessing- a distinctively masculine 
 character : a husband : a piece used in 
 playing chess or draughts : — j^^- Men. — 
 v.t. to supply with men : to strengthen 
 or fortify: — pr.j). mann'ing ; jia.t. and 
 pa. p. manned'. [Lit. "the fhinlcing 
 animal," A.S. mann — root ma7i. to think ; 
 cog. with Ger. and Goth. 7nan, Ice. 7nadhr 
 (for 7na7inr). See Mind.] 
 
 MANACLE, man'a-kl, 71. a handcuff. — v.t. 
 to put manacles on : to restrain the use 
 of the limbs or natural powers. [Tlu-ough 
 O.Fr., from L. manictda, dim. oivianica, 
 a sleeve — manus, the hand.] 
 
 MANAGE, man'aj, v.t. to conduct with 
 economy: to control: to wield: to handle: 
 to have under command : to contrive : 
 to train, as a horse. — v.i. to conduct 
 affairs. — n. Mas'agee. [Fr. 7nanege, the 
 managing of a horse — It. 7naneggio (lit.) 
 a handling — L. 7na7ius, the hand.] 
 
 MANAGEABLE, man'aj-a-bl, a(^}. that can 
 be 7nanaged: governable. — n. Man'age- 
 
 ABLENESS. 
 
 MANAGEMENT, man'aj-ment, n. manner 
 of directing or using- anjiihing: adminis- 
 tration : skillful treatment. 
 
 MANATEE, man-a-te', n. an aquatic ani- 
 mal, also called the sea-cow or Dugon^ 
 (which see). [Sp. 7nanati — West Indian.] 
 
 MANCHET, man'chet, «. a small loaf or 
 cake of fine white bread. 
 
 MAN-CHILD, man'-chlld, 71. a viale child. 
 
 MANDARIN, man-da-ren', «. a European 
 name for a Chinese official, whether civil 
 or military. [Port, mundarim — Malayan 
 viantri, counsellor — Sans. 7nantra, coun- 
 sel — root ma7i. See Man.] 
 
 MANDATARY, man'da-tar-i, MANDA- 
 TORY, man'da-tor-i, w. one to whom a 
 mandate is given. 
 
 MANDATE, man'dat, 7i. a charge : an 
 authoritative command : a rescript of 
 the Pope. [Lit. "something put into 
 one's hands," Fr. mandat — L. 7nandatum, 
 from 7nando — manus, the hand, and do, 
 to give.] 
 
 MANDATORY, man'da-tor-i, adj. contain- 
 ing a 7nandate or command : preceptive : 
 directory. 
 
 MANDIBLE, man'di-bl, 71. (zool.) a jaw. — 
 adj. Mandib'ular, relating to the jaw. 
 [Lit. " that whieli chews," L. 7nandibula 
 — mando, to chew.] 
 
 MANDRAKE, man'drak, 71. a narcotic 
 plant. rA corr. of A.S. mandragora, 
 through L., from Gr. 7nandragoras.] 
 
 MANDSEL. man'drel, Ji. the revolving 
 shank to which turners fix their work in 
 the lathe. [A. corr. of Fr. 7nandrin ; 
 prob. throug-li Low L. from Gr. 7nandra, 
 an inclosed space. See Madeigal. ] 
 
 MANDRILL, man'dril, n. a large kind of 
 baboon. [Fr.] 
 
 MANE, man, 91. the long hair flowing from 
 the neck of some quadrupeds, as the 
 horse and lion. [Ice. 7ndn ; cog. with 
 Ger. 7n(ihne.1 
 
 MANEGE, man-azh', 71. the managing of 
 horses : the art of horsemanship or of 
 training horses : a riding-school. [Fr. 
 See Manage.] 
 
 MANFUL, man'fool, adj. full of manliness: 
 bold : courageous. — adv. Man'fully. — n. 
 Man'fulnes's. 
 
 MANGANESE, mang-ga-nez' or mang'ga- 
 nez, n. a hard and brittle metal of a red- 
 
 dish-white color. — adj. Mangane'siait. 
 [O. Fr. 7nanganese, a matei-ial used in 
 making glass— It.] 
 
 MANGE, manj, n. the scab or itch which 
 eats the skin of domestic animals. [From 
 the adj. Mangy.] 
 
 MANGEL-WURZEL, mang ' gl - wur ' 2I, 
 MANGOLD-WURZEL, mang'gold-wur'- 
 zl, 71. a plant of the beet kind cultivated 
 as food for cattle. [Lit. "beet-root," 
 Ger. 7na7igold, beet, and ivurzel. root.] 
 
 MANGER, manj'er, «. an eafj?(g - trough 
 for horses and cattle. [Fr. 7nangeoire — 
 manger, to eat — L. 7nanducus, a glutton 
 — mando, to chew.] 
 
 MANGLE, mang'gl, v.t. to cut and bruise : 
 to tear in cutting : to mutilate : to take 
 by piecemeal. — 71. Mang'lee. [Freq. of 
 li.E. manken, to mutilate — A.S. mancian 
 — L. nianmis, maimed.] 
 
 MANGLE, mang'gl, ?(. a rolling-press for 
 smoothing- linen. — i-.f. to smooth with a 
 mangle : to calender. — ?!. Mang'ler. 
 [Dut. maiigelen, to roll with a i-olling- 
 pin (It. 7nanga7io, a calender), through 
 Low L., from Gr. 7nanggano7i, the axis 
 of a pulley.] 
 
 MANGO, mang'go, 71. the fruit of the 
 mango-tree of the East Indies : a green 
 musk-melon pickled. [Malay 7nangga.'\ 
 
 MANGROVE, man'grov, n. a tree of the 
 E. and W. Indies, whose bark is used for 
 tanning. [Malayan.] 
 
 MANGY, manj'i, adj. scabby. — n. Maxg'i- 
 NESS. [Anglicized form of Fr. mange, 
 eaten, pa.p. of manger, to eat. See E. 
 Manger.] 
 
 MANHOOD, man'hood, ?i. state of being a 
 man : manly qualitj- : human nature. 
 
 MANIA, ma'ni-a, ?i. violent madness: in- 
 sanity : excessive or unreasonable desire. 
 [L. — Gr. 7nania — root 7naii, to think.] 
 
 MANIAC, ma'ni-ak, 71. one atiected with ■ 
 7nania: a madman. — adj. SIaniacal, ma^ 
 ni'a-kal. [Fr. 7naniaque — Mania.] 
 
 MANIFEST, man'i-fest, adj. clear: ai>. 
 parent : evident. — v.t. to make mani- 
 fest .- to show plainly : to put beyond 
 doubt : to reveal or declare. — adv. Man'- 
 IFESTLY. — n. Man'ifestness, state of be- 
 ing 7nanifest. [Lit. " hand-struck,'' i.e. 
 palpable, Fr. — L. 7na7iifestus — 7na7ms. the 
 hand, and -festus, pa.p. of obs. fendo, to 
 dash against.] 
 
 MANIFEST, man'i-fest, 71. a list or invoice 
 of a ship's cargo to be exhibited at the 
 custom-house. 
 
 MANIFESTABLE, man-i-fest'a-bl, MANX- 
 FESTIBLE, man-i-fest'i-bl, adj. that can 
 be man ifested. 
 
 MANIFESTATION, man-i-fest-a'shun, n. 
 act of disclosing : display : revelation. 
 
 MANIFESTO, man-i-fest'6, n. a public 
 written declaration of the intentions of 
 a sovereign oi- state. [It. — L. See Mani- 
 fest, adj.] 
 
 MANIFOLD, man'i-fold, adj. various in 
 kind or quality : many in number : 
 multiplied. — adv. Man'IFOLDLY. [A.S. 
 7nanig-feald. See Many and Fold.] 
 
 MANIKIN, man'i-kin, n. {orig.) a little 
 7nan : a pasteboard model, exhibiting 
 the different parts and organs of tlie 
 human body. [O. Dut. mann-ek-en, a 
 double dim. 'of 7nan, E. Man.] 
 
 MANIPLE, man'i-pl, n. a company of foot- 
 soldiers in the Roman army : a kind of 
 scarf worn bv a R. Cath. priest on the 
 left arm, a* .stole. — nf?/. MANlp'tXAR. 
 [Lit. a " handful," L. manipnliis — manus, 
 the hand, pleo, to fill.] 
 
 MANIPL'LATE, ma-nip'u-l.at, v.t. to 7rork 
 trifh the hands. — v.i. to use the hands, 
 esp. in scientific experiments : to handle 
 or manage. [LowL. 7nanipulo,7nanipu- 
 latum.]
 
 MANIPULATION 
 
 276 
 
 MARINE 
 
 MANIPULATION, ma-nip-u-la'shun, n. act 
 of mauipidating or working by hand: 
 use of the hands, in a skillful manner, in 
 science or art. 
 
 MANIPUL.\Tm;, ma-nip'u-lat-iv, MA- 
 NIPULATORY, ma-nip'u-la-tor-i, adj. 
 done b3' manipulation. 
 
 MANIPULATOR, ma-nip'u-lat-ur, n. one 
 who manipulates or works with the 
 hand. 
 
 MANKIND, man-kind', n. the kind or race 
 of man. 
 
 MANLY, man'li, adj., manlike: becoming 
 a man : brave : dignified : noble : per- 
 taining to manhood : not childish or 
 womanish. — n. Man'lixess. 
 
 MANNA, man'a, n. the food supplied to 
 the Israelites in the wilderness of Arabia: 
 a sweetish exudation from many trees, 
 as the ash of Sicily. [Heb. man hu, 
 what is it? or from man, a gift.] 
 
 MANNER, man'er, n. mode of action : way 
 of performing anything : method : fash- 
 ion : peculiar deportment : habit : cus- 
 tom : style of writing or thought : sort : 
 style i^jjl. morals : behavior : deport- 
 ment : respectful deportment. — In A 
 MANNER, to a certain degree. ^Ix or with 
 THE MANNER, (B.) in the very act, " man- 
 ner " here being a corr. of manuopere, as 
 in the legal phrase, cum manuopere cap- 
 tus. [Ft. maniere — main — L. mamis, the 
 hand.] 
 
 MANNERISM, man'er-izm, n. peculiarity 
 of manner, esp. in literary composition, 
 becoming wearisome by its sameness. — 
 n. Mann'erist, one addicted to manner- 
 ism. 
 
 MANNERLY, man'er-li, adj. showing good- 
 man7iers : decent in deportment : com- 
 plaisant : not rude. — adi: with good 
 manners: civilly: respectfully : without 
 rudeness. — n. itAXN'ERLlNESS.' 
 
 MANCEir\^RE, ma-noo'ver or ma-nia'-, n. a 
 piece of dexterous management : strata- 
 gem : an adroit movement in military or 
 naval tactics. — v.t. to perform a manoeu- 
 vre : to manage with art : to change the 
 position of troops or ships. — n. Manceu'- 
 VRER. [Lit. " hand-work," Fr. — main — 
 L. manus, the hand, and (eui-re — L. opera, 
 work. See Mantre.] 
 
 MAN-OF-WAR. man-of-wawr', n. a ship- 
 of-war : (B.) a warrior. 
 
 MANOR, man'or, n. the land belonging to 
 a, nobleman, or so much as he formerly 
 kept for his own use : jurisdiction of a 
 court baron. [Fr. manoir — L. maneo, 
 mansum. to stav. See Mansion.] 
 
 MANOR- house; man'or-hows, MANOR- 
 SEAT, man'or-set. n. the house or seat 
 belonging to a manor. 
 
 MANORIAL, ma-no'ri-al, adj. pertaining to 
 a manor. 
 
 MANSE, mans, n. the residence of a clergy- 
 man (Scot.). [Low L. mansa, a farm— 
 maneo, mansus. to remain.] 
 
 MANSION, man'shun, n. a house, esp. one 
 of some size: a manor-house. [Lit. "a 
 resting-place," so in B.: O. Fr.— L. man- 
 sio, -onis, akin to Gr. meno, to remain.] 
 
 MANSION-HOUSE, man'shun-hows, n. a 
 mansion : the official residence of the 
 Lord Mayor of London. [Mansion and 
 HorsE.] ' 
 
 MANSLAUGHTER, man'slaw-ter, n. the 
 slaying of a man : (laic) the killing of any 
 one unlawfully, but without malice or 
 premeditation." [Man and Slaughter.] 
 
 MANSLAYER. man'sla-er. n. one who slays 
 a nutn. 
 
 MANTEL, man'tl, )i. the shelf over a fire- 
 place (w-hich in old fireplaces was formed 
 like a liood. to intercept the smoke) : a 
 narrow shelf or slab above a fireplace : 
 also Man'tel-piecse, Man'tel-shelf. 
 [Doublet of Mantle.] 
 
 MANTELET. See Mantlet. 
 
 MANTLE, man'tl. n. a covering : a kind of 
 cloak or loose outer garment : (zool.) the 
 thin fleshy membrane lining the shell of 
 a moUusk. — v.t. to cover, as with a man- 
 tle : to hide : to disguise. — v.i. to expand 
 or spread like a mantle : to revel : to 
 joy : to froth : to rush to the face and 
 impart a crimson glow, as blood. [O. 
 Fr. mantel, Fr. manteau — L. mantellum, 
 a napkin.] 
 
 MANTLET, man'tlet, MANTELET, man'- 
 tel-et, n. a small cloak for women : 
 (fort.) a movable parapet to protect 
 pioneers. [Dim. of Mantle.] 
 
 MANTLING, man'tling, n. {her.) the repre- 
 sentation of a mantle, or the drapery of 
 a coat-of-arms. 
 
 MANTUA, man'ti5-a, n. a lady's cloak or 
 mantle : a lady's gown. — n. Man'tua- 
 mak'er, a maker of mantuas or ladies' 
 dresses. [Prob. arose through confusion 
 of Fr. manteau {It. manto), with Mantua, 
 in Italy.] 
 
 MANUAL, man'ii-al, adj. pertaining to the 
 hand : done, made, or used by the hand. 
 — adr.MAN'uALLT. [L.manualis — manus, 
 the hand.] 
 
 MANUAL, man'u-al, Ji. a 7inn(ft)ook : a 
 handy compendium of a large subject or 
 treatise : the service-book of the Roman 
 Catholic Church. 
 
 MANUFACTORY, man-u-fakt'or-i, n. a 
 factory or place where goods are manu- 
 factured. 
 
 MANUFACTURE, man-u-fakt'ur, v.t. to 
 make from raw materials by any means 
 into a form suitable for use. — i:i. to be 
 occupied in manufactures. — n. the proc- 
 ess of manufacturing : anything manu- 
 factured. — adj. Manueact'uiial. [Lit. 
 " to make by the hand," Fr. — L. manus, 
 the hand, and factura, a making, from 
 facio. factum, to make.] 
 
 SIANUFACTURER. man-u-fakt'iir-er, n. 
 one who mannfactures. 
 
 MANUMISSION, man-u-mish'un, n. act of 
 manumitting or freeing from slavery. 
 
 MANUMIT, man-u-mit', v.t. to release from 
 slavery : to set free, as a slave : — pr.p. 
 manumitt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p, manu- 
 mitt'ed. [Lit. "to send away or free 
 from one's hand or power," L. nianumit- 
 to — manus, the hand, and mitto, missum, 
 to send.] 
 
 MANURE, man-ur', v.t. to enrich land with 
 any fertilizing substance. — n. any sub- 
 stance used for fertilizing land. — n. Man- 
 rR'ER. [Orig. " to work with the hand," 
 contr. of Fr. mancem-rer. SeeMANCEfVRE.] 
 
 MANURING, man-ur'ing, n. a dressing or 
 spreading of manure on land. 
 
 MANUSCRIPT, man'u-skript, adj., u-ritten 
 by the hand. — n. a book or paper written 
 by the hand. [L. man us, the hand, scribo, 
 scriptum. to write.] 
 
 SIANX. nianks. n. the language of the 
 Isle of Man, a dialect of the Celtic. — adj. 
 pertaining to the Isle of Man or its in- 
 habitants. 
 
 MANY, men'i, adj. — comp. More (mor) ; 
 superl. Most (most) — comprising a great 
 number of individuals : not few : nimier- 
 ous. — n. many persons : a great number: 
 the people. [A.S. manig : cog. forms 
 are found in all the Teut. languages ; 
 allied to L. magnus.'\ 
 
 MAP, map, n. a representation of the sur- 
 face of the earth, or of part of it on any 
 plane surface : a representation of the 
 celestial sphere. — v.t. to draw, as the 
 figure of any portion of land : to de- 
 scribe clearly: — pr.p. mapp'ing ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. mapped'. [L. mappa, a nap- 
 kin, a painted cloth, orig. a Punic word.] 
 
 MAPLE, ma'pl, n. a tree of several species, 
 
 mar- 
 marmaros, from 
 flash.] 
 in the manner of 
 
 from one of which, the rock-maple, sugar 
 is made. [A.S. mapul, maple.] 
 
 MAR, mar, v.t. to injure by cutting off a 
 part, or by wounding : to damage : to in- 
 terrupt : to disfigure : — pr.p. marr'iug ; 
 j)a.t. and pa.p. marred'. [A.S. merran, 
 mirran, from a widely diffused Aryan 
 root mar. to crush, bruise, found in" L. 
 molo. to grind, morior, to die, Gr. mar- 
 ainri. to wither. Sans, mri, to die ; also 
 in E. Meal. Mill. See Mortal.] 
 
 MARANATHA, mar-a-na'tha or mar-a- 
 nath'a, n. {lit.) our Lord cometh to take 
 vengeance, part of a Jewish curse. 
 [Syriac] 
 
 MARAUD, ma-rawd', v.i. to rove in quest 
 of plunder. [Fr. maraxider — maraud, 
 vagabond, rogue.] 
 
 MARAUDER, ma-rawd'er, n. one who 
 roves in quest of booty or plunder. 
 
 MARAVEDI, mar-a-ve'dl, n. the smallest 
 copper coin of Spain. [Sp. — Arab. Miira- 
 bitin. the dynasty of the Almoravides.] 
 
 Marble, mar'bl, n. any species of lime- 
 stone taking a high polish : that which 
 is made of marble, as a work of art. or a 
 little ball used by boys in play. — adj. 
 made of marble : veined like marble : 
 hard : insensible. — v.t. to stain or vein 
 like marble. — n. Mak'bler. [Lit. '■ the 
 sparkling stone," Fr. marbre — L. 
 mor ; cog. with Gr. 
 niarmairo. to sparkle, 
 
 MARBLY, mar'bli, adv. 
 marble. 
 
 MARCESCENT, mar-ses'ent, adj. {bot.) 
 withering, decaying. [L. marcescens, 
 -entis. pr.p. of marcesco—marceo. to fade.] 
 
 MARCH, march, n. the third month of tlie 
 year, named from Mars, the god of war. 
 [L. Martins (mensis), (the month) of 
 MarSj] 
 
 MARCH, march, n. a border : frontier of a 
 territory : — used chiefly in 2)1 ■ SlARCHES. 
 [A.S. m'eare ; doublet of Mark.] 
 
 I^LARCH, march, i:i. to move in order, as 
 soldiers : to walk in a grave or stately 
 manner. — v.t. to cause to march. — n. the 
 movement of troops: regular advance: 
 a piece of music fitted for marching to: 
 the distance passed over. [Fr. marcher. 
 Ety. dub.; ace. to Scheler, prob. from L. 
 marcus, a hammer (cf. "to beat time"'); 
 others suggest root of March, a frontier.] 
 
 MARCHIONESS, mar'shun-es, n., fem. of 
 Marquis. 
 
 MARE, mar, n. the female of the horse. 
 [A.S. mere, fem. of mearh, a horse ; cog. 
 with Ger. mdhre. Ice. mar, "W. march, a 
 horse.] 
 
 MARESCHAL, mar'shal. Same as Mar- 
 shal. 
 
 MARGE, marj, n. edge, brink. [Fr. — L. 
 margo. See Margin.] 
 
 MARGIN, mar'jin, n. an edge, border: the 
 blank edge on the page of a book. [L. 
 margo. marginis: cog. with E. Mark.] 
 
 MARGINAL, mar'jin-al. adj. pertaining to 
 a margin : placed in the margin. — adv. 
 Mar'ginallt. 
 
 MARGINATE. mar'jin-at, iMARGINATED, 
 mar'jin-at-ed, adj. ha^^ng a margin. [L. , 
 marginatus, pa.p. of margino, to border.] J, 
 
 MARGRAVE, miir'grav, n. {oriK^.) a.lord or « 
 keeper of the marches : a German noble- 
 man of the same rank as an English mar- 
 quis : — fem. Margravine, mfir'gra-ven. 
 [Dut.m'arkgraaf (Ger.markgraf ) — mark, 
 a border, and graaf. a count, which is 
 cog. with Ger. graf, A.S. gerefa. E. 
 Reeve and She-iuff. See March, a bor 
 der.] 
 
 MARIGOLD, mar'i-gold, n. a plant bearing 
 a yellow flower. [From the Virgin Jiari/, 
 and GOU). because of its yellow color.] 
 
 MARINE, ma-ren', adj. of or belonging to 
 the sea : done at sea : representing the, 

 
 MARINER 
 
 277 
 
 MARVELLOUS 
 
 sea: near the sea. — n. a soldier serving 
 on sliipboard : the whole navy ot a coun- 
 try or state : naval affairs. [Fr. — L. 
 marinus — mare, sea ; akin to E. Mere.] 
 
 MARINER, mar'i-ner, n. a seaman or sailor: 
 one who assists in navigating: ships. [Fr. 
 marinier.] 
 
 MARIOLATRY, ma-ri-ol'a-tri, ?i. the tcor- 
 ship of the Virgiu Mary. [Formed from 
 L. Maria, Mary, and Gr. latreia, wor- 
 ship.] 
 
 MARISH, mar'ish, n. (B.). Same as Mabsh. 
 
 MARITAL, mar'i-tal, adj. pertaining to a 
 liusband. [Fr. — L. maritalis — iiiaritus, 
 a husband — mus, maris, a male. See 
 Male.] 
 
 MARITIME, raar'i-tim, a(^'. pertaining to 
 the«ea; relating to navigation or naval 
 attairs : situated near the sea : having a 
 n;ivy and naval commerce. [L. mari- 
 tiin'us — mare. See Marine.] 
 
 MARJORA5I, miir'jo-rara, n. an aromatic 
 plant used as a seasoning in cookery. 
 [Fr. marjolaine — Low L. majoraca — L. 
 aiiiaraciis — Gr. amarakos ; prob. an 
 Eastern word.] 
 
 MAJiK, mark, n. a visible sign : any ob- 
 ject serving as a g-uide : that by which 
 anything is known: badge: a trace: 
 proof : any visible effect : symptom : a 
 thing aimed at : a character made by one 
 who cannot write: distinction. — v.f. to 
 make a mark on anything : to impress 
 with a sign : to take notice of : to re- 
 gard. — v.i. to take particular notice. — n. 
 Mark'er, one who marks the score at 
 games, as billiards. [A.S. mearc, a 
 boundary ; found in all the Teut. lan- 
 guages, as Ger. mark, and Goth, marka ; 
 also akin to L. mar go, and perh. to Sans. 
 marga, a trace.] 
 
 MARK, mark, n. an obsolete English coin, 
 value about $3.23 : a coin of the present 
 German Empire, value about 25c.: a 
 silver coin of Hamburg, value about 32c. 
 [A.S. mare, another form of the above 
 word.] 
 
 MARKET, mar'ket, n. a public place for 
 the purposes of buying and selling : the 
 time for the market : sale : rate of sale : 
 value. — v.i. to deal at a market : to buy 
 and sell. [Through the O. Fr. (Fr. mar- 
 che. It. mercato), from L. mercatus, trade, 
 a market — merx, merchandise.] 
 
 MARKETABLE, mar'ket-a-bl. adj. fit for 
 the market : salable. — n. Mar'ketable- 
 
 XESS. 
 
 MARKET-CROSS, mar'ket-kros, n. a cross 
 anciently set up where a market was 
 held. 
 
 MARKET-TOWN, niar'ket-town, n. a tonm 
 having the privilege of holding a public 
 7ii(irket. 
 
 MARKING-INK, mark'ing-ingk, n. indeli- 
 ble ink, used for marking clothes. 
 
 MARKSMAN, marks'man, ?i., one good at 
 hitting a mark : one who shoots well. 
 [M.UIK and Man.] 
 
 MARL, marl, Jt. a fat or rich earth or clay 
 often used as manure.— i'.^ to cover or 
 manure with marl. [O. Fr. marie (Fr. 
 marne), from a Low L. dim. of L. marga, 
 marl.] 
 
 MARLACEOUS, marl-a'shus, adj. having 
 the qualities of or resembling marl. 
 
 MARLINE, mar'lin, n. a small line for 
 winding round a rope. — i\t. Marline, 
 mar'lin. Marl, marl, to bind or wind 
 round with marline. [Dut. marlijn, mar- 
 ling — marren, to bind. E. MooR (a ship), 
 and lijn. lien. ,a rope, E. Line.] 
 
 MARLINESPIKE, mar'lin-splk, n. an iron 
 tool, like a spike, for separating the 
 strands of a rope. 
 
 MARLITE, mar'lit, n. a variety of marl. — 
 adj. Maelit'IC. 
 
 MARLY, marl'i, adj. having the qualities 
 of or resembling marl: abounding in marl. 
 
 MARMALADE, mar'ma-lad, 7i. a jam or 
 preserve generally of oranges, orig. of 
 quinces. [Fr., from Port, inarmelada — 
 mannelo, a quince, L. melimelum, Gr. 
 melimelon, a sweet apple, an apple graft- 
 ed on a quince — meli, honey, melon, an 
 apple.] 
 
 MAR]\IORACEOUS. mar-mo-ra'shus, adj. 
 belonging to or like marble. [From L. 
 marmor. marble.] 
 
 MARMOREAL, mar-mo're-al, MARMORE- 
 AN, mar-mo're-an, adj. belonging to or 
 like marble: made of marble. [L. mar- 
 mor eus.'] 
 
 MARMOSET, mar'mo-zet, n. a small 
 variety of American monkey. [Fr. mar- 
 mouscf. a little grotesque figure (hence 
 applied to an ape), a figure in marble — 
 L. murmor, marble.] 
 
 MARMOT, mar'mot, n. a rodent animal, 
 about the size of a rabbit, which inhabits 
 the higher parts of the Alps and Pyrenees. 
 [Lit. "the mountain mouse," It. mar- 
 motto — L. mus, mnrin, a^ mouse, and 
 mons. montis. a mountain.] 
 
 MAROON, ma-roon',orfj. brownish crimson. 
 [Lit. " chestnut-colored," Fr. marron, a 
 chestnut — It. marrone.'\ 
 
 MAROON, ma-roon', n. a fugitive slave 
 living on the mountains, in the W. Indies. 
 — v.t. to put on shore on adesolate island. 
 [Fr. marron, a shortened form of Sp. Cim- 
 arron, wild — cima, a mountain-summit.] 
 
 MARQUE, mark, n. a license to pass the 
 marches or limits of a country to make 
 reprisals : a ship commissioned for mak- 
 ing captures. [Fr., from root of Mark 
 and March.] 
 
 MARQUEE, mar-ke', n. a large field-tent. 
 [Fr. marquise, ace. to Littre, orig. a 
 marchiones.s's tent. See Marquess.] 
 
 MARQUIS, mar'kwis, MARQUESS, mar'- 
 kwes, 11. (orig.) an officer who guarded 
 the marches or frontiers of a kingdom: 
 a title of nobility next below that of a 
 duke: — fern. M'ar'chioness. [Fr. (It. 
 marchese), from the root of March, 
 Mark, a frontier.] 
 
 MARQUISATE, miir'kwis-at, n. the dig- 
 nity or lordship of a marquis. 
 
 MARRIAGE, mar'ij, n. the ceremony by 
 which a man and woman become hus- 
 band and wife : the union of a man and 
 woman as husband and wife. [See 
 Marry.] 
 
 MARRIAGEABLE, mar'ij-a-bl, adj. suit- 
 able for marriage : capable of union. — 
 n. Marr'iageablen'e;ss. 
 
 MARROW, mar'o, n. the soft, fattj' matter 
 in the cavities of the bones : the pith of 
 certain plants : the essence or best part. 
 — adj. Marr'owy. [A.S. mearh ; Ice. 
 mergr, Ger. mark, W. mer.] 
 
 MARROW-BONE, mar'o-bon. n. -t bone 
 containing marrow. 
 
 MARROWI'SH, mar'o-ish, adj. of the na- 
 ture of or resembling marrow. 
 
 MARRY, mar'i, v.t. to take for husband or 
 wife : to unite in matrimony. — v.i. to en- 
 ter into the married state : to take a hus- 
 band or a wife :— ^H'.p. marr'ying ; jja.f. 
 and pa.p. marr'ied. [Fr. marier — L. 
 marito — maritns. a husband— J/ttt.s, maris, 
 a male. See Male.] 
 
 MARSALA, mar'sa-la, n. a light wine re- 
 .sembling sherry, from Marsala in Sicily. 
 
 MARSEILLAISE, mar'sfd - yaz, 7i. the 
 French revolutionary hymn, first sung 
 by men of Marseilles brought to Paris to 
 aid in the Revolution in 1792. 
 
 MARSH, miirsh, n. a tract of low tret land: 
 a morass, swamp, or fen. — adj. pertain- 
 ing to wet oi boggy places. [A.S. mersc, 
 for mer-isc. ns if •■ niere-ish," full of 
 meres. See " JiRE, a pool.] 
 
 MARSHAL, mar'shal, n. (orig.) a title 
 g^iven to various officers, who had the 
 care of horses, esp. those of a prince : 
 a title of honor applied to the holder of 
 various high offices : the chief officer who 
 regulated combats in the lists : a master 
 of ceremonies : a pursuivant or harbin- 
 ger : a herald : in France, an officer of 
 the highest military rank : in the United 
 States, the civil officer of a district, cor 
 responding to the sheriff of a countj' in 
 England. — v.t. to arrange in order : to 
 lead, as a herald : — pr.p. mar'shalling ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. mar'shalled. [Lit. "horse 
 servant," Fr. marechal ; from O. Ger. 
 murah, a horse, and sehalh (Ger. schalk), a 
 servant.] 
 
 MARSHALLER, mar'shal-er, n. one who 
 marshals or arranges in order. 
 
 MARSHALSHIP, mar'shal-ship, n. office of 
 marshal. 
 
 MARSH-MALLOW, marsh'-mal'o, n. a 
 species of mallow common in meadows 
 and marshes. 
 
 MARSHY, marsh'i, adj. pertaining to or 
 produced in marshes : abounding in 
 marshes. — n. Marsh'INESS. 
 
 MARSUPIAL, mar-su'pi-al, adj. carrying 
 young in a j)0uch.—n. a marsupial ani- 
 mal. [L. marsupixim — Gr. marsupion, a 
 pouch.] 
 
 MART, mart, n. a market or place of trade, 
 [A contraction of Market.] 
 
 MARTELLO, mar-tel'o, n. a circular fort 
 erected to protect a coast. [Orig. a tower 
 (on the Italian coast), from which warn- 
 ing against pirates was given by striking 
 a bell with a hammer. It. martello, a 
 hammer — L. martellus, dim. of marcus, 
 a hammer.] 
 
 MARTEN, mar'ten, n. a destructive kind 
 of weasel valued for its fur. [Fr. niartre, 
 also marte — Low L. marturis, from a 
 Teut. root seen in Ger. marder, and A.S. 
 mearth, a marten.] 
 
 MARTIAL, miir'shal, adj. belonging to 
 3Iars, the god of war : belonging- to war . 
 warlike : brave.— adr. Mar'tially. [Fr, 
 — L. martialis — Mars, j\[artis.] 
 
 MARTIN, mar'tin, MARTINET, mar'tin-et, 
 n. a bird of the swallow kind. [Named 
 after St. Martin.] 
 
 MARTINET, mar'tin-et, n. a strict disciplin- 
 arian. [From Martinet, a very strict offi- 
 cer in the army of Louis XIV. of France.] 
 
 MARTINGALE, mar'tiu-giil or -gal, MAR- 
 TINtjrAL, mar'tin-gal, ?;. a strap fastened 
 to a horse's girth to hold his head down : 
 in ships, a short spar under the bowsprit. 
 [Fr., a kind of breeches, so called from 
 Martigiies in Provence, where tliey were 
 worn.J 
 
 MARTINMAS, mar'tin-mas, n. the mass or 
 feast of St. Martin: 11th November. [See 
 M.\ss.] 
 
 MARTLET, mart'let. ?;. martin, the bird, 
 [From Fr. martinet, dim. of Martin.] 
 
 MARTYR, raar'ter, n. one who by liis death 
 bears witness to the truth : one who 
 suffers for his belief. — v.t. to put to death 
 for one's belief. [A.S., L., Gr., a witness, 
 from the same root as MEMORY.] 
 
 MARTY'RDOM, mar'ter-dum, )(. the suffer- 
 ings or death of a martvr. 
 
 MARTYROLOGY, mar-ter-ol'o-ji, n. a his- 
 tori/ of marti/rs : a discoiu'se on martyr- 
 doiii. — n. Martyrol'ooist. [Martyr, 
 and Gr. logos, a discourse.] 
 
 MARVEL, miir'vel, n. a iconder : anything 
 astonishing or wonderful. — o.j.towoi^r: 
 to feel astonishment : — pr.p. mar'velhng ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. mar'velled. [Fr. merveule 
 — L. mirabilis, wonderful — miror, to 
 won<ler. ] 
 
 MARVELLOUS, miir'vel-us, adj. astonish- 
 ing : heyoiul belief: improbable. — adv. 
 Mar' vellovsly. —n . M ar'vellousnbss.
 
 MARYBUD 
 
 2T8 
 
 MATRIMONY 
 
 MARYBUD, ma'ri-bud. n. the marigold. 
 
 MASCULINE, mas'ku-lin, adj. having the 
 quahties of a man : resembling a man : 
 robust : bold : expressing' the male gen- 
 der.— flrfi'. ilAS'crxiXELY.— )i. Mas'CC- 
 LixESESS. [Fr. — L. mascuHiius — masmt- 
 Ins. male — mas, a male.] 
 
 MASH, mash, v.t. to beat into a muved 
 mass: to bruise: in brewing, to mix malt 
 and hot water together.— «. a mixture of 
 ingredients beaten together : in brewing, 
 a mixture of crushed malt and hot water. 
 [Prob. from root of ^lix.] 
 
 MASHY, mash'i, adj. of the nature of a 
 jtHtsh . 
 
 JLVSK. MASQUE, mask, n. anything dis- 
 guising or concealing the face : anything 
 that disguises : a pretence : a masquer- 
 ade : a dramatic performance in which 
 the actors appear masked. — v.t. to cover 
 the face with a mask : to disguise : to 
 hide. — v.i. to join in a mask or masquer- 
 ade : to be disguised in any way : to 
 revel. [Fr. masque — Sp. mascara, Ar. 
 maskharat, a jester, a man in masquer- 
 adej 
 
 MASKER, masVer, n. one who wears a 
 mask: 
 
 MASON, ma'sn, n. one who oi.f't, prepares, 
 and lays stones : a builder in stone : a 
 freemason. [Fr. magon — Low L. macio ; 
 cf. O. Ger. meizan, to hew, cut, from 
 which are Grer. messer, aknife, stein-metz, 
 a stone-mason.] 
 
 MASONIC, ma-son'ik, adj. relating to 
 freemasonry. 
 
 MASONRY, ma'sn-ri, n. the craft of a 
 mason : the work of a mason : the art of 
 building in stone : freemasonrj'. 
 
 MASQUE. See 'Mask. 
 
 MASQUERADE, mask-er-ad', n. an assem- 
 bly of persons wearing masks, generally 
 at'aball : disguise. — v.t. to put into dis- 
 guise. — v.i. to join in a masquerade : to 
 go in disguise. [Fr. mascarade. See 
 Mask.] 
 
 MASQUERADER, mask-er-ad'er, n. one 
 wearing a mask : one disguised. 
 
 MASS, mas, n. a lump of matter : a quan- 
 tity : a collected bodj- : the gross body : 
 magnitude : the principal part or main 
 body : quantity of matter in any body. — 
 v.t. to form into a mass : to assemble in 
 masses. [Fr. masse — L. massa — Gr. maza 
 — masso, to squeeze together.] 
 
 MASS, mas, n. the celebration of the Lord's 
 Supper in R. Cath. churches. [Fr. messe, 
 It. messa, said to be from the Latin words 
 ite, missa est (ecclesia), "g-o, the congre- 
 gation is dismissed," said at the close of 
 the service.] 
 
 MASSACRE, mas'a-ker, n. indiscriminate 
 killing or slaughter, esp. with cruelty : 
 carnage. — v.t. to kill with violence and 
 cruelty: to slaughter. [Fr.; from the 
 Teut.,'as in Low Ger. matsken, to cut, 
 Ger. metz-ger, a butcher.] 
 
 MASSIVE, mas'iv, adj. bulkj' : weighty. — 
 adv. Mass'iately. — n. Mass'iteness. 
 
 JiLVSSJ", mas'i, adj., massive. — n. JIass'- 
 
 INF.SS. 
 
 MAST, mast, n. a long upright pole for 
 sustaining the yards, rigging, etc., in a 
 ship. — v.t. to supply with a mast or 
 masts. [A.S. mcest, the stem of a tree ; 
 Ger. mast, Fr. mdt ] 
 
 MAST, mast, ji. the fruit of the oak, beech, 
 chestnut, and other forest trees, on which 
 Bwine feed : nuts, acorns. [A.S. nicest ; 
 Ger. mast, whence masten, to feed ; akin 
 to JlEAT.] 
 
 MASTER, mas'ter, n. one who commands : 
 a lord or owner : a leader or ruler : a 
 teacher : an employer : the commander 
 of a merchant-ship:"the officer who navi- 
 gates a ship-of-war under the captain : 
 a degree in universities : one eminently 
 
 skilled in anything: the common title of 
 address to a young gentleman. — adj. be- 
 longing to a master, chief, principal. — 
 v.t. to become master of : to overcome : 
 to become skillful in : to execute with 
 skill. [O. Fr. niaistre (Fr. maitre) — L. 
 magister, from mag, root of magnus, 
 great.] 
 
 MASTER, in many compounds^ehief, as in 
 Mas'ter-build'er, Mas'ter-ma'son, etc. 
 
 MASTER -HAND, mas'ter-hand, n. the 
 hand of a master: a person highly 
 skilled. 
 
 MASTERKEY, mas'ter-ke, n. a key that 
 masters or opens many locks : a clue out 
 of difficulties. 
 
 MASTERLESS, mas'ter-les, adj. without 
 a master or owner : ungoverned : un- 
 subdued. 
 
 MASTERLY, mas'ter-li, adj. like a master: 
 with the skill of a master : skillful : ex- 
 cellent. — adv. \\"ith the skill of a master. 
 
 MASTERPIECE, mas'ter-pes, n. a piece or 
 work worthy of a master: a work of 
 superior skill : chief excellence. 
 
 MASTERSHIP, mas'ter-ship, n. the office 
 ot master: rule or dominion: superioritj*. 
 
 MASTERSTROKE, mas'ter-strok, n. a 
 stroke or performance worthy of a mas- 
 ter : superior performance. 
 
 MASTERY, mas'ter-i, n. the power or au- 
 thority of a master : dominion : victory : 
 superiority : the attainment of superior 
 power or skill. 
 
 MASTIC, JL\STICH, mas'tik, n. a species 
 of gum-resin from the lentisk-tree : a 
 cement from mastic : the tree producing 
 mastic. [Fr. — L. mastiche — Gr. mas- 
 ticlie — masaomai, to chew ; so called be- 
 cause it is chewed in the East.] 
 
 MASTICATE, mas'ti-kat, v.t. to cheiv : to 
 grind with the teeth. — adj. Mas'TICABLE. 
 — n. Mastica'tion. [L. mastico, -atum— 
 7nastiche. See SIastic] 
 
 MASTICATORY'", mas'ti-ka-tor-i, adj., 
 chewing: adapted for chewing. — n. (med.) 
 a substance to be chewed to increase the 
 saliva. 
 
 MASTIFF, raas'tif, n. a large and strong 
 variety of dog much used as a watchdog. 
 [M.E. and O.Fr. mestif (Fr. m&tin) — Low 
 L. masnada, a family — L. mansio, a 
 house. See MA^•SIO^f.] 
 
 MASTODON, mas'to-don, n. an extinct 
 animal, resembling the elephant, with 
 nipple-like projections on its teeth. [Gr. 
 tnastos, the breast of a woman, odous, 
 odontos, a tooth.] 
 
 MAT, mat, n. a texture of sedge, etc., for 
 cleaning the feet on : a web of rope-yarn. 
 — v.t. to cover with mats : to interweave : 
 to entangle : — jir.p. matt'ing; pa.t. and 
 jM.p. matt'ed. [A.S. meatta — L. matta.] 
 
 MATADORE, mat a-dor, n. the man who 
 kills the bull in bull-fights. [Sp. mata- 
 dor — malar, to kill — L. macio, to kill, to 
 honor by sacrifice — mactus, honored, 
 from root mag in magntis.] 
 
 MATCH, mach, n. a piece of inflammable 
 material used for obtaining fire easily : a 
 prepared rope for firing artillery, etc. : a 
 lucifer. [Fr. meche — Low L. mj/xus — Gr. 
 myxa, the snuff or wick of a lamp, dis- 
 charge from the nose (which the snuff of 
 a wick resembles), from root of Mucus.] 
 
 MATCH, mach, n. anything wliich agrees 
 with or suits another thing : an equal : 
 one able to cope with another : a contest 
 or game : a marriage : one to be gained 
 in marriage. — v.i. to be of the same make, 
 size, etc. — v.t. to be equal to : to be able 
 to compete with : to find an equal to : to 
 set against as equal : to suit : to give in 
 marriage. — n. >LiTCH'ER. [A.S. mceca, 
 gemaca, earlier maca, a mate, a wife. 
 See Make and JIaTE.] 
 
 MATCHLESS, '.iach'les, ac(j. having no 
 
 match or equal. — adv. Match'Lesslt. — n. 
 Match'lessxess. 
 
 MATCHLOCK, mach'lok, n. the lock ot a 
 musket containing a match for firing it: 
 a musket so fired. 
 
 MATE, mat, n. a companion : an equal : 
 the male or female of animals that go 
 in pairs : in a merchant-ship, the second 
 in command : an assistant. — v.t. to be 
 equal to : to match : to marry. [A.S. 
 ge-maca, lit. "having make or shape in 
 common with another ; " Ice. niaki, an 
 equal, from the same root as Make. See 
 Match, and cf. Like.] 
 
 MATE, mat, n. and v.t. in chess. Same as 
 Checkmate. 
 
 MATELESS. mat'les, adj. without a mate 
 or companion. 
 
 MATERIAL, ma-te'ri-al, adj. consisting of 
 matter: corporeal, not spiritual: sub- 
 stantial: essential: important. — n. esp. 
 in pi. that out of which anything is to be 
 made. — adv. Mate'riaixy. — ns. Mate'- 
 rialness, Materiax'ity. [Fr. — L. mate- 
 rialis— materia.] 
 
 MATERIALISM, ma-te'ri-al-izm. n. the 
 doctrine that denies the independent ex- 
 istence of spirit, and maintains that there 
 is but one substance — viz. matter. 
 
 MATERIALIST, ma-te'ri-al-ist. n. one who 
 holds the doctrine of materialism. 
 
 MATERIALISTIC, ma-te-ri-al-ist'ik, MA- 
 TERIALISTICAL, ma - te - ri-al-ist'ik-al, 
 adj. pertaining- to materialism. 
 
 MAfERIALIZEtma-te'ri-al-Iz.^'.^ to i-ender 
 material : to reduce to or regard as mat- 
 ter : to occupy with material interests. 
 
 MATERNAL, ma-ter'nal, adj. belonging to 
 amother: motherly. — adv. Mater'xally. 
 [Fr. matemel. It. matemale — L. matenutt 
 — mater, mother.] 
 
 MATERNITY, ma-ter'ni-ti, n. the state 
 character, or relation of a mother. 
 
 MATHEMATIC, math-e-mat'ik, MATHE 
 JLA.TICAL. math-e-mat'ik-al, adj. per- 
 taining to or done by mathematics : very 
 accurate. — adv. Mathemat'ically. 
 
 MATHEMATICIAN, math-e-ma-tish'an, n. 
 one versed in mathematics. [L. mathe- 
 maticiis.] 
 
 MATHEJIATICS, math-e-mat'iks, n.sing. 
 the science ot number and space, and of 
 all their relations. [Fr. mathimatiqnes — 
 L. mathematica — Gr. mathematike (epis- 
 time, skill, knowledge), relating to learn- 
 ing or science — mathema — inanthano, to 
 learn.] 
 
 MATIN, mat'in, adj.. morning: used in the 
 morning. — n. in pi. morning prayers or 
 service : in R. Cath. Church the earliest 
 canonical hours of prayer. [Fr. — L. 
 matntinus, belonging to the morning — 
 Matuta, the goddess of the morning, 
 prob. akin to maturus, early. See Ma- 
 ture.] 
 
 MATRICE, ma'tris or mat'ris, n. same a» 
 
 JLiTRLS. 
 
 MATRICIDE, mat'ri-sld, n. a murderer of 
 his mother: the murder of one's mother. 
 — adj. Mat'ricidal. [Fr.— L. matricida, 
 one who kills his mother, mafricidinm, 
 the killing of a mother — mater, mother, 
 ccedo. to kill.] 
 
 MATRICULATE, ma-trik'u-lat. v.t. to ad- 
 mit to membership by entering one's 
 name in a register, esp. in a college: 
 to enter a university b-v being enrolled 
 as a student. — n. one atiniitted to mem- 
 bership in a society. — n. Matricl"L.\'tion. 
 [L. matricula, a register, dim. of matrix.^ 
 
 MATRIMONIAL, mat-ri-mo'ni-al. adj. re- 
 lating to or derived from marriage. — 
 adv. Matruio'niaixy. 
 
 MATRIMONY, mat'ri-mun-i, n. marriage : 
 the state of marriage. [O. Fr. matrimo' 
 nie — L. matrimonium — mater.]
 
 MATRIX 
 
 279 
 
 MEANING 
 
 ALA.TRIX, ma'triks or mat'riks, «. (anat.) 
 the cavity in which an animal is formed 
 before its birth, the \vonib : the cavity 
 in which anything' is formed, a mould : 
 (mining) substances in which minerals 
 are found imbedded : {dyeing) tlie five 
 simple colors (black, white, blue, red, 
 and yellow) from which all the others 
 are formed -.^pl. Matrices, ma'tri-sez or 
 mat'ri-sez. [Fr. — L. matrix, -ids — mater, 
 mother.] 
 
 MATRON, ma'trun, n. an elderly married 
 woman : an elderly lady : a female su- 
 perintendent in a hospital. [Fr. — L. 
 motrona. a married ladv — mater, mother J 
 
 MATROXAGE, ma'trun aj, JIATRON- 
 HOOD, ma'trun-hood, n. state of a 
 matron 
 
 MATROXAL, ma'trun-al or niat'run-al, 
 adj. pertaining- or suitable to a matron : 
 motherlv : grave. 
 
 MATRONiZE. ma'trun-Iz or mat'-, v.t. to 
 render matronly : to attend a lady to 
 public places, as protector. 
 
 MATRONLY, ma'trun-li, adj. like, becom- 
 ing, or belonging- to a matron : elderly : 
 sedate. 
 
 MATTER, mat'er, n. fluid in abscesses or 
 on festering sores, pus. [An application 
 of the word below.] 
 
 MATTER, mat'er, n. that which occupies 
 space, and with which we become ac- 
 quainted by our bodily senses : that out 
 of which anj'thing is made : the subject 
 or thing treated of : that with which oae 
 has to do: cause of a thing: thing of con- 
 sequence: importance: indefinite amount: 
 — i:i. to be of importance : to signify. — 
 pr.p. matt'ering : jia.p. matt'ered. — adj. 
 Matt'erless. — Matter-of-fact, adj. ad- 
 hering to the matter of fact : not fanci- 
 • ful : di-y. [Lit. " building stuff," Fr. 
 matiere — L. materia, from a root ma, to 
 measure, to build or construct ; akin to 
 Mother ] 
 
 MATTING, mat'ing, n. a covering with 
 mats : a texture like a mat, but larger : 
 material for mats. 
 
 MATTOCK, mat'uk, n. a kind of picka.re 
 having the iron ends broad instead of 
 pointpd. [A.S. mattiic — "W. madog.] 
 
 ^LA.TTRESS, mat'res, n. a sort of quilted 
 bed stuffed with wool, horse-hair, etc. 
 [O. Fr. materas (Fr. matelas) — Ar. 7?ia^- 
 j'fl/i.] 
 
 MATURATE, mat'u-rat, v.t. to make ma- 
 tvre : imed.) to promote the suppuration 
 of. — r.i. (med.) to suppurate perfectly. — 
 n. Matuka'tion. [L. maturo — matu'rus, 
 
 MATLTIATIVE, mat'u-rat-iv, adj.. matur- 
 ing or ripening : (med.) promoting sup- 
 puration. — n. a medicine promoting sup- 
 puration. 
 
 MATURE, ma-tur', adj.. gromi to itx full 
 size: perfected: ripe: (ni«?.) come to sup- 
 puration : fully digested, as a plan. — i:t. 
 to ripen : to bring to perfection : to pre- 
 pare for use. — i:i. to become ripe : to be- 
 come paj'able, as a bill. — adv. Matcre'- 
 LY. — n. Mature'n'ess. [L. matitru.?. ripe.] 
 
 M.\TURESCEN1', mat-u-res'ent, adj., be- 
 coming ripe: approaching maturity. [L. 
 mat'iresco, to become ripe — maturus.'] 
 
 Maturity, ma-tiir'i-ti, n. ripeness: a state 
 of completeness. [L. mattiritas — matur 
 nix. ripe.] 
 
 MATUTINAL, raat-u-tl'nal, MATUTINE, 
 mat'u-tln, adj. pertaining to the morn- 
 ing ■ early. [L. matutinalis, matutimta. 
 See Matin.] 
 
 MAUDLIN, mawd'lin, adj. sillv. as if halt 
 drunk : sickly sentimental. fContr. from 
 M.E. Maudeleyne. which comrs through 
 O. Fr. and L. from Gr. Magdalene, the 
 orig. sense being "shedding tears of 
 penitence," hence " mth eyes red and 
 
 swollen with weeping," like Mary Mag- 
 dalenej 
 
 MAUGER, MAUGRE, maw'ger. prep, in 
 spite of. [Lit. " not agreeable to," or 
 "against one's will," Fr. malgre — L. 
 male gratttm — male, badly, grattim, 
 agreeable.] 
 
 MAUL, mawl. Same as Mall, to beat 
 with a mall. 
 
 MAULSTICK, mawl'stik. n. a stick used by 
 painters to steady their hand when worlc- 
 ing. [Ger. malerstock — maler, painter, 
 and stock, stick.] 
 
 MAUNDER, mawn'der, i:i. to grumble : 
 to mutter. [Fr. mendier. to beg — L. 
 mendicare. See Mendicant.] 
 
 MAUNDY-THURSDAY, mawn'di-thurz'- 
 da, 71. the Thursday in Passion-week, 
 when royal charity is distributed to the 
 poor at Wliitehall, in London. Eng. 
 [M,E. maundee, ' a command — O. Fr. 
 mande (Fr. inande) — L. mandatum, com- 
 mand, i.e. the "new Commandment." to 
 love one another, mentioned in John 
 xiii. 34.] 
 
 MAUSOLEAN, maw-so-le'an, adj. pertain- 
 ing to a mausoleum. : monumental. 
 
 MAUSOLEUM, maw-so-le'um, n. a mag- 
 nificent tomb or monument. [L. — Gr. 
 Mausoleion , from Mausolus, king of Caria, 
 to whom his widow erected a splendid 
 tomb.] 
 
 MAUVE, mawv, n. a beautiful purple dye 
 extracted from coal-tar. so called from its 
 likeness in color to the flowers of the mal- 
 low : this color. [Fr. — L. malva, the 
 mallow.] 
 
 MAVIS, ma' vis, n. the song-thrush. [Fr. 
 mauvis; prob. from Bret, miljid. a mavis.] 
 
 MAW, maw, n. the stomach, esp. in the 
 lower animals : the craw, in birds. [A.S. 
 maga : Ger. magen.] 
 
 MAWKISH, mawk'ish, adj. loathsome, dis- 
 gusting, as anything beginning to breed 
 maivks or maggots. — adv. Mawk'ishlt. 
 —71. Mawk'ishness. [With suffix -ish 
 from M.E. mauk, from same root as Mag- 
 got.] 
 
 MAW~WORM, maw'wurra, n. a worm that 
 infests the stomach, the threadw^orm. 
 [See Maw.] 
 
 MAXILLAR, maks'il-ar, MAXILLARY, 
 maks'il-ar-i, adj. pertaining to the jau-- 
 bone or jaw. [L. maxillaris — maxilla, 
 jawbone, dim. from root of Macerate.] 
 
 MAXIM, maks'im, n. a general principle, 
 usually of a practical nature : a proverb. 
 [Fr. tnaxiine — L. ma.rima (sententia, an 
 opinion), superl. of magnns, great.] 
 
 MA!XIMUJI, maks'i-mum. adj. the greatest. 
 — n. the greatest number, quantity, or 
 degree : (math.) the value of a variable 
 when it ceases to increase and begins to 
 decrease ■.—pi. Max'ima. [L., superl. of 
 magnus, great.] 
 
 MAY, ma, v.i. to be able : to be allowed : 
 to be free to act : to be possible : to be by 
 chance: — j3(if.f. might (mlt). [A.S. mceg, 
 pr.t. of mugan, to be able, pa.t. meahte, 
 mihte; cog. with Goth, magan, Ger. 
 mogen ; also with L. mag-nns. great, Gr. 
 mech-anS, contrivance ; all from a root 
 mag or magh, to have power.] 
 
 MAY, ma, n. the fifth month of the year : 
 the early or gay part of life. — v.i. to 
 gather May (prov. E. the blossom of the 
 hawthorn, which blooms in May) : — pr.pi. 
 May'ing. [Fr. Mai — L. Mains [mensis, a 
 month), sacred to Maia, the mother of 
 Mercury ; prob. from root mag. Sans. 
 mah. to grow, and so May = the month 
 of growth.] 
 
 MAYDAY, ma'da, n. the first day of May. 
 
 MAY-FLOWER, ma'-flow'er, n. the haw- 
 thorn, which blooms in May. 
 
 MAYFLY, ma'fli.n. an ephemeral ^y which 
 appears in May. 
 
 MAYOR, ma'ur, 7i. the chief magistrate of 
 acitj-or borough. [Fr. maire — L. major, 
 comp. of magnus. great.] 
 
 MAYORALTY, ma'ur-al-ti, JL4Y0RSHIP, 
 ma'ur-ship, 7i. the ofiice of a mayor. 
 
 MAYPOLE, ma'pol, n. a pole erected for 
 dancing round on Mayday. 
 
 MAY-QUEEN,ma'-kwen,)i.a young woman 
 crowned with flowers as queen on May- 
 day. 
 
 5IAZE, maz, n. a place full of intricate 
 windings : confusion of thought : per- 
 plexity. — v.t. to bewilder : to confuse. 
 [Prov. E. to mazle, to wander, as if stupe- 
 fied, from the Scand., as in Ice. ma.ia, to 
 jabber.] 
 
 MAZURKA. ma-z66r'ka, n. a lively Polish 
 dance, or music such as is played to it. 
 
 MAZY, maz'i, adj. full of inazesor windings: 
 intricate. — adv. Maz'ily. — n. Maz'iness. 
 
 ME, me. personal pron. the objective case 
 of I. [A.S. ; L., Gr. me. Sans. md.'\ 
 
 MEAD, med, w., honey anA water fermented 
 and flavored. [A.S. medo: a word 
 common to the Aryan languages, as 
 Ger. mefh, W. medd, mead, Gr. niethu, 
 strong drink, Sans, madlm, sweet, honey 
 (which was the chief ingredient of the 
 drink).] 
 
 MEAD, med. MEADOW, med'6, n. a place , 
 where grass is mown or cut down: a rich 
 pasture-ground. [A.S. meed — mawan, to 
 mow ; Ger. mahd. a mowing. Qwiss matt, 
 a meadow. See Mow, to cut down.] 
 
 MEADOWY, med'o-i, adj. containing niead- 
 oivs. 
 
 MEAGRE, SEE AGER, me'ger, adj., lean: 
 poor: ban-en: scanty: without strength. 
 — adv. Mea'grely. — 11. Mea'greness. 
 [Fr. maigre — L. macer, lean ; cog. with 
 Ger. mager.} 
 
 MEAL mel, n. the food taken at one time: 
 the act or the time of taking food. [A.S. 
 ntcel, time, portion of time ; Dut. maal, 
 Ger. mahl.l 
 
 MEAL, mel, n. grain ground to powder. 
 [A.S. melu ; Ger. vielil, Dut. meel, meal, 
 from tlie root of Goth, malan, L. molo, 
 to grind.] 
 
 MEALY, mel'i, adj. resembling ineal : be- 
 sprinkled as with meal. — n. Meal'iness. 
 
 MEALY-MOUTHED, mel'i-mow«Kl. adj. 
 smooth-tongued : unwilling to state the 
 truth in plain terms. 
 
 MEAN, men. adj. low in rank or birth : 
 base : sordid : low in worth or estima- 
 tion : poor : humble.— arh\ Mean'ly. — n. 
 Mean'kess. [A.S. mcene, wicked ; perh. 
 conn, with A.S. gemane, Ger. gemein, 
 common, Goth, gamains. unclean.] 
 
 MEAN, men, adj., middle: coming be- 
 tween : moderate. — n. the middle point, 
 quantitj', value, or degree : instrument : 
 — 2)1. income : estate : instnmient. [O. 
 Fr. mcien (Fr. moyen) — L. medianus, en- 
 larged form of medius : cog. with Gr. 
 mesas. Sans, madhya, middle.] 
 
 MEAN, men, v.t. to have in the mind or 
 thoughts : to intend : to sigrnify. — v.i. to 
 have in the mind : to have meaning : — 
 pr.p. mean'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. meant 
 (ment). [A.S. ma'nan ; Ger. meinen, to 
 think : from a root man, found also in 
 Man and MiND.] 
 
 MEANDER, me-an'der, n. a winding 
 course: a maze: perplexity. — v.i. to 
 flow or run in a winding course : to be 
 intricate. — i:t. to wind or flow round. 
 [L. — Gr. the name of a irinding river in 
 Asi.-i Minor.] 
 
 MEANDERING, me-an'der-ing, adj., wind- 
 ing in a course. — n. a winding course. 
 
 MEANING, men'ing. n. that which is in 
 the mind or thoughts : signification : the 
 sense intended : purpose. — adj. signifi- 
 cant. — adv. MEAN'iNGtY. [See Mean, f.(.]
 
 MEANINGLESS 
 
 280 
 
 MEGRIM 
 
 MEANINGLESS, men'ing-les, adj. without 
 meaning. 
 
 MEANLY, MEANNESS. See SIeax. low 
 in rank. 
 
 MEANT, ^ja.f. aadpo.p. of Mean, to have 
 in the mind. 
 
 MEASLED, me'zld, MEASLY, me'zU, adj. 
 infected with measles. 
 
 MEASLES, me'zlz, n.sing. a contagious 
 fever accompanied witli small red spots 
 upon the skin. [Dut. maselen, measles, 
 from masa, a' spot, cog. with O. Ger. 
 masa. a spot, Ger. masern, measles.] 
 
 MEASURABLE, mezh'ur-a-bl, adj. that 
 may be measured or computed : moder- 
 ate : in small quantity or extent. — adv. 
 SIeas'uhably. 
 
 MEASURE, mezh'ur, n. that bj- which ex- 
 teat is ascertained or expressed : the ex- 
 tent of anything : a rule by which any- 
 thing is adjusted : proportion : a stated 
 quantity : degree : extent : moderation : 
 means to an end : metre : musical time. 
 — v.t. to ascertain the dimensions of : to 
 adjust : to mark out : to allot. — v.t. to 
 have a certain extent : to be equal or 
 uniform. [Fr. mesure — L. merisura, a 
 measure — metior, to measure, akin to Gr. 
 metrov, a measure. Sans, root ma, mdd, 
 to measure.] 
 
 MEASURED, mezh'urd, adj. of a certain 
 }i>easuve : equal : uniform : steady : re- 
 stricted. 
 
 MEASURELESS, mezh'ur-les, adj. bound- 
 less : immense. 
 
 MEASUREMENT, mezh'ur-ment, n. the 
 act of measuring : quantity found by 
 measuring. 
 
 MEAT, met, n. anything eaten as food : 
 the flesh of animals \ised as food. [A.S. 
 mete ; Goth, mats, food, Dut. met, Dan. 
 mad; prob. from a root seen in L. mando, 
 to chew, as in SLiUDlBLE.] 
 
 MEAT-OFFERING, met'-of'er-ing, n. a 
 Jewish offering of meat or food in their 
 religious services. 
 
 MECHANIC, me-kan'ik, MECHANICAL, 
 me-kan'ik-al, adj. pertaining to machines 
 or mechanics : constructed according- to 
 the laws of mechanics : acting by phj'si- 
 cal power : done by a machine : pertain- 
 ing to artisans : done simply by force of 
 habit : vulgar. — n. Mecham'ic, one en- 
 gaged in a mechanical trade: an artisan. 
 — adv. Mechan'icallt. [O. Fr.— L. me- 
 chaniciis ; Gr. mechanikos — mechane — 
 mCchos. a contrivance.] 
 
 MECHANICIAN, mek-an-isli'an, MECH- 
 ANIST, mek'an-ist, n. a machine-maker : 
 one skilled in mechanics. 
 
 MECHANICS, me-kan'iks, n. the science 
 which treats of machines : the science 
 which determines the efifect produced by 
 forces pn a body. 
 
 MECHANISM, mek'an-izm, n. the construc- 
 tion of a machine : the arrangement and 
 action of its parts, by which it produces 
 a given result. 
 
 MEDAL, med'al, n. a piece of metal in the 
 form of a coin bearing some device or in- 
 scription : a reward of merit. [Fr. me- 
 daille — It. medaglia; through a Low L. 
 form medalla or medalia, a small coin, 
 from L. metallum. a metal. See Metal.] 
 
 MEDALLIC, me-dal'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 medals. 
 
 MEDALLION, me-dal'j-un, n. a large an- 
 tique medal: a bass-relief of a round 
 form : an ornament of a circular form, 
 in which a portrait or hair is inclosed. 
 [See Medal.] 
 
 MEDALLIST, MEDALIST, med'al-ist, n. 
 one skilled in medals: an engraver of 
 medals : one who has gained a medal. 
 
 MEDDLE, med'l, u.i. to interfere officiously 
 (with or in) : to have to do {with). [O. 
 
 Fr. medler, a corr. of mesler (Fr. mSler) — 
 Low L. misculare — L. misceo, to mix.] 
 MEDDLER, med'ler, n. one who meddles 
 or interferes with matters in which he 
 lias no concern. 
 MEDDLESOME, med'1-sum, adj. given to 
 
 meddling. — n. Medd'lesomeness. 
 MEDDLING, med'ling. adj. interfering in 
 the concerns of others: officious. — n. 
 officious interposition. 
 MEDLEVAL. Same as Medieval. 
 MEDIAL, me'di-al, adj. noting a mean or 
 average. [Low L. medialis — L. medius, 
 middle, cog. with root of Sin).] 
 MEDIATE, me'di-at, adj., middle: between 
 two extremes : acting by or as a means. 
 — v.i. to interpose between parties as a 
 friend of each: to intercede. ^ — v.t. to 
 effect by mediation. — adv. JIe'dlatei^t. — 
 n. ME'DLkTENESs. [Low L. mediatus— 
 L. medius. Cf. Medial.] 
 MEDLi.TION, me-di-a'shun, n. the act of 
 mediating or interposing: entreaty for 
 another. 
 MEDIATIZE, me'di-a-tlz, v.t. to annex as 
 a smaller state to a larger neighboring 
 one. 
 MEDIATOR, me'di-at-ur, n. one who medi- 
 ates or interposes between parties at 
 variance. 
 MEDIATORIAL, me-di-a^to'ri-al, adj. be- 
 longing to a mediator or intercessor. — 
 adv. SIediato'riallt. 
 MEDIC, med'ik, n. a genus of leguminous 
 plants, with leaves like those "of clover. 
 [L. medica — Gr. medike{poa), lit. " medi- 
 an " (grass), orig. brought from Media, 
 in Asia.] 
 MEDICABLE, med'i-ka,-bl, adj. that may 
 
 be healed. 
 MEDICAL, med'i-kal, adj. relating to the 
 art of healing diseases : containing that 
 which heals : intended to promote the 
 study of medicine. — adv. SIed'ically. 
 [Low L. medicalis — L. medieus, pertain- 
 ing to healing, a physician — medeor to 
 heal.] 
 MEDICAMENT, med'i-ka-ment, n. a medi- 
 cine or healing application. 
 MEDICATE, med'i-kat, v.t. to treat with 
 medicine : to impregnate with anything 
 medicinal. [L. mecHeo, toheal — medieus. 
 See Medical.] 
 MEDICATED, med'i-kat-ed, adj. tinctured 
 
 or impregnated with medicine. 
 MEDICATION, med-i-ka'shun, 7i. the act 
 or process of medicating or of tincturing 
 with medicinal substances : the use of 
 medicine. 
 MEDICATFVT:, med'i-ka-tiv, adj. , healing : 
 
 tending to heal. 
 MEDICINAL, me-dis'in-al, adj. relating to 
 medicine : fitted to cure or lessen disease 
 or pain. — adv. Medic'inally, 
 MEDICINE, med'i-sin or med'sin, n. any- 
 thing applied for the cure or lessening 
 of disease or pain. [Fr. — L. medicina — 
 medieus. See 5Iedical.] 
 MEDIEVAL. MEDIEVAL, me-di-e'val, 
 adj.. relating to the middle ages. [L. 
 viedius, middle, and oei^ini, an age. See 
 Medial and Age.] 
 MEDIEVALIST, MEDIEVALIST, me-di- 
 e'val-ist, n. one versed in the history of 
 the middle ages. 
 MEDIOCRE, me'di-o-ker, adj, middling. 
 moderate. [Fr. — L. mediocris — mediiis, 
 m.ddle.] 
 MEDIOCRITY, me-di-ok'ri-ti. n. a middle 
 
 state or condition : a moderate degree. 
 MEDITATE, med'i-tat, v.i. to consider 
 thoughtfully : to purpose. — v.t. to think 
 on : to revolve in the mind : to intend. 
 [L. meditor, a freq. form from root med, 
 seen in L. mederi and Gr. manthano, to 
 learn.] 
 
 MEDFIATED, med'i-tat-ed, adj. thought 
 
 of : planned. 
 MEDITATION, med-i-ta'shun, n. the act of 
 meditating : deep thought: serious con- 
 templation. 
 MEDITATIVE, med'i-tat-iv, adj. given to 
 meditation : expressing design. — adv. 
 Med'itatively. — n . Med'itativeness. 
 MEDITERRANEAN, med - i - ter - ra'ne-an 
 MEDITERRANEOUS,med-i-ter-ra'ne-usi 
 adj. situated in the middle of the earth or 
 land : inland.— Mediterraxeas Sea, so 
 called from being, as it were, in the mid- 
 dle of the land of the Old World. [L., 
 from medius, middle, and terra, earth, 
 land.] 
 MEDIUM, me'di-um, n. the middle: the 
 middle place or degree : anything inter- 
 vening : means or instrument : the sub- 
 stance in which bodies exist, or throuo-h 
 which they move : in spiritualism, the 
 person through whom spirits are alleged 
 to make their communications : — -jj/. Me'- 
 diums or jVIe'dia. [L. See Medial and 
 Mid.] —I 
 
 MEDLAR, med'lar, n. a small tree, common "'B 
 in Gt. Britain and Europe, with fruit like 
 a pear. [O. Fr. meslier, a medlar-tree — 
 L. me.'ipilum — Gr. mesjiilon.] 
 MEDLEY, med'li. /;. a mingled and con- 
 fused mass : a miscellany. [Orig. pa.p. 
 of O. Fr. medler, to mix,'thus tlie same 
 word with mod. Fr. milee. See Meddle.] 
 MEDULLAR, me-diil'ar, SIEDULLARY, 
 me-dul'ar-i, adj. consisting of or resem- 
 bling marrow or pith. [L. meduUaris— 
 medulla, marrow — medius. middle.] 
 MEDUSA, me-du'sa, n. (rnyth.) one of the 
 Gorgons, whose head, cut off by Perseus 
 and placed in the a?gis of Minerva, had 
 the power of turning beholders into 
 stone : the name given to the commoir 
 kinds of jelly-fishes, prob. from the like' 
 ness of their tentacles to the snakes on 
 Medusa's head -.—pi. Medu's^. [Gr. m» 
 dousa, fem. of medon, a ruler — medo, to 
 rule.] 
 MEED, med, n.. icages: reward: that which 
 is bestowed for merit. [A.S. med ; cog. 
 with Goth, mizdo, reward, Ger. miethe, 
 hire; allied to Gr. misthos, hire, wages.] 
 MEEK, mek, adj., mild: gentle: submis- 
 sive. — adv. Meek'ly. — n. Meek'ness, 
 [Ice. mjukr. Dut. niuik. Dan. myg.] 
 MEERSCHAIBI, mer'shawm, n. a P.ne 
 white clay used for making tobacco- 
 pipes, so called because once supposed 
 to be the petrified scum or foam of the 
 sea. [Ger. meer, tlie sea (E, Mere), and 
 schaum, foam (E. Sccjl).] 
 MEET, met, adj. fitting: qualified: adapted. 
 — 0(ii7. Meet'ly. — h.JIeet'kess. [A.S. ge- 
 met, fit — metan, to measure. See Mete.] 
 MEET, met, v.t. to come face to face : to 
 encounter : to find : to receive, as a wel- 
 come. — v.i. to come together : to as- 
 semble: to have an encounter: — pa.t. 
 and jm.}). met. — n. a meeting, as of 
 huntsmen. [A.S. metan. to meet — mot, 
 ge-mot. a meeting. Cf. Moot.] 
 MEETING, met'ing, n. an interview : an 
 
 assemblv. 
 MEETINCj- HOUSE, met'inghows, n. a 
 house or building where people meet for 
 public worship. 
 MEGALOSAURUS, meg-a-lo-saw-rus, n. 
 the great saurian or lizard, a gigantic 
 fossil found in England. [Gr. niegas, me- 
 gale, great, sauros, a lizard.] 
 MEGATHERIUM, meg-a-the'ri-um, n. a 
 gigantic fossil quadruped found in the 
 pampas of S. America. [Gr. megas, great, 
 therion, wild beast.] 
 MEGRIM, me'grim, n. a pain affecting one 
 half of the head or face. [Fr. migraine, 
 corr. of Gr. hemicrania — hemi, half, and 
 kranion, the skull. See Cranium.]
 
 MEIOCENE 
 
 281 
 
 MERCHANT 
 
 MEIOCENE. Same as Miocene. 
 
 MEIOSIS, ml-o'sis, n. (rhet.) a species of 
 hyperbole representing a tiling as less 
 than it is. [Gr. meiosis — meio-u, to lessen.] 
 
 MELANCHOLIC, mel'an-kol-ik or -kol'ik, 
 udj. affected with melancholj' : dejected : 
 mournful. 
 
 MELANCHOLY, mel'an-kol-i, n. a disease 
 causing gloomy groundless fears, and 
 general depression of spirits, so called 
 because it was supposed to be occasioned 
 by an excess of black bile : dejection. — 
 adj. gloomy : producing- grief. [Fr. — L. 
 melancholia — Gr. melangcholia — melari, 
 black, and chole, bile, E. Gaul,.] 
 
 MELIORATE, me'li-or-at, v.t. to make bet- 
 ter : to improve. [L. melioro, -atus, to 
 make better — melior, better.] 
 
 MELIORATION, me-li-or-a'shun, n. the act. 
 of making better : improvement. 
 
 MELLAY, mel'a, n. confusion. [Fr. melee. 
 See Medley.] 
 
 MELLIFEROUS, mel-if'er-us. adj., honey- 
 producing. [L. mel, honey, and fero, to 
 produce.] 
 
 MELLIFLUENT, niel-if'loo-ent, MELLIF- 
 LUOUS, mel-if'16o-us, adj., flowing with 
 /(0«ey or sweetness : smooth. — advs. Mel- 
 uf'luently, Mellif'luously. — n. Mel- 
 uf'luence. [L. mel, and flitens—fluo, to 
 flow.] 
 
 MELLOW, mel'o, adj., soft and ripe : weU 
 matured: soft to the touch. — v.t. to soft- 
 en by ripeness or age : to mature. — v.t. 
 to become soft : to be matured. [A.S. 
 meant, soft, cog. with Dut. muno and 
 mollig, L. mollis, Gr. malakos. See Mae- 
 row.] 
 
 MELLOWNESS, mel'6-nes, n., softness: 
 maturity. 
 
 MELLOWY, mel'o-i, adj., soft: oily. 
 
 MELODIOUS, me-lo'di-us, adj. full of mel- 
 ody: harmonious. — adv. Melo'diodsly. 
 — »(. Melo'diousness. 
 
 MELODRAMA, mel-o-dram'a, MELO- 
 DRAME, mel'o-dram. n. a kind of sensa- 
 tional drama, formerly largely inter- 
 mixed with songs. [Gr. melos, a song, 
 and drama, a drama.] 
 
 MELODRAMATIC, mel-o-dra-mat'ik, adj. 
 of the nature of melodrama : over- 
 strained : sensational. 
 
 MELODRAMATIST, mel-o-dram'a^-tist, n. 
 one skilled in melodramas, or who pre- 
 pares them. 
 
 MELODY, mel'o-di, n. an air or tune : 
 music: an agreeable succession of a single 
 series of musical sounds, as distinguished 
 from "harmony" or the concord of a 
 succession of simultaneous sounds. — n. 
 Mel'odist. [Fr. — L. — Gr. melodia — m,elos, 
 a song, and ode, a lay.] 
 
 MELON, mel'un, n. a kind of cucumber and 
 its fruit, which resembles an apple. [Fr. 
 — L. melo — Gr. melon, an apple.] 
 
 MELT, melt, v.t. to make liquid, to dis- 
 solve : to soften : to waste away. — v.i. 
 to become liquid: to dissolve: to become 
 tender or mild : to lose substance : to be 
 discouraged. [A.S. mcltan, prob. conn, 
 with Marrow, Mellow.] 
 
 MELTING, melt'ing, n. tlie act of making 
 liquid or of dissolving : the act of soften- 
 ing or rendering tender. — adv. Melt'- 
 
 INOLY. 
 
 MEMBER, memTjer, n. a limb of an animal: 
 a clause : one of a communitj' : a repre- 
 sentati /e in a legislative bodj': (B., injjl.) 
 tlie appetites and passions. — adj. Mem'- 
 BERED, having limbs. [Fr. membre—Ij. 
 iiK'iiihnim.] 
 , MEMBERSHIP, mem'ber-ship. n. the state 
 of Ijeing a member or one of a society : a 
 community. 
 
 MEMBRANE, mem'bran, n. the thin tissue 
 which covers the members or parts of the 
 
 body : the film containing the seeds of a 
 plant. [Fr. — L. membrana — membrum.'\ 
 
 MEMBRANEOUS, mem-bran'e-us, MEM- 
 BRANOUS, mem'bran-us, MEMBRANA- 
 CEOUS, mem-bran-a'shus, adj. relating 
 to, consisting of, or like a membrane. 
 
 MEMENTO, me-men'tc n. a suggsstJou oi 
 notice to awaken memory : — pi. Memen'- 
 TOS. [L. imper. of memini, to remember, 
 from root of Mention.] 
 
 MEMOIR, mem'wor or me-moir', n. a 
 famiUar notice of anything as remem- 
 bered by the writer : a short biographical 
 sketch : a record of researches on any 
 subject : the transactions of a society. 
 [Fr. memoire — L. memoria, memory — 
 memor, mindful, akin to Sans, root srnri, 
 to remember.] 
 
 MEMORABLE, mem'or-a-bl, adj. deserving 
 to be remembered : remarkable. — adv. 
 Mem'orably. 
 
 MEMORANDUM, mem-or-an'dum,w. some- 
 thing to be remembered : a note to assist 
 the memory :— p?. MEMORAiJ'DUMS, Mem- 
 ORan'da. 
 
 MEMORIAL, me-mo'ri-al, adj. bringing to 
 memory : contained in memory. — n. that 
 which serves to keep in remembrance : a 
 monument : a note to help the memory : 
 a written statement with a petition, 
 laid before a legislative or other body : 
 (B.) memory. 
 
 MEMORIALIST,me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. one who 
 writes, signs, or presents a memorial. 
 
 MEMORIALIZE, me-mo'ri-al-Tz, v.t. to pre- 
 sent a memorial to : to petition by me- 
 morial. 
 
 MEMOR"i , mem'o-ri, n. a having or keeping 
 in the mind: the faculty of the mind by 
 which it retains the knowledge ot pre- 
 vious thoughts or events : retention : 
 remembrance. [See Memoir.] 
 
 MEN, plnral of MxN. 
 
 MENACE, men'as, v.t. to threaten. — n. a 
 threat or threatening. [Fr. — L. minor, 
 to threaten — mince, the overhanging 
 points of a wall.] 
 
 JIENACING, men'as-ing, adj., overhanging: 
 threatening. — adv. Men'acingly. 
 
 5IENAGERIE, ]\IENAGERY, raen-azh'e-ri 
 or men-aj'er-i, n. a place for managing 
 and keeping wild animals : a collection 
 of such animals. [Fr., from root of Man- 
 age.] 
 
 JIEND, mend, v.t. to remove a, fault: to 
 repair : to correct, imjjrove. — v.i. to grow 
 better. — «. JIend'ee. [Short for Amend.] 
 
 MENDACIOUS, men-da'shus, adj., lying: 
 false. — adv. Menda'ciously'. [L. mendax, 
 mendacis — mentior, to lie.] 
 
 MENDACITY, men-das'i-ti, Ji.,Z2/ijigf; faLse- 
 hood. 
 
 MENDICANCY, men'di-kan-si, n. the state 
 of being a mendican t or beggar : beggarv. 
 
 MENDICANT, men'di-kant, adj. poor to 
 beggary: practicing beggary. — n. one who 
 is in extreme want, a beggar : one of the 
 begging fraternity of the R. Cath. Church. 
 [L. mendicans, -antis, pr.p. of mendico, 
 to beg — mendicus. a beggar, perh. conn, 
 with L. menda, a want.] 
 
 MENDICITY, men-dis'i-ti, n. the state of 
 being a mendicant or beggar : the life of 
 a beggar. 
 
 MENDING, mend'ing, n. the act of repair- 
 ing. 
 
 MENIAL, me'ni-al, adj. servile . low.— Ji. 
 a domestic servant : one performing ser- 
 vile work : a person of servile disposition. 
 [Orig. an adj. from M.E. meine, a house- 
 hold^ through O. Fr. from Lovy L. man- 
 sion-aia, maisnada — L. mansio, -onis. 
 See Mansion.] 
 
 MENINGITIS, men-in-ji'tis, Ji. inflamma- 
 tion of the membranes of the brain. [Gr. 
 meninx, meninggos, a membrane.] 
 
 MENIVER, men'i-ver, MINEVER, MIN- 
 IVER, min'i-ver, n. the ermine : its fur. 
 [O. Fr. menu ver — menu, small — L viin- 
 utus, and vair, fur — L. varius, chaa^ing, 
 mottled.] 
 
 MENSES, men'sez, n.pl. the montidy dis- 
 charge from the womb. [L. mmisis, a 
 month.] 
 
 MENSTRUAL, men'stroo-al, adj., monthly 
 belonging to a menstruum. [L. menr 
 strualis.] 
 
 MENSTRUANT, men'stroo-ant, adj. sub 
 ject to menses. [L. meiistruans, -antis, 
 pr.p. of menstruoTl 
 
 MENSTRUATE, meu'stroo-at, v.i. to dis- 
 charge the menses. — n. Meh'struation. 
 [L. menstruo, -atmn.'] 
 
 MENSTRUOUS, men'stroo-us, adj. having 
 or belonging to menses. [L. menstruus7\ 
 
 MENSTRUUM, men'stroo-um. n. a solvent 
 or dissolving substance : — pi. Men'strca, 
 the menses. [L., from a fancy of the old 
 chemists that dissolvents could be pre- 
 pared only at certain stages of the moon.] 
 
 MENSURABLE, mens'u-ra-bl, of?;', that 
 ca.n he measured : measurable. — ?(. Mens- 
 UEABIL'ITY, quality of being mensurable. 
 [L. mensurabilis — mensuro, to measure. 
 See Measure.] 
 
 MENSURAL, mens'Q-ral, adj. pertaining 
 to measure. 
 
 MENSURATION, mens-u-ra'shun, n. the 
 act, process, or art of measuring : art of 
 finding the length, area, or volume of 
 bodies : the result of measuring. 
 
 MENTAL, men'tal, adj. peitaining to the 
 mind: intellectual. — adv. Men'tally. 
 [From L. mens, mentis, the mind — Sans, 
 root man, to think.] 
 
 MENTION, men'shun, n. a brief notice of 
 remark : a hint. — v.t. to notice briefly : 
 to remark: to name. — adj. Men'tion- 
 ABLE. [L. mentio, mentionis, from root 
 men. Sans, man, to think.] 
 
 MENTOR, men'tor, n. a wise and faithfui 
 counsellor or monitor. — adj. Mentor'IAI,. 
 [From Gr. Mentor, the friend of Ulysses 
 — root of Mental.] 
 
 MENU, men'oo, «. list of things compos- 
 ing a repast. [Lit. "detailed," "minute," 
 Fr. — L. minutus, small. See Mintjte.] 
 
 MEPHISTOPHELEAN, mef-is-tof-e'le-an, 
 adj. cynical, sceptical, malicious. [From 
 Mephistopheles, a character in Goethe's 
 Faust.'] 
 
 MEPHITIC, me-fit'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 mephitis: offensive to the smell: nox- 
 ious : pestilential. 
 
 MEPHITIS, me-fl'tis, MEPHITISM. mef'i- 
 tizm, n. a foul, pestilential exhalation 
 from the ground. [L. mejihitis.] 
 
 MERCANTILE, mer'kan-tll, adj. pertain- 
 ing to merchants : commercial. [Fr. and 
 It. — Low L. mercantilis — L. mercans, 
 -antis, pr.p. of mercor. to trade — merx, 
 mercis. merchandise — mereo, to gain.] 
 
 MERCENARY, mer'se-nar-i, adj. hired for 
 money : actuated by the hope of reward: 
 greedy of gain : sold or done for money, 
 — Ji. one who is hired : a soldier hired 
 into foreign service. [Fr. — L. mercen- 
 arius — mcrces, hire.] 
 
 MERCER, mer'ser, n. a merchant in silks 
 and woollen cloths. [Fr. mercicr, from 
 root of Merchant.] 
 
 MERCERY, mer'ser-i, n. the trade of a 
 mercer : the goods of a mercer. 
 
 MERCHANDISE, mer'chand-Iz, o.the goods 
 of a merchant : anything traded in. [Fr. 
 111.(1 rchandise — marchand, a merchant.] 
 
 MERCHANT, mer'chant, n. one wlio carries 
 on trade, esp. on a large scale : one who 
 buys and sells goods : a trader. — adj. 
 pertaining to trade or merchandise. [Fr. 
 marchand— L. mercans, -aiitis, pr.p. ol 
 mercor, to trade.]
 
 MERCHANTMAN 
 
 MERCHANTMAN, mer'chant-man, n. a 
 tracling-ship : (B.) a merchant: — pi. Mek'- 
 CHAXTMEN. [Merchast and 3Iax.] 
 
 MERCIFLTL. mer'si-fool, mlj- full of or ex- 
 ercising mercy : willing to pity and spare: 
 compassionate: tender: humane. — adv. 
 AIer'cifully. — n. JIer'cifulness. 
 
 ttERCILESS, mer'si-les, adj. without mercy: 
 unfeeling : hard-hearted : unsparing : 
 cruel.— adr. Mer'cilessly. — )i. JIee'ci- 
 LESSXESS, want of mercy. 
 
 MERCURIAL, mer-ku'ri-al, adj. having 
 the qualities said to belong to the ^ou 
 Mercury : active : sprightly : containmg 
 or consisting of mercury. [L. mercurv- 
 alls. See Mercuet.] 
 
 MERCURIALIZE, mer-ku'ri-al-Iz, v.t. to 
 make mercurial: {med.) to affect with 
 mercury : to expose to the vapor of 
 mercury. 
 
 MERCURY, mer'ku-ri, n. the god of mer- 
 chandise and eloquence, and the messen- 
 ger of the gods : the planet nearest the 
 sun : a white, liquid metal, also called 
 quicksilver : a messenger : a newspaper. 
 [Fr. — L. Mercurius — merx, mercis, mer- 
 chandise. See ilERCHAJIT.] 
 
 MERCY, mer'si, n. a forgiving disposition : 
 clemency : leniency : tenderness : an act 
 of mercy. [Fr. 7nerci. g^ace, favor — L. 
 merces, mercedis, pay, reward, in Low L. 
 also pitv, favor.] 
 
 MERCY-SEAT, mer'si-set, w. Qit.) the seat 
 or place of mercy : the covering of the 
 Jewish Ark of the Covenant : tlie throne 
 of God. _ 
 
 MERE, mer, n. a pool or lake. [A.S. mere ; 
 Grer. and Dut. meer : akin to L. mare, 
 the sea, Fr. mer and mare, pool ; prob. 
 conn, with Sans, maru, desert, mri, to 
 die, and with the root of MORTAL. See 
 Marsh and Marine.] 
 
 HERE, mer, adj. unmixed : pure : only 
 this and nothing else : alone : absolute. — 
 ulv. !Mere'ly, purely, simply : only : thus 
 and no other way : solely. [L. mertis, 
 unmixed (of wine).] 
 
 MERE, mer, n. a boundary. [A.S. mcere, 
 ge-mcere.] 
 
 MERESTEAD, mer'sted. n. the land with- 
 in the boundaries of a farm. [From 
 Mere, a boundarv, and Stead.] 
 
 MERETRICIOUS, mer-e-trisli'us, adj. allur- 
 ing by false show : gaudy and deceitful : 
 false. — adv. Meretri'ciously. — n. Mer- 
 etri'CIOCSNESS. [L. meretricius — mere- 
 trix. meretricis, a harlot — mereo, to earn. 
 See MERCANnLE.] 
 
 MERGANSER, nier-gan'ser, n. a diving 
 bird or sea-duck. [L. mergus, a diver, 
 and anser, a goose.] 
 
 MERGE, merj, v.t. to dip or plunge in : to 
 sink: to cause to be swallowed up. — v.i. 
 to be swallowed up, or lost. — n. Merg'er 
 (law) a merging. [L. mergo, mersuiii, 
 akin to Sans, mcijj, to dive, to sink.] 
 
 MERIDIAN, me-rid'i-an, adj. pertaining to 
 mid-day : being on the meridian or at 
 mid-dav : raised to the highest point. — 
 ?j., mid-day : the highest point, as of 
 success : an imaginary circle on the 
 earth's surface passing through the poles 
 and any given place: (astr.) an imaginai-y 
 circle, passing through the poles of the 
 heavens, and the zenith of the spectator, 
 which the sun crosses at mid-day. [Fr. 
 - L. m.eridianus. pertaining to mid-day, 
 from meridies (corr. for medidies), mid- 
 dav —mediiis. middle, and dies, dav.] 
 
 MERIDIONAL, me-rid'! un-al. adj. pertain- 
 ing to the meridian: southern: having a 
 southern aspect. — adv. SIerid'ioxally, 
 in the direction of the meridian. — ». Me- 
 RIDIOXAL'ITY. [Fr. — L. meridionali.'^.] 
 
 MERINO, nie-re'no, vi. a variet}- of sheep 
 ha%-ing very fine wool, orig. from Spain : 
 a fabric of merino wool. — adj. belonging 
 
 282 
 
 to the merino sheep or their wool. [Sp., 
 and meaning " moving from pasture to 
 pasture"' — merino, inspector of sheep- 
 walks — Low L. majorinus, from root of 
 Major.] 
 
 MERIT, mer'it, n. excellence that deserves 
 honor or reward : worth : value : tliat 
 which is earned. — v.t. to earn : to have a 
 right to claim as reward ; to deserve. 
 [Fr. — L. tnerituvi — mereo, meritum, to 
 obtain as a lot or portion, to deserve ; cf. 
 Gr. meiromai, to divide. See Mercan- 
 TII.E.] 
 
 MERITORIOUS, mer-i-to'ri-us, adj. possess- 
 ing merit or desert: deserving of reward, 
 honor, or praise. — adv. Merito'riously. 
 — }). Merito'riousness. 
 
 MERK, merk, n. an old Scotch silver coin 
 worth 13s. 4d. Scots, or 13id. sterling. 
 [Same word as English tnark.^ 
 
 SIERLE, raerl, n. the blackbird. [Fr.— L. 
 merida.'\ 
 
 MERLIN, merlin, n. a species of small 
 hawk : a wizard. [Fr. emerHlon, prob. 
 same as Merle. J 
 
 MERLON, mer'lon, n. {fort.) the part of 
 a parapet which lies between two embrar 
 sures. fFr.; ety. dub.] 
 
 MERMAID, mer'mad, w., iremdof the sea, a 
 fabled marine animal, having the upper 
 part like a woman and the lower like a 
 fish: — «iase. ilER'iiAN. [A.S. mere, a lake 
 (influenced by Fr. mer, the sea), and 
 mccgd, a maid.] 
 
 SIERRIMENT, mer'i-ment, MERRINESS, 
 mer'i-nes, n. gaiety with laughter and 
 noise : mirth : hilarity. 
 
 MERRY, mer'i, adj., sportive: cheerful: 
 noisily gay : causing laughter .■ lively. — 
 adv. Mere'ily. [A.S. merg, from the 
 Celtic, as in Gael, and Ir. mear, tvommir, 
 to sport. See Mirth.] 
 
 MERRY-ANDREW, mer'i-an'drOS, n. a 
 bufl'oon : one who attends a mountebank 
 or quack doctor. [Mekry, and perhaps 
 Andrew Borde, a phjrsician in the time 
 of Henrv VIII. , noted for his facetious 
 sayings.] 
 
 MERRY -MAKING, mer'i-mSk'ing, ». a 
 mem/ entertainment, a festival. 
 
 MERRY-THOUGHT, mer'i-thawt, n. the 
 forked bone of a fowl's breast, which two 
 persons pml at in play, the one who 
 breaks off the longer part being thought 
 likely to be first married. [Merey and 
 Thought.] 
 
 MERSION, mer'shun, n. same :is Immer- 
 sion. 
 
 MESEE5IS, me-semz', v.inqiers. it seems to 
 me (used only in poetrj-). [Me, the da- 
 tive of I, and' Seems used impersonally.] 
 
 MESEMBRY'ANTHEMIIM, me-zem-bri- 
 an'the-mum, n. a genus of succulent 
 plants, mostly belonging to South Africa. 
 [Gr. mesembna, mid-dav — me-ws, middle, 
 hemera, day, and antfiema — antlteb, to 
 blossom, so called because their 'flowers 
 usuallv expand at mid-dav.] 
 
 MESENTERY, mes'en-ter-i or mez'-, n. a 
 membrane in the cavity of the abdomen, 
 attached to the vertebrre, and serving to 
 support the intestines. — adj. Mesenter'- 
 IC. [L. — Gr. mesenteron — mesas, middle, 
 cnteron. intestines — entos, within.] 
 
 MESH, mesh, >i. the opening between the 
 tlireads of a net : network. — v.t. to catch 
 in a net. — adj. Mesh'y, formed like net- 
 work. [M.E. maske — A.S. max, a net ; 
 
 MESJIERIC, mez-mer'ik, MESMERICAL, 
 mez-mer'ik-al, adj. of or relating to mes- 
 meinsm. 
 
 MES5IERISM, mez'mer-izm, n. art of mes- 
 mcrizing. 
 
 MES5IERIZE, mez'mer-Iz, v.t. to induce an 
 extraordinary state of the nervous sys- 
 tem, in which the operator is supposed 
 
 METALLOID 
 
 to control the actions of the subject. — 
 n. Mes'merizer or Mes'merist, one who 
 mesmerizes. [From Mesmer, a German 
 phj;gician (1733-1815), who brought mes- 
 merism into notice.] 
 
 MESNE, men, adj., intermediate: applied 
 to a writ issued between the beginning 
 and end of a suit. [Norm, Fr. mesne 
 middle.] 
 
 MESS, mes, n. a mixture disagreeable tc 
 the siglit or taste : a medley : disorder 
 confusion. [A form of Mash.] 
 
 MESS, mes, n. a dish or quantity of food 
 served up at one time : a number of per- 
 sons who eat together, esp. in the army 
 and navy. — v.t. to supplj- with a mess.— 
 v.i. to eat of a mess : to eat at a common 
 table. [O. Fr. mes (Fr. mets), a dish, a 
 course at table — L. mitto, missnm, to 
 send, in Low L. to place.] ^ 
 
 MESSAGE, mes'aj, n. any communication 
 sent from one to another : an errand : an 
 official communication. [Fr. — Low L. 
 missaticum, from mitto, missus, to send.] 
 
 MESSENGER, mes'en-jer, n. the bearer or 
 a message: a forerunner. 
 
 MESSIAH, mes-sl'a, MESSLiS. mes-sl'as, 
 n. the anointed one, the Christ. — n. Mes- 
 si'ahship. [Heb. mashiach — mashach, to 
 anoint.] 
 
 MESSIANIC, mes-si-an'ik, aclj. relating to 
 the Messiah. 
 
 MESS3L1TE, mes'mat, n. one who eats at 
 the same table. [Mess and Mate.] 
 
 MESSUAGE, mes'waj, n. {late) a dwelling 
 and offices with the adjoining lands ap- 
 propriated to the use of the household. 
 [O. Fr. — Low L. messuagium — L. mansa, 
 pa.p. of maneo, to remain. See JIan- 
 
 SION.] 
 
 MESTEE, u>es-te', n. the offspring of a 
 white person and a quadroon. [W^est 
 Indian.] 
 
 MESTIZO, mes-tez'o, n. the offspring of £ 
 Spaniard or Creole and a^ native Ameri- 
 can Indian. [Sp. — L. mixtus — misceo, tc 
 mix.] 
 
 MET, pa.i. andpo.j). of jMeet. 
 
 METACARPAL, met-a-kar'pal, adj. per 
 taiuing to the part of the hand between 
 the ivrist and the fingers. [Gr. meta, 
 after, and karjjos, wrist.] 
 
 METACHRONISM, me-tak'ron-izm, 7u the 
 placing of an event after its real time. 
 [Fr. — Gr. metachronos — meta, beyond, 
 and clironos, time.] 
 
 METAGE, met'aj, n., measurement of coal: 
 price of measurement. [See Mete.] 
 
 METAL, met'al, n. a solid, shining, opaque 
 body, such as gold, etc.: broken stone 
 used for macadamized roads. [Fr. — L. 
 metallum — Gr. ?Hefa?7on, amine, a metal, 
 prob. from metallao, to search after. Cf. 
 Mettle.] 
 
 METALLIC, me-tal'ik, adj. pertaining to or 
 like a metal: consisting of metal. [L. 
 metal! icus.l 
 
 METALLIFEROUS, met-al-if'er-us. adj., 
 jyroducing or yielding metals. [L. metal- 
 lifer — metallum, metal, and /ero, to bear, 
 to produce.] 
 
 METALLIFORM, me-tal'i-form, adj. hav- 
 ing the form ot metals : like metal. 
 
 METALLINE, met'al-in, adj. pertaining te 
 a metal: consisting of or impregnated 
 with metal. 
 
 METALLIST,. met'al-ist, n. a worker in 
 metals: one skilled in metals. 
 
 METALLIZE, met'al-Tz. v.t. to form into 
 metal : to give to a substance its metallio 
 properties. — n. JIetalliza'tion. 
 
 METALLOID, met'al-oid, n. that which 
 has a form or appearance like a metal : ■ 
 usually, any of the non-metallic inflam- 
 mable' bodies, as sulphur, phosphorus, 
 etc. [Gr. vietallon, a metal, and eidos, 
 form.] 
 
 I
 
 METALLOID 
 
 263 
 
 MICROSCOPIC 
 
 METALLOID, met'al-oicl, METALLOIDAL, 
 niet-al-oid'al, adj. pertaining to the met- 
 alloids. 
 
 1IETALLUEGIST, met'al-ur-iist, n. one 
 who works metals : one skilled in metal- 
 lurgy. 
 
 ICETALLUEGY, met'al-ur-ji, n. the art of 
 working metals : the art of separating 
 metals from their ores. — aclj. Metaixxje - 
 6IC, pertaining to metallurgy. [Or. 
 
 .' metallon, a metal, ergon, work.] 
 
 METAATORPHIC, met-a-mor'fik, adj. sub- 
 ject to change of form: (geol.) applied to 
 rocks, which, though of aqueous origin, 
 have been greatly altered by heat. — n. 
 Meta51or'phism, state or quauty of being 
 metainorphie. 
 
 METAMORPHOSE, met-a-morToz, v.t. to 
 change into another /or?» : to transform. 
 ^Gr. metamorphoo — meta, expressing 
 change, morphe. form.] 
 
 METAMORPHOSIS, met-armor'fo-sis, n., 
 change of form or shape : transforma- 
 tion : the change living beings undergo 
 in the coiu-se of their growth •.—pi. Met- 
 amor'phoses. 
 
 METAPHOR, met'a-fur, n. (rhet.) a trans- 
 fereace (of meaning) : the putting of one 
 thing for another which it only resem- 
 bles, as when knowledge is calle(i a lamp, 
 or icords are said to be bitter. [Fr. — Or. 
 metaphora — metaphero — meta, over, 
 phero, to carry.] 
 
 METAPHORIC, met-a-for-ik, METAPHOR- 
 ICAL, met-a-for'i-kal, adj. pertaining to 
 or containing metaphor : figurative. — 
 
 adv. JfETAPHOR'iCAIXY. 
 
 METAPHRASE, met'a-fraz, n. a transla- 
 tion from one language into another 
 word for irord. [Gr. metaphrasis — msta, 
 denoting change, and phrasis, a speaking 
 ^phrazo, to speak.] 
 
 aiETAPHRAST, mefarfrast. n. one who 
 translates word for word. — adj. Meta- 
 
 PHRAS'TIC. 
 
 METAPHYSICAL, met-a-flz'ik-al, a4}. per- 
 taining to metaphysics: abstract.— ady. 
 Metaphys'icaixy. 
 
 METAPHYSICIAN, met-a-fl-zish'an, n. one 
 versed in metaphysics. 
 
 METAPHYSICS, raet-a-flz'iks, n.ging. the 
 science which investigates the first prin- 
 ciples of nature and thought : ontology 
 or the science of beinfr- [So called from 
 certain works of Aristotle which follmced 
 or were studied after his physics — Gr. 
 meta, after, and lihysika, physics, from 
 physi.% natui-e.] 
 
 METATARSAL, met-artSr'sal, ac^: belong- 
 iu]^ to the front part of the foot, just 
 behind the toes. [Gr. meta, beyond, and 
 tamos, the flat of the foot.] 
 
 METATHESIS, me-tath'es-is, n. (gram.) 
 transposition of the letters of a word. 
 [Gr. — metatithSiyii, to transpose — meta, 
 over, tithSmi, to place.] 
 
 METAYER, me-tiiyer, n. a farmer who 
 pays, instead of other rent, a half, or 
 other fixed proportion, of the crops. [Fr. 
 — Low L. medietarius — L. medietas, the 
 half — mediuM, middle.] 
 
 METE, met, v.t. to measure. [A.S. metan; 
 Ger. messen, Goth, mitan, L. metier. Sans. 
 
 Wirt J 
 
 «IETE>IPSYCHOSIS, me-temp-si-kO'.Ms, n. 
 the transmigrationot the 80?(? after death 
 into some other body :—pl. Metempsy- 
 CHO'SES. [Gr. — meta, exprtssing change, 
 »nd einpsychosis, an animating — en, in, 
 psyciie. soul.] 
 
 dETEOR, me'te-or, n. a body which, in 
 passing through the earth's atmosphere, 
 becomes incandescent and luminous, as a 
 shooting-star or fire-ball : formerly used 
 of any appearance in the atmosphere, as 
 clouds, rain : (fig.) anything tliat tran- 
 siently dazzles or strides with wonder. 
 
 [Lit. " that which is suspended in the air," 
 Gr. metebron — meta, beyond, and ebra, 
 anything suspended, from aeiro, to lift.] 
 
 METEORIC, me-te-or'it. adj oertamma; to 
 or consisting of meteom ; proceeding from 
 a meteor : influenced by the weather. 
 
 METEOROLITE, me-te-or'o-lit, METEOR- 
 ITE, me'te-or-It, n. a meteoric stone 
 [Gr. meteoros, lithos, stone.] 
 
 METEOROLOGIST, me-te-or-ol'o-jist, ». 
 one sldlled in meteorology. 
 
 METEOROLOGY, me-te-br-ol'o-ji, n. the 
 science which treats of the atmosphere 
 and its phenomena, esp. of the weather. 
 — adjs. METEOROLOG'IC, MeTEOROLOG'IO- 
 AI. JGr. vieteoros, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 METER, me'ter, n. one who or that which 
 measures, esp. an apparatus for measur- 
 ing gas. [See Metre.] 
 
 METEYARD, met'yard, n. (B.) a yard or 
 rod for meting or measuring. 
 
 METHEGLIN, meth-eg'Un, n. mead, a fer- 
 mented liquor made from honey. [W. 
 meddyglyn, from medd, mead, and uyn, 
 liquor.] 
 
 METHINKS, me-thingks', (B.) METHINK'- 
 ETTH, v.impers., it seems to me : I think : 
 —pa.t. Methought, me-thawt'. [A.S. 
 me thynceth — me, dative of I, and zhyn- 
 can, to seem (impersonal). Not from 
 thencan, to think. Cf. Ger. diinken, to 
 seeraj 
 
 METHOD, meth'ud, n. the mode or rule of 
 accomplishing an end: orderly procedure: 
 manner : arrangement : system : rule : 
 classification. [Lit. " the way after any- 
 thing," Fr. — ^L. methodus — Gfr. methodos 
 — Tneta, after, and hodos, a way,] 
 
 METHODIC, me-thod'ik, METHODICAL, 
 me-thod'ik-al, adj. arranged with metlwd : 
 disposed in a just and natural manner : 
 formal. — adv. Method'icaixy. 
 
 METHODISM, meth'ud-izm, n. the prin- 
 ciples and Practice of the Methodists. 
 
 METHODIST, meth'ud-ist, n. (orig.) one 
 who observes method : one of a sect of 
 Christians founded by John Wesley (1703 
 — 1791), noted for tne strictness of its 
 discipline: one strict or formal in rehgion. 
 [The name first applied in 1729, in derision, 
 by their fellow students at Oxford, to 
 John Weslev and his associates.] 
 
 METHODISTlC, meth-ud-ist ik, METHOD- 
 ISTICAL, metli-ud-ist'ik-al, adj. resem- 
 bUng the Methodists : strict in religious 
 matters. — adv. Methodist'ICALLY. 
 
 METHODIZE, meth'ud-Iz, v.t. to reduce to 
 method : to dispose in due order. 
 
 METHOUGHT. See Uethinks. 
 
 METHYLATED SPIRIT, meth'il-St-ed 
 spir'it, n. a mixture of pure alcohol with 
 10 per cent of naphtha or wood-spirit, to 
 
 grevent people drinking it. 
 TONIC, me-ton'ik, adj. pertaining to the 
 lunar cycle of nineteen years. [From 
 Melon, an Athenian, tne discoverer, 
 about 480 B.C.] 
 
 METONYMIC, met-o-nlm'ik, METONYM- 
 ICAL, met-o-nim'ik-al, adj. used by way 
 of metonitmy. — adv. Metoxtm'ically, 
 
 METONYJiY, me-ton'i-mi or niet'o-nim-1, 
 n. (rhet.) a trope in which one word is 
 put for another related to it, as the effect 
 for the cause. [Lit. "a change of name," 
 L. — Gr, metdnj/mia — meta, expressing 
 change, and onoma, a name.] 
 
 METRE, me'ter, n. poetical incamire or ar- 
 rangement of syllables: rhythm : verse: 
 a Frpnch measure of length equal to 
 nearly 39i inches. [Fr. — L. metrum — 
 Gr. metron. See Mete.] 
 
 METRIC, met'rik, METRICAL, met'rik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to metre or to metrology: 
 consisting of verses. The Metrical sys- 
 tem is the French system of weights and 
 me.asures.whioh is founded on the French 
 Ttiitre; it divides or multiplies by ten. 
 
 and is therefore a decimal system.- -a<fo> 
 Met'ricat.t.y. 
 
 METROLOGY, me-trol'o-ji, n. the scieiu» 
 of weights and measures. [Gr. metron, 
 rneasure, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 METRONOME, met'ro-nom, n. an instriv 
 nient which measures musical time 
 [Gr. metron, measure, and nemo, to dis 
 tribute.] 
 
 METRONO.AIY, me-tron'o-ml, n. measure 
 nient of time by a metronome. 
 
 METROPOLIS, me-trop'o-Us, n. the chie« 
 city or capital of a country : (properly) 
 the chief cathedral city, as Canterbury 
 of England '-—pi- Metrop'OUSES. [Lit. 
 " mother city,^ L. — Gr. meter, mother 
 - ^vjQjyg Q citv 1 
 
 METROPOLIT'AN, met-ro-pol'it-an, adj. 
 belonging to a metropolis: pertaining 
 to the mother-church. — n. (oricj.) the 
 bishop of a metropolis or chief city : the 
 bishop who presides over the other bish- 
 ops of a province. [L. metropolitanvs. 
 See MetrOPOUS.] 
 
 METTLE, met!, n. ardor or keenness of 
 temperament: spirit: sprighthness: cour- 
 a^. [A metaphor from the metal of a 
 blade.] 
 
 METTLED, met'ld, METTLESOME, met!- 
 sum, adj. high-spirited : ardent. 
 
 MEW, mu, n. a sea-fowl : a gull. [A.S* 
 mceio ; cog. with Dut. meeuw. Ice. mar, 
 Ger. mowe — all imitative.] 
 
 MEW, mu, v.i. to cry as a cat. — n. the «ry 
 of a cat. [Imitative.] 
 
 MEW, mu, v.t. to shed or east : to cop fine, 
 as in a cage. — v.i. to change : to cait the 
 feathers : to moult. — n. a place for meii> 
 ing or confining : a cage for hawks while 
 mewing : generally in p?. a stable be- 
 cause the royal .stables were built wliere 
 the king's nawks were meiced or con- 
 fined : a place of confinement. [Fr. vnie: 
 a changing, esp. of the coat or skin— 
 miter, to mew — L. muto, to change.] 
 
 MIASM, mfazm, M IAS MA, nii-az'ma, w. 
 infectious matter floating in the air ads' 
 ing from putrefying bodies : — nl. Mi- 
 asms, MlASlLATA, mi-az'ma-ta. [Gr. mi- 
 asma — miaino, to stain.] 
 
 MIASMAL, mi-az'mal. MIASMATIC, ml- 
 az-mat'ik, adj. pertaining to or contain- 
 ing mias)na. 
 
 MICA, mi'ka, n. a glittering mineral which 
 cleaves into thin transparent plates, 
 sometimes used as glass. — adj. AIica'- 
 CEOUS. [L. mica, a crumb.] 
 
 MICE, mis, pi. of Mouse. 
 
 MICHAELMAS, roik'el-nias, n. the mass or 
 feast of St. Michael, a R. Cath. festival 
 celebrated Sept. 29. 
 
 MICROCOSM, mrkro-kozm, p. man. wh& 
 was regarded by ancient philosophers a» 
 a model or epitome of the nnirer.se. — adjs, 
 MicRocos'inc, MiCROCOS'MiCAL, pertain- 
 ing to the microcosm. [Lit. the "little 
 world," Fr. — L.— Gr., from mikros, little; 
 kosmos, world.] 
 
 MICROGRAPHY, niT-krog'ra-fi. n. the de- 
 scription of small or microscopic objects. 
 [Gr. mikros, little, and grapho, to write.] 
 
 MICROMETER, ml-krom'e-ter, n. an in- 
 strunient used with a telescope or micro- 
 scope for 7tieasuring verv small spaces. • 
 adj. JIicromet'rical. [tfr. mikros. liti.e 
 and metron. measure.] 
 
 MICROPHONE. mi'kro-fSn, n, an instru- 
 ment which, by means of an electric cur 
 rent, renders "the faintest soinul.i di» 
 tinetly audible. [Gr. mikros, little, and 
 phoni, sound.] 
 
 MICROSCOPE, mi'kro-skop. n. an optical 
 instrument for vieiring small or minute 
 ob,iocts. — n. MiCROS'cOFY. [Gr. mikros, 
 litth'. and skopeo, to look at.] 
 
 MICROSCOPIC, ml-kro-skop'ik, MICRO 
 SCOPICAL, mi-kro-skop'ik-al, adj. per*
 
 MICROSCOPIST 
 
 taiaing to a microscope: made by or 
 resembling a microscope : visible only by 
 the aid of a microscope. — adv. MlCKO- 
 
 SCOPICAIXY. 
 
 MICROSCOPIST, ml'kro-skop-ist, n. one 
 skilled ic the use of the microscope. 
 
 VID, mid, ad/., middle :' ntnated between 
 extremes. [A.S. mid, midd ; cog. with 
 Ger. mitte Cind mittel, L. medius, Gr. me- 
 SOS, Sans. madhyaJ] 
 dlD-DAuY, mid'-da, n. the middle of the 
 day : noon. 
 
 MIDDEN, mid'en, n. a heap of ashes or 
 dung. [From Soand., asD;in. moddiiig — 
 mug, dung ; cf. MUD and MuCK.] 
 
 MIDDLE, mid'l, adj. equally distant from 
 the extremes : intermediate : interven- 
 ing. — n. the middle point or part : midst : 
 central portion. [A.S. middel — mid (see 
 Mid); cog. with Dut. middel, Ger. mittel.] 
 
 dllDDLE-MAN, mid'1-man, 7i. one who 
 stands in the middle betwe',^ two per- 
 sons : an agent between t<vo parties : in 
 Ireland, one who rents land of proprie- 
 tors in large tracts, and lets it in portions 
 to the peasantry. — n. Middle Ages, the 
 period from the overthrow of the Roman 
 Empire in the 5th century to the Revival 
 of Learning at the end of the loth cen- 
 tury. — adjs. Middlemost, Midmost, (S.) 
 nearest the middle. — n. Middle-passage, 
 in the slave-trade, the voyage across the 
 Atlantic from Africa. — n. Middle term 
 (logic) that term of a syllogism with 
 which the two extremes are separately 
 compared. 
 
 MIDDLING, midTin^, adj. of middle rate, 
 state, size, or quahty: about equally dis- 
 tant from the extremes : moderate. 
 
 lODGE, mij, n. the common name of sev- 
 eral species of small dipterous insects, 
 resembling gnats, but having a shorter 
 proboscis. [A.S. tnicge, cog. with Ger. 
 miXeke, a gnat, and Dut. vmg.] 
 
 ^DLAND, mid'land. adj. in the middle of 
 or surrounded by land: distant from the 
 coast : inland. 
 
 MIDNIGHT, mid'nlt, n. the middle of the 
 night: twelve o'clock at night.— adj. 
 being at midnight : dark as midnight. 
 
 MIDRIB, mid'rib, n. (hot.) the continuation 
 oi the leaf-stalk to the jjoint of a leaf. 
 
 MIDRIFF, mid'rif, n. the diaphragm. [Lit. 
 the •' middle of the belly," A.S. mid, 
 middle, and hrif, the belly.] 
 
 MIDSHIP, mid'ship. adj. being in the mid- 
 dle erf a ship. — adv. Mid'ships. 
 
 MIDSHIPMAN, mid'ship-man, n. a naval 
 cadet or officer whose rank is intermedi- 
 ate between the common seamen and the 
 superior officers. 
 
 MIDST, midst, n. the middle. — adv. in 
 the middle. [From the M. E. phrase in 
 viidde-s. in the midst, with excrescent t 
 (cf. tchil-s-n. See MiD.] 
 
 MIDSUMMER, mid'sum-er, n. the middle of 
 summer : the summer solstice about the 
 21st of June. 
 
 MIDWAY, mid'wa, n. the middle of the 
 way or distance. — adj. being in the mid- 
 dle of the way or distance. — adv. half- 
 way. 
 
 MIDWIFE, mid'wit n. a woman who 
 assists others in jhildbirth -.—pi. MlD- 
 WIVES (mid'wTvz). [Lit. " helping- wo- 
 man," A.S. mid, together with (cog. with 
 Ger. mit, Gr. met-a), and ivif, woman.] 
 
 4IIDWIFERY, mid'wif-ri or mid'wif-ri, n. 
 iiit or practice of a midwife or accouch- 
 euse. 
 
 MID\VINTER, mid'win-ter, n. the middle 
 of icinter: the winter solstice (21st De- 
 cember), or the time about it. 
 
 MIEN, men, n. the look or appearance, esp. 
 of the face : manner : beaming. [Fr. mine 
 — Wiener, to lead, conduct ; Prov. se 
 menar, to behave one's self — L. viino, in 
 
 284 
 
 Lovi- L., to drive cattle. See AmenabLiB 
 
 and Demeanor.] 
 MIGHT, mIt, pa.t. of May. 
 MIGHT, mit. n., powei': ability: strength: 
 
 energy or intensity of purpose or feeling. 
 
 — JIlGHT AND JlAlN, utniost strength. 
 
 [A.S. meaht, miht ; Goth, mahts, Ger. 
 
 macht ; from root of May.] 
 MIGHTINESS, mit'i-nes, n. power : great- 
 ness : a title of dignity : excellency. 
 MIGHTY, mit'i. adj. having great power : 
 
 strong: valiant: very great: important: 
 
 exhibiting might : wonderful. — adv. 
 
 Might'ilt. 
 MIGNONETTE, min-yo-net', n. an annual 
 
 plant, bearing sweet-scented flowers. 
 
 [Fr., dim. of mignon, darling. See 
 
 lIlNIONj 
 
 MIGRATE, mfgrat, v.i. to remove for resi- 
 dence from one country to another. [L. 
 migro, migratus, akin to meo, to go.] 
 
 MIGRATION, ml-gra'shun, n. a change of 
 abode from one country or climate to 
 another. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 MIGRATORY, mfgra-tor-i, a<^"., migrating 
 or accustomed to migrate : wandering. 
 
 MILCH, mOch, adj. giving milk. [AnoHier 
 form of MiLK.J 
 
 MILD, mild, adj. gentle in temper and dis- 
 position : not sharp or bitter : acting 
 gently : gently and pleasantly affecting 
 the senses: soft: calm. — adv. Mn.n 'i.v. — 
 n. MiLD'NESs. [A.S. milde, mild, merci- 
 ful ; a word common to the Teut. lan- 
 guages, as Ger. mild. Ice. mildr, gracious, 
 etc.T 
 
 MILDEW, mil'du, n. a disease on plants, 
 marked by the growth on them of minute 
 fungi. — v.t. to taint with mildew. [A.S. 
 mele-dedw, prob. sig. " honey-dew ; " 
 mele- being prob. cog. with L. md, honey, 
 Gr. meli. See DewT] 
 
 MILE, mil, n. 1760 yards. [A.S. mil ; Fr. 
 mille ; both a contr. of L. mille jJossuum, 
 a thousand paces, tlie Roman mile.] 
 
 MILEAGE, mll'aj, w. fees paid by the mile 
 for travel or conveyance: length in miles. 
 
 MILESTONE, mil'ston, n. a stone set to 
 mark the distance of a mile. 
 
 MILFOIL, mil'foil, n. the herb yarrow, re- 
 markable for the numerous divisions of 
 its leaf. [L. millefolium — mille, thousand, 
 and folium, a leaf.] 
 
 MILIARY, mil'yar-i, adj. resembling a wii7- 
 fei-seed : attended with an ei-uption of 
 small red pimples, like millet-seeds, as 
 fever. [L. milium.] 
 
 MILITANT, mil'i-tant, a^j. fighting : en- 
 gaged in warfare. [L. mUitans, -antis, 
 pr.p. of milito.] 
 
 MILITARISM, mil'i-tar-izm, n. an excess 
 of the military spirit. 
 
 MILITAKY, mil'i-tar-i, adj. pertaining to 
 sohliers or warfare : warlike : becoming 
 a soldier : engaged in the profession of 
 arms : derived from service as a soldier. 
 — n. soldiery : the .army. [L. militaris — 
 miles, a soldier.] 
 
 MILITATE, mil'i-tat, v.i. (lit.) to be a sol- 
 dier, to fight : to contend : to stand op- 
 posed. 
 
 MILITIA, mi-lish'a, n. a body of men en- 
 rolled and drilled as soldiers, but only 
 liable to home service. [L. militia, war- 
 fare, soldieiy — miles, militis.] 
 
 MILITIAMAN, mi-lish'a-man, n. a man or 
 soldier in the militia force. 
 
 MILK, milk, v.t. to squeeze or draw milk 
 from : to supply witli milk. — n. a white 
 fluid secreted by female maiuiiials for the 
 nourishment of their young : a mUk- 
 like juice of certain plants. — n. Md^ER. 
 [A.S. meolc, milk ; Ger. milch, niUk, L. 
 mulgeo, to milk ; ong. meaning to 
 "stroke," "squeeze," as in Sans, marj, 
 to rub, stroke.] 
 
 MILK-FEVER, milk'-fe'ver. n. a fever ac- 
 
 a woman who 
 
 piece of bread 
 an effeminate. 
 
 MILLION 
 
 companying the secretion of milk after 
 
 bearing. 
 
 MILKilAID, mUk'mad, 71. 
 milks : a dairymaid. 
 
 MILKSOP, milk'sop, n. a 
 sopped or soaked in viilh : 
 silly fellow. 
 
 MILK-TEEE, milk'-tre, m. a tree jnelding 
 a milk-liku, nourishing juice, as the cow 
 tree of S. America. 
 
 MILKY, milk'i, adj. made of, full of, like 
 or yielding milk : soft : gentle. — adv. 
 Milk'ily.— (i. Milk'iness.— ?i. Milk'y- 
 WAY (flstr.) a broad, luminous or whitish 
 zone in the sky, supposed to be the light 
 of innumerable fixed stars. 
 
 MILL, mU, n. a machine for grinding any 
 substance, as grain, by crushing it be- 
 tween two hard, rough surfaces : a place 
 where grinding or manufacture of some 
 kind is carried on. — v.t. to grind : to 
 press or stamp in a mill : to stamp, as 
 coin: to clean, as cloth. [A.S. miln, 
 which like Ger. miihle, is from L. mola, a 
 mUl — molo, to grind, akin to Sans, mrtd, 
 to bruise. See Mae.] 
 
 MILLCOG, mil'kog, n. a cog' of a miU- 
 wheel. 
 
 MILLDAM, mil'dam, MILLPOND, mU'- 
 pond, n. a dam or pond to hold water for 
 driving a mill. 
 
 MTTJ.ENARIAN, mil-le-na'ri-an, adj. last- 
 ing a thousand years: pertaining to the 
 millennium. — n. one believing in the 
 millennium. — ns. Millena'rlanism, Mil'- 
 LENARISM, the doctrine of millenarians. 
 
 MILLENARY, mil'e-nar-i, adj. consisting 
 of a thousand. — n. a thousand years. 
 [L. millenarius — milleni, a thousand eack 
 — mille, a thousand.] 
 
 MILLENNIAL, mil-len'i-al, adj. pertaining, 
 to a thousand years: pertaining to the-, 
 millennium. 
 
 MILLENNLINISM, mil-len'i-an-izm, MUr 
 LENNIARISM, mil-len'i-ar-izui. n. belief 
 in the millennium. — n. Millekn'Ialist, a 
 believer iu the millennium. 
 
 MrLLENNTLTM, mil-len'i-um, n. a tliousand 
 years : the thousand years during which, 
 as some believe, Christ will personally 
 reign on the earth. [L. mille, a thousand!, 
 annus, a yeai-.] 
 
 MILLEPED, mire-ped, n. a small worm- 
 like animal, with an uumense number of 
 legs:— pi. Mn,T/EfU)ES (-pedz). [L. mille- 
 peda — mUle, a thousand, and pes, pedis, 
 a loot.] 
 
 MILLER, mU'er, n. one who attends a corn- 
 mill. 
 
 MILLERS -THUMB, mil'erz-thum, n. a 
 small fresh-water fish with a large, broad, 
 and rounded head like a miller's thumb, 
 the river bull-head. 
 
 MILLESDIAL, mil-les'im-al, adj., tlioU' 
 sandth: consisting of thousandth parts. 
 — adv. MiLLES'DiALLY. [L. millesimus— 
 mille, a thousand.] 
 
 MILLET, mil'et n. a grass yielding grain 
 used for food. [Fr. millet — L. milium; 
 from mille, a thousand, from the number 
 of its seeds.] 
 
 MILLIARD, rnil'yard, n. a thousand mill- 
 ions. [Fr. — L. mille, a thousand.] 
 
 MILLINER, mil'in-er, n. one who makec 
 head-dresses, bonnets, etc., for women. 
 [Prob. from Milaner, a trader in Milan 
 wares, esp. female finery.] 
 
 MILLINERY, mil'in-er-i, n. the articles 
 made or sold by milliners. 1 
 
 MILLING, mil'ing, ?;. the act ol passing 
 through a mill: the act of fulling cloth : 
 the process of indenting coin on the edge. 
 
 MILLION, mil'yun, n. a thousand thou- 
 sands (1,000,000): a very great number. 
 [Fr. — Low L. millio—L. milk, a thou- 
 sand.] 
 
 5
 
 MILLIONAIRE 
 
 285 
 
 MINTER 
 
 MILLIONAIRE, mil'yun-ar. n. a man 
 worth a million of money or enormously 
 rich. [Fr.] 
 
 MILLIONARY, mil'yun-ar-i, adj. pertain- 
 ing- to or consisting- of millions. 
 
 MILLIONTH, mil'yunth, adj. or 7i. the ten 
 hundred thousandth. 
 
 MILLRACE. mil'ras, n. the current of 
 water that turns a mJHwheel, or the 
 canal in which it runs. 
 
 MILLSTONE, niil'ston. n. one of the two 
 stones used in a ??i(7Z for grinding grain. 
 
 MILLSTONE-GRIT, mil'ston-grit, ?i. (geol.) 
 a. hard gritty variety of sandstone suit- 
 able for millstones. 
 
 MILLWRIGHT, mil'rit. n. a u-right or 
 mechanic who builds and repairs mills. 
 
 MILT, milt, n. the soft roe of fishes: (anat.) 
 the spleen. — I'.f. to impregnate, as the 
 spawn of the female fish. — n. Milt'er. a 
 male fish. [A.S. milte : Ger. milz : from 
 the root of Melt, or corr. from Milk, as 
 in Sw. mjiilk, milk, mjolke, milt of fishes, 
 and Ger. milch, milk, milt of fishes.] 
 
 MIME, mlm, n. a kind of farce, in which 
 scenes from actual life were represented 
 by action and gesture : an actor in such 
 a farce. [Gr. mimos.^ 
 
 MIMETIC, ml-met'ik, MIMETICAL, ml- 
 met'ik-al, adj. apt to mimic or imitate. 
 [Gr. mimetikos — mimos, an imitator ; cf. 
 L. i-mi-to, to imitate.] 
 
 MIMIC, mim'ik, MIMICAL, mim'ik-al, adj., 
 imitative : apt to copy : consisting of 
 ludicrous imitation : miniature. 
 
 MIMIC, mim'ik, v.t. to imitate for sport: — 
 pr.p. mim'icking ; pa.p. mim'icked. — n. 
 one who mimics or imitates: a buffoon: a 
 servile imitator. 
 
 MIMICRY, mim'ik-ri, n. act or practice of 
 one who mimics. 
 
 MIMOSA, mi-mo'za, n. a genus of legu- 
 minous plants, including the sensitive 
 plant, said to be so called from its imi- 
 tating animal sensibility. [From Gr. 
 mimos, an imitator ; cf. L. i-mi-to.'\ 
 
 MINA, mT'na, n. (B.) a weight of money 
 valued at fifty shekels. [L. mina, Gr. 
 noia.] 
 
 MINARET, min'a-ret, n. a turret on a 
 Mohammedan mosque, from which the 
 people are summoned to prayers. [Sp. 
 minarete — Ar. manarat, lighthouse — 
 nar, fire J 
 
 MINATORY, min'a-tor-i, adj. threatening: 
 menacing. [L. minor, minutus, to threat- 
 en.] 
 
 MINCE, mins, v.t. to cut into small pieces: 
 to chop fine : to diminish or suppress a 
 part in speaking : to pronounce affect- 
 edly. — v.i. to walk with affected nicety : 
 to speak affectedly : — pr.p. minc'ing ; 
 pa.p. minced (minsf). [A.S. minsian — 
 min, small ; prob. from same Teut. base 
 as Fr. mince, thin.] 
 
 MINCED -PIE, minst'-pl, MINCE -PIE, 
 mins'-pl, n. a pie made with minced 
 meat, etc. 
 
 MINCING, mins'ing, adj. not giving fully: 
 speaking or walking with affected nicety. 
 — adv. MlNC'lNGLY. 
 
 MIND, mind, n. the faculty by which we 
 think, etc. : the understanding : the 
 whole spiritual nature : choice : inten- 
 tion : thoughts or sentiments : belief : 
 remembrance : {B.) disposition. — v.t. 
 {orig.) to remind : to attend to : to obey: 
 [Scotch) to remember. — v.i. (B.) to intend. 
 [A.S. ge-mynd — munan. to think ; Ger. 
 meinen. to think ; L. mens, the mind, 
 Gr. menos, mind. Sans, manas, mind, all 
 from root man, to think.] 
 
 MINDED, mind'ed, adj. having a mind: 
 disposed: determined. — n. Mind'edness. 
 
 MINDFUL, mind'fool, adj., bearing in 
 mind: attentive: observant. — adv. Mind'- 
 
 FULLY. — n. MIND'FULNESS. 
 
 MINDLESS, mind'les, adj. without mind: 
 
 stupid. 
 
 MINE, min. adj.pron. belonging to me: my. 
 [A.S. min ; Ger. 7nein. See SlE, My.] 
 
 MINE, min, v.t. to dig for metals : to ex- 
 cavate : to dig underground in order to 
 overturn a wall : to destroy by secret 
 means. — n. a place from which metals 
 are dug : an excavation dug under a for- 
 tification to blow it up with gunpowder : 
 a rich source of wealth. [Lit. to " lead " 
 or form a passage underground, Fr. 
 miner — Low L. minare, to lead, drive 
 (cattle) by threats — L. minor, to threaten 
 — mince, "threats. See Amenable and 
 Menace.] 
 
 MINER, min'er, n. one who digs in a mine. 
 
 MINERAL, min'er-al, n. an inorganic sub- 
 stance found in the earth or at its sur- 
 face : any substance containing a metal. 
 — adj. relating to minerals : impregnated 
 with minerals, as water : a term applied 
 to inorganic substances. [Fr. — Low L. 
 minerale — minera, a mine. See Mine ] 
 
 MINERALIST, min'er-al-ist, n. one versed 
 in or employed about minerals. 
 
 MINERALIZE, min'er-al-iz, v.t. to make 
 into a mineral : to give the properties of 
 a mineral to : to impregnate with min- 
 eral matter. — v.i. to collect minerals. — n. 
 Mineraliza'tion. 
 
 MINERALOGICAL, min-er-al-oj'ik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to mineralogy. — adx\ Miner- 
 
 ALOO'ICALLY. 
 
 MINERALOGIST, min-er-al'o-jist, n. one 
 
 versed in mineralogy. 
 MINERALOGY, min-er-al'o-ji, n. the science 
 
 of minerals: the art of describing and 
 
 classifying minerals. [Mineral, and Gr. 
 
 logos, discourse, science.] 
 MINEVER, min'e-ver, n. same as Meni- 
 
 VER. 
 
 MINGLE, ming'gl, v.t. to mix: to unite 
 into one mass : to confuse : to join in 
 mutual intercourse. — v.i. to be miyed or 
 contused. — n. Ming'ler. [A.S. mengan ; 
 Dut. mengelen, Ger. mengen; conn, with 
 Among, Many.] 
 
 MINGLING, ming'gling, n., mixture: a 
 mixing or blending together. — adr.MlNG'- 
 lingly. 
 
 MINIATURE, min'i-a-tQr or mln'i-tiir, n. 
 a painting on a small scale : a small or 
 reduced copy of anything. — adj. on a 
 small scale : minute. — v.t. to represent 
 on a small scale. [Fr. — It. miniatura, a 
 painting like those used to ornament 
 manuscripts — minio, to write with red 
 lead — L. tninium, vermilion.] 
 
 MINIKIN, min'i-kin, n. a little darling : a 
 small sort of pin. — adj. small. [Dim. of 
 Minion.] 
 
 MINIM, rain'im, n. (med.) the smallest 
 liquid measure, a drop, ^ drachm : 
 (mils.) a note equal to two crotchets. 
 [Fr. minime — L. minimus, the least, the 
 smallest.] 
 
 MINIMIZE, min'i-mlz, v.t. to reduce to the 
 smallest po.ssible proportion: to diminish. 
 [From Minim.] 
 
 MINIMUM, min'i-mum, n. the least quan- 
 tity or degiee possible : a trifle : — pi. 
 Min'ima. l^L.] 
 
 MINING, min'ing, n. the art of forming or 
 working mines. 
 
 MINION, min'yun, n. a. darling, a. favorite, 
 esp. of a prince : a flatterer : (2irint.) a 
 small kind of type. [Fr. mignon, a dar- 
 ling — O. Ger. minni, minne, love, from 
 the root of Man and Mind.] 
 
 MINISH, min'ish, v.t. (B.) to make little or 
 less : to diminish. [Fr. memiiser. to cut 
 small, said of a carpenter — L. minuo, to 
 lessen — minor, less. See MINOR.] 
 
 MINISTER, min'is-ter, n. a servant : one 
 serving at the altar : a clergyman : one 
 transacting business under another : 
 
 one intrusted with the management of 
 state affairs : the representative of a 
 government at a foreign court. — v.i. to 
 attend, as a servant : to perform duties : 
 to give things needful. — v.t. to furnish': 
 —pr.p. min'istering ; pa.p. min'istered. 
 [L. — minor, less. See Minor. See Mag- 
 istrate.] 
 
 MINISTERIAL, min-is-te'ri-al, adj. pei>- 
 taining to attendance as a servant : acting 
 under superior authority : pertaining to 
 the office of a minister : clerical : exec- 
 utive. — adv. Ministe'rially. 
 
 MINISTRANT, min'is-trant, adj. adminis- 
 tering : attendant. [L. ministrans, -an- 
 tis, pr.p. of ministro, to minister — min- 
 ister. ] 
 
 MINISTRATION, min-is-tra'shun, n. art of 
 ministering or performing service : office 
 or service of a minister. [L. ministratio 
 —ministro.'] 
 
 MINISTRATIVE, min'is-trat-iv, adj. serv- 
 ing to aid or assist. 
 
 MINISTRY, min'is-tri, n. act of minister- 
 ing : .service : office or duties of a minis- 
 ter : the clergy : the clerical profession : 
 the body of persons employed to admin- 
 ister the government ; cabinet ; ad- 
 ministration. 
 
 MINIYER. Same as Meniter. 
 
 MINK, mingk. n. a small quadruped of the 
 weasel kind, valued for its fur. [A form 
 of Minx.] 
 
 MINNOW, min'o, n. a very smatl fresh- 
 water fish : the young of larger fish. 
 [A.S. myne, prob. from A.S. min, small, 
 and therefore from the same root as 
 Mince and Minute.] 
 
 MINOR, ml'nor, adj., smaller : less: inferior 
 in impoi-tance, degree, bulk, etc.: incon- 
 siderable: lower: (wmsic) lower by a semi- 
 tone : (logic) the term of a syllogism 
 which forms the subject of the conclu- 
 sion. — 71. a person under age (21 years). 
 [L. — root, 7nin. small.] 
 
 MINORITE, mi'nor-It. n. name for the 
 Franciscan friars, adopted in humility by 
 St. Francis the founder. [L. Fratrea 
 Minores, "lesser brethren."] 
 
 MINORITY, mi-nor'i-ti, n. the being under 
 age : the smaller number : — opposed to 
 Majority. 
 
 MINOTAUR, min'o-tawr, n. the Imll of 
 Minos, a fabulous monster, half man 
 half bull. [L. 7ninotaurus — Minos, an 
 ancient king of Crete, and <CH(n(s, a bull.] 
 
 MINSTER, min'ster, n. the church of a 
 monastery or one to which a monastery 
 has been attached : sometimes a cathe- 
 dral church. [A.S. mynster — L. monas- 
 terium, a monastery. See Monastery.] 
 
 MINSTREL, min'strel, ?(. one who minis- 
 tered to the amusement of the rich by 
 music or jesting : one of an order of men 
 who sang to the harp verses composed 
 by themselves or others : a musician. 
 [O. Fr. menestrel — Low L. ministralis, 
 from L. mini.'iter. See Minister.] 
 
 MINSTRELSY, min'strel-si, n. the art or 
 occupation of a minstrel : the collective 
 body of minstrels : a body of song : in- 
 strumental music. 
 
 MINT. mint. n. the place where money is 
 coined by authority : a place where any- 
 thing is invetitec"! or fabricated : any 
 source of abundant supply. — v.t. to coin: 
 to invent. [A.S. myiiet, monej' — L. 
 moneta (the "warning" one), a surname 
 of Juno, in whose temple at Rome money 
 was coined — moneo, to remind.] 
 
 MINT, mint, jj. an aromatic plant produc- 
 ing a highly odoriferous oil. [A.S. mints 
 — L. miiitha — Gr. mintha.] 
 
 MINTAGE, mint'aj, )i. that which is minted 
 or coined : the duty paid for coining. 
 
 MINTER, mint'er, n. one who mints or 
 coins : an inventor.
 
 MINUEND 
 
 MINUEND, min'u-end, n. the number to 
 be lessened by subtraction. [L. viinu- 
 endiim — minuo, to lessen, from i-oot of 
 Minor.] 
 
 ^IINUET, min'u-et, n. a slow, graceful 
 dance with short steps : the tune regu- 
 lating such a dance. [Fr. menuet — menu, 
 small— root of Minor.] 
 
 WINUS, mrnus, a(ij. , less : the sign ( — ) be- 
 fore quantities requiring to be sub- 
 tracted. [L., neuter of minor, less.] 
 
 ^NUTE, min-ut', adj. very small : ex- 
 tremely slender or little : of small con- 
 sequence : slight : attentive to small 
 tilings : particular : exact. — adv. Mix- 
 ute'ly. — n. JIinute'ness. [Fr. — L. min- 
 ntiis, pa.p. or minuo, to lessen.] 
 
 OUNUTE, min'it or -ut, n. the sixtieth part 
 of an hour : the sixtieth part of a degree: 
 an indefinitely small space of time : a 
 brief jotting or note : — pi. a brief report 
 of the proceedings of a meeting. — i:t. to 
 make a brief jotting or note of anything. 
 [Same word as above, and lit. sig. a 
 '• small portion " of time.] 
 
 MINUTE-BOOK, min'it-book, n. a book 
 containing minutes or short notes. 
 
 MINUTE-GLASS, min'it-glas, n. a glass fh& 
 sand of which measures a minute in run- 
 ning-. 
 
 MINUTE-GUN, min'it-gun, n. a gun dis- 
 charged every minute, as a signal of dis- 
 tress or mourning. 
 
 MINUTE-HAND, miu'it-hand, n. the hand 
 that points to the minutes on a clock or 
 watch. 
 
 MINUTLffi, mi^iu'shi-e, n.pl., minute or 
 small things : the smallest particulars or 
 details. [L.] 
 
 MINX, mingks, n. a pert young girl : a she- 
 puppy : a mink. [Contr. of Minikin.] 
 
 MIOCENE, ml'o-sen, adj. (geol.) less recent, 
 applied to the middle division of the ter- 
 tiary strata. [Gr. meion, less, and kainos, 
 recent.] 
 
 CORACLE, mir'a-kl, n. anything u-onder- 
 Jid : a prodigy: anything beyond human 
 power, and deviating from the common 
 action of the laws of nature : a supernat- 
 ural event. [Fr. — L. miraculum, from 
 miror, miratus, to wonder.] 
 
 MIRACULOUS, mi-rak'u-lus, adj. of the 
 nature of a miracle: done by supernat- 
 ural power: very wonderful: able to per- 
 form miracles. — adv. BIirac'ctlously. — 
 
 n. JIIRAC'ULOUSNESS. 
 
 MIRAGE, mi-razh', n. an optical illusion 
 by which objects are seen double as if re- 
 flected in a mirror, or appear as if sus- 
 pended in the air. [Fr., from root of 
 Mirror.] 
 
 MIRE, mir, n. deep mud. — v.t. to plunge 
 and fix in mire : to soU with mud. — v.i. 
 to sink in mud. [Ice. myri, marsh ; Dut. 
 moer. mud, bog.] 
 
 MIRROR, mir'uf, n. a looking-glass : any 
 polished substance in which objects may 
 be seen : a patte"n. — v.t. to reflect as in 
 a mirror -.—pr.p. mirr'oring •,pa.p. mirr'- 
 ored. [Fr. miroir — L. mvror, -atus, to 
 wonder at.] 
 
 MIRTH, merth, n., murriness: pleasure: 
 delight : noisy gaiety : jollity : laughter. 
 [A.S. myrth, from Gael, mireadh — mir, 
 to sport. See Merry.] 
 
 MIRTHFUL, merth'fool, adj., full of mirth 
 or merriment : merry : jo\aal. — adv. 
 Mirth fully. — n. SIirth'fulness. 
 
 JJIRY, mi'ri, adj. consisting of or abound- 
 ing in mire: covered with mire. — n. 
 
 SIl'RINESS. 
 
 MIS-. This prefix has two sources ; it is 
 either A.S. from root of verb to Miss ; or 
 it stands for Fr. mes-. from L. minus, 
 less ; in both cases the meaning is 
 •' wrong," " ill." Where the prefix is Fr., 
 it is so noted. See list of Prefi.xes. 
 
 286 
 
 MISADVENTURE, mis-ad-Ten'tur, n. an 
 unfortunate adventure : ill-luck : disas- 
 ter. [Fr. mes-, ill, and Adventure.] 
 
 MISADVISED, mis-ad-vizd', adj. ill-adT 
 vised, ill-directed. 
 
 MISALLIANCE, mis-al-li'ans, n. a bad or 
 improper alliance or association. [Fr., 
 mes-.] 
 
 MISANTHROPE, mis'an-throp, MISAN- 
 THROPIST, mis-an'thro-pist, n. a hater 
 of mankind. [Fr. — Gr. misanthropos — 
 tiiiseo, to hate, anthropos, a man.] 
 
 MISANTHROPIC. mis-an-throp'ik,MISAN- 
 THROPICAL, mis-an-throp'ik-al, wJj. 
 hating mankind. — adv. Misantheop'ic- 
 ally. 
 
 MISANTHROPY, mis-an'thro-pi, n. hatred 
 to mankind. 
 
 MISAPPLY, mis-ap-pli', v.t. to apply amiss 
 or wrongly. — n. Misappuca'TION. 
 
 MISAPPREHEND, mis-ap-pre-hend', v.t. to 
 apprehend wrongly. — n. Misapprehen'- 
 
 SION. 
 
 MISAPPROPRIATE, mis-ap-pro'pri-at, v.t. 
 to appropriate wrongly. — n. Misapfeo- 
 pria'tion. 
 
 MISAKRANGE, mis-ar-ranj',v.f. to arrange 
 wronglv. — n. MisaERANGE'MENT. 
 
 MISBEC6ME, mis-be-kum', v.t. not to suit 
 or befit. 
 
 MISBEHAVE, mis-be-liav', v.i. to behave 
 ill or improperl}'. — n. JIisbehav'ior. 
 
 MISBELIEVE, mis-be-leV, v.t. to believe 
 wrongly or falsely. — ns. Misbelief', Mis- 
 believ'er. 
 
 MISCALCULATE, mis-kal'ku-lat, v.t. to 
 calculate wrongly. — n. Miscalcula'tion. 
 
 MISCALL, mis-kawl', v.t. to call by a wrong 
 name : to abuse or re%ile. 
 
 MISCARRIAGE, mis-kar'ij, n. the act of 
 miscarrying : failure : ill-conduct : the 
 act of bringing forth young prematurely. 
 
 MISCARRY, mis-kar'i, v.i. to carry badly : 
 to be unsuccessful : to fail of the m- 
 tended effect : to bring forth, as young, 
 prematurely. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS, mis-sel-lan'i-us, adj., 
 mi.ved or mingled : consisting of several 
 kinds.— adc. Miscellan'eously.— ?i. Mis- 
 cell\Veousness. [L. miscellaneus — mis- 
 eeo, to mix. See Mix.] 
 
 MLSCELLANY, mis'el-an-i or mis-el', n. a 
 mixture of various kinds : a collection of 
 writings on different subjects. — n. MlS- 
 CELL'anist. a writer of miscellanies. 
 
 MISCBLANCE, mis-chans', n. ill-luck : mis- 
 hap, misfortune : calamitv. [Fr. mes-.'] 
 
 raSCHIEF, mis'chif, n. that which ends 
 ill : an ill consequence : ev\\ : injury : 
 damage. [O. Fr. -.neschef, from mes-, ill, 
 and chef — L. caput, the head.] 
 
 MISCHIEVOUS, mis'chiv-us, adj. causmg 
 mischief : injurious : prone to mischief. 
 — adv. Mis'chievously.— 71. Mls'CHIEV- 
 ousness. 
 
 MISCIBLE, mis'si-bl, adj. that may be 
 mixed. [Fr. — L. misceo, to mix.] 
 
 MISCONCEIVE, mis-kon-sev', v.t. to con- 
 ceive wrongly : to mistake. — v.i. to have 
 a wrong conception of anj-thing. — n. Mis- 
 conception. 
 
 MISCONDUCT, mis-kon'dukt, n. bad con- 
 duct.— r.f. Misconduct', to conduct badlv. 
 
 lUSCONSTRUE, mis-kon'stroo, v.t. to con- 
 strue or interpret wrongly. — n. MISCON- 
 struo'tios. 
 
 MISCOUNT, mis-kownt', v.t. to count 
 wronglj'. — n. a wrong counting. [Fr. 
 mes-.] 
 
 JHSCREANT, mis'ln-e-ant, n. formerly, a 
 misbeliever : an infidel : a vile or unprin- 
 cipled fellow. [O. Fr. mescreant — mes-, 
 and L. eredens, -entis, pr.p. of credo, to 
 believe.] 
 
 MISDATE, mis-dat', n. a wrong date. — v.t. 
 to date wrongly or erroneously. 
 
 MISPRINT 
 
 MISDEED, mis-ded', n. a bad deed : fault i 
 crime. 
 
 MISDEMEANOR, mis-de-men'ur, n. ill de- 
 meanor : bad conduct : a petty crime. 
 
 MISDIRECT, mis-di-rekt'. v.t. to direct 
 wrongly. — n. Misdieec'tiox. 
 
 MISDO, mis-doO', v.t. to do wrongly: to 
 commit a crime or fault. — n. I^Iisdo'eb. 
 
 MISEMPLOY', mis-em-ploy', v.t. to emploj 
 wrongly or amiss : to misuse. 
 
 MISER, mi'zer, n. an extremely covetous 
 person : a niggard : one whose chief 
 pleasure is the hoarding of wealth. [L. 
 miser, wretched or miserable.] 
 
 MISERABLE, miz'er-a-bl, adj., u-retched or 
 exceedingly unhappy : causing misery ; 
 very poor or mean: worthless: despicable: 
 barren. — adv. Mis'erably. — n. JIls'ER- 
 ableness. [Fr. — L. miserabilis — miser.] 
 
 MISERERE, miz-e-re're, n. inR.C.Churcli, 
 the olst psalm, beginning with this word, 
 and usually appointed for penitential acts: 
 a musical composition adapted to this 
 psalm. [L. 2d pers. sing, imperative of 
 misereor, to liave mercy, to pity — miser, 
 wretched.] 
 
 MISERLY, mi'zer-li, adj. excessively cov- 
 etous : sordid : niggardh-. 
 
 MISERY, miz'er-i, n., ivretchedness : great 
 unhappiness : extreme pain of body or 
 mind. [O. Fr. miserie — L. miseria. 'See 
 
 MlSER.l 
 
 MISFORTUNE, mis-for'tun, n. ill-fortune : 
 
 an evil accident : calamity. 
 MISGIVE, mis-giv', v.i. to fail, as the heart. 
 
 — n. Mlsorv'iNG, a failing of confidence : 
 
 mistrust. 
 MISGOTTEN, mis-got'n, adj. wrongly got- 
 
 ten : unjustly obtained. 
 MISGOVERN, mis-guv'ern, v.t. to govern 
 
 ill. — ?(. Misgov'ernjient. 
 MISGUIDE, mis-gid', v.t. to guide wrongly 
 
 to lead into error. — n. Misguid'ance. 
 MISHAP, mis-hap', n., ill-hap or chance ; 
 
 accident : ill-luck : misfortune. 
 MISIMPROVE, mis-un-proov', v.t. to apply 
 
 to a bad purpose : to abuse : to misuse. 
 
 — n. Misimprove'uent. 
 MISINFORM, niis-in-form', v.t. to inform 
 
 or tell incorrectly. — ns. Mislnforma'tion, 
 
 Misinform'er. 
 MISINTERPRET, mis-in-ter'pret, v.t. to 
 
 interpret wrongly. — ns. Misinterpeeta'- 
 
 TION, MiSINTER'PRETER. 
 
 MIS JOIN, mis-join', v.t. to join improperly 
 
 or unfitly. 
 MISJOINDER, mis-join'der, n. (laiv) an ?(i- 
 
 correct union of parties or of causes of 
 
 action in a suit. 
 MISJUDGE, mis-juj', v.t. and v.i. to judge 
 
 wiongly. — n. Misjudg'ment. 
 MISLAY, mis-la', r.t. to lay in a wrong 
 
 place or in a i^lace not remembered : to 
 
 lose. 
 MSLE, miz'l. See Mizzle. 
 MLSLEAD, mis-led', v.t. to lead wrong : to 
 
 guide into error : to cause to mistake. 
 JIISLETOE. See Mistletoe. 
 MISMANAGE, mis-man'aj, v.t. to manage 
 
 or conduct ill. — n. Misman'agement. 
 MISNAJIE. mis-uam', v.t. to call by the 
 
 wrong name. 
 MISNOSlER, mis-no'mer. n. a misnaming 
 
 a wrong name. [O. Fr., from Fr. mes- 
 
 and nommer — ^L. notnino, to name. Sef 
 
 Nominate.] 
 MISOGASIIST, mis-og'a-mist, n. a hafei of 
 
 marriage. — ?i. Misog'ajiy. [Gr. mised, to 
 
 liate, and gamos, marriage.] 
 MISOGYNIST, mis-oj'i-nist. n. a rvoman- 
 
 hater. — n. JIisog'yny. [Gr. miseo, to 
 
 hate, and gyne, a woman.] 
 MISPLACE, mis-plas', v.t. to put in a wrong 
 
 place : to set on an improper object. — n. 
 
 Misplace'jient. 
 MISPRINT, mis-print', r.f. to print wrong. 
 
 — n. a mistake in printing. 
 
 1
 
 MISPRISION 
 
 287 
 
 MOCKERY 
 
 MISPRISION, mis-prizh'un, n. (law) over- 
 sig-ht. neglect, contempt. [Fr. See Mis- 
 prize.] 
 
 MISPRIZE, mis-priz', v.t. to slight or un- 
 dei-value. [Fr. mes-, and Prize.] 
 
 MISPRONOUNCE, mis-pro-nowns', v.t. to 
 pronounce incorrectly. 
 
 MISPRONUNCIATION, mis-pro-nun-si-a'- 
 shun, n. wrong or improper pronuncia- 
 tion. 
 
 illSQUOTE, mis-kwof, v.t. to quote wrong- 
 ly.— «. Misquota'tion, a wrong- quotation. 
 
 MISRECKON, mis-rek'n, v.t. to reckon or 
 compute wrongly. — n. JIISRECK'O^^Na. 
 
 MISREPRESENT, mis-rep-re-zent', v.t. to 
 represent incorrectly. — n. Misrepeesen- 
 ta'tion. 
 
 MISRULE, mis-rool', n. wrong or unjust 
 rule : disorder : tumult. 
 
 MISS, mis, n. a title of address of an un- 
 married female : a young woman or girl : 
 —pi. Miss'ES. [Contracted from Mis- 
 tress.] 
 
 MISS. mis. v.t. to fail to hit, reach, find, or 
 keep : to omit : to fail to have : to dis- 
 cover the absence of : to feel the want 
 of. — v.i. to fail to hit or obtain. — n. a 
 deviation from the mark. [A.S. missan ; 
 Dut. missen, to miss. Ice. missa, to lose.] 
 
 MISSAL, mis'al, n. the Roman Catholic 
 viass-book. [Low L. missale, from missa, 
 mass. See JIass.] 
 
 MISSEL, miz'l, MISSEIi-BERD. miz'1-berd, 
 n. the largest of the European thrushes, 
 which feeds on the berries of the 
 viistletoe. 
 
 MISSEL. MISSELTOE. See Mistletoe. 
 
 MISSHAPE, mis-shap', v.t. to shape ill : 
 to deform. 
 
 MISSILE, mis'il, adj. that may be thrown 
 from the hand or any instrument. — n. a 
 weapon thrown by the hand. [L. mis»ilis 
 — mitto, missum, to send, throw.] 
 
 JOSSING, mis'ing, adj. absent from the 
 place where it was expected to be found: 
 lost : wanting. [See Miss, I'.f.] 
 
 MISSION, mish'un, n. a sending: a being 
 sent with certain powers, esp. to propa- 
 gate religion : persons sent on amission: 
 an embassy : a station or association of 
 missionaries : dutv on which one is sent: 
 purpose of life. [L. missio.'] 
 
 MISSIONARY, mish'un-ar-i, n. one sent 
 upon a mission to propagate religion. — 
 adj. pertaining to missions. [Fr. mis- 
 sionnaire.] 
 
 MISSIVE, mis'iv, adj. that may be sent: 
 intended to be thrown or hurled. — n. 
 that which is sent, as a letter. [Fr. — L. 
 missus. See Missile.] 
 
 MISSPELL, mis-spel', v.t. to spell wrongly. 
 — H. Misspell'ing, a wrong spelling. 
 
 MISSPEND, mis-spend', v.t. to spend ill: 
 to waste or squander -.—pa.t. and pa.p. 
 misspent . 
 
 MISSTATE, mis-stat', v.t. to state wrongly 
 or falsely. — n. Misstate'ment. 
 
 MIST, mist, n, watery vapor in the atmo- 
 sphere : rain falhng in very fine drops. 
 [A.S. mist, darkness, cog. with Ice. 
 mistr. mist, Dut. mist.] 
 
 MISTAKE, mis-tak', v.t. to understand 
 wrongly : to take one thing or person for 
 another. — v.i. to err in opinion or judg- 
 ment. — n. a taking or understanding 
 wrongly : an error, — adj. Mist ak' able. 
 
 IDSTAKJEN, mis-tak'n, adj., taken or un- 
 derstood incorrectly : guilty of a mistake: 
 erroneous: incorrect. — adv. Mistak'enly. 
 
 MISTER, mis'ter, n. sir : a title of address 
 to a man, written Mr. [A corr. of Mas- 
 ter, through the influence of Mistress.] 
 
 MISTERM, mis-term', v.t. to term or name 
 wi-nnglv. 
 
 MISTIMfi, mis-tira', v.t. to time wrongly. 
 
 MISTINESS. See Misty. 
 
 MISTITLE, mis-tl'tl, v.t. to call by a wrong 
 
 title. 
 
 MISTLETOE, MISLETOE, or MISSELTOE, 
 miz'l-to, 11. a parasitic evergreen plant, 
 sometimes found on the apple and oak, 
 [A.S. mistel-tan (Ice. mistel-teinn)—misiel. 
 mistletoe (as in Sw. and Ger.), and A.S. 
 tan. twig (Ice. teinn) ; mistel is a dim. of 
 mist, a root which in Ger. means "dung," 
 tlie connection prob. being through tlie 
 slime in the berries.] 
 
 MISTRANSLATE, mis-trans-lat', v.t. to 
 translate incorrectly. — n. IVIisteansla'- 
 
 TION. 
 
 MISTRESS, mis'tres, 7i. (feni. of Master), 
 a woman having power or ownership : 
 the female head of a family, school, etc. : 
 a woman well skilled in anything : a 
 woman loved : a concubine : (fem. of 
 Mister) a form of address (usually written 
 Mrs. and pronounced MiSSIS). [O. Fr. 
 maistresse (Fr. niaitresse), from i jt of 
 Master.] 
 
 MISTRUST, mis-trust', n. want of trust or 
 confidence. — v.t. to regard with suspicion: 
 to doubt. 
 
 MISTRUSTFUL, mis-trust'fool. adj. full of 
 mistrust. — adv. SIistedst ' FULLY. — n. 
 Mistrust'fulness. 
 
 MISTY, mist'i, adj. fuU of mist : dim : ob- 
 scure. — adv. Mist'ily. — n. SIist'diess. 
 
 MISUNDERSTAND, niis-un-der-stand', v.t. 
 to understand wTongly : to take in a 
 wrong sense. 
 
 MISUNDERSTANDING,mis-un-der-stand'- 
 ing, n. a misconception : a slight dis- 
 agreement or difference. 
 
 MISUSE, mis-Qz', v.t. to misapply : to 
 treat ill : to abuse. — n. Misuse, -iis', im- 
 proper use : application to a bad pur- 
 pose. 
 
 MITE, mit, n. a very small insect, which 
 generally breads in cheese. [Lit. " the 
 biter," A.S. mite — root mit-, to cut small.] 
 
 MITE, mit. n. the minutest or smallest of 
 coins, about i of a cent : anything very 
 small : a veiy little quantity. [O. Dut. 
 mijt, a small coin. From same root as 
 above. ]^ 
 
 MITIGABLE, roit'i-ga^bl, adj. that can be 
 mitigated. 
 
 MITIGATE, mit'i-gat, v.t. to ane%iate : to 
 soften in severity : to temper : to reduce 
 in amount (as evil). [L. mitigo, -atus — 
 mitis, soft, mild.] 
 
 MITIGATION, mit-i-^-a'shun, n. act of 
 mitigating : alleviation : abatement. 
 
 MITIGATIVE, mit'i-gat-iv, adj. tending to 
 mitigate : soothing. 
 
 MITIGATOR, mit'i-gat-or, n. one who 
 mitigates. 
 
 MITRAILLEUSE, mit-ral-yaz', n. a breech- 
 loading g^n, consisting of several barrels, 
 which are discharged almost simultane- 
 ously. [Fr. mitrailler, to Are with grape- 
 shot — mitraille, grapeshot, small shot, 
 broken pieces of metal, from O, Fr. mite, 
 a small coin, from same root as Mite.] 
 
 MITRAL, ml'tral, adj., of or resembling a 
 VI it re. [Fr,] 
 
 MITRE, mi'ter, n. a head-dress or crown of 
 archbi.shops and bishops, and sometimes 
 of abbots : fig. episcopal dignity : (arch.) 
 a junction of two pieces, as of moulding, 
 at an angle of 40°. — v.t. to adorn with a 
 mitre : to unite at an angle of 4.">°. [Fr. 
 — L. mitra — Gr. mitra. Kelt, fillet, head- 
 dress, perh, akin to mit s. thread,] 
 
 MITRIFORM, mit'ri-form adj. ha\nng the 
 form of a mitre : (bot.) conical and some- 
 what dQated at the base. pilTRE and 
 Form.] 
 
 MITT, mit, short for Mitten. 
 
 MITTEN, mit'n. n. a Idnd of glove for 
 winter use, without a separate cover for 
 each finger : a glove for the hand and 
 wrist, but not the fingers. [Fr viUaine, 
 
 perh. from O. Ger. mittamo (from root 
 of Mid), half, and so properly "half- 
 glove.''] 
 
 MITTIMUS, mit'i-mus, n. (law) a warrant 
 granted for sending to prison a person 
 charged with a crime : a writ by which 
 a record is transferred out of one court 
 into another. [L., "we send" — mitto. to 
 send,] 
 
 MITY, mit'i. adj. full of mites or insects. 
 
 MIX, miks, v.t. to unite two or more thing* 
 into one mass : to mingle : to associate. 
 — v.i. to become mixed : to be joined : to 
 associate. — n. Mix'er. [A.,S, miscan ; 
 cog. with Ger. mischen. L, misceo, Gr. 
 mi(jnymi, misgo. Sans, iiu'f?',] 
 
 MIXTURE, miks'tilr. n. act of mixing or 
 state of being mixed : a mass or com- 
 pound formed by mixing : (chem.) a com- 
 position in which the ingredients retain 
 their properties. [L. mi.vtura.] 
 
 MIZZEN, miz'n, w. in a three-masted ves- 
 sel, the hindmost of the fore-and-aft 
 sails, lying along the middle of the ship. 
 — adj. belonging to the mizzen : nearest 
 the stern. [Fr. misaine — It. raezzana — 
 Low L. medianus — L. medius,th.s middle.] 
 
 MIZZEN-MAST. miz'n-mast, n. the mast 
 that bears the mizzen. 
 
 M TZZ T.F,, miz'l, V.i. to rain in small drops. 
 — ?i. fine rain. [For misi-le. freq. from 
 Mist.] 
 
 MNEilONIC, ne-mon'ik, MNEMONICAL, 
 ne-mon'ik-al, adj. assisting the memory. 
 [Gr, mnemonikos — mnemon, mindful — 
 mnaomai. to remember ] 
 
 MNEMONICS, ne-mon'iks, n. the art or 
 science of assisting the memory. 
 
 MOA, mo'a, n. a large wingless bird of 
 New Zealand, now extinct or nearly so. 
 [Native name.] 
 
 MOAN, mon, v.i. to make a low sound of 
 grief or pain : to lament audibly. — i.t, 
 to lament. — n. audible expression of pain. 
 [A.S. moenan.] 
 
 MOAT, mot, n. a deep trench round a cas- 
 tle or fortified place, sometimes filled 
 with water, — v.t. to surround with a 
 moat, — adj. Moat'ed. [O. Fr. mote, a 
 mound, also a trench (cf. Dike and 
 Ditch) ; of uncertain origin.] - 
 
 MOB, mob, n. the mobile or fickle common 
 people : the vulgar : a disorderly crowd : 
 a riotous assembly, — v.t. to attack in a 
 disorderly crowd :— pr.p, mobb'ing; pa.;^, 
 mobbed'. [Contr, for L, mobile (vulgiis). 
 the fickle (multitude) ; mobile is for movi- 
 bile, from moveo. to move.] 
 
 MOB or MOB-CAP, mob, n. a kind of cap. 
 rO. Dut. moj) ; prob. akin to MUFF and 
 Muffle,] 
 
 MOBILE, mo'bil or mo-bel', adj. that can 
 be moved or excited. — n. Mobil'ity, qual- 
 ity of being mobile. [Fr., from root of 
 Mob.] 
 
 MOBILIZE, mob'i-llz, v.t. to call into ac- 
 tive service, as troops. — n. Mobiliza'tion. 
 [Fr, ;»o6(7!ser.] 
 
 MOBOCRACY. mob-ok'ra-si, ?!. rule or as- 
 cendency exercised by the mob. [Mob, 
 and Gr, 'krateo. to rule,] 
 
 MOCCASIN or MOCASSIN, mok'a-sin, n. a 
 shoe of deerskin or other soft leather, 
 worn by the North American Indians 
 [A native word,] 
 
 MOCK, mok, v.t. to laugh at: to mak( 
 sport of: to mimic in ridicule; to disap 
 point the hopes of : to deceive, — n. ridi 
 cule : asneer, — adj. imitating reality, but 
 not real: false, —h, Mock'er.— arfu. 
 Mock'ingly. [Fr. moquer : from a Teut. 
 root seen in Ger. imicken, to mutter ; of 
 imitative origin.] 
 
 MOCKERY, mok'er-i. MOCKING, mok'itg. 
 n. derision: ridicule: subject of laughter 
 or sport : vain imitation : false showi 
 [Fr. moqucrie — moquer.]
 
 MOCK-HEROIC 
 
 i6ii 
 
 MOMENTOUS 
 
 MOCK-HEROIC, niok-he-ro'ik, adj. mock- 
 ing the heroic, or actions or characters 
 of heroes. 
 
 MOCKING-BIRD, mok'ing-berd, Ji. a bird 
 of North America, of the thrush family, 
 which mocks or imitates the notes of 
 birds and other sounds. 
 
 MODAL, mo'dal, adj. relating to mode or 
 form : consisting of mode only : (logic) 
 Indicating some mode of expression. — 
 adv. Mo'dally. — n. Modal'ity. [See 
 Mode.] 
 
 MODALIST, mo'dal-ist, n. {theol.) one of a 
 class who consider the three persons of 
 the Godhead as only modes of being, and 
 not as distinct persons. 
 
 MODE, mod, n. rule: custom: form: man- 
 ner of existing : that which exists only 
 as a quality of substance. [Fr. — L. modux, 
 a measure ; cog. with Gr. medos, plan, 
 from root mad (Mete), an extension of 
 root ma, to measure (cf. M00N).J 
 
 MODEL, mod'el, «. something to show the 
 mode or way : something to be copied ■ a 
 pattern: a mould: an imitation of some- 
 thing on a smaller scale : something 
 worthy of imitation. — v.t. to form after 
 a model : to shape : to make a model or 
 copy of : to form in some soft material. 
 — v.i. to practice modelling : — pr.j). mod'- 
 elling ; pa.p. mod'elled. — n. Mod'eller. 
 [Fr. modele — L. modulus, dim. of modus, 
 a measure.] 
 
 MODELLING, mod'el-ing, n: the act or art 
 of making a model of something, a branch 
 of sculpture. 
 
 MODERATE, mod'er-at, v.t. to keep within 
 measure or bounds : to regulate : to re- 
 duce in intensity: to make temperate or 
 reasonable : to pacify : to decide as a 
 moderator. — v.i. to become less violent 
 or intense : to preside as a moderator. — 
 •jdj. kept within measure or bounds : not 
 jxcessive or extreme : temperate : of 
 middle rate. ~ adv. Mod'erately. — n. 
 Mod'erateness. [L. inodcror, -atus — 
 modus, a measure.] 
 
 MODERATION, mod-er-a'shun, 7i. act of 
 moderating : state of being moderated or 
 moderate : freedom from excess : calm- 
 ness of mind. 
 
 MODERATISM, n;od'er-a-t;zm, n. moderate 
 opinions in religion or politics. 
 
 MODERATO. mod-er-a'to. adv. {mm.) with 
 moderate quickness. [It.] 
 
 MODERATOR, mod'er-a-tor, n. one who or 
 that which moderates or restrains : a 
 president or chairman, esp. in Presby- 
 terian Church courts. — n. Mod'eratok- 
 SHIP. [L.] 
 
 MODERN, mod'ern, adj., limited to the 
 present or recent time : not ancient. — Ji. 
 one of modern times: — pi. the nations 
 after the Greeks and Romans, who are 
 called the ancients. — adv. MoD'ERNLY. — 
 n. Mod'ernkess. [Fr. — L. modernus — 
 modo, just now. {lit.) " with a limit " (of 
 time): orig. ablative of modus. See Mode.] 
 
 MODERNISm, mod'ern-izm, n. modern 
 practice : something of modern origin. 
 
 MODERNIST, mod'ern-ist, n. an admirer of 
 the modems. 
 
 MODERNIZE, mod'ern-Iz, v.t. to render 
 modern : to adapt to the present time. — 
 n. Mod'ernizer. 
 
 MODEST, modest, adj. restrained by a due 
 sense of propriety : not forward : decent : 
 3haste : pure and delicate, as thoughts 
 Dr language : moderate. — adv. Mod'est- 
 LY. [Fr. — L. modestus,v.ithin due bounds 
 — inodus. a measure.] 
 
 MODESTY, mod'est-i, n. absence of pre- 
 sumption : decency : chastity : purity ; 
 moderation. [Fr. modestie — L* modestia.l 
 
 MODICUM, mod'i-kum, n. something of a 
 moderate size : a little. [L., neut. of 
 modicus. moderate — modus. See Mode.] 
 
 MODIFICATION, mod-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act 
 of modifjnng : changed shape or con- 
 dition. [Fr. — L. modijicatio.] 
 
 MODIFY, mod'i-fi, v.t. to make or set 
 bounds to : to moderate : to change the 
 form of: to varj'. — n. Mod'ifier. — adj. 
 Modifi'able. [Fr. modifier — L. modiflco, 
 -atus — modus, a measure, and faeio, to 
 make.] 
 
 MODISH, mo'dish, adj. according to or in 
 the mode, i.e. the fashion : fashionable. 
 — adv. Mo'dishly. — n. Mo'dishness. 
 
 MODIST. mo'dist, n. one who follows the 
 mode or fashion. — Modiste, mo-dest', n. 
 one who makes dresses according to the 
 fasiiionable mode. [Fr.] 
 
 MODULATE, mod'u-lat, v.t. to measure, to 
 regulate : to vary or inflect, as sounds : 
 {mus.) to change the key or mode. — v.i. 
 to pass from one key into another. [L. 
 modxdor, -atus — 7nodulus, a little meas- 
 ure, dim. of modus.1 
 
 MODULATION, mod-u-la'shun, 7i. the act 
 of modulating: state of being modulated: 
 {mus.) the changing of the keynote and 
 the alteration of the original scale by the 
 introduction of a new sharp or flat. 
 
 MODULATOR, mod'u-lat-or, n. one who 
 or that which modulates : a chart in the 
 Tonic Sol-fa musical notation on which 
 the modulations or transitions from one 
 scale to another are indicated by the 
 relative position of the notes. 
 
 MODULE, mod'ul, ?(. (arch.) a measure for 
 reg'ulatiug the proportion of cohmins : a 
 model. [Fr. — L. inodubis.] 
 
 MODULUS, mod'ti-lus, n. (math.) a con- 
 stant multipUer in a function of a vari- 
 able, by which the function is adapted to 
 a particular base. 
 
 MOHAIR, mo'har, n. the fine silken hair of 
 the Angora goat of Asia Jlinor : cloth 
 made of mohair. [O. Fr. mouaire (Fr. 
 moire)—Ai: mukhayyar. Doublet, Moire.] 
 
 MOHAJIMEDAN. mo-ham'ed-an, adj. per- 
 taining to Mohammed or to his religion. 
 — n. a follower of Mohammed : one who 
 professes Mohammedanism : also written 
 JIahom'etan, Mahom'edan. [Moham- 
 med, the great prophet of Arabia, born 
 about 570— -Ar. muhammad, praiseworthy 
 — hamd. praise.] 
 
 MOHAMilEDANISM, mo-ham'ed-an-izm, 
 MOHAMMEDISM, mo-ham'ed-izm, n. 
 the religion of Mohammed, contained 
 in the Koran. 
 
 MOHAMMEDANIZE, mo-ham'ed-an-iz, v.t. 
 to convert to, or make conformable to 
 Mohammedanism. 
 
 MOHUR, mo'hur, n. in British India, a 
 gold coin^fifteen rupees or about |7.25. 
 [The Fers. word.] 
 
 MOIDORE, moi'dor, n, a disused gold coin 
 of Portugal, worth about $6.50. [Port. 
 moeda d'ouro — L. monetta de aura, 
 money of gold.] 
 
 MOIETY, moi'e-ti, n., half: one of two 
 equal parts. [Fr. moitie- — L. medietas, 
 -tatis, middle, half — medius. middle.] 
 
 MOIL, moil, v.t. to daub with dirt. — v.i. 
 to toil or labor : to drudge. [O. Fr. 
 moiler (Fr. mouiller), to wet — L. mollis, 
 soft. See Mollify.] 
 
 MOIRE, mwor, n. watered silk. [Fr. See 
 Mohair.] 
 
 MOIST, moist, adj., damp: humid : juicy: 
 containing water or other liquid. — n. 
 MoiST'NESS. O. Fr. moiste (Fr. moite) 
 — L. inusteu , fresh, sappy — mustum, 
 juice of grapes, new wine.] 
 
 MOISTEN, mois'n, v.t. to make moist or 
 damp : to wet slightly. 
 
 MOISTURE, moist'ur, n., moistness: that 
 which moistens or makes shghtly wet : 
 a small quantity of any liquid. 
 
 MOLAR, mo'lar, adj., grinding, as a mill : 
 used for grinding. — n. a grinding tooth, 
 
 which is double. [L. molaris — mala, a 
 mill — molo, to grind.] 
 
 MOLASSES, mo-las'ez, n.sing. a kind of 
 syrup that drains from sugar during the 
 process of manufacture : treacle. [Port. 
 mela(o{Fr. melasse}~L. mell-aceus, honey^ 
 like — met, mellis, honej-.] 
 
 MOLE, mol, n. a permanent dark-brown 
 spot or mark ou the human skin. [A.S. 
 mal; cog. with Scand. and Ger. viaal, and 
 prob. also with L. mac-ula. a spot.] 
 
 MOLE, mol, n. a small animal with very 
 small eyes and soft fur, which burrows 
 in the ground and casts 7ip little heaps 
 of tnould. — ns. Mole'cast, Mole'hill, a 
 little hill or heap of eai'th cast up bj- a 
 mole. — adj. Mole'-eyed, having eyes like 
 those of a mole : seeing imperfectly. — n. 
 Mole' -TRACK, the track made bj' a mole 
 burrowing. [Shert for the older mold- 
 jcfn^j ^ mould-caster — M. E. molde (E. 
 Mould), and werpen (E. Warp).] 
 
 MOLE, mol, n. a breakwater. [Fr. — L. 
 moles, a huge mass.] 
 
 MOLE-CRICKET, mol'-krik'et, n. a bur- 
 rowing insect like a cricket, with fore- 
 legs Uke those of a mole. 
 
 MOLECULAR, mo-lek'u-lar, adj. belonging 
 to or consisting of molecides. — n. Molec- 
 
 tlLAR'lTY. 
 
 MOLECULE, mol'e-kul. n. one of the mi- 
 nute particles of which matter is com- 
 posed. [Fr., a dim. coined from L. molc^, 
 a mass.] 
 
 MOLERAT, mol'rat, n. a rai-like animal, 
 which borrows like a mole. 
 
 MOLESKIN, mol'skin, n. a superior kind of 
 fustian, or coarse twilled cotton cloth, so 
 called from its being soft like the skin of 
 a 7nole. 
 
 MOLEST, rao-lest', v.t. to trouble, disturb, 
 or annoy. — n. Molest'er. — adj. Molest' 
 FUL. [Fr. molester — L. molesto— molest us, 
 troublesome — moles, a mass, a difficult v.] 
 
 MOLESTATION, mol-es-ta'shun. n. act'of 
 molesting : state of being molested : an- 
 noyance. 
 
 MOLLIENT, mol'yent. adj. serving to 
 soften : assuaging. [L. mollii, soft. See 
 Emollient.] 
 
 MOLLIFICATION, mol-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act 
 of mollifying : state of being mollified : 
 mitigation. 
 
 MOLLIFY, mol'i-n, v.t. to make soft or 
 tender : to assuage : to calm or pacify : 
 —pa.p. moU'ified. — adj. Moll'ifiable.' — 
 11. Moll'ifier. [Fr. — L. mollifico — viol- 
 lis. soft, and /a«'o, to make.] 
 
 MOLLUSC, MOLLUSK, morusk, n. one 
 of the MoLLUS'CA. those animals which 
 have a .^oft inarticulate fleshy bodv. as 
 the snail and all shellfish : — pi. SfoLL' 
 uses, MOLL'USKS, or MOLLUS'CA. [Fr., 
 from L. molluscus. sottish — mollis, soft.] 
 
 MOLLUSCAN.mol-us'kan.MOLLUSCOUS, 
 mol-us'kus, adj. of or like molltises. — n. 
 MoLLUS'CAS. a mollusc. 
 
 MOLTEN, molt'n, adj., melted : made of 
 melted metal. [0\A pa.p. of Melt.] 
 
 MOMENT, mo'ment, n., moving cause or 
 force : importance in effect : value : the 
 smallest portion of time in which a 
 movement can be made : an instant : 
 {mech.) the moment of a force about a 
 point is the product of the force'and the 
 perpendicular on its line of action from 
 the point. [Fr. — L. momentum, for movi 
 mentum — moveo, to move.] 
 
 MOMENTARY, mo'ment-ar-i, adj. lasting 
 for a moment : done in a moment. — adv. 
 Mo'MENTARILY. — n. Mo'lIEXTARIXESS. 
 
 MOMENTLY'', mo'ment-li. adv. for a mo- 
 ment : in a moment : everv moment. 
 
 MOMENTOUS, mo-ment'us, arf;". of moment 
 or importance : of great consequence. — 
 adv. Moment'ocsly. — n. Moment'ous- 
 
 NESS.
 
 MOMEiNTUM 
 
 269 
 
 MONTH 
 
 MOMENTUM, m5-ment'iiin, n. the quantity 
 of motion in a body, which is measured 
 bv the product of the mass and the ve- 
 locity of the moving body :—pZ. Moment' A. 
 
 MONACHAL, mon'ak-al, adj. living alone : 
 pertaining to monks or to a monastic life. 
 fSee MONASTKRY.l 
 
 MON ACHISM.mon ak-i2m,n.,mowasiic life: 
 
 state of being a monk. 
 4IONAD, mon'ad, n. an ultimate atom or 
 simple unextended point : a simple, pri- 
 mary element assumed by Leibnitz and 
 other philosophers : {zool.) one of the sim- 
 plest of animalcules. [L. monas, -adis— 
 Gr. monas. -adoa — monos, alone.] 
 MONADELPHIAN, mon-a-del'fl-an, MON- 
 ADELPHOUS, mon-a-del'fus, adj. (bat.) 
 having the stamens united into one 
 brotherhood or body by the fclaments. 
 [Gr. monos, alone, adelphos, a brother.] 
 MONADIC, mon-ad'ik, MONADICAL, 
 mon-ad'ik-al, adj. being or resembling 
 a monad. 
 M0NANDRL\2J, mon-an'dri-an, MONAN- 
 DROUS, mon-an'drus, ady. (bot.) having 
 only one stamen or male organ. [Or. 
 monos, and anSr, andros, a male.] 
 MONARCH, mon'ark, n., sole or supreme 
 ruler : a sovereign : the chief of its kind. 
 — adj. supreme : superior to others. 
 [Fr. monarque, through L., from Gr. 
 monarcMs — monos, alone, arche, rule.] 
 MONARCHAL, mon-ark'al, adj. pertam- 
 
 ing to a monarch : regal. 
 MONARCHIC, mon-ark'ik, MONARCH- 
 ICAL, mon-ftrk'ik-al, adj. relating to a 
 monarch or monarchy : vested in a single 
 ruler. 
 MONARCHIST, mon'ark-ist, n. an advocate 
 
 of monarchy. 
 MONARCHIZE, mon'ark-lz, v.t. to rule 
 over, as a monarch : to convert into a 
 monarc hy. 
 UONARCHY, mon'ark-i, n. government 
 
 headed by a monarch : a kingdom. 
 MONASTE'RY, mon'as-ter-i, n. a house for 
 monks : an abbey : a convent. [L. TMm- 
 asterium—Qr. monastSrion — monastes, a 
 monk — monos, alone.] 
 MONASTIC, mon-as'tik, MONASTICAL, 
 mon-aa'tik-al, adj. pertaining to monas- 
 teries, monks, and nuns : recluse *. soli- 
 tary. — adv. MONASTICALLT. 
 MONASTIC, mon-as'tik, n. a monk. 
 MONASTICISM, mon-as'ti-sizm, n. mon- 
 astic life. 
 MONDAY, raun'da, n. the day sacied to 
 the moon : the second day of the week. 
 [Moon and Day.] 
 MONETARY, mun e-tar-i, adj. relating to 
 money or moneyed affairs : consisting of 
 money. 
 MONEY, mun'i, n. coin : pieces of stamped 
 metal used in commerce : any currency 
 used as the equivalent of money : wealth: 
 —p'. MoN'EYS. [Fr. TOO»w«ie— L. moneta, 
 from root of MINT.] 
 MONEY-BROKER, mun'i-brOk'er, MON- 
 EY-CHANGER, mun'i-chanj'er, n. a 
 broker who deals in money or exchanges. 
 MONEYED, mun'id, adj. having money : 
 
 rich in monev : consisting in money. 
 WONEYLESS,'mun'i-les, adj. destitute of 
 
 money. 
 MONGER, mung'ger, n. a trader : a dealer, 
 used chiefly in composition, sometimes 
 m a depreciatory sense. — v.t. to trade or 
 aeal in. [A.8. mangere — mang, a mix- 
 ture, allied to munig, Many. Cf. Ice. 
 mangari — manga, to trade, and perh. L. 
 mango, a trader.] 
 MONGREL, mung'grel, adj. of a mixed 
 breed. — n. an animal of a mixed breed. 
 [A contracted dim. from a root seen in 
 A.S. mangian, later mengan, to mix. 
 See Mingle and Monger.] 
 MONITION, mon-ish'un, n. a reminding or 
 
 admonishing : warning : notice. [L. 
 monitio — moneo, -itum, to remind — root 
 r.urn, to think.] 
 
 MONITIVE, mon'i-tiv, adj. conveying ad- 
 monition. 
 
 MONITOR, mon'i-tor, n. one who admon- 
 ishes : an adviser : an instructor : a pupU 
 who assists a schoolmaster •.—fern. Mon'- 
 ITRESS. — n. Mon'itorship. [See Moni- 
 
 TIONj 
 
 MONITORIAL, mon-i-to'ri-al, adj. relating 
 to a monitor : performed or taught by a 
 monitor. — adv. Monito'eially. 
 
 MONITORY, mon'i-tor-i, adj. reminding 
 or admonishing: giving admonition or 
 warning. 
 
 MONK, mungk, n. formerly, one who 
 retired alone to the desert to lead a 
 religious life : one of a religious com- 
 munity living in a monastery. rA.S. 
 miinec — L. monachus — Or. monachoa — 
 monos. alone.] 
 
 MONKEY, mungk'i, n.&name of contempt, 
 esp. for a mischievous person : the order 
 of mammalia next to man, having their 
 feet developed like hands : an ape :— pi. 
 Monk'eys. [O. It. monicchio, dim. of O. 
 It. monna, nickname for an old woman, 
 an ape, contr. of It. madonna, mistress. 
 
 See JtlADONNA.] 
 
 MONKISH, mungk'ish, adj. pertaining to 
 a monk : like a monk : monastic. 
 
 MONK'S-HOOD, rr.ungks'-hood, n. the 
 aconite, a poisonous plant with a flower 
 like a monk's hood. 
 
 MONOCHORD, mon'o-kord, n. a musical 
 instrument of one chord or string. [Gr. 
 monos, alone, and CHORD.] 
 
 MONOCHROMATIC, mon-o-krii-mat'ik, 
 adj. of one color only. [Gr. Ttwnoa, and 
 Chromatic.]^ 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDON, mon-o-kot-i-l§'don, n. 
 a plant with only one cotyledon.— adj. 
 MoNOCOTYLE'DONOirs. [Gr. monos, alone, 
 and COTYT.EDON.] 
 
 MONOCULAR, mon-ok'a-lar, MONOCU- 
 LOUS, mon-ok'u-lus, adj. with one eye 
 only. [Gr. monos, and OCULAR.] 
 
 MONODIST, mon'o-dist, n. one who vmtes 
 monodies. 
 
 MONODY, mon'o-di, n. a mournful ode or 
 poem in which a single mourner bewails. 
 —adj. Monod'ICAL. [Or. mxmos, single, 
 and Ode.] 
 
 MONOGAMY, mon-og'a-mi, n., marriage 
 to one wife only : the state of such mar- 
 riage. — adj. Monog'amous. — n. Monog'a- 
 MIST. [Gr. monos, one, gamos, marriage.] 
 
 MONOGRAM, men o-gram, n. a character 
 or cipher of several letters interwoven or 
 written into one. [Gr. memos, alone, 
 gramma, a letter.] 
 
 MONOGRAPH, mon'o-graf, n. a paper or 
 treatise icritten on one particular sub- 
 ject or a branch of it. [Gr. monos, alone, 
 and graphs, to write.] 
 
 MONOGRAPHER, mon-og'ra-fer, MONOG- 
 RAPHIST, mon-og'ra-flst, n. a writer of 
 monographs. 
 
 MONOGRAPHIC, mon-o-grafik, MONO- 
 GRAPHICAL, mon-o-grafi-kal, adj. per- 
 taining to a monograph : drawn in hues 
 without co lors . 
 
 MONOGRAPHY, mon-og'ra^6, n. a repre- 
 sentation by one means only, as lines : an 
 outline drawing. 
 
 MONOGYNIAN, mon-o-jin'i-ao, MONOG- 
 YNOUS, mon-oj'i-nus, adj. (bot.) having 
 only one pistil or female organ. [Gr. 
 monos, alone, and ffifne, a female.] 
 
 MONOLITH, mon'o-lith, ?(. a pillar, or col- 
 umn, of a single stone. — adjs. Monoltth'- 
 ic, Monolith' AL. [Or. monos, alone, and 
 lithns, stone.] 
 
 MONOLOGUE, mon'o-log, n. a speech ut- 
 tered by one person : soliloquy : a poem, 
 
 etc., for a single performer. [Fr. — Of, 
 monos, alone, and logos, speech.] 
 
 MONOMANIA, mon-o-ma'ni-a, n., ma^uesa 
 confined to one subject, or one faculty of 
 the mind. [Gr. monos, alone, and mania, 
 madness.] 
 
 MONOMAJSflAC, mon-o-ma'ni-ak, adj. af- 
 fected with monomania. — n. one aSected 
 with monomania. 
 
 MONOME, mon'om, MONOMIAL, mon. 
 o'mi-al, n. an algebraic expression of on4 
 term only: a series of factors of single 
 terms. — adj. Mono'mtat,. [Gr. monos, 
 alone, and nome, division.] 
 
 MONOPHYLLOUS, mon-ofil-us or mon-o- 
 fil'us, adj. having a leaf of but one piece. 
 IGr. monos, a,]one, phyllon, a leaf.] 
 
 MONOPOLIZE, mon-op'o-liz, v.t. to obtain 
 possession of anything so as to be the 
 only seller of it : to engross the whole of. 
 — Tis. MoNOP'OLiZER, MoNOP'OLisT, one 
 who monopolizes. 
 
 MONOPOLY, mon-op'o-li, n. the soU 
 power of dealing in anything : exclus- 
 ive command or possession. [L. moiy- 
 opolium — Gr. monos, alone, and poled, 
 to sell.] 
 
 MONOSPERMOUS, mon-o-sperm'us, a4}. 
 (bot.) having one seed only. [Gr. monos, 
 alone, sperma, seed.] 
 
 MONOSTICH, mon'o-stik, n. a poem com- 
 plete in one verse. [Gr. monos, alone, 
 stichos, verse.] 
 
 MONOSTROPHIC, mon-o-strof ik, adj. hav- 
 ing but one strophe : not varied in 
 measure. [Gr. monos, alone, strophe, a 
 stroplie.] 
 
 MONOSYJXABIC, mon-o-sil-lab'ik, adj. 
 consist! ig of one syllable, or of words of 
 one syllable. 
 
 MONOSYLLABLE, mon-o-sU'la-bl, n. a 
 vrorAotonesijllable. [Fr. — L. — Gr.vumoa, 
 alone, syllabe, a syllable.] 
 
 MONOTHEISM, mon'o-the-izm, n. the be- 
 Uet in only one God. [Gr. monos, alone, 
 and theos, God.] 
 
 MONOTHEIST, mon'o-the-ist, n. one who 
 believes that there is but one God. — adj. 
 
 MONOTHEIST'IC. 
 
 MONOTONE, nion'o-ton, n. a single, un- 
 varied tone or sound : a succession of 
 sounds having the same pitch. [Gr. 
 monos, alone, and tonos, a tone, note.] 
 
 MONOTONOUS, mon-ot'o-nus, adj. uttered 
 in one unvaried tone: marked by dull 
 uniformity.— odti. Monot'onously. 
 
 MONOTONY, mon-ot'o-ni, n. dull uniform- 
 ity of tone or sound : (fig.) irksome 
 sameness or want of variety. 
 
 MONSOON, mon-s5on', Ji. a periodicai 
 wind of the Indian Ocean, which blows 
 from the S.W. from April to October, 
 and from the N.E. the rest of the year : 
 similar winds elsewhere. [Through Fr. 
 or It. from Malay musim — Ar. mau-sim, a 
 time, a season.] 
 
 MONSTER, monaster, n. anything out of 
 the usual course of nature : a prodigy : 
 anything horrible from ugliness or wick- 
 edness. [Lit. a warning or portent, Fr.— 
 L. monstrum, a divine omen or warning, 
 a bad omen, a monster — moneo, to warn, 
 admonish — root man, to think. See 
 Man, Mind.] 
 
 MONSTRANCE, mon'strans, n. in the R 
 Cath. Church, the utensil in which tha 
 consecrated wafer is shoum to the con- 
 gregation. [Fr. — L. monstro, to show- 
 mon.'itnim, an omen.] 
 
 MONSTROSITY, mon-stros'i-ti, n. state ol 
 being monstrous: an unnatural produc- 
 tion. 
 
 MONSTROUS, mon'strus, adj. out of the 
 common course of nature : enormous ■ 
 wonderful: horrible.— adv. Mon'strously. 
 
 MONTH, munth, n. the period of one revo- 
 lution of the moon (now distingxushed as
 
 MONTHLY 
 
 290 
 
 MORPHIA 
 
 a "lunar" month), one of the twelve 
 parts of the year (a "calendar" month). 
 [A.S. monath — niona, the moon. See 
 Moox.] 
 
 MONTHLY, munth'li, adj. performed in a 
 month : happening or published once a 
 month. — n. a monthly publication. — adv. 
 once a month : in every month. 
 
 MONUMENT, mon'Q-ment, n. anything 
 that perpetuates the memory of a person 
 or event: arecord. [Fr. — L. monumentum 
 — moneo, to remind — root JnaH, to think.] 
 
 MONUMENTAL, mon-u-ment'al. adj. of or 
 relating to a monument or tomb: serving 
 as a monument: memorial. — adv. MoNU- 
 ment'ally. 
 
 MOOD, mood, n. fashion: manner: {gram.) 
 a form of verbal inflection to express the 
 mode or manner of action or being: (logic) 
 the form of the syllogism as determined 
 by the quantity and quality of its tliree 
 constituent propositions : (miis.) the ar- 
 rangement of the intervals in the scale, 
 as major and minor. [Same as Mode.] 
 
 MOOD, mood, n. disposition of mind : tem- 
 porary state of the mind: anger: heat of 
 temper. [A.S. mod. mind, disposition ; 
 found in all the Teut. languages, and 
 orig. sig. "courage" ^Ger. muth).^ 
 
 MOODY, mood'i, adj. indulging moods : 
 out of humor : angry : sad : gloomy. — 
 adv. Mood'ilt. — n. Mood'iness, quality 
 of being moody: peevishness. [See Mood, 
 disposition of mind.] 
 
 MOON, moon, n. the secondarj^ planet or 
 sa.tellite which revolves round the earth: 
 a satellite revolving about any other 
 planet : a month : (fort.) a moon-shaped 
 outwork. [Lit. the "measurer'' (of time), 
 A.S. mona ; found in all the Teut. lan- 
 guages, also in O. Slav, menso, L. mensis, 
 Gr. mene. Sans, mas-a, and all from root 
 ma. to measure.] 
 
 MOONBEAM, moon'bem, n. a beam from 
 the moon. 
 
 MOONLESS, mSon'les, adj. destitute of 
 moonlight. 
 
 MOONLIGHT, moon'llt, adj. lighted by the 
 moon : occurring during moonlight. — n. 
 the light of the moon. [Moon and 
 Light.] 
 
 MOONSHEE, moon'she, n. a Mohammedan 
 professor or teacher of languages, so 
 called in India. [Arab.] 
 
 MOONSHINE, moon'shin, n. the shining 
 of the moon: {fig.) show without reality. 
 
 MOONSTRUCK, mo5n'struk, adj. (lit.) 
 struck or affected by the moon : lunatic. 
 
 MOOR, moor, n. an extensive waste cov- 
 ered with heath, and having a poor, 
 peaty soil: a heath. [A.S. mor ; Dut. 
 inoer, Ice. mor, peat, turf, moor. See 
 Mike and Moss.] 
 
 MOOR, moor, v.t. to fasten a ship by cable 
 and anchor. — v.i. to be fastened by cables 
 or chains. [Dut. marren, to tie, alhed 
 to A.S. merran, O. Ger. marrjan, to mar, 
 to hinder.] 
 
 MOOR, moor, n. a native of N. Africa, of a 
 dark complexion. [Fr. more, maure — 
 L. maunis — Gr. mauros, black.] 
 
 MOORAGE, moor'aj, ». a place for mooring. 
 
 MOORCOCK, moor'kok, MOORFOWL, 
 moor'fowl, n. the red grouse or heathcocfc 
 found in moors. 
 
 MOORHEN, moor'hen.n. the moor or water 
 lieti. 
 
 MOORING, moor'ing, ?«., act of mooring : 
 that which serves to moor or conflne a 
 ship : in pi. the place or condition of a 
 ship thus moored. 
 
 MOORISH, moor'ish, MOORY, moor'i, adj. 
 resembling a moor : sterile : marshy : 
 t>ogg\'. 
 
 MOORISH, moor'ish, adj. belonging to the 
 Moors. 
 
 MOORLAND, moor'land, 7U a tract of 
 heath-covered and marshy land. 
 
 MOOSE, moos, n. the largest deer of 
 America, resembling the European elk. 
 [Indian.] 
 
 MOOT, moot, v.t. to propose for discussion : 
 to discuss : argue for practice.^acZ/. dis- 
 cussed or debated. [A.S. motian — mot, 
 an assembly, akin to metan, to meet. 
 See Meet, to come face to face.] 
 
 MOOTABLE, moot'a-bl, adj. that can be 
 mooted or debated. 
 
 MOOT-CASE, moot'-kas, MOOT-POINT, 
 moot'-point, n. a case, point, or question 
 to be mooted or debated : an unsettled 
 question. 
 
 MOOT-COURT, moot'-kort, n. a meeting 
 or court for mooting or arguing supposed 
 cases. 
 
 MOP, mop, n. an instrument for washing 
 floors, made of cloth, etc., fastened to 
 a handle. — v.t. to rub or wipe with a 
 mop: — pr.p. mopping; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 mopped'. [Either Celt, as in W. mop, 
 mopa, a mop : or through Fr. mappe, 
 from L. mapypa, a napkin, from which 
 also Map and Napkin.] 
 
 MOPE, mop, v.i. to be silent and dispirited: 
 to be dull or stupid. — adv. Mop'ingly. 
 [Dut. moppen, to pout, sulk.] 
 
 MOPISH, mop'ish, adj. dull : spiritless. — 
 
 n. MOP'ISHKESS. 
 
 MOPPET, mop'et, n. a doll of rags Uke a 
 mo}]. 
 
 MORAINE, mo-ran', n. (geol.) a line of 
 blocks and gravel found at the bases and 
 edges of glaciers. [Fr. ; from the Teut., 
 as in Prov. Ger. mur, stones broken off.] 
 
 MORAL, mor'al, adj. of or belonging to 
 the manners or conduct of men : con- 
 formed to right : virtuous : capable of 
 moral action : subject to the moral law: 
 instructing with regard to morals : sup- 
 ported by evidence of reason or probabil- 
 ity. — n. in jil. manners : the doctrine or 
 practice of the duties of life : moral 
 philosophy or ethics : conduct : in sing. 
 the practical lesson given by anything. 
 [Fr. — L. moralis — vios, moris, manner, 
 custom.] 
 
 MORALE, mo-ral', n. the moral condition : 
 mental state as regards spirit and confi- 
 dence, esp. of a body of men. [Fr.] 
 
 MORALIS'T, mor'al-ist, n. one who teaches 
 morals : one who practices moral duties : 
 one who prides himself on his morality. 
 
 MORALITY, mo-ral'i-ti, n. quality of being 
 moral : the quality' of an action which 
 renders it right or wrong : the practice 
 of moral duties : virtue : the doctrine 
 which treats of moral actions : ethics : a 
 kind of moral allegorical play. [Fr. — L. 
 moralitas.] 
 
 MORALIZE, mor'al-iz, v.t. to apply to a 
 moral purpose : to explain in a moral 
 sense. — v.i. to speak or write on moral 
 subjects : to make moral reflections. — n. 
 Mor'alizer. [Fr. moraliser.] 
 
 MORALLY, mor al-i, adv. in a moral man- 
 ner. 
 
 MORASS, mo-ras', n. a tract of soft, wet 
 ground : a marsh. [Dut. moer-as, for 
 moer-asch, (lit.) " moor-ish," adj. from 
 moer. mire. See MooR.] 
 
 MORAVIAN, mo-ra'vi-an, adj. pertaining 
 to Moravia or to the Moravians or United 
 Brethren. — n. one of the United Breth- 
 ren, a Protestant religious sect, orig. 
 from Moravia, in Austria. 
 
 MORBID, mor'bid, adj.. diseased, sickly : 
 not healthful. — adr.5IoR'BlDLY. — n.MoR'- 
 BIDNESS, sickliness. [Fr. — L. morbidu.t — 
 morbus, disease ; akin to mor-ior, to die. 
 See Mortal.] 
 
 MORBIFIC, mor-bif'ik, adj. causing disease. 
 [Coined from L. morbtis, disease, and fa- 
 cto, to make.] 
 
 MORDACIOUS, mor-da'shus, adj. given to 
 biting : biting : (fig.) sarcastic : severe. 
 — adv. Morda'ciously. [L. mordax, mor- 
 dacis. from mordeo, to bite.] 
 
 MORDACITY, mor-das'i-ti, n. quality of 
 being mordacious. [Fr. — L. mordacitas 
 — morda.v.] 
 
 MORDANT, mor'dant, ac{f. (lit.) biting 
 into : serving to fix colors. — n. any sulv 
 stance, as alum, used to give permanency 
 or brilliancv to dyes : matter to make 
 gold-leaf adhere. [Fr., pr.p. of mordre 
 — L. mordeo, to bite.] 
 
 MORE, mor, adj. (serves as comp. of Many 
 and Much), greater, so in B.: additional : 
 other besides. — adv. to a greater degree : 
 again : longer. — «. a greater thing : 
 something further or in addition. — 
 superl. Most, most. [A.S. mara (lee. 
 meiri) — root mag, identical with Sans. 
 mall (=magh), to grow. See May, Main.] 
 
 MOREEN, mo-ren', n. a stout woollen stuff, 
 used for curtains, etc. [A form of Mo- 
 hair.] 
 
 MOREL. See MoRlL. 
 
 MOREOVER, mor-o'ver, adv., more over or 
 beyond what has been said : further : be- 
 sides : also. 
 
 MORESQUE, mo-resk', adj. done after the 
 manner of the Moors. — n. a kind of or- 
 namentation, same as arabesque. [Fr. ; 
 It. moresco.'\ 
 
 MORGANATIC, mor-gan-at'ik. adj. noting 
 a marriage of a man with a woman of 
 inferior rank, in which neither the latter 
 nor her children enjoy the rank or in- 
 herit the possessions of her husband, 
 though the children are legitimate. 
 [Low L. morganatica, a gift from a 
 bridegroom to his bride ; from Ger. mor- 
 gen, morning, used for morgengahe, the 
 
 gift given by a husband to his wife.] 
 RIBUND, mor'i-bund, adj., about to die. 
 [L. muribundus — morior, to die.] 
 
 MORIL, mor'il, n. a mushroom aboundmg 
 with little holes. [Fr. morille : prob. 
 from Fr. more, black, because it turns 
 black in cooking. See Moor, a native 
 of N. Africa.] 
 
 MORION, ni6'ri-un, n. an open helmet, 
 without \-isor or beaver. [Fr. (It. mo- 
 rione), prob. from Sp. morrion — jjiorrn, 
 crown of the head.] 
 
 MORISCO, mo-ris'ko, MORISK, nio-risk', 
 n. the Moorish language : a Moorish 
 dance or dancer. 
 
 MORMON, mor'mon, n. one of a religious 
 sect in the United States, founded in 
 1830 by Joseph Smith, who made an 
 addition to the Bible, called the Book of 
 Mormon, from Mormon, its alleged 
 author. — n. MOR'MONISM (-izm), the doc- 
 trines of this sect. 
 
 MORN, morn, n. the fli-st part of the day : 
 morning. [Contr. of M.E. JHOrjcen — A.S. 
 morgen, cog with Ger. morgen, Ice. mor- 
 gun, Goth, maurgins; a doublet of Mor- 
 row.] 
 
 MORNING, morn'ing, n. the Qrst part of 
 the day : an early part. — adj. pertaining 
 to the morning : done or being in the 
 morning. [Contr. of monven-ing. See 
 Morn.] 
 
 MOROCCO, mo-rok'o, n. a fine kind of 
 leather of goat or sheep skin, first brought 
 from Morocco. 
 
 MOROSE, mo-ros', adj. of a sour temper; 
 g-loomy : severe. — adv. Morose'ly. — n. 
 Morose'ness, quality of being morose. 
 [L. moros^is, peevish, fretful — mos. moris, 
 (orig.) self-will, hence manner, w.ay of 
 life. See Moral.] 
 
 MORPHIA, mor'fi-a, MORPHINE, mor'fin, 
 n. the narcotic principle of opium, 
 [Coined from Gr. Morpheus, god of 
 dreams, (lit.) " the fashioner," from moT' 
 phe, shape.] 

 
 MORPHOLOGY 
 
 291 
 
 MOUND 
 
 MORPHOLOGY, mor-fol'o-ji, n. the science 
 of the forms assumed by plants and ani- 
 mals. [Gr. 7no)-phe, form, and logos, a 
 discourse.! 
 
 MORRIS. MORRICE, mor'is, MORRIS- 
 DANCE, mor'is-dans, n. a Moorish dance: 
 a dance in which bells, rattles, tambours, 
 etc.. are introduced. [Sp. vwr-isco, (lit.) 
 •• Moor-ish " — Sp. moro, a Moor.] 
 
 MORROW, mor'o, n. the day following the 
 present : to-morrow : the next following 
 day. [M.E. morice, for monren. See its 
 doublet Morn.] 
 
 MORSE, mors, n. the walrus or sea-horse. 
 See Walrus. [Russ. jnor/s.] 
 
 MORSEL, mor'sel, ?t. a bite or mouthful : a 
 small piece of food : a small quantity. 
 [0. Fr. morcel (Fr. morceau. It. morsello), 
 Him. from L. morsu^, from mordeo, mor- 
 siim, to bite. See MoRDACiOUS.] 
 
 MORTAL, mor'tal, adj. liable to die : 
 causing death: deadly: fatal: punishable 
 with death: extreme, violent: belonging 
 to man, who is mortal. — adi'. Mor'tally. 
 [O. Fr. mortal — L. mortalis — mors, mor- 
 tis, death, akin to Gr. brotos (for mrotos, 
 see Ambrosia), and Sans, mri, to die.] 
 
 MORTALITY, mor-tal'i-ti, n. condition of 
 being mortal : death : frequency or num- 
 ber of deaths : the human race. [L. mor- 
 talitas.] 
 
 MORTAR, mor'tar, n. a vessel in which sub- 
 stances are pounded with a pestle : a 
 piece of ordnance, resembling a mortar, 
 for throwing shells, etc.: a cement of 
 lime, sand, and water. [A.S. mortere — 
 L. moHarium. from root of Mar.] 
 
 MORTGAGE, mor'gaj, n. a conveyance of 
 property, as security for a debt, which 
 is lost or becomes dead to the debtor if 
 the money is not paid on a certain day : 
 the state of being pledged. — \\t. to pledge, 
 as security for a debt. — n. Mort'oager. 
 [PV. — mort, dead— L. mortims, and gage, 
 a pledge. See Gage, a pledge.] 
 
 MORTGAGEE, mor-ga-je', n. one to whom 
 a mortgage is made or given. 
 
 MORTIFEROUS, mor-tif'er-us, adj., death- 
 bringing : fatal. [L. mors, death, and 
 fero. to bring.] 
 
 MORTIFICATION, mor-ti-fi-ka'shun, n. 
 act of mortifying or state of being mor- 
 tified : the death of one part of an ani- 
 mal body : subjection of the passions 
 and appetites by bodily severities : hu- 
 miliation : vexation : that which morti- 
 fies or vexes : (Scotch law) a bequest to 
 some institution. 
 
 MORTIFY, mor'ti-fl. v.t. to make dead: 
 to destroy the vital functions of : to sub- 
 due by severities and penance : to vex : 
 to humble. — i\i. to lose vitalit3', to gan- 
 grene : to be subdued -.^pa.t. and pa.p. 
 mor'tified. [Fr. — L. mortijico, to cause 
 death to — ?)iors, death, and facio, to 
 make J 
 
 MORTIFYING, mor'ti-fl-ing, adj. tending 
 to mortify or humble : humiliating : vex- 
 ing. 
 
 MORTISE, mor'tis. n. a cavity c\it into a 
 piece of timber to receive the tenon, an- 
 other piece made to fit it. — v.t. to cut a 
 mortise in : to join by a mortise and 
 tenon. [Fr. mortnisc : ety. unknown.] 
 
 MORTMAIN, mort'man, n. the transfer of 
 property to a corporation, which is said 
 to be a dead hand, or one that can never 
 part with it again. [Fr. mort, dead, and 
 7nain — L. manus, the hand.] 
 
 MORTUARY, mort'ii-ar-i, adj. belonging 
 to the burial of the dead. — n. a bui'ial- 
 place : a gift claimed by the minister of 
 a parish on the death of a parishioner. 
 [Low L. mortnarium. from L. mortna- 
 rms.] 
 
 MOSAIC, mo-za'ik, MOSAIC- AVORK. mo- 
 la'ik-wurk, n. a kind of work in which 
 
 designs are formed by small pieces of 
 colored marble, glass, etc.. cemented on 
 aground of stucco, or inlaid upon metal. 
 — adj. Mosa'ic, relating to or composed 
 of mosaic. — adv. Mosa'icat.t.y. [Fr. 
 mMsaique (It. mosaico) — L. musceum or 
 musivam (opus), mosaic (work) — Gr. 
 mouseios, belonging to the Muses. See 
 Muse.] 
 
 MOSAIC, mo-za'ik,adJ. pertaining to JIfoses, 
 the great Jewish lawgiver. 
 
 MOSCHATEL, mos'ka-tel, Ji. a plant, with 
 pale-green flowers and a musky smell. 
 [Fr. moscateUine — Low L. moschatellina 
 — nmsciis, musk.l 
 
 MOSELLE, mo-zer, n. a white wine from 
 the district of the Moselle. 
 
 MOSLEM, moz'lem, n. a Mussulman or 
 Mohammedan. — adj. of or belonging to 
 the Mohammedans. [Ar. imislim — sala- 
 ma, to submit (to God). Doublet Mussul- 
 man. See Islaji.] 
 
 MOSQUE, mosk, n. a Mohammedan place 
 of worship. [Fr. — Sp. mezquita — Ar. 
 masjid — sajada. to bend, to adore.] 
 
 MOSQUITO, mos-ke'to, n. a biting gnat 
 common in tropical countries : — pi. Mos- 
 QUl'TOES. [Sp., dim. of mosca, a fly— L. 
 musca.'] 
 
 MOSS, mos, n. a family of crj'ptogamic 
 plants with a branching stem and nar- 
 row, simple leaves : a piece of ground 
 covered with moss : a bog. — v.t. to cover 
 with moss. [A.S. meos ; cog. with Dut. 
 7nos, Ger. moos, and L. muscus.] 
 
 MOSSLAND, mos'land, n., ?aMd abounding 
 in 7noss or peat -bogs. 
 
 MOSS-ROSE, mos'-roz, n. a variety of rose 
 having a ?;!Oss-rike growth on the calyx. 
 
 MOSS-TROOPER, mos'-troop'er, n. one of 
 the troopers or bandits that used to in- 
 fest the mosses between England and 
 Scotland. 
 
 MOSSY, mos'i, adj. overgrown or abound- 
 ing with moss. — n. Moss'iness. 
 
 MOST, most. adj. (superl. of MORE), great- 
 est : excelling in number. — adi: in the 
 highest degree. — n. the greatest number 
 or quantity. — adv. Most'ly. [A.S. mcest, 
 cog. with Ger. meist. See More.] 
 
 MOTE, mot, n. a particle of dust : a spot 
 or speck : anj'thing small. [A.S. mot ; 
 ety. unknown.] 
 
 MOTET, mo-tet', n. a short piece of sacred 
 music. [Fr. — It. mottetto, dim. of motto. 
 See Motto.] 
 
 MOTH, moth, n. a family of insects like 
 butterflies, seen mostly at night : the 
 larva of this insect wHich gnaws cloth : 
 that which eats away gradually and si- 
 lently. — i:t. Moth'-eat, to prey upon, as 
 a moth eats a garment. [A.S. moththe ; 
 cog. with Ger. motte, also with A.S. 
 mndhn, a bug, Ger. made.'] 
 
 MOTH-EATEN, moth'-et'n, adj. eaten or 
 cut by moths. 
 
 MOTHER, muth'er, n. a female parent, esp. 
 of the human race: a matron: that which 
 has produced anything. — adj. received by 
 birth, as it were from one's mother : nat- 
 ural : acting the part of a mother : orig- 
 inating. — v.t. to adopt as a son or daugh- 
 ter.— m. Moth'er-IN-LAVT, the mother of 
 one's husband or wife. — n. Moth'er-of- 
 pearl, the internal layer of the shells of 
 several molluscs, esp. of the pearl-oyster, 
 so called because producing the pearl. 
 [M.E. model — A.S. moder, cog. with Dut. 
 moeder. Ice. modhir. Ger. mutter, Ir. and 
 Gael, mathair, Russ. mate, L. mater. Gr. 
 meter. Sans, mata, matri. all from the 
 Aryan root ma, to measure, to manage, 
 from which also Matter and Mete.] 
 
 MOTHER, muf/i'er, n. dregs or sediment, 
 as of vinegar. [A form of MuD.] 
 
 MOTHERHOOD, muf^i'er-hood, n. state of 
 being a mother. 
 
 MOTHERLESS, mu^ft'er-les, adj. without 
 
 a mother. 
 MOTHERLY, mufA'er-li, adj. pertaining to 
 
 or becoming a mother : parental : tender. 
 
 —n. MOTH'ERLINESS. 
 
 MOTH-HUNTER, moth'-hunt'er, w. a lit- 
 tle kind of swallow which hunts moths, 
 etc., called also the goatsucker. 
 
 MOTHY, moth'i, adj. full of moths. 
 
 MOTION, mo'shun, ?>. the act or state of 
 moving : a single movement : change of 
 posture : gait : power of motion : excite- 
 ment of tne mind : proposal made, esp. 
 in an assembly: — in pi. (B.) impulses. — 
 v.i. to make a significant movement. 
 [Fr. — L. motio, -onis — moveo, motum, to 
 move.] 
 
 MOTIONLESS, mo'shun-les, adj. without 
 motion. 
 
 MOTIVE, mo'tiv, adj. causing motion ; 
 having power to move. — n. that which 
 moves, or excites to action : inducement : 
 reason. [M.E. motif — Fr.. through Low 
 L., from moveo, motus, to move.] 
 
 MOTIVITY, mo-tiv'it-i, n. power of pro- 
 ducing motion : the quality of being in- 
 fluenced by motion. 
 
 MOTLEY, mot'li, adj. covered with spots 
 of different colors : consisting of different 
 colors : composed of various parts. [Lit. 
 " curdled," M.E. mottelee. through O. 
 Fr., from an unknown O. Ger. root seen 
 in Bavarian inatte, curds.] 
 
 MOTOR, mo'tor, 7i. a mover : that which 
 gives motion. [See MOTIVE.] 
 
 MOTORY, mo'tor-i, adj. giving motion. 
 
 MOTTLED, mot'ld, adj. marked with spots 
 of various colors, or shades of color. 
 [From Motley.] 
 
 MOTTO, mot'o, n. a sentence or phrase 
 prefixed to anything intimating the sub- 
 ject of it : a phrase attached to a device : 
 —pi. Mottoes (mot'oz). [It.^Low L. 
 muttum — muttio, to mutter. See Mut- 
 ter.]^ 
 
 MOULD, mold, n. dust : soil rich in decayed 
 matter : the matter of which an\'thing 
 is composed : a minute fungus which 
 grows on bodies in a damp atmosphere, 
 so named from often growing on mould. 
 — v.t. to cover with mould or soil : to 
 cause to become mouldj". — v.i. to become 
 mouldy. [A.S. molde ; Ger. vmll, Goth. 
 mulda ; akin to Goth, malan, L. molo, to 
 
 grind.] 
 ULD, mold, n. a hollow form in which 
 anything is cast : a pattern : the form re- 
 ceived from a mould : character. — v.t. to 
 form in a mould : to knead, as dough. — 
 71. Mould'er. [Fr. 7noule — L. modubis. 
 See Model.] 
 
 MOULD ABLE, mold'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 moulded. 
 
 MOULDER, mold'er, v.i. to crumble to 
 7noiild: to waste away gradually. — v.t. 
 to turn to dust. 
 
 MOULDING, mold'ing, 7i. anything mould- 
 ed: ((trc/i.) an ornamental projection 
 beyond a wall, etc. 
 
 MOULDWARP, mold'worp, n. the mole, 
 which ca-its 7ip little heaps of mould. 
 [See Mole.] 
 
 MOULDY, mold'i, adj. overgrown with 
 mould. — n. Mould'iness. 
 
 MOULT, molt, v.i. to change or cast tli« 
 feathers, etc.. as birds, etc. [Formed with 
 intrusive I from L. iMitare, to change.] 
 
 MOULTING, molt'ing, n. the act or process 
 of moulting ov casting feathers, skin. etc. 
 
 MOUND, mownd, n. (fort.) an artificial 
 bank of earth or stone : an artificial 
 mount : a natural hillock. — v.t. to fortify 
 with a mound. [A.S. mund, a defence; 
 O. Ger. 7nu7it, defence ; akin to L. mona, 
 a mount.]
 
 MOUNT 
 
 292 
 
 MULTIFARIOUS 
 
 MOUNT, mownt, n. ground rising above 
 the level of the surrounding country : a 
 hill : an ornamental mound : (B.) a bul- 
 wark for offence or defence. — v.i. to pro- 
 ject or rise up : to be of great elevation. 
 — v.t. to raise aloft : to climb : to get 
 upon, as a horse : to put on horseback : 
 to put upon something, to arrange or set 
 in fitting order. — n. MoUNT'ER. [A.S. 
 munt — L. mons, montis, a mountain, 
 from root of -mineo, as in emineo, to 
 project.] 
 
 MOUNTABLB, mownt'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be mounted or ascended. 
 
 MOUNTAIN, mownt'an or -'in, n. a high 
 hill : anything very large. — adj. of or re- 
 lating to a mountain : growing or dwell- 
 ing on a mountain. — n. MOUNT' ain-ash, 
 the rowan-tree, with bunches of red-ber- 
 ries, common on mountains. — «. Mount'- 
 AIN-LIMESTONE (geol.) a series of hmestone 
 strata separating the old red sandstone 
 from the coal-measures. [Fr. montague 
 — Low L. montanea, a mountain — L. 
 mons, montis.] 
 
 MOUNTAINEER, mownt-an-er' or -in-er', 
 n. an inhabitant of a mountain : a rustic. 
 
 MOUNTAINOUS, mownt'an-us or -'in-us, 
 adj. full of mountains : large as a mount- 
 ain : huge. 
 
 MOUNTEBANK, mownt'e-bank, n. a quack- 
 doctor who boasts of his skill and his 
 medicines : a boastful pretender. [It. 
 montambanco — montare, to mount, in, 
 on, upon, and banco, a bench. See Bank, 
 a place for depositing money.] 
 
 MOUNTING, mownt'ing, n. the act of 
 mounting or embellishing, as the setting 
 of a gem, etc. 
 
 MOURN, morn, v.i. to grieve : to be sor- 
 rowful : to wear mourning. — v. t. to grieve 
 for : to utter in a sorrowful manner. — n. 
 Mouen'er. [A.S. muman, mecrrnan : O. 
 Ger. momen, to grieve, whence Fr. mome, 
 dull, sad.] 
 
 MOURNFUL, morn'fool, adj., mourning: 
 causing or expre.ssing sorrow : feeling 
 grief. — adv. Mouen'fully. — n. Mourn'- 
 
 PCUTESS. 
 
 MOURNING, morn'ing, adj., grieving: la- 
 menting. — n. the act of expressing- grief : 
 the dress of mourners. — adv. Mourn'ing- 
 
 LY. 
 
 MOUSE, mows, n. a little rodent animal 
 found in houses and in the fields : — pi. 
 Mice (mis). — n. Mocse'ear, a name of 
 several plants with soft leaves shaped 
 like a mouse's ear. — n. Mouse'tail, a 
 small plant with a spike of seed-vessels 
 Tery like the tail of a mouse. [Lit. " the 
 stealing animal," A.S. mus, pi. mys: Ger. 
 m,atis. L. and Gr. mus. Sans, musha, arat 
 or mouse ; from root mus, to steal, seen 
 in Sans, musfi, to steal.] 
 
 MOUSE, mo wz,T'.i. to catch 7n tee; to watch 
 for slilv.— n. Mous'er. 
 
 MOUSTACHE, moos-tash'. Same as Mus- 
 tache. 
 
 MOUTH, mowth, n. the opening in the 
 head of an animal by which it eats and 
 utters sound : opening or entrance, as 
 of a bottle, river, etc.: the instrument 
 of speaking : a speaker : — pi. Mouths 
 (mouthz). [A.S. muth ; found in all the 
 Teut. languages, as in Ger. mund, Dut. 
 mond.] 
 
 MOUTH, movith, v.t. to utter with a voice 
 overloud or swelling. — n. Mouth'er, an 
 affected speaker. 
 
 MOUTHED, mow</id, adj. having a mouth. 
 
 MOUTHFUL, mowth'fool, n. as much as 
 fills the mouth : a small quantity : — pi. 
 Mouth'fuls. 
 
 MOUTHLESS, mowth'les, adj. without a 
 mouth. 
 
 MOUTHPIECE, mowth'pes, n. the piece of 
 
 a musical instrument for the mouth : one 
 who speaks for others. 
 MOVABLE, moov'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 moved, lifted, etc.: not fixed: changing 
 from one time to another. — adv. Mov'- 
 
 ABLT. — HS. MOV'ABLENESS, MOVABIL'ITY. 
 
 MOVABLES, moov'a-blz, n.pl. (law) such 
 articles of property as may be moved, as 
 furniture, etc. 
 
 MOVE, moov, v.t. to cause to change place 
 or posture : to set in motion : to impel : 
 to excite to action : to persuade : to in- 
 stigate : to arouse : to provoke : to touch 
 the feelings of : to propose or bring be- 
 fore an assembly : to recommend. — v.i. 
 to go from one place to another : to 
 change place or posture : to walk : to 
 change residence : to make a motion as 
 in an assembly. — ?i. the act of moving : 
 a movement, esp. at chess. — n. Mov'ER. 
 [Fr. mouvoir — L. moveo, to move.] 
 
 MOVEMENT, moov'ment, n. act or man- 
 ner of moving : change of position : mo- 
 tion of the mind, emotion : the wheel- 
 work of a clock or watch : (mus.) a part 
 having the same time. 
 
 MOVING, moov'ing, adj. causing motion : 
 changing position: a9:ectingthe feelings: 
 pathetic. — adv. Mov'mGLY. 
 
 MOW, mo, M. a pile of hay or grain in 
 sheaves laid up in a barn. — v.t. to lay hay 
 or sheaves of grain in a heap : — pr.p. 
 mow'ing; pa.t. mowed'; pa.p. mowed' or 
 mown. [A.S. nmga, a heap ; Ice. muga, 
 a swath in mowing.] 
 
 MOW, mo, v.t. to cut down with a scythe : 
 to cut down in great numbers : — j)r.j). 
 mow'ing ; pa. f. mowed'; pa.p. mowed' 
 or mown. [A.S. maivan ; Ger. miihen; 
 allied to L. meto, to mow.] 
 
 MOWED, mod, MOWN, mon, adj. cut 
 down with a scythe : cleared of grass 
 with a scythe, as land. 
 
 MOWER, mo'er, n. one who mows or cuts 
 grass. 
 
 MOWING, mo'ing, n. the art of cutting 
 down with a scythe : land from which 
 grass is cut. 
 
 MUCH, much, adj., great in quantity ; 
 long in duration. — adv. to a great de- 
 gree : by far : often or long : almost. — 
 n. a great quantity : a strange thing. 
 [Through old forms michel, mucliel, from 
 A.S. mic-el : Ice. wi/6'fc, Goth, mikils, 
 Gr. meg-as, L. wia5r-?iMS.] 
 
 MUCID, mu'sid, adj. like mucus: slimy. — 
 n. Mu'cidness. 
 
 MUCILAGE, mu'si-laj, n. a sMm?/ substance 
 like mucus, found in certain vegetables : 
 gum. 
 
 MUCILAGINOUS, mu-si-laj'in-us, adj. per- 
 taining to or secreting mucilage : .slimy. 
 
 MUCK, muk, n., dung : a mass of decayed 
 vegetable matter : anything low and 
 filthy. — v.t. to manure with muck. 
 [Scand., as in Ice. mylci, Dan. inog, 
 dung.] 
 
 MUCK, mistaken form of AiruCK. 
 
 MUCKY, muk'i, adj. consisting of muck : 
 nasty, filthy.— )^. Muck'INESS. 
 
 MUCOUS, mu'kus, adj. like mucus : slimy : 
 viscous. 
 
 MUCUS, mu'kus, Ji. the slimy fluid from 
 the nose : the slimy fluid on all the in- 
 terior canals of the body to moisten 
 them. [L. — mungo, Gr. apomysso, to blow 
 the nose ; Sans, much, to loosen.] 
 
 MUD, mud, 71. wet, soft earth. — v.t. to 
 bury in mud : to dirty : to stir the sedi- 
 ment in, as in liquors. [Low Ger. mudde, 
 Dut. madder.] 
 
 MUDDLE, mud'l, v.t. to render muddy or 
 foul, as water : to confuse, especially 
 with liquor. 
 MUDDY, nuid'i, adj. foul with mud : con- 
 taining mud : covered with mud : con- 
 fused : stupid. — v.i. to dirty: to render 
 
 dull : — pa.t. and pa.j). mudd'ied. — adv. 
 
 MUDD'n-Y.— ?!. MUDD'INESS. 
 
 MUDDY - HEADED, mud'i-hed'ed, adj. 
 having a muddy or dull head or under- 
 standing. 
 
 MUEZZIN, mu-ez'in, n. the Mohammedan 
 official attached to a mosque, whose duty 
 is to announce the hours of prayer. [Ar.] 
 
 MUFF, muf, n. a warm, soft cover for the 
 hands in winter, usuallj' of fur or dressed 
 skins. [From a Teut. root, seen in Ger. 
 muff, a muff, Dut. mof, a sleeve. 
 
 MUFF, mut, 11. a stupid, silly fellow. [Prob. 
 from prov. E. moffle, to mumble, do anj-- 
 thing ineffectually.] 
 
 MUFFIN, muf'in, n. a soft, light, spongy 
 cake. [Prob. from Muff, on account of 
 its softness.] 
 
 MUFFLE, muf'l, v.t. to wrap up as with 
 a muff: to blindfold : to cover up so as 
 to render sound dull : to cover from the 
 weather. [Fr. monfler — moufle, a muff, 
 prob. from the root of MuFF.] 
 
 MIJFFLER, muf'ler, n. a cover that inuffles 
 the face. 
 
 MUFTI, mufti, n. a doctor or official ex- 
 pounder of Mohammedan law in Turkey. 
 |Ar.] 
 
 MUG, mug, n. a kind of earthen or metal 
 cup for liquor. [Ir. vmgan, a mug, mucog, 
 a cup.] 
 
 MUGGY, mug'i, MUGGISH, mug-ish, adj., 
 foggy: close and damp. [Ice. mugga, 
 dark, thick weather.] 
 
 MULATTO, mu-lat'6, n. the offspring of 
 black and white parents -.—fern. Mulat'- 
 TRESS. [Lit. one of a mixed breed like a 
 mule, Sp. mulato — mulo. a mule.] 
 
 MULBERRY, mul'ber-i, n. the berry of a 
 tree : the tree itself, the leaves of which 
 form the food of the silkworm. [Mul- is 
 A.S. 7nor- or mur- (as in A.S. mor-beam, 
 a mu'berry, where beam^tvee), from L. 
 morus : cog. with Gr. moron, a mulberry: 
 and Berry.] 
 
 MULCT, mulkt, n. a fine : a penalty. — v.t. 
 to fine. [L. mulcto, to fine.] 
 
 MULCTUAEY, mulk'tu-ar-i, adj. imposing 
 a fine. 
 
 MULE, mul, n. the offspring of the horse 
 and ass : an instrument for cotton-spin- 
 ning : an obstinate person. [A.S. mul — 
 L. muhis, a mule.] 
 
 MULETEER, miil-et-er', n. one who drives 
 mules. 
 
 MULISH, mul'ish, adj. like amule : sullen: 
 obstinate.— adr. Mdl'ishly.— ?i. Mul'ish- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 MULL, mul, v.t. to warm, spice, and sweet- 
 en (wine, ale. etc.). [From MULLED, adj.] 
 
 MULLAGATAWNY', mul-a-ga-taw'ni, n. 
 an East Indian curry-soup. 
 
 MULLED, muld, adj. heated, sweetened, 
 and spiced, (as wine, etc.), [M. E. mold- 
 ale, Scot, middc-mete, a funeral banquet, 
 whei-e molde=Scot. moots, E. Mould, the 
 earth of the grave, and a/e=feast (cf. 
 Bridal).] 
 
 MULLET, mul'et, n. a genus of fishes 
 nearlv cylindrical in form, highly es- 
 teemed for the table. [Fr. mutet — L. 
 midliis.] 
 
 MULLION, mul'yun, n. an upright division 
 between the lights of windows, etc, in 
 a Gothic arch.— v.t. to shape into divisions 
 by mullions. [M. E. munion. ety. dub., 
 either from Fr. meneau, a niu)lion, of un- 
 known origin, or from Fr. moignon, a 
 stump, as of an arm or branch, which ii 
 perh. derived from L. maucus, maimed.] 
 
 MULTANGULAR, mult-ang'gul-ar, adj. 
 having many angles or corners. [L. 
 inultns. manv. and Angular.] 
 
 MULTIFARIOUS, mul-ti-fa'ri-us, adj. hav- 
 ing great diversity : manifold. — adv. MuL- 
 tifa'riocsly. [L. vivltua, many, and 
 variuA, diverse.]
 
 MULTIFORM 
 
 293 
 
 MUSK 
 
 MT7LTIF0BM, mul'ti-form, adj. having 
 many forms. — n. Multiform'ity. [L. 
 miiltus. many, and Form.] 
 
 MULTILATERAL, mul-ti-lat'er-al, adj. 
 having many sides. [L. multiis, many, 
 and Lateral.] 
 
 MULTILINEAL, mul-ti-lin'e-al, adj. hav- 
 ing many lines. [L. midtus, many, and 
 Lineal.] 
 
 MULTIPED, mul'ti-ped, n. an insect having 
 many feet. [L. multus, many, and pes, 
 pedis, foot] 
 
 MULTIPLE, mul'ti-pl, adj. having many 
 folds or parts : repeated many times. — 
 n. a number or quantity ivhich contains 
 another an exact number of times. [L. 
 multiple.v — midtus, many, and plico, to 
 fold.] 
 
 MULTIPLEX, mul'ti-pleks, adj. having 
 many folds ; manifold. 
 
 MULTIPLIABLE, mul'ti-pll-arbl, adj. that 
 maj' be multiplied. 
 
 MULTIPLICAND, mul'ti - pli - kand, 7i. a 
 number or quantity to be multiplied by 
 another. 
 
 MULTIPLICATION, mul-ti-pli-ka'shun, n. 
 ♦,he act of mtdtiplying : the rule or op- 
 eration by which any given number or 
 juantity is multiplied. 
 
 MTJLTIPLICATIVE, mul'ti-pli-kat-iv, adj. 
 tending to multiply: having the power 
 to multiply. 
 
 MULTIPLICITY, mul-ti-plis'i-ti, n. the 
 state of being multiplied or various : a 
 great number. 
 
 AIULTIPLIER, mul'ti-plT-er, n. one who or 
 that which mxdtiplies or increases : the 
 number or quantity by which another is 
 multiplied. 
 
 MULTIPLY, mul'ti-pU, v.t. to fold or in- 
 crease many times : to make more nu- 
 merous : to repeat any given number or 
 quantity as often as there are units in 
 another number. — v.i. to increase:^^r.p. 
 mul'tiplying; pa.t. and pa.p. mul'tiplied. 
 [Fr.— L. multiplex. See Multiple.] 
 
 MULTITUDE, mul'ti-^ud, n. the state of 
 being many : a great number of indi- 
 viduals : a crowd. ^Fr. — L. multitudo — 
 multus, many.] 
 
 MULTITUDINOUS, mul-ti-tud'i-nus, adj. 
 consisting of or having the appearance 
 of a multitude. 
 
 MUM, mum, adj. silent. — n. silence. — int. 
 be silent. [Cf. L. and Gr. m,u, the least 
 possible sound made with the lips ; of 
 imitative origin.] 
 
 MUM, mum, n. a sort of beer made in Ger- 
 many. [Orig. brewed by a German named 
 Mimhite.] 
 
 MUMBLE, mum'bl, v.i. to utter the sound 
 mum in speaking : to speak indistinctly : 
 to chew softly: to eat with the lips close. 
 — v.t. to utter indistinctly or imperfectly: 
 to mouth gently. [See Mum.] 
 
 MUTVIBLER, mum'bler, ?(. one who mumbles 
 or speaks with a low, indistinct voice. 
 
 MUMBLING, mum'bling, adj. uttering 
 with a low, indistinct voice : chewing 
 softly.— arft>. MUM'BLINOLY. 
 
 MUMM, mum, v.t. to mask: to make diver- 
 sion in disguise. [O. Dut. mommen, to 
 ma.sk, mom, a mask ; cf. Low Ger. mum- 
 meln. to mask, whence Ger. vemnummen, 
 to mask.] 
 
 MUMMER, mum'er, n. one who mumins or 
 makes diversion in disguise : a masker : 
 a buffoon. [sion. 
 
 MUMMERY, mum'er-i, n., masking : diver- 
 
 MUMMIFY, mum'i-fi, v.t. to make into a 
 mummy : to embalm iind dry as a mum- 
 my : — pr.p. mumm'ifving; pa.p. mumm'- 
 ified. — n. Mummifica'tion. [Mitmmy, and 
 facto, to make.] 
 
 MUMMING, mum ' ing, n. the sports of 
 mummers. — adj. pertaining to the sports 
 of mummers. 
 
 MUMMY, mum'i, n. a human body pre- 
 served bv the Egyptian art of embalm- 
 ing, in which wax. spices, etc., were em- 
 ployed. — v.t. to embalm and dry as a 
 mummy : — pr.p. mumm'ying ; pa.p. 
 mumm led. [Fr. — It. mummia — ^Ar. and 
 Pers. mumayim, a mummy — Pers. mum, 
 wax.] 
 
 MUMP, mump, v.t. or v.i. to mumble or 
 move the lips with the mouth almost 
 closed : to nibble : to cheat : to play the 
 beggar. [Form of Mum.] 
 
 MUMPER, mump'er, n. one who mumps: 
 an old cant term for a beggar. 
 
 MUMPISH, mump'ish, adj. having mumps: 
 dull : sullen. — adv. Mump'ishlt. — n. 
 Mump'ishness. 
 
 MUMPS, mumps, j(. a swelling of the 
 glands of the neck, accompanied with 
 ditficulty of speaking. [From MuMP.j 
 
 MUNCH, munsli, v.t. or v.i. to chewynVa 
 shut mouth. [M. B. monchen, from an 
 imitative root, or from Fr. manger. It. 
 mangiare — L. mandueare, to chew.] 
 
 MUNCHER, munsh'er, n. one who munches. 
 
 MUNDANE, mun'dau, adj. belonging to 
 the world : terrestrial. — adv. Mun'dane- 
 LY. [Fr. — L. vumdanus — mundus, the 
 world — mundus, ordered, adorned ; akin 
 to Sans, mand, to adorn.] 
 
 MUNICIPAL, mu-nis'i-pal, adj. pertaining 
 to a corporation or citj'. [Fr. — L. mu- 
 nicipalis, from rnunicipium, a free town 
 — munia, official duties, and capio, to 
 take. 1 
 
 MUNICIPALITY, mu-nis-i-pal'i-ti, n. a mu- 
 nicipal district : in France, a division of 
 the country. 
 
 MUNIFICENCE, mu-nif'i-sens, n. quality 
 of being munificent: bountifulness. [Fr. 
 — L. munificentia — munus, a duty, pres- 
 ent, and facio, to make.] 
 
 MUNIFICENT, mu-nif i-sent, adj. very lib- 
 eral in giving: generous: bountiful. — 
 adv. Munif'icently. 
 
 MUNIMENT, mu'ni-ment, n. that which 
 fortifies : that which defends : a strong- 
 hold: place or means of defence: defence: 
 {law) a record fortifying a claim : title- 
 deeds. [Fr. — L. munimentum, from m,u- 
 nio, munitum, to fortify — mcenia, walls.] 
 
 MUNITION, mu-nish'un,' ri. materials used 
 in war : military stores of all kinds : (B.) 
 strong-hold, fortress. [Fr. — L. nmnitio.] 
 
 MUNNION, mun'yun. Same as MULLION. 
 
 MURAL, mu'ral, adj. pertaining to or like 
 a wall : steep. [Fr. — L. muralis, from 
 m.urus, a wall ; akin to mcenia, walls, and 
 munio. to fortify.] 
 
 MURDER, mur'der, n. the yet of putting 
 a person to death, intentionally and from 
 malice. — v.t. to commit murcler : to de- 
 stroy : to put an end to. [A.S. morthor, 
 from morth, death ; Ger. mord, Goth. 
 maurthr ; akin to L. mors, mortis, death, 
 and Sans, mri, to die.] 
 
 MURDERER, mur'der-er, n. one who mur- 
 ders, or is guilty of murder:— /e?«. Mur'- 
 
 DERESS. 
 
 MURDEROUS, mur'der-us, adj. guilty of 
 murder : consisting in or fond of murder: 
 bloody : cruel. — adv. Mur'derously. 
 
 MUREX, mu'reks, n. a shell-fish, from 
 which the Tvrian purple dye was obtained. 
 
 [L.] ^ i I y 
 
 MURIATIC, mu-ri-at'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 or obtained from sea-salt. [L. muriati- 
 cus — miiria, brine.] 
 
 MURICATE, mfi'ri-kat, MURICATED, 
 mu'ri-kat-ed, adj. (bof.) armed with sharp 
 points or prickles. [L. mvricatus. from 
 murex. muricis. a pointed rock or stone.] 
 
 MURIFORM, mu'ri-form, adj. (hot.) resem- 
 bling the bricks in a wall. [L. murtts, a 
 wall, forma, shape.] 
 
 MURKY, murk'i, adj., dark: obscxire : 
 gloomy.— odi). Murk'ily.— Ji. Murk'iness. 
 
 [A.S. mure; Ice. myrkr, Dan. and Sw 
 mork.J 
 
 MURMUR, mur'mur, n. a low, indistinct 
 sound, like that of running water : a 
 complaint in a low, muttering voice. — 
 v.i. to utter a murmur : to grumble : — 
 pr.p. mur'muring ; pa.t. and pa.p. mur'- 
 mured. — n. Mur'murer. [Fr. — L., formed 
 from the sound.] 
 
 MURMUROUS, mur'mur-us, adj. attended 
 with murmurs : exciting murmur. 
 
 MURRAIN, mur'ran or-'rin, »>. an infec- 
 tious and fatal disease among cattle. 
 [O. Fr. morine, a dead carcass — L. mo- 
 rior. to die. See Mortal.] 
 
 MURRION, mur'ri-un. Same as Morion. 
 
 MUSCADEL, mus'ka-del, MUSCADINE, 
 mus'ka-din, MUSCAT, mus'kat, MUS- 
 CATEL, mus'ka-tel, n. a rich, spicy 
 wine : also the grane producing it : a 
 fragrant and dehcious pear. [O. Fr. 
 muscadel — It. 7noscadeno, moscatello, 
 dim. of muscato, smelling like musk — 
 L. muscus, musk. See Musk.] 
 
 MUSCLE, mus'l, n. the fleshy parts of an 
 animal body by which it moves. [Fr. — L. 
 musctdus. dim. of vuis, a mouse, hence a 
 muscle, from its appearance under the 
 skin.] 
 
 MUSCLE, MUSSEL, mus'l, n. a marine 
 bivalve shell-fish, used for food. [A.S. 
 muxle ; Ger. muschel, Fr. moule ; all 
 from L. mvsculus.] 
 
 MUSCOID, mus'koid, adj. (bot.) moss-like. 
 — n. a moss-like, flowerless plant. [A 
 hybrid, from L. muscus, moss, and Gr. 
 eidos. form.] 
 
 MUSCULAR, mus'ku-lar, adj. pei-taining 
 to a muscle : consisting of muscles : 
 brawny : strong : vigorous. — adv. Mus'- 
 culael*. — n. Musculab'ity, state of 
 being muscular. 
 
 MUSE, muz, i\i. to study in silence : to be 
 absent-minded : to meditate. — n. deep 
 thought : contemplation : absence of 
 mind.— arfr. Mus'ingly.— ??. Mus'er. [Fr. 
 muser, to loiter, to trifle: It. inusare ; 
 ace. to Diez from O. Fr. muse, Fr. inu- 
 seau. the mouth, snout of an animal ; 
 from a dog snuffing idly about. See 
 Muzzle.] 
 
 MUSE, muz, n. one of the nine goddesses 
 of poetry, music, and the other liberal 
 arts. [Fr. — L. 7tiusa — Gr. mousa, prob. 
 from mao, to invent.] 
 
 MUSEUM, mii-ze'um, n. a collection of 
 natural, scientific, or other curiosities, 
 or of works of art. [L. — Gr. mouseion. 
 See Muse.] 
 
 MUSH, mush, n. Indian meal boiled in 
 water. [Ger. mus, pap, anj' thick prep- 
 aration of fruit.] 
 
 MUSHROOM, mush'rooni, m. the commom 
 name of certain fungi, esp. such as are 
 edible : (Jig.) one w^io rises suddenly 
 from a low condition : an upstart. [Fr. 
 mousseron, through inoiisse, moss— O, 
 Ger. mos, Ger. moos.] 
 
 MUSIC, mu'zik, n. melody or harmony : 
 the science which treats of harmony ; 
 the art of combining sounds so as to 
 please the ear : a musical composition. 
 [Fr. musique — L. musica — Gr. movsiki 
 (fechne. art) — mousa, a Muse.] 
 
 MUSICAL, mu'zik-al, adj. pertaining to or 
 producing music : pleasing to the ear : 
 melodious. — adv. Mu'sically. — n. Mu* 
 sic ALNESS. [Fr.] 
 
 MUSICIAN, mu-zish'an, n. one skilled in 
 music : a performer of music. [Fr, 
 m}(sicien.] 
 
 MUSK, musk, Ji. a strong perfume, ob- 
 tained from the male musk-deer : a liorn- 
 le.ss deer, in Tibet and Nepaul. yielding 
 musk. — v.t. to perfume with musk. [Fr, 
 muse — L. muscus, Gr. mosehos — Pera, 
 musk.1
 
 MUSK-APPLE 
 
 294 
 
 NAG 
 
 MUSK'-jVPP'LE, MUSK'- cat, IVIUSK'- 
 MEL'ON, MUSK'-ROSE, etc., so called 
 from their musty odor. 
 
 MUSKET, mus'ket, ?(. formerly, the com- 
 mon hand-g-un of soldiers. [Fr. mousquet, 
 a musket, formerly a hawk — It.mosqueito 
 — L. musca, a fly ; many of the old guns 
 had fancy names derived from birds and 
 other animals.] 
 
 MUSKETEER, mus-ket-er', n. a soldier 
 armed with a musket. [Fr. mo2isquetaire.] 
 
 MUSKETOON, mus-ket-oon', n. a short 
 musket : one armed with a musketoon. 
 IFr. mousqueton.'] 
 
 MUSKETRY, mus'ket-ri, n., muskets in 
 general : practice with muskets. [Fr. 
 mousqiieterie.'\ 
 
 MUSK-OX, musk'-oks, n. a small animal 
 of the ox family inhabiting the northern 
 parts of America, the flesh of which has 
 a strong musky smell. 
 
 MUSK-RAT, musk'-rat, n. an animal of the 
 shrew family, so named from tlie strong 
 musky odor of its skin. 
 
 MUSKY, musk'i, adj. having the odor of 
 musk.— adu. Mdsk'ilt. — n. MusK'iMiss. 
 
 MUSLIN, muz'lin, n. a fine thin kind of 
 cotton cloth with a downy nap. [Fr. 
 motisseline — It. mussolino: said to be 
 from Mosul in Mesopotamia.] 
 
 MUSLINET, muz'lin-et, n. a coarse kind of 
 muslin. 
 
 MUSQUITO. Same as Mosquito. 
 
 MUSSEL. See Muscle, a shell-fish. 
 
 MUSSULMAN, mus'ul-man, n. a Moslem 
 or Mohammedan : — pi. Muss'ulmans 
 (-manz). [Low L. mussulmanus — Ar. 
 moslemima, pi. of vioslem.l 
 
 MUST, must, v.i. to be obliged physically 
 or morallj'. [A.S. mot, moste ; Ger. 
 miissen.l 
 
 MUST, must, n. wine pressed from the 
 grape, but not fermented. [A.S., Ice. 
 and Ger. -most ; all from L. mustum, 
 from mustus, new, fresh.] 
 
 MUSTACHE, mus-tash', MUSTACHIO, 
 mus-tash'yo, n. the beard upon the 
 I'.pper lip. [Fr. moustache. It. mostaccio ; 
 from Gr. mustax, mustakos, the upper 
 lip.] 
 
 MUSTACHIOED, mus-tash'yod, adj. hav- 
 ing mustachios. 
 
 MUSTARD, mus'tard, n. a plant with a 
 pungent taste : the seed ground and used 
 as a condiment. [O. Fr. moustarde, Fr. 
 moutarde — O. Fr. moust, Fr. mo lit — L. 
 mtistum, must, orig. used in preparing it.] 
 
 MUSTER, mus'ter, v.t. to assemble, as 
 troops for duty or inspection : to gather. 
 — v.i. to be gathered together, as troops. 
 — n. an assembling of troops : a register 
 of troops mustered : assemblage : col- 
 lected show. — Pass muster, to pass in- 
 spection uncensured. [O. Fr. mostrer — 
 Fr. mdntrer — L. monstro, to show. See 
 Monster.] 
 
 MUSTER-MASTER, mus'ter-mas'ter, n. the 
 inaster of the muster, or who takes an ac- 
 count of troops, their arms, etc. 
 
 MUSTER-ROLL, mus'ter-rol, n. a roll or 
 register of the ofiicers and men in each 
 companj', troop, or regiment. 
 
 MUSTY, must'i, adj., mouldy: spoiled by 
 damp : sour : foul. — adv. MuST'lLY. — n. 
 Must'iness. [M.E. must, to be mouldy, 
 from the base of L. mucidus, mouldy, 
 from mucus. See Mucus.] 
 
 MUTABLE, mu'ta-bl, adj. that may be 
 changed : subject to change: inconstant. 
 — adv. Mu'tably. — ns. JIutabil'ity, 
 Mu'TABLENESS, quality of being mutable. 
 [L. mutabilis — muto, mutatum, to change 
 —moveo, motum, to move.] 
 
 MUTATION, mu-ta'shun, u. act or process 
 of changing : change : alteration. 
 
 MUTE, mut, adj. incapable of speaking : 
 dumb: silent: unpronouneed. — n. one 
 
 mute or dumb : one who remains silent : 
 a person stationed by undertakers at the 
 door of a house at a funeral : (gram.) a 
 letter having no sound without the aid 
 of a vowel, as b : (Iuk) one who refuses 
 to plead to an indictment.— adi". Mute'ly. 
 — n. Mute'NESS. [Fr. muet — L. mutiis, like 
 Gr. 7IIUZ0, to utter the sound iiiu, pro- 
 duced by closing the lips.] 
 MUTE, niut, v.i. to dung, as birds. [O.Fr. 
 
 dung 
 
 conn, with E. 
 
 mutir : esmeut, 
 smelt or melt.] 
 
 MUTILATE, mu'ti-lat. v.t. to viaiui: to cut 
 ofl' : to remove a material part of. — ti. 
 Mu'tilator, one who mutilates. [L. 
 mutilo—mutilus, maimed, Gr. mutilos, 
 mitulos, curtailed, hornless.] 
 
 MUTILATION, mu-ti-la'shun, n. act of 
 mutilating- : deprivation of a limb or es- 
 sential part. 
 
 MUTINEER, mu-ti-ner', n. one guilty of 
 mutiny. 
 
 MUTINOUS, mu'ti-nus, adj. disposed to 
 mutiny : seditious. — adv. Mu'tinously. — 
 n. Md'tixousness. 
 
 MUTINY, mu'ti-ni, v.i. to rise against 
 authority in militarj' or naval service : 
 to revolt against rightful authority : — 
 pr.p. mu'tinj-ing ; pa.f. and pa.p. mu'- 
 tiuied. — n. insurrection, esp. naval or 
 military : tumult : strife. [Fr. mutiner 
 — inutin, riotous — Fr. meute — L. motus, 
 rising, insurrection, from moveo, motum, 
 to move.] 
 
 MUTTER, mut'er, v.i. to utter words in a 
 low voice : to murmur : to sound with a 
 low, rumbling noise. — v.t. to utter indis- 
 tinctly.— ». JIutt'erer. [Prob. imitative, 
 like Prov. Ger. muttern ; L. miitio.] 
 
 MUTTON, mut'n, n. the flesh of .sheep. 
 [Fr. mouton, a sheep — Low L. mxdto, 
 which is prob. from the Celt., as Bret. 
 maoud, W. moUt, a wether, sheep ; or 
 ace. to Diez, from L. mutilus, mutilated. 
 See Mutilate.] 
 
 MUTTON-CHOP, mut'n-chop, n. a rib of 
 mutton chopped at the small end. [Mut- 
 ton and Chop.] 
 
 MUTUAL, mii'tu-al, adj., interchanged: in 
 return: given and received. — adv. Mu'TU- 
 ALLY. — n. Mutual'ity. [Fr. mutuel—h. 
 mutuus — muto, to change.] 
 
 MUZZLE, muz'l, w. the projecting mouth, 
 lips, and nose of an animal : a fastening 
 for the mouth to prevent biting : the ex- 
 treme end of a gun, etc. — v.t. to put a 
 muzzle on : to restrain from biting: to 
 keep from liurting. [O. Fr. musel, Fr. 
 niuseau, prob. from L. morsus, a bite — 
 mordeo, to bite.] 
 
 MY, va.i,poss. adj. belong^ingto me. [Contr. 
 of Mine.] 
 
 MYCOLOGY, niT-kol'o-ji, n. the .science 
 treating of the fungi oi' mushrooms. [Gr. 
 mykes, fungus, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 MYOPY, mf o-pi, »i. shortness or nearness 
 of sight. — adj. Myop'ic. [Gr. — inyo, to 
 close, and ojjs, the eye.] 
 
 MYRIAD, mir'i-ad, ji. anj' immense num- 
 ber. [Gr. myrias. myriados, a ten thou- 
 sand, allied to W. mam-, great, more, 
 myrdd. an infinity.] 
 
 MYRIAPOD, mir'i-a-|)od, n. a worm-shaped 
 articulate animal with many jointed legs. 
 [Gr. myrioi, ten thousand, and pons, po- 
 aos, foot.] 
 
 5IYRMID0N, mer'mi-don, n. (orig.) one of 
 a tribe of warriors who accompanied 
 Achilles : one of a ruflianly band under 
 a daring leader. [L. and Gr., derived, 
 ace. to the fable, from niyrnie.i: an ant.] 
 
 MYRRH, mer, n. a bitter, aromatic, trans- 
 parent gum, exuded from the bark of a 
 shrub in Ai-abia. [Fr. niyrrhe — L. and 
 Gr. myrrha — Ar. 7nurr, from marra, to 
 be bitter.] 
 
 MYRTLE, mer'tl, n. an evergreen shrub 
 
 with beautiful and fragrant leaves. [Fr, 
 myrtil, dim. of myrte — L. and Gr. myi-tui 
 — Gr. myron, any sweet juice.] 
 
 MYSELF, ml-self or me-self, pron., I or 
 me. in person — used for the sake of em- 
 jihasis and also as the reciprocal of me. 
 [My and Self.] 
 
 MYSTERIOUS, mis-te'ri-us, adj. containing 
 mystery: obscure: secret : incomprehen- 
 sible.— adv. Myste'riously.— ij. Myste'- 
 
 RIOUSNESS. 
 
 MYSTERY, mis'ter-i, n. a secret doctrine : 
 anything very obscure : that which is 
 beyond human comprehension : anything 
 artfully made difficult. [M.B. mysterie. 
 from L. mysterium — Gr. mysterion — my.s- 
 tes, one initiated — mueo, to initiate into 
 mysteries — muo, to close the eyes — root 
 mu, close. See Mute, dumb.] 
 
 MYSTERY, mis'ter-i, w. atrade. handicraft : 
 a kind of rude drama of a religious nature 
 (so called because acted by craftsmen). 
 [M.E. mistere. corr. from O. Fr. mestier. 
 Fr. metier — L. m inisterium ■ — min ister. 
 Prop, spelt mistei-y ; the spelling mystery 
 is due to confusion with the above woi'd. 
 See Minister.] 
 
 MYSTIC, mis'tik, MYSTICAL, mis'tik-al, 
 adj. relating to or containing mystery : 
 sacredly obscure or secret : involving a 
 secret meaning : allegorical : belonging 
 to mysticism. — adv. Mys'tically". [L. 
 mysticus — Gr. mystikos. See Mystery, 
 a secret doctrine.] 
 
 MYSTIC, mis'tik, n. one of a sect profess- 
 ing to have direct intei'course with the 
 Spirit of God who revealed mysteries to 
 them. 
 
 MYSTICISM, mis'ti-sizm, n. the doctrine 
 of the mystics : obscurity of doctrine. 
 
 MYSTIFY, mis'ti-fi, r.^ to make mysteri- 
 ous, obscure, or secret : to involve iu 
 mystery -.—pr.p. mys'tifying ; jia.t. and 
 p.ap. mjs'tified. — n. Mystifica'tion. 
 [Fr. mystijier, from Gr. mystes, and L. 
 facio, to make.] 
 
 MYTH, mith, n. a fable : a legend : a fab- 
 ulous narrative founded on a remote 
 event, esp. those made in the earlj' period 
 of a people's existence. [Gr. mythos.] 
 
 MYTHIC, mith'ik, SIYTHICAL, mith'ik- 
 al, adj. relating to myths : fabulous. — adv. 
 Myth'ically. [Gr. mythikos.] 
 
 MYTHOLOGIC, mith-o-loj'ik, MYTHO- 
 LOGICAL, mith-o-loj'ik-al, adj. relating 
 to mythology: fabulous. — adv. Mytho- 
 log'ically. 
 
 MYTHOLOGIST, mith-ol'o-ji.st, n. one 
 versed in or who writes on mythology. 
 
 MYTHOLOGY, mith-ol'o-ji, n. a system of 
 myths : a treatise regarding- myths : the 
 science of myths. [Fr. — Gr. mythologia 
 — mythos, and logos, a treatise.] 
 
 N 
 
 NABOB, na'bob, n. a deputy or governor 
 under the Mogul empire : a European 
 who has enriched himself in the East^: 
 any man of great wealth. [Corr. of 
 Hindi naiwab, a deputy ; from Ar. 
 nauu-db, governors.] 
 
 NACRE, na'kr, n. a white brilliant matter 
 which forms the interior of .several shells. 
 [Fr. — Pers. nigar, painting.] 
 
 NADIR, na'dir, ii. the point of the heavens 
 directly opposite and corresponding to 
 the zenith. [Ar. nadir, nazir, from na- 
 zara, to be like.] 
 
 NAG, nag, n. a horse, but particularly a 
 small one. [Prob., with intrusive initial 
 7i, from Dan. og, cog. with O. Saxon ehu 
 (cf. L. equa, a mare).]
 
 NAIAD 
 
 295 
 
 NAVAL 
 
 NAIAD, na'yad, n. a water-nymph or fe- 
 male deity, fabled to preside over rivers 
 and springs. [L. and Gr. naias, naiados, 
 from uuo, to flow.] 
 
 NAIL, nal, n. the horny scale at the end of 
 the human fingers and toes : tlie claw of 
 a bird or other animal : a pointed spike 
 of metal for fastening wood : a measure 
 of length (3i inches). — I'.t. to fasten with 
 aails. [A.S. ncegel ; Ger. nagel ; allied to 
 L. unguis, Gr. o-nyx, Sans, nakha ; all 
 from a root seen in E. Gnaw, and sig. to 
 pierce.] 
 
 NAILER, nal er, n. one whose trade is to 
 make nails. 
 
 NAILERY, nal'er-i, n. a place where nails 
 are made. 
 
 NAIVE, na'ev, adj. with natural or unaf- 
 fected simplicitj' : artless : ingenuous. — 
 adv. Na'ively. — n. Naivete, na'ev-ta. 
 [Fr. naif, naive — L. natimts, native, in- 
 nate, from nascor, natus, to be born.] 
 
 NAICED, na'ked, adj. uncovered : exposed: 
 unarmed : defenceless : unconcealed : 
 plain or evident : without addition or 
 ornament : simple : artless : {hot.) with- 
 out the usual covering. — adv. Na kedlt. 
 — H. Na'kedness. [A.S. nacod : Ger. 
 nackt. Sans, nagna, L. »iM(i«s, naked ; aU 
 froin a root found in M.E. naken, to lay 
 bare.] 
 
 NAJIBY-PAMBY, nam^i-pam'bi, adj. 
 weakly sentimental or affectedlj' pretty. 
 [From first name of Ambrose Philips, an 
 affected E. poet of the beginning of the 
 18th centun-.] 
 
 NAME, nam, n. that by which a person or 
 thing is known or called : a designation : 
 ^reputed character: reputation: fame: 
 celebrity: remembrance: a race or family: 
 appearance : authority : behalf : assumed 
 character of another : (gram.) a noun. 
 — i:t. to give a name to: to designate: to 
 speak of by name : to nominate. — n. 
 NAii'ER. [A.S. naina : Ger. name ; L. 
 nomen — nosco, to know ; Gr. o)ioma for 
 ogiioma, from gua, root of gignosko, to 
 know ; Sans. 7t&man — jna, to know.] 
 
 NAMELESS, nara'les. adj. without a name: 
 undistinguished. — adv. Naiie'1£SSLY. — n. 
 Name'lessxess. 
 
 NAMELY, nam'li, adv. by name : that is to 
 say. 
 
 NAJIESAKE, nam'sak, n. one bearing the 
 same name as another for his sake. 
 [Name and Sake.] 
 
 NANKEEN, nan-ken', n. a buff-colored cot- 
 ton cloth fir.st made at Nankin, in China. 
 
 NAP, nap, n. a short sleep. — v.i. to take a 
 short sleep : to feel drowsy and secure : 
 — Jir.}). napping ; pa.p. napped'. [A.S. 
 hiupppian, to nap, orig. to nod ; of. Ger. 
 nicken, to nod.] 
 
 NAP. nap, n. the wooU.y substance on the 
 surface of cloth : the downy covering of 
 plants. — adj. Napp'y. [A.S.' hnoppa, nap. 
 a form of cna}}, a top, knob. See Knob.] 
 
 NAPE, nap, v. tlie Imob or projecting joint 
 of the neck behind. [A.S. cncep. the top 
 of anything, W. cnap, a knob. See 
 Knob.] 
 
 NAPERY, nap'er-i, n. linen, esp. for the 
 table. [O. Fr. naperie — Fr. nappe, a 
 table-cloth — Low L. napa, corr. from L. 
 mappa. a napkin.] 
 
 Naphtha, nap'tha or naftha, 7i. a clear, 
 inflammable liquid distilled from coal- 
 tar : rock-oil. [L. — Gr. — Ar. naft.] 
 
 NAPHTHALINE, nap'tha-lin or naf'-, n. 
 a grayish-white, inflammable substance 
 fornietl in the distillation of coal. 
 
 NAPKIN, nap'kin, n. a cloth for wiping 
 the hands : a handkerchief. [Dim. of 
 Fr. nappe. See Napery.] 
 
 NAPLESS, nap'les, adj. without nap : 
 threadbare. 
 
 NARCISSUS, nar-sis'us, n. a genus of flow- 
 
 ering plants comprising the daffodils, 
 etc., having narcotic properties. [L. — 
 Gr. narkissos — narke, torpor.] 
 
 NARCOTIC, nar-kot'ik, adj. producing tor- 
 par, sleep, or deadness. — n. a medicine 
 producing sleep or stupor.— adr. Naecot'- 
 ICALLY. [Fr.— Gr. narke, torpor.] 
 
 NARD, nard, n. an aromatic plant usually 
 called Spikenard : an uno^uent prepared 
 from it. — adj. Nard'ine. [Fr.— L. nardus 
 — Gr. nardos — Pers. nard — Sans, nalada, 
 from Sans, nal, to smell.] 
 
 NARRATE, n.o-rat' or nar'-, v.t. to tell or 
 recite : to give an account of. — n. Nar- 
 Ea'tion. [Fr. — L. narro, narratum — 
 gnarus, knowing — root gna.^ 
 
 NARRATIVE, nar'a-tiv, adj., narrating: 
 giving an account of any occurrence : in- 
 clined to narration : story-telling. — n. 
 that which is narrated : a continued ac- 
 count of any occurrence : storj-. 
 
 NARROW, nar'6, adj. of little breadth or 
 extent : limited : contracted in mind : 
 bigoted : not liberal : selfish : within a 
 small distance: close: accurate: careful. 
 — n. (oftener used in the pi.) a narrow 
 passage, channel, or strait. — v.t. to make 
 narrow : to contract or confine. — v.i. to 
 become narrow. — adv. Narr'Owly. — n. 
 Narr'owness. [A.S. nearu, nearo ; not 
 conn, mth near, but prob. with nerve, 
 snare.'] 
 
 NARROW-MINDED, nar'o-mlnd'ed. adj. 
 of a narrow or illiberal mind. — n. Narr'- 
 ow-mind'edness. 
 
 NARWHAL, nar'hwal, NARWAL, nar'- 
 wal, n. the sea-unicorn, a mammal of the 
 whale family with one large projecting 
 tusk. [Dan. narhval — Ice. ndhvalr, 
 either " nose-whale " (na- for was-, nose) 
 or •' corpse-whale," from the creature's 
 pallid color (Ice. na- for nar-, corpse). 
 See Whale.] 
 
 NASAL, naz'aJ, adj. belonging to the nose: 
 affected by or sounded through the nose. 
 — n. a letter or sound uttered through the 
 nose. [Fr., from L. nasus, the nose. See 
 Nose.] 
 
 NASALIZE, na'zal-iz, v.t. to render nasal, 
 as a sound. 
 
 NASCENT, nas'ent, adj., springing up: 
 arising : beginning to exist or grow. [L. 
 nascens, -entis, pr.p. of nascor, natus, to 
 be born, to spring up.] 
 
 NASTURTIUM, nas-tur'shi-um, n. a kind 
 of cress with a pungent taste. [Lit." nose- 
 tormenting," L., from nasus, the nose, 
 and torqueo, tortuin, to twist, torment.] 
 
 NASTY, nas'ti, adj. dirty : filthy : obscene : 
 nauseous. — ady.NAS'TlLY'. — k'Nas'tiness. 
 [Old form nasky — A.S. hnesee, soft ; cf. 
 prov. Swed. sna.'ikig, nasty, from snaska, 
 to eat like a pig.] 
 
 NATAL, na'tal, adj. pertaining to birth : 
 native. [Fr. — L. natalis — nascor, natus, 
 to l)e born.] 
 
 NATATION, na-ta'shun, n. swimming. [L. 
 nntatio — nato, to swim.] 
 
 NATATORY, na'ta-tor-i. adj. pertaining to 
 swimming. 
 
 NATION, na'shun, n. those horn of the 
 same stock : the people inhabiting the 
 same country, or under the same govern- 
 ment : a race : a great number. [Fi\ — 
 L. nnxeor, natns. to be born.] 
 
 NATIONAL, nash'un-al, adj. pertaining to 
 a nation : public : general : attached to 
 one's own country. — adv. Na'TIONALLY. 
 —n. Na'tionalness. 
 
 NATIONALISM, nash'un-al-izm. NATION- 
 ALITY, nash-un-al'i-ti, n. the being at- 
 tached to one's country : national char- 
 acter. — (/. Na'tion.\list. 
 
 NATIONALIZE, nash'un-al-Iz, v.t. to make 
 national. 
 
 NATIVE, na'tiv, adj. from or by birth : 
 produced by nature : pertaining to the 
 
 time or place of birth : originaL — n. one 
 born in any place : an original inhabi- 
 tant.— adf. Na'tively.— )i. Na'tiveness. 
 [Fr. — L. nativus. See Natal.] 
 
 NATIVITY, na-tiv'i-ti, n. state of being 
 born : time, place, and manner of birth : 
 state or place of being produced : a horo- 
 scope. — The Nativity, the birthday of 
 the Saviour. 
 
 NATRON, na'trun, n. an impure native 
 carbonate of soda, the nitre of the Bible. 
 [Fr. — L. nitrum — Gr. nitron.l 
 
 NATTERJACK, nat'er-jak, n. a species of 
 toad. [See Adder.] 
 
 NATTY, nat'i, adj. trim, spruce. [Allied 
 to Neat.] 
 
 Natural, nat'u-ral, adj. pertaining to, 
 produced by, or according to nature : 
 inborn : not far-fetched : not acquired : 
 tender : unaffected : illegitimate : (music) 
 according to the usual diatonic scale. — n. 
 an idiot : (nnisic) a character (5) which 
 removes the effect of a preceding sharp 
 or flat. — adv. Nat'crally. — n. Nat'ural- 
 NESS. — Natural Historv, originally the 
 description of all that is in nature, now- 
 used of the sciences that deal with the 
 earth and its productions — botany, zool- 
 ogj', and mineralogy, especially zoology. 
 — Natxjral Philosophy, the science of 
 nature, of the physical properties of 
 bodies: phj'sics. — IS^atural Theology, 
 the body of theological truths discover- 
 able by reason without revelation. 
 
 NATURALISM, nat'u-ral-izm, n. mere state 
 of nature. 
 
 NATURALIST, nat'u-ral-ist, n. one who 
 studies nature, more particularly ani- 
 mated nature. 
 
 NATURALIZE, nat'u-ral-Iz, v.t. to make 
 natural or familiar : to adapt to a differ^ 
 ent climate : to invest with the privi-i 
 leges of natural-born subjects. — n. Nat- 
 uraliza'tion. 
 
 NATURE, na'tur, n. the power which cre- 
 ates and whicli presides over the material 
 world : the established order of things : 
 the universe : the essential qualities of 
 anything : constitution : species : char- 
 acter : natural disposition : conformity 
 to that which is natural: a mind, or char- 
 acter: nakedness. [Fr. — L. natura — nas- 
 cor. natus, to be born — gna, a form of 
 root gen = Gr. gen, to be born.] 
 
 NAUGHT, nawt, n., no-whit, nothing. — 
 adv. in no degree. — adj. of no value or 
 account : worthless : bad. [A.S. naht, 
 na-iriht — na, not, tviht. whit, anything.] 
 
 NAUGHTY, nawt'i, adj. bud: mischievous: 
 perverse.- -adv. Naught'ily.— w.Naught'- 
 
 INESS. 
 
 NAUSEA, naw'she-a, n. any sickness of the 
 stomach, with a propensity to vomit : 
 loathing. [L. — Gr. nausia, sea-sickness 
 — naus. a ;;bip.] 
 
 NAUSEATE, na w'she-at, v.i. to feel nansea: 
 to become squeamish : to feel disgust. — 
 v.i. to loathe : to strike with disgust. 
 
 NAUSEOUS, naw'she-us, ailj. producing 
 nau.'sea : disgusting: loatlisome. — adv. 
 Nau'seously-.— H. Nau'seousness. 
 
 NAUTICAL, naw'tik-al. adj. pertaining to 
 ships, sailors, or navigation : naval : ma 
 rine. — adv. Nac'tically. [L. nauticus— 
 Gr. nauiikos — naus : cog. with which are, 
 Sans. nau. L. iiovis, a ship, A.S. naca, 
 Ger. nacheii, a boat.] 
 
 NAUTILUS, uaw'ti-lus, n. a kind of shell- 
 fish furnished with a membrane which 
 was once believed to enable it to sail like 
 a. ship:— pi. Nau'tiluses or Nau'tiu. [L. 
 — Gr. nautilos.] 
 
 NAVAL, nu'val, adj. pertaining to ships: 
 consisting of ships: marine: nautical: be- 
 longing to the navy. [Fr. — L. navoHs — 
 navis, a sliip.]
 
 NAVE 
 
 NAVE, nav, ii. the middle or body of a 
 church, distinct from the aisles or wings, 
 so called from the resemblance of the roof 
 to the hull of a ship, or because the 
 church of Christ was often likened to a 
 ship. [Ft. nef—L. navis, a ship. See 
 Nautical.] 
 
 NAVE, nav, n. the hub or piece of wood, 
 etc., in the centre of a wheel, through 
 which the axle passes. [A.S. nafu, nave ; 
 cf. Dut. naaf, Ger. nabe ; Sans, nabhi, 
 nave, navel — prob. from nabh, to burst.] 
 
 NAVEL, nav'l, n. the mark or depression 
 in the centre of the lower part of the ab- 
 domen, at first, a small projection. [Dim. 
 of Nave, a hub.] 
 
 NAVIGABLE, nav'i-ga-bl, adj. that may 
 be passed by ships or vessels. — n. Nav'i- 
 
 GABLENESS. — adv. NaV'IGABLY. 
 
 NAVIGATE, nav'i-gat, v.t. to steer or man- 
 age a shipin sailing: to sail on. — v.i. to 
 go in a vessel or ship : to sail. [L. navi- 
 go, -atum — nains, a ship, and ago, to 
 drive.] 
 
 NAVIGATION, nav-i-ga'shun, n. the act, 
 science, or art of sailing ships. 
 
 NAVIGATOE, nav'i-gat-or, n. one who 
 na\agates or sails : one who directs the 
 course of a ship. 
 
 NAVVY, nav'i, n. (orig.) a laborer on ca- 
 nals for internal navigation : a laborer. 
 [A contraction of Navigator.] 
 
 NAVY, na'vi, n. a fleet of ships: the whole 
 of the ships-of-war of a nation : the offi- 
 cers and men belonging to the war-ships 
 of a nation. [O. Fr. — L. navis, a ship.] 
 
 NAY, na, adv., no : not only so: yet more. 
 — n. denial. [M. E. — Ice. nei, Dan. nei ; 
 cog. with No. J 
 
 NAZARENE, naz'ar-en, n. a follower of 
 Jesus of Nazareth, originally used of 
 Christians in contempt : one belonging 
 to the early Christian sect of tlie Naz- 
 arenes. [From Nazareth, the town.] 
 
 NAZARITE, naz'ar-It, n. a Jew who vowed 
 to abstain from strong drink, etc. [Heb. 
 nazar, to consecrate.] 
 
 NAZARITISM, naz'ar-It-izm, n. the vow 
 and practice of a Nazarite. 
 
 NAZE, naz, re. a headland or cape. [Scand., 
 as in Dan. recES ; a doublet of Ness.] 
 
 NEAP, nep, adj. low, applied to the lowest 
 tides.— ». a neap-tide. [A.S. nep, orig. 
 hn6p ; Dan. knap, Ice. neppr, scanty. 
 Fiom verb Nip.] 
 
 NEAPED, nept, adj. left in the neap-tide 
 or aground. 
 
 NEAR, ner, adj., nigh : not far distant : 
 intimate : dear : close to anything fol- 
 lowed or imitated : direct: stingy. — adv. 
 at a litt e distance : almost. — v.t. to ap- 
 proach : to come nearer to. [A.S. near, 
 nearer, c;flip. of neah, nigh, now used as 
 a positiv,> ; Ice. tuer ; Ger. niiher. See 
 
 NlGH.l 
 
 NEARLY, Lgr'li, adv. at no great distance : 
 closely : intimately : pressingly : almost : 
 stingilv. 
 
 NEARNESS, nernes, n. the state of being 
 near : closenes- : intimacy : close alli- 
 ance : stinginess. 
 
 NEAR-SIGHTED, ner'-sTt'ed, adj., seeing 
 only when 7iear : short-sighted. — n. 
 Near'-sight'edness. 
 
 NEAT, net, adj. belonging to the bovine 
 genus. — n. black-cattle : an ox or cow. 
 [A.S. neat, cattle, a beast — neotan, nio- 
 tan, to use, employ ; Ice. njotan. Ger. 
 geniessen, to enjoy, Scot, nowt, black- 
 cattle.] 
 
 NEAT, net, adj. trim : tidy : without mix- 
 ture or adulteration. — adv. Neat'LY. — n. 
 Neat'ness. [Fr. net — L. nitidus, shin- 
 ing — niteo, to shine : or perh. conn, with 
 A.S. neod. neodlice, pretty.] 
 
 NEATHERD, net'h*>rd, n. one who herds 
 or has the care of neat or cattle. 
 
 296 
 
 NEB, neb, n. the beak of a bird : the nose. 
 [A.S. nebb, the face ; cog. with Dut. neb, 
 beak. The word orig. had an initial s 
 like Dut. sneb. Ger. schnabel, and is conn, 
 with Snap, Snip.] 
 
 NEBULA, neb'u-la, n. a littleclotid : a faint, 
 misty appearance in the heavens pro- 
 duced either by a group of stars too 
 distant to be seen singly, or by diffused 
 gaseous matter: — pi. NEB'uLa:. [L. ; Gr. 
 uephele, cloud, mist.] 
 
 NEBULAR, neb'il-lar, adj. pertaining to 
 nebidce. 
 
 NEBULOSE, neb'u-los, NEBULOUS, neb'- 
 ii-lus, adj. misty, hazy, vague : relating 
 to or having the appearance of a nebula. 
 — n. Nebulos'ity. 
 
 NECESSARY, nes'es-sar-i, adj. needful: 
 unavoidable : indispensable : not free. — 
 n. a requisite — used chiefly in pi. — adv. 
 Nec'essarlly. [Fr. — L. necessarius, 
 which is either from root tiae, seen in L. 
 nanciscor, to obtain, Gr, enegka, to bear, 
 or from ne, not, and cedo, cessum, to 
 yield.] 
 
 NECESSITARIAN, ne-ses-si-ta'ri-an, NEC- 
 ESSARIAN, nes-es-sa'ri-an, n. one who 
 holds the doctrine of necessity, denying 
 freedom of will. 
 
 NECESSITATE, ne-ses'i-tat, v.t. to make 
 necessary: to render unavoidable: to 
 compel. [L. necessitas.} 
 
 NECESSITOUS, ne-ses'it-us, adj.. in neces- 
 sity: very poor: destitute. — adv. NEOESd'- 
 
 ITOUSLY. — W. NeCESS'ITOUSNESS. 
 
 NECESSITY, ne-ses'i-ti, re. that which is 
 necessary or unavoidable : compulsion : 
 need : poverty. 
 
 NECK, nek, n. the part of an animal's body 
 between the head and trunk: a long nar- 
 row part. [A.S. hnecca : Ger. nacken ; 
 prob. from root angk, to bend, as in 
 Anchor, Angle, Sans, ac, anc, to bend.] 
 
 NECKCLOTH, nek'kloth, re. a piece of cloth 
 worn on the neck by men. 
 
 NECKED, nekt, adj. having a neck. 
 
 NECKERCHIEF, nek'er-chif, n. a kerchief 
 for the neck. 
 
 NECKLACE, nek'las, re. a lace or string of 
 beads or precious stones worn on the neck 
 by women. 
 
 NECKTIE, nek'tl, re. a tie or cloth for the 
 neck. 
 
 NECKVERSE, nek'vers, re. the verse form- 
 erly read to entitle the person to bene- 
 fit of clergy — said to be the first of the 
 51st Psalm. 
 
 NECROLOGIC, nek-ro-loj'ik, NECROLOG- 
 ICAL, nek-ro-loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining to 
 necrology. 
 
 NECROLOGIST, nek-rol'o-jist, re. one who 
 gives au account of deaths. 
 
 NECROLOGY, nek-rol'o-ji, re. an account 
 of the dead : a register of deaths. [Gr. 
 nekros, dead, and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 NECROMANCER, nek'ro-man-ser, n. one 
 who practices necromancy : a sorcerer. 
 
 NECROMANCY, nek'ro-man-si, re. the art 
 of revealing futxire events by communi- 
 cation with the dead : enchantment. 
 [Gr. nekromanteia — nekros, a.nii manteia, 
 a prophesying — mantis, a prophet. For 
 the mediceval spelling, nigromancy, see 
 Black-art.] 
 
 NECROMANTIC, nek-ro-man'tik, NECRO- 
 MANTICAL, nek-ro-man'tik-al, adj. per- 
 taining to necromancy : performed by 
 necromancy. — adv. Necroman'tically. 
 
 NECROPOLIS, nek-rop'o-lis, re. a cemetery. 
 [Lit. " a city of the dead," Gr. nekros, 
 and polls, a city.] 
 
 NECTAR, nek'tar, re. the red wine or drink 
 of the gods : a delicious beverage : the 
 honey of the glands of plants. [L. — Gr. 
 nektar; ety. dub.] 
 
 NEGLECTFUL 
 
 NECTAREAL, nek-ta're-al, NECTAREAN, 
 nek-ta're-an, adj. pertaining to or re- 
 sembling reee/ar ; delieious. 
 
 NECTARED, nek'tard, adj. imbued with 
 nectar : mingled or abounding with 
 
 NECTAREOUS, nek-ta're-us, adj. pertain- 
 ing to, containing, or resembling nectar : 
 delicious. 
 
 NECTARINE, nek'ta-rin, adj. sweet as 
 nectar. — n. a variety of peach with a 
 smooth rind. 
 
 NECTAROUS, nek'tar-us, adj. sweet as 
 nectar. 
 
 NECTARY, nek'tar-i, re. the part of a 
 flower which secretes the nectar or 
 honey. 
 
 NEED, ned, re., necessity: a state that re- 
 quires relief: want. — i:t. to have occa- 
 sion for : to want. — n. Need'ER. [A.S. 
 nyd, nead; Dut. nood, Ger. noth, Goth. 
 nauths, orig. prob. sig. " compulsion."] 
 
 NEEDFUL, ned'fool, adj. full of need, 
 needy: necessary: requisite. — adl\ Need'- 
 fully. — n. Need'fulness. 
 
 NEEDLE, ned'l, n. a small, sharp-pointed 
 steel instrument, with an eye for a thread: : 
 anything like a needle, as the magnet of ' 
 a compass. [A.S. needel : Ice. nal, Ger. 
 nadel : conn, with Ger. niihen, to sew, L. 
 nere, Gr. neein, to spin.] 
 
 NEEDLEBOOK, ned'1-book, re. a number 
 of pieces of cloth, arranged like a book, 
 for holding needles. 
 
 NEEDLEFUL, ned'1-fool, re. as much thread 
 as Jills a needle. 
 
 NEEDLE-GUN, ned'1-gun, n. a gun or rifle 
 loaded at the breech with a cartridge | 
 containing- powder and exploded by the 
 prick of a needle. 
 
 NEEDLESS, ned'les, adj., not needed : un- 
 necessary. — od'A Need'lessly. — n.NEED'- 
 
 LESSNESS. 
 
 NEEDLEWOMAN, ned'1-woom-an, n. a 
 woman who makes her living by her 
 needle, a seamstress. 
 
 NEEDLEWORK, ned'l-wurk, n. work done 
 with a needle : the business of a seam- 
 stress. 
 
 NEEDS, nedz, adv., of necessity: indis- 
 pensably. [A.S. nedes, of necessity, gen. 
 of nead. See Need.] 
 
 NEEDY, ned'i, adj. being in need: very 
 poor.— adr. Need'ily. — re. Need'iness. 
 
 NE'ER, nar, adv. contraction of Never. 
 
 NEESING, nez'ing, re. (B.) old form of 
 Sneezing. 
 
 NEFARIOUS, ne-fa'ri-us, adj. impious: 
 wicked in the extreme: villainous. — adv. 
 Nefa'riously. — re. Nefa'riousness. [L. 
 nefarius, contrary to divine law — ne. not, 
 fas, divine law, prob. from fari, to speak.] 
 
 NEGATION, ne-ga'shun, n. act of saying 
 no: denial : {logic) the absence of certain 
 qualities in anything. [Fr. — L. negatio — 
 nego, -atnm, to say no — nee, not, aio, to 
 say yes.] 
 
 NEGATIVE, neg'a-tiv, adj. that denies: im- 
 plying absence : that stops or restrains : 
 (logic) denying the connection between a 
 subject and predicate : (algebra) noting a 
 quantity to be subtracted. — n. a propo- 
 sition by which something is denied : 
 (gram.) a word that denies. — v.t. to prove 
 the contrary : to reject bj' vote. — adi>. 
 Neg'atively. — n. Neo'ativeness. [L. 
 negativus — nego, to deny.] 
 
 NEGLECT, neg-lekt', v.t. not to care for : to 
 disregard : to omit by carelessness.— n. 
 disregard: slight: omission. [L. negligo, 
 neglectum—nec, not, lego, to gather, pick 
 
 up.] 
 lEGI" 
 
 NEGLECTFUL, neg-lekt'fool, adj. careless: 
 accustomed to omit or neglect things: 
 slighting. — adv. NeGLECT'FULLY. — n. 
 Neolect'fulness.
 
 NEGLIGEE 
 
 297 
 
 NEUTER 
 
 NEGLIGEE, neg-li-zha', n. easy undress: a 
 plain, loose gown : a necklace, usually 
 of red coral. [Fr. neglige — negliger, to 
 neglect.] 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, neg'li-jens, n. quality of 
 being negligent : habitual neglect : care- 
 lessness : omission of duty. [Fr. — L. 
 negligentia — negligens, -entis, pr.p. of 
 neglige. See NEGLECT.] 
 
 NEGLIGENT, neg'li-jeut, arf/'., neglecting: 
 careless : inattentive. — adv. Neg'li- 
 
 GENTLY. 
 
 NEGOTIABLE, ne-go'shi-a-bl, adj. that 
 may be negotiated or transacted. — n. 
 Negotiabil'ity. 
 
 NEGOTIATE, ne-go'shi-at, v.i. to carry on 
 business : to bargain : to hold intercourse 
 for the purpose of mutual arrangement. 
 — v.t. to arrange for by agreement : to 
 pass, as a bill : to sell. — n. Nego'tiator. 
 [L. negotior, -atus — negotium, business 
 — nee, not, otium, leisure.] 
 
 NEGOTIATION, ne-go-shi-a'shun, n. act 
 of negotiating : the treating with an- 
 other on business. 
 
 NEGOTIATORY, ne-go'shi-a-tor-i, adj. of 
 or pertaining to negotiation. 
 
 NEGRO, ne'gro, n. one of the black race 
 in Africa : — fern. Ne'gress. [Sp. negro — 
 L. niger, black.] 
 
 NEGROHEAD, ne'gro-hed, n. tobacco 
 soaked in molasses and pressed into 
 cakes, so called from its blackness. 
 
 NEGUS, ne'gus, n. a beverage of hot wine, 
 water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon-juice. 
 [Said to be so called from Colonel Negus, 
 its first maker, in the reign of Queen 
 Anne.] 
 
 NEIGH, na, r.i. to utter the cry of a 
 horse: — pr.p. neigh'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 neighed' (nad). — n. the cry of a horse. 
 [A.S. hnoegan ; Ice. hneggja, Scot, nicher ; 
 from the sound. See Nag.] 
 
 NEIGHBOR, na'bur, n. a person who 
 dwells near another. — adj. (B.) neigh- 
 boring. — v.i. to live near each other. — 
 v.t. to be near to. [A.S. neahbur. neahge- 
 bur — A.S. neah, near, gebur or bur, a 
 farmer. See BOOE.] 
 
 NEIGHBORHOOD, na'bur-hood, n. state 
 of being neighbors : adjoining district. 
 
 NEIGHBORING, na'bur-ing, adj. being 
 near. 
 
 NEIGHBORLY, na'bur-li. adj. like or be- 
 coming a neighbor : friendly : social. — 
 adv. Neigh'borly. — n. Neigh'boel:ot:ss. 
 
 NEITHER, ne'ther or m'thev, adj., j^ron., 
 or eonj., not either. [A.S. nauiher, contr. 
 of nehuxether — na. no, and hwcether, 
 whether. Doublet NoR.] 
 
 NEMESIS, nem'e-sis, n. (myth.) the goddess 
 of vengeance : retributive justice. [Gr. 
 nemo, to distribute.] 
 
 NEOLITHIC, ne-o-lith'ik, adj applied to 
 the more recent of t%vo divisions of the 
 stone age, the other being PALEOLITHIC. 
 [Gr. neos. new, lithos. a stone.] 
 
 NEOLOGIC. ne-o-loj'ik, NEOLOGICAL, 
 ne-o-loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining to neology: 
 using new words. 
 
 NEOLOGISM, ne-ol'o-jism, n. a nmc loord 
 or doctrine. 
 
 NEOLOGIST, ne-ol'o-jist, n. an innovator 
 in language: an innovator in theology. 
 
 NEOLOGIZE, ne-ol'o-jlz, v.i. to introduce 
 jjcic words. 
 
 NEOLOGY, ne-ol'o-ji, n. the introduction 
 of »r((' u-ords into a language : a new 
 word or phrase : (theol.) new doctrines, 
 esp. German rationalism. [Gr. neos, new, 
 and logos, word.] 
 
 NEOPHYTE, ne'o-flt. n. a new convert : 
 in R. Catholic Church, one newly ad- 
 mitted to the priesthood or to a monas- 
 tery : a novice. — adj. newly entered on 
 oflBce. [L. neophytus — Gr. neos, new, 
 phytos, grown— phyo, to produce.] 
 
 NEOZOIC, ne-o-zo'ik, adj. denoting all 
 rocks from the Trias down to the most 
 recent formations, as opposed to Paleo- 
 zoic. [Gr. neos, new, zoe, life.] 
 
 NEPENTHE, ne-pen'the, NEPENTHES, 
 ne-pen'thez, n. {med.) a drug that relieves 
 pain : a genus of plants having a cup or 
 pitcher attached to the leaf, often filled 
 with a sweetish liquid, the pitcher plant. 
 [Gr. 7tepenthes, removing sorrow — ne, 
 priv., and 2)enthos, grief, sorrow.] 
 
 NEPHEW, nef'u or neVu, n. (orig.) a 
 grandson — so in New Test. ; the son of a 
 brother or sister : — fern. Niece. [Fr. nev- 
 eu — L. nepos. nepoiis, grandson, nephew; 
 cog. with Sans, napat, Gr. anepsios, 
 cousin, A.S. 7iefa, a nephew.] 
 
 NEPHRALGIA, ne-fral'ji-a, NEPHRAL- 
 GY, ne-fral'ii, n., pain or disease of the 
 kidneys. [Gr. nephroi, kidneys, algos, 
 pain.] 
 
 NEPHRITE, nef rit, n. scientific name for 
 Jade, a mineral used as a charm against 
 kidney disease. 
 
 NEPHRITIC, ne-frit'ik, NEPHRITICAL, 
 ne-frit'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the kid- 
 neys: affected with a disease of the kid- 
 neys : relieving diseases of the kidneys. 
 —n. Nepheit'ic, a medicine for the cure 
 of diseases of the kidneys. 
 
 NEPHRITIS, ne-frl'tis, n. inflammation of 
 the kidneys. 
 
 NEPOTISM, nep'o-tizm, n. undue favorit- 
 ism to one's relations, as in the bestowal 
 of patronage. — n. Nep'otist, one who 
 practices nepotism. [L. tiepos, nepotis, 
 a grandson, nephew, descendant.] 
 
 NEPTUNE, nep'tun, n. (myth.) the god of 
 the sea : (a.sir.) a large planet discovered 
 in 1846. [L. Neptmius, from a root seen 
 in Gr. nipho, L. nimbus, Zend ndpita, 
 wet. Sans, nepa, water.] 
 
 NEPTUNIAN, nep-tu'ni-an, adj. pertaining 
 to the .sea .• formed by water : (geol.) ap- 
 plied to stratified rocks or to those due 
 mainly to the agency of water, as op- 
 posed to Plutonic or igneus. 
 
 NEREID, ne're-id, n. (myth.) a sea-nymph, 
 one of the daughters of the sea-god 
 Nereus, who attended Neptune riding on 
 searhorses : (zool.) a geuus of marine 
 worms like long myriapods. [L. Nereis 
 — Gr. Nereis, -idos — Nereus, a sea-god ; 
 akin to neo, to swim, nao, to flow, and 
 Sans, nara, water.] 
 
 NERVE, nerv, n. (orig.) a tendon or sinew : 
 physical strength : firmness : courage : 
 (anat.) one of the fibres which convey 
 sensation from all parts of the body to the 
 brain : (bot.) one of the fibres in the 
 leaves of plants. — v.t. to give strength or 
 vigor to : courage. [Fr. — L. nervus ; Gr. 
 neuron, a sinew ; orig. form was with 
 initial s. as in E. Snare, Ger. schnur, a 
 lace or tie.] 
 
 NERVELESS, nervles, adj. without nerve 
 or strength. 
 
 NERVINE, nerv'in, adj. acting on the 
 nerves : quieting nervous excitement. — 
 n. a medicine that soothes nervous ex- 
 citement. [L. nerrinns.] 
 
 NERVOUS, nerv'us, adj. having nerve : 
 sinewy : strong : vigorous : pertaining to 
 the nerves : having the nerves easily ex- 
 cited or weak. — adv. NerVously. — n. 
 Nervousness. — Nerv'ous SYs'TEM(n)^a^) 
 the brain. spinal chord, and nerves collect- 
 ively. [Fr. nemetix — L. nervosus.^ 
 
 NERVOUS, nerv'us, NERVOSE, ner-v6s', 
 NERVED, nervd', adj. (bot.) having par- 
 allel fibres or veins. 
 
 NESCIENCE, nesh'ens, n. want of knowl- 
 edge. [L. nescientia — nescio, to be igno- 
 r int — ne, not, and scio, to know.] 
 
 NESS. nes. n. a promontory or headland. 
 [A.S. nas, promontory ; a doublet of 
 Kaze, and prob. conn, witk Nose.] 
 
 NEST, nest, n. the bed formed by a bird 
 for hatching her j'oung : the place in 
 which the eggs of any animal are laid and 
 hatched : a comfortable residence : the 
 abode of a large number, often in a bad 
 sen.se : a number of boxes each inside the 
 next larger. — v.i. to build and occupy a 
 nest. [A.S. nest : Ger. nest. Gael, nead ; 
 akin to L. nidu.'i. for nisdiis. Sans, nida.] 
 
 NESTLE, nes'l, v.i. to lie close or snug, as 
 in a 7iest : to settle comfortably. — v.t. to 
 cherish, as a bird her young. [A.S. 
 nestlian — nest.] 
 
 NESTLING, nest'ling, adj. being in the 
 nest, newly hatched. — n. a young bird in 
 the nest. 
 
 NESTORIAN, nes-to'ri-an, adj. pertaining 
 to the doctrine of Nestoritis. patriarch 
 of Constantinople : resembling Ne.'itor, 
 the aged warrior and counsellor men- 
 tioned in Homer : experienced : wise. 
 
 NET, net, 7i. an instrument of twine knot- 
 ted into meshes for catching birds, fishes, 
 etc. : anything like a net : a snare : a 
 difficulty. — v.t. to form as network : to 
 take with a net. — v.i. to form network : 
 — pr.p. nett'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. nett'ed. 
 [A.S. net, nett ; Dan. net. Ger. netz; etv. 
 dub.] 
 
 NET, net, adj. clear of all charges or de- 
 ductions : opposed to gross. — v.t. to 
 produce as clear profit -.—pir-p. nett'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. nett'ed. [A.S. nett, an- 
 other form of Neat.] 
 
 NETHER, nef/i'er, adj., beneath another, 
 lower : internal. [A.S. neothera, a corap. 
 adj. due to adv. nither, downward ; Ger, 
 nieder, low.l 
 
 NETHERMOST, nef/i'er-most, adj.. most 
 beneath, lowest. [A.S., a corr. oinithe- 
 mesta, a doubled superl. of nither. For 
 suffix -most, see AFTERMOST. Foremost.] 
 
 NETHINIM, neth'in-im, n.jj?. (B.) men 
 given to the Levites to assist them. 
 [Heb. nathan, to give.] 
 
 NETTING, net'ing, n. act of forming net- 
 tcork : a piece of network. 
 
 NETTLE, net'l, «. a common plant covered 
 with hairs, which sting sharply. — v.t. to 
 fret, as a nettle does the skin : to irri- 
 tate. [A.S. netele : by some taken from 
 same root as needle ; more prob. from 
 Teut. base meaning " scratch," and akin 
 to Gr. knide. nettle. See also NiT.] 
 
 NETTLERASH, net'1-rash, n. a kind of 
 fever characterized by arash or eruption 
 on the skin like that caused by the sting 
 of a nettle. 
 
 NETWORK, net'uurk. n. a piece of tvork 
 or a fabric fornieil like a net. 
 
 NEURAL, nu'ral, adj. pertaining to the 
 nerves. [Gr. ?!ei(ro«,anerve. SeeNER%'E.] 
 
 NEURALGIA., nu-ral'ji-a, NEURALGY, 
 nu-ral'ji, n., pain in the nerves. [Gr. neu- 
 ron, and algos, pain. 
 
 NEURALGIC, nu-ral'jik, adj. pertaining to 
 neuralgia. 
 
 NEUROLOGY, nu-rol'o-ji, n. the science 
 of the nerves. — adj. Neurolog'ical. — n. 
 Neurol'ogist, a writer on neui-ology. 
 [Gr. 7ieiiron, and logos, science.] 
 
 NEUROPTERA, nu-rop'ter-a, n.pl. an order 
 ot insects which have generallj' four wings 
 reticulated with many neri^es. [Gr. neu- 
 ron, nerve, ptera. pi. of ptcron. a wing.l 
 
 NEUROPTERAL, nu-rop'ter-al. NEUEOP- 
 TEROUS, nu - rop'ter - us, adj., nerve- *■ 
 ivinged : belonging to the neuroptera. 
 
 NEUROTIC, nu-rot'ik. adj. relating to or 
 seated in the nerves. — n. a disease of the 
 nerves : a medicine useful for diseases of 
 the nerves. 
 
 NEUROTOMY, nu-rot'om-i, n. the cutting 
 or dissection of a nerve. [Gr. neuron, 
 a nerve, and tome, cutting.] 
 
 NEUTER. niVter, adj., neither: taking no 
 part with either side: (gram.) neither
 
 NEUTRAL 
 
 masculine nor feminine : (bot.) without 
 stamens or pistils : (zool.) witliout sex. — 
 71. one tailing no part in a contest : (bot.) 
 a plant having neitlier stamens nor pis- 
 tils : (zool.) a sexless animal, esp. the 
 working' bee. [L. — ne, not, uter, either.] 
 NEUTRAL, uu'tral, adj. being neuter, in- 
 different : unbiased : neitlier very good 
 nor very bad : {chem.) neither acid nor 
 alkaline. — n. a person or nation that 
 takes no part in a contest. — adv. Neu'- 
 TRALLY.— «. Neutral'ity. [L. neutrdUs 
 
 NEUTRALIZE, nu'tral-iz, v.t. to render 
 neutral or indifferent : to render of no 
 effect. — ns. Ned'tralizer, Neutrauza'- 
 
 TION. 
 
 NEVER, nev'er, adv., not ever: at no time: 
 in no degree : not. [A.S. ncefre — ne, not, 
 and oefre. ever.] 
 
 NEVERTHELESS, nev-er-<Ae-les', adv., 
 never or not the less: notwithstanding: 
 in opite of that. [Lit. " never less on 
 that account ; " the^^thi, the old instru- 
 mental case of that.] 
 
 NEW, nu, adj. lately made : having hap- 
 pened lately : recent : not before seen or 
 known : strange : recently comiuenced : 
 not of an ancient family : modern : as at 
 first : unaccustomed : fresh from any- 
 thing : uncultivated or recently culti- 
 vated. — adv. New'ly. — n. NeV'ness. 
 [A.S. nitre, neowe; cog. with Ger. neu, 
 Ir. miadh, L. novus, Gr. neos. Sans. nava. 
 Same as Now.] 
 
 NEWEL, nu'el, n. (arch.) the upright post 
 about which the steps of a circular stair- 
 case wind. [O. Fr. nual (Fr. noyau), 
 stone of fruit — L. nucalis, like a nut — 
 nu.r. nueis, a nut. See Nucleus.] 
 
 NEWFANGLED, nu-fang'gld, adj. fond of 
 new tilings : newly devised. — n. New- 
 FANO'LEDNESS. [Corr. from Mid. E. newe- 
 f angel — new, and the root of Fang, thus 
 meaning "ready to seize."'] 
 
 NEW-FASHIOISIED, nu-tash'und, adj. 
 newly fashioned : lately come into 
 fashion. 
 
 NEWISH, nu'ish, adj. somewhat new : 
 nearly new. 
 
 NEWS, nuz, n.sing. something new: re- 
 cent account : fresh information of some- 
 thing that has just happened : intelli- 
 gence. 
 
 NEWSBOY, nuz-boy, NEWSMAN, nuz'- 
 nian, n. a boj/ or man who delivers or 
 sells newspapers. 
 
 NEWSLETTER, nuz'let-er, n. an occasional 
 letter or printed sheet containing news, 
 the predecessor of the regular news- 
 paper. 
 
 NEWSMONGER, nuz'mung-ger,w. one who 
 d^dts in news: one who spends much 
 time in hearing and telling news. [News 
 and Monger.] 
 
 NEWSPAPER, nuz'pa-per, 71. a, paper pub- 
 lished periodicallj' for circulating neivs, 
 etc. 
 
 NEWSROOM, nuz'room, 71. a roo7n for the 
 reading of Mew'spapers, magazines, etc. 
 
 NEW-STYLE, nu'-stll, n. the Gregorian as 
 opposed to the Julian method of reckon- 
 ing- the calendar. 
 
 NEWSVENDER, NEWSVENDOR, nuz'- 
 vend'er, 7J. a vender or seller of 7iews- 
 papers. 
 
 NEWT, nut, n. a genus of amphibious ani- 
 mals like small lizards. [Formed with 
 initial n, borrowed from the article an, 
 from ewt — A.S. efeta.'] 
 
 NEWTONIAN, nu-to'ni-an, adj. relating to, 
 formed, or discovered by Sir Isaac Kew- 
 ton, the celebrated philosopher, 1642-1737. 
 
 NEW-YEAR'S-DAY, nu'-yerz-da, 71. the 
 first day of the neiv year. [New, Year, 
 and Day.] 
 
 NEXT, nekst. adj. (superl. of NiOH), near- 
 
 298 
 
 est in place, time, etc. — adv. nearest or 
 immediatelj- after. [A.S. 7ieahst, nyhst, 
 superl. of neah, near ; Ger. ndchst. See 
 Near.] 
 
 NEXUS, nek'sus, n. a tie or connecting 
 principle. [L., from 7iecto, to bind.] 
 
 NIB, nib, n. something small and pointed : 
 a point, esp. of a pen. — adj. Nibbed', 
 having a nib. [Same as Neb.] 
 
 NIBBLE, nib'l, v.t. to bite by small 7iips: 
 to eat by Uttle at a time. — v.i. to bite : 
 to find fault. — n. Nibb'ler. [Freq. of 
 Nip ; but some connect it with Nib.] 
 
 NICE, nis, adj. foolishly particular : hard 
 to please : fastidious : requiring refine- 
 ment of apprehension or delicacy of 
 treatment : exact : delicate : dainty : 
 agreeable : delightful. — adv. Nice'ly. 
 [6. Fr. 7iiee, foolish, simple ; from L. 
 7iescius, ignorant — ne, not, and scio, to 
 know.] 
 
 NICENE, ni'sen, adj. pertaining to the 
 town of Nice or Nicaja, in Asia Minor, 
 esp. in reference to an ecumenical coun- 
 cil held there in 335, at which was drawn 
 up a confession of faith, out of which 
 the present Nicene Creed has grown. 
 
 NICENESS, nls'nes, w. exactness, scrupu- 
 lousness : pleasantness. 
 
 NICETY, nis'e-ti, ?i. quality of being 7uc.e : 
 delicate management : exactness of treat- 
 ment : delicacy of perception : fastidious- 
 ness : that which is delicate to the taste : 
 a delicacy. 
 
 NICHE, nich, 71. a recess in a wall for a 
 statue, etc. [Lit. a " shell-like " recess, 
 Fi'. ; from It. 7iicchia, a niche, 7iicchio, a 
 shell — L. ruytilus, 7nitulus, a sea-muscle. 
 Cf. Napery, from L. 7napiya.'\ 
 
 NICHED, nioht, adj. placed in a niche. 
 
 NICK, nik, 71. a 7iotch cut into something : 
 a score for keeping an account : the 
 precise moment of time. — v.t. to cut in 
 notches : to hit the precise time. 
 [Another spelling of NoCK, old form of 
 Notch.] 
 
 NICK, nik, n. the deN^il. [A.S. nicor, a 
 water-spirit : Ice. 7iykr, Ger. ni,v, 7iixe.'\ 
 
 NICKEL, nik'el, Jt. a graj-ish- white metal, 
 very malleable and ductile. [Sw. and 
 Ger. ; from Sw. koppar7iickel, Ger. kupfer- 
 7iiekel, copper of Nick or Nicholas, because 
 it was thought to be a base ore of copper.] 
 
 NICKNACK, nik'nak, n. a trifle. [Same as 
 Knick-knack.] 
 
 NICKNA3IE, nik'nam, n. a name given in 
 contempt or sportive familiarity. — v.t. to 
 give a nickname to. [M.E. 7ieke-na7ne, 
 with intrusive initial » from eke-7iame, 
 surname ; from Eke and Name. Cf. Sw. 
 ukna/nn, Dan. ogenavn.] 
 
 NICOTIAN, ni-ko'shi-an, ad/, pertaining to 
 tobacco, from Nicot, who introduced it 
 into France in 1560. 
 
 NICOTINE, nik'o-tin, n. a poisonous liquid 
 forming the active principle of the to- 
 bacco plant. 
 
 NIDIFICATION, nid-i-fi-ka'shun, n. the act 
 cf building a nest, and the hatching and 
 rearing of the young. [L. nidus, a nest, 
 and facio, to make.] 
 
 NIECE, nes, n. (fem. of NEPHEW) the daugh- 
 ter of a brother or sister. [Fr. 7iiece — L. 
 neptis, a granddaughter, niece, fem. of 
 7iepos, 7iepotis, a nephew.] 
 
 NIGGARD, nig'ard, 71. a parsimonious per- 
 son : a miser. [Ice. luiiiggr, stingy; Ger. 
 genau. close, strict.] 
 
 NIGGARD, nig'ard, NIGGARDLY, nig'- 
 ard-!i, adj. having the qualities of a 
 7iiggard : miserly. — adv. Nigg'aRDLT. — 
 n. Nigg'ardliness. 
 
 NIGH, ni, adj., near : not distant : not re- 
 mote in time, etc.: close. — adv. near : al- 
 most. — prep, near to : not distant from. 
 [A.S. 7ieah, 7ieh : Ice. 71a, Grer. nahe, 
 Goth. 7iehv. See Near.] 
 
 NINETEENTH 
 
 I 
 
 NIGHT, nit, 71. the time from sunset to 
 sunri.se : darkness : intellectual and 
 moral darkness : a state of adversity: 
 death. [A.S. 7iiht ; Ger. 7iacht, Gotn. 
 7iahts ; L. 7io.v, Gr. 7iu,v, Sans, nakta : 
 all from a loot nak, sig. to fail, disai>- 
 pear, found in Sans. 7iag. to disappear, 
 L. necare, to kill, Gr. nekus, a corpse.] 
 
 NIGHTCAP, nit'kap. n. a cap) worn at 
 7iight in bed — so Night'dress, Night'- 
 
 GOVfN, NiGHT'SHIRT. 
 
 NIGHTFALL, nit'fawl, 71. the fall or be- 
 ginning of the night. 
 
 NIGHTINGALE, nit'in-gal, w. a small bird 
 celebrated for its singing a.t 7iight. [A.S. 
 7uhtegale — niht. niglit, and galan, to 
 sing ; Ger. 7iachtigall.] 
 
 NIGHTJAR, nit'jar, NIGHTCHURR, nlt'- 
 chui; 71. the goatsucker, so called from 
 its coming out at night and its jarring 
 noise. 
 
 NIGHTLESS. nit'les, adj. having no 7iight. 
 
 NIGHTLY, nlt'li, adj. done by 7i.ight: done 
 everv niglit. — adv. bv night: every night. 
 
 NIGHTMARE, nit'mar, 7i. a dreadful dream 
 accompanied w ith pressure on the breast, 
 and a feeling of powerlessness of motion 
 or speech. [A.S. niht. night, and 7nara. 
 a nightmare ; O. H. Ger. mara, incubus. 
 Ice. mara. nightmare.] 
 
 NIGHTPIECE, nlt'pes, n. apiece of paint- 
 ing representing a 7iigMscene : a painting 
 to be seen best bv candle-light. 
 
 NIGHTSHADE, ult'shad, m. a name of 
 several plants having narcotic proper- 
 ties, often found in damp shady woods. 
 [Night and Shade.] 
 
 NIGHT-WALKER, nit'-wav/k'er. Ji. one 
 who 7valks in his sleep at 7iight : one who 
 walks about at night for bad purposes. 
 
 NIGHTWARD, ult'ward, adj., toward 
 7iight. 
 
 NIGHTWATCH, nit'woch. n. a xvotch or 
 guard at night: time of w'atch in the 
 night. 
 
 NIGRESCENT, nl-gres'ent, adj., gromng 
 black or dark : approaching to blackness. 
 VL. 7iigrescens, pr.p. of (ijfirresco, to grow 
 black — niger, black.] 
 
 NIHILISM, ni'hi-lizm, n. belief in 7iothing, 
 extreme scepticism: in Russia the system 
 of certain socialists, most of whom seek 
 to overturn all the existing- institutions 
 of society in order to build it up anew on 
 different principles. [Name given by 
 their opponents, from L. 7iihil, nothing.] 
 
 NIHILISTS, ni'hi-lists, 71. those who profess 
 nihilism. 
 
 NIL, nil, n. nothing. [L. contr. of 7}ihil.] 
 
 NIMBLE, nim'bl, adj. light and quick in 
 motion : active : swift. — adv. Nim'bly. — 
 71. Nim'bleness. [A.S. 7iu7twl, capable, 
 quick at catching, from nima7i (Ger. 
 7iehmen), to take.] 
 
 NIMBUS, nim'bus. ?i. the rain-cloud : 
 (paint.) the circle of rajs round the 
 heads of saints, etc. [L.] 
 
 NINCOMPOOP, nin'kom-poop, Ji. a simple- 
 ton. [Corruption of L. 77on compos 
 (mentis), not of sound mind.] 
 
 NINE, nin. adj. and n. eight and one. [A.S. 
 nigon : Dut. negen, Goth. 7iiun, L. noveni, 
 Gr. ennea, Sans. 7iai-an.] 
 
 NINEFOLD, nin'fold, adj., 7iine times 
 folded or repeated. 
 
 NINEHOLES. nin'holz, n. a game in which 
 a ball is to be bowled into nine holes in 
 the giound. 
 
 NINEPINS, nin'pinz, »i. skittles, so called 
 from 7iine pins being used. 
 
 NINETEEN, nln'ten, adj. and ?i., m'»ie and 
 ten. [A.S. nigontyne — 7iigon, nine, tyn, 
 ten.] 
 
 NINETEENTH, nin'tenth, adj. the 7iinth 
 after the tenth : being one of nineteen 
 equal parts. — n. a nineteenth part. [A.S. 
 7iigonteotha — 7iigon, nine, teotha. tenth.]
 
 NINETIETH 
 
 299 
 
 NONESUCH 
 
 >'INETIETH, nln'ti-eth, adj. the last of 
 ninety : next after the eighty-ninth. — n. 
 a ninetieth part. 
 NINETY, nia'ti, adj. and n., nine tens or 
 nine times ten. [A.S. nigon, nine, and 
 fig, ten.] 
 NINNY, nin'i, n. a simpleton : a fool. [It. 
 ninno, child ; Sp. nino, infant ; imitated 
 from the lullaby, ninna-naniia, for sing- 
 ing a child to sleep.] 
 NINTH, ninth, adj. the last of nine : next 
 after the 8th.— u. one of nine equal 
 parts. [A.S. nigotha.] 
 NINTHLY, ninth'li, adv. in the ni7ith 
 
 place. 
 NIP, nip, v.t. to inncJi : to cut off the edge : 
 to check the growth or vigor of : to de- 
 stroy -.—pr.p. nipp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.]j. 
 nipped'.— »i. a piuch : a seizing or closing 
 in upon : a cutting off the end : a blast : 
 destruction by frost.— ady. Nipp'ingly. 
 [From root of Knife ; found also in Dut. 
 hiiipen. Ger. kneipen, to pinch.] 
 NIPPER, nip'er, n. he who or that which 
 nips : one of the 4 fore-teeth of a horse : 
 — in pi. small pincers. 
 NIPPLE, nip'l, M. the pap by which milk 
 is drawn from the breasts of females : a 
 teat : a small projection with an orifice, 
 as tlie nipple of a gun. [A dim. of Neb 
 or Nib.] 
 NIT, nit, re. the egg of a louse or other 
 small insect.— adj. Nitt'y, full of nits. 
 [A.S. hnitu : Ice. nitr, Ger. niss.] 
 NITRATE, ni'trat, n. a salt of nitric acid. 
 — adj. Ni'tr.*,ted, combined with nitric 
 acid. [Fr. — L. nitratus.] 
 NITRE, ni'ter, ?;. the nitrate of potash, also 
 called saltpetre.— Cubic Nitre, nitrate of 
 soda, so called because it crystallizes in 
 cubes. [Fr. — L. nitrum — Gr. nitron, na- 
 tron, potash, soda— Ar. nitrun, natmn.] 
 NITRIC, ni'trik, adj. pertaining to, con- 
 taining, or resembling nitre. 
 NITRIFY, m'tri-fl, v.t. to convert into 
 nitre. — v.i. to become nitre ■.—pr.2). ni'- 
 trif.ying; pa.t. and pa.p. ni'trified. — n. 
 Nitrifica'tion. [L. nitrum, and facio, to 
 make.] 
 NITRITE, ni'trit, n. a salt of nitrous acid. 
 NITROGEN, ni'tro-jen, n. a gas forming 
 nearly four-fifths of common air, so called 
 from its being an essential constituent of 
 nitre.— adj. Nitrog'enous. [Gr. nitron, 
 and gennao, to generate.] 
 NITRO-GLY'CERlNE, nl'tro-glis'er-in, n. 
 an explosive compound produced by the 
 action of nitric and sulphuric acids on 
 gli/cerine. 
 NITROUS, nl'trus, adj. reserabUng or con- 
 taining nitre. 
 NITRY, ni'tri, adj. of or producing nitre. 
 NO, no, adj., not any : not one : none. 
 
 [Short for None.] 
 NO, no, adv. the word of refusal or denial. 
 [A.S. na, compounded of ne, not, and a, 
 ever ; O. Ger. ni : Goth, ni, Sans, na.] 
 NOACHIAN, uo-a'ki-an, adj. pertaining to 
 
 A'oa^ the patriarch, or to his time. 
 NOB, nob, )i. a superior sort of person. [A 
 
 familiar contr. of Nobleman.] 
 NOBILITY, no-bil'i-ti, n. the quality of 
 being noble : rank : dignity : excellence : 
 greatness : antiquity of family : descent 
 from noble ancestors. 
 NOBLE, no'bl, adj. illustrious : exalted in 
 rank : of high birth : magnificent : gen- 
 erous : excellent. — n. a person of exalted 
 rank : a peer : an old English gold coin, 
 value about $1.61.— ath;. No'bly. [Fr.— 
 L. nobilis, obs. gnobilis—nosco (gnosco), 
 to know.] 
 NOBLEMAN, no'bl-man, n. a man who is 
 noble or of rank : a peer : one above a 
 commoner. 
 NOBLENESS, n5'bl-nes, w. the quality of 
 
 being noble : dignity : greatness : in- 
 genuousness : worth. 
 NOBODY, no'bod-i, n. no body or person : 
 
 no one : a person of no account. 
 NOCTURN, nok'turn, n. a religious ser- 
 vice at night. [Fr. nocturne — L. 7ioc- 
 tnmus — nox, noctis, night.] 
 NOCTURNAL, nok-tur'nal, adj. pertaining 
 to night : happening by night : nightly. 
 — n. an instrument for observations in 
 the night.— adr. Noctur'nally. 
 NOD, nod, v.i. to give a quick forward mo- 
 tion of the head : to bend the head in 
 assent : to salute by a quick motion of 
 the head : to let the head drop in weari- 
 ness. — v.t. to incline : to signify by a 
 nod :^jr.p. nodd'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 nodd'ed. — n. a bending forward of the 
 head quickly: a slight bow: a command. 
 [From a Teut. root found in prov. Ger. 
 notteln. to wag, Ice. hnjotha, to ham- 
 mer ; cf. Ncdge.] 
 NODAL, nod'al, adj. pertaining to nodes. 
 
 [See Node.] 
 NODATED, nod-at'ed, adj., knotted. [See 
 
 Node.] 
 NODDING, nod'ing, adj. inclining the 
 head quickly : indicating by a nod. [See 
 Nod.] 
 NODDLE, nod'l, n. properly, theprojecting 
 part at the back of the head : the head. 
 [A dim. from root of Knot ; cf. O. Dut. 
 k)iodde, a knob.] 
 NODDY, nod'i, n. one whose head nods 
 from weakness : a stupid fellow : a sea- 
 fowl, so called from the stupidity with 
 which it allows itself to be taken. [See 
 Nod.] 
 NODE, nod, n. a.knot: a knob : (astr.) one 
 of the two points at which the orbit of a 
 planet intersects the ecliptic : (hot.) the 
 joint of a stem : the plot of a piece in 
 poetrj'. [L. nodus (for gnodus), allied to 
 Knot.] 
 NODOSE, nod'os, adj. full of knots: ha\'ing 
 
 knots or swelling joints : knotty. 
 NODULE, nod'ul, n. a little knot : a small 
 
 lump. 
 NOGGIN, nog'in, n. a small mug or wooden 
 
 cup. [Ir. noigin, Gael, noigean.'] 
 NOISE, noiz, n. sound of any kind : any 
 over-loud or excessive sound, din : fre- 
 quent or public talk. — v.t. to spread by 
 rumor. — v.i. to sound loud. ('Fr. noise, 
 quarrel, Provengal nausa ; proh. from L. 
 nausea, disgust, annoyance ; but pos- 
 sibly from L. noxa, that which hurts — 
 noceo. to hurt.] 
 NOISELESS, noiz'les, adj. without noise : 
 silent. — adv. Noise'lessly.— re. Noise'- 
 lessness. 
 NOISOME, noi'sum, adj. injurious to 
 health : di.sgusting. — adv. Noi'somely. 
 —re. Noi'someness. 
 NOISY^, noiz'i, adj. making a loud noise 
 or sound : clamorous : turbulent. — adv. 
 Nois'ily. — n. Nois'iNESS. 
 NOMAD, NOMADE, nom'ad or no'mad, n. 
 one of a tribe that wandei's about in 
 quest of game, or of pasture. [Gr. 
 nomas, nomados — nomos, pasture— Jiereio, 
 to deal out, to drive to pasture.] 
 NOMADIC, no-mad'ik, adj. of or for the 
 feeding of cattle : pastoral : pertaining 
 to the life of nomads: rule.— adt;. Nomad - 
 ically. 
 NOMENCLATOR, no'men-kla-tor, n. one 
 who gives names to thiiis^si— /em. No'- 
 menclatress. [L. — nomtii, a name, and 
 calo, Gr. kalo, to call.] 
 NOMENCLATURE, no'inen-kla-lur, n. a 
 system of naming : a list of names : a 
 calling by name : the peculiar terms of a 
 .science. 
 NOMINAL, nom'in-al, adj. pertaining to a 
 name : existing only in name : having a 
 
 name. — adv. Nom'inally. [L. jiominalis 
 — nonien, -inis, a name.] 
 NOMINALISM, nom'in-al-izm, n. the doc- 
 trine that general terms have no cor- 
 responding reality either in or out of the 
 mind, being mere words. [From L. 
 nomen, a name.] 
 NOMINALIST, nom'iii-al-ist, n. one of a 
 sect of philosophers who held the doc- 
 trine of nominalism. 
 NOMINATE, nom'in-at, v.t. to 7iame : to 
 aijpoint : to propose by name. [L. TUWi- 
 ino, -atum, to name — nomen.] 
 NOMINATION, nom-in-a'shun, n. the act 
 or power of nominating : state of beinj^ 
 nominated. 
 NOMINATIVE, uom'in-a-tiv, adj., naming: 
 (gram.) applied to the case of the subject. 
 — ti. the naming case, the case of the 
 subject. 
 NOMINATOR, nom'in-at-or, n. one who 
 
 nominates. 
 NOMINEE, nom-in-e', n. one nominated by 
 another : one on whose lite depends an 
 aunuitj' or lease: one to whom the holder 
 of a copyhold estate surrenders his in- 
 terest. 
 NON, non, adv., not, a Latin word used as 
 a prefix, as in NoN - appeak'ance, Non- 
 attend'ance, Non-compli'ance. 
 NONAGE, non'aj, n. the state of being not 
 of age : the time of life before a person 
 becomes legally of age : minority. — adj. 
 Non' aged. [L. non, not, and Age.] 
 NONAGENARIAN, non-a-je-na'ri-an, n. 
 one ninety years old. [L. nonagenariua, 
 containing ninety — nonaginta, ninetj' — 
 novem, nine.] 
 NONCE, nons, n. (only in phrase "for the 
 nonce ") the present time, occasion. [The 
 substantive has arisen by mistake from 
 '■ for the nones," orig. for then ones, 
 meaning simply '-for the once"; the n 
 belongs to tlie dative of the article.] 
 NON-COMMISSIONED, non-kom-ish'und, 
 adj., not having a commission, as an 
 officer in the army or nav-y below the 
 rank of lieutenant. 
 NON-CONDUCTOR, non-kon-dukt'or, »i. 
 a substance which does not conduct or 
 transmit certain properties or conditions, 
 as heat or electricity. 
 NONCONFORMING, non - kon - form'ing, 
 adj., not conforming, esp. to aa estab- 
 lislied church, as in England. 
 NONCONFORMIST, non-kon-lorm'ist, n. 
 one who does not conform : esp. one who 
 refused to conform to the established 
 church of England at the restoration of 
 Charles II. 
 NONCONFORMITY, non-kon-form'i-ti, n. 
 want of conj'ormity : in England, refusal 
 to unite with the established church. 
 NON-CONTENT, non'-kon-tent or non- 
 kon-tent', n. one not content : in the 
 Biitish House of Lords, one giving a 
 negative vote. 
 NONDESCRIPT, non'de-skript, adj. novel : 
 odd. — re. anything not yet described or 
 classed : a person or thing not easily 
 dt^scribed or classed. [L. non, not, and 
 dcscrijitus, described. See DESCRIBE.] 
 NONE, nun, adj. and jyron., not one: not 
 any : not the smallest part. [A.S. nan 
 — ne, not. and an, one.] 
 NONENTITY', non -eu'ti-ti, n. want of 
 
 entity or being : a thing not existing. 
 NONES, nonz, n.sing. in the Roman calen- 
 dar, the nintli day before the ides— tlie 
 .•jth of Jan., Feb., April, June, Aug., 
 Sept., Nov., Dec, and the 7th of the 
 other months : in R. C. Church, a season 
 of prayer observed at noon. [L. nonce — 
 Horei/s 'for Hovenus. ninth — novem, nine.] 
 NONESUCH, nun'such, n. a thing like 
 whicli there is none such : an extraordi- 
 nary thing-.
 
 NONJURING 
 
 300 
 
 NOVELTY 
 
 NONJXJRING, non-j66r'ing, adj., not swear- 
 ing allegiance. [L. non, not, and^ro, to 
 swear.] 
 
 NONJUROR, non-joor'or or non'jo6r-or, n. 
 one who would )iot swear allegiance to 
 the government of England at the revo- 
 lution of 1688. 
 
 NONPAREIL, non-pa-rel', n. a person or 
 tiling tnthout an equal : unequalled ex- 
 cellence : a rich kind of apple : a small 
 printing type. — adj. without an equal: 
 matchless. (Tr. — non, not, and pareil, 
 equal— Low L. pariculus, dim. of par, 
 equal.] 
 
 NONPLUS, non'plus, n. a state in which 
 no more can be done or said : great diffi- 
 culty. — v.t. to throw into complete per- 
 plexity : to puzzle : — pr.p. non'plusing 
 or non'plussing ; pa.t. and pa.p. non- 
 plused or non'plussed. [L. non, not, and 
 plus, more.] 
 
 NONSENSE, non'sens, n. that which has 
 no sense : language without mecjaing : 
 absurdity : trifles. [L. non, not, 'nd 
 Sense.] 
 
 VONSENSICAL, non-sens'ik-al, adj., mih- 
 out sense: absurd. — adv. Nonsens'ICALLY. 
 
 — n. NONSENS'ICALNESS. 
 
 NONSUIT. uon'sQt, w. a ivithdrawal of a 
 suit at law, either voluntarily or by the 
 judgment of the court. — v.t. to record 
 that a plaintiff drops his suit. [L. non, 
 not, and SoiT.l 
 
 NOODLE, noo'dl, n. a simpleton, a block- 
 head. [See Noddy.] 
 
 NOOK, nook, n. a corner : a narrow place 
 formed by an angle : a recess : a secluded 
 retreat. "[Scot, neuk; from Gael., Jr. 
 nine] 
 
 NOON, noon, n. (orig.) the ninth hour of 
 the day. or three o'clock P.M. : after- 
 wards (the church service for the ninth 
 hour being shifted to mid-day) mid-day : 
 twelve o'clock: middle: height. — adj. 
 belonging to mid-day : meridional. [A.S. 
 non-tid (noontide) — L. nona (liora), the 
 ninth (hour). See its doublet NoNES.] 
 
 NOONDAY, noon'da, n. mid-day. — adj. 
 pertaining to raid-day : meridional. 
 
 NOONTIDE, noon'tid, n. the tide or time 
 of noon : mid-day. — adj. pertaining to 
 noon : meridional. 
 
 NOOSE, nooz or noos, n. a running knot ' 
 which ties the firmer the clost r it is ' 
 drawn. — v.t. to tie or catch in a noose. 
 [Prob. from O. Fr. nous, pli;r. of nou 
 (Fr. noeud) — L. nodus, knot.] 
 
 NOR, nor, conj. a particle marking the 
 second or subsequent part of a negative 
 proposition : — correlative to Neither or 
 Not. [Contr. from nother, a form of 
 Neither.] 
 
 NORMAL, nor'mal, adj. according to rule : 
 regular : analogical : perpendicular. — re. 
 a perpendicular. — adv. Nor'mallt. [L. 
 normalis — norma, a rule.] 
 
 NORIIAN, nor'man, n. a native or inhabi- 
 tant of Normandy. — adj. pertaining to 
 the Noi mans or to Normandy. [The in- 
 vading Northmen from Scandinavia gave 
 their name to Normandy.] 
 
 NORSE, nors, adj. pertaining to ancient 
 Scandinavia. — re. the language of anfient 
 Scandinavia. PNorw. Norsk {-^^Northi^sk), 
 from NoETH.] " 
 
 NORTH, north, re. the point opposite the 
 sun at noon : one of the four cardinal 
 points of the horizon. [A.S. north; 
 found in most Teut. tongues, as in Ice. 
 7iorthr, Ger. nord.] 
 
 NORTH-EAST, north-est', re. the point be- 
 tween the north and east, equidistant 
 from each. — adj. belonging to or from 
 the north-east. 
 
 NORTH-EASTERLY, north-est'er-li, adj. 
 toward or coming from the north-east. 
 
 NORTH-EASTERN, north-es'tern, adj. be- 
 
 longing to the north-east : being in the 
 north-east, or in that direction. 
 NORTH-EASTW ARD,north-est' ward, adu. 
 towards the north-east. 
 
 NORTHERLY, nor«i'er-li,a(Z;'.being toward 
 the north : from the north. — adv. toward 
 or from the north. 
 
 NORTHERN, north'ern, adj. pertaining to 
 the north : being in the north or in the 
 direction towards it. — re. an inhabitant of 
 the north. 
 
 NORTHERNMOST, nor<^'ern-m6st, 
 NORTHMOST, north'raost, adj. situate 
 at the point furthest north. 
 
 NORTH-STAR, north'-star, w. the north 
 polar star. 
 
 NORTHWARD, north' ward, NORTH- 
 WARDLY, north'ward - li, adj. being 
 toward the north. — adv. (also North - 
 WARDS) towai-d the north. 
 
 NORTH-WEST, north-west', re. the point 
 betv^een the north and west, equidistant 
 from each. — adj. pertaining to or from 
 the north-west. 
 
 NORTH-WESTERLY, north-west'er-U,o4;. 
 toward or from the north-west. 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN, north-west'ern, adj. 
 pertaining to or being in the north-west 
 or in that direction. 
 
 NORWEGIAN, nor-we'ji-an, adj. pertain- 
 ing to Nonvay. — re. a native of Norway. 
 
 NOSE, noz, n. the organ of smell : the 
 power of smelling: sagacity. — v.t. to 
 smell : to oppose rudely to the face : to 
 sound through the nose. [A.S. nosu ; 
 Ice. nos, Ger. ?!Ose, L. nasus. Sans, n&sd.] 
 
 NOSEBAG, nozTbag, n. a bag for a horse's 
 nose, containing oats, etc. [NosE and 
 BagJ 
 
 NOSEGAY, noz'ga, v. a bunch of fragrant 
 flowers : a posy or bouquet. [From Nose 
 and Gay, adj.} 
 
 NOSELESS, noz'les, adj. without a nose. 
 
 NOSOLOGY, nos-ol'o-ji, re. the science of 
 diseases: the branch of medicine which 
 treats of the classification and nomen- 
 clature of diseases. — adj. Nosolog'icai,. 
 — re. Nosol'ogist. [Gr. nosos, a disease, 
 and logos, a discourse, an account.] 
 
 NOSTRIL, nos'tril, n. one of the holes of 
 the 7iose. [M. E. nosethirl — A.S. nostliyrl 
 — nos, for nosii, the nose, and thyrel, an 
 opening. Of. DRILL, to pierce, and 
 Thrill.] 
 
 NOSTRUM, nos'trum, 7!. a medicine the 
 composition of which is kept secret : a 
 quack or patent medicine. [L. (lit.) 
 " our own," from Jios, we.] 
 
 NOT, not, adv. a word expressing denial, 
 negation, or refusal. [Same as Naught, 
 from A.S. ree, and tciht. a whit.] 
 
 NOTABILITY, not-a-bil'i-ti, re. the being 
 notable : a notable person or thing. 
 
 NOTABLE, not'a-bl, adj. worthy of being 
 knoini or noted : remarkable : memor- 
 able : distinguished : notorious. — re. a 
 person or thing worthy of note. — adv. 
 Not' ABLY. — re. Not'ableness. 
 
 NOTARY, not'ar-i, n. in ancient Rome, one 
 who took votes, a shorthand writer : an 
 officer authorized to certify deeds or 
 other writings. — adj. Nota'rial. — adv. 
 NoTA'RLiLLY. [L. nctarius.] 
 
 NOTATION, no-ta'shun, n. a noting or 
 marking : the act or practice of record- 
 ing by murks or symbols : a system of 
 signs or symbols. [L. notatio — nolo, 
 notatum, to mark.] 
 
 NOTCH, noch, n. a nich cut in anything : 
 an indentation. — v.t. ko cut a hollow into. 
 [From a Teut. root, fouud also in O. Dut. 
 nock. See Nick, a notch.] 
 
 NOTE, not, re. that by which a person or 
 thing is knoicn : a mark or sign : a brief 
 explanation : a short remark : a memo- 
 randum : 1 short letter : a diplomatic 
 
 paper : (mns.) a mark representing a 
 sound, also the sound itself : a paper ac- 
 knowledging a debt and promising pay. 
 ment, as a bank-note, a note of hand: 
 notice, heed, observation : reputation : 
 fame. — v.t. to make a note of : to notice: 
 to attend to : to record in writing : to 
 furnish with notes. [Fr. — L. reofo, from 
 gna, root of nosco, notum, to know.] 
 
 NOTED, not'ed, adj., marked: well known, 
 celebrated : eminent : notorious. — adv. 
 Not'edly. 
 
 NOTELESS, notles, adj. not attracting no- 
 tice. 
 
 NOTEWORTHY, not'wur-ifei, adj. worthy 
 of note or notice. 
 
 NOTHING, nuth'ing, n.', no thing : non- 
 existence : absence or negation of being : 
 no part or degree : a low condition : no 
 value or use: not anything of impor- 
 tance, a trifle : utter "insignificance, no 
 difficulty or trouble : no magnitude : a 
 cipher. — adv. in no degree : not at all.— 
 re. Noth'ingness. 
 
 NOTICE, not'is, re. act of noting: atten- 
 tion: observation: information: warning: 
 a writing containing information: public 
 intimation : civility or respectful treat- 
 ment : remark. — v.t. to mark or see : to 
 regard or attend to: to mention, or make 
 observations upon: to treat with civility. 
 [Fr. — L. notitia — nosco, notnm, to know.] 
 
 NOTICEABLE, not'is-a-bl, adj. able to be 
 noticed : worthy of observation. — adv. 
 Not'iceaely. 
 
 NOTIFICATION, not-i-fi-ka'shun, n. the 
 act of notifying : the notice given : the 
 paper containing the notice. [See Noti- 
 fy.] 
 
 NOTIP^, not'i-fi, v.t. to make knovni . to 
 declare: to give notice or information of 
 —pa.t. and pa.p. not'ified. [Fr. — L, 
 nofifico. -atum — notus, known, and fai-io, . 
 to make.] 
 
 NOTION, no'shun, n. a conception : opin- 
 ion : belief : judgment. [Fr. — L. notic 
 — nosco, notum, to know.] 
 
 NOTIONAL, no'shun-al, adj. of the nature 
 of a notion : ideal : fanciful. 
 
 NOTORIETY, no-to-ri'e-ti or no-, re. state 
 of being notorious : publicity : public 
 exposure. 
 
 NOTORIOUS, no-to'ri-us. adj. publicly 
 knoii-n (now used in a bad sense) : in- 
 famous. — adv. Noto'riously. — re. Noto'- 
 RiousNESS. [Low L. notorius — nolo, 
 notatum. to mark — nosco.] 
 
 NOTWITHSTANDING,not-with-stand'ing, 
 co)y. andprep. (this) not standing against 
 or opposing : nevertheless : however. 
 [Not and WiTHSTAjfDiNG, pr.p. of With- 
 stand.] 
 
 NOUGHT, nawt, re., not anything: nothing. 
 — rt(/r. in no degree. — Set at nought, to 
 despise. [Same as Naught.] 
 
 NOUN, nown, re. (gram.) the name of anj'- 
 thing. [O. Fr. non (Fr. nom) — L. nomen. 
 See Name.] 
 
 NOURISH, nur'ish, v.t. to suckle: to feed 
 or bring up : to support : to encourage : 
 to cherish : to educate. — >!. NOUR'ISHER, 
 — nf?/.NouR'lSHABLE. able to be nourished, 
 [Fr. nourrir — L. nntrio.] 
 
 NOURISHMENT, nur'ish-ment, re. the act 
 of nourishing or the state of being 
 nourished : that which nourishes : food 
 nutriment. 
 
 NCVEL, nov'el, adj., new: unusual: 
 strange. — re. that which is new : a ficti- 
 tious tale : a romance. [O. Fr. 7u>ve\ 
 (Fr. noureaii) — L. novellus — 7ioi'us.] 
 
 NO'VIELETTE, nov-el-et'. re. a .small novel. 
 
 NOVELIST, nov'el-ist, re. a novel-writer. 
 
 [Orig. .an introducer of nejc things.] 
 NOVELTY, nov'el-ti, n., newness: 
 
 thing new or strange. 
 
 any
 
 NOVEMBER 
 
 301 
 
 NYCTALOPIA 
 
 NOVEMBER, no-vem'ber, n. the eleventh 
 month of our year. [The ninth month 
 of the Roman year ; L., from novem, 
 nine.] 
 
 NO^'ENNIAL, no-ven'yal, adj. done every 
 ninth year. [L. novennis — novem, nine, 
 annus, a year.] 
 
 NOVICE, nov'is, n. one new in anything: a 
 beg-inner : one newly received into the 
 church : an inmate of a convent or nun- 
 nery who has not yet taken the vow. 
 [Fr! — L. nointius^-nocus, new.] 
 
 NOVITIATE, no-vish'i-at, n. the state of 
 being a novice : the period of being a 
 novice : a novice. [Low L. novitiatus.] 
 
 NOW. now, adv. at the present time : at 
 this time or a little before. — conj. but : 
 after this : things being so. — n. the pres- 
 ent time. — Now — Novr, at one time, at 
 another time. [A.S. nii; Ger. nu7i, L. 
 nunc, Gr. nun, Sans, nu, a doublet of 
 New.] 
 
 NOWADAYS, now'a-daz. adv. in days now 
 present. 
 
 NOWAY, no'wa, NOWAYS, no'waz, adv. 
 in no way, manner, or degree. 
 
 NOWHERE, no'hwar, adv. in no where or 
 place. 
 
 NOWISE, no'wiz, adv. in no way or degree. 
 
 NOXIOUS, nok'shus, adj., hurtful: un- 
 wholesome : injurious : destructive : pois- 
 onous. — adv. Nox'iousLT.— ». Nox'ious- 
 KESS. [L. noxius — noxa, hurt — noceo, to 
 hurt.] 
 
 NOZZLE, noz'l, n. a little nose : the snout : 
 the extremity of anything' : an extrem- 
 ity with an orifice. [Dim. of NoSE.] 
 
 NUANCE, noo-ans', n. a delicate degree or 
 shade of difference perceived by any of 
 the senses, or by the intellect. [Through 
 Fr. from L. ntibes, a cloud.] 
 
 NUCLEATED, nu'kle-at-ed, adj. having a 
 7iucleus. 
 
 NUCLEUS, nu'kle-us, n. the central mass 
 round which matter gathers : {astr.) the 
 head of a comet : — -jj/. Nuclei (nii'kle-T). 
 [Lit. " the kernel of a nut," L. from nux, 
 nucis, a nut.] 
 
 NUDE. nQd, adj., naked: bare: void.^adv. 
 NuDE'LY. [L. nudiis. See Naked.] 
 
 NUDGE, nuj, n. a gentle push. — v.t. to 
 push gently. [Akin to Knock, Knuckle. 
 Cf. Dan. knuge.] 
 
 NUDITY, nud'i-ti, n., nakedness: — pi. 
 naked parts : figures divested of drapery. 
 
 NUGATORY, nu'ga-tor-i, adj., trifling: 
 vain : insignificant : of no power : in- 
 effectual. [L. nugatorius — nugm, jokes, 
 trifles.] 
 
 NUGGET, nug'et, n. a lump or mass, as of 
 a metal. [A corruption of Ingjot.] 
 
 NUISANCE, nu'sans, n. that which annoys 
 or hurts : that which troubles : that 
 which is offensive. [Fr. — L. noceo, to 
 hurt.] 
 
 NULL, nul, adj. of no force: void: in- 
 valid. [L. nullus, not any, from ne, not, 
 and uUus, any.] 
 
 NULLIFY, nul'i-fl, v.t. to make null: to 
 annul : to render void : — pr.p. nuU'ify- 
 ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. nuH'ified. — n. NuLLI- 
 fica'tion. [L. nullifico, -atum — nullus, 
 and /acJo, to make.] 
 
 NULLITY, nul'i-ti, n. the state of being 
 7iutl or void: nothingness: want of 
 existence, force, or efficacy. 
 
 NUMB, num, adj. deprived of sensation 
 or motion : stupefied : motionless. — v.t. 
 to make numb : to deaden : to render 
 motionless : — pr.jy. numbing (num'ing) ; 
 Jj'i.p. numbed (nunid'). — n. Nujre'NESS. 
 [A.S. numen, pa.p. of niman, to take ; 
 so Ice. numinn, bereft.] 
 
 NUMBER, num'ber, n. that by which 
 things are counted or computed : a col- 
 lection of things : more than one : a unit 
 in counting : a numerical figure : the 
 
 measure of multiplicity : sounds distrib- 
 uted into harmonies : metre, verse, esp. 
 in pi. : (gram.) the difference in words to 
 express singular or plural : — jjZ. the 4th 
 book of the Old Test, from its having 
 the numbers of the Israelites. — v.t. to 
 count : to reckon as one of a multitude : 
 to mark with a number : to amount to. — 
 n. Num'berer. [Fr. nombre — L. mimerus, 
 akin to Gr. nomos, that which is distrib- 
 uted — nemo, to distribute.] 
 
 NUMBERLESS, num'ber-les, adj. without 
 number : more than can be counted. 
 
 NUMERABLE, nu'mer-a-bl, adj. that may 
 be numbered or counted. — adv. Nu'mer- 
 ABLY. — ns. Nu'merableness, NcnaERA- 
 bil'ity. [L. numerabilis.^ 
 
 NUMERAL, nu'mer-al, adj. pertaining to 
 oi' consisting of number. — n. a figure 
 u.sed to expre.ss a number, as 1, 3, 3, 
 ef.c. [L. numeralis — numerus.] 
 
 NUMERARY, nii'mer-ar-i, adj., belonging 
 to a certain number. [Fr. numeraire — 
 Low L. numerarius.l 
 
 NUMERATE, nu'mer-at, v.t. (orig.) to enu- 
 merate, to number : to point off and read, 
 as figures. 
 
 NUMERATION, nu-mer-a'shun, n. act of 
 numbering : the art of reading numbers. 
 
 NUMERATOR, nu'mer-a-tor, n. one who 
 numbers: the upper number of a vulgar 
 fraction, which expresses the number of 
 fractional parts taken. 
 
 NUMERIC, nu-mer'ik, NUMERICAL, nu- 
 mer'ik-al, adj. belonging to, or consist- 
 ing in number : the same both in number 
 and kind. — adv. Numer'ically. 
 
 NUMEROUS, nu'mer-us, adj. great in 
 number: being many. — adv. Nu'mer- 
 
 OUSLY.— re. NU'MEROUSNESS. 
 
 NUMISMATIC, nu-mis-mat'ik, adj. per- 
 taining to money, coins, or medal?.. [L. 
 numisma — Gr. nomisma. current coin — 
 noniizo, to use commoidy — nomos, cus- 
 tom.] 
 
 NUMISMATICS, nu-mis-mat'iks, n.sing. 
 the science of coins and medals. 
 
 NUMISMATOLOGY, nu-mis-ma-tol'o-ji, n. 
 the science of coins and medals in relation 
 to history. — n. Numismatol'ogist, one 
 versed in numismatology. [L. numisma 
 — Gr. nomisma, and logos, science.] 
 
 NUMMULITE, num'u-llt, n. (geol.) a. fossil 
 shell resembling a coin. [L. nummus, a 
 coin, and Gr. liihos, a stone.] 
 
 NUMSKULL, num'skul, n. a blockhead. 
 [From Numb and SKULL.] 
 
 NUN, nun, ii. in R. Cath. Church, a female 
 who devotes herself to celibacy and se- 
 clusion : [zool.) a kind of pigeon with 
 the feathers on its head like the hood of 
 a nu7i. [A.S. nunna — Low L. nunna, 
 nonna, a nun, an old maiden lady, the 
 orig. sig. being " mother ; " cf. Gr. nanne, 
 aunt, Sans, nana, a child's word for 
 " mother."] 
 
 NUNCIATURE, nun'shi-a-tur, n. the office 
 of a n undo. 
 
 NUNCIO, nun'shi-o, n. an ambassador from 
 the Pope to an emperor or king. [It. — L. 
 nuncius, a messenger, one who brings 
 news ; prob. a contr. of noventius, from 
 an obs. verb novere, to make new, novus, 
 new.] 
 
 NUNCUPATIVE, nun-ku'pa-tiv or nun'- 
 ku-pa-tiv, NUNCUPATORY, nun-kfi'pa- 
 tor-i, adj., declaring publicly or solemn- 
 ly: (Za»'.) verbal, not written. [Fr. ?«<»- 
 cupatif — Low L. nuncnpatirus, nominal 
 — L. nuncupare, to call by name — prob. 
 from nomen. name, capio, to take.] 
 
 NUNNERY, nun'er-i. n. a house for nuns. 
 
 NUPTIAL, nup'shal, adj. pertaining to 
 marriage : done at a marriage : consti- 
 tuting marriage. — n.pl. Nup'tials, mar- 
 riage : wedding ceremony. [Fr. — L. nup- 
 
 tialis — miptice, marriage — nubo, nuptum, 
 to veil, to marrj'.] 
 
 NURSE, nuis, ?i. a woman who nourishes 
 an infant : a mother, while her infant is 
 at the breast : one who has the care of 
 infants or of the sick : (hort.) a shrub or 
 tree which protects a young plant. — v.t. 
 to tend, as an infant, or a sick person: ta 
 bring up : to manage with care and ecoa 
 omy. [O. Fr. nurrice (Fr. nourrice) — L, 
 nutrix — nutrio, to suckle, to nourish.] 
 
 NURSERY, nurs'er-i, n. place for nursing : 
 an apartment for young children: a place 
 where the growth of anything is pro- 
 moted: (hori.) a piece of ground where 
 plants are reared. 
 
 NURSING-FATHER, nurs'ing-fa'i/ier, re. 
 {B.) a foster-father. 
 
 NURSLING, nur.s'hng 
 nursed : an infant. 
 
 ling.] 
 TURE, : 
 
 71. that which is 
 [Nurse, and dim. 
 
 NURTURE, nurt'Qr, n. act of nursing or 
 nourishing: nourishment: education: in- 
 struction. — v.t. to nourish : to bring up: 
 to educate. — n. Nurt'urer. [Fr. nour- 
 riture — Low L. nutritura — L. nutrio, to 
 nourish.] 
 
 NUT, nut, n. the fruit of certain trees, con- 
 sisting of a kernel in a hard shell: a small 
 block of metal for screwing on the end of 
 a bolt. — v.i. to gather nuts : — pr.p. nutt'- 
 ing ; pa.p. nutt'ed. [A.S. hnutu ; Ice. 
 hnot, Dut. noot, Ger. mtss.] 
 
 NUTANT, nu'tant, adj., nodding: (bot.) 
 having the top bent downward. [L. 
 nuto, to nod.] 
 
 NUTATION, nu-ta'shun, n. a nodding: 
 (astr.) a periodical vibratory motion of 
 the earth's axis : (bot.) the turning of 
 flowers towards the sun, 
 
 NUT-BROWN, nut'-brown, adj., brown, 
 like a ripe old nut. 
 
 NUTCRACKER, nut'krak-er, n. an instru- 
 ment for cracking nuts : a bird in Europe 
 and N. Asia which feeds on nuts, berries, 
 QjiQ insppts 
 
 NUTHATCHJ nut'hach, n. a small climb- 
 ing bird which feeds on nuts and insects, 
 called also NuT'JOBBER, Nut'pecker. 
 [M. E. nuthake, hacker of nuts.] 
 
 NUTMEG, nut'meg, n. the aromatic ker- 
 nel of an E. India tree. [M. E. notemuge, 
 a hybrid word formed from Nut and O. 
 Fr. jnuge, musk — L. mtiseus, musk. See 
 Musk.] 
 
 NUTRIA, nu'tri-a, n. the fur of the coypu, 
 a kind of beaver, in S. America. [Sp. 
 nutria, nutra — Gr. enudris, an otter.] 
 
 NUTRIENT, nu'tri-ent, adj., nourishing. — 
 71. anything nourishing. [L. nutrio, to 
 nourish.] 
 
 NUTRIMENT, nu'tri-ment, 7!. that wliich 
 7iourishes : food. [L. nutri7nentu7n — nw- 
 trio, to nourish.] 
 
 NUTRIMENTAL, nu-tri-ment'al, adj. hav- 
 ing the quality of nutriment or food : 
 nutritious. 
 
 NUTRITION, nu-trish'un, n. act of nour- 
 ishi7ig : process of promoting the growth 
 of bodies. 
 
 NUTRITIOUS, nu-trish'us, adj., nourish- 
 ing: promoting growth. — adv. Nutri'- 
 TIOUSLY.— 71. Nutri'tiousness. 
 
 NITTRITIVE, nu'tri-tiv, adj., 7iourishing. 
 — adv. Nu'TRITIVELY. — 71. Nu'tritivk- 
 
 ness 
 
 NUX VOMICA, nuks vom'ik-a, n. the fruit 
 of an E. Indian tree, from which the 
 powerful poison known as strychnine is 
 obtained. [L. 7iiur, a nut, and vomicus, 
 from vo7no, to vomit.] 
 
 NUZZLE, nuz'l, v.i. to poke about with the 
 Tiose, like a swine. [A freq. verb from 
 Nose.] 
 
 NYCTALOPIA, nik-ta-lo'pi-a, NYCTA- 
 LOPY, nik'ta-l6-pi, 7i. a diseased state of 
 vision, in which objects are seen only at
 
 NYCTALOPS 
 
 303 
 
 OBSCURE 
 
 night or in tiie dusk. [Gr. nyktalopia — 
 nyktalops, seeing by ni^ht only — nyx, 
 nyktos, night, ops, vision.] 
 
 NYCTALOPS, nik'ta-lops, n. one affected 
 witli lujctalopy. 
 
 NYLGHAU, nil'gaw, n. a large species of 
 antelope, in N. Hindustan, the males of 
 which are of a bluish color. [Pers. nil- 
 gaw — nil. blue, gaw, ox, cow.] 
 
 NYMPH, nimf, n. a maiden : (myth.) one 
 of the beautiful goddesses who inhabited 
 every region of the earth and waters. — 
 adj. Ntmph'-like. [Fr. — L. nympha — 
 Gr. nymphe, a bride, lit. " a veiled one " 
 (like L. nupta), from same root as Gr. 
 nephos, a cloud.] 
 
 JTiTMPH, nimf. TvYMPHA, nimfa, n. the 
 pupa or chrysalis of an insect: — pi. 
 NympH-E (nim'f'e). 
 
 NYMPHEAN. nim-fe'an, adj. pertaining 
 to or inhabited by nympJis. 
 
 NYMPHICAL, nimf'ik-al, adj. pertaining 
 to nym2}hs. 
 
 NYMPHOLEPSY. nimfo-lep-si, n. aspecies 
 of madness which seized those who had 
 seen nymphs. [Gr. nymphe, a nymph, 
 and lamhano, lepsomai, to seize.] 
 
 o 
 
 O, 6, int. an exclamation of wonder, pain, 
 grief, etc. 
 
 OAF, of, n. a foolish chUd left by the 
 fairies in place of another : a dolt, an 
 idiot. [A form of Elf.] 
 
 OAK, ok, 71. a tree of many species, the 
 most famous of which is the British oak, 
 so valuable for its timber. [A.S. ac ; 
 Ice. eik. Ger. dche.] 
 
 OAKAPPLE. 6k'ap-l, n. a spongy sub- 
 stance on the leaves of the oak, caused 
 by insects, so called from its likeness to 
 a small apple, called also Oak'leaf- 
 
 GALL. 
 
 OAKEN, ok'n, adj. consisting or made of 
 oak. 
 
 OAKLING, ok'ling, n. a young oak. 
 
 OAKUM, ok'um. n. old ropes untwisted 
 and teased into loose hemp for calking 
 the seams of ships. [A.S. acumba, cecem- 
 ba — cemb, that which is combed — ceinban, 
 to Comb.] 
 
 OAR. or. n. a light pole with a flat end for 
 rowingboats. — r.t. to impel by rowing. — 
 v.i. to row. [A.S. ar ; cog. with Gr. er- 
 essein, to row, amph-er-es, two-oared.] 
 
 OiVRED. ord, adj. furnished with oars. 
 
 OARSMAN, orz'man, n. one who rows with 
 an oar. 
 
 Oasis, o'a-sis or o-a'sis, n. a fertile spot in 
 a sandy desert -.^pl. Oases (o'a-sez or 
 o-ii'sez). [L. — Gr. oasis: from Coptic 
 ouahe, a resting-place or dwelling.] 
 
 OAT, 6t (oftener in ijl. Oats, ots), n. a well- 
 known grass}' plant, the seeds of which 
 are much used as food : its seeds. — n. 
 Oat'cake, a thin broad cake made of oat- 
 meal. [A.S. ata, oat.] 
 
 OATEN, ot'n, adj. consisting of an oat 
 stem or straw : made of oatmeal. 
 
 OATH, oth, n. a solemn statement with an 
 appeal to God as witness, and a calling 
 for his vengeance in case of falsehood or 
 failure -.—pi. Oaths (othz). [A.S. ath ; 
 Ger. eid. Ice. eidhr.] 
 
 OATMEAL, ot'mel, n. meal made of oats. 
 
 OBDURACY, ob'du-ras-i, n. state of being 
 obdurate : invincible hardness of heart. 
 
 OBDURATE, ob'du-rat. adj. hardened in 
 heart or feelings : stubborn. — adv. Ob'- 
 
 DURATELY.— Ji. Ob'DXJRATENESS. [L. ob- 
 
 durattis, pa.p. of obduro — ob, against, 
 ditro. to harden — diirus, hard.] 
 OBEDIENCE, 6-be'di-ens, n. state of being 
 
 obedient: compliance with what is re- 
 quired : dutifulness. 
 
 OBEDIENT, o-be'di-ent, adj. willing to 
 obey: dutiful. — adv. Obe'diently. [Fr. 
 — L. obedio.'\ 
 
 OBEISANCE, 6-ba'sans, n., obedience: a 
 bow or act of reverence. [Fr. obeissance 
 — obeissant. pr.p. of obeir, to obev.] 
 
 OBELISK, ob'e-lisk, n. a tall, four-sided 
 tapering pillar, cut off at the top like 
 a flat pyramid : (print.) a dagger (f ). 
 [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. weliskos, 
 dim. of obelos, belos, a dart — ballo, to 
 throw.] 
 
 OBESE, 6-bes', adj. fat : fleshy. [L. obesus 
 —ob. and edo, esum, to eat.] 
 
 OBESENESS, o-bes'nes, OBESITY, 6-bes'- 
 it-i, n., fatness: abnormal fatness. 
 
 OBEY, 6-ba', t\t. to do as told: to be ruled 
 by: to yield to. — v.i. (B.) to jield obedi- 
 ence (followed by to). — n. Obey'ER. [Fr. 
 obeir — L. obedio — ob, against, towards, 
 audio, to hear.] 
 
 OBEYINGLY, o-ba'ing-li, adv., obediently. 
 
 OBFUSCATE, ob-fus'kat, v.t. to darken: to 
 confuse. — ?!. Obfusca'tion. [L. obfusco, 
 obfuscatum — ob, inten., and fiiscus, 
 dark.] 
 
 OBIT, o'bit or ob'it, n., death : funeral 
 solemnities : an anniversary mass for 
 the repose of a departed soul. [Fr. — 
 L. obitus — obeo, to go to meet — ob, 
 against, eo, to go.] 
 
 OBITUAL, 6-bit'u-al, adj. pertaining to 
 obits. 
 
 OBITUARY, 6-bit'u-ar-i, adj. relating to 
 the death of a person. — ?!. a register of 
 deaths (orig.) in a monastery: an account 
 of a deceased person or notice of his 
 death. 
 
 OBJECT, ob-jekt', v.t. to offer in opposi- 
 tion : to oppose. — v.i. to oppose. — n. Ob- 
 ject'or. [Fr. — L. objecto, a freq. of ob- 
 jicio, -jecftim — ob, in the waj' of, and 
 jacio, to throw.] 
 
 OBJECTs ob'jekt, n. anything set or thrmcn 
 before the mind : that which is sought 
 for : end : motive : (gram.) that which 
 follows a transitive verb. 
 
 OBJECT-GLASS, ob'iekt-glas, n. the glass 
 at the end of a telescope or microscope 
 next the object. 
 
 OBJECTION, ob-jek'shun, n. act of object- 
 ing : anything in opposition : argument 
 against. 
 
 OBJECTIONABLE, ob-jek'shun-a-bl, aclj. 
 tliat may be objected to. 
 
 OBJECTIVE, ob-jekt'iv, adj. relating to an 
 object : being exterior to the mind : as 
 opp. to subjective, that which is real or 
 which exists in nature, in contrast with 
 what is ideal or exists merely in the 
 thought of the individual : (gra7n.) be- 
 longing to the case of the object. — n. 
 (gram.) the case of the object : (u-ar) the 
 point to which the operations of an army 
 are directed. — adv. Object'IVELY. 
 
 OBJECTIVENESS, ob-jekt'iv -nes, OB- 
 JECTIVITY, ob-jek-tiv'i-ti, n. state of 
 being ohjeotii^e. 
 
 OBJURGATION, ob-jur-ga'shun, n. a blam- 
 ing : reproof : reprehension. [Fr. — L. — 
 ob, against, and jurgare, to sue at law, 
 to quarrel v:iih—jus, law, and ago, to 
 drive.] 
 
 OBJURGATORY, ob-jur'ga-tor-i, adj. ex- 
 pressing blame or reproof. 
 
 OBLATE, ob-lat', adj. flattened at opposite 
 sides or poles : shaped like an orange. — 
 n. Obkate'ness. [L. vblatns, pa.p. of 
 offero, to carry forward, to offer — ob, 
 against, and fero, to bring.] 
 
 OBLATION, ob-lii'shun, n. anything offered 
 in worship or sacred service : an offering. 
 [Fr.— L. ablatio.} 
 
 OBLIGATION, ob-li-gii'shun. n. act .of 
 obliging : that which binds : any act 
 
 which binds one to do something for 
 
 another : state of being indebted for a 
 
 favor : (law) a bond containing a penalty 
 
 on failure. 
 OBLIGATORY, ob'li-ga-tor-i, adj., binding: 
 
 imposing duty. — adv. Ob'ugatorily. — 
 
 n. Ob'ugatoriness. 
 OBLIGE, o-blij', v.t. to bind or constrain : 
 
 to bind bj'some favor rendered, hence to 
 
 do a favor to. [Fr. — L. obligo, obligatum 
 
 — ob. and ligo, to bind.] 
 OBLIGEE, ob-li-je', n. (Ian-) the person to 
 
 whom another is obliged or behind. 
 OBLIGING, 6-blIj'ing, adj. disposed to 
 
 oblige or confer favors. — adv. Oblig'ino- 
 
 LY.— W. OBLIG'INGNESS. 
 
 OBLIGOR, ob-li-gor', n. (Ian-) the person 
 who binds himself to another. 
 
 OBLIQUE, ob-lek', a(7/., slanting: not per- 
 pendicular : not parallel : not straight- 
 forward : obscure : (geom.) not a right 
 angle : (gram.) denoting any case except 
 the nominative. — adv. Oblique'ly. [Ft. 
 — L. obliqmts — ob, and liquis, bent, slant- 
 
 OBLIQUENESS, ob-lek'nes, OBLIQUITY, 
 ob-lik'wi-ti, n. state of being oblique : a 
 slanting direction : error or wrong : ir- 
 reacularitv. 
 
 OBLITERATE, ob-lit'er-at, v.t. to blot out: 
 to wear out : to destroy : to reduce to a 
 very low state. [L. oilitero, -atum — ob, 
 over, and litem, a letter. See Lettee.] 
 
 OBLITERATION, ob-lit-er-ii'shun, n. act 
 of obliterating : a blotting or wearing 
 out : extinction. 
 
 OBLIVION, ob-liv'i-un, n. act of forgetting 
 or state of being forgotten : remission of 
 punishment. [Fr. — L. obliino, oblivionis 
 — obliTiscor. to forget, from root of livere, 
 to become dark ; hence, to have the mind 
 darkened, to forget.] 
 
 OBLIVIOUS, ob-iiv'i-us, adj.. forgetful: 
 causing forgetful ness. — adv. Obuv'ious- 
 
 LY. — »). OBLIV'IOCSXESS. 
 
 OBLONG, ob'long, adj., long in one waj»: 
 longer than broad. — n. (geom.) a rect- 
 angle longer than broad : any oblong 
 figure. [Fr. — L. ob, over, and longus, 
 long.] 
 
 OBLOQUY, ob'lo-kwi, n. a speaking 
 against: reproachful language : censure : 
 calumny. [L. obloq^iium — ob, against, 
 and loqrior, to speak.] 
 
 OBNOXIOUS, ob-nok'shus, adj., liable to 
 h^irt or punishment : blameworthy : of- 
 fensive : subject : answerable. — adv. Ob- 
 NOX'IOUSLY. — n. Obnox'iousness. [L. 
 obno.vius — ob, before, and noxa, hurt. 
 See Noxious.] 
 
 OBOE. See HAUTBOY. 
 
 OBOLUS, ob'o-lus, n. in ancient Greece, a 
 small silver coin, ^vorth about three 
 cents : also a weight, the sixth part of 
 a drachma. [Gr. obelos, a spit, from the 
 coin being marked with a spit, or fi-om 
 iron and copper nails being used in 
 ancient barter.] 
 
 OBSCENE, ob-sen', adj. offensive to chas- 
 titj' : unchaste : indecent : disgusting. — 
 adi: Obscene'ly. [L. obscenus ; perh. 
 from ob and ccenum, filth, or (with mean- 
 ing of "unlucky") from sccevus, left- 
 handed, unluckv.] 
 
 OBSCENENESS. ob-sen'nes, OBSCENITY^ 
 ob-sen'i-ti, n. quality of being obscene: 
 lewdness. 
 
 OBSCURANT, ob-skur'ant, n. one who ob- 
 scvires : a writer who opposes the prog' 
 ress of modern enlightenment. 
 
 OBSCURANTISM, ob-skur'ant-izm, n. the 
 doctrine or principles of an obscurant. 
 
 OBSCURATION, ob-skur-a'shun, n. the act 
 of ob.'teiiring or state of being obscured. 
 
 OBSCURE, ob-skiir', adj., dark: not dis- 
 tinct : not easily understood : not clear 
 or legible : unknown : humble : liWng ia 
 
 f
 
 OBSCURE 
 
 303 
 
 OCTOBER 
 
 darkness.— adr. OBScrRE'LY. [Fr. — L. ob- 
 scunis, akin to Sans, skti, to cover.] 
 
 OBSCURE, ob-skur', v.t. to darken : to 
 make less plain. 
 
 OBSCURITY, ob-skur'i-ti, n. state or qual- 
 ity of being obscure : unintelligibleness : 
 liumility. 
 
 OBSEQUIES, ob'se-kwiz, n. funeral rites 
 and solemnities. [Lit. " a following," Fr. 
 obseques — L. obsequioe — 06, and sequor, to 
 follow.] 
 
 OBSEQUIOUS, ob-se'kw'i-us, adj. compli- 
 ant to excess : meanly condescending. — 
 adv. Obse'quiously. — n. Obse'qcious- 
 NESS. [See Obsequies.] 
 
 OBSERVABLE. ob-zervVbi, adj. that may 
 be observed or noticed : worthy of ob- 
 servation. — adv. Obseet'ablt. — n. Ob- 
 
 SERV' ABLE NESS. 
 
 OBSERVANCE, ob-zerv'ans, n. act of ob- 
 serving : performance : attention : that 
 which is to be observed: rule of practice. 
 [Fr. — L. obser-' iv'.tia.] 
 
 OBSERVANT, ob-zer-v^'ant, adj., observing: 
 taking notice: adheiing to: carefully at- 
 tentive. — adv. Osserv'antly. 
 
 OBSERVATION, ob-zer-vii'shun, n. act of 
 observing : attention : as distinguished 
 from experiment, the act of recognizing 
 and noting phenomena as they occur in 
 nature : that which is observed : a re- 
 mark : performance. 
 
 OBSERVATIONAL, ob-zer-va'shun-al, adj. 
 consisting of or containing observations 
 or remarks. 
 
 OBSERVATOR. ob'zerv-a-tor, n. one virho 
 observes : a remarker. 
 
 OBSERVATORY, ob-zerv'a-tor-i, n. a place 
 for making astronomical and physical 
 observations. 
 
 OBSERVE, ob-zerv', v.t. to keep in vieic: 
 to notice : to regard attentively : to re- 
 mark : to comply with : to keep relig- 
 iously : (B.) to keep or guard. — v.i. to 
 take notice : to attend : to remark. — n. 
 Observ'er. [Fr. — L. observo, -atum — ob, 
 and servo, to need, keep.] 
 
 OBSERVING, ob-zerv'ing, adj. habitually 
 taking notice: attentive. — adv. Observ- 
 
 IXGLY. 
 
 OBSIDIAN, ob-sid'i-an, n. a glass produced 
 by volcanoes. [So called from Obsidius, 
 who, ace. to Pliny, discover,ed it in 
 Ethiopia.] 
 
 OBSOLESCENT, ob-so-les'ent, adj., going 
 out of use. [L. obsolescens, -entis, pr.p. 
 of obsolesco, obsoletum — ob, and soleo, to 
 be wont.] 
 
 OBSOLETE, ob'so-let, adj., gone out of use: 
 antiquated : (zool.) obscure : rudimental. 
 — n. Ob'soleteness. 
 
 OBSTACLE, ob'sta-kl, n. anj-thing that 
 stands in the u-ay of or hinders progress: 
 obstruction. [Fr. — L. obstaculum — ob, in 
 the way of. sto, to stand.] 
 
 OBSTETRIC, ob-stet'rik, OBSTETRICAL, 
 ob-stet'rik-al, adj. pertaining to midwif- 
 ery. [L. obstetriciits — obstetri.v. -ids, a 
 midwife, a female that stands before or 
 near — ob. before, and sto, to stand.] 
 
 OBSTETRICS, ob-stet'riks, n.sing. the sci- 
 ence of midwifery. 
 
 OBSTINACY, ob'sti-nas-i, OBSTINATE- 
 NESS, ob'sti-nat-nes, 71. the being obsti- 
 nate : excess of firmness: stubbornness: 
 fixedness that yields with difficulty. 
 
 OBSTINATE, o6'sti-nat, adj. blindly or 
 excessively firm : unyielding : stubborn : 
 not easily subdued.— arfr. Ob'stin'ately. 
 [L. obstino, -atum — ob, in the way of, 
 sto. to stand.] 
 
 OBSTREPEROUS, ob - strep'er - us, adj., 
 making a loud noise : clamorous : noisy. 
 — adv. OBSTREP'EROrsLY. [L. obstrepir- 
 us — ob. and strepere. to make a noise.] 
 
 OBSTRUCT, ob-strukt'. v.t. to block up : 
 to hinder from passing : to retard. [L. 
 
 ob, in the way of, struo, structum, to 
 pile up.] 
 
 OBSTRUCTION, ob-struk'shun. ?;. act of 
 obstructing : that which obstructs : ob- 
 stacle : impediment. 
 
 OBSTRUCTIVE, ob-strukt'iv, adj. tending 
 to obstruct : hindering. — adv. Obstruct - 
 
 lYELY. 
 
 OBSTRUENT, ob'stroo-ent, adj., obstruct- 
 ing: blocking up. — n. (med.) anytliing 
 that obstructs in the body. [L. obstru- 
 ens. -entis, pr.p. of obstruo.] 
 
 OBTAIN, ob-tan', v.t. to lay hold of: to 
 hold : to procure by effort : to gain. — v.i. 
 to be established : to continue in use : to 
 become held or prevalent : to subsist : 
 (rare) to succeed. [Fr. — L. obtineo — ob, 
 and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 OBTAINABLE, ob-tan'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be obtained, procured, or acquired. 
 
 OBTRUDE, ob-trood', v.t. to thrust inupon 
 when not wanted : to urge upon against 
 the will of. — v.i. to thrust or be thrust 
 upon. [L. obtrudo — ob, and tnido, tnis- 
 um, to thrust.] 
 
 OBTRUDING, ob-trood'ing, OBTRUSION, 
 ob-troo'zhun, n. a thrusting in or upon 
 against the will of. 
 
 OBTRUSIVE, ob-tro6s'iv, adj. disposed to 
 obtrude or thrust one's self among others. 
 — adv. Obtrus'iat;ly. 
 
 OBTUSE, ob-tus', adj., blunt : not pointed : 
 stupid : not shrill : (geom.) greater than 
 a right angle. — adv. Obtuse'ly. — n. Ob- 
 tuse'ness. [Fr. — L. obtusus — obtundo, 
 to blunt — ob, against, tundo, to beat.] 
 
 OBVERSE, ob-vers', adj., turned towards 
 one : bearing the face : (bot.) having the 
 base narrower than the top. — adv. Ob- 
 verse'ly. [L. obversus — 06, towards, 
 and verto, to turn.] 
 
 OBVERSE, ob'vers, n. the side of a coin 
 containing the head or principal symbol : 
 — opposed to Reverse. 
 
 OBVIATE, ob'vi-at, v.t. to remove, as dif- 
 ficulties. [L. obvio—ob, in the way of, 
 and vio, inatum, to go — via, a way.] 
 
 OBVIOUS, ob'vi-us, adj., meeting in the 
 n-ay: evident. — adv. Ob'viocsly. — 7t. Ob'- 
 VI0USNE.5S. [L. obvius.] 
 
 OBVOLUTB, ob'vo-lut, OBVOLUTED, ob'- 
 vo-lut-ed, adj., rolled or turned in : (bot.) 
 arranged so as alternately to overlap. 
 [L. obvolutus — ob, and volvo, volutum, to 
 roll.] 
 
 OCCASION, ok-ka'zhun, n. occurrence: op- 
 portunity: requirement. — v.t. to cause: 
 to influence. [Fr. — L. occasio — occido — 
 ob, in the way of, and cado, easum, to 
 fall.] 
 
 OCCASIONAL, ok-ka'zhun-al, adj., falling 
 in the icay or happening : occurring only 
 at times : resulting from accident : pro- 
 duced on some special event. — adv. Oc- 
 ca'sionally. 
 
 OCCIDENT, ok'si-dent. n. the western 
 quarter of the hemisphere where the sun 
 goes dou-n or sets : the west. — adj. Occi- 
 dent'al, noting the quarter where the 
 sun goes down or sets : western. — adv. 
 Occident' ally. [Fr. — L. occidens, -entis, 
 pr.p. of occido, to fall down.] 
 
 OCCIPITAL, ok-sip'it-al. adj. pertaining to 
 the occiput or back part of the head. 
 
 OCCIPUT, ok'si-put, n. the back part of 
 the head or skull. [L. — ob, over against, 
 caput, head.] 
 
 OCCULT, ok-kult', adj., covered over: 
 hidden : secret : unknown. — adv. Oc- 
 CULT'LY. — ns. Occult'ISM, the science of 
 the unknown. Occult'ness. [Fr. — L. 
 occulta, to hide — occulo. to cover over — 
 ob. over, and cal. root of celo, to conceal, 
 clam, sfcretly ; Gr. kryptb, kalypto. to 
 hide. E. Hull, a husk.] 
 
 OCCULTATION, ok-kul-ta'shun, n. a con- 
 
 cealing, esp. of one of the heavenly bodie8 
 by another. 
 
 OCCUPANCY, ok'u-pan-si, n. the act of 
 occupying, or of taking or holding pos- 
 session : possession. 
 
 OCCUPANT, ok'u-pant, n. one who takes 
 or has possession. 
 
 OCCUPATION, ok-u-pa'shun, n. the act 
 of occupying or taking possession: pos- 
 session : employment. 
 
 OCCUPIER, ok'u-pl-er, n. an occupant: (B.) 
 a trader. 
 
 OCCUPY, ok'u-pl, v.t. to take or seize : to 
 hold possession of : to cover or fill : to 
 employ : {B.) to use: to trade with. — v.i. 
 to hold possession : {B.) to trade:— po.i. 
 and p«.p. occ'upied. [Fr. — L. oceupo, 
 -atum — ob, and capio, to take.] 
 
 OCCUR, ok-kur'. v.i. to come or be pre- 
 sented to the mind: to happen: to appear: 
 to be found here and there:— pr.p. occurr'- 
 ing ; p«.p. occurred'. [Fr. — L. occurro 
 — ob, towards, and curro, to I'un.] 
 
 OCCURRENCE, ok-kur'ens, n. anything 
 that occ!/?'s ; an event: occasional presen- 
 tation. 
 
 OCCURRENT. ok-kur'ent, »?. (B.) an occur- 
 rence or chance. — adj. (B.) coming in the 
 way. 
 
 OCEAN, o'shun, n. the vast expanse of 
 salt water that covers the greater part 
 of the surface of the globe : also, one of 
 its five great divisions : any immense 
 expanse. — adj. pertaining to the great 
 sea. [Fr. — L. oceanns — Gr. okeanos, 
 perh. from bkys, swift, and nao, to flow.] 
 
 OCEANIC, 6-she-an'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 the ocean: found or formed in the ocean. 
 
 OCELOT, o'se-lot, n. the name of several 
 species of animals in the tropical parts 
 of S. America allied to the leopard, but 
 much smaller. [Mex. ocelotl.} 
 
 OCHLOCRACY, ok-lok'ra-si, n., mob-nde : 
 a government bv the populace. — adjs. 
 OCHLOCRAT'IC, OCHLOCRAT'ICAL. — adV. 
 
 Ochlocrat'ically. [Gr. ochlokratia— 
 ochlos, the mob, and kratos. rule.] 
 
 OCHRACEOUS, 6-kra'shus, adj. of an ochre 
 color. 
 
 OCHRE, o'ker, n. a fine clay, mostly pa?e 
 yellou: [Fi-. — L. ochra — Gr. ochra — 
 ocliros, pale yellow ; Sans, hari, yellow.] 
 
 OCHREOUS, 5'kre-us, OCHRY, o'kri. adj. 
 consisting of, containing, or resembling 
 ochre. 
 
 OCTAGON, ok'ta-gon, n. a plane figure of 
 eight sides and eight angles.— adj. Octag'- 
 ONAL. [Gr. oktb, eight, and gonia, an 
 ang-le.] 
 
 OCTAHEDRON, ok-ta-he'dron, n. a solid 
 figure with eight equal sides, each of 
 which is an equilateral triangle. — adj. 
 Octahe'dral. [Gr. oktb, and hedra, a 
 base.] 
 
 OCTANGULAR, ok-tang'gul-ar, adj. hav- 
 ing dght angles. [L. octo, eight, and 
 Angulas.] 
 
 OCTANT, ok'tant, n. the eighth part of a 
 circle : the aspect of two planets when 
 45°. or i of a circle, apart. [L. oct^ns, 
 octantis — octo, eight.] 
 
 OCTAVE, ok'tav, adj., eight: consisting 
 of eight. — n. an eighth : that which con- 
 sists of eigtit : the eighth day inclusive 
 after a church festival : the eight days 
 following a festiv.al inclusive: (mus.) an 
 eighth, or an interval of twelve semi- 
 tones. [Fr. — L. octavvs, eighth — octo, 
 eight. 1^ 
 
 OCTAVO, ok-ta'vo, acy. having eig/i Heaves 
 to the sheet. — n. a book having eight 
 leaves to the sheet, contracted 8vo : —pi. 
 Octa'vos. 
 
 OCTOBER, ok-to'ber. n. the eighth month 
 of the Roman year, which began in 
 March, but the tenth in our calendar. 
 [L. oc<o, eight.]
 
 OCTODECIMO 
 
 304 
 
 OLEANDER 
 
 OCTODECIMO, ok-to-des'i-mo, adj. having 
 eighteen leaves to the sheet, contracted 
 ISnio. [L. octodecim, eighteen — oc(o, 
 eig-ht. and decern, ten.] 
 
 OCTOGENARIAN, ok-to-jen-a'ri-an, OC- 
 TOGENARY, ok-toj'en-ar-i, n. one who is 
 eighty years old. 
 
 OCTOGENARY, ok-toj'en-ar-i, adj. of 
 eighty years of age. [L. ootogenaritis — 
 octogeni. eighty each.] 
 
 OCTOiPOD, ok'to-pod, OCTOPUS, ok'to- 
 pus, n. a mollusc having a round purse- 
 like body and eight arms. [Gr. okto, eight, 
 and pous, podos, foot.] 
 
 OCTOROON, ok-to-roon', n. the offspring 
 of a quadroon and a white person. [From 
 L. octo, eight.] 
 
 OCTOSYLLABIC, ok-to-siUab'ik, adj. con- 
 sisting ot eight syllables. [L. octo, eight, 
 and Syllabic] 
 
 OCULAR, ok'u-lar, adj. pertaining to the 
 eye : formed in or known by the eye : re- 
 ceived b}' actual sight. — adv. Oc'ulaklt. 
 [L. ocularias — ocuhis, Gr. okkos, akin to 
 E. Eye, Sans, aksha, eye.] 
 
 OCULIST, ok'u-list, n. one skilled in eye 
 diseases . 
 
 ODALISQUE, o'dal-isk, n. a female slave 
 in a Turkish harem. [Fr. — Turk, oda, a 
 chamber.] 
 
 ODD, od, adj. not paired with another : not 
 even : left over after a round number has 
 been taken : not exactly divisible by two: 
 strange: unusual: trifling. — adv. Odd'ly. 
 — n. Odd'NESS. [From the Scand., as in 
 Ice. oddi, a triangle (which has a third or 
 odd angle and side), hence metaphorical- 
 ly, an odd number — Ice. oddr, a point ; 
 conn, with A.S. ord, a point, beginning 
 (as perh. in Lord), and Ger. ort. a place.] 
 
 ODDFELLOW, od'fel-6, n. one of a secret 
 benevolent society called Oddfellows. 
 [Odd and Fellow.] 
 
 JDDITY, od'i-ti, n. the state of being odd 
 or singular: strangeness: a singular per- 
 son or thing. 
 
 ODDS, odz, n., inequality: difference in 
 favor of one against another : more than 
 aa even wager : advantage : dispute : 
 scraps, miscellaneous pieces, as in the 
 phrase "odds and ends " (lit. "points" 
 and ends). [From Odd.] 
 
 ODE. 6d, n. a song: a poem written to be 
 set to music. [Fr. — L. ode, oda — Gr. ode, 
 contracted from aoide — aeido, to sing.] 
 
 ODIOUS, o'di-us, adj., hateful: offen.sive : 
 repulsive : hated. — adv. O'diously. — n. 
 O'dioUSNESS. [Fr. See ODIUM.] 
 
 ODIUM, 6'di-um, n., hatred: offensiveness: 
 quality of provoking hate. [L. — odi, to 
 hate.] 
 
 ODOMETER, od-om'et-er, n. an instrument 
 for measuring the distance passed over 
 by a carriage by marking the number of 
 revolutions of the wheel. [Gr. hodos, a 
 waj'. and metron, a measure.] 
 
 ODONTOLOGY, 6-don-tol'o-ji, n. the sci- 
 ence of the teeth. [Gr. odous, odontos, a 
 tooth, and logos, discourse, science.] 
 
 ODORIFEROUS, o-dur-ifer-us, adj., bear- 
 ing odors : diffusing fragrance : per- 
 fumed. — adv. Odorif'erously. [L. od- 
 oriferus^odor, and fero, to bear.] 
 
 ODOROUS, o'dur-us, adj. emitting an odor 
 or scent: sweet - smelling : fragrant. — 
 
 adv. O'DOR iUSLY. 
 
 9DOR, 6'dur, n., smell: perfume: estima- 
 tion. [Fr. — L. odoi — root od, found in 
 Gr. ozo, to smell.] 
 
 ODORLESS, 6'dur-les, adj. without odor. 
 
 O'ER, or, contracted from Over. 
 
 <ESOPHAGUS. See Esophagus. 
 
 OF, ov, prep, from or out from : belonging 
 to : out of : among : proceeding from, so 
 in the Litany and Nicene Creed : owing 
 to : concerning : (B. and Pr. Bk.) some- 
 times^by, from, on, or over. [A.S. of ; 
 
 found in all the Teutonic languages, as 
 Ger. ab, also in L. ab, Gr. apo, Sans. 
 apa, away from.] 
 
 OF PURPOSE (B.) intentionally. 
 
 OFF, of, adv. from : away from : on the 
 opposite side of a question : not on. — adj. 
 most distant : on the opposite or further 
 side. — prep, not on. — int. away ! depart t 
 [Same as Of, differently used.] 
 
 OFFAL, of'al, n. waste meat : the part of 
 an animal unfit for use : refuse : anything 
 worthless. [OFF and Fall.] 
 
 OFFENCE, of-fens', n. any cause of anger 
 or displeasure : an injury : a crime : a 
 sin : affront : assault. 
 
 OFFEND, of -fend', v.t. to displease or make 
 angry : to affront : (B.) to cau.se to sin. 
 — v.i. to sin : to cause anger : (B.) to be 
 made to sin. [Fr. — L. ob, against, and 
 fendo, akin to Sans, lian, to strike.] 
 
 OFFENDER, of-fend'er, n. cne who offends 
 or injures : a trespasser : a criminal. 
 
 OFFENSIVE, of-fens'iv,ad;.causingo^ence; 
 displeasing : injurious : used in attack : 
 making the first attack. — n. the act of 
 the attacking party : the posture of one 
 who attacks. — adv. Offens'Ively. — n. 
 Offens'iveness. [Fr. offensif—L. offendo, 
 offensum — ob, and/f»do.] 
 
 OFFER, of'er, v.t. to bring to or before: to 
 make a proposal to : to lay before : to 
 present to the mind: to attempt: to pro- 
 pose to give : to present in worship. — v.i, 
 to present itself : to be at hand : to de- 
 clare a willingness. — n. act of offering : 
 first advance : that wliich is offered : pro- 
 posal made. — n. Off'erer. [L. offerre — 
 ob, tov/ards, fero, ferre, to bring.] 
 
 OFFERABLE, of'er-a-bl, adj. that may be 
 offered. 
 
 OFFERING, of'er-ing, n. that which is 
 offered : (B.) that which is offered on an 
 altar : a sacrifice. 
 
 OFFERTORY, of'er-tor-i, n. in Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, that part of the lit- 
 urgj' where the people's offerings are 
 made : in R. Cath. Church, an anthem 
 chanted duringthe first part of the mass. 
 
 OFF-HAND, of'hand, adv. at once : with- 
 out hesitating. 
 
 OFFICE, of'is, n. settled duty or employ- 
 ment : business : act of good or ill : act 
 of worship: formulary of devotion: pecul- 
 iar use : a place for business : a benefice 
 with no jurisdiction attached. [Lit. a 
 rendering of aid, Fr. — L. offieium — opis, 
 aid.] 
 
 OFFICE-BEARER, of'is-bar'er, n. one who 
 holds office. 
 
 OFFICER, ot'i-ser, n. one who holds an 
 office: a person who performs some public 
 office. — v.t. to furnish with officers : to 
 command, as officers. 
 
 OFFICIAL, of-^sh'al, adj. pertaining to an 
 office : depending on the proper office or 
 authority : done by authoritj-. — n. one 
 who holds an office : a subordinate public 
 officer : the deputy of a bishop, etc. — 
 adv. Offi'cially. [O. Fr. — L. officialis 
 — offieium.} 
 
 OFFICIATE, of-fish'i-at, v.i. to perform the 
 duties of an office : to perform official 
 duties for another. 
 
 OFFICINAL, of-fis'in-al or of-i-sl'nal, adj. 
 belonging to or used in a shop : denoting 
 an approved medicine kept prepared by 
 apothecaries [Fr. — L. officina, a work- 
 shop, contr. from opificina — ojnfex, -ids 
 — op^ts, work, faeio, to do.] 
 
 OFFICIOUS, ot-flsh'us, adj. too forward in 
 offering services : overkind : intermed- 
 dling. — adv. Offi'ciously. — n. Offi'- 
 CiousNESS. [Fr. — L. officiosns — offieium.'] 
 
 OFFING, of'ing, n. a part of the sea with 
 deep water off from the shore. 
 
 OFFSCOURING, of'skowr-ing, n. matter 
 
 scoured off : refuse : anything vile or 
 despised. 
 
 OFFSET, of'set, n. in accounts, a sum or 
 value set off against another as an equiv- 
 alent : a young shoot or bulb : a terrace 
 on a hillside : (arch.) a horizontal ledge 
 on the face of a wall : in sun-eying, a 
 perpendicular from the main line to an 
 outlying point. — v.t. in accounts, to place 
 against as an equivalent. 
 
 OFFSHOOT, of shoot, 7!. that which shoots 
 off the parent stem : anything growing 
 out of another. 
 
 OFFSPRING, of'spring, n. that which 
 springs from another, a child, or chil- 
 dren : issue : production of any kind. 
 
 OFT, oft, OFTEN, of'n, adv., frequently: 
 many times. — adj. OFTEN {B.) frequent. 
 [A.S.; Ger. oft, Goth, ufta.] 
 
 OFTENNESS, of'n-nes, n. frequency. 
 
 OFTTIMES, oft'tlmz, OFTENTIMES, of'n- 
 tixnz, adv., many times: frequently. [Oft 
 and Times.] 
 
 OGEE, 6-je', n. a wave-like moulding with 
 the convex part upwards. [Fr. ogive.} 
 
 OGHAM, og'am, n. a peculiar kind of 
 writing practiced by the ancient Irish : 
 its characters. 
 
 OGLE, 6'gl, v.t. to look at fondly with side 
 glances. — v.i. to practice ogling. — ns. 
 O'GLER, O'GLlNG. [Dut. oogen — ooge, the 
 eye : cf. Ger. iiugeln.} 
 
 OGRE, 6'ger, n. a man-eating monster or 
 giant of fairy tales:— fern. O'GRESS. — adj. 
 O'greish, lite an ogre in character or 
 appearance. [Fr. ogre — Sp. ogro — L. 
 orcus, the lower world, the god of the 
 dead ; cf. A.S. ore, a demon.] 
 
 OH, 6, int. denoting surprise, pain, sorrow, 
 etc. 
 
 OIL, oil, 71. the juice from the fruit of the 
 olive-tree : any greasy liquid. — v.t. to 
 smear or anoint with oil. [O. Fr. oile (Fr. 
 huile) — L. oleum — Gr. elaion — elaia, the 
 olive.] 
 
 OILBAG, oil'bag, n. a bag or cyst in ani- 
 mals containing oil. 
 
 OILCAKE, oil'kak, n. a cake made of flax- 
 seed from which the oil has been pressed 
 out. 
 
 OILCLOTH, oil-kloth, n. a painted floor- 
 cloth. 
 
 OIL-COLOR, oil'-kul'ur, n. a coloring sub- 
 stance mixed with oil. 
 
 OILNUT, oil'nut, n. the butter-nut of N. 
 America. 
 
 OIL-PAINTING, oil'-pant'ing, n. a picture 
 painted in oil-colors : the art of painting 
 in oil-colors. 
 
 OILY, oil'i, adj. consisting of, containing, 
 or having the qualities of oil : greasy. — 
 n. Oil'iness. 
 
 OINTMENT, oint'ment, n. anything used 
 in anointing: (wied.) any greasy substance 
 applied to diseased or wounded parts : 
 0.) a perfume. [O. Fr. oignement. oint- 
 ment, Fr. oindre, to anoint — L. utigiien- 
 tum — ungo, to smear.] 
 
 OLD, old, adj. advanced in j'ears : having 
 been long in existence : decaj'ed by time : 
 out of date : ancient : having the age or 
 duration of : long practiced. — n. ULD'- 
 NESS. — Old style (often written with a 
 date O. S.), the mode of reckoning time 
 before 1752, according to the Julian cal- 
 endar or year of 365i daj-s. [A.S. eald , 
 Ger. alt, from a root seen in Goth, alan, 
 to nourish, L. alo (hence adidtus) to uour 
 ish.] 
 
 OLDEN, old'n, adj., old : ancient. 
 
 OLEAGINOUS, 6-le-aj'in-us, adj, oily: 
 (bot.) fleshy and oily. — ?^. Oleag'ikous- 
 NESS. [L. oleaginus — oleum, oil.] 
 
 OLEANDER, o-le-an'der, n. an evergreen 
 shrub with beautiful flowers. [Fr., being 
 a corr. of Rhododendron.]
 
 OLEASTER 
 
 305 
 
 OPEN 
 
 OLEASTER, 6-le-as'ter, n. the wild olive. 
 
 iL. — olea. an olive-tree, from Gr. elaia.] 
 EIFEROUS, o-le-if er-us, aflj. , prudiieing 
 oil, as seeds. [L. oleiivi, oil, and fero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 OLEOGRAPH, 6'le-o-graf, n. sprint in Dis- 
 colors to imitate an oil-painting. [L. 
 oleum, oil, and Gr. grapho, to write, 
 draw.] 
 
 OLEOMARGARINE, 6-le-o-mar'ga-ren, n. 
 a substitute for butter, prepared from 
 beef-tallow : artificial butter : butterine. 
 [L. oleum, oil, and E. margarine.] 
 
 OLFACTORY, ol-fak'tor-i, adj. pertaining 
 to or used in smelling. [L. olfacto, to 
 smell — oleo, to smell — root of odor, 
 smell, facio, to do or make.] 
 
 OLIGARCH, ol'i-gark, n. a member of an 
 oligarchy. 
 
 OLIGARCH AT,, ol-i-gark'al, OLIGARCH- 
 ICAL, ol-i-gark'ik-al, adj. pertaining to 
 an oligarchy. 
 
 OLIGARCHY, ol'i-gark-i, n., government 
 by a few: a state governed by a few. 
 
 iFr. — Gr., from oligos, few, arche, rule.] 
 10, 6'li-6, n. a dish of different sorts of 
 meat and vegetables boiled together : a 
 mixture : (music) a medley : a literary 
 miscellanv. [Sp. olla — ^L. olla, a pot.] 
 
 OLIVACEOUS, ol-i-va'shus, adj.. olive- 
 colored : olive-green. [Fr. — L. oliva.] 
 
 OLIVE, ol'iv, n. a tree cultivated round 
 the Mediterranean for its oily fruit : its 
 fruit : peace, of which the olive was the 
 emblem : a color like the unripe olive. 
 [Fr. — L. oliva — Gr. elaia.] 
 
 OLLA - PODRIDA, ol'la-po-dre'da, n. a 
 mixed stew or hash of meat and vege- 
 tables in common use in Spain : any in- 
 congruous mixture or miscellaneous col- 
 lection. [Sp., lit. "putrid or rotten 
 pot " — L. olla, a pot, and puter, putrid.] 
 
 'JLYMPIAD, o-lim'pi-ad, n. in ancient 
 Greece, a period of four years, being the 
 interval between the Olympic games, 
 used in reckoning time (the date of the 
 1st Olympiad is 776 B.C.). [Gr. olympias, 
 -ados, belonging to Olympia, a district 
 in Elis in ancient Greece.] 
 
 OLYMPIAN, o-lim'pi-an. OLYMPIC, o- 
 lim'pik. ad/.pertainingto Olympia.-where 
 the Olympic games were celebrated, or 
 to Mt. Olymptis, the fablod seat of the 
 gods.— Olym'pics.Oltm'pic GAMES,games 
 celebrated every four years, dedicated to 
 Ol3'mpian Jupiter. 
 
 OMBRE, om'ber, n. a game of cards usu- 
 ally played by three persons. [Fr. — Sp. 
 hombre — L. homo, a man.] 
 
 OMEGA, 6'meg-a or o-me'ga, n. (lit.) the 
 great 0, the last letter of the Greek al- 
 phabet : (B.) the end. [Gr. 6 mega, the 
 great or long O.] 
 
 OMELET, OMELETTE, om'e-let, ??. a pan- 
 cake chiefly of eggs. [Fr. omelette, of 
 wliich the O. Fr. is amelette, which 
 through the form alemette is traced to 
 alemelle, the O. Fr. form of PV. alumelle, 
 a thin plate, a corr. (with the prep, d) 
 of lamelle, dim. of lame — L. lamina, a 
 thin plate.] 
 
 OMEN, o'men, n. a sign of some future 
 event. [L. for osmen, that which is 
 uttered by the mouth, L. os ; or for 
 ausmen, "that which is heard" — audio, 
 to hear.] 
 
 OMENED, o'raend. adj. containing omens. 
 
 ■OMER. o'lner, n. a Hebrew dry measure 
 containing -j^ part of a homer. [See 
 Homer.] 
 
 OMINOUS, om'in-us, adj. pertaining to or 
 containing an omen : foreboding evil : 
 inauspicious. — adv. Om'ixously. — n. Om'- 
 
 DJOUSNESS. 
 
 OMISSIBLE, 6-mis'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 
 omitted. 
 OMISSION, o-mish'un, n. act of omitting • 
 
 T 
 
 the neglect or failure to flo something 
 required : that which is left out. [Fr. — 
 L. omissio.] 
 
 OMISSIVE, 6-mis'iv, adj., omitting or 
 leaving out. 
 
 OMIT, 6-mit', v.t. to leave out : to neglect : 
 to fail -.^pr.p. omitt'ing ; pa.t. a.nApa.p. 
 omitt'ed. [L. omitto, omissum — ob, away, 
 mitto, to send.] 
 
 OMNIBUS, om'ni-bus, n. a large four- 
 wheeled vehicle for conveying passen- 
 gers, chiefly used in towns i—pl. Om'ni- 
 BUSES. [Lit. " something for all," L. 
 dative pi. of omnis, all.] 
 
 OMNIFARIOUS, om-ni-fii'ri-us, adj. of all 
 varieties or kinds. [L. omnifarius — om- 
 nis, all, and varius, various.] 
 
 OMNIFEROUS, om-nif er-us, adj., bearing 
 or producing all kinds. [L. omnifer — 
 omnis, fero. to bear.] 
 
 OMNIPOTENCE, om-nip'o-tens, OMNIPO- 
 TENCY, om-nip'o-ten-si, n. unUmited 
 power. 
 
 OMNIPOTENT, om-nip'o-tent, adj., all- 
 powerful : possessing unlimited power. 
 — n. The Omnipotent, God. — adv. Omnip'- 
 OTENTLY. [Fr. — L. omnipotens — onuiis, 
 all, and Potent.] 
 
 OMNIPRESENT, om-ni-pres'ent, adj., 
 present everyivhere. — n. Omnipees'ence. 
 [L. omnis. and Present.1 
 
 OMNISCIENT, om-nish'ect, adj., all-know- 
 ing : all-seeing : infinitely wise. — adv. 
 Omnis'ciently. — n. Omnis'chnce. [L. 
 omnis, all, and sciens, seientia, knowing 
 — scio, to knowj 
 
 OMNIUM-GATHERIIM, om'ni-um-gaf^'- 
 er-um, n. a miscellaneous collection of 
 things or persons. [L. omnium, of all, 
 gen. pi. of omnis, all, and a slang Latin- 
 ized form of E. gather.] 
 
 OMNIVOROUS, om-niv'or-us, &dj., all-de- 
 vouring : (zool.) feeding on both animal 
 and vegetable food. [L. oinnivonis — 
 omnis, all, and voro, to devour.] 
 
 OIPHALIC, om-fal'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 the navel. [Gr. omphalikos — omphalos, 
 the navel.] 
 
 ON, on, prep, in contact with the upper 
 part of : to and towards the iiurface of : 
 upon or acting by contact with : not off: 
 at or near : at or during : in addition to : 
 toward, for : at the peril of : in conse- 
 quence: immediately after: (B.) off. — 
 adv. above, or next heyond : forward, in 
 succession : in continuance : not off. — 
 int. go on ! proceed 1 [A.S on, which 
 with the cog. Dut. aa7i, Ice. d {= an), 
 Ger. an, and Gr. ana, is from an Aryan 
 pronominal base ana: whence also is 
 prep. In.] 
 
 ONAGER, on'a-jer, n. the wild ass of Cen- 
 tral Asia. [L. — Gr. onagrys, for onos 
 agrios — owos, an ass, agrios, living in the 
 fields — agros, a field.] 
 
 ONCE, ons, n. same as OtTNCE, the ani- 
 mal. 
 
 ONCE, wuns, adv. a single time : at a form- 
 er time. — n. one time. [M.E. ones — A.S. 
 aiies. orig. the gen. of an, one, used as 
 an adv. See Nonce.] 
 
 ONE, w\m, pron. a person (spoken of indefi- 
 nitely), as in the phrase One says. 
 [Merely a special use of the numeral one: 
 hence nowise conn, with Fr. on — L. homo, 
 a man.] 
 
 ONE, wun. adj. single in number : single : 
 undivided : the same. — At one. of one 
 mind. [M.E. oon — A.S. an : cog. with 
 Ice. einn, Ger. ein. Goth, ains; also with 
 L. unus, and W. un.] 
 
 ONENESS, wun'nes, n. singleness : unitv. 
 
 ONERARY, on'er-ar-i. adj. fitted orinten'd- 
 ed for carrying burde7is: comprising 
 burdens. [L. oneraritts — omts, oneris, a 
 burdenj 
 
 ONEROUS, on'er-us, adj., burdensome: 
 
 oppressive. — adv. On'erouslt. [L. on- 
 erosus — onus.] 
 
 ONESIDED, wun'sld-ed, adj. limited to one 
 side : partial. — n. Onesid'edness. 
 
 ONGOING, on'go-ing, n. a going on : course 
 of conduct : event. 
 
 ONION, un'jTin, n. a common plant, with 
 a bulbous root. [Fr. oignon — L. unio, 
 -onis — iinus, one.] 
 
 ONLY, on'li, adj. (lit.) one-like: single: 
 this above all others : alone. — adv. in 
 one manner : for one purpose : singly : 
 merely : barely. [A.S. anlic (adj.) — an, 
 one, and lie, Uke.] 
 
 ONOMATOPCEIA, on-o-mat-o-pe'ya, n. the 
 formation of a word with resemblance 
 in sound to that of the thing signified : 
 such a word itself, also the use of such 
 a word, as "click," "cuckoo." — adj. 
 Onomatopoet'IC. [Lit. "name-making," 
 Gr. onoma, -atos, a name,pofed, to make.] 
 
 ONSET, on'set, ?!. violent attack : assault: 
 a storming. [On and Set.] 
 
 ONSLAUGHT, on'slawt, n. an attack or 
 onset : assault. [A.S. on. on, and sleaht, 
 a stroke. See Slaughter.] 
 
 ONTOLOGY, on-tol'o-ji, n. the science that 
 treats of the principles of pure being ; 
 metaphysics. — adjs. Ontolog'ic, Onto- 
 LOG'iCAL.— adr. Ontolog'ically. — n. On- 
 tol'ogist, one versed in ontology. [Gr. 
 on, O7>tos, being pr.p. of etmt (Sans, as), 
 to b e, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 ONWARD, on' ward, adj., going on: ad- 
 vancing : advanced. — adv. toward a point 
 07i or in front : forward. [On, and Ward, 
 direction.] 
 
 ONWARDS, on'wardz, adv, same as On. 
 
 WARD. 
 
 ONYX, on'iks, n. (min.) an agate formed 
 of layers of chalcedony of different colors, 
 used for making cameos, so called from 
 its likeness to the nail in color. [L. — 
 Gr. o-nyx, o-nych-os, a finger-nail. See 
 NailJ 
 
 OOLITE, o'o-llt, n. (geol.) a kind of lime- 
 stone, composed of grains Uke the eggs or 
 roe of a fish. — adj. Oout'ic. [Fr. oolithe, 
 from Gr. oojj, an egg, and lifhos, stone. 
 See Oval.] 
 
 OOZE, ooz, 71. soft mud : gentle flow : the 
 liquor of a tan vat. — v.i. to flow gently: 
 to percolate, as a liquid through pores. 
 [M.E. tcose — A.S. trase, mud ; akin to 
 A.S. wos, juice, and Ice. vas, moisture.] 
 
 OOZY, ooz'i, adj. resembling ooze : sUmy. 
 
 OPACITY, o-pas'i-ti, n. opaqueness : ob- 
 scurity. [See Opaque.] 
 
 OPAH, " 6'pa, ?). a sea-fish of the Dory 
 family, also called kingfish. [Ety. un- 
 known.] 
 
 OPAL, o'pal, n. a precious stone of a milky 
 hue, remarkable for its changing colors. 
 [Fr. opale — L. opahis.] 
 
 OPALESCENT. 6-pal-es'ent, ad/, reflecting 
 a milky or pearly light from the interior. 
 
 OPAQUE, o-pak',"afy., shady: dark: not 
 transparent. [Fr. — L. opac^lS.] 
 
 OPAQUENESS. 6-pak'nes, n. qualitv of 
 being opaque : want of transparency. 
 
 OPE, op, v.t. and v.i. (poetry) short for 
 Open. 
 
 OPEN, 6'pn, adj. not shut : free of access! . 
 free from trees : not fenced : not draws 
 together : not frozen up : not frosty . 
 free to be used, etc.: public : without 
 reserve : frank : easily understood : gen 
 erous : liberal : clear: unbalanced, as an 
 account : attentive : free to be discussed. 
 — v.t. to make open: to bring to view: to 
 explain : to begin. — v.i. to become open : 
 to unclose : to be unclosed : to begin to 
 appear : to begin. — adv. O'penlv. — )is 
 O'penness, O'penee. [A.S. open, from 
 up, up ; like the cog. Dut. open (from 
 op), Ice. opinn (from upp), and Ger. offen 
 (from attf). See Up.]
 
 OPEN-HANDED 
 
 306 
 
 0KB 
 
 OPEN-HANDED, o'pn-hand'ed, a4j. with 
 
 an open hand : generous : liberal. 
 OPEN-HEARTED, o'pn-hart'ed, adj. with 
 
 an open heart : frank : generous. 
 OPENING, o'pn-ing, n. an open place : a 
 
 breach : an aiserture : beginning : first 
 
 appearance : opportunity. 
 OPERA, op'er-a, n. a musical drama. [It. 
 
 — L. opera. See Operate.] 
 OPERA-BOUFFE, op'er-a-boof, n. a comic 
 
 opera. [Fr. — It. opera-buffa. See BlXK- 
 
 FOOS.] 
 
 OPERA-GLASS, op'or-ii-glas, n. a small 
 glass or telescope for use at operas, 
 theatres, etc. 
 
 OPERATE, op'er-at, v.i. to tvork : to exert 
 strength : to produce any effect : to 
 exert moral power : {nied.) to take eSect 
 upon the human system : (surgery) to per- 
 form some unusual act upon the body 
 with the hand or an instrument. — v.t. to 
 effect : to produce by agency. [L. operor, 
 -atus — opera, work, closely conn, witli 
 opiis, operis, work (Sans, apas).} 
 
 OPERATIC, op-er-at'ik, OPERATICAL, 
 op-er-at'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or re- 
 sembling the opera. 
 
 OPERATION, op-er-a'shun, n. act or proc- 
 ess of operating : agency : influence ; 
 method of working: action or move- 
 ments : surgical performance. 
 
 OPERATIVE, op'er-a-tiv, adj. having the 
 power of operating or acting : exerting 
 force : producing effects. — n. a workman 
 in a manufactory, a laborer. — adv. 
 Op'eeatively. 
 
 OPERATOR, op'er-a-tor, n. one who or that 
 which operates or produces an effect. 
 
 OPERCULUM, o-per'ku-lum, n. (bat.) a 
 cover or lid : {zool.) the plate over the 
 entrance of a shell : the apparatus which 
 protects the gills of fishes:— pZ. Opee'cu- 
 LA. — adj. Oper'cxilar, belonging to the 
 operculum. — adjs. Oper'culate. Oper'- 
 CULATED. having an operculum. [L., from 
 operio, to cover.] 
 
 OPERETTA, op-er-et'a, n. a short, light 
 musical drama. [It., dim. of Opera.] 
 
 OPEROSE, op'er-os, adj., laborious: te- 
 dious. — adv. Op'erosely. — n. Op'erose- 
 NESS. [See Operate.] 
 
 OPHICLEIDE, ofi-khd, n. a large bass 
 trumpet with a deep pitch. [Fr.; coined 
 from Gr. ophis, a serpent, and Meis, 
 kleidos, a key.] 
 
 OPHIDIAN, of-id'i-an, OPHIDIOUS, of-id'- 
 i-us, adj. pertaining to serjyents. [Gr. 
 ophis, a serpent, erroneously supposed 
 to have gen. ophidos.'] 
 
 OPHTHALMIA, of-thal'mi-a, OPHTHAL- 
 MY, of'thal-mi, n. inflammation of the 
 eye. [Gr. — ophthalmos, eye, from root 
 of Optics.] 
 
 OPHTHALMIC, of-thal'mik, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the eye. 
 
 OPHTHALMOSCOPE, of-thal'mo-skop, n. 
 an instrument for examining the in- 
 terior of the eye. [Gr. ophthalmos, eye, 
 and skopeo, look at.] 
 
 OPIATE, 6'pi-at, n. any medicine that con- 
 tains opium, and induces sleep : that 
 which intluces rest. — adj. inducing sleep: 
 causing rest. 
 
 OPIATED, o'pi-at-ed, adj. mixed with opi- 
 ates : under the influence of opiates. 
 
 OPINE, o-pin', v.i. to be of opinion : to 
 judge : to suppose. [Fr. opiner — L. 
 opinor. to think.] 
 
 OPINION, o-pin'yun, n. a con\'iction on 
 probable evidence : judgment : notion : 
 estimation. [L.] 
 
 OPINIONATED, o-pin'yun-at-ed, adj. firm- 
 ly adhering to one's own opinions. 
 
 OPINIONATIVE, o-pin'yun-at-iv, adj. un- 
 duly attached to one's own opinions : 
 stubborn. — adv. OpIX'IONATIVELY. ^ H. 
 Opin'ionativexess. 
 
 OPIUM, o'pi-um, n. the narcotic juice of 
 the white poppy. [L.^Gr. opion, dim. 
 from opos, sap.] 
 
 OPOSSUM, o-pos'um, n. an American quad- 
 ruped with a prehensile tail, the female 
 having a pouch in which she carries her 
 young. [West Indian.] 
 
 OPPIDAN, op'i-dan, n. at Eton, England, 
 a student who boards in the town, not 
 in the college, [Orig. a townsman, L. 
 oppidanus — oppidum, a town.] 
 
 OPPONENT, op-po'nent, adj., opposing: 
 situated in front : adverse. — n. one who 
 opposes, esp. in argument : an adversary. 
 
 OPPORTUNE, op-por-tun', adj. present at 
 a proper time : timely : convenient. — 
 adv. Opportune'ly. — ns. Opportune'- 
 NESS ; Opportcn'ist, a politician who 
 waits for events before declaring his 
 opinions. [Fr. — L. opportunus — ob, be- 
 fore, a.nd partus, a harbor.] 
 
 OPPORTUNITY, op-por-tutf i-ti, n. an op- 
 portune ov con\'emer\t time: occasion. 
 
 OPPOSABLE, op-p6z'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be opiposed. 
 
 OPPOSE, op-poz', v.t. to place before or in 
 the way of : to set against : to place as 
 an obstacle : to resist : to check : to com- 
 pete with. — v.i. to make objection. — n. 
 Oppos'eh. [Fr. — L. ob, and Fr. poser, to 
 place. See Pose, ?i.] 
 
 OPPOSITE, op'o-zit, adj., jylaced over 
 against : sta,aAvag in front: contrasted 
 wit)i : adverse : contrary. — n. that which 
 is opposed or contrary : an opponent. — 
 adv. Opp'ositely. — n. Opp ositeness. 
 [Fr. — L. oppositiis — ob, against, and 
 pono. to place.] 
 
 OPPOSITION, op-o-zish'un, n. state of 
 being placed over against : standing 
 over against : repugnance : contrarietj- : 
 act of opposing : resistance : that which 
 opposes : obstacle : the party that op- 
 poses the existing administration or the 
 party in power: (astron.) the situation 
 of heavenly bodies when 180 degrees 
 apart. [See'OpPOSlTE.] 
 
 OPPRESS, op-pres', r.r. to use severely : 
 to burden : to lie hea\'y upon : to con- 
 strain : to overpower. [Fr. — L. op)primo, 
 oppressus — oh, against, and premo, to 
 press.] 
 
 OPPRESSION, op-presh'un, n. act of op- 
 pressing : severity : cruelty : state of 
 lieing oppressed : misery : hardship : in- 
 justice : dull ness. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 OPPRESSIVE, op-pres'iv, adj. tending to 
 oppress : over-burdensome : unjustly se- 
 vere : heavy : overpowering. — adv. Op- 
 
 PRESS'rVELY. — n. OPPRESS'rVENESS. 
 
 OPPRESSOR, op-pres'or, n. one who op- 
 presses. 
 
 OPPROBRIOUS, op-pro'bri-us, adj. expres- 
 sive of ojjprobrium : reproachful : in- 
 famous : despised. — adv. Oppeo'brious- 
 LY. — n. Oppro'beiousness. 
 
 OPPROBRIUM, op-pro'bri-um, n., reproach 
 with contempt or disdain : disgrace : in- 
 famy. [L. ob, again st,7Jrobr!< Hi, reproach 
 — perhaps contracted from prohibrwn — 
 prohibeo, to prohibit.] 
 
 OPPUGN, op-pun', v.t. to fight against: 
 to oppose: to resist. — n. Oppugn'er. 
 [Fr. — L. oppxigno, to fight against — ob, 
 against, and pugna, a fight. See PuGlL- 
 ISJI.] 
 
 OPTATIVE, op'ta-tiv or op-ta'tiv, adj. 
 expressing desire or u-ish. — n. (gram.) a 
 mood of the verb expressing wish. — adv. 
 Op'tatively. [L. optativiis, from 02}to, 
 njitatum, to wisn.]^ 
 
 OPTIC, op'tik, OPTICAL, op'tik-al, adj. 
 relating to sight, or to optics. — adv. Op"- 
 TICALLY, [Fr. optique — Gr. optihos — root 
 op or ok. seen in Gr. op-somai, I shall see, 
 and L. oc-ulus. eve. See Eye.] 
 
 OPTICIAN, op-tis"h'an, n. one skilled in 
 
 optics : one who makes or sells optlcid 
 instruments. 
 
 OPTICS, op'tiks, n.sing. the science of the 
 nature and laws of vision and light. 
 
 OPTDIISM, op'tim-izm, n. the doctrine 
 tliat every tiling is ordered for the best : 
 — opj). to Pessimisii. [L. optimus, best.] 
 
 OPTIMIST, op'tim-ist. n. one wlio holds 
 that everything is ordered for the best. 
 
 OPTION, o])'shun. n. act of choosing: 
 power of choosing or wishing : wish. [L.' 
 optio. o^jtionis.] 
 
 OPTIONAL, op'shun-al, adj. left to one's 
 option or choice. — adv. Op'TIONALLY. 
 
 OPULENCE, op'u-lens, n., means: riches: 
 wealth. 
 
 OPULENT, op'u-lent, adj. wealthy.— adr. 
 Op'ulently. [Fr. — L. op-nlen'tus — oj). 
 base of L. pi. op-es, wealth — root ap, to 
 obtain.] 
 
 OR, or, conj. marking an alternative, and 
 sometimes opposition. [Short for other, 
 modern E. EITHER.] — jjrep. (B.) before. 
 [In this sense a corr. of Ere.] 
 
 OR, or, n. (heraldi~y) gold. [Fr. — L. aiirwn, 
 goldj 
 
 ORACLE, or'a-kl, n. the answer spoken or 
 uttered by the gods : the place whei-e 
 respon.ses were given, and the deities 
 supposed to give them : one famed for 
 wisdom : a wise decision : (B.) the sanc- 
 tuary: — pil. the revelations made to the 
 prophets. [Fr. — L. ora-cu-lum, double 
 dim. from oro, to speak — os, oris, the 
 mouth.] 
 
 ORACULAR, o-rak'u-lar, adj. delivering 
 oracles : resembling oracles : grave : 
 venerable : equivocal : obscure. — adv. 
 Orac'ularly. — n. Orac'ularness. 
 
 ORAL, o'ral, adj. uttered by the mouth : 
 spoken. — adv. O'Rally. [L. os, oins, the 
 mouth.] 
 
 ORANG, 6-rang', n. a kind of ape resem- 
 bUng man, found in Borneo and Sumatra. 
 rMalay, " man."] 
 
 ORANGE, or'anj. n. a tree with a delight- 
 ful gold-colored fruit : its fruit : a color 
 composed of red and yellow. — adj. per- 
 taining to an orange : orange-colored. 
 [Fr. — It. arancio — Pers. naranj, the n 
 being dropped ; it was thought to come 
 from L. aiirum, gold, hen'-e Low L. 
 aurantium.] 
 
 ORANGEMAN, or'anj-man, n. a member 
 of a secret society instituted in Ireland 
 in 1795 to uphold Protestantism, so called 
 from William of Orange. 
 
 ORANGERY, or'anj-er-i, «. a plantation of 
 orajig'e-trees. 
 
 ORANG-OUTANG, o-rang'-oo-tang', 
 ORANG-UTAN, 6-rang'-oo-tan', n. the 
 Indian or red orang. [Malay, "wild 
 man."] 
 
 ORATION, o-ra'shun, n. a pubUc S2)eech of 
 a formal character. [Fr. — L. oratio, 
 from oro, to speak, pray.] 
 
 ORATOR, or'a-tor, 7i. a public speaker: a 
 man of eloquence: — fern. Or'atress, 
 Or'atrix. 
 
 ORATORICAL, or-a-tor'ik-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to oratory: becoming an orator. — 
 adv. Orator'icaixy. 
 
 ORATORIO, or-a-to'ri-o. n. a kind of 
 musical drama, usually founded on a 
 Scriptural subject. [It. So called be 
 cause they originated among the priests 
 of the Oratory.] 
 
 ORATORY, or'a-tor-i, n. the art of S2yeak 
 ing well, or so as to please and persuade, 
 esp. publicly : tlie exercise of eloquence : 
 an apartment or building for private wor- 
 ship. [See under Oration.] 
 
 ORB, orb, n. a circle : a sphere : a celestial 
 body : a wheel : any rolling body : the 
 eye" -v.t. to surround : to form i'nta an 
 orb. PL. orbis, a circle.] 
 
 I
 
 ORBED 
 
 307 
 
 ORPHEAN 
 
 ORBED, orbd, adj. in the form of an orb : 
 circular. 
 
 ORBICULAR, or-bik'u-lar, adj. having 
 the form of an orb : spherical : round. — 
 adv. Orbic'ularly. — n. Orbic'ulabness. 
 FFrora L. orbiculus, dim. of orbis.] 
 
 ORBICULATE, or-bik'u-lat, ORBICULAT- 
 ED, or-bik'u-iat-ed, adj. in the form of an 
 orb.—n. Orbicula'tion. 
 
 ORBIT, or'bit, n. the path described by a 
 celestial body in the heavens : the bony 
 cavity for the eyeball : the skin round 
 the eye. [L. orbita — orbis. a ring or 
 circle.] 
 
 ORBITAL, or'bit-al, adj. pertaining to an 
 orbit. 
 
 ORCHARD, orch'ard, n. a garden of fruit- 
 ■ trees, esj). apple-trees. [A.S. orceard — 
 older form ortgeard. SeeWOET, a plant, 
 and Yard.] 
 
 ORCHESTRA, or'kes-tra, n. in the Greek 
 theatre, the place where the chorus 
 danced : the part of a theatre for the 
 musicians : the performers in an orches- 
 tra. [L.— Or. orchestra — orcheomai, to 
 dance.] 
 
 ORCHESTRAL, or'kes-tral or or-kes'-, adj. 
 pertaining to an orchestra : performed 
 in an orchestra. 
 
 ORCHID, or'kid, n. an orchidaceous plant. 
 
 ORCHIDACEOUS, or-ki-da'shus, adj. re- 
 lating to a natural order of plants with 
 beautiful fragrant flowers. [Gr. orchis, 
 a testicle, which its root resembles in 
 shape.] 
 
 ORCHIS, or'kis, n. a genus of orchidaceous 
 plants. 
 
 ORDAIN, or-dan', v.t. to put in order : to 
 appoint : to regulate : to set in an office : 
 to invest with ministerial functions. [O. 
 Fr. ordener (Fr. ordonner) — L. ordino, 
 ordinatus — ordo. See Order.] 
 
 ORDEAL, or'de-al, n. a dealing out or giv- 
 ing of just judgment : an ancient form 
 of trial by lot, fire, water, etc. : anj' 
 severe trial or examination. [A.S. or- 
 del. or-dal : cog. with Dut. oor-deel, 
 judgment, Ger. ur-theil ; the prefix or- 
 (Dut. onr-, G«r. ur-) sig. out, and -deal 
 being the same word as Deal and Dole.] 
 
 ORDER, or'der, n. regular arrangement : 
 method : proper state : rule : regular 
 government : command : a class : a so- 
 ciety of persons : a religious fraternity : 
 a scientific division of objects : (arch.) a 
 system of the parts of columns : — jil. the 
 dhristian ministry. — v.t. to arrange: to 
 conduct : to command. — i\i. to give com- 
 mand. [M.E. ordre — Fr. ordre — L. ordo, 
 
 ORDERING, or'der-ing, n. arrangement : 
 management. 
 
 ORDERLESS, or'der-les, adj. without order: 
 disorderly. 
 
 ORDERLY, or'der-li, adj. in order : regu- 
 lar : well regulated : quiet : being on 
 duty. — adv. regularly : methodically. — 
 n. a soldier who attends on a superior, 
 esp. for carrj'ing official messages. — ii. 
 Or'derliness. 
 
 ORDINAL, or'din-al, adj. showing order or 
 succession. — n. a number noting order : a 
 ritual for ordination. 
 
 ORDINANCE, or'din-ans, n. that which is 
 onlained by authority : a law : an estab- 
 lished rite. [See Ordain, doublet Ord- 
 nance.] 
 
 ORDINARY, or'din-ar-i, adj. according to 
 the common order : usual : of common 
 rank : plain : of little merit. — n. an es- 
 tablished judge of ecclesiastical causes : 
 settled establishment : actual office : a 
 bishop : a place where meals are pro- 
 vided at fixed charges. — adv. Or'di- 
 narily. 
 
 ORDINATE, or'din-at, a<y. in order : regu- 
 lar. — 71. a straight line in a curve termin- 
 
 ated on both sides by the curve and 
 bisected by the diameter. — adv. Or'din- 
 ately. [See Ordain.] 
 
 ORDINATION, or-din-a'shun, n. the act of 
 ordaining : established order. [See Or- 
 dain.] 
 
 ORDNANCE, ord'uans, n. (orig.) any ar- 
 rangement, disposition, or equipment : 
 great guns : artiller}-. 
 
 ORDURE, or'dur, n., dirt: dung: excre- 
 ment. [Fr.— O. Fr. ord, foul— L. horri- 
 dus, rough.] 
 
 ORE, or, n. metal in its unreduced state : 
 metal mixed with earthy and other sub- 
 stances. [A.S. or, another form of ar, 
 brass, cog. with Ice. eir, Goth, aiz, L. 
 ces, cer-is, bronze.] 
 
 ORfxAN, or'gan, n. an instrument or 
 means by which anything is done : that 
 by which a natural operation is carried 
 on : a musical instrument with pipes, 
 bellows, and keys : the medium of com- 
 munication. [Fr. organe — L. organum 
 — Gr. organon, akin to ergon. See 
 Work.] 
 
 ORGANIC, or-gan'ik, ORGA^ICAL, or- 
 gan'ik-al, adj. pertaining to an organ : 
 consisting of or containing organs : pro- 
 duced by the organs : instrumental. — 
 adv. Organ'ically. 
 
 ORGANISM, or'gan-izm, n. organic struct- 
 ure : a living being. 
 
 ORGANIST, or'gan-ist, n. one who plays 
 on the organ. 
 
 ORGANIZABLE. or-gan-Iz'a-bl. adj. that 
 :i]ay be organized or arranged. 
 
 ORGANIZATION, or-gan-i-za'shun, n. the 
 act of organizing- : the state of being or- 
 ganized. 
 
 ORGANIZE, or'gan-Iz, v.t. to supply with 
 organs: to form, as an organized body: 
 to arrange. 
 
 ORGASM, orgasm, n. immoderate excite- 
 ment or action. [Gr. orgas7nos, orgao, I 
 swell.] 
 
 ORGIES, or'jiz, n.pl. (orig.) ceremonies 
 observed in the worship of Bacchus, 
 distinguished by furious revelry : any 
 drunken nocturnal rites or revelry. [Fr. 
 — L. orgia, secret rites — Gr., closely akin 
 to ergon, work. See Organ and Work.] 
 
 ORIEL, 6'ri-el, n. (orig.) a chamber or 
 apartment : a window that juts out so 
 as to form a small apartment. [O. Fr. 
 oriol, a porch, a corridor — Low L. ori- 
 olum, a highly ornamented recess — L. 
 aureolus, gilded — aurum, gold. See Ori- 
 ole.] 
 
 ORIENT, o'ri-ent, adj., rising, as the sun: 
 eastern : shining. — n. the part where the 
 sun rises : the east. [L. oriens, -entis, 
 pi- J), of orior, to rise.] 
 
 ORIENTAL, 6-ri-ent'al, adj. eastern: per- 
 taining to, in, or from the east. — n. 
 a native of the east. 
 
 ORIENTALISM, 6-ri-ent'al-izm, n. oriental 
 doctrine. 
 
 ORIENTALIST,o-ri-ent'al-ist, n. one versed 
 in tlie eastern languages : an oriental. 
 
 ORIFICE, or'i-fis, ?i. something made like 
 a mouth or opening. [Fr. — L. orificium — 
 OS, oris, mouth, and facio, to make.] 
 
 ORIFLAMME. or'i-fiani, n. a little banner 
 of red silk with many points streaming 
 like Jlanies, borne on a gilt staff', the 
 ancient royal standard of France. [Fr. — 
 Low L. avrijiamma, a little banner — L. 
 aurum., gold, llamma. a flame.] 
 ORIGAN, or'i-gan, ORIGANUM, o-rig-a- 
 num, 71. wild marjoram. [Lit. " mount- 
 ain-pride." Fr. origan — L. origanum — 
 Gr. origanon — oro.s-, nioimtain, ganos, 
 pride, beauty.] 
 ORIGIN, or'i-jin, n. the risittg or first ex- 
 istence of anything : that from which 
 anj-thing first proceeds : cause : deriva- 
 
 tion. [Fr. origine — L. origo, originis — 
 orior, to rise.] 
 
 ORIGINAL, o-rij'in-al, adj. pertaining to 
 the origin : first in order or existence : 
 not copied : not translated : having the 
 power to originate, as thought.— ». orio;in: 
 first copy : the precise language used by 
 a writer : an untranslated tongue. — adi'. 
 Orig'inally. [Fr. — L. originalis — origo.] 
 
 ORIGINALITY, o-rij-in-al'it-i, n. quality 
 or state of being original or of origin- 
 ating ideas. 
 
 ORIGINATE, o-rij'in-at, v.t. to give origin 
 to : to bring into existence. — v.i. to have 
 origin : to begin. — n. Orig'inator. [It. 
 originare — L. origo.] 
 
 ORIGINATION, o-rij-in-a'shun, n. act of 
 originating- or of coming into existence : 
 mode of ])roduction. 
 
 ORIOLE, 6r'i-6l. n. the golden thrush. 
 [O. Fr. oriol — L. aureolus, dim. of aureus, 
 golden — aurum, gold. Cf. Oriel.] 
 
 ORION, o-ri'on, n. (astr.) one of the con- 
 stellations. [Orion {myth.), a giant 
 placed among the stars at his death.] 
 
 ORISON, or'i-zun, n. a prayer. [O. Fr. 
 orison (Fr. oraison) — L. oratio, -onis — 
 oro. to pray. See Oral.] 
 
 ORLOP, or'lop, n. the deck of a ship where 
 the cables, etc., are stowed : the under- 
 deck of a ship-of-the-line. [Lit. a " run- 
 ning over," Dut. overloop, the U2)per-deck 
 — overlopen, to run over.] 
 
 ORMOLU, or-mo-loo', v. a kind of brass like 
 gold from the quantity of copper in it. 
 [Lit. " beaten gold." Fr. or — L. aurum, 
 gold, and moitlu, pa. p. of moudre. to 
 grind — L. molo. to grind.] 
 
 ORNAMENT, or'na-ment. n. anj-thing that 
 adds grace or beauty: additional beauty: 
 —2)1. (Pr. Bk.) all the articles used in the 
 services of the church. — v.t. to adorn : 
 to furnish with ornaments. [Fr. orue- 
 ment — L. orna-mentum — orno, to adorn.] 
 
 ORNAMENTAL, or-na-ment'al, adj. serv- 
 ing to adorn or beautify. — adv. Orna- 
 ment' ally. 
 
 ORNAMENTATION, or-na-men-ta'shun. 7U 
 act or art of ornamenting : (arch.) orna- 
 mental work. 
 
 ORNATE, or-uat', adj.. ornamented: dec- 
 orated.— adr. Ornate'ly. — n. Ornate'- 
 NESS. [L. ornatus, pa.p. of onto.] 
 
 ORNITHOLOGICAL.or-ni-tho-loj'ik-aI,adJ. 
 pertaining to ornithology. — adv. Orni- 
 
 THOLOO'ICALLY. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY, or-ni-thol'o-ji, n. the sci- 
 ence of bird.'i.—n. Ornithol'ooist. one 
 versed in ornithology. [Gr. ornis, or- 
 nithos. a bird (cog." with A.S. earn, 
 eagle), and logos, science.] 
 
 ORNITHOMANCY, or - nith'o - man - si or 
 or'nith-, n., divination by birds, their 
 flight, etc. [Gr. ornis, omithos, bird, 
 mcmtiia. divination.] 
 
 ORNITHORHYNCHUS.or-ni-tho-ring'kus, 
 n. an animal in Australia, with a body 
 like an otter and a snout like the bill 
 of a duck, also called Duckbill. [Lit. 
 '■bird-snout." Gr. ornis, omithos. bird, 
 rlii/ngchos. snout.] 
 
 OROGRAPHY, or-og'ra-fi, n. the descrip- 
 tion of mountains.— odj. OrograPH'IC, 
 Orograph'ical. [Gr. oros, a mountain, 
 and grnphd. to describe.] 
 
 OROLOGY. Same as OROGRAPHY. 
 
 ORPHAN, or'fan, n. a child bereft of father 
 or mother, or of both. — adj. bereft of 
 parents. [Gr. orphanos, akin to L. or- 
 hiis. bereaved.] 
 
 ORPHANAGE, or'fan-aj. n. the state of an 
 orphrni : a house for orphans. 
 
 ORPHEAN, or-fe'an or or'fe-an, adj. per- 
 taining to Orpheus: (myth.) a poet who 
 had the power of moving- inanimate ob- 
 jects by the music of his lyre.
 
 ORPIMEXT 
 
 308 
 
 OUTBREAK 
 
 ORPIMENT, or'pi-ment.?i. yellow sulphuret 
 of arsenic, used as a pigment, and so 
 called in allusion to its color and because 
 it was supposed to contain gold. [Fr. — 
 L. auripigmentum — aurutn, gold, pigmeiv- 
 turn, paint.] 
 
 ORPIN, or'pin, n. a deep gold or yellow 
 color. 
 
 ORPINE, or'pin, n. a plant with gold or 
 purplish-rose colored flowers. [Fr. orpin, 
 from or — L. auruvi, and Tr. peindre. See 
 Paint.] 
 
 ORRERY, or'er-i, n. an appai-atus for illus- 
 trating, by balls mounted on rods, the 
 size, positions, motions, etc., of the heav- 
 enly bodies. [Fi-om the Eai-l of Orrery, 
 for whom one of the first was made.] 
 
 ORRIS, cr'is, n. a species of iris in the south 
 of Europe, the dried root of whicli has 
 a smell of violets, used in perfumery. 
 [Prob. a corr. of Iris.] 
 
 ORT. ort, 11. a fragment, esp. one left from 
 a meal : usually jj/. [Low Ger. ort, refuse 
 of fodder, Scot, ort or ir-ort.] 
 
 ORTHODOX, or'tho-doks, adj., sound in 
 doctrine : believing the received or es- 
 tablished opinions, esp. in religion : ac- 
 cording to the received doctrine. — adv. 
 Or'thodoxly. [Through Fr. and Late L. 
 from Gr. orthodoxos — orthos, riglit, doxa, 
 opinion — -dokeo, to seem.] 
 
 ORTHODOXY, or'tho-doks-i, n., soundness 
 of opinion or doctrine : belief in the 
 commonly accepted opinions, esp. in re- 
 ligion. [Gr. orthodo.via. See Orthodox.] 
 
 ORTHOEPY, or'tho-e-pi, n. {gram.) correct 
 pronunciation of words. — adj. Orthoep'- 
 iCAi/. — 71. Or'thoepist, one versed in or- 
 thoepy. [Gr. orthos, right, ejjos, a word.] 
 
 ORTHOGON, or'tho-gon, n. {geom.) a fig- 
 ure with all its angles right angles. — adj. 
 Orthog'onal, rectangular. [Gr. orthos, 
 riglit. gonia, angle.] 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHER, or-thog'ra-fer, n. one 
 who spells words correctly. 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHIC, or-tho-graf ik, ORTHO- 
 GRAPHICAL, or-tho-grafik-al, adj. per- 
 taining or according to orthograi^hy : 
 spelt correctly. — adv. ORTHOGRAPH'lCAIy 
 LY. 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHY, or-thog'ra-fl. n. (gram.) 
 the correct spelling of words. [Gr. or- 
 thographia — orthos, right, grapho, to 
 write.] 
 
 ORTHOPTERA. or-thop'ter-a, n, an order 
 of insects with uniform wing-covers, 
 that overlap at the top when shut, under 
 which are the true wings, which fold 
 lengthwise like a fan. [Lit. "straight 
 wings," Gr. orthos, straight, ptera, pi. of 
 pteron, wing.J 
 
 ORTHOPTEROtrS, or-thop'ter-us, adj. 
 pertaining to the orthoptera. 
 
 ORTOLAN, ort'o-lan, n. a kind of bunting, 
 common in Europe, and considered a 
 great delicacy. [Lit. " the frequenter of 
 gardens," Fr. — It. ortolano — L. horto- 
 lanus, belonging to gardens — horfidus, 
 dim. of hortus, a garden. See CoiTRT and 
 Yard, a place inclosed.] 
 
 OSCILLATE, os'il-lat, v.i. to move back- 
 wards and forward.^ : to fluctuate be- 
 tween certain limits. [L. osciUo, -atus, 
 to swing, o.'icillum, a swing.] 
 
 OSCILLATION, os-il-la'shun, n. act of os- 
 cillating : a swinging like a pendulum. 
 [Fr. — L. oscillatioT] 
 
 OSCILLATORY, os'il-la-tor-i, adj., siiring- 
 ing. 
 
 '>SCULANT, os'ku-lant, adj., kissing : ad- 
 hering closely. [L. oscidans, -antis, pr.p. 
 of osculor.] 
 
 OSCULATE, os'kO-lat, v.t. to kiss: to touch, 
 as two curves. — n. Osctla'tiox. [L. os- 
 culor, -atum — osculum, a little mouth, a 
 k iss, dim, of os. mouth.] 
 
 '^CULATORY. os'ku-la-tor-i, adj. of or 
 
 pertaining to kissing: (geom.) having 
 the same curvature at the point of con- 
 tact. 
 
 OSIER, o'zhi-er, n. the water-wiUow, used 
 in making baskets. — adj. made of or like 
 osiers. [Fr. ; perh. from Gr. oisos ; aldn 
 to L. vitex.'\ 
 
 OSIERED, ozhi-erd, adj. adorned with 
 wiUoirs. 
 
 OSMIUM, oz'mi-um, n. a gray- colored 
 metal found with platinum, the oxide 
 of which has a disagreeable smell. [Low 
 L. — Gr. osme, smell, orig. od-me, conu. 
 with root of Odor.] 
 
 OSNABURG, oz'na-burg, n. a coarse kind 
 of linen, originally brought from Osna- 
 burg in Germanv. 
 
 OSPREY, OSPRAY, os'pra, n. the fish- 
 hawk, a species of eagle verj' common 
 on the coast of N. America, [Corr. 
 from OssiFRAGE, which see.] 
 
 OSSEOUS, os'e-us, adj., bony : composed 
 of or resembling bone. [L. osseus — os, 
 ossis, bone.] 
 
 OSSICLE, OS i-kl, n. a small bone. [Dim. 
 of os.l 
 
 OSSIFEROUS, os-sifer-us, adj. producing 
 bone : (geol.) containing bones. [L. os, 
 and fero. to bear.] 
 
 OSSIFICATION, os-si-fi-ka'shun, n. the 
 change or state of being changed into a 
 b ony s ubstance. 
 
 OSSIFRAGE, os'i-fraj, n. the sea or bald 
 eagle, common in the United States : 
 (B.) the bearded vulture, the largest of 
 European birds. [Lit. " the bone-break- 
 er," L. ossifragus, breaking bones — os, 
 and frag, root of frango, fractum, to 
 break.] 
 
 OSSIFY, os'i-fi, f.f. to make into bone or 
 into a bone-like substance. — v.i. to be- 
 come bone : — pa.}}. oss'iBed. [L. ossiflco 
 — OS, and facio, to make.] 
 
 OSSIVOROUS, os-siv'or-us, adj., devouring 
 or feeding on bones. [L. os, and voro, to 
 devour.] 
 
 OSSUARY, os'u-ar-i, n. a place where the 
 bones of the dead are deposited : a char- 
 nel-house. 
 
 OSTENSIBLE, os-tens'i-bl, adj. that may 
 be shoton: declared: apparent. — adv. 
 OSTENS'IBLY. — Ji. OSTEKSIBIL'ITY. [L. 
 ostendo, ostensum, to show.] 
 
 OSTENSrVE, os-tens'iv, adj., showing : ex- 
 hibiting. — adv. OSTENS'IVELY. 
 
 OSTENTATION, os-ten-ta'shun, n. act of 
 making a display : ambitious display : 
 boasting. [Fr. — L. ostendo, to show.] 
 
 OSTENTATIOUS, os-ten-ta'shus, adj. given 
 to show : fond of self-display : intended 
 for display. — adv. OsTENTA'noosLY. — n. 
 Ostenta'tiousness. 
 
 GSTEOLOGICAL, os-te-o-loj'ik-al, adj. per- 
 taining to osteology. — adv. Osteolog'- 
 
 ICALLY. 
 
 OSTEOLOGY, os-te-ol'o-ji, n. the science 
 of the bones, that part of anatomy which 
 treats of the bones. — ns. Osteol'OGEB, 
 Osteol'ogist, one versed in osteology. 
 [Gr. osteon, bone, logos, science.] 
 
 Ostler, os'ler. Same as Hostler. 
 
 OSTRACISM, os'tra-sizm, n. banishment 
 by ostracizing. [Gr. osfraki.'imos — ostra- 
 kizo.] 
 
 OSTRACIZE, os'tra-.Mz, r.t. in ancient 
 Greece, to banish by the vote of the peo- 
 ple written on a potsherd: to banish from 
 society. [Gr. ostrakizo — ostrakon, a 
 potsherd, orig. a shell. Cf. Osseous and 
 Oyster.] 
 
 OSTRICH, os'trich, n. the largest of birds, 
 found in Africa, remarkable for its speed 
 in running, and prized for its feathers. 
 [O. Fr. ostruche (Fr. autruche) — L. avis-, 
 stndhio, ostrich — Gr. strouthos, little 
 bird, megas strouthos. the large bird, the 
 ostrich. Cf. Bcstart> -• 
 
 OTACOUSTIC, ot-a-kows'tik. adj assisting 
 the sense of hearing. — n. (also Otacous- 
 ticon) an instrument to assist tne hear- 
 ing. [Gr. akoustikos, relating to hear- 
 ing — akouo, to hear — ous, otos, ear.] 
 
 OTHER, uth'er, adj. and pron. different, 
 not the same: additional: second of two 
 [A.S. other; cog. with Goth, anthar, Ger 
 under. Sans, antara, L. alier.'\ 
 
 OTHERWISE, u<7i'er-wlz, adv. in another 
 way or manner: by other causes: in other 
 respects. 
 
 OTIOSE, 6'shi-os, adj. being at ease : unoc- 
 cupied : lazy. [L. otiosus — otium, rest.] 
 
 OTITIS, o-ti'tis. n. inflammation of the in- 
 ternal ear. [From Gr. mis, otos, the ear.] 
 
 OTOSCOPE, o'to-skop, 7i. an instrument for 
 exploring the ear. [Gr. ons, otos, the ear, 
 and skopeo. to look at.] 
 
 OTTER, ot'er, ?i. a large kind of weasel liv- 
 ing entirely on fish. [Lit. the " water- 
 animal," A.S. otor, oter ; cog. with Dut. 
 and Ger. otter. Ice. otr, akin to uddr, 
 water, Gr. hydra, E. Water.] 
 
 OTTO, ot'o. OTTAR, ot'ar, (better spelt) 
 ATTAR, at'ar, ?i. a fragrant oU obtained 
 from certain flowers, esp. the rose. [Ar. 
 Htr — 'aiira, to smell sweetly.] 
 
 OTTOMAN, ot'o-man, adj. pertaining to the 
 Turkish Empire, founded by Othman or 
 Osman in 1299. — 7i. a Turk: a low, stuffed 
 seat without a back, first used in Turkey. 
 [The Fr. form.] 
 
 OUBLIETTE, 5o-bli-ef, n. a dungeon with 
 no opening but at the top. [Lit. •• a 
 place where one is forgotten,'" Fr., from 
 aublier, to forget — L. ohliviscor.'] 
 
 OUCH, owch, n. the socket of a precious 
 stone. [O. Fr. nouche, nosche ; from O 
 Ger. iiusdie, a clasp.] 
 
 OUGHT, n. same as Aught. 
 
 OUGHT, awt, v.i. to be under obligatioc 
 to be proper or necessary. [Lit. "owed," 
 
 pa.t. of Owe.] 
 
 our — 
 
 TNCE, owns, n. the ticelfth part of a 
 pound troy = 480 grains : j'5 of a pound 
 avoirdupois = 487i troy grains. [A..S. 
 ynee, t\ of a foot, an inch ; Fr. once — L. 
 uneia. tlie twelfth part of anything. See 
 Inch.] 
 
 OUNCE, owns, v. a feline carnivorous ani- 
 mal of Asia, allied to the leomrd. [Fr. 
 once, prob. nasalized form of Pers. yxtz.'] 
 
 OUR, owr, adj. and pron. pertaining or 
 belonging to us. [A.S. xire, for xisere, 
 gen. pi. of 1st pers. pron. See Us.] 
 
 OURANG-OUTANG. Same as Orang- 
 outang. 
 
 OURS, owrz, pron. possessive of We. 
 
 OURSELF. owr-self, pron., myself (in the 
 regal style) :—pl. Oueseltes (-selvz'), we, 
 not others : us. 
 
 OUSEL, oo'zl. n. a kind of thrush. [A.S. 
 osle (short for amsele); cog. with Ger. 
 amsel.] 
 
 OUST, owst, v.t. to eject or expel. [0. Fr. 
 aster (Fr. oter), to remove ; ace. to Diez, 
 from L. haurio, haustns, to draw (waterX 
 Cf. Exhaust.! 
 
 OUSTER, owsfier, n. (law) ejection : di*- fl 
 possession. 
 
 OUT, owt, adv. without, not within : gone 
 forth : abroad : in a state of discovery : 
 in a state of exhaustion, extinction, etc. 
 completely : freely : forcibly : at a loss 
 unsheltered : uncovered. — i7it. away ; be 
 gone I— Out of course, out of order •■ 
 Out of HANT>, instantly. [A.S. ide. rd 
 cog. with Ice. and Goth, ut, Ger. cfi/s, 
 Sans. vd.~\ 
 
 OUTBALANCE, owt-bal'ans, v.t. to ex( 
 in weight or efi'ect. 
 
 OUTBID, owt-bid', v.t. to offer a higher 
 price than another. 
 
 OUTBREAK, owfbrak, n. a breaking out- 
 eruption.
 
 OUTBURST 
 
 309 
 
 OVERFLOW 
 
 OUTBURST, owt'burst. n. a bursting out : 
 an explosion. 
 
 OUTCAST, owt'kast, adj. exiled : rejected. 
 — (i. a person banished: an exile. 
 
 OUTCOME, owt'kum, n. the issue : conse- 
 quence. 
 
 OUTCROP, on't'krop, ii. the exposure of a 
 stratum at the earth's surface. [Our and 
 Crop.] [noise. 
 
 OUTCRY, owtlirl, n. a loud cry of distress: 
 
 OUTDO, owt-do5', v.t. to surpass : excel. 
 
 OUTDOOR, owt'dor or owt-dor', ady. out- 
 side the door or the house : in the open 
 air. 
 
 OUTDOORS, owt'dOrz, adv. out of the 
 house : abroad. 
 
 OUTER, owt'er, aclj., more out or without : 
 external : — opposed to Inner. [Comp. of 
 Out.] 
 
 OUTERMOST, owt'er-m5st, adj., most or 
 furthest out : most distant. [Corr. of 
 ttie-m-est, double superl. of Our. For 
 sutBx -mo9t, see Aptermost, Foremost.] 
 
 OUTFIT, owt'flt, n. complete equipment : 
 the articles or the expenses for fitting 
 out: the means for an outfit. 
 
 OUTFITTER, owt'flt-er, n. one who fui^ 
 nishes outfits. 
 
 OUTFITTING, o^vt'flt-ing, n. an outfit. 
 
 OUTFLANK, o\\i;-flangk', v.t. to extend 
 the flank of one army beyond that of 
 another. 
 
 OUTGENERAL, owt-jen'er-al,w.f. to outdo 
 in generalship. [OoTand General.] 
 
 OUTfjOING, owt'go-ing, n. act or state of 
 going out : extreme limit : expenditure. 
 — adj. opposed to incoming, as a tenant. 
 
 OUTGROW, owt-gro', v.t. to grow beyond 
 or surpass in growth : to grow out of. 
 
 OUTHOUSE, owt'hows, 7i. a small build- 
 in r/ outside a dwelling house. 
 
 •-'UtLANDISa, owt-land'ish, adj. belong- 
 intr to an out or foreign land : foreign : 
 strange : rustic, rude, vulgar. [A.S. 
 vtlen^isc. Ovr and Land.] 
 
 OUTLAST, owt-last', v.t. to last longer 
 than. 
 
 OUTLAW, owtlaw, n. one deprived of the 
 protection of the law : a robber or bandit. 
 — i:t. to place beyond the law: to deprive 
 of the benefit of the law : to proscribe. 
 
 OUTLAWRY, owtnaw-ri, n. the act of put- 
 ting a plan out of the protection of the 
 law. 
 
 OUTLAY, owt'la, n. that which is laid out : 
 expenditure. 
 
 OUTLET, owt'let, n. the place or means 
 by which anything is let out : the pass- 
 age outward. 
 
 OUTLINE, owt'Un, n. the outer or exterior 
 Uice: the lines by which any figure is 
 bounded : a sketch: a draft. — v.t. to draw 
 tlie exterior line of : to delineate or 
 sketch. 
 
 OUTLIVE, owt-liv*, v.t. to live beyond : to 
 survive. 
 
 OUTLOOK, owtnook, n. vigilant watch : 
 prospect: the place from which one looks 
 out. 
 
 OUTLYING, owt'll-hig, adj. lying out or 
 beyond : remote : on the exterior or 
 frontier. 
 
 OUTMARCH, owt-march', v.t. to march 
 faster than. 
 
 OUTJIOST, owt'raSst. Same as OUTER- 
 
 MiiST. 
 
 OUTNUMBER, owt-numljer, v.t. to exceed 
 in number. 
 
 D0TPATIENT, owt'pS-shent, n. a patient 
 who receives aid from a hospital, but 
 lives outside of it. 
 
 OUTPORT, owt'port, n. a port out or re- 
 mote from the chief port. 
 
 OUTPOST, owt'post, n. a post or station 
 beyond tlie main body of an army : the 
 troops placed there. 
 
 OUTPOUR, owt-por', v.t. to pour out. 
 
 OUTPOURING, owt'por-ing, n. a pouring 
 out : an abundant supply. 
 
 OU'TPUT, owt'poot, n. the quantity of 
 metal made by a smelting furnace, or of 
 coal taken from a pit, within a certain 
 time. 
 
 OUTRAGE, owt'raj, n. violence beyond 
 measm-e : excessive abuse : wanton mis- 
 chief. — v.t. to treat with excessive abuse : 
 to injure by violence. — i\i. to be guilty of 
 outrage. [Fr., O. Fr. oultrage — Low L. 
 idtragium, from ultra, beyond.] 
 
 OUTRAGEOUS, owt-raj'us, adj. violent, 
 furious : turbulent : atrocious : enor- 
 mous. — adv. Odtea'geously. — n. Out"- 
 
 EAGEpUSNESS. 
 
 OUTRE, 6ot-ra', adj. extravagant : over- 
 strained. [Fr. outrer — outre — L. ultra, 
 beyond.] 
 
 OUfREACH, owt-rech', l'.^ to reach or 
 extend beyond. 
 
 OUTRIDE, owt-rld', v.t. to ride beyond : 
 to ride faster than. 
 
 OUTRIDER, owt'rid-er, n. one who rides 
 abroad : a servant on horseback who at- 
 tends a carriage. 
 
 OUTRIGGER, owt'rig-er, n. a projecting 
 spar for extending sails or any part of the 
 rigging : an apparatus fixed to a boat to 
 increase the leverage of the oar : a boat 
 with this apparatus. 
 
 OUTRIGHT, owt rit, adv. immediately: at 
 once : completely. 
 
 OUTRIVAL, ovvt-ri'val, v.t. to go beyond 
 in rivalry : to surpass. 
 
 OUTJROAD, owt'rod, n. (obs.) a riding out 
 into an enemy's country, a hostile attack. 
 
 OUTRUN, owt-run', v.t. to go beyond in 
 running : to exceed. 
 
 OUTSET, owt'set, n. a setting out : begin- 
 ning. 
 
 OUTSHINE, owt-shin', v.i. to shine out or 
 forth. — v.t. to excel in shining : to exceL 
 
 OUTSIDE, owt'eid, n. the outer side : the 
 surface : the exterior. — adj. on the out- 
 side : exterior : superficial : external. — 
 
 n. OCT'SIDER. 
 
 OUTSKIRT, owt'skert, n. the outer skirt : 
 border : suburb : — often used in pi. 
 
 OUTS PAN, owt-span', v.t. to unyoke 
 draught-oxen from a vehicle. [See IN- 
 
 SPAN.l 
 
 OUTSPOKEN, owt-spO'ken, ot^. frank or 
 bold of speech. 
 
 OUTSPREAD, owt-spred', v.t. to spread out 
 or over. 
 
 OUTSTANDING, owt-stand'ing, a(^'. stand- 
 ing out : uncollected : remaining unpaid. 
 
 OUTSTRETCH, owt-strech', v.t. to stretch 
 or spread out : to extend. 
 
 OUTSTRIP, owt-strip', v.t. to outrun : to 
 leave behind. 
 
 OUTVIE, owt-vf, v. t. to go beyond in vying 
 with : to exceed : to surpass. [Out and 
 Vie.] 
 
 OUTVOTE, owt-vot', v.t. to defeat by a 
 greater number of votes. 
 
 OUTWARD, owt'ward, adj. towards the 
 outside : external : exterior. — adv. also 
 Out'waeds, toward the exterior : to a 
 foreign port. 
 
 OUTWARD-BOUND, owt' ward -bownd, 
 adj. bound outwards or to a foreign port. 
 [See Bound, adj.] 
 
 OUTWARDLY, o«-t'ward-li, adv. in an 
 outward manner : externally : in appear- 
 ance. 
 
 OUTWEIGH, owt-wa', v.t. to exceed in 
 weight or importance. 
 
 OUTWENT, owt-went', v.t. (New Test.) 
 went f.-ister than. 
 
 OUTWIT, owt-wit', v.t. to surpass in wit 
 or ingenuity: to defeat by superior in- 
 genuity: — pr.p. outwitt'ing; pa.t. and 
 pn.p. outwitt'ed. 
 
 OUTWORK, owt'wurk, 7i. a work outside 
 the principal wall or line of fortification. 
 
 OVAL, O'val, adj. having the shape of aa 
 egg. — u. anything oval : an eUipse. — adv. 
 O'VAiLT. JFr. ovale, from L. ovum, an 
 egg. See EGG.] 
 
 OVARIOTOMY, 6-var-i-ot'om-i, v. {surgery 
 the excision of a tumor from the ovary 
 [Fr. — ovaire, the ovary, and Gr. tonie, 
 cutting.] 
 
 OVARIOUS, o-va'ri-us, adj. consisting o* 
 eggs. 
 
 OVARY, o'var-i, ?i. the part of the femaie 
 animal in which the egg of the offspring 
 is formed : (bot.) the part of the pistil 
 which contains the seed. — adj. Ova'eian 
 [Low L. ovaria. See Oval.] 
 
 OVATE, 6'vat, OVATED, 6'vat-ed, adj.. 
 egrgr-shaped. 
 
 OVATION, 6-va'shun, n. in ancient Rome, 
 a lesser triumph :an outburst of popular 
 applause. [Fr. — L. ovatio — oro, ovatxini 
 to shout, exult, cog. with Gr. auo, tc 
 shout.] 
 
 OVEN, uVn, n. an arched cavity over a/r« 
 for baking, heating, or drying : any ap- 
 paratus used as an oven. [A.S. of en, 
 cog. with Ger. of en, Goth, avhvs, anc 
 perh. connected with Gr. ipmos, an oven.] 
 
 OVER, 6'ver, 2^ep. above : across : ou the 
 surface of : upon the whole surface of 
 through. — adv. tihove : across : from one 
 to another: from one country to another 
 above in measure : too much : to excess ■ 
 conipletely. — adj. upper : beyond : past, 
 [A.S. ofer ; Ice. yjir, Goth, vfar, Ger, 
 Uber, L. super, Gr. hiqier. Sans, vpari ; 
 conn, with Up, Open, Ab-ove.] 
 
 OVERACT, o-ver-akt', v.t. to act oremiucb 
 or to excess. — v.i. to act more than is 
 necessary. 
 
 OVERALLS, o'ver-awlz, n. loose trousers 
 worn over all the other dress. 
 
 OVERARCH, o-ver-Srch', v.t. to arch over 
 
 OVERAWE, o-ver-aw', v.t. to restrain bl. 
 fear or superior influence. 
 
 OVERBALANCE, o-ver-bal'ans, v t. to ex 
 ceed in weight, value, or importance. — Ji. 
 O'VERBAIANCE, excess of weight or value. 
 
 OVERBEAR, 6-ver-bar', v.t. to bear down 
 or overpower : to overwhelm. 
 
 OVERBEARING, o-ver-bar'ing, adj. 
 haughty and dogmatical : imperious. 
 
 OVERBOARD, 6'ver- bord, adv. over the 
 board or side : from on board : out of a 
 ship. 
 
 OVERBURDEN, o-ver-bur'dn, v.t. to bur. 
 den overmuch. 
 
 OVERCAST, o-ver-kast', v.t. to cloud : to 
 cover with gloom : to sew over slightly. 
 
 OVERCHARGE, 6-ver-charj', v.t. to load 
 with too great a charge : to charge too 
 much. — n. O'VERCHAEGE, an excessive 
 load or burden : an excessive charge. 
 
 OVERCLOUD, 6-ver-klowd', v.t. to cover 
 over witli clouds. 
 
 OVERCOAT, o'ver-kot, n. a coat over all 
 the other dress. 
 
 OVERCOME, o-ver-kum', v.t. to get the 
 better of : to conquer or subdue. — v.i. to 
 be victorious. 
 
 OVERDO, o-ver-d6o', v.t. to do overmuch ; 
 to harass, to fatigue : to cook too much. 
 
 OVERDONE, 6-ver-dun', adj, overacted : 
 fatisrued : cooked too much. 
 
 OVERDOSE, 6-ver-dos', v.t. to dose over 
 much. — ?!. an excessive dose. 
 
 OVERDRAW, 6-ver-draw',i'.f.todraw over 
 luuch : to draw beyond one's credit : tc 
 exaggerate. 
 
 OVERDUE, 6-ver-du', adj. due beyond the 
 time. 
 
 OVERESTDIATE, 6-ver-es'tira-at, v.t. to 
 estimate too highly. — n. an excessive 
 estimate. 
 
 OVERFLOW, o-ver-flo', v.t. to flow over: 
 to flood : to overwhelm : to cover, aa 
 with numbers. — v.i. to run over: to 
 abound.
 
 OVERFLOW 
 
 OVERFLOW, o'ver-fla, n. a flowing over, 
 
 an iuundation : superabundance. 
 OTEEFLOAVING, 6-ver-flo'ing, adj. flow- 
 ing- over : abundant. — n. abundance : 
 
 copiousness. 
 OVERGrEOW, 6-ver-gro', v.t. to grow be- 
 yond : to rise above : to cover with 
 
 growth. — v.i. to grow beyond the proper 
 
 size. 
 OVERHANG, S-ver-hang*, v.t. to hang 
 
 over : to project over : to impend. — v.t. 
 
 to hang over. 
 OVERHAUL, o-ver-hawl', v.t. to haul or 
 
 draw over : to turn over for examina- 
 tion: to examine: to re-examine: (naut.) 
 
 to overtake in a chase. 
 0\T;RHAUL, o'ver-hawl, n. a hauling 
 
 over : examination : repair. 
 OVERHEAD, 6-ver-hed', adv. over the 
 
 head : aloft : in the zenith. 
 OVERHEAR, o-ver-her', v.t. to hear what 
 
 was not intended to be heard : to hear by 
 
 accident. [Over and Hear.] 
 OVERJOY, o-ver-joy", v.t. to All with 
 
 great joy : to transport wth deUght or 
 
 eladness. 
 OVERJOY, o'ver-joy, n. joy to excess: 
 
 transport. 
 OVERLAND, o'ver-land, adj. passing en- 
 
 tirelv or principally by land, as a route. 
 OVERLAP, o-ver-lap', v.t. to lap over. 
 OVERLAY, 6-vep-la', v.t. to lay over : to 
 
 spread over : to cover completely : to 
 
 smother : to cloud. 
 OVERLEAP, o-ver-lep', v.t. to leap over. 
 0^"ERLEAVEN, o-ver-le\''n, v.t. to leaven 
 
 too much : to mix too much with. 
 OVERLIE, o-ver-ir, v.t. to lie above or 
 
 upon. 
 
 OVERLIVE, 6-ver-liv', v.t. (B.) to outlive : 
 
 to survive. 
 OVERLOAD, o-ver-lod', v.t. to load or flU 
 
 overmuch. 
 0\'ERLOOK, o-ver-looF, v.t. to look over: 
 
 to be higher : to inspect : to neglect by 
 
 carelessness or inadvertence : to pass by 
 
 indulgentlv : to pardon : to sUsht. 
 J\T:RilATdH, 6-ver-mach', v.t. to be more 
 
 than a match for : to conquer. — n. O'ver- 
 
 MATCH, one who is more than a match. 
 0A"rERMTJCH, o-ver-much', adj. and adv. 
 
 too much. 
 OVERPASS, 6-ver-pas', v.t. to jtass over : 
 
 — pa. p. (B.) overpast'. 
 OVERPAY, 5-ver-pa', v.t. to pay too much. 
 OVERPLUS, 6'ver-plus, n. that which is 
 
 more than enough : surplus. [B. OVEE, 
 
 and L. plus, more.] 
 OVERPO"\VER, 6-ver-pow'er, v.t. to have 
 
 or arain power over : to subdue. 
 O'V'ERRATE, 6-ver-rat', v.t. to rate too 
 
 high. 
 OVERREACH, o-ver-rech', v.t. to reach or 
 
 extend beyond : to cheat. — v. u to strike 
 
 the hindfoot against the forefoot, as a 
 
 horse. 
 OVERRULE. o-ver-ro6l', v.t. to rule over : 
 
 to influence by greater power: (fewc) to 
 
 supersede or reject. 
 0^^;RRUN, o-ver-run', v.t. to run or spread 
 
 over : to grow over : to spread over and 
 
 take possession of : (B.) to outrun. — v.i. 
 
 to run over. 
 OVERSEE, 6-ver-se', v.t. to see or look 
 
 over : to superintend. 
 OVERSEER, 6-ver-se'er, n. one who over- 
 sees : a superintendent : an ofllcer who 
 
 has the care of the poor. 
 OVERSET, 6-ver-set', v.t. to set or turn 
 
 over : to upset : to overthrow. — v.i. to 
 
 turn or be turned over. 
 OVERSHADE, 6-ver-shad', v.t. to throw a 
 
 shade over. 
 OMERSHADOW, 6-ver-shad'5.v.f. to throw 
 
 a shadow over: to shelter or protect. 
 OVERSHOOT, o-ver-shoot', v.t. to shoot 
 
 over or beyond, as a mark ; to pass 
 
 310 
 
 swiftly over. — r.«. to shoot or fly be- 
 
 vond "the mark. 
 OVERSHOT, o'ver-shot, adj. ha\-ing the 
 
 water falling from above, as a wheel. 
 OVERSIGHT, 6'ver-slt, n. (orig.) superin- 
 tendence: a faUing to notice: mistake: 
 
 omission. 
 OVERSPREAD, O-ver-spred', v.t. to spread 
 
 over : to scatter over. — v.i. to be spread 
 
 over. 
 0\T;RSTATE, 6-ver-stat', v.t. to state over 
 
 or above: to exaggerate. — n. Oveestate'- 
 
 MENT. 
 
 O^TERSTEP, 6-ver-step', v.t. to step be- 
 vond : to exceed. 
 
 01t;RST0CK, 6-ver-stok', v.t. to stock 
 overmuch : to fill too full. 
 
 OVERSTRAIN, 6-ver-stran', v.t. and v.i. to 
 strain or stretch too far. 
 
 OVERT, 6' vert, adj., open to view: public : 
 apparent. — adv. O'veetly. [Fr. ouvert, 
 pa.p. of ouvrir, to open, ace. to Diez, 
 from O. Fr. a-ovrir, tlu-ough Prov. adub- 
 rir, from L. de-operio, to uncover — t/e— 
 un-, and operio, to cover ; ace. to Littre, 
 from L. operire, to cover, confounded in 
 meaning with aperire, to open.] 
 
 OVERTAKE, 6-ver-tak', v.t. to come up 
 ■with : to catch : to come upon. 
 
 OVERTASK, C-ver-task', v.t. to task over- 
 much : to impose too heavy a task on. 
 
 OVERTAX, C-ver-taks', v.t. to tax over- 
 much. 
 
 OVERTHROW, 6-ver-thro', v.t. to throw 
 down : to upset : to bring to an end : to 
 demolish : to defeat utterly. — n. O'vEE- 
 THRO'W, act of overthrowing or state of 
 bei ng overthrown : ruin : defeat. 
 
 OVERTOP, o-ver-top', v.t. to rise over the 
 top of : to surpass : to obscure. 
 
 OVERTRADE, 6-ver-trad', v.i. to trade 
 overmuch or beyond capital. 
 
 OVERTURE, 6'ver-tur, n. (prig.) an opetv. 
 ing, disclosure: a proposal: {music) a 
 
 Eiece introductory to a greater piece or 
 allet. — v.t. to lay an overture or pro- 
 
 posal before. [Fr. o^irerptre.] 
 0\T;RTURN, 6-ver-turn', v.t. to throw 
 
 down : to subvert : to ruin. — n. O'VEE- 
 
 TUEN, state of being overturned. 
 OVERVALUE, 6-ver-val'u, v.t. to value 
 
 ove r muc h. 
 OVERWEENING, 0-ver-wen'ing, adj., 
 
 rreening or thinking too highly : conceit- 
 ed : vain. [A.S. ofenvenan. See Ween.] 
 OVERWEIGH. 6-ver-wa'. v.t. to outweigh. 
 OVERAVEIGHT, 6-ver-wa t', Ji. weight be- 
 
 vond -what is required or is just. 
 O^^RWHELM, 6-ver-hwelm , v.t. to over- 
 spread and crush by something heavy or 
 
 strong : to immerse and bear down : to 
 
 overcome. 
 OVERW^SE, 6-ver-wi'z',nf?/. wise overmuch: 
 
 affectedly wise.— arfr. 0\-ERWlsE'LY. 
 0%T:RW0RK, 6-ver-wurk'. v.t. and v.i. to 
 
 work overmuch or beyond the strength ; 
 
 to tire. — n. O'veevtokk, excess of work : 
 
 excessive labor. 
 OVERWORN, 6-ver-wSrn', a(^'. worn out : 
 
 subdued bv toil : spoiled bv use. 
 O'S'ERWRO'UGHT, o-ver-rawf, pa.p. of 
 
 Overwork, wrought overmuch : worked 
 
 all over. 
 O^^FEROUS, 6-%nrer-ns, adj., egg-bearing. 
 
 [L. cn-iim, egg, and /ero, to bear.] 
 OVIFORM, o'\a-form, ailj. having the form 
 
 of an m-al or egg. [L. ovnyn, egg, and 
 
 Form.] 
 OVIPAROUS, o-\'ip'a-ras, adj., bringing 
 
 forth eggs. [L. oviim, egg, andpario, to 
 
 oring forth.] 
 OVOlt), 6' void. OVOID AL, 6-void'al, adj., 
 
 oval or egg shaped. [L. ovum, egg, and 
 
 Gr. eidos. formr) 
 OVUM, o'vum. n. an egg : (anat.) the body 
 
 in which after impregnation the develop- 
 
 OYEZ 
 
 ment of the fetus takes place :—pl. O'va. 
 
 OWL, 6, i:t. to possess what belongs to 
 another : to be bound to pay : to be 
 obUged for. [A.S. agan ; Ice. eiga, O, 
 Ger. eigan, to possess.] 
 
 OWING, o'ing, adj. due : ascribable bn . 
 imputable to. 
 
 OWL. owl, n. a nocturnal carnivorosis 
 bird, noted for its holding or hooting 
 noise. [A.S. ide ; Ger. e^de, L. uhda^ 
 Sans, vluka, from the sound.] 
 
 OWLET, owl'et, n. a little owl. [Dim. ol 
 Owl.] 
 
 OWLISH, owl'ish, adj. like an owl. 
 
 OWN, on, v.t. to grant: concede: aeknowW 
 edge. [A.S. vnnan, to grant, cog. with 
 Ger. gonnen, to grant.] 
 
 OWN, on, v.t., to possess : to have a right- 
 ful title to. [A.S. agnian, with addition 
 of causal sumx — agen, one's own. See 
 Ow>-, adj.] 
 
 OWN, on, o<^'., possessed: belonging to: 
 peculiar. [A.S. agen, pa.p. of agati. to 
 possess, cog. with Ger. eigen,lce. eiginji, 
 one's own.] 
 
 OWNER, oner, v. one who owns or pos- 
 sesses. — n. Owk'ership. 
 
 OX, oks, n. a ruminant quadruped of the 
 bovine family : the male of the cow, esp. 
 when castrated :— /j/. Oxen, oks'n. used 
 for both male and female. [A.S. oxa. pi, „ 
 o.van ; Ice. itxi ; Ger. oehs, Goth, auhsa, ■ 
 Sans, ukshan.] 
 
 OXAXiIC, oks-al'ik, adj. pertaining to or 
 obtained from sorrel. 
 
 OXALIS, oks'a-lis, n. wood-sorrel: {bot.) 
 a genus of plants having an acid taste, 
 [Gr., from oxys, acid.] 
 
 05EYE, oksl, n. acommon plant in mead- 
 ows, so called because its flower is hke 
 the eve of an ox. 
 
 OXEYED, oks'Id, adj. having lai-ge full 
 eyes like those of an ox. 
 
 OX^LY, oks'fli, n. a fly hatched under thfc 
 skin of oxen. 
 
 OXIDATION, oks -id -a' shun, OXIDIZE- 
 MENT, oks-id-iz'ment, n. act or process 
 of oxidizing. 
 
 OXIDE, oks'id, n. a compound of oayygen 
 and a base destitute of acid properties. 
 
 OXIDIZABLE. oks-id-Iz'a-bl, adj. capable 
 of being oxidized. 
 
 OXIDIZE, oks'id-tz, v.t. to convert into an 
 oxide. — v.i. to become an oxide. — n. 
 
 OXIDIZ'ER. 
 
 OXYGEN, oks'i-jen, v. a gas without taste, 
 color, or smell, forming part of the air, 
 water, etc., and supporting life and com- 
 bustion. [Lit. " that which generates 
 acids," from Gr. oxys, sliarp, acid, and 
 gennaH, to generate.] 
 
 OXYGENATE, oks'ij-en-at, v.t. to unite or 
 cause to unite with oxygen. — n. OSTGEJl- 
 a'tiox. act of oxygenating. 
 
 OXYGENIZE, oks'ij-en-Tz. Same as Ox- 
 ygenate. 
 
 OXYGENOUS, oks-ij'en-us, adj. pertaining 
 to or obtained from oxygen. 
 
 OXYMEL, oks'i-niel, n. a mixture of vine- 
 gar and honey. [Lit. " sour honey," Gr. 
 0.T7.S, sour, mdi, honey.] 
 
 OXYTONE, oks'i-toD, adj. having an aaite 
 sound : having the acute accent on the 
 last syllable. [Gr. arys, sharp, and fonos 
 tone, accent.] 
 
 OYER, 6'yer, n. (lit.) a hearing: (law) a 
 commission which confei-s the power of 
 hearing and determining treasons, etc. 
 [Norm. Fr. oyer (Fr. ouir) — L. andire, to 
 hear.] 
 
 OYEZ, OYES. 6'yes, int. (lit.) hear ye : the 
 introductory call of a public orier for 
 attention. [Norm. Fr., 2d pers. pi. 'voof 
 perative of oyer.'^
 
 OYSTER 
 
 311 
 
 FALACE 
 
 OYSTER, ois'ter, n. a well-known bivalve 
 shell fish. [O. Fr. oisti-e (Fr. huitre)—L. 
 osirea — Gr. ostreon, an oyster — osteon, a 
 bone.] 
 
 OZOXE, o'zon, n. name given to a modiflca^ 
 tion of oxygen, when affected by electric 
 discharges, marked by a peculiar smeU. 
 [Qt. ozO, to smell.] 
 
 PABUTiAB, pab'O-lar, adj. pertaining to 
 
 food. 
 
 PABULUM, pab'Q-lum, n., food : proven- 
 der : fuel. [L.— pa-SCO, pa^^i, to feed. 
 See PASTOE.J 
 
 PACA, pa'ka, n. a genus of rodent animals 
 belonging to South America. [Port., the 
 native name.] 
 
 PACE, pas, n. a stride : (mil.) the space 
 left between the feet in one step, meas- 
 ured from heel to heel, and varying from 
 80 to 36 inches : a step : space between 
 the feet in ordinary walking, 3i feet : 
 gait : rate of motion (of a man or beast): 
 mode of stepping in horses in which the 
 legs on the same side are lifted together: 
 amble. — v.t. to measure by steps: to 
 cause to progress: to regulate in motion. 
 — v.i. to walk: to walk slowly: to amble. 
 — n. Pacer, pas'er. [Fr. nas — L. paasus — 
 paitdo, jmsifus. to stretch.] 
 
 PACHA, PACHAT.TC. See Pasha, Pa- 
 sha uc. 
 
 PACHYDER5I, pak'i-derm, n. one of an 
 order of non-ruminant, hoofed mam- 
 mals, distinguished tor the thichness of 
 their skin, as the elephant :— p'- Pach'Y- 
 DERMS or Pachyderm' ATA. [Gr. pachys, 
 thick, (lit.) firm, from rootpafc, and der- 
 via, dennatos, skin. See Pack.] 
 
 /ACHYDERJIATOUS, pak -i - derm'a-tiis, 
 adj. relating to a pachyderm, or of the 
 order of pachyderms. 
 
 PACIFIC, pa-s'if'ik, adj., peace-making : 
 appeasing : mild : tranquil. — n. the ocean 
 between Asia and America, so caUeu be- 
 cause found peaceful by its discoverer 
 Magellan, after weathering Cape Horn. 
 —ailv. Paltf'icat.i.y. [See Pacify.] 
 
 PACIFICATION, pas-if-i-ka'shun, n. the 
 act of making peace between parties at 
 variance. 
 
 PACIFICATOR, parsifi-ka-tor, PACIFIER, 
 pas';-fl-er, n. a, peacemaker. — adj. Pacif'- 
 
 ICATORY. 
 
 PACIFY, pas'i-fl, v.t. to make peaceful : to 
 appease : to cahn : to soothe. [Fr. paci- 
 Jier — L. paeijico—pax, pads, peace, and 
 facio, to make. See Peace.] 
 
 PACK, pak, n. (lit.) that which is bound up 
 together : a bundle : a burden : a com- 
 plete set of cards : a number of hounds 
 hunting, or kept together : a number of 
 persons combined for bad purposes : any 
 great number. — v.t. to press together and 
 fasten up : to place in close order : to 
 select persons tor some unjust object. — 
 n. Pack'er. [From a root found in Ger. 
 pack and Celt, pac, and conn, with L. 
 pan go. Sans. pa<;, to bind. Cf. Pact.] 
 
 f'ACKAGE, pak'aj, «. something pacted ; 
 a bundle or bale. 
 
 ♦•ACKET, pak'et, n. a small package: a 
 despatch vessel, so called from its carry- 
 ing the packets of letters : a vessel plying 
 regularly between ports. — v.t. to bind in 
 a packet orparcel. 
 
 PACKHORSE. pakTiors, re. a horse former 
 ly usart to carry goods in panniers. 
 
 PACKING, pak'mg, n. the act of putting 
 in packs or tying up for carriage : material 
 for packinsr.' 
 
 PACKING-SHEET, pak'ing-shet, n. a 
 
 coarse cloth for packing or covenng 
 goods. 
 
 PACKJLVJT, pak'man, n. a pedler or man 
 who carries a pack. 
 
 PACK-SADDLE, pak'-sad'l, n. a saddle for 
 packs or burdens. 
 
 PACKTHREAD, pak'thred, n. a coarse 
 thread used to sew up packages. 
 
 PACT, pakt, PACTION, pak'shun, n. that 
 which ia fixed or agreed on : a contract. 
 [L. pactum— paeiscor, pactus, to make a 
 contract — root pak, to bind. Cf. Pack, 
 Peace.] 
 
 PAD, pad, n. a thief on the high-road 
 (more commonly Footpad) : a roadster, 
 an easy-paced horse. — v.i. to walk on 
 foot : to rob on foot •.—pr.p. padd'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. padd'ed. [But. jiad, a 
 path, cog. with E. Path.] 
 
 PAD, pad, n. anything stuffed with a soft 
 material : a soft saddle, cushion, etc. : a 
 package of some soft material for ^v^it- 
 mg upon. — v.t. to stuff with anything 
 soft : to flx colors in cloth : — jw.^j.'padd - 
 ing ; pa.t. and jia.p. padd'ed. [A variant 
 of Pod, and orig. sig. " a bag.'j 
 
 PADDING, pad'ing, n. the soft stuffing of 
 a saddle, etc.: superfluous matter intro- 
 duced into a book or article in order to 
 make it of the length desired. 
 
 PADDLE, pad'l, v.i. to dabble in water with 
 the/eef ; to finger : to beat the water as 
 with the feet, to row. — v.t. to move with 
 an oar or paddle. — n. a short, broad, 
 spoon-shaped oar, used for moving ca- 
 noes: the blade of an oar: one of the 
 boards at the circumference of a paddle- 
 wheel : (B.) a little spade. [For Pattle, 
 a freq. fo rm o f Pat.] 
 
 PADDLE-WHEEL, padl-hwgl, n. the 
 wheel used in padelling or propelling 
 steam-vessels. 
 
 PADDOCK, pad'uk, n. a toad or frog. 
 [Dim. of M.E. padde, a toad — Icepadda.] 
 
 PADDOCK, pad uk, n. a small park under 
 pasture, immediately adjoining the 
 stables of a domain. [A.S. pearroc, a 
 park — sparran (Ger. speiTen\ to shut 
 (obs. E. " to spar "). Doublet Paek.] 
 
 PADDOCKSTOOL, pad'uk-stOol, n. a toad- 
 stool. 
 
 PADDY, pad'i, n. rice in the husk. [E. In- 
 dian.] 
 
 PADLOCJK, padlok, n. a lock %vith a link 
 to pass through a staple or eye. — v.t. to 
 fasten with a padlock. [Ety. unknown.! 
 
 P^AN, pe'an, n, (orig.) a song in honor of 
 ApoUo : a song of triumph. [L. — Gr. 
 Paian or Paion, an epithet of Apollo. 
 See Peony.] 
 
 P^DOBAPTISM, P^DOBAPTIST. See 
 Pedobaptism, Pedobaptist. 
 
 PAGAN, pa'gan, n. a heathen. — adj. hea- 
 then. [L. pagantis, a countryman, rus- 
 tic, then a heathen, because the coun- 
 try people were later in being converted 
 than the people of the towns — nagus, a 
 district (regarded as having fixed bound- 
 aries)— ptrnf/o, to fix. See Pact.] 
 
 PAGANISH, pa'gan-ish, adj. heathenish. 
 
 PAGANISM, pa'g;in-izm, n. heathenism. 
 
 PAGANIZE, pa'gan-Tz, r.^. to render jwgan 
 or heathen : to convert to paganism. 
 
 PAGE, paj, n. a boy attending on a person 
 of distinction. [Fr. page : ace. to Littrfe, 
 prob. from LowL. pngensis, a peasant — 
 L pagns, a village (cf. Pagan, Pkasant); 
 ace. to Diez, through the It. from Gr. 
 paidion, dim. of pais, paidos, a boy.] 
 
 PAGE, paj, n. one side of a leaf :"(or!'flf.) 
 a leiif of a book, so called because leaves 
 were fastened together to form a book : 
 — pi. writings. — v.t. to number the pages 
 of. [Fr. — L. pagina, a thing fastened — 
 pag. root otpa-n-go. to fasten.] 
 
 PAGEANT, paj'ant, or pa'-, n. a showy ex- 
 
 hibition . a spectacle : a fleeting show : 
 (orig.) a scaffold for the purpose of scenic 
 exliibition. — adj. showy: pompous. [M.E, 
 pagent (with excrescent -t as in ancient, 
 pheasant), from an older form pagen or 
 pagin — Low L. pagina, a stage, some- 
 thing framed or compacted — L. pagino 
 —pango, to flx. See Page, one side o' 
 a leaf.] 
 
 PAGEANTRY, paj'an-tri or pa'jan-ti-i, u 
 ostentatious display: pompous exhibition 
 or spectacle. 
 
 TAGINATION, paj-i-na'shun, n. the act 
 of paging a book : the figures th.at indi- 
 cate the number of pages. [See Page, 
 one side of a leaf.] 
 
 PAGODA, pa-go'da, n. an idol-house : an 
 Indian idol : its temple. [Port., a corr. 
 of Pers. but-kadah, an idol-temple.] 
 
 PAID, pad, pa.f. and pa.p. of Pay. 
 
 PAIDEUTICS, pa-du'tiks, n.sing. the sci- 
 ence or theory cf teachiiig. [Gr. paideu- 
 tike—paideuo, to teach— pazs, paidos, a 
 chUd.] 
 
 PAIL, p51, n. an open vessel of wood, etc., 
 for holding or carrying liquids. [O. Fr. 
 2xtele — L. patella, a pan, dim. of patera 
 —-pateo, to be open.] 
 
 PAILFUL, pal'fool, n. as much as fills a 
 2Jail. 
 
 PAILLASSE, pal-yas'=PALLiASSE, which 
 •see. 
 
 PAIN, pan, n, bodily suffering : anguish : 
 —pi. labor : the throes of cliildbirth. — 
 v.i. to distress : to torment : to grieve. 
 [Fr. peine — L. poena, satisfaction, pen- 
 alty, punishment, cog. with Gr. poine, 
 penalty.] 
 
 PAINED. pSnd, adj. (B.) in pain, in labor. 
 
 PAINFUL, pan'fool, adj. full of pain 
 causing pain : distressing : difficult 
 adv. Padtfully. — n. Pain'fulness. 
 
 PAINLESS, pSn'les, adj. without pain. 
 adv. Pain'lessly. — n. Pain'lessness. 
 
 PAINSTAKER, panz'tak-er, tu one who 
 takes pains or care. 
 
 PAINSTAKING, panz'tak-ing, adj. taking 
 pains or care: i»»borious : diligent. — n. 
 labor : diligence. 
 
 PAINT, pant, v.t. to color : to represent in 
 colors : to describe. — v.i. to practice 
 painting: to lay colors on the face. — 
 n. a coloring substance. [Paivt, O. Fr. 
 pa.p. of Fr. peindre, to paint — L. pingo, 
 pichis, to paint, cog. with Gr. voikilos, 
 variegated. Sans, ptjy', to color. J^ 
 
 PAINTER, pant'er. n. one whose employ- 
 ment is to paint : one skilled in paint- 
 
 PADJTER, pant'er, n. a rope used to fa.sten 
 a boat. [A corr. of M.E.panter, a fowler's 
 noose, through O. Fr., from L. panther, 
 a hunting-net — Gr. panthiros, catching 
 all— pan, neut. of pas. evei-y, and thSr, 
 wild beast, E. Deeh.] 
 
 PAINTING, pant'iiig, n. the act or employ- 
 ment of laying on colors: the act of 
 representing objects by colors : a pict- 
 ure : vivid description in words. 
 
 PAIR, par, 7i. two things equal, or suited 
 to each other, or used together : a couple: 
 a man and his wife. — v.t. to join in 
 couples. — v.i. to be joined in couples: to 
 fit as a counterpart.— Pair off, to go oj? 
 in pair.'): to make an arrangenu-nt with 
 one of an opposite oninion by which the 
 votes of both are withheld. [Fr. paire a 
 couple— pair, like — L.pnr, equal. It was 
 orig. not confined to tico, but was applied 
 to a set of like or equal things, as a. pair 
 of cards.] 
 
 PALACE, pal'as,?!. a royal house : a house 
 eminently splendid : a bishop's official 
 resilience. [Fr. pnlais — L. Palatium, the 
 Roman emperor's residence on the Pala^ 
 tine Hill at Rome.]
 
 FALADIN 
 
 312 
 
 PAMPHLETEER! NG 
 
 PALADIK, pal'a-din, n. a knight of Charle- 
 magne's tiousehold : a knight-errant, 
 generally. fFr. — It. paladino—L. imla- 
 iinus, belouging to the palace. See 
 PAJ.^TIJfE.J 
 
 PALEOGRAPHY, parl§-og'ra-fl, n. study 
 of ancient writings and modes of writing. 
 |Gr. palaios, ancient, and graphO, to 
 write?] 
 
 .'^ A.L.^OLITHIC, pa-15-o-Uth'ik, adj. ap- 
 plied to the older division of the prehis- 
 toric Stone Age. [Qr. palaios, old, and 
 Hthos, stonej 
 
 PAL-^OLOGY, pa-le-ol'o-ji, n. a discouree 
 or treatise on antiquities: archJBology. — 
 ». PaIuEol'oqist. [Or. palaios, ancient, 
 and logos, discoursed] 
 
 PALAEONTOLOGY, pa-le-on-tol'o-ji, n. 
 the science of the ancient life of the 
 earth, or of its fossil remains. — od/. Pa- 
 
 UfflONTOLOG'lCAL.— ». PALEONTOLOGIST. 
 
 [Gr. palaios, ancient, on, ontos, being, 
 logos, discourse.] 
 
 PALiEOZOIC, pa-le-o-z5'ik, adj. denoting 
 the lowest strata of the fossUiferous 
 rocks, so called because they contaia 
 the earliest forms of life. [Gr. palaios, 
 ancient, and zoS, life.] 
 
 PALANQUIN, PALANKEEN, pal-an-keu', 
 n. a light covered carriage used in China, 
 etc., for a single person, and borne on the 
 shoulders of men. [Hind, palang, a bed 
 — Sans, parijanha, a bed.] 
 
 PALATABLE, pal'at-a-bl, adj. agreeable 
 to the palate or taste : savory. — adv. 
 Pal'atably. 
 
 PALATAL, pal'at-al, adj. pertaining to 
 the palate : uttered by aid of the palate. 
 — n. a letter pronounced chiefly oy the 
 aid of the palate. 
 
 "PALATE, par at, ??, the roof of the mouth 
 touched by the food : taste : relish. [O. 
 Fr. palat — L. palatum.'\ 
 
 PALATI A L, pa-la'shi-al, adj. pertaining to 
 a palace : royal : magnificent. 
 
 Palatinate, pal-at'm-at, n. province of 
 a palatine 
 
 palatine, pal'a-tin, adj. pertaining to a 
 palace, originally applied to officers of 
 the royal household : possessing royal 
 privileges. — n. a noble invested with 
 royal privileges: a subject of a palatinate. 
 [Fr. — L. palatinus. See Palace.] 
 
 palaver, pal-a'ver, n. idle talk : talk in- 
 tended to deceive: a public conference. 
 [Port, palavra — L. parabola, a parable 
 — Gr. See Parable.] 
 
 PALE, pal, n. a narrow piece of wood used 
 in inclosing grounds : anything that in- 
 close? : any inclosure : limit : district. — 
 v.t. to inclose with stakes: to encom- 
 pass. [Fr pal— li. palas, a stake, iorpag- 
 Zm.s— root pag {^pdk), to fix. Doublet 
 Pole. See Pack.] 
 
 PALE, pal adj. not ruddy or fresh of color: 
 wan: of a faint lustre: dim. — v.t, to 
 make pale. — v.i. to turn pale. — adv.V&is!- 
 VY.— n. Pale'ness [Ft.— L. paHidus, 
 pale ; akin to Sans, palita, gray, and E. 
 Fallow. Doublet Pallid.] 
 
 PALEOGRAPHY, etc. See Paleography, 
 etc. 
 
 PALESTRA, pa - les ' tra, n. a wrestling 
 school [L. — Qr. palaistra—pale, wrest- 
 ling.] 
 
 PALESTRIC, pa-les'trik, PALESTRICAL, 
 pa- les'trik-al, adj. pertaining to lerestling. 
 
 Paletot, pal'e-to, 7i. a loose overcoat. 
 [Fr., corr. of O. Dut. palt-s-rock (lit.) a 
 " palace-coat," a court dress, pals being 
 •=Ger. pfalz -lu palatium, and O. Dut. 
 roe=-Ger. rock, O. Ger. hroeh, from which 
 prob. E. Frock.] 
 
 PALETTE, pal'et, n. a little ova. board on 
 which a painter mixes his colors. [Fr. 
 —It. paletta, dim. of paUx, a spade — L. 
 pala, a spade.] 
 
 PALFREY, pal'fri, ii. a saddle-horse, esp. 
 for a lady. [Fr. palefroi — Low L. para- 
 veredus, proo. from Gr. para, beside, ex- 
 tra, and Low L veredus, a posthorse.] 
 
 PALBIPSEST, pal'imp-sest, n. a manu- 
 script which has been written upon twice, 
 the first writing having been rubbed off 
 to make room for the second. [Gr. pa- 
 limpseston, rubbed a second time — patin, 
 again, and psestos, rubbed.] 
 
 PALINDROME, pal'in-drom, lu a word, 
 verse, or sentence that reads the same 
 either backward or forward, as madam. 
 [Gr. palindromia—palin, back, and dro- 
 mos, a running.] 
 
 PALING, pal'ing, «., pales in general : a 
 fence of pales : an inclosure. 
 
 PALINODE, pal'in-Sd, n. a song or poem 
 retracting a former one : a recantation. 
 [Fr. — ^L.-— Qr., from palin, back, andodS, 
 a song. See Ode.] 
 
 PALISADE, pal-i-sad', n. a fence of pointed 
 pales or stakes firmly fixed in the ground. 
 — v.t. to surround with a palisade. [Fr. 
 palissade, from L. palus, a stake.] 
 
 PALISH, p&l'lsh, adj. somewhat pale or 
 wan. 
 
 PALL, pawl, n. a doak or mantle : a kind 
 of scarf worn by the Pope, and sent by 
 him to archbishops: the cloth over a 
 coflin at a funeral. [A.S. pcell, purple 
 cloth — L. palla, a mantio, a curtain, 
 conn, with pallium, a cioak.] 
 
 PALL, pawl, v.i. to become vapid : to lose 
 strength, life, spirit, or taste. — v.t. to 
 make vapid or insipid : to dispirit or 
 depress : to cloy. [W. paUu, to faU, 
 j)all, loss of energy, failure.] 
 
 PALLADIUM, pal-la'di-um, n. a statue of 
 Pallas, on the preservation of which the 
 safety of ancient Troy was supposed to 
 depend : any safeguard : a rare metal 
 found with platinum. [L. — Gr. paUadion 
 — Pallas, Fallados, Pallas or Minerva.1 
 
 PALLET, pal'et, n. a palette : the shaping 
 tool used by potters : an instrument for 
 spreading gold-leaf. [Another form of 
 Palette.] 
 
 PALLET, pal'et, n. a mattress, or couch, 
 properly a mattress of straw. [Prov. Fr. 
 paillet, dim. of Fr. paille, straw. See 
 Palliasse.] 
 
 PALLIASSE, pal-yas', n. a small bed, orig. 
 made of chaff or straw : an under mat- 
 tress of straw. [Fr. paill-asse— paille, 
 straw — ^L. palea, chaff. Cf. Pallet, a 
 mattress, etc.] 
 
 PALLIATE, pal i-at, v.t. to cZoafc or excuse: 
 to extenuate : to soften by favorable 
 representations. [L. pallialus, cloaked 
 —pallium.'] 
 
 PALLIATION, pal-i-a'shun, n. act of pal- 
 liating or excusing : extenuation : miti- 
 gation. 
 
 PALLIATIVE, pal'i-a-tiv, adj. serving to 
 paUiate or extenuate : mitigating. 
 
 PALLID, pal'id, adj., pate; liaving little 
 color : wan. [L. pallidus. See Pale, 
 adj. which is a doublet.] 
 
 PALL-MALL, pel-niel', n. an old g^ame. In 
 which a ball was driven through an iron 
 ring with a mallet : a street in London 
 where the game used to be played. [0. 
 Fr. pale-maille — It. piallamaglio— palla — 
 O. Ger. palla (Ger. ball), E. Ball, and 
 maglio — L. malleus, a hammer. See 
 Mall.] 
 
 PALLOR, pal'or, n. quality orstate of being 
 pallid or pale : paleness. [L— paWere, to 
 be pale, conn, with root of Pale.] 
 
 PALM, pam, n. the inner part of the hand: 
 a tropical branchless tree of many vari- 
 eties, bearing at the summit large leaves 
 like thepa/m of the hand, borne in token 
 of victory or rejoicing: (jig.) triumph or 
 victory. — v.t. to stroke with the palm or 
 
 hand: to conceal in the palm of the handi 
 (esp. with off) to impose by fraud. [Fr. 
 paume—lj. palma ; cog. withGr. palamA 
 A.S. folm.] 
 
 PALMARY, pal'ma-ri, adj. worthy of tka 
 palm : pre-eminent. [L. palma, a palm.] 
 
 PALMATE, pal'mat, PALMATED, pal'niat- 
 ed, adj. shaped like the palm of the haMl: 
 entirely webbed, as feet. [L. pabnatHt 
 —palma. See Palm.] 
 
 PALMER, pam'er, n. a pilgrim from th» 
 Holy Land, distinguished oy his carrjing 
 a branch otpalm. 
 
 PALMER-W(Srm, pam'er-wurm, n. (B.) a 
 hairy n-orm which wanders \ike a palm,er, 
 devouring leaves, etc. 
 
 PALMETTO, pal-met'o, n. a name for 
 several fan-pahns. [Sp. — L. 2>alina.] 
 
 PALMHOUSE, pam'hows, n. a glass house 
 for raising palms and other tropical 
 plants. 
 
 PALM IPED, pal'mi-ped, adj. (lit.) palm- 
 footed : web-footed. — n. a web-footed or 
 swimming bird. [L. palma, palm of the 
 hand, and jjes, piedis, the foot. j 
 
 PALMISTER, pal'mis-ter, n. one who tells 
 fortunes by the lines of the imlm of the 
 hand.— n. Pal'MISTEY. 
 
 PALM-SmSTDAY, pam'-sun'da, n. the Sun- 
 day before Easter, the day our Saviour 
 entered Jerusalem, when palm branches 
 were strewed in his way. 
 
 PALMY, paui'i, adj. bearing palms : flour- 
 ishing : victorious. 
 
 PALPABILITY, pal-pa-bU'i-t,. PALPA- 
 BLENESS, pal'pa-bl-nes, n. quaUty of 
 being palpable : obNiousness. 
 
 PALPABLE, pal'pa-bl, adj. that can be 
 felt : readily perceived : obvious : gross 
 —adv. Pal'pably. [Fr.— L. palpabilis-- 
 palpo, palpatus, to touch softly.] 
 
 PALPITATE, pal'pi-tat, v.i. to move often 
 and quickly : to beat rapidly : to throb. 
 ]lu palpito, -atus, freq. of palpo. See 
 Palpable.] 
 
 PALPITATION, pal-pi-ta'shun, n. act of 
 palpitating : irregular or violent action 
 of the heart, caused by excitement, ex- 
 cessive exertion, or disease. 
 
 PALSY, pawl'zi, n. paralysis. — v.t. to affect 
 with palsy : to deprive of action or en- 
 ergy : to paralyze x—pa.p. pal'sied. [A 
 corr. of Vr. paralysie—Gv. paralysis. See 
 Paralysis.] 
 
 PALTER, pawl'ter, v.i. to trifle: to dodge: 
 to shuffle : to equivocate. [Prob. lit. to 
 " deal meanly," to " haggle over trifles," 
 from root of PALTRY.] 
 
 PALTRY, pawl'tri, adj. mean: vile: worth- 
 less. — ndv. Pal'trily. — 71. Pal'triness. 
 [From a Teut. root seen in Dan. pialter, 
 rags, and in "Lovi Qev. paltrig, ragged.] 
 
 PALUDAL, pal-u'dal, PALUDINOUS, 
 pal-u'din-us, adj. pertaining to marshes: 
 marshy. [From L. palus, paludis, a 
 marslij 
 
 PAMPAS, pam'paz, n.pl. vast plains in S. 
 America. [Peruvian pampa, a field, 
 plainj^ 
 
 PAMPER, pam'per, v.t. to feed luxuriously 
 or to the full : to glut. — n. Pamperer. 
 [A freq. from pamp, a nasalized form of 
 Pap; conn, with Low Ger. panqjen'- 
 painpe, pap made of meal.] 
 
 PAMPHLET, pam'flet, n. a small book con- 
 sisting of one or more sheets stitched to- 
 gether. [Ety. dub.; ace. to Skeat, perh. 
 through Fr. from Pamphila, a female 
 writer of epitomes in the 1st century : 
 others suggest Fr. panme, the palm of 
 the hand, and feuillet, a leaf.] 
 PAMPHLETEER, pam-flet-er', n. a writer 
 
 of pamphlets. 
 PAMPHLETEERING, pam-flet-er'ing, adj. 
 writing pamphlets. — Ji. the writing of 
 pamphlets. 
 
 [
 
 PAN 
 
 313 
 
 PAPYRUS 
 
 PAN, pan, n. a broad shallow vessel for 
 domestic use: the part of a firelock which 
 holds the priming. [A.S. panne— through 
 the Celt., from L. patina, whence also 
 are Ger. pfanne. Ice. panna.\ 
 
 PANACEA, pau-a-se'a, n. an all - healing 
 remedy : a universal medicine. [Gr. 
 panakeia — pas, pan, all, and akeomai, 
 to heal.] 
 
 A.XCAKE, paa'k3,k, n. a thin cake of 
 eggs, flour, sugar, and milk fried in a 
 2Ja It . 
 
 PANCREAS, pan'kre-as, n. a fleshy gland 
 (commonly called the " sweetbread ") 
 situated under and behind the stomach, 
 secreting a saliva-like fluid which assists 
 digestion in the intestines. — adj. Pan- 
 CREAT'lC, pertaining to the pancreas. 
 [Lit. "all flesh," Qr. pas, pan, all, Aad 
 kreas, flesh.] 
 
 PANDECT, pan'dekt, n. a treatise contain- 
 ing the whole of any science : — pi. the 
 digest of Roman or civil law made by 
 command of the Emperor Justinian. [L. 
 — Gr. pandectes—pas, pan, all, and dek-, 
 root of dechomai, to take, receive.] 
 
 PANDEMONIUM, pan-de-mo'ni-um, n. the 
 great hall of demons or evil spirits, 
 described by Milton. [Lit. " the place of 
 all the demons," Gr. pas, pan, all, and 
 da (Hiort, a demon.] 
 
 PANDER, pan'der, m. one who procures 
 for another the means of gratifying his 
 passions : a pimp. — v.t. to play the pan- 
 der for. — v.i. to act as a pander : to min- 
 ister to the passions. [From Pandarus, 
 the pinip in the story of Troilus and 
 Cressida.J 
 
 PANDIT. See Pijndit. 
 
 PANDOUR, pan'door, n. a Hungarian foot- 
 soldier in the Austrian service. [From 
 Pandur, a village in Hungary, where 
 they were orig. raised.] 
 
 <*ANE, pan, n. a patch, esp. in variegated 
 work : a plate of glass. [Fr. pan, a lap- 
 pet, pane — L. panniis, a cloth, a, rag, 
 akin to Gr. pSnos, the woof, and E. Vane. 
 See also Panel.] 
 
 PANED, pand, adj. composed of panes or 
 small squares : variegated. 
 
 PANEGYRIC, pan-e-jir'ik, 't. an oration 
 or eulogy in praise of some person or 
 event: an encomium. — adjs. Fanegyh'IC, 
 PANEaYE'iCAU— ady. Panegye'ically. 
 [Through L., from Gr. panegyrikos, fit 
 for a national festival or " gathering " 
 of a " whole" nation, as at the Olympic 
 games — pas, pan, all, and agy'ria, a 
 gathering.] 
 
 PAN'EGYRIZE, pan'e-jir-iz, v.t. to write 
 or pronounce a panegyric on : to praise 
 hitrhly. — n. Panegye'ist. 
 
 PANEL or PANNEL, pan'el, n. (arch.) a 
 compartment with raised margins : a 
 board with a surrounding frame : a thin 
 board on which a picture is painted : 
 (law) a schedule containing the names 
 of those summoned to serve as jurors : 
 the jury : (Scots laiv) a prisoner at the 
 bar. — v.t. to furnish with panels : — pr.p. 
 pan'eUing; pa.p. pan'ellea. — «. PaneIt 
 LiNG, panel-work. [Lit. "a piece," orig. 
 " a piece of cloth," 0. Fr. — Low L. pan- 
 ellns. dim. of L. pinnus, a cloth, a rag. 
 Cf. Impanel, and see Pane.] 
 
 ?ANG, pang, n. a violent momentary pain: 
 a paroxysm of extreme sorrow : a throe. 
 (A form of Peong, prob. modified by con- 
 fusion with Fr. potng, a flst — L. pugmis, 
 the fist.] 
 
 PANIC, pan'ik, n. extreme or sudden 
 fright. — adj. of the nature of a panic ; 
 extreme or sudden : imaginary. [Orig. 
 an adj.; Gr. panikon (deima). "panic" 
 (fear), from panikos, belona^ing to Pan, 
 god of the woods, to whom sudden 
 nights were ascribed.] 
 
 PANKILE, pan'i-kl, n. (lit.) a tuft on plants: 
 (bat.) a form of iniflorescence in which the 
 cluster is irregularly branched, as in oats. 
 [L. paHii:ida, double dim. of pamis, 
 thread wound on a bobbin, akin to L. 
 pannus, and Or. pSnos. See Pane.]^ 
 
 PANIC-STRICKEN, pan'ik-strik'en, PAN- 
 IC-STRUCK, pan'ik-struk, adj., struck 
 with a panic or sudden fear. 
 
 PANICULATE, pan - ik'u - lat, PANICU- 
 LATED, pan-ik'u-lat-ed, adj. furnished 
 with, arranged in, or like panicles. 
 
 PANNEL. Same as Panel. 
 
 PANNIER, pan'yer or pan'i-er, n. one of 
 two baskets slung across a horse, for car- 
 rying light produce to market : (arcft.) a 
 corbel. [Fr. jmnier — L. panarium, a 
 bread-basket, f rompa7iis, bread — root pa, 
 to feed. See Pantry.] 
 
 PANOPLIED, pan'o-plid, adj. dressed in 
 panoply : completely armed. 
 
 PANOPLY, pano-pli, n., complete armor: 
 a full suit of armor. [Gr. panoplia—^tas, 
 pan, all, and hopla (pi.), arms.] 
 
 PANORAMA, pan-o-ra'ma or -ra'ma, n. a 
 picture representing a number of scenes 
 unrolled and made to pass before the 
 spectator. — adj. Panoraji'ic. [Gr. pan, 
 all, and horama, a view, from ftorao, to 
 seej 
 
 PANSY, pan'zi, n. a species of violet, 
 heart's-ease. [Fr. peng6e — penser, to 
 tbdnk, from Ij.penm, to weigh, to ponder. 
 See Penstve, and cf. Foeget-me-not.] 
 
 PANT, pant, v.i. to breathe hard: to gasp; 
 to throb: to desire ardently. [Imitative; 
 or a nasalized form of Pat, v.t.] 
 
 PANTAGRAPH, paa'ta-graf, n. an instru- 
 ment for copying drawings, esp. on a 
 different scale from the original. [Gr. 
 pan, everything, and grapho, to write.] 
 
 PANTALOON, pan-ta-loon', n. in panto- 
 mimes, a ridiculous character, a buffoon: 
 (orig.) a ridiculous character in Italian 
 comedy, also a garment worn by him, 
 consisting of breeches and stockings all 
 in one piece : — pi. a kind of trousers. 
 [Fr. pantalon — It. pantalone, from Pan- 
 taleone (Gr. "all-lion"), the patron saint 
 of Venice, and a common Christian name 
 among the Venetians, wherefore it was 
 applied to them as a nickname by the 
 other Italians.] 
 
 PANTHEISM, pan'the-izm, n. the doctrine 
 that nature or the universe is Ood. [Gr. 
 p an, a ll, and THEISM.] 
 
 PANTHEIST, pan'the-i st, n. a believ er in 
 pantheism.— oc^/s. Pantueist'ic, Panthe- 
 ist'ical. 
 
 PANTHEON, pan'the-on or -the'on, n. a 
 temple dedicated to all the gods: a com- 
 plete mythology. [L. pantMon — Gr. 
 pantheion (Meron), (a temple) common 
 to all gods. Cf. Pantheism.] 
 
 PANTHER, pan'ther, n. a fierce spotted 
 carnivorous quadruped, found in Asia 
 and Africa. [Fr. 2}anthkre—'L. pant?iera 
 — Gr. panther.] 
 
 PANTOMIME, pan'to-mlm, n. one who ex- 
 presses his meaning by mute action : a 
 representation or an entertainment in 
 dumb-show. — adj. representing only by 
 mute action. — adjs. PANToraii'lc, Panto 
 mim'ical. — adv. Panto mim'ic \ t.t.y. [Fr. 
 — L.— Gr. pantomimos, imitator of all — 
 I}as, pantos, all, and mimos, an imitator.] 
 PANTOMIMIST, pan'to-mim-ist, n. an 
 
 actor in a pantomime. 
 PANTRY, pan'tri, n. a room or closet for 
 pro\'isions. [Fr. paneterie, a place where 
 Dread is distributed, through the Low L., 
 from L. jja»iis, bread — root pa, to nourish. 
 See Paternal.] 
 PAP. pap, n. soft food for infants: pulp 
 of fruit : support or nourishment. — adj. 
 Papp'y. [From the first cries of infants 
 
 I for food.] 
 
 PAP, pap, n. a nipple or teat. [Of th« 
 same origin with Pap and Papa.] 
 
 PAPA, pa-jja', n. father. [A reduplication 
 of one of the first utterances of a child.] 
 
 PAPACY, pa' pa-si, n. the office of the Pope: 
 the authority of the Pope : Popery : the 
 Popes, as a "body. [Low L. jjajja^ja* 
 papa, a father.] 
 
 PAPAL, pa'pal, adj. belonging or relating 
 to the Pope or to Popery : Popish. — adv. 
 Pa'pally. 
 
 PAPAVERACEOUS, pap-av-er-a'shus, adj. 
 of or like the popipy. [L. papaver, the 
 popijy.] 
 
 PAPER, pa'per, n. the substance on which 
 we commonly write and print ; a piece 
 of paper : a document : a newspaper : an 
 essay or literary contribution, generally 
 brief : paper-money : paper-hangings. — 
 (tc(}. consisting or made of paper. — v.t. 
 to cover with paper : to fold in paper. 
 [A docked form of Papyrus.] 
 
 PAPER - CREDIT, pa'per-kred'it, n. the 
 system of deaUng on credit bj- means of 
 acknowledgments of indebtedness writ- 
 ten on paper. 
 
 PAPER-HANGER, pa'per-hang'er, n. one 
 who hangs paper on the walls of rooms, 
 etc. 
 
 PAPER - HANGINGS, jpa ' per - hang'ingz, 
 n,pl., paper for hanging on or covering 
 walls. 
 
 PAPERING, p&'per-in^, re. the operation 
 of covering or hanging with paper : the 
 paper itself. 
 
 PAPER-MONEY, pa'per-mun'i, n. printed 
 and authorized pajiera issued by banks 
 and circulated in place of coin or money. 
 
 PAPER -REED, pa'per-red, n. (B.) the 
 papvrus. 
 
 PAPER-STAINER, pa'per-stan'er, n. one 
 who stains or prepares pajier-hangings. 
 [Paper and Stainer.] 
 
 PAPIER-MACHE, pap'ya-ma'sha, n, 
 pulped paper moulded into forms, and 
 japanned. [Fr. (lit.) " paper mashed " or 
 " chewed : papier, from Papyeus ; 
 m&cM is pa.p. of Fr. mdcher, to chew — 
 L. niasticare. See Masticate.] 
 
 PAPILIONACEOUS, pa - pil - yo - na'shus, 
 adj. (bat.) having a winged corolla some- 
 what like a butteijly, as the bean, pea, 
 etc. [From L. papilio, -onis, a butter- 
 fly. Cf. Paviuon.] 
 
 PAPILLA, pa-pU'a, n. one of the minute 
 elevations on the skin, esp. on the upper 
 surface of the tongue and on the tips 
 of the fingers, and in which the nerves 
 terminate : (bot.) a nipple-like protuber- 
 ance i—pl. Papill'je. [L., a small pus- 
 tule or nipple, dim. of x>apula, itself a 
 dim. from base paj), to swell. Cf. 
 Pimple.] 
 
 PAPILLARY, pap'il-ar-i or pa-pil'ar-i,PAP- 
 ILLOUS, pap'il-us, adj. belonging to or 
 like inmples, nipples, or teats : warty. 
 
 PAPILLOTE, pap'il-ot, n. a curl-paper. 
 [Fr., from papillot, old form of pinpiUon, 
 butterfly— L. pajnlio.} 
 
 PAPIST, "pa'pist, n, an adherent of the 
 Pope : a Roman Catholic— adjs. Papist- 
 ic, Papist'ICAl, pertaining to Popery, or 
 to the Church of Rome, its doctrines, 
 etc. —adv. Papist'ically. 
 
 PAPPOUS, pap'us, PAPPOSE, pap-os', 
 adj. provided with domi. [L. pappu« 
 — Gr. pappos, down.]^ 
 
 PAPULAR, pap'u-lar, PAPULOUS, pap'u- 
 lus, PAPULOS, pap'u-los, adj. full of 
 pimples. [From L. papnla, a pimple.] 
 
 PAPYRUS, pa-pT'rus, n. an Egyptian reed, 
 from the inner rind (called byblos) of 
 which the ancients made their paper : a 
 manuscript on papvrus -.^pl. PAPY'Ri. 
 [L.— Gr. papyros. Ct. Bible.]
 
 FAK 
 
 314 
 
 PAREGORIC 
 
 PAR. piir. n. state of equality: eqatal value: 
 equality of nominal and market value : 
 equality of condition. [L. par, equal.] 
 
 PAB.-i-BLE, par'a-bl, >i. a comparison : a 
 fable or allegory in which some fact or 
 doctrine is iltustrated. [Lit. a •• placing 
 beside," Q-r. paraboU—paraballo, to com- 
 oare — para, beside, hallo, to throw. 
 Parallel forms. Pababola, Pabole, Pala- 
 ver, and Parley.] 
 
 PARABOLA, par-ab o-la, n. (geoni.) a conic 
 section formed by the intersection of the 
 cone with a plane parallel to one side. 
 [Gr. parabole. See Parable.]^ 
 
 PARABOUC, par-a-bol'ik, PARABOLIC- 
 AL, par-a-borik-al, atlj. expressed by a 
 parable: belonging- to or of the form of 
 a parabola.— arfy. Parabol'icallt. 
 
 PARACHUTK, par'a-shSot, n. an apparatus 
 resembling a huge umbrella for descend- 
 ing safely from a balloon. [Fr., for jaar' 
 A chute (tit.) " that which jjames against 
 falling," from Fr. parer (see Paeet), and 
 cJ}itfp til ffill 1 
 
 PARACI.ETE'. par'a-klSt.n.the Holy Ghost. 
 [Lit. "one called to stand beside one," an 
 *' advocate," through L., fromOr. para- 
 klltos — para, beside, kaleo, call.] 
 
 PARADE, par-ad', n. the arrangement of 
 troops for display or Inspection : the 
 place where such a display takes place : 
 military display : pompous display. — v.t. 
 to show off: to marshal in military order. 
 — v.i. to walk about as if for show: to pa.ss 
 in military order: to march in procession. 
 [Lit. a ^'preparation for exhibition,"' Fr. 
 — Sp. parada^parar, to halt — lu paro, 
 paratris. to prepare.] 
 
 PARADIGM, par'a-dim, n. an example : 
 model : (gram.) an example of the inflec- 
 tion of a word. — adjs. Paeadigmat'ic, 
 Paradiguat'ical, consisting of or reseni- 
 bling paradigms. — adv. Paradigmat'IC- 
 ALLT. [Fr.— L. — Gr. paradeigma—para, 
 beside, and deikntpni, to show.] 
 
 PARADISE, par'a-dls, n. the g.arden of 
 Eden : heaven : any place or state of 
 blissful delights. — a'dj. Paradisi'acal. — 
 Bird of Paradise, a family of Eastern 
 birds closely allied to the crow, remark- 
 able for tiie splendor of their plumage. 
 [Fr.paradis — L. paroxlisms — Gr. paraxlei- 
 sos, a park or ple.isure-ground, an Ori- 
 ental word, prob. Persian.] 
 
 PARADOX, pai''a-doks, n. that which is 
 contrary to received opinion, or that 
 which is apparently absurd but really 
 true. [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. 
 parado.con—para, contrary to, and doxa, 
 an opinion.] 
 
 PARADOXICAL, par-a-doks'ik-al, adj. of 
 the nature of a paradox : inclined to 
 paradoxes. — adv. Parados'ically. — n. 
 P.aradox'icalnt;ss. 
 
 PARAFFIXE, PAR:i.FFIN par'af-fln, n. a 
 white crystalline substance, obtained 
 from shale, etc., so named from its 
 slight tendency to combine with other 
 bodies. [Fr. — L. pqrum, little, and 
 affinia, allied.] 
 
 PAItAGOGE, par-a-g5'ie, n. the addition 
 of a letter or syllable to the end of a 
 word. — adjs. Pakaoogic, par-a-goj'ik, 
 Paragog'ical. [L. — Gr., from para, be- 
 yond, and ago, to lead.] 
 
 PARAGON, par'a-gon, n. a pattern or 
 model icith which comparisons are made : 
 something supremely excellent. [O. Fr., 
 from Sp. compoimd" prep, para con, in 
 eomp.anson with.] 
 
 PARAGRAPH, par'a-graf, n. a distinct part 
 of a discourse or writing: a short passage, 
 or a collection of sentences with unity of 
 purpose. — adjs. Paragraph'ic, Para- 
 graph'ical. [Lit. that whicli is " wi-itten 
 beside " the text to show division, as the 
 mark *i, the rever.sed initial of this word, 
 
 Ft. — Low L. — Gr. paragraphos — para, 
 beside, and graphs, to write.] 
 
 PARALEIPSIS, par-a-llp'sis, u. {rhet.) a 
 figure by which one fixes attention on a 
 subject by pretending to neglect it. [Gr., 
 from paraleipo, to leave on one side — 
 para, beside, and leipo, to leave.] 
 
 PAR, ALT, AX, par'a-laks, n. an appai'ent 
 change in the position of an object caused 
 by change of position in the observer: 
 (asir.) the difference between the apparent 
 and real place of a celestial object. — adjs. 
 Pakallac'tic, Parallac'tical. [Gr. 
 parallaxis — para, beside, and allasso, to 
 change — aUos, another.] 
 
 PARALLEUj, payal-lel, adj. side by side : 
 (geom.) extended in tlie same direction 
 and equidistant in all parts : with the 
 same direction or tendency : running in 
 accordance with : re.sembling in all es- 
 sential points : like or siujilar. — n, a line 
 always equidistant from another :' a hue 
 marklag latitude: Ukeaess: a comparison: 
 counterpart : (miL) in pi. the trenches, 
 generally dug parallel with the outline 
 of the fortress. — v.t. to place so as to be 
 parallel: to correspond to: — pr.p. par*- 
 alleling or par'allelling ; pa.p. par'alleled 
 or par'allelled. [Lit. "beside one an- 
 other," Fr. — \m i)aralLelus — Gr. parallelos 
 — -naro, beside, allelon, of one another — 
 ailos, another.] 
 
 PARALLELEPIPED, par-al-Iel-e-pfped, 
 Paballelepip'edon, improperly ^araLt 
 LELOPIPED, Paealleiopipedon, n. a regru- 
 lar solid bounded by six plane jjurallel 
 surfaces. [L. — Gr. paraUelepipednn — 
 parallelos, and epipedoiu, a plane surface 
 — epi, on, and pedon, the ground. 
 
 PARALLELISM, par'al-lel-izm, n. state of 
 being parallel: resemblance: comparison, 
 
 PARALLELOGRAM, par-al-lel'o-gram, n. 
 a plane four-sided figure, the opposite 
 sides of which are parallel and equal, 
 
 fFr. — L. — Gr. parallaos, and gramma, a 
 ine — graphn, to write.] 
 
 PARALOGISM, par-al'o-jizm. «., reaso^v- 
 ing beside or from the point : a conclu- 
 sion unwarranted by the premises. [Fr. 
 — L. — Gr. paralogismos—jjara, beside, 
 bej'ond, ana logismos, from logos, dis- 
 course, reason.] 
 
 PARALYSIS, par-al'i-sis, n. a lf>ss of the 
 power of motion or sensaticr. in any 
 part of the bodv : palsy. [I. — Or. — 
 nam, beside, and lyd, to loosen. [Doub- 
 let Palst.I 
 
 P^VEALYTIC, par-a-lit'ik, adj. afflicted 
 with or incUned to parah/sia. — n. one 
 affected with paralysis. [Fr. — L. para- 
 lyticus — Gr. paralylikos.'] 
 
 PARALYZE, par'a-liz, v.t. to strike with 
 paralysis or palsy : to make useless : to 
 aeade'n : to exhaust. [Fr. — L. — Or. par- 
 al>j6, jjaratysH — para, indicating derange- 
 ment, and lyo, to loosen.] 
 
 PARAMAGNETIC, par-a-mag-net'ik, fl<^. 
 See under DiAJLAGNETia 
 
 PARAMATTA, par-a-mat'a, n. a fabric like 
 merino made of worsted and cotton. 
 [From Paramatta, a town in New South 
 Wales.] 
 
 PARAMOUNT, par'a-mownt, adj. superior 
 to all others : chief : of the highest im- 
 portance. — n. the chief. [O. Fr. par 
 amont (lit.) " by that which is uptcards," 
 i.e. at the top, par being the L. prep. 
 per. For amont, see AMOUNT.] 
 
 PARAMOUR, par'a-moSr, n. a lover, one 
 beloved (now used in a bad sense). [Fr. 
 X>ar amwir, by or with love — L. per 
 amorein. See AlloUE.] 
 
 PARAPET, pai-'a-pet, n. a rampart breast- 
 high : a brea-st-nign wall on a bridge, 
 etc. — adj. Par'afeted, having a parapet. 
 [Lit. a protection for the breast, Fr. — It. 
 
 parapetto — It. para-re, to adorn, to pro« 
 tect — L. parare, to prepare (see Parry), 
 and It. j)etto — L. pectus, the breast (see 
 Pectoral). Cf. Parasol.] 
 
 Paraphernalia, par-a-fer-nai'i-a, n.pi 
 
 that which a bride brings ofer and above 
 her dou-ry : the clothes, jewels, etc. which 
 a wife possesses bej'ond her dowry in her 
 own right : ornaments of dress general! j- . 
 trappings. [L. parajjherna—br., from 
 para, beyond, and pheriie, a dowry— 
 phero, to bring. E. Bear, r.(.J 
 
 PARAPHRASE, par'a-fraz, n. a saying of 
 the same thing in other words : an ex- 
 planation of a passage : a loose or free 
 translation. — v.t. to say the same thing 
 in other- words : to render more fully : to 
 intrepret or translate freelj'. — v.i. to 
 make a paraphrase. [Fr. — L. — Gr. para- 
 phrasis — para, beside, and phrasis. a 
 speaking— ^/irazOjto speak. See Phrase.] 
 
 PAEAPHRAST, payarfrast, n. one who 
 paraphrases. 
 
 PARAPHRASTIC, par-a-frastik, PARA- 
 PHEASTICAL, par-a-frast'ik-al, adj. of 
 the nature of a paraphrase : clear and 
 ample in explanation : free, loose, diffuse. 
 — adv. Paeapheast'ically. 
 
 PARASITE, par'a-sit, 7i. one who frequents 
 another's table : a hanger-on : (bat.) a 
 plant nourished by the juices of another : 
 (zool.) an animal which lives on another. 
 — )/. Pae'asitism. [Lit. " one who feeds 
 with another," Fr. — L. parasttus — Gr. 
 parasitos—para, beside, and sito.% corn, 
 food.J 
 
 PARASITIC, par-a-sit'ik, PARASITICAL, 
 par-a-sit'ik-al, adj. Uke a pai-asite : fawn- 
 mg : living on other plants or animals. — 
 adv. Parasit'ICALLY. 
 
 PARASOL, par'a-sol, n. a small umbrells 
 used as a shade from the sun. [Fr.--It 
 parasole—p)arare, to hold or keep off — L 
 para, to prepare, and sol, solis, the 8un< 
 See Parapet and Parry.] 
 
 PARBOIL, par'boil, v.t. to boil in part. 
 [Part and Boil.] 
 
 PARCEL, par'sel, «. a little part : a por- 
 tion : a quantity: a package. — v.t. to 
 divide into portions : — pr.p. par'celling ; 
 pa.t. and jja.^j. par'celled. [Fr. parcelle 
 (It. pariieella) — L. particula, dim. of pars, 
 partis, a part.] 
 
 PARCH, p4rch, v.t. to burn slightly: to 
 scorch. — v.i. to be scorched : to become 
 ver\' dry. [?] 
 
 PARCHED, pai-cht, adj. scorched. — adv. 
 Parch'edly.— »i. Parch'edness. 
 
 PARCHMENT, parch'ment, Ji. the skin of) 
 a sheep or goat prepared tor writing on. 
 [Fr. parchemin — L. pergamena (charta, 
 paper), from Gr. Pergavws, in Asia Minor, 
 where it was invented.] 
 
 PARD, pfird, n. the panther: the leopard 
 in poetry, any spotted animal. [L, 
 pardus—Ur. pardos, the panther, the 
 leopard.] 
 
 PARDON, pS/dn, v.t. to forgive: to remit 
 the penalty of. — n. forgiveness : remis- 
 sion of a penalty or punishment. — n. 
 Par'doner, [Lit. to give vp, Fr.jiardon- 
 ner — Low L./)crd(W(ire — L. per, through, 
 aw.av (.— E. for), dono, donare, to give.] 
 
 PARDONABLE, par'dn-a-bl, adj. that may 
 be pardoned : excusable. — adv. Par'don 
 ABLY. — n. Par'donableness. 
 
 PARE, par, v.t. to cut or shave off: to 
 diminish by littles. [Lit. to prepare or 
 make ready, Fr. parer — L. paro, to pre- 
 pare.] 
 
 PARECiORIC. par-e-gor'ik, adj., soothing: 
 assuaging pain. — ?;. a medicine that as- 
 suages pain, tincture of opium. [L. — 
 Gr. paregorikos — paregoreo. to soothe; 
 properly, to exhort — para, beside, and 
 agoreuo, to address an assembly.) 
 
 I
 
 PARENT 
 
 315 
 
 PARTICULAK 
 
 PAitENT, pSr'ent, n. one who begets or 
 brings forth : a father or mother : that 
 which produces, a cause. [Fr., kinsman 
 — L. parens, for par tens, -entis, pr.p. of 
 pario, to beget, bring' forth.] 
 
 PARENTAGE, par'ent-aj, »., UHh: ex- 
 traction : descent. 
 
 PARENTAIi, pa-rent'al, adj. pertaining to 
 or becoming parents : affectionate : ten- 
 der. — adv. Paeent'ally. 
 
 PAEENTHESIS, pa-ren'the-sis, n. a word, 
 phrase, or sentence pvt in or inserted in 
 another grammatically complete without 
 it •.—pi. the marks ( ) used to show this : 
 —pi. Paren'theses (-sez). [Gr.— para, 
 beside, en, in, thesis, a placing.] 
 
 PAEEXTHETIC, par-en-thet'ik, PAEEN- 
 THETICAL, par-en-thet'ik-al, a(^j. ex- 
 pressed in a parenthesis : using paren- 
 theses. — adv. Pabexthet'icallt. 
 
 PARHELION, par-heli-un, n. a bright light 
 sometimes seen near the sun : — pi. Pae- 
 he'lia. [Gr. para, beside, near, hSlios, 
 the sun.] 
 
 PARIAH, pSKi-a or pa'-, n. in Hindustan, 
 one who has lost nis caste: an outcast. 
 [Tamul pareyer.^ 
 
 PARIAN, par'i-an, adj. pertaining to or 
 found in the island of Paros, in the 
 .S^gean Sea. 
 
 PARIETAL, pa-rTet-al, axlj. pertaining to 
 walls: (anat.) forming the sides or walls: 
 (boi.) growing from the inner lining or 
 wall of another organ. [L. parietcuis — 
 paries, parictis, a walL] 
 
 PARING, par'ing, n. that which is^xired 
 off : rind : the cutting off the surface of 
 grass land for tillage. 
 
 PARISH, piar'ish, «. a district under one 
 pastof : an ecclesiastical district liaving 
 officers of its own and supporting its 
 own poor. — adj. belonging or relating to 
 a parish : employed or supported by the 
 parish, flit, a number ot dwellings near 
 one another, Fr. paroisse — L. parcecia — 
 Gr. paroikia—paroikos, dwelling beside 
 or near— ^ara, beside, near, oikos, a 
 dwelling.] 
 
 PARISHIONER, par-ish'un-er, n. one who 
 belongs to oris connected with aparish. 
 [^l.E. parisshen fwith -er added) — O. Fr. 
 paroissien. See Parish.] 
 
 PARITY, par'i-ti, n. state of being equal: 
 resemblance : analogy. [Fr. parite—ls. 
 paritas—par.] 
 
 Park, park, n, an inclosure : a tract sur- 
 rounding a mansion : a piece of ground 
 inclosed for recreation : {mU.) a space in 
 an encampment occupied by the artil- 
 lery ; hence, a collection of artillery, or 
 stores in an encampment. — i:t. to in- 
 close : to bring together in a body, as 
 artillery. [A.S. pearroe (see Paddock, a 
 small park), prob. modified by Fr. pare ; 
 further ety. obscure.] 
 
 PARLANCE, parlans, n., speaking: con- 
 versation : idiom of conversation. [Fr. 
 —pjarlant, pr.p. of parler, to speak. See 
 next word.] 
 
 PARLEY, parTi, v.i. to speak with an- 
 other : to confer : to treat with an 
 enemy. — n. talk : a conference with an 
 enemy in war. [Lit. "to throip words 
 together," Fr. parler — L. parabola— Qr. 
 parabolS, a parable, speech, word. See 
 ParableJ 
 
 f ARLIAMBNT, parli-ment, n. meeting 
 for consultation: the legislature of the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, consisting of the sovereign, 
 lords, and commons. [Lit. " a parlejnng 
 or spealdng." Fr. parlemcnt— parler.} 
 
 PARLIA:HENTARIAN,par-li-men-ta'ri-an, 
 adj. adhering to the Purliament in op- 
 position to Charles I. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY, par-li-ment'ar-i. adj. 
 pertaining to parliament : <3iacted or 
 
 done by parliament : according to the 
 rules of legislative bodies. 
 
 Parlor, par'lur, n. an ordinary sitting- 
 room : (orig.) a room in a monastery for 
 conversation. [Fr. parloir — parler, to 
 speakO 
 
 PAROCHIAL, par-0'ki-al, adj. of orrelating 
 to a. parish. — adv. Paeo'chially. — Pabo- 
 cniAL Board (in Scotland), the board in 
 each parish which is charged with the 
 relief of the poor. [L. parochialia — paro- 
 ch ia, a variant otpa rcecia. See Parish. ] 
 
 PAROCHIALIZE, par-«'ki-al-Iz, v.t. to 
 form into parishes. 
 
 PARODY, par'o-di, n. a caricature of a 
 poem made by applying its words and 
 ideas with a burlesque effect. — v.t. to 
 apply in parody : — pa.p. par'odied. — n. 
 Pae'odist, one who writes a parody. [L. 
 — Or. parddia — para, beside, OdS, an ode 
 or song.] 
 
 PAROLE, par-cr, n. word of mouth: (mil.) 
 word of honor (esp. by a prisoner of war, 
 to fulfill certain conditions) : the daily 
 password in camp or garriBon.— ar(/. given 
 by word of mouth. [Fr. — lu parabola, a 
 parable, a speech, a saying. See Par- 
 able.] 
 
 PARONOMASIA, par^i-no-ma'zhi-a, n. a 
 rhetorical figure in which words similar 
 in sound are set in opposition or antithesis. 
 [Qt.—pardnTpnos. See Paeontmocb.] 
 
 PARONYME, par'o-nim, «. b. paronymonis 
 word. 
 
 PARONYirOUS, par-on'i-mus, adj. formed 
 by a shght change of word or name : de- 
 nved from the same root : having the 
 same sound, but different in spelling and 
 meaning. [Gr. para, beside, onoma, E. 
 Name.] 
 
 PAEOQTjET, par'o-ket, n. a small kind of 
 parrot found in tropical countries. [Lit. 
 "little Peter," Yr. perroquet — Pierrot, 
 dim. of Pierre, Peter.] 
 
 PAROXYSM, paj^oks-izm, n. a fit of acute 
 pain occurring at intervals : a fit ofpas- 
 sioa : any sudden violent action. [It. — 
 L. — Gr. paroxysnnoa — para, beyond — 
 oxya, sharp.] 
 
 PAROXYSMAL, par-oks-ia'mal, adj. per- 
 taining^ to or occurring in paroxysms. 
 
 PARQUETRY, par'ket-ri, «. figured inlaid 
 woodwork for floors. [Fr., from parquet, 
 an inlaid floor, dim. of jparc, an inclosure. 
 See Park.] 
 
 PARR, par, n. a young salmon. [Ety. un- 
 
 same as Pabo- 
 
 known.] 
 PARRAKEET, par'arkSt, n. 
 
 QUET. 
 
 PARRICIDAL, par-ri-sfd'al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or committing parrieide. 
 
 PARRICIDE, payri-eld, n. the murderer of 
 a father or mother ; the murder of a 
 parent : the murder of any one to whom 
 reverence is due. [Fr. — L. parricida (for 
 imtrirdda) — pater, patris, father, and 
 ccedo. to slay.] 
 
 PARROT, parut, n. one of a family of 
 tropical birds, with brilliant plumage 
 and a hooked bill, remarkable lor their 
 
 facul^ of imitating the human voice. 
 [Cont*. of . ~ — 
 
 QUET.J 
 
 Fr. perroquet. See Paro- 
 
 PARRY, par'i, v.t. to ward or keep off: to 
 turn aside : — pa.t. and pa.p. parr'ied. 
 [Fr. parer (It.parare) — L. paro, to pre- 
 pare, keep off.] 
 
 PARSE, pfirs. v.t. {gram.) to tell the parts 
 of speech of a sentence and their rela- 
 tions.— n. Pars'inq. [L. para (orationis), 
 a part of speech.] 
 
 PARSEE, pilr'se or par-s5', n. one of the 
 adherents of the ancient Persian religion, 
 now settled in India. [Per. Pdrsi, a 
 Persian — Pars. Persia,] 
 
 PARSI5I0NI0US, pftr-si-mO'ni-us, adj., 
 ■sparing in the Mse of money : frugal to 
 
 excess : covetous. — adv. Parsimo'niou* 
 
 LY. — n, PARSDIO'NIOnSNESS. 
 
 PARSIMONY, par'si-mun-i, n., sparing- 
 ness in the spending of money : frugal- 
 ity : niggardhness. [Fr. — L. parsimonia, 
 parcimonia — puree, to spare.] 
 
 PARSLEY, pai-s'li, n. a bright-green pot» 
 herb. [Fr. persil — L. petroselinum — Gr, 
 petroselmon — petros, a rock, selinon. a 
 kind of parsley. See Celery.] 
 
 PARSNIP, PARSNEP, pars'nip. n. an edt 
 ble plant with a carrot-like root. [O. Fr. 
 pastenaque — L. pastinaca — pastinum, a 
 dibble.) 
 
 PARSON, pir'sn, n. the priest or incum- 
 bent of a parish : a clergyman. [O. Fr. 
 persone, a parson, from h. persona, a 
 character, person, which in Low L. had 
 the sense of rank, dignity, and so was 
 applied to a clergyman. .See Person.] 
 
 PARSONAGE, pfir'sn-ftj, n. {orig.) the ben- 
 efice of a j^orish : the residence of the 
 incumbent of a parish. 
 
 PART, p&rt, TO. a portion : a quantity or 
 number making up with others a larger 
 quantity or number : a fraction : a mem- 
 ber : a proportional quantity : share : 
 interest : side or party : action . (math.) 
 a quantity which taken a certain num- 
 ber of times will equal a larger quantity: 
 (music) one of the melodies of a har- 
 mony -.—pi. qualities : talents. — v.t. to 
 divide : to make into parts : to put or 
 keep asunder. — v.i. to be separated : to 
 be torn asunder: to have a part or share. 
 — Part of speech (grarn!), one of the 
 classes of words. — In good-part. In bad- 
 PAET, favorably, unfavorably. [Fr. — L, 
 pars, partis.] 
 
 PARTAke, par-tab*, v.i. to take or have a * 
 part : to have something of the proper^ 
 ties, etc.: to be admitted. — v.t. to have s 
 part in : to share. — n. Paetak'ee. 
 
 PARTAKINO, par-tak'ing, n. a sharing 
 (law) a combination in an evil design. 
 
 PARTERRE, par-tar*, n. a system of plots 
 with spaces of turf or gravel for walks. 
 [Fr. — h. per terram, along the ground.] 
 
 PARTIAL, pfir'shal, adj. relating to a part 
 only: not total or entire : inclined to fav- 
 or one party : havin^a preference : (bot.) 
 subordinate. — adv. Partially. [Fr,— 
 Low L. partialis — L. pars.] 
 
 PARTIALITY, par-shi-al'it-i, n. quality of 
 being partial or inclined to favor one 
 party or side : liking for one thing more 
 than others. 
 
 PARTIBLE, pArt'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 parted : separable. — n. Partibil'ity. 
 
 PARTICIPANT, par-tis'i-pant. adj., partio- 
 ipating : sharing. — n. a partaker. — adv. 
 Partic'ipantly. 
 
 PARTICIPATE, par-tis'i-pat, v.i. to par- 
 take: to have a share. — «. Participa'tion. 
 [L. particijoo, -attim — pars, and capio, to 
 take.] 
 
 PARTICIPIAL, par-ti-sip'i-al, adj. having 
 the nature of e. participle : formed from 
 a participle. — adi: Particip'IALLY. 
 
 PARTICIPLE, par'ti-si-pl, n. a word par- 
 taking of the nature of both adjective 
 and verb. [L. partidpium—particeps, 
 sh.nring — pars, and capio, to take.] 
 
 PARTICLE, pflr'ti-kl, n. a little part . a 
 very small portion : (physics) the micu^ 
 est part into which ;i bodj' can be di''ideU • 
 (orani.) an indeclinable word, or f woni 
 that cannot be used alone : in R Cath 
 Church, a crumb of consecrated oread, 
 also the " smaller breads " used in the 
 communion of the laity. [Fr. — L. par- 
 tiodn. dim. of pars, pnrfjs.] 
 
 PARTICULAR, par-tik'u-lar, adj. relating 
 to a. particle : pertaining to a single person 
 or thing : individual : special : worthy of 
 special attention : concerned with things 
 single or distinct : exact : nice in taste :
 
 PARTICULARITY 
 
 316 
 
 PASTIME 
 
 precUe, — n. a distinct or minute part: 
 a single point : a single instance : — pi. 
 details. — IN particulae, specially, dis- 
 tinctly. [Fr. — L. particularis — partio- 
 ula.] 
 
 r* AiiTICULAEITY, par - tik - u- lar ' i - ti, n. 
 qualitj' of being particular : minuteness 
 jf detail : a single act or case : something 
 pf-culiar or singular. 
 
 .' 4RTICULARLY, par-tik'u-lar-li, adv. (S.) 
 in detail. 
 
 PARTICULARIZE, par-tik'Q-lar-Iz, v.t. to 
 mention the particulars of : to enumerate 
 in detail. — v.i. to mention or attend to 
 singlo things or minute details. 
 
 PARTING, part'ing, adj. putting apart : 
 separating : departing : given at parting. 
 — n. the act of parting : a division : {geol.) 
 a fissure in strata. 
 
 PARTISAN, pai'ti-zan, 71. an adherent of 
 a party or faction. — adj. adhering to a 
 party.— n. Pab'tisanship. [Fr.— It. jMr- 
 tigiihio — L. partior. See Party.] 
 
 PARTISAN, par'ti-zan, n. a kind of halberd. 
 [Fr. pertutsane, which is perh. from O. 
 Ger. parta, barte, a battle-axe, seen in 
 Halberd.] 
 
 PARTITE, par'ttt, adj. (bot.) parted nearly 
 to the base. [L. partitus, pa.p. of par- 
 tior, to divide— pars.] 
 
 PARTITION, par-tish'un, n. act of parting 
 or dividing : state of bein"' divided : sejv 
 arate part : that which divides : a wall 
 between apartments : the place where 
 separation is made. — v.t, to divide into 
 shares : to divide into parts by walls. 
 [Fr. — L. partitio— partior.] 
 
 PARTITIVE, i)ar'ti-tiv, a^j., parting: di- 
 viding: distributive. — n. (gram.) a word 
 denoting a part or partition. — adv. Pab'- 
 
 TITIVELY.] 
 
 i?lRTLET, p3rt'let, n, a rufif or band worn 
 by women : a hen, from ruffling the 
 feathers round its neck. [Dim. of Part.] 
 
 .'ARTLY, pSrt'U, adv. in part: in some de- 
 gree. 
 
 Partner, part'ner, fi. a sharer: an associ- 
 ate: one who dances with another: a hus- 
 band or wife. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, pftrfner-ship, n. state of 
 being a partner: a contract between per- 
 sons engaged in any business. 
 
 PARTOOK, par-took', past tense of Pab- 
 
 TAKE. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, pflr'trij, n. a genus of gallin- 
 aceous birds preserved for game. [Fr. 
 perdrix — h.perdix, perdicis — Gr. peraix.] 
 
 PARTRIDGE-WOOD, nSr'trij-wood, ». a 
 hard variegated wood, from Brazil and 
 the W. Indies, used in cabinet-rvork. 
 
 PART-SONG, pflrt'-song, n. a song sung in 
 parts. 
 
 PARTURIENT, par-ttt'ri-ent, adj., bringing 
 or about to bring forth young. [L. par- 
 turiens, -entia, pr.p. of parturio — pario, 
 to bring forth.] 
 
 PARTURITION, par-tu-rish'un, n. act of 
 bringing forth. [Fr. — L. partuHtio — 
 parturio.] 
 
 PARTy, pfir'ti, n. a, part of a greater num- 
 ber of persons: a faction: a company 
 met for a particular purpose : an assem- 
 bly : one concerned in any affair : a single 
 InJlividual spoken of: (mil.) a detachment. 
 — adj. belonging to a party and not to the 
 whole : consisting of different parties, 
 parts, or things : (lier.) parted or divided. 
 [Fr. parti — O^ Fr. piartir — ^L. partior, to 
 divide, from 2iars, a part.] 
 
 fARTY-COLORED, par'ti-lcul'urd. adj., 
 colored differently at different jjarts, 
 
 PARVENU, par've-noo, n. an upstart : one 
 newly risen into notice or power. [Fr., 
 pa.p. of parvenir — L. pervenio, to arrive 
 at— <pcr, quite to, venio, to come.] 
 
 PAR\TS, pfir'vis, n. a porch : a schoolroom 
 over a church porch. [O. Fr. — Low L. 
 
 paravisus, corr. of Gr. paradeisos. See 
 Paradise.] 
 
 PASCH, pask, n. the Jewish passover: 
 Easter. — Pasch OF THE Cross, Good- 
 Friday. [A.S. pascha — L.— Gr. — Heb. 
 pesach, the Passover — pasach, to pass 
 over.] 
 
 PASCHAL, pas'kal, adj. pertaining to the 
 Pasch or Passover, or to Easter. 
 
 PASHA, PACHA, pa'sha or pash-a', n. a 
 title of Turkish officers who are govern- 
 ors of provinces or hold high naval and 
 military commands. [Per. oasha, a corr. 
 of 2Mdihah— pad, protecting, and s7io/i, 
 king.] 
 
 PASHALIC, pa-shSl'ik, n. the jurisdiction 
 of a pasha. 
 
 PASQUE-FLOWER, PASCH-FLOWER, 
 pasli'-llow'er, n. a kind of anemone, 
 which flowers about Easter. 
 
 PASQUIN, pas'kwii;, PASQUINADE, pas'- 
 kwin-ad, n. a lampoon or satire. — v.t. or 
 v.i. to lampoon or satirize. [Pasquino, a 
 tailor in Rome in 15th cent, remarkable 
 for his sarcastic humor.] 
 
 PASS, pas, v.i. to pace or walk onward : to 
 move from one place to another: to travel: 
 to go from one state to another: to change: 
 to circulate : to be regarded : to go by : 
 to go unheeded or neglected : to elapse, 
 as time : to be finished : to move away : 
 to disappear : (B.) to pass away : to go 
 through inspection : to be approved : to 
 happen : to fall, as by inheritance ; to 
 flow through: to tlirust, as with a sword: 
 to run, as a road : — jja.p. passed and past. 
 [Fr. passer. It. passare — L. passus, a step. 
 See Pace.] 
 
 PASS, pas, v.t. to go by, over, beyond, 
 through, etc.: to spend: to omit, to dis- 
 regard: to surpass: to enact, or to be 
 enacted by : to cause to move : to send : 
 to transfer: to give forth : to cause to go 
 by : to approve : to give circulation to : 
 (fencing) to thrust.— Come to pass, to 
 happen. 
 
 PASS, pas, n. that through which one 
 passes : a narrow passage : a narrow de- 
 file : a passport : state or condition : 
 (fencing) a thrust. — n. Pass' book, a book 
 that passes between a trader and his cus- 
 tomer, in which credit purchases are en- 
 tered. — n. Pass'key, afce^enablingoneto 
 pass or enter a house : a key for opening 
 several locks. — ?;. Pass'WOED, (toi7.) apri- 
 vate word enabling one to pass or enter a 
 camp, by which a friend is distinguished 
 from a stranger. 
 
 PASSABLE, pas'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 piassed, travelled, or navigated : that 
 may bear inspection : tolerable. — n. 
 Pass'ableness. — adv. Pass' ably. 
 
 PASSAGE, pas'aj, «. act ,of passing: jour- 
 ney : course : time occiijiied in passing : 
 way : entrance : enactment of a law : 
 right of passing : occurrence : a single 
 clause or part of a book, etc. : (B.) a 
 mountain-pass : ford of a river : (zool.) 
 migratory habits. 
 
 PASSANT, pas'ant, adj. (/ier.) walking (said 
 of an animal). [Fr. See Pass, v.i.] 
 
 PASSENGER, pas'en-jer, n. one whopasses: 
 one who travels in some public convey- 
 ance. [Fr. passager, with inserted n, as 
 in messenger, x>orringer, nightingale.] 
 
 PASSER, pas'er, n. one who passes. — n. 
 Pass'ee-by, one who pa.'sses by or near. 
 
 PASSERINE, pas'er-in, adj. relating to the 
 passercs, an order of birds of which the 
 sparrow is the type. [L. jiasser, a spar- 
 rowj 
 
 PASSING, pas'ing, ad/., going by: surpass- 
 ing. — adv. exceedingly. — n. Pass'ing- 
 BELL, a bell tolled immediately after a 
 person's death, orig. to in\ite prayers 
 for the soul passing into eternity. 
 
 PASSION, pash'un, n. strong feeling or 
 agitation of mind, esp. rage : ardent love: 
 eager desire : state of the soul when re- 
 ceiving an impression : endurance of an 
 effect, as opposed to action : the suffer- 
 ings, esp. the death of Christ : — 2)1. ex- 
 cited conditions of mind. [Fr. — L. pa»' 
 sio, passionis — jjass!<.s, pa.p. of jxitior, to 
 suffer. See Patient and Passive.] 
 
 PASSIONATE, pash'un-at, adj. moved by 
 jMSsiou : easily moved to anger : intense: 
 — adv. Pas'sionately. — n. Pas'sionatk- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 PASSION-FLOWER, pash'un-flow'er, n. a 
 flower so called from a fancied resem- 
 blance to a crown of thorns, the em- 
 blem of Christ's passion. 
 
 PASSIONLESS, pash'un-les, adj. free from 
 passion : not easilj' excited to anger. 
 
 PASSION-PLAY, pash'un-pla, n. a relig- 
 ious drama representing the passion of 
 Christ. 
 
 PASSION-WEEK, pash'un-wek, 71. name 
 commonly given to Holy-week (as being 
 the week of Christ's 2)assion or suffering, 
 that is, his trial and crucifixion) ; but, 
 according to proper rubrical usage, the 
 week preceding Holy-week. [See HOLY- 
 wekkA 
 
 PASSIVE, pas'iv, adj., suffering: unresist- 
 ing : not acting : (gram.) expressing the 
 suffering of an action. — adv. Pass'ively, 
 — 71. Pass'iveness. [Fr. — L. passivus — 
 patior. See Passion.] 
 
 PASSIVITY, pas-iv'i-ti, n., passiveness : in- 
 activity : (physics) tendency of a body 
 to preserve a given state, either of mo- 
 tion or rest. 
 
 PASSMAN, pas' man, n. one who gains only 
 an ordinary degree or pass at an exajn 
 ination. [Oxford Univ., Eng.] 
 
 PASSOVER, pas'o-ver, n. an annual feas* 
 of the Jews, to commemorate the de- 
 stroying angel's passing over the houses 
 of the Israelites when he slew the first- 
 born of the Egyptians. 
 
 PASSPORT, pas'port, n. a written warrant 
 granting permission to travel in a for- 
 eign country : (orig.) permission to pass 
 out ot port or through the gates. [Pass, 
 and L. partus, a harbor, or porta, a 
 gate.] 
 
 PAST, past, pa.p. of Pass.— od;. gone by : 
 elapsed : ended : in time already passed. 
 — prex). farther than: out of reach of : no 
 longer capable of. — adv. by. — ^The PAST, 
 that which has passed, esp". time. 
 
 PASTE, past, n. dough prepared for pies, 
 etc.: a cement of flour and water : any- 
 thing mixed up to a viscous consistency : 
 a fine kind of glass for making artificial 
 
 fems. — v.t. to fasten with paste. — 7i. 
 'aste'board, a stiff board made of sheets 
 of paper pasted together, etc. [O. Fr. 
 paste (Fr. pdte) — Late L. 2i<^sfc — Or. 
 paste, a mess of food— XMstos, besprin- 
 Kled with salt— passo, to sprinkle.] 
 
 PASTEL, pas'tel, PASTIL, pas'til, n. 
 (paint.) a roll of colored paste, used for 
 a craj'on : a medicated lozenge. [Fr. 
 pastel — It. pastello — L. pos?(7/»s, a small 
 loaf, dim. of pastus, food — -^otsco, i^astug. 
 to feed. Doublet Pastille.] 
 
 PASTERN, pas'tern, »(. the part of a horse's 
 foot from the fetlock to the hoof, where 
 the shackle is fastened. [O. Fr. pasturon 
 (Fr. pfifjfro?!) — O. Fr. pasture, pasture, a 
 tether (for a horse at pasture).] 
 
 PASTILLE, pas-tel', n. a small cone of 
 charcoal and aromatic substances, burnt 
 to perfume a room : asniall aromatic pill. 
 [Fr. — L. pastilhis, a small loaf ; a doublet 
 of Pastel.] 
 
 PASTIME, pas'tim, n. that which serves to 
 poss away the time : amusement : recrea- 
 tion.
 
 PASTOR 
 
 317 
 
 PAVEMENT 
 
 PASTOR, pas'tiir, n. a shepherd : a clergy- 
 man. [L., from pastus, to feed, pa.p. of 
 pasco, to feed.] 
 
 PASTORAL, pas'tur-al, adj. relating to 
 shepherds or shepherd life : rustic : relat- 
 ing to the pastor of a church: addressed to 
 the clergy of a diocese. — n. a poem which 
 professes to delineate the scenery and life 
 of the country : a pastoral letter or ad- 
 dress : (mus.) a simple melody. 
 
 PASTORATE, pas'tur-at, PASTORSHIP, 
 pas'tur-ship, ?!. the office of a pastor. 
 
 PASTORLY, pas'tur-li, adj. becoming a 
 pastor. 
 
 PASTRY, past'ri, n. articles of fancy-bread, 
 chiefly of paste or dough : crust of pies : 
 act or art of making articles of paste. — 
 n. Past'rycook. one who cooks or sells 
 pastry. [From Paste.] 
 
 PASTURABLE, past'ur-a-bl, adj. that can 
 be pastured : fit for pasture. 
 
 PASTURAGE, past'ur-aj, n. the business of 
 feeding cattle : pasture. 
 
 PASTURE, past'ur, n. grass for grazing : 
 ground covered with grass for grazing. — 
 v.f. to feed on pasture : to supply with 
 grass. — v.i. to feed on pasture : to graze. 
 [O. Fr. pasture (Fi\ pdfwre) — L. pastura 
 — pasco, pastum,.'\ 
 
 PASTY, past'i, adj. like paste. — n. a small 
 pie of crust raised without a dish. 
 
 PAT, pat, n. a light, quick blow, as with the 
 hand. — v.t. to strike gently: to tap: — 
 pr.p. patt'ing : im.t. and pa.p. patt'ed. 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 PAT. pat, n. a small lump of butter. 
 [Celt., as Ir, pait, a lump.] 
 
 PAT, pat, adj. fitly : at the right time or 
 place. [An application of Pat, a light 
 blo\vJ 
 
 PATCH, pach, v.t. to mend with a piece : 
 to repair clumsUy: to make up of pieces: 
 to make hastily. — n. a piece sewed or 
 put on : anything like a patch : a small 
 piece of ground : a plot. [Low Ger. 
 pat-schen : prob. conn, with Piece.] 
 
 PATCHOULI. pa-ch66'li, n. the highly 
 odoriferous dried branches of an Eastern 
 shrub, li-3 ft. high : the perfume dis- 
 tilled from these. [Lit. " the gum-leaf ; " 
 Tamil, patchei, gum, and elei, a leaf.] 
 
 PATCHWORK, pach'wurk, )t.,7forA; formed 
 of patches or pieces sewed together : a 
 thing patched up or clumsily executed. 
 [Patch and Work.] 
 
 PATE, pat, n. the crown of the head : the 
 head. [Through O. Fr., from Ger. platte, 
 a plate (whence Low L. platta, a priest's 
 tonsure).] 
 
 PATEN, pat'en, n. the plate for the bread 
 in the Eucharist. [Fr. — L. patina, a 
 plate — Gr. patane. See Pan.] 
 
 PATENT, pat'ent or pa'tent, adj., open: 
 conspicuous: public : protected by a pat- 
 ent: (6o<.) expanding. — n. an official docu- 
 ment, ope?!, but sealed at the foot, con- 
 ferring the sole right for a term of 
 years to the proceeds of an invention. — 
 v.t. Pat'ent, to grant or secure by patent. 
 [Fr. — L. patens, patentis, pr.p. of pateo.] 
 
 PATENTABLE, pat'ent-a-bl or pa', adj. 
 capable of being patented. 
 
 PATENTEE, pat-ent-e' or pa-tent-e', n. 
 one who holds a. patent. 
 
 PATERNAL, pa-ter'nal. adj., fatherly: 
 showing the disposition of a father : 
 hereditary. — adv. Pater'nally. [Fr. 
 paternel — Low L. patenialis — L. pater- 
 nus— pater (Gr. pater), a father — root pa, 
 to guard, to feed ; akin to Sans. pa. to 
 protect, and E. Food. See Father.] 
 
 PATERNITY, pa-ter'ni-ti, ?i. the relation 
 of a father to his offspring : origin.ation 
 or authorship. [Fr. — L. paternitas, 
 fatherli/ feeling.] 
 
 PATERNOSTER, pat-er-nos'ter or pa'ter- 
 Bos-ter, n. the Lord's Prayer. [L. Pater 
 
 noster, " Our Father," the first two words 
 of the Lord's Praj-er in Latin.] 
 
 PATH, path, n. a way : track : road : 
 course of action or conduct : — pi. Paths, 
 paWiz. [A.S. pceth, path ; akin to Ger. 
 pfad, Gr. patos, L. pons, pontis, abridge, 
 and Sans, patha, a path.] 
 
 PATHETIC, pa-thet'ik, adj. affecting the 
 tender emotions: touching. — The Pa- 
 thetic, the style or manner fitted to 
 excite emotion. — adv. Pathet'icat.t.y. — 
 n. Pathet'icalness. [Gr. pathetikos.] 
 
 PATHLESS, path'les, adj. without a paWi ; 
 untrodden. 
 
 PATHOLOGY, pa-thol'o-ji, n. science of 
 diseases. — n. Pathol'ogist, one versed 
 in pathology. — adjs. Pathglog'ic, Path- 
 olog'ical.— ndi'. Patholog'ically. [Fr. 
 — Gr. pathos, suffering, logos, discourse.] 
 
 PATHOS, pa'thos, n. tliat which raises the 
 tender emotions : the expression of deep 
 feehng. [Gr., from root path, in e-path- 
 on, 2 aorist of paseho, to suffer, feel ; 
 akin to Sans. badh. to suffer, to pain.] 
 
 PATHWAY, path'wa, n. a path or icay : a 
 footpath : course of action. [Path and 
 Way.] 
 
 PATIENCE, pa-shens, n. quality of being 
 patient or calmly enduring, [Fr. — L. 
 putientia — pattens. See Patient.] 
 
 PATIENT, pa'shent, adj. sustaining pain, 
 etc., without repining: not easily pro- 
 voked : persevering : expecting with 
 calmness. — n. one who bears or suffers : 
 a person under medical treatment. — adv. 
 Pa'tiently. [Fr. — h.patiens, -entis, pr.p. 
 ot patior, to bear ; akin to root of Pa- 
 thos.] 
 
 PATIN, PATINB, pat'in, n. same as Paten. 
 
 PATOIS, pat-waw or pat'-, n. a vulgar dia- 
 lect. [Fr., orig. patrols — L. patriensis, 
 indigenous, native— pafria, one's native 
 country.] 
 
 PATRIAJRCH, pa'tri-ark, n. one who gov- 
 erns his family by paternal right : (B.) 
 one of the early heads of families from 
 Abraham to Jacob and his sons: in East- 
 ern churches, a dignitary superior to an 
 archbishop. [O. Fr. — L. — Gr. patriarches 
 — patria, lineage — pater, a father, and 
 arche, a beginning. See Paternal and 
 Archaic] 
 
 PATRIARCHAL, pa-tri-ark'al, PATRI- 
 AJRCHIC, pa-tri-ark'ik, adj. belonging or 
 subject to a patriarch. 
 
 PATRIARCHATE, pa - tri - ark'at, n. the 
 office or jurisdiction of a patriarch or 
 church dignitary : the residence of a pa- 
 triurf h 
 
 PATRIARCHISM, pa'tri-ark-izm, n. gov- 
 ernment by a patriarch. 
 
 PATRICIAN, pa-trish'an, n. a nobleman in 
 ancient Rome, being a descendant of the 
 fathers or first Roman senators: a noble- 
 man. — adj. pertaining to a patrician or 
 nobleman : noble. [L. patridiis— pater, 
 patris. a father. See PATERNAL.] 
 
 PATRIMONIAL, pat-ri-mo'ni-al, adj. per- 
 taining to a patrimony : inherited from 
 ancestors. — adv. Patrimo'nially. 
 
 PATRIMONY, pat'ri-mun-i, n. a right or 
 estate inherited from a father or one's 
 ancestors : a church estate or revenue. 
 [Fr. patrimoine — L. patrimonium — 
 pater, patris, a father. See Paternal.] 
 
 PATRIOT, pa'tri-ot, n. one who truly loves 
 and serves \\\h fatherland. [Fr. — Low L. 
 — Gr. patriotes — patrios. of one's father 
 or fatherland^3a<er, a father. See Pa- 
 ternal.] 
 
 PATRIOTIC, pa^tri-ot'ik, adj. like a pa- 
 triot : actuated by a love of one's coun- 
 try : directed to "the public welfare. — 
 adv. Patriot'ically. [Gr.] 
 
 PATRIOTISM, pa'tri-ot-izm, n. quality of 
 being patriotic : love of one's country. 
 
 PATRISTIC, pa-trig'tik, PATRISTICAL, 
 
 pa-tris'tik-al, adj. pertaining to the 
 
 . fathers of the Christian Church. [Fr., 
 coined from L. pater, patris, a fatner. 
 See Father and Paternal.] 
 
 PATROL, pa-trol', v.i. to go the rounds in 
 a camp or garrison. — v.t. to pass round 
 as a sentry : — pr.p. patroll'ing ; 2^c-t- 
 and pa.p. patrolled'. — n. the marching 
 round of a guard in the night : the 
 guard which makes a patrol. [Fr. pa- 
 trouille, a patrol, pntrouiller, to march 
 in the mud, through a form patouiller, 
 from patte, the paw or foot of a beast, 
 which is from Teut. root pat, found in 
 Ger. patsche, little hand.] 
 
 PATRON, pa'trun, n. a protector : one 
 who countenances : one who has tlie 
 gift of a benefice : — fern. Patroness, 
 pa'trun-es. [Fr. — L. patronns (lit.) one 
 acting as a father— pater, patris. a fa- 
 ther. See Paternal. Doublet Pattern.] 
 
 PATRONAGE, pat'run-aj or pa', n. the 
 support of a patron : guardianship of 
 saints : the right of bestowing offices, 
 privileges, or church benefices. 
 
 PATRONESS, pa'trun-es, fern, of Patron. 
 
 PATRONIZE, pat'run-Iz or pit', v.t. to act 
 as patron toward : to support : to as- 
 sume the air of a patron to. — n. Pat'- 
 RomzKU.—adv. Pat'ronizingly. 
 
 PATRONYMIC, pat-ro-nim'ik, PATRO- 
 NYMICAL, pat-ro-nim'ik-al, adj. derived 
 from the name of a father or ancestor. 
 [Gr. pater, a father, onoma, a name.] 
 
 PATRONYMIC, pat-ro-nim'ik, n. a name 
 taken from one's father or ancestor. 
 
 PATTEN, pat'en, n. a wooden sole with an 
 iron ring worn under the shoe to keep it 
 from the wet : the base of a pillar. [Fr. 
 patin, a skate, clog — patte. See Patrol.] 
 
 PATTER, pat'er, v.i. to jmt or strike often, 
 as hail:— pr.p. patt'ering ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. patt'ered. [A freq. of Pat.] 
 
 PATT'ERN, pat'ern, n. a person or thing to 
 be copied : a model : an example : style 
 of ornamental work : anj-thing to serve 
 as a guide in forming objects. [Fr. pa- 
 tron, a protector; also a pattern, sample. 
 Doublet Patron.] 
 
 PATTY, pat'i, n. a little pie. [Fr. pate. 
 See Paste.] 
 
 PAUCITY, paw'sit-i, ?i.,/e«»«ess: smallness 
 of number or quantity. [Fr. — L. pau- 
 citas — paticus, few ; akin to Pause.] 
 
 PAULINE, paw'lln, adj. of the Apostle 
 Paid. 
 
 PAUNCH, pawnsh or pansh, n. the belly : 
 the first and largest stomach of a ru- 
 minant. — v.t. to pierce or rip the belly 
 of : to eviscerate. [O. Fr. jjanche, Fr. 
 pause — L. pantex, panticis.1 
 
 PAUPER, paw'per, n. a poor person : one 
 supported by charity or some public pro- 
 vision. [L.] 
 
 PAUPERISM, paw'per-izm, n. state of be- 
 ing a (lauper. 
 
 PAUPERIZE, paw'per-Iz, v.t. to reduce to 
 pauperism. — n. Pauperiza'tion. 
 
 PAUSE, pawz, n. a ceasing: a tempo- 
 rary stop : cessation caused by doubt : 
 suspense : a mark for suspending the 
 voice : (music) a mark showing continu- 
 ance of a note or rest. — v.i. to make a 
 pause. [Fr. — L. patisa — Gr. pausis. from 
 pauo. to cause to cease. Doublet Posk.] 
 
 PAUSINGLY, pawz'ing-li, adv., with 
 pauses: by breaks. 
 
 PAVE, pav, v.t. to lay down stone, etc., 
 to form a level surface for walking on : 
 to prepare, as a way or passage. — To 
 PAVE THE WAY, to prepare the way for. 
 — ns. Pav'er, Pav'ier. [Fr. paver — L. 
 pavio : cog. with Gr. paio, to beat.] 
 
 PAVEMEN'T, pav'ment, n. a paved cause- 
 way or floor : that with which anything 
 is paved. [L. pavimentum.]
 
 PAVILION 
 
 318 
 
 PEDANTIC 
 
 PAVILION, pa-vil'yun, n. a tent : an orna- 
 mental building often turreted or domed : 
 (niiV.) a tent raised on posts. — v.t. to fur- 
 nish with pavilions. [Lit. that which is 
 spread out like the wings of a butterfly ; 
 Fr. pavilion — L. papilio, a butterfly, a 
 tent?] 
 
 PAVIOR, pav'yur, 7i. one whose trade is to 
 pave. 
 
 Paw, paw, n. the foot of a beast of prey 
 having- claws : the hand, used in con- 
 tempt. — v.i. to draw the forefoot along 
 the ground like a horse. — v.t. to scrape 
 with the forefoot : to handle with the 
 paws : to handle roughly : to flatter. 
 [Perh. Celtic, as W. paiven, a paw ; but 
 it is also a Teut. word.] 
 
 PAWED, pawd, adj. having paws : broad- 
 footed. 
 
 PAWKY, pawk'i, adj. sly, arch, shrewd. 
 [Scot, paik, a trick.] 
 
 PAWL, pawl, n. a short bar used to pre- 
 vent the recoil of a windlass, etc.: a 
 catch. [W. pawl, a stake, conn, with 
 L. palus, a stake. See PAiiE, n.] 
 
 PAWN, pawn, n. something given as se- 
 curity for the repayment of money. — v.t. 
 to give in pledge. [Fr. pan — L. pannus, 
 a rag, cloth, a thing left in pledge, be- 
 cause a piece of clothing was a conven- 
 ient thing to leave in pledge.] 
 
 PAWN, pawn, n. a common piece in chess. 
 [O. Yr.paon, a foot-soldier — LowL. pedo, 
 piedonis, a foot-soldier, from L. pes, pedis, 
 the foot.] 
 
 PAWNBROKER, pawn'brok-er. n.a.broker 
 who lends money on 2Micns or pledges. 
 
 PAA^'^ER, pawn'er, n. one who gives a 
 jyaicn or pledge as security for money 
 borrowed. 
 
 PAXWAX, paks'waks, n. the strong ten- 
 don in the neck of animals. [Orig. fax- 
 u-a.v — A.S.feax, fex, hair, and iceaxan, 
 to grow.] 
 
 PAY, pa, v.t. to discharge a debt : to re- 
 quite with what is deserved : to rewai-d : 
 to punish. — v.i. to recompense : — pa.t. 
 and pa.p. paid. — 71. that which satisfies : 
 money given for service : salarj', wages. 
 — n. Pay'er. — Pay off, to discharge : to 
 take revenge upon : to requite. — Pat 
 OUT, to cause to run out, as rope. [Fr. 
 payer — L. pacare, to appease, from base 
 ot pax, pacts, peace. See Peace.] 
 
 PAY, pa, v.t. {naut., and in the proverb 
 '•the devil to pay") to smear witli tar, 
 pitch, etc. [From L. picare, to pitch, 
 prob. through Sp. pega.} 
 
 PAYABLE, pa'a-bl, adj. that may be paid : 
 that ought to be paid. 
 
 PAYEE, pa-e', ?i. one to whom money is 
 jKiid. 
 
 PAYJLijSTER, pa'mas-ter, n. the master 
 who jiays : an officer in the army or navy 
 whose duty it is to pay soldiers, etc. 
 
 PAYMENT, pa'meut, n. the net ot jjaying : 
 that which is paid : I'ecompense : reward. 
 
 PAYNIM, PAINEM, pa'nim, n. a pagan. 
 [Orig. and properly, paynim was not a 
 man, but a country, and^" heathendom," 
 from O. Fr. paienisme, paganism — L. 
 jxiganismus — paganus, a pagan. See 
 Pagan.] 
 
 PEA, pe, n. a common vegetable: — def. pi. 
 Peas : indef. jil. Pease. [M. E. pese, 
 pi. pesen and joeses — A.S. pisa, pl.jji.san. 
 — L. pisum, Gr. pison, from a root seen 
 in Ba,ns. pish, to bruise. Pea is eri'oneously 
 formed, the s of the root being mistaken 
 for the sign of the plural.] 
 
 PEACE, pes, n. a state of quiet : freedom 
 from disturbance : freedom from war : 
 friendliness : calm : rest : harmony : 
 silence. — int. silence, hist 1 — Hold one's 
 PEACE, to be silent. [O.Fr. pais (Fr. 
 paix) — L. pax, pads, from root pac-, to 
 
 bind, seen in pac-iscor, to make a con- 
 tract. Of. Pact.] 
 
 PEACEABLE, pes'a-bl, adj. disposed to 
 peace: quiet: trauquU.— adr. Peace' ABLY. 
 — )i. Peace' a bt.f.xess. 
 
 PEACEFUL, pes'fool, adj. full of peace : 
 quiet: tranquil: calm: serene. —^ adi'. 
 Peace'fully. — n. Peace'fulness. 
 
 PEACE MA KER, pes'mak-er, n. one who 
 makes or produces peace. [Peace and 
 Maker.] 
 
 PEACE-OFFERING, pes'-ofer-ing, n. an 
 offering propitiating peace : among the 
 Jews, an ofl'ering to God, either in grati- 
 tude for past or petition for future mer- 
 cies : satisfaction to an offended person. 
 
 PEACE-OFFICER, pes'-of'is-er, n. an offi- 
 cer whose duty it is to preserve the _peace; 
 a pohce-oiiicer. 
 
 PEACE-PARTY, pes'-par'ti, 71. a pohtical 
 party advocating the preservation of 
 peace. 
 
 PEACH, pech, n. a tree with delicious fruit. 
 — adj. Peach'y. [Fr. iieciie (It. persica, 
 pesca) — L. Persicum {malum), the Persian 
 (apple), from Persicus, belonging to Per- 
 sia.] 
 
 PEACH-COLORED, pech'-kul'urd, adj. of 
 the color of a. peach blossom, pale red. 
 
 PEACOCK, pe'kok, n. a large gallinaceous 
 bird remarkable for the b<^auty of its 
 plumage, named from its cry ■.—fern. Pea'- 
 HEN. [Pea- is from A.S. ptnwe — L. X)<^i'o 
 — Gr. tads — (ace. to Max MilUer) Pers. 
 taicus — O. Tamil tokei, togei. See also 
 Cock.] 
 
 PEA-JACKET, pe'-jak'et, n. a coarse thick 
 jacket worn esp. by seamen. [Pea- is 
 from Dut. jjij (pron. pi), a coat of coarse 
 thick cloth ; and Jacket.] 
 
 PEAK, pek, »!. ^Lpoint : the pointed end of 
 anytiiing : the top of a mountain : {naut.) 
 the upper outer corner of a sail extended 
 by a gaff or yard, also the extremity of 
 the gaff. [Celt. See Beak, Pike.] 
 
 PEAKED, pekt, adj., pointed : ending in a 
 point. 
 
 PEAKLSH, pek'ish, adj., Jiaving pieaks. 
 
 PEA 1 1, pel, n. a loud sound : a set of bells 
 tuned to each other : the changes rung 
 upon a set of bells. — v.i. to resound like 
 a bell : to utter or give forth loud or 
 solemn sounds. — v.t. to assail with noise : 
 to celebrate. [Short for Appeal.] 
 
 PEAN. See P^an. 
 
 PEAR, pax, 71. a common fruit : the tree. 
 [A.S. jKra or peru — L. pirum, a pear 
 (whence also Fr. poire).'] 
 
 PEARL, perl, n. a well-known shining gem, 
 found in sevei'al shellfish, but most in the 
 mother-of-pearl oyster : anything round 
 and clear : anj-thing very precious : a 
 jewel : a wliite speck or film on the eye : 
 (print.) a kind of type intermediate be- 
 tween agate and diamond. — adj. made of 
 or belonging to pearls. — v.t. to set or 
 adorn with pearls. [Fr. perle, ace. to 
 Diez, prob. either a corr. of L. pindn, a 
 dim. of pirum, a pear (see Pear), or of 
 L. pilula. dim. of pila, a ball.] 
 
 PEARL-ASH, perl'-ash, n. a purer carbon- 
 ate of potash, obtained by calcining pot- 
 ashes, so called from its jpearZy-white 
 color. 
 
 PEARLY, perl'i, adj. containing or resem- 
 bling pearls: clear: pure: transparent. 
 — n. PeaRL'INESS. 
 
 PEASANT, pez'ant, n. a countryman : a 
 rustic: one whose occupation is rural 
 labor. — adj. of or relating to peasants : 
 rustic : rural. [O. Fr. paisant (with ex- 
 crescent -t). Mod. Fr. paysan^yays — L. 
 X>agus. a district, a countrv. See Pagan.] 
 
 PEASANTRY, pez'ant-ri, n'pl. the body of 
 peasants or tillers of the soil : rustics : 
 laborers. 
 
 PEASE, pez, indef. pi. of Pea. 
 
 PEAT, pet, 71. decayed vegetable matter 
 like turf, cut out of boggj- places, dried 
 for fuel. — adj. Peat'y. [True form beat, 
 as in Devonshire ; from M. E. beten. to 
 mend a fire — A S. betan, to make better 
 — bot, advantage. See BOOT, v.t.] 
 
 PEBBLE, |)eb'l, n. a small roundish ball or 
 stone: transparent and colorless rock- 
 crystal. [A.S. papol(-stan), a pebble- 
 (-stone) : akin to L. papula, a pustule.] 
 
 PEBBLED, peb'ld, PEBBLY, peb'li, adj. 
 full of pebbles. 
 
 PECCABLE, pek'a-bl, adj. liable to sin.— 
 n. Peccabil'ity". [L. peccahilis — pecco, 
 -atum, to sin.] 
 
 PECCADILLO, pek-a-dil'lo, n. a little or 
 trifling sin : a petty fault : — pi. Pecca- 
 dil'los. [Sp. pecadiUo, dim. of pecado 
 — L. jyeccatum, a sin.] 
 
 PECCANT, pek'ant, adj., sinning: trans- 
 gressing : gunty : morbid : offensive : 
 bad. — advi. PECC'AJfTLY. — n. Pecc'a>'cy. 
 [L. peccans, -antis, pr.p. of pecco.] 
 
 PECCARY, pek'ar-i, n. a hog-like quad- 
 ruped of South America. [The S. Amer- 
 ican word.] 
 
 PECK, pek, 7i. a dry measurers gallons, 
 or i of a bushel. [M.E. pekke, prob. 
 from peck, " to pick up," formerly an 
 indefinite quantitv.] 
 
 PECK, pek, r.f. to'strike with the beak: 
 to pick up with the beak : to eat : to 
 strike with anj-thiug pointed : to strike 
 with rejjeated blows. — adj. Peck'ish. 
 hungry. [A later form of Pick.] 
 
 PECKER, pek'er, n. that which pecks : a 
 wood-pecker. 
 
 PECTIN AL, pek'tin-al. adj. of a comb : 
 having bones like the teeth of a comb. 
 [L. pectcn. jyectinis. a comb.] 
 
 PECTINATE, pek'tin-at, PECTINATED, 
 pek'tin-at-ed, adj. resembling the teeth 
 of a comb. — adv. Pec'tinately. — »i. Pec- 
 tina'tiox, the state ot being pectinated. 
 
 PECTORAL, pek'tor-al, adj. relating to the 
 breast or chest. — n. a pectoral fin : a 
 medicine for the chest. — adv. Pec'tor- 
 at.t. y [Fr. — L. pectoralis— pectus, pec- 
 toris, the breast.] 
 
 PECULATE, pek'u-lat, v.t. to embezzle : 
 to steal. — ns. Pecula'tion, Pec'ulator. 
 [L. pecidor, peculatus, from pectdium, 
 private property, akin topeciinia, money. 
 See Pecuniary"] 
 
 PECULIAR, pe-kul'yar, adj. one's own : 
 appropriate : particulai- : strange. — adv. 
 Peculiarly". — n. Peculiarity, pe-kul-i- 
 ar'it-i. [Fr. — L. peculiaris — peculium, 
 private property. Cf. PECULATE.] 
 
 PECUNIARY, pe-ku'ni-ar-i, adj. relating 
 to money.— adv. Pecu'nlarily. [Fr.— L. 
 j)ecuniarius — i)ecunia, money — pecu-, 
 which appears in L. pecua (pi.), cattle 
 of all kinds, cattle forming the wealth of 
 earlv races ; akin to E. FEE.] 
 
 PEDAGOGIC, ped-a-goj'ik, PEDAGOG- 
 ICAL, ped-a-goj'ik-al. adj. relating to 
 teaching. 
 
 PEDAGOGICS,ped-a-goj'iks, PEDAGOGY, 
 ped'a-goj-i. n. the science of teaching. 
 
 PEDAGOGUE, ped'a-gog, 7(. a teacher : a 
 pedant. [Lit. a leader of a boy to and 
 from school, Fr. — L.— Gr. paidagogos — 
 pais, jyaidos, a boy, agagos, a leader — ago, 
 to lead.] 
 
 PEDAL, ped'al or pe'dal, adj. pertaining 
 to afoot. — n. in musical instruments, a 
 lever moved by the foot. [L. pedalis — 
 pes, pedis, the foot, E. Foot.] 
 
 PEDANT, ped'ant, n. one making a vain 
 and useless displav of learning. [Fr. — 
 It. pedante, whicli was prob. formed 
 from Gr. x)aideuo. to instruct, from pais, 
 paidos, a boy. See Pedagogue.] 
 
 PEDANTIC, ped-ant'ik, PEDANTICAL, 
 ped-ant'ik-al, adj. vainly displayin,? 
 knowledge.
 
 PEDANTRY 
 
 319 
 
 PENDULUM 
 
 PEDANTKY, ped'ant-ri, ?i. vain and useless 
 display of learning. 
 
 PEDDLE, ped'l, v.i. to travel about with 
 a basket or bundle of goods, esp. small- 
 wares, for sale : to be busy about trifles. 
 — v.t. to retail in very small quantities. 
 — n. Pedd'lee. [See Pedlar.] 
 
 PEDDLERY, ped'ler-i, n. the trade of a 
 peddler : the wares sold by a peddler. 
 
 PEDDLING, ped'ling, n. the trade of a 
 peddler. 
 
 PEDESTAL, ped'es-tal, n. the foot or base 
 of a pillar, etc. [Sp. — It. piedestallo — L, 
 pes, pedis, the foot, and It. stallo, a place. 
 See Stall.] 
 
 PEDESTRIAN, pe-des'tri-an, adj. going on 
 foot : performed on foot. — n. one jour- 
 nejnng- on foot : an expert walker. [L. 
 pedestris — pes, pedis.'\ 
 
 PEDESTRLANISM, pe-des'tri-an-izm, n. a 
 going on foot : walking : the practice of 
 a pedestrian. 
 
 PEDICEL, ped'i-sel, PEDICLE, ped'i-kl, n. 
 the little /oof.stalk by which a leaf or 
 fruit is fixed on the tree. [Fr. pedicelle 
 — L. pediculus, dim. of pes, pedis, the 
 foot.] 
 
 PEDIGREE, ped'i-gre, n. a register of de- 
 scent from ancestors: lineage: genealogy. 
 [Ety. dub. : Wedgewood gives Fr. pied cle 
 ffres, a tree of degrees, pied being tech- 
 nically used in the sense of '-tree;" 
 Skeat suggests Fr. pied de griie, crane's- 
 foot, from the crane's foot used in draw- 
 ing out a pedigree.] 
 
 PEDIMENT, ped'i-ment, n. (arch.) a tri- 
 angular or circular ornament, which 
 finishes the fronts of buildings, and 
 serves as a decoration over gates. — adj. 
 Pediiient'al. [Ety. dub., perh. conn, 
 with Ij. pes, pedis, the foot.] 
 
 PEDLAR, PEDLER, PEDDLER, ped'ler, 
 n. one who peddles : one who travels 
 about the country carrjing- commodities 
 for sale. — n. Pedlary, Pedlery, a ped- 
 lar's small wares : his emploj'ment. 
 [Older form peddar or pedder, one who 
 carries wares in a ped, prov. E. for bas- 
 ket, and prob. same as Pad.] 
 
 PEDOBAPTISM, pe-do-bap'tizm, n., in- 
 fant baptism. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, 
 and Baptism.] 
 
 PEDOBAPTIST, pe-do-bap'tist, n. one who 
 believes in infant baptism. 
 
 PEDOMETER, ped-om'et-er, n. an instru- 
 ment, somewhat like a watch, by which 
 the steps of a pedestrian are registered, 
 and thus the distance he walks is meas- 
 ured. [L. pies, pedis, a foot, and Gr. 
 metron, a measure.] 
 
 PEDUNCLE, pe-duug'kl, n. same as Ped- 
 icel. — adjs. Peddn'cular. Pedcn'cu- 
 LATE, Pedun'culated. [Fr. pedoncule 
 — Low L. peduncubis — L. ^es, pedis, the 
 foot.] 
 
 PEEL, pel, v.t. to strip off the skin or 
 bark : to bare. — v.i. to come off, as the 
 skin. — n. the skin, rind, or bark. [Fr. 
 peler, to unskin, from L. pilo, to deprive 
 of hair, from pilus, a hair, or from pellis, 
 a skin, E. Fell.] 
 
 PEEL, pel, n. a small border fortress. 
 [Celt, pill, a stake, a fort.] 
 
 PEEL, pel, n. a baker's wooden shovel : 
 a fire-shovel. \Vr.pelle — L.^jaZa,aspade.] 
 
 PEEL, pel, v.t. to plunder : to piUage. 
 [Same as Pill, v.] 
 
 PEEP, pep, v.i. to chirp, or cry, as a 
 chicken. [^Fr. piper — L. 2npare, an imi- 
 tative word.] 
 
 PEEP, pep, V.I. to look through a narrow 
 space : to look sly^ly or closely : to begin 
 to appear. — n. a sly look : a beginning to 
 appear. [Same as the above word, Fr. 
 piper, sig. to chirp Uke a bird (said of a 
 bird-catcher), then to beguile, whence 
 peep = to look out slyly.] 
 
 supplied 
 
 PEEPER, pep'er, n. one that peeps : a 
 chicken just breaking the shell. 
 
 PEER, per, n. an equal : an associate : a 
 nobleman : in Great Britain a member 
 of the House of Lords: — fern. Peee'ess. 
 [O. Fr. (Fr. pair) — L. 2^<i^t parts, equal.] 
 
 PEER, per, v.i. to appear. 
 
 PEER, per, v.i. to look narrowly : to peep : 
 —IJa.t. and pa.p. peered. [M.E. pireii — 
 Low Ger. piren, orig. plUren, to draw 
 the ej'elids together.] 
 
 PEERAGE, per'aj, n. the i-ank or dignity 
 of a peer : the body of peers. 
 
 PEERLESS, per'Ies, adj. naving no peer or 
 equal : matchless. — adv. Peer'lessly. — 
 11. Peer'lessxess. 
 
 PEEVISH, pev'ish, adj. habitually fretful ; 
 easilj- annoyed : hard to please. — adv. 
 Peev'ishly.— u. Peet'ishness. [Prob. 
 imitative of the puling of fretful infants.] 
 
 PEEWIT. Same as Pewit. 
 
 Pf peg, n. a wooden pi'jj for fastening 
 loards, etc.: one of the pins of a musical 
 mstruraent. — v.t. to fasten with a peg: — 
 pr.p. pegg'ing ; pa.f. and p>c-P- pegged. 
 TScand., as in Dan. jng, a spike.] 
 
 PEGGED pegd, adj. fastened or i 
 with iJegs. 
 
 PEGTOP, peg'top, n. a child's plaything for 
 spinning. 
 
 PEKOE, pe'ko, n. a scented black tea. [Chi- 
 nese.] 
 
 PELAGIAN, pe-la'ji-an, n. one who holds 
 the views of Pelagius, a British monk of 
 the 4th century, in respect to original sin. 
 — adj. pertaining to Pelagius and his doc- 
 trines. — n. Pela'gianism, the doctrines of 
 Pelagius. 
 
 PEL ARGON 1 U M, pel-ar-go'ni-um, n. a vast 
 genus of beautiful flowering plants. 
 [From Gr. pelargos, stork, the fruit re- 
 sembling a stork's beak.] 
 
 PELF, pelf, n. riches (in a bad sense) : 
 money. [O. Fr. pelfre, booty, of un- 
 known origin ; allied to Pilfer.] 
 
 PELICAN, pel'i-kan, n. a large water-fowl, 
 having an enormous bill cf the shape of 
 an ax-e. [Fr. — L. pelieamis—Gi: pelikan 
 — pelekiis, an axe.] 
 
 PELISSE, pe-les', m. (origr.)a/un'e<Z coator 
 I'obe, now a silk habit worn by ladies. 
 [Fr.— L. pellis, a skin.] 
 
 PELLAGRA, pel-a'gra, ?i. an endemic dis- 
 ease, particularlj' noticed among the 
 Milanese, which consists in the skin be- 
 coming covered with tubercles and rough 
 scales, and in debility, vertigo, epilepsy, 
 and great depression of spirits. [Gr. 
 X>Ma, skin, and agra, seizure.] 
 
 PELL, pel, 11. a skin or hide : a roll of 
 parchment. [O. Fr. pel, Fr. peau — L. 
 j)ellis, a skin or hide.] 
 
 PELLET, pel'et, n. a little ball, as of lint 
 or wax. [Fr. pelote — L. pila, a ball to 
 l)lav with.] 
 
 PELLETED, pel'et-ed, adj. consisting of 
 [jellets : pelted, as with bullets. 
 
 PELLICLE, pel'i-kl, n. a thin skin or film : 
 the film which gathers on liquors. — adj. 
 Pellic'clae. 
 
 PELL-MELL, pel-mel', adv. mixed con- 
 fusedly : proniiscuouslj-. [O. Fr. pesle- 
 niesle (Fr. pele-mele), -mesle being from 
 O. Fr. mesler (Fr. meter), to mix — Low L. 
 misculo — L. misceo ; a.nd pesle, a rhyming 
 addition, perh. influenced by Fr. pelle, 
 shovel.] 
 
 PELLUCID, pel-loo'sid, adj. . perfectly clear: 
 transparent. — odr.PELLU'CIDLY. — n. Pel- 
 LC'CIDNESS. [Fr. — Ij. pellucidus — per. per- 
 fectly, and lueidus, clear — luceo, to shine.] 
 
 PELT, pelt, n. a raw hide : the quarry or 
 prey of a hawk all torn. 
 
 PELt, pelt, v.t. to strike with pellets, or 
 with something thrown : to throw or 
 cast. — ;i. a blow from a pellet, or from 
 something thrown. [See Pellet.] 
 
 PELTING, pelt'ing, n. an assault with a 
 pellet, or with anything thrown. 
 
 PELTRY, pelt'ri, n. the skins of furred 
 animals : furs. 
 
 PELVIS, pel'vis, Ji. the basin or bony 
 cavity forming the lower part of the 
 abdomen. [L.T 
 
 PEMillCAN, PEMICAN, pem'i-kan, n. 
 {orig.) a N. American Indian prepara^ 
 tiou, consisting' of lean venison, dried, 
 pounded, and pressed into cakes, now 
 used in Arctic expeditions. 
 
 PEN, pen, v.t. to shut up : to confine in a 
 small inclosure -.—pr.p. penning ; pa.t. 
 and pM.p. penned or pent. — w. a small 
 inclosure : a coop. [A.S. pennan, to 
 shut up.] 
 
 PEN, pen, 11. an instrument used for writ- 
 ing, formerly of the feather of a bird, 
 but now of steel, etc. — v.t. to write : — 
 pr.p. penn'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p>. penned. 
 [Fr. penne — L. penna, old fovms, ^jesna, 
 petiia, a feather — root pat, to fly. See 
 Feather. Find.] 
 
 PENAL, pe'nal, adj. pertaining to inmish- 
 ment : incurring or denouncing punish- 
 ment : used for punishment. — adv. Pe'- 
 Nally. {Fr.—lj.po;nalis—pana, akin to 
 Gr. poine, punishment.] 
 
 PENALTY, pen'al-ti, n.. pnini.'ihment : per- 
 sonal or pecuniary' punislmient : a fine. 
 
 PENANCE, pen'ans', n. in the R. C. Church, 
 the jitinishnient borne by apenitent. [O. 
 Fr. See PENITENCE.] 
 
 PENATES, pe-na'tes, n.pl. the tutelary 
 household deities of ancient Rome. [L., 
 from root 2>en in L..2}enitus, within, penc- 
 tralia, the inner part of anything.] 
 
 PENCE, pens, n. plural of Penny, which 
 see. 
 
 PENCHANT, pang'shang, 11. inclination': 
 decided taste. [Fr., pr.p. oi pencher, to 
 incline, through a iovm pendicare,'LYOxa 
 L. pendeo, to hang.] 
 
 PENCIL, pen'sil, n. a small hairbrush for 
 laying on colors : any pointed instru- 
 ment for writing or drawing without 
 ink : a collection of raj-s of light con- 
 verging to a point : the art of painting 
 or drawing. — i'.^ to write, sketch, or 
 mark with a pencil : to paint or draw : 
 —P>'-P- pen'cilling ; pa.t. and pa.p. pen'- 
 cilled. [O. Fr. pincel, Fr. pinceau — L. 
 penieillum, a painter's brush, dim. of 
 penis, a tail.] 
 
 PENCILLED, pen'sild, adj. written or 
 marked with a pencil : having pencils 
 of rays : radiated : (bot.) mai'ked with 
 fine lines, as with a pencil. 
 
 PENCILLING, pen'sil-ing, ?i. the art of 
 writing, sketching, or marking with a 
 pencil : a sketch. 
 
 PENDANT, pendant, n. anything 7iO«gf!«gr, 
 f,specially for ornament : an earring : a 
 long narrow flag, at the head of the prin- 
 cipal mast in a ship. [Fr. — pendant, 
 pr.p. of pendre, to hang— L. pendens, 
 -entis — ))r.p. of pendeo. to hang.J 
 
 PENDENCE, pend'ens, PENDENCY, pend'- 
 en-si, 11. a hanging in suspense : state of 
 being undecided. 
 
 PENDENT, pend'ent, adj., hanging: pro- 
 jecting : .supjiorted above the ground or 
 base. — adv. Pend'entlv. [Latini.'.ed form 
 of Fr. adj. }>endant. See PENDANT.] 
 
 PENDING, pend'ing, adj., hanging: re- 
 maining undecided : not terminated.— 
 2)rep. during. [Anglicized form of Fr, 
 adj. ])endant. See Pendant.] 
 
 PENDULOUS, pend'u-lus, adj., hanging: 
 swinging. — adv. Pexd'ttlOCSLY. — ns. 
 Pend'ulousness, Pexdulos'ity. [L. peu- 
 f?!(/)/.s- — jjendeo. to hang.] 
 
 PENDULUJI. i)end'u-lum, n. any weight 
 so hung or suspended from a fixed point 
 as to swing freely. [L., neut. of pendu- 
 lus, hanging.]
 
 PENETRABLE 
 
 PENETRABLE, pen'e-tra-bl, adj. that may 
 be penetrated or pierced by another body: 
 capable of ha\ang the mind affected. — n. 
 Pexetrabil'itt. 
 
 PENETRATE, pen'e-trat, v.t. to thrust into 
 the inside : to pierce into : to affect the 
 feelings : to understand : to find out. — 
 v. i. to make way : to pass inwards. [L. 
 penetro, -atum — root pen, within. See 
 Penates.] 
 
 PENETRATING, pen'e-trat-ing, adj., pierc- 
 ing or entering: sharp: subtle: acute: 
 di.scerning. 
 
 PENETRATION, pen-e-tra'shun, n. the act 
 of penetr.ating or entering : acuteness : 
 discernment. 
 
 PENETRATIVE, pen'e-trat-iv, adj. tend- 
 ing to penetrate : piercing : sagax:ious : 
 affecting the mind. 
 
 PENGUIN, pen'gwin.PINGUnsr, pin'gwin, 
 n. an aquatic bird in the southern hemi- 
 sphere. [Ety. dub., ace. to some from L. 
 pinguis, fat, ace. to others from W. pen, 
 head, and given, white.] 
 
 PENINSULA, pen-in'su-la, n. land so sur- 
 rounded by water as to be almost an 
 island. [Li.^pcene, almost, insida, an 
 island. See Insulak.] 
 
 PENINSULAR, pen-in'su-lar, adj. pertain- 
 ing to a peninsula : in the form of a 
 peninsula : inhabiting a peninsula. 
 
 PENITENCE, pen'i-tens, n. state of being 
 penitent : sorrow for sin. 
 
 PENITENT, pen'i-tent, adj. suffering pain 
 or sorrow for sin : contrite : repentant. 
 — n. one grieved for sin : one under 
 penance. — adv. Pen'itently. [Fr. — L. 
 pce.nUens, -entis — pceniteo, to cause to 
 repent — poena, punishment.] 
 
 PENITENTIAL, pen-i-ten'shal, adj. per- 
 taining to or expressive of penitence. — n. 
 a book of rules relating to penance. — adv. 
 Pentten'tially. 
 
 PENITENTIARY, pen - i - ten ' shar - i, adj. 
 relating to penance: penitential. — )(. a 
 penitent : an office at the court of Rome 
 for secret bulls, etc. : a place for penance: 
 a house of correction for offenders. 
 
 PENKNIFE, pen'nlf, n. a small knife orig. 
 for making and mending quill pens. 
 
 PENMAN, pen'man, n. a man skilled in 
 the use of the pen ; an author. 
 
 PENMANSHIP, pen'man-ship, n. the use 
 of the pen in writing : art of writing : 
 manner of writing. 
 
 PENNANT, pen'ant, PENNON, pen'un, n. 
 a small flag : a banner : a long narrow 
 piece of bunting at the mast-heads of 
 war - ships. [Pennant is formed from 
 pennon, with excrescent t ; pennon is Fr. 
 pennon — L. penna, a wing, feather.] 
 
 PENNATE. pen'at, PENNATED, pen'- 
 at-ed, adj., winged: {bot.) same as Pin- 
 nate. [L. pennatus — penna, feather, 
 wing.] 
 
 PENNILESS, pen'i-les, adj. without a 
 penny : without monev : poor. 
 
 PENNON. See Pennant. 
 
 PENNY, pen'i, n. an English copper coin, 
 orig. silver, of the value of four farthings, 
 or one twelfth of a sliilling, equal to 
 about two cents : a small sum : money 
 in general : (Neiv Test.) a silver coin=- 
 15c. :- -pi. Pennies (pen'iz). denoting the 
 number of coins. Pence (pens), the 
 amount of pennies in value. [A.S. pen- 
 tngr, penig : the oldest form is pending, 
 where /)cnrf-^E. patm. Ger. pfand, Dut. 
 pand, a pledge, all which are from L. 
 pannwi, a rag, a piece of cloth. See 
 Pawn, something given as security.] 
 
 PENNY-A-LINER, pen'i-a-lin'er, n. one 
 who writes for a public journal at so 
 much a line : a writer for pay. 
 
 PENNYROYAL, pen'i-roy-al, n. a species 
 of mint. [Corr. from old form pulial, 
 which is traced through O. Fr. to L. 
 
 320 
 
 ptdeiuni rcgium, the plant pennyroyal 
 — pulex, a flea ; it was thought to be a 
 protection from fleas.] 
 
 PENNYWEIGHT, pen'i-wat, n. twenty- 
 four grains of troy weight. [Lit. the 
 weight of a silver peniiy.] 
 
 PENNYWORTH, pen'i-wurth, n. a penny's 
 worth of anything : a good bargain. 
 
 PENSILE, pen'sll, adj., hanging : suspend- 
 ed. — n. Pen'sileness. [O. Fr. pensil — L. 
 pensilis^pendeo, to hang.] 
 
 PENSION, pen'shun, 71. 'a stated allow- 
 ance to a person for past services. — v.t. 
 to grant a pension to. [Fr. — L. pensio — 
 pendo, pensum, to weigh, pay, akin to 
 jieiideo. to hang.] 
 
 PENSIONARY, peu'shun-ar-i, adj. receiv- 
 ing a. pension : consisting of a pension. — 
 n. one who receives a pension : a chief 
 magistrate of a Dutch town. 
 
 PENSIONER, pen'shun-er, n. one who re- 
 ceives a pension : a dependent. 
 
 PENSIVE, pen'siv, adj. thoughtful: reflect- 
 ing: expressing thoughtfulness with sad- 
 ness.— adr. Pen'sivelt.— n. Pen'siveness. 
 [Lit. "weighing in the mind," Fr. — 
 from L. penso, to weigh^jendo.} 
 
 PENT, pa.t. and pa.p. of Pen, to shut up. 
 
 PENTACHORD, pen'ta-kord, n. a musical 
 instrument with five strings. [Gr. penta- 
 chordos, five-stringed — pente,&ve, chords, 
 string.] 
 
 PENTAGON, pen'ta-gon, n. (geom.) a plane 
 figure having five angles and five sides. — 
 adj. Pentag'onal. [Gr. pentagonon — 
 pente, five, gbnia. angle.] 
 
 PENTAHEDRON, pen-ta-he'dron, n. 
 (geom.) a solid figure having five equal 
 bases or sides. — adj. Pentahe'dral, hav- 
 ing five equal sides. [Gr. pente, five, and 
 hedra. seat, base.] 
 
 PENTAMETER, pen-tam'e-ter, n. a verse 
 oifive measures or feet. — adj. having five 
 feet. [Gr. pentametros — pente, five, and 
 metron. a measure.] 
 
 PENTANGULAR, pen-tang'gul-ar, adj. 
 having fii-e angles. [Gr. pente, five, and 
 AngulaeJ 
 
 PENT ARCH Y, pen'tar-ki, n., government 
 by five persons. [Gr. pente, five, arche, 
 rule.] 
 
 PENTATEUCH, pen'ta-tuk, n. the first five 
 books of the Old Testament. [Gr. Penta- 
 teuchos— -pente, five, and teuclios, a tool, 
 in late Gr. a book from teucho, to pre- 
 pare.] 
 
 PENTATEUCHAL, pen-ta-tuk'al, adj. per- 
 taining to the Pentateuch. 
 
 PENTECOST, pen'te-kost, n. a Jewish fes- 
 tival on the fiftieth dayjafter the Passover, 
 in commemoration of the giving of the 
 Law : Whitsuntide. [Gr. pentekoste {he- 
 mera). the fiftieth (daj-).] 
 
 PENTECOSTAL, pen-te-kost'al, adj. per- 
 taining to Pentecost. 
 
 PENTHOUSE, pent'hows, n. a shed pro- 
 jecting from or adjoining a main 
 building. [Lit. "an appendage" or 
 "out-building," a corr. of pentice, which 
 is from Fr. apjyentis — L. appendicinm, 
 an appeudasre. See APPEND.] 
 
 PENTROOF, "pent'roof, n. a roof with a 
 slope on one side only. [A hybrid word, 
 from Fr. pente, a &\o\>e—pendre, to hang, 
 and E. Roof.] 
 
 PENULT, pe-nult' or pe'nult, PENULT- 
 IMA, pe-nult'i-ma, n. the syllable last 
 but one. [L. penultima — pcene, almost, 
 ^dfimns. last.] 
 
 PENTJLTIMATE, pe-nult'i-mat. adj. last 
 but one. — n. the penult. [See under 
 Penult.] 
 
 PENUMBRA, pe-num'bra, n. a partial 
 shadoxf round the perfect shadow of an 
 eclipse : the part of a picture where the 
 light and shade blend. [L. pcene, almost, 
 and umbra, shade.] 
 
 PERCH 
 
 PENURIOUS, pen-u'ri-us, adj. showing 
 penury or scarcity : not bountiful : sor- 
 did : miserly. — adv. Penu'riouslt. — n. 
 Pend'riousness. 
 
 PENURY, pen'u-ri, n., want: absence of 
 means or resources : poverty. [Fr. — L. 
 penuria, akin to Gr. peina, hunger.] 
 
 PEONY, pe'o-ni, n. a plant having beauti- 
 ful crimson flowers. [O. Fr. pione (Fr. 
 pivoine) — L. pceonia, healing, the plant 
 being thought to have healing virtues — 
 Gr. Paion, the physician of the gods.] 
 
 PEOPLE, pe'pl, n. persons generally : an 
 indefinite number : inhabitants : a na- 
 tion: the populace : — pi. Peoples (pe'plz), 
 races, tribes. — v.t. to stock with people 
 or inhabitants. [Fr. peuple — L. populus, 
 prob. reduphcated from root of plebs, 
 people, Gr. polys, E. Full.] 
 
 PEPPER, pep'er, n. a plant and its fruit, 
 with a hot, pungent taste. — v.t. to 
 sprinkle with pepper. [A.S. pipor — L. 
 piper — Gr. peperi — Sans, pippala.] 
 
 PEPPERCORN, pep'er-korn, n. the corn or 
 berry of the pepper plant : something of 
 little value. 
 
 PEPPERMINT, pep'er-mint, n. a species of 
 mint, aromatic and pungent Mke pepper : 
 a liquor distilled from the plant. 
 
 PEPPERY, pep'er-i, adj. possessing the 
 qualities of pepper : hot : pungent. 
 
 PEPSINE, pep'sin. n. one of the essential 
 constituents of the gastric juice, which 
 aids in digestion. [Fr. — Gr. pepsis, di- 
 gestion — pepto, pesso, to cook, digest.] 
 
 PEPTIC, pep'tik, adj. relating to or pro- 
 moting digestion. [Gr. peptikos— pepto, 
 to digest.] 
 
 PERADVENTURE, per-ad-vent'ur, adv. 
 by adventure : by chance : perhaps. [L. 
 per, by, ADVENTbRE.] 
 
 PERAMBULATE, per-am'bul-at, v.t. tc 
 walk through or over : to pass through 
 to survey. [L. perambulo, -atum — per, 
 through, and ambido, to walk.] 
 
 PERAJiIBULATION, per-am-bul-a'.ihun, n. 
 act of perambidating : the district within 
 which a person has the right of inspec- 
 tion. 
 
 PERAMBULATOR,per-am'bul-at-or, Ji.one 
 who perambidates : an instrument for 
 measuring distances on roads : a light 
 carriage for a child. 
 
 PERCEIVABLE, per-sev'a-bl. adj. same as 
 Perceptible. — adv. Perceiv'ably, same 
 as Perceptibly. 
 
 PERCEIVE, per-sev', v.t. to obtain knowl- 
 edge through the senses : to see : to un- 
 derstand : to discern. — n. Perceiy'er. 
 [O. Fr. percever (Fr. apercevoir)—^!,. per- 
 cipio, perceptum — per, perfectly, and 
 capio, to take.] 
 
 PERCENTAGE, per-sent'aj, n. rate per 
 cent, or by the hundred. [See Cent.] 
 
 PERCEPTIBLE, per-sept'i-bl, adj that can 
 be perceived : that may be known : dis- 
 cernible. — adv. Percept'ibly. — re. Per- 
 Ceptibil'ity, quality of being perceptible. '. 
 
 PERCEPTION, per-sep'shun. n. act of per- 
 ceiving : discernment : (phil.) the faculty 
 of perceiving : the evidence of external 
 objects by our senses. 
 
 PERCEPTIVE, per-sept'iv, adj. having the^ 
 power of perceiiHng or discerning. — n. 
 Perceptiv'ity, quality of being ^ per- 
 ceptive. 
 
 PERCH, perch, n. a genus of fishes, so 
 called from their dusky color. [Fr. 
 perche — L. perca — Gr. perke, tromperkos, 
 dark-colored, spotted.] 
 
 PERCH, perch, n. a rod on which birds 
 roost : a measure = 5i yds. : a square 
 measure = 30i square yards. — v.t. to sit 
 
 • or roost on a perch : to settle. — v.t. to 
 place, as on a perch. [Fr. perche — L. 
 pertica, a long staff, a rod.] 
 
 I
 
 PERCHANCE 
 
 321 
 
 PERIWINKLE 
 
 PERCHANCE, per-chans', adx\ by chance : 
 perhaps. [Fr. par cas, from L. per, by, 
 and L. root of Chance.] 
 
 PERCHER, perch'er, n. a bird that perches 
 on trees. 
 
 PERCIPIENT, per-sip'i-ent, adj., perceiv- 
 ing: having the faculty of perception. 
 — n. one who perceives. 
 
 PERCOLATE, per'ko-lat, v.t. to strain 
 through : to filter. — v.i. to filter. [L. 
 percolo, -atum — per, through, coio, to 
 strain.] 
 
 PERCOLATION, per-ko-la'shun, n. act of 
 filtering. 
 
 PERCOLATOR, per'ko-la-tor, n. a filtering 
 vessel. 
 
 PERCUSSION, per-kush'un, n. the striking 
 of one body against another : collision, 
 or the shock produced by it : impression 
 of sound on the ear : (med.) the tapping 
 upon the body to find the condition of 
 an internal organ by the sounds. [L. 
 percussio — percutio, percussum — per, 
 thoroughly, and quatio, to shake, strike.] 
 
 PERCUSSIVE, per-kus'iv, adj., striking 
 against. 
 
 PERDITION, per-dish'un, n. utter loss or 
 ruin : the utter loss of happiness in a 
 future state. [Lit. a " being put utterly 
 away." Fr. — L. perditio — perdo, perdi- 
 tum—per. entirelv, and do. Sans, dha, to 
 put.] 
 
 PEREGRINATE, per'e-grin-at, v.i. to travel 
 through the country: to travel about: 
 to live in a foreign -country. [L. pere- 
 grinor, -atum — peregrimis, foreign — pere- 
 ger, away from home, probably from per, 
 through, ager, a field, territory.] 
 
 PEREGRINATION, per-e-grin-a'shun, n. 
 act of peregrinating or travelling about. 
 
 [Fr.] 
 PEREC 
 
 PEREGRINATOR, per'e-grin-a-tor, n. one 
 who travels about. 
 
 PEREMPTORY, per'emp-tor-i, adj.. pre- 
 venting debaXe : authoritative: dogmati- 
 cal. — adv. Per'emptorily. — n. Pee'emp- 
 TORINESS. [Fr. — L. peremptorius, from 
 perimo, peremptum — per, entirely, and 
 emo. to take.] 
 
 PERENNIAL, per-en'i-al, atlj. lasting 
 through the year: perpetual: (&oi.) last- 
 ing more than two years. — adv. Peeenn'- 
 TAi.T. Y. [L. perennis — per, through, and 
 annus, a year.] 
 
 PERFECT, per'fekt, adj., done thoroughly 
 or completely : completed : not defective : 
 unblemished : possessing every moral 
 excellence : completely skilled or ac- 
 quainted : (gram.) expressing an act com- 
 pleted. — v.t. (or per-fekt') to make perfect 
 or complete : to finish. — n. Pee'pbctee. 
 [Fr. — L. perfectus, pa.p. of perfieio — per, 
 thoroughly, and facio, to do.] 
 
 PERFECTIBLE, per-fekt'i-bl, adj. that may 
 be made perfect. — n. Pebfectibil'ity, 
 qualitv of being perfectible. 
 
 PERFECTION, per-fek'shun, n. state of be- 
 ing perfect : a perfect quality or acquire- 
 ment. 
 
 PERFECTIONIST, per-fek'shun-ist, n. one 
 who pretends to be perfect : an enthusi- 
 ast in religion or politics. — n. Perfec'- 
 
 TIONISM. 
 
 PERFECTIVE, per-fekt'iv, adj. tending to 
 
 make perfect. — adv. Perfect'ively. 
 PERFECTLY, per'fekt-li, adr. in a perfect 
 
 manner : completelv : exactlj'. 
 PERFECTNESS, per''fekt-nes, n. state or 
 
 quality of being perfect : consummate 
 
 excellence. 
 PERFIDIOUS, per-fid'i-us, adj. faithless : 
 
 unfaithful : violating trust or confidence . 
 
 treacherous. — adv. PERFiD'lorsLT. — n. 
 
 Perfid'iousness. [L. perfidio.fus—per- 
 
 Jidia. faithlessness.] 
 PERFIDY, per'fl-di, n., faithlessness : 
 
 U 
 
 treachery. [L. perjidia—perfidus, faith- 
 less^per, away from, jides, faith.] 
 
 PERFOLIATE, per-fo'li-at, adj. {hot.) hav- 
 ing the stem as it were passing through 
 the leaf, having the leaf round the stem 
 at the base. [L. per, through, folium, a 
 leaf.] 
 
 PERFORATE, per'fo-rat, v.t. to hore 
 through : to pierce : to make a hole 
 through, [h. perforo. -atum— per, throMgh, 
 foro. to bore, akin to BORE.] 
 
 PERFORATION, per-fo-ra'shun, n. act of 
 boring or piercing through : a hole 
 through anything. 
 
 PERFORATOR, per'fo-rat-or, n. an instru- 
 ment tor perforating or boring. 
 
 PERFORCE, per-fors', adv. by force: vio- 
 lently : of necessity. [L. per, by, and 
 Force.] 
 
 PERFORM, per-form', v.t. to do thorough- 
 ly: to carry out : to achieve : to act. — 
 v.i. to do : to act a part : to play, as on 
 a musical instrument. [Fr. parfournir, 
 from par = L. per, and fournir, to fur- 
 nish. See Furnish.] 
 
 PERFORMABLE, per-form'a-bl, adj. capa- 
 b'e of being- performed : practicable. 
 
 PERFORMANCE, per-for>r/ans, n. act of 
 performing : carrying out of something: 
 something done: public execution of any- 
 thing : an act or action. 
 
 PERFORMER, per-form'er, n. one who per- 
 forms, esp. one who makes a public ex- 
 hibition of his skill. 
 
 PERFUME, per'fum or per-fum', n. odor- 
 ous smoke : sweet-smelling scent : any- 
 thing which yields a sweet odor. — v.t. 
 Perfotie', to fill with a pleasant odor : 
 to scent. [Fr. parfum — L. per, through, 
 fumus, smoke.] 
 
 PERFUMER, per-fum'er, n. one who or 
 that which perfumes : one who trades in 
 perfumes. 
 
 PERFUMERY, per-fum'er-i, ?!. perfumes in 
 general : the art of preparing perfumes. 
 
 PERFUNCTORY, per-fungk'tor-i.adj. care- 
 lessly performed: negligent: slight.— adf. 
 Perfunc'toeily. — n. Perfunc'toriness. 
 [L. perfunctorius — perfunctus, pa.p. of 
 perfungor, to execute — per, thoroughly, 
 and fungor. See Function.] 
 
 PERHAPS, per-haps', adv. it may be : pos- 
 .sibly. [Lit. "by haps" or "chances," 
 L. per, by, and haps, pi. of Hap.] 
 
 PERI, pe'ri, n. in Persian mythology, a fe- 
 male elf or fairy. [Lit. " winged," Pers. 
 pari, conn, with root of Feather.] 
 
 PERIANTH, per'i-anth, n. (pot.) the floral 
 envelope of those plants in which the 
 calyx and corolla are not easily distin- 
 guished. [Gr. peri, around, about, and 
 anthos. a flower.] 
 
 PERICARDIUM, per-i-kard'i-um, n. (anat.) 
 the sac which S7()TO?(wf7s the heart. — adjs. 
 Pericard'iac, Pericard'ial, Pericaed'- 
 lAN. [Late L. — Gr. perikardion — peri, 
 arouncl, kardia, E. HEART.] 
 
 PERICARP, per'i-karp, n. (hot.) the cover- 
 ing, shell, or rind ot fruiis : a seed-vessel. 
 — adj. Pericarp'ial. [Gr. perikarpion — 
 peri, around, karpos, fruit. See Har- 
 vest.] 
 
 PERICRANIUM, per-i-kra'ni-um. n. (anat.) 
 the membrane that surrounds the crani- 
 um. [Late L. — Gr. perikranion — peri, 
 around, fcrajM'oJi. the skull. See Cranium.] 
 
 PERIGEE, per'i-je. n. (astr.) the point of 
 the moon"s orbit nearest the earth. [From 
 Gr. peri, near, ge, the earth.] 
 
 PERIHELION, per-i-he'li-on, PERIHELI- 
 UM, per-i-he'li-um, n. the point of the 
 orbit of a planet or comet nearest to the 
 gun : — opposed to APHELION. [Gr. peri, 
 near, helios, the sun.] 
 
 PERIL, per'il, n. exposure to danger : dan- 
 ger. — v.t. to expose to danger: — pr.p. 
 per'illing; pa.t. and pa.p. per illed. [Lit. 
 
 a "trial passed through," Tr. peril — L, 
 pericxdum — root of peritus, tried, expe^ 
 rior, to try ; akin to Gr. peirao, to trj', 
 perao, to pass through, cog. with Fare.] 
 PERILOUS, per'il-us, adj. full of peril - 
 dangerous. — adv. Pee'llously. — n. Pee': 
 
 ILOUSNESS. 
 
 PERIMETER, per-im'e-ter, n. (geom.) the 
 circuit or boundary of any plane figure 
 or sum of all its sides. — adj. Perimet'- . 
 RlCAL, pertaining to the perimeter. [Lit. 
 the " measure round about," Gr. x>B^"i' ' 
 metros — peri, around, metron, measure.] 
 
 PERIOD, pe'ri-ud, n. the time in which 
 anything is performed : (astr.) the time 
 occupied by a body in its revolution : a 
 stated and recurring interval of time : 
 a series of years : length of duration : 
 the time at which anything ends : con- 
 clusion : (gram.) a mark at the end of 
 a sentence ( . ) : (rhet.) a complete sen- 
 tence. See Date, Epoch, Era. [Lit. a 
 "going round," a "circuit," ¥v. periode 
 — L. periodus—Gv. periodos, a going round 
 — peri, around, hodos. a way.] 
 
 PERIODIC, pe-ri-od'ik. PERIODICAL, pe- 
 ri-od'ik-al, adj. pertaining to a period : 
 happening by revolution : occurring at 
 regular intervals : pertaining to periodi- 
 cals.— adt'. Peeiod'ically. 
 
 PERIODICAL, pe-ri-od'ik-al, n. a magazine 
 or other publication which appears in 
 parts at regular periods. — n. Period'ic- 
 alist. one who writes in a periodical. 
 
 PERIODICITY, pe-ri-o-dis'it-i, n. state of 
 being periodic. 
 
 PERIPATETIC, per-i-pa-tet'ik. adj. per- 
 taining to the philosophy of Aristotle, 
 who taught while walking up and doim 
 in the Lyceum at Athens. — n. an adher- 
 ent of the philosophy of Aristotle : one 
 accustomed or obliged to walk. — n. Peri- 
 Patet'icism, the philosophy of Aristotle. 
 [Gr. peripatetikos — peri, about, pated, to 
 walk ; cog. with E. Path.] 
 
 PERIPHERY, per-if'er-i, n. (geom.) the 
 circumference of a circle or any figure. 
 — adj. Periph'eral. [Lit. " that which 
 is carried round," L. — Gr. peri, around, 
 phero, to carry ; cog. with E. Bear.] 
 
 PERIPHRASE. per'i-fraz, PERIPHRASIS, 
 per-if'ra-sis, n. a roundabout way of 
 speaking : the use of more words than 
 are necessary to express an idea : (rhet.) 
 a figure employed to avoid a trite expres- 
 sion.— v. f. or v.i. Per'iphease. to use 
 circumlocutio:'- [L.— Gr. periphrasis- 
 peri, round, aboat, phrasis, a speaking. 
 See Phease.] 
 
 PERIPHRASTIC, per - i - fras'tik. PERI- 
 PHRAS'TICAL, adj. containing or ex- 
 pressed by periphrasis or circumlocution, 
 —adv. Peeiphras'tically. [Gr.] 
 
 PERISH, per'ish, v.i. topass airay complete- 
 ly: to waste away: to decaj" to lose life: 
 to be destroyed : to be ruined or lost. 
 [M.E. perisshen~¥r. pirir, -pr.p. perissant 
 — L. perire. to perish— per, completelj-, 
 " to the b.id." ire. to go.] 
 
 PERISHABLE, per'ish-a-bl, adj. that may 
 perish : subject to speedy decay. — adv. 
 Per'ishably. — n. Per'ishableness. 
 
 PERISTYLE, per'i-stil, n. a range of col 
 umns round a building or square: a court, 
 square, etc., with columns on three sides, 
 [L. peristylium— Gr. peristylon — peri, 
 around, stylos, a column.] 
 
 PERIWIG, per'i-wig, n. a. peruke or smaM 
 wig, usually shortened to Wig. [O. Dut, 
 perui/k — Fr. perrvque, a peruke. See 
 Peruke.] 
 
 PERIWINKLE, per'i-wingk-1, n. a genus 
 of binding or creeping evergreen plants, 
 growing in woods. [M. E. peruenke, 
 through A.S. peruincce, from L. pervin- 
 ca, called also vinca-pervinca, conn, with 
 vincio, to bind.]
 
 PERIWINKLE 
 
 322 
 
 PERSUADE 
 
 PERrWINKLE, per'i-wingk-1, n. a small 
 univalve mollusc. [Corrupted by coofu- 
 sioa with preceding from A.S. jii'^etcincla 
 — wincle. a whelk ; prov. E. pin-jMtch, 
 prob. because eaten with a pin.] 
 
 PERJURE, per'joor, v.t. to swear falsely 
 (followed by a reciprocal pronoun). — n. 
 Peb'jxtkee. [Fr. — L. perjuro—per- (same 
 as E. for- in Forsweab), and juro, to 
 swear.] 
 
 PERJURY, per'jur-i, n. false swearing : 
 (law) the act of willfully giving false evi- 
 dence on an oath. \lu perjuriwn.'] 
 
 PERK, perk, adj. trim, spruce. — v.t. to 
 make smart or trim. — v.i. to hold up the 
 head with smartness. [W. perc, pert, 
 trim, smart. See Peet.] 
 
 PERMANENCE, per'ma-nens, PER'JIA- 
 NENCY, -nen-si, n. state or quality of 
 being permanent : continuance in the 
 same state : duration. 
 
 PERMANENT, per'ma-nent, adj. lasting: 
 durable.— adr. Per'jianently. [Fr— L. 
 permanens, -entis, pr.p. of permaneo — 
 jxr, through, maneo, to continue.] 
 
 PERMEABLE, per'me-a-bl, adj. that may 
 be permeated. — adv. Per' he ably. — n. 
 Permeabil'itt. [Fr. — L. permeabilis.] 
 
 PERMEATE, per'me-at, v.t. to 2Ja«s 
 through the pores of : to penetrate and 
 pass through. — n. Permea'tion. [L. jier, 
 through, ineo, to go.] 
 
 PERMIAN, per'mi-an, adj. in geol. a terra 
 applied to a sj-stem of rocks lying be- 
 neath the triassic rocks, and immediately 
 above the carboniferous system. Form- 
 erly the Permian and triassic rocks were 
 grouped together under the name of the 
 neif red .iaiidstone system, but later 
 geologists have separated them on pala;- 
 ontological grounds, the Permian group 
 containing many palajozoic forms, \vhile 
 the remains of "the tria.ssic are largely 
 mesozoic. The Permian forms the upper- 
 most of the great paljeozoic series, and 
 is unconformable in England on the car- 
 boniferous, while it passes bj- almost in- 
 sensible gp-adations into the triassic. In 
 England the Permian rocks are largely 
 developed iu the county of Durham. 
 Called also Magnesian Lisiestone. 
 [From Perm, in Russia, or that part of 
 Russia which formed the ancient king- 
 dom of Permia where the series is 
 largely developed.] 
 
 PERMISSIBLE, per-mis'i-bl, adj. that may 
 be permitted : allowable.— odu. Peemiss - 
 
 IBLT. 
 
 PERMISSION, per-mish'un, n. act of per- 
 mitting : Ubertj' granted : allowance. 
 [Fr. — L. permissio.~[ 
 
 PERMISSIVE, per-mis'iv, adj. granting 
 permission or liberty: allowing : granted. 
 — adv. Permiss'ivelt. 
 
 PERMIT, per-mit', v.t. to give leave to : 
 to allow : to afford means -.—pr.p. per- 
 mitt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. permitt'ed. — 
 n. Per'jdt, permission, esp. from a cus- 
 tom-house officer to remove goods. [L. 
 permitto, -missiis, to let pass through — 
 per, through, mitto, to send.] 
 
 PERMUTABLE, per-mut'a-bl, adj. mutable 
 or that may be changed one for another. 
 — adv. Permut'ably. — n. Permut'able- 
 NESS. [L. permutabilis—per, through, 
 muto, to change.] 
 
 PERJIUTATION, per-mu-ta'shun, n. act 
 of changing one thing for another : 
 
 ' (math.) the arrangement of things or 
 letters in every possible order. [Fr. 
 -L.] 
 
 PERNICIOUS, per-nish'us, adj., l-illing 
 utterly : hurtful : destructive : highly 
 injurious. — adv. Perni'ciOUSLY.— ". PER- 
 Nl'ciousNESS. [Fr. — L. per, completely, 
 and ne.v, necis. death bv ^^olence.] 
 PERORATION, per-o-ra'shun, n. the con- 
 
 clusion of a speech. [Fr. — L. peroratio 
 — peroro, to bring a speech to an end — 
 per, through, oro, to speak — os, oris, the 
 mouth.] 
 PERPENDICLX.\R, per-pen-dik'u-lar, adj. 
 exactly uijright: extending in a straight 
 line toward tlie centre of the earth : 
 (geom.) at right angles to a given line or 
 surface. — n. a perpendicular line or plane. 
 
 —adv. PERPENDIC'UIiARLY.— ?!. PERPEN- 
 
 dicular'ity, state of being perpendicu- 
 lar. [Fr. — L. perpendictdaris — perpen- 
 diculum, a plumb-line — per, through, 
 and pendo, to weigh.] 
 
 PERPETRATE, per-pe-trat, v.t. to perform 
 or commit (usually in a bad sense). — n. 
 Per'petrator. [L. perpetro, -atum^per, 
 thoroughly, a.napatro, to perform, from 
 root of Potent J 
 
 PERPETRATION, per-pe-tra'shun, n. act 
 of perpetrating or committing a crime : 
 the thing perpetrated. 
 
 PERPETUAL, per-pet'u-al, adj. never 
 ceasing : everlasting : not temporary. — 
 adv. Perpet'cat.t.y. [Fr. j)erpetuel—h. 
 perpetuus, continuous — per, through, 
 and root pet. to go. See Path.] 
 
 PERPETUATE, per-pet'u-at, v.t. to make 
 perpetual : to preserve from extinction 
 or oblivion. [L.] 
 
 PERPETUATION, per-pet-u-a'shun, «. act 
 of perpetuating or preser\Tng from ob- 
 livion. 
 
 PERPETL^TY, per-pet-u'i-ti, n. state of 
 being perpetual : endless duration : dura- 
 tion for an indefinite period : something 
 perpetual : the sum paid for a perpetual 
 annuitv. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 PERPLEX, per-pleks', v.t. to make difficult 
 to be understood : to embarrass : to puz- 
 zle : to tease with suspense or doubt. 
 [Fr. — L. perple.rus, entangled— per, com- 
 pletely, and 2JJ^vus, involved, pa.p. of 
 plectd. See Plait.] 
 
 PERPLEXITY, per-pleks'i-ti, n. state of 
 being perplexed : intricacj- : embarrass- 
 ment : doub t. 
 
 PERQUISITE, per'kwi-zit, n. an allowance 
 granted more than the settled wages : a 
 fee allowed by law to an officer for 
 a specific service. [Lit. "anything 
 sought for diligently," L. perqiitsitum, 
 from perquiro — ver, thoroughly, qucero, 
 to ask.] 
 
 PERRY, per'i, n. the fermented juice of 
 pears. [Fr. poire, from poire, a pear — 
 L. inruni. See Pear.] 
 
 PERSECUTE, per'se-kut, v.t. to pursue so 
 as to injure or anuoj- : to liarass : to an- 
 noy or punish, esp. for religious or politi- 
 cal opinions. — n. Per'secutOR. [Fr. per- 
 secuter — L. j^'^^^Q"^''' persecutns — per, 
 thoroughlv, and sequor, to follow.] 
 
 PERSECUTION, per-se-kQ'shun, n. act or 
 practice of persecuting : state of being 
 persecuted. 
 
 PERSEVERANCE, per-se-ver'ans, n. act or 
 state of persevering. [L. perseverantia.l 
 
 PERSEVERE, per-se-vei-', v.i. to persist in 
 anything : to pursue anything steadily. 
 — adv. Perseter'ingly. [Fr. — L. perse- 
 vero—perseverus. very strict^jer, vei-y, 
 severm, strict. See Severe.] 
 
 PERSIFLAGE, per'si-flazh, n. a frivolous 
 way of talking or treating any subject : 
 banter. [Fr.^)er.s?^er, to fianter — L. 
 per. through, and Fr. siffler — L. sibilare, 
 to whistle, to hiss.] 
 
 PER.SIST, per-si.st', f.!. io stand throughout 
 to something begun : to continue in any 
 course : to persevere. — adv. Persist'ing- 
 LY. [Fr. — L. persist o—iier. through, and 
 sistn. to cause to stand — sto. to stand.] 
 PERSISTENCE, per-sist'ens._ PERSIST- 
 ENCY, per-sist'en-si, )i. quality of being 
 persistent: perseverance: obstmacy: du- 
 ration. 
 
 PERSISTENT, per-sist'ent, adj.,persist%iiq : 
 tenacious : fixed : (bot.) remaining till 
 or after the fruit is ripe. — adv. Peesist'- 
 
 EJTTLY. 
 
 PERSON, per'sun, n. character represented, 
 as on the stage : character : an individ- 
 ual : a living soul : the outward appear- 
 ance, etc. : body : (gram.) a distinc- 
 tion in form, according as the subject of 
 the verb is the person speaking, spoken 
 to, or spoken of. — In person, by one's 
 self, not by a representative. [Fr. — L. 
 persona, a mask, esp. that used by play- 
 ers, which covered the whole head, and 
 was varied ace. to the character repre- 
 sented, perh. from perso^^o, -afus — j^er, 
 through, and sono, to sound, from the 
 voice of the actor sounding through the 
 large-mouthed mask.] 
 
 PERSONABLE, per'sun-a-bl, adj. having a 
 well-formed body or person : of good ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 PERSONAGE, per' sun -aj, n. a, perscm : 
 character represented : an individual of 
 eminence. 
 
 PERSONAL, per'sun-al, adj. belonging to 
 a person : peculiar to a person or liis 
 private concerns : pertaining to the ex- 
 ternal appearance : done in person : ap- 
 phing offensively to one's character : 
 (gram.) denoting the person. 
 
 PERSONALITY, per-sun-al'i-ti, n. that 
 whieli constitutes distinction of pei'son 
 individuality : a personal remark or re- 
 flection. 
 
 PERSONALLY, per'sun-al-li, adv. in a 
 personal or direct manner : in person : in- 
 dividuallv. 
 
 PERSONALTY, per'sun-al-ti. ;i. (lawjjyer- 
 sonal estate or all sorts of movable prop- 
 ertv. 
 
 PERSONATE, per'sun-at, v.t. to assume 
 the person or character of : to represent : 
 to counterfeit : to feig^n. — ns. Persona'- 
 TION. Per'sonator. 
 
 PERSONIFY, per-son'i-fi. v.t. (rhet.) to 
 ascribe to any inanimate object the 
 qualities of a person : — pa.t. and pa.p. 
 person'i-fled. — n . Peesonifica'tion. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE, per-spekt'iv, n. a xie-w, 
 %asta : the art of delineating objects on 
 a plane surface as the3- appear to the 
 eye : a picture in jwrspective. — adj. per- 
 taining' or according to perspective. [Fr. 
 — L. perspicio, perspecttis — per, through, 
 and specio, to look.] 
 
 PERSPECTIVELY, per-spekt'iv-Ii, adv. ac- 
 cording to the rules of perspective. 
 
 PERSPICACIOUS, per-spi-ka'shus, adA.ot 
 clear or acute understanding. — adv. Per- 
 spica'ciously. — n. Peespica'ciovsness. 
 [L. perspioax, perspicacis — perspicio, to 
 see through.] 
 
 PERSPICACITY, per-spi-kas'i-ti. w. state 
 of being perspicacious or acute in dis- 
 cerning. 
 
 PERSPICUITY, per-spi-ku'i-ti, n. state of 
 being 2>erspicuous : clearness : freedom 
 from obscuritv. 
 
 PERSPICUOUS", per-spik'u-us, adj. clear 
 to the mind : not obscure in anj- way : 
 evident. — adv. Peespic'uocsly'. — n. Per 
 SPIC'UOUSNESS. [L. 2}ers2ncxius, from per 
 spicio, to see through.] 
 
 PERSPIRATION, per-spi-ra'shun, n. act of 
 perspiring : that which is perspired : 
 sweat. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 PERSPIRATORY, per-splr'a-tor-i, adj. per- 
 taining to or causing perspiration. 
 
 PERSPIRE, per-spir', v.i. and v.t. to emit 
 through the pores of the skin : to sweat. 
 [Lit. to breathe through, L. peroro, 
 -attis — jjer, through, and S2}iro, to 
 breathe.] 
 
 PERSUADE, per-swad', v.t. to influence 
 successfully by argument, advice, etc. : 
 to bring to any particular opinion : to
 
 PERSUASIBLE 
 
 323 
 
 PHANTASMAGORIA 
 
 conWnce. — n. Persuad'er. [Fr. — L. per- 
 suadeo, -suasum — per, thoroug'hly, and 
 suadeo, to advise.] 
 J PERSUASIBLE, per-swa'si-bl. adj. capable 
 of being persuaded. — iis. Persua'sible- 
 NHSS. Persuasibil'itv. 
 
 PERSUASION, per-swii'zhun, n. act of 
 persuading : state of being; persuaded : 
 settled opinion : a creed : a partj' adher- 
 ing to a creed. 
 
 PERSUASIVE, per-swa'siv, adj. having 
 the power to persuade: influencing the 
 mind or passions. — adv. Persua'sively. 
 — >!. Persfa'siveness. 
 
 PERT, pert, adj. forward : saucy : imper- 
 tinent.— adi-. Pert'lt. — n. Pert'xess. [A 
 form of Perk.] 
 
 PERTAIN, per-tan', v.i. to belong: to re- 
 late (to). [O. Fr. parteuit — L. pertineo 
 — per, thoroughly', and teneo, to hold.] 
 
 PERTINACIOUS, per-ti-ua'shus, adj., thor- 
 oughly tenacious : holding obstinately to 
 an opinion or purpose : obstinate. — adv. 
 Pertina'ciously. — h.Pertina'ciousness. 
 [Fr. — h. pertinax, -acts — jier, thoroughly, 
 and tenax, tenacious — teneo, to hold.] 
 
 PERTINACITY, per-ti-nas'i-ti. n. quality 
 of being pertinaciou.s or unyielding : ob- 
 stinacv- 
 
 PERTINENCE, per'ti-nens.PERTINENCY, 
 per'ti-nen-si, n. state of being pertinent : 
 appositeness : fitness. 
 
 PERTINENT, per'ti-nent, adj.. pertaining 
 or related to a subject : fitting or appro- 
 priate. — adv. Per'tinently. 
 
 PERTURB, per-turb'. v.t. to disturb great- 
 ly : to agitate. [Fr. — L. perturbo, -atus 
 —per, thoroughly, and turbo, disturb — 
 turba. a crowd. See Tcrbid.] 
 
 PERTURBATION, per-tur-ba'shun, n. state 
 of being perturbed: disquiet of mind: 
 (d-str.) a deviation of a heavenly body 
 from its normal orbit. 
 
 PERUKE, per'ook or per-ruk', n. an arti- 
 ficial cap of hair : a periwig. [Fr. per- 
 ruque — It. piarrucca{Sp.2>eluca)—-L.pilus, 
 hair. Doublets P»ERrwiG, WiG.] 
 
 PERUSAL, per-uz'al or per-ooz'al, n. the 
 act of pel-using : examination : study. 
 
 PERUSE, per-uz' or per-ooz', v.t. to read 
 attentively : to examine. — n. Perus'er. 
 [Formed from L. per, and USE, v.t.] 
 
 PERUVIAN, per-o6 vi-an, adj. pertaining 
 to Peru in S. America. — n. a native of 
 Peru. 
 
 PERVADE, per-vad', v.t. to go through or 
 penetrate : to spread all over. [L. per- 
 vado, pervasum — per, through, and vado, 
 to go : conn, with Wade.] 
 
 PERVASIVE, per-vas'iv, adj. tending or 
 having- power to pervade. 
 
 PERVERSE, per- vers', adj., perverted or 
 turned aside : obstinate in the wrong : 
 stul)borQ : vexatious. — ns. Perverse'- 
 NESS, Pervers'ity.— ad(^ Perverse'ly. 
 
 PERVERSION, per-ver'shun, n. the act of 
 perverting: a diverting from the true ob- 
 ject : a turning from truth or propriety : 
 misapplication. 
 
 PERVERT, per- vert', v.t. to turn wrong or 
 from the right course : to change from 
 its true use : to corrupt : to turn from 
 truth or virtue. — n. Peryert'er. [Fr. 
 pervert ir — L. pervert o — per, thoroughly. 
 '• to the bad." and verto. versus, to turn.] 
 
 PERVERTIBLE, per-vert'i-bl, adj. able to 
 be perverted. 
 
 PERVIOUS, per'vi-us, adj. penetrable.— 
 adv. Per'viously. — n. Per'viousness. 
 [Lit. " affording a way through," L. per- 
 viiis — per, through, i^ia, a wav.] 
 
 PESSIMIST, pes'i-mist. n. one* who com- 
 plains of everything being for the worst : 
 — opposed to" OPTimsT. — n. PESs'unsM. 
 ("From L. pessimus, worst.] 
 
 PeST, pest, n. a deadly disease : a plague : 
 
 anything destructive. [Fr. peste — L. 
 pestis. a contagious disease.] 
 
 PESTER, pes'ter, v.t. to disturb, to annov. 
 [Short for impester, O. Fr. empestrer (Fr. 
 empStrer), to entangle, from in. in, and 
 Low L. pastprium, the foot-shackle of a 
 horse at pasture — L. pastus, pa.p. of 
 pasco, to feed.] 
 
 PESTHOUSE, pest'hows, v. a house or 
 hospital for persons afflicted with any 
 pe.'it or contagious disease. 
 
 PESTIFEROUS, pest-if'er-us, adj., bearing 
 pestilence : pestilent. — adv. Pestif'er- 
 ousLY. [L. pestis, and fero, E. Bear.] 
 
 PESTILENCE, pest'i-lens, n. any conta- 
 gious deadly disease. 
 
 PESTILENT, pest'i-lent, adj. producing 
 jiestilence : hurtful to health and life : 
 mischievous : corrupt : troublesome. — 
 adv. Pest'ilently. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 PESTILENTIAL, pest-i-len'shal. adj. of 
 the nature of pestilence : producing pesti- 
 lence : destructive. — adv. Pestilen'- 
 
 TTAT.T.Y. 
 
 PESTLE, pes'l or pest'l, n. an instrument 
 for pounding anything in a mortar. — 
 v.t. and v.i. to pound with a pestle. [O. 
 Ft. piestel — h. p>istillum, a pounder, froiii 
 pinso, pistum, to pound.] 
 
 PET, pet, n. any animal tame and fondled : 
 a word of endearment often used to 
 young children. — 1•.^ to treat as a pet : 
 to fondle: — pr.p. pett'ing ; pa.<. and 
 pa.p. pett'ed. [Celt., as Ir. jaeat, Gael. 
 pedta.~\ 
 
 PET, pet, n. a sudden fit of peevishness or 
 slight passion. [From the above word.] 
 
 PETAL, pet'al, n. a flower-?6a/. [Gr. jje/- 
 alon, a leaf, neuter of petalos, spread 
 out, flora root of peta-nnymi, to sj:>read 
 out. Cf. Fathom.1 
 
 PETALED, pet'ald, PETALOUS, pet'al-us, 
 adj. having petals or flower-leaves. 
 
 PETALINE, pet'al-in, adj. pertaining to or 
 resembling a petal : attached to a petal. 
 
 PETALOID, pet'al-oid, adj. having the 
 form of a petal. [Petal, and Gr. eidos, 
 form.] 
 
 PETARD, pe-tard', n. an engine of war, 
 used to break down barriers, etc., by 
 explosion. [Fr. peter, to crax;k or ex- 
 plode — L. pedo, cog. wth Gr. perdo. 
 Sans, pard, and Ger. furzen.] 
 
 PETER-PENCE, pe'ter-pens, n. an annual 
 tax of a silver penny, formerly paid b^- 
 the English to the Pope as successor of 
 St. Peter. 
 
 PETIOLE, pet'i-ol, n. the /oo^stalk of a 
 leaf. [Fr. — Ij.petiolus, a little foot— ^^es, 
 pedi.'i, E. Foot.] 
 
 PETITION, pe-tish'un, n. a request : a 
 prayer : a supplication. — v.t. to present 
 a petition to : to supplicate. [Fr. — L. 
 petitio—peto, petitus, to fall on, to ask — 
 pat. to fall. See Pen, ».] 
 
 PETITIONARY, po-tish'un-ar-i, adj. con- 
 taining a petition : supplicatory. 
 
 PETITIONER. i)e-tish'an-er, n. one who 
 offers a petition or praver. 
 
 PETITIONING, pe-tisli'un-ing, n. the act 
 of presenting a petition: entreaty: solic- 
 itation. 
 
 PETRE. Same as Saltpetre. 
 
 PETREAN, pe-tre'an, adj. pertaining to 
 rock. [Ij. jyetrceus, Gr. p>etraios — L., Gr. 
 pcfrn. a rock.] 
 
 PETREL, pet'rel, Ji. a genus of ocean birds, 
 which appear during flight sometimes to 
 touch the surface of the waves with their 
 feet, prob. so called in allusion to St. 
 Peter's wallring on the sea. [Fr.] 
 
 PETRESCENT. pe-tres'ent, adj. growing 
 into or becoming sfoxe. — n. Petres'CENCE. 
 
 PETRIFACTION, pet-ri-fak'shun, n. the 
 act of turning into stone : the state of 
 being turned into stone : that which is 
 made stone. 
 
 PETRIFACTm:, pet-ri-fakt'iv, PETRIF- 
 IC, pe-trif'ik, adj. having the power to 
 change into stone. 
 
 PETRIFY, pet'ri-fl, v.t. to turn into stone: 
 to make callous : to fix in amazement. — 
 v.i. to become stone, or hard like stone: 
 —2M.t. and pia.}). pet'rified. [L. 2>etra, a 
 rock — Gr.. a.nd facia, f actus, to make.] 
 
 PETROLEUM, pe-tro'le-um, n. a liquid in- 
 flammable substance issuing from certain 
 rocks. [Lit. "rock-oil," Ij. petra, rock — 
 Gr., and oleum, oil. See Oil.] 
 
 PETROUS, pe'trus, adj. like stone : hard. 
 
 PETTED, pet'ed, adj. treated as a pet : in- 
 dulg'ed. 
 
 PETTICOAT, pet'i-kot, n. a little coat : a 
 loose under garment worn by females. 
 [Petty and Coat.] 
 
 PETTICOATED, pet'i-kot-ed, adj. wearing 
 a petticoat. 
 
 PETTIFOGGER, pet'i-fog-er, n. a lawyer 
 who practices onlv in petty or paltry 
 cases. [Petty, antl prov. E. fog, to re- 
 sort to mean contrivances.] 
 
 PETTIFOGGERY, pet'i-fog-er-i, n. the 
 practice of a pettifogger : mean tricks : 
 quibbles. 
 
 PETTISH, pet'ish, adj. showing a pet: 
 pee\-ish : fretful. — adv. Pett'ishly. — n. 
 Pett'ishxess. 
 
 PETTY, pet'i. adj., small : inconsiderable : 
 contemptible. — adv. Pett'ILY. — n. PETT- 
 INESS. [M.E. ije<i7— Fr. iietit ; cf. W. 
 pitu; small.] 
 
 PETULANCE, pet'u-lans, PETULANCY, 
 pet'u-lan-si, n. forwardness : impudence : 
 saueiness : peevishness : wantonness. 
 
 PETULANT, pet'u-lant, adj., falling upon 
 or assailing saucily : forward : impudent : 
 peevish.— adr. Pet'ulantly. [L. pietu- 
 tans, -antis — obs. petulo, dim. oi peto. to 
 fall upon.] 
 
 PEW, pu, n. an inclosed seat in a church. 
 [O. Fr. pui, a raised place — L. podium, a 
 projecting seat in the amphitheatre for 
 the emperor, etc. — Gr. podion, orig. a 
 footstool — pous, 2)odos. E. Foot.] 
 
 PEWIT, pe'wit, PEWET, pe'wet, n. the 
 lapwing-, a bird with a black head and 
 crest, common in moors. [From its cry. 
 Cf. Dut. ineirit or kietrit.} 
 
 PEWTER, pu'ter, n. an alloy of tin and 
 antimony with lead or with copper : 
 vessels made of pewter. — adj. made of 
 pewter. [O. Fr. 2)eutre (It. peltro), from 
 a Teut. root, found in Ice. pjatr, E. 
 
 PEWTERER, pu'ter-er, n. one who works 
 in pewter. 
 
 PHAETON, fa'e-tun, n. a kind of open 
 pleasure-carriage on four wheels, named 
 after Phaethon, the fabled son of Helios, 
 the sun, whose chariot he attempted to 
 drive : the tropic bird. 
 
 PHALANX, falangks or fa'-, n. a line of 
 battle : a square battalion of heavy 
 armed infantry drawn up in ranks and 
 files close and deep : any compact bod^ 
 of men : — ^jZ. Phalan'oes, the small 
 bones of the fingers and toes. [L. — Gr. 
 2)halangks.] 
 
 PHANER0GA5I0US, fan-er-og'am-us. adj 
 having visible flowers (as opposed to the 
 
 CRYPTOGAjnA). 
 
 PHANTASM, fant'azm, n. a vain, airy ap 
 pearance : a fancied vision: a spectre: 
 —pi. Phant'asms, Phantas'jiata. [Gr. 
 phanta.vna — phanfazo, to make visible 
 —phaino, to bring to light — pha-o, to 
 shine.] 
 
 PHANTASMAGORIA, fant-az-ma-go'ri-a. 
 n. a gathering of njyjenraHCfs or figures 
 upon a flat surface by a magic-lantern. 
 [Gr. 7j/iaH?(j.wi<i (see Phantasm), an 
 appearance, and agora, an assembly— 
 ageiro, to gather.]
 
 PHANTASTIC 
 
 324 
 
 PHOTOGBAPHY 
 
 f»H.A .^TASTIC. PHA^TASY. See Fan- 
 tastic. Fantasy. 
 
 PHANTOM. Same as Phantasm. [O. Fr. 
 fanfosme — Gr.] 
 
 PHARISAIC, far-i-sa'ik, PHAEISAICAL, 
 far-i-sa'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or like 
 the Pharisees : hj-pocritical. — adi\ Phar- 
 isa'ically. — n. Phaeisa'icalness. 
 
 PHARISAISM, far'i-sa-izm, PHAEISEE- 
 ISM, far'i-se-izm, n. the practice and 
 opinions of the Pharisees : strict observ- 
 ance of outward forms in religion with- 
 out the spirit of it : hypocrisy. 
 
 PHARISEE, far'i-se, n. one of a religious 
 school among the Jews, marked by their 
 strict observance of the law and of re- 
 ligious ordinances. [Lit. " one separate," 
 L. 2)harisceus — Gr. pharisaios — Heb. 
 parash, to separate.] 
 
 PHARMACEUTIC, far-ma-sut'ik, PHAR- 
 MACEUTICAL, far-ma-sut'ik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to the knowledge or art of 
 pharmacy.— adv. Ph^urmaceut'ically. 
 
 PHARMACEUTICS, far-ma-sut'iks, n.sing. 
 the science of preparing medicines. 
 
 PHARMACEUTIST, far-ma-sut'ist, n. one 
 who practices pharmacy: 
 
 PHARMAC0FCEL4., far-ma-ko-pe'ya, n. a 
 book containing directions for the prepa- 
 raiion of medicines. [Gr. pharinakon, 
 and poieo, to make.] 
 
 PHARMACY, far'ma-si, n. the art of pre- 
 paring and mixing medicines. [Fr.phar- 
 made — L., Gr. pharmakoii, a drug.] 
 
 PHAROS, ffi'ros, n. a lighthouse or beacon, 
 so named from the famous lighthouse on 
 the island of Pharos in the Bay of Alex- 
 andria. 
 
 PHARYNX, far'ingks, n. the cleft or cavity 
 forming the upper part of the gullet. — 
 adj. Pharyn'geal. [Late L. — Gr. phar- 
 yngks. See BoRE, r.J 
 
 PHASE, faz, PHASIS, fas'is, n. an appear- 
 ance : the illuminated surface exhibited 
 by a planet : the particular state at any 
 time of a phenomenon which undergoes 
 a periodic change : — pi. Phas'es. [Gr. 
 phasis, from the root pha-, to shine. 
 See Phantasm.] 
 
 PHEASANT, fez'ant, n. a gallinaceous bird 
 abundant in Britain, and highly valued 
 as food. [Lit. "the Pha&ian bird," Fr. 
 faisan (with excrescent -t) — L. Phasiana 
 (avis, bird, being understood) — Gr. Phasi- 
 anos, of Phasis, a river flowing into the 
 eastern part of the Black Sea, whence 
 the bird was brought to Europe.] 
 
 ?HEASAJSfTRY, fez'ant-ri, n. an inclosure 
 for pheasants. 
 
 PHENIX, PHCENIX, fe'niks, «. a fabulous 
 bird said to exist 500 j'ears single and to 
 rise again from its own ashes : hence, the 
 emblem of immortality. [L. phoenix — 
 Gr. phoinix.'] 
 
 PHENOMENAL, fen-om'en-al, adj. per- 
 taining to a phenomenon. — arfi'.PHENOM'- 
 
 ENALLY. 
 
 PHENOMENALISM, fen-om'en-al-izm, n. 
 tluit system of philosophy which inquires 
 only into the causes of existing phe- 
 nomena. 
 
 PHENOMENON, fen-om'en-on, ??. an op- 
 pearance : something as it is perceived 
 (not necessarily as it reallj' is) : an ob- 
 served result : a remarkable or unusual 
 appearance : — pi. PhenOM'ENA. [Gr. 
 phainomenon — phaino, to show. See 
 Phantasm.] 
 
 PHIAL, fi'al, n. a small glass vessel or 
 bottle. [L. phiala — Gr. phiale. Cf. 
 Vial.] 
 
 PHILANDER, fi-lan'der, v.i. to make love : 
 to flirt or coquet. [Gr. philandros, lov- 
 ing men — philos, Aeax—philo. to love, and 
 aner, andros, a man.] 
 
 PHILANTHROPIC, fil-an-throp'ik, PHIL- 
 ANTHROPICAL, fil-an-throp'ik-al, adj., 
 
 loving mankind : showing philanthropy : 
 benevolent. — adv. Philanthrop'icaixy. 
 
 PHILANTHROPIST, fil-an'thro-pist, n. one 
 who loves and wishes to serve mankind. 
 
 PHILANTHROPY, fil-an'thro-pi, n., love 
 of mankind : good-will towards all men. 
 [L. — Gr. philanthropia — philos, loving, 
 anihropos. a man.] 
 
 PHILHARMONIC, fil-har-mon'ik, adj., 
 loving harmony or music. [Gr. philos, 
 loving, harmonia, harmony.] 
 
 PHILIBEG. See Ftt.t.tbeg. 
 
 PHILIPPIC, fil-ip'ik, n. one of the orations 
 of Demosthenes against Philii) of Mace- 
 don : a discourse full of invective. [L. — 
 Gr.] 
 
 PHILISTINE, fil'is-tin, n. one of the ancient 
 inhabitants of South-western Palestine, 
 enemies of the Israelites : name applied 
 by German students to shopkeepers and 
 others not conn, with the university : a 
 person without liberal ideas, an uncul- 
 tured person. — n. PnrL'lSTINISM. 
 
 PHILOLOGIST, fll-ol'o-jist, n. one versed 
 in philology. 
 
 PHILOLOGY, fil-ol'o-ji, n. the science of 
 language: the study of etymology, gram- 
 mar, rhetoric, and literai'y criticism : 
 (prig.) the study of the classical languages 
 of Greece and Rome. — adj. Philolog^C, 
 Philolog'ical. — adv. Philolog'ic ally. 
 [L. — Gr. philologia (lit.) love of talking 
 — philologos, fond of words — philos, lov- 
 ing, logos, discourse, from lego, to 
 speak.] 
 
 PHILOMATH, fil'o-math, n. a lover of 
 learning. — adjs. Phllomath'ic, -al. [Gr. 
 philomathes, fond of learning — philos, 
 loving, and e-maih-on, 2 aorist of 7nan- 
 thano, to learn. 1 
 
 PHILOMEL, fil'o-^nel. PHILOMELA, fil-o- 
 me'la, n. the nightingale. [Gr. Philo- 
 mela, daughter of Pandion, king of 
 Athens, fabled to have been changed 
 into a nightingale.] 
 
 PHILOPROGENITIVENESS,fll-o-pro-jen'. 
 i-tiv-nes, n. (phrenology) the instinctive 
 love of offspring. [A hj'brid word, from 
 Gr. philos, loving, and li. progenies, prog- 
 eny.] 
 
 PHILOSOPHER, fil-os'o-fer, n. a lover of 
 xvisdom: one versed in or devoted to phil- 
 osophy: one who acts calmly and ration- 
 all3'. [Fr. — L. — Gr. philosophos— philos, 
 a lover, sophos, wise.] 
 
 PHILOSOPHIC, fil-o-sof'ik, PHILOSOPH- 
 ICAL, fll-o-sof'ik-al, adj. pertaining or 
 according to philosophy : skilled in or 
 given to philosophy : rational : calm. — 
 adv. Philosoph'ica't.ly. [L. philosoph- 
 iciis.'] 
 
 PHILOSOPHIZE, fil-os'o-fiz, v.i. to reason 
 like a ph ilosopher. 
 
 PHILOSOPHISM, fil-os'o-flzm, n. would-be 
 pliilosophy. — n. Philos'OPHIST. — adj. 
 Philosophist'ic. 
 
 PHILOSOPHY, fil-os'o-fi, w. the knowledge 
 of the causes of all phenomena : the 
 collection of general laws or principles 
 belonging to any department of knowl- 
 edge : reasoning: a particular philosoph- 
 ical system. [Lit. " the love of wisdom," 
 Fr. — L. — Gr. philosophia — philos, loving, 
 Sophia, wisdom.] 
 
 PHILTRE, PHILTER, fil'ter, n. a charm 
 or spell to excite lore. [Fr. philtre — L. 
 philirum — Gr. philtron^philos, loving, 
 -tron, denoting the agent/] 
 
 PHLEBOTOMY, fle-bot'o-mi, n. act of 
 letting blood. [Lit. " vein-cutting," Fr. 
 — L. — Gr., from x>hleps, phlebos, a vein, 
 and tomos, a cutting.] 
 
 PHLEGM, flem. n. the thick, slimy matter 
 secreted in the throat, and discharged 
 by coughing: sluggishness: indifference. 
 [Fr. — 1,. — Gr. phlegma. phlegmaios, a 
 flame, inflammation^j7!?egi-d, to burn; 
 
 like L. flam-ma (for flag-ma— flag-, as in 
 L. flag-rare, to burn), whence Flame.] 
 
 PHLEGMATIC, fleg-mat'ik, PHLEGMAT- 
 ICAL, ileg-mat'ik-al, adj. abounding in. 
 or generating phlegm : cold : sluggish : 
 not easily excited. — adv. Phlegmat*- 
 ICALLY. [Gr. 2}Megmatikos— phlegma.] 
 
 PHLOGISTON, flo-jis'ton, n. the imag- 
 inary principle of fire, supposed by Stall 
 to be fixed in combustible bodies. — adj. 
 Phlogis'tic. [Gr.] 
 
 PHLOX, floks, 71. a well-known garden, 
 plant, so called from its color. [Gr. " a 
 flame" — phlego, to burn. See Phlegm.] 
 
 PHOCINE, fo'sin, adj. pertainingto the seal 
 familv. [L. p/ioca— Gr. phoke, a seal.] 
 
 PHCENIX. Same as PHENIX. 
 
 PHONETIC, fo-net'ik, PHONETICAL. fo- 
 net'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or according 
 to the soMJid of the voice: representing 
 the separate elementary sounds : vocal. 
 — n.sing. Phonet'ics, the science of 
 sounds, esp. of the human voice. — adv. 
 Phonet'ically. [Gr. phonetikos^phone, 
 a sound.] 
 
 PHONIC, fou'ik, adj. pertaining to sound. 
 — n.sing. Phon'ics, the science of sound, 
 upoiistios 
 
 PHONOGRAPH, fo'no-graf, n. an instru- 
 ment by which articulate speech or other 
 sonnds can be recorded bv indentations 
 on tinfoil, and mechanically reproduced 
 at will from the record, almost in the 
 original tones. [Gr. phone, sound, and 
 graphs, to write.] 
 
 PHONOGRAPHER, fo-nog'ra-fer, PHO- 
 NOGRAPHIST, fo-nog'rarfist, w. one 
 versed in phonography. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHY, fo-nog'ra-fi, n. the art 
 of representing spoken sounds, each by a 
 distinct c/iorac/'er; phonetic shorthand - 
 adjs. Phonographic, -al. — adv. Phon j 
 graphically. 
 
 PHONOLOGY, fo-nol'o-ji, n. the science o 
 the eleraentarj' spoken sounds : phonetics 
 — adj. Phonolog ICAL. — n. Phonol'ogist 
 one versed in phonology. [Gr. phonic 
 sound, logos, discourse.] 
 
 PHONOTYPE, fo'no-tlp. n. a type or sign 
 representing a so»«d. [Gr. phone, sound, 
 typos, type.] 
 
 PHONOTYPY, fo-not'ip-i, n. the art of 
 representing sounds by types or distinct 
 characters. 
 
 PHOSPHATE, fos'fat, n. a salt formed bv 
 the combination of phosphoric acid with 
 
 PHOSPHORESCE, fos-for-es', v.i. to shine 
 in the dark like phosphorus. 
 
 PHOSPHORESCENT, fos-for-es'ent, adj. 
 shining in the dark like phosphorus. — n, 
 Phosfhores'cence. 
 
 PHOSPHORIC, fos-for'ik, PHOSPHORr- 
 OUS, fos'for-us, adj. pertaining to or 
 obtained from phosphorus. 
 
 PHOSPHORUS, fos'for-us, n. the morning- 
 star : a yellowish substance, like wax, 
 inflammab'.e and luminous in the dark, 
 [L. — Gr. X)hdsphoros, light-bearer— jj/io«, 
 light, and phoros, bearing, from pherd, 
 E. Bear.] 
 
 PHOSPHURET, fos'fu-ret, n. a compound 
 of phosphorus with a metal. — adj. Phos'- 
 phuretted, combined with phosphorus. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPH, fo'to-graf, n. a picture 
 produced bv photography. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHER,fo-tog'ra-fer,PHOTOG. 
 RAPHIST, fo-tog'ra-fist, n. one who prao 
 tices photography. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHIC,' fo-to-graf'ik, PHOTO 
 GRAPHICAL, fo-to-graf'ik-al, adj per- 
 taining to or done by photography. — adv 
 Photograph'ically. 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHY, fo-tog'raf-i, n. the art 
 of producing pictures by the action ot 
 light on chemically prepared surfaces. 
 [Gr. phos, photos, light, grapho, to draw.] 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 I
 
 PHOTOMETER 
 
 325 
 
 PIERGLASS 
 
 PHOTOMETER, fo-tom'et-er, n. an instru- 
 ment for measuring the intensity of light. 
 [Gr. phbs, photos, light, inetrou, a meas- 
 ure.] 
 
 PHOTOPHONE, fo'to-fon, n. an apparatus 
 for transmitting articulate speech to a 
 distance along a beam of light. [Gr. phos, 
 photos, light, and phone, sound.] 
 
 PHOTOSPHERE, fo'to-sfer, n. the lumin- 
 ous envelope round the sun's globe, which 
 is the source of light. [Gr. p>hos, photos, 
 light, and Sphere.] 
 
 PHRASE, fraz, n. a part of a sentence : a 
 short pithy expression: a form of speech: 
 (■HK(Sic) a short clause or portion of a sen- 
 tence. — v.t. to express in words: to style. 
 [Fr. — L. — Gr. phrasis^phrazo, to speak] 
 
 PHRASEOLOGIC,fra-ze-o-loj'ik,PHRASE- 
 OLOGICAL, fra-ze-o-loj'ik-al, atlj. per- 
 taining to phraseology : consisting of 
 phrases. — adv. Phraseolog'ically. 
 
 PHRASEOLOGY, fra-ze-ol'o-ji, n. style or 
 manner of expression or use of pihrases : 
 peculiarities of diction : a collection of 
 plirases in a language. [Gr. phrasis, 
 phraseos, phrase, logos, science.] 
 
 PHRENOLOGIST, fren-ol'o-jist, n. one who 
 believes or is versed in phrenology. 
 
 PHRENOLOGT, fren-ol'o-ji, n. the theory 
 of Gall and Iiis followers, which connects 
 the mental faculties with certain parts 
 of the brain, and professes to discover 
 the character from an examination of 
 the skull. — adj. Pheenoloq'ical.— adv. 
 Phrenoloq'ically. [Gr. phren, phrenos, 
 mind, logos, science.] 
 
 PHTHISIC, tiz'ik, PHTHISICAL, tiz'ik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to or having jMhisis. 
 
 PHTHISIS, thl'sis, n. consumption of the 
 lungs. [L. — Gr. phthio, to waste away.] 
 
 PHYLACTERY, fi-lak'ter-i, n. among the 
 Jews, a slip of parchment inscribed with 
 passages of Scripture, worn on the left 
 arm and forehead. — adjs. Pbtylacter'ic, 
 Phylactee'ical. [Lit. a charm to pro- 
 tect from danger, L. — Gr. phylakterion, 
 phylakter, a guard — phylasso, to guard.] 
 
 PHYLACTOL^MATA, fi-lak-to-le'^ma-ta, 
 n.pl. the division of Polyzoa in which the 
 mouth is provided with the arched val- 
 vular process known as the " epistome," 
 and in which the tentaculate disc is 
 horse-shoe shaped. [Gr. x>hylassd, to 
 guard, and laima, laimatos, the throat.] 
 
 PHYLLOXERA, fil-ok'ser-a, n. a genus of 
 insects destructive to vines. [Gr. phyllon, 
 a leaf, and zeros, dry, withei'ed.] 
 
 PHYSIC, fiz'ik, n. the science of medicine : 
 the art of healing : a medicine. — i\t. to 
 give medicine to: — jfJr.p. phys'icking ; 
 pa.f. and pa. p. phys'icked. [From the 
 Fr. of the Middle Ages (mod. Fv. physique 
 is the same as E. physics) — Gr. physike, 
 natural, physical (as medical men were 
 then the only naturalists) — Gr. phy-sis, 
 nature, from the same root as E. Be.] 
 
 PHYSICAL, fiz'ik-al, adj. pertaining to na- 
 ture or natural objects : pertaining to 
 material things : known to the senses : 
 pertaining to the body. — adv. Phys'ical- 
 LY. [Gr. physikos—physis, nature. See 
 Physics.] 
 
 PHYSICIAN, fi-zish'an, n. one skilled in 
 tlie use of physic or the art of healing : 
 one who prescribes remedies for diseases. 
 
 PHYSICIST, fiz'i-sist, n. a student of na- 
 ture: one versed in physics. 
 
 PHYSICS, fiz'iks, n.pl. used as sing, {orig.) 
 equivalent to Physical Science, i.e. the 
 science of the order of nature : usually 
 sig. (as distinguislied from chemistry) 
 study of matter and the general proper- 
 ties of matter as affected by energ3' — also 
 called natural philosophy. [L. physica, 
 Gr. physike (theoria, theory)— 2)hysis, na- 
 ture.] 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY, flz-i-og'no-mi or fiz-i-on'- 
 
 o-mi, n. the art of knowing a man's dis- 
 position from his features : expression of 
 countenance : the face. — adjs. Pyhsiog- 
 nom'ic, Physiognom'ical.— adi'. Physi- 
 ognom'ically.— /(.suii;. Physiognom'ics, 
 same as PHYSIOGNOMY. — n. Physiog'no- 
 MiST. [For physiognomony — Gr. physiog- 
 nomonia — pi^^V^^^t nature, gnomon, one 
 who indicates or interprets — gnonai, to 
 know.] 
 
 PHYSIOGRAPHY, fiz-i-og'ra-fl, n. a de- 
 scription of nature, esp. in its external 
 aspects : an introduction to the study of 
 natui-e. [Gr. physis, nature, and graphs, 
 to describe.] 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY, fiz-i-ol'o-ji, n. the science 
 of the functions of living beings — a 
 branch of biology. — adjs. Physiolog'ic, 
 Physiolog'ical. —adv. Physiolog'icax- 
 LY. — n. Physiol'ogist. [Lit. "the sci- 
 ence of nature," Gr. physis, nature, logos, 
 scighcg 1 
 
 PHYSIQUE, fiz-ek', ?;. the physical struct- 
 ure or natural constitution of a person. 
 [Fr., from root of PHYSICAL.] 
 
 PHYTOLOGY, fi-tol'o-ji, n. the science of 
 2]lants : botany. — adj. Phytolog'ical. — 
 n. Phytol'ogist. [Gr. jihyton, a plant, 
 logos, discourse, science.] 
 
 PIACULAR, pl-ak'ti-lar, adj. serving to 
 appease, expiatory : requiring expiation: 
 atrociously bad. [L. piaculum, sacrifice 
 — pio. expiate-^piits, pious.] 
 
 PIANIST, pi-a'nist, n. one wlio plays on 
 the piano-forte, or one well skilled in it. 
 
 PIANO, pi-a'no, adv. {mus.) softly. — adv. 
 PlANls'siMO, very softly. [It. piano 
 (superl. pianissimo), plain, smooth — L. 
 planus, plain. Doublet Plain.] 
 
 PIANOFORTE, pi-a'no-for'ta (generally 
 shortened to) PIANO, pi-a'no, n. a musi- 
 cal instrument with wires struck by lit- 
 tle hammers moved by keys, so as to 
 produce both soft and strong sounds. 
 [It. inano (see PlANO, above), and forte, 
 strong — L. fortis, strong. See FORCE.] 
 
 PIASTRE, pi-as'ter, n. a silver coin used 
 in Turkey and other countries, of vary- 
 ing value. [Fr. — It. piastra, from same 
 root as Plaster.] 
 
 PIAZZA, pi-az'a, n. a jilace or square sur- 
 rounded by buildings : a walk under a 
 roof supported by pillars. [It. (Fr. place) 
 — L. platea, a broad street. See Place, 
 its doublet.] 
 
 PIBROCH, pe'brok, n. the martial music 
 of the Scottish bagpipe. [Gael, piobair- 
 eachd, pipe-music — pidbair, a piper — 
 X>iob, a pipe, bagpipe. Cf. Pipe.] 
 
 PICA, pi'ka, n. a printing type, used as a 
 standard of measurement by printers. 
 [See Pie, a book.] 
 
 PICK, pik, v.t. to prick with a sharp- 
 pointed instrument : to peck, as a bird : 
 .to pierce : to open with a pointed instru- 
 ment, as a lock : to pluck or gather, as 
 flowers, etc. : to separate from : to clean 
 with tlie teeth : to gather : to choose : 
 to select : to call : to seek, as a quarrel : 
 to steal. — v.i. to do anything nicely : to 
 eat by moi'sels. — n. any sharp-pointed 
 instrument: choice. — n. Pick'er. [A.S. 
 pycan (Ger. picken) — Celt., as Gael, pine, 
 to pick, W. pigo. Cf. the allied Pike.] 
 
 PICKAXE, pik'aks, ?i. a, picking tool usaA 
 in digging. [A popular corr. of M. E. 
 pikois — O. Fr. picois (Fr. pic), of same 
 Celt, origin as Pick, r.t] 
 
 PICKET, pik'et, n. a pointed stake used 
 in fortification : a small outpost or 
 guard. — v.t. to fasten to a stake, as a 
 horse : to post as a vanguard. [Fr. 
 piquet, dim. of pic, a pickaxe. See 
 Pickaxe.] 
 
 PICKLE, pik'l, n. a liquid in which sub- 
 stances are preserved : anything pickled : 
 a disagreeable position. — v.t. to season 
 
 or preserve with salt, vinegar, etc. [Dut, 
 2}ekel, pickle, brine.] 
 
 PICKLOCK, pik'lok, n. an instrument for 
 2)ickiHg locks. 
 
 PICKPOCKET, pik'pok-et, n. one who 
 2)icks or steals from other people's 
 2}ockets. 
 
 PICNIC, pik'nik, n. a short excursion into 
 the country by a pleasure-party, taking 
 tlieir own provisions : an entertainment 
 in the open air, towards which each per- 
 son conti-ibutes. — v.i. to go on a picnic: — 
 2}r.p. pic'nicking; pa.t. and jja.p. pic'- 
 nicked. [Prob. fromJl. jjjct, to eat by 
 morsels, with the rhyming addition nick 
 (perh. a weakened form of Knack, which 
 see).] 
 
 PICTORIAL, pik-tor'i-al, adj. relating to 
 pictures : illustrated by pictures. — adv. 
 PiCTOR'lALLY. 
 
 PICTURE, pik'tQr, n. a 2iainting : a like- 
 ness in colors : a drawing : painting : a 
 resemblance : an image. — v.t. to paint, 
 to represent by painting : to form an 
 ideal likeness of : to describe vividly. 
 [L. pictura — pingo, 2^ictus, Sans. p>inj. 
 See Paint.] 
 
 PICTURESQUE, pik-tur-esk', adj. like a 
 picture : fit to make a picture : natural. 
 
 — adv. PiCTURESQUE'LY. — n. PlCTUR- 
 
 esqce'ness. [It. pittoresco — 2>^ttura. a 
 picture — L. jJicfuj-a. See Pictdee.] 
 
 PIDDLE, pid'l, v.i. to peddie or deal in 
 trifles : to trifle. [A weakened form of 
 Peddle.] 
 
 PIE, pi, n. a magpie : (print.) type mixed 
 orunsorted. [Fr. — L. 2}ica, akin to pieus, 
 a woodpecker.] 
 
 PIE, pi, n. a book which ordered the man- 
 ner of performing divine service. [Fr. — 
 L. pica, lit. magpie, from its old black- 
 letter type on white paper resembling 
 the colors of the magpie.] 
 
 PIE, pi, n. a quantity of meat or fruit 
 baked within a crust of prepared flour. 
 [Ety. dub.; perh. from Ir. and Gael. 
 2>ighe, pie.] 
 
 PIEBiALD, pi'bawld, adj. of various colors 
 in patches. [For 2ne-balled, lit. '■ streaked 
 like the magpie," from Pie (a magpie), 
 and W. bal, a streak on a liorse's fore- 
 head. See Bald.] 
 
 PIECE, pes, n. a part of anything : a sing:le 
 article : a separate performance : a lit- 
 erai'y or artistic composition : a gun : a 
 coin : a person (slightingly). — v.t. to en- 
 large by adding a piece : to patch. — v.i. 
 to unite by a coalescence of parts : to 
 join. — ft. Piec'er. [Fr. piece (It. pezza), 
 perh. conn, with Bret, jje^, W.peth.] 
 
 PIECELESS. pes'les, adj. not made of 
 pieces : entire. 
 
 PIECEMEAL, pes'mel, adj. made of pieces 
 or parts : single. — adv. in pieces or frag- 
 ments : by pieces : gradually. [Piece, 
 and Meal, a portion.] 
 
 PIECEWORK, pes'wurk, n., tcork done by 
 the 2}ifce or job. 
 
 PIED, pid, adj. variegated like a mag-pie ; 
 of various colors : spotted. 
 
 PIER, per, n. the mass of stone-wovk be- 
 tween the openings of a building, also 
 that supporting an arch, bridge, etc.: a 
 mass of stone or wood-work projecting 
 into the sea : a wharf. [M.E. pe»-e— Fr. 
 2}ierre, a stone — L. petra — Gr. petra, a 
 rock.] 
 
 PIERCE, pers, v.t. or v.t. to thrust or 
 make a hole through : to enter, or force 
 a way into : to touch or move deeply : 
 to dive into, as a secret. — n. PlERC'ER. 
 [Fr. 2^ercer. of doubtful origin.] 
 
 PIERCEABLE. pers'a-bl, adj. capable of 
 bi'ina- pierced. 
 
 PIER(iL.A.SS, per'glas, n. a gla.<is hung in 
 the space between windows. [See Pier.]
 
 PIET 
 
 326 
 
 PINFOLD 
 
 PIET, pfet, n. a pie or ma^ie. [A (orm 
 of Pie.] 
 
 PIETISII, pret-izm, n. the doctrine and 
 practice of the pietists. 
 
 PIETIST, pi'et-ist, n. one marked by strong 
 devotional or religious feeling : a name 
 first applied to a sect of German relig- 
 ious reformers at the end of the 17th 
 century, marked by their devotional 
 feeling'. — adv. Pietis't'ic. 
 
 PIETY, pfet-i, n. the quality of being 
 pious : reverence for the Deity, parents, 
 friends, or country : sense of duty : duti- 
 ful conduct. [Fr. piite — L. pietas. Doub- 
 let Pity.] 
 
 PIG, pig, n. a young swine : an oblong 
 mass of unforged metal, as first extracted 
 from the ore, so called because it is made 
 to flow when melted in channels called 
 pigs, branching from a main channel 
 called the sow. — v.i. to bring forth pigs : 
 to live together like pigs : — pr.p_. pigg'- 
 ing ; pa.t. nad pa.p. pigged. [A.S. pecg, 
 cog. with Dut. bigge, big, a pig. Cf. Ice. 
 pika, Dan. pige, a girl.] 
 
 PIGEON, pij'un, n. {lit.) that which pipes 
 or chirps : a well-known bird, the dove. 
 [Fr. — L. pipio, -onis, a young bird or 
 pigeon, from pipio, to chirp. An imita- 
 tive word. See Pipe.] 
 
 PIGEON-HEARTED, pij'un-hart'ed, atlj. 
 ■with a heart like a, mgeon's : timid : fear- 
 ful. 
 
 PIGEON-HOLE, pij'un-h5l, n. a hole or 
 niche in which pigeons lodge in a dove- 
 cot : a division of a case for papers, etc. 
 
 PIGEON -LIVERED, pij'un-liv'erd, adj. 
 with a liver like a pigeon's : timid : 
 cowardly. 
 
 PIGGERY, pig'er-i, n. a place where pigs 
 are kept. 
 
 t IGGIN, pig'in, n. a small wooden vessel. 
 [Gael, pigean, dim. of pigeadh, or pige, 
 a pot.] 
 
 PIGGISH, pig'lsh, adj. belonging to or like 
 pigs. 
 
 PIG-IRON, pig'-furn, n., iron in pigs or 
 rough bars. 
 
 PIGMENT, pig'ment, n., paint : any sub- 
 stance for coloring: that which gives the 
 iris of the eye its various colors.— odj. 
 Pigment' AL. [L. pigmentiin^—pingo, to 
 paint. See Pictuee.] 
 
 PIGMY. Same as Pygmy. 
 
 PIGTAIL, p^tal, re. the hair of the head 
 tied behind in the form of a pig's tail : a 
 roll of twisted tobacco. [Pig and Tail.] 
 
 PIKE, plk, M. a weapon with a shaft and 
 spear-head. formerly used by foot-soldier.s: 
 a voracious fresh-water Ush (so called 
 from its pointed snout). [Celt., as Gael. 
 pic, a pike, W. pig, a point ; cf. L. s-pica, 
 a spilje. Beak, Peak, Pick, Picket are 
 all from the same root, of which the 
 fundamental idea is something "pointed," 
 "sharp."] 
 
 PIKED, pTkt, adj. ending in a point. 
 
 PIKEMAN, pik'man, n. a man armed with 
 a pike. 
 
 PIKESTAFF, pTk'staf. n. the staff or shaft 
 of a pike : a staff with a pike at the end. 
 
 PILASTER, pi-las'ter, re. (arch.) a square 
 pillnr or column, usually set within a 
 wall. [Fr. pilastre. It. j)ilastro — ^L. pila, 
 a pillar. See Pile, a pillar.] 
 
 PILASTERED, pi-las'terd, adi. furnished 
 Tvith pilasters or inserted pillar.^. 
 
 PILCHARD, pil'chard. re. a sea-fish like 
 the herring, but thicker and rounder, 
 caught chiefly on the Cornish coast. 
 [Prob. from Celt, (as in Ir. pilseir), with 
 excrescent rf.] 
 
 PILE, pll, n. a roundish mass : a heap : 
 combustibles for burning, esp. dead bod- 
 ies : a large building : a heap of shot or 
 shell : {electricity) a form of battery. — 
 
 v.t. to lay in a pile or heap : to collect In 
 a mass : to heap up : to fill above the 
 brim. [Fr. — L. inla, a ball.] 
 
 PILE, pll, n. & pillar : a large stake driven 
 into the earth to support foundations.— 
 v.i. to drive piles into. [A.S. pil—li. 
 plla, a pillar.] 
 
 PILE, pll, n. a hairy surface : the nap on 
 cloth. [L. pilus, a hair.] 
 
 PILEATE. pi'le-at, PILEATED, pfle-at-ed, 
 adj. having the form of a cap or hat. 
 [L. pileatus — pileus, 6r. piloa, hair 
 wrought into felt.] 
 
 PILE-DRIVER.pn'-driv'er, PILE-ENGINE, 
 pil'-en'jin, w. an engine for driving down 
 jnles. 
 
 PILES, pilz, n.pl. hemorrhoids, which see. 
 [L. pita, a baU.] 
 
 PILFER, pil'fer, v.i. to steal small things. 
 — v.t. to steal by petty theft. [From O. 
 Fr. pelfre, booty. See Pelf.] 
 
 PILFERING, pil'fer-ing, n. petty theft. 
 
 PILGRIM, pirgrim, n. one who travels to a 
 distance to visit a sacred place: a wander- 
 er. [Fr. pilerin (for pelegrin ; It. pelle- 
 grino, peregrinoy—h. peregrimts, foreign- 
 er, stranger— perefircr, a traveller — per, 
 through, and ager, land, E. Acre.] 
 
 PILGRBIAGE, pU'grim-5j, re. the journey 
 of a pilgrim : a journey to a shrine or 
 other sacred place. 
 
 PILL, pil, n. a little ball of medicine : any- 
 thing nauseous. [Contr. of Fr. pilule— 
 h.piliUa, dim. ot jyila, a ball.] 
 
 PILL, pil, v.t. to rob or plunder. rPr. 
 piller — L. pilare, to plunder. [Cf. Com- 
 pile.] 
 
 PILL, another spelling of Peel, v.t, and 
 v.i. to strip, etc. 
 
 PILLAGE, pU'fij, n. plunder: spoil, esp. 
 taken in war. — v.t. to plunder or spoil. — 
 n. Fill'aoeb. [Ft., from piller. See 
 Pill, v.] 
 
 PILLAR, pil'ar, n. {arch.) a detached sup- 
 port, differing from a column in that it 
 IS not necessarily cylindrical, or of class- 
 ical proportions: anything that sustains. 
 [O. Fr. piler (Ft. p'ilier)— Low h. pilars 
 — L. plla, a piUar.] 
 
 PILLARED, pil'ard, adj. supported by a 
 pillar : having the form of a pillar. 
 
 PILLAU, pil-law", n. a Turkish dish, made 
 of boiled rice and mutton fat. 
 
 PILLION, nil'yun, n. a cushion for a wom- 
 an behind a horseman : the ciishion of a 
 saddle. [Ir. pUliun, Gael, pillean, a pad, 
 a pack-saddle— pert/?, a sldn or mat, akin 
 to L. pellis,B\An, E. Fell, a skin.] 
 
 PILLORY, pil'or-i, n. a wooden frame, sup- 
 ported by an upright pillar or post, and 
 Da\'ing holes through which the bead 
 and hands of a criminal were put as a 
 punishment. — v.t. to punish in the pil- 
 lory:— pa.i. and pa.p. pill'oried. FFV. 
 pilori; ety. dub.; perh. from root of PtL- 
 lab.] 
 
 PILLOW, pil'O, «. a cushion filled with 
 feathers for resting the head on : any 
 cushion. — v.t. to lay on for support. [A.S. 
 pyle, JI.E. jtihce — L. ptdvinus.] 
 
 PILLOW-CASE, pil'Wsas, n. a ease for a 
 pilloir. 
 
 PILLOWY, pil'O-i, ttdf. like a pillow : soft. 
 
 PILOSE, pU-6s', PILOUS, pil'us, adj., hairy. 
 
 —re. PlLOS'lTY. 
 
 PILOT, pt'lut. n. one who conducts ships 
 in and out of a harbor, along a dangerous 
 coast, etc. : a guide. — v.t. to conduct as 
 a pilot. [Fr. pilote — Dut. piloot, from 
 peilen, to sound, and loot (Ger. loth, E. 
 Lead), a soundinsr-lead.] 
 
 PILOTAGE, pI'lut-Kj, re. the act of piloting : 
 the fee or wages of pilots. 
 
 PILOT-CLOTH, pl'lut-kloth, re. a coarse, 
 stout kind of cloth for overcoats. 
 
 PILOT-FISH, pl'lut-fish, re. a fish of the 
 
 mackerel family, so called from its hav- 
 ing been supposed to gnide sharks to their 
 jnrev. 
 
 PIME'NTA, pi-men'ta,PniENTO,pi-men'to. 
 re. Jamaica pepper : the tree producing it. 
 (Port, pimenta — L. pigrnentum, paint, 
 juice of plants.] 
 
 PIMP, pimp, n. one who prociu-es gratifi 
 cations for the lust of others : a pander, 
 — v.i. to procure women for others : tc 
 pander. [Fr. pimpcr, a nasalized form ot 
 piper, to pipe, hence, to decoy, to cheat.] 
 
 PIMPERNEL, pim'per-nel, PBIPINELLA, 
 pim-pi-nel'a, n. a plant ha\ing a double 
 series of small leaves. [Fr. pimprenelle 
 (It. pimpinella), either a corr. of a L. 
 form hipennula, double winged, dim. of 
 bi-pemns — bis, twice, and penna, feather, 
 wing ; or from a dim. of L. pampiniis, a 
 vine-leaf.] 
 
 PIMPLE, pim'pl, n. a pustule: a small 
 swelling.— «<:^s. Phi'pled, Pbi'ply, hav- 
 ing pimples. [A.S. pipel, nasalized from 
 L. papula, a pustule (cf. Papilla) ; cf. 
 W. pwmp, a knob.] 
 
 PIN, pin, re. a sharp-pointed instrument, 
 esp. for fastening articles together : any- 
 tbmg that holds parts together : a peg 
 used in musical instruments for fastening 
 the strings : anything of little value. — 
 v.t. to fasten with a pin : to fasten : to 
 inclose :--pr.p. pinn'ing ; pa.t. anApa.p. 
 pinned. [M.E. pirtne, like Celt, pinne, 
 and Ger. peiire, from 'L. pinna, ov penna, 
 a feather, a pen, a peg.J 
 
 PINAFORE, pin'a-for, re. a loose covering 
 of cotton or linen over a child's dress, 
 orig. only pinned to its front. 
 
 PINCASE, pinTtfis, PINCUSHION, pin', 
 koosh-un, n. a case or cushion foi ho\C- 
 mepins. 
 
 PINCERS. Same as PiNCHEES. 
 
 PINCH, pinsh, v.t. to gripe hard : tfe 
 s<jueeze : to squeeze the flesh so as tc 
 give pain : to nip : to distress : to gri je. 
 — v.i. to act with force : to bear or press 
 hard : to live sparingly. — n. a close com- 
 pression with the fingers : what can be 
 taken up by the compressed fingers : a 
 gripe : distress : oppression. [Fr. pinctr 
 (It. pizzare), from a root seen in Dut. 
 pitsen, to pinch.] 
 
 PINCHBECK, pinsh^ek. re. a yeDow alloy 
 of five parts of copper to one of zinc 
 [From tne name of the inventor, Chris- 
 topher Pinchbeck, in the 18th century.] 
 
 PINCHER, pinsh'er, n. one who or that 
 which pinches. 
 
 PINCHERS, pinsh'erz, PINCERS, pin'serz, 
 n. an instrument for seizing anything, 
 esp. for drawing out nails, etc. [Sea 
 Pinch.] 
 
 PINCHINGLY, pinsh'ing-li, adv. in a pinch« 
 ing manner. 
 
 PINDARIC, pin-dar'ik, adj. after the style 
 and manner of Pindar, a Greek lyric poet, 
 — n. n Pindaric ode : an irregular otle. 
 
 PINDER, pind'er, PINNER, pin'er, re. onfl; 
 who impounds stray cattle. [From A.S, 
 pj/ndan, to shut up—pund. [Cf. Pen, v., 
 and Pound, to shut up.] 
 
 PINE, pTn, re. a northern cone-bearing, res-' 
 inous tree, furnishing valuable limber, 
 [A.S. pin — L. ptnns {tor 2}ie-nvs), •• pitch 
 tree " — 2>i^< picis, pitch. Cf. Pitch, v. \ 
 
 PINE, pin, v.i. to waste away under pail 
 or mental distress. [Lit. to "sufi'erpoin/ 
 A.S. pinan, to torment, from pin. pain— = 
 h^cena. See Pais.1 
 
 PINE- APPLE, pin'-apa, re. a tropical plant, 
 and its fruit, shaped like a pine-cone. 
 [Pine and Apple.] 
 
 PINERY, pln'er-i, re. a place where pine 
 apples are raised. 
 
 PINFOLD, pin'fold, re. a pound for cattle, 
 [For pind-fold — PoUND-FOLD. j 
 
 I
 
 PINION 
 
 337 
 
 PITILESS 
 
 PINION pin'yun, n. a icing : the joint of 
 a wing most remote from the body : a 
 smaller wheel with " leaves " or teeth 
 working into others. — v.t. to confine the 
 wings of : to cut off the pinion : to con- 
 fine by binding the arms. [Fr. pignon 
 — Ij. pinna (=penna), wing. See Pen, n.] 
 
 PINK, pingk, v.t. to stab or pierce. [Either 
 through A.S. pyugan, from L-puxgo, to 
 prick ; or ace. to Skeat, a nfisalized form 
 of Pick.] 
 
 PINK, pingk, n. a plant with beautiful 
 flowers : a shade of light-red color like 
 that of the flower : the minnow, from 
 the color of its abdomen in summer : 
 that which is supremely excellent. — v.t. 
 to work in eyelet holes : to cut in small 
 scollops or angles. [Prob. a nasalized 
 form of Celt, pie, a point, the flower 
 being so called from the finely pointed 
 or notched edges of the petals. See 
 
 PlKEj 
 
 PIXK-EYED, pingk'-id, adj. having small 
 
 eves: having the eves half-shut. 
 PIN'KING-IRON. pingk'ing-i'urn. n. a tool 
 
 for pinking or scolloping. [Pinking and 
 
 Irox.] 
 PIX-MONEY, pin'-raun'i, n., money aWowed 
 
 to a wife for private expenses, orig. to 
 
 buy pi7>s. 
 PINNACE, pin'as, n. a small vessel with 
 
 oars and sails : a boat with eight oars. 
 
 [Lit. a "ptn«-wood boat," Fr. pinasse 
 
 — It. pinassa — ^L. pimts, a pine. See 
 
 Pine, «.] 
 PINNACLE, pin'a-bl, n. a slender turret : 
 
 a high point like a spire. — v.t. to build 
 
 with" pinnacles. [Fr. pinacle — Low L. 
 
 pinna-cu-lum, double dim. from L. pinna, 
 
 fl i^j\ t" l"l ^ P I 
 
 ^INNATE.'pin'at, adj. (Tbot.) shaped like a 
 feather : (zool.) furnished with fins. — 
 adv. Pinn'atelt. [L. pinnatus, from 
 pinwi (=-j)ennd), a feather.] 
 
 f'lNXER, pin'er, n. one who pins or fast- 
 ens : a pin-maker ; the lappet of a head- 
 dress flying loose. 
 
 PIN-POINT, pin'-point, n. the point at a 
 pin : a ti-ifle. 
 
 PINT, pint, n. a measure of capacity=-J 
 quart or 4 gills : {med.) 12 ounces. [Lit. 
 "a measure painted" — i.e. indicated by 
 a mark upon the vessel ; Fr. pinte — Sp. 
 pinfa, mark, pint, from L. pingo, to 
 j-iaint. See Padjt.] 
 
 PINTLE, pin'tl, n. a tittle pin : a long iron 
 bolt : the bolt hanging the rudder of a 
 ship. [Dim. of Pix.] 
 
 PINY, pln'i, adj. abounding with pine- 
 trees. 
 
 PIONEER, pl-o-ner', n. a soldier who clears 
 the road before an army, sinks mines, 
 etc.: one who goes before' to prepare the 
 way. — v.t. to act as pioneer to. [Fr. 
 pionnier-~pion, a foot-soldier — Low L. 
 pedo, peaonis, a foot-soldier — L. pes, 
 peilis, a foot. See Pawn, in chess.] 
 
 PIOUS, pi'us. adj., devoid : having rever- 
 ence and love for the Deity : proceeding 
 from religious feeling. — adv. Pi'OUSLT. 
 [Fr. pieiix — L. ijius.'] 
 
 PIP, pip, n. a disease of fowls, also called 
 roup. J^Fr. pepie (It. pipita), a corr. of 
 L. pitutta, rheum ; akin to Or. pty^, to 
 spit.] 
 
 PIP. pip, n. the seed of fruit. [Orig. pippin 
 or jiepin — Fr. pejiin : ety. unknown.] 
 
 PIP. pip. n, a spot on cards. [Corr. of prov. 
 pick — Fr. piqtie, a spade, at cards. See 
 Pike.] 
 
 PIPE, pip, n. a musical wind instrument 
 consisting of along tube : any long tube: 
 a tube of clay, etc.. with a 6owl at one 
 end for smoking tobacco : a cask contain- 
 ing two hhds. — r.i. to play upon a pipe : 
 to whistle. — v.t. to play on"a pipe : to call 
 with a pipe, as on board ships. — n. Pip"- 
 
 ER. [A.S. pipe — imitative of the sound ; 
 as are Celt, pib, a pipe, Dut. pijp ; and 
 the L. pipire, to chirp. Or. pipizoT] 
 
 PIPECLAY, plp'kla, n. white clay used for 
 making tobacco pipes and fine earthen- 
 ware. 
 
 PIPING, pip'ing, adj. uttering a weak, 
 shr\\\, piping sound, like the sick : sickly : 
 feeble : boiling. 
 
 PIPKIN, pip'kin, «. a small earthen pot. 
 [Dim. of Pipe.] 
 
 PIPPIN, pip'in, n. a kind of apple. [Prob. 
 from Pip, seed of fruit.] 
 
 PIQUANT, pik'ant, a/ij. stimulating to the 
 taste. — adv. Piq'uantxt. — n. Piq uancy. 
 [Ft. piquant, pr.p. of Fr. piquer, to 
 prick.] 
 
 PIQUE, pek, n. an offence taken : wounded 
 pride : spite : nicety : punctilio. — v.t. to 
 wound the pride of : to offend : to pride 
 or value (one's self) : — pr.p. piq'uing ; 
 j)a.<. and pa. p. piqued. [ Fr. pique, a 
 pike, pique. See Pick and Pike.] 
 
 PIQUET. Same as Picket. 
 
 PIQUET, pi-kef, n. a game at cards. [Said 
 to be named from its inventor.] 
 
 PIRACY, pfra-si, n. the crime of a pirate : 
 robbery on the high seas : infringement 
 of copyright. 
 
 PIRATE, pfrat, n. one who attempts to 
 capture ships at sea : a sea-robber : one 
 who steals or infringes a copjright. — v.t. 
 to take without permission, as Iwoks or 
 writings. [Fr. — L. pirata—Gr. peirates, 
 from peirao, to attempt — peir-a, an at- 
 tempt, cog. with Ex-PEE-IEKCE and 
 Fare.] 
 
 PIRATICAL, pl-rat'ik-al, ncy. pertaining to 
 a pirate : practicing piracy.— adr. Pieat'- 
 
 ICALLT. 
 
 PIROUETTE, pir-oo-et', n. a trkeeling 
 about, esp. in dancing ; the turning of a 
 horse on the same ground. — v.i. to exe- 
 cute a pirouette. [Fr., prob. dim. of 
 Norm. Fr. piroue, a whirligig, cog. with 
 E. perry, an old word for a whirlwind 
 (Skeat); cf. Scot, pearie, a pegtop.] 
 
 PISCATORIAL, pis-ka-td'n-al, PISCA- 
 TORY, pis'ka-tor-i, adj. relating to Jishea 
 or fishing. 
 
 PISCES, pis'ez, n. the Fishes, the twelfth 
 sign of the zodiac. [L., pL of piscis, K 
 
 FlSH.1 
 
 PISCICULTURE, pis'i-kul-tQr, n. the 
 
 rearing otfish by artificial methods. [L. 
 
 pisci.s, fish, and (TtTLTtJEE.] 
 PISCINAL, pis'i-nal or pi-sfnal, at^j. be- 
 longing to a Jiskpona. [L. piednalis, 
 
 from piscina, a fishpond.] 
 PISCINE, pis'in, adj. pertaining to jishes. 
 
 rSsG Pisces 1 
 PISCIVOROUS, pis-iv'or-us, adj., devour- 
 ing or feeding on fishes. [L. piscis, fish, 
 
 and loro, to devour.] 
 PISH, pish, int. expressing contempt. 
 
 [Imitative.] 
 PISMIRE, piz'mir, n. an ant or emmet. 
 
 [M.E. pissemire—ptise, urine, and A.S. 
 
 mire, ant, cog. with Ice. niaurr, Ir. 
 
 vioirbh, and Gr. murm&c.\ 
 PISS, pis, v.i. {B.) to discharge urine or 
 
 make water. [Fr. pisser ; imitative.] 
 PISTACHIO, pis-ta'shi-o, PISTACIA, pis- 
 
 ta'shi-£i, n. a smaU tree cultivated in S. 
 
 Europe and in the East : its nut. [It. 
 
 — L. pistacium — Gr. pistakion — Pers. 
 
 pi.^a.] 
 PISTIL, pis'til, n. (bot.) the female organ 
 
 in the centre of a flower, so called from 
 
 its likeness to the jjes^?e of a mortar. 
 
 [Fr. — L. pistilluni. Pestle is a doublet.] 
 PISTILLACEOUS, pis-til-la'shus, adj. 
 
 eron'ing on a pistil : pertaining to or 
 
 n,T,\nng the nature of a pistil. 
 PISTILLATE, pis'til -lat, adj. having a 
 
 pistil. 
 PISTILLIFEKOUS, pis-til-Iif'er-us, adj. 
 
 bearing a pistil without stamens. [Pis- 
 til, and fero. to bear.] 
 
 PISTOL, pis'tol, ?i. a small hand-gun. 
 [Orig. a dagger, Fr. pistole— It. pistola, 
 said to be from Pistoja (orig. Pistola), a 
 town in Italj-.] 
 
 PISTOLE, pis-tol', n. a Spanish gold coin 
 worth about $3.60. [Same word as the 
 above, a name jocularly applied to thf 
 crowns of Spain, when reduced to a small 
 er size than the crowns of France.] 
 
 PISTOLET, pis'to-let, n. a Uttle pistoL 
 
 ^ISTON, pis tun, n. a short soUd cylinder, 
 used in pumps, etc., fitting and moAnne 
 up and down within another hollow one. 
 [Lit. the "pounder," Fr. — It. pistone— 
 pesto, to pound — L. pinso, pistus. See 
 Pestle.] 
 
 PISTON-ROD, pis'tun-rod, n. the rod by 
 which the piston is moved. 
 
 PIT, pit, n. a hole in the earth : an abyss • 
 the bottomless pit : a hole used as a trap 
 for wild beasts : whatever insnares : the 
 hollow of the stomach : the indentation 
 left by smallpox : the ground-floor of a 
 theatre : the shaft of a mine. — v.t. to 
 mark with pits or little hollows : to set 
 in competition: — pr.p. pitt'ing ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. pitt'ed. [A.S. pytt — L. puteits, 
 a well.]" 
 
 PITAPAT, pit'a-pat, adr. with palpitation 
 or quick beating. [A repetition of picit.] 
 
 PITCH, pich, n. the solid black shining 
 substance obtained by boiling down 
 common tar. — v.t. to smear with pitch. 
 [A.S. pic — L. pix, 2yic-is (whence also Ger. 
 peek), conn, with Gr. pissa. Cf. Pine, ?i.] 
 
 PITCH, pich, v.t. (lit.) to pick or strike 
 with a pike : to throw : to fix or set in 
 array : to fix the tone. — v.i. to settle, ai 
 something pitched : to come to rest frona 
 flight: to fall headlong: to fix the choic«"J 
 to encamp : to rise and fall, as a ship.-* \ 
 n. any point or degree of elevation or 
 depression : degree : degree of slope : a 
 descent : (mus.) the height of a note : 
 (mech.) distance between the centres of 
 two teeth. [A form of PICK.] 
 
 PITCHER, pich'er, n. a vessel for holding 
 water, etc. TO. Fr. picher — Low L. pi- 
 carium, a goblet — Gr. bihos, a nine-ves- 
 sel, an Eastern word. Doublet Beaker.] 
 
 PITCHER-PLANT, pich'er-plant, n. a trop- 
 ical plant, with vase-shaped leaves hold' 
 ing water like pitcJiers. 
 
 PITCHFORK, pich'fork, n. a, fork for pitch- 
 ing hay, etc. 
 
 PITCHPIPE, pich'pip, n. a small pipe to 
 pitch the voice or tune with. 
 
 PITCHY, pich'i, adj. having, the qualities 
 of pitch : smeared with pitch : black like 
 pitch : dark : dismal. 
 
 PITEOUS, pit'e-us, adj. fitted to excite 
 pity : mournful: compassionate : paltry. 
 —adv. Pit'eouslt.— «. Ptt'eocsxess. 
 
 PITFALL, pit'fawl, n. a pit slightly cov- 
 ered, so that wild beasts mtiy fall into it 
 and be caught. 
 
 PITH , pith, n. the marroic or soft substance 
 in the centi'e of plants : force : import- 
 ance: condensed substance: quintessence. 
 [A.S. pitlia: cog. with Dut. pit, marrow.] 
 
 PITHLESS, pith^les, adj. wanting pith, 
 force, or energv. 
 
 PITHY, pith'i, adj. full of pith : forcible 
 strong: energetic. — adv. PiTH'lLT. — n 
 
 PlTH'lNESS. 
 
 PITIABLE, pit'i-a-bl, adj. deserving pity 
 
 affecting : wretched. — adv. Pit'iably. — 
 
 n. Prr'iABLENESS. 
 PITIFUL, pit'i-fool, adj. compassionate : 
 
 sad : despicalile. — adv. PlT'lFULLT. — n. 
 
 Pit'ifulxess. 
 PITILESS, pit'i-les. adj. without |iity : un- 
 
 sympathizing . cruel. — adv. Pit'ilessly. 
 
 — n. Pit'ilessxess.
 
 PITMAN 
 
 PITMAN, pit'man, n. a man who works in 
 a coa,\-pit or a sa.\v-pit. 
 
 PITSAW, pit'saw, n. a large saw, worked 
 vertically by two men, one standing in a 
 pit below. 
 
 PITTANCE, pit'ans, n. an allowance of 
 food : a dole : a very small portion or 
 quantity. [Fr. pitance ; of doubtful ori- 
 gin.] 
 
 ?ITY, pit'i, n. sympathy with disti-ess : 
 a subject of pity or grief. — v.t. to sym- 
 pathize with -.—pa.t. and pa.p. pit'ied. — 
 It pitieth them {Pr. Blc), it causeth pity 
 in them. [Lit. piety, O. Fr. p>ite (Fr. 
 piitii, It. pieta) — h.pietas, pietatis—pius, 
 pious. See Piety.] 
 
 PIVOT, piv'ut, n. the pin on which any- 
 thing turns : the officer or soldier at the 
 flank on which a company wheels. [Fr. 
 dim. of It. piva, a pipe, a peg, a pin — 
 Low L. jyipa.] 
 
 PIVOTING, piv'ut-ing, n. the pivot-work 
 in machines. 
 
 PIX. piks, n. same as Ptx. 
 
 PIXY, PIXIE, pik'si, )i. a sort of fairy or 
 iniaifiuary being. 
 
 PLACABLE, pla'ka-bl or plak'a-bl, adj. 
 that may be appeased : relenting : for- 
 giving. — adv. Pla'cably. — ns. P*LACA- 
 bil'ity. Pla'cableness. [L. plaeabilis — 
 placo, to appease, akin to placeo.'\ 
 
 PLACARD, pla-kard' or plak'ard, n. any- 
 thing broad and flat : a bill stuck upon a 
 wall as an advertisement, etc. [Fr. pla- 
 card, a bill stuck on a wall — plaque, 
 plate, tablet ; ace. to Diez, from Dut. 
 plak, a piece of flat wood.] 
 
 PLACARD, pla-kard', v.t. to publish or 
 notify by placards. 
 
 PLACE, plas, 71. a broad way in a city : a 
 space : locality : a town : a residence : 
 existence : rank : office : stead : way : 
 passage in a book. — v.t. to put in any 
 place or condition : to settle : to lend : 
 to ascribe. — n. Pi-ac'er. [Fr. — L. platea, 
 a broad street— Gr. plaieia, a street — 
 pkifi/s. broad; akin to E. FLAT. Of. 
 Piazza.] 
 
 PLACEJLA^N, plas'man, n. one who has a 
 jilace or office under a government •.~-pl. 
 Place'sien. 
 
 PLACENTA, pla-sen'.a, n. the spongy 
 organ connecting the fetus in the womb 
 with the mother : (bot.) the part of a 
 plant to which the seeds are attached : 
 —111. Placen't^. [Lit. " a cake," L. ; 
 akin to Gr. plak-ous, a flat cake, from 
 pla.v, plak-os, anything flat and broad.] 
 
 PLACENTAL, pla-sen't;u, adj. pertaining 
 to or having a placenta. — n. a mammal 
 having a placenta. 
 
 PLACID, plds'id, adj. gentle: peaceful. — 
 adv. Plac'idly. — iis. Placid'ity, Plac'- 
 iDXEss. [L. placidus—placeo, to please. 
 See Placable.] 
 
 PLAGIARISM, pla'ji-ar-izm, n. the act or 
 practice of plagiarizing. 
 
 PLAGIARIST, pla'ji-ar-ist, »i. one who pla- 
 giarizes. 
 
 PLAGIARIZE, pla'ji-ar-iz, v.t. to steal from 
 the writings of another. 
 
 PLAGIARY, pla'ji-ar-i, n. one who steals 
 the thoughts or writings of others and 
 gives them out as his own. — adj. prac- 
 ticing literary theft. [Fr. plagiaire — 
 L. jiktgiarius, a man-stealer — plagium, 
 man-stealing.] 
 
 PLAGUE, plag, n. any great natural evil : 
 a deadly epidemic or pestilence : anything 
 troublesome. — v.t. to infest with disease 
 or calamity : to trouble -.—pr.p. plag'- 
 uing; pa.t. and pa.p. plagued. [L. 
 plaga, a blow, stroke, cog. with Gr. 
 plvge. plesso, to strike.] 
 
 PLAGUE-MARK, plag'-mark, PLAGUE- 
 SPOT, plag'-spot, n. a mark or spot of 
 plague or foul disease. 
 
 328 
 
 PLAICE, plas, 11. a broad, flat fish. [O. 
 Fr. pla'is (Fr. plie) — L. pdatessa, a flat fish, 
 from same root as Place.] 
 
 PLAID, plad or plud, n. a loose outer gar- 
 ment of woollen cloth, chiefly worn by 
 the Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael. 
 pilaide, a blanket, contr. of peallaid, a 
 sheep-skin — peall, a skin, cog. with L. 
 pellis, E. Fell.] 
 
 PLAIDED, plad'ed, adj. wearing a plaid. 
 
 PLAIN, plan, adj., even: flat: level: 
 smooth : simple : homely : artless : sin- 
 cere : evident : mere : not colored or 
 figured. — adv. Plain'ly.— 7i. Plain'ness. 
 [Fr. — L. planus (for plae-nus) ; akin to 
 Placenta. See also Plank.] 
 
 PLAIN, plan, n.,p)lain level land: any flat 
 expanse : an open field. 
 
 PLAIN, plan, adv. honestly : distinctly. 
 
 PLAIN-DEALER, plan'-del'er, n. one who 
 deals or speaks his mind plainly. 
 
 PLAIN-DEALING, plan'-del'ing, adj., deal- 
 ing, spealiing, or acting lilainly or 
 honestly : open : candid. — n. frank and 
 candid speaking or acting : sincerity. 
 
 PLAIN-HEARTED, plan'-hart'ed, adj. hav- 
 ing a pilain or honest heart : sincere. — n. 
 Plain'-heaiit'edness. 
 
 PLAIN-SPOKEN.plan'-spok'en, adj. speak- 
 ing with plain, rough sincerity. 
 
 PLAINT, plant, n. lamentation: complaint: 
 a sad song : (laiv) the exhibiting of an 
 action in writing by a, plaintiff. [O. Fr. 
 pleinteiFr.plaintey—Ij.planetus—pilango, 
 planctum, to beat the breast, etc., in 
 mourning. See Complain.] 
 
 PLAINTIFF, plant'if, n. a complainant: 
 {riiglish law) one who commences a 
 suit against another. [Fr. plaintif. See 
 Plaint.] 
 
 PIjAINTIvE, plant'iv, adj., complaining: 
 expressing sorrow : sad. — adv. Plaint'- 
 IVELY. — n. Plaint'iveness. [Same as 
 above wordj 
 
 PLAINWORK, plan'wurk, n., plain needle- 
 work, as distinguished from embroidery. 
 
 PLAIT, plat, n. a fold : a doubling: a braid. 
 — v.t. to fold ; to double in narrow folds : 
 to interweave. (O. Fr. ploit (Fr. pli) — 
 L. pilico, plicatum ; akin to Gr. pleko, to 
 foldJI [braids. 
 
 PLAITER, plat'er, n. one who plaits or 
 
 PLAN, plan, n. a drawing of anj'thingon a 
 plane or flat surface : a ground plot of a 
 building : a scheme or project : a contriv- 
 ance. — v.t. to make a sketch of on a flat 
 surface: to form in design : — pr.p. plann'- 
 vag;X)a.t. an^pa.p. planned. — n. Plann'- 
 ER. [Fr. — L. planus, flat. See Plain, 
 even.] [plane. 
 
 PLANAllY, plan'ar-i, adj. relating to a 
 
 PLANE, plan, n. a level surface : {geom.) 
 an even superficies. — ac(j., plain : even : 
 level : pertaining to, lying in, or forming 
 a plane. — v.t. to make level. [Fr. — L. 
 planus. See Plain, even.] 
 
 PLANE, plan, n. a carpenter's tool. — v.t. 
 to make a surface (as of wood) level. 
 [Same as above.] 
 
 PLANET; plau et, n. one of the bodies in 
 the solar system which revolve round 
 the sun. [Fr. planete — Gr. i^lanetes, a 
 wanderer— 2}?a?ia6, to make to wander ; 
 so called because in the ancient astron- 
 omy the planets, among which the sun 
 and moon were included, seemed to wan- 
 der about, whilst the other stars seemed 
 fixed.] 
 
 PLANETARIUM, plan-e-ta'ri-um, n. a 
 machine showing the motions and orbits 
 of the planets. 
 
 PLANETARY, plan'et-ar-i, adj. pertaining 
 to the planets : consisting of or produced 
 bv planets : under the influence of a 
 planet : erratic : revolving. 
 
 PLANETOID, plan'et-oid, n. a celestial 
 body having the fomi or nature of a 
 
 PLATE 
 
 planet : a very small planet, often called 
 an asteroid. [Gr. planetes, and eidoi, 
 form — eido, L. video, to see.] 
 
 PLANE-TREE, plan'-tre, n. a fine tall tree, 
 with large broad leaves. [Fr. plane — L. 
 platanus — Gr. platanos — platys, broad. 
 See Platane.] 
 
 PLANET - STRICKEN, plan'et - strik'en 
 PLANET-STRUCK, plan'et-struk, ady. 
 (astrology) struck or afl:ected by the 
 planets : blasted. 
 
 PLANISPHERE, plan'i-sfer, n. a sphere, 
 projected on a plane. 
 
 PLANK, plangk, n. a long, plain piece of 
 timber, thicker tlian a board. — v.t. to 
 . cover with planks. [L. pianca, a board, 
 from root of Plain, even.] 
 
 PLANNER, plan'er, 7i. one who plans or 
 forms a plan, a projector. 
 
 PLANT, plant, n. a sprout : any vegetable 
 production : a child : the tools or materi- 
 als of any trade or business. — v.t. to put 
 into the ground for growth : to furnish 
 with plants : to set in the mind : to 
 establish. [A.S. jilante (Fr. p)lante)—h. 
 planta, a shoot, a plant — nasahzed form 
 of root plat, anything- flat, " spread out," 
 seen in Gr. plai-ys, broad.] 
 
 PLANTAIN, plan'tan, n. an important 
 food-plant of tropical countries, so called 
 from its broad leaf. [Fr. — L. p>lantago, 
 pilantaginis, from the root of Plant.] 
 
 PLANTATION, plan-ta'shun, n. a place 
 planted : in this country a large estate : 
 a colony : introduction. 
 
 PLANTER, plant'er, n. one who plants or 
 introduces : the owner of a plantation. 
 
 PLANTIGRADE, plant'i-grad, adj. that 
 walks on the sole of the foot. — n. a plant- 
 igrade animal, as the bear. [L. planta, 
 the sole, gradior, to walk.] 
 
 PLANTING, planting, n. the act of set 
 ting in the ground for growth : the art 
 of forming plantations of trees: a plaiK 
 tation. 
 
 PLASH, plash, a form of Pleach. 
 
 PLASH, plash, n. a dash of water : a pud- 
 dle : a shallow pool. — v.i. to dabble in 
 water : to splash. [From the sound.] 
 
 PLASHY, plash'i, aclj. abounding with 
 2jlashes or puddles : watery. 
 
 PLASTER, plas'ter, n. something that can 
 be moulded into figures : a composition 
 of lime, water, and sand for overlaying 
 walls, etc.: (j;ied.)an external application 
 spread on cloth, etc. — adj. made of plas- 
 ter. — v.t. to cover with plaster : to cover 
 with a plaster, as a wound. [A.S. plas- 
 ter, O. Fr. piastre — L. emplastrum — Gr. 
 emplastron — em, upon, plassb, to mould, 
 to fashionj 
 
 PLASTERER, plas'ter-er, n. one who plas- 
 ters, cr one who works in plaster. 
 
 PLASTERING, plas'ter-ing, Ji. a covering 
 of plaster: tlie plaster work of a building. 
 
 PLASTIC, plas'tik, adj., moulding : having 
 power to give form : capable of being 
 moulded. [Gr. plastikos — plasso, to 
 mould.] 
 
 PLASTICITY, plas-tis'it-i, n. state or qual- 
 itv of being- pZas^i'c. 
 
 PLAT, v.t. Same as Plait. 
 
 PLAT, plat, n. a piece of ground : a piece 
 of ground laid out. [A form of Plot.] 
 
 PLATANE, plat'an, n. the plane-tree. [L. 
 platanus, Gr. platanon — platys, broad, 
 flat.] 
 
 PLATE, plat, n. something flat : a thin 
 
 Eiece of metal : wrought gold and silver: 
 ousehold utensils in gold and silver : a 
 flat dish : an engraved plate of metal. — 
 v.t. to overlay with a coating of plate or 
 metal: to adorn with metal: to beat into 
 thin plates. — n. Plate'-GLAss, a fine kind 
 of glass, cast in thick plates. [O.Fr. plate, 
 fem. of Fr. plat, flat — Gr. platys, broad 
 See Place.] 
 
 I
 
 PLATEAU 
 
 329 
 
 PLOT 
 
 PLATEAU, pla-to', n. a broad flat space on 
 an elevated position : a table-land •.—pi. 
 Plateaux'. [Fr.— O. Fr. platel, dim. of 
 Fr. plat. See Plate.] 
 
 PLATFORM, plat'form, n. a rai.sed level 
 scaffolding : (jnil.) an elevated floor for 
 cannon : a statement of principles to 
 which a body of men declare their ad- 
 hesion. [Fr. plate-forme, a thing of " flat 
 form."'] 
 
 fLATLNA, plat'in-a, PLATINUM, plat'in- 
 um. n. a metal of a dim silvery appear- 
 ance. [Sp. platina — plata, plate, sUver. 
 See Plate.] 
 
 PLATING, plat'ing, n. the overlaying with 
 a coating of plate or metal : a thin coat- 
 ing' of metal. 
 
 PLATITUDE, plat'i-tud, n., flatness : that 
 which exhibits dullness : an empty re- 
 mark. 
 
 PLATONIC, pla-ton'ik, PLATONIC AL, 
 pla-ton'ik-al, adj. pertaining to Plato, 
 tiie Greek philosopher, or to his philo- 
 sophical opinions : pure and unmixed 
 with carnal desires. — artr.PLATON'lCALLT. 
 
 PLATONISM, pla'ton-izm, n. the philo- 
 sophical opinions of Plato. — n. Pla' ton- 
 IST, a follower of Plato. 
 
 PLATOON, pla-toon', n. (mil.) orig. a body 
 of soldiers in a hollow square, now a 
 number of recruits assembled for exercise: 
 a subdivision of a company. [Lit. " a 
 knot or group of men," Fr. peloton, a ball, 
 a knot of men — Fr. pelote — L. pila, a ball. 
 See Pellet.] 
 
 PLATTER, plat'er, n. a large flat plate or 
 dish. 
 
 PLAUDIT, plawd'it, %., applause: praise 
 bestowed. [Shortened from L. plaudite, 
 praise ye, a call for applause, 3d pers. pi. 
 imperative otplaiido.jjlausum, to praise.] 
 
 PLAUDITORY, plawd'it-or-i,adj. .ajjpkntd- 
 ing. 
 
 PLAUSIBLE, plawz'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 applauded : fitted to gain praise : super- 
 ficially pleasing: apparently right: popu- 
 lar.— adtj. Plaus'ibly. — ns. Plaus'ible- 
 NESS, Plausibil'itt. [L. plausibilis— 
 plaudo, to praise.] 
 
 PLAY, pla, v.i. to engage in some exercise 
 or in a game : to sport : to trifle : to 
 move irregularly : to operate : to act in 
 a theatre : to perform on a musical in- 
 strument : to practice a trick : to act a 
 character : to gamble. — v.t. to put in 
 motion : to perform upon : to perform : 
 to act a sportive part : to compete with. 
 [A.S. plega, a game.] 
 
 PLAY, pla, n. any exercise for amusement: 
 amusement : a contending for victory : 
 practice in a contest : gaming : action or 
 use : manner of dealing, as fair-play : a 
 dramatic composition: movement: room 
 for motion : liberty of action. — n. PlaV- 
 BILL. a bill or advertisement of a jilay. — 
 n. Play'book, a book of p?ai/s or dramas. — 
 ns. Play'fellow, Plat'mate, a fellow or 
 mate in play or amusements. — n. Play'- 
 THIXG, anything for playing with : a toy. 
 
 PtiAYER, pla'er, n. one who plays: an 
 actor of plays or dramas : a musician. 
 
 PLAYFUL, pla'fool, adj. given to "play: 
 sportive. — adv. Play'fully. — n. Play*- 
 fulness. 
 
 PLAYING-CARD, pla'ing-kard, n. one of 
 a set of fifty-two cards used in playing 
 games. 
 
 PLEA, pie, n. the defender's answer to the 
 plaintiff's declaration : an excuse : an 
 apology : urgent entreaty. [O. Fr. plait 
 (Fi'.jilaid) — Low L. pladtwn, lit. "what 
 has pleased or seemed good,'" a decision, 
 a conference, hence, a pleading before a 
 court — L. placet, it pleases, seems good 
 — placeo, to please.] 
 
 PLEACH, plech, v.t. to intertwine the 
 branches of, as a hedge. [M. E. plechen 
 
 — O. Fr. plesser — L. plee-tere, plait, akin 
 to Gr. plek-0, weave. See Plait and 
 PlyJ 
 
 PLEAD, pled, v.i. to carry on a j^'ea or 
 lawsuit : to argue in support of a cause 
 against another : to seek to persuade: to 
 admit or denj' a cliarge of guilt. — v.t. to 
 discuss by arguments : to allege in plead- 
 ing or defence : to offer in excuse: — pa.t. 
 and pa.p. plead'ed, or (less correctly) 
 pled. — n. Plead'er. [Fr. plaider—^lam, 
 a plea. See Plea.] 
 
 PLEADING, pled'ing, adj. imploring. — 
 n.pl. (law) the statements of the two 
 
 Earties in a lawsuit. — adv. Plead'ingly. 
 E AS ANT, plez'ant, adj., pleasing: 
 
 agreeable : cheerful : gay : trifling. — 
 
 adv. Pleas'antly.— n. Pleas'antness. 
 
 [Fr. plaifiant, pr.p. of plaire.'\ 
 PLEASANTRY, plez'ant-ri, n. anything 
 
 that promotes pleasure: merriment: 
 
 lively talk. [Fr. plaisanterie^pilaisant.'] 
 PLEASE, plez, v.t. to delight: to satisfy. 
 
 — v.i. to like : to choose. — n. Pleas'er. 
 
 [O. Fr.plaisir (Fr. xjlaire) — L. placeo, to 
 
 please/f 
 PLEASING, plez'ing, adj. giy'm^pleasure: 
 
 agreeable : gratifying. — adv. Pleas' xno- 
 
 ly.] 
 PLEASURABLE, plezh'ur-a-bl, adj. able 
 
 to give pleasure : delightful : gratifying. 
 
 — Siv. Pleas'ueablt. — n. Pleas'deable- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 PLEASURE, plezh'Gr, n. agreeable emo- 
 tions : gratification : what the will pre- 
 fers : purpose : command : approbation. 
 — v.t. (S.)to give pleasure to. — n. Pleas'- 
 uee-boat, a boat used for pleasure or 
 amusement. — n. Pleas'dee-GROTINB, 
 ground laid out in an ornamental 
 manner for pleasure. [Fr. plaisir — L. 
 placeo.'\ 
 
 PLEBEIAN, ple-be'yan, adj. pertaining to 
 or consisting of the common people : pop- 
 ular. — n. orig. one of the common peo- 
 ple of ancient Rome, or those free citizens 
 who did not come under the class of the 
 patricians. [Fr. ^MMien — L. plebeius — 
 plebs, plebis, the common people, conn. 
 vnth L. plenus (Plenary), E. Full, and 
 lit. sig. a " crowd," the " many." ] 
 
 PLEBISCITE, pleb'i-sit, n. a decree passed 
 by the votes of an entire nation, as in 
 France under Napoleon III. [Fr. — L. 
 plebiscitum, "decree of tlie people," from 
 plebs, the people, and scitum, a decree — 
 scisco — scio, to know.] 
 
 PLEDGE, plej, 7i. a security : surety. — v.t. 
 to give as security : to engage for by 
 promise : to invite to drink by partaldng 
 of the cup first : to drink to the health 
 of. — ?i. Pledg'er. [O. Fr. plege (Fr. 
 pleige); ety. dub.] 
 
 PLEIADS, ple'yadz, PLEIADES, ple'ya- 
 dez, n.j)l. {myth.) seven daughters of At- 
 las and Pleione, after death changed into 
 stars: (astr.) a group of seven stars in the 
 shoulder of the constellation Taurus. 
 
 PLEIOCENE, pli'o-sen, adj. (geol.) relating 
 to the strata more recent than the 
 miocene or second tertiaiy. IGr. pleion, 
 more, kainos, recent.] 
 
 PLEISTOCENE, pllst'o-sen, adj. (genl.) per- 
 taining to the most recent tertiary de- 
 posits. [Gr. p>leistos, most, kainos, re- 
 cent.] 
 
 PLENARY, plen'ar-i or pie'-, atlj, fvll: 
 entire : complete. — adv. PLEN'AitlLY. — n. 
 Plen'ariness. [LowL. — li.jyle-^iiis, filled, 
 tuU—ple-o, to rill — Gr. pim-ple-mi, akin 
 
 to FfLL.l 
 
 PLENil^OTENTIARY, plen-i-po-ten'shar-i, 
 adj. with fidl poivers. — n. a negotiator 
 invested with full powers, esp. a special 
 ambassador or envoy. [Low L. plenipo- 
 tentiarius — L. plenus, and potens, power- 
 ful. See Potent.] 
 
 PLENITUDE, plen'i-tad, n. fullness : com. 
 pleteness : repletion. [L. — plenus, full.] 
 
 PLENTEOUS, plen'te-us, adj. fully suffi- 
 cient : abundant. — adv. Plen'teOUSLY. — 
 n. Plen'teousness. 
 
 PLENTIFUL, plen'ti-fool, adj. copious: 
 abundant: yielding abundance. — adv. 
 Plen'tifully. — n. Plen'tieulness. 
 
 PLENTY, plen'ti, n. a full supply : abund 
 ance. [O. Fr. plente — L. plenus, full.] 
 
 PLENUM, ple'num, n. space considered as 
 in every part ^Hed with matter. [L. See 
 Plenary.] 
 
 PLEONASM, ple'o-nazm, n. use of »iore 
 words than are necessary : (rhet.) a re- 
 dundant expression. [Gr. pleonasmos — 
 jyleion, more, pleos, full.] 
 
 PLEONASTIC, ple-o-nas'tik, PLEONAS- 
 TICAL, ple-o-nas'tik-al, adj. redundant. 
 — adv. Pleonas'tically. [Gr. pleonas- 
 
 PLESIOSAURUS, ple-zi-o-saw'rus, n. a 
 gigantic extinct animal, allied to the 
 lizard. [Gr. pilesios, near to, and saura, 
 lizard.] 
 
 PLETHORA, p!eth'o-ra, n. (med.) excessive 
 fidlness of blood : over-fullness i» any 
 way. — adj. Plethor'IO, afflicted with 
 plethora : superabundant : turgid. [Gr. 
 plethore, fuUness^p/eos, full.] 
 
 PLEURA, ploo'ra, n. a delicate serous 
 membrane which covers the lungs and 
 lines the cavity of the chest : — pi. Pleu'- 
 EiE. TGr., Ut. "a rib," then " the side," 
 then tlie above membrane.] 
 
 PLEURISY, ploo'ri-si, n. inflammation of 
 the pileura. [Fr. — L. pleurisis — Gr. plew 
 ritis — ^j?eura.] 
 
 PLEURITIC, ploo-rit'ik, PLEURITICAL, 
 pl6o-rit'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or af> 
 fected -Kith pleurisy. 
 
 PLEURO - PNEUMONIA, ploo'ro-nu-mo' 
 ni-a, n. inflammation of the p)leura and 
 hmgs. [Gr. pleura, and pneumones, th« 
 lungs. See Pneumonia.] 
 
 PLIABILITY, pll-a-bil'i-ti, PLIABLENESS 
 plTa-bl-nes, n. quality of being pliable oi 
 flexible. 
 
 PLLIBLE, plfa-bl, adj. easily bent or 
 folded : supple : easily persuaded. [See 
 Ply.] 
 
 PLIANT, plTant, adj., bending easily : flex- 
 ible : tractable : easilj' persuaded. — adn 
 Ple'antly. — n. Pli'ancy. 
 
 PLICATE, pli'kat, PLICATED, pll'kat-ed, 
 adj., folded: plaited. [L. plicatus—plico. 
 See Plait. 1 
 
 PLIERS, plierz, n.2)l. pincers for seizing 
 and bending. 
 
 PLIGHT, plTt, n. dangerous condition : con- 
 dition : security : pledge : engagement > 
 promise. — v.t. to pledge : to give as secur- 
 ity. [A.S. pliht, risk— plion, to imperil ; 
 cog. with Dut. pligt, Ger. jiflicht, an obli- 
 gation.] 
 
 PLINTH, plinth, n. (arch.) the lowest brick- 
 shaped part of the base of a column oi 
 pedestal : the projecting face at tlie hot* 
 torn of a wall. [L. j^Hntli ((.s— Gr. plinths 
 OS, a brick ; cog. with E. Funt.] 
 
 PLIOCENE. Same as Pleiocene. 
 
 PLOD, plod, v.i. to travel laboriously 
 trudge on steadily : to toil : — ^jr.^t. 
 plodd'ing ; p«.^ and pcf.>\ plodd'ed., 
 [Orig. "to wade tlirough pools," from 
 Ir. plod, a pool.] 
 
 PLODDER, plod'er, n. one who plods on : 
 a dull, heavy, laborious man. 
 
 PLODDING, plod'ing, adj. laborious, but 
 slow.— ?i. slow movement or study. — adv. 
 Plodd'ingly. 
 
 PLOT, plot, n. a small p-'ace of ground. — 
 v.t. to make a plan of :-^r.p. plott'ing-, 
 pa.t. and pa.p. plott'ed. [A.S. piiot, » 
 patch of land.]
 
 FLOT 
 
 330 
 
 roD 
 
 PLOT, plot, II. a complicated scheme : a 
 conspiracy : stratagem : the chain of in- 
 cidents in the story of a play, etc. — i:i. 
 to scheme: to form a scheme of mischief: 
 to conspire. — i:t. to devise •.—pr.p. plott'- 
 ing; pa.t. and »o.j>. plott'ed. [Fr. cumplot, 
 ace. to Diez, from L. complicitum, pa.p. 
 of compUco, to fold together, to compli- 
 cate/] 
 
 PLOTTER, plot'er, n. one who plots : a 
 conspirator. 
 
 PLOUGH, plow, n. an instrument for 
 turninsr up the soil : tillage. — v.t. to turn 
 up with the plough : to furrow : to tear : 
 to divide : to run through in sailing.— 
 n. Plotjgh'er. [Ice. plogr (Dan. ptov, 
 Grer. pflug), perh. conn, with Gr. ploion, 
 a ship j 
 
 PLOUGHABLE, plowVbl, adj. capable of 
 being ploughed : arable. 
 
 PLOUGHBOY, plow'boy, n. a hoy who 
 drives or guides horses in ploughing. 
 
 PLOUGHMAN, plov/man, n. a man who 
 ploughs: a husbandman: a rustic: — 
 pi. Plough'men. 
 
 PLOUGHSHARE, plow'shar. n. the part of 
 a plough which shears or cuts the ground. 
 [Plough and A.S. seear, a share of a 
 plough, a shearing — sceran, to cut. See 
 Shear.] 
 
 PLOVER, pluv'er, n. a well-known wading 
 bird. [Lit. the rain-bird, Fr. plnvier — L. 
 pluvia, rain. cog. wth Flow ; so called 
 because associated with rainy weather.] 
 
 PLOW, plow, old spelling of PLorOH. 
 
 PLUCK, pluk, v.t. to pull away: to snatch: 
 to strip. — n. a single act of plucldng. 
 [A.S. pluecian; akin to Dut. plukken, 
 Ger. pfliicJcen.] 
 
 PLUCK, pluk, n. the heart, liver, and lungs 
 of an animal, peril, so called because 
 plucked out after it is killed : hence 
 lieart. courage, spirit. 
 
 PLUCKY, pluk'i, adj. having phick or 
 spirit.— adf. Pluck'ily.— Ji. PLCCK'nrESS. 
 
 PLUG, plug, n. a block or peg used to stop 
 a hole. — v.t. to stop with a plug: to drive 
 plugs into.— pr.p. plugg'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. pluggecf. [Dut. ping, a hung, a peg 
 vSw. plugg. a peg, Ger. pflock) ; most 
 prob. of Celtic origin, as in jr., Gael., and 
 W. ploc. See Block.] 
 
 PLUGGING, plug'ing, n. the act of stop- 
 ping with a phig : the material of which 
 a. plug is made. 
 
 PLUM, plum, n. a well-known stone fruit 
 of various colors : the tree producing it. 
 [A.S. plume — L. piiinum — Gr. prounon. 
 Doublet Prune.] 
 
 PLUMAGE, pl55ni'aj, n. the whole /^'atters 
 of a bird. [Fr. — plume, a feather. See 
 Plume.] 
 
 PLUMB, plum, n. a mass of lead or other 
 material, hung on a string, to show the 
 perpendicular position. — ailj. per])endicu- 
 iar. — adv. perpendicularly.— r.f. to adiust 
 by a plumb-line : to make perpendicular : 
 to sound the depth of water bv a plumb- 
 line. [Fr. ploinb — L. plumbum, lead, 
 prob. akin to Gr. molybdos, and Ger. 
 hlei.) 
 
 PLUJIBAGO, plum-ba'go, v. a mineral of 
 carbon and iron, used for pencils, etc., 
 wrongly thought to be lead, from its re- 
 semlilance to it, and hence commonly 
 called " blacklead." [L. — phimbutn, 
 lead. See Plumb.] 
 ?LUMBEAN, plunAe-aja, PLUMBEOUS, 
 plum'be-us, adj. consisting of or resem- 
 bling lead : stupid. 
 
 PLUMBER, plnm'er, n. one who works in 
 leod. 
 
 PLUMBERY, plum'er-i, n. articles of lead : 
 the business of a plumber : a place for 
 plumbing. 
 
 PLUMBIC, plumTjik, adj. pertaining to or 
 obtained from lead. 
 
 PLUMBING, plum'ing, n. the art of cast- 
 ing and working in lead, etc.: business of 
 arranging pipes for conducting water 
 or gas. 
 
 PLUMB-LINE, plum'-lln, n. a line attached 
 to a mass of lead to show the perpendic- 
 ular : a plummet. 
 
 PLUMCAKR, pliun'kak, n., cake contain- 
 ing 7:>7nh!S (raisins) or other fruit. 
 
 PLUME, ploom, n. a feather: a feather 
 worn as an ornament : a crest : token of 
 honor : prize of contest. — v.t. to sort the 
 feathers of, as a bird : to adorn with 
 plumes : to strip of feathers : to boast 
 (used refiexively). [Fr. — L. pluma, a 
 small soft feather ; perh. from the root 
 of Flow and Float.] 
 
 PLUjMMER, PLIBIMERY. See Plumber, 
 Plujibery. 
 
 plummet, plum'et, n. a weight of lead 
 hung at a string, used for ascertaining 
 the direction of the earth's attraction 
 and for sounding depths : a plumb-line. 
 [Fr. plcmbet, dim. oi plomb, lead. See 
 
 PLtTJIB.] 
 
 PLIBIOSE, pl5o'mos, PLUMOUS, ploo'- 
 mus. adj., feathery: plmue-like. 
 
 PLUMP, plump, adv. falling straight down- 
 ward (like lead). — adj. downright : un- 
 qualifled. — v.i. to fall or sink suddenly. — 
 v.t. to cause to sink suddenly. — adv. 
 Plump'ly. [A variation of Plumb.] 
 
 PLUMP, plump, adj. fat and rounded : 
 sleek : in good condition. — n. PursiP'KESS. 
 [From a common Teut. root, seen in Dut. 
 jplomp, lumpish, clownish, G«r. plump.] 
 
 PLUMP, plump, v.t. to give in the 7um»or 
 tmdivided (as a vote to one only). [See 
 Plump, adj. fat.] 
 
 PLUMPER, plump'er, n. a vote given to 
 one candidate only when moi'e are to be 
 elected : one who so votes. [Same as 
 above word.] 
 
 PLUMPUDDING, plum-pood'ing, n., pud- 
 ding containing plums, raisins, or other 
 fruit. 
 
 PLUMULE, ploo'mul, n. (bof.) the rudi- 
 mentary bvid of an embryo. [L. plumula, 
 dim. of pluma. See Plume.] 
 
 PLUNDER, plun'der, v.t. to seize the bag- 
 gage or goods of another by force: to 
 pillage. — n. that which is seized by force : 
 booty. — n. Pujn'DERER, [Ger. pliindem, 
 to pillage — plunder, trash, baggage ; akin 
 to Low^Ger. plunnen, rags.] 
 
 PLUNGE, plunj, i\t. to cast suddenlv into 
 water or otiier fluid : to force suddenly 
 (into): to baptize by immersion. — v.i. to 
 sink suddenly into any fluid ; to dive : to 
 rush headlotig, as a horse : to rush into 
 any danger. — n. act of plunging ; act of 
 rushing headlong, as a horse. \Fr. plonger 
 (It. j^iombare, to fall like a plumb-line) — 
 L. phimhum, lead.] 
 
 PLUNGER, plunj'er, n. one who plunges: 
 a diver : a long, solid cyUnder used as a 
 forcer in pumps. 
 
 PLUNGING, plunj'ing, adj. rushing head- 
 long : pitching downward. — n. the put- 
 
 ■ ting or sinking under water, or other 
 fluid : the act of a horse trying to throw 
 its rider. 
 
 PLUPERFECT, ploo'per-fekt, adj. {gram.) 
 noting that an action happened before 
 some period referred to. [A corr. of L. 
 phis-quam-perfeetiim, (lit.) more than or 
 before perfect.] 
 
 PLURAL, ploo'ral, adj. containing or ex- 
 pressing n}ore than one. — n. (gram.) the 
 form denoting more than one. — adi\ 
 Plu'Rally. [Fr. — L. pluralis—plits, plu- 
 ris. more.] 
 
 PLURALISM, ploo'ral-izra, n. the state of 
 being plural. 
 
 PLURALITY, ploo-ral'i-ti, n. the state of 
 being plural : a number consisting of 
 more than one : the majority. 
 
 PLUS, plus, n. the sign ( ■)-) prefixed te 
 positive quantities, and set between 
 quantities or numbers to be added to- 
 gether. [L. plus, more.] 
 
 PiiUSH, plush, n. a variety of cloth woven 
 like velvet, but having its pik or hairy 
 surface uncropped. [Fr. peluche. through 
 Low L.. from L. pints, hair. See Plii, 
 a hairv surface.] 
 
 PLUTOCRACY, ploo-tok'ra-si. n., govern-, 
 ment by the wealthy. [Gr. ploutokratia 
 — ploutos. wealth, and kratos, strength, 
 akin to E. Hard.] 
 
 PLUTONIAN, plo6-to'ni-an, PLUTONIC, 
 ploo-ton'ik. adj.. infernal : dark : (geol.) 
 formed by the agency of heat at a depth 
 below the surface of the earth. [L. (lit.) 
 belonging to Plvto — Gr. Plouionios — 
 Piouton, Pluto, the god of the nether 
 world.] 
 
 PLUVIAL, pl6o'vi-al, adj. pertaining to 
 rain : rainy. [Fr. — L. pluvialis — pluvia, 
 rain, akin to Flow.] 
 
 PLUVIOUS. plo6'vi-us, adj. rainy. [L. 
 phmus. See Plxtvial.] 
 
 PLY, pli, v.t. to work at steadily: to urge. — 
 v.i. to work steadily : to go in haste : to 
 make regular pa.ssages between two 
 ports : (nant.) to make way against the 
 wind : — ^ja.#. and pa.p. plied. — n. a fold: 
 bent: direction. [Fr. plier. to bend or fold 
 — L. p/ioo. to bend ; Gr. pleko. to fold.] 
 
 PNEUMATIC, nu-mat'ik, PNEUMATIC- 
 AL, nu-mat'ik-al, adj. relating to air : 
 consisting of air : moved by air or wind : 
 pertaining to pneumatics. — adv. Pneu- 
 MAT'ically. [L. — Gr. pneumatikos — 
 pneum-a, -atos, wind, air — jmeo, to blow, 
 to breathe.] 
 
 PNEUMATICS, nu-raat'iks. '.i.sing. the 
 science which treats of air and othei 
 elastic fluids or gases. 
 
 PNEUMATOLOGIST, nii-niat-ol'o-jist -/ 
 one versed in pneumatologv. 
 
 PNEUMATOLOGY, nu-m-t-ol'o-ji, «. tli6 
 science of elastic. //kW.?, or, more gener 
 all.v, of spiritual substances. [Gr. pneu- 
 Mia, wind, spirit, and logos, science.] 
 
 PNEUMONIA, nii-mo'ni-a, n. inflammar 
 tion of the lungs. [Gr. from pneumon, 
 pneumonis, the lungs— pneuma, air.] 
 
 PNEUMONIC, nu-mon'ik, at^. pertaining 
 to the lungs. 
 
 POACH, poch, v.t. to dress eggs by break- 
 ing them into boiling water. [Perh. Fr. 
 poeher, to put in a pocket— pocne, pouch, 
 because the yolk is enveloped by the white 
 as in a. pouch.] 
 
 POACH, poch, v.i. to intrude on another's 
 preserves in order to steal game. — v.t. 
 to steal game. — n. Poach'er. one who 
 poaches or steals game. [Fr. povher, 
 orig. to pocket— jJOcTie, pouch. Cf. above 
 word.] 
 
 POCK, pok, n. a small elevation of the skin 
 containing matter, as in smallpo.^. — ns. 
 POCK'MARK, PocK'PlT. the mark, pit, or 
 scar left by a pock. [A.S. poc, a pustule ; 
 cog. «-ith G«r. ^x>ci'e. Dut. pok. The cor- 
 rect pi. form was pocks, erroneously spelt 
 po.r. and treated as sing.] 
 
 POCKET, pok'et. n. a little pouch or bag, 
 esp. one attached to a dress. — v.t. to put 
 in the pocket : to take stealthilv -.^pr.p 
 pock'eting;7>a.f. wndpa.p. pock'eted. — n, 
 Pock'et-book, a book for holding papers, 
 carried in the pocket. — n. Pock'et-mon'ey, 
 money carried in the pocket for ordinary 
 expenses. [Fr. pochette, dim. of poche, 
 pouch.] 
 
 POD, pod, n. the covering of the seed of 
 plants, as the pea or bean. — i:i. to fill, as 
 a pod : to produce pods:— -pr.p. podd'ing; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. podd'ed. [Allied to Pad, 
 anything stufl'ed. and to Dan. pude, a 
 cushion, from a root meaning "bag." 
 anything " swollen out." See PuDDrNO.]
 
 POEM 
 
 331 
 
 POLLUTE 
 
 POEM, p6'em. n. a composition in verse. 
 [Lit. "anything made," Fp. pohne — L. 
 poema — 6r. poiSma — poied, to do or 
 nialce.] 
 
 POESY, p6'e-si, n. the art of composing 
 poems : poetry : a poem. [Fr. poesie — 
 L. poesis — Gr. poiesis — poieO, to do or 
 make.] 
 
 POET. pS'et, «. the author of a poem : one 
 skilled in maldog poetry : one with a 
 strong imagination : — /em. Po'etess. 
 [Lit. "a maker," Fr. poete — L. poeta — 
 Gr. poietSs— poied, to do or maker] 
 
 POETASTER, p6'et-as-ter, n. a petty poet: 
 a writer of contemptible verses. fFreq. 
 of Poet.] 
 
 POETIC, po-et'ik, POETICAL, po-et'ik-al, 
 adj. pertaining or suitable to poetry : 
 expressed in poetry : marked by poetic 
 language : imaginative. — adv. PoET'lO- 
 ALLT. m a poetic manner. 
 
 POETICS, po-et'iks, n.sing. the branch of 
 criticism which relates to poetry. 
 
 POETIZE, po'et-iz, v.i. to write as a poet : 
 to make verses. 
 
 POETRY, po'et-ri, n. the art of expressing 
 in melodious words the creations of feel- 
 ing and imagination : utterance in song : 
 metrical composition. [O. Fr. poeterie.] 
 
 POIGNANCY, poin'an-si, n. state of being 
 poignant. 
 
 POIGNANT, poin'ant, adj., stinging, prick- 
 ing, sharp : penetrating : acutely pain- 
 ful: satirical: pungent. — adi'. "Poiojj'- 
 ASTLT. [Fr. poignant, pr.p. of O. Fr. 
 poindre, to sting — L. pnngo, to sting, to 
 prick. See Point and PuxoEJiT.] 
 
 POINT, point, n. that which pricks or 
 pierces: anything coming to a sharp end: 
 the mark made by a sharp instrument : 
 (geom.) that which has neither length, 
 breadth, nor thickness: a mark showing 
 the divisions of a sentence : (nivs.) a dot 
 at the right hand of a note, to raise its 
 value one-half : a very small space : a 
 moment of time : a small affair : a single 
 thing : a single assertion : the precise 
 thing to be considered: anything intend- 
 ed : exact place : degree : that wliich 
 stings, as the point of an epigram : a 
 lively turn of thought : that which 
 awa&ens attention : a peculiarity •.—pi, 
 the switch on a railway. [Fr. (It. puma) 
 — L. punctuTnr—pungd — root png. See 
 
 POIGN'AKT.] 
 
 POINT, poibt, v.t. to give a point to : to 
 sharpen : to aim : to direct one's atten- 
 tion : to punctuate, as a sentence : to 
 fill the joints of with mortar, as a wall. — 
 r. (. to direct the finger towards an object: 
 to show game by looldng, as a dog. — 
 Point oct (B.), to a-ssign. 
 
 POINT-BLANK, point-blank', adj. aimed 
 directly at the mark : direct.— adr. di- 
 rectly. [Lit. the ii-hite spot in the butt 
 at whicli archers aimed, from Fr. point- 
 blanc, white point. See Blank.] 
 
 POINTED, point'ed, ac}J. having a sharp 
 point : sharp : direct : personal : keen ; 
 telling : (arch.) having arches sharply 
 pointed, Gothic. — adv. Point'edlt. — n. 
 Point'edness. 
 
 POINTER, point'er, n. that which points : 
 a dog trained to point out game. 
 
 POINTING, point'ing, n. the marking of 
 divisions in writing by points or marks : 
 act of filling the crevices of a wall with 
 mortar. 
 
 POINTLESS, pointles, adj. having no 
 point: blunt: dull: wanting keenness or 
 smartness. 
 
 POINTS^L\N, points'man, n. a man who 
 has charge of the points or switches on 
 a railway. 
 
 POISE, poiz, v.t. to balance : to make of 
 equal weight : to examine. — n. weight : 
 balance : equilibrium : that which bal- 
 
 ances, a regulating power: the weight 
 used with steelyards. [O. Fr. poiser,Fr. 
 pestr — h.pe>iso, inten. otpendo, to hang, 
 to weigh.] 
 
 POISON, poi'zn, n. any substance having 
 injuiious or deadly effects : anything 
 malignant or infectious : tliat which 
 taints or destroys moral purity. — v.t. to 
 infect or to kill with poison : to taint : to 
 mar : to embitter : to corrupt. — n. Poi'- 
 SONER. [Lit. a potion or draught, Fr. — 
 L. potio, a draught — poto, to drink. 
 Doublet Potion.] 
 
 POISONOUS, poi'zn-us, a4i. having the 
 quality of poison : destructive : impair- 
 ing soundness or purity. — adv. Poi SON- 
 
 OUSLY. — n. POI'SONOUSNESS. 
 
 POKE, pok, n. a bag: a pouch. fProb. 
 from Celt., as Jr. poc, a bag. Of. PbucH, 
 Pock.] 
 
 POKE, pok, v.t. to thrust or push against 
 with something pointed : to search for 
 with a long instrument: to thrust at 
 with the horns. — v.i. to grope or feel.-^ji. 
 act of pushing or thrusting : a thrust. 
 [Ir. poc, a blow, Gael, plus, to push.] 
 
 POKER, pCk'er, n. an iron rod for pok- 
 ing or stirring the fire : a game of cards. 
 
 POLAR, po'lar, adj. pertaining to or situ- 
 ated near either of tne poles : pertaining 
 to the magnetic poles. — Polae ciecle, 
 a parallel of latitude encircling each of 
 the poles at a distance of 23" 38' from the 
 pole ; the north polar being called the 
 arctic, the south, the antarctic circle. 
 
 POLARITY, pO-laKit-i, n. a property in 
 certain bodies by which they arrange 
 themselves in certain directions, or 
 point, as it were, to given poles. 
 
 POLARIZATION, po-lar-i-za'shun, n. (opt.) 
 a particular modification of rays of light, 
 by the action of certain media or sur- 
 faces, so that they cannot be reflected or 
 refracted a^n in certain directions ; 
 state of having polarity. 
 
 POLARIZE, polar-Iz, v.t. to give polarity 
 to. — n. Po'Laeizee, that which polarizes 
 or gives polarity to. 
 
 POLDER, pol'der, n. in the Netherlands, 
 a tract of land below the level of the sea 
 or nearest river, which, being originally 
 a morass or laUe, has been drained and 
 brought under cultivation. [Dut.] 
 
 POLE, p61, n. that on which anything 
 turns, as a pivot or axis: one of the 
 ends of the axis of a sphere, esp. of 
 the earth : (physics) one of the two 
 points of a body in which the attractive 
 or repulsive energy is concentrated, as 
 a magnet. — Poles OF THE heavens, the 
 two points in the heavens opposite to 
 the poles of the earth. — rj. Pole-STAE, 
 a star at or near the pole of the heavens. 
 [Fr. — L. polus—Gr. polos— peld, to be in 
 motion.] 
 
 POLE, pol, n. a pale or pile: a long piece 
 of wood : an instrument for measuring : 
 a measure of length, 5i yards ; in square 
 measure, 30i yarns. — w. Poleate. an a.ve 
 fixed on a pole. [A.S. pal (Ger. pfahly— 
 L. pains, a stake. Doublet Pale.] 
 
 POLE, pol, n. a native of Poland. 
 
 POLECAT, pol'kat, n. a kind of weasel, 
 which emits a disagreeable odor, called 
 also the Fitchet and Foumart. [JLE. 
 polcat. etj'. of Pole- unknown. See Cat.] 
 
 POLEMC, po-lem'ik, POLEMICAL, po- 
 lem'ik-al, adj. given to di'^puting : con- 
 troversial. — adi\ Polesi'ically. [Lit. 
 " warlike," Gr. polemos, war.] 
 
 POLEinC, po-Iem'ik, n. a disputant.^^i. 
 sing. PoLEJC'iCS. contest or controversy : 
 (theol.) the history of ecclesiastical con- 
 troversy. 
 
 POLENTA, po-len'ta, n. pudding made of 
 the flour of maize. [It. — L. polenta, 
 peeled barley.] 
 
 POLICE, po-lfe', n, the system of regula- 
 tions of a city, town, or district, for the 
 preservation of order and enforcement of 
 law : the internal government of a state : 
 (short for police-force) the civil officers 
 for preserving order, etc. — li. Policeman. 
 [Fr. — L. politia — Gr. politeia, the condi- 
 tion of a state — politeno, to govern s 
 state — pontes, a citizen— polis, a city 
 from root of polys, many, E. Full.] 
 
 POLICY, pol'i-si, n. the firt or manner oi 
 governing a nation : a system of official 
 administration : dexterity of manage- 
 ment : prudence : cunning : in Scotland, 
 the pleasure-grounds around a mansion. 
 [O. Fr. poUcie (Fr. police) — ^L. etc. See 
 
 POUCE.J 
 
 POLICJY, pol'i-si, n. a warrant for money 
 in the pubUc funds: a writing containing 
 a contract of insurance, [Fr. police, a 
 policy — L. polyptychum, a register^jr. 
 polypiychon, a writing folded into leaves 
 -—poh/s, many, ptyx, ptychos, fold, leaf.l 
 
 POLISH, p51'ish, adj. relating to Poland 
 or its people. 
 
 POLISH, poVish, v.t. to make smooth and 
 glossy by rubbing: to refine: to make 
 elegant. — v.i. to become smooth and 
 glossy. — n. Polisher. [Fr. polir, polis- 
 sanf — Li. polio, to make to shine.] 
 
 POLITE, po-Ut', adj., polished: smooth: 
 refined : well-brecl : obliging. — adv. Po- 
 LTTE'LT. — n. Polite'ness. [L. poKtus, 
 pa.p. of polio.] 
 
 POLITIC, pol'i-tik, adj. pertaining to poU 
 icy : well-devised : judicious : skilled in 
 political affairs : prudent : discreet : cun- 
 ning.— adr. Pol'iticly. [Fr. politique 
 — Gr. politikos— pontes, a citizen.] 
 
 POLITICAL, po-lit'ik-al, adj. pertaining to 
 polity or government : pei-taining to na 
 tions : derived from government. — adv 
 Polit'ically.— Political Economy, the 
 science wliich treats of the production, 
 distribution, and consumption of wealth. 
 
 POLITICIAN, pol-i-tish'an, n. one versed 
 in or devoted to polities : a man of arti- 
 fice and cunning. 
 
 POLITICS, pol'i-tiks, n.sing. the art or 
 science ot goi-emment : the management 
 of a political party : political aflairs. 
 
 POLITY, pol'i-ti, n.'the constitution of the 
 government of a state : civil constituticn. 
 
 P(jLKA, pSl'ka, n. a dance of Bohemian 
 origin : al-so its tune. [Bohem. j^ulka, 
 half, from the half-step prevalent in it ; 
 also given from Slav, polka, a Polish 
 woman.] 
 
 POLL. pol. n. a familiar name, often of a 
 parrot. [Contr. of Polly, a form of Molly 
 ^Manj.J 
 
 POLL, pOl, n. the round part of the head, 
 esp. the back of it : a register of heads 
 or pereons : the entry of the names of 
 electors who vote for civil officers, such 
 as members of Congress: an election of 
 civil officers : the place where the votes 
 are taken. — i:t. to remove the top : to 
 cut : to clip : to lop, as the branches of a 
 tree : to enter one's name in a register : 
 to bring to the poll as a voter. — n. Poll'- 
 KR. [O. Dut. polle. bol. a ball, top. Ice. 
 kollr. top, head. Cf. Kill/] 
 
 POLL.-VCK, pol'ak, POLLOCK, pol'uk, n. a 
 sea-fish of the cod family, resemblingthe 
 whiting. [CJelt., as in" Gael, pollag a 
 whiting.] 
 
 POLLARD, pol'ard, n. a tree poWed or with 
 its top cut off. 
 
 POLLEN, pol'en, n. the fertilizing powder 
 contained in the anthers of flowers : fine 
 flour. [L. "fine flour."] 
 
 POLLOCK. See Pollack. 
 
 POLL-TAX, pol'-taks, n. a ta.v by the poll 
 or head — i.e. on each person. 
 
 POLLUTE, pol-!o5t'. v.t. to soil • to defile ; 
 to make foul : to taint : to corrupt :
 
 POLLUTION 
 
 332 
 
 POOR-LAWS 
 
 to profane : to violate.— n. Pollut'er. 
 [Lit. '• to overflow," L. ]]olluo, pollutus 
 — poL sig. towards, and luo, to wash.] 
 
 POLLUTION, pol-loo'shun, n. act of pol- 
 htfiinj : state of being polluted : defile- 
 ment : impurity. [L.] 
 
 ?OLO. po'lo, n. a military game, devised 
 by the British officers in India, in which 
 a ball is pla3'ed between two goals by 
 men on horseback. 
 
 ?OLOXY, po-16'ni, ?!. a drj' sausage made 
 of meat partly cooked. [A corr. of Bo- 
 logna sausage.] 
 
 POLTROON, pol-troon', n. an idle, lazy 
 fellow : a coward : a dastard : one with- 
 out courage or spirit. — adj. bas«, vile, 
 contemptible. [Lit. "one who lies in 
 bed." Fr. jjoltron — It. poltro (for pohtro), 
 orig. a bed, from Ger. polster, a bolster. 
 See Bolster.] 
 
 POLTROONERY, pol-troon'er-i, n. the 
 spirit of a poltroon : laziness : coward- 
 ice : want of spirit. [Fr. pioltron7ierie.} 
 
 POLVERINE, pol'ver-In or -in, n. the dust 
 or calcined asbes of a plant, used In glass- 
 making. [It. polverino — L. pulvis, pul- 
 veris. dust.J 
 
 POLYANDRIAN, pol-i-an'dri-an, adj. hav- 
 ing many or more than twenty stamens. 
 [Gr. jMl'ys, many, and aner, andros, a 
 man.] 
 
 POLYANDRY, pol-i-an'dri, n. the practice 
 of .the woman having more husbands than 
 one at the same time ; cf. Poltgamt. 
 [Gr., from polys, many, and aner, andros, 
 a husband.] 
 
 POLYANTH, pol'i-anth, POLYANTHUS, 
 pol-i-an'thus, n. a kind of primrose bear- 
 ing many floxcers. [Gr., from polys, many, 
 and anflios, a flower.] 
 
 POLYCOTYLEDON, pol-i-kot-i-le'don, n. 
 a plant having many cotyledons or seed- 
 lobes.— ad/. Poltcotyle'donous. [Gr. 
 poiys. many, and COTYLEDON.] 
 
 r'OLYGAMIST, pol-ig'a-mist, n. one who 
 practices or advocates polygamy. 
 
 POLYGAMY, pol-ig'a-mi, n. the having 
 more than one wife at the same time. 
 — adj. Polyg'amous. [Fr. — L.— Gr. pol- 
 ygamia — polys, many, and gamos, a 
 marriage. Cf. Bigamy.] 
 
 POLYGLOT, pol'i-glot, adj. having or con- 
 taining many languages. — n. a book in 
 several languages, esp. a Bible of this 
 kind. [From Gr. polys, many, and glot- 
 ta. the tongue, language.] 
 
 POLYGON, pol'i-gon, »i. a figure of many 
 angles, or with more than four. — adjs. 
 Polyg'onal, Polyg'onous. [L. — Gr. 
 polygonon — polys, many, and gonia, a 
 corner. See KNEE.] 
 
 POLYHEDRON, pol-i-he'dron, n. a solid 
 body with many bases or sides. — adjs. 
 
 POLYHE'DRAL, PoLYHE'DROUS. [Gr. polys, 
 
 manv. and hedra, a base — hea, akin to 
 E. SiTj 
 
 POLYNOMIAL, pol-i-no'mi-al, n. an alge- 
 braic quantity of many names or terms. 
 — adj. of many names or terms. [A hy- 
 brid, from Gr. polys, many, andL. nomen, 
 a name.] 
 
 POLYP. POLYPE, pol'ip, POLYPUS, pol'- 
 i-pus. n. something with many feet or 
 roots: an aquatic, animal of the radiate 
 kind, with many arms: a tumor growing 
 in the nose, etc.:— pZ. Polytes, pol'ips. 
 Polypi, pol'i-pl.— aS/. Pol'ypous. [Gr. 
 polyjmus — polys, many, and pons, E. 
 Toot.] 
 
 POLYPETALOUS, pol-i-pet'al-us, adj. with 
 many petals. [Gr. polys, many, and Pet- 
 ALorsTl 
 
 POLYPHONIC, pol-i-fon'ik, adj. having or 
 consisting of many voices or sounds. 
 ' • The barking crow possesses the most 
 remarkable polyphonic powers. It can 
 shriek, laugh, yell, shout, whistle, scream 
 
 and bark." — Sat. Rev. In ynusic, consist- 
 ing of several tone series, or parts, pro- 
 gressing simultaneously according to the 
 rules of counterpoint : contrapuntal : as, 
 a fugue is a. polyphonic composition. [Gr. 
 polyphonos — polys, many, and phone, 
 soundj 
 
 POLYPODE, pol'i-pod, n. an animal with 
 many feet. [Gr. 2)oly2)ous— polys, many, 
 pons, podos, a foot.] 
 
 POLYPUS. See PoLYP. 
 
 POLYSYLLABLE. pol'i-sa-a-bl,n. a word of 
 many or more than three syllables. — adjs. 
 
 POLYSYLLAB'IC, POLYSYLLAB'ICAL. [Gr. 
 polys, many, and SYLLABLE.] 
 
 POLYTECHNIC, pol-i-tek'nik, adj. com- 
 prehending many arts. [Gr. polys, many, 
 techne, an art.] 
 
 POLYTHEISM, pol'i-the-izm, n. the doc- 
 trine of a jjiitraJ/fi/ of gods. — adjs. Poly- 
 THEiST'ic, Polytheist'ical. — n. Pol'y- 
 THEIST, a believer in many gods. [Gr. 
 jiolys, many, and tlieos, a god.] 
 
 POLYZOA, pol-i-zo'a. n.pl. a class of ani- 
 mals forming the lowest members of the 
 Mollusca, and generally known by the 
 popular names oif "sea-mosses" and "sea- 
 mats." They are invai-iablj' compound, 
 forming associated growths or colonies 
 produced by gemmation from a single 
 primordial individual, and inhabit a poly- 
 zoarium, corresponding to the polypidom 
 of the composite hydroids. The tjTjical 
 polypide of a polyzoon differs from the 
 polypite of the Hydrozoa in having a dis- 
 tinct alimentary canal suspended freely 
 in a body ca^-ity, and in ha%'ing the re- 
 productive organs contained within the 
 Dod_v. The body is inclosed in a double- 
 walled sac, the outer layer (ectoc3'st) of 
 which is chitinous or calcareous, and the 
 inner (endocyst) a delicate membranous 
 layer. All the Polyzoa are hermaphro- 
 dite. Besides true sexual reproduction, 
 and besides the power of producing col- 
 onies by continuous budding, fresh indi- 
 viduals are in many cases produced by a 
 process of discontinuous gemmation. The 
 Polyzoa are chiefly marine, encrusting 
 stones, old shells, and sea-weeds ; but 
 some are fresh-water. [Gr. polys, many, 
 and zoon, an animal.] 
 
 POMACE, po-ma-s' or pum'as. n. the sub- 
 stance of apples or similar fruit. [Low 
 L. pomacium — L. pomum, fruit, such as 
 apples, etc.] 
 
 POMACEOUS, po-ma'shus, adj. relating to, 
 consisting of, or resembling apples : like 
 pomace. 
 
 POMADE, po-mad', POMATUM, po-ma'- 
 tum, n. iflrig.) an ointment made from 
 apples : any greasy compo.sition for 
 dressing the hair. [Fr. pom made — It. 
 X>omada, p>ommata, lip-salve — ^. pomum, 
 an apple.] 
 
 POMEGRANATE, pom'gran-at or pum'-, 
 n. a tree bearing fruit like the orange, 
 with numerous grains or seeds. [Through 
 the O.Fr. from L. ])omum, and granatum, 
 ha\'ing many grains — granum, a grain. 
 See Grain.] 
 
 POMMEL, pum'el, n. a knob or ball : the 
 knob on a sword hilt : the high part of 
 a saddle-bow. — t\f. to beat as with a 
 pommel, or anj-thing thick or heavy: to 
 bruise: — pr.p. pomm'elling ; ^)a.f. and 
 pa.p. pomm'elled. [Lit. "anj-thing round 
 like an apple," O. Fr. pomel (Fr. pom- 
 meau), dim. of L. pomum, an apple.] 
 
 POMP, pomp, n. pageantry : ceremony : 
 splendor : ostentation : grandeur. [Lit. 
 " a sending," then " a showy procession," 
 Fr. pompe — L. pompa — Gr. pompe — 
 pempo. to send.] 
 
 POMPOUS, pomp us, adj. displaying poj(ip 
 or grandeur : grand: magniflcent: dig- 
 
 nified : boastful. — adv. Poilp'OCSLY. — n(, 
 POMP'OUSNESS, POMPOS'ITY. 
 
 POND, pond, n. a pool of standing water, 
 
 [From A.S. pyndan, to shut in, thus a 
 
 doublet of PoLTvD, an inclosure.] 
 PONDER, pon'der, v.t. to iveigh in the 
 
 mind : to think over : to consider. — n. 
 
 Pon'derer. [Lit. to " weigh," Ij. pondero 
 
 —pondus, 2)onderis, a weight. See Pound 
 
 a weight.] 
 PONDERABLE, pon'der-a-b), adj. that maj 
 
 be weighed: having sensible weight. — n 
 
 Ponderabil'ity. 
 PONDEROUS, pon'der-us, adj., weighty 
 
 massive : forcible : important. — adu.PON' 
 
 derocsly. 
 P0NDER0USNT:SS, pon'der-us-nes, PON. 
 
 DEROSITY, pon-der-os'i-ti, n. weight: 
 
 heaviness. 
 PONLARD, pon'yard, n. a small dagger for 
 
 stabbing. — v.t. to stab with a poniard. 
 
 iFr. poignard — poing, fist (It. pugno) — 
 J. pugnus.] 
 
 PONTAGE, pont'aj, n. a toll paid on 
 bridges. [Low L. xiontagium — L. pons, 
 pontis, a bridge, a nasalized form of the 
 root of Path.] 
 
 PONTIFF, pon'tif, n. {orig.) a Roman high- 
 priest : in the R. Cath. Church, the Pope. 
 [Fr. pontife — L. pontifex, pontijicis — ■ 
 pons, pont-is, a bridge, and facio, to 
 make or do, the original meaning being 
 obscure.] 
 
 PONTIFIC, pon-tif'ik, PONTIFICAL, pon- 
 tif'ik-al, adj. of or belonging to a pontiff 
 or the Pope : splendid : magnificent. — n, 
 a book of ecclesiastical ceremonies. — n, 
 Pontif'ICALS, the dress of a priest, bish- 
 op, or Pope. [Fr. — L. pontijlcalis.] 
 
 PONTIFICATE. pon-tifi-kat,)i. the dignity 
 of a pontiff or high-priest ; the office and 
 dignity or reign of a Pope. [Fr.— I. 
 pontijicatus.] 
 
 PONTOON, pon-toon'. n. a portable floats 
 ing vessel used in forming a bridge for 
 the passage of an army : a bridge of 
 boats : a lighter. [Fr. ponton — L. pons, 
 a bridge. See Pontage.] 
 
 PONY, po'ni, n. a small norse. [Gael. 
 ponaidh.] 
 
 POODLE, poo'dl, n. a small dog with long 
 silkj- hair. [Ger. pudel ; akin to Low 
 Ger. pndeln, to waddle.] 
 
 POOH, i)oo, int. of disdain. [Imitative.] 
 
 POOL, pool, n. a small bodv of water, 
 [A.S. pol (Dut. poel. Ger. pfuhl)— Celt, 
 poll, pwll ; akin to L. palus, a marsh, 
 Gr. pelos, mud.] 
 
 POOL, pool, n. the receptacle for the 
 stakes in certain games : the stakes 
 themselves : a variety of play at bill- 
 iards. [Fr. poule, originally a hen (the 
 stakes being jocularly compared to eggs 
 in a nest) — L. pidlus, a young animal, E. 
 Foal.] 
 
 POOP, poop, n. the hinder part of a ship ; 
 a deck above the ordinary deck in the 
 after-part of a ship. — v.t. to strike the 
 stern. [Fr. iioiipe — L. j:>Hf|pis, the poop.] 
 
 POOR, poor, adj. without means : needy : 
 spiritless : depressed : (B.) humble : con- 
 trite : wanting in appearance : lean : 
 wanting in strength : weak : wanting in 
 value : inferior : wanting in fertility : 
 sterile : wanting in fitness, beauty, ot 
 dignity : trifling : paltry : dear (endear- 
 iug\y)'—adv. Poor'ly. — ?!. Poor'ness. 
 [O. Fr. poure, povre (Fr. pauvre) — L. 
 pau-per = pauca pariens, producing or 
 providing little, from paueus, little, and 
 pario. to produce.] 
 
 POORHOUSE, poor'hows, n. Si house estab- 
 lislied at the public expense for the bene- 
 fit of tlie poor. 
 
 POOR-LAWS, poor'-lawz, n., laws relating 
 to the support of the poor.
 
 POOR-RATE 
 
 333 
 
 POSITIVE 
 
 POOR-RATE, p66i-'-rat, n. a rafe or tax for 
 the support of the poor. 
 
 POOR^SPIEITED,p6or-spir'it-ea, arf;'.,poor 
 or inejia in spirit : cowardly : base. — n. 
 Poor-spir'itedness. 
 
 POP. pop, v.i. to make a sharp, quick 
 sound : to dart : to move quickly. — v.t. 
 to thrust suddenly : to bring- suddenly to 
 notice : — pr.^). pojjp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 popped. — n. a sharp, quick sound or re- 
 port. — adv. suddenly. [From the sound.] 
 
 POPE, pop, n. the bisliop of Rome, head of 
 the R. Cath. Church : a kind of perch. 
 [A.S. papa — ^L. papa, a father. See 
 Papa.] 
 
 POPEDOM, pop'dom, n. ofHce, dignity, or 
 jurisdiction of the Pope. [A.S. pdpedom.'] 
 
 POPERY, pop'er-i, n. the religion of which 
 the Pope is the head : Roman Catholi- 
 cism. 
 
 POPINJAY, pop'in-ja, n. (orig.) a parrot : 
 a mark like a parrot, put on a pole to be 
 shot at : a fop or coxcomb. [Lit. the 
 " babbiing cock," Fr. papegai. from the 
 imitative root pap or hah, to chatter, and 
 Fr. gau — L. galliis, a cock.] 
 
 T^OPISH, pop'ish, adj. relating to the Pope 
 or Popery: taught by Popery. — adv. 
 
 POP'ISHLT. 
 
 POPLAR, pop'lar, n. a tree common in the 
 northern hemisphere, of rapid growth, 
 and having soft wood. [O. Fr. poplier 
 (Fr. peuplier) — Ij.populusT] 
 
 POPLIN, pop'lin, n. a fabric made of silk 
 and worsted. [Fr. popeline. Ety. un- 
 known.] 
 
 POPPY, pop'i, n. a plant having large 
 showy flowers, from one species of which 
 opium is obtained. [A.S. popig — L. pap- 
 averA 
 
 POPULACE, pop'u-las or -las, n. the com- 
 mon peqp?e. [Fr. — It. popolazzo — L. pop- 
 ulus. See People.] 
 
 POPULAR, pop'u-lar, adj. pertaining to 
 the people : pleasing to or prevailing 
 among the people : easily comprehended: 
 inferior : vulgar. — adv. Pop'ularly. [Fr. 
 populaire—Jj. popidaris^populus.'\ 
 
 POPULARITY, pop-u-lar'i-ti,'?i. quality or 
 state of hemg popular or pleasing to the 
 people. 
 
 POPULARIZE, pop'u-lar-iz, v.t. to make 
 popular or suitable to the people. 
 
 POPULATE, pop'u-lat, v.t. to people: to 
 furnish with inhabitants. [L. popidor, 
 jioptdaiiis — populus.'l 
 
 POPULATION, pop-u-la'shun, n. act of 
 populating: the inhabitants of any place. 
 
 POPULOUS, pop'u-lus, adj. fuU of people: 
 numerously inhabited. — adv. Pop'ulocs- 
 
 LY.— H. POP'ULOUSNESS. 
 
 PORCELAIN, pors'lan, w. a fine kind of 
 earthenware, white, thin, and semi-trans- 
 parent. [Fr. porcelaine — It. porcellana, 
 the Venus" shell (which porcelain resem- 
 bles in transparency) — L. porcella, a 
 young sow (which the shell was thought 
 to resemble in form), dim. from porous, 
 
 BT. porch, n. a covered way or en- 
 trance : a portico at the entrance of 
 churches and other buildings : the pub- 
 lic porch in the forum of Athens where 
 Zeno the Stoic taught : (fig.) the Stoic 
 philosophy. [Fr. porclie (It. portico) — 
 L. porticus, from porta, a gate, entrance. 
 See Port, a gate.] 
 
 PORCINE, por'sin, adj. pertaining to 
 s^cine. [L. porcinus — porws, a swine.] 
 
 PORCUPINE, por'ku-pTn, n. a rodent 
 quadruped, covered with spines or <[uills. 
 [Lit. " the spiny hog," M.E. porkepyn — 
 O. Fr. pore espin — L. poreus, a pig, and 
 spina, a spine.] 
 
 PORE, por, n. (anat.) a minute passage in 
 the skin for the perspiration : an open- 
 ing between the molecules of a body. 
 
 apig 
 PORC 
 
 [Fr. — L. poms — Gr. poros ; akin to Fake 
 
 and Ferry.] 
 PORE, por, v.i. to look with steady atten- 
 tion on : to study closely. [Perh. akin 
 
 to Peer, to peep.] 
 PORIFORM, por'i-form, adj. in the form 
 
 of a, pore. 
 PORK, pork, n. the flesh of swine. [Fr. 
 
 pore — L. porous, a hog ; cog. with W. 
 
 porch and E. Farrow. See Farrow.] 
 PORKER, pork'er, n. a young hog: a pig 
 
 fed for pork. 
 POROSITY, po-ros'i-ti, n. quality of being 
 
 porous. 
 POROUS, por'us, adj. having pores. — adv. 
 
 POR'OUSLY. 
 
 PORPHYRITIC, por-fir-it'ik, PORPHYRA- 
 CEOUS, por-fir-a'shus, adj. resembling 
 or consisting oi porphyry. 
 
 PORPHYRIZE. por'fir-iz, v.t. to cause to 
 resemble porphyry. 
 
 PORPHYRY, por'fir-i, n. a very hard, va- 
 riegated rook of a. purple and white color, 
 used in sculpture. [Through Fr. and L., 
 from Gr. porphyrites—porphyra, purple. 
 Cf Purple 1 
 
 PORPOISE, por'pus, PORPESS, por'pes, n. 
 a gregarious kind of whale, from 4 to 8 
 feet long, caught for its oil and flesh. 
 [Lit. " the hog-fish," O. Fr. p)orpeis — L. 
 porous, a hog, bmA piscis, a fish, from its 
 hog-like appearance in the water.] 
 
 PORRIDGE, por'ij, n. a kind of pudding 
 usually made by slowly stirring oatmeal 
 amongst boiling water : a kind of broth. 
 [M. E. porree, tlirough O. Fr., from Low 
 L. porrata, broth made with leeks — L. 
 pornim, a leek. The affix -idge (= -age) 
 arose through confusion with Pottage.] 
 
 PORRINGER, por'in-jer, n. a small dish for 
 porridge. [Porriger, with inserted n. 
 Cf. Passenger.] 
 
 PORT, port, n., oearing : demeanor: car- 
 riage of the body : the left side of a ship. 
 — v.t. to put (as the helm) to the left side 
 of a ship (lit. to " carry ") : to hold, as a 
 musket, in a slanting direction upward 
 across the body. [Fr. — L. porto, to carry, 
 cog. with Fare.] 
 
 PORT, port, n. a harbor : a haven or safe 
 station for vessels. [A.S. — L. partus ; 
 akin to porta, a gate.] 
 
 PORT, port n. a gate or entrance : a port- 
 hole : lid of a porthole. [Fr. porte — L. 
 porta, from root of Fare.] 
 
 PORT, port, n. a dark purple wine from 
 Oporto in Portugal. [Oporto=(?i^) " the 
 port."] 
 
 PORTABLE, port'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 carried : not bulky or heavy. — n. Port'- 
 ABLENESS. [See Port, bearing.] 
 
 PORTAGE, port'aj, n. act of carrying,: 
 carriage : price of carriage. 
 
 PORTAL, port'al, n. a small gate: any en- 
 trance : {arch.) the arch over a gate : 
 the lesser of two gates. [O. Fr. (Fr. por- 
 tail) — Low L. portale. 1 
 
 PORT-CRAYON, port-kWon, n. a metallic 
 handle for holding a crayon. [L. porta, 
 to carry. CRAYON.] 
 
 PORTCTJLLIS, port-kul'is, n. a sliding 
 door of cross timbers pointed with iron, 
 hung over a gatewaj', so as to be let down 
 in a moment to keep cut an enemy. [Fr. 
 portecoulisse, from porte, a gate, and L. 
 colo, to filter, to slide. See Colander.] 
 
 PORTE, port, n. the Turkish government, 
 so called from the "High Gate," the 
 chief office of the Ottoman government. 
 I See Port, a gate.] 
 
 PORTEND, por-tcnd', v.t. to indicate the 
 future by signs : to betoken : presage. 
 [Lit. " to" stretch towards," L. portenno, 
 portentjis — pro, forth, and tendo, to 
 stretch. See Tend, to stretch.] 
 
 PORTENT, por'tent, n. that which pen-tends 
 
 or foreshows : an evil omen. [O. Fr. — 
 L.] 
 
 PORTENTOUS, por-tent'us, adj. serving 
 to portend : foreshadowing ill. — adv. 
 Portent'ously. 
 
 PORTER, port'er, n. a door-keeper or gate- 
 keeper : one who waits at the door to 
 receive messages: — fern. Port'eress or 
 Port'ress. [See Port, a gate.] 
 
 PORTER, port er, n. one who carries bur^ 
 dens for hire : a dark-brown malt liquor 
 — so called because it was a favorite 
 drink with London porters. 
 
 PORTERAGE, port'er-aj, n. charge made 
 by a porter. 
 
 PORTFOLIO. p6rt-fo'li-6, 7i. a portable 
 case for keeping loose papers, drawings, 
 etc. : a collection of such papers : the 
 office of a minister of state. [From L. 
 porto, to carry, and Folio, a sheet of 
 paper ; cf. Fr. portefeuille.'\ 
 
 PORTHOLE, port'hol, n. a hole or opening 
 in a ship's side for light and air, or for 
 pointing a gun through. [Port, a gate, 
 and Hole.] 
 
 PORTICO, por'ti-ko, n. (arch.) a range of 
 columns in the front of a building : — pi. 
 Porticoes or Porticos, por'ti-koz. [It. 
 — L. porticus. Doublet Porch.] 
 
 PORTICOED, por'ti-kod, adj. furnished 
 with a portico. 
 
 PORTION, por'shun, n. a part : an allot- 
 ment : dividend : the part of an estate 
 descending to an heir : a wife's fortune. 
 — v.t. to divide into portions : to allot a 
 share : to furnish with a portion. [Fr. — 
 L. portio. portionis, akin to pars, a part, 
 and Gr. poro, to share.] 
 
 PORTIONED, por'shund, adj. having a 
 portion or endowment. 
 
 PORTIONER, por'shun-er, n. one who poi> 
 tions or assigns share.s. 
 
 PORTIONLESS, por'shun-les, adj. having 
 no portion, dowry, or property. 
 
 PORTLY, port'li, adj. having a dignified 
 port or mien : corpulent. — n. Port'li- 
 NESS, state of being portly. [See Port, 
 bearing.] 
 
 PORTMANTEAU, port-man'to, n. a bag 
 for carrying apparel, etc., on journeys. 
 [Lit. " a cloak-carrier," Fr. porter, to 
 carry, manteau, a cloak, mantle.] 
 
 PORTRAIT, por'trat, n. the likeness of a 
 person : description in words. [See Por- 
 tray.] 
 
 PORTRAITURE, p6r'trat-ur, n. the draw- 
 ing of portraits, or describing in words. 
 
 PORTRAY, por-tra', v.t. to paint or draw 
 the likeness of : to describe in words. — 
 n. Portray'er. [Fr. portraire — L. — pro^ 
 forth, traho, to draw/] 
 
 POSE, poz, n. a position : an attitude. — 
 v.i. to assume an attitude. [Fr. — poser, 
 to place — Low L. pausare, to cease, to 
 make to cease — L. pausa, pause — Gr. 
 pausis. See Pause. Between Fr. poser, 
 and L. ponere, positum, there has been 
 great confusion, which has influenced 
 the derivatives of both words.] 
 
 POSE, poz, v.t. to puzzle : to perplex by 
 questions : to bring to a stand. [M.E. 
 apposen, a corr. of Oppose, which in the 
 schools meant to "argue against.''] 
 
 POSER, poz'er, n. one who or that which 
 poses : a puzzle. 
 
 POSITION, po-zish'vm, n., place, situation : 
 attitude : state of affairs : the ground 
 taken in argument, or a dispute: princi^ 
 
 Ele laid down : place in society. [Fr.— 
 .. — pono, positus, to place.] 
 POSITIVE, poz'it-iv, adj. definitely p/aced 
 or laid down : clearly expressed ': actual: 
 not admitting any doubt or qualification: 
 decisive : settled by arbitrary appoint- 
 ment : dogmatic: fully assured : certain: 
 (aram.) noting the simple form of an ad- 
 jective : (math.) to be added. — n. that
 
 POSITIVISM 
 
 334 
 
 POTTERY 
 
 which isplaced or laid down: that which 
 may be affiriiiod : reality. — adv. Pos'it- 
 IVELY. — n. Pos'lTlVENESS. [Fr. — L. pos- 
 Hirus. lixed by agreement, from pono. 
 See Position.]' 
 
 POSITIVISM, poz'it-lv-izra. n. a system of 
 philosophy origrinated by Comte,a French 
 philosopher (1798-1857), which, rejecting 
 all inquiry into causes whetlier efficient 
 or final, deals only with what i% positive, 
 ©r simply seeks to discover the laws of 
 phenomenon. 
 
 POSITIVIST, poz'it-iv-ist, n. a believer in 
 positivism. 
 
 POSSESS, poz-zes', v.t. to have or hold as 
 au owner : to have the control of : to 
 inform : to seize : to enter into and in- 
 fluence. [L. possideo, possessus.'\ 
 
 POSSESSION, poz-zesh'un, v. act of pos- 
 sessing : the thing possessed : property : 
 state of being- possessed, as by an evil 
 spirit. 
 
 PO.SSESSIVE, poz-zes'iv, adj. i)ertaining to 
 or denoting possession. — adv. Possess'- 
 
 IVELY. 
 
 POSSESSOR, poz-zes'or, n. one who pos- 
 sesses : owner: proprietor: occupant. 
 
 POSSESSORY, poz-zes'or-i, adj. relating to 
 a possessor or possession : having posses- 
 sion. 
 
 POSSET, pos'et, n. hot milk curdled with 
 wine or acid. [W. posel, curdled milk, 
 Ir. pu.soid.] 
 
 POSSIBILITY, pos-i-bil'i-ti, yi. state of be- 
 ing possible : that which is possible : a 
 contingency. 
 
 POSSIBLE, pos'i-bl, adj. that is able to be 
 or happen : that may be done : not con- 
 trary to the nature of things. — adv. 
 Poss'lBLY. [Fr. — L. possibilis— possum, 
 to be able — potis. able, and esse, to be.] 
 
 POST, post, II. a piece of timber fixed in 
 the ground, generally as a support to 
 something else : a pillar. — v.t. to fix on 
 or to a post, that is, in a public place : to 
 expose to public reproach. [A.S. post^ 
 L. postis, a doorpost, from pono, to 
 place.] 
 
 POST, post, 11. a, fixed place, as a military 
 station : a fixed place or stage on a road: 
 an office: one who travels by stages, esp. 
 carrying letters, etc.: a public letter- 
 carrier: an established system of convey- 
 ing letters : a size of writing-paper, 
 double that of common note-paper: — v.t. 
 to set or .station: to put in the post-office: 
 (book-k.) to transfer to the ledger. — v.i. 
 to travel with posthorses, or with speed. 
 — adv. with posthorses: with speed. [Fr. 
 poste, from L. pono, positns, to place.] 
 
 POSTAGE, post'aj, n. money paid for con- 
 veyance of letters, etc., hy 2)ost or mail. 
 
 POSTAL, post'al, adj. belonging- to the 
 post-oSice or mail-service. 
 
 POSTBOY, post'boy, «. a boy that rides 
 posf-horses, or who carries letters. 
 
 POSTCARD, post'kard, n. a stamped card 
 on which a message may be sent by post. 
 
 POSTCHAISE, i)ost'shaz, n. a chaise or 
 carriage %vith four wheels for the con- 
 veyance of those who travel with post- 
 horses. 
 
 POSTDATE, post-dat', v.t. to date after the 
 real time. [L. post, after, and DaTE.1 
 
 POST-DILUVIAL. post-di-luS-i-al, PO.ST- 
 DILU'VIAN, adj. being or happening 
 after the deluge. — n. Post-dilu'vias, one 
 who has lived since the deluge. [L. p>ost, 
 after, and DlLimAI., DiLCTlAN.] 
 
 POSTERIOR, pos-te'ri-or.afi/..c"0»nnsf after: 
 later: hind or hinder. — n.^j/. POSTE^RIORS, 
 short tar posterior parts. — n. Posterior'- 
 ITY. — adv. Poste'riorly. [L.. comp. of 
 posterns, coming after — j^ost. after.] 
 
 POSTERITY, pos-ter'it-i, n. those coming 
 after : succeeding generations : a race. 
 [TT.—L.—posterus. See Posterior.] 
 
 POSTERN, post'ern, n. (orig.) a back door 
 or gate: a small private door. — ac{j. back: 
 private. [O. Fr. posterne, jiosterle — L. 
 posterula, a dim. from posterns. See Pos- 
 terior.] 
 
 POSTFIX post'flks, n. a letter, syllable, or 
 word fi.ved to or put after another word, 
 an affix. — PosTFix', v.t. to add to the end 
 of another word. [L. 7)ost, after, and 
 Fix.] 
 
 POSTHA>STE, post-hast', ?i.. haste in trav- 
 elling- like that of ajiost. — adv. with haste 
 or speed. 
 
 POSTHORSE, p5st'hors, n. a horse kept for 
 posting. 
 
 POSTHUMOUS, post'hu-mus, adj. born 
 after the father's death : published after 
 the death of the author. — adv. Post'- 
 HTJMOUSLY. [L. posthumus, postumus, 
 superl. of posterns, coming edter— post, 
 after.] 
 
 POSTIL, pos'til, n. (orig.) a note in the 
 margin of the Bible, so called because 
 written after the text or other ivords : a 
 marginal note : in R. Cath. Church, a 
 homily read after the gospel. — v. to make 
 such notes. [O. Fr. postille (It. postilla) 
 — Low L. postilla — L. post ilia (verba), 
 after those (words).] 
 
 POSTILLION, pos-til'yun, n. a posthov, 
 one who guides posthorses, or horses in 
 any carriage, riding on one of them. 
 [Fr. postilion — poste.'\ • 
 
 POSTIVIAN, post'man, n. a post or courier ; 
 a letter-carrier. 
 
 POSTMARK, post'mark, n. the mark or 
 stamp of a post-office on a letter. 
 
 POSTMASTER, post'mas-ter, n. the man- 
 ager or superintendent of a post-office : 
 one who supplies posthorses. — n. PoST- 
 master-General, the chief officer of the 
 post-office department. 
 
 POST-MERIDIAN, post-me-rid'i-an, adj. 
 coming after the sun has crossed the 
 meridian : in the afternoon (written 
 P.M.). [L. post, after, and Meridiax.1 
 
 POST-MORTEM, post-mor'tem, adj., after 
 death. [L. post, after, and mortem, 
 accus. of mors, death.] 
 
 POST-OBIT, post-6'bit, n. a bond payable 
 with unusual interest after the death of 
 an individual from whom the person 
 granting it has expectations. [L. post, 
 after. See Obit.] 
 
 POST-OFFICE, i)ost'-of'is. n. an office for 
 receiving and transmitting letters by 
 post. 
 
 POSTPAID, post'pad, adj. having the 
 postage paid, as a letter. 
 
 POSTPONE, post-pon', v.t. to put oflf to an 
 a/?«--period : to defer : to delay. [L. 
 2wstpono, -jMsiius — post, after, pono, to 
 put.] 
 
 POSTPONEMENT, post-pon'ment, n. act 
 otj'f'tting ofT to an after-time: tempo- 
 rary- delav. 
 
 POSf-PRA^TDIAL. post-pran'di-al. adj., 
 after dinner. [From L. yjosf, after, and 
 prandiutn, a repast.] 
 
 POSTSCRIPT, post'skript, n. a part added 
 to a letter after the signature : an addi- 
 tion to a book after it is finished. [L., 
 from post, after, and scriptum, written, 
 pa.p. of seribo. to write.] 
 
 POST-TOWN, po:t'-to>vn, n. a toicn vrith a 
 posf-offiee. 
 
 POSTULANT, pos'tu-lant, n. a candidate. 
 [See POSTI-LATE.] 
 
 POSTULATE, pos'tO-lat, v.t. to assume 
 without proof : to take without positive 
 consent. — n. a position assumed as self- 
 evident : (geom.) a self-evident problem. 
 [L. postulo. -atus, to demand— }josco, to 
 ask urgentlv.J 
 
 POSTULATORY, pos'tu-la-tor-i, adj. as- 
 suming or assumed without proof as a 
 postulate. 
 
 POSTURE, pos'tur. ii. the placing or posi- 
 tion of the body : attitude : state or 
 condition : disposition. — v.t. to place in 
 a particular manner. [Fr. — L. positura 
 — pono, positum, to place.] 
 
 POSY, po'zi, ?i. averse of poetry: a motto: 
 an inscription on a ring : a motto sent 
 with a bouquet : a bouquet. [Corr. of 
 Poesy.] 
 
 POT, ])ot, n. a metallic vessel for various 
 purposes, esp. cooking . a di-inking ves- 
 sel : an earthen vessel for plants : the 
 quantity in a pot. — v.t. to preserve in 
 pots : to put in pots : — pr.p. pott'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.x>. pott'ed. — To go to pot, 
 to go to ruin, orig. said of old metal, to 
 go into the melting-pot. [^M.E. pot. from 
 the Celt., as Ir. pota, Gael, pioit, W. jjof.] 
 
 POTABLE. po'ta-M, adj. that n\a.yhedrwik: 
 liquid. — n. something drinkabfe. — n. Po'- 
 TABLEXESS. [Fr. — L. potabiHs^poto, to 
 drink.] 
 
 POTASH, pot'ash, 7i. a powerful alkali, ob- 
 tained from the ashes of plants. [Lit. 
 " pot ashes."] 
 
 POTASSA, po-tas'a, n. Latinized form of 
 Potash. 
 
 POTASSIUM, po-tas'i-um, n. the metallic 
 base of potash. [From Potassa.] 
 
 POTATION, po-ta'shun, )i. a drinking: a 
 draught. [L. xjotatio—pot-o, -atus, to 
 drink.] 
 
 POTATO, po-ta'to, n. one of the tubers of 
 a plant almost universally cultivated for 
 food : the plant itself : — pi. Pota'toes. 
 £Sp. patata, batata, orig. a Haytian 
 word.] 
 
 POTEEN, po-ten', n. Irish whisky. [Ir. 
 poitim. I drink.] 
 
 POTENCY, po'ten-si, n. power. 
 
 POTENT, po'tent, adj. strong : powerful r 
 having great authority or influence.— 
 adv. Po'textly. [h. patens— potis, able 
 esse, to be.] 
 
 POTENTATE, po'ten-tat, n. one who is po- 
 tent : a prince : a sovereign. [Fr. poten- 
 tat — Low 1j. potentatus, pa.p. of potento, 
 to exercise power.] 
 
 POTENTIAL, po-ten'shal, adj., powerfid, 
 efficacious : existing in possibility, not in 
 reality : (gram.) expressing power, pos- 
 sibility, liberty, or obligation. — )i. the 
 name for a function of great importance 
 in the mathematical theory of attrac- 
 tions, also in electricity. — adv. Poten'- 
 
 TL4.LLV.— )i. PoTENTIAL'ITY. 
 
 POTHER, potk'er, n. bustle : confusion. — 
 
 v.t. to puzzle: to perplex : to tease. — v.i. 
 
 to make a pother. [A variant of Potter.] 
 POTHERB, pot'herb or pot'erb, n. an herb 
 
 or vegetable used in cooking. 
 POTHOOK, pot'hook. n. a hook on which 
 
 pots are hung over the fire : a letter or 
 
 character formed like a pothook : an ill- 
 formed or scrawled letter. 
 POTHOUSE, pot'hows, n. a low drinking- 
 
 house. 
 POTION, po'shun, n. a draught : a liquid 
 
 medicine : a dose. [Fr. — L. potio—poto, 
 
 to drink. Doublet PoiSON.l 
 POTLUCK, pot'luk, n. whatever may 
 
 chance to be provided for dinner. 
 POTSHERD, pot'sherd, n. fragment of a 
 
 pot. [Pot, and A.S. sceard, a shred- 
 
 sceran. to di\-ide.] 
 POTTAGE, pot'aj, ?!. anything cooked in a 
 
 jKit : a thick soup of meat and vegetables. 
 
 [Fr. potage—pot. See PoT.] 
 ?OTTr~ 
 
 POTTER, pot'er, n. one whose trade is to 
 
 make pots or earthenware. 
 POTTER, pot'er, v.i. to be fussily engaged 
 
 about trifles. — m. Pott'erer. [Freq. of 
 
 prov. pote, to push. See Pother and 
 
 PrrJ 
 POTTERY, pot'er-i, n. earthenware pots or 
 
 vessels : a place where earthenware is 
 
 manufactured.
 
 POTTLE 
 
 335 
 
 PREACHING 
 
 POTTLE, poti, n. a little pot : a measure 
 of four pints : a small basket for fruit. 
 fDim. of Pot.] 
 
 POTWALX.0PEK, pot-wd'op-er, n. a voter 
 in certain English boroughs where every 
 one who boiled a pot was entitled to vote. 
 [Lit. " pot-boiler," the latter part of the 
 word being from an O. Low Ger. u-allen, 
 to boil. E. Well.] 
 
 'OUCH, powch, n. a. poke, pocket, or bag: 
 the bag or sac of an animal. — v.t. to put 
 into a pouch. [Fr. poche. See Poke, a 
 bag.] 
 
 POULT, polt. 11. a little hen or foirl, a 
 chicken. [Fr. poulet, dim. of ponle, hen, 
 fowl — L. puUus, the young of any ani- 
 mal : cog. ^Wth Foal. Doublet Puilet.] 
 
 POULTERER, polt'er-er, n. one who deals 
 in fotrh. 
 
 POULTICE, pol'tis, n. a soft composition 
 of meal, bran, etc., applied to sores. — v.t. 
 to dress with a poultice. [Lit. '■ por- 
 ridge," L. pultes, pi. of puis, pultis, Gr. 
 Jwltos, porridge.] 
 ULTRY, polt ri, n. domestic fowls. [See 
 PocltJ 
 
 POUNCE, powns, v.i. to fall (upon) and 
 seize with tlie claws : to dart suddenly 
 (ujwn). — n. a hawk's claw. [Orig. to 
 pierce, to stamp holes in for ornament ; 
 through Romance forms, from L. pimgo, 
 jmnctus. Doublet PUNCH, v.] 
 
 POUNCE, powns, n. a fine powder for pre- 
 paring a surface for writing on : colored 
 powder sprinkled over holes pricked in 
 paper as a pattern. — v.t. to sprinkle with 
 pounce, as paper or a pattern. — n. 
 Pocxce'-BOX, a box with a perforated lid 
 for sprinkling pounce. [Orig. powdered 
 jPUHiice-stone, Fr. pcmce, pumice — L. 
 pumex, pumicis. Doublet PtnncE. J 
 
 POUNT), pownd, 7!. a weight of 12 oz. troy, 
 or 16 oz. avoir. : a sovereign, o^ 30s., 
 equal to about $4.84, also represented by 
 a note : (B.)=about $30. [A.S. piind— 
 L. pondo, by weight, pondns, a weight— 
 pendo, to weigh.] 
 
 POUND, pownd, v.t. to shut up or confine, 
 as strayed animals. — n. an inclosure in 
 which strayed animals are confined. 
 [M.E. pond — ^A.S. pund, inclosure. Doub- 
 let Pond.] 
 
 POUND, pownd, v.t. to beat, to bruise : to 
 bray with a pyestle. — n. Pousd'ee. [M.E. 
 poiuien — A.S. punian, to beat; -d ex- 
 crescentj 
 
 POUNDAGE, pownd'aj, n. a charge made 
 for each pound. 
 
 POUNDAGE, pownd'aj, n. a charge niade 
 for pounding stray cattle. 
 
 POUNDER, pownd'^er, n. a pestle: the 
 instrument of pounding : he who or that 
 which has so many pounds. 
 
 POUR, por, v.t. to cause to flow : to throw 
 with force : to send fortli : to give vent 
 to : to utter. — v.i. to flow : to issue forth : 
 to rush. [Celt., as "W. bimc, to throw, 
 (Jael. purr, to push.] 
 
 POURTRAT Same as PoETEAY. 
 
 POUT, powt, v.i. to push out the lips, in 
 contempt or displeasure : to look sulky : 
 ifo hang or be prominent. — n. a fit of .sul- 
 lenness. [Ety. dub.; cf. prov. Fr. pot, 
 pout, lip, Fr. bonder, to pout ; W. pwdu, 
 poutj 
 
 "^OUTER, povi't'er, n. one who pouts : a 
 Tariety of pigeon, having its breast in- 
 Jated. 
 
 POUTING, powt'ing, n. childish sullenness. 
 
 POUTINGLY, powt'ing-li, adv. in a pout- 
 ing or sullen manner. 
 
 POVERTY, pov'er-ti, n. the state of being 
 poor : necessity : want : meanness : de- 
 fect. [O. Fr. 'poverte (Fr. pauvrete) — L. 
 paupertas, -talis — pauper, poor. See 
 Poor .] 
 
 POWDER, pow'der, n., dttst: any substance 
 
 in fine particles : gunpowder : hair-pow- 
 der. — v.t. to reduce to powder: to 
 sprinkle with powder: to salt. — v.i. to 
 crumble into powder. [M.E. poudre — ^Fr. 
 — L. pulvis, ptdveris, dust.] 
 
 POWDERED, po\v'derd, adj. reduced to 
 powder : sprinkled with powder : salted. 
 
 POWDERY, pow'der-i, adj. resembling or 
 sprinkled with powder : dusty : friable. 
 
 POWER, pow'er, n., strength: energj': fac- 
 ulty of the mind ; any agency : moving 
 force of anything: rule: authority: influ- 
 ence: ability: capacitj': a ruler: a divin- 
 ity : the result of the continued multi- 
 plication of a quantity by itself any 
 given number of times': (optics) magni- 
 fying strength : (obs.) a great many. 
 [M.E. poer — 0. Fr. (Fr. pmtvoir) — Low L. 
 pot-ere, to be able, L. posse {pot-esse). 
 See Potent.] 
 
 POWERFUL, pow'er-fool, adj. haying 
 great power: miarhty: intense: forcible: 
 eflBcacious. — adv. toWEEFULLY. — n. 
 PoWerfuujess. 
 
 POAVERLESS, pow'er-les, a^J. without 
 power: weak : impotent. — adv. PoWee- 
 lessly. — n. Pow'erlessness. 
 
 POX, poks, n. pustules : an eruptive dis- 
 ease. [Wi-itten for pocArs, pi. of PocK.] 
 
 PRACTICABILITY, prak-ti-ka-bil'i-ti, n. 
 state or quality of being practicable. 
 
 PRACTICABLE^ prak'tik-a-bl, adj. that 
 maybe prac^icea, used, or followed: that 
 may be done : passable. — adv. Peac'tio 
 
 ABLY. 
 
 PRACTICAL, prak'tik-al, adj. that can be 
 put in praciice; useful: applying knowl- 
 edge to some useful end. — adv. Pbac'- 
 TiCALLY.— n. Peac'ttcalne.ss. 
 
 PRACTICE, prak'tis, n. a doing: the habit 
 of doing anything : frecjuent use : per- 
 formance : rnethod; medical treatment: 
 exercise of anv profession : a rule in 
 arithmetic. [M'E. praktike- O. Fr. prae- 
 tiqite — Gr. praktikos, fit for doing— 2)ras- 
 so, pra.ro, to do.] 
 
 PEACTICE, prak'tis, v.t. to put la practice 
 or do habitually : to perform : to exer- 
 cise, as a profession : to use or exercise ; 
 to commit. — v.i. to have or to form a 
 habit : to exercise any employment or 
 profession : to try artifices. — n. Prac'tio- 
 ER. [From the noun.] 
 
 PRACTITIONER, prak-tish'un-er, n. one 
 ■mno practices or is engaged in the_ exer- 
 cise of any profession, esp. medicine or 
 law. [Olcler form practician — O. Fr. 
 praefieien.] 
 
 PR^MUNIRE, prem-Q-nfre, n. the offence 
 of disregard or contempt of the king and 
 his government, especially the offence of 
 introducing papal or other foreign au- 
 thority into England : the writ founded 
 on such an offence : the penalty incurred 
 by the offence. [A corr. of prcemonere, 
 to forewarn, to cite.] 
 
 PR^irrOR, pre'tor, v. a magistrate of an- 
 cient Rome, next in rank to the consuls. 
 — n. I%.e'torship. [Lit. " one who goes 
 before," L. prcetor for jn-ceitor—proe, be- 
 fore, eo. itum, to go.] 
 
 PRJETORIAL, pre-to'ri-al, PR.SrrORIAN, 
 pre-t6'ri-an, adj. pertaining to a prcetor 
 or magistrate : authorized or exercised 
 bv the protor : judicial. 
 
 PR^TORITBI, pre-t6'ri-um, n. the official 
 residence of the Roman 2>roetor, procon- 
 sul, or governor in a pro^^nce : the gen- 
 eral's tent in a camp : the council of 
 officers who attended the general and 
 met in his tent. 
 PRAGJIATIC, pra^-mat'ik. PRAGMAT- 
 ICAL. prag-matlk-al, adj. over-active, 
 officious, meddlesome.— adr. Pr.^GMat'- 
 ICALLY. — Pragmatic Sanction, a special 
 decree issued by a sovereign, such as 
 
 that passed by the Emperor Charles VL 
 of Germany, securing the crown to 
 Maiia Theresa, and which led to the war 
 so called in 1741. [Orig. Jit for actio7i, 
 Fr. — L. — Gr. pragmatikos — pragma - 
 2)ragtnaios, deed — prasso, to do.] 
 
 PRAIRIE, pra'ri, n. an extensive meadow 
 or tract of land, level or rolling, without 
 trees, and covered with tall coarse giasi. 
 [Fr. — Low L. prataria, meadow-land — L, 
 pratum, a meadow.] 
 
 PRAISE, praz. n. the expression of the 
 2)rice or value in which any person or 
 thing is held : commendation : tribute of 
 gi'atitude : a glorifying, as in worship : 
 reason of praise. — v.t. to express estima- 
 tion of: to commend: to honor: to glori- 
 fy, as in worship. [O. Fr. p>re>s (Fr. pcix) 
 —h. pretium, price, value. See Price.] 
 
 PRAISEWORTHY, praz'wur-rti, adj.. u-or- 
 thy of praise, commendable. — n. PRaISE'- 
 WORTHINESS. 
 
 PRANCE, prans, v.i. to strut about in a 
 showy or warlike manner : to ride show- 
 ily: to bound gaily, as a horse. [Another 
 form of Prank.] " 
 
 PRANCING, prans'ing, adj. riding show- 
 ily : springing or bounding gaily. — adv. 
 PRanc'INGLy. 
 
 PRANK, prangk, v.t. to display or adorn 
 showilv. [Closely akin iojyrink, which is 
 n nasalized form" of Prick.] 
 
 PRANK, prangk, ;). a sportive action : a 
 mischievous trick. [Same word as the 
 above.] 
 
 PRATE, prat, v.i. to talk idly : to tattle : 
 to be loquacious. — v.t. to speak without 
 meaning. — n. trifling talk. [Scand. and 
 Low Ger., as Dan. prate, Dut. praaten, 
 to tattle.] 
 
 PRATER, prater, n. one who prates or 
 talks idlv. 
 
 prating" prat'ing. adj., talking idly on 
 unmeaningly. — n. idle talk. — adv. Prat'- 
 INGLY. 
 
 PRATTLE, pratl, v.i. to prate or talk much 
 and idlv: to utter child's talk. — n. empty 
 talk. iFreq. of Prate.] 
 
 PRATTLER, prat'ler, h. one who prattles, 
 as a child. 
 
 PRAWN, prawn, n. a small crustacean 
 animal like the shrimp. [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 PRAXIS, i)ra.ks'is,n., practice: an example 
 for exercise. [Or.— prassd, praxo, to do.] 
 
 PRAY, pra, v.i. to ask earnestly: to en- 
 treat : to petition or address Go5. — v.t. to 
 ask earnestly and reverently, as in wor- 
 ship: to supp'licate:— pr.p. pva.j'ing;pa.t. 
 ana pa.p. prayed. [O. Fr. prefer (Fr. 
 prier) — L. jrrec'or — ^;)rftc,prcc-?-s,a prayer, 
 akin toSans. jtracch, Ger. fragen, to ask.] 
 
 PRAYER, prar, n. the act of praying : en- 
 treaty : trie words used : solemn address 
 to God : a formula of worship. 
 
 PRAYERFUL, prar'fool, adi., full of or 
 given to prayer : devotional. — adv. 
 PRAYER'FULLY. — 7!. Prayer'fcxness. 
 
 PRAYERLESS, prar'les, adj. without or 
 not using prayer.— ordr. Pbayer'lessly. 
 — ?!. Prayee'lessness. 
 
 PRAYING, pra'ing, n. the act of making a 
 prayer: a prayer made. — adj. given to 
 prayer. 
 
 PREACH, prech, v.i. to pronounce a public 
 diseoui'se on sacred subjects: to discourse 
 earnestly : to give advice in an offensive 
 or obtrusive manner. — v.t. to publish ic 
 religious discourses : to teach publicly, 
 [Fr. im^cher (It. predicare) — L. prtxdico 
 -atimi, to proclaim— pro;, before, dico. to 
 proclaim, akin to dico, to say. Sea 
 DictionJ 
 
 PREACHER, prgch'er, n. one who dis- 
 courses publicly on religious matters. 
 
 PREACHING, prech'ing. n. the act of 
 preaching : a public religious discourse.
 
 PREAMBLE 
 
 336 
 
 PREDILECTION 
 
 PREAMBLE, pre-am'bl or pre'am-bl, n. 
 preface : introduction. [Lit. that which 
 "goes before," Fr. preambule — L. prce, 
 before, ambulo, to go.] 
 
 PRE-AUDIENCE, pre-aw'di-ens, n. right 
 of previous audience or hearing : pre- 
 cedence at the bar among lawyers. [L. 
 pi'ce, before, and AUDIENCE.] 
 
 t'REBEND, preb'end, n. the share of the 
 estate of a cathedral or collegiate church 
 allowed to a member of a cathedral 
 church. [L. prcebenda, a payment to a 
 private person from a public source — 
 prabeo. to allow.] 
 
 PEEBENDAL, pre-bend'al, adj. relating to 
 a jirebend. 
 
 PREBENDARY, preb'end-ar-i, n. an eccle- 
 siastic who enjoys a, prebend : an officiat- 
 ing or residentiary canon. — n. Preb'eno- 
 
 AEYSHIP. 
 
 PRECARIOUS, pre-ka'ri-us, adj. uncertain, 
 because depending on the will of another : 
 held by a doubtful tenure. — adv. Preca'- 
 RiousLY. — n. Preca'riousness. [Lit. 
 "obtained by prayer or entreaty," L. 
 precariiis — precor, to pray. See Pray.] 
 
 PRECAUTION, pre-kaw'shun, n., caution 
 or care 6e/orehand : a preventive meas- 
 ure. — v.t. to warn or advise beforehand. 
 [Fr. — L. prcB, before. See Caution.] 
 
 PRECAUTIONARY, pre - kaw'shun - ar - i, 
 adj. containing or proceeding from j)re- 
 caution. 
 
 PRECEDE, pre-sed', v.t. to go before in 
 time, rank, or importance. [Fr. preceder 
 — L. prcBcedo — pi'CB, before, cedo, go. See 
 Cede.] 
 
 PRECEDENCE, pre-sed'ens, PRECEDEN- 
 CY, pre-sed'en-si, n. the act of going be- 
 fore in time : priority : the state of being 
 before in rank, or tlie place of honor : 
 the foremost place in ceremony. [Fr. 
 
 PRECEDENT, pre-sed'ent, adj, going be- 
 fore : anterior. — adv. Pbeced'ently. 
 [Fr. — L. prcecedens, -entis, pr.p. of prce- 
 cedo.] 
 
 PRECEDENT, pres'e-dent, n. that which 
 may serve as an example or rule in the 
 future : a parallel case in the past. [Lit. 
 " foregoing." See above word.] 
 
 PRECEDENTED, prese-dent-ed, adj hav- 
 ing a precedent: warranted by an ex- 
 ample. 
 
 PRECEDING, pre-sed'ing, adj., going be- 
 fore in time, rank, etc.: antecedent : 
 pre\nous : former. 
 
 PRECENTOR, pre-sen'tor, n. he that leads 
 in music : the leader of a choir : the 
 leader of the psalmody in the Scotch 
 Church. — n. Precen'torship. [L. prce, 
 before, cantor, a singer — canto. See 
 Chant.] 
 
 PRECEPT, pre'sept, n. rule of action : a 
 commandment : principle, or maxim : 
 {law) the written warrant of a magis- 
 trate. [Fr. precepte — L. prcBceptum — 
 prceceptus, pa. p. of prcecipio, to take be- 
 forehand, to give rules to^proe, before, 
 and capio. See Capable.] 
 
 PRECEPTIVE, pre-sept'iv, adj. containing 
 or giving precepts : directing in moral 
 conduct : didactic. 
 
 PRECEPTOR, pre-sept'or, n. one who de- 
 livers precepts: a teacher: an instructor: 
 the head of a school. — adj. Precepto'ri- 
 
 AL. — n. PrECEPT'RESS. 
 
 PRECEPTORY, pre-sept'or-i, adj. giving 
 preceptn. — n. a religious house or college 
 of the Knights Templar. 
 
 PRECESSION, pre-sesh'un, n. the act of 
 going before. 
 
 PRECINCT, pre'singkt, n. limit or bound- 
 ary of a place : a territorial district or 
 division : limit of jurisdiction or author- 
 ity. [Lit. " girt about," " encompassed," 
 
 L. prmcinctiis, pa. p. of prwcingo—prcB, 
 before, and cingo, to gird.] 
 
 PRECIOUS, presh'us, adj. of great price or 
 wortli : costly : highly esteemed : worth- 
 less, contemptible (in irony) : {B.) valu- 
 
 , able because of its rarity. — adv. Prec- 
 iously'. — n. Prec'IOUSNESS. [0. Fr. 
 precios (Fr. precieux) — L. preiiosus — 
 pretium, price. See Price.] 
 
 PRECIPICE, pres'i-pis, n. a ve^ steep 
 place : any steep descent. [Fr. — L. 
 prcecipitium^prceceps, prceeipitis, head- 
 long — prce, before, and caput, capitis, the 
 head. See Head.] 
 
 PRECIPITABLE,pre-sip'i-ta-bl, ad/.(c/te»i.) 
 that 7uay be precipitated. — n. Precipi- 
 
 TABIL'ITY. 
 
 PRECIPITANCE, pre-sip'i-tans, PRECIPI- 
 TANCY, pre-sip'i-tan-si, n. quality of 
 being precipitate: haste in resolving or 
 executing a purpose. 
 
 PRECIPITANT, pre-sip'i-tant, adj, falling 
 headlong : rushing down with velocity : 
 hasty : unexpectedly brought on. — adv. 
 Precip'itantly'. [Pr.p. of L. praicipito. 
 See Precipitate.] 
 
 PRECIPITATE, pre-sip'i-tat, v.t. to throio 
 head-foremost : to urge with eagerness : 
 to hurr3' rashly: to hasten: (cfiem.) to 
 throw to the bottom, as a substance in 
 solution or suspension.^ — adj., falling, 
 flowing, or rushing headlong: lacking 
 deliberation : overhasty : (med.) ending 
 soon in death. — n. (chem.) a substance 
 precipitated. [L. prceeipito, -atus—prce- 
 ceps. See Precipice.] 
 
 PRECIPITATELY, pre-sip'i-tat-li, adv. in 
 a precipitate manner : headlong. 
 
 PRECIPITATION, pre-sip-i-ta'shun, n. act 
 ol precipitating: great hurry: rash haste; 
 rapid movement. 
 
 PRECIPITOUS, pre-sip'i-tus, adj. like a 
 precipice : very steep : hasty : rash. — 
 adv. Precip'itously. — n. Precip'itous- 
 NESS. [O. Fr. precipiteux — L. prmceps. 
 See Precipice.] 
 
 PRECIS, pra-se', n. a precise or abridged 
 statement: an abstract: summarj'. [Fr.] 
 
 PRECISE, pre-sis', adj. definite: exact: not 
 vague: adhering too much to rule : ex- 
 cessively nice. — adv. Precise'ly. — /i.Pre- 
 CISE'ness. [Fr. precis — L. prcecisus, pa.p. 
 otprcecido — prce, before, and ccedo, to cut. 
 See C^SURA.] 
 
 PRECISIAN, pre-sizh'an, n. an over-j>recise 
 person. 
 
 PRECISION, pre-sizli'un, n. quality of being 
 precise : exactness : accuracy. 
 
 PRECLUDE, pre-klood', v.t. to hinder by 
 anticipation : to keep back : to prevent 
 from taking place. [L. prcecludo, -clusns 
 — prce. before, and ctaiido, to shut. See 
 ClauseJ 
 
 PRECLUSION, pre-kloo'zhun, m. actofpre- 
 cluding or hindering : state of being pre- 
 cluded. 
 
 PRECLUSIVE, pre-Tcloo'siv, adj. tending 
 to preclude: hindering beforehand. — adv. 
 Preclu'sively-. 
 
 PRECOCIOUS, pre-ko'shus, adj. ha\ing the 
 mind developed very early : premature : 
 forward. — adv. Preco'CIOUSLY'.— ?4s. Pre- 
 CO'CIOUSNESS, Precoc'ity. [Orig. " ripe 
 before the natural time," formed from L. 
 prceco.v,prcecocis—pi-(e, before, and coguo, 
 to cook, to ripen. See CoOK.] 
 
 PRECOGNITION, pre-kog-nish'un, «.. cog- 
 nition, knowledge, or examination before- 
 hand : {Scots late) an examination as to 
 whether there is ground for prosecution. 
 [L. jyrce. before, and Cognition.] 
 
 PRECONCEIVE, pre-kon-sev', v.t. to con- 
 ceive or form a notion of beforehand. 
 [L. prce, before, and Conceite.] 
 
 PRECONCEPTION, pre-kon-sep'shun, n. 
 act of preconceiving : previous opinion. 
 
 PRECONCERT, pre-kon-sert', v.t. to con- 
 
 cert or settle beforehand. [L. prce, be- 
 ford, and Concert, v.] 
 
 PRECURSOR, pre-kur'sor, n. a, forerunner: 
 one who or that which indicates ap- 
 proach. [L. — pjrce, before, and ctrsor 
 — curro, to run. See COURSE.] 
 
 PRECURSORY, pre-kur'sor-i, adj. fore- 
 running: indicating something to fol 
 low. 
 
 PREDACEOUS, pre-da'shus, adj hving bj 
 prey: predatory. [It. predace — li.proeda 
 booty, prey.] 
 
 PREDAL, pre dal, adj. pertaining to 2>rey : 
 plundering. 
 
 PREDATORY, pred'a-tor-i or pre'da-tor-i, 
 adj., plundering : characterized by plun- 
 dering : hungry : ravenous. — adv. Pred'- 
 ATORILY. [L. prcedor, -atus, to plunder — 
 prceda, booty. See Prey.] 
 
 PREDECEASE, pre-de-ses', n., decease or 
 death before something else. — v.t. to die 
 before. [L. pi-ce, before, and Decease.] 
 
 PREDECESSOR, pre-de-ses'or, n. one who 
 has pyreceded another in any office. [L. 
 prce, before, and deeessor — aecedo, deces- 
 sus, to withdraw — de, awaj-, and cedo. 
 See Cede.] 
 
 PREDESTINARIAN, pre - des - tin - a'ri-an, 
 adj. pertaining to predestination. — n. one 
 who holds the doctrine of predestination. 
 [See Predestine.] 
 
 PREDESTINATE, pre-des'tin-at, v.t. to 
 determine 6e/orehand : to preordain by 
 an unchangeable purpose. [See Predes- 
 tine.] 
 
 PREDESTINATION, pre-des-tin-a'shun, n. 
 act ot predestinating : {theol.) the doctrine 
 that God has from all eternity immut- 
 ably fixed whatever is to happen. 
 
 PREDESTINATOR, pre-des'tin-a-tor, n. one 
 who predestinates or foreordains : a pre- 
 destinarian. 
 
 PREDESTINE, pre-des'tin, v.t. to destine 
 or decree 6e/orehand : to foreordain. [L, 
 prcedestino, -atus— prce, before, and de* 
 tino. See DESTINE.] 
 
 PREDETERMIN ATE, pre - de - ter'min - at, 
 adj., determined 6e/orehand. — n. Prede- 
 termina'tion. 
 
 PREDETERMINE, pre-de-ter'min, v.t. to 
 determine 6e/orchand. [L. prrce, before, 
 and Determine.] 
 
 PREDIAL, pre'di-al, adj. consisting of 
 land or /a cms; growing from land. [Fr. 
 predial — L. prcedium (for prcB-hendium), 
 an estate. See Prehensile.] 
 
 PREDICABLE, pred'i-ka-bl, adj. that may 
 be predicated or affirmed of something : 
 attributable. — n. anything that can be 
 predicated. — n. Predicabil'ity, quality 
 of being predicable. 
 
 PREDICAMENT, pre-dik'a-ment, n. {logic) '■ 
 one of the classes or categories which in- I 
 elude all predicables : condition : an un- i 
 foi'tunate or trying position. [Low L. j 
 predica)nentum.'] 
 
 PREDICATE, pred'i-kat, v.t. to affirm onel 
 thing of another. — n. (logic and gram.) J 
 that which is stated of the subject. [L. . 
 prcedico. -atus, to proclaim, thus a doub-1 
 let ot Preach.] 
 
 PREDICATION, pred-i-ka'shun, n. act of] 
 predicating : assertion. 
 
 PREDICATIVE, pred'i-kat-iv, adj expre 
 ing j^redication or affirmation. 
 
 PREDICT, pre-dikt', v.t. to declare or teul 
 beforehand: to prophesy. [L. proedictus.l' 
 pa.p. of jircedico, from prce, before, and 
 dico. to sav.] 
 
 PREDICTION, pre-dik'shun, n. act of j)m 
 dieting : that which is predlctedor fore- 
 told : prophecy. 
 
 PREDICTIVE, pre-dikt'iv, adj., foretelling: 
 prophetic. 
 
 PREDILECTION, pre-di-lek'shun, n. a 
 choosing beforehand : favorable prepos- 
 session of mind : partiality. [L. prce.
 
 PREDISPOSE 
 
 337 
 
 PREPARATION 
 
 before, and dilectio, -onis, choice, from 
 diligo, dilectus, to love — dis, apart, and 
 lege, to choose.J 
 
 PREDISPOSE, pre-dis-p5z', v.t. to dispose 
 or incline beforeha.na. [L. prce, before, 
 ami Dispose^ 
 
 fREDISPOSITION, pr5-dis-po-zish'un, n. 
 state of being- predisposed or previously 
 inclined. 
 
 i REDOMINANCE, pre-dom'in-ans, PRE- 
 DOMINANCY, pre-dom'in-an-si, n. con- 
 dition of being predominant: superiority: 
 
 fliSCPDCiGIlCV* 
 
 PREDOMINANT, pre- dom'ia-ant, adj., 
 ruling : ascendant. — adv Pbedom'in- 
 
 ANTLT. 
 
 PREDOMINATE, pre-dom'in-at, v.t. to 
 dominate or rule over. — v.i. to be dom- 
 inant over : to surpass in strengtii or 
 authority : to prevail. [L. prce, over, 
 and DojunateJ 
 
 PRE-EMINENCE, pre-em'i-nens, n. state 
 of being pre-eminent : superiority in ex- 
 cellence. rFr. — L.] 
 
 PRE-E>nNENT, pre-em'i-nent, adj., emi- 
 nent above otliers : surpassing others in 
 good or bad qualities : outstanding. — 
 adv. Pre-em'inently. [L. prop, before, 
 and Eminent.] 
 
 PRE-EMPTION, pre-em'shun, n. right of 
 purchasing before others. [L. prae, be- 
 fore, and emptio, a buying — emo, emp- 
 tns. to buy.] 
 
 PREEN, pren, v.t. to compose and arrange 
 as birds do their feathers. [Same as 
 Prune, v.] 
 
 PRE-ENGAGE, pre-en-gaj', v.t. to engage 
 6e/o>-ehand. — n. Pre-engage'ment. [L. 
 prcB, before, and Engage.] 
 
 PRE-ESTABLISH, pre-es-tablish, v.t. to 
 estahUshheforeha.nA. — m.Pre-estab'ush- 
 srEXT. [L. prce, before, and Establish.] 
 
 PRE-EXIST, pre-egz-ist'. v.i. to exist be- 
 /orehand.— w. Pre-exist'ence. [L. prce, 
 before, and Exist.] 
 
 PRE-EXISTENT, pre-egz-ist'ent, adj., ex- 
 vftent or existing 6e/orehand. 
 
 PREFACE, prefas or -as, n. something 
 spoken before : the introduction to a 
 book, etc. — v.t. to introduce with a pref- 
 ace. [Fr. preface — L. prcefatio^yrm, 
 before, and for, fatus, to speak. See 
 Fate.] 
 
 PREFATORY, pref a/-tor-i, ac^'. pertaining 
 to a preface : introductory. — adv. Peef- 
 atorily. 
 
 PREFECT, pre'fekt, n. one placed in au- 
 thority over others: a commander: a 
 governor, esp. of a province in France. 
 — ns. Pre'fectuee, Pre'fectship, his 
 office or jurisdiction. [Fr. prefet — L. 
 prcefectus, pa. p. of prcefido — prce, over, 
 and /oc!0, to make, to place. See Fact.] 
 PREFER, pre-fer*, v.t. to esteem above an- 
 other : to regard or hold in higher esti- 
 mation : to choose or select : to promote : 
 to exalt : to offer or present, as a prayer : 
 to place in advance : — jir.p. preferring ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. preferred'. [Lit. " to 
 place before," Fr. preferer — L. jirmfero 
 —prce, before, and fero, E. Bear] 
 PREFERABLE, pref'er-a-bl, adj. worthy 
 to be preferred or chosen : more desira- 
 able, or excellent : of better quality. — 
 adv. Peef'erably. — n. Pref'erableness. 
 
 l?REFERENCE, prefer-ens, n. the act of 
 preferring : estimation above another : 
 the state of being preferred : that which 
 is preferred: choice. — adj. Preferential, 
 pref-er-en'shal, having a preference. 
 
 PREFERMENT, pre-.fer%ent, n. the act of 
 preferring: the state of being advanced : 
 advancement to a higher position : pro- 
 motion : superior place. 
 
 ^REFIGURATIVE, pre-flg'u-rartiv, oc{/. 
 M 
 
 showing by previous figures, types, or 
 similitudes. 
 
 PREFIGURE, pre-flg'ur, v.t. to figure be- 
 forehand : to suggest by antecedent rep- 
 resentation or by types.— ii«. Prefig'xjre- 
 MENT, Prefigura'tion. [L. prce, before, 
 and Figure.] 
 
 PREFIX, pre-flks', v.t. to fix or put before, 
 or at the beginning. [L. prce, before, and 
 Fix.] 
 
 PREFIX, pre'flks, n. a letter, syllable, or 
 word^ed or put at the beginning of an- 
 other word. 
 
 PREGNANCY, preg'nan-si, n. state of be- 
 ing pregnant or with young : fertility : 
 unusual capacity. 
 
 PREGNANT, preg'nant, adj. with child or 
 young : fruitful: abounding with results: 
 full of sic;niflcance : implying more than 
 is actually expressed: full of promise. — 
 adv. Pr'eg'nantly. [Lit. "bringing 
 forth," O. Fr.— L. prcegnans, -antis— 
 prce, before, and -gnans, pr.p. of the obs. 
 verb of which gnatus (see Natal) is the 
 
 p^eiSe: 
 
 that 
 
 NSIBLE, pre-hen'si-bl, adj. 
 may be .'seized. [See Prehensile.] 
 
 PREHENSILE, pre-hen'sil, adj., seizing: 
 adapted for seizing or holding. [From 
 L. prehensus, pa.p. at pre-hendo, to seize, 
 from prce, before, and root of Get.] 
 
 PREHENSION, pre-hen'sbun, n. a seizing 
 or taking hold. [L. prehensio, -onis.} 
 
 PREHISTORIC, pre-his-tor'ik, adj. relating 
 to a time before that treated of in liis- 
 tory. [L. prcB, before, and Historic] 
 
 PREJUDGE, pre-juj', v.t. to judge or de- 
 cide upon before hearing the whole case : 
 to condemn unheard. — n. Prejudg'ment. 
 [L. prce, before, and Judge.] 
 
 PREJTTDICATE, pre-jo5'di-kat, v.t. to 
 judge beforehand : to prejudge. — v.i. to 
 decide without examination. — n. Pre- 
 judica'tion. [L. proejudico, -atum^-proe, 
 before, and Judico, to judge.] 
 
 PREJUDICATIVE, pre-joo'di-kat-iv, adj. 
 forming a judgment or opinion before- 
 hand. 
 
 PREJUDICE, prej'u-dis, n. a judgment or 
 opinion formed 6e/orehand or without 
 due examination : a prejudgment : un- 
 reasonable prepossession for or against 
 anything: bias : injury or wrong of any 
 kind : disadvantage : mischief. — v.t. to 
 fill with prejudice : to prepossess : to bias 
 the mind of : to injure or hurt. _ [L. jproE- 
 judicitim — prce, before, and judicium, 
 judgment. See Judge.] 
 
 PRE.JUDICIAL, prej-u-dish'al, adj. disad- 
 vantageous : injurious : mischievous : 
 tending to obstruct.— adr. Prejudicial- 
 ly. [Orig. " resulting from prejudice."] 
 
 PRELACY, prel'a-si, n. the office of a prel- 
 ate : the order of bishops or the bishops 
 collectively : episcopacy. 
 
 PRELATE, prel'at, n. a superior clergy- 
 man having authority over others, as a 
 bishop : a church dig^nitary. — n. Prel'- 
 ateship. [Lit. " one placed over others," 
 Fr. prelat — L. prelatus — prce, before, and 
 Intua, borne. See Elate.] 
 PRELATIC, pre - lat'ik, PRELATICAL, 
 pre-lat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to prelates 
 or prelacy. — adv. Prelat'ically. 
 PRELATIST, prel'at-ist, n. an upholder of 
 
 preloey. 
 PRELECT, pre-lekt', v.i. to read before or 
 in presence of others: to read a discourse: 
 to lecture. [L. prcelego — prce, before, 
 and lego, tectum, to read.] 
 PRELECTION, pre-lek'shun, n. a lecture 
 
 or discourse read to others. 
 PRELECTOR, pre-lek'tor, n. one who pre- 
 lects : a lecturer. 
 PRELIBATION, pre-li-ba'shun, n. a tasting 
 beforehiind, foretaste. [L. prcelibatio — 
 prce, before, and libo, -atus, to taste.] 
 
 PRELBHNARY, pre-lim'in-ar-i, adj. intro- 
 
 ductory : preparatory : preceding the 
 
 main discourse or business. — n. that 
 
 which precedes: introduction. — adv. Pre- 
 
 • LIm'inarily. [L. prce, before, and lim- 
 
 inaris, relating to a threshold — limen, 
 
 liminis, a threshold. Cf. Limit.] 
 
 PRELUDE, prel'ud, Ji. a short piece of 
 
 music before a longer piece : a preface : 
 
 a forerunner. [Lit. " anything played 
 
 before," Fr. — Late 1j. prceludium—lj. prce, 
 
 before, ludere, to play.] 
 
 PRELUDE, pre-lud , v.t. to play before: to 
 
 precede, as an introduction. [From above 
 
 word.] 
 
 PRELUSIVE, pre-lu'siv, adj. of the nature 
 
 of a. prelude : introductory. 
 PREMA.TURE, prem'a-tur or pre-ma-tur^ 
 adj., mature before the proper time: 
 happening before the proper time : too 
 soon believed, unauthenticated (as a re- 
 port). — adv. Peem'aturely. — ns. Prem. 
 ATUR'ITY, Prem'atureness. [L. 2)roem<b 
 twus^prce, before, and matunis, ripe.] 
 PREMl'DITATE, pre-med'i-tat, v.t. to 
 mediUite upon be/orehand : to design 
 previoisly.— r.i. to deliberate beforehand. 
 — n. Biemedita'tion. [L. praemeditor, 
 -atii^ — prce, before, and meditor, to 
 meditati'.] 
 PREMIER, prem'yer or prem'-, adj., prime 
 or first : chief : {her.) most ancient.— ?». 
 the first or chief minister of state : the 
 prime or pi'emier minister, as of England. 
 — ji. Prem'Iership. [Fr.— L. prim-arius, 
 of the first rank — prim-us, first : cf. 
 Prime.] 
 PREMISE, prem'is, n. that which is pre- 
 mised : a proposition antecedently sup- 
 posed or proved for after-reasoning : 
 (logic) one of the two propositions in a 
 syllogism fi om which the conclusion is 
 drawn : the thing set forth in the begin- 
 ning of a deed -.—pi. a building and its 
 adjuncts. 
 PREMISE, pre-mlz*, v.t. to send or state 
 before tlie rest: to make an introduction: 
 to lay down propositions for subsequent 
 reasonings. [Fr.— L. {sententia) pra:missa 
 (a sentence) put before— prce, before, and 
 7nitto, missus, to send. Cf. Mission.] 
 PREMISS, prem'is, n. same as PREimsE. 
 PREMIUM, pre'mi-um, n. a reward : a 
 prize : a bounty : payment made for in- 
 surance : the difference in value abova 
 the original price or par of stock (opposed 
 to Discount) : anything offered as an in- 
 centive. [L. pircemium—prce, above, and 
 emo, to take, to buy.] 
 PREMONISH, pre-mon'ish,v.<. to admonish 
 or warn beforehand.— n. Pkemoni'tion. 
 [From pre-, before, and monish, a corr. 
 form through O. Fr., from L. moneo, t» 
 warn. See Admonish, Monition.] 
 PREMONITIVE, pre-mon'it-iv, PREMON- 
 ITORY, pre-mon'it-or-i, adj. giving u-arn- 
 ing or notice 6e/orehand. — adv. Premon'- 
 itorily. 
 PREMONITOR, pre-mon'it-or, n. one who 
 or that wliich gives learning beforehand. 
 PRENTICE, pren'tis, n. short for Appren- 
 tice. , , . ^, 
 PREOCCUPANCY, pre-ok'u-pan-si, n. the 
 act or the right of occupj-ing beforehand. 
 PREOCCUPY, pre-ok'u-pT, v.t. to occupy or 
 take possession of 6e/orehand : to occupy 
 beforehand or by prejudices.— ?i. Pre 
 OCCUPa'tion. [L. prce, before, and Oc 
 Cupy.]^ , . 
 PREORDAIN, pr6-or-dan', v.t. to ordain, 
 appoint, or determine 6e/orehand.— 7i. 
 Preordina'tion. [L. prce, before, and 
 Ordain.] . , , .. , , 
 PREPAID, pre-pSd', adj., paid beforehand. 
 PREPARATION, prep-ar-a'shun, n. the act 
 of preparing : previous arrangement : 
 the state of being prepared or ready:
 
 PREPARATIVE 
 
 338 
 
 PRESTIDIGITATION 
 
 that which is prepared or made ready : 
 (anat.) a part of any animal body pre- 
 served as a specimen. [Fr. — L. prce- 
 paraiio.] 
 
 PEEPAKATTVE, pre-par'a-tiv, adj. having 
 the power of preparing or making ready : 
 fitting for anything. — )!. tliat whicli pre- 
 pares : preparation. 
 
 PREPARATORY, pre-par'a-tor-i, adj., pre- 
 paring for : previous : introductory : 
 preparative. 
 
 PREPARE, pre-par', v.t. to make ready be- 
 forehand : to fit for aty purpose : to make 
 ready for use : to adapt : to form : to set 
 or appoint: to provide : to equip. — n. PRE- 
 PARER. [Fr. — L. prceparo — prce, before, 
 emd paro. to make ready.] 
 
 PREPARED, pre-pard', adj., made ready : 
 ready.— adu. Prepar'edly.— n. Prepar'- 
 
 EDNESS. 
 
 PREPAY, pre-pa', v. t. to pay before or in 
 advance. — n. Prepat'ment. [L. prce, be- 
 fore, and Pay.] 
 
 PREPENSE, pre-pens', adj. premeditated : 
 intentional, cliiefly in tlie phrase " malice 
 prepense." ---(wU'.' Prepense'ly. [Lit. 
 "weighed beforehand," through the Fr., 
 fromTL. prcB, before, a.nd petido, pensum, 
 to weigh.] 
 
 PREPONDERANT, pre-pon'der-ant, adj., 
 ontweighing : superior iu weight, power, 
 or influence. — adv. Prepon'derantly. — 
 n. Prepon'derance. 
 
 PREPONDERATE, pre-pon'der-at, v.t. to 
 outweigh : to incline to one side : to ex- 
 ceed in power or influence. — n. Prepon- 
 dera'tion. [L. prce. before, and pondero, 
 -atns. to weigh, from pondus, a weight.] 
 
 PREPOSITION, prep-o-zish'un. n. a word 
 placed before a noun or pronoun to show 
 its relation to some other word of the 
 sentence. — adj. Preposi'tional. — adv. 
 Preposi'tionally. [Fr. — L. prcepositio 
 — prce, before, and pono, positum, to 
 place or put ; so called because orig. pre- 
 fixed to the verb, in order to modify its 
 meaning.] 
 
 PREPOSSESS, pre-poz-zes', v.t. to possess 
 beforehand : to preoccupy, as the mind : 
 to bias or prejudice. [L. prce, before. 
 Possess.] 
 
 PREPOSSESSING, pre-poz-zes'ing, adj. 
 tending to prepossess in one's favor : giv- 
 ing a favorable impression. — adv. Pre- 
 
 POSSESS'INGLY. 
 
 PREPOSSESSION, pre-poz-zesh'un, n., 
 previous po.s.scsstOJi : preconceived opin- 
 ion or impression. 
 
 PREPOSTEROUS, pre-pos'ter-us, adj. con- 
 trary to nature or reason : wrong : ab- 
 surd': foolish. — adv. Prepos'terously. — 
 n. Prepos'terousness. [Lit. " having 
 that first which ought to be last," L. 
 prceposterus — prce, before, posterns, after 
 — post, after.] . 
 
 PREROGATIVE, pre-rog'a-tiv, n. an e.x- 
 clusive or peculiar pri\ilege. [Lit. " privi- 
 lege of voting first, or beifore others," Fr. 
 — L. prcerogativus, that is asked before 
 others for his opinion or vote — prce,, be- 
 fore, rogro, -atutn, to ask.] 
 
 PRESAGE, pres'aj, u. something that indi- 
 cates a future event. — adj. Presage'ful. 
 [Lit. " something perceived beforehand," 
 Fr. presage — L. proesagium — prcesagio — 
 prce. before, sagio, to perceive quickly. 
 See Sagacious.] 
 
 PRESAGE, pre-saj', v.t. to forebode : to 
 indicate something to come : to predict. 
 — n. Presag'er. 
 
 PRESBYOPIA, pres-bi-o'pi-a, ?j. long-sight- 
 edness. [Gr. presbys, old, and ops, opos, 
 the eve.] 
 
 PRESBYTER, prez'bi-ter, n. (in the Eng. 
 Church) one of the second order of the 
 ministry : a member of a presbytery. 
 
 [Lit. " elder," L. — Gr. presbyteros, comp. 
 of presbys. old. Cf. Priest.] 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN, prez-bi-te'ri-an, PRES- 
 BYTERIAL. prez-bi-te'ri-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or con-sisting of presbyters: 
 pertaining to Presbytery or that form 
 of churcli government in which all the 
 clergy or presbj-ters are equal : — opp. to 
 Episcopacy. — )i. Presbyte'rias, an ad- 
 herent of this form of church govern- 
 ment. 
 
 PRESB YTERI ANISM, prez-bi-te'ri-an-izm , 
 n. the form of church government of 
 Presbyterians. 
 
 PRESBYTERY, prez'bi-ter-i, n. {orig.) a 
 council of presbyters or elders : a church 
 court consisting of the ministers and one 
 elder, a layman, from each church within 
 a certain district : (arch.) that part of the 
 church reserved tor the officiating priests. 
 
 PRESCIENCE, pre'sbi-ens, n., knotvledge of 
 events 6e/orehand : foresight. [Fr.] 
 
 PRESCIENT, pre'shi-ent, adj., knowing 
 things beforehand. [L. prcescnens, -entis, 
 pr.p. of prcBscio, to foreknow^arte, be- 
 fore, sno, to know.] 
 
 PRESCRIBE, pre-skrib', v.i. to lay down 
 for direction : to appoint : (med.) to give 
 directions for, as a remedy. — n. Pre- 
 scrib'er. [L. prcescribo, -scriptum — prce, 
 before, scribo, to wTite.] 
 
 PRESCRIPT, pre'skript, n. something pre- 
 scribed : direction : model prescribed. 
 
 PRESCRIPTIBLE. pre-skript'i-bl, adj. that 
 may be prescribed for. — n. Prescripti- 
 bil'ity. 
 
 PRESCRIPTION, pre-skrip'shun, n. act of 
 prescribing or directing : (med.) a written 
 direction for the preparation of a medi- 
 cine : a recipe : {law) custom continued 
 until it has the force of law. [Fr. — L. 
 prcescriptio.] 
 
 PRESCRIPTIVE, pre-skript'iv, acy. con- 
 sisting in or acquired by custom or im- 
 meaiorial use. |L.] 
 
 PRESENCE, prez^ens, n. state of being 
 present (opp. of ABSENCE) : situation 
 within sight, etc.: approach face to 
 face : the person of a superior : the 
 persons assembled before a great per- 
 son : mien : personal appearance : c<ilm- 
 ness, readiness, as of mind. [Fr. — L. 
 prcesentia — prcesens. See Present, adj.] 
 
 PRESENCE-CHAMBER, prez'ens-cham'- 
 ber, n. the chamber or room in which a 
 great personage receives company. 
 
 PRESENT, prez'ent. adj. being in a certain 
 place (opp. to Absent) : now under view 
 or consideration : being at this time : 
 not past or future : ready at hand : at- 
 tentive : not absent-minded : {gram.) de- 
 noting time just now, or making a gen- 
 eral statement. — n. present time. — AT 
 present, at the present time, now. [Lit. 
 "being before or near," Fr. — h. prcesens, 
 -sentis — prce, before, and sens, being, cog. 
 with Sans, sunt, being, and Sooth.] 
 
 PRESENT, pre-zent', v.t. to set befcrre, to 
 introduce : to exhibit to view : to offer : 
 to put into the possession of another : to 
 make a gift of : to lay before for con- 
 sideration : to point, as a gun before 
 firing. — adj. Present' able. — n. Pre- 
 sent' er. [Fr. — L. prcesento — prcesens. 
 See Present, adj.] 
 PRESENT, prez'ent, n. that which is pre- 
 sented or given, a gift. 
 PRESENTATION, prez-en-ta'shun, j). act 
 of presenting : a setting: representation. 
 [L. jyrccsentatio.] 
 PRESENTIMENT, pre-sen'ti-ment, n. a 
 sentiment or perceiving beforehand: pre- 
 vious opinion: a conviction of something 
 unpleasant to happen. [O. Fr. — L. pirce- 
 sentire. See Sentisient.] 
 PRESENTLY, prez'ent-li, adv. without de- 
 
 laj' : after a little. [Orig. "at present," 
 now.] 
 
 PRESENTMENT, pre-zent'ment, n. act ol 
 presentijig: the thing presented or repre- 
 sented : {laiv) notice taken of an offence 
 by a grand-jury from observation : ac- 
 cusation presented bv a grand-jury. 
 
 PRESERVATION, pre'z-er-va'shun, n. act 
 of preserving : state of being preserved. 
 
 PRESERVATIVE, pre-zerv'a-tiv, PRE 
 SERVATORY, pre-zerv'a-tor-i, adj. tend- 
 ing to preserve : having the quality ot 
 preserving. — n. that which preserves : a 
 preventive of injury or decav. 
 
 PRESERVE, pre-zerv*, r.f. to keep from 
 injury : to defend : to keep in a sound 
 state : to season for preservation : to 
 keep up, as appearances. — n. that which 
 is preserved, as fruit, etc. : «a place for 
 the protection of animals, as game, etc. 
 — H. Preserv'er. [Fr. pireserver—h. prce, 
 beforehand, serro, to preserve.] 
 
 PRESIDE, pre-zld', v.i. to direct or control, 
 esp. at a meeting : to superintend. [Lit. 
 " to sit before " or " above," Fr. pr^sider 
 — 1,. prcBsideo — prce. before, sedeo, E. Srr.} 
 
 PRESIDENCY, prez'i-den-si, n. the office 
 of a president, or his dignity, term of 
 office, jurisdiction, or residence. 
 
 PRESIDENT, prez'i-dent, ?i. one who pre- 
 sides over a meeting : a chairman : the 
 chief officer of a college, institution, etc.: 
 an officer elected to the supreme execu- 
 tive ot a province or nation.^)!. Pres'- 
 IDENTSHIP. [Fr. — L. prcesidens, -entis, 
 pr.p. of prcpsideo.] 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL, prez-i-den'shal, adj., pre 
 siding over : pertaining to a president. 
 
 PRESIGNIFY^, pre-sig'ni-fT, v.t. to signify 
 beforehand. [L. pirce, before, and Sig- 
 nify.] 
 
 PRESS, pres, v.t. to squeeze or crush 
 strongly : to hug : to drive wuth vio- 
 lence : to bear heavily on : to distress : 
 to urge : to inculcate with earnestness. — 
 v.i. to exert pressure : to push with force: 
 to crowd : to go forward with ^^olence : 
 to urge with vehemence and importunity: 
 to exert a strong influence. — n. Press'er. 
 [Fr. presser — L. presso — premo, pressus, 
 to squeeze.] 
 
 PRESS, pres, n. an instrument for squeez- 
 ing bodies : a printing machine : the art 
 or. business of printing and publishing : 
 act of urging forward : urgency : * 
 crowd : a closet for holding articles. — 
 The Press, the literature of a country, 
 esp. newspapers. — Press of Sail, as much 
 sail as can be carried. 
 
 PRESS, pres, v.t. {orig.) to engage men by 
 prest or earnest-money for the public 
 service : to carry men off by violence to 
 become soldiers or sailors. — «. Press'- 
 MONEY, earnest-monev. [Corr. from old 
 form prest, from O. t'r. prester (Fr. pri- 
 ter), to lend — L. prcesto, to stand before, 
 to offer — prce. before, and sto, E. Stand.} 
 
 PRESSFAT. pres'fat, n. {B.) the vat of an 
 olive or wine jjress for collecting the 
 liquor. 
 
 PRESSGANG, pres'gang, n. a gang or body 
 of„sailors under an officer empowered to 
 im"press men into the na\'7. [See PRESS, 
 to carry men off, etc.] 
 
 PRESSE^G, pres'ing, adj. urgent : impor 
 tunate : forcible.— arfr. Press'ingly. 
 
 PRESSURE, presh'ur, ?i. act of pressing : 
 a squeezing : the state of being pressed : 
 impulse : constraining force : that which 
 presses or afflicts : difficulties : urgency : 
 {physics) tlie action of force on some- 
 thing resisting it. [O. Fr. — L. pi-essura 
 — premo.] 
 
 PRESTIDIGITATION, pres'ti-dij'it-a-shun, 
 also Prestig'iation. n. sleight of hand. 
 — n. Pres'tidig'it-\tor and Prestig'ia- 
 tor, one who practices such. 
 
 I
 
 PRESTIGE 
 
 339 
 
 PRIMITIVE 
 
 PRESTIGE, prestij or pres'te2h, n. influ- 
 ence arising from past conduct or from 
 reputation. [Orig. "illusion" or "de- 
 ception," Fr — L. lircpsiigium — prcesti{ny 
 guo. to obscure, to deceive.] 
 
 PRESUMABLE, pre-zum'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be presumeil. — adv. Presum'ably. 
 
 PRESUME, pre-zum', v.t. to take as true 
 without examination or proof : to take 
 for granted. — v.i. to venture beyond what 
 one has ground for : to act forwardly. 
 [Lit. " to take beforehand," Fr. prv.sumer 
 — Ij.proisumo — prce, before, sumo, to take 
 — sub. under, and emo, to take, to buy.] 
 
 PRESUMING, pre-zum'ing, adj. venturing 
 without permission : unreasonably bold. 
 — adv. Presum'ixgly. 
 
 PRESUMPTION, pre-zum'shun, n. act of 
 presuming: supposition: strong proba-' 
 bility: confidence grounded on sometliing 
 not proved : forward conduct : (/««•) as- 
 suming the truth of certain facts from 
 circumstantial evidence. [Through O. 
 Fr.. from L. prcesumptio, -onis.'\ 
 
 PRESUMPTIVE, pre-zump'tiv, adj., pre- 
 sumiiig : grounded on probable e\'idence: 
 (law) proving circumstantially. — adv. 
 Presump'tivelt. 
 
 PRESUMPTUOUS, pre-zump'tu-us, adj, 
 full oi presumption : bold and confident : 
 founded on presumption : willfvil. — adi\ 
 Presujtp'tuously. — n. Peesump'tuous- 
 XESS. [L. proesumptuosus.'] 
 
 PRESUPPOSE, pre-sup-poz', v.t. to suppose 
 before other things : to assume. — n. Pre- 
 SUPPOSI'TION. [L. prce, before, and Sup- 
 pose.] 
 
 PRETENCE, pre-tens', n. something pre- 
 tended : appearance or show : prete.^t : 
 a.ssumption : claim. 
 
 PRETEND, pre-tend', v.t. to hold out as a 
 cloak for something else : to offer some- 
 thing feigned: to affect to feel. — v.i. to put 
 in a claim. — n. Pretend'er. [Lit. "to 
 stretch out before one," Fr. preiendre — 
 L. prcetendo — pecp, before, tendo, tentum, 
 tensum, to stretch.] 
 
 PRETENSION, pre-ten'shun, n. something 
 pretended : false or fictitious appearance: 
 claim. 
 
 PRETENTIOUS, pre-ten'shus, adj. marked 
 by or;containing^?'efe)jce.- presumptuous: 
 arrogant. 
 
 PRETERIMPERFECT, pre-ter-im-pe r'f ekt, 
 adj. implj'ing that an event was happen- 
 ing at a certain time. [L. prceter, beyond, 
 and Imperfect.] 
 
 PRETERIT, PRETERITE, pret'er-it, adj., 
 gone by : past : noting the^asi tense. — n. 
 the past tense. [L. prceteritus — prceter, 
 bevond. and eo, itum, to go.] 
 
 PRETERMISSION, pre-ter-mish'un, n. the 
 act of passing bv : omission. 
 
 PRETERMIT, pre-ter-mit', v.t. to pass by : 
 to omit : — pr.p. pretermitt'ing :_pa.^ and 
 pu.p. pretermitt'ed. [L. prceter, past, 
 and initio, to send.] 
 
 PRETERNATURAL, pre-ter-nat'u-ral, adj. 
 beyond what is nnturcd : extraordinary. 
 — adv. Pretern.\t'drally. [L. prceter, 
 bevond, and Naturax.] 
 
 PRETERPERFECT, pre-ter-per'fekt, adj. 
 denoting the perfect tense, [h. prceter, 
 more than, and Perfect.] 
 
 PRETERPLUPERFECT, pre-ter-ploo'per- 
 fekt, adj. denoting the pluperfect tense. 
 [L. prceter, bevond, and Pluperfect.] 
 
 PRETEXT, pre'tekst or pre-tekst', n. an 
 ostensible motive or reason put forward 
 in order to conceal the real one : a 
 pretence. [Lit. "something woven in 
 front," L. prietc.rtiim ■ — prcete^co — prcB, 
 before, te.ro, to weave.] 
 
 PRETOR. etc. See Pr.btor. etc. 
 
 PRETTILY, pret'i-li, adv. in a, pretty man- 
 ner : pleasingly : elegantlv : neatlv. 
 
 PRETTY, pref i, adj. tasteful : pleasing : 
 
 neat : beautiful without dignity : small : 
 affected : (in contempt) fine. — n. Prett'- 
 ISESS. [A.S. prcettig, tricky — prcett, 
 trickery ; prob. from the Celt., as W. 
 praith, a deed.] 
 
 PRETTY, pret'i, «du. in some degree: mod- 
 erately. 
 
 PRETYPIFY, pre-tip'i-fr, v.t. to represent 
 beforehuDd in a type. [L. prce, oef ore, 
 and Typify.] 
 
 PREVAIL, pre-val', v.i. to be i-ery poiver- 
 fxd : to have influence or eflect : to over- 
 come : to gain the advantage : to be in 
 force : to succeed. [Fr. prevaloir — L. 
 prcevaleo—prcB, before or above others, 
 and Video, to be powerful.] 
 
 PREVAILING, pre-val'ing, adj. having 
 great power : efficacioiis : most general. 
 
 PREVALENCE, prev'al-ens, PREVALEN- 
 CY, prev'al-en-si, 7i. the state of being 
 prevalent : preponderance : superiority : 
 influence : efficacy. 
 
 PREVALENT, prev'al-ent, adj., prevailing: 
 having great power : victorious : most 
 common. — adv. Prev'alently. 
 
 PREVARICATE, pre-var'i-kat, v.i. to shift 
 about from side to side, to evade the 
 trutli : to quibble. [Lit. " to spread the 
 legs apart in walking," L. prcevaricor, 
 -atus — prcB, inten., and various, strad- 
 dling — varus, bent, straddling.] 
 
 PREVARICATION, pre-var-i-ka'shun, n. 
 tlie act of quibbling to evade the truth. 
 
 PREVARICATOR, pre-var'i-kat-or, n. one 
 who prevarieates to evade the truth : 
 a cjuibbler. 
 
 PREVENT, pre-vent', v.t. to hinder: to 
 obviate. [Lit. and orig. " to come or go 
 before," L. prceventus, pa.p. otpravenio 
 — pri^e. before, and venio, to come.] 
 
 PREVENTABLE, pre-vent'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be prevented or hindered. 
 
 PREVENTION, pre-ven'shun, /(. act of pre- 
 venting: anticipation: obstruction. [Lit. 
 " a coming before."] 
 
 PREVENTIVE, pre-vent'iv, adj. tending 
 to prevent or hinder: preservative. — n. 
 that which prevents : a preser^'ative. 
 
 PREVIOUS, pre'vi-us, adj., going before: 
 former. — adv. Pre'^hously. [Lit. " on 
 the way before," L. prcevius — prce, be- 
 fore, and via, a way.] 
 
 PRE WARN, pre-wawrn', v.t. to ivarn be- 
 /orehand. [L. prce, before, and Warn ; 
 a hybrid word, a quite unnecessary 
 synonj'm of the correct form FORE- 
 WARN.] 
 
 PREY'', pra. n. booty: plunder: that which 
 is or may be seized to be devoured. 
 — v.i. to plunder : to seize and devour: 
 to waste or impair gradually : to weigh 
 heavily (followed by on. or upon). [O.Fr. 
 praie (Fr. proie) — L. prcBda.\ 
 
 PRICE, pris, n. that at whicli anything is 
 prized, valued or bought: excellence: 
 recompense. — v.t. to set a value on. [O. 
 Fr. 2^ris (Fr. pri.v) — L. pretium, akin to 
 Gr. priamni, to buy. See PRIZE, r.] 
 
 PRICELESS, pris'les, adj. beyond price: 
 invaluable : without value: worthless. 
 
 PRICK, prik, n. Sishavp point : a puncture : 
 a sting : remorse. — v.t. to pierce with a 
 prick : to erect any pointed thing : to fix 
 by tlie point : to put on by puncturing: 
 to mark or make by pricking : to incite : 
 topain :— pa.f. anil pa.p. pricked. [A.S. 
 pric^i, a point, a dot, cog. with Ger. 
 prick-eln, Dut. prikk-el, a prickle.] 
 
 PRICKER, prik'er, n. that which priWiS .• 
 a sharp-pointed instrument : light-horse- 
 man. 
 
 PRICKLE, prik'l, n. a little prick : a sharp 
 point growing from the bark of a plant. 
 
 PRICKLY. prik'li,flrfy. full o( prickles.— n. 
 
 PUICK'LIXESS. 
 
 PRICKLY-PEAR, prik'li-par, n. a class of 
 plants generally covered with clusters of 
 
 strong hairs or prickles, and bearing fruit 
 like the pear. 
 
 PRIDE, prld, n. state or feeling of being 
 proud : extreme self-esteem : haughti- 
 ness : noble self-esteem : that of w hich 
 men are proud: that which excites boast- 
 ing. — v.t. to take pride : to value (fol- 
 lowed by a reciprocal pron.). [A.S. pryte 
 —prut, proud. See PROUD.] 
 
 PRIEST, prest, it. one who officiates in 
 sacred offices : one above a deacon and 
 below a bishop : a clergyman: — fem. 
 Priest'ess. [A.S. preo.it (O. Fr. prestre, 
 Fr. p>r(tre). contr. of L. presbyter, an 
 elder or presbyter. Doublet Presbyter.] 
 
 PRIESTCRAFT, prest'kraft, n. priestly 
 policy : the craft or schemes of priests 
 to gain wealth or power. 
 
 PRIESTHOOD, prest'hood, n. the office or 
 character of a piriest : the priestly order. 
 
 PRIESTLY, prest'li, adj. pertaining to or 
 resembling a. priest. — n.. Priest'linesS. 
 
 PRIEST-RIDDEN, prest'-rid'en, adj., rid- 
 den or controlled entirely by priests. 
 
 PRIG, prig, »i. a pert fellow who gives 
 himself airs of superior wisdom. [Ety. 
 unknown.] 
 
 PRIG, prig, n. a thief. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 PRIM, prim, adj. exact and precise in man- 
 ner : affectedly nice. — v.t. to deck with 
 great nicety : to form with affected pre- 
 ciseness : — pr.p. prinmi'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. primmed. — adv. Prim'ly.— n. Prim'- 
 NESS. [O. Fr. prim, fem. prime — L. 
 primus, prima, first.] 
 
 PRIMACY, prl'ma-si, n. the office or dig- 
 nity of a,primcite or archbishop. 
 
 PRIMA-DONNA, pre'ma-don'a, n. the first 
 or leading female sino-er in an opera. 
 [Lit. "first lady" — It. — L. prima domina.] 
 
 PRIMAGE, prim'aj, n. an allowance to the 
 captain of a vessel by the shipper or con= 
 signee of goods for loading the same^ 
 [See Prime, first.] 
 
 PRIMAL, pri'mal, arf/.,/rsf : original. 
 
 PRIMARY, pri'mar-i, adj., first, original: 
 chief ; primitive. — n. that which is high- 
 est in rank or importance. — adv. Pri'- 
 marily. 
 
 PRIMATE, pri'mat, n. the first or highest 
 dignitary in a church : an archbisliop. — 
 n. Pri'mateship. 
 
 PRIME, prim, adj., first, in order of time, 
 rank, or importance : cliief : excellent : 
 original : early. — n. the beginning : the 
 dawn: the spring: the best part: the 
 lieight of perfection. [X,. primus (for 
 pro-i-mus), cog. with A.S. for-ma. Cf. 
 Former and Prior.] 
 
 PRIME, prim, v.t. to put powder on the 
 nipple of a firearm : to lay on the first 
 coating of color. — v.i. to serve for the 
 charge of a gim. [See PRIME, arf/.] 
 
 PRIME-MINISTER, prim-min'is-ter, n. the 
 first or chief minister of state. [See 
 Premier.] 
 
 PRIME-NUMBER, prlm-num'ber, n. a/r.s« 
 iiHinbir, i.e. one divisible only by itself 
 or unitj'. 
 
 PRIMER, prim'er or prim'-, n. a first book: 
 a work of elementary religious instruc- 
 tion: a first reading-book: an elementary 
 introduction to any subject. [Orig. a 
 small pr;iyer-book.] 
 
 PRI:ME\AL, pri-me'val, adj. belonging to 
 the first ages: original: primitive. [L. 
 primcevus — primus, first, and cevum, an 
 age. See Age.] 
 
 PRIMING, prim'ing, n. the first coating of 
 color : the powder in the nipple of a fire- 
 arm. 
 
 PRIMITRT;, prim'i-tiv. adj. belonging to 
 the beginning, or to the first times : 
 original : ancient : antiquated : old-fash- 
 ioned : not derived. — n. a primitive word, 
 or one not derived from another.^^Mte
 
 PRIMOGENIAL 
 
 340 
 
 PROCEED 
 
 Prim'itively.— K. PRru'nTTEKESs. [Ft. 
 — L. primitivus, an extension of />n'Hi«s.] 
 
 PRIMOGENIAL, pri-mo-je'ui-al, adj., first 
 born or made : primary : constituent. 
 [L. j)rimus, first, and geno, genitus, to 
 beg-et. See Genus.] 
 
 PRIMOGENITOR, pri-mo-jen'i-tor, ?i. the 
 first begetter or father : a forefather. 
 
 PRIMOGENITURE, pri-mo-jen'i-tur, n. 
 state of being born first of tlie same 
 parents : (law) the right of inheritance 
 of the eldest born. 
 
 PRIMORDIAL, pri-mor'di-al, adj., first in 
 order : original : existing from the be- 
 ginning. — n. first principle or element. 
 ITL. primus, first, and ordo, order.] 
 
 PRIilROSE, prim'roz, n. an early spring 
 flower common in woods and meadows. 
 [Lit. the "first rose," Fr. prime rose — 
 L. xwima rosa ; see Prime and Rose. 
 Historically, this form took the place of 
 M.E. primerole, which is traced through 
 O. Fr. primerole and Low L. diminutive 
 forms to L. jirimus.] 
 
 PRINCE, prius, n. one of highest rank : a 
 sovereign : son of a king or emperor : 
 the chief of any bodj' of men ■.—fern. 
 Princess, prin'ses. [Lit. " one taking 
 the first place," Fr. — L. princeps^^pri- 
 mus, first, capio, to take.] 
 
 PRINCEDOM, prins'dum, «. the estate, 
 jurisdiction, sovereignty, or rank of a 
 prince. 
 
 PRINCELY, prinsli, adj., princelike : be- 
 coming a prince : grand : august: regal. — 
 adv. in a princelike manner.— )i. Prince'- 
 
 LTS-ESS. 
 
 PRINCIPAL, prin'si-pal, adj. taking the 
 first place : highest in character or im- 
 portance: chief. — n. a principal person or 
 thing : a head, as of a school or college : 
 one who takes a leading part : money on 
 which interest is paid : (arch.) a main 
 beam or timber : (law) the perpetrator of 
 a crime, or an abettor : (music) an organ 
 stop.— adv. PRm'ciPALLY. [L. princip- 
 alis.] 
 
 PRINCIPALITY, prin-si-pal'i-ti, n. the ter- 
 ritoi-y of a prince or the country which 
 gives title to him : obs. (B.) a prince, a 
 power. 
 
 PRINCIPLE, prin'si-pl, n. a fundamental 
 truth : a law or doctrine from which 
 others are derived : an original faculty of 
 the mind: a settled rule of action: (cliem.) 
 a constituent part. — v.t. to establish in 
 principles ; to impress with a doctrine. 
 JTL. xyrincipiuin, beginning — princeps.l 
 
 PRINT, print, v.t. to press or impress : to 
 mark by pressure : to impress letters on 
 paper, etc.: to publish. — v.i. to practice 
 the art of printing : to publish a book. — 
 n. a mark or character made by impres- 
 sion : the impression of types in general: 
 a copy : an engraving : a newspaper : a 
 printed cloth : calico : that which im- 
 presses its form on anj-thing: a cut, in 
 wood or metal : (arch.) a plaster-cast in 
 low relief. [Shortened from O. Fr. em- 
 preindre, empreint — L. imprimo — in, 
 into, and premo, to press.] 
 
 PRINTER, print'er, n. one who prints, esp. 
 books, newspapers, etc. 
 
 PRINTING, print'ing, n. act, art, or prac- 
 tice of printing. 
 
 PRIOR, pri'or, adj., former: previous: 
 coming before in time. — n. the head of a 
 
 ^ priory:— /e)?i. Pri'ORESS. [L. prior, form- 
 er, earlier, comp. from a positive form 
 pro-, in front. See Prime.] 
 
 PRIORATE, prTor-at, PRIORSHIP. prl'or- 
 ship, n. the government or office of a 
 prior. 
 
 PRIORITY, prl-or'i-ti, n. state of being 
 prior or first in time, place, or rank : 
 preference. 
 
 PRIORY, prfor-i, n. a convent of either 
 
 sex, under a prior or prioress, and next 
 below an abbey. 
 
 PRISM, prizm, n. (geom.) a solid whose 
 ends are similar, equal, and parallel 
 planes, and whose sides are parallelo- 
 grams : (optics) a solid glass, triangular- 
 shaped body. [Lit. "anything sawn," 
 L.— Gr. pnsm-a, -atos, from prizo, to 
 saw.] 
 
 PRISMATIC, priz-mat'ik, PRISMATICAL, 
 priz-mat'ik-al, adj. resembling or per- 
 taining to a prism: formed by a prism. 
 — adv. Prismat'ically. 
 
 PRISMOID, priz'moid, n. a figure in the 
 form of a prism. [Prism, and Gr. eidos, 
 form.] 
 
 PRISON, priz'n, n. a building for the con- 
 finement of criminals, etc.: a jail: any 
 place of confinement. [Fr. — L. pretisio, 
 -onis, ior prehensio, a seizing — pre-hendo, 
 -hensus, to seize, from obs. hendo. See 
 Get.] 
 
 PRISONER, priz'n-er, n. one arrested or 
 confined in prison : a captive. 
 
 PRISTINE, pris'tin, adj. as a,t first : former: 
 belonging to the beginning or earliest 
 time : ancient. [O. Fr. — L. prist imts, 
 from pris- (=prius, earlier), and -tenus, 
 stretching.] 
 
 PRIVACY, prl'va-si or priV-, n. state of 
 being jj/'U-afe or retired from company or 
 observation : a place of seclusion : retreat: 
 retirement : secrecy. 
 
 PRIVATE, pri'vat, adj. apart from the 
 state : not invested with public office : 
 peculiar to one's self : belonging to an 
 individual person or company : not pub- 
 lic : retired from observation : secret : 
 not publicly known : not holding a com- 
 mission. — 11. a common soldier. — adv. 
 Pri'vately. — n. Pri'vateness. [Lit. 
 " cut off from others," L. privatus, pa.p. 
 of privo, to separate — privus, single. 
 Doublet Privy.] 
 
 PRIVATEER, pri-va-ter', n. an armed 
 private vessel commissioned to seize and 
 plunder an enemy's ships. — v.i. to cruise 
 in a privateer : to fit out privateers. 
 
 PRIVATION, pri-va'shun, n. state of being 
 deprived of something, esp. of what is 
 necessary for comfort : destitution ; 
 hardship : absence of any qualitj". [Fr. 
 See under PRIVATE.] 
 
 PRIVATIVE, priv'a-tiv, adj. csMsing priva- 
 tion : consisting in the absence of some- 
 thing. — n. that which Is privative or de- 
 pends on the absence of something else : 
 (logic) a term denoting the absence of a 
 quality : (gi-am.) a prefix denoting ab- 
 sence or negation. — adv. Priv'ativkly. 
 [L.] 
 
 PRIVET, priv'et, n. a half-evergreen Euro- 
 pean shrub much used for hedges. [Ety. 
 unknown.] 
 
 PRIVILEGE, prii-'i-lej, n. a peculiar ad- 
 vantage : a right not general : preroga- 
 tive. — v.t. to grant a privilege to: to 
 exempt. [Fr. — L. jjriinlegium, lit. " a law 
 regarding only a single person" — prints, 
 single, and Id: tegis, a law.] 
 
 PRIVILY, priv'i-li, adv. privately: secretly. 
 
 PRIVITY, priv'i-ti, n. joint knowledge of 
 somethingpnrafe or confidential: knowl- 
 edge implying concurrence -.—jjl. secret 
 parts. 
 
 PRIVY, priv'i, adj., private : pertaining to 
 one person : for private uses : secret : ap- 
 propriated to retirement : admitted to 
 the knowledge of something secret. — n. 
 (laic) a person having an interest in an 
 action : a necessary-house. — ?i. Privy- 
 COUNCTL, the private council of a sov- 
 ereign to advise in the administration of 
 government. — Ji. Privy-COUNCILLOR, a 
 member of the pri%'y-council. — n. Privy- 
 PURSE, thepitr.se or monej- for the private 
 or personal use of the sovereign. — n. 
 
 Privy seal or signet, the seal used by 
 or for the king in subordinate mattars, 
 or those which are not to pass the great 
 seal. [Fr. prive — L. privatiLS. See 
 Private.] 
 
 PRIZE, priz, n. that which is taken or 
 gained by competition : anything taken 
 from an enemj' in war : a captiu'ed ves 
 sel : that which is won in a lottery : any 
 thing offered for competition : a reward: 
 [Fr. jirise — pris, taken, pa.p. of prendre 
 — L. pre(he)ndo. See Prison.] 
 
 PRIZE, prIz, v.t. to set a price on: to 
 value : to value highly. [Fr. priser — O. 
 Fr. pris, price (Fr. prix) — L. pretium, 
 price, value.] 
 
 PRIZE-COURT, priz'-kort, n. a ccnirt for 
 judging regarding prizes made on the 
 
 , high seas. 
 
 PRIZE-FIGHTER, prlz'-fit'er, n. a boxer 
 who fights publicly for a prize. — n. 
 Prize'-fight'djg . 
 
 PRIZE-MONEY, priz'-mun'i, n. share of 
 the money or proceeds from any prizes 
 taken from an enemy. 
 
 PROA, pro'a, )!. a small Malay sailing-ves- 
 sel. [JIalay praM.] 
 
 PROBABILITY, prob-a-bil'i-ti, n. quality 
 of being probable : appearance of truth": 
 that which is probable : chance. 
 
 PROBABLE, prob'a-bl, adj. having more 
 evidence for than against: giving ground 
 for belief : likely. — adv. Prob'ably. 
 [Orig. " that may be proved," Fr. — L. 
 probabilis—probo, probatus, to prove — 
 jirobus, good, excellent. See PROVE.] 
 
 PROBATE, pro'bat, n. the proof before 
 competent authority that an instrument, 
 purporting to be the will of a person de- 
 ceased, is indeed his lawful act : the offi- 
 cial copy of a will, with the certificate of 
 its having been proved : the right or 
 jurisdiction of proving wills. [L. pro 
 hatum, proved. See Probable.] 
 
 PROBATION, pro-ba'shun, n. act of prov 
 ing : any proceeding to elict truth, etc.: 
 trial : time of trial : moral trial : noviti- 
 ate. [Fr.— L.] 
 
 PROBATIONAL, pro-ba'shun-al, PROBA- 
 TIONARY, pro-ba'shun-ar-i, adj. relat- 
 ing to probation or trial. 
 
 PROBATIONER, pro-ba'shun-er. ?;. one 
 who is on probation or trial : (Scotland) 
 one licensed to preach, but not ordained 
 to a pastorate. 
 
 PROBATrVF:, pro'ba-tiv, PROBATORY. 
 pro'ba-tor-i, adj. serving for proof or 
 trial : relating to proof. 
 
 PROBE, prob, n. an instrument for prowtng 
 or examining a wound, etc.: that which 
 tries or probes. — v.t. to examine with or 
 as with a probe : to examine thoroughly. 
 [L. probo. to prove.] 
 
 PROBITY, prob'i-ti. n. uprightness : hon- 
 esty. [Fr. — L. probitas — probus, good, 
 excellent.] 
 
 PROBLEM, prob'lem, n. a matter difficult 
 of settlement or solution: (geom.) a propo- 
 .sition in which something is required to 
 be done. [Lit. " a question throuii or put 
 foruard," Fr.— L.— Gr. problema, -atos 
 —pro, before, and ballo, to throwj 
 
 PROBLEMATIC, prob-lem-at'ik. PROB- 
 LEMATIC.A.L, prob-leni-afik-al. adj. o\ 
 the nature of a problem : questionable ", 
 doubtful.— adr. Problemat'ically. 
 
 PROBOSCIS, pro-bos'is, n. the trunk of 
 some animals, as the elephant, tor convey- 
 ing food to the mouth. [L.—Gr.— pro 
 boskis, a trunk, lit. " front-feeder "^2^0 
 in front, and bosko (L. pasco), to feed.] 
 
 PROCEDURE, pro-sed'ur, n. the act ot 
 proceeding : progress : process: conduct. 
 
 PROCEED, pro-sed', v.i. to go forward: to 
 advance : to issue : to be produced : to 
 prosecute. [Fr. proceder—h. procedo— 
 pro, before, and cede, cessum, to go.]
 
 PROCEEDING 
 
 341 
 
 PROFOUNDNESS 
 
 PROCEEDING, pro-sed'ing, n. a going 
 forth or foricard : progress : step : 
 operation : transaction. 
 
 PROCEEDS, pro'sedz, n.pl. the money pro- 
 ceeding or arising from anything : rent : 
 produce. 
 
 PROCESS, pros'es or pro'-, n. a going for- 
 ward : gradual progress : operation : the 
 whole proceedings in an action or prose- 
 cution : series of measures : a projection 
 on a bone. [Fr. prods — L. processus.] 
 
 PROCESSION, pro-sesh'un, n. the act of 
 proceeding : a train of persons in a 
 formal march. [Fr. — L.l 
 
 PROCESSIONAL, pro-sesh''un-al, adj. per- 
 taining to a procession : consisting in a 
 procession. — n. a book of the processions 
 of the Romish Church. 
 
 PROCLAIM, pro-klam', v.t. to publish : to 
 announce officially. — ?i. Proclaim'er. 
 [Fr. proelanier — L. proclamo — pro, out, 
 and clamo, to cry. See Claim.] 
 
 PROCLAMATION, prok-la-ma'shun, n. the 
 act of proclaiming : official notice given 
 to the public. 
 
 PROCLIVITY, pro-kliv'i-ti, n. an inclining 
 fonvards : tendency : inclination : apti- 
 tude. [L. proclivitas — proclivus, having 
 a slope forwards — pro, forwards, and 
 clitnis, a slope. See Decline.] 
 
 PROCONSUL, pro-kon'sul, n. a Roman 
 officer having the power of a consul with- 
 out his office : the governor of a province. 
 [L.— pro, instead of, and Consul.] 
 
 PROCONSULAR, pro-kon'su-lar, adj. per- 
 taining to or under the government ot a 
 proconsul. 
 
 PROCONSULATE, pro-kon'su-Iat, PRO- 
 CONSULSHIP, pro-kon'sul-ship, n. the 
 office or term of office of a. proconsul . 
 
 PROCRASTINATE, pro-kras'ti-nat, v.t. to 
 put off till some future time: to postpone. 
 — n. Procras'tinator. [Lit. "to put off 
 till the morrow," L. — pro, forward, off, 
 and crastinus, of to-morrow — eras, to- 
 morrow, and tenus, stretching.] 
 
 PROCRASTINATION, pro-kras-ti-na'shun, 
 n. a putting off till a future time: dila- 
 toriness. 
 
 PROCREATE, pro'kre-at, v.t. to generate : 
 to propagate. [L. procre-o. -atiis — pro, 
 forth, and creo, to produce. See Create.] 
 
 PROCREATION, pro-kre-a'shun, n. the act 
 of procreating : generation: production. 
 [Fr.-L.] 
 
 PROCREATIVB, pro'kre-a-tiv, adj. having 
 the power to procreate : generative : 
 productive. — n. Pro'CREATIVENESS. 
 
 PROCREATOR, pro'kre-a-tor, n. one who 
 procreates : a father. 
 
 PROCRUSTEAN, pro-krus'te-an, adj. re- 
 ducing by violence to strict conformity 
 to a measure or model: from Procrustes, 
 a fabled robber of ancient Greece, who 
 stretched or cut a piece off the legs of 
 his captives, so a.s to fit them to an iron 
 bed, on which he laid them. [Gr. pro- 
 kronstes {lit.) " the stretcher."] 
 
 PROCTOR, prok'tor, n. a procurator or 
 manager for another : an attorney in the 
 spiritual courts : an official in the En- 
 glish universities who attends to the 
 morals of the students and enforces 
 obedience to universitj' regulations. — n. 
 Proc'torship. [Contr. of Procitrator.] 
 
 PROCTORIAL, prok-to'ri-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to a proctor : magisterial. 
 
 PROCUMBENT, pro-kum'bent, adj., lean- 
 ing foricards : lying down or on the face: 
 (bot.) trailing. [L. pro, forward, cumbo, 
 to lie down.T 
 
 PROCURABLE, pro-kur'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be procured. 
 
 PROCURATION, prok-ur-a'shun, n. the 
 act of procuring : the act of managing 
 another's affairs : the instrument giving 
 power to do this : in the Church of 
 
 England, a sum paid by incumbents to 
 the bishop or archdeacon on account of 
 visitations. 
 
 PROCURATOR, prok'iir-a-tor, n. one who 
 takes care of or attends to a thing for 
 another : a governor of a province under 
 tlie Roman emperors. — n. Proc'urator- 
 SHip. [L. See Procure. Cf. Proctor.] 
 
 PROCURE, pro-kur', v.t. to obtain : to 
 cause : to attract. [Fr. procurer — L. pro- 
 euro, to take care of, to manage — pro, 
 in behalf of, and cMro, -atus, to care for.] 
 
 PROCUREMENT, pro-kur'ment, n. the act 
 of procuring : management : agency. 
 
 PROCURER, pro-kur'er, n. one who pro- 
 cures : a pimp : a pander •.—fern. Proc'- 
 
 URESS. 
 
 PRODIGAL, prod'i-gal, adj. wasteful : 
 lavish: profuse. — n. one who throws 
 away from him : a waster : a spend- 
 thrift. — adv. Prod'igally, wastetuUy. 
 [Lit. "driving forth or away." Fr. — L. 
 prodigus—prodigo, to drive away, squan- 
 der — pro, forth or away, and ago, to 
 drive.J 
 
 PRODIGALITY, prod-i-gal'i-ti, n. state or 
 quality of being prodigal : extrava- 
 gance : profusion. 
 
 PRODIGIOUS, pro-dij'us, ady. like a prod- 
 igy : astonishing: enormous: monstrous. 
 — adv. Prodio'iouslt. — n. Prodig'ious- 
 ness. [Fr. prodigieuic — L. prodigiosrus. 
 See Prodigy.] 
 
 PRODIGY', prod'i-ji, n. a portent : any- 
 thing extraordinary : a wonder : a mon- 
 ster. [Fr. prodige — L. prodigium, a pro- 
 phetic sign.] 
 
 PRODUCE, pro-dus', v.t. to lead or bring 
 foricard : to bear : to exhibit : to j'ield : 
 to cause: {geom.) to extend. — n. Pro- 
 duc'er. [L. produco, -ductus — pro, for- 
 ward, and dueo, to lead. See Duke.] 
 
 PRODUCE, prod'us, n. that which is pro- 
 duced : product, proceeds. 
 
 PRODUCIBLE, pro-dus'i-bl, adj. that may 
 be produced : that may be generated or 
 made : that may be exhibited. — n. Pro- 
 duc'ibleness. 
 
 PRODUCT, prod'ukt, n. that which is 
 produced : work : composition : effect : 
 (arith.) the result of numbers multiplied 
 together. 
 
 PRODUCTION, pro-duk'shun, n. the act 
 of producing : that which is produced : 
 fruit : product. 
 
 PRODUCTIVE, pro-duk'tiv, adj. having 
 the power to prodttce; generative : fertile: 
 efficient. — adv. Produc'tively.— n. Pro- 
 duc'titeness. 
 
 PROEM, pro'em, n. an introduction : a pre- 
 lude : a preface. — adj. Proem'lax. [Fr. 
 proeme — L. jjrooemimn — Gr. prooimion 
 — pro, before, and oi-mos, a way — root 
 i-. to go.] 
 
 PROFANATION, prof-a-na'shun, n. the 
 act of profaning : desecration : irrever- 
 ence to what is holy. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 PROFANE, pro-fan', adj. unholy: impious: 
 impure : common : secular. — adv. Pro- 
 fane'ly.— w. Profane'ness. [Lit. "be- 
 fore the temple." outside of it, common, 
 Fr.—h. prof a7ius— pro, before, and/on!<»i, 
 a temple. See Fane.] 
 
 PROFANE, pro-fan', v.t. to violate any- 
 thiug holy: to abuse anj'thing sacred: to 
 put to a wrong use : (j5.) to pollute : to 
 debase. — n. Profan'er. 
 
 PROFANITY', pro-fan'i-ti, n. irreverence : 
 that which is profane : profane lan- 
 guage. [L.] 
 
 PROFESS, pro-fes', v.t. to own freely : to 
 declare in strong terms : to announce 
 publicly one's skill in. [Fr. profis. pro- 
 fessed, said of a member of a religious 
 order — L. professu.'i. perf.p. of profiteor 
 — pro. publicly, fateor, to confess. See 
 Confess.] 
 
 PROFESSED, pro-fest', adj., openly de- 
 clared : avowed : acknowledged. — adv, 
 Profess'edly. 
 
 PROFESSION, pro-fesh'un, n. the act of 
 professing : open declaration : an em- 
 ployment not mechanical and requiring 
 some degree of learning : calling, known 
 employment : the collective bocly of per- 
 sons engaged in any profession: entrance 
 into a religious order. [Fr.] 
 
 PROFESSIONAL, pro-fesh'uu-al, adj. per 
 taining to a profession. — n. one who 
 makes his living by an art, as opposed to 
 an amateur who practices it merely for 
 pastime. — adv. Profess'ionally. 
 
 PROFESSOR, pro-fes'or, ?!. one who pro- 
 fesses : one who publicly practices or 
 teaches any branch of knowledge : a 
 public and authorized teacher in a uni- 
 versity. — adj. Professo'rlal. — n. F*ro- 
 fess'o'rship. 
 
 PROFFER, prefer, v.t. to bring fonrard: 
 to propose : to offer for acceptance. — n. 
 an offer made : a proposal. — n. Proff'- 
 ERER. [Fr. proferei — L. profero — pro, 
 forward, and fero, E. Bear.] 
 
 PROFICIENCE, pro-fish'ens, PROFICIEN- 
 CY", pro-fish'en-si, n. state of being jjro- 
 ficient : improvement in anything. 
 
 PROFICIENT, pro-fish'ent, adj. compe- 
 tent : thoroughly qualified. — n. one who 
 has made considerable advancement in 
 anything : an adept. — adv. Profic'- 
 iently. [L. proficient, -entis, pr.p. of 
 projicere, to make progress — pro, for- 
 ward, and facto, to make.] 
 
 PROFILE, pro'fil, n. an outline . a head or 
 portrait in a side-view : the side-face : 
 the outline of any object without fore- 
 shortening. — v.t. to draw in profile. [It. 
 projilo (Fr. profll) — L. pro, and Jiluni, a 
 thread, outline.] 
 
 PROFIT, profit, n. gain : the gain result- 
 ing from the employment of capital: ad- 
 vantage : benefit: improvement. — v.t. to 
 benefit or be of advantage to: to improve. 
 — I'.i. to gain advantage: to receive profit: 
 to improve: to be of advantage: to bring 
 good. [Fr. — L. profectus, progress, ad- 
 vance — proficio,profectum, to make prog- 
 ress. See Proficient.] 
 
 PROFITABLE, profit-a-bl, adj. yielding or 
 bringing p?'o_/(/ or gain : lucrative : pro- 
 ductive: advantageous: beneficial. — adv. 
 Profitably. — n. Prof'itableness. [Fr.] 
 
 ffiOFITING, profit-ing, »i., pro/^ gain, or 
 advantage : (B.) progress or proficiency. 
 
 PROFITLESS, profit -les, adj. without 
 profit, gain, or advantage. 
 
 PROFLIGACY, profli-gas-i, PROFLI- 
 GATENESS, prof li-gat-nes, n. the state 
 or quality of being profligate : a profli- 
 gate or vicious course of life. 
 
 PROFLIGA'TE, profli-gat, adj. abandoned 
 to vice : without virtue or decency : dis- 
 solute: prodigal. — n. one leading a profli- 
 gate life : one shamelessly vicious. — adv. 
 Prof'ugately. [Lit. ""dashed down," 
 L. profligatus, pa.p. of pirofligo — pro, and 
 fli(/o. to dash, E. Blow, m.] 
 
 PROFOUND, pro-fownd', adj. far below 
 the surface : low : very deep : intense : 
 abstruse : mysterious : occult : intellect- 
 ually deep : penetrating deeply into 
 knowledge. — n. tUe sea or ocean. [Lit. 
 "deep," Fr. profond — L. jjrofundus — 
 pro, forward, downward, uad fundus, E. 
 Bottom.] 
 
 PROFOUNDLY, pro-fownd'li, adv. deeply : 
 with deep knowledge or insight : with 
 deep concei'n. 
 
 PROFOUNDNESS, pro-fownd'nes, PRO- 
 FUNDITY', pro-fund'it-i, n. the state or 
 quality of being prof ound: depth of place, 
 of knowledge, etc.
 
 PROFUSE 
 
 342 
 
 PROP 
 
 PROFUSE, pro-fus', adj. liberal to excess : 
 lavish : extravagant : prodigal. — adv. 
 Profobe'ly. [L. 2)rofusus, pa.p. of pro- 
 funda — pro, forth, and fundo, to pour. 
 See Fuse, r.J 
 PROFUSENESS, pro-fus'nes,PROFUSIOX, 
 pro-fu'zkun, w. state of being profuse : 
 rich abundance : extravagance : prodi- 
 gality. 
 PROGENITOR, pro-jen'it-or, n. a fore- 
 father: an ancestor. [Fr. — l^^yro, be- 
 fore, and genitor, a parent, from root 
 gan in gigno, genitus, to beget.] 
 PROGENY, proj'en-i, n. that which is 
 brought forth : descendants: race: chil- 
 dren. 
 PROGNOSIS,prog-no'sis,n.,/orefcno!cZed5re; 
 {med.) the act or art of foretelling the 
 course of a disease from the symptoms : 
 the opinion thus formed. [Gr.' — pro, be- 
 fore, gignosko, root gna, to know.l 
 PROGNOSTIC, prog-nos'tik, ji. a foreshow- 
 ing : an indication: a presage. — adj. fore- 
 knowing: foreshowing: indicating what 
 is to happen by signs or symptoms. 
 [Through O. Fr. (Fr. pronostic) from Gr. 
 prognostikon.'] 
 PROGNOSTICATE, prog-nos'ti-kat, v.t. to 
 foreshow: to foretell : to indicate as fu- 
 ture by signs. 
 PROGNOSTICATION, prog-nos-ti-ka'shun, 
 n. the ajct ot prognosticating or foretell- 
 ing something future by present signs : a 
 foretoken or previous sign. 
 PROGNOSTICATOR, prog-nos'ti-ka-tor, n. 
 a predictor of future events, esp. a weath- 
 er prophet. 
 PROGRAMME, PROGRAM, pro'gram, n. 
 a public notice in writing : an outline of 
 any forthcoming proceeding : a prelim- 
 inary outline. [Lit. " something written 
 publicly," Fr. — L. — Gv. programma^pro, 
 before, and grapho, to wTite.] 
 PROGRESS, prog'res, n. a going forward: 
 advance : improvement : proficiency : 
 course : passage : procession ; a journey- 
 of state : a circuit. [Fr. — L. progressus 
 —progredior, to go forward— jjro, for- 
 ward, and gradior, to go.] 
 PROGRESS, pro-gres', v.i. to go forward : 
 to make progress : to proceed : to ad- 
 vance : to improve. 
 PROGRESSION, pro-gresh'un, n., motion 
 onward : progress : regular and gradual 
 advance : increase or decrease of num- 
 bers or magnitudes according to a fixed 
 law : (music) a regular succession of 
 chords or movement in harmonv. — adj. 
 Proqress'io.val. [Fr.] 
 PROGRESSIVE, pro-gres'iv, adj., progress- 
 ing or moving forward: advancing gradu- 
 ally : improving. — adv. Progress'itzlt. 
 — n. Peogress'iveness. 
 PROHIBIT, pro-hib'it, v.f. to hinder : to 
 check or repress : to prevent : to forbid : 
 to interdict by authority. [Lit. " to hold 
 in front," L. prohibeo, pro)iibitum—pro, 
 before, and habeo, to have. See Have.] 
 PROHIBITION, pro-hi-bish'un, n. the act 
 of prohibiting, forbidding, or interdict- 
 ing : an interdict. 
 PROHIBITH'T:, pro-hlb'lt-iv, PROHIBIT- 
 ORY, pro-hib'it-or-i, adj. that prohibits 
 or forbids : forbidding. 
 PROJECT, proj'ekt, n. a plan : a scheme : 
 contrivance. TLit. "a thing cast for- 
 ward," O. Fr. fFr. proJet)—L. jirojectum 
 —^ro, before, andjacio, to throw.] 
 PROJECT, pro-jekt', v.t. to contrive or de- 
 vise: to exhibit (as in a mirror) : to draw: 
 to exhibit in relief.— r.i. to shoot for- 
 ward : to jut out : to be prominent. 
 PROJECTILE, pro-jek'til. adj. projecting 
 or throwing forward : impelling or im- 
 pelled forward.— It. a body projected by 
 force, esp. through the ait". 
 PROJECTION, pro-jek'shun, n. the act of 
 
 projecting: that which juts out : a plan 
 or design : a delineation : a representa- 
 tion of auv object on a plane. 
 PROJECTOR, pro-iek'tor, n. one who pro- 
 jects or forms schemes. 
 PROLATE, pro'lat, adj., cvtended : elon- 
 gated in the direction of the line of the 
 poles, as a spheroid. [L. pro/af ;(s, pa.p. 
 of profero, to bring forward or extend — 
 pro, forth, and/ero, to bear.] 
 PROLEGOMENA, pro-leg-on/en-a, n.pl. 
 an introduction to a treatise. [Gr. 
 " things said before."] 
 PROLEPSIS, pro-lep'sis, n. a taking before- 
 hand or anticipation : {rhet.) a figure by 
 which objections ai-e anticipated an'd 
 answered : the dating- of an event be- 
 fore its proper time. — adjs. Prolep'tic, 
 Prolep'tical. — adi: Peolep'tically. 
 [Gr. prolainbano, 2)rolepsomair—pro, be- 
 fore, and lambano, to take.] 
 PROLETARIAN, pro-le-ta'ri-an, adj. be- 
 longing to the poorest laboring class : 
 having little or no property: plebeian: 
 ^•ulgar. — w. Proleta'riat, the lowest 
 class. [L. proletarius (in ancient Rome) 
 a citizen of the sixth and lowest class, 
 wlio served the state not with his prop- 
 erty, but with his children^proles, off- 
 sprinar.] 
 PROLIFIC, pro-lif'ik, PROLIFICAL, pro- 
 lif'ik-al. adj. producing offspring: fruit- 
 ful: productive: (60!".) applied to a flower 
 from which another is produced. — n. 
 Peolif'icness. [Fr. 2)rolifique—1..2}roles 
 (for pro-oles), offspring (root ol. as in 
 otcsco. to grow), and /ac(0, to make.] 
 PROLIX, pro-lilvs' or pro'-, adj. tedious, 
 lengthy, minute.— ady. Prolix'ly. — ns. 
 Peolix'ity, Proux'ness. [Fr. prolixe — 
 L. prolixus (Jit.) " having .poict'd beyond 
 bounds," from pro, forward, and -lixus, 
 from liquor, to flow. See Liquid.] 
 PROLOCUTOR,pro-lok'u-tor,if. the speaker 
 or chairman of a convocation. [L. — pro, 
 before, and loquor, locutus, to speak.J 
 PROLOGUE, prol'og or pro'-, 7i. a preface : 
 the introductory verses before a play. 
 [Fr. — L. — Gr. protogos — pro, before, 
 logos, speech.] 
 PROLONG, pro-long', v.t. to lengthen out : 
 to continue. PFr. jirclonger — L. prolongo 
 —pro, forwards, longus, long.] 
 PROLONGATE, pro - long'gat, v.t. to 
 
 lengthen. — ?;. Proloxga'tiox. 
 PROMENADE, prom-e-nad' or -nad', n. 
 a icalk for pleasui-e, show, or exercise : 
 a place for walking. — v.i. to walk for 
 amusement, show, or exercise. [Fr. — 
 from (se)promener, to walk — L. promino, 
 to drive forwards^wo, forwards, and 
 mino, to drive.] 
 PROJIETHEAN, pro-me'the-an, adj. per- 
 taining to Prometheus : life-giving, like 
 the fire which (in the Greek myth) Pro- 
 metheus stole from heaven. 
 PROMINENT, prom'i-nent, adJ.,p)roJecting: 
 conspicuous : principal : eminent : dis- 
 tinguished. — adc. PEOM'isi:>rrLY. — ns. 
 Peoji'ix-esce, Prom'ixency. [Lit. "jut- 
 ting out." Fr. — L. projuineo. to iut forth 
 —pro, forth, and niineo, to jut.] 
 PROMISCUOUS, pro-mis'ku-us,a4/.,Hiw-ed; 
 confused : collected togetlier without 
 order : indiscriminate. — adv. Projiis'cu- 
 OUSLY. — n. Projiis'ccousxess. [L.prom- 
 iscnns — 2)ro. inten., and misceo., to mix.] 
 PROMISE, prom'is, n. an engagement to 
 do or not to do something : expectation 
 or that which affords expectation. — v.t. 
 to make an engagement to do or not to 
 do something: to afford reason to expect: 
 to assure : to engage to bestow. — ns. 
 Prom'iser. Prom'isor. [Lit. "a sending 
 forward." Fr. promesse — L. promissa, 
 promitto. to send forward— jj/'O, forward, 
 and mitto, to send. See MissiOK.] 
 
 PROMISING, prom'is-ing, adj. affording 
 ground for hope or expectation. — adv. 
 Prom'isingly. 
 PROillSSORY. prom'is-or-i, adj. contain- 
 ing a. promise of some engagement to be 
 fulfilled. 
 PROMONTORY, prom'on-tor-i, n. a head- 
 land or high cape. [L. i^romontoriuin— 
 X>ro, forward, and mons, montis, a mounV 
 ain.l 
 PROMOTE, pro-mot', v.t. to movefonvard . 
 to advance : to further : to encourage : 
 to raise to a higher position : to elevate. 
 —n. PnoiiOT'ER.—odJ. Promo'th-e. [L. 
 jjroniotus, pa.p. of jjromoveo—pro, for- 
 ward, and moveo, to move.] 
 PROMOTION, pro-mo'shun, n. the act of 
 promoting : advancement : encourage- 
 ment : preferment. 
 PROMPT, promt, adj. prepared : readv : 
 acting with alacrity : cheerful : unhesi- 
 tating. — adv. Prompt'ly. — «. P'rompt'- 
 NESS. [Lit. "brought forward." Fr.—L. 
 prompt us— promo, to bring forward — 
 jjco, forth, and emo, to bring or take.] 
 PROJIPT, promt, v.t. to incite : to move to 
 action : to assist a speaker when at a 
 loss for words : to suggest. — n. Prompt'- 
 
 ER. 
 
 PROMPTITUDE, promt'i-tud, 7i., prompt- 
 ness : readiness : quickness of decision 
 and action. [Fr.] 
 PROMULGATE, pro-nml'gat, v.t. to pub- 
 lish : to proclaim. — n. PROil'ULGATOK. 
 [L. promidgo, -atus. Etv. unknown.] 
 PROML*LGATION, pro-mul-ga'shun, ». act 
 of promulgating : publication : ojien dec- 
 laration. 
 PRONE, pron. adj. with che face down- 
 ward : bending forward : headlong : dis. 
 posed: inclined. — adv. Pront:'ly. — n. 
 Prone'ness. [O. Fr. — L. promts ; cog. 
 ^vith Gr. prenes, prone.] 
 PRONG, prong, n. the spike of a fork 01 
 similar instrument. [Nasalized form of 
 Prov. E. prog, to prick — TV. procio ; cf. 
 Gael, brog, to goad, and brog, an awl, 
 and E. BROOCH. See also Paxg.] 
 PRONOMINAL, pro-nom'i-nal, adj. belong- 
 ing to or of the nature of a pronoun. — 
 adv. Pronoji'ixally. 
 PRONOUN, pro'uown, n. a woi-d used 
 instead of a noun. [L. pro, for, and 
 Noc>'. ] 
 PRONOUNCE, pro-nowns', v.t. to utter : to 
 speak distinctly: to utter formally : to 
 utter rhetorically: to declare. — ji.'PEO- 
 NOUX'CER. [Fr. prononcer — L. pronuucio 
 — pro. forth, and nuncio, to announce — 
 7iuncius. a messenger. See Nuxcio.l 
 PRONOL'N'CEABLE^ pro-no wns'a-bl, ad/. 
 
 capable of being pronounced. 
 PRONOUNCING, pro-nowns'ing, adj. giv- 
 ing iM'onunciation. 
 PRONUNCIATION, pro-nun-si-a'shun, n. 
 act or mode of pronouncing : utterance. 
 PROOF, proof, n. that « liich jjrores ; test : 
 experiment : any jnocess to discover or 
 establish a truth : that which convinces : 
 demonstration : evidence : condition oj 
 having been proved : firmness of mind : 
 a certain strength of alcoholic spirits : 
 (print.) an impression taken for cor- 
 rection, also "proof-sheet": an early 
 impression of an engraving :^)l. Proofs 
 — adj. (I it.) proved: firm in resisting. [M.E 
 preef — Fr. preuve — L. jyrobo. to prove, 
 See Prove.] 
 PROOFLESS, proof'les, adj. wanting proo* 
 
 or evidence. 
 PROP, prop, n. a support : a stay. — v.t. to 
 sui)port by something under or against : 
 to sustain •.—2)r.p. propji'mg ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. propi>ed. [Allied to Sw.jx-opp. Ger 
 2>fropf. a stopper ; also to Ir. propa, 
 prop. Gael.jjrfi/^.]
 
 PROPAGANDISM 
 
 343 
 
 PROSPEROUS 
 
 PROPAGAXDISM, prop-a-g-and'izm, n. 
 practice of propagating tenets or princi- 
 ples. [From the Cong-rejratio de jjropa- 
 ganda Fide (L.), "Society for propagating- 
 the Faith," founded at Rome in 1622.] 
 
 PROPAGANDIST, prop-a-gand'ist, ?i. one 
 who devotes himself to propag-andisra. 
 
 PROPAGATE, prop'a-gat. v.f. to multiply 
 plants by layers : to extend : to produce : 
 to impel forward in space, as sound : to 
 spread: to extend the knowledfje of. — v.i. 
 to be produced or multiplied : to have 
 young. — n. Prop'agator. [L. propago, 
 -atui,coi\n. with pro-pag-eo, pro-pag-o, a 
 layer, from root of PACK and Pact, Or. 
 pegnumi.^ 
 
 PROPAGATION, prop-a-ga'shun, n. act of 
 propagating : the spreading or extension 
 of anything. 
 
 PROPEL, pro-pel', v.t. to drive forward: 
 to urge onward bj' force : — pr.p. propeil'- 
 ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. propelled'. \J^.pro, 
 forward, pello, to drive.] 
 
 PROPELLER, pro-pel'er, n. one who or 
 that which propels : a screw for propell- 
 ing a steamboat: a vessel thus propelled. 
 
 PROPENSITY, pro-pens'i-ti, n. inclination: 
 disposition. [Lit. " a hanging forwards ; " 
 L. propensus, pa.p. oi propendo, to hang 
 forwards — L. pro, forward, pendeo, to 
 hang.] 
 
 PROF'ER, prop'er, adj., one's own: natu- 
 rally or essentially belonging : peculiar : 
 belonging to only one of a species (as a 
 name): natural : suitable : correct : just: 
 riglit : becoming: (B.) comely, pretty. — 
 adv. Pbop'ekly. [Fr. x)ropre — L. prop- 
 rius. one's own, akin to prope, near.] 
 
 PROPERTY, prop'er-ti, n. that which is 
 proper to anything : a peculiar or essen- 
 tial quality : a quality : that which is 
 one's own : an estate : right of possess- 
 ing, employing, etc.: ownership: — pi. 
 articles required by actors in a play. [O. 
 Fr. proprete : a doublet of Propriety.] 
 
 PROPHECY, prof'e-si, n. a declaration of 
 something to come : a prediction : public 
 interpretation of Scripture : instruction : 
 (B.) also, a book of prophecies. [Lit. a 
 speaking for another, O. Fr. prophecie— 
 Li. prophetla — Gr. propheteia — prophetPs. 
 See Prophet.] 
 
 PROPHESY, prof'e-si, v.t. to foretell : to 
 predict. — v.i. (B.) to exhort : to expound 
 religious subjects: — pa.t. and ija.p. 
 proph'esied. [s has been arbitrarily sub- 
 stituted for c, to distinguish the r. from 
 the ».] 
 
 PROPHET, prof'et, n. one who proclaims 
 or interprets the will of God : one who 
 announces things to come : one who pre- 
 dicts or foretells events : (B.) one inspired 
 by God to teach : — pi. the writings of the 
 prophets -.—fern. Proph'etess. [Fr. — L. 
 propheta — Gr. proplu'tes, (lit.) one who 
 speaks for another, esp. tor a divine 
 power ; hence one who delivers an oracle 
 revealing future events or otherwise an- 
 nouncing the divine will — pro, before, in 
 behalf of, and phe-mi, to speak. See 
 Fame.] 
 
 PROPHETIC, pro-fet'ik, PROPHETICAL, 
 pro-fet'ik-al, adj. containing prophecy: 
 foreseeing or foretelling events. — adi\ 
 
 PROPHET'iCALLY. 
 
 PROPINQUITY, pro-ping'kwi-ti, n., near- 
 7iess in time, place, or blood : proximity. 
 [L. propinmitas — propinquus, near — 
 prope. near.]^ 
 
 PROPITIABLE, pro-pish'i-a-bl, adj. that 
 mav be propitiated. 
 
 PROPITIATE, pro-pish'i-at, v.t. to make 
 propitious : to render favorable. — v.i. to 
 make propitiation : to atone. — n. Propi'- 
 TiATOR. [l. p)ropitio, propitiatum.'\ 
 
 PROPITIATION, pro-pish-i-a'shun, n. act 
 
 of propitiating : {thedl.) that which pro- 
 pitiates : atonement. 
 
 PROPITIATORY, pro-pish'i-a-tor-i, adj. 
 having power to propitiate : expiatory-. 
 — n. the Jewish mercv-seat. 
 
 PROPITIOUS, pro-pish'us, adj. favorable : 
 disposed to be gracious or merciful. — adv. 
 Propi'tiously'. — )(. Propi'tiousness. [L. 
 propit ius— prope, near.] 
 
 PROPORTION, pro-por'shun, n. the rela- 
 tion of one thing to another in regard to 
 magnitude: mutual fitness of parts: sym- 
 metrical arrangement: (math.) the iden- 
 tity or equality of ratios : the ' • rule of 
 thi'ee," in which three terms are given to 
 find a fourth : equal or just share. — v.t. 
 to adjust : to form symmetrically. [L. 
 proportio — pro. in comparison with, and 
 portio, portionis. part, share. See Por- 
 tion.] 
 
 PROPORTIONABLE, pro - por'shun - a - bl, 
 adj. that may be proportioned. — adv. 
 
 PROPOR'TIONi ELY. 
 
 PROPORTIONAL, pro - por'shun - al, adj. 
 having a due proportion : relating to 
 proportion : (math.) having the same or 
 a constant ratio. — n. (math.) a number 
 or quantity in a proportion. — adv. Pro- 
 por'tionally. —n . Proportional'ity. 
 
 PROPORTIONATE, pro-p6r'shun-at, adj. 
 adjusted according to a, proportion : pro- 
 portional. — adv. Peopor'tionately. 
 
 PROPOSAL, pro-poz'al, n. anything i)ro- 
 posed : a scheme or design : terms or con- 
 Tiitions pi-oposed. 
 
 PROPOSE, pro-poz', v.t. to put forivard or 
 offer for consideration, etc. — v.i. to make 
 a proposal: to make an offer of marriage. 
 — n. PROPOS'ER. [Fr. — prefix ]yro-, and 
 poser, to place. See Pose, Ji.] 
 
 PROPOSITION, prop-o-zish'un, n. ^placing 
 before : offer of terms : the act of stating 
 anything- : that which is stated : (gram. 
 and logic) a complete sentence, or one 
 which affirms or denies something : 
 {math.) a theorem or problem to be de- 
 monstrated or solved. [Fr. — L. pror 
 positio. See Propound.] 
 
 PROPOSITIONAL, prop-o-zish'un-al, adj. 
 pertaining to or of the nature of a prop- 
 osition : considered as a proposition. 
 
 PROPOUND, pro-pownd'. v.t. to offer for 
 consideration: to exhibit. — n. Propotjkd'- 
 ER. [Orig. propone, from L.— JJro, forth, 
 and pono, to place.] 
 
 PROPRIETARY, pro-pife-tar-i, adj. be- 
 longing to a. proprietor. — n. a. proprietor: 
 an owner. 
 
 PROPRIETOR, pro-prl'e-tor, ?;. one who 
 has anything as his property: an owner : 
 —fern.' Propri'etress. — n. Peopri'etoe- 
 
 SHIP. 
 
 PROPRIETY, pro-prl'e-ti. n. state of being 
 proper or right : agreement with estab- 
 lished principles or customs : fitness : 
 accuracy: peculiar right of p)ossession, 
 property. [Fr. — L. projmetas—propriiis, 
 one's own. See PROPER.] 
 
 PROPULSION, pro-pul'shun, n. act of pro- 
 
 pelling. 
 ?RC 
 
 PROPULSIVE, pro-pul'siv, adj. tending or 
 
 havinir power to jjrr.peZ. 
 PROROGATION, pro-ro-ga'shun, n. act of 
 
 proroguing. 
 PROROGUE, pro-rog'. v.t. to continue 
 
 from one session to another, as the 
 
 British Parliament : — pr.2>. prorog'uing; 
 
 pa.t. and j^c-P- prorogxied'. [Fr. — L. 
 
 prorogo, -atiim^pro, forward, and rogo, 
 
 to ask.] 
 PROSAIC, pro-za'ik, PROSAICAL. nro- 
 
 za'ik-al, adj. pertaining- to prose : like 
 
 prose. — adv. Prosa'ically. [See Prose.] 
 PROSCENIUM, pro-se'ni-um, n. the front 
 
 part of the stage. [L. — Gr. prosk?nion 
 
 —-pro. before, Skene, the stasje.] 
 PROSCRIBE, pro-skrib', v.t. to publish the 
 
 names of persons to be punished : to 
 banish: to prohibit: to denounce, as doc- 
 trine. — n. Proscrib'er. [L. proscribo — 
 piro, before, publich', and scribo, serip- 
 tum. to wi-ite.] 
 
 PROSCRIPTION, pro-skrip'shun. n. the act 
 of proscribing or dooming to death, or 
 outlawry : utter rejection. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 PROSCRIPTIVE, pro-skrip'tiv. adj. per 
 taining to or consisting in p)'o.scr(/;f(0)i. 
 
 PROSE, proz, )i. the direct, straight for- 
 ivard arrangement of words, free fi-om 
 poetical measures : ordinary spoken and 
 written language : all -writings not in 
 verse. — adj. pertaining to prose : not 
 poetical: plain: dull. — v.i. to write pi-ose: 
 to speak or write tediouslj'. — n. Pros'er. 
 [Fr. — L. prosa, for ]}rorsa — prorsus, 
 straightforward — pro, forward, verto, 
 versum, to turn.] 
 
 PROSECUTE, pros'e-kQt, v.t. to follow on- 
 wards or pursue, in order to reach or 
 accomplish : to continue : to pursue by 
 law. — v.i. to can\y on a legal prosecution. 
 [L. proaequor — pro. onwards, and sequor, 
 seen t us. to follow. See Sequence.] 
 
 PROSECUTION, pros-e-ku'shun, n. the act 
 of prosecuting: pursuit: a ci-vil or criminal 
 suit. 
 
 PROSECUTOR, pros'e-kut-or, n. one who 
 prosecutes or pursues any plan or busi- 
 ness : one who carries on a criminal suit: 
 —fern. Pros'ecutrix. 
 
 PROSELYTE. pros'e-iTt, n. one who has 
 come over to a religion or opinion : a 
 convert. [Fr. — L. — Gr. proselytos—pros- 
 ercliomai, to come to^pros, to, and 
 erchomai. elython, to come.] 
 
 PROSELYTISM, pros'e-lit-izm, n. the act 
 of pro.'iehjtizing or of making- converts, 
 
 PROSELYTIZE, pros-e-Ut-iz','i'.?. to make 
 2)roseli/tes. 
 
 PROSOblAL. pros-6'di-al, PROSODICAL, 
 pros-od'ik-al, adj. pertaining to prosody , 
 according- to the rules of prosody. — adv. 
 Prosod'ically. 
 
 PROSODIAN, pros-5'di-an, PROSODIST, 
 pros'o-dist, n. one skilled in prosody. 
 
 PROSODY, pros'o-di, n. that part of gram- 
 mar which treats of quantity-, accent, 
 and the laws of verse or versification. 
 [Fr. — L. prosodia, Gr. prosodia, a song 
 sung to niusic, an accompan3ing song — 
 jyros. to. and ode, a song.] 
 
 PROSOPOPOEIA, pros-o-po-pe'ya. n. a rhe- 
 torical figure by which manimate objects 
 are spoken of as persons ; personification. 
 [Gr. prosopopoiia—prosbpon, a person, 
 and poieo. to make.] 
 
 PROSPECT, pros'pekt. n. a looking for- 
 ward : a view : olijeet of view : a scene : 
 expectation. — n. Prospect'ing. .searching 
 a district for gold or silver mines with a 
 view to further operations. [L. jjrospee- 
 tus — pirospicio, prospectum, to look for- 
 ward — pro. forward, and specio. to look.] 
 
 PROSPECTION, pro-spek'shun, n. the act 
 of looking forward or of providing for 
 future wants. 
 
 PROSPECTIVE, pro-spek'tiv, adj., looking 
 forward : acting with foresight : relatino;- 
 to the future : distant. — adv. Prospec- 
 tively. [Fr.— L.] 
 
 PROSPECTUS, pio-spek'tus. n. the outline 
 of any plan submitted for public ap- 
 proval, ])arlicnlarly of a literary work or 
 of a company oj- joint-stock concern. 
 
 PROSPER, pros'per, v.t. to make fortunate 
 or hapjjy : (B.) to make to prosper. — v.i. 
 to be successful : to succeed. 
 
 PROSPERITY, i)ros-per'i-ti, n. the state of 
 \yiAns: jyrosperous: success: good fortune. 
 
 PROSPEROUS, pros'per-us. adj.. according 
 to liope : in accordance with one's wishes: 
 favorable : successful. — adv. Pros-'PER- 
 OUSLY. [L. jjro.'iper. prosjierus—xiro. in 
 accordance with, and spes, hope.]
 
 PROSTITUTE 
 
 344 
 
 PROVISORY 
 
 1 
 
 PROSTITUTE, pros'ti-tut, v.t. to expose for 
 sale for bad ends : to sell to wickedness 
 or lewdness : to devote to any improper 
 purpose. — adj. openlv devoted to lewd- 
 ness : sold to wickeclness. — n. a female 
 who indulges in lewdness, esp. for hire : 
 a base hireling. [L. prostituo, -xduni — 
 pro. before, statuo, to place.] 
 PROSTITUTION, pros-ti-tu'shun, Ji. the 
 act ov practice of prostituting : lewdness 
 for hire : the life of a lewd woman : the 
 being devoted to infamous purposes. 
 PROSTITUTOR, pros'ti-tut-or, n. one who 
 
 prostitutes either himself or another. 
 PROSTRATE, pros'trat, adj., throion for- 
 wards on the ground : lying at length : 
 lying at mercy : bent in'adoration. — v.t. 
 to throw forwards on the ground : to lay 
 flat: to overthrow: to sink totally: to bow 
 in humble reverence. [L. pro. forwards, 
 and sterno, stratum, to throw on the 
 ground.] 
 PROSTRATION, pros-tra'shun, n. act of 
 throwing down or laj'ing flat : act of 
 falling down in adoration : dejection : 
 complete loss of strength. 
 PROSY, proz'i, adj. like dull prose: dull 
 and tedious in discourse or writing. — adv. 
 Pros'ily. — n. Pkos'iness. 
 PROTEAN, pro'te-an or pro-te'an, adj. 
 readily assuming different shapes, like 
 Proteus, the sea-god, fabled to have the 
 power of changing himself into an end- 
 less varietj' of forms. 
 PROTECT, pro-tekt', v.t. to colter in front : 
 to cover over: to defend: to shelter. [L. 
 pro. in front, and tego, tectum, akin to Gr. 
 stego. to cover.] 
 PROTECTION, pro-tek'shun, n. act ot pro- 
 tecting : state of being protected: preser- 
 vation: defence: guard: refuge: security: 
 passport . 
 PROTECTIONIST, pro-tek'shun-ist, n. one 
 who favors the protection of trade by 
 law. 
 PROTECTIVE, pro-tekt'iv, adj. affording 
 
 protection : defensive : sheltering. 
 PROTECTOR, pro-tekt'or, n. one who pro- 
 tects from injury or oppression: a guard- 
 ian : a regent:— /e?n. Pkotect'ress, Pro- 
 tect'rix. — n. Peotect'orship. 
 PROTECTORAL, pro-tekt'or-al, PROTEC- 
 TORIAL, pro-tek-to'ri-al, adj. pertaining 
 to a protector or regent. 
 PROTECTORATE, pi-o-tekt'or-at, n. gov- 
 ernment by a protector : the authority 
 assunied by a superior. 
 PROTEGE, pro-ta-zha', n. one under the 
 protection of another : a pupil : a ward : 
 —fern. PROTfiGfiE'. [Fr., pa.p. of pro- 
 teger, to protect — L. protego.] 
 PROTEIN, pro'te-in, n. the supposed com- 
 mon radical of the group of bodies which 
 form the most essential articles ot food, 
 albumen, flbrine, etc. [Gr. prbtos, first, 
 and suffix -jh.] 
 PROTEST, pro-test', v.i. to bear intness he- 
 fore others : to declare openly : to give 
 a solemn declaration of opinion. — v.t. to 
 make a solemn declaration of : to note, 
 as a bill of exchange, from non-accept- 
 ance or non-payment. — n. Protest'er. 
 [Fr. — L. protestor, -atiis — pro, , before, 
 lestor — testis, a witness] 
 PROTEST, pro'test, n. a solemn or formal 
 protesting or declaration, esp. one in 
 writing by the minority of a body, ex- 
 pressing dissent : the attestation by a 
 Dotarv-public of an unpaid or unaccepted 
 bill. 
 PROTESTANT, prot'es-tant, adj.. protest- 
 ing : pertaining to the faith of those who 
 protest against the Church of Rome. — n. 
 {orig.) one ot those who, in 1539. pro- 
 tested against an edict of Charles V. and 
 the Diet of Spires : one who protests 
 against the Church of Rome. 
 
 PROTESTANTISM, prot'es-tant-izm, n. the 
 Protestant religion. 
 
 PROTESTATION, prot-es-ta'shun, n. the 
 act of protesting : a solemn declaration : 
 a declaration of dissent : a declaration in 
 jjleading. 
 
 PROTOCOL, pro'to-kol, ?!. the .^rsf copy of 
 any document : the rough draught of an 
 instrument or transaction. [Fr. proto- 
 cols — Low L. protocoUum — late Gr. pro- 
 tokollon, the first leaf glue4 to the rolls 
 of papj'rus and to notarial documents — 
 Gr. protos, first, and kolla, glue.] 
 
 PROTOMARTYR, pro'to-mar'ter, n. St, 
 Stephen the Jirst Christian martyr: the 
 first who suffers in any cause. [Gr. pro- 
 tos, first, and Maetye.] 
 
 PROTOPHYTE, pro'to-fit, n. the first or 
 lowest order of plants. [Gr. protos, first, 
 and phyton, a plant— pAj/o, to cause to 
 grow.] 
 
 PROTOPLASM, pro'to-plazm, n. a homo- 
 geneous, structureless substance, form- 
 ing the physical basis of life, endowed 
 with contractility, with a chemical com- 
 position allied to that of albumen. [Gr. 
 protos, first, and plasma, form— plasso, 
 to form.] 
 
 PROTOTYPE, pro'to-tTp, n. the first or 
 original type or model after which any- 
 thing is copied : an exemplar : a pattern. 
 [Fr. — L. — Gr., from protos, first, and 
 typos, a type.] 
 
 PROTOZOAN, pro-to-zo'an, n. one of the 
 Jirst or lowest class of animals. [Gr. 
 protos. first, and zoon, an animal.] 
 
 PROTOZOIC, pro-to-zo'ik, adj. pertaining 
 to the protozoans : containing remains of 
 the earliest life of the globe. 
 
 PROTRACT, pro-trakt', v.t. to draw out or 
 lengthen in time : to prolong : to draw 
 to a scale. [L. — pro, forth, and traho, 
 to draw.] 
 
 PROTRACTION, pro-trak'shun, n. act of 
 protracting or prolonging : the delaying 
 the termination of a thing : the plotting 
 or laying down of the dimensions of any- 
 thing on paper. 
 
 PROTRACTIVE, pro-trakt'iv, adj., draiv- 
 ing out in time : prolonging : delaying. 
 
 PROTRACTOR, pro-trakt'or, n. one who or 
 tliat which protracts : a mathematical 
 instrument for laying down angles on 
 paper, used in surveving, etc. 
 
 PROTRUDE, pro-tro6d', v.t. to thrust or 
 push forwards : to drive along : to put 
 out. — v.i. to be thrust forward or beyond 
 the usual limit. [L. protr%ido^pro, for- 
 wards, and trudo, to thrust.] 
 
 PROTRUSION, pro-troo'zhun, n. the act 
 of thrusting fonvard or beyond the usual 
 limit: the state of being protruded. [Pro- 
 trusus,Tpa,.Tp.of protrudo. [See Protrude.] 
 
 PROTRUSIVE, pro-troo'siv, adj., thrust- 
 ing or impelling /oncard. 
 
 PROTUBERANCE, pro - tub'er-ans, n. a 
 swelling forward or forth: a prominence: 
 a tumor. 
 
 PROTUBERANT, pro - tub'er - ant, adj. , 
 sicelling : prominent. — adv. Protub'er- 
 
 ANTLY. 
 
 PROTUBERATE, pro - tub'er - at, v.i. to 
 sivell or bulge otit. [L. protubero, -atus 
 —pro, forward, tuber, a swelling. See 
 
 TtTBER.] 
 
 PROUD, prowd (comp. Proud'er ; superl. 
 Protjd'est), adj. having excessive self- 
 esteem : arrogant : haughty : daring : 
 grand : ostentatious. — adv. Prodd'LY. 
 m.E. pnid—A.S. pn'it. Cf. Pkide.] 
 
 PROUD-FLESH, prowd'-flesh, n. a growth 
 or excrescence of flesh in a wound. 
 [Prou7> and Flesh.] 
 
 PROVABLE, proov'a-bl. adj. that may be 
 proved. — adv. Peov'ablt. — n. Pkov'- 
 ABLEMXS& 
 
 PROVE, proov, v.t. to fr?/ by experiment 
 or by a test or standard : to try by suffer- 
 ing : to establish or ascertain as truth by 
 argument or other evidence : to demon- 
 strate : to ascertain the genuineness of : 
 to experience or suffer : (math.) to ascer-- 
 tain the correctness of any result. — v.i. 
 to make trial : to turn out : to be shown 
 afterwai'ds. — n. Prov'er. [O. Fr. 2}rover 
 (Fr. prouver), which, like A.S. profian 
 and Ger. proben, is from L. probo — pro- 
 bus, excellent.] 
 PROVEN, prov'n, (Scots law) same ai 
 
 Proved, pa.p. of Prove. 
 PROVENDER, prov'en-der, n. dry food for 
 beasts, as hay or corn : esp. a mixture of 
 naeal and cut straw or hay. [M.E. pro- 
 vende — Fr. — L. prcebenda. See Prebend, 
 in Late L. a daily allowance of food.] 
 
 PROVERB, prov'erb, w. a short familiar 
 sentence, forcibly expressing a well- 
 known truth or moral lesson : a by- 
 word :— pZ. a book of the Old Testament. 
 [Fr. proverbe — L. proverbium — pro, pub- 
 licly, and verbum, a word.] 
 
 PROVERBIAL, pro-verb'i-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to proverbs : mentioned in or resem- 
 bling a proverb : widely spoken of. — adv. 
 Peoverb'iaixy. 
 
 PROVIDE, pro-vid', v.t. to make ready 
 beforehand : to prepare : to supply. — v.i. 
 to procure supplies or means of defence : 
 to take measures : to bargain previously. 
 — n. Provtd'er. [Lit. "to foresee," L. 
 provideo — pro, before, video, to see. 
 Doublet Purvey. See Vision.] 
 
 PROVIDENCE, prov'i-dens, n. timely prep- 
 aration : (theol.) the foresight and care of 
 God over all his creatures : God, consid- 
 ered in this relation : prudence in man- 
 aging one's affairs. [Fr. — L. providentia.} 
 
 PROVIDENT, prov'i-dent, adj. pro\iding 
 for the future : cautious : prudent : eco 
 nomical.— adr. Prov'idently. [L. pro- 
 vid-ens, -entis, pr.p. of provideo. See 
 Provide. Doublet Prudent.] 
 
 PROVIDENTIAL, prov-i-den'shal, adj. , ef- 
 fected by or proceeding from divine prov- 
 idence. — adv. Providen'tially. 
 
 PROVINCE, prov'ins, n. a portion of an 
 empire or state : the district over which 
 one has jurisdiction : a region : a busi- 
 ness or dutj' : one's business or calling : 
 a department of knowledge. [Fr.— L. pro- 
 vincia. Ety. unknown.] 
 
 PROVINCIAL, pro-vin'shal, adj. relating 
 to a province : belonging to a division 
 of a country : characteristic of the in- 
 habitants of a province : rude : unpol- 
 ished. — n. an inhabitant of a province or 
 countrj' district : in the R. Cath. Church, 
 the superintendent of the heads of the 
 religious houses in a province. — adv. 
 Provin'oially. 
 
 PROVINCIALISM, pro-vin'shal-izm, n. 
 mode of speech peculiar to a, province or 
 countrv district : a peculiarity of dialect. 
 
 PROVISION. pro-Tizh'un. n. act of provid- 
 ing : that which is provided or prepared: 
 measures taken beforehand: preparation: 
 previous agreement : a store of food : 
 provender. — v.t. to supply with provisions 
 or food. [Fr. — Ij.— provisos, pa.p. of 
 provideo. See Provide.] 
 
 PROVISIONAL, pro-vizh'un-al, adj.. pro- 
 tnded for an occasion : temporary. — adv. 
 Provis'ionaixy. 
 
 PROVISO, pro-vi'zo, n. a provision or con- 
 dition in a deed or other writing : the 
 clause containing it : any condition .-pJ. 
 Provisos, provT'zoz. [From the L. phrase 
 proviso quod, it being provided that.] 
 
 PROVISORY, pro-vl'zor-i. adj. cont,aining 
 a proviso or condition : conditional : 
 making temporary provision : tempor 
 ary. — adv. Provi'sorily.
 
 FKOVOCATION 
 
 345 
 
 PUFF 
 
 PROVOCATION, prov-o-ka'shun, n. act of 
 provoking : that which provokes. [Fr. 
 — L. provocat2is, pa.p. of provoco. See 
 Provoke. J 
 
 PROVOCATIVE, pro-vo'ka-tiv, adj. tend- 
 ing to provoke or excite. — n. anything 
 provocative. 
 
 PROVOKE, pro-vok', v.t. to call forth : to 
 excite to action : to excite with anger : 
 to offend : (B.) to challenge. — adv. Peo- 
 vok'ingly. [Fr. provoquer — L. — pro, 
 forth, roco, to call. See Vocajl.] 
 
 PROVOST, prov'ust, n. the dignitary set 
 over a cathedral or collegiate church : 
 the head of a college : (Scotland) the 
 chief magistrate of certain classes of 
 burghs, answering to mayor in other 
 cities. — n. Lord Provost, the style of 
 the chief magistrates of Edinburgh, 
 Glasgow, Perth, and Aberdeen. — n. Pro- 
 tost-Marshal, an officer of the English 
 army with special powers for enforcing 
 discipline: an officer of the English navy 
 having charge of prisoners. [Lit. "one 
 placed over others," O. Fr. provost (Fr. 
 prevot) — L. prcepositus, pa.p. of prcepono 
 —jprce, over, pono, to place.] 
 
 PROVOSTSHIP, prov'ust-ship, n. the office 
 of a provost. 
 
 PROW, prow, n. the forepart of a ship. 
 [Fr. proue (It. prua) — L. prora — Gr. — 
 pro, before.] 
 
 PROWESS, prow'es or pro'es, n. bravery, 
 esp. in war : valor. [Fr. prouesse, from 
 O. Fr. prou (Fr. preux). valiant, prob. 
 from L. pro. for the good of. Cf. Prude.] 
 
 PROWL, prowl, v.i. to rove in search of 
 prey or plunder. — n. Peowl'er. [O. Fr., 
 as if proieler, from Fr. proie—L. j^rceda, 
 prey. See Peey.] 
 
 PROXIMATE, proks'i-mat, adj., nearest or 
 next: having the most intimate connec- 
 tion : near and immediate. — adv. Prox'- 
 DiATELY. [L. proximus, next, superl. of 
 obs. propi,s, near.] 
 
 I'ROXIMITY, proks-im'it-i, n. immediate 
 nearness. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 PROXIMO, proks'i-mo, adj. (in) the next 
 (month). 
 
 PROXY, proks'l, n. the agency of one who 
 acts for another : one who acts for an- 
 other, or the writing by which he is 
 deputed. [Lit. "the office of procura- 
 tor." from obs. E. procuracy, from PRO- 
 CURATOR.] 
 
 PRUDE, prood, n. a woman of affected 
 
 modesty. [Fr. — O. Fr. prode, fem. of 
 
 prod, excellent, 
 
 virtuous.] 
 
 from L. probus, good, 
 
 PRUDENCE, proo'dens, n. quality of being 
 prudent : wisdom applied to practice : 
 caution. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 PRUDENT, proo'dent, adj. (lit.) provident 
 or foreseeing : cautious and wise in con- 
 duct : careful : discreet : dictated by fore- 
 thought : frugal. — adv. Pru'dently. [Fr. 
 — L. prudens, priidentis, contr. of provi- 
 dens. pr.p. of provideo, to foresee. See 
 Provide.] 
 
 PRUDENTIAL, proo - den'shal, adj. pro- 
 ceeding from or dictated by prudence. — 
 adv. Pruden'tially. 
 
 PRUDERY, pr66d'er-i, n. manners of a 
 prude. 
 
 PRUDISH, prood'ish, adj. like a prude : 
 affectedly modest or reserved. — adv. 
 P*rud'ishly. 
 
 PRUNE, proon, v.t. to trim, as trees or 
 branches. by lopping off superfluous parts: 
 to divest of anything superfluous. — n, 
 Prun'er. [Lit.' "to propagate," older 
 form proin, prob. from Fr. proingner, to 
 propagate by slips — prorin. a shoot — L. 
 propag-o. -inis. See Propagate.] 
 
 PRLTNE, p»6on. n. a plum. esp. a dried 
 plum. [Fr. — L. prunum — Gi: prounon.] 
 
 PRUNELLA, pr6o-nel'a, PRUNELLO, 
 
 proo-nel'o, n. a strong, woollen stuff, 
 generally black. [Prob. Latinized form 
 of Fr. prunelle, a sloe, dim. of Fr. prune. 
 See Prune, n.] 
 
 PRURIENCE, proo'ri-ens, PRURIENCY, 
 proo'ri-en-si, n. state of being prurient. 
 
 PRURIENT, proo'ri-ent, adj., itching or un- 
 easy with desire. [L. prnriens, pr.p. of 
 prurio, to itch.] 
 
 PRY, pri, v.i. to peer or peep into that 
 which is closed : to inspect closely : to 
 try to discover with curiosity: — pa.t. 
 aai pa.p. pried. — adt'. PrVingly. [M.E. 
 piren. Doublet Peer, to look narrowly.] 
 
 PSALM, siim, n. a sacred song. — T^E 
 Psalms, one of the books of the Old 
 Testament. [L. psalmus — Gr. psalmos 
 (lit.) a ficitching or twanging the strings 
 of a liarp, from psallo, to *\vang.] 
 
 PSALMIST, sam'ist or sal'mist, ?*. a com- 
 poser of psalms, applied to David and the 
 
 • writers of the Scriptural psalms. [L. — 
 Gr.] 
 
 PSALMODIC, sal-mod'ik, PSALMODICAL, 
 sal-niod'ik-al,ad/. pertaining topsalmody. 
 
 PSAL5I0DIST, sal'mod-ist, n. a singer of 
 psalms. 
 
 PSALMODY, sam'o-di or sal'mo-di, n. the 
 singing of psalms : psalms collectively. 
 [Gr. psalmodia, singing to the harp — 
 psalmos (see Psauu), and ode, a song (see 
 Ode).] 
 
 PSALTER, sawl'ter, n. the book of Psalms, 
 esp. when separately printed : in the R. 
 Cath. Church, a series of 150 devout sen- 
 tences : a rosary of 150 beads, according 
 to the number of the psalms. [O. Fr. 
 psaltiei — L. psalterium.] 
 
 PSALTERY, sawl'ter-i, n. a stringed in- 
 strument of the Jews. [O. Fr. psalterie 
 (Fr. psalterion)—h. psalterium — Gr. psal- 
 terion. Cf. Psalm.] 
 
 PSEUDONYM, su'do-nim, n. a fictitious 
 name assumed, as by an author. — adj. 
 Pseudo'nymous, bearing a fictitious 
 name. [Fr. — Gr. pseud-es, false, and 
 onoma- E. Name.] 
 
 PSHAW, shaw, int. of contempt. [Imita- 
 tivej 
 
 PSYCHICAL, si'kik-al, adj. pertaining to 
 the sold, or living principle in man. [L. 
 pisychicus — Gr. psychikos — psyche, tlie 
 soul — psycho, to breathe.] 
 
 PSYCHOLOGIC, sl-ko-loj'ik, PSYCHO- 
 LOGICAL, sT-ko-loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining 
 to psychology.— adv. Psycholog'ically. 
 
 PSYCHOLOGIST, sl-kol'o-jist, n. one who 
 studies psychology. 
 
 PSYCHOLOGY, si-kol'o-ji, w. the science 
 which classifies and analyzes the phen- 
 omena of the h'uuan mind. [Gr. psyche, 
 the soul, and logos, a treatise.] 
 
 PTARMIGAN, tar'mi-gan, n. a species of 
 grouse with feathered toes inhabiting 
 the tops of mountains. [Gael, tarma- 
 chan.'\ 
 
 PUBERTY, pu'ber-ti, n. the age of full 
 development: early manhood or woman- 
 hood. [Fr. ptdterte — L. pubertas, -talis 
 — pubes, the signs of manhood, from root 
 of Pupil.] 
 
 PUBESCENCE, pu-bes'ens, n. state of one 
 arrived at puberty: (bot.) the soft, short 
 hair on plants. 
 
 PUBESCENT, pu-bes'ent, adj. arriving at 
 puberty: (bot. and zool.) covered with 
 soft, short hair. [L. pubesc-ens, -entis, 
 pr.p. of pubesco, to arrive at puberty — 
 pubes. See Puberty.] 
 
 PUBLIC, pub'lik. adj. of or belonging to 
 the people : pertaining to a community 
 or a nation : general : common to all : 
 generally known. — n. the people: the 
 general body of mankind : the people, 
 indetinitely.— (irfr. Pub'UCLY. [Fr. — L. 
 publicus—populus, the people. Cf. Peo- 
 ple.] 
 
 PUBLICAN, pub'lik-an, n. the keeper of an 
 inn or public-house : (orig.) a farmer- 
 general of the Roman public revenue : a 
 tax-collector. [L.] 
 
 PUBLICATION, pub-li-ka'shun, n. the act 
 of publishing or making public : a procla- 
 mation : the act of printing and .sending 
 forth to the public, as a book : that wliicc 
 is published as a book, etc. 
 
 PUBLIC-HOUSE, pub'lik-hows, n. a house 
 open to the public : a house of public 
 entertainment. [Eng.] 
 
 PUBLICIST, pub'li-sist, n. one who writes 
 on, or is skilled in public law, or current 
 political topics. 
 
 PUBLICITY, pub-lis'i-ti, n. the state of 
 being public or open to the knowledge 
 of all : notoriety. 
 
 PUBLIC-SPIRITED, pub'lik-spir'it-ed, adj. 
 ha\'ing a spirit actuated by regard to the 
 pniblic interest : with a regard to the 
 public interest. — adv. Pub'lic-spir'ited- 
 LY.— «. Pub'lic-spir'itedness. 
 
 PUBLISH, pub'lish, v.t. to make public: 
 to divulge or reveal : to announce : to 
 proclaim : to send forth to the public : 
 to print and offer for sale : to put into 
 circulation. [Fr. — L. publico, -atus — 
 pvbliciis.] 
 
 PUBLISHER, pub'lish-er, n . one who makes 
 public or proclaims : one who publishes 
 books. 
 
 PUCE, pus, adj. brownish-purple. [Lit. 
 flea-colored ; Fr. pnce — L. pulex, pnilicis, 
 a flea.] 
 
 PUCK, puk, n. a goblin or mischievous 
 spiite : a celebrated fairy. [M.E. pouke 
 — Celt., as Ir. puca, W. birg ; conn, with 
 Ice. piiki. See the parallel forms PuG, 
 Bug.] 
 
 PUCKER, puk'er, v.t. to gather into folds; 
 to wrinkle.— H. a fold or wrinkle. [Lit, 
 " to gather into the form of apoke." See 
 Poke, a bag, and Pock.] 
 
 PUDDENING, pud'n-ing, n. (naut.) a quan« 
 tity of yarns, oakum, or mats wrought 
 round a rope, to make a stop upon it, to 
 prevent cliaflng, or for other purposes. 
 
 PUDDING, pood'ing, n. an intestine filled 
 with meat, a sausage : a soft kind of 
 food, of flour, milk, eggs, etc. [Prob. 
 Celt., as W. poten, Ir. putog—pot, a bag; 
 Ger. pudding, Fr. boudin, L. botulus, are 
 prob. all related words.] 
 
 PUDDLE, pud'l, n. a small pool of muddy 
 water : a mixture of clay and sand. — i:t. 
 to make muddy : to make impervious to 
 water with clay : to convert into bar or 
 wrought ii-on. — v.i. to make a dirtv stir. 
 [M.E. podel (for plod-el) — CeXt. plod, a 
 pool, conn, with Flood and Flow.] 
 
 PtJDDLER, pud'ler, n. one who turns cast- 
 iron into wrought-iron by puddling. 
 
 PUDDLING, pud'ling, n. the act of render- 
 ing impervious to water by means of 
 clay: the process of converting cast into 
 bar or wrought iron. 
 
 PUERILE, pu'er-Il, adj. pertaining to 
 children : childish : trifling : silly. — adv. 
 Pu'erilely. [Fr. pueril — L. inierilis — 
 puer, a child. Cf. FOAL.] 
 
 PUERILITY, pu-er-il'i-ti, n. quality of 
 being puerile: that which is puerile: a 
 cliildish expression. 
 
 PUERPERAL, pu-er'per-al, adj. relating 
 to childbirth. [L. pmerpera, bearing 
 children — puer, a child, and pario, to 
 bear. Cf. FoAL and Parent.] 
 
 PUFF, puf, v.i. to blow in puffs or whiffs : 
 to swell or fill with air : to breathe with 
 vehemence : to blow at, in contempt : to 
 bustle about. — I'.t. to drive with a puff : 
 to swell with a wind : to praise in ex- 
 aggerated terms. — n. a sudden, forcible 
 breath : a sudden blast of wind : a gust 
 or whiil : a fungous ball containing dust : 
 anything light and porous, or swollen
 
 PUFFERY 
 
 346 
 
 PUP 
 
 and light : a kind of liffht pastrj' : an ex- 
 aggerated expression of praise. — n. Puff'- 
 ER. — Puff up {B.) to inflate. [Imitative ; 
 cog. with Ger. puff-en, etc.] 
 
 ETJFFERY, pufer-i, n., puffing or extrava- 
 gant praise. 
 
 PITFFIM', pufin, n. a water-fowl having a 
 sliort, thick, projecting beak like that of 
 a parrot. [Named eitlier from its swell- 
 ing beak or its round belly. See PtJFF.] 
 
 PUFFY, pufi, adj., puffed out with air or 
 any soft matter ; tumid : bombastic. — 
 adv. Pvff'tly. — n. Puff'INESS. 
 
 PUG, pug, n. a monkey : a small kind of 
 dog : any small animcil (in familiarity or 
 contemnt). [Lit. "an imp;" a corr. of 
 
 Pl-CK.] * 
 
 PUGH, poo, int. of contempt or disdain. 
 [Imitative.] 
 
 PUGILISM, pu'jil-izm, 7i. the art of boxing 
 or fighting with the fists. — adj. Pcoilist'-' 
 IC. [From L. pugil. a boxer — root pug, 
 whence L. pugnus, E. Fist.] 
 
 PUGILIST, pu'jil-ist, n. one who fights 
 with his lists. 
 
 PUGNACIOUS, pug-na'shus, adj. fond of 
 Jighting : combative : quarrelsome. — adv. 
 Pugna'ciouslt.— n. Pugnac'ity. [L.pug- 
 na.r. pngnacis—pugno, to fight — pugnus, 
 E. Fist.] 
 
 PUISNE, pu'ni, adj. (Inu-) inferior in rank, 
 applied to certain judges in England. 
 [Lit. "born ■after," O. Fr. (Fr. puine), 
 from puis — L.posf, after, and ne, pa. p. of 
 naitre — L. nascor. natus, to be born. 
 Doublet of Puny.] 
 
 PUISSANT, pu'is-ant or pu-is'ant, adj. , po- 
 tent or powerful . strong : forcible. — adi: 
 
 PC'ISSANTLY.— ?!< PU'ISSANCE. [Fr. (It. 
 
 possente), from L. potens. powerful, mod- 
 ified by the influence of L. posse, to be 
 able. Of. Potent and Possible.] 
 
 PUKE, piik, v.i. to spew : vomit. [A form 
 of Spew.] 
 
 iXULE, pul, v.i. to pipe or chirp : to cry, 
 whimper, or whine, like a child. — n. Pm,'- 
 ER. [From Fr. piauler, like It. pigolare, 
 L. pipilo, and pipe, to pipe, formed from 
 the sound.] 
 
 PULL, pool, v.t. to draw^ or try to draw : 
 to draw forcibly : to tear : to pluck. — v.i. 
 to give a pull : to draw. — n. the act of 
 pulling : a struggle or contest. [A.S. 
 pndlian, conn, with Low Ger. pulen, to 
 pUickJ 
 
 PULLET, pool'et, n. a young hen. [Fr. 
 poidette, dim. of potde, a hen — Low L. 
 pulht, a hen, fern, of L. pullus, a young 
 animal, cog. with Foal. Poult is a 
 doublet.] 
 
 PULLEY, pool'i, n. a wheel turning about 
 an axis, and ha^^ng a groove in which a 
 cord runs, used for raising weights : — pi, 
 Pull'ets. [M. E. poleyn, from A.S. pid- 
 lian : ace. to others, from Fr. poultxm — 
 Low L. pidlanus—pulUis (E. Foal); ace. 
 to Diez from Fr. poulie, which is from E. 
 Pull.] 
 
 PULMONARY, pul'mon-ar-i, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or affecting the lungs. [L. ptd- 
 monarius — pulmo, pulmonis, a lung— -Gr. 
 pleumon. pneumon, lung — ^root pnu, to 
 bi-eathe.J 
 
 PULMONIC, pul-mon'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 or affecting the lungs. — n. a medicine for 
 disease of the lungs : one affected bj' dis- 
 ease of the lungs. 
 
 PULP, pulp, n. the soft fleshy part of 
 bodies : marrow : the soft part of plants, 
 esp. of fruits : anj* soft mass. — v.t. to re- 
 duce to pulp: to deprive of pulp : to 
 separate the pulp. [Fr. pv.lpe — L. pulpa, 
 perh. conn, with root of Palpable.] 
 
 Pulpit, pool'pit. n. a platform for speak- 
 ing from : an elevated or inclosed place 
 in a church where the sermon Is deliv- 
 
 ered : a desk. — adj. belonging to the pul- 
 pit. [Fr. — L. pulpitum, a stage. Etj-. 
 unknown.] 
 
 PULPOUS, pulp'us, adj. consisting of or 
 resemblingp!</p; soft. — n. I*ULP'OUSNESS. 
 
 PULPY, pulp'i, adj. like ^ju/p : soft. — n. 
 
 PULP'INESS. 
 
 PULSATE, pul'sat, v.i. to throb. [L. ptdso, 
 ptdsatus. to beat, freq. of pello, pulsus, 
 to drive.] 
 
 PULSATILE, pul'sat-il, adj. that may be 
 beaten : played by beating : acting by 
 pulsation. 
 
 PULSATION, pul-sa'shun, n. a beating or 
 throbbing : a motion of the pulse : any 
 measured beat : a vibration. [L. put- 
 satio.] 
 
 PULSATIVE, pul'sa-tiv, PULSATORY, 
 pulsa-tor-i, adj.. beating or throbbing. 
 
 PULSE, puis, n. a, beating : a throb : a vi- 
 bration : the beating of the heart and 
 the arteries. [Fr. pouls — L. j^^'^^'^s-^ 
 pello, pulsus. See Pulsate.] 
 
 PULSE, puis, n. grain or seed of beans, 
 pease, etc. [L. puis, porridge (Gr. po'tos). 
 Cf. Poultice.] 
 
 PULSELESS, puls'les, adj. having no pul- 
 sation. 
 
 PULVERABLE, pul'ver-a-bl. PULVERIZ- 
 ABLE, pul'ver-iz-a-bl, adj. that may be 
 reduced to fine powder. [L. pulvis,"pul- 
 veris, powder.] 
 
 PULVERIZE, pul'ver-iz, v.t. to reduce to 
 dust or fine powder. — M. Pclveriza'TION. 
 [Fr. — Late L. pulverizo — pidvis.'\ 
 
 PULVEROUS, pul'ver-us, adj. cons-sting 
 of or like dust or powder. [L. piulvereus7\ 
 
 PUMA, pQ'nia. n. a carnivorous animal, of 
 the cat kind, of a reddish-brown color 
 without spots, called also the American 
 lion. [Peru\iaa^>i(J«a.] 
 
 PUMICE, pii'mis, n. a hard, light, spongj-, 
 volcanic mineral. — adj. PuMl'CEOUS, of or 
 like pumice. [A.S. puniic(-stan). pumice- 
 (-stone) — L. pumex, pmnicis, for spumex 
 — sjmma, foam — spuo. See Spujie, and 
 PouxcE, a fine powder.] 
 
 PUMMEL. Same as PoiniEL. 
 
 PUMP, pump, n. a machine for raising 
 water and other fluids. — v.t. to raise 
 with a pump : to draw out information 
 b3- artful questions. — v.i. to work a 
 pump : to raise water b.y pumping. — «. 
 Pump'er. [Fr. pompe — Gfer. pmnj>e (for 
 plumpe), from the sound of splashing in 
 water. See Plump.] 
 
 PUMP, pump, n. a thin-soled shoe used in 
 dancing. [Fr. pompe. So called from 
 being used on showy occasions. See 
 Pomp.] 
 
 PUMPKIN, pump'kin, PUMPION, pump'- 
 yun, Ji. a plant of the gourd family and 
 its fruit. [A corr. of Fr. pomjyon — L. 
 pepo, -onis — Gr. i>epon. ripe, so called 
 because not eaten until ripe.] 
 
 PUN, pun. v.t. to play upon words similar 
 in sound but different in meaning : — jn-.j). 
 punn'ing ; pa.t. a.nH pa. p. punned. — n. a 
 play upon words. [Lit. "to hammer or 
 torture words." an old form of POUND, to 
 beat, from A.S. j5i«ni«n.] 
 
 PUNCH, contr. of Punchinello. [Through 
 the influence of prov. E. punch, tliick, 
 fat.] 
 
 PUNCH, punsh, «. a beverage of fit^e in- 
 gredients, spirit, water, sugar, lemon- 
 juice, and spice. [Hindi pnnch, five — 
 Sans. 2Janchan, cog. with E. FiTE.] 
 
 PUNCH, punsh, v.t. to prjVA- or pierce with 
 something sharp : to perforate with a 
 steel tool. — n. a tool for stamping or 
 perforating, a kind of awl. [A curtailed 
 form of Puncheon, a tool.] 
 
 PUNCH, punsh, v.t. to strike or hit. esp. 
 on the head. — n. a stroke or blow. [Prob. 
 a corr. of Punish.] 
 
 PUNCHEON, punsh'un, n. a steel tool with 
 one end for stamping or perforating 
 metal plates. [O. Fr. poinson, a bodkin, 
 a puncheon — L. punctio, -onis, a pricking 
 — pungo, punctus, to prick.] 
 
 PUNCHEON, punsh'un, n. a cask : a liquid 
 measure of 84 gallons. [O. Fr. jjoinson. 
 a cask ; perh. from the above, so called 
 from the brand stamped on it. Cf. HoGS^ 
 
 HEAD.] 
 
 PUNCHINELLO, punsh-i-nel'o, PUNCH, 
 punsh, n. the short, humpbacked figure 
 of a puppet-show : a buffoon. [A corr. 
 of It. pidcinello, dim. of pidcino. a young 
 chicken, a child — L. jndhis, a young ani- 
 mal. See Pullet and Foal.] 
 
 PUNCTATE, pungk'tat, PUNCTATED, 
 pungk'tat-ed, adj.. pointed: (6of.) punc- 
 tured : full of small holes. [Formed from 
 L. punctum, a point— jjungo, punctus, to 
 prick.] 
 
 PUNCTILIO, pungk-til'yo, n. a nice point 
 in behavior or ceremony: nicety in forms. 
 [Lit. "a little point, "'Sp. j5«»fi7?o, dim. 
 of punto, point — L. jnmcixim, point.] 
 
 PUNCTILIOUS, pungk-til'yus, adj. attend- 
 ing to little points or matters : veiy nice 
 or exact in behavior or ceremony : ex- 
 act or punctual to excess. — adv. PUNO- 
 til'iously. — n. PL'NCTIL'IOUSNESS. 
 
 PUNCTUAL, pungk'tu-al, adj. observant 
 of nice 2)oints, punctilious: exact in keep- 
 ing time and appointments : done at the 
 exact time. — n. PUNC'TUALIST. — adv. 
 PuNC'TUALLY. [Fr. poiictuel — h.ptinctum, 
 a point.] 
 
 PUNCTUALITY,pungk-tu-ari-ti.n.quaHty 
 or state of being })unctval : the keeping 
 the exact time of an appointment. 
 
 PUNCTUATE, pungk'tu-at, v.t. to mark 
 vrith points : to divide sentences by 
 certain marks. 
 
 PUNCTUATION, pungk-tu-a'shun, Ji. the 
 act or art of dividing sentences hy points 
 or marks. 
 
 PUNCTURE, pungk'tQr, n. a pricing : a 
 small hole made with a sharp point. — v.t. 
 to prick : to pierce with a pointed instru- 
 ment. [L. ptunctura^imngo.'] 
 
 PUNDIT, puu'dit, n. a learned man. [Sans. 
 pandita — pand. to pile up.] 
 
 PUNGENT, pun'ient, adj. jyrtcking or acrid 
 to taste or smell ; keen : sarcastic. — adi'. 
 Pun'gently. — n. Pcn'gency. [L. pun- 
 gens, -entis, pr.p. of pungo. See Poign- 
 ant.] 
 
 PUNISH, pun'ish, v.t. to exact a penalty: 
 to cause loss or pain for a fault or crime: 
 to chasten. — n. Pun'isher. [Fr. pnnir, 
 punissant — L. punire— poena, iienalty. 
 See Pain.] 
 
 PUNISHABLE, puu'ish-a-bl, adj. that may 
 be punished. 
 
 PUNISHMENT, pun'ish-ment, n. loss or 
 pain inflicted for a crime or fault. 
 
 PUNITH^E, pun'i-tiv, adj. pertaining to 
 punishment. 
 
 PUNKAH, pung'ka, n. a large /a?j consist- 
 ing of a light framework covered with 
 cloth and suspended from the ceding of 
 a room. [Hind. jJOJiA/id, a fan.] 
 
 PUNSTER, pun'ster, n. one whopujis or is 
 skilled in punning. 
 
 PUNT, punt, n. a ferry-boat : a flat-bot- 
 tometi boat. — i:t. to "propel, as a boat, 
 by pushing with a pole against the bot- 
 tom of a river. [A.S.— L. ponto. a punt, 
 a pontoon— pons, pontis. See Pontage 
 and Pontoon.] 
 
 PL^'Y, pu'ni, adj. (cotnp. Pu'NIEE, stiperl. 
 Pi/NIEST), small : feeble : inferior in size 
 or strength. [Lit. " born after or late." 
 Doublet of Puisne.] 
 
 PUP, pup, v.t. to bring forth puppies, as a 
 bitch -.—pr.j). pupp'ing ; pa.t. and pc-.p- 
 pupped. [Short for Puppy.]
 
 PUPA 
 
 347 
 
 PUSSY 
 
 PUPA, pu'pa, PUPE, pup or pu'pe, n. an 
 insect inclosed in a case before its full 
 development : a chrysalis -.—pi. PCP-a:, 
 pii'pe, PUPES, pu'pes. [L. pupa, a g-irl, 
 a doll, fern, of pitpus, a boy, a child.] 
 
 PUPIL, pil'pil, n. a little boy or girl : one 
 under the care of a tutor : a scholar : a 
 ward : {law) one under pubertj-. [Fr. 
 
 ) pupille — L. pupillus. impilla, dims, of 
 pupus, boy, pupa, girl.] 
 
 PUPIL, pu'pil, II. the apple of the eye, so 
 called from the baby-hke flgxires seen on 
 it. [Same as above ivord.] 
 
 PUPILAGE, pu'pil-aj, n. state of being a 
 pupil. 
 
 PUPILLAEY, PUPILARY, pu'pil-ar-i,"af?;. 
 pertaining to a pupil or ward, or to the 
 pupil of the eye. 
 
 PUPPET, pup'et, n. a small -^mU or image 
 moved by wires in a show : one entirely 
 under the contro' of another. — n. Pnpp'- 
 ET-SHOW, a mock show or drama per- 
 formed by puppets. [O. Fr. poupette, 
 dim. from L. pujia.} 
 
 PUPPY, pup'i, n.adofl : a conceited young 
 man : a whelp. — >i. Pupp'tisii, conceit in 
 men. [Fr. poupee, a doll or puppet — ^L. 
 pupa. Cf.PuPA.] 
 
 PUR. See PURR. 
 
 PURBLIND, pur'blind, adj. nearly blind : 
 near-sighted. — adv. Pur'blindlt. — n. 
 Piir'bundness. [For pure-hlind, i.e. 
 wholly blind ; the meaning has been 
 modified, prob. through some confusion 
 with the verb to pore.'] 
 
 PURCHASABLE, pur'chas-a-bl, adj. that 
 may be purcliased. 
 
 PURCHASE, pur'chas, v.t. (lit.) to chase 
 or seek for : to acquire : to obtain by 
 paying : to obtain hy labor, danger, etc.: 
 (law) to sue out or procure. — u. act of 
 purcliasing : that which is purchased : 
 any mechanical jjower or advantage in 
 raising or moving bodies. — Ji. Pue'- 
 CHASER. [Fr. pourchasser, to seek eager- 
 ly, pursue — pour (L. pro), for, chasser, to 
 chase. See Chase.] 
 
 PURE, pur, adj. (comp. Pcr'er, superl. 
 Pcr'est), clean, unsoiled : unmixed : not 
 adulterated : real : free from guilt or de- 
 filement : chaste : modest : mere : that 
 and that only. — adv. Pure'lt. — n. Pure'- 
 NESS. [Fr. pur — L. purus — root pu, to 
 make clean ; conn, with E. Fire, h-puto, 
 and its derivatives.] 
 
 PURGATION, pur-ga'shun, n. a purging : 
 (law) the clearing from imputation of 
 guilt. [Fr. — L. inn-gatio.] 
 
 PURGATIVE, pur'ga-tiv, adj., cleansing : 
 having the power of evacuating the in- 
 testines. — n. a medicine that evacuates. 
 [L. purgativus.'\ 
 
 PURGATORIAL, pur-ga-to'ri-al, adj. per- 
 taining to purgatory. 
 
 PURGATORY, pur'ga-tor-i, adj., purging 
 or cleansing : expiatory. — n. according to 
 R. Catholic and some eastern religions, 
 a place or state in which souls are after 
 death purified from veni;il sins. [Fr. 
 purgatoire — L. purgatorius. See Purge.] 
 
 Purge, purj, r.t. to make pure: to carry 
 off wliatever is impure or superfluous : 
 to clear from guilt: to evacuate, as the 
 bowels : to clarify, as liquors. — t\i. to 
 become pure by clarifying : to have fre- 
 
 : quent evacuations. [Fr. purger — L. 
 purge (for pur-igo)—X)urus, pure, and 
 ago, to do or make.] 
 PURGING, purj'ing, n. act of cleansing or 
 clearing. 
 
 PURIFICATION, pur-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act of 
 purifying : (B.) the act of cleansing cere- 
 monially by i-emoving defilement. [Fr. 
 — L. purificatio.] 
 
 PURIFICATORY, iHir-if'i-ka-tor-i,ady.tend- 
 
 iug to purify or cleanse. 
 PURIFY, pur'i-fl, v.t. to make pure : to free 
 
 from guilt or uncleanness : to free from 
 improprieties or barbarisms, as language. 
 — i:i. to become pure -.—pa.t. and pa.p. 
 pur'ifled. — n. Pcr'ifier. [Fr. purifier — 
 L. purifico — })unts, pure, /acio, to make.] 
 
 PURISM, pur'izm, n., pure or immaculate 
 conduct or style : the doctrine of a purist. 
 
 PURIST, piii-'ist, n. one who is excessively 
 pvre or nice in the choice of words. 
 
 PURITAN, pur'i-tan, n. one professing 
 great purity in religious life : one of a re- 
 ligious party in the time of Elizabeth and 
 the Stuarts marked by rigid purity in 
 doctrine and practice. — adj. pertaining to 
 the Puritans. 
 
 PURriANIC, piir-i-tan'ik, PURITANIC^ 
 AL, pQr-i-tan'ik-al, adj. like a Puritan : 
 rigid : exact. 
 
 PURITANISM, pur'i-tan-izm, n. the no- 
 tions or practice of Puritans. 
 
 PURITY, piir'i-ti, n. condition of being 
 X)ure. 
 
 PURL, purl, v.i. to flow with a murmuring 
 sound : to ripple. — n. a soft murmuring 
 sound, as of a stream among stones : an 
 eddy or ripple. [Prob. freq. of Purr ; cf. 
 Q\\' porla, G«r. perlen, to bubble.] 
 
 PURL, purl, v.t. to fringe with a waved 
 edging, as lace : (knitting) to invert 
 stitches. [Contr. of pwjt/'e — Fr. pourfiler 
 — ^jo((r (L.pro), and filer, to twist threads, 
 from ^7, a thread. Cf. File, a line, etc.] 
 
 PURL, purl, n. ale warmed and spiced. 
 [Prob. from Fr. perle, a pearl, from the 
 small pearl-like bubbles rising on its sur- 
 face. See Pearl.] 
 
 PURLIEU, pur'lu, n. the borders or envi- 
 rons of any place : (orig.) the grounds on 
 the borders of a forest. [Ace. to Skeat, 
 a forr. of O. Fr. puralee (a mere transla- 
 tion of L. pcrambulatio), land severed 
 from a royal forest by perambulation — 
 O. Fr. jmr (= L. p>ro), and allee, a going-. 
 See Alley.] 
 
 PURLOIN, pui--loin', v.t. to steal : to pla- 
 giarize. — n. Pu'RLOIn'er. [Lit. " to carrj- 
 away to a long distance ; M.E. purlon- 
 gen — O. Fr. purloignier — L. 2^''olongo. 
 See Prolong.] 
 
 PURPLE, pur'pl, n. a very dark-red color : 
 a purple dress or robe, orig. worn onlj' 
 by royalty : a robe of honor. — adj. red 
 tinged with blue : blood-red : bloody. — 
 v.t. to dye purple: to clothe with purple. 
 [M.E. purpre — O. Fr. porpre (Fr. pom-- 
 pre) — L. purpura — Gr. porphyra. See 
 Porphyry.] 
 
 PURPORT, pur'port, n. design : significa- 
 tion. — v.i. to mean. \\At. "that which 
 is carried or conveyed," O.Fr. pur (Fr. 
 pour) — L. iwo, for, and Fr. porter— h. 
 porta, to carry.] 
 
 PITRPOSE, pur'pos, n. that which a person 
 sets before himself as an end : aim : in- 
 tention : effect. — v.t. to intend. — v.i. to 
 have an intention. [O. Fr. purposer, 
 form of proposer (see Propose), influ- 
 enced bv Fr. projMS (L. ponere), to place.] 
 
 PURPOSELESS, pur'pos-les, adj. without 
 purpose or effect : aimless. 
 
 PURPOSELY, p\u-'pos-li, adv. with purpose 
 or design : intentionally. 
 
 PURR, PUR, pur, v.i. to utter a murmur- 
 ing sound, as[a cat. — n. (also Purr'ing), 
 the low, murmuring sound of a cat. 
 [From the sound.] 
 
 PURSE, purs, n. a small bag for money, 
 orig. made of skin : o. sum of money : a 
 treasury. — v.t. to put into a purse : to 
 contract as the mouth of a purse : to con- 
 tract into folds. [O. Fr. borse (Fr. bourse) 
 — Low L. bfir.s-rt— Gr. byrsa, a skin, a hide.] 
 
 PURSE-PROUD, purs'-prowd, adj., proud 
 of one's purse or wealth : insolent from 
 wealth. — H. Pur.SE'-PRIDE. 
 
 PURSER, purs'er, n. an officer who has 
 charge of the provisions, clothing, and 
 
 accounts of a ship, now termed a " pay. 
 master." — »i. PLTts'ERSHlP. 
 
 PURSLANE, PURSLAIN. purs'lan, »;. an 
 annual plant, frequently used in salads. 
 \lt. porccllana, from 'L. portulaca.l 
 
 PURSUANCE, pur-su'ans, n. the act of 
 pursuing or following out : process : con= 
 sequence. 
 
 PURSUANT, pur-sii'ant, adj. done pursu 
 ing or seeking any purpose : hence. 
 agreeable. 
 
 PURSUE, pur-sQ', v.t. to foUow ontvards 
 in order to overtake : to chase : to prose- 
 cute : to seek : to imitate : to continue. 
 — n. Pursu'er, one who pursues : (Scots 
 laiv) a plaintiff. [O. Fr. porsuir (Fr. 
 poursuivre) — L. prosequor, -secutus—pro, 
 onwards, sequor, to follow.] 
 
 PURSUIT, pur-sut', n. the act of purmdng, 
 following-, or going after : endeavor to 
 attain : occupation. 
 
 PURSUIVANT, pur's wi-vant, n. apwsiier 
 or follower : in Great Britain, a state 
 messenger; au attendant on the heralds; 
 one of four junior officers in the Heralds' 
 College. [Fr. ptoursuivant.} 
 
 PURSY, purs'i, adj., pwsAea out : puffy: 
 fat and short : short-breathed. — n. PuRs'- 
 INESS. [O. Fr. ponrcif (Fr. poussif), 
 orig. poulsif, broken - winded — O. Fr. 
 pourcer (Fr. pousser), to push. See 
 Push.] 
 
 PURTENANCE, pur'ten-ans, n. that which 
 pertains or belongs to : (B.) the intes- 
 tines of an animal. [Short for Appur- 
 tenance.! 
 
 PURULENCE, pu'roo-lens, PURULENCY, 
 pu'roo-len-si, n. the forming of pnis or 
 matter : pus. 
 
 PURULENT, pvi'roo-lent, adj. consisting 
 of, full of, or resembling pus or matter 
 — adv. Pu'RULENTLY. 
 
 PURVEY, pur-va', v.t. to provide, esp 
 witli conveniences : to procure. — v i. tc 
 provide : to buy in pro\-isions. [O Fr, 
 porvoir (Fr. pouvoir) — L. provideo. See 
 Provide.] 
 
 PURVEYANCE, pur-va'ans, n. the act of 
 purveying: procuring of victuals: in En- 
 gland, the royal prerogative of pre- 
 emption, now abolished. 
 
 PURVEYOR, pur-va'or, n, one who pro- 
 vides victuals: in England, an officer who 
 formerly exacted provisions for the use 
 of the king's household : a procurer. 
 
 PUS, pus, n. that which has become jjt(frtci; 
 white matter of a sore. [L. pus. puris, 
 matter ; akin to Gr. pyon, and Sans, 
 root puy, to become putrid.] 
 
 PUSEYISM, pu'zi-izm, n. a name given 
 collectively to the principles of Dr. Pnsey 
 and other Oxford divines, as put foi-th in 
 a series of pamphlets, called " Tracts for 
 the Times. — n. Pd'seyite, one supposed 
 to hold certain views attributed to Dr. 
 Pusey. 
 
 PUSH, i)00sh, v.t. to thrust or beat agaiiast: 
 to drive by pressuie : to press forward : 
 to urge. — v.i. to make a thrust: to make 
 an eii'ort: to press against: to burst out. 
 — n. a thrust: an imjjulse: assault: effort: 
 exigence. [Fr. pou-sser — L. 2^'dso, freq. 
 of pell o, ptditum, to beat.] 
 
 PUSHING, poosh'ing.adj..;«essnigi forward 
 in business : enterprising : vigorous. 
 
 PUSILLANIMOUS, pu-sil-an'i-mus, adj. 
 having a little mind: mean-spirited: 
 cowaidly.— cirfr. PUSILLAX'IMOUSLY. — ns, 
 Pusill.^n'imousness, Pusillanm'ity. [L 
 jjusillanimi.'i—jntsilliis, very little (—jyu- 
 sus, dim. of 2)uer, a boy)^ and animus, 
 the mind.] 
 
 PUSS, poos, n. a familiar name for a cat : 
 a hare, in sportsmen's language. [Dut. 
 poes, puss ; Ir. and Gael. pus. a cat : prob. 
 imitative of a cat's spitting.1 
 
 PUSSY, poos'i, Ji. a dim. of Puss.
 
 PUSTULAR 
 
 348 
 
 QUADRUPLE 
 
 PUSTULAR, pus'tu-Iar, PUSTULOUS, 
 pus'tii-lus, adj. covered with jnisttiles. 
 
 PUSTULATE, pus'tu-lat, v.t. to form into 
 piisUdes. 
 
 PUSTULE, pus'tul, n. a small pimple con- 
 taining pits. [Fr. — L. pustitla—pus.] 
 
 PUT, poot, v.t. to push or thmst : to drive 
 into action : to throw suddenly, as a 
 word : to set, lay, or deposit : to bring' 
 into any state : to offer : to propose : 
 to applj' : to oblige : to incite : to add. — 
 r.i. to place : to turn : — pr.p. putting 
 (poof-); pa.t. and pa.p. put. [A.S. po- 
 tian ; prob. from the Celt., as Qa^\. put, 
 W. pirtio.} 
 
 PUTATIVE, pu'tartiv, adj., siippoxed: re- 
 puted. [Fr. — 'L.putatirus — puto,putatus, 
 to suppose.] 
 
 PUTREFACTION, pu-tre-fak'shun, n. the 
 act or process oi jnitrefying : rottenness : 
 corruption. 
 
 PUTREFACTIVE, pu-tre-fak'tiv, adj. per- 
 taining to or causing putrefaction. — n. 
 Putrefac'tiveness. 
 
 PUTREFY, pu'tre-fT, v.t. to make putrid 
 or rotten : to corrupt. — r.i. to become 
 putrid: to rot: — pa.t. and pa.p. pu'tre- 
 fied. [Putrid, and L. facio, factum, to 
 make.] 
 
 PUTRESCENT, pu-tres'ent, adj., becoming 
 putrid : pertaining to putrefaction. — n. 
 
 PUTRES'CENCE. 
 
 PUTRID, pu'trid, adj., stinking: rotten: 
 corrupt. — ns. Putrid'ity, Pu'tkidness. 
 [Fr. putride — L. putridus^puter, putris, 
 rotten — puteo, akin to Gr. putho, Sans. 
 pity, to stink. See Pus.] 
 
 PUTTY, put'i, n. an oxide of tin, or of lead 
 and tin, used in polishing glass, etc.: a 
 cement, of whiting and linseed-oil, used 
 in glazing windows. — v.t. to fix or fill up 
 with putty : — pa.t. and pa.p. putt'ied. 
 
 V [O. Fr. poiee, properly that which is con- 
 tained in a pot (Fr. pot).'] 
 
 PUZZLE, puz'l, n. perplexity : something 
 to try the ingenuity, as a toy or riddle. — 
 v.t. to pose : to perplex. — i\i. to be be- 
 wildered. — n. Puzz l^R. [From M. E. 
 opposaile (E. opposal), an objection or 
 question put by an examiner — Fr.opposer. 
 See Oppose.] 
 
 PUZZLING, puz'ling, adj., posing: per- 
 plexing. 
 
 PYEBALD. See Piebau). 
 
 PYGARG, pi'garg, n. a kind of antelope. 
 [Lit. "the n-hite-rumped animal," Gr. 
 pygargos^pyge, rump, argos. white.] 
 
 PYGMEAN, pig-me'an, PYGJIY, pig^mi, 
 adj. pertaining to or like a jrygmy : 
 dwarfish : diminutive. 
 
 PYGMY, pig'mi, n. one of a fabulous 
 dwarfish race of antiquity : a dwarf : 
 any diminutive thing. [Fr. pygml- — L. 
 Pygmoei — Gr. Pygmaioi, the Pygmies, 
 fabled to be of the length of a (Gr.) 
 pygme =lZi inches (measured from the 
 elbow to the knuckles) — pygme, fist, L. 
 ptignti.i.] 
 
 PYLORUS, pi-l6'rus, n. the lower opening 
 of the stomach leading to the intestines. 
 — adj. I*ylor'ic. [Lit. "gate-keeper," 
 L. — Gr. pyloros—pyli, an entrance, and 
 ouros, a guardian.] 
 
 PYRAMID, pir'a-mid, n. a solid figure on a 
 triangular, square, or polygonal base, 
 with triangular sides meeting in a point: 
 —pi. " the pyramids " or great monu- 
 ments of Egypt : a game played on a 
 billiard table. [L. — Gr. pyramis, pyra- 
 midos. Etv. unknown; prob. Egj'ptian.] 
 
 PYRAMIDAL, pi-ram'i-dal, PYRAMIDIC, 
 pir-a-mid'ik. PYRAMIDICAL, pir-a-mid'- 
 ik-al, adj. ha-\-ing the form of a. pyramid. 
 — odt'.s. Ptram'idally. PYRAinro'ictLLY. 
 
 FYRE, pir, n. a pile of wood, etc., to be set 
 on fire at a funeral. [L. pyra—Qr. pyra 
 —pyr, E. Fire.] 
 
 PYRITES, pir-I'tez, n. a native compound 
 of sulphur with other metals, so called 
 because it strikes fire when struck against 
 steel. — adjs. Pyeit'ic, Pyrit'ical. [L. 
 — Gr. pyr. E. Fire.] 
 
 PYROGENOUS,pir-oj'en-us,acy., produced 
 by fire. [Gr. pyrogenes — -jyyr, fire, and 
 gen. root of gignomai, to produce.] 
 
 PYROMETER, pir-om'e-ter. n. an instru- 
 ment for measuring the temperature of 
 bodies under fierce heat. — adjs. Pyro- 
 met'ric, Pyromet'rical. [Gr. pyr, fire, 
 and metron, a measure.] 
 
 PYROTECHNIC, pir-o-tek'nik, PYRO- 
 TECHNICAL, pir-o-tek'nik-al, adj. per- 
 taining to fireivorks. 
 
 PYROTECHNICS, pir-o-tek'niks, PYRO- 
 TECHNY, pir'o-tek-ni, n. the art of 
 making fireworks. [Gr. pyr, fire, and 
 technikos, artistic — techne, art.] 
 
 PYROTECHNIST, pir'o-tek-nist, n. one 
 skilled in pyrotechny. 
 
 PYRRHONIST, pir'ro-nist,n. one who holds 
 the tenets of Pyrrho, who taught uni- 
 versal scepticism: a sceptic.-—?;. Pyrrho- 
 nism, scepticism. 
 
 PYTHAGOREAN, pi-thag-o-re'an, adj. 
 pertaining to Pythagoras, a celebrated 
 Greek philosopher, or to his philosophy. 
 — n. a follower of Pythagoras. — n, 
 Pythag'ORISM, his doctrines. 
 
 PYTHIAN, pith'i-an, adj. pertaining to the 
 Pythoness: noting one of the four national 
 festivals of ancient Greece, in honor of 
 Apollo. 
 
 PYTHON, pl'thon, n. a genus of large 
 serpents, family Boidse, nearly allied to 
 the boa, from which they differ in having 
 the plates on the under surface of the 
 tail double. They are natives of the Old 
 World, and are found in the East Indies, 
 South Africa, and elsewhere. They 
 sometimes attain a length of 30 feet. 
 They are not venomous, but kill their 
 prey by compression. [Gr. python, a 
 great serpent slain near Delphi by 
 Apollo.] 
 
 PYTHONESS, pith'on-es, n. the priestess 
 of the oracle of Apollo at Pytho, the 
 oldest name of Delphi, in Greece : a 
 witch. 
 
 PYTHONIC, pi-thon'ik, adj. pretending to 
 foretell future events like the Pythoness. 
 
 PYTHONISM, pith'on-izm, n. the art of 
 predicting events by divination. — n. 
 Pyth'onist. 
 
 PYX, piks. n. in the R. Cath. Church, the 
 sacred ho.v in which the host is kept after 
 consecration : at the British Mint, the 
 box containing sample coins. — v.t. to 
 test the weight and fineness of, as the 
 coin deposited in the pj'x. — Trial of the 
 Pyx, final trial by weight and assay of 
 the gold and silver coins of Great Brit- 
 ain, prior to their issue from the Mint. 
 [L. pyxis, a box — Gr. pyxis— py.vos (L. 
 ouxus), the box-tree, box-wood — pyk-nos, 
 dense — root, pak, to bind. Cf. Box, a 
 tree, etc., and Pact.] 
 
 Q 
 
 QUACK, kwak, v.i. to cry like a duck : to 
 beast : to practice as a quack. — v.t. to 
 doctor by quackerj'. — n. the cry of a 
 duck : a boastful pretender to skill which 
 he does not possess, esp. medical skill : a 
 mountebank. — adj. pertaining to quack- 
 ery : used by quacks. [An imitative 
 word, seen also in Ger. qtiaken, Dut. 
 kwaken, Gr. koa.v, a croak.] 
 
 QUACKERY, kwak'er-i, n. the pretensions 
 or practice of a quack, esp. in medicine. 
 
 QUACKSALVER, kwak'sal-ver, n. a quack 
 
 who deals in salves, ointments, etc. : a 
 
 quack ffenerallv. 
 QUADRAGESIMA, kwod-ra-jes'i-ma. n. 
 
 Lent, or the forty days of fast before 
 
 Easter. [L. — quadragesimus, fortieth — 
 
 quadraginta, forty— quatuor, four. See 
 
 Four.] 
 QUADRAGESIMAL, kwod - ra - jes'i - ma: 
 
 adj. belonging to or used in Lent. 
 QUADRANGLE, kwod'rang-gl, n. a square 
 
 surrounded by buildings: (geom.) a plane 
 
 figure having /owr equal sides and angles. 
 
 [Fr. — L. quadrayigiilum — quatuor, four, 
 
 and angulus, an angle.] 
 QUADRANGULAR, kwod-rang'gu-lar, adj. 
 
 of the form of a quadrangle. — adv. QUAD- 
 
 RANG'ULARLY'. 
 
 QUADRANT, kwod'rant, v. (geom.) the 
 fourth part of a circle, or an arc of 90°: 
 an instrument consisting of the qiiad- 
 rant of a circle graduated in degrees, 
 used for taking altitudes. [L. quadrans, 
 from quatuor, four.] 
 
 QUADRANTAL, kwod-rant'al, adj. per- 
 taining to, equal to, or included in a 
 quadrant. 
 
 QUADRATE, kwod'rat, adj., squared: 
 having four equal sides and four right 
 angles : divisible into four equal parts : 
 (fig.) balanced : exact : suited.— ?i. a 
 square or quadrate figure. — t\i. to square 
 or agree with : to correspond. [L. quad- 
 ratus, pa.p. of quadra, to square, from 
 quatuor, four.] 
 
 QUADRATIC, kwod-rat'ik, adj. pertaining 
 to, containing or denoting a square. 
 
 QUADRATURE, kwod'ra-tur, n. a squar- 
 ing : {geom.) the finding, exactly or ap- 
 proximately, of a square that shall be 
 equal to a given figure of some other 
 shape : the position of a heavenly body 
 when 90" distant from another. 
 
 QUADRENNIAL, kwod-ren'yal, adj. com 
 prising four years : once in four years. 
 — adv. Qu adrenn't a t ,t,y. [L. quadren- 
 nis — quatuor, four, annus, a year.] 
 
 QUADRILATERAL, kwod-ri-lat'er-al. adj. 
 having four sides.— n. (geom.) a plane 
 figure having four sides. [L. quadrilat- 
 erus — quatuor, four, and latus, lateris, 
 
 QUADRI LITERAL, kwod-ri-lit'er-al. adj. 
 of four letters. [L. quatuor, four, and 
 litera, a letter.] 
 
 QUADRILLE, ka-dril' or kwa-dril'. n. a 
 game at cards played by four : a dance 
 made up of sets of dancers containing 
 four couples each. [Fr. ; from It. quad- 
 riglia — L. q^tadra, a square — quatuor, 
 four.] 
 
 QUADRILLION, kwod-ril'yun, n. a million 
 raised to the fourth power, represented 
 by a unit with 24 ciphers, according to 
 the English notation, but according to 
 the French notation, in common use on 
 the Continent and in the U. S.. repre- 
 sented by a unit with 1.5 ciphers. [Coined 
 from L. quater, tour times, on the model 
 of Mjllion.] 
 
 QUADRINOMIAL, kwod-ri-no'mi-al. ndj. 
 (math.) consisting of four divisions or 
 terms. — re. an expression of four terms. 
 [From L. quatuor, four, and Gr. nome, 
 a division — nemo, to distribute.] 
 
 QUADROON, kwod-roon', n. the offspring 
 of a mulatto and a white person. [Fr. 
 quarteron — L. quatuor, four ; so called 
 because their blood is one-fourth blaek.J 
 
 QUADRUPED, kwod'roo-ped, n. a four- 
 footed animal. [L. quatuor, four, and 
 pes, pedis, a foot.] 
 
 QUADRUPEDAL, kwod-roo'pc-dal. adj. 
 having four feet. 
 
 QUADRUPLE, kwod'roo-pl, adj.. fourfold. 
 — 7i. four times the quantitv or number. 
 — v.t. to increase fourfold. [Fr. — L. 
 quadruplus — quatuor, four.]
 
 QUADRUPLICATE 
 
 349 
 
 QUEEN-MOTHER 
 
 QUADRUPLICATE, kwod-roo'pli-kat, adj. 
 made fourfold. — v.t. to make fourfold: 
 to double twice.— n. Quadruplica'tion. 
 [L. quadniplicatus — quatuor, four, and 
 plieo, plicatus, to fold.] 
 
 (JUAFF, kwaf, v.t. to drink in large 
 draughts. — v.i. to drink largely. — n. 
 Qcaff'ER. [Scot, queff, quaich, a small 
 drinking-cup ; from Ir. and Gael, cuach, 
 a cup.J 
 
 QUAGGA, kwag'a, n. a quadruped of South 
 Africa, like the ass in form and the zebra 
 in color. [Hottentot quagga, guacha.] 
 
 QUAGGY, kwag'i, adj. of the nature of a 
 quagmire : shaking or yielding under the 
 feet. 
 
 QUAGMIRE, kwag'mir, n. wet, boggy 
 ground that yields under the feet. [Obs. 
 Quag, same as Quake, and Mire.] 
 
 QUAIL, kwal, v.i. to cower: to fail in spirit. 
 [A.S. ewelan, to suffer, to die ; Ger. qual, 
 torment.] 
 
 QUAIL, kwal, n. a migratory bird like the 
 partridge, found in every country from 
 the Cape of Good Hope to the North 
 Cape. [O. Fr. quaille, eaille — Low L. 
 quaqnila — O. Flem. quakele, from root 
 of Quack.] 
 
 QUAINT, kwant, adj. neat : unusual : odd: 
 whimsical.— adt;. Quaint'ly.— )i. Quaint'- 
 NESs. [Lit. " known, famous, remark- 
 able.' O. Fr. cointe, neat, acquainted — 
 L. cognitus, known.] 
 
 QUAB[JE, kwak, v.i. to tremble, esp. with 
 cold or fear i—pr.p. quak'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa. p. quaked. — n. a shake: a shudder. — 
 adv. Quak'ingly. [A.S. cwacian ; allied 
 to Quick.] 
 
 QUAKER, kwak'er, n. one of the Society 
 of Friends, a religious sect founded by 
 George Fox, born in 1624. [A nickname 
 first given them by Judge Bennet at 
 Derby, because Fox bade him and those 
 present tremble at the word of the Lord. 
 This is Fox's own statement in his Jour- 
 nal/] 
 
 QUAKERISM, kwak'er-izm, n. the tenets 
 of the Quakers. 
 
 QUALIFICATION, kwol-i-fi-ka'shun, n. 
 that which qualifies : a quality that fits 
 a person for a place, etc. : abatement. 
 
 QUALIFY, kwol'i-fT, v.t. to render capable 
 or suitable : to furnish with legal power: 
 to limit by modifications : to soften : to 
 abate : to reduce the strength of : to 
 vary. — n. Qual'ifier. [Fr. qualifier, 
 from L. qualis, of what sort, and faeio, 
 to make.] 
 
 QUALITATIVE, kwol'i-ta-tiv, adj. relating 
 to quality : (ehem.) determining the na- 
 ture of components. 
 
 QUALITY, kwol'i-ti, 71. that which makes 
 a thing what it is : property : peculiar 
 power : acquisition : character : rank : 
 superior birth or character. [Fr. — L. 
 qualitas, qualitatis.] 
 
 QUALM, kwam, n. a sudden attack of ill- 
 ness : a scruple, as of conscience. [A.S. 
 cwealm, pestilence, death ; Ger. qualm, 
 adisposition to vomit, vapor ; Sw. qvalm, 
 a suffocating heat ; allied to QUAIL, v.] 
 
 QUALMISH, kwam'ish, adj. affected with 
 qiialm, or a disposition to vomit, or with 
 slight sickness. 
 
 QUANDARY, kwon-da'ri, n. a state of dif- 
 ficulty or uncertainty : a hard plight. 
 [Prob. a corr. r' "I.E. wandreth, from 
 Ice. vandrcedi, difficulty, trouble.] 
 
 QUANTITATIVE, kwon'ti-ta-tiv, adj. re- 
 lating to quantity : measurable in quan- 
 tity : {chem.) determining the relative 
 proportions of components. 
 
 QUANTITY, kwon'ti-ti, n. the amount of 
 anything . bulk : size : a determinate 
 amount: a sum or bulk: a large portion: 
 (logic) the extent of a conception: {gram.) 
 
 the measure of a syllable : (music) the 
 relative duration of a tone : (math.) any- 
 thing which can be increased, divided, 
 or measured. [Fr. — L. quantitas, quan- 
 titatis—quantus, how much— gnaw, how.] 
 
 QUANTUM, kwon'tum, n. quantity : 
 amount. [L. quantum, neut. of quantus, 
 how great, how much.] 
 
 QUARANTINE, kwor'an-ten, n. the time, 
 orig. forty days, during which a ship 
 suspected to be infected with a conta- 
 gious disease, is obliged to forbear inter- 
 course with the shore. — v.t. to prohibit 
 from intercourse from fear of infection. 
 [Fr. quarante — L. quadraginta, forty — 
 quatuor. four.] 
 
 QUARREL, kwor'el, n. an angry dispute : 
 a breach of friendship : a brawl. — v.i. to 
 dispute violently : to fight : to disagree : 
 — P^P- quarr'elling ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 quarr'elled. — n. Quarr'eller. [M.E. 
 querele — Fr. querelle — L. querela — queror, 
 to complain.] 
 
 QUARRELSOME, kwor'el-sum, adj., dis- 
 posed to quarrel : brawling : easily pro- 
 voked. — n. Quarr'elsomeness. 
 
 QUARRY, kwor'i. n. a place where stones 
 are dug for building or other purposes. — 
 v.t. to dig or take from a quarry : — pa.t. 
 a.nA pa.p. quarr'ied. [Lit. "a place where 
 stones are squared," O. Fr. qiiarriere (Fr. 
 carriere) — Low L. quadraria — L. quad- 
 rus, square. See Quadrant.] 
 
 QUARRY, kwor'i, n. the entrails of the 
 game given to the dogs after the chase : 
 the object of the chase : the game a hawk 
 is pursuing or has killed : a heap of dead 
 game. [M.E. qnerre — O. Fr. coree (Fr. 
 euree) — Low L. corata, the intestines or 
 inwards of a slain animal, so called be- 
 cause including the heart, from L. cor, 
 cordis, the heart ; but ace. to Littre, 
 through O. Fr. cuiree, from cuir, the skin 
 ( — L. corium), in which these parts were 
 thrown to the dogs.] 
 
 QUARRYMAN, kworVman, QUARRIER, 
 kwor'i-er,n. a man who works in a quarry. 
 
 QUART, kwort or kwawrt, n. the fourth 
 part of a gallon, or two pints : a vessel 
 containing two pints. [Fr. — L. quartus, 
 fourth — quatuor, four.] 
 
 QUARTAN, kwor'tan, adj. occurring every 
 fourth day, as an intermittent fever or 
 ague. [Fr. — L. quartanus, of or belong- 
 ing to the fourth.] 
 
 QUAJITER, kwor'ter, n. h fourth part : the 
 fourth part of a cwt.=28 lbs. avoirdupois: 
 in England, 8 bushels (dry measure): 
 the fourth part of a chaldron of coal — of 
 the year — of the moon's period^-of a car- 
 cass (including a limb) — of the horizon : 
 a cardinal point : a region of a hemi- 
 sphere: a division of a town, etc.: place of 
 lodging, as for soldiers, esp. in 2)1.: mercj' 
 granted to a disabled antagonist, prob. 
 from the idea of the captor sending the 
 prisoner to his quarter or lodging: {naut.) 
 the part of a ship's side between the main- 
 mast and the stern. — v.t. to divide into 
 /o(tr equal parts : to divide into parts or 
 compartments: to furnish witli quarters: 
 to lodge : to furnish with entertainment : 
 {her.) to bear as an ajipendage to the 
 hereditary arms. [Fr. quartier ; from 
 L. quartarius — qnartus, fourth.] 
 
 QUARTER-DAY, kwor'ter-da, n. the last 
 day of a quarter, on which rent or interest 
 is paid in England. 
 
 QUARTER-DECK, kwor'ter-dek, n. the 
 part of the deck of a ship abaft the main- 
 mast. 
 
 QUARTERLY, kwor'ter-li, adj. relating to 
 a quarter : consisting of or containing a 
 fourth part : once a quarter of a year. — 
 adv. once a quarter. — n. a periodical 
 published every quarter of a year. 
 
 QUARTERMASTER, kwor'ter-mas-ter, n. 
 an officer who looks after the quarters of 
 the soldiers, and attends to the supplies: 
 {naut.) a pettj' officer who attends to the 
 helm, signals, etc. 
 
 QUARTERN, kwor'tern, n. the fourth of a 
 pint : a gill : (in dry measure) the fourth 
 part of a peck, or of a stone. — Quartern 
 LOAF, a loaf of 4 lbs., because orig. made 
 of a quarter stone of flour. 
 
 QUARTER-SESSIONS, kwor'ter-sesh'uns, 
 7i.pl. English county or borough sessions 
 of court held quarterly. 
 
 QUARTER-STAFF, kwor'ter-staf, n. a long 
 staff or weapon of defence, grasped at a 
 quarter of its length from the end and at 
 the middle. 
 
 QUARTETTE, QUARTET, kwor-tet', n. 
 anything in fours : a musical composi- 
 tion of four parts, for voices or instru- 
 ments : a stanza of four lines. 
 
 QUARTO, kwor'to, adj. having the sheet 
 folded into four leaves. — n. a book of a 
 quarto size: — j)l. Quartos, kwor'toz. 
 
 QUARTZ, kworts, n. a mineral composed of 
 pure silica : rock-crystal. — adj. QuaRTZ- 
 OSE, kworts'os, of or like quartz. [From 
 Ger. quarz.] 
 
 QUASH, kwosh, v.t. to crush: to subdue or 
 extinguish suddenly and completely : to 
 annul or make void. [O. Fr. quasser, Fr. 
 casser — L. quasso, inten. of quatio, to 
 shake ; prob. from the sound.] 
 
 QUASSIA, kwash'i-a, n. a South American 
 tree, the bitter wood and bark of which 
 are used as a tonic, so called from a negro 
 named Quassy, who first discovered its 
 properties. 
 
 QUATERNARY, kwa-ter'nar-i, adj. con- 
 sisting oi four : by fours: a term applied 
 to strata more recent than the upper ter- 
 tiary. — n. the number four. [L. quater- 
 narius.] 
 
 QUATERNION, kwa-ter'ni-on, n. the num 
 her four : a file of four soldiers. [L. qua- 
 temio.l 
 
 QUATERNIONS, kwa-ter'ni-ons, n. a kind 
 of calculus or method of mathematical 
 investigation invented by Sir W. R. Ham- 
 ilton of Trinity College, Dublin. [So 
 called because four independent quanti- 
 ties are involved.] 
 
 QUATRAIN, kwotran or ka'tran, n. a 
 stanza of /ojtr lines rhyming alternately. 
 
 [Fr. 
 
 QUAVER, kwa'ver, v.i. to shake : to sing 
 or play with tremulous modulations. — n. 
 a vibration of the voice : a note in mu- 
 sic = i a crotchet or i of a semibreve. 
 [From the sound, allied to Quiver.] 
 
 QUAY, ke, n. a wharf for the loading or 
 unloading of vessels. [Fr. quai — Celt., 
 as in W. cae, an inclosure, barrier, Bret. 
 fcae.] 
 
 QUAYAGE, ke'aj, n. payment for use of 
 a quay. 
 
 QUEAN, kwen, n. a saucy girl or young 
 woman : a woman of worthless character. 
 [Same as QCEEN.] 
 
 QUEASY, kwe'zi, adj. sick, squeamish : 
 inclined to vomit: causing nausea: fastid- 
 ious.— odu. Quea'sily.— n. Quea'siness. 
 [Norw. kveis, sickness after a debauch. 
 Ice. kveisa, pains in the stomach.] 
 
 QUEEN, kwen, n. the wife of a king: 4 
 female sovereign : the best or chief of 
 her kind. [Lit. " a woman," A.S. civen ; 
 Ice. kvan, kona, O. Ger. quena, Gr. gyne, 
 Russ. jena. Sans, jarii, all from root gan, 
 "to produce," from which are Genus, 
 Kin, Kino, etc.] 
 
 QUEENLY, kwen'li, adj. like a, queen: b«- 
 coming or suitable to a queen. 
 
 QUEEN-MOTHER, kwen-mufft'er, n. a 
 queen-iiowa.ger. the mother of the reign- 
 ing king or queen.
 
 QUEER 
 
 QUEER, kwer. adj. odd : singular : quaint. 
 —adv. QuEER'LT.— )i. QrEER'>-Ess.— The 
 QCEEK, in U. S., counterfeit money. 
 [Low Ger. queer, across, oblique ; Grer. 
 qiier.] 
 
 QUEERISH, kwer'ish, adj., rather queer : 
 somewhat singular. 
 
 QUELL, kwel, i\t. to crush : subdue: to 
 allav. — n. Quejll'er. [A.S. cicellan, to 
 kill.* akin to Quail, r.] 
 
 QUENCH, kwensh, v.t. to put out: to de- 
 stroy : to check : to allay. [A.S. cwencan, 
 to quench, eirincan, O." Ger. hicinka, to 
 wastp away ; akin to AVa>'E.] 
 
 QLTEXCHABLE. kwensh'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be quenched or extinguished. 
 
 QUEJJCHLESS, tiyensh'les, adj. that can- 
 not be quenched or exting-uished : irre- 
 pressible. 
 
 QUERIMONIOUS, kwer-i-mon'yus, adj., 
 complaining : discontented. — adv. Queri- 
 
 MOX'IOUSLT.— ?i. QUERIMOS'lOrsXESS. [L. 
 
 querinionia, a complaiaing — queror, to 
 complain.l 
 
 QUERN, kwern. KERN, kern, n. a hand- 
 mill for grinding grain. [A.S. ctcym, 
 cweorn : Ice. kvern, Goth, qicairnus ; 
 Sans, chum, to grind ; prob. connected 
 with Chtex.] 
 
 QUERULOUS, kwer'u-lus, adj., complain- 
 ing : discontented. — adv. Quee'clocsly. 
 
 — n. QUEE'ULOUSXESS. 
 
 QUERY, kwe'ri, n. an inqitiry or question: 
 the mark of interrogation. — v.t. to in- 
 quire into : to question : to doubt of : to 
 mark with a query. — v.i. to question : — 
 pa.t. and pa.p. que'ried. — n. Qce'eist. 
 [L. qiuere, imperatiye of qucero, qucesi- 
 tum. to inquire.] 
 
 QLT;ST, kwest, n. the act of seeking: 
 search : pursuit : request or desire. 
 
 QUESTION, kwest'yun. n. a seeking: an 
 inquiry : an examination : an investiga- 
 tion : dispute : doubt : a subject of dis- 
 cussion. — v.t. to ask questions of : to ex- 
 amine by questions : to inquire of : to 
 regard as doubtful : to have no confi- 
 dence in. — v.i. to ;usk questions: to in- 
 quire. — n. QCEST'IOXER. [Fr. — L. quoestio 
 — qtioero, qucesitum.] 
 
 QLT:STI0NABLE, kwest'yun- a- U, adj. 
 that may be questioned : doubtful : un- 
 certain : suspicious. — adv. QcEST'lOXA- 
 BLY. — n. Quest'ioxableness. 
 
 QLTESTIONARY, kwest'yun-ar-i, adj., ask- 
 ing questions. 
 
 QL'ESTIONIST, kwest'yun-ist, n. a ques- 
 tioner. 
 
 QUESTOR. kwest'or, n. a Roman magis- 
 trate who had charge of the money affairs 
 of the state : a treasurer. — n. QuEST'OR- 
 SHIP. [L. qucestor, contr. of qucesitor — 
 qu(ero.\ 
 
 QUEUE, ku, n. a taj'Wike twist of hair 
 formerly worn at the back of the head. 
 fSee Cue.] 
 
 QUIBBLE. kw;b'l, n. a turning away from 
 the point in question into matters irrel- 
 eyant or insignificant: an eyasion, a pun: 
 a petty conceit. — [•./. to evade a question 
 by a play upon words : to cavil: to trifle 
 in argument : to pun. — n. Qctbe'ler. 
 JFrom M.E. quib, a form of QuiP.] 
 
 QUICK, kwik. adj., living, moving : lively: 
 speedy: rapid: nimble: ready. — adv. with- 
 out delay : rapidly : soon. — n. a living 
 animal or plant : the living : the liring 
 flesh : the sensitive parts. — adv. Quick'- 
 LY. — n. Quick.' SESS. [A.S. cu-ic : Ice. 
 kvikr, Prov. G«r. queck, Goth, qiciu^, liv- 
 ing ; allied to L. vivo, vietum, Gr. bioo, 
 Sans. jiv. to live. 
 
 QUICKEN, kwik'n, v.t. to make quick or 
 alive : to revive : to reinvigorate : to 
 cheer : to excite : to sharpen: to hasten. 
 — v.i. to become aUve : to move with 
 activity. — n. Quick'eser. [A.S. eiincian.] 
 
 350 
 
 QUICKLIIIE., kwik'lim. n. recently burnt 
 lime, caustic or unslaked : carbonate of 
 lime without its carbonic acid. 
 
 QUICKSAND, kwik'sand. ;(.. sand easily 
 moved, or i-eadily yielding to pressure : 
 anything treacherous. 
 
 QUICKSET, kwik'set, u. a living plant set 
 to grow for a hedge, particularly the 
 hawthorn. — adj. consisting of li\-ing 
 plants. 
 
 QUICKSIGHTED, kwik'slt-ed, adj. having 
 quick or sharp sight : quick in discern- 
 ment. 
 
 QUICKSILVER, kwik'sil-ver, n. the com- 
 mon name for fluid mercury, so called 
 from its great mobility and its silver 
 color. 
 
 QUID, k-ivid, n. something chewed or kept 
 in the mouth, esp. a piece of tobacco. 
 [A c orr. of CUD.] 
 
 QUIDUITY, kwid'i-ti, n. the essence of 
 anything : any trifling nicetv : a cavil : 
 a captious question. [Low L. quidditas 
 — L. quid, what.] 
 
 QUIDNUNC, kwid'nungk, n. one always 
 on the lookout for news : one who pre- 
 tends to know all occurrences. [L. 
 "What now?'"] 
 
 QUIESCENCE, kvvi-es'ens, n. state of be- 
 ing quiescent or at rest : rest of mind : 
 silence. 
 
 QUIESCENT, kwl-es'ent, adj. being quiet, 
 resting : still : unagitated : silent. — adv. 
 Quies'cextly. [L. quiescens, -entis, pr.p. 
 of quiesco. to rest. See Quiet.] 
 
 QUIET, kwl'et, adj. at rest: calm: smooth: 
 peaceable: gentle, inofilensive. — n. the 
 state of being at rest : repose ; calm : 
 stillness : peace. — v.t. to bring to rest : 
 to stop motion : to calm or pacify : to 
 lull: to allay. [L. quietus — quiesco ; akin 
 to L. ch6o, 'Gr. keimai. Sans, ft, to lie.] 
 
 QUIETISM, kwi'et-izm, n., rest of the mind: 
 mental tranquillity: apathy: the doctrine 
 that religion consists in repose of the 
 mind and passive contemplation of the 
 Deity. — n. Qui'etist, one who beheves in 
 this doctrine. 
 
 QUIETLY, kwfet-li, adv. in a ^(ief manner: 
 \vithout motion or alarm: calmly: silent- 
 ly : patiently. 
 
 QUIETNESS,* kwfet-nes, QUIETUDE, 
 kwl'et-iid, n. rest: repose : freedom from 
 agitation or alarm : stillness : peace : 
 silence. 
 
 QUIETUS, kwl-e'tus, n. a unal settlement 
 or discharge. [L., at rest, quiet.] 
 
 QUILL, kwil, rj. a reed-pen : the feather of 
 a goose or other bird used a.s a pen : a 
 pen: anything like a quill: the spine, as 
 of a porcupine: the reed on which weavers 
 wind their thread : the instrument for 
 striking the strings of certain instru- 
 ments: the tube of a musical instrument. 
 — v.t. to plait with small ridges like quills, 
 to wind on a quill. [Orig. a stalk, the 
 stalk of a cane or reed, and lit. am-thing 
 pointed, tapering, Fr. quille, a peg — O. 
 Ger. kegil or chegil, (Jer. kegel, a cone- 
 shap«l object, ninepin.] 
 
 QUILLET, kwil'et, n. a trick in argument : 
 a petty quibble. [A corr. of L. quidlibet, 
 " what you will.''] 
 
 QUILT, kwilt, n. a bed-cover of two cloths 
 sewed together with something soft be- 
 tween them : a thick coverlet. — v.t. to 
 make into a quilt : to stitch together 
 ^vith something soft between : to sew 
 like a quilt. [0. Fr. cuilte (Fr. couette) 
 — L. cuieita, a cushion, mattress. See 
 
 CotrSTERPANE.] 
 
 QUINARY, kwi'nar-i, adj. consisting of 
 or arranged in Jives. [L. quinarins — 
 qninque. five.] 
 
 QUINCE, kwins, n. a fruit with an acid 
 taste and pleasant flavor, much used in 
 
 QUIT-RENT 
 
 making preserves and pies. [O. Fr. coiff. 
 nasse (Fr. coing). It. cotogna — L. cydo- 
 nium — Gr. CydOnia, a town in Crete, 
 where it abounds.] 
 
 QUININE, kwinln, «. an alkaline sub- 
 stance, obtained from the bark of the 
 Cinchona tree, nmch used in medicine 
 in the treatment of agues and fevers. 
 [Fr. — Peruvian kina, bark.] 
 
 QUINQUAGESIMA. kwin - kwa - jes'i - raa, 
 adj.. fiftieth, applied to the Sunday 50 
 days before Easter. [L. quinquaginta, 
 fifty — quinque. five.] 
 
 QUINQUANGULAR. kwin-kwang'gu-lar, 
 adj.. having_^i'e angles. [L. quinque, five, 
 and AXGULAJi.] 
 
 QUINQUENNIAL, kwin-kwen'yal, adj. oc- 
 curring once in five years : lasting five 
 years. [L. quinquennalis — quinque, five, ^ 
 and annus, a yeai-.] ' 
 
 QUINSY', kwin'zi. n. inflammatory sore 
 throat. [M.E. and O. Fr. squinancie (Fr. 
 esquinancie) — Gr. k-ynanche, "dog-throt- 
 tling " — kyo)i, a dog, and ancho, to psess 
 tight, to throttle.] 
 
 QUINTAIN, kwin'tan, n. a post with a 
 turning and loaded top or cross-piece, to 
 be tilted at. [Fr. — L. quintana, quintus, 
 fifth, from the position of the place of 
 recreation in the Roman camp.] 
 
 QUINTAL, kwin'tal. n. a hundredweight, 
 either 112 or 100 pounds according to the 
 scale. [Through Fr. and Sp. quintal, 
 from Arab, quintar, weight of 100 pounds 
 — L. centum, a hundred.] 
 
 QUINTESSENCE, kwin-tes'ens. n. the pure 
 essence of anything : a solution of an 
 essential oil in spirit of wine. [Fr. — L. 
 quinta essentia, fifth essence, orig. applied 
 to ether, which was supposed to be jjurer 
 than fire, the highest of the four ancient 
 elements. See ESSENCE.] 
 
 QUINTILLION, kwin-til'yun. ??. the fifth 
 power of a million, or a unit with 30 
 ciphers annexed, according to the En- 
 glish notation, but according to the 
 French notation, in common use on the 
 Continent and in the U. S., represented 
 by a unit with 18 ciphers. [L. quintus, 
 fifth, and MrLLlox.] 
 
 QUINTUPLE, kwin'tu-pl, adj., fivefold: 
 {music) having five crotchets in a bar. — 
 t'.^ to make fivefold. [Fr. — L. nnin 
 tuplejc — quintus, fitth. plico. to fold.] 
 
 QUIP, kvvip. n. a sharp sarcastic turn, a 
 jibe : a cfuick retort. [W. ehu-ip, a quick 
 turn, chu-ipio, to move briskly.] 
 
 QUIRE, kwlr. n. a collection of* paper con- 
 sisting of twenty-four sheets, each hav- 
 ing a single fold. [O. Fr. quaier (Fr. 
 c(tliier), prob. from Low L. quafernum, a 
 quarto sheet, from quatuor. four.] 
 
 QUIRE, kwlr. old form of Choir. 
 
 QUIRK, kwerk, n. a quick turn : an art- 
 ful evasion : a quibble : a taunt or re- 
 tort : a slight conceit. [Obs. E. quirk, 
 to turn ; prob. from a (Jeltic imitative 
 root seen in W. chwiori. to turn briskly ; 
 by some conn, with Queer and Thwart.] 
 
 QXJtRKISH, kwerk'ish, adj. consisting of 
 quirks. 
 
 QUIT, kwit, v. t. to release from obligation, 
 accusation, etc. : to acquit : to depart 
 from : to give up : to clear by full per- 
 formance : — pr.p. quitting; pa.t. and 
 jxt.p. quitt'ed. — adj. (6.)"set free: ac- 
 quitted: released i obhgation. — To 
 BE QUITS, to be even with one. — To quit 
 one's self (B.) to behave. [Fr. quitter,. 
 through Low L. quietare, from L. quietus^ 
 quiet. See Quiet.] 
 
 QUITE, kwit. adv. completely: wholly: 
 entirely. [Merely a form of Q'uiT. QuiFT.] 
 
 QUIT-RENT, kwit'-rent. n. (law) a rent on 
 British manors by which the tenants are 
 quit or discharged from other service.
 
 QUITTANCE 
 
 351 
 
 RADIX 
 
 QUITTANCE, kwit'ans, n. a quitting or 
 discharge from a debt or obligation : ao 
 quittance. 
 
 QUIVER, twiv'er, n. a case for arrows. 
 [O. Fr. cuivre : from O. Ger. kohhar 
 [GntT. kocher); cog. with A.S. cocer.] 
 
 QUIVER, kwiv'er, v.i. to shake with slight 
 and tremulous motion : to tremble : to 
 shiver. [M.E. cini-er, brisk — A.S. cinfer, 
 seen in adv. ciciferlice, eagerly ; cf. Dut. 
 kuiveren. See Q^'^CK and Quaver.] 
 
 QUIVERED, kwiv'erd, adj. furnished with 
 a quiver : sheathed, as in a quiver. 
 
 QUIXOTIC, kwiks-ot'ik, adj. like Don 
 Qulvote, the knight-errant in the novel 
 of Cervantes : romantic to absurdity. — 
 adv. Quixot'ic.uj.y. 
 
 QUIXOTISM, kwiks'ot-izm, n, romantic 
 and absurd notions, schemes, or actions 
 like those of Don Quixote. 
 
 QUIZ, kwiz, M. a riddle or enigma : one 
 who quizzes another : an odd fellow. — 
 v.t. to puzzle : to banter or make sport 
 of: to examine narrowly and with an 
 air of mockery. — v.i. to practice derisive 
 joking : — J))'.2}. quizz'ing ; j'U.t. nadpa.jy. 
 quizzed. [Said to have originated in a 
 wager that a new word of no meaning 
 would be the talk and puzzle of Dublin 
 in twenty-four hours, when the wagerer 
 chalked "the letters q u i z all over the 
 town witli the desired effect.] 
 
 QUOIF, koif, «. a cap or hood. — v.t. to cov- 
 er or dress with a quoif. [Same as CoiF.] 
 
 QUOIN, koin, n. (arch.) a wedge used to 
 support and steady a stone : an external 
 angle, esp. of a building : (gnn.) a wedge 
 of wood or iron put under the breech of 
 heavy guns or the muzzle of siege mor- 
 tars to raise them to the proper level : 
 (print.) a wedge used to fasten the types 
 in the forms. [Same as CoiN.J 
 
 QUOIT, koit, n. a heavy flat rmg of iron 
 for throwing at a distant point in play. 
 [Perh. from O. Fr. coiter, to drive, press, 
 which may be from L. coactare — cogere, 
 to force. See Cogent.] 
 
 QUONDAJM, kwon'dam, at^. that was form- 
 erly : former. [L., formerly.] 
 
 QUORUM, kwo'rum, n. a number of the 
 members of any body sufficient to trans- 
 act business : in American legislative 
 assemblies, a majority of all the mem- 
 bers constitute a quorum. [The first 
 word of a commission formerly issued to 
 certain Justices, of whom (quorum) a cer- 
 tain number had always to be present 
 when the commission niet.] 
 
 QUOTA, kwo'ta, n. the part or share as- 
 signed to each. [It. — L. quotus, of what 
 number — quot, how many.] 
 
 QUOTABLE, kw6t'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 quoted. 
 
 QUOTATION, kwo-ta'shun, n. act of quot- 
 ing : that which is quoted : the current 
 price of anything. 
 
 QUOTE, kwot, v.t. to repeat the words of 
 any one : to adduce for authority or illus- 
 tration : to give the current price of. — 
 n. Quot'er. " [Lit. to say " how many," 
 from O. Ft. quoter, to number — Low L. 
 quotare, to divide into chapters and verses 
 — L. quotuf.'] 
 
 QUOTH, kwotli or kwutb, v.t., say, mys, 
 or said — used only in the 1st and 3d per- 
 sons present and past, and always fol- 
 lowed by its subject. [A.S. cwethan, 
 jpt.t. cu-ceth, to sav.l 
 
 QUOTIDIAN, kwo-tid'i-an, adj., every day: 
 occurring daily. — n. anjrthing returning 
 daily : (med.) a kind of ague that returns 
 daily. [Fr. — L. qiiotidianus — quot, as 
 many .as. and dies, a day.] 
 
 QUOTIENT, kwo'shent, n. (math.) the 
 number which shows hoiv often one num- 
 ber is contained in another. [Fr. : from 
 J-k quotiens, quoties, how often — quot.'^ 
 
 R 
 
 RABBET, rab'et, n. a groove cot In the 
 
 edge of a plank so that another may fit 
 iato it. — V. to groove a plunk thus. [Fr. 
 rahoter, to plane.] 
 
 RABBI, rab'i or rab% RABBIN, rab'in, n. 
 Jewish title of a doctor or expounder of 
 the law:— ^/. Kabbis (rab'Iz), Rabb'ins. 
 [Lit. "my master," Gr. — Heb. rabi — rab, 
 great, a chief.] 
 
 RABBINIC, rab-bin'ik, RABBINICAL, rab- 
 bin'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the rabbis or 
 to their opinions. learning, and language. 
 
 RABBINISM, rab'in-izni, n. the doctrine or 
 teaching of the rabbis : a rabbinic ex- 
 pression. 
 
 ILVBBINIST, rab'in-ist, n. one who adheres 
 to the Talmud and traditions of the 
 rabbis. 
 
 RABBIT, rab'it, n. a small rodent burrow- 
 ing animal of the hare family : a cony. 
 [M.E. rabet, dim. of a root seen in Dut. 
 robbe.] 
 
 RABBLE, rabl, n. a disorderly, noisy 
 crowd: a mob: the lowest class of people. 
 [Allied tt> Dut. rabbelen, to gabble, Prov. 
 Ger. rabl>eln.] 
 
 RABBLE, rab'l, v.t to stir and skim (melt- 
 ed iron) with a rabble or puddling-tooL 
 
 RABID, rah'id. adj., raving : furious: mad, 
 — adv. Rab'idly.— »t. Rab'idness. [L. 
 rabies, rage.] 
 
 RABIES, ra'bi-es. n. the disease (esp. of 
 dogs) from which hydrophobia is com- 
 nmnicated [L. " madness."] 
 
 RACA, ra'ka, adj., worthless: — a term of 
 reproach used by the Jews. [Cbaldee 
 reka, worthless.] 
 
 RACCOON, RACOON, ra-koon', «. a car- 
 nivorous animal of N. America, valuable 
 for its fur. [A corr. of Fr. raton, dim. of 
 rat, a rat.] 
 
 RACE, ras, n. family : the descendants of 
 a common ancestor : a breed or variety : 
 a herd : peculiar flavor or strength, as of 
 wine, showing its kind. [Tr. (It. razza) 
 — O. Ger. reiza, a line ; proo. modified by 
 the influence of L. radix, a root.] 
 
 RACE, ras, n. a running : rapid motion : 
 trial of speed : progress : movement of 
 any kind : course of action : a rapid cur- 
 rent : a canal to a water-wheel. — v.i. to 
 run swiftly : to contend in running. [A.S. 
 rces, race, stream, cog. with Ice. ras, 
 rapid course. Sans, rish, to flow.] 
 
 RACECOURSE, ras'kors, n. the ecnirse or 
 path over which races are run. Also 
 Rack Track. 
 
 RACEHORSE, ras'hors, n. a horse bred for 
 racing. 
 
 RACEME, ra-sem', n. acluster : (bot.)a flow- 
 er cluster, iis in the currant. [Fr. — L. 
 racemits, akin to Gr. rax, ragos, a berry, 
 a grape. Doublet Raisin.1 
 
 RACEAIED, ra-semd', adj. having racemes. 
 
 RACER, ras'er, n. one who races : a race- 
 horse. 
 
 RACK, rak, n. an instrument for racking 
 or extending: an engine for stretching 
 the body in order to extort a confession : 
 a framework on which articles are ar- 
 ranged : the grating above a manger for 
 hay : (meek.) a straight bur with teeth to 
 work with those of a wheel : (Jig.) ex- 
 treme pain, anxiety, or doubt. — v.t. to 
 stretch forcibly : to strain ; to stretch 
 on the rack or wheel : to torture : to ex- 
 haust. [Conn, with M.E. rechen — A.S. 
 rcecan, to reach, and cog. with Ger. reek- 
 en. Goth, rakjan. See Reach.] 
 
 RACK, rak, n. thin or broken clouds, drift- 
 ing across the sky. Tlce. rek, drift— rewa, 
 to drive. E. Wreak.") 
 
 RACK, rak, v.t. to strain or draw off froro 
 
 the lees, as wine. [O. Fr. raqui, ety. 
 unknown.] 
 
 RACKET, rak'et, n. a strip of wood with 
 the ends together, covered with network, 
 aad having a handle — used in tennis : a 
 snow-shoe. — v.t. to strike, as with a 
 racket. [Fr. raquette — Sp. raqiieta — At, 
 rahat, the palm of the hand.] 
 
 RACKET, rak'et, v. a clattering noise 
 [Gael, racaid — rac. to cackle.] 
 
 RACK-RENT, rak'-rent, n. an annual ren.. 
 stretched to the full value of the thing 
 rented or nearly so. 
 
 RACOON. See Raccoon. 
 
 RACY, ra'si, adj. having a strong flavor 
 showing its origin : rich : exciting to the 
 mind by strongly characteristic thought 
 or langiiage : spLi-ited. — adv. Ra'cily. — 
 n. Ra'ciness. [From Race, a family.] 
 
 RADDLE, radl, v.t. to interweave. — n. 
 a hedge formed by interweaving the 
 branches of trees : a species of red earth, 
 colored by sesqiiioxide of iron, used for 
 marking sheep : a layer of raddle or 
 other red pigment. "Some of us have 
 more serious things to hide than a yel- 
 low cheek behind a raddle of rouge." — 
 Thackeray. [A.S. wrced, a wreath or 
 bund.] 
 
 RADDLED, rad'ld, p. and adj. smeared or 
 painted with raddle : coarsely rouged. 
 " Can there be any more dreary object 
 than those whitened and raddled old 
 women who shudder at the slips?" — 
 Tliackeray. 
 
 RADIAL, ra'di-al, adj. shooting out like 
 a ray or radius : pertaining to tlie radius 
 of the forearm. 
 
 RADIANCE, ra'di-ans, RADIANCY, ra'di- 
 an-si, n. quality of being radiant : brill« 
 iancy : splendor. 
 
 RADIANT, ra'di-ant, adj. emitting rays oi 
 light or heat : issuing in rays : beaming 
 with light : shining. — n. (optics) the lu 
 minous point from which light emanates : 
 (geom.) a straight line from a point about 
 which it is conceived to involve. — adv. 
 Ra'diantlt. [L. radiaiis, -untis, pr.p. 
 of radio, radiatum, to radiate — radius."] 
 
 RADIATE, ra'di-at, v.i. to emit rays of 
 light : to shine : to proceed in direct lines 
 from any point or surface. — v.t. to send 
 out in rays. [L. radio, -atnm.] 
 
 RADIATION, ra-di-a'shun, n. act of radiat- 
 ing: the emission and diffusion of raj's 
 of light or heat. 
 
 RADICAL, rad'i-kal, adj. pertaining to the 
 root, or origin : original : reaching to the 
 principles : implanted by nature : not 
 derived : serving to originate : (bot.) pro- 
 ceeding immediately from the root : (pol- 
 itics) ultra-liberal, democratic. — n. a root: 
 a primitive word or letter: one who ad- 
 vocates radical reform : (chem.) the base 
 of a compound. — adv. Rad'ically. — n. 
 Rad'icalness. [See Radix.] 
 
 RADICALISM, rad'i-kal-izm. n. the prin- 
 ciples or spirit of a radical or democrat. 
 
 RADICLE, rad'i-kl, n. a little root: the part 
 of a seetl which in growing becomes the 
 root. 
 
 RADISH, rad'ish, n. an annual the root of 
 which is eaten raw as a salad. [Lit. a 
 " root," Fr. radis. through Prov. raditz, 
 from L. radi.v, radicis. Cf. R^vBix.] 
 
 RADIUS, ra'di-us. n. (geom.) a straight 
 line from the centre to the circumference 
 of a circle : anything like a radius, ae 
 tiie spoke of a wheel : (anai.) the exterior 
 bone of the arm : (Ixit.) the ray of a 
 fl >wer :—<>/. Radii, ril'di-I. [Lit. " a rod, 
 c T.ay," L. See Ray, aline of light.] 
 
 RADIJf, ra'diks, n. a root : a primitive 
 word : the base of asvstem of logarithms. 
 [L. raduc, radio-is. See ROOT, and WoKT, 
 a plant.]
 
 RAFFAELESQUE 
 
 352 
 
 RANGE 
 
 RAFFAELESQUE, raf'fa-el-esk, adj. after 
 the manner of Raffaele, the celebrated 
 Italian painter : according to the princi- 
 ples of Raflfaelism. Written also Rajha- 
 ELESQtJE. " A strange opulence of splen- 
 dor, characterizable as half-legitimate, 
 half-meretricious — a splendor hovering 
 between the Raffaelesqne and the Japan- 
 nish.'" — Ccrrlyle. 
 
 SAFFLE, raf'l, n. a kind of lottery in which 
 all the stakes are seized or taken by the 
 ■winner.— I'.z. to try a raffle. — n. Raff'ler. 
 [Fr. rafle, a certain game of dice — Fr. 
 rafler, to sweep away, from Ger. raffeln, 
 freq. of raffen (A.S. reafian), to seize.] 
 
 RAFT, raft, n. a collection of pieces of 
 timber fastened together for a support 
 on the water: planks conveyed by water. 
 — n. Rafts'man, one who guides a raft. 
 [Ice. raptr (pron. raftr), a rafter.] 
 
 RAFTER, raft'er, n. an inclined beam sup- 
 porting the roof of a house. — v.t. to fur- 
 nish with rafters. [A.S. rceffer, a beam; 
 Ice. raptr (raftr), a beam; Dan. raft, a 
 pole.] 
 
 RAG, rag, n. a fragment of cloth: anything 
 rent or worn out. [A.S. raggie, rough, 
 cog. with Sw. ragg, rough hair, and 
 Rug.] 
 
 RAG AMU FJt'lN, rag-a-mufin, 7i. a low 
 disreputable person. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 RAGE, raj, n., inolent excitement : enthu- 
 siasm : rapture: anger excited to fury. — 
 v.i. to be furious with anger: to exercise 
 fury, to ravage: to orevail fatally, as a 
 disease: to be violently agitated, as the 
 waves. [Fr. (Sp. rdbia) — L. rabies — rabo, 
 to rave; akin to Sans, rabh, to be agitated, 
 enraged.] 
 
 RAGGED, rag'ed, adj. torn or worn into 
 rags : having a rough edge : wearing 
 ragged clothes : intended for the very 
 poor : (B.) rugged. — adv. Raog'edly. — n. 
 Ragq'edness. 
 
 .iAGGEE, rag-gS', n. a species of millet, 
 grown in Southern India. 
 
 RAGIXG, raj'ing, adj. acting with rage, 
 violence, or fury. — adv. Rao'ingly. 
 
 RAGOUT, ra-goo', n. a stew of meat with 
 kitchen herbs, the French equivalent of 
 Irish stew. [Fr. — ragouter, to restore 
 the appetite— -L. re, again, Fr. d (= ad), 
 to, and goat — L. gustus, taste.] 
 
 RAGSTONE, rag'ston, RAGG, rag, n. an 
 impure lime.5<one, so called from its 
 ragged fracture. 
 
 RAGWORT, rag'wurt, n. a large coarse 
 weed wdth a yellow flower, so called 
 from its ragged leaves. [Rao, and A.S. 
 zcyrt, a plant.] 
 
 RAID, rad, n. a hostile or predatory in- 
 vasion. [Lit. " a riding into an eneiny's 
 country," Scand., as Ice. reidh. See 
 Ride. 'Doublet Road.] 
 
 RAIL, ral. n. a bar of timber or metal ex- 
 tending from one support to another, as 
 in fences, staircases, etc. : a barrier : one 
 of the iron bars on which railway car- 
 riages run : (arch.) the horizontal part of 
 a frame and panel. — v.t. to inclose with 
 rails. [Low Ger. regel, Ger. riegel, from 
 the root of Ger. reihe, a row.] 
 
 RAIL, ral, v.i. to brawl : to use insolent 
 language. [Fr. railler, like Span, rallar, 
 to scrape, from L. rallum, a hoe for 
 scraping a ploughshare — rado, to scrape. 
 See Rase.] 
 
 SAIL, ral, n. a genus of wading birds with 
 a harsh cry. [Fr. r&le (G«r. ralle) — rdler, 
 to make a rattle in the throat, from the 
 root of Rattle.] 
 
 RAILING, ral'ing, n. a fence of posts md 
 rails : material for rails. 
 
 RAILLERY, ral'er-i, 71. railing or mockery: 
 banter : good-humored irony. [Fr. rail- 
 lerie — railler. See Raii-. tolbrawl.] 
 
 RAILROAD, ral'rod, RAILWAY, ral'wa, 
 
 n. a road or way laid with iron rails on 
 which carriages run. 
 
 RAIMENT, ra'ment, n. that in which one 
 is arrayed or dressed : clothing in gen- 
 eral. [Contr. of obs. Arraiment — Array.J 
 
 RAIN, ran, n. water from the clouds. — v.i. 
 to fall from the clouds: to drop like rain. 
 — v.t. to pour like rain. [A.S. regn, ren, 
 rain ; cog. with Dut. and Ger. regen, and 
 Scand. regn.] 
 
 RAIN-BAND, ran'-band, n. a dark line or 
 band of atmospheric origin in the solar 
 spectrum, beingcausedby the absorption 
 of certain parts of the spectrum by aque- 
 ous vapor. It is held to be of some im- 
 portance as a weather predictor, a strong 
 rain-band showing excess, and a weak 
 rain-band a deficiency of moisture in the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 RAINBOW, ran'bo, ?;. the brilliant-colored 
 bow or arch seen when rain is falling op- 
 posite the sun. 
 
 RAIN-GAUGE, ran'-gaj, n. a gauge or in- 
 strument for measuring the quantity of 
 rain that falls. 
 
 RAINY, ran'i, adj. abounding with rain: 
 showery. 
 
 RAISE, raz, v.t. to cause to rise: to lift 
 up : to set upright : to originate or pro- 
 duce : to bring together : to cause to 
 grow or breed : to produce : to give rise 
 to : to exalt : to increase the strength 
 of ; to excite : to recall from death : to 
 cause to swell, as dough. [M.E. reisen, 
 from Ice. reisa, causal of risa, to rise. 
 See Rise and Rear.] 
 
 RAISIN, ra'zn, n. a dried ripe grape. [Fr. 
 (Prov. razim, Sp. racimo) — L. racemus, a 
 bunch of grapes. Doublet Raceme.] 
 
 RAJAH, ra'ja or ra'ja, n. a native prince 
 or king in Hindustan. [From Sans, ro- 
 jan, a king, cog. with L. rex.] 
 
 RAKE, rak, n. an instrument with teeth 
 or pins for smoothing earth, etc. — v.t. to 
 scrape with something toothed : to draw 
 together : to gather with difficulty : to 
 level with a rake : to search diligently 
 over : to pass over violently : {tiaut.) to 
 fire into, as a ship, lengthwise. — v.i. to 
 scrape, as with a rake : to search mi- 
 nutely: to pass with violence. [A.S. roca, 
 a rake ; cog. with Ger. rechen, Ice. reka, 
 a shovel, from the root of Goth, rikan 
 (rak), to collect, L. and Gr. lego.] 
 
 RAKE, rak, n. a ra-scal. [Contr. of Rake- 
 hell.] 
 
 RAKE, rak, n. (naut.) the projection of the 
 stem and stern of a ship beyond the ex- 
 tremities of the keel : the inclination of 
 a mast from the perpendicular. [From 
 the Scand. raka, to reach (A.S. rcecan). 
 Doublet Reach.] 
 
 RAKE, rak, v.i. to fly wide of the quarry, 
 said of a hawk. 
 Their talk was all of training, terms of art. 
 Diet and seeling:, jesses, leash and lure. 
 " She is too noble," he said, *' to check at pies. 
 Nor will she rake ; there is no baseness in her." 
 
 — TennyBon. 
 
 RAKEHELL, rak'hel, n. a rascal or villain: 
 a debauchee. [Corr. of M.E. rakel, rakle; 
 cog. with Prov. Sw. rakkel, a vagabond, 
 Ice. reikall, unsettled, from reika, to wan- 
 der, and Prov. E. rake, to wander.] 
 
 RAKERY, rak'er-i, n. the conduct or prac- 
 tices of a rake : dissipation. "He . . . 
 instructed his lordship in all the rakery 
 and intrigues of the lewd town." — 
 Roger North. 
 
 RAKISH, rak'ish, adj. having a rake or in- 
 clination of the masts. — adv. Rak'ishly. 
 
 RAKISH, rak'ish, adj. like a rake : disso- 
 lute : debauched. — adv. Rak'ishly. 
 
 RALLY, ral'i, v.t. to gather again : to col- 
 lect and arrange, as troops in confusion : 
 to recover. — v.i. to reassemble, esp. after 
 confusion : to recover wasted strength : 
 — -pa.t. and pa.p. rallied (ral'id). — n. act 
 
 of rallying: recovery of order: an Ameri- 
 can political meeting. [Lit. "tore-ally,'" 
 Fr. rallier — L. re, again, ad, to, and Ugo, 
 to bind. See ALLY, r.] 
 
 RALLY, ral'i, v.t. to attack with raillery: 
 to banter. — v.i. to exercise raillery: — 
 pia.t. and pa.p. rall'ied. [Fr. railler. A 
 variant of Rail, v.i.] 
 
 RAM, ram, n. a male sheep : (astr.) Aries 
 (L., the ram), one of the signs of the zo- 
 diac: an engine of war for battering, with 
 a head like that of a ram : a hydraulic 
 engine, called water-ram : a ship of war 
 armed with a heavy iron beak for run- 
 ning down a hostile vessel. — v.t. to thrust 
 with violence, as a ram with its head : to 
 force together : to drive hard down : — 
 pr.p. ramm'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. rammed. 
 [A.S. ram, rom : cog. with Ger. ramm, 
 Sans, ram, to sport.] 
 
 RAMBLE, ram'bl, v.i. to go from place to 
 place without object : to visit many 
 places : to be desultory, as in discourse. 
 — n. a roving from place to place : an 
 irregular excursion. — w.Ram'bler. [Freq. 
 of Roam.] • 
 
 RAMBLING, ram'bling, adj. moving about 
 irregularly : unsettled : desultory. 
 
 RAMIFICATION, ram-i-fl-ka'shun, n. di- 
 vision or separation into branches : a 
 branch : a division or subdivision : (bot.) 
 manner of producing branches. 
 
 RAMIFY, ram'i-fi, v.t. to make or divide 
 into branches. — v.i. to shoot into branch- 
 es : to be divided or spread out : — pa.t. 
 and pa.p. ram'ified. [Fr. ramifier — L. 
 ramus, a branch, facio, to make.] 
 
 RAMOSE, ra-mos', RAMOUS, ra'mus, adj., 
 branchy : (bot.) branched as a stem or 
 root. 
 
 RAMP, ramp, v.i. to climb or creep, as a 
 plant : to leap or bound. — n. a leap or 
 bound. [Fr. ramper, to creep, to clamber; 
 from the Teut.. Low Ger. rappen, Ger. 
 raffen, to snatch, as with the claws.] 
 
 RAMPANT, ramp'ant, adj., ramping or 
 overgrowing usual bounds : overleaping 
 restraint : (her.) standing on the hind- 
 legs. — adv. Ramp'antly. — n. Ramp'ancy, 
 state of being rampant. [Fr., pr.p. of 
 ramper. to creep, to climb.] 
 
 RAMPART, ram'part, n. that which de- 
 fends from a.ssaxi\t or danger : (fort.) a 
 mound or wall surrounding a fortified 
 place. [Fr. rempart (orig. rempar) — reni- 
 parer, to defend — re, again, em, to (=en), 
 in, and parer, to defend — L. paro, to pre- 
 pare. See Parapet, Parry.] 
 
 RAMROD, ram'rod, n. a rod used in ram- 
 ming down the charge in a gun. 
 
 RAN, pa. f. of Rtjn. 
 
 RAN, ran. n. in India, a waste tract of 
 land. Edirin Arnold. 
 
 RANCID, ran'sid, adj. having a putrid 
 smell, as old oil : sour. — adv. Ran'cidly. 
 [L. rancidus, putrid.] 
 
 RANCIDNESS, ran'sid-nes, RANCIDITY, 
 ran-sid'i-ti, n. the quality of being rancid: 
 a musty smell, as of oil. 
 
 RANCOR, rang'kur, n. deep-seated enmi- 
 ty : spite : v-irulence. [Fr. — L. rancor, 
 rancidness, an old grudge — ranceo, to be 
 rancid.] 
 
 RANCOROUS, rang'kur-us, adj. spiteful : 
 malicious: virulent.— odr. Ran'corously. 
 
 RANDOM, ran'dum, adj. done or uttered 
 at hazard : left to chance. — adv. At ran- 
 dom, without direction : by chance. [O. 
 Fr. randon, urgency, haste ; of doubtful 
 origin.] 
 
 RAND03ILY, ran'dum-li, adv. in a random 
 manner : at hazard or without aim or 
 purpose. George Eliot. 
 
 RANG. rang. pa.t. of RING. 
 
 RANGE, ranj. v.t. to rank or set in a row: 
 to place in proper order : to rove or pass 
 over : to saU in a direction parallel to. —
 
 RANGER 
 
 353 
 
 RATIO 
 
 V.i. to he placed in order : to lie in a par- 
 ticular direction : to rove at large : to 
 8<ul or pass near. — n. a row or rank : a 
 class or orcer ; a wandering : room for 
 passiug to ana fro : space occupied by 
 anything moving : capacity of mind : 
 extent of acquirements : the horizontal 
 distance to wmch a shot is carried : the 
 long cooking-stove of a Kitchen : (i?.) a 
 chimney-rack. [Ft. ranger, to range — 
 rang, a rank. Cf. Rauk.J 
 BANGER, ranj'er, n. a rover : a dog that 
 beats the ground : an officer wBo super- 
 intends a forest or park. — n. Ranqeb- 
 
 SHTP. 
 
 RAJXINE, ra'nin, adj. pertaining to or like 
 a frog. [L. rana, a frog.l 
 
 RANK, rangk, n. a row or line, esp. of sol- 
 diers standing side by side : class or order: 
 grade or degree : station : high social 
 position. — v.t. to place in a line : to range 
 in a particular class : to place method- 
 ically. — v.i. to be placed in a rank : to 
 have a certain degree of elevation or dis- 
 tinction. — The banks, the order of com- 
 mon soldiers. — Rank and file, the whole 
 body of common soldiers. [^Fr. inng (E. 
 Ring)— O. Ger. hring or hnne. Cf. Ha- 
 rangue.] 
 
 RANK, rangk, adj. growing high and luxu- 
 riantly : coarse from excessive growth : 
 raised to a hiuh degree : excessive : caus- 
 ing strong growth : very fertOe : strong 
 scented : strong tasted : rancid : strong. 
 — adv. Rank'ly.— ra. Rank'ness. [A.S. 
 ranc, fruitful, rank; Dan. rank, lank, 
 slender ; a nasalized form of the root of 
 Rack.] 
 
 BANKLE, rangkl, v.i. to be inflamed : to 
 fester : to be a source of disquietude or 
 excitement : to rage. [From Rank, adj.} 
 
 ftANSACK,ran'sak, v.t. to search thorough- 
 ly: to plunder. [Lit. " to search a house," 
 Ice. rannsaka — rami, a house, and sak 
 (scekja), E. Seek.] 
 
 RANSOM, ran'sum, n. price paid for re- 
 demption from captivity or punishment : 
 release from captivity, -v.t. to redeem 
 from captivity, punisnment, or owner- 
 ship. — n. Ran'somer. [Lit. " redemption" 
 or " buying back," Fr. ranfon (It. reden- 
 zione) — L. redemptio. See Redemption.] 
 
 RANSOMABLE, ran'sum-a-bl, adj. capable 
 of being ransomed or redeemed, as from 
 captivity, bondage, punishment, or the 
 like. Chapman. 
 
 RANSOMLESS, ran'sum-les, adj. without 
 ransom : incapable of being ransomed. 
 
 RANT, rant, v.t. to use \'iolent or extrava- 
 gant languag'e : to be noisy in words. — n. 
 boisterous, empty declamation. [O. Dut. 
 ranten, to rave ; cog. with Low Ger. ran- 
 dew, Ger. ranzen, and prob. with O. Ger. 
 razi. raze, violent.] 
 
 RANTER, rant'er, n. a noisy talker : a 
 boisterous preacher. 
 
 RANUNCULUS, rarnun'ku-lus, rt. a genus 
 of plants, including the crowfoot, butter- 
 cup, etc., so called oy Pliny because some 
 grow where /rogrs abound :- nl. Ranttn'- 
 CULUSES. [L., dim. of ranida, a little 
 trog, itself a dim. of rana, a frog.] 
 
 RAP, rap, n. a sharp blow : a knock. — v.t. 
 and v.t. to strike with a quick blow : to 
 knock : — pr.p. rapp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 rapped. [Scand., as Dan. rap; imitative 
 of the sound.] 
 
 RAP, rap, v.t. to seize and carry off : to 
 transport out of one's self: to affect with 
 rapture: — pr.p. rapp'ing ; pa.p. rapped or 
 rapt. [Scand., as Ice. hrapa, to rush 
 headlong, cog. with Ger. ra^en, to snatch.] 
 
 SAP, rap, v.i. to swear, esp. to swear false- 
 ly. " It was his constant maxim that he 
 was a pitiful fellow who would stick at a 
 little rtrpping for his friend." — Fielding. 
 
 RAPACIOUS, rarpa'shus, adj., seizing by 
 
 violence : given to plunder : ravenous : 
 greedy of gain. — adv. Rapaciously. — n. 
 Rapa'ciousness. [L. rapax, rapaeis — 
 rapio, raptum, to seize and carry off ; 
 akin to Gr. harp-azo, to seize.] 
 
 RAPACITY, ra-pas'i-ti, n. the quality of 
 being rapacious : ravenousness : extor- 
 tion. 
 
 RAPE, rap, n. the act of seizing by force : 
 violation of the chastity of a female. 
 [M.E. rape, haste, from Rap, to seize, in- 
 fluenced by L. rapere, to snatch.l 
 
 RAPE, rap, n. a plant nearly allied to the 
 turnip, cultivated for its herbage and oil- 
 producing seeds. [0. Fr. rahe (Fr. rave) 
 — Jo. rapa, rapum ; cog. with Gr. rapys, 
 the turnip.] 
 
 RAPECAKE, rap'kak, n., cake made of the 
 refuse, after tne oil has been expressed 
 from the rapeseed, 
 
 RAPEl-OIL, rap'-oil, n., oil obtained from 
 rapeseed. 
 
 RAPHAELISM, rafa-el-izm, n. the prin- 
 ciples of painting introduced by Raphael, 
 the Italian painter, 1483-1520.— ji. Raph- 
 AELITE, raf a-el-It, one who follows the 
 principles of Raphael. 
 
 RAPID, rap'id, adj. hurrying along : very 
 swift : speedy. — ra. that part of a river 
 where the current is more rapid than 
 usual (gen. vapl.). — adv. Rap'IDLT. — n. 
 Rap'idness. [It. rapide — L. rapidus — 
 rapio . S ee RAPACIOUS.] 
 
 RAPIDITY, ra-pid'i-ti, n. quickness of mo- 
 tion or utterance : swiftness : velocity. 
 
 RAPIER, ra'pi-er, n, a light sword vrith a 
 straight, narrow blade (generally four- 
 sided), used only in thrusting. fFr. rOr 
 piire, of unknown originj. 
 
 RAPINE, rap'in, n. act of seizing and carry- 
 ing ateay forcibly : plunder : violence. 
 \Vr. — L. rapina — rapio. See Rapacious. 
 Doublet Ravine.] 
 
 RAPPEE, rap-pe', n. a moist, coarse kind of 
 snuff. [Fr. r&pi, rasped, grated — rdper, 
 to rasp. See Rasp.] 
 
 RAPPER, rap'er, n. one who raps : a door- 
 knocker. 
 
 RAPT, rapt, adj. raised to rapture : trans- 
 ported : ravished. [Lit. " carried away," 
 from Rap, to seize.influenced by lurapere, 
 to snatch.l 
 
 RAPTORIAL, rap-to'ri-al, eu^., seizing by 
 violence, as a bird of prey. [L. raptor, a 
 snatcher — rapere.] 
 
 RAPTURE, rap'tur, n. a seizing and carry- 
 ing away : extreme delight : transport : 
 ecstasy. IL. rapio, raptus, to seize.] 
 
 RAPTUROUS, rap'tur-us, ac^'., seizing and 
 carrying away : ecstatic : transporting. 
 — adv. Rap'tubously. 
 
 RARE, rar, adj. (conip. Rak'ER, superl. 
 Rajr'est), thin; of a loose texture: not 
 dense : uncommon : excellent : extraor- 
 dinary. — adv. Rare'ly. — n. Raee'ness. 
 [Fr. — L. rarus, rare, thin.] 
 
 RAREFACTION, rar-e-fak'shun or ra-re- 
 fak'shun, n. act of rarefying ; expansion 
 of aeriform bodies. [Fr. — L. See Rare- 
 fy.] 
 
 RAREFY, rar'e-fi or ra're-ft, v.t. to make 
 rare, thin, or less dense : to expand a 
 body. — v.i. to become thin and porous : 
 —pa.t. and pa.p. rayefied. [Fr. rarefier 
 — L. rarus, rare, faeio, factum, to make.] 
 
 RARITY, rar'i-ti or rar'i-ti, n. state of being 
 rare : thinness : subtUty: something val- 
 ued for its scarcity : uncommonness. 
 
 RASCAL, ras'kal, n. *a tricking, dishonest 
 fellow : a knave : a rogue. [Lit. " the 
 scrapings and refuse of anything." Fr. 
 racaille, the scum of the people — racier, 
 O. Fr. rascler, to scrape, through a sup- 
 posed L. form rasindare, from rasiis, 
 scraped. See Rase.] 
 
 RiVSCALITY, ras-kal'i-ti, n. mean trickery 
 or dishonesty : f i-aud. 
 
 RASCALLY, rasTcal-i, adj. mean : vile : 
 worthless : base. 
 
 RASE, raz, v.t. to scratch or blot out : to 
 efface : to cancel : to level with the 
 ground : to demolish : to ruin (in this 
 sense Raze is generally used). [Fr. raser 
 — L. rado, rasuin, to scrape.] 
 
 RASH, rash, adj. (comp. Rash'er, siiperl 
 Rash'EST), hasty : sudden : headstrong 
 incautious. — adv. Rash'ly. — n. RASff ( 
 NESS. [Dan. and Sw. rask ; Ger. rasci/ 
 rapid.] 
 
 RASH, rash, n. a slight eruption on tht 
 body. [O. Fr. rasche (Fr. rache) — L. 
 rado, rasum, to scrape, to scratch. Cf. 
 Rase.] 
 
 RASHER, rash'er, n. a thin slice of broiled 
 bacon, prob. so called because rashly or 
 quickly roasted. 
 
 RASORTATi. ra-zo'ri-al, adj. belonging to 
 an order of birds which scrape the ground 
 for their food, as the hen. [Low L. ra^ 
 sor, rasoris, a scraper — L. rado, rasum, 
 to scrape. See Rase.] 
 
 RASP, rasp, v.t. to rub with a coarse file. 
 —n. a file. — n. Rasp'er. [O. Fr. rasper 
 (Fr. rQper) — O. Ger. raspon; akin to Dut, 
 raspen, to scrape together.] 
 
 RASPBERRY, raz'ber-i, «. a kind of bram- 
 ble, whose fruit has a rough outside like 
 a rasp. 
 
 RASURE, ra'zhOr, n. act of scraping 
 shaving, or erasing : obliteration : an 
 erasure. [Fr. — L. See Rase.] 
 
 Rat, rat, n. an animal of the mouse kind, 
 but larger and more destructive. [A.S. 
 rat, cog. with Ger. ratte, Gael, radan, 
 prob. allied to L. rado, to gnaw.] 
 
 RAT, rat, v.i. to desert one's party and 
 join their opponents for gain or power, as 
 rats are said to leave a falling house : — 
 pr.p. ratt'ing; pa.t. tLnApa.p. ratt'ed. 
 
 RATABLE, rat'a-bl, adj. that may be rated 
 or set at a certain value: subject to tax- 
 ation. — ns. Ratabil'ity, Rat'ableness, 
 quality of being ratable. — odi'.RAT'ABLY 
 
 RATAFIA, rat-a-fe'a, n. a spirituous liquoi 
 flavored with fruit. [Fr. — Malay araq- 
 tdf'ta, from Ar. araq (see Arrack), and 
 Malay tdfia, rum.] 
 
 RATCH, rach, n. a rack or bar witli teeth 
 into which a click drops: the wheel which 
 makes a clock strike. [A weakened form 
 of Rack.] 
 
 RATCHET, rach'et, n. a bar acting on the 
 teeth of a rachet-wheel : a click or pall. 
 
 RATCHET-WHEEL, rach'et-hwel, n. a 
 wheel having teeth for a ratchet. 
 
 RATE, rat, n. a ratio or proportion : allow, 
 ance : standard : value : price : the class 
 of a ship: movement, as fast or slow : a 
 tax. — v.t. to calculate : to estimate : to 
 settle the relative rank, scale, or position 
 of. — v.i. to make an estimate : to be 
 placed in a certain class. [O. Fr. — L. 
 reor, ratus, to calculate, to think.] 
 
 RATE, rat, v.t. to tax one with a thing : to 
 scold : to chide. 
 
 RATEPAYER, rat'pa-er, n. one who is as- 
 sessed and pays a rate or tax. 
 
 RATH, RATHE, rath, adj. early, soon. 
 [A.S. hroedh, cog. with O. Ger. hrad, 
 quick.] 
 
 RATHER, redh'er, adv. more willingly : la 
 preference : especially : more so thar 
 otherwise : on the contrarj' : somewhat. 
 [Lit. " sooner," A.S. rathor, comp. oi 
 Rath, early.] 
 
 RATIFICATION, rat-i-fi-Ka'shun, n. act oi 
 ratifying or confirming : confirmation. 
 
 RATIFY, rat'i-fi, v.t. to approve and sanc- 
 tion : to settle -.—pa.t. and pa.p. rafified. 
 [Fr. ratijier — L. ratus, fixed by calcula. 
 tion — reor, ratus, to calculate, and facia. 
 to make. See Rate, n.] 
 
 RATIO. rS'shi-o. n. the relation o' one 
 thing to another. |L. ratio, calculation,
 
 RATIOCINATION 
 
 354 
 
 REANIMATE 
 
 reason, the faculty which calculates — 
 reor, raiits. Doublets Ration. Reason.] 
 
 KATIOCINATION, rash-i-os-i-na'shuo, n. 
 the act or process oireasoning: deduc- 
 ing' conclusions from premises. — adj. 
 Ratio'cinative. [Fr. — L. ratiocinatio — 
 ratioeinor, -aUis, to calculate, to reason.] 
 
 RATION, ra'shun, n. the rate of provisions 
 distributed to a soldier or sailor daily : 
 an allowance. [Fr. — h. ratio. See Ratio.] 
 
 RATIONAL, rash'uu-al, adj. pertaining to 
 the 1-eason : endowed with reason : agree- 
 able to reason : sane : intelligent : ju- 
 dicious : (arith. and iilg.) noting a quan- 
 tity which can be exactly expressed by 
 numbers : (geog.) noting the plane paral- 
 lel to the sensible horizon of a place, and 
 passing through the earth's centre. [See 
 
 R.\TIO.] 
 
 RATIONAJjE, rash-i-o-na'le, n. an account 
 of, with reasons : an account of the prin- 
 ciples of some opinion. 
 
 RATIONALISM, rash'un-al-izm, n. the re- 
 ligious system or doctrines of a ration- 
 alist. 
 
 RATIONALIST, rash'un - al - ist, w. one 
 guided in his opinions solely by reason : 
 esp. one so guided in regai'd to religion. 
 
 RATIONALISTIC, rash-un-al-ist'ik, 
 RATIONALISTICAL, rash - un - al-ist'ik- 
 al, adj. pertaining to or in accordance 
 with the principles of rationalism. 
 
 RATIONALITY, rash-un-al'i-ti, v. quality 
 of being rational : possession or due exer- 
 cise of reason : reasonableness. 
 
 RATIONALIZE, rash'un-al-iz, v.t. to in- 
 terpret like a rationalist. — v.i. to rely 
 entirely or unduly on reason. 
 
 RATLINE, RATLIN, rat'lin, RATTLING, 
 ratling, n. one of the small lines or ropes 
 traversing the shrouds and forming the 
 steps of the rigging of ships. [Prob. 
 " rat-line," i.e. for the rats to clinib by.] 
 
 BATTAN, rat-an', n. a genus of palms hav- 
 ing a smooth, reed-like stem several hun- 
 dreds of feet in length : a walking-stick 
 made of rattan : stems of this palm used 
 as a raft. [Malay rotan.] 
 
 RATTLE, rat 1, v.i. to produce rapidly the 
 sound rat : to clatter : to speak eagerlj' 
 and noisily. — i\t. to cause to make a 
 rattle or clatter : to stun with noise. — n. 
 a sharp noise rapidlj' repeated : a clatter : 
 loud empty talk : a toy or instrument 
 for rattling. [A.S. hratele, cog. with 
 Ger. rasseln, Dut. ratelen ; Gr. krotalon.} 
 
 RATTLESNAKE, rat'1-snak, 11. a poisonous 
 snake having a number of hard, bony 
 rings loosel}' jointed at the end of the 
 tail, which make a rattling noise. 
 
 RAVAGE, rav'aj, v.t. to lay waste : to 
 destroy: to pillage. — n. devastation: ruin: 
 plunder. [Fr. — ravir — L. rajno, to carry 
 off by force.] 
 
 RAVAGER, rav'aj-er, n. he who or that 
 which laj's waste : a plunderer. 
 
 RAVE, rav, v.i. to be rabid or mad : to be 
 wild or raging, like a madman : to talk 
 irrationally : to utter wild exclamations. 
 [O. Fr. rdivr (Fr. r^ver), to dream, to be 
 delirious — L. rabies, madness. A doublet 
 of Rage.] 
 
 RAVEL, rav'el, v.t. to untwist or unweave : 
 to conf use.entangle. — v.i. to be untwisted 
 or unwoven : — pr.p. rav'elling ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. rav'elled. [Dut. ravelen, to i-avel, 
 to talk confusedly.] 
 
 RAVELIN, rav'lin, 71. a detached work with 
 two embankments raised before the 
 counterscarp. [Fr. ; It. rivellino, perh. 
 from L. re. back. An^rallmn, ar.ampart.] 
 
 RAVEN, rav'n. ». a kind of crow, noted 
 for its croak and xiluudering habits. — 
 adj. black, like a raven. [A.S. hraefn : 
 cog. with Ice. hrafn, Dut. raaf : so called 
 from its cry.] 
 
 EAVEN, rav'n, v.t. to obtain bj- violence : 
 
 to devour with great eagerness or vor- 
 acity. — v.i. to prey with rapacity. — n. 
 prey : plunder. [M.E. ravine, plunder — 
 O. Fr. ravine, rapiditj-, impetuosity — L. 
 i-apina. See Rapine.] 
 
 RAVENING, rav'u-iug, n. (B.) eagerness 
 for plunder. 
 
 RAVENOUS, rav'n-us, adj. voracious, like 
 a raven : devouring with rapacity: eager 
 for pre}' or gratification. — adv. Rav'en- 
 OUSLY. — n. Rav'enousness. 
 
 RAVIN, (B.) same as Raven, to obtain by 
 violence. 
 
 RAVINE, ra-ven', 7i. a long deep hollow, 
 worn away bj- a torrent: a deep, narrow 
 mountain-pass. [Fr. — L. rapina. See 
 Rapine.] 
 
 RAVISH, rav'ish, v.t. to seize or carry away 
 bj- violence to have sexual intercourse 
 with by force : to fill with ecstasy. — n. 
 Rav'isher. [Fr. ravir.] 
 
 RAVISHMENT, raVish-ment, n. act of 
 ravishing : abduction : rape: ecstatic de- 
 light : rapture. 
 
 RAW, raw, adj. not altered from Its nat- 
 ural state : not cooked or dressed : not 
 prepared : not mixed : not covered : sore : 
 unfinished: bleak. — adv. Raw'ly. — n. 
 Raw'ness. [A.S. hredw, cog. with Dut. 
 )-aaHU\ Ice. hrar, Ger. roh, akin to L. 
 crudus, raw.] 
 
 RAWBONED, raw'bSnd, adj. with little 
 flesh on the bones. 
 
 RAY, ra, n. a line of light or heat pro- 
 ceeding from a point : intellectual light : 
 apprehension. [Fr. 7-aie — L. radius, a 
 rod, staff, a beam of light.] 
 
 RAY, ra, n. a class of fishes including the 
 skate, thornback, and torpedo. [Fr. raie 
 — L. raia.] 
 
 RAYAH, ra'yah, >(,. a non-Mohammedan 
 subject of Turkej' who pays the capita- 
 tion tax. [Ar. rciyah, a herd, a peas- 
 ant — raya, to pasture, to feed.] 
 
 RAZE, raz, v.t. to lay level with the 
 ground : to overthrow : to destroy. [A 
 form of Rase.] 
 
 RAZOR, ra'zor. j(. a knife for shaving. 
 
 RAZOR-STROP, ra'zor-strop, n. a strop 
 for razors. 
 
 REACH, rech, v.t. to stretch or extend : to 
 attain or obtain by stretching out the 
 hand : to hand over : to extend to : to 
 arrive at : to gain : to include. — v.i. to 
 be extended so as to touch : to stretch 
 out the hand : to ti'y to obtain. — n. act 
 or power of reaching- : extent : extent of 
 force : penetration : artifice : contriv- 
 ance : a straight portion of a stream. 
 [A.S. rceean : Ger. reichen, to reach.] 
 
 REACT, re-akt', v.i. to act again : to re- 
 turn an impulse : to act mutually upon 
 each other. [L. re, again, and Act.] 
 
 REACTION, re-ak'shun, n., action back 
 upon or resisting other action : mutual 
 action : backward tendency from revolu- 
 tion, reform, or progress. 
 
 REACTIONARY, re-ak'shun-ai--i, adj. for 
 or implying reaction. 
 
 READ, red, r.t. to utter aloud written or 
 
 Erinted words : to peruse : to compre- 
 end : to study. — v.i. to perform the act 
 of reading : to practice nmch reading : 
 to appear in reading -.—pa.t. and pa.p. 
 read (red). [A.S. radan, to discern, in- 
 terpret, read ; Ger. rathen, to advise.] 
 
 READ, red. adj. versed in books : learned. 
 
 READABLE, red'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 read : worth reading : interesting. — adv. 
 Read' ABLY. — n. Read'ableness. ■ 
 
 READDRESS, re-ad-dres', v.t. to address 
 again or a second time. [L. re, again, 
 and Address.] 
 
 READER, red'er, 11. one who reads : one 
 who reads prayersinachurch, or lectures 
 on scientific subjects : one who reads or 
 corrects proofs : one who reads much : a 
 
 reading-book. — n. Read'eeship, the office 
 of a reader. [Ready. 
 
 READILY, READINESS. See under 
 
 READING, red'ing, adj. addicted to read- 
 ing. — n. act of reading : perusal : study 
 of books : public or formal recital : the 
 way in which a passage reads : an inter- 
 pretation of a passage or work. 
 
 READING-BOOK, red'ing-book, n. a book 
 of exercises in reading. 
 
 READING-ROOM, red'ing-room, n. a room 
 with papers, etc., resorted to for reading. 
 
 READJOURN, re-ad-jurn', v.i. to adjourn 
 again or a second time. [L. re, again, 
 and Adjourn.] 
 
 READJUST, re-ad-just', v.t. to adjust or 
 ]jut in order again. [L. re, again, and 
 Adjust.] 
 
 READMISSION, re-ad-mish'un, n. act of 
 readmitting- : state of being readmitted. 
 
 READMIT, re-ad-mit', v.t. to admit again. 
 [L. re. again, and ADMIT.] 
 
 READY, red'i. adj. prepai-ed at the mo- 
 ment : prepared in mind: willing: not 
 slow or awkward : dexterous : prompt : 
 quick : present in liand : at hand : near : 
 easy : on the point of. — adv. in a state of 
 readiness or preparation. — adv. Read'- 
 ILY.— H. Read'iness. [A.S. voede ; Scot. 
 red, to set to rights, to jiut in order. Ger. 
 be-reit, ready. Conn, with Raid, Ride.] 
 
 READY-MAD'E, red'i-mad, adj. made and 
 ready for use : not made to order. 
 [Ready and Made.] 
 
 REAGENT, re-a'jent, n. a substance that 
 reacts on and detects the presence of 
 other bodies : a test. [L. re, again, and 
 Agent.] 
 
 REAL, re'al, adj. actually existing : not 
 counterfeit or assumed : true : genuine : 
 (law) pertaining to things fixed, as lands 
 or houses. [Lit. relating to the tJting, 
 Low L. realis — L. I'es, a thing.] 
 
 REAL, re'al, n. a Spanish and Mexican 
 silver coin, worth about 12ic. [Sp. — L. 
 regalis. roval.] 
 
 REALIZABLE. re'al-Iz-a-bl, adj. that pjay 
 be realized. 
 
 REALIZATION, re-al-i-za'shun, w. act of 
 realizing- oi- state of being realized. 
 
 REALIZE, i-e'al-Iz, v.t. to make real : to 
 bring into being or act : to accomplish : 
 to convert into real property : to obtain, 
 as a possession : to feel strongly : to com- 
 prehend completely : to bring home to 
 one's own experience. 
 
 REALISM, re'al-izm, n. the medieval doc- 
 trine that general terms stand for real ex- 
 istences (opp. to NOMINAUSM) : the tend- 
 ency to accept and to represent things 
 as they really are (opp. to Idealism) : 
 the doctrine that in external perception 
 the objects immediately known are real 
 existences. — n. Re'alist, one who holds 
 the doctrine of realism. — adj. Realistic, 
 re-al-ist'ik, pertaining to the realists or 
 to realism. 
 
 REALITY, re-al'i-ti, n. that which is real 
 and not imaginary : truth : verity : (law) 
 the fixed, permanent nature of real prop- 
 erty. 
 
 REALLY, re'al-li, adv. in realit}': actually: 
 in truth. 
 
 REALM, relm, n. a regal or royal jurisdic 
 tiou : kingdom : province : country. [O 
 Fr. reiilme, through a Low L. form" regal 
 ime)i. from L. regalis, royal. See Regal.] 
 
 REALTY, re'al-ti, n. sam'e as Re.ality in 
 late. 
 
 REAM, rem, n. a quantity of paper consist- 
 ing of 21) quires. [O. Fr. raime (Fr. rame) 
 — Sp. resma — Aran, rizmat (pi. rizam), 
 a bundle.] 
 
 REANIMATE, re-an'i-mat, v.t. to restore 
 to life: to infuse new life or spirit into: to 
 revive. — Ji. Reanijia'tion. [L. re, again, 
 and Ammate.1
 
 REAP 
 
 355 
 
 RECKLESS 
 
 REAP, rep, v.t. to cut down, as grain: to 
 clear off a crop : to gather: to receive as 
 a reward. — n. Reap'er. [A.S. ripan. to 
 pluck ; cog. with Goth, raupjan, Ger. 
 rail fen.] 
 
 REAPPEAR, re-ap-per', v.i. to appear 
 again or a second time. [L. re, again, 
 and Appear.] 
 
 REAR, rer, n. the back or hindmost part : 
 tht last part of an army or fleet. — 11. 
 Rear-ad'miral, an officer of the third 
 -unk, wlio commands the rear division 
 of a fleet. — n. Rear'-GUAkd, troops which 
 protect the rear of an army. — n. Rear'- 
 RANK, the hinder most rank of a body of 
 troops— H. Rear'ward, (B.) Reee'waed, 
 the rear-guard. [O. Fr. riere — L. retro, 
 behind, from re, back, and suffix tro, 
 denoting motion.] 
 
 REAR, rer, v.t. (orig.) to raise: to bring 
 up to maturity : to educate : to stir up. 
 — f.!. to rise on the hind-legs, as a liorse. 
 [A.S. rceran,to raise, the causal of Rise.] 
 
 REARMOUSE. Same as Reremouse. 
 
 REASON, re'zn, n. that which supports or 
 justifies an act, etc.: a motive : proof: 
 excuse : cause : the faculty of the mind 
 by which man draws conclusions, and 
 determines right and trutii: the exercise 
 of reason : just view of things : right 
 conduct : propriety : justice. — v.i. to ex- 
 ercise the facuit.y of reason : to deduce 
 infei'ences from premises : to argue : to 
 debate : {B.) to converse.— t'.i. to ex- 
 amine or discuss : to debate : to per- 
 suade by reasoning. — n. Rea'SONer. — 
 By reason of, on account of : in conse- 
 quence of. [Lit. "a calculation," Fr. 
 raison — L. ratio, rationis — leor, ratu.^, 
 to calculate, to tliink.] 
 
 REASONABLE, re'zun-a-bl, adj. endowed 
 with reason : rational : acting according 
 to reason : agreeable to reason: just : 
 net excessive : moderate. — adv. Rea'sox- 
 
 ABLY.— /?. REA'SONABLENESS. 
 
 REASONING, re'zun-ing, u. act of reason- 
 ing : that which is ofl:ered in argument : 
 course of argument. 
 
 REASSEMBLE, re-as-sem'bl, v.t. and v.i. 
 to assemble or collect again. [L. re, 
 again, and ASSEMBLE.] 
 
 REASSERT, re-as-sert', v.t. to assert again. 
 [L. re. again, and ASSERT.] 
 
 REASSURANCE, re-a-shoor'anS, ?i. re- 
 peated assurance : a second assurance 
 against loss. 
 
 REASSURE, re-a-shoor', v.t. to assure 
 anew : to give confidence to : to insure 
 an msurer. [L. re, again, and Assure.] 
 
 REAVE, rev, v.t. to take away by violence: 
 — pa.t. and pa.j). reft. [A.S. reafian, to 
 rob, (lit.) "to strip" — reaf, clothing, 
 spoil : cog. with Get. raubeii. See Rob.] 
 
 REBAPTIZE. re-bai)-tiz', v.t. to baptize 
 again or a second time. [L. re, again, 
 and Baptize.] 
 
 REBATEMENT, rebat'ment, n. deduction: 
 diminution. [Fr. rehattre, to beat back 
 — L. re, back, oaffuo, to beat.] 
 
 REBEL, reb'el, n. one who rebels. — adj. re- 
 bellious. [Fr. — L. rebellis, making war 
 afresh, insurgent — re, again, and helium, 
 war.] ' 
 
 REBEL, re-bel', v.i. to renounce authority, 
 oi to take up arms against it : to oppose 
 any lawful authority' :—pr.p. rebell'ing ; 
 }Ki.t. and prt.p. rebelled'. 
 
 REBELLION, re-bel'yun, n. act of rebell- 
 ing: open opposition to lawful authority: 
 revolt. 
 
 REBELLIOUS, re-bel'yus, adj. engaged in 
 rebellion. 
 
 REBOUND, re-bownd', v.i. to bound or 
 start back : to be reverberated. — i:f. to 
 drive back : to reverberate. — n. act of re- 
 bounding. [L. re, back, and Bound.] 
 
 REBUFF, re-buf, w. a beating back ; sud- 
 
 den resistance : sudden check : defeat : 
 unexpected refusal. — v.t. to beat back : 
 to check : to repel violently : to refuse. 
 [It. ribuffo, a reproof — It. ri (^L. re), 
 back, and buffo, a puff, of imitative 
 origin.]^ [renew. 
 
 REBUILD, re-bild', v.t. to build again : to 
 
 REBUKE, re-buk', v.t. to clieck with re- 
 proof : to chide or reprove : (B.) to 
 chasten. — n. direct reproof : reprimand : 
 (B.) chastisement : reproach : persecu- 
 tion. — (1. Rebuk'er. [O. Fr. rebouquer 
 (Fr. reboucher), from re, back, bouque (Fr. 
 bouohe), the mouth — L. bticca, the cheek.] 
 
 REBUS, re'bus, ;;. an enigmatical lepre- 
 sentation of a word or phrase by pic- 
 tures of things: {Iier.) a coat of arras 
 bearing an allusion to the name of the 
 person : — jjI. Re'buses. [Lit. " by 
 things," L., from res,rei. a thing.] 
 
 REBUT, re-buf, v.t. to butt or drive back: 
 (law) to oppose by argument or proof. — 
 v.i. (Jair) to return an answer : — p>r.j}. re- 
 butt'ing; jja.f. a.nd pa.j). rebutt'ed. [Fr. 
 rebuter — re, back, and O. Fr. bouter. 
 See Butt.] 
 
 REBUTTER, re-but'er, »i. that which re- 
 buts : a plaintifl^s answer to a defendant's 
 rejoinder. 
 
 RECALCITRANT, re - kal'si - trant, adj. 
 showing repugnance or opposition. [Lit. 
 '• kicking back." L. recalcitraiis, -anti.^— 
 re, back, calcitro, -atum, to kick — calx, 
 calcis, the heel.] 
 
 RECALCITRATE, re-kal'si-trat, v.t. or v.i. 
 to express repugnance. [Lit. " to kick 
 back."] 
 
 RECALL, re-kawl', v.t. to call back : to 
 command to leturn : to revoke : to call 
 back to mind : to remember. — n. act of 
 recalling or revokinsr. 
 
 RECANT, re-kant', i\t. to withdraw (a 
 former declaration) : to retract. — v.i. to 
 rfvoke a former declaration : to unsay 
 what has been said. — n. Recant'er. 
 [Lit. " to sound or sing back," L. re, back, 
 and CaNT.]^ 
 
 RECANTATION, re-kan-ta'.shun, n. act of 
 recanting : a declaration contradicting a 
 former one. 
 
 RECAPITULATE, re-ka-pit'u-lat, v.t. to go 
 over again the lieads or chief points of 
 anything. [L. recapitulo, -atum — re, 
 again, and capitulum, dim. of caput, the 
 head.] 
 
 RECAPITULATION,re-ka-pit-u-la'shun,?i. 
 act of recapitulating : a summary of 
 main points. 
 
 RECAPITULATORY, re-ka-pit'a-la-tor-i, 
 adj. repeating again : containing reca/- 
 ])itulation. 
 
 RECAPTURE, re-kap'tur. v.t. to capture 
 back or retake, esp. a prize from a captor. 
 — n. act of .retaking: a prize retaken. 
 [L. re. back, and Capture.] 
 
 RECAST, re-kast', v.t. to cast or throw 
 again : to cast or mould anew : to com- 
 pute a second time. [L. re, again, and 
 Cast.] 
 
 RECEDE, re-sed', v.i. to go or fall back : 
 to retreat : to give up a claim. — v.t. to 
 cede back, as to a former possessor. [L. 
 recedo. recessus — re, back, and cedo, to go. 
 See Cede.] 
 
 RECEIPT, re-set', n. act of receiving: place 
 of receiving: power of holding: a written 
 acknowledgment of anything received : 
 that which is received : a recipe. — v.t. to 
 give a receipt for : to sign. [M. E. receit 
 — O. Fr. recete (Fr. recefte) — L. recijno.] 
 
 RECEIVABLE, re-sev'a-bl, adj. that may 
 lie receii-ed. 
 
 RECEIVE, re-se\-', v.t. to take what is of- 
 fered, etc. : to accept : to embrace with 
 the mind: to as.sent to: to allow: to give 
 acceptance to: to give admittance to: to 
 welcome or entertain : to hold or con- 
 
 tain: (law) to take goods knowing them 
 to be stolen: {B.i to bear with, to believe 
 in. [O. Fr. j'ecei-er (Fr. recevoir) — L. re- 
 cipio. recep>tum — re, back, and capio. to 
 take.] 
 
 RECEIVER, re-sev'er, n. one who receives: 
 (chem.) a vessel for receiving and condens- 
 ing in distillation, or for containing- gases: 
 the glass vessel of an air-jjump in which 
 the vacuum is formed. 
 
 RECENSION, re-sen'shun, n. act of review- 
 ing or revising : review, esp. critical re- 
 vival of a text : a text established by 
 critical revision. [L. recensio, rece}tseo — 
 re, a"'ain, censeo, to value, estimate.] 
 
 RECENT, re'sent, adj. of late origin or oc- 
 currence : not long parted from : fresh : 
 modern : (geol.) subsequent to the exist- 
 ence of man. — adv. Re'cently. — n. Re'- 
 centxess. [Fr. — L. receHs, ;-eee«fis.] 
 
 RECEPTACLE, re-sep'ta-kl, ?i. that into 
 whicli anything is received or contained : 
 ibot.) the basis of a flower. [From Re- 
 ceive.] 
 
 RECEPTIBILITY, re-sep-ti-bil'i-ti. n. possi- 
 bilitv of receiving or of being received. 
 
 RECEPTION, re-sep'shun, n. act of receiv- 
 ing : admission : state of being received : 
 a receiving or manner of receiving for 
 entertainment : welcome. 
 
 RECEPTIVE, re-sep'tiv, adj. having the 
 quality of receiving or containing: {2>hil.) 
 capable of receiving impressions.—?!. Re- 
 CEPTIv'lTY, quality of being receptive. 
 
 RECESS, re-ses', n. a going back or with- 
 drawing : retirement : state of being 
 withdrawn : seclusion : remission of busi- 
 ness : part of a room formed by a reced- 
 ing of the wall : private abode. [See Re- 
 cede.] 
 
 RECESSION, re-sesh'un, );. act of receding: 
 a ceding or giving back. 
 
 RECIPE, res'i-pe, ik a medical prescription: 
 any formula for the preparation of a 
 comiiound : — 2)1. RECIPES, res'i-pez. [Lit. 
 take, the first word of a medical pre- 
 scription, L., impei-ative of recijno-] 
 
 RECIPIENT, re-sip'i-ent, n. one who re- 
 ceives. 
 
 RECIPROCAL, re-sip'ro-kal, adj. acting in 
 return : mutual : given and received. — 
 n. that which is reciprocal : (mafli.) imity 
 divided by any quantity. [L. reei^jrocus, 
 peril, from i-eque p>roque, backward and 
 forward — re, back, p>ro, forward, que, 
 and.] 
 
 RECIPROCALLY, re-sip'ro-kal-li, adv. 
 mutuallv : interchangeablv. 
 
 RECIPROCATE, re-sip'ro-kat, v.t. to give 
 and receive mutually : to requite. [L. 
 reci]iroco, reciprocatuvi.'] 
 
 RECIPROCATION, re-sip-ro-ka'shun, n. 
 interchange of acts : alternation. 
 
 RECIPROCITY, res-i-pros'i-ti, n. mutual 
 obligations : action and reaction. 
 
 RECITAL, re-sit'al. n. act of reciting : re- 
 hearsal : that which is recited : a narra- 
 tion. 
 
 RECITATION, res-i-ta'shun, ?!. act of re- 
 cifiiii/ : a public readinar : rehearsal. 
 
 RECITATIVE, res-i-ta-tev'. adj. pertaining 
 to luusical recitation : in the style of 
 recitation. — n. language delivered in the 
 sounds of the nmsical scale : a piece of 
 music for recitation. 
 
 RECITE, re-sit', v.t. to read aloud from 
 pajiei', or repeat from memory : to nar- 
 rate : to recapitulate. — n. Recit'ee. [Fr. 
 — L. re. again, and cito, citatum, to call, 
 from cieo, to move.] 
 
 RECK, rek, v.t. to care for: to regard. 
 [A.S. recnn. from a root seen in O. Ger. 
 rnocli. care, Ger. ruchlos, regardless, 
 wicked.] 
 
 RECKLESS; rek'les, adj., careless: heedlesi 
 of consecjuences. — aav. Reck'LESSLY. — n. 
 Reck'lessness.
 
 RECKLING 
 
 RECKLING, reli'ling. n. a reckless person. 
 
 RECKON, rek'n, i\t. to count : to place in 
 the number or rank of : to account : to 
 esteem. — v.i. to calculate : to charge to 
 account: to make up accounts: to settle: 
 to pay a penalty. — n. Reck'oner. [A.S. 
 ge-recenian, to explain, cog. with Dut. 
 rekoien. Ger. recJuien.] 
 
 RECKONING, rek'n-ing, n. an account of 
 time : settlement of accounts, etc. : 
 charges for entertainment : (iiaut.) a 
 calculation of the ship's position : (B.) 
 estimation. 
 
 RECLAIM, re-klam', v.t. to demand the 
 return of : to regain: to bring back from 
 a wild or barbarous state, or from error 
 or vice : to bring into a state of cultiva- 
 tion : to bring into the desired condition: 
 to make tame or gentle: to reform. — v.i. 
 to cry out or exclaim. [Fr. — L. re, again, 
 and clmno, to cry out.] 
 
 RECLAIMABLE. re-klam'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be reclaimed or reformed. — adv. 
 Reclalm'ably. 
 
 RECLAMATION, rek-la-ma'shun, n. act of 
 reclaiming : state of being reclaimed : 
 demand : recoverj'. 
 
 RECLINE, re-klin', v.t. to lean or bend back- 
 wards : to lean to or on one side. — i:i. to 
 lean : to rest or repose. [L. reclino — re, 
 back, clino, to bend.] 
 
 RECLUSE, re-kl66s', adj. secluded: retired: 
 solitary. — n. one shut up or secluded: one 
 who lives retired from the world : a re- 
 ligious devotee living in a single cell, gen- 
 erally attached to a monastery. [Fr. — 
 L. reclusus, pa. p. of recludo, to open, also 
 to shut away — re, away, undoing, and 
 claudo, to shut.] 
 
 RECOGNITION, rek-og-nish'un. n. act of 
 recognizing : state of being recognized : 
 recollection : avowal. 
 
 RECOGNIZABLE, rek-og-niz'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be recognized or acknowledged. 
 
 RECOGNIZANCE, re-kog'ni-zans or re- 
 kon'i-zans, ?i. a recognition : an avowal : 
 a profession : a legal obligation entered 
 into before a magistrate to do, or not do, 
 some particular act. 
 
 RECOGNIZE. rek'og-niz, v.t. to knowagain: 
 to recollect : to acknowledge. [L. recog- 
 nosco — re, again, and cognosco, to know. 
 See Know.] 
 
 RECOIL, re-koil', v.t. to start back : to re- 
 bound : to return : to shrink from. — n. a 
 starting or springing back : rebound. 
 [Fr. reenter — L. re, back, and Fr. cul, the 
 hinder part — L. ndus.'] 
 
 RECOLLECT, rek-ol-lekt', v.t. to remem- 
 ber : to recover composure or resolution 
 (with reflex, pron.). [L. re, again, and 
 
 COLiLECT 1 
 
 RECOLLECT, re-kol-lekt', v.t. to collect 
 again. 
 
 RECOLLECTION, rek-ol-lek'shun, n. act 
 of recollecting or remembering : the 
 power of recollecting : memory : that 
 which is recollected. 
 
 RECOMMENCE, re-kom-mens', v.t. to com- 
 mence again. — )!. Recommence'ment. [L. 
 re. again, and Commence.] 
 
 RECOMMEND, rek-om-mend'. v.t. to com- 
 mend to another : to bestow praise on : 
 to introduce favorably: to give in charge: 
 to advise. [L. re. again, and Commend.] 
 
 RECOMMENDABLE, rek-ora-mend'a- bl, 
 adj. that may be recommended : worthy 
 of praise. 
 
 RECOMMENDATION, rek - om - men - da'- 
 shun, )(. act of recommending: act of 
 introducing with commendation. 
 
 RECOMMElSfDATORY, rek - om - mend'a- 
 tor-i, adj. that recommends : commend- 
 atory. 
 
 RECOMMIT, re-kom-mit', v.t. to commit 
 again : particularly, to send back to a 
 
 356 
 
 committee. — ns. Recommit'ment, Re- 
 COMMITt'al. [L. re. again, and Commit.] 
 
 RECOMPENSE, rek'om-pens, v.t. to re- 
 turn an equivalent for anything : to re- 
 pay or requite : to reward : to compen- 
 sate : to X'emunerate. — n. that which is 
 returned as an equivalent : repayment : 
 reward: compensation: remuneration. 
 [Lit. "to weigh out in return," Fr. re- 
 compenser — L. re, again, and compenso. 
 See Compensate.] 
 
 RECOMPOSE, re-kom-p6z', v.t. to compose 
 again or anew : to form anew: to soothe 
 or quiet. [L. re, again, and COMPOSE.] 
 
 RECONCILABLE, rek-on-sil'a-bl, adj that 
 may be reconciled : that may be made to 
 agree : consistent. 
 
 RECONCILE, rek'on-sil, v.t. to restore to 
 friendship or union : to bring to agree- 
 ment : to bring to contentment : to 
 pacify : to make consistent : to adjust 
 or compose. — n. Rec'oncilee. [Lit. " to 
 bring into counsel again," Fr. reconcilier 
 — L. re, again, and concilio, -atum, to 
 call together — con, together, calo, Gr. 
 kaleo, to call.] 
 
 RECONCILIATION, rek - on - sil - i - a'shun, 
 RECONCILEMENT, rek'on-sll-ment, n. 
 act of reconciling : state of being recon- 
 ciled : renewal of friendship : atonement: 
 the bringing to agreement things at 
 variance. 
 
 RECONDITE, rek'on-dit or re-kon'dit. adj. 
 secret : profound. [Lit. " put together 
 out of the way," L. reconditus, pa. p. of 
 recondo, to piit away — re, and condo, to 
 put together — con, together, and do, to 
 put.] 
 
 RECONNAISSANCE, re - kon ' a - sans or 
 -zans, n. the act of reconnoitring : a sur- 
 vey or examination : the examination of 
 a tract of country with a view to military 
 or engineering operations. [Fr. Doublet 
 Recognizance. ] 
 
 RECONNOITRE, rek-on-noi'ter, v.t. to sur- 
 vey or examine : to survey with a view 
 to military operations. [Lit. " to recog- 
 nize," O. Fr. reconoistre (Fr. reconna'ttre) 
 — L. recognosco. See Recognize.] 
 
 RECONSIDER, re-kon-sid'er. v.t. to con- 
 sider again: to review.— ji. Reconsidera'- 
 TiON. [L. re, again, and Consider.] 
 
 RECONSTRUCT, re-kon-strukt', v.t. to con- 
 struct again: to rebuild.— ?^. Reconstruc'- 
 TiON. [L. re. again, and Construct.] 
 
 RECONYEY, re-kon-va', v.t. to transfer 
 back to a former owner. [L. re, again, 
 and Convey.] 
 
 RECORD, re-kord', v.t. to write anything 
 formally, to preserve evidence of it : to 
 register or enroll : to celebrate. [Fr. 
 recorder — L. recordo, reeordor, to call to 
 mind — re, again, and cor, cordis, E. 
 Heart.] 
 
 RECORD, rek'ord, ii. a register : a formal 
 writing of any fact or proceeding : a book 
 of such writings.] 
 
 RECORDER, re-kord'er, )i. one who re- 
 cords or registers : a keeper of the rolls 
 of a city : a registrar : the chief judicial 
 oflicer in some towns. — n. Record'er- 
 SHIP, his office. 
 
 RECOUNT, re-kownt', v.t. to count again. 
 
 RECOUNT, re-kownt', v.t. to tell over 
 again : to narrate the particulars of : to 
 detail. [Fr. reconter — re, and conter, to 
 tell, akin to compter, to count. See 
 Count, v.] 
 
 RECOUP, re-koop', v.t. to make good : to 
 indemnify. [Lit. to cut a piece off. to 
 secure a piece, Fr. recouper, to cut again 
 — re-, and couper, to cut. coup, a stroke, 
 blow, through Low L. colpus, L. eolaphus, 
 from Gr. kolaphos. a blow.] 
 
 RECOURSE, re-kors'. n. a going to for aid 
 or protection. [Lit. "a running back," 
 
 RECTIFIER 
 
 Fr. recours — L. recursus — re, back, and 
 curro. cursum, to run.] 
 
 RECOVER, re-kuv'er, v.t. to get possession 
 of again : to make up for : to retrieve : 
 to cure : to revive : to bring back to any 
 former state : to obtain as compensation: 
 to obtain for injurj- or debt. — v.i. to re- 
 gain health : to regain any former state : 
 (law) to obtain a judgment. [Lit. "to 
 take again, " Fr. recourrer — L. recuperare 
 — re, again, and capio, to take.] 
 
 RECOVERABLE, re-kuv'er-a-bl, adj that 
 may be recovered or regained : capable 
 of being brought to a former condition. 
 
 RECOVERY, re-kuv'er-i, n. the act of re- 
 covering : the act of regaining anything 
 lost : restoration to health or to any 
 former state : the power of recovering 
 anvthing. 
 
 RECREANCY, rek're-an-si, n. the quality 
 of a recreant: a yielding, mean, cowardly 
 spirit. 
 
 RECREANT, rek're-ant, adj. cowardly: 
 false : apostate : renegade. — n. a mean- 
 spirited wretch: an apostate: a renegade. 
 [O.Fr. pr.p. of recroire, to change belief 
 — Low L. (se) re-credere, to be vanquished 
 in judicial combat and forced to confess 
 one's self wrong — L. re, denoting change, 
 credo, to believe.] 
 
 RECREATE, re-kre-at', v.t. to create again 
 or anew. — n. Recrea'tion. [L. re, again, 
 and Create.] 
 
 RECREATE, rek're-at, v.t. to revive : to 
 reanimate: to cheer or amuse: torefi'esh: 
 to delight. — v.i. to take recreation. 
 
 RECREATION, re-kre-a'shun, n. a creating ^ 
 again : a new creation. 
 
 RECREATION, rek-re-a'shun. n. the act of 
 recreation or state of being recreated : 
 refreshment after toil, sorrow, etc. : di 
 version : amusement : sport. 
 
 RECREATIVE, rek're-at-iv. adj. serving tc 
 recreate or refresh : giving relief in 
 weariness, etc. : amusing. 
 
 RECRIMINATE, re-krim'in-at. v.t. to 
 criminate or accuse in return. — v.i. to 
 charge an accuser with a similar crime. 
 [L. re. in return, and Criminate.] 
 
 RECRIMINATION, re-krim-in-a'shun, n. 
 the act of recriminating or returning 
 one accusation by another : a counter- 
 charge or accusation. 
 
 RECRIMINATIVE, re-ljrira'in-at-iv, RE- 
 CRIMINATORY, re-krim'in-a-tor-i, adi. 
 recriminating or retorting tccusations 
 or charges. 
 
 RECRUIT, re-kro6t', v.i. to obtain fresh 
 supplies : to recover in health, etc. : to 
 enlist new soldiers. — v.t. to repair: to 
 supply : to supply with recruits. — n. the 
 supply of any want : a newly enlisted 
 soldier. — ns. Recruit'er. 'Recruit'ment. 
 [Lit. " to grow again," Fr. recruter, from 
 re, and croitre—lj. recresco — re, again, 
 and ('?'ftSCO, to grow.] 
 
 RECRUITING, re-kroot'ing, adj. obtaining 
 new supplies : enlisting recruits. — n. the 
 business of obtaining new supplies or en- 
 listing new soldiers. 
 
 RECTANGLE, rekt'ang-gl. n. a four-sided 
 figure witli right angles. [D. rectus, 
 right, and angtdus, an angle.] „ 
 
 RECTANGLED, rekt-ang'gld, adj. having | 
 right angles. ' 
 
 RECTANGULAR, rekt-ang'gul-ar, adj., 
 right-angled. 
 
 RECTIFIABLE. rek'ti-fl-a-bl. adj. that 
 may be rectified or set right. 
 
 RECTIFICATION, rek-ti-fi-ka'shun, 7i. the 
 act of rectifying or setting right : the 
 process of refining any substance bj- re- ' 
 
 peated distillation. 
 
 RECTIFIER, rek'ti-fi-er, n. one who recti- 
 fies or corrects : one who refines a sub- n ' 
 stance by repeated distillation.
 
 RECTIFY 
 
 35'; 
 
 REEFY 
 
 RECTIFY, rek'ti-fl, v.t. to make straight or 
 right : to adjust : to correct or redress : 
 to refine by distillation : — pa.t. and pa.p. 
 reo'tified. [L. rectus, straight, right, and 
 fncio. to make.] 
 
 RECTILINEAL, rek-ti-lin'e-al, RECTI- 
 LINEAR, rek-ti-lin'e-ar, adj. bounded 
 by straight lines: straight. [L. rectus, 
 straight, right, and linea, a line.] 
 
 RECTITUDE, rek'ti-tud. n., uprightness: 
 correctness of j)rinciple or practice : in- 
 tegrity. [Fr. — L. rectitudo — rectus, 
 straight, E. Right.] 
 
 RECTOR, rek'tor, n. a rider: in the En- 
 glish Churcli, a clei'gyman who has tlie 
 charge and care of a parish, together 
 with all tlie tithes, etc. : a pastor : a 
 clergyman : (Scot.) the head master of a 
 public school : the chief elective oflBcer 
 of some universities, as in France and 
 Scotland: the title given by the Jesuits 
 to tlie heads of their religious houses. — 
 7is. Rec'torate, Rec'toeship. [L. — rego, 
 rectum, to rule ; akin to Sans, raj, to 
 govern.] 
 
 EECTORAL, rek'tor-al, RECTORIAL, rek- 
 to'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a rector or to 
 a rectorv. 
 
 RECTOR'5?', rek'tor-i, n. the province or 
 mansion of a rector. 
 
 RECTUM, rek'tum, n. the lowest part of 
 the large intestine. [From L. rectus, 
 straight.] 
 
 RECUMBENT, re-kum'bent, adj., lying 
 back : reclining : idle. — adv. Recum'- 
 
 BENTLY. — Its. ReCUM'BENCE, ReCXJM'- 
 
 BENCY. [L. recumbo — re, back, and 
 cumbo, cubo, to lie down.] 
 
 RECUPERATIVE, re-ku'per-a-tiv, RECU- 
 PERATORY, re-ku'per-a-tor-i, adj. tend- 
 ing to recovery. [L. recuperativus — re- 
 cvpero, to recover. See Recover.] 
 
 RECL^R, re-kur', v.i. to return to the mind : 
 to have recourse : to resort : to happen at 
 a stated interval -.—pr.p. recurr'ing ■,pa.t. 
 and pa.p. recurred'. [L. reeurro — re, 
 back, and eurro, to run. See Current.] 
 
 RECURRENT, re-kur'ent, adj. returning 
 at intervals. — ns. Recurr'ence, Recurr'- 
 
 ENCY. 
 
 RECURVATE, re-kur'vat, v.t. to curve or 
 bend back. 
 
 RECUSANCY, re-kuz'an-si, n. state of 
 being a recusant : nonconformity. 
 
 RECUSANT, re-kuz'ant or rek'-, adj. r(= fus- 
 ing to acknowledge the supremacy of the 
 sovereign in religious matters. — n. in 
 England, one who refuses to acknowl- 
 edge the supremacy of the sovereign in 
 religious matters ; a nonconformist : one 
 who refuses to acknowledge some prin- 
 ciple or party. [Fr. — pr.p. of L. recuso 
 — re. against, and causa, a cause. See 
 Cause.] 
 
 RED, red, adj. {coinp. Redd'er, superl. 
 Redd'est) of a color like blood. — n. one 
 of the primary color-s, of several shades, 
 as scarlet, pink. etc. — adv. Red'ly. — n. 
 Red'xess. [A.S. redd, cog. with Ice. 
 raudh-r, Ger. roth, L. ruf-us, Gr. e-ry- 
 thros. Celt, ruadh, rhudd.] 
 
 REDACTION, re-dak'shun, n. the act of 
 arranging in systematic order, esp. liter- 
 ai'v materials : the digest so made. [Fr. 
 — L. redactus, pa.p. of redigo, to bring 
 back, to get together.] 
 
 REDAN, re-dan', n. {fort.) the simplest 
 form of field-work, consisting of two 
 fates which form a salient angle towards 
 the enemy, serving to cover a bridge or 
 causeway. [Fr., for O. Fr. redent. See 
 Redented.] 
 
 REDBREAST, red'brest, n. a favorite song- 
 bird, so called from the red color of its 
 brt^ast. the roliin. 
 
 RED CHALK. RED CLAY. See Reddle. 
 
 RED-DEER, red'-der, n. a species of deer 
 
 which is reddis/t-brown in summer : the 
 common stag. 
 
 REDDEN, red'u, v.t. to make red.— v.i. to 
 grow i-ed : to blush. 
 
 REDDISH, red'ish, adj. somewhat red : 
 moderately red. — n. Redd'ishness. 
 
 REDDITION, red-dish'un, n. a giving back 
 or returning of anything : surrender : a 
 rendering of the sense : explanation. [Fr. 
 — L. redditi-o, -onis—redditus, pa.p. of 
 reddo, to restore. See Render.] 
 
 REDDITIVE, red'di-tiv, adj., returning an 
 answer. 
 
 REDDLE, red'l, n. a soft clay iron ore of a 
 reddisli color, also called Red clay or 
 Red chalk. 
 
 REDEEM, re-dem', v.t. to ransom : to re- 
 lieve from captivity by a price : to rescue: 
 to pay tlie penalty of : to atone for : to 
 perform, as a promise : to improve : to 
 recover, as a pledge. [Lit. "to buy 
 back,"Fr. redimer—L. redimo — red, back, 
 and emo, to buy, orig. to take.] 
 
 REDEEMABLE, re-dem'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be redeemed. — n. Redeem' ableness. 
 
 REDEEMER, re-dem'er, n. one who re- 
 deems or ransoms : Jesus Christ, the 
 Saviour of the world. 
 
 REDELIVER, re-de-liv'er, v.t. to deUver 
 back or again: to liberate a second time. 
 — ?i. Redeliv'erance. [L. re, back or 
 again, and Deliver.] 
 
 REDELIVERY, re-de-liv'er-i, n. the act of 
 delivering back : a second delivery or lib- 
 eration.] 
 
 REDEMPTION, re-dem'shun, n. act of re- 
 deeming or buying back : ransom : re- 
 lease : the deliverajice of mankind from 
 sin and misery' by Christ. [Fr. — L. — re- 
 demptus, pa.p. of redimo. See Redeem. 
 Doublet Ransom.] 
 
 REDEMPTIVE, re-demp'tiv, adj. pertain- 
 ing to redemption : serving or tending 
 to redeem. 
 
 REDEMPTORY. re-demp'tor-i, adj. serving 
 to redeem : paid for ransom. 
 
 REDENTED, re-dent'ed, adj. formed like 
 the teeth of a saw. [O. Fr. redent, a 
 double notching or jagging — L. re, again, 
 and dens, dentis, a tooth.] 
 
 RED-HAND, red'-hand, 71. a bloody hand: 
 (her.) a sinister hand, erect, open, and 
 " couped," the distinguishing badge of 
 baronets. — adv. in the very act, as if 
 with red or bloody hands. 
 
 RED-HEAT, red'-het, n. heat amounting 
 to redness. 
 
 RED-HOT, red'-hot, adj. heated to redness. 
 
 REDINTEGRATION, red-in-te-gra'shun, «. , 
 restoration to integrity or to a ivhole or 
 sound state : renovation. [L. redinte- 
 gratio.] 
 
 RED-LEAD, red'-led, n. a preparation of 
 lead of a fine red color used in painting, 
 
 RED-LETTER, red'-let'er, adj. having red 
 letters: auspicious or fortunate, as a day, 
 so called from the holidays or saints' days 
 being indicated by red letters in the old 
 calendars. 
 
 REDOLENT, red'o-lent, adj., diffusing odor 
 or fragrance : scented. — ns. Red'olence, 
 Red'olency. [Fr.— L. redol-ens, -entis— 
 red, re, off, again, and oleo, to emit an 
 odor. See Odor and Olfactory.] 
 
 REDOUBLE, re-dub'l, v.t. to double again 
 or repeatedly : to increase greatly : to 
 multiply. — v.i. to become greatly in- 
 creased : to become twice as much. 
 [Fr. re-doubler. See Double.] 
 
 REDOUBT, re-dowt', n. (Jort.) a field-work 
 inclosed on all sides, its ditch not flanked 
 from the parapet. [Fr. redoute, reduit, a 
 redoubt, retreat — It. ridotto — L. reductus, 
 retired. See Reduce.] 
 
 REDOUBTABLE, re-dowt'a-bl, adj. ter- 
 
 rible to foes : valiant. [O. Fr. (Fr. re- 
 doutable), to be feared — O. Fr. redoubter 
 (Fr. redouter), to fear greatly — L. I'e, 
 back, and dubito, to doubt. See DoUBT.] 
 
 REDOUND, re-downd', v.i. to be sent back 
 by reaction: to result. [Lit. "to roll 
 back as a wave," Fr. redonder — L. re- 
 dundo — re, back, and undo, to surge— 
 undo, a, wave.] 
 
 REDRAFT, re-draft', n. a second draft or 
 copy : a new bill of exchanoe which the 
 holder of a protested bill draws on the 
 drawer or indorsers, for the amount of 
 the bill, with costs and charges. [L. re, 
 again, and Draft.] 
 
 REDRESS, re-dres', v.t. to set right : to re- 
 lieve from : to make amends to. — n. 
 relief : rejiaration. [Fr. I'edresser — re, 
 again, and dresser. See Dress.] 
 
 REDRESSIBLE, re-dres'i-bl, adj. that may 
 
 REDRESSIVE, re-dres'iv, adj. affording re- 
 dress. 
 
 REDSHANK, red'shank, n. an aquatic 
 bird of the snipe family, with legs of a 
 bright red color. 
 
 RED-TAPE, red-tap', n. the red tape used 
 in public, and esp. government offices, 
 for tying up documents, etc. : applied 
 satirically to the intricate system of 
 routine in vogue there : official formal- 
 ity. — adj. pertaining to official formality. 
 
 RED-TAPISM, red-tap'izm, n. the system 
 of routine in government and other pub- 
 lic offices. — n. Red-tap'ist, a great stick- 
 ler for routine. 
 
 REDUCE, re-dus', v.t. to bring into a lower 
 state : to lessen : to impoverish : to sub- 
 due : to arrange : (arith. and alg.) to 
 change numbers or quantities from one 
 denomination into another. [Lit. '• to 
 bring back," L. reduco, i-eductuni — re 
 back, and duco, to lead. See DuKE.] 
 
 REDUCIBLE, re-dus'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 reduced. 
 
 REDUCTION, re-duk'shun, n. act of reduc- 
 ing or state of being reduced : diminu- 
 tion : subjugation : a rule foi- changing 
 numbers or quantities from one denomi- 
 nation to another. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 REDUNDANCE, re-dun'dans, REDUN- 
 DANCY, re-dun'dan-si, 7t. quality of be- 
 ing redundant or superfluous: that which 
 is redundant. 
 
 REDUNDANT, re-dun'dant, adj. exceeding 
 what is necessary : superfluous, in words 
 or images. — adv. Redun'dantly. [Lit. 
 "overflowing like waves," Fr. — L. re- 
 dund-ans, -antis, pr.p. of redundo. See 
 Redoitnd.] 
 
 REDUPLICATE, re-dti'plik-at, v.t. to du- 
 plicate or double again : to multiply : to 
 repeat. — adj. doubled.^)*. Reduplica'- 
 TION. [L. re, again, and DUPLICATE.] 
 
 RE-ECHO, re-ek'o, v.t. to echo back. — r.i. 
 to give back echoes: to resound. — n. the 
 echo of an echo. [L. re, back, and Echo.] 
 
 REED, red, n. a kind of gTass, common at 
 the sides of rivers, lakes, etc. : a musical 
 pipe anciently made of a reed: the 
 mouth-tube of a nivisical instrument: 
 the part of a loom by which the threads 
 are separated. [A.S. hreod ; Dut. and 
 Ger. riet.l 
 
 REEDED, red'ed, adj. covered with reeds ; 
 formed with reed-like ridges or channel*. 
 
 REEDY, red'i, adj. abounding with reeds; 
 resembling or sounding as a reed. 
 
 REEF, ref. n. a chain of rocks lying at or 
 near the surface of the water.' [Ice. rif, 
 Dan. rev: conn, with RiVE, and so lit. the 
 "cleft " or " riven."] 
 
 REEF, ref. ?i. a portion of a sail. — v.t. \o 
 reduce the exposed surface of, as a sa 1. 
 [Dut. rif. reef] 
 
 REEFY, ref'i, adj. full of reefs.
 
 REEK 
 
 358 
 
 REFUjSID 
 
 KEEK, rek, n. smoke : vapor.— r.t. to emit 
 
 smoke or vapor : to steam. TA.S. rec : 
 
 Ice. reyhr. Ger. ranch. Diit. rooA-, smoke.] 
 
 REEKY, rek'i, adj. full of reek : smoky : 
 
 soiled with steam or smoke : foul. 
 REEL, rel, n. a lively .Scottish dance. 
 
 [Gael, righil.] 
 REEL. rel. n. a rolling or turning frame for 
 winding- yarn, etc. — v.t. to wind on a reel. 
 [A.S. reo'l, hreoL] 
 REEL, rel. i:i. to stagger : to vacillate. 
 RE-ELECT, re-e-lekt', v.t. to elect again. 
 —11. Re-elec'tiox. [L. re, again, and 
 Elect.] 
 RE-ELIGIBLE, re-el'i-ji-bl, adj. capable of 
 
 re-election. — n. Re-eligibil'ity. 
 RE-EMBARK, re-em-bark', v.t. to embark 
 or put onboard again. — n. Re-embabka'- 
 TiON. [L. re, again, and Embark.] 
 RE-EXACT, re-en-akt', v.t. to enact again. 
 — )i. Re-enact'me>"t. [L. re, again, and 
 Enact.] 
 RE - ENFORCE, RE - ENFORCEMENT. 
 
 Same as REI^TORCE. Reixforcejiest. 
 RE-ENTER, re-en' ter. v.t. and i:i. to enter 
 again or anew.— Re-EXTERIN'G aXGLE, an 
 angle pointing inwards. [L. re, again, 
 and Exter.] 
 RE-ENTRY, re-en'tri, n. an entering again: 
 
 tlie resuming a possession lately lost. 
 REERMOUSE. See Reremouse. 
 RE-ESTABLISH, re-es-tab'lish, v.t. to es- 
 tablish ag.ain. — )!. Re-estab'lisedient. 
 [L. re, again, and Establish.] 
 REEVE, rev, n. a steward or other officer 
 (mow used onlj' in composition, as in 
 SHERIFF). [M.E. reve — A.S. gerefa : Ger. 
 graf: all from Low L. grajio, graphio — 
 Gr. graphs, to write.] 
 REEVE, rev, v.t. to pass the end of a rope 
 through any hole, as the channel of a 
 blocV::— pa. i. and pa.p. reeved, also rove 
 {naut.). [See Reef, t-.] 
 RE-EXAMINE, re-egz-am'in, v.t. to ex- 
 amine again or anew. [L. re, again, and 
 Examine.] 
 REFECTION, re-fek'shun, n. refreshment : 
 a meal or repast. [Fr. — L. refectio — re- 
 jicio. refectum — re, again, and facio, to 
 make.] 
 REFECTORY, re-fek'tor-i, »i. the place 
 where refections or meals are taken : 
 (orig.) a hall in convents or monasteries 
 where meals were taken. 
 REFER, re-fer', v.t. to submit to another 
 person or authority: to assign: to reduce. 
 — v.i. to have reference or recourse: to 
 relate: to allude -.^pr.p. referr'ing; pa.t. 
 and jjrt.jj. referred'. [Fr. referer — L. re- 
 fero. to carry away or back — re, back, and 
 fero. to bear.] 
 REFERABLE, ref'er-a-bl, REFERRIBLE, 
 re-fer'i-bl. adj. that may be referred or 
 considered in connection with something 
 else : that may be assigned or considered 
 as belonging or related to. 
 REFEREE, ref-er-e', n. one to whom any- 
 thing is referred : an arbitrator, \impire, 
 or judge. 
 REFERENCE, ref'er-ens, n. the act of refer- 
 ring : a submitting for information or 
 decision : relation : allusion : one who or 
 that which is referred to : (laiv) the act 
 of submitting a dispute for investigation 
 or decision. 
 REFERRIBLE. Same as Referable. 
 REFINE, re-fIn', v.t. to separate from ex- 
 traneous matter : to reduce to a fine or 
 pure state : to purify : to clarify : to 
 jpolish : to make elegant : to purify the 
 manners, morals, etc. — v.i. to become 
 fine or pure : to affect nicety : to improve 
 in any kind of excellence. — n. Refin'er. 
 [L. re, denoting change of state, and 
 Fine ; cf. Fr. raffine^r (reaffiner). It. 
 raffinareA 
 REFINEMENT, re-fin'ment, n. act of refin- 
 
 ing or state of being refined : purifica- 
 tion : separation from what is impure, 
 etc.: cultivation: elegance: polish: purity: 
 ati excessive nicety. 
 
 REFINERY, re-fin'e'r-i, n. a place for refin- 
 ing. 
 
 REFINING, re-fln'ing. n. the act or proc- 
 ess of refining or purifying, particularly 
 sugar or metals. 
 
 REFIT, re-fit', v.t. to fit or prepare again. 
 — n. Refit'mext. [L. re, again, and 
 
 FlT.]^ 
 
 REFLECT, re-flekt', v.t. to bend back: to 
 throw back after striking upon any 
 surface, as light, etc. — v.i. to be thrown 
 back, as light, heat, etc. : to revolve in 
 the mind : to consider attentively or 
 deeplj' : to ponder : to cast reproach or 
 censure. [L. refiecto, reflexum — re, and 
 flecto, to bend or turn.] 
 
 REFLECTING, re-flekt 'ing. adj., throwing 
 hachWght. heat, etc. : given to reflection: 
 thoughtful. 
 
 REFLECTION, re-flek'shun, n. the act of 
 reflecting : the sending back of light, 
 heat, etc. : the state of being reflected : 
 that which is reflected : the action of the 
 mind by which it is conscious of its own 
 operations : attentive consideration : con- 
 templation : censure or reproach. 
 
 REFLECTIVE, re-flekt'iv, adj. reflecting : 
 considering the operations of the mind : 
 exercising thought or reflection : (gram.) 
 reciprocal. — adv. Reflect'ively. — n. 
 Reflect'iveness. - 
 
 REFLECTOR, re-flekt'or, n. one who or 
 that which reflects : a mirror or polished 
 reflecting surface. 
 
 REFLEX, re'fleks, adj., bent or turned 
 back : reflected : {physiology) said of cer- 
 tain movements which take place inde- 
 pendent of the will, being sent back from 
 a nerve-centre in answer to a stimulus 
 from the surface : (paint.) illuminated 
 by light reflected from another part of 
 the same picture.— h. reflection: light 
 reflected from an illuminated surface. 
 
 REFLEXIBLE, re-fleks'i-bl, REFLECTI- 
 BLE, re-flekt'i-bl, adj. that may be re- 
 flected or throion back. — n. Reflexibil'- 
 ity. 
 
 REFLEXrVTE, re-fleks'iv, adj., tiirnedback- 
 irard : reflective : respecting the past : 
 turning back on itself.— arir. Reflex'- 
 
 IVELY. 
 
 REFLUENT, refloo-ent, adj., flowing back: 
 ebbing. [L. refluens. -entis, pr.p. of re- 
 flito — re, back, and fluo, flnxum, to 
 flow.] 
 
 REFLUX, re'fluks, adj., flotving or return- 
 ing back : reflex. — )i. a flowing back : 
 ebb. 
 
 REFORM, re-form', v.t. to form again or 
 anew : to transform : to make better : to 
 remove that which is objectionable from : 
 to repair or improve : to reclaim. — v.i. 
 to become better : to abandon evil : to be 
 corrected or improved. — n. a forming 
 anew : change, amendment, improve- 
 ment. [L. re. again, formo, to shape, 
 from forma. See Form, ».] 
 
 REFORMATION, re-for-raa'shun, n. the 
 act of forming again. 
 
 REFORMATION, ref-or-ma'shun. n. the act 
 of reforming: amendment: improvement: 
 the great religious change of the 16th 
 century, when the Protestants separated 
 from the R. Cath. Church. 
 
 REFORMATIVE, re-fornVa-tiv, adj. form- 
 ing again or anew : tending to produce 
 reform. 
 
 REFORMATORY, re-form'a-tor-i, adj. re- 
 forming: tending to produce reform. — n. 
 an institution for reclaiming youths and 
 children who have been convicted of 
 crime. 
 
 REFORMED, re-formd'. adj. formed again 
 or anew: changed : amended: improved: 
 denoting the churches formed after the 
 Reformation, esp. those that separated 
 from Luther on nuitters of doctrine and 
 discipline : Protestant. 
 
 REFORMER, re-form'er, n. one who re- 
 forms : one who advocates political re- 
 form: one of those who took part in the 
 Reformation of the 16th century. 
 
 REFRACT, re-frakt'. v.t. to break back or 
 open : to break the natural course, or 
 bend from a direct line, as rays of light, 
 etc. [L. refringo, refractum — re, back, 
 aadfrango, to break. See Fraction.] 
 
 REFRACTION, re-frak'shun, n. the act of 
 refracting : the change in the direction 
 of a ray of light, heat, etc., when it en- 
 tei's a diff'erent medium. 
 
 REFRACTIVE, re-frakt'iv, adj. refracting: 
 pertaining to refraction. — n. RefraCt- 
 
 REFRACTORY, re-frakt'or-i, adj., break- 
 ing through rules : unruly : unmanage- 
 able : obstinate : perverse : difficult of 
 fusion, as metals, etc. — adv. Refract'- 
 
 ORILY. — n. ReFRACT'ORINESS. 
 
 REFRAIN, re-fran', ?i. a phrase or verse 
 recurring at the end of each division of a 
 poem : the burden of a song. [Fr. — O. 
 Fr. refraindre—'L. refringo (refrango).'] 
 
 REFRAIN, re-fran', v.t. to curb : to re- 
 strain. — v.i. to keep from action : to for- 
 bear. [Fr. refrener — L. refreno — re, and 
 frenitm, a bridle.] 
 
 REFRANGIBLE, re-fran'ji-bl, adj. that 
 may be refracted or turned out of a di- 
 rect course, as rays of Ught, heat, etc. — 
 n. Refrangibll'ity. 
 
 REFRESH, re-fresh', v.t. to make fre/ih 
 again : to allay heat : to give new 
 strength, spirit, etc., to : to revive after 
 exhaustion : to enliven : to restore. [L. 
 re. again, and Fresh.] 
 
 REFRESHMENT, re-fresh'ment, n. the 
 act of refreshing : new strength or spirit 
 after exhaustion : that which refreshes, 
 as food or rest. 
 
 REFRIGERANT, re-frij'er-ant, adj. mak- 
 ing cold : cooling : refreshing. — n. that 
 which cools. 
 
 REFRIGERATE, re-frij'er-at, r.f. to make 
 cold : to cool: to refresh. — n. Refeigera'- 
 TION. [Fr. — L. re, denoting change of 
 state, and frigero, -atttm, to cool, from 
 frigiix, cold. See FRIGID.] 
 
 REFRIGERATIVE, re-frij'er-a-tiv, RE- 
 FRIGERATORY, re-frij'er-a-tor-i, adj., 
 cooling : refreshing. 
 
 REFRIGERATOR, re-frij'er-ar-tor, n. an 
 apparatus for preserving food by keeping 
 it at a low temperature: an ice-safe. 
 
 REFRIGERATORY, re-frij'er-a-tor-i, n. a 
 cooler : a vessel or apparatus for cooling, 
 used in brewing, etc. 
 
 REFT, reft, pa.t. anApa.p. of Reave. 
 
 REFUGE, ref'uj, n. that which affords 
 shelter or protection : an asylum or 
 retreat : a resource or expedient. [Lit. 
 "a fleeing back," Fr. — L. refngium—re, 
 back. anc\ fugio. to flee.] 
 
 REFUGEE, ref-u-je', n. one who flees for 
 refuge to another country, esp. from 
 religious persecution or political commo- 
 tion. 
 
 REFULGENCE, re-ful'jens, REFULGEN- 
 CY, re-ful'jen-si, n. state of being reful- 
 gent : brightness : brilliance. 
 
 REFULGENT, re-ful'jent, adj. casting a 
 flood of Ught : shining: brilliant.— «(/l'. 
 REFxn:.'GExfLY. [L. rcfulgens. -eyitis. pr.p. 
 of refulgeo — re, mten's.,/!(?gieo, to shine.] 
 
 REFUND, re-fund', v.t. to repay : to re- 
 store : to return what has been taken. 
 [Lit. " to pour back," L. refundo, refusum 
 — re, back, and /i<ndo, to pour.]
 
 REFUSAL 
 
 359 
 
 REINSTATEMENT 
 
 REFUSAL, re-fuz'al. n. denial of anything 
 requested : rejectioa : the right of taking 
 in preference to others. 
 
 REFUSE, re-fuz', v.t. to reject : to deny, 
 as a request, etc. — i:i. to decline accept- 
 ance : not to comply. [Fr. refuser, prob. 
 due to confusion of L. refiito. to drive 
 back, and reeuso, to make an objection 
 against.] 
 
 REFUSE, ref'us. adj.. refitsed : worthless. 
 — /(. that which is rejected or left as 
 worthless : dross. 
 
 REFUTABLE, re-fut'a-bl. adj. that may be 
 refuted or disproved. — adv. RefxtVablt. 
 
 — n. REFrTABIL'lTY. 
 
 REFUTATION, ref-u-ta'shun, n. the act of 
 refutinff or dispro\'ing'. 
 
 REFUTATORY. re-fut'a-tor-i. adj. tending 
 to refute : refuting. 
 
 REFUTE, re-fut'. v.i. to repel : to oppose : 
 to disprove. [Lit. "to pour back," Fr, 
 refuter — L. refuto—re. back, and base 
 fud. root o{ fiindo. futilis.] 
 
 REGAIN, re-gan', v.t. to gain back or 
 again : to recover. [L. re, back, and 
 Gain.] 
 
 REGAL, re'gal, adj. belonging to a king : 
 kingly : royal. — udv. Re'gally. [Fr. — L. 
 rpgaJi.1 — rex. a king, from rego. to rule.] 
 
 REGAL, re'gal, or RIGOLE, rig'ol, n. a 
 small portable organ used to support 
 treble voices. " [Fr. — It. — L. regalis. See 
 Regal, adj.'] 
 
 REGALE, re-gal', i:t. to entertain in a 
 sumptuous manner : to refresh : to grati- 
 fy. — v.i. to feast. — n. a regal or magnifi- 
 cent feast, [Fr. regaler — Sp. regalar — L, 
 regehire, to thaw : or from Fr. and It. 
 gala, good cheer. See Gala.] 
 
 REGALEMENT, re-gal'ment, h. the act of 
 regaling : entertainment : refreshment. 
 
 REGALIA. re-ga'U-a. n.pl. the ensigns of 
 royalty : the crown, sceptre, etc.. esp. 
 those used at a coronation : the rights 
 and privileges of a sovereign : the orna- 
 mental dress, badges, jewels, etc. , worn 
 by freemasons, and other societies, or by 
 high officers and dignitaries. [Lit. " roj'al 
 things." neuter pi. of regali.^/] 
 
 REGALITY, re-gal'i-ti, n. state of being 
 regal : royalty : sovereignty. 
 
 REGARD, re-giird'. r.t. to observe particu- 
 larly : to hold in respect or affection : to 
 pay attention to : to keep or observe : to 
 esteem: to consider. — n. {orig.)!ook. gaze: 
 attention with interest : observation : re- 
 spect : affection : repute : relation : ref- 
 erence, — n. Reoakd'er. [Fr. regarder^- 
 re, and garder, to keep, look after. See 
 Guard.] 
 
 REGARDFUL, re-gard'fool, adj. full of 
 regard : taking notice : heedful : atten- 
 tive. — adi: Regaed'eully'. 
 
 REGARDLESS, re-gard'les, adj. without 
 regard : not attending: negligent: heed- 
 less, -adv. Regard'lesslt. — n. Regard'- 
 lessness. 
 
 REGATTA, re-gat'a. n. a race of yachts : 
 any rowing or sailing match. [Orig. a 
 grand fete ami conte.st of the gondohers 
 at Venice, It. regatta or rigatta — It. 
 riga. a row — O. Ger. riga, G«r. reihe, a 
 row.] 
 
 REGELATION. re-jel-a'shun, n. the act of 
 freezing anew. [L. re. again, and gelatin, 
 freezing. See Gelatin.] 
 
 REGENCY, re'jen-si, n. the office, jtiris- 
 diction. or dominion of a regent : a body 
 intriisttHl mth vicarious government. 
 
 REGENERATE, re-jen'er-at. v.t. to gen- 
 erate or produce anew: (theol.) to renew 
 the heart and turn it to the love of God, 
 — adj. regenerated : renewed. — ns. Re- 
 
 GEIvTERATESESS. REGEN'ERACY. State of 
 
 being regenerate. [L. rrgenero. -atum, 
 to bring forth again — re. again, genera, 
 to beget, bring forth. See Geserate.] 
 
 REGENT:RATI0N, re-jen-er-a'shun. it. act 
 of regenerating : state of being regener- 
 ated: (theoL\ iieirbirtli: the change from 
 a carnal to a Christian life. 
 
 REGENERATIVE, re-jen'er-at-iv, adj. per- 
 taining to regeneration. — adv. Regen'- 
 eratively. 
 
 REGENT, re'jent. adj. invested with in- 
 terim sovereign authority : ruling : gov- 
 erning. — )(. one invested with interim au- 
 thority : one who rules for a sovereign : 
 in the English universities a master of 
 arts under five years" standing, and a 
 doctor under two : one of the board, 
 appointed by the Legislature, who have 
 the superintendence of all tne colleges, 
 acadamies, and schools of the State of 
 New York. [Fr, — L. regens, -entis, pr.p. 
 of rego. to rule.] 
 
 REGENTSHIP, re'jent-ship, n. ofBce of a 
 regent : deputed authority. 
 
 REGICIDE, rej'i-sid. n. the'mnrderer of a 
 king : the murder of a king. — adj. Regici'- 
 DAL. [Fr. : from L. rex, regis, a king, 
 and credo, to kill.] 
 
 REGDIE, ra-zhem'. n. mode of riding one's 
 diet : form of government • administra- 
 tion. [Fr. — L. regimen — rego, to rule.] 
 
 REGIMEN, rej'i-men, n.. rule prescribed : 
 orderly government : any regulation for 
 gradually producing benefit : imed.) rule 
 of diet : {grain.} the government of one 
 word hv another : words governed. [L.] 
 
 REGIMENT.rej'i-ment. n. abody of soldiers 
 ruled or commanded bj' a colonel, and 
 consisting of a number of companies or 
 troops. 
 
 REGIMENTAL, rej-i-ment'al, adj. relating 
 to a regiment : — n.pl. the uniform of a 
 regiment. 
 
 REGION, re'jun, ??. a portion of land : 
 country : district. [L. regio. regionis — 
 rego. to rule, direct, mark a boundary.] 
 
 REGISTER, rej'is-ter, n. a written record, 
 regularly kept : the book containing the 
 register : that which registers or re- 
 cords : that which regulates, as the dam- 
 per of a furnace or stove : a stop or 
 range of pipes on the organ, etc : the 
 compass of a voice or of a musical in- 
 strument. — v.t. to enter in a register : to 
 record. [Fr. registre (It, and Sp, registro) 
 — Low L. registntm, for L. rcgestum — re, 
 back, and gero. to carry.] 
 
 REGISTRAR, rei'is-trar, n. one who keeps 
 a register. — »7. Keg'istrarship. office of a 
 registrar. 
 
 REGISTRATION, rej-is-tra'shun, n. act of 
 registering. 
 
 REGISTRY, rej'is-tri, n. act of registering: 
 piace where a register is kept : facts re- 
 corded. 
 
 REGNANCY. reg'nan-si, n. condition of 
 being regnant or reigning : reign : pre- 
 dominance. 
 
 REGNANT, reg'nant, adj., reigning or rul- 
 ing ; predominant : exercising regal au- 
 thority. [L. regnans. regnantis. pr.p. of 
 regno — rego. to rule.] 
 
 REGRESS, re'gres, n. a going or passage 
 hack: return: power of returning. — r.(, 
 to go back : to return to a former place 
 or state. [L. regressus — re. back, and 
 gradior. gresmis. to step, go.] 
 
 REGRESSION, re-gresh'un. n. act of going 
 back or returning. 
 
 REGRESSn'E, re-gres'iv, ac^'., going back : 
 returning. 
 
 REGRET, re-gret'. v.t. to grieve at : to re- 
 member with sorrow : — pr.p. regrett'ing : 
 pa.t. a.m\ pa.p. regrett'ed. — n. sorrow for 
 anything : concern : remorse. [Fr, re- 
 gretter — re-, and Goth, gretan, A.8. grce- 
 tayi. to weep.] 
 
 REGRETFUL, re-gi-et'fool. adj. full of re- 
 gret.— (7<-/?-. Regretftlly, 
 
 REGULAR, reg'u-lar, adj. according to 
 
 nde or established custom : governed 
 by rule : uniform : orderly : periodical : 
 level, unbroken : instituted according to 
 established forms: (geou).) having all the 
 sides and angles equal : belonging to the 
 permanent army : as opp. to "secular" 
 in the E. Cath. Church, denoting monks, 
 friars, etc.. under a monastic rule. — n. 
 a soldier belonging to the permanent 
 army, — adv. Reg'tjLarly. [L. regidaris. 
 — regula, a rule — rego. to rule.] 
 
 REGULARITY", reg-u-lar'i-ti, ?;. quality of 
 being regular: conformity to rule: meth- 
 od : uniformitv. 
 
 REGULATE, reg'u-lat, v.t. to make regu- 
 lar : to adjust by rule : to subject t© 
 rtUes or restrictions : to put in good 
 order. 
 
 REGULATION, reg-u-la'shun, n. act of 
 regulating : state of being regulated : a 
 rule or order prescribed : precept : law, 
 
 REGULATm:, reg'u-la-tiv, adj. tending 
 to regulate. 
 
 REGULATOR, reg'u-la-tor, n. one who or 
 that which regulates : a lever which 
 regulates the motion of a watch, etc.: 
 anything that regulates motion. 
 
 REGULUS, reg'u-lus. n. an intermediate 
 and impure product in the smelting of 
 metallic ores. [Lit. "little king," L.: a 
 name given by the alchemists.] 
 
 REHABILITATTE, re-ha-bil'i-tat, v.t. (laic) 
 to reinstate, restore to former privileges. 
 [Fr. rehabiliter — L. re, again, hdbeo, to 
 have.] 
 
 REHEARSAL, re-hers'al. n, act of rehears- 
 ing : recital : recital before public repre- 
 sentation. 
 
 REHEARSE, re-hers', v.t. to repeat what 
 has already been said : to narrate : to re- 
 cite before a pubhc representation. ^n. 
 Rehears'er. [Lit. "to harrow again, "i 
 O. Fr. rehercer — i-e. again, herce (Fr.( 
 herse), a harrow. See Hearse.] 
 
 REIGN, ran, n. rule : dominion : royal au- 
 thority : supreme power : influence : 
 time during which a sovereign rules. — 
 v.t. to rule: to have sovereign power : to 
 be predominant. [Fr. r^gne — L, regnum, 
 — rego. to rule.] 
 
 REIMBLTJSE, re-im-burs', v.t. to refund : 
 to pay an equivalent to for loss or ex- 
 pense. [Fr. rembourser — re. ba<-k, and 
 embonrser. to put in ajiurse, from bourse, 
 a purse. See P*rPSE.] 
 
 REIMBURSEMENT, re-im-burs'ment, n. 
 act of reimbursing or repaying. 
 
 REIN. ran. n. the strap of a bridle : an 
 instrument for curbing or govei-ning : 
 government. — r.t. to govern with the 
 rein or bridle : to restrain or control. — 
 To GIVE THE REINS TO. to leave unchecked. 
 [O. Fr. reine (Fr. rene). through Late L. 
 retina, from retineo, to hold back.] 
 
 REINDEER, ran'der. v. a kind of deer in 
 the north, valuable for the chase and for 
 domestic uses. [Ice. hreinn. O. Sw. ren 
 — Lapp, reino, pasture (Skeat), and E. 
 Df.kr.] 
 
 REINFORCE, re-in-fors', v.t. to enforce 
 again : to strengtlien \vith new force or 
 support, — n. Reineorce'iient, the act of 
 reinforcing : additional force or assist- 
 ance, esp. of troops. [L. re, again, an^ 
 Enforce.] 
 
 REINLESS, ran'les, adj. without reic o« 
 restraint. 
 
 REINS, ranz, n.pl. the kidneys: the lower 
 part of the back over the kidneys : (5.) 
 the inward parts : the heart. [Fr, — L. 
 rene.f : Gr. phren, the midriff.] 
 
 REINST.\TE. re-in-stat', v.t. to place in a 
 former state. [ij. re. again, and In- 
 state. 1 
 
 REINSTATEMENT, re-in-stat'ment, n. act 
 of reinstating: re-estabhshment.
 
 KEINVEST 
 
 360 
 
 REMISSIOjN' 
 
 REES V KST, re-in-vest', i\t. to invest again 
 or a second time. — n. Eees"\"EST'me>'T, act 
 ot reinvesting : a second investment. [L. 
 re, agaio, and Invest.] 
 
 REtXVIGOEATE, re-in-vig'or-at, v.t. to 
 inN-igorate again. [L. re, again, and In- 
 vigorate.] 
 
 REISSUE, re-ish'oo, v.t. to issue again. — n. 
 a second issue. [L. re, again, and Issue.] 
 
 REITERATE, re-it'er-at, v.t. to iterate or 
 repeat again : to repeat again and again. 
 — adj. Reit'erative. [L. re, again, a^id 
 
 T'pT7'T> i fT? "j 
 
 REITERATION, re-it-er-a'shun, n. act of 
 reiterating. 
 
 REJECT, re-jekt', v.t. to tbrow away : to 
 refuse : to renounce. [Lit. " to tlirow 
 back," L. rejicio, rejectum — re, back, and 
 jacio, to tiirow".] 
 
 REJECTION, re-jek'shun, n. act of reject- 
 ing : refusal. 
 
 REJOICE, re-jois', v.i. to feel and express 
 joy again and again : to be glad : to ex- 
 ult or triuuiph. — v.t. to make joyful : to 
 gladden. [Fr. rejouir — re, again, and 
 jouir. to enjoy— joi'e, joy. See Joy.] 
 
 REJOICING, re-jois'ing, n. act of being 
 joyful : expression, subject, or experi- 
 ence of joy. 
 
 REJOICINGLY, re-jois'ing-li, adv. with joy 
 or exultation. 
 
 REJOIN, re-join', v.t. to join again : to 
 unite what is separated : to meet again. 
 — v.i. to answer to a replj'. [L. re, again, 
 and Join.] 
 
 REJOINDER, re-join'der, n. an answer 
 joined on to another, an answer to a re- 
 ply : (law) the defendant's answer to a 
 plaintiff's "replication." 
 
 REJUVENESCENT. re-jo6-ven-es'ent, adj., 
 growing young again. [L. re, again, and 
 Juvenescent.] 
 
 i*EKINDLE, re-kin'dl, v.t. to kindle again: 
 to set on fire or arouse anew. [L. ?•«, 
 again, and Kindle.] 
 
 HELAPSE, re-laps', v.i. to slide, sink or 
 fall back : to return to a former state or 
 practice. — n. a falling back into a former 
 bad state. [Ij. relator, relapsus — re, back 
 or again, labor, to slip or slide.] 
 
 RELATE, re-lat', v.t. to describe : to teU : 
 to ally by connection or kindred. — v.i. 
 to have reference : to refer. [Lit. " to 
 bring back," L. refero, relatum — re-, back 
 
 fero, to carry.] 
 lELAT"" 
 
 RELATED, re-lat'ed, adj. allied or con- 
 nected by kindred or blood. 
 
 RELATION, re-la'shun, n. act of relating 
 or telling: recital: that which is related: 
 mutual connection between two things: 
 resemblance : connection by birth or 
 marriage. — n. Rela'tionship. 
 
 RELATIONAL, re-la'shun-al, adj. having 
 relation : having kindred. 
 
 RELATIVE, rel'a-tiv, adj. having relation: 
 respecting : not absolute or existing by 
 itself : considered as belonging to some- 
 thing else: (gram.) expressing relation. — 
 n. that which has relation to something 
 else: a relation: (gram.) a pronoun which 
 relates to something before, called its 
 antecedent. — adv. Rel'atively. — n. 
 Relativ'itt. 
 
 RELAX, re-laks', v.t. to loosen one thing 
 a(cn)//rom another : to slacken: to make 
 less close: to make less severe: to relieve 
 from attention or effort : to divert: to 
 loosen, as the bowels : to make languid. 
 — t-.i. to become less close : to become 
 less severe : to attend less. [L. relaxo, 
 -atiun — re-, away from, laxo, to loosen — 
 laxms. loose, slack.] 
 
 RELAXATION, re-laks-a'shun, n. act of 
 relaxing : state of being relaxed : re- 
 mission of application. 
 
 RELAY, re-la', n. a supply of horses to re- 
 he ve others on a journey. [Fr. i-elais — 
 
 7'e-and laier, a byform of laisser, so that 
 relay is a doublet of Release.] 
 
 RELEASE, re-les', v.t. to let loose from : to 
 set free : to discharge from : to relieve : 
 to let go, as a claim : to give up a right 
 to. — n.a. setting free : discharge or acquit- 
 tance : the giving up of a right or claim. 
 [O. Fr. relaisser — re- and laisser — L. laxo. 
 See Relay.] 
 
 RELEGATE, rel'e-gat, v.t. to send aicay : 
 to consign : to exUe. — n. Relega'tion. 
 
 gL. relego, -atmn — re-, away, lego, to send, 
 ee Legate.] 
 
 RELENT, re-lent', v.i. to slacken, to soften 
 or grow less severe : to grow tender : to 
 feel compassion. [Fr. relantir, to retard 
 — O.Yr.alentir — h.lentus, pliant, flexible.] 
 
 RELENTLESS, re-lent'les. adj. without 
 relenting : without tenderness or com- 
 passion : mercUess. — odi'.RELENT'LESSLY. 
 — n. Relent'lessness. 
 
 RELEVANCE, rel'e-vans, RELEVAN'CY, 
 rel'e-van-si, n. state of being relevant : 
 pertinence : applicability. 
 
 RELEVANT, rel'e-vant, adj. bearing upon 
 or applying to the purpose : pertinent : 
 related. [Fr., pr.p. of relever, to raise 
 again, relieve. See Relieve.] 
 
 RELIABLE, re-ll'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 relied upon. — adv. Reli'ably. — 7is. Re- 
 liabil'ity, Eeli'ableness. 
 
 RELIANCE, re-li'ans, n. trust: confidence. 
 
 RELIC, rel'ik, n. that which is left after 
 loss or decay of the rest : a corpse : in 
 R. Cath. Church, the body or other me- 
 morial of a saint : a memorial. [Fr. re- 
 lique — L. reliquice — relinqiio, reliclum, to 
 leave behind. See Relinquish.] 
 
 RELICT, rel'ikt, n. a woman left behind 
 her husband, a widow. [L. relicta — re- 
 linquo. See Relinquish.] 
 
 RELIEF,re-lef , ?i. the removal of any evU: 
 release from a post or duty : that which 
 relieves or mitigates : aid : (Jine art) the 
 projection of a sculptured design from 
 its ground. [Same as Relievo.] 
 
 RELIEVE, re-lev', v.t. to remove from 
 that which weighs down or depresses : 
 to lessen : to ease : to help : to release : 
 (fine art) to set off by contrast : (law) to 
 redress. [Fr. relever, to raise again — L. 
 relevo — re-, again, leva, to raise — levis, 
 light.] 
 
 RELIEVO, RHJEVO, re-le'vo, n. See 
 Alto-relievo, Bass-relief. 
 
 RELIGION, re-lij'un, n. the performance 
 of our duties of love and obedience tow- 
 ards God : piety : any system of faith 
 and worship. [Lit. "restraint," L. re- 
 ligio, -onis — re-, back, and Z/gro, to bind.] 
 
 RELIGIONIST, re-lij'un-ist, n. one at- 
 tached to a religion. 
 
 RELIGIOUS, re-lij'us, adj. pertaining to 
 religion : concerned with or set apart to 
 religion: pious: godly: in R. Cath. Church, 
 bound to a monastic life : strict. — adv. 
 Relig'iously. [L. religiosus.] 
 
 RELINQUISH, re-ling'kwish, v.t. to aban- 
 don: to give up: to renounce a claim to. 
 — n. Reun'quishment, act of relinquish- 
 ing or giving up. [O.Fr. relinquir — L.re- 
 linquo, relictum — re-, away from, linquo, 
 to leave.] 
 
 RELIQUAEY, rel'i-kwar-i, n. a small chest 
 or casket for holding relics. [Fr. reli- 
 quaire. See Relic] 
 
 RELIQUE, re-lek', n. a relic. 
 
 RELISH, rel'ish, v.t. to like the taste of : 
 to be pleased with. — v.i. to have an agree- 
 able taste: to give pleasure. — n. an agree- 
 able peculiar taste or quality : enjoyable 
 quality: power of pleasing: inclination or 
 taste for: appetite: just enough to give a 
 flavor: a sauce. [O. Fr. relecher, to Uck 
 or taste again, from re and lecher — O. 
 Ger. lecchon (Ger. lecken), E. lick. See 
 Lechek and Lick.] 
 
 RELUCTANCE, re-luk'tans, RELUCTAN- 
 CY, re-luk'tan-si, n. state cf being reluc- 
 tant : unwillingness. 
 
 RELUCTANT, re-luk'tant, adj.. struggling 
 or striving against : unwilling : disin- 
 clined. — adv. Reluc'tantly. [L. reluet- 
 ans, -antis, pr.p. of r-eluctor — re-, against, 
 luctor, to struggle.] 
 
 RELY, re-ll', v.i. to rest or repose : to hav« 
 full confidence in : — pa.t. and pa. p. re- 
 lied'. [Prob. from re-, back, and Lie, to 
 rest.] 
 
 REMAIN, re-man', v.i. to stay or be left 
 behind : to continue in the same place : 
 to be left after or out of a greater num- 
 ber : to continue in an unchanged form 
 or condition : to last. — n.pl. Remains', a 
 corpse : the literary productions of one 
 dead. [O. Fr. remanoir, remaindre — L. 
 remaneo — re, back, vianeo, akin to Wr. 
 meno, to stay.] 
 
 RE3IAINDER,' re-man'der, n. that which 
 remains or is left behind after the re- 
 moval of a part : an interest in an estate 
 to come into effect after a certain other 
 event happens. [See Remain.] 
 
 REMAND, re-mand', v.t. to recommit or 
 send back. [L. remando — re, back. 
 mando, to order. See Command.] 
 
 REMARK, re-mark', v.t. to mark or take 
 notice of : to express what one thinks or 
 sees : to say. — n. words regarding any- 
 thing : notice. [Fr. remarquer — re, in- 
 tensive, marquer, to mark. See Mark.] 
 
 REMARKABLE, re-mark'a-bl, adj. deserv- 
 ing remark or notice : distinguished : 
 famous : that may excite admiration or 
 wonder : strange : extraordinary. — adv. 
 Remabk'ably. — n. Remark'ableness. 
 
 RE3IEDIABLE, re-me'di-a-bl, adj. that 
 may be remedied : curable. — adv. Rejib' 
 
 DIABLY. — n. ReME'DIABLENESS. 
 
 RE5IEDIAL, re-me'di-al, adj. tending t« 
 remed}' or remove. — adv. Reme'dially. 
 
 REMEDY, rem'e-di, n. any medicine, ap- 
 pliance, or particular treatment that 
 cures disease : that which counteracts 
 any evil or repairs any loss. — v.t. to re- 
 move, counteract, or repair :—jja.<. and 
 lM.p. rem'edied. [L. remedium — re-, back, 
 again, medeor, to restore, cure.] 
 
 REaiEMBER, Ire-mem'ber, v.t. to keep in 
 mind : (B.) to meditate on : to bear in 
 mind with gratitude and reverence : to 
 attend to. [O. Fr. remembrer (Fr. re- 
 memorer) — L. rememoro — re-, again, me- 
 moro, to call to mind — memor, mindful. 
 See Memoir.] 
 
 REMEMBRANCE, re-mera'brans, n. mem- 
 ory : that which serves to bring to or 
 keep in mind : a memorial : the power of 
 remembering : the length of time during 
 which a thinijcan be remembered. [Fr.] 
 
 REilEMBRANCER, re-mem'brans-er, n. 
 that which reminds : a recorder. 
 
 REMIND, re-mind', v.t. to bring to the 
 mind of again : to bring^under the notice 
 or consideration of. [L. re, again, and 
 Mind.] 
 
 REMINISCENCE, rem-i-nis'ens, w. recol- 
 lection : an account of what is remem- 
 bered : the recurrence to the mind of the 
 past. [Fr. — L. reminiscent io?, recollec- 
 tions — reminiscor, to recall to mind — re-, 
 and root men, whence tnens, the mind. 
 See Mention.] 
 
 REMISS, re-mis', adj., remitting in atten- 
 tion, etc.: negligent: not punctual; 
 slack : not vigorous. — adv. Remiss'LY.— 
 n. Remiss'ness. 
 
 REMISSIBLE, re-mis'i-bl, adj. that may- 
 be remitted or pardoned. — n. Remissibil - 
 ity. 
 
 REMISSION, re-mish'un, n. slackeniag ; 
 abatement : relinquishment of a claim ; 
 release : pardon.
 
 REMISSIVE 
 
 361 
 
 REPEXT 
 
 REMISSIVE, re-mis'iv, adj., remitting : 
 forgiving. 
 
 RSSUT, re-mit', v.t. to relax : to pardoa : 
 •o resign: to transmit, as money, etc.: 
 to put again in custody. — v.i. to abate in 
 force or violence: — pr.p. remitt'ing ; 
 pa.t. a.ndi pa.p. remitt'ed. — n. Remitt'er. 
 [Lit. "to let go back," L. remitto, re- 
 missus — re-, back, and mitto, to send.] 
 
 REMITTAL, re-mit'al, n. a remitting: sur- 
 render. 
 
 REMITTANCE, re-mit'ans, n. that which 
 is remitted : the sending of money, etc., 
 to a distance : also the sum or thing 
 sent. 
 
 REMITTENT, re-mit'ent, adj. increasing 
 and remitting or abating alternately, as 
 a disease. 
 
 REMNANT, rem'nant, n. that which re- 
 mains behind after a part is removed, 
 etc. : remainder : a fragment. [Contr. of 
 O. Fr. remainant, pr.p. of remaindre. 
 See Remain.] 
 
 REMODEL, re-mod'l, v.f. to model or fash- 
 ion anew. [L. re, again, and Model.] 
 
 REMONSTRANCE,re-mon'strans, n. strong 
 statement of reasons against an act : ex- 
 postulation. 
 
 REMONSTRANT, re-mon'strant, adj. in- 
 clined to remonstrate. — n. one who re- 
 monstrates. 
 
 REMONSTRATE, re-mon'strat, v.i. to set 
 forth strong reasons against a measure. 
 [Lit. " to point out again and again," L. 
 re-, again, and monstro, to point out.] 
 
 REMORSE, re-mors', n. the gnawing pain 
 or anguish of guilt. [Lit. '"a biting 
 again," O. Fr. remors (Fr. remords)— 
 Low L. remorsus — L. remordeo, re- 
 morsnm, to bite again — re-, again, and 
 mordeo. to bite.] 
 
 REMORSEFUL, re-mors'fool, adj. full of 
 remorse. — adv. Remorse'fully. 
 
 REMORSELESS, re-niors'les, adj. without 
 remorse : cruel. — adv. Remorse'lessly. 
 —n. Remorse'lessness. 
 
 REMOTE, re-mot', adj., moved back to a 
 distance in time or place : far : distant : 
 primary, as a cause : not agreeing : not 
 related. — adv. Remote'ly. — n. Remote'- 
 NESS. [See Remove.] 
 
 REMOULD, re-mold', v.t. to mould or 
 shape anew. [L. re, again, and Mould.] 
 
 REMOUNT, re-mownt', v.t. and v.i. to 
 mount again. [L. re, again, and Mount.] 
 
 REMOVABLE, re-moov'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be removed. — n. Removabil'ity. 
 
 REMOVAL, re-moov'al, n. the act of tak- 
 ing away : displacing : change of place. 
 
 REMO'ST;, re-moo v', v.t. to put from its 
 place : to take awaj' : to withdraw. — v.i. 
 to go from one place to another. — n. 
 any indefinite distance : a step in any 
 scale of gradation : a dish to be changed 
 while the rest remain. [L. removeo, re- 
 m,otus — re, away, move.o, to move. See 
 Mo\'E.] 
 
 REMUNERABLE, re-mu'ner-a-bl, adj. that 
 may be remunerated : worthy of being 
 rewarded. 
 
 REMUNERATE, re-mu'ner-at, v.t. to ren- 
 der an equivalent for any service : to 
 recompense. [L. remuner-o, -atus — re-, 
 in return, munero, to give something — 
 mil una. muneris, a service, a gift.] 
 
 REMUNERATION, re-mu-ner-a'shun, n. 
 reward : recompense : requital. 
 
 REMUNERATIVE, re-mu'ner-a-tiv, adj. 
 fitted to remunerate : lucrative : yielding 
 due return. 
 
 RENAISSANCE, re-nas'ans, 71. the period 
 (in the 1.5th century) at which the re- 
 \'ival of arts and letters took place, mark- 
 ing the transition from the middle ages 
 to the modern world. — adj. relating to 
 the foregoing. [Lit. second or new birth, 
 Fr. : see Renascent.] 
 
 RENAL, re'nal, adj. pertaining to the reins 
 or kidneys. [L. renalis — renes, renum 
 (only in pi.).] 
 
 RENARD, ren'ard, n. a fox, so called in 
 fables and in poetry. [Fr. — O. Ger. Rein- 
 hard, Reginhart, "strong in counsel," 
 the name of the fox in a celebrated Ger- 
 man epic poem.] 
 
 RENASCENT, re-nas'ent, adj. rising again 
 into being. — n. Renas'CENCE, the same 
 as Renaissance. [L. renascens, -entis, 
 pr.p. of renascor — re-, again, and iiascor, 
 to be born.] 
 
 RENCOUNTER, ren-kownt'er, RENCON- 
 TRE, rang-kong'tr, n. a meeting in con- 
 test : a casual combat : a collision. [Fr. 
 re^icontre — L. re-, against, and root of 
 Encounter.] 
 
 REND, rend, v.t. to tear asunder with 
 force : to split : — pa.t. and pa.p. rent. 
 [A.S. rendaii, to tear.] 
 
 RENDER, ren'der, v.t. to give up: to make 
 up : to deliver : to cause to be : to trans- 
 ■ late into another language : to perform. 
 — ti. a surrender : a payment of rent. 
 [Fr. rendre — L. reddo — re-, away, and do, 
 to give.] 
 
 RENDERING, ren'der-ing, n. the act of 
 rendering : version : translation. 
 
 RENDEZVOUS, ren'de-voo or rang"-, n. 
 an appointed place of meeting, esp. for 
 troops or ships : a place for enlistment. 
 — v.i. to assemble at any appointed place. 
 [Fr. rendez vous, render yourselves — 
 rendre. See Render.] 
 
 RENEGADE, ren'e-gad, RENEGADO, ren- 
 e-ga'do, 71. one faithless to principle or 
 party : an apostate : a deserter. [Sp. 
 renegado — Low L. renegatus — L. re-, 
 inten., and nego, negatus, to denj'.] 
 
 RENEW, re-nil', v.t. to make new again : 
 to renovate : to transform to new life : 
 to revive : to begin again : to make 
 again : to invigorate. — v.i. to be made 
 new : to begin again. [L. re, again, and 
 New.] 
 
 RENEWABLE, re-nu'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be renewed. 
 
 RENEWAL, re-nu'al, n. renovation : re- 
 generation : restoration. 
 
 RENNET, ren'et, n. the prepared inner 
 membrane of a calfs stomach, used to 
 make mOk run together or coagulate. 
 [From A.S. rennaii, to cause to run; and 
 cog. with Ger. rensal, {iae\k-)rinse.] 
 
 RENNET, ren'et, n. a sweet kind of apple. 
 [Fr. reinette, rainetie, dim. of raine, a 
 frog — L. rana ; so called from its spotted 
 rind. J 
 
 RENOUNCE, re-no wns',r./. todisolaira: to 
 disown: to reject publicly and finally: to 
 forsake. — v.i. to neglect to follow suit at 
 cards. [L. renuntio — re-, away, andmwn- 
 tio, -atus, to announce — nuntius, a mes- 
 senger.] 
 
 RENOUNCEMENT, re-nowns'ment, n. act 
 of renouncing, disclaiming, or rejecting. 
 
 RENOVATE, ren'o-vat, v.t. to rene^o or 
 make new again : to restore to the origi- 
 nal state. — n. Ren'ovator. [L. re-, again, 
 and noi>o, -atus. to make new — novus, 
 new. See New.] 
 
 RENOVATION, ren-o-va'shun, «. renewal : 
 state of being renewed. 
 
 RENOWN, re-nown', n. a great name : ce- 
 lebi-ity. [Fr. renom — L. re-, again, nomen, 
 a name.J 
 
 RENOWNED, re-nownd', adj. celebrated : 
 illustrious: famous. 
 
 RENT, rent, n. an opening made by rend- 
 ing : fissure : break : tear. 
 
 RENT, rent, n. annual payment in return 
 for the use of property held of another, 
 esp. houses and lands. — v.t. to hold or 
 occupy by paying rent : to let for a rent. 
 — v.i. to be let for rent. [Fr. rente — ren- 
 dre, to give back. See Render.] 
 
 RENT, rent, pa. ^ and pa.}}, of Rend. 
 
 RENTAL, rent'al, n. a schedule or account 
 of rents, with the tenants' names, etc.: a 
 rent-roll : rent. 
 
 RENTER, rent'er, n. one who holds by pay- 
 ing rent for. 
 
 RENT-ROLL, rent'-rol, n. a roll or account 
 of rents : a rental or schedule of rents. 
 
 RENUNCIATION, re-nun-si-a'shun, ?i. di*. 
 owning- : rejection : abandonment. [See 
 Renounce.] 
 
 REPAID, re-pad', pa.t. a.ndpa.p. of Repay. 
 
 REPAIR, re-par', v.i. to betake one's self 
 to : to go : to resort. — n. a retreat or 
 abode. [Fr. repaire, a haunt^ — L. repiatrio, 
 to return to one's country — re-, back, 
 patria, native country.] 
 
 REPAIR, re-par', v.t. to restore after in- 
 jury : to make amends for : to mend. — 
 n. restoration after injury or decay : 
 supply of loss. [Fr. reparer — L. reparo 
 — re-, again, paro, to prepare.] 
 
 REPAIRER, re-par'er, n. one who restores 
 or amends. 
 
 REPARABLE, rep'ai--a-bl, adj. that may 
 be repaired. — adv. Rep'arably. 
 
 REPARATION, rep-ar-a'shun, n., repair: 
 supply of what is wasted : amends. 
 
 REPARATIVE, re-par'a-tiv, adj. amending 
 defect or injury. — n. that which restores 
 to a good state : that which makes 
 amends. 
 
 REPARTEE, rep-ar-te', n. a smart, ready, 
 and witty reply. [Fr. rejyartie—repartir, 
 to go back again — i-e-, back, and j)artir, 
 to set out — L. p>artior, to divide. Cf. the 
 E. Sally.] 
 
 REPAST, re-past', n. a meal : the food tak- 
 en : victuals. [Low L. repastus (whence 
 Fr. repas) — L. re-, intensive, and pastus, 
 food, feeding — pasco, pastus, to feed.] 
 
 REPAY, re-pa', v.t. to pay back : to make 
 return for : to recompense : to pay again 
 or a second time. [L. re, back, and Pay.] 
 
 REPAYABLE, re-pa'a-bl, adj. that is to be 
 repaid. 
 
 REPAYMENT, re-pa'ment, 71. act of repay- 
 ing : the money or thing repaid. 
 
 REPEAL, re-pel', v.t. to revoke by au- 
 thority, as a law : to abrogate. — 7t. a 
 revoking or annulling. — 71. Repeal'er, 
 one who repeals : one who seeks for a 
 
 repeal. [Fr. rapp)elei re-, back, and 
 
 appelei — L. appello, to call. See Appeal.] 
 
 REPEALABLE, re-pel'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be repealed. 
 
 REPEAT, re-pet', v.t. to do again : to speak 
 again, to iterate: to quote from memory: 
 to rehearse. — v.i. to strike the hours, as 
 a watch : to recur. — n. {7nus.) a mark 
 directing a part to be repeated. [Fr. 
 7-epeter — L. repeto, repetitus — re-, again, 
 andpe^o, to attack, seek.] 
 
 REPEATEDLY, re-pet'ed-h, adv. many 
 times repeated : again and again : fre- 
 quentlv. 
 
 REPEATER, re-pet'er, n. one wlio or that 
 which repeats : a decimal in which the 
 same figure or figures are continually re- 
 peated : a watch that .strikes again the 
 previous hour at the touch of a spring. 
 
 REPEL, re-pel', v.t. to drive back : to re- 
 pulse : to check the advance of. — v.i. to 
 act with opposing force : (med.) to chegk 
 or drive inwards : — pr.p). repell'ing •,pa.t. 
 and po.p. repelled'. — n. Repell'er. [L. 
 1-epello — re-, off, back, and pello, to 
 drive.] 
 
 REPELLENT, re-pel'ent, adj., driving 
 back : able or tending to repel. — n. that 
 which repels. 
 
 REPENT, re-pent', v.i. to regret or sorrow 
 for what one has done or left undone : to 
 change from past evil: (theol.) to feel 
 such sorrow for sin as produces newness 
 of life. — v.t. to remember with sorrow. 
 [Fr. repentir — j-e-, and O. Fr. peiitir — L.
 
 REPENTANCE 
 
 pcenitere, to cause to repent, frompcenio, 
 piinio, to punish. See PrMSH.] 
 
 REPENTANCE, re-pent'ans. ii. sorrow for 
 wliat has been done or left undone : con- 
 trition for sin, producing newness of life. 
 
 REPENTANT, re-pent 'ant. adj.. repenting 
 or sorry for past conduct : showing sor- 
 row for sin. 
 
 REPERCUSSION, re-per-kush'un, n. a 
 striking or driving back : reverberation : 
 {mus.) frequent I'epetition of the same 
 sound. [L. rejiercussio — re-, back, per- 
 cittio — per, through, quatio, to strike.] 
 
 REPERCUSSrVE. re-per-kus'iv, adj., driv- 
 ing back : causing to reverberate. 
 
 REPERTORY, rep'er-tor-i. n. a place where 
 things are kept to be brought forth again: 
 a lreasur\- : a magazine. [Fr. — L. reper- 
 torium — reperio. to iind — re-, again, and 
 pario. to bring forth.] 
 
 REPETITION, rep-e-tish'un, n. act of re- 
 peating : recital from memory. 
 
 |IEPINE, re-pIn', v.i. to p)ine again or con- 
 tinue to pine {at or against) : to fret one's 
 self : to feel discontent : to murmur : to 
 envy. — adv. Repin'ingly.— ?!. Repix'er. 
 [L. re. again, and Pine, r.] 
 
 REPLACE, re-plas'. r.t. to place back: to 
 put again in a former place, condition, 
 etc.: to repay: to provide a substitute 
 for : to take the place of. [L. re. back, 
 again, and Place.] 
 
 REPLACEMENT, re-plas'ment, n. act of 
 replacing. 
 
 REPLENISH, re-plen'ish, v.t. toM again: 
 to fill completely : to stock abundantly. 
 — n. Replen'ishment. [O. Fr. repleni'r, 
 from replein. full — L. re-, again, and 
 plenus. full. See Full.] 
 
 REPLETE, re-plet'. adj. full : completely 
 filled. [L. repletus. pa. p. of repleo — re-, 
 again, and pleo, to fill.] 
 
 REPLETION. re-ple'shun . n . superabundant 
 fullness : {med.) fullness of blood. 
 
 REPLEVIN, re-plev'in, n. an action for 
 replei-ifing. 
 
 REPLEVY, re-plev'i, v.t. (hiir) to recover 
 goods distrained upon giving a pledge or 
 security to try the right to them at law. 
 — adj. Repi.et'iable. [O. Fr. replevir — 
 re-, back, and plevir, to pledge. See 
 Pledge.] 
 
 REPLICA, rep'li-ka, «. (paint.) a copy of a 
 picture done by the same hand that did 
 the original. [It. — h.replico. See Reply.] 
 
 REPLICATION, rep-li-ka'shun. n. a reply: 
 (lair) the plaintifTs answer to a plea. 
 [See Reply.] 
 
 REPLY, re-pli', v.t. and v.i. to answer: — 
 pa.t. and pa.p. replied'. — n. an answer. 
 — n. Repli'ER. [Fr. repliqucr — L. rcplico, 
 -ntus — re-, back, and plico, to fold.] 
 
 REPORT, re-port', v.t. to bring back, as an 
 answer or account of anything: to give 
 an account of : to relate : to circulate 
 publicly : to write down or take notes of, 
 esp. for a newspaper. — v.i. to make a 
 statement : to write an account of occur- 
 rences. — n. a statement of facts : de- 
 scription : a formal or official statement, 
 esp. of a judicial opinion or decision : 
 rumor : sound : noise : (R.) reputation. 
 — n. Report'er. one who reports, esp. 
 for a newspaper. [L. reporto — re-, back, 
 and porta, to carrv.] 
 
 REPOSE, re-p6z', v.t. to lay at rest: to 
 compose : to place in trust (with on or 
 in). — v.i. to rest: to sleep: to rest in 
 confidence (with on or npcm): to lie. — n. 
 a hing at rest : sleep : quiet : rest of 
 mind : (fine art) that harmony which 
 gives rest to the eve. [Fr. reposer — re-, 
 back, and poser, feee PoSE. ».] 
 
 REPOSIT. re-poz'it. v.t. to lodge, as for 
 safetv. 
 
 REPOSITORY, re-poz'i-tor-i, n. a place 
 
 362 
 
 where anything is laid up for safe keep- 
 ing. 
 
 REPOSSESS, re-poz-zes'. v.t. to possess 
 again. [L. re. again, and Possess.] 
 
 REPREHEND, rep-re-hend'. r.^ to blame: 
 to reprove. [L. reprehendo. -hens^is — re-, 
 inten.. unA prehendo, to lay hold of. See 
 Hand.] 
 
 REPREHENSIBLE, rep-re-hen'si-bl. adj. 
 worthy of being reprehended or blamed. 
 — adv! Reprehen'sibly. 
 
 REPREHENSION, rep-re-hen'shun, n. re- 
 proof : censure. 
 
 REPREHENSIVE, rep-re-hen'siv. adj. con- 
 taining reproof : given in reproof. 
 
 REPRESENT, rep-re-zent', v.t. to exhibit 
 the image of : to serve as a sign of : to 
 personate or act the part of : to stand in 
 the place of : to bring before the mind : 
 to describe. [L. reprcesento. -atvm — re-, 
 again, and pircesento, to place before. 
 See Present. r.J 
 
 REPRESENTABLE. rep-re-zent'a-bl, adj. 
 that mav be represented. 
 
 REPRESENTATION, rep-re-zen-ta'shun. ?!. 
 act of representing or exhibiting- : that 
 which represents : an image : picture : 
 dramatic performance : part performed 
 bv a representative : statement. 
 
 REPRESENT ATm:. rep-re-zent a-tiv. adj. 
 representing : showing a likeness : bear- 
 ing the character or power of others : 
 presenting the full character of a class. 
 — n. one who stands for another, a dep- 
 uty, delegate : ijaiv) an heir. [Fr.] 
 
 REPRESS, re-pres', r. i. to check or restrain. 
 [L. re. back, and PRESS.] 
 
 REPRESSION, re-presh'un, n. act of re- 
 pressin g : re straint. 
 
 REPRESSIVE, re-pres'iv. adj. tending or 
 able to repress. — adv. Repress'ively. 
 
 REPRIEVE, re-prev', v.t. to delay the ex- 
 ecution cf a criminal : to give a respite 
 to. — n. a suspension of a criminal sen- 
 tence : interval of ea.se or relief. [Lit. 
 to disapprove or disallow (the sentence 
 passed). O. Fr. reprnver (Fr. reprouver) 
 — L. reprobo. See REPROVE.] 
 
 REPRIiLAND, rep'ri-mand or -mand', n. a 
 severe reproof. — v.t. to chide : to reprove 
 severely : to administer reproof publicly 
 or officially. [Fr. reprimande — L. repri- 
 mendum—^reprimo. repre.i.'oim. to press 
 back — re-, and primo, to press.] 
 
 REPRINT, re-print', v.t. to print again : to 
 print a new impression of. — ?!. Re'PRiNT, 
 another impression of. [L. re, again, 
 and Print.] 
 
 REPRIS.4L. re-prlz'al, ii. a seizimj Inick or 
 in retaliation: (tear) the retaking of goods 
 captured by an enemy : anything seized 
 in retaliation : that which is seized for 
 injury inflicted. [Fr. represaille — It. 
 ripresaglia — ripreso (Fr. reprise), retaken 
 — L. re-pre(he)ndere. to seize again. See 
 Apprehent> and Get.] 
 
 REPROACH, re-proch', v.t. to cast in one's 
 teeth : to censure severely : to upbraid : 
 to re\nle : to treat with contempt.— (i. 
 the act of reproaching: reproof: censure: 
 blame in opprobriouslanguage: disgrace: 
 an object of scorn. [Lit. to Oring (some 
 offence) back or jieartoone. Fr. reprocher 
 — re-. a.ndp>roche, near — L,.propius, comp. 
 oiprope. near.] 
 
 REPROACHABLE. re-proch'a-bl. adj. de- 
 serving reproach: opprobrious. — rt(ilJ.|RE- 
 proach'ably. 
 
 REPROACHFUL, re-proch'fool, adj. full of 
 reproach or blame : abusive : "icurrilous : 
 bringing reproach : shameful : disgrace- 
 ful. — adv. Reproach'ftlly. 
 
 REPROBATE, rep'ro-bat. adj. condemned : 
 base: given over to sin : depraved : vile : 
 (B.) that will not stand proof or trial. — 
 n. an abandoned or profligate person. — 
 v.t. to disapprove: to censure: to disown. 
 
 REPURCHASE 
 
 [L. reprobatus, pa.p. of reprobo. Set 
 Reprove.] 
 
 REPROBATION, rep-ro-ba'shun, n. theaot 
 of reprobating : rejection : the act of 
 abandoning to destruction: state of being 
 so abandoned. 
 
 REPRODUCE, re-pro-dus'. v.t. to produce 
 again : to form anew. [L. re, again, and 
 Prodi'CE.] 
 
 REPRODUCTION, re-pro-duk'shun, v. th« 
 act of producing new organisms. 
 
 REfRODUCTn"!:. re-pro-dukt'iv, aO^ 
 tending to reproduce. 
 
 REPROOF, re-proof, n. a reproving or 
 blaming: rebuke: censure: reprehension. 
 
 REPROVABLE. re-pr55v'a-bl, adj. deserve 
 ing reproof, blame, or censure. — adv. 
 Reprot'ably'. 
 
 REPROVE, re-pro6^'', i\t. to condemn : to 
 chide : to censure : (B.) to disprove or 
 refute. — n. Reprover. [Fr. repiroui-er — 
 L. reprovo, the opposite of app>robo ^see 
 Approve) — re-, off. away, rejection, and 
 probo, to try or prove. See I*rote.] 
 
 REPTILE, rep'til or -til, adj. moving or 
 craivling on the belly or with very short 
 legs: grovelling: low. — n. an animal 
 that moves or crawls on its belly or with 
 short legs : a grovelling, low person. 
 [L. reptilis — repo, serpo, Gr. herpo. Sans. 
 srip. to creep.] 
 
 REPTILIAN, rep-til'yan, adj. belonging to 
 reptiles. 
 
 REPUBLIC.re-pub'lik.Ji. a commonwealth: 
 a form of government without a mon- 
 arch, in which the supreme power is 
 vested in representatives elected bv the 
 people. [Fr. republique — L. respuhlica, 
 '• common weal."' See PrBLlc] 
 
 REPUBLICAN, re-publik-an. adj. belong- 
 ing to a republic : agreeable to the prin 
 ciples of a republic. — n. one- who advo 
 cates a repubhcan form of ^government : 
 a democrat : a member of one of twc 
 great American political parties. 
 
 REPUBLICANISM, re-publik-an-izm. ». 
 the principles of republican government: 
 attachment to republican government. 
 
 REPL^BLISH. re-pub'lish. v.t. to publish 
 again or renew. — n. Repcblica'TION. [L. 
 re. again, and P^'BLISH.] 
 
 REPLTDIATE, re-pu'di-at. r.f. to reject; 
 to disclaim : to disavow : specifically, to 
 deny and refuse to pay a just debt. — n. 
 Repu'diator. [L. repudio. rejxidiatus— 
 re2:»idiu>n. a putting awav — re-, away, 
 and pudere, to be ashamed."] 
 
 REPUDIATION, re-pu-di-a'shun. n. the act 
 of repudiating: rejection: the state of 
 being repudiated. [L. repudiatio, -ohi>.] 
 
 REPUGNANCE, re-pug'nans. n. the state 
 of being repugnant: resistance: aversion: 
 reluctance. [L. repugnantia. See Re- 
 proNANT.] 
 
 REPUGNANT, re-pug'nant, adj. hostile: 
 adverse : contrary : distasteful. — adv. 
 Refcg'nantly^. [L. repugno—re-, against, 
 and pugno. to fight.] 
 
 REPULSE, re-puls'. v.t. to drive back: to 
 repel : to beat off. — n. the state of being 
 repulsed or driven back : the act of re- 
 pelling : refusal. [L. repidstis, pa.p. of 
 repello — re-, off. bacTc. and pella. to drive 
 See Pulsate.] 
 
 REPULSION, re-pul'shun, n. act of repul* 
 ing or driving back: state of being re- 
 pelled : power by which bodies or their 
 particles repel each other. 
 
 REPULSIVE, re-puls'iv. adj that repulses 
 or drives off : repelling : cold, reserved, 
 forbidding.— «f?i-. Repcls'itely.— n. EE- 
 puls'iyen-ess. 
 
 REPLTJCHASE. re-pur'chas. v.t. to pur- 
 chase or buy back or again. — n. the act 
 of buying again : that which is bought 
 again" [L. re, again, and Purchase.]
 
 REPUTABLE 
 
 363 
 
 RESOUND 
 
 REPITTABLE, rep'ut-a-bl. art J. in good re- 
 pute or esteem : respectaliU^ : honorable: 
 consistent with reputation. — adv. Rep'- 
 
 FTABLT. — n. REP'UTABLEXESS. 
 
 REPrXATION, rep-u-ta'shun, n. state of 
 being held in repute : estimation : char- 
 acter as established in public opinion : 
 credit': fame. [Fr. — L. reputcitio, con- 
 sideration — re-putare, to think over.] 
 
 REPUTE, re-piit', v.t. to account or esti- 
 mate : to hold. — ?i. estimate: established 
 opinion : character. [L. reptito, -utum — 
 re-, as'ain, andiputo, to reckon, to count.] 
 
 REPUTEDLY, re-put'ed-li, adv. in com- 
 mon repute or estimation. 
 
 REQUEST, re-kwest', v.i. to ask for ear- 
 nestly: to entreat: to desire. — n. petition: 
 prayer : desire : demand : that which is 
 requested : a want : the state of being 
 desired. [L. requisitum, pa.p. of requlro 
 — re-, away, and qumro, to seek.] 
 
 REQUIEM, re'kwi-em or rek*-, n. a hymn 
 or mass sung for the quiet or i"est of the 
 soul of the dead : a grand musical com- 
 position in honor of the dead. [L., ace. 
 of reqtiies — (re-, intensive, and qnies, 
 rest) ; so called from the words Requiem 
 (ttemam dona eis, Domine, " Give eter- 
 nal rest to tliem. O Lord ! " which are 
 repeated in the ser\nce.] 
 
 REQUIRABLE, re-kwir'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be required : fit or proper to be required. 
 
 REQUIRE, re-kwlr', v.t. to ask: to demand: 
 to need : to exact : to direct. [L. re- 
 quire.] 
 
 REQUIREMENT, re-kwir'ment, n. the act 
 of requiring : that which is required : 
 claim : demand. 
 
 REQUISITE, rek'wi-zit, adj., required: 
 needful : indispensable. — n. that which 
 is required : anything necessary or in- 
 dispensable. 
 
 REQUISITION, rek-wi-zish'un, n. the act 
 of requiring : an application : a demand : 
 a written request or invitation : a de- 
 mand made by the governor of one State 
 upon the governor of another State tor 
 the surrender of an alleged or convicted 
 criminal, who has escaped from the jur- 
 isdiction of his proven or alleged crime. 
 — n. Requisi'tionist, one who makes a 
 requisition. [L. requisitio.] 
 
 REQUITAL, re-twit'al, n. the act of re- 
 quiting: payment in return: recompense: 
 reward. 
 
 REQUITE, re-kwit', v.t. to give back so as 
 to be quits : to repay : to pay in return. 
 FL. re, back, and QUIT.] 
 
 REREDOS, rer'dos, n. the wall of a church 
 behind the altar : an ornamental screen 
 there placed. [Fr. arriere. behind — L. 
 ad, and retro, and Fr. dos, back — L. 
 dorfni m .1 
 
 REREMOtJSE, rgr'mows, n. a bat. [Lit. 
 '* the mouse that moves " or agitates the 
 air with its wings. A.S. Iireremns — 
 hreran, to ino^'e, and mii.s, a mouse.] 
 
 REREWARD. Same as Rearward. 
 
 RESCIND, re-sind', v.t. to cut uu-ay or off : 
 to annul : to repeal : to reverse. [L. re- 
 scindo. reseissitm — re-, and scindo, to cut. 
 See SasSORS.] 
 
 RESCISSION, re-sizh'un, n. the act of re- 
 scinding : the act of annulling- or repeal- 
 ing.— orf/. Resciss'ory. 
 
 RESCRIPT, re'skript, n. the official answer 
 of a pope or an emperor to any legal 
 question: an edict or decree. [Lit. "that 
 which is written in return." L. rescriptum 
 — re-, back, scribo. scriptn7n, to write.] 
 
 RESCUE, res'ku, v.t. to free from danger 
 or violence : to deliver : to liberate. — n. 
 the act of rescuing : deliverance from 
 violence or danger : forcible release from 
 arrest or imprisonment: — pr.jt. rescuing; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. res'cued. [M.E. rescous 
 — O. Ft. rescousse — O. Fr. rescourre — L. 
 
 re-, away, and exntfere, to shake out- 
 er, out. and qiiatio, to shake.] 
 
 RESEARCH, re-serch', n. a careful search: 
 diligent examination or investigation : 
 scrutiny : great learning on a difficult or 
 recondite subject, as archaeologj'. [L. 
 re, inten.. and Search.] 
 
 RESEMBLANCE, re-zemljlans, n. the state 
 of resembling : similitude : likeness : 
 similarity : that which is similar. 
 
 RESEMBLE, re-zem'bl, v.t. to be similar 
 to : to have the likeness of : to possess 
 similar qualities or appearance : to com- 
 pare : to make Hke. [Fr. ressembler — re-, 
 and sembler, to seem — L. sinudo. to make 
 like— 4(»!i7is, like. Of. Assimilate and 
 
 RESENT, re-zent', v.t. {orig.) to take well : 
 to take ill : to consider as an injury or 
 affront : to be indignant at : to express 
 indignation. [Fr. ressentir, from L. re-, 
 in return, and sentio, to perceive, to feel.] 
 
 RESENTFUL, re-zent'fool, adj. full of or 
 prone to resentment. — adv. Resent'- 
 FfXLY. 
 
 RESENTMENT, re-zent'ment, n. the act 
 of resenting : displeasure : anger : in- 
 disrnation : wrath. 
 
 RESERVATION, rez-er-va'shun, n. the act 
 of reserving or keeping back : the with- 
 holding from a statement of a word or 
 clause necessary to convej' its real mean- 
 ing : something withheld : a clause, pro- 
 viso, or limitation by which something is 
 reserved : public land reserved in the 
 U.S. for certain purposes ; as military 
 reservations, Indian reservations. 
 
 RESERVE, re-zerv', v.t. to keep back : to 
 keep for future or other use : to retain. 
 — n. that which is reserved : that which 
 is kept for future use : in countries hav- 
 ing great standing armies and powerful 
 nasies, a part of an army or a fleet re- 
 served to assist those engaged in action : 
 that which is kept back in tlie mind : 
 mental concealment : absence of freedom 
 in words or actions : caution. [L. re- 
 servo — re-, back, and servo, to save, to 
 keep.] 
 
 RESERyED, re-zervd', adj. characterized 
 by reserve : not free or frank in words or 
 behavior : shv : cold. — adv. Reserv'edlt. 
 — n. Reserv'edness. 
 
 RESERVOIRirez-er-vwor*, n. a place where 
 anything is reserved or kept in store : a 
 place where water is collected and stored 
 for use. [Fr.] 
 
 RESET, re-set', to set again or anew. 
 
 RESET, re-set', r.t. (Scot.) to »€ceive and 
 hide, as stolen goods. [Perh. a corr. of 
 Receipt.] 
 
 RESIDE, re-zld', v.i. to remain sitting : to 
 dwell permanently : to abide : to live : to 
 inhere. [L. resid'eo — re-, back, and sedeo, 
 to sit.] 
 
 RESIDENCE, rez'i-dens, n. act of residing 
 or of dwelling in a place : place where 
 one resides. 
 
 RESIDENCY, rez'i-den-si, n. residence : 
 the official dwelling of a government 
 officer in India. 
 
 RESIDENT, rez'i-dent, adj., residing or 
 dwelling in a place for some time : resid- 
 ing in the place of his duties. — n. one who 
 resides : a public minister at a foreign 
 court. 
 
 RESIDENTIAL, rez-i-den'shal, «t^". resid- 
 ing : having actual residence. 
 
 RESIDENTIARY, rez-i-den'shar-i, adj., 
 residing. — n. one who keeps a certain 
 residence, esp. an ecclesiastic. 
 
 RESIDUAL, re-zid'u-al, adj. remaining as 
 residue. 
 
 RESIDUARY, re-zld'ii-ar-i, adj. pertaining 
 to the residue ; receiving the remainder. 
 
 RESIDUE, rez'i-du, n. that which is left 
 behind after a part is taken away : the 
 
 remainder. [L. residuum, from resideo, 
 to remain behind. See Reside.] 
 
 RESIDLTUM, re-zid'u-um, n.. residue: that 
 which is left after anj* process of purifi- 
 cation. [L.] 
 
 RESIGN, re-zin', v.t. to >-ield up to another: 
 to submit calmly. [L. resigno, -atux, te 
 unseal, to annul, to give back — re, sig 
 reveisal, signo, to mark, to seal — signuni 
 a mark.] 
 
 RESIGNATION, rez-ig-na'shun, n. act ol 
 resigning or giving up: state of being 
 resigned or quietly submissive : acquies- 
 cence : patience. [Fr. — Low L. — L. re- 
 signo.] 
 
 RESILIENCE, re-zil'i-ens, RESILIENCY, 
 re-zil'i-en-si, n. act of springing back or 
 rebounding. 
 
 RESILIENT, re-zil'1-ent, adj., springing 
 back or rebounding. [L. resili-ens, -entis, 
 pr.p. of risilio—re-, back, and salio, to 
 leap or spring.] 
 
 RESIN, rez'in, n. an inflammable substance, 
 which exudes from trees. [Fr. risine — L. 
 resina.] 
 
 RESINOUS, rez'in-us, adj. having the qual- 
 ities of or resembling resin. — adv. Res'IN- 
 OUSLT.— ??. Res'inousness. 
 
 RESINY, rez'in-i, adj. like resin. 
 
 RESIST, re-zist', t'.f. to strive against : to 
 oppose. — v.i. to make opposition. [L. 
 resisto — re-, against, and si.ito, to stand.) 
 
 RESISTANCE, re-zist'ans. )i. act of resist- 
 ing : opposition : (mech.) the power of a 
 body which acts in opposition to the im- 
 pulse of another. 
 
 RESISTIBLE, re-zist'i-bl. adj. that may be 
 resisted. — adi: Resist'ibly. — n. Resisti 
 
 BIL'ITY. 
 
 RESISTLESS, re-zist'les, adj. irresistible, 
 —adv. Resist'lessly. — n. Resist'les& 
 
 NESS. 
 
 RESOLUTE, rez'o-lut, adj., resolved: de- 
 termined : having a fixed purpose : lon. 
 stant in pursuing a purpose. — adv. Res'o 
 
 LUTELY. — n. RES'OLUTENESS. 
 
 RESOLUTION, rez-o-lfl'shun, n. act of re- 
 solving : analysis : solution : state of be- 
 ing resolved: fixed determination: steadi- 
 ness : that which is resolved : forma} 
 proposal in a public assembly. 
 
 RESOLVABLE, re-zolv'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be resolved or reduced to its elements. 
 —adv. Resolv'ably. 
 
 RESOLVE, re-zolv*, r\t. to separate into 
 parts : to analyze: to free from doubt or 
 difficulty : to explain : to decide : to fix 
 by resolution or formal declaration : 
 (math.) to solve : (vied.) to disperse, as a 
 tumor : (music) to carry a discord into a 
 concord. — v.i. to deterruine. — j(. anything 
 resolved or determined: re.solution': fixed 
 purpose. [L. resolvo, resolutum — re-, in- 
 ten., and salvo, to loose.] 
 
 RESOLVED, re-zolvd', adj. fixed in pur- 
 pose. — adv. Resolv'edly. — n. Resolv'- 
 
 EDNESS. 
 
 RESONANCE, rez'o-nans, n. act of re- 
 .tounding: the returning of sound by re- 
 flection or by the production of vibrations 
 in other bodies. 
 
 RESONANT, rez'o-nant, adj., soiniding 
 back : returning sound. [L. resono — re-, 
 back, and sono. to sound.] 
 
 RESORT, re-zort', v.i. to go: to betake 
 one's self: to have recourse : to apply.— 
 n. act of resorting: a place nuich fre. 
 quented : a haunt : resource. [Fr. res-^ 
 sortir, lit. "to obtain again," from re- 
 and L. sortiri. to cast lots, to obtain — 
 sors. sortis, a lot.] 
 
 RESOLTND. re-zownd'. i:t. to so^md back: 
 to echo : to praise or celebrate with 
 sound : to spread the fame of. — v.i. to be 
 sent back or echoed : to echo : to sound 
 loudly : to be much mentioned. [L. re, 
 back," and Sound.]
 
 RESOURCE 
 
 364 
 
 RETIFORM 
 
 RESOURCE, re-s6rs', n. a source of help : 
 an expedient : — pi. means of raising 
 money: means of any kinil : specifically, 
 the means possessed by banks, insurance 
 companies, etc., for doing- a sound and 
 satisfactory business with the public. 
 [Fr. ressoiirce — O. Fr. resors, from res- 
 ordre — L. re-surgere, to rise again.] 
 
 RESPECT, re-spekt', v.t. to esteem for 
 merit : to honor : to relate to. — n. act of 
 esteeming highly : reg'ard : expression 
 of esteem : deportment arising from 
 esteem : relation : reference : (B.) good- 
 will : partiahty. [Lit. "to look back 
 upon," L. res]iicio, respectum — re-, back, 
 and specio, to look.] 
 
 RESPECTABLE, re-spekt'a-bl, adj. worthy 
 of respect or regard : moderate in ex- 
 cellence or number : not mean or des- 
 picable. — adv. Respect' ABLY. — v. Re- 
 spect abil'ity, state or quality of being 
 respectable. 
 
 RESPECTFUL, re-spekt'fool, adj. full of 
 respect : marked by civility. — adv. Re- 
 spect'fullt. 
 
 RESPECTIVE, re-spekt'lv, adj. having re- 
 spect or reference to: relative : relating 
 to a particular person or thing : particu- 
 lar.— adt?. Respect'ively. 
 
 RESPIRABLE, re-spir'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be breathed : fit for respiration. — n. Re- 
 SPIRaBIL'ity, quality of being respirable. 
 
 RESPIRATION, res-pi- ra'shun, n. the 
 function of breathing. 
 
 RESPIRATOR, res'pi-ra-tor, n. a network 
 of fine wire for respiring or breathing 
 through. 
 
 RESPIRATORY, re-spir'a-tor-i, adj. per- 
 taining to or serving for respiration. 
 
 RESPIRE, re-spir', v.i. to breathe again 
 and again : to breathe : to take rest. — 
 v.t. to breathe out. [L. reapiro — re-, sig. 
 repetition, continuance, and spiro,-atum, 
 to breathe.] 
 
 RESPITE, res'pit, n. temporary cessation 
 of anything : pause : interval of rest : 
 (lair) temporary suspension of the execu- 
 tion of a criminal.— r.f. to grant a res- 
 pite to : to relieve by a pause : to delay. 
 to. Fr. respit (Fr. repit) — L. respectus. 
 )oublet Respect.] 
 
 RESPLENDENCE, re - splen'dens, RE- 
 SPLENDENCY, re-splen'den-si, n. state 
 of being resplendent. 
 
 RESPLENDENT, re-splen'dent, adj. very 
 splendid, shining brilliantlj': very bright. 
 — adv. Resplen'dently. [L. resplendeo — 
 re-, inten., and sjtlendeo, to shine.] 
 
 RESPOND, re-spond', v.i. to answer or re- 
 ply : to correspond to or suit : to be an- 
 swerable. [L. respondeo, responsum — 
 re-, back, and spondeo, to promise. See 
 Sponsor.] 
 
 RESPONDENT, re-spond'ent, adj. answer- 
 ing : corresponding to expectation. — n. 
 one who answers, esp. in a law suit : one 
 who refutes objections. 
 
 RESPONSE, re-spons', ?». a reply: an orac- 
 ular answer : the answer made by the 
 congregation, the acolytes within the 
 sanctuary, or the choir to the priest or 
 minister during divine service : reply to 
 an objection in a formal disputation. 
 [See Respond.] 
 
 RESPONSIBILITY, re-spon-si-bil'i-ti, n. 
 state of being responsible : what one is 
 responsible for. 
 
 RESPONSIBLE, re-spon'si-bl, adj. liable to 
 be called to .account or render satisfac- 
 tion: answerable: capable of discharging 
 dutv. — adv. Respon'sibly. 
 
 RESPONSIONS. re-spon'shuns, n. the first 
 of the three examinations for the B.A. 
 degree at Oxford, familiarly called 
 "smalls." [See Respond.] 
 
 RESPONSIVE, re-spon'siv, adj. inclined to 
 
 respond : answering : correspondent. — 
 adv. Respon'sively. 
 
 REST, rest, n. cessation from motion or 
 distm-bance : peace : quiet : sleep : the 
 final sleep or death : place of rest : that 
 on which anything rests : a pause of the 
 voice in reading : (music) an interval of 
 silence and its mark. — At REST, applied 
 to a body, means, having no velocity with 
 respect to that on which the body stands. 
 — v.i. to cease from action or labor : to 
 be still : to repose : to sleep : to be dead: 
 to be supported : to lean or trust : to be 
 satisfied : to come to an end. — v.t. to lay 
 at rest : to quiet : to place on a support. 
 [A.S. ; Ger. rast. But. rmt.] 
 
 REST, rest, n. that which remains after 
 the separation of a part : remainder : 
 others. — v.i. to remain. [Fr. reste — L. 
 resto, to remain — re-, back, and sto, to 
 stand.] 
 
 RESTAURANT, res'to-rang or res'to-rant, 
 )!. a house for the sale of refreshments. 
 [Fr.'- — restaurer, to restore. See Re- 
 store.] 
 
 RESTITUTION, res-ti-tu'shun, n. act of 
 restoring what was lost or taken away. 
 [L. restitutio — restituo, to set up again 
 — re-, again, and statuo, to make to 
 stand. See Statue.] 
 
 RESTIVE, rest'iv, adj. unwilling to go for- 
 ward : obstinate. — adv. Rest'ively. — n. 
 Rest'i-veness. [O. Fr. restif, Fr. i-etif — 
 reste. See Rest, that which remains.] 
 
 RESTLESS, rest'les, adj. in continual mo- 
 tion : uneasy : passed in unquietness : 
 seeking change or action : unsettled : 
 turbulent. — adv. Rest'lessly. — n. Rest'- 
 LH6SNESS. [From Rest, cessation from 
 motion.] 
 
 RESTORATION, res-to-ra'shun, n. act of 
 restoring- : replacement : recovery : re- 
 vival : reparation. 
 
 RESTORATIVE, re-stor'a-tiv, adj., able or 
 tending to restore, esp. to strength and 
 vigor. — n. a medicine that restores. — 
 adv. Restor'atively. 
 
 RESTORE, re-stor', v.t. to repair: to re- 
 place : to return : to bring back to its 
 former state : to revive : to cure. — /;. 
 Restor'eh. [Fr. restaurer — L. restauro 
 — re-, again, and root sta, to stand.] 
 
 RESTRAIN, re-stran', v.t. to hold back : to 
 check : to hinder : to limit. [O. Fr. re- 
 straindre — L. restringo, restriotum — re-. 
 back, and strinao, to draw or bind tight- 
 
 ly-] 
 
 RESTRAINT, re-striint', n. act of restrain- 
 ing : state of being restrained : want of 
 liberty : limitation : hinderance. 
 
 RESTRICT, re-strikt'. v.t. to limit : to con- 
 fine : to repress. [See under Restrain.] 
 
 RESTRICTION, re-strik'shun. n. act of re- 
 stricting ^limitation : confinement. 
 
 RESTRICTIVE, re-strikt'iv. adj. having 
 the power or tendency to restrict. — adv. 
 Restrict'ively. 
 
 RESULT, re-zult', v.i. to issue (in) : to fol- 
 low as a consequence. — n. consequence : 
 conclusion : decision. [Fr. — L. resulto — 
 resilio. See Resilient.] 
 
 RESULTANT, re-zult'aht, adj., resultitig 
 from combination. — n. (physics) a force 
 compounded of two or more forces. 
 
 RESUMABLE, re-zum'a-bl, adj. liable to 
 be taken back again, or taken up again. 
 
 RESUME, re-ziim', v.t. to take back what 
 has been given : to take up again : to be- 
 gin again after interruption. [L. rmumo 
 — re-, back, sumo, sumptum, to take. 
 See SujrpTUARY.] 
 
 RESUMPTION, re-zump'shun, n. act of 
 resuming or taking back again. 
 
 RESURGENT, re-s"ur'jent, adj., rising 
 again, or from the dead. [L. re-, again, 
 and siirgo. surrecfum, to rise.] 
 
 RESURRECTION, rez-ur-rek'shun, n. the 
 
 rising again from the dead : the life 
 thereafter. [The inelegant verb resur- 
 rect, which is utterly inadmissible from 
 an etymological point of view, has been 
 so much used by the American news- 
 paper press that it is now a standard 
 Americanism.] 
 
 RESUSCITATE, re-sus'i-tat. v.t. to revive : 
 to revivify. — v.i. to revive : to awaken 
 and come to lite again. [L. re-, again, 
 and suscito — sus. from subs, for sub, from 
 beneath, and cito, to put into quick mo- 
 tion — cieo. to make to go.] 
 
 RESUSCITATION, re-sus-i-ta'shun, n. act 
 of reviving from a state of apparent 
 death : state of being revivified. 
 
 RESUSCITATIVE,re-sus'i-tat-iv, adj. tend- 
 ing to resuscitate : reviving : revivifying : 
 reanimating-. 
 
 RETAIL, re-tal', v.t. to sell in small parts : 
 to deal out in small portions : to tell in 
 broken parts, or at second-hand. — n. 
 Retail'er. [Fr. retailler, to cut again 
 — re-, again, and tailler, to cut. See 
 Detail.] 
 
 RETAIL, re'tal, n. the sale of goods in small 
 quantities. 
 
 RETAIN, re-tan', v.t. to keep in possession: 
 to detain : to employ by a fee paid. [Fr. 
 — L. retiueo — re-, back, and teneo, to hold. 
 See Tenure.] 
 
 RETAINABLE, re-tan'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be retained. 
 
 RETAINER, re-tan'er, n. one who is re- 
 tained or kept in service : a dependent : 
 a fee paid to a lawyer to defend a cause. 
 
 RETALIATE, re-tal'i-at, v.t. to return like 
 for like: to repay. — v.i. to return like 
 for like. [L. retalio, -atum — re-, in re- 
 turn, talio, -onis, like for like — talis, of 
 such a kind.] 
 
 RETALLA.TION, re-tal-i-a'shun, n. act of 
 retaliating : the return of like for like : 
 retribution. 
 
 RETALIATFV^E. re-tal'i-a-tiv. RETALL\- 
 TORY. re-^tal'i-a-tor-i, adj. returning like 
 for like. 
 
 RETARD, re-tiird', v.t. to keep back: to 
 delay : to defer. [Fr. — L. retardo — re-, 
 inten., and tarda, to make slow — tardus, 
 slow. See Tardy.] 
 
 RETARDATION, re-tar-da'shun, n. delay •. 
 hinderance : obstacle. 
 
 RETCH, rech, v.i. to try to vomit: tostrain. 
 [A.S. hrcecan, to hawk, cog. with Ice. 
 hrcekja, to vomit.] 
 
 RETENTION, re-ten'shun, n. act or power 
 of retaining : memorj' : restraint : cus- 
 tody. 
 
 RETENTIVE, re-tent'iv, adj. having power 
 to retain. — adv. Retent'ively. — n. Re- 
 tent'iyeness. 
 
 RETIARY, re'shi-ar-i, adj., netlike: con- 
 structing a web to catch prey : pro\-ided 
 with a net. [L. retiarius, a gladiator 
 who fights with a net — rete, a net.] 
 
 RETICENCE, ret'i-sens, RETICENCY. ret'- 
 i-sen-si, n. concealment by silence: reserve 
 in speech. 
 
 RETICENT, ret'i-sent, adj. concealing by 
 silence : reserved in speech. [L. I'eticens, 
 -entis, pr.p. of reticeo — re-, and taceo, to 
 be silent.] 
 
 RETICULAR, re-tik'u-lar, adj. having the 
 form of network : formed with inter 
 sticss 
 
 RETICULATE, re-tik'u-lat, RETICULAT- 
 ED, re-tik'u-lat-ed, adj., netted: having 
 the form or structure of a net : having 
 veins crossing like network. — n. Reticu- 
 la'tion. 
 
 RETICULE, ret'i-kul, RETICLE, ret'i-kl, 
 n. a little netu-ork bag: a lady's work- 
 bag. [L. reticidutn. dim. of rete, a net.] 
 
 RETIFORM. ret'i-form, adj. having th« 
 form or structure of a net. [L. rete, and 
 forma, form.]
 
 RETINA 
 
 365 
 
 REVERT 
 
 RETINA, ret'i-na. n. the innermost coat- 
 ing of the eye, consisting of a fine net- 
 tfork of optic nerves, [From L. rete, a 
 net.] 
 BETINUE, ret'i-nu, n. the body of re- 
 tainers who follow a person of ranlt : a 
 suite. [See Retain.] 
 KETIRE, re-tir', v.i. to clraic back : to re- 
 treat : to recede. — v.t. to withdraw : to 
 cause to retire. [Fr. retirer—re-, back, 
 and tirer, from a Teut. root seen in Goth. 
 tairan. Ger. zerren. E. Teak.] 
 RETIREMENT, re-tlr'ment, n. act of re- 
 tiring or withdrawing from society or 
 from public life : state of being retired : 
 solitude : privacy. 
 RETORT, re-tort', v.t. to throw back : to 
 retiu-n, — v.i. to make a sharp reply, — n. 
 a ready and sharp reply: a witty answer: 
 a vessel used in distillation, properly a 
 spiral tube, [Fr, — L, retortum, pa,p, of 
 retorqiieo — re-, back, and torqiieo, to 
 twist. See Torture,] 
 RETOUCH, re-tuch', v.t. to improve, as a 
 picture, by new touches. — n. the re-ap- 
 plication of tlie artisfs hand to a work. 
 [L. re. again, and Touch.] 
 RETRACE, re-tras', v.t. to trace back : to 
 go back by the same course : to renew 
 the outline of : in penmanship, the fault 
 of uniting the up and the down strokes 
 in making letters. [L. re, back, and 
 Trace.] 
 RETRACT, re-trakt', v.t. to retrace or 
 draic back : to recall : to recant. — v.i. to 
 take back what has been said or granted, 
 — n, Retracta'tion, [L. retraho, retrac- 
 tum — re-, back, and traho, to draw.] 
 RETRACTILE, re-trakt'il, adj. that may 
 
 be dratm back, as claws. 
 RETRACTION, re-trak'shun, n. act of re- 
 tracting or drawing back : recantation. 
 RETRACTIVE, re-trakt'iv, adj. able or 
 readv to retract.— odt). Retract'ively. 
 RETREAT, re-tret', n. a draunng back or 
 retracing one's steps : retirement : place 
 of privacy : a place of security : a shel- 
 ter : in the Catholic Church, a religious 
 devotion observed by the clergy and 
 ecclesiastical students, and usually last- 
 ing for a week, during which time prayer, 
 exhortation, and meditation completely 
 shut out worldly concerns : (mil.) the act 
 of retiring in order from before the 
 enemy, or from an advanced position : 
 the signal for retiring from an engage- 
 ment or to quarters. — v.i. to draw back : 
 to retire, esp. to a place of shelter or 
 security : to retire before an enemy or 
 from an advanced position. [O. Fr. re- 
 tret (Fr. retraite) — L. retr actus, pa. p. of 
 retrnhn.] 
 RETRENCH, re-trensh', v.t. to cut off or 
 away : to render less : to curtail. — v.i. 
 to live at less expense : to economize. 
 [O. Fr. retrencher (Fr. retrancher) — re-, 
 and trencher, to cut, which, ace. to Lit- 
 tre, is from L, truncare, to cut off, maim,] 
 RETRENCHMENT, re-trensh'ment, n, cut- 
 ting off : lessening or abridging ; reduc- 
 tion : (fort.) a work within another for 
 prolonging the defence. 
 RETRIBUTION, ret-ri-bu'shun. n. repay- 
 ment : suitable return : reward or pun- 
 ishment. [L. retributio — retribtio. to 
 give back — re-, back, and tribuo, to give. 
 See Tribute.] 
 RETRIBUTIVE, re-trib'u-tiv.of?/. repaying: 
 
 rewarding or punishing suitably. 
 RETRIEVABLE, re-trev'a-bl, 'adj. that 
 
 mav be reem^ered. — adv. Retriev'ably, 
 RETRIEVE, re-trev', v.t. to recover : to 
 recall or bring back : to bring back to a 
 former state : to repair,—?), Retriey'aL, 
 
 [O, Fr, retruver. Fr. retrorivei re-, 
 
 again, and trouver, to find. Cf. Con- 
 
 trive and (for the vowel change) Re- 
 prieve.] 
 
 RETRIEVER, re-trev'er, n. a kind of dog 
 trained to find and fetch game that has 
 been shot, and to recover an3'thing lost. 
 [See Retrieve.] 
 
 RETROCESSION, re-tro-sesh'un, «. agoing 
 back: a giving back. [L. retrocessus — 
 retrocedo, to go back, to yield — retro, 
 back, and cedo, to go.] 
 
 RETROGRADE, re'tro-grad, adj., going 
 backu-ard : falling from better to worse: 
 (biology) becoming less highly organized. 
 — v.i. to go backwards. — )). Retrograda'- 
 TION. [L. retrogradus — retro, backward, 
 and gradior, gressus, to go.] 
 
 RETROGRESSION, re-tro-gresh'un, n. a 
 going backirard : a decline in quality or 
 merit. — adj. Retrogress'ive.- adi-. Re- 
 
 TROGRESS'IVELY. [See RETROGRADE.] 
 
 RETROSPECT, re'tro-spekt, n. a looking 
 
 back : a contemplation of the past. [L. 
 
 retrofipectus, pa.p. of retrospicio-^retro, 
 
 back, and specio. to look.] 
 RETROSPECTION, re-tro-spek'shun, n. the 
 
 act or faculty of looking back on the past. 
 
 — adj. Retrospect'ive. — adv. Retro- 
 
 SPECT'IVELY. 
 
 RETURN, re-turn', v.i. to come back to the 
 same place or state : to answer : to re- 
 tott.—v.t. to bring or send back: to trans- 
 mit: to give back: to repay: to give back 
 in reply : to report : to give an account. 
 — n. the act of going back : revolution : 
 periodic renewal : the act of bringing or 
 sending back : restitution : repayment : 
 the profit on capital or labor : a reply : a 
 report or account, esp. official : — pi. a 
 light tobacco : the news of election con- 
 tests : the result as determined, legally 
 and officially, with reference to elections: 
 news and results in general. [Fr. re- 
 tourner — re-, back, and tourner, to turn 
 
 -L. tornare. See Turn.] 
 a'a-bl. 
 
 adj. that may 
 
 RETURNABLE, re-turn' 
 be returned or restored. 
 
 REUNION, re-un'yun, n. a union after sep- 
 aration: an assembly. [Fr. reunion — re-, 
 and union. See Union.] 
 
 REUNITE, re-u-nit', v.t. to join after 
 separation : to reconcile after variance. 
 — v.i. to become united again : to join 
 again. [L. re, again, and Unite.] 
 
 REVEAL, re-vel', v.t. to unveil: to make 
 known: to disclose. [Fr. reviler — lj. 
 revelo — re-, reversal, and veto, to veil — 
 velum, a veil. See Veil.] 
 
 REVEILLE, ra-vel'ya, n. the sound of the 
 drum or bugle at day-break to awaken 
 soldiers, [Lit, -'awake," imperative of 
 Fr, r&veiller, to awake — re-, again, and 
 veiller — L, vigilare, to watch. See Vigil.] 
 
 REVEL, rev'el, v.i. to feast in a riotous or 
 noisy manner : to carouse : — pr.p. rev'- 
 elling ; pa.t. and j)a.p. rev'elled. — w. a 
 riotous or tumultuous feast: carousal. — n. 
 Rev'eller, [O, Fr, ret^eler — L. rebellare, 
 to rebel. See Rebel; prob. influenced 
 also by Fr. reveiller (see Reveille), and 
 reve (see Rave).] 
 
 REVELATION, rev-e-lii'shun, n. the act of 
 revealing or making known : that which 
 is revealed : the revealing divine truth : 
 that which is revealed by God to man : 
 the Apocalypse or last book of the New 
 Testament:— j)^ unexpected and usually 
 scandalous disclosures touching public 
 and sometimes private affairs. [Fr. — L. 
 revelatio— revelo. See Reveal.] 
 
 REVELRY, rev'el-ri, n. riotous or noisy 
 
 festivity. 
 REVENCjE, re-venj', v.t. to punish or in- 
 jure in return : to avenge. — n. the act of 
 revenging : injury inflicted in return : a 
 malicious injuring in return for an offence 
 or injury received : the passion for retali- 
 ation.— n. Reveno'er. [O. Fr. revenger. 
 
 revencher (Fr. revancher) — L. re-, in re- 
 turn, and vindico, to lay claim to. See 
 Vindicate and Vengeance.] 
 
 REVENGEFUL, re-venj'fool, adj. full of 
 revenge or a desire to inflict injury in 
 return : vindictive : malicious. — adv. Re- 
 venge'fully. 
 
 REVENGEMENT, re-venj'ment, n. (B.) re 
 venge. 
 
 REVENUE, rev'en-Q, n. the receipts or 
 rents from any source : return : income : 
 the income of a state. — Internal rev- 
 enue, U. S. government receipts from 
 sources other than customs duties, in- 
 cluding taxes on tobacco, liquor, patent 
 medicines, artificial butter, etc. [Lit. 
 "that which comes back," Fr. revenue, 
 pa.p. of revenir, to return — L. revenire — 
 re-, back, venio, to come.] 
 
 REVERBERATE, re-ver'ber-at, v.t. to send 
 back, as sound :. to echo : to reflect : to 
 drive from side to side, as flame. — v.i. 
 to echo : to resound : to bound back : to 
 be repelled. — n. Reverbera'tion. [Lit. 
 " to beat back," L. re-, back, and verber-o, 
 -atus, to beat — verber, a lash.] 
 
 REVERBERATORY, re-ver'ber-a-tor-i, adj. 
 that reverberates : returning or driving 
 back. 
 
 REVERE, re-ver', v.t. to regard with re- 
 spectful awe : to venerate. [Fr. reverer 
 — L. revereor — re-, intensive, and vereor, 
 to feel awe, akin to Gr. horao, O. Ger. 
 warfen, E, Ward,] 
 
 REVERENCE, rev'er-enp, n. fear arising 
 from high respect : respectful awe : ven- 
 eration : honor : an act of revering or 
 obeisance : a bow or courtesy : a title of 
 the clergy. — v.t. to regard with rever- 
 ence : to venerate or honor. [See Re- 
 vere.] 
 
 REVEREND, rev'er-end, adj. worthy of 
 reverence : a title of the clergy : (B.) 
 awful, venerable. [Fr. — L. reverendus — 
 revereor. See Revere.] 
 
 REVERENT, rev'er-ent, adj. showing rev- 
 erence : submissive : humble. — adv. Rev'- 
 
 ERENTLY'. 
 
 REVERENTIAL, rev-er-en'shal, adj. pro- 
 ceeding from reverence : respectful : sub- 
 missive. — adv. Reveren'tially. 
 
 REVERIE, REVERY, rev'er-i, n. an irreg- 
 ular train of thoughts or fancies in 
 meditation : voluntary inactivity of the 
 external senses to the impressions of sur- 
 rounding objects during wakefulness. 
 [Lit. "a dreaming," Fr., from rSver, to 
 dream. See Rave.] 
 
 REVERSAL, re-vers'al, n. the act of re- 
 versing : a change : an overthrowing or 
 annulling. 
 
 REVERSE, re-ver.s', v.t. to place in the 
 contrary order or position : to change 
 wholly : to overthrow : to change by an 
 opposite decision : to annul. — n. Ihat 
 which is reversed : the opposite : the 
 back, esp. of a coin : change : misfor- 
 tune. — adj. turned backward : having an 
 opposite direction. [L. reversus, pa,p, of 
 reverto, to turn back — re-, back, and verto, 
 to turn,]^ 
 
 REVERSIBLE, re-vers'i-bl, adj. that may 
 be reversed, 
 
 RI VERSION, re-ver'shun, n. the act of 
 reverting or returning : that which re- 
 verts or returns : the return or future 
 possession of any property after some 
 particular event : the right to future 
 possession, [L, reversio.] 
 
 REVERSIONARY, re-ver'shun-ar-i, adj. 
 relating to a reversion : to be enjoyed in 
 suoce.ssion. 
 
 REVERT, re- vert', v.t. to turn or drive 
 back : to reverse. — v.i. to return : to fall 
 back : to refer back : to return to the 
 original owner or his heirs. [L. reverto.}
 
 REA'ERTIBLE 
 
 EEVERTIBLE, re-vert'i-bl, adj. that may 
 
 revert or be reverted. 
 REVERY. Same as Reverie. 
 REVIEW, re-vu', v.t. to re-examine : to 
 re\ise : to examine critically : to inspect, 
 as a body of troops. — n. a viewing agfain: 
 a reconsideration : the examination of a 
 cause in a higher court, %vhich has al- 
 ready been adjudicated in a lower ; a 
 careful or critical examination : a cri- 
 tique : a periodical with critiques of 
 books : etc. : the inspection of a body of 
 troops or a number of ships. [Fr. revue. 
 pa. p. of revoii — L. re-, again, and video. 
 See View.] 
 REVIEWER, re-vu'er, n. an inspector : a 
 
 writer in a review. 
 REVILE, re-\Tl', v.t. to reproach: to calum- 
 niate.— «. Revil'er. [L. re, and Vile.I 
 REVINDICATE, re-vin'di-kat, v.t. to%'indi- 
 cate again : to reclaim. [L. re, again, 
 and Vij,T)iCATE.] 
 RE^^SAL, re-vlz^al, REVISION', re-vizh'- 
 
 un. )i. review : re-examination. 
 REVISE, re-viz*, v.t. to review and amend. 
 — n. review : a second proof-sheet. — n. 
 Revis'er. [Fr. reviser — L. re-, back, and 
 viso, to look at attentively, inten. of 
 video, to see.] 
 RE\1SIT, re-viz'it, v.t. to visit again. [L. 
 
 rf. again, and Visn.] 
 REVIVAL, re-viv'al, n. recovery from lan- 
 guor, neglect, depression, etc.: renewed 
 performance of, as of a play : renewed 
 interest in or attention to : a time of re- 
 ligious awakening. — n. Revtv'alist, one 
 who promotes religious revivals. — n. 
 REyiy'AUSM. 
 REVIVE, re-vTv*, i\i. to return to life, 
 vigor, or fame : to recover from neglect, 
 oblivion, or depression. — v.t. to restore 
 to life again : to reawaken in the mind : 
 to recover from neglect or depression : 
 to bring again into public notice, as a 
 play.— n. Revtv'er. [L. re-, again, and 
 vivo, to live. See Vivid.] 
 REVIVIFY, re-viv'i-fr, v.t. to cause to re- 
 vive : to reanimate. — n. Revtvifica'tion. 
 REVOCABLE, rev'o-ka-bl, wlj- that may 
 be revoked. — ns. Ret'OCABLE\ess, Reyo 
 CABiL'iTY.— adi'. Rev'ocably. 
 REVOCATION, rev-o-ka'shun, n. a recall- 
 ing : repeal : reversal. 
 REVOKE, re-v6k', v.t. to annul by recall- 
 ing: to repeal : to reverse : to neglect to 
 follow suit (at cards). [L. revoeo—re-, 
 back, and voce, to call. See Voice.] 
 REVOLT, re- volt', v.i. to renounce allegi- 
 ance : to be grossly offended. — v.t. to 
 cause to rise in revolt : to sliock.— ?t. a 
 rebellion.— ji. Revolt'er. [Fi-.— It. ri- 
 volta—ri, against, and volta, a turning— 
 L. volvere. to turn.] 
 REVOLTING, re-volt'ing, adj. causing a 
 turning away from : shocking. — adv. Re- 
 
 VOLT'INGLY. 
 
 REVOLUTE, rev'ol-ut, adj. lolled back- 
 ward. 
 
 REVOLUTION, rev-ol-fl'shun. n. act of re- 
 ■••olving : motion round a centre : course 
 which brings to the same point or state : 
 space measured by a revolving body : ex- 
 tensive change in the government of a 
 country : a revolt. [See Revolve.] 
 
 REVOLUTIONARY, rev-ol-u'shun-ar-i,o Ij. 
 pertaming to or tending to a revolution 
 in ffovernment. 
 
 REVOLUTIONIST, rev-ol-u'shun-ist,n. one 
 who promotes or favors a revolution. 
 
 REVOLUTIONIZE, rev-ol-u'shun-Iz, v.t.to 
 cause a revolution or entire change of 
 anvthing. 
 
 REVOLVE, re-volv-. v.i. to roll back: to 
 roll round ra an axis : to move round a 
 centre.— t.?. tocause to turn: to consider. 
 [L. revolvo, revolutum — re-, back, and 
 volvo, to roll.] 
 
 3C6 
 
 REVOLA'ER, re-volv'er, n. that which re- 
 volves : a firearm which, by means of 
 revolving barrels, can fire 'more than 
 ouce witliout reloading. 
 REVX'LSION, re-vul'shun, n. disgust : the 
 diverting of a disease from one part to 
 another. [Lit. "a tearing away," L. re- 
 viilsio — revello, i-evulsum. to tear off or 
 away — re-, awav, and vello. to tear.] 
 REVULSn^E, re-vul'siv, adj. tending to 
 
 revulsion. 
 REWARD, re-wawrd', n. that which is 
 given in return for good or evil : recom- 
 pense : retribution : the fruit of one's 
 own labor. — v.t. to give in return : to 
 requite, whether good or evil : to punish: 
 (B.) to recomi)ense. [O. Fr. reswarder, 
 from re and the Teut. root of Ward or 
 Guard.] 
 REYNARD, ra'nard, ?!. Same asRENARD. 
 RHAPSODIC, rap-sod'ik, RHAPSODICAL, 
 rai)-sod'ik-al, adj. pertaining to, consist- 
 ing of, or resembling rhapsody. — adv. 
 Rhapsod'ically. 
 RHAPSODIST, rap'so-dist, ?;. one who re- 
 cites or sings rhapsodies : one who com- 
 poses verses extempore : one who speaks 
 or writes disjointedly. 
 RHAPSODY, rap'so-df, n. any wild uncon- 
 nected composition : a part of an epic 
 poem for recitation at one time. [Fr. — 
 Gr. rhapsodia, lit. " a stringing together 
 of songs" — rhaiifo, to sew, and ode, a 
 son"-.] 
 RHEMSH, ren'ish, adj. pertaining to the 
 
 river Rhine. [L. Rhenus.] 
 RHETORIC, ret'o-rik, n. the art of speak- 
 ing with propriety, elegance, and force. 
 [Fr. — Gr. rhetorike — rhetor, a public 
 speaker— r/feo, to speak.] 
 RHETORICAL, re-tor'ik-al, adj. pertaining 
 to rhetoric : oi'atorical. — adv. Rhetor'ic- 
 
 ALLY. 
 
 RHET0RICL4.N, ret-o-rish'an, n. one who 
 
 teaches the art of rhetoric : an orator. 
 RHEUM, room, n. the flow or discharge 
 from the lungs or nostrils caused by 
 cold : increased action of anv organ, 
 esp. of the mucous glands. [L. — Gr. 
 rheuma — rheo. to flow.] 
 RHEUMATIC, roo-mat'ik. RHEmLiTIC- 
 AL. roo-mat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to, or 
 affected with rlieumatism. 
 
 RHEUlIATISil, room'a-tizm, n. a painful 
 affection of the muscles, so named from 
 a notion that the pain was caused by 
 rheum or hmnor flowing through the 
 part affected. 
 
 RHEUMY, room'i, adj. full of or causing 
 rheum. 
 
 RHINOCEROS, rl-nos'er-os, n. a very large 
 animal allied to the elephant, having a 
 very thick skin, and one or two horns 
 on the 7io.se. [L. — Gr. rhinokeros — rhin, 
 rhinos, nose, keras, a horn.] 
 
 RHODODENDRON, ro-do-den'dron. n. a 
 genus of plants having evergreen leaves, 
 and large beautiful flowers like roses. 
 [Lit. " the rose-tree." Gr. rhodon, a rose, 
 and dendron. a tree.] 
 
 RHODOMONTADE. See Rodomontade. 
 
 RHOMB, romb, RH03IBUS, roni'bus, ?i. a 
 quadrilateral figure having its sides 
 equal, but its angles not right angles. 
 [L. — Gr. rhombos — i-hembo, to turn round 
 and round.] 
 
 RHOMBIC, rom'bik, adj. shaped like a 
 rliomb. 
 
 RHOMBOID, rom'boid, n. a figure of the 
 form of a. rhomb: a quadrilateral figure 
 having only its opposite sides and angles 
 equal. [Gr. rhombos, and eidox, form.] 
 
 RHOMBOIDAL, roiu-boid'al, adj. liaving 
 the shape of a rhomboid. 
 
 RHUBARB, roo'barb. n. a plant, the stalks 
 of which are much used in cooking and 
 the root in medicine, so called because 
 
 RICHNESS 
 
 brought orig. from the banks of the Rha 
 or Volga. [Fr. rhubarbe— how L. rha- 
 barbarum—L. Rha, the Volga, barbarus, 
 foreign.] 
 RHUMB, rum, n. (orjgr.) a meridian, es- 
 pecially the principal meridian of a map ; 
 any vertical circle, hence anv point of 
 the compass. [Fr. rumb, a byform of 
 rhombe, through L., from Gr. rhombos 
 See Rhomb.] 
 RHUMB-LINE, rum'-Un, n. a line which 
 cuts all the meridians at the same angle. 
 RHYME, rim, n. (orig.) words arranged in 
 numbers or verse : the correspondence of 
 sounds at the ends of verses : poetry. — 
 v.i. to correspond in sound : to nuike 
 rhymes or verses. — v.t. to put into rhyme. 
 ~ns. Rhym'er, Rhym'ster. [Properly 
 rime (the hy being due to the influence 
 of Rhythm)— A. S. rim, number, cog. with 
 O. Ger. run (Ger. reim).] 
 RHYTHM, rithm, h., flowing motion : 
 metre : regular recurrence of accents : 
 harmony of proportion. [L. rhyihmus — 
 Gr. ihythmos — rheo. rheusomai, to flow.] 
 RHYTHMIC, rith'mik, RHYTHMICAL, 
 rith'mik-al, adj. having or pertaining to 
 rhythm or metre. — adv. Rhyth'.mically. 
 RIB, rib, n. one of the bones from the 
 backbone which encircle the chest : 
 anything like a rib in form or use : a 
 piece of timber which helps to form or 
 strengthen the side of a ship : a vein of 
 a leaf : a prominence running in a line ; 
 (arch.) a moulding or projecting band on 
 a ceihng. — v.t. to furnish or inclose with 
 ribs : to form with rising lines -.—pr.p. 
 ribb'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. ribbed. [A.S., 
 cog. with Ger. rippe.] 
 RIBALD, rib'ald, 7i. a loose, low character. 
 — adj. low : base : mean. [O. Fr. ribaU 
 (Fr. riband. It. ribaldo)—0. Ger. ribe, & 
 prostitute, and sutfix -aid.] 
 RIBALDRY, rib'ald-ri, n. obscenity ; 
 
 ness : low and \-ulgar scurrility." 
 RIBBING, rib'ing, n. an airangement of 
 
 ribs. 
 RIBBON, rib'on. RIBAND, RIBBAND, 
 rib'and, n. a fillet or strip of silk : a nar- 
 row strip. — v.t. to adorn with i-ibbons. 
 [O. Fr. riban (Fr. ritban), perh. from Dut. 
 ring-batid. necktie, collar (Diez). or from 
 Dut. rij (Ger. reihe), a row, and B.asd.] 
 RICE, ris, n. one of the most useful and 
 extensively cultivated of grains, like 
 oats when ripe. [Fr. Hz (It. nso) — L. 
 and Gr. oryza — Ar. rozz, (with art.) ar 
 rozz.] 
 RICE-PAPER, rls-p5'per, n. a white smooth 
 paper, made by the Chinese from the 
 pith of a plant. [So called because form- 
 erly supposed to be inade from rice.] 
 RICH, rich (comp. Rich'er, superh Rich'- 
 EST), adj. abounding jn possessions : 
 wealthy : valuable : sumptuous : fertile: 
 full of agreeable or nutritive qualities : 
 bright, as a color : full of harmonious 
 sounds : full of beauty. — adv. Rich'ly. 
 [A.S. rice, rule (as rie in bishopric), hav- 
 ing rule, having means or wealth, rich ; 
 cog. with Ger. retch, empire, also rich, 
 Goth, reiks, L. rex, a king, Sans, raj-an. 
 to rule. The fundamental idea is that of 
 power shown in stretcliing out the hand 
 guiding, obtaining, as in E. Reach. Gr 
 o-reg-i>. to reach after, L. reg-ere, to keep 
 straight or guide. Sans, arg-, to obtain. 
 Through the idea of " keeping straight," 
 the root is conn, also with E. Right, Ger. 
 rechf, L. rectus.] 
 RICHES, rich'ez, n.pl. (in B. sometimes 
 h.xing.), wealth : richness : abundance. 
 [M.E. riehesse (n.sing.) — Fr. richesse.] 
 RICHNESS, rich'nes, n. wealth: abundance: 
 fruitfulness: value: costliness: abundance 
 of imagery. 
 
 ; filthi-
 
 RICK 
 
 367 
 
 RIPARIAN 
 
 RICK, rik, n. a pile or heap, as of hay. 
 
 [A.S. hredc, cog. with Ice. hraul-r.] 
 KICKETS, rik'ets, n.sing. a. disease of chil- 
 dren, characterized by softness and cur- 
 vature of tlie bones. [From the Prov. E. 
 verb (w)rick (S\v. vricka). to twist, whose 
 nasalized form is Wring, and f req. Weig- 
 
 GLE.J 
 
 RICKETY, rik'et-i, adj. affected with rick- 
 ets : feeble. 
 
 RICOCHET, rik'o-sha or -shet, m. rebound 
 along the ground, as of a ball fired at a 
 low elevation : the skipping of a flat 
 stone ou the surface of water. [Fr. ; etj'. 
 unknown.] 
 
 RICOCHET, rik-o-shet', v.t to fire at with 
 guns at a low elevation, so as to make 
 the balls skip on the ground :— jjr.p. ric- 
 ochett'ing;^a.<. and j^a.^j. ricochett'ed. 
 
 RID, rid. v.t. to free : to deliver: to remove 
 by violence: to clear: to disencumber: — 
 jir.j). ridd'ing; pa.t. andpa.jj. rid. [A.S. 
 hreddan, to snatch away ; Ger. retfen.l 
 
 RIDDANCE, rid'ans, n. act of ridding or 
 freeing. 
 
 RIDDLE, rid'l, n. an obscure desci'iption of 
 something which the hearer is asked to 
 name : a puzzling question : an enigma. 
 — v.i. to make riddles: to speak obscurely. 
 — v.t. to solve, as a riddle. [A.S. rccdels — 
 rcedan, to guess, to read — reed, counsel, 
 cog. with Dut. raad, Ger. rath.'\ 
 
 RIDDLE, rid'l, n. a large sieve for separat- 
 ing' coarser materials from finer. — v.t. 
 to separate with a riddle, as grain from 
 chaff : to make full of holes like a i-iddle, 
 as with shot. [A.S. briddel — hridrian, 
 to sift ; G«r. riidel, a riddle — rdden, to 
 sift.] 
 
 RIDE, rid, v.i. to be borne, as on horse- 
 back or in a carriage : to practice riding: 
 to float, as a ship at anchor. — v.t. to rest 
 on so as to be carried :— pa.f. vbAe ; pa.p. 
 ridd'en. — n. act of riding : an excursion 
 on horseback or in a vehicle : the course 
 passed over in riding. [A.S. ridan ; Ice. 
 reiila, to move, Ger. reiten, to move 
 along, L. (from Celt.) rheda, a carriage. 
 See Road.] 
 
 RIDER, rid'er, n. one who rides on a horse: 
 one who manages a horse : an addition 
 to a document after its completion, on a 
 separate piece of paper: an additional 
 clause. 
 
 RIDGE, rij, n. the back or top of the back : 
 anything like a back, as a long range of 
 hills: an extended protuberance: the earth 
 thrown up by the plough between the 
 furrows : the upper horizontal timber of 
 a roof. — v.t. to form into ridges : to 
 wrinkle. [A.S. hrycg ; Prov. E. and Scot. 
 rig : Ice. hryggr, Ger. riicken, the back.] 
 
 RIDGY, rij'i, adj. having, or rising in 
 ridges. 
 
 RIDICULE, rid'i-kul, ?i. wit exposing one 
 to Inughtei- : derision: mockery. — v.t. to 
 laugh at : to expose to merriment : to 
 deride : to mock. [L. ridiculus, exciting 
 laugh.ter — video, to laugh.] 
 
 RIDICULOUS, ri-dik'u-lus, adj. deser\-ing 
 or exciting ridicule : laughable : absurd. 
 —adv. RlDIC'CLOUSLY.— »^. Ridic'ULOUS- 
 NESS. [L. ridiculosus — ridiculu.i.] 
 
 RIDING, rid'ing, adj. used to ride or travel: 
 suitable for riding on, as a horse. — n. a 
 road for riding on. — n. Rid'ixg-Habit, 
 Rid'ino-skirt, the long upper habit, gar- 
 ment, or skirt worn by ladies when rid- 
 ing. 
 
 RIDING, rid'ing, n. one of the three di- 
 visions of the countj' of York. [A corr. 
 of A.S. thrithing, thriding, a third part 
 —th ry, thri. three.] 
 
 RIFE, rit, adj. prevailing- abundant. — adv. 
 Rife'ly. — n. Rife'nes.s. [A.S. /•(/, prev- 
 alent ; cog. with Dut. rijf, Ice. rifr, 
 liberal.] 
 
 RIFF-RAFF, rif'-raf, n. sweepings: refuse: 
 the rabble, the mob. [A reduplication of 
 obs. raff, sweepings, conn, with Raffle, 
 Rifle, r. to rob.] 
 
 RIFLE, rl'fl, v.t. to carry off by force : to 
 strip, to rob. — a. Ri'fler. [Fr. rijler, 
 rafter; from Teut., as Ger. raffen, to 
 snatch away. See Raffle.] 
 
 RIFLE, rl'fl, v.t. to groove spirally, as a 
 gun-barrel. — n. a musket with a barrel 
 spirally grooved. [Allied to Low Ger. 
 gerifelde, rifled, grooved, and Ger. riefeln, 
 to channel — I'iefe, a channel, a groove.] 
 
 RIFLEMAN, ri'fl-man, n. a man armed 
 with a rifle. 
 
 RIFT, rift, n. an opening riven or split in 
 anything : a cleft or fissure. — v.t. to rive: 
 to cleave. — v.i. to split: to burst open. 
 [From Rive.] 
 
 RIG, rig, v.t. to clothe, to dress : to put on: 
 (uant.) to fit with sails and tackling :— 
 jjc.p. rigg'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. rigged. — n. 
 sails and tackling. [Ice. rigga, to band- 
 age, to put on sails — riga, to be stiff.] 
 
 RIG, rig, n. {Scotch) a ridge. [A form of 
 Redge.I 
 
 RIGGING, rigr'ing, n. tackle : the system 
 of cordage which supports a ship's masts 
 and extends the sails. [See Rig, v.t.] 
 
 RIGHT, rit, adj., straight: most direct: 
 upright : erect : according to truth and 
 justice : according to law : true : correct: 
 just : fit : proper : exact : most conven- 
 ient : well performed : most dexterous, 
 as the hand : on the right hand : on the 
 right hand of one looking towards the 
 mouth of a river: {'■nath.) upright from 
 a base : containing 90 degrees. — adv. 
 Right'lt.— ?i. Right'ness. [A.S. riht, 
 ryht ; Ger. reeht, L. rectus— rego, to guide. 
 See Rich.] 
 
 RIGHT, rit, adv. in a straight or direct line: 
 in a right manner: according to truth 
 and justice : correctly : very : in a great 
 degree. 
 
 RIGHT, lit, 11. that which is right or cor- 
 rect : truth : justice : virtue : freedom 
 from error: what one has a just claim 
 to : privilege : property : the right side. 
 — v.t. to make right or straight : to set 
 upright : to do justice to. — v.i. to recover 
 the pi'0]>er position. 
 
 RIGHTEOUS, rit'yus or rl'chus, adj. living 
 and acting xiccovAmg to right a,\\A justice; 
 free from guilt or sin: equitable: merited. 
 — adv. Right'eously. (Liiany)yxst\y.—n. 
 Rioht'eousness. [Lit. " in a right way," 
 A.S. rihtwis — riht, and tvis, a way or 
 manner. The form righteous is due to 
 the influence of such words as bounteous, 
 plenteous, etc.] 
 
 RIGHTFUL, rit'fool, adj. having right: 
 according to justice. — adv. Right'FULLT. 
 — )(. Right'fulness. 
 
 RIGID, rij'id, adj. not easily bent: stiff: 
 severe : strict. — adv. Rig'IDLY. — n. Rig'- 
 IDNESS. [L. rigidus — rigeo, to be stiff 
 with cold ; akin to f rigeo and to Gr. rigeo, 
 to shiver with cold.] 
 
 RIGIDITY, ri-jid'it-i, Ji. the quality of re- 
 sisting ch9.nge of form : stiffness of man- 
 ner. 
 
 RIGMAROLE, rig^ma-r5l, n. a repetition 
 of foolish words : a long story. [A corr. 
 of ragman-roll, a document with a long 
 list of names, or with numerous seals 
 pendent.] 
 
 RIGOR, rig'ur, n. the quality of being rigid 
 or severe : stiffness of opinion or temper : 
 strictness : severity of climate : (ined.) 
 a sense of chilliness attended by a shiver- 
 ing. — RiooR MORTIS, the rigidity of the 
 liuman body caused by death. [L. rigor 
 — rigeo.] 
 
 RIGOROLTS, rig'ur-us. adj. exercising rigor: 
 allowing no abatcnu-nt : niaikcd by 
 severity : harsh : scrupulously accurate : 
 
 very severe.— adi-. Rig'orously.— >i. Rro'- 
 
 OROUSNESS. 
 
 RILIEVO. See Relievo. 
 
 RILL, ril, n. a small murmm-ing brook : a 
 streamlet. — v.i. to flow in small streams. 
 [Prob. a Celt, word, akin to Fr. rigole, 
 and W. rhigol.a. furrow, a small trench.} 
 
 RIM, rim, n. a raised margin : a border : 
 a brim. — v.t. to put a rim to •.—pr.p, 
 rimm'ing ; pa.t. andjM.p. rimmed. [A,a 
 rinia ; ety. unknown.] 
 
 RIME, rim, n. hoar-frost : frozen dew.— - 
 adj. Rim'V. [A.S. hrini ; Dut. rijm, O. 
 Ger. hrifo, Ger. reif.] 
 
 RIND, rind, n. the external covermg. as 
 the skin of fruit, the bark of trees, etc. 
 [A.S. rind, rhind, Ger. rinde ; prob. from 
 a Teut. root seen in Goth, rindan (O. Ger. 
 rintan), t*o surround.] 
 
 RINDERPEST, rin'der-pest, n. a malignant 
 and contagious disease of cattle. [Ger. 
 "cattle-plague."] 
 
 RING, ring, n. a circle : a small hoop, us- 
 ually of metal, worn on the finger as an 
 ornament : a circular area for races, etc. : 
 a circular group of persons : a clique or 
 combination for selfish purposes in poli- 
 tics : the prize ring, the occupation of 
 tlie pugilist. — v.t. to encircle : to fit with 
 a ring. [A.S. hring ; Ice. hring-r. Ger., 
 Dan. and Sw. ring. Cf. Rink and Cir- 
 cus.] 
 
 RING, ring, v.i. to sound as a bell when 
 struck : to tinkle : to practice the art of 
 ringing bells : to continue to sound : to 
 be filled with report. — v.t. to cause to 
 sound, as a metal : to produce by ring- 
 ing :—2}a.t. rang, rung ; pa.pi. rung.— h. 
 a sound, esp. of metals : the sound of 
 many voices : a chime of many Ijells. 
 [A.S. hringan, cog. with Ice. hringia, to 
 ring bells, hringia, to clink, Dan. ringlt 
 to tinkle J 
 
 RINGDOVE, ring'duv, n. the cushat oi 
 \\ooA-p!geon : so called from a white 
 ring or line on the neck. 
 
 RINGLEADER, ring'led-er, n. the head of 
 a riotous body. [Orig. the leader in the 
 ring of a dance.] 
 
 RINGLET, ring'let, n. a little ring : a curl, 
 esp. of hair. 
 
 RING-OUSEL, ring'-oo'zl, n. a species of 
 tlirush, with a white band on the breast. 
 [See Ousel ] 
 
 RING-STRAKED. ring'-strakt, adj. (B.) 
 streaked with rings. 
 
 RINGWORM, ring'wurm, 7i. a skin diseasa 
 in which itchj- pimples appear in rings, as 
 if caused by a icorm. 
 
 RINK, ringk, n. the area where a race is 
 run, or games are played. — n. Skat'ino- 
 RINK, a place artificially prepared for 
 skating, chiefly for roller-skating. 
 [Simpfy a variant of RING, a circle.] 
 
 RINSE, rins, v.t. to cleanse by introducing 
 water : to cleanse with clean water. [O. 
 Fr. rinser(Fv. rincer) — Ice. Iveinsa; Ger. 
 and Dut. rein, pure.] 
 
 RIOT, ri'ot, n. uproar : tumult : a disturb- 
 ance of the peace : excessive feasting : 
 luxury. — v.i. to brawl : to raise an up- 
 roar : to run to excess in feasting, be- 
 havior, etc.: to be highly excited. — n, 
 Rl'OTER. [Fv.riotte; ety.dub.] 
 
 RIOTOUS, ri'ot-us, adj. engaging in riot : 
 seditious : tumultuous : luxurious : wan- 
 ton. — adv. Riotously. — n. Ri'otous- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 RIP, rip, v.t. to divide by cutting or tear- 
 ing : to cut open : to take out by cutting 
 or tearing : to tear up for search or alter- 
 ation -.^pr.}). ripp'ing ; pa.t. and pa4>. 
 ripped. — n. a tear : a rent : a place torn. 
 JA.S. r/ipaii : Dan. ripjye. akin to Reap.] 
 
 RIPARIAN, rip-a'ri-an. adj. belonging to a 
 river-bank. [L. ripa, a river-bank.]
 
 KIPE 
 
 36S 
 
 ROGUE 
 
 BIPE, rip, adj. ready for harvest: arrived 
 at perfection: fit for use: developed to 
 the utmost: finished: ready: resembling 
 ripe irait.— adv. Ripe'lt.— n. Ripe'ness. 
 [A.S. ripe, conn, with rip. harvest : cog. 
 with Dut. rijp. Ger. ret/, akin to A.S. 
 ripan, E. Reap.] 
 
 BIPEN, rip'en, v.i. to grow ripe: to ap- 
 proach or reach perfection. — v.t. to make 
 ripe: to bring to perfection. [A.S. ripiun; 
 Ger. reifen.'] 
 
 BIPPLE, rip'l, n. the little waves on the 
 surface of running water: a little wave. 
 — v.t. to cause a ripple in. — v.i. to curl on 
 the surface, as running water. [Allied 
 to Ger. rippeln, Low Ger. repjjen. to 
 movej 
 
 RIPPLE, rip'l, v.t. to pluck the seeds from 
 stalks of flax by drawing them through 
 an iron comb. — n. the comb for rippling. 
 [Low Ger. repel, machine for breaking 
 flax, Ger. riffel, a flax-comb.] 
 
 RISE, rlz, v.i. to move from a lower to a 
 higher position: to ascend: to grow up- 
 ward: to swell in quantity or e.xtent: to 
 take an upright position: to leave the 
 place of rest: to tower up: to apiiear 
 above the horizon: to break forth: to 
 appear: to have its source: to increase 
 in size, value, etc.: to become excited or 
 hostile: to break forth into commotion 
 or insurrection: to increase in rank, for- 
 tune, or fame: to come to mind: to close 
 a session: {B.) to ascend from the grave: 
 — pa.t. rose; pa.p. risen (riz'n). — n. act 
 of rising: ascent: degree of elevation: 
 a steep: origin: increase: advance: (mns.) 
 elevation of the voice. [A.S. risan, cog. 
 with Ice. risa, Goth, retsan, Ger. reisen; 
 intransitive form of Raise.] 
 
 RISIBLE, riz'i-bl. adj. capable of exciting 
 laughter: laughable: amusing. — adv. 
 Rls'lBLY. — n. Risibil'ity, quality of being 
 risible. [L. risibilis. from rideo, risiim, 
 to laugh.] 
 
 RISING, rlz'ing, n. act of rising: resurrec- 
 tion: (B.) a tumor. 
 
 RISK, risk, n. hazard: chance of loss or 
 injury. — v.t. to expose to hazard: to ven- 
 ture. [Fr. risque (It. risico) — Sp. risco. a 
 rock — L. reseco. to cut off — re, off, seco, 
 to cut. The connection is, an abrupt 
 precipice, hence danger.] 
 
 RISSOLE, ris'ol, )i. fish or meat minced 
 and fried with bread crumbs and egg. 
 [Fr., perh. from the Teut., as Dan. riste, 
 to roast.] 
 
 RITE. rit. V. a religious usage or cere- 
 mony. [Fr. rite — L. ritus.l 
 
 RITUAL, rit'u-al, adj. consisting of or 
 prescribing' rifes. — n. manner of perform- 
 mg divine service, or a book containing 
 it : the body of rites employed in some 
 churches, and also in certain secret so- 
 cieties, notably the Freemasons. — adv. 
 Rit'u.^lly. [L. ritualix. See Rite.] 
 
 RITUALISM, rit'u-al-izra, n. system of 
 rituals or prescribed forms of religion : 
 the observance of them: the name given 
 to the great increase of ceremonial in 
 religious worship which has taken place 
 in a large section of the Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church. 
 
 RITUALIST, rit'u-al-ist, n. one skilled in 
 or devoted to a ritual : one of the party 
 in favor of ritualism in the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church. — adj. Ritualist'ic, 
 pertaining to the ritual. 
 
 BTVAL, rl'val, n. one pursuing the same 
 object as another : one who strives to 
 equal or excel another : a competitor. 
 — adj. having the same claims: standing 
 in competition. — v.t. to stand in compe- 
 tition with : to try to gain the same ob- 
 ject as another: to try to equal or excel : 
 —pr.p. ri' vailing; pa.t. and pa.p. ri'- 
 Tiulea. [Lit. one who lives on the oppo- 
 
 site side of a river, and contends some- 
 times for the use of it. Fr. — L. rivalis — 
 rivHs. a brook. See Rivulet.] 
 
 RIVALRY, ri'val-ri, n. act of rivalUng : 
 competition: emulation. 
 
 RIVE, riv, v.t. to tear asunder: to split. 
 — v.i. to be split asunder: — pa.t. rived ; 
 pa.p. rived, riv'en. [A.S. reofan ; Dan. 
 rive.'] 
 
 RIVER, riv'er, n. a large running stream 
 of water. [Fr. rivitre (It. riviera. shore, 
 river) — Low L. riparia, a shore district 
 — L. ripa, a bank. J 
 
 RIVET, riVet, n. a bolt of metal fastened 
 by being hammered at both ends. — v.t. 
 to fasten with a rivet : to make firm or 
 immovable : — pr.p. riv'eting ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. riv'eted. [Fr., ace. to Diez from the 
 root of Ice. r\fa. Dan. rive, Ger. reiben, 
 E. Rive.] 
 
 RIVULET, riv'u-let, n. a small river or 
 stream : a brook. [L. rivulus, dim. of 
 ricus, a stream, akin to Sans, sru, Gr. 
 rhed, to flow.] 
 
 ROACH, roch, n. a fresh-water fish of a 
 silvery color. [Dut. roch, Ger. roche, 
 Dan. rofcfce.] 
 
 ROAD, rod, n. a highway : an open way 
 for passengers and traffic : (B.) a plunder- 
 ing excursion. [A.S. rdd, a riding — rdd, 
 pu.t. of v'ldan. Ride.] 
 
 R0AD,rod,ROADSTEAD,r6d'sted,ROADS, 
 rodz, n. a place where ships ride at an- 
 chor : as at Hampton Roads, Va. 
 
 ROADSTER, rod'ster, n. (naut.) a vessel 
 riding at anchor in a road : a horse fitted 
 for travelling. 
 
 ROADWAY, rod'wa. n. the way or part of 
 a road or street travelled by carriages. 
 
 ROAM, rom, v.i. to rove about : to ramble. 
 — v.t. to wander over. [Prob. formed 
 from ROAMEE.] 
 
 ROAMER, rom'er, n. a wanderer. [Usually 
 derived from O. Fr. romier, one who 
 makes a pilgrimage to Rome (Sp. romero. 
 It. rovieo) — L. Roma, Rome.] 
 
 ROAN, ron, adj. having a bay or dark 
 color, with spots of gray and white : of 
 a mixed color, with a decided shade of 
 red. — n. a roan color : a roan horse : 
 grained sheepskin leather. [Fr. rouan 
 (It. roano) ; ety. unknown.] 
 
 ROAN-TREE, ROWAN-TREE, ro'an-tre, 
 n, the mountain-ash. [So called either 
 from the color of its stem (see RoAN), or 
 it is a corr. of Rune, from its use in 
 divination. See Rune.] 
 
 ROAR, ror, v.i. to utter a full, loud sound : 
 to cry, as a beast; to cry aloud: to bawl. 
 — ». a full, loud sound: theory of a beast: 
 an outcry of mirth, esp. of laughter. 
 [A.S. rdrian, O. Ger. reran, Ger. rohren, 
 to cry as a stag, to bellow ; influenced 
 also by an old verb hroren, the Ger. riih- 
 ren. to move (cf. Uproae).] 
 
 ROARING, ror'ing, n. act or sound of roar- 
 ing : a disease of horses causing them to 
 roar in breathing. 
 
 ROAST, rost, v.t. to cook before a fire : to 
 parch by exposure to heat : to heat to 
 excess : to dissipate the volatile parts 
 of by heat. — re. that which is roasted. 
 [O. Fr. rostir (Fr. rotir) — O. Ger. rostan 
 (whence Ger. rosten), to roast.] 
 
 ROB, rob, 71. the juice of ripe fruit mixed 
 with honey or sugar. [Fr. — Ar. rot)l>, 
 purified syrup of boiled fruit.] 
 
 ROB, rob, v.t. to take away from by force 
 or theft: to plunder: to steal: to deprive: 
 (B.) to withhold what is due:— ^r.p. robb'- 
 ing; pa.t. and pa.p. robbed. — n. Robb'er, 
 one who robs. [O. Fr. rober — Ger. rau- 
 ben, A.S. reafian.] 
 
 ROBBERY, rob'er-i, n. theft from the per- 
 son, aggravated by violence or intimida- 
 tion : pUindering. 
 
 ROBE, rob, n. a gown or outer garment: a 
 
 dress of dignity or state : a rich dre»s.- - 
 v.t. to dress, as with a robe to clothe, 
 [Fr. ; from O. Ger. roubon (Ger. rauben), 
 E. Rob ; applied to clothes, because they 
 were so frequently stolen.] 
 
 ROBIN, rob'in, ROBIN-REDBREAST, rob'- 
 in-red'brest, n. a singing bird with a red- 
 dish breast. [A familiar form of Robert 
 cf. Jacfc-daw, Jlfag'-pie.] 
 
 ROBUST, ro-bust', adj. of great strength o 
 vigor: requiring strength. — adv. Robust' 
 LY.— re. Robust'ness. [Fr.— L. robustus- 
 robur. ■-•ak.] 
 
 ROC, rok, n. an enormous bird in Persian 
 folk-tales. [Pers. rukh.] 
 
 ROCHET, rochet, n. a surplice with nar- 
 row sleeves worn by bishops. [Fr.. dim. 
 of Low L. roccus — O. Ger. roc (A.S. rocc, 
 Ger. j'ocfc), a coat.] 
 
 ROCK, rok, n. a large mass of stone : (geol.) 
 a natural deposit of sand, earth, or clay : 
 that which has the firmness of a rock : 
 (jB.) defence. [Fr. roc. roche; prob. Celt., 
 as in Gael, roc, W. rhtcg, a projection.] 
 
 ROCK, rok, n. a distaff. [Dut. rohken. Ice. 
 rockr.] 
 
 ROCK, rok, v- 1. to move backward and for- 
 ward : to hill to sleep. — v.i. to be moved 
 backward and forward : to totter. [Teut., 
 as Ice. nigga, Ger. riicken, to move.] 
 
 ROCKER, rok'er, n. the curved support on 
 which a cradle or rocking-chair rocks. 
 
 ROCKERY, rok'er-i, n. same as Ri'Ck- 
 
 WORK. 
 
 ROCKET, rok'et, n. a firework whicli is 
 projected through the air, used for mak- 
 ing signals in war, and for saving life at 
 sea by conveying a line over a stranded i 
 vessel. [It. rocchetta, from root of rock, 
 a distaff, because its thick upper end is 
 
 llKf n fiistfiff I 
 
 ROCK-PIGEON, rok-pij'un, n. a ingeon 
 inhabiting rocks. 
 
 ROCKS ALT, rok'sawlt, n., s(dt in rocfc-like 6 
 masses. 
 
 ROCKWORK, rok'wurk, 7i. {arch.) ma,sonry 
 in imitation of masses of rock : (hart.) a 
 pile of earth covered with stones with 
 pl ants growing between. 
 
 ROCKY, rok'i, adj. full of rocks : resem- 
 bling a rock ; hard : unfeeling. — n. RocK'- 
 dtess. 
 
 ROCOCO, ro-ko'ko, n. a term applied to a 
 debased style of architecture prevailing 
 in the 18th century, marked by endless 
 multiplication of ornamental details. 
 
 i Formed from Fr. rocaille, rockwork.] 
 D, rod, n. a long twig : a slender stick : 
 anything long and slender : an instru- 
 ment of correction : an emblem of power 
 or authority : a pole or perch (5i yards) : 
 (fig.) punishment : authority : oppres- 
 sion : (B.) race or tribe. [A.S. ; Dut. 
 roede, Ger. rttthe : akin to L. r»rfj,s, a 
 rod, and Sans, ridh, to grow. See Rood.) 
 
 RODE, rod, ^«.<. of Ride. 
 
 RODENT, ro'dent, adj.. gnau-ing. [L. ro- 
 dens, rodentis, pr.p. of rodo. to gnaw.] 
 
 RODOMONTADE, rod-o-mont-ad', n. vain 
 boasting, like that of Rodomonte in the 
 Orlando Furioso of Ariosto. — v.i. to 
 boast or bluster. 
 
 ROE, ro, n. the eggs or spawn of fishes. 
 
 ilce. hrogn, Ger. rogen.} 
 E, ro, n. a species of deer, smaller thar 
 the fallow-deer : also the female deer. 
 
 ROEBUCK, ro'buk, n. the male of the roe 
 having usually one front antler and twc 
 hinder ones. [A.S. rah ; Ger. reh. Ice. r«.] 
 
 ROGATION, ro-ga'shun, n. an asking: 
 supplication.— Rogation-days, the three 
 days before the festival of Ascension, 
 being daj's of special supplication. [L., 
 from rogo, to ask.] 
 
 ROGUE, rog, n. a dishonest person : a 
 knave : a mischievous or frolicsome per- 
 son : (law) a vagrant. [Fr. rogue, proud;
 
 EOGUERY 
 
 369 
 
 ROSE-PINK 
 
 either from Bret, rok, proud, or ace. to 
 Diez. from Ice. hrokr, proud, haughty.] 
 
 ROGUERY, rog'er-i, n. knavish tricks : 
 fraud : mischievousness : waggery. 
 
 ROGUISH, rog'ish, adj. knavish: mischiev- 
 ous : waggish. — adv. Rog'tjishly. — n. 
 
 ROG'UISHNESS. 
 
 ROISTER, roist'er, v.i. to bluster, swagger, 
 bully. — re. RoiST'EEER. [Fr. rustre, a 
 rough, rude fellow — O. Fr. mste — L. rus- 
 ticus. rustic] 
 
 ROLE, roi, n. the part performed by an 
 actor in a play : any important part 
 played in public life. [Fr., the part of 
 each actor being written on a roll of 
 paper. See Roll.] 
 
 ROLL, rol, v.i. to turn like a wheel : to 
 turn on an axis : to be formed into a roll 
 or cylinder : to move, as waves : to be 
 tossed about : to move tumultuously : to 
 be hurled : to rock, or move from side 
 to side : to wallow : to spread under a 
 roller : to sound as a drum beaten rapidly. 
 — v.t. to cause to roll : to turn on an axis : 
 to wrap round on itself : to inwrap : to 
 drive forward : to move upon wheels : to 
 press with a roller : to beat rapidly, as a 
 drum. — n. act of rolling : that which 
 rolls : a loller : that which is rolled up : 
 hence parchment, paper, etc., wound into 
 a circular form : a document : a register : 
 a kind of fancy bread : the continued 
 sound of a drum. [O. Fr. roeller (Fr. 
 rouler) — Low L. rotalare — L. rotida, a 
 little wheel — rota, awheel.] 
 
 ROLL-CALL, rol'-kawl, n. the calling of 
 the roll or list of names, as in the army. 
 
 ROLLER, rol'er, n. that which rolls : a 
 cylinder used for rolling, grinding, etc.: 
 along broad bandage:^p^ heavy waves. 
 
 ROLLICKING, rol'ik-ing, adj. careless, 
 swaggering. [Prob. a form of Roll, with 
 allusion to FROLIC.] 
 
 ROLLING, rol'ing, adj. moving on wheels : 
 used in rolling.— re. Roll'ing-pin, a cylin- 
 drical pin or piece of wood for rolling 
 paste. ^n. Roll'ing-press, a press of two 
 cylinders for rolling or calendering cloth. 
 — )i. RoLL'lNG-STOOK, the stock or store 
 of engines, carriages, etc., of a railway. 
 
 ROMAtC, ro-ma'ik, n. modern Greek, the 
 language of the descendants of the East- 
 ern Romans. [Fr. Romaique : from mod- 
 ern Gr. Romaikos — L. Roma.] 
 
 ROMAN, ro'raan, adj. pertaining to Rome 
 or to the Romans : pertaining to the Ro- 
 man Catholic religion : papal : (print.) 
 noting the letters commonly used, as op- 
 posed to Italics : written in letters (used 
 by the Romans, as IV.), not in figures (as 
 4). — n. a native or citizen of Rome. [L. 
 Romanus — Roma, Rome.] 
 
 ROMAN CATHOLIC, ro'man kath'ol-ik, 
 ad/, denoting the Christians throughout 
 the world who recognize the spiritual su- 
 premacy of the Pope or Bishop of Rome. 
 — n. a member of the Roman Catholic 
 Church. 
 
 ROMANCE, ro-mans', n. the dialects in S. 
 Europe which sprung from a corruption 
 of the Roman or Latin language : a tale 
 written in these dialects : any fictitious 
 and wonderful tale : a fictitious narrative 
 in prose or verse which passes beyond the 
 limits of real life. — adj. belonging to the 
 dialects called Romance. — i\i. to write or 
 tell romances : to talk extravagantly. — 
 71 ROMAN'CER. [O. Fr. romans — Low L. 
 adv. (loqiii) romanice (to speak) in the 
 Roman or Latin tongue — L. Romanicus, 
 Roman.] 
 
 ROMANESQUE, ro-raan-esk', n.that which 
 pertains to romance : (arch.) the debased 
 style adopted in the later Roman empire: 
 the dialect of Languedoc and other dis- 
 tricts of the south of France. [Fr. ; It. 
 roma n esco — Romanicus. ] 
 X 
 
 ROMANISM, ro'man-izm, n. an offensive 
 term applied to the tenets of the Roman 
 Cathohc Church. 
 
 ROMANIST, ro'man-ist, n. a term applied 
 in some localities to a Roman Catholic. 
 
 ROMANTIC, ro-man'tic, adj. pertaining to 
 or resembling romance : fictitious : ex- 
 travagant : wild : fantastic. — adv. Ro- 
 man'tically.— «. Roman'ticness. 
 
 ROMANTICISM, ro-man'ti-sizm, n. in lit- 
 erature, the revolt from a classical to a 
 medieval style. [So called because the 
 latter was orig. imitated from Romance 
 models.] 
 
 ROMISH, rom'ish, adj. belonging to Rome, 
 or to the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 ROMP, romp, v.i. to play noisily : to skip 
 about in play. — n. a girl who romps : 
 rude frolic. [A form of Ramp.] 
 
 ROMPISH, romp'ish, adj. fond of romping 
 or noisy play. — adv. ROMP'iSHLY. — n. 
 
 ROMP'ISHNESS. 
 
 RONDEAU, ron'do, n. a little poem in 
 three parts, of which the first two or 
 three words are repeated at the end of 
 the second and third part, and which 
 thus ends as it began. [Fr., from rond, 
 round. See Round.] 
 
 RONDO, ron'do, re. the same as Rondeau. 
 J"It. form of the same word.] 
 
 ROOD, rood, n. the fourth part of an acre, 
 or forty perches, so called from the rod 
 used in measuring : a figure of Christ's 
 cross, and often of the crucifix, in R. 
 Cath. Churches. [Same as Rod.] 
 
 ROOF, roof, n. the top covering of a house 
 or building : a vault or arch, or the inner 
 side of it : a hou.se or dwelling. — iKt. to 
 cover with a roof : to shelter. [A.S. 
 hrof : Dut. roef.] 
 
 ROOFING, roofing, n. covering with a 
 roof : materials for a roof : the roof it- 
 self. 
 
 ROOFLESS, roof'les, adj. without a roof : 
 having no house or home : unsheltered. 
 
 ROOK, rook, n. a kind of crow, so called 
 from its croak. [A.S. hroc ; Goth, hruk- 
 jan. to croak. See Crow.] 
 
 ROOK, rook, n. a castle or piece used in 
 playing chess. [Fr. roc ; from Pers. rokh. 
 a camel with a tower for archers.] 
 
 ROOKERY, rook'er-i, n. a group of trees 
 to which rooks resort to build their nests : 
 a group of ruinous buildings. 
 
 ROOM, room, n., space: a chamber: ex- 
 tent of place : space unoccupied : free- 
 dom to act : fit occasion : place of an- 
 other : stead : (fi.) a seat. [A.S. and 
 Ice. rum ; Ger. rarenj.] 
 
 ROOMY, room'i, adj. having ample room : 
 wide : spacious. — adv. RooM'lLY. — n. 
 ROOM'INESS. 
 
 ROOST, roost, n. a pole or support on which 
 a bird rests at night : a number of fowls 
 resting together. — v.i. to sit or sleep on a 
 roost. [A.S. hrost ; Dut. roest.} 
 
 ROOSTER, roost'er, n. acock, the male bird 
 of the domestic fowl. 
 
 ROOT, root, n. the part of a plant which is 
 fixed in the earth, and which draws up 
 sap from the soil : an edible root : anj'- 
 thing like a root : the bottom : a word 
 from which others are derived: the cause 
 or occasion of anything' : (math.) the fac- 
 tor of a quantity which multiplied by it- 
 self produces tliat quantity : the value of 
 the unknown quantity in an equation. — 
 v.i. to fix the root : to be firmly estab- 
 lished. — v.t. to plant in the eartli : to im- 
 plant deeply. [Ice. and 8%v. rot ; Dan. 
 rod : akin to L. radix, Gr. riza, a root. 
 Sans, i^ih, to grow.] 
 
 ROOT, root, v.t. to turn up with the snout, 
 as swine. — v.i. to turn up the earth with 
 the snout. [A.S. wrotian — wrot, a snout; 
 Dut. uToeteti.] 
 
 ROOT-CROP, root'-krop, n. a crop of plants 
 
 v'th esculent roots, especially of plants 
 having single roots, as turnips, beets, etc, 
 
 ROOT- EATER, ro6t'-et-er, n. an animal 
 that feeds on roots. 
 
 ROOT- HOUSE, root'-hows, n. a house 
 made of roots : house for storing up or 
 depositing turnips, carrots, cabbages, or 
 other roots or tops, for winter use. 
 
 ROOTLET, root'let, n. a little root : a rad- 
 icle. 
 
 ROPE, rop, 71. a thick twisted cord.— I'.t. to 
 extend into a thread, as by a glutinous 
 quality. — adj. Rop'y. — adv. Rop'ily. — n. 
 Rop'iNESS. [A.S. rap ; cog. with Ice. 
 reip, Dut. reep, Ger. reif.]' 
 
 ROPE-DANCER, rop'-dans-er, n. one who 
 performs acrobatic feats on a rope. 
 
 ROPE-PORTER, rop'-port-er, n. a pulley 
 mounted on a frame, over which tha 
 ropes of steam-ploughs are borne off 
 the ground so as to prevent wear and 
 tear from friction. 
 
 ROPE-PUMP, rop'-pump, n. a machine for 
 raising water, consisting of an endless 
 rope or ropes passing over a pulley fixed 
 at the place to which the water is to 
 be raised, and under another pulley fixed 
 below the surface of the water. The 
 upper pulley being turned rapidly by a 
 winch, motion is given to the rope, and 
 the water rises up along with the as- 
 cending part of the rope, partly by the 
 momentum it acquires when in motion, 
 and partly by capillary attraction. 
 
 ROPER, rop'er, n. a maker of ropes. 
 
 ROPERY, rop'er-i, n. a place where ropes 
 are made. 
 
 ROPEWALK, rop'wawk, n. a long narrow 
 shed used for the spinning of ropes. 
 
 RORQUAL, ror'kwal, 7i. a genus of whales 
 of the largest size. [Norw.] 
 
 ROSACEOUS, ro-za'shus, adj. (bot.) per- 
 taining to the rose family : having the 
 petals arranged like those of the rose. 
 [L. rosaceus7\ 
 
 ROSARY, ro'za-ri, n. a chaplet: a garland: 
 the term was formerly often adopted as 
 a title of numerous books, consisting of 
 a garland of flowers, as it were, culled 
 from various authors : string of beads 
 used by Roman Catholics, on which they 
 count their prayers ; there are always 
 in the rosary five or fifteen divisions, 
 each containing ten small beads and one 
 large one — for each of the small beads an 
 Ave Maria, and for each of the larger 
 a Paternoster is repeated: a rose-garden: 
 a counterfeit coin of the reign of Edward 
 I. worth about a cent, coined abroad and 
 brought surreptitiously into England ; 
 so called from bearing the figure of a 
 rose. [L. rosariitm.] 
 
 ROSE, im.t. of Rise. 
 
 ROSE, roz, re. a plant of many species with 
 a beautiful flower, generally red : a ro- 
 sette : a perforated nozzle of a pipe, etc.: 
 pink, the color of the rose. [A.S. rose — 
 L. rosa, akin to Gr. rodon ; prob. akin to 
 eryfhros, red.] [or color. 
 
 ROSEAL, roz'e-al, adj. like a rose in smell 
 
 ROSEATE, roz'e-at, adj., rosy: full of 
 roses : blooming : red. 
 
 ROSEMARY, roz'mar-i, ROSMARIN, roz'- 
 ma-ren, n. a small fragrant evergreen 
 shrub of a pungent taste, once used as 
 an emblem of fidelity. [M. E. rosemaryne 
 — L. ros-marinus, '' sea-spray," from its 
 usually growing on the sea-coast — rot. 
 dew, marimis — mare, the sea.] 
 
 ROSE-MOULDING, roz'- raold-ing, n. in 
 arch, a kind of Norman moulding orna- 
 mented with roses or rosettes. 
 
 ROSE-PINK, roz'-pingk, adj. of a rosy-pink 
 color or hue : roseate : having a delicate 
 bloom : hence, very delicate : affectedly 
 fine : sentimental. " Rose-pink piety. 
 — Kingsley.
 
 ROSETTE 
 
 370 
 
 ROYALTY 
 
 ROSETTE, ro-zet', n. an imitation of a -ose 
 by means of a ribbon : (arch.) a rose- 
 shaped ornament. [Fr.. dim. of rose.] 
 
 ROSE-WATER, roz'-waw'ter, n., tvater dis- 
 tilled from rose-leaves. 
 
 ROSE-WINDOW, roz'-wind'o, n. a circular 
 u-indotc with its compartments branching 
 from a centre, like a rose. 
 
 ROSEWOOD, roz'wood, n. the u-ood of a 
 tree haring a fragrance like that of roses. 
 It is obtained from Brazil, the Canary 
 Islands, Siam, and other places, and is 
 in tlie highest esteem for cabinet work, 
 pianos, etc. 
 
 ROSIN, roz'in'i n. the solid left after distil- 
 ling off the oil from crude turpentine. — 
 i:t. to rub or cover with rosin. [A form 
 of Resin.] 
 
 ROSINY, roz'in-i, adj. like or containing 
 rosin. 
 
 ROSTER, ros'ter, n. the list of persons lia- 
 ble to a certain duty ; as the roster of a 
 regiment. [Prob. Pi-ov. Ger. roster — Ger. 
 register, a list. See Register.] 
 
 ROSTRAL, ros'tral, adj. like a rostrum or 
 lieak. 
 
 ROSTRATE, ros'trat, ROSTRATED, ros'- 
 trat-ed, adj., beaked. 
 
 ROSTRIFORM, ros'tri-form. adj. having 
 the form or shape of a beak. 
 
 ROSTRUM, ros'trum, n. in ancient Rome, 
 an erection for pubUc speakers in the 
 Forum, adorned with the beaks or heads 
 of ships taken in war : the platform from 
 wliich a speaker addresses his audience. 
 [L., lit. "the beak" — rodo, rosmn, to 
 gnaw.] 
 
 ROSY, roz'i, adj. like a rose : red : bloom- 
 ing : blushing : charming. — n. Ros'iness. 
 
 ROT, rot, v.i. to putrefy : tobecomf decom- 
 posed. — v.t. to cause to rot : to bring to 
 corruption -.—pr.p. rott'ing- ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. rott'ed. — n. decay : putrefaction : a 
 disease of the potato : a decaj' (called 
 Dry-rot) which attacks timber : a fatal 
 distemper in sheep. [A.S. rotian, cog. 
 with Ice. rotna.] 
 
 ROTARY, ro'tar-i, adj. turning round like 
 a ivheel : rotatory. [L. rota, a wheel, 
 akin to Sans, ratha, a chariot, and Ger. 
 rad. a wheel.] 
 
 ROTATE, ro'tat, v.t. to turn anything 
 round like a ifheel : to cause to turn. — v.t. 
 to turn round like a wheel. [L. roto, 
 rotatus — rotn.] 
 
 ROTATION, ro-ta'shun, n. a turning round 
 like a toheel : series or appropriate suc- 
 cession, as of crops. [Fr. — L. rotatio.] 
 
 ROTATORY, ro'ta-tor-i, adj. turning round 
 like a wheel : going in a circle : following 
 in succession. 
 
 ROTE, rot, n. the frequent and mechanical 
 repetition of words %vithout knowledge 
 of the meaning. [M.E. rote, to hum a 
 tune — A.S. hmtan. to roar; cf. Scot. 
 rout, to bellow, O. Fr. rote, a hurdy- 
 gurdy.] 
 
 ROTTEN, rot'n, adj. putrefied : corrupt : 
 decomposed : unsound : treacherous. — n. 
 Rott'enness. 
 
 ROTTENSTONE, rot'n-ston, «. a soft stone 
 used in a state of powder to polish soft 
 metals and glass. [See Rotten and 
 Stone.] 
 
 ROTUND, ro-tund'. ad/., round: spherical. 
 — ns. RoTUND'NESS, Rotund'ity. [L. ro- 
 tutidiis — rota. See Rotary.] 
 ROTUNDA, ro-tund'a, ROTUNDO. ro- 
 tund'o, n. a rovnd building. [Fr. ro- 
 tonde. It. rotondo.] 
 ROUBLE. Same as Ruble. 
 ROUE, roo'a, n. a fashionable profligate: a 
 rake: a debauchee. [Lit. "one broken on 
 the wheel." a name given by Philippe, 
 Duke of Orleans, Regent of France 1715- 
 33, to his dissolute companions, Fr., pa.p. 
 of rouer — rone — L. rota, a wheel.] 
 
 ROUGE, roozh, n. a red paint used to color 
 the cheeks or lips. — v.t. to color with 
 rouge. [Fr. (It. roggio, robbio) — L. ru- 
 beus, red. See Ruby".] 
 
 ROUGE-ET-NOIR, roozh'-a-nwawr'. n. a 
 game at cards played at a table, marked 
 with four diamond-shaped spots, two red 
 and two black. [Fr. " red-and-black."] 
 
 ROUGH, ruf. adj. not smooth : uneven : 
 uncut : unpolished : unfinished : boister- 
 ous : tempestuous : violent : harsh : 
 severe : rude : coarse : disordered in ap- 
 pearance. — adv. Rough'ly. — n. Rough'- 
 NESS. [A.S. riih, rough, cog. with G«r. 
 ranch, rauh, Dut. ruig.] 
 
 ROUGH, ruf, v.t. to make rough : to break 
 in a horse. 
 
 ROUGHEN, ruf'n. v.t. to make rough.— 
 v.i. to become rough. 
 
 ROUGH-RIDER, ruf'-rld'er, n. one who 
 rides rough or untrained horses : a horse- 
 breaker, especially in the army. 
 
 ROULETTE. ro6l-et'. ?i. a little ball or 
 roller : a game of chance played with a 
 small ball on a circle divided into red and 
 black spaces. [Fr. — roider, to roll, from 
 the balls rolling. See Roll.] 
 
 ROUND, rownd, adj. circular : globular : 
 cylindrical : whole : complete : pliuiip : 
 large : smooth : flowing : open : plain : 
 positive : bold : brisk. — adv. in a round 
 manner : on all sides : from one side or 
 party to another : circularly. — prep. 
 around : on every side of : all over. — n. 
 that which is round : a circle or globe : 
 a series of actions : the time of such a 
 series: a turn: routine: revolution: cycle: 
 an accustomed walk : a step of a ladder : 
 a song or dance having a frequent re- 
 turn to the same point : a volley or gen- 
 eral discharge of firearms : that in which 
 a whole company takes part. — v.t. to 
 make round : to surround : to go round : 
 to complete : to make full aud flowing. 
 — v.i. to grow or become round or full : 
 to go round. — adj. ROUND'ISH, somewhat 
 round. [O. Fr. round, roo^jd (Fr. rond) — 
 L. rotundus—rota, a wheel. See RotaRY.] 
 
 ROUNDABOUT, rownd'a-bowt, adj. en- 
 circling : circuitous : indirect. — n. a hori- 
 zontal revolving wheel on wliich children 
 ride. 
 
 ROUNDEL, rownd'el, n. anything of a 
 round form or figure : a circle : a rounde- 
 lay. [O. Fr. rondel (Fr. rondeau), dim. 
 of rond. See ROUND.] 
 
 ROUNDELAY, rownd'e-la, n. a round: a 
 song or dance in which parts are re- 
 peated. [Same as above, modified by 
 influence of E. Lay.] 
 
 ROUNDHEAD, rownd'hed, n. a name for- 
 merly given by the Cavaliers or adher- 
 ents of Charles I., during the English 
 civil war, to members of the Puritan or 
 parliamentary party, who distinguished 
 themselves by having their hair closely 
 cut, while the Cavaliers wore theirs in 
 long ringlets. " When in October, l641, 
 the Parliament reassembled after a short 
 recess, two hostile parties, essentially the 
 same with those which, under different 
 names, have ever since contended, and 
 are still contending, for the direction of 
 public affairs, appeared confronting each 
 other. During some years they were 
 designated as Cavaliers aud Roundlieads. 
 They were subsequently called migs and 
 Tories ; nor does it seem that these ap- 
 pellations are likely soon to become ob- 
 solete." — Macnulay. 
 
 ROUNDHOUSE, rownd'hows, n. in ships, 
 a cabin or house on the after-part of the 
 quarter-deck : the building in which loco- 
 motives are kept when not in service on 
 the railroad. 
 ROUNDLY, rownd'li, adv. in a round 
 
 manner : fully : completely : boldly : 
 openlv : plainly. 
 
 ROUNDNESS, rownd'nes, Ji. quality of 
 being round, globular, or cylindrical : 
 cylindrical form : fullness : smoothness 
 of flow : plainness : boldness, 
 
 ROUNDROBIN, rownd-rob'in, n. a petition 
 with the signatures in the form of a cir- 
 cle or round ribbon, so as not to show 
 who signed first. [Fr. rondniban, round 
 ribbon.] ', 
 
 ROUP, rowp, n. a sale by auction. — v. to 
 sell by auction. [A Scotch word.] 
 
 ROUSE, rowz, v.t. to raise up : to stir up : 
 to awaken : to excite to : to put into ac- 
 tion : to startle or start, as an animal. — 
 v.i. to awake : to be excited to action. 
 [Prob. from the root of Rose, pa.t. of 
 Rise. See also Raise.] 
 
 ROUSE, rowz, n. a carousal. [Perh. akin 
 to Ger. rausch, drunkenness, perh. short 
 for Carouse.] 
 
 ROUT, rowt, ?i. a tumultuous crowd, a rab- 
 ble : a large party : a fashionable even- 
 ing assembly, [b. Fr. route, a band, 
 division — Low L. rupta, thing broken — 
 L. rumpo, ruptus. to break.] 
 
 ROUT, rowt, n. the defeat of an army or 
 body of troops : the disorder of troops 
 defeated. — v.t. to put to disorderly flight: 
 to defeat and throw into confusion : to 
 conquer. [O. Fr. route — L. ruptus, rupta, 
 pa.p. of rumpo, to break. See Rupture.] 
 
 ROUTE, root, n. a course to be traversed : 
 a line of march : road : track. [Fr. — L. 
 rupta (via), "a broken -n-ay."} 
 
 ROUTINE, root-en', n. course of duties : 
 regular course of action. [Fr.] 
 
 ROVE, rov, v.t. (lit.) to rob: to wander 
 over like robbers. — v.i. to wander about : 
 to ramble : to range. [A byform of 
 Reave, modified by influence of Dut. 
 raven, to plunder. See RoB.] 
 
 ROVER, rov'er, n. one who roves : a robbei 
 or pirate : a wanderer : an inconstant 
 person. 
 
 ROW, ro, n. a line : a rank : persons or 
 things in a line. [A.S. rawa ; Ger. reihe, 
 Dut. rO'.] 
 
 ROW, ro, v.t. to impel with an oar: to 
 transport by rowing. — v.i. to work with 
 the oar : to be moved bj' oars. — n. an 
 excursion in a rowing-boat. — n. Row'er. 
 J^A.S. rovan ; Ger. rudern, Ice. roa.] 
 
 ROW, row, n. a noisy squabble : uproar. 
 
 iProb. a corr. of RouT, a rabble.] 
 WAN-TREE, ro'an-tre, n. See Roan- 
 tree. 
 
 ROWDY, row'di, adj. noisy and turbulent. 
 —n. Row'dyism. [Short for roicdi/dou', 
 an expression formed on the basis of Row, 
 uproar, and RouT, a rabble.] 
 
 ROWEL, row'el, v. the little ivheel in a 
 spur, set with sharp points : a little flat 
 wheel or ring on horses' bits. [Fr. rmielle 
 — Low L. rotella, dim. of L. rota, a wheel.] 
 
 ROWLOCK, ro'lok or rul'uk, n. a contriv- 
 ance on the wale of a boat, to hold the 
 oar in rowing. [Row, v. and Lock.] 
 
 ROYAL, roy'al, adj., regal, kingly: mag- 
 nificent : illustrious : magnanimous : en- 
 joying the favor or patronage of th« 
 sovereign. — adv. Roy ally. [Fr. — L. 
 regalis. See Regal.] 
 
 ROYAL, roy'al, n. a large kind of paper : a 
 sail above the topgallant sail : one of the 
 soldiers of the 1st British regiment of 
 foot : one of the shoots of a stag's head, 
 
 ROYALISM, roy'al-izm, n. attachment t« 
 king.s or to kingly government. 
 
 ROYALIST, roy al-ist, n. an adherent ot 
 rovalism. 
 
 ROYALTY, roy'al-ti, n., kingship: the 
 character, state, or office of a king : 
 majesty : the person of the king or sov- 
 ereign ~. in England the fixed sum paid to 
 the crown or other proprietor, as on the
 
 ROYSTEROUS 
 
 371 
 
 RUNIC 
 
 produce of a mine, etc. : in U. S. a sum 
 paid to the owner of a patent, copyright 
 or other property in consideration of the 
 right to make or use the article \vithin 
 certain limitations : kingdom. 
 
 ROYSTEROUS, roi'ster-us. adj. roister- 
 ing : roisterly : revelling : drunken or 
 riotous. "The roysterous young dogs; 
 carolling, howling, breaking the Lord 
 Abbot's sleep." — Carlyle. 
 
 RUB, rub, v.t. to move something over 
 (the surface of) with pressure or friction : 
 to clean : to polish : to wipe : to scour : 
 to erase or beat out : to touch hard. — v.i. 
 to move along with pressure : to grate : 
 to fret :—pr.p. rubb'ing : pa.i. anA pa.p. 
 rubbed. — n. the act of rubbmg : that 
 which rubs : a collision : an obstruction : 
 difficulty : a pinch ; a joke. [Gael, nib, 
 W. rhwbio. to rub, to grind.] 
 
 RUBBER, rub'er, n. caoutchouc : a coarse 
 file : a contest of three games at cards. 
 
 RUBBISH, rub'ish, n. wa-ste matter : the 
 fragments of ruinous buildings : any 
 mingled mass : nonsense.— arf/. Rubb- 
 ishy. [From Rub.] 
 
 RUBBLE, rub'l, n. the upper fragmentary 
 decomposed matter of a mass of rock : 
 water -worn stones: small, undressed 
 stones used in coarse masonrv. [From 
 Rt^.] 
 
 RUBESCENT, roo-bes'ent, adj. tending to 
 a red color. [L. iiibesco, to grow red — 
 ruber, red.] 
 
 RUBICUND, roo'bi-kund. adj. inclining to 
 ruby or redness : ruddy. — n. Rubicun'- 
 
 DITY. 
 
 RUBLE, roo'bl, n. a Russian silver com 
 equal in value to 100 copper copecks, 
 worth about 73 cents, gold standard. 
 [Russ. riibl, a piece cut off — mbitj, to 
 cut.] 
 
 RUBRIC, roo'brik, n. the title of a statute : 
 the directions for the service, in Prayer- 
 books, formerly in reil letter : an ecclesi- 
 astical injunction : a thing definitely 
 settled. — adjs. Ru'brical, Ru'bric. [X. 
 -ntbrica. red earth, hence the title of a 
 law (because written in red) — niber, 
 red.] 
 
 RUBY, ro5'bi, n., redness: anything red: 
 a precious stone of a red color. — adj. hav- 
 ing the color of the ruby: red. — r.t. to 
 make red : — pa.t. undpa.p. ru'bied. [Fr. 
 rubis : from L. rubeus — ruber, red.] 
 
 RUCKLE, ruk'l, n. a rattling noise in the 
 throat seeming to indicate suffocation. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 RUCKLING, ruk'ling, adj. having a ruckle: 
 making a rattling noise. " The deep ruck- 
 ling groans of the patient." — Sir W. Scott. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 RUDDER, rud'er, w. the instrument by 
 which a ship is rowed or steered, which 
 originally was an oar working at the 
 stern. [A.S. rother ; Ger. ruder, an oar. 
 See Row, r.f.] 
 
 RUDDY, rud'i {pomp. Rudd'ier, superl. 
 Rudd'iest), adj. of a red color : of the 
 color of the skin in high health. — adv. 
 Rudd'ily. — n. Rudd'iness. [M.E. rude, 
 the color of the face, from root of Red.] 
 
 RUDE, rood (comp. Rud'er, superl. Rud- 
 est), adj. crude : uncultivated : barbar- 
 ous: rough: harsh: ignorant: uncivil. — 
 adv. Rude'ly. — n. Rude'n-ess. [Fr. — L. 
 rudis : conn, with Crude.] 
 
 RUDIMENT, rood'i-ment. n. anything in 
 its rude or first state : a first principle or 
 element. 
 
 RUDIMENT AL, r65d - i - ment'al. RUDI- 
 MENTARY, rood-i-ment'ar-i, adj. per- 
 taining to, consisting in. or containing 
 rudiments or first principles : initial. 
 
 RUE. roo, n. a plant used in medicine, 
 ha\ing a bitter taste and strong smell. 
 [Fr. rite — L. ruta — Gr. rhyte.] 
 
 RUE, roo, i:t. to be sorry for : to lament : 
 — pr.p. rue'ing ; pa.t.' and pa.p. rued. 
 [A.S. hreoiran, to be sorry for — hreotr, 
 sorrow ; Grer. reue, O. (?er. hriiaca, 
 mourning.] 
 
 RUE-BARGAIN, roo'-bar-gin, n. a forfeit 
 paid for withdrawing from a bargain. 
 " He said it would cost him a guinea 
 of rue -bargain to the man who had 
 bought his pony before he could get it 
 back again."— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 RUEFUL, roo'fool, adj., sorrowful: pite- 
 ous.— arfr. RUE'FULLY.— ». RUE'FUXNESS. 
 
 RUFF, ruf, n. an ornament of frills, for- 
 merly worn round the neck : anything 
 plaited : a species of wading bird, the 
 male of which has the neck surroxinded 
 in the breeding season with a ru^ of long 
 feathers: — fern. Reeve. — v.t. to ruffle: 
 to trump at whist instead of following 
 suit. [Prob. a form of Rough.] 
 
 RUFFIAN, ruf'i-an, n. a brutal, boisterous 
 fellow : a robber : a murderer. — adj. 
 brutal : boisterous. [Fr. rufien ; It. rufi- 
 ano, prob. from a root ruf, seen in Prov. 
 Ger. ruffer, ruffeln, to pander.] 
 
 RUFFIANAGE, ruf'i-an-aj, n. the state of 
 being a ruffian : rascaldom : ruffians col- 
 lectively. " Rufus never moved unless 
 escorted by the vilest ruffianage." — Sir 
 F. Palgrave. 
 
 RUFFIANISM, ruf'i-an-izm, n. conduct of 
 a ruffian. 
 
 RUFFIANLY, ruf'i-an-li, adj. like a ruffian: 
 violent. 
 
 RQFFLE, ruf 1, v.t. to make like a ruff, to 
 wrinkle : to form into plaits : to form 
 with ruffles : to disorder : to agitate. — 
 v.i. to grow rough: to flutter.— n. a plaited 
 article of dress : agitation : a low roll of 
 the drum. [See RuFF.] 
 
 RUFFLER, ruf'ler, n. a swaggerer, abulty. 
 
 RUFOUS, roo' f us, adj., reddish or brown- 
 ish-red : having reddish hair. [L. rufus, 
 akin to ruber, red.] 
 
 RUG, rug, n. a coarse, rough woollen cloth 
 or coverlet : a soft, woolly mat. [From 
 root of Rough.] 
 
 RUGGED, rug'ed, adj.. rough: uneven: 
 shaggy : soiu- : stormy : gyrating to the 
 ear. — adv. Rugg'edly." — n. Rugg'edness. 
 [M.E. rogge, to shake, Scot, rug, to tear, 
 from Scand. rugga.] 
 
 RUGOSE, roo'gos. RUGOUS, roo'gus, adj., 
 twinkled : fidl of wrinkles. [L. rugosus 
 —ruga, a wrinkle.] 
 
 RUIN, roo'in, n. a rushing or falling down 
 violently : destruction : overthrow: that 
 which destroj's: the remams of a building 
 demolished or decayed (usually in jil.). — 
 i\t. to demolish : to destroy : to defeat : 
 to impoverish. [Fr. — L. ruina — mo, to 
 rush or tumble down.] 
 
 RUINOUS, roo'in-us, adj. fallen to ruins : 
 decayed : pernicious. — adv. Ru'iMOUSLY. 
 
 RULE, rool, n. government : a principle : 
 a standard : a statute : a maxim : order: 
 an instrument used in drawing lines. — 
 v.t. to govern : to manage : to settle as 
 by a rude : to establish by decision : to 
 determine, as a court: to mark with lines. 
 — v.i. to exercise power : to decide : to 
 lay down and settle: to stand or range, 
 as prices. [O Fr. rexde. Fr. r^gle — L. 
 regula — regro, to keep straight, to rule.] 
 
 RULELESSNESS. rool'les-nes, «. the state 
 or quality of being ruleless or n-ithout 
 law. " liulessnes.i, or want of rules." — 
 London Academy. 
 
 RULER, rool'er, n. a sovereign: agovernor: 
 an instrument used in drawing lines. 
 
 RULING, rool'ing, adj. predominant : pre- 
 vailing. 
 
 RUM, rum, n. a kind of spirit distilled from 
 the fermented juice of the sugar-cane, or 
 from molasses. [Prob. a West Indian 
 word.] 
 
 RUMBLE, nim'bl, n. a seat for servants be- 
 hind a carriage. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 RLlMBLE. rum'bl. v.i. to make a confused 
 noise from rolling heavily. — n. a low, 
 heavy, continued sound. [Teut., found 
 in Dut. rommelen, rummetn, from the 
 sound.] 
 
 RUMBLING, rum'bUng, n. a low, hea\'y, 
 continued sound. 
 
 RUMINANT, roo'mi-nant, adj. having thg 
 power of i^uminating or chewing the cud. 
 — 71. an animal that chews the cud, as tha 
 ox, etc. 
 
 RUMINATE, roo'mi-nat, v.i. to chew the 
 cud : to meditate. — v. t. to chew o vei 
 again: to muse on. [L. rumino, -atum — . 
 rumen, the throat, gullet.] 
 
 RUMINATION, roo-mi-na'shun, n. act ot 
 chewing the cud : calm reflection. 
 
 RUMMAGE, rum'aj, r.^ and v.i. to search 
 nan-owly by turning things over: to clear 
 a ship's hold of goods. — n. a careful 
 search. [Orig. a naut. term, M. E. rxtme, 
 to clear a space — A.S. rutn, room, or from 
 Dut. mini, a ship's hold. See Room.] 
 
 RUMMER, rum'er, n. a large drinkLng- 
 glass. [Dut. roemer, Ger. rinner, perh. 
 from Low L. romarius, a glass of Roman 
 ware.] 
 
 RUMOR, roo'mur, n. flying report : a cur- 
 rent story. — v.t. to report : to circulate 
 bj' report. [L. rumor, a noise ; conn, 
 with rauciis, hoarse, rudo, to bray, Sans. 
 ru, to sound.] 
 
 RUMP, rump, n. the end of the backbone 
 of an animal with the parts adjacent. 
 [Ice. mmpr, Grer. rumpf, Dut. rompe.} 
 
 RUMPLE, rum'pl, v.t. to crush out oj 
 shape : to make uneven. — n. a fold or 
 wrinkle. [A.S. hrympelle, a fold : Dut. 
 rompelen, to fold.] 
 
 RUN, run, v.i. to move swiftly : to pas« 
 quickly on the ground : to flee : to go, 
 as ships, etc. : to have course in any di- 
 rection : to flow : to dart : to turn : to 
 extend: to pierce: to melt: to be busied: 
 to become : to be in force : to discharge 
 matter, as a sore : to press, esp. for im- 
 mediate payment. — v.t. to cause to move 
 swiftly : to force forward : to push : to 
 cause to pass : to fuse : to discharge, as 
 a sore : to pursue in thought : to incur : 
 — pr.p. runn'ing ; pa.t. ran ; pa.p. run. 
 — n. act of rumi ing : course : flow : dis- 
 charge from a sore : distance sailed : a 
 trip by trainmen from one division of a 
 railroad to the next : voj-age : continued 
 series : general reception : prevalence : 
 popular clamor : an unusual pressure, 
 as on a bank, for payment of notes. [A.S. 
 rennan ; Ger. rennen, Ice. renna, to run.] 
 
 RUNAGATE, i-un'a-gat, n. a vagabond : 
 renegade. [A corr. of Renegade, but 
 modified both in form and meaning by 
 Run.] 
 
 RUNAWAY, run'a-wa, n. one who runs 
 aivay from danger or restraint : a fugi- 
 tive. — adj. fleeing from danger or re- 
 straint : done by or in flight. 
 
 RUNE, roon, n. one of the characters form- 
 ing the earliest alphabet of the Teutonic 
 nations. [A.S. run, a secret, mysterious 
 talk, mysterious A\-riting ; applied to the 
 old Teutonic written characters from 
 their use in divination. The word is 
 found in M. E. rounen, to whisper, and is 
 cog. with Ice. mn, with O. Ger. mna, a. 
 secret, whispering, Goth. runa. secret.] 
 
 RUNECRAFT, r66n\-raft, n. knowledge of 
 runes : skill in deciphering nmic charac- 
 ters. " Modern Swedish runecraft." — Ar- 
 chceologia, 1871. 
 
 RUNG. rung. /w.f. and pa.p. of Ring. 
 
 RUNIC, roon'ik, adj. relating to runes, to 
 the ancient Teutonic nations, or to their 
 language.
 
 RUNN 
 
 RUNN, run, n. in India, a waste or desert, 
 as the Riinn of Cutch. Written also Ran. 
 
 RUNNER, run'er, 7i. one who or that which 
 runs : a racer : a messenger : a rooting 
 stem that runs along the ground : the 
 moving stone of a mill: a rope to increase 
 the power of a tackle. 
 
 RUNNING, run'ing, adj. kept for the race: 
 successive : continuous : flowing : easy : 
 discharging matter. — n. act of moving 
 swiftly : that which runs or flows : a dis- 
 charge from a wound. 
 
 BUNOLOGIST, roo-nol'o-jist, n. one versed 
 in runology : a student of runic remains. 
 "The advanced school of Scandinavian 
 runologists." — London Athenceum. 
 
 RUNOLOGY, roo-nol'o-ji, v. the study of 
 runes. "Of late, however, great prog- 
 ress has been made in runology." — ..4/'- 
 chceologia, 1871. 
 
 RUPEE, ro6-pe', n. an E. Indian silver coin, 
 usually worth about 50 cents. [Hind. 
 nipiijah — Sans, rupya, silver.] 
 
 RUPTURE, rup'tur, n. the act of breaking 
 or bursting : the state of being broken : 
 a breach of the peace : (TOerf.)the protru- 
 sion of any of the viscera. — v.t. to break 
 or burst: to part by violence. — v.i. to suf- 
 fer a breach. [Fr. — Low L. ruptura — L. 
 nimpo, ruptum, to break.] 
 
 RURAL, roor'al, adj. of or belonging to 
 the country : suiting the country : rus- 
 tic : pertaining to agriculture. — adv. 
 Rtjr'ajllt. — n. Rural dean, an ecclesi- 
 astic under the bishop and archdeacon, 
 with the pecuUar care of the clergy of 
 a district. [Fr. — L. ruralis — rus, ruris, 
 the country.] 
 
 RURALIZE, roor'al-iz, v.t. to render rural. 
 — v.i. to become rural. 
 
 RUSE, rooz, n. a turning or doubling, as 
 «f animals to get out of the way of dogs: 
 a trick : fraud. [Fr. ruser, to turn, O. 
 Fr. reiiser, to get out of the way ; prob. 
 from L. recicsare, to decline.] 
 
 RUSH, rush, v.i. to move with a shaking, 
 rustling noise, as the wind : to move 
 forward violently : to enter rashly and 
 hastily. — n. a rushing or dri\'ing for- 
 ward. [A.S. hriscian, to shake, Ger. 
 ratischen, to make a noise.] 
 
 RUSH, rush, n. a plant with a round stem 
 and no leaves, common in wet ground. 
 [A.S. ri.sce, like Ger. ri.sch, from L. rtis- 
 cum.] 
 
 RUSHY, rush'i, adj. full of or made of 
 rushes. 
 
 RUSK, rusk, n. a kind of light hard cake : 
 a kind of light soft cake or sweetened 
 biscuit. [Ace. to Mahn, prob. from Low 
 Ger. rtisken, to crackle.] 
 
 RUSSET, rus'et, adj., rusty or reddisli- 
 brown : coar.se: rustic. — n. a coarse 
 homespun dress. — adj. Russ'ett. [Dim. 
 of Fr. rousse — L. russus, red ; said to be 
 from nibeo, to be red, like jussus, from 
 jubeo.] 
 
 RUSSETING, rus'et-ing, n. an apple of a 
 russet color and rough skin. 
 
 RUST, rust, n. the reddish-hrowu coating 
 on iron exposed to moisture : anj-thing 
 resembling rust : a disease of cereals and 
 grasses, showing itself in brown or orange 
 spots on the leaves, caused by small 
 fungi. — v.i. to become rusty : to become 
 dull bj' inaction. — v.t. to make rusty : to 
 impair by time and inactivity. [A.S. ; 
 Ger. rost.] 
 
 RUSTIC, rus'tik, adj. pertaining to the 
 
 . country : rural : rude : awkward : sim- 
 ple : coarse : artless : unadorned. — adv. 
 Rus'tically. [Fr.— L. rusticus—rus, the 
 couQtrv.] 
 
 RUSTICATE, rus'ti-kat, v.t. to send into 
 the country : to banish for a time from a 
 town or college. — I'.t. to live in the coun- 
 
 3:2 
 
 try. — n. Rustica'tion. [L. rusticor, ru3- 
 ticatus—^s.] 
 
 RUSTICITY, rus-tis'i-ti, n., rustic manners. 
 [Fr. rusticite — L. rusticitas.] 
 
 RUSTLE, rus'l, v.i. to make a soft, whis- 
 pering sound, as silk, straw, etc. — n. a 
 quick succession of small sounds, as 
 that of drj' leaves : a rustling. [A.S. 
 hristlan ; Ger. rassebi : perh. from the 
 sound.] 
 
 RUSTLING, rus'ling, n. a quick succession 
 of small sounds, as of dry leaves. 
 
 RUSTY, rust'i, adj. covered with rust : im- 
 paired bv inactivity : dull. — adv. Rust'- 
 
 ILY.—n. RUST'INESS. 
 
 RUT, rut, n. a track left by a wheel. — v.t. 
 to form ruts in : — 2>''-P- rutt'ing ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. rutt'ed. [Fr. roiite. See 
 Route.] 
 
 RUT, rut, n. the copulation of animals, 
 esp. of deer. — v.t. to cover in copulation. 
 — v.i. to lust, said of animals : — pr.p. 
 rutt'ing; pa.p. rutt'ed. [Fr. rut — L. 
 rugitus — rugio, to roar.] 
 
 RUTHLESS, rooth'les, adj., without pity 
 or tenderness : insensible to misery : 
 cruel. — adv. Ruth'lesslt. — n. Ruth'less- 
 NESS. [Obs. ruth, pity— Rue, v.] 
 
 RYE, rl, n. a genus of grasses allied to 
 wheat and bai-ley, one species of which 
 is cultivated as a grain. [A.S. ryge ; Ice. 
 rugr, Ger. roggen, W. rhyg.] 
 
 RYEGRASS, ri'gras, n. a variety of grass 
 like rye, cultivated for pasture and fod- 
 der. 
 
 RYOT, ri'ut, n. a Hindu cultivatot or peas- 
 ant. [From Ar. raaya, to pasture.] 
 
 RYPECK, ri'pek. n. a pole used to moor a 
 punt while fishing or the like. " He 
 ordered the fishermen to take up the ry- 
 pecks, and he floated away down stream." 
 — H. Kingsley. 
 
 s 
 
 SABAISM, sa'ba-izm. Same as Sabianism. 
 
 SABAOTH, sa-ba'oth, n.pl.. armies, used 
 only in the B. phrase, the Lord of Sabaoth. 
 [Heb. tzebaoth, pi. of tzaba, an army — 
 tzaba, to go forth.] 
 
 SABBATAUIAN, sab-a-ta'ri-an, n. one who 
 observes tlie seventh day of the week as 
 the Sabbath: a very strict observer of the 
 Sabbath. — adj. pertaining to the Sabbath 
 or to Sabbatarians. — ?i. Sabbata'rianism. 
 [L. .sabbatarius — Sabbata. See Sab- 
 bath.] 
 
 SABBATH, sab'ath, n. among the Jews, 
 the seventh day of the week, set apart 
 for rest from work : among Christians, 
 the first day of the week, in memory of 
 the resurrection of Christ : among the 
 ancient Jews, the seventh year, when the 
 land was left fallow, [Lit. rest, L. Sab- 
 bata — Heb. Shabbath, rest.] 
 
 SABBATIC, sab-at'ik, SABBATICAL, sab- 
 at'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or resembling 
 the Sabbath : enjoying or bringing rest. 
 [Low L. sabbaticus.] 
 
 SABIANISM, sa'bi-an-izm, SABAISM, sa'- 
 ba-izm, n. the worship of the host of 
 heaven, i.e. heavenly bodies, angels, etc., 
 as well as the Deity. [Prob. from Heb. 
 tzaba, an army, a host.] 
 
 SABLE, sa'bl, n. an animal of the weasel 
 kind found in N. Europe and N. Asia, 
 valuable for its glossy blEick fur : its fur. 
 [0. Fr. sable, through Low L. sabelus, 
 from Russ. sdbol'.] 
 
 SABLE, sa'bl, adj. of the color of the sable's 
 fur: black : dark : made of the fur of the 
 sable. 
 
 SABRE, sa'br, n. a heavy one-edged sword, 
 slightly curved towards the point, used 
 by cavalry. — v.t. to wound or kill with a 
 
 SACRIFICE 
 
 sabre : to arm or furnish with a sabre ; 
 as, " A whole regiment of sabred hus- 
 sars." — Henry Brooke. [Fr. sabre — Ger. 
 siibel, prob. from the Slav., as Russ. sabla, 
 Polish szabta.] 
 
 SABRE-TACHE, sab'er-tash, n. an orna- 
 mental leather case worn by cavah-y wfi- 
 cers at the left side, suspended from th« 
 sword-belt. [Fr. sabre-tache,troTD sabre. 
 and Ger. tasche, a pocket.] 
 
 SAC, sak, II. (nat. hist.) a sac or bag for a 
 liquid. [Fr. form of Sack, a bag.] 
 
 SACCHARINE, sak'a-rin, adj. pertaining 
 to or having the qualities of sugar. [Fr. 
 saccharin — L. saccharuin, sugar. See 
 Sugar.] 
 
 SACCHAEOMETER, sak-ar-om'e-ter, n. an 
 instrument for measuring the quantity of 
 saccharine matter in a liquid. [Gr. sak- 
 charon, sugar, and metron, a measure.] 
 
 SACERDOTAL, sas-er-dot'al, adj.,iyriesity. 
 — adv. Sacerdot'aixy. [L. — sacer-dos, 
 a priest — sacer, sacred, and prob. either 
 do, to give, or root dha, to do. See 
 Sacred.] 
 
 SACERDOTALISM, sas-er-dot'al-izm, n. 
 the spirit of the priesthood: devotion to 
 priestly interests. 
 
 SACHEL. Same as Satchel. 
 
 SACHEM, sa'kem, n. the head in civil 
 affairs of a N. American Indian tribe, the 
 chief being leader in war. 
 
 SACK, sak. n. a large bag of coarse cloth, 
 for holding grain, flour, etc.: the contents 
 of a sack : a loose upper garment or cloak. 
 — v.t. to put into a sack. [A.S. sac, saea, 
 a word common to all European tongues, 
 perh. orig. Semitic, as Heb. sak, a coarse 
 cloth or garment.] 
 
 SACK, sak, v.t. to plunder : to ravage. — n. 
 the plunder or devast.-ition of a town: 
 ravage. [Fr. sac, a sack, plunder (sac- 
 eager, to sack) ; cf. Dut. sacken, to put 
 in sacks, to plunder (from the use of s 
 sack in removing plunder).] 
 
 SACK, sak, n. the old name of a dr^ Spanish 
 wine. [O. E. seek — Fr. sec (Sp. seco)— L. 
 siccus, dry.] 
 
 SACKBUT,' sak'but, n. the name of the 
 trombone when first brought to England : 
 (B.) a kind of lyre or stringed instrument. 
 [Fr. saquebute ; of uncertain origin.] 
 
 SACKCLOTH, sak'kloth, n., cloth for 
 sacks : coarse cloth formerly worn in 
 mourning or penance. 
 
 SACKING, sak'ing, )i. cloth of which sacks 
 are made : the coarse cloth or canvas 
 that supports a bed. 
 
 SACKING, sak'ing, /;. the storming and 
 pillaging of a town. 
 
 SACRAMENT, sak'ra-ment, n. one of the 
 solemn religious rites in the Christian 
 Church, esp. the Lord's Supper : one of 
 the seven "outward signs of inward 
 grace " by which, in the R. Cath. Church, 
 grace is conveyed to the soul — they are 
 Baptism, Confirmation, Holy Eucharist, 
 Penance, Extreme Unction, Holy Orders 
 and Matrimony. [L. sacramentum, a 
 sacred thing — sacro, to consecrate— sacer, 
 sacred.] 
 
 SACRAMENTAL, sak-ra-ment'al, adj. be- 
 loBging to or constituting a sacrament. 
 — adi: Sacrament' ALLY. 
 
 SACRED, sa'kred, adj., set ajjarf or dedi 
 cated, esp. to God : made holy : proceed 
 ing from God : religious : entitled to re- 
 spect or veneration : inviolable. — adv. 
 Sa'credly. — n. Sa'credness. [M. E 
 sacre, to set apart, consecrate, pa.p 
 sacred — Fr. sacre — L. sacer, from root sa 
 akin to sanus, sound, Gr. sos, safe. Cf. 
 Whole and Holy.] 
 
 SACRIFICE, sak'ri-flz, v.t. to ofl'er up, tssp. 
 on the altar of a divinity : ta destroy or 
 give up for something else : to devote 01 
 destroy with loss or suffering ■ to kill.— 
 
 I
 
 SACRIFICE 
 
 SALEWORK 
 
 v.i. to make offerings to God. — n. Sac"- 
 RIFICEB. [L. sacrifico — sacer, sacred, and 
 facio. to make, to do.] 
 
 8ACEIFICE, sak'ri-fis, n. act of sacrificing 
 or offering to a deity, esp. a victim on an 
 altar: that whicli is sacrificed or offered: 
 destruction or loss of anything to gain 
 some object : that which is given up, 
 . destroved, or lost for some end. 
 
 SACRIFICIAL, sak-ri-flsh'al, adj. relating 
 to or consisting in sacrifice : performing 
 sacrifice. [L. sacrificialis.] 
 
 SACRILEGE, sak'ri-lej, w. profanation of 
 a sacred place or thing : the breaking 
 into a place of worship and stealing there- 
 from. [Lit. the crime of stealing sacred 
 things, Fr. sacrilige — L. sacrilegium — 
 sacer. sacred, and }ego, to gather, to 
 
 SACRILEGIOUS, sak-ri-le'jus,ad;. polluted 
 with sacrilege: profane: violating sacred 
 things. — adv. Sacrile'giously.— «. Sac'- 
 RiLE aiousxESS. [L. sacrikgiis.] 
 
 SACRIST, sa'krist, n. a person in a sacred 
 place or cathedral who copies out music 
 for the choir and takes care of the books: 
 a sacristan. [Low L. sacrista — L. sacer.] 
 
 SACRISTAN, sak'rist-an, n. an officer in a 
 church who has charge of the sacred ves- 
 sels and other movables : a sexton. [Low 
 L. sacristamis — L. sacer.] 
 I] SACRISTY, sak'rist-i, n. an apartment in 
 a church where the sacred utensils, vest- 
 ments, etc., are kept : vestry. [Low L. 
 sa<iristia — L. sacer.] 
 
 SAD, sad {covip. Sadd'ee, superl. Sadd'est), 
 adj. heavy : serious : cast down : ca- 
 lamitous. — adv. Sad'ly. — n. Sad'ness. 
 [A.S. sad, sated, weary, with cog. words 
 in all the Teut. tongues and in L. satur, 
 full.] 
 
 SADDEN, sad'n, v.t. to make sad. — v.i. to 
 grow sad. 
 
 SADDLE, sad'l, n. a seat or pad, generally 
 of leather, for a horse's back : anything 
 like a saddle, as a saddle of mutton (the 
 two loins undivided), etc. — v.t. to put a 
 saddle on : to load. [A.S. sadel. Cog. 
 words are in all the Teut. tongues, and 
 even in Slav, sedlo, Celt, sadell, and Finn. 
 satula^ 
 
 SADDLER, sad'ler, n. a maker of saddles. 
 
 SADDLERY, sad'ler-i, w. occupation of a 
 saddler : materials for saddles : articles 
 sold bv a saddler. 
 
 SADDLfc-SICK, sad'1-sik, adj. sick or galled 
 with much or heavy riding. Carlyle. 
 
 SADDUCEAN, sad-u-se'an, adj. of or relat- 
 ing to the Sadducees. 
 
 SADDUCEE, sad'u-se, n. one of a Jewish 
 school or party who denied the resurrec- 
 tion, the existence of spirits, and a futiire 
 state. — n. Sadduceeism, sad-u-se'izm. 
 [Gr. Saddoukaios ; Heb. Zedukim.] 
 
 SADLY, SADNESS. See under Sad. 
 
 SAFE, saf, adj. unharmed : free from dan- 
 ger or injury: secure: securing from 
 danger or injury : no longer dangerous. 
 — adv. Safe'ly. — n. Safe'ness. [Fr. sauf 
 — L. sahnts : allied to Gr. holoos. Sans. 
 sarva, whole, entire, and Goth, sets.] 
 
 SAFE, saf, n. a chest or closet for money, 
 etc., safe against fire, thieves, etc., gen- 
 erally of iron : a chest or cupboard for 
 
 SAFE-CONDUCT, saf'-kon'dukt, n. a writ- 
 Hig, passport, or guard granted to a per- 
 son, to enable him to travel with safety. 
 [See Safe, adj. and Conduct.] 
 
 SAFEGUARD, saf'gard, n. he who or that 
 which 5r!(ard.s or renders so/e: protection: 
 a guard, passport, or warrant to protect 
 a traveller. 
 
 SAFETY, saf'ti, n. freedom from danger or 
 loss : close custodv. 
 
 SAFETY-FUSE, saf'ti-fuz, n. a waterproof 
 woven tube inclosing an inflammable sub- 
 
 stance which burns at a regular rate. 
 [See Safety and Fuse, n.] 
 
 SAFETY-LAMP, saf'ti-lamp, n. a lamp 
 surrounded by wire-gauze, used for safe- 
 ty in mines. 
 
 SAFETY-MATCH, saf'ti-mach, n. a match 
 which will light only on being rubbed on 
 a specially prepared friction substance, 
 sucli as a roughed paper coated with 
 phosphorus and attached to the match- 
 box. 
 
 SAFETY-VALVE, saf'ti- valv, ?i. a valve in 
 the top of a steam-boiler, which lets out 
 the steam when the pressure is too great 
 for safety. 
 
 SAFFLbWER, saf'flowr, n. a plant of Asia 
 and S. Europe, whose flowers j'ield a red 
 dye. [Corr. of Saffron Flower.] 
 
 SAFFRON, saf'run, n. a bulbous plant of 
 the crocus kind with deep-yellow flowers: 
 a coloring substance prepared from its 
 flowers. — adj. having the color of saffron: 
 deep yellow. [Fr. safran (It. zafferano) 
 — Ar. za'/arAit, the plant having been 
 cultivated by the Moors in Spain. 1 
 
 SAGA, sa'ga, n. a Scandinavian legend. 
 [Ice. saga — segja, E. Say. Doublet Saw, 
 a saying.] 
 
 SAGACIOUS, sa-ga'shus, adj. keen or 
 quick in perception or thought : acute : 
 discerning and judicious : wise. — adv. 
 Saga'ciously. — n. Saga'ciousness. [L. 
 sagax, sagacis — sag-io, to perceive quick- 
 ly or keenly.] 
 
 SAGACITY, sa-gas'i-ti, n. acuteness of per- 
 ception or thought: acute practical judg- 
 ment: shrewdness. [L. sagratn^as — sagax. 
 See Sagacious.] 
 
 SAGA-MAN, sa'ga-man, n. a narrator or 
 chanter of sagas, who to the ancient 
 Scandinavians wa-s much the same as the 
 minstrels wandering and resident of our 
 remote forefathers. Longfellou: 
 
 SAGE, saj, n. an aromatic garden herb, so 
 called from its supposed healing virtue. 
 [Fr. sauge (It. salvia) — L. salvia — salvtis, 
 safe, sound.] 
 
 SAGE, saj. adj. discriminating, discerning, 
 wise : well-judged. — n. a sage or wise 
 man : a man of gravity and wisdom. — 
 adv. Sage'ly. — n. Sage'ness. [Fr. sage 
 (It. saggio, savio), from a L. sapius (seen 
 in ne-sapius), wise — sapio, to taste, dis- 
 criminate, De wise.] 
 
 SAGITTAL, saj'it-al, adj. of or like an ar- 
 row'. [L. sagitta, an arrow.] 
 
 SAGITTARIUS, saj-i-ta'ri-us, 7i. the Archer, 
 one of the signs of the zodiac. [L. — sag- 
 itta, an arrow.] 
 
 SAGO, sa'go, n. a dry starch produced from 
 the pith of several palms in the E. India 
 Islands, etc., used for food. [Papuan 
 name for the sago-palm.] 
 
 SAID, sed, pa.t. and pa.p. of ^AY. 
 
 SAIL, sal. n. a sheet of canvas, etc.. spread 
 to catch the wind, by which a ship is 
 driven forward : a ship or ships : a trip 
 in a vessel. — v.i. to be moved by sails : to 
 go by water : to begin a voyage : to glide 
 or float smoothly along. — v.t. to navigate: 
 to pass in a ship : to fly through. fA.S. 
 segel. and found in nearlj' all the Teut. 
 tonguesj 
 
 SAILCLOTH, sal'kloth, w. a strong cloth 
 for .lails. 
 
 SAILER, sal'er, n. he who or that which 
 sails, mainly limited to ships and boats. 
 
 SAILING, sal'ing, n. act of sailing : motion 
 of a vessel on water : art of directing a 
 ship's course. 
 
 SAILOR, sal'or, n. one who sails in or navi- 
 gates a ship : a seaman. 
 
 SAINFOIN, san'foin, n. a leguminous fod- 
 der-plant. [Fr. sain, wholesome, and 
 fain, hay — L. sanum fcenum.] 
 
 SAINT, sant, n. a sanctified or holy person : 
 one eminent for piety : one of the blessed 
 
 in heaven : one canonized by the R. Cath, 
 
 Church. [Fr. — L. sanctus, holy — sancio, 
 
 to render sacred.] 
 SAINTED, sant'ed, adj. made a saint : holy: 
 
 sacred : gone to heaven. 
 SAINTLIKE, sant'lik, SAINTLY, sant'li, 
 
 adj. like or becoming a saint. — n. Saint'- 
 
 LI NESS. 
 
 SAKE, sak, n. cause : account : regard. 
 [Lit. "dispute," "cause." A.S. sacu (witb 
 cog. words in all the Teut. tongues) — 
 sacan, to strive, Goth, sakan. Seek is a 
 doublet.] 
 
 SAKIEH, sak'i-e, SAKIA, sak'i-a, n. a 
 modification of the Persian wheel used in 
 Egypt for raising water for irrigation 
 purposes. It consists essentially of a 
 vertical wheel to which earthen pots are 
 attached on projecting spokes, a second 
 vertical wheel on the same axis with 
 cogs, and a large horizontal cogged 
 wheel, which gears with the other 
 cogged wheel. The large wheel being 
 turned by oxen or other draught ani- 
 mals puts in motion the other two 
 wheels, the one carrying the pitchers 
 dipping into a well or a deep pit adjoin- 
 ing and supplied with water from a river, 
 Tlie pitchers are thus emptied into a 
 tank at a higher level, whence the water 
 is led off in a network of channels over 
 the neighboring fields. Instead of the 
 pitchers being attached directly to the 
 wheel, when the level of the water is 
 very low they are attached to an end- 
 less rope. 'The construction of these 
 machines is usually very rude. 
 
 SALAAM, SALAM, sa-lam', 7i. a word of 
 salutation in the Orient, chiefly among 
 Mohammedans : homage. [Lit. " peace," 
 Ar. salam, Heb. shalom.] 
 
 SALABLE, sal'a-bl, adj. that may be sold. 
 in good demand. — n. Sal'ableness.— 
 adv. Sal'ably.] 
 
 SALACIOUS, sal-a'shi-us, adj. lustful • 
 lecherous. [L. salax — salio, to leap.] 
 
 SALAD, sal'ad, n. raw herbs cut up and 
 seasoned with salt, vinegar, etc. [Fr. 
 salade (It. salato), lit. salted — L. sal, 
 salt.] 
 
 SAL^RATUS, sal-e-ra'tus, n. a mixture of 
 carbonate of soda and salt, used in bak- 
 ing. [See Salt and Aerate.] 
 
 SALAM. See Salaaji. 
 
 SALAjMANDER, sal'a-man-der, n. a genus 
 of reptiles allied to the frog, once sup- 
 posed able to live in fire. [Fr. salamandre 
 — L. and Gr. salamandra.] 
 
 SALAMANDRINE, sal-a-mac'drin, adj. 
 pertaining to or resembling a salaman- 
 der : enduring fire. 
 
 SAL - AMMONIAC, sal-am-mon'i-ak, n. 
 chloride of ammonium, a salt of a sharp, 
 acrid taste. [From L. sal, salt, and Am- 
 moniacJ 
 
 SALARIED, sal'a-rid, adj. receiving a 
 salary. 
 
 SALARY, sal'a-ri, n. a recompense for 
 services: wages. [Lit. "salt-money," 
 O. Fr. salarie (Fr. salaire, It. salario) — 
 L. sularinm, money given to Roman sol- 
 diers for salt — sal, salt.] 
 
 SALE sal, n. act of selling : the exchange 
 of anything for money : power or oppor- 
 tunity of .selling : demand : public show- 
 ing of goods to sell : auction. [Ice. and 
 O. Ger. sala. See Sell.] 
 
 SALEP, sal'ep, n. the dried tubers of the 
 Orchis mascula : the food prepared from 
 it. JAr.] 
 
 SALESMAN, salz'man, w. a man wlio sells 
 goods. 
 
 SALEWORK. sal'wurk, n. work or things 
 made for sale : hence, work carelessly 
 done. •• I see no more in you than in 
 the ordinary of Nature's saleicork.'' — 
 Shah.
 
 SALIAN 
 
 374 
 
 SALVER 
 
 SALIAN, sa'li-an, adj. of or pertaining to 
 a tribe of Franks who were settled on the 
 Sala from the third to the middle of the 
 fourth century. 
 
 SALIAN, sa'M-an, >i. a member of a tribe of 
 Franks. See the adjective. 
 
 SALIAN, sa'li-an, adj. of or pertaining- to 
 the Salii or priests of Mars in ancient 
 Rome. — Salias hymns, songrs sung at an 
 annual festival bj' the priests of liars, 
 in praise of that deity, other gods, and 
 of distinguished men. The songs were 
 accompanied bj' warlike dances, the 
 clashing of ancUia (shields of a peculiar 
 form), etc. 
 
 SALIO, sal'ik, adj. a terra applied to a law 
 or code of laws belonging to the tialian 
 Franks. One of the laws in this code 
 excluded women from inheriting certain 
 lands, probably because certain military 
 duties were connected with the holding 
 of those lands. In the fourteenth cen- 
 tury females were excluded from the 
 throne of France bj- the application of 
 this law to the succession to the crovi-n, 
 and it is in this sense that the term salic 
 laic is commonly used. [Fr. salique.1 
 
 SALIENT, sa'li-ent, adj„ leaping or spring- 
 ing: (fort.) projecting outwards, as an 
 angle : prominent : {geom.) denoting any 
 angle less than two right angles. — adv. 
 Sa'lientlt. [L. saliens, -entis, pr.p. of 
 salio, to leap.] 
 
 SALIFY, sal'i-fl, v.t. to combine with an 
 acid in order to make a salt :—pa.t. and 
 pa.jy. sal'ifled. — adj. Salifi'able. [L. sal, 
 salt, and facio. to make.] 
 
 SALINE, sa'lin or sal-In', adj. consisting of 
 or containing .sa?f; partakingof the quali- 
 ties of salt. — n. a salt-spring. — ?i. SaUNE'- 
 NESS. [Fr. — L. salimts — sal, salt.] 
 
 SALINOMETER, sal-i-nom'et-er, ?;. an ap- 
 paratus for indicating the densitj' of 
 brine in the boilers of marine steam- 
 engines, and thus showing when they 
 should be cleansed by blowing off the 
 deposit left by the salt water, which 
 tends to injure the boilers as well as to 
 diminish their evaporating power. [Sa- 
 line, and Gr. metron, measure.] 
 
 SALIVA, sa-li'va, n. the fluid which is se- 
 creted by the salivary glands, and which 
 serves to moisten the mouth and tongue. 
 The principal use of saUva is that of con- 
 verting the starchy elements of the food 
 into grape-sugar and dextrine. When 
 discharged from the mouth it is called 
 spittle. Saliva contains about 5 or 6 parts 
 of solid matter to 995 or 994 of water, 
 the chief ingredients being an organic 
 matter named ptyalin and sulphocyanide 
 of potassium. In its normal state its 
 reaction is alkaUne, but the degree of 
 alkalinity varies, being greatest after 
 meals. The parotid saliva is limpid, and 
 serves to moisten the food in the process 
 of mastication ; the sitb-ma.rillary and 
 sub-lingual saliva is viscid, and is essen- 
 tial to deglutition and gustation. [L., 
 akin to Gr. sialon, saliva. Cf. Gael, and 
 Ir. seile, saliva, silim, to drop, to distil, to 
 spit.] 
 
 SALIVAL, sa-U'val, SALIVARY,sal'i-var-i, 
 adj. pertaining to, secreting, or contain- 
 ing saliva. 
 
 SALIVATE, sal'i-vat, v.t. to produce an 
 unusual amount of sahva. 
 
 SALIVATION, sal-i-va'shun, n. an unusual 
 flow of saliva. 
 
 SALLOW, sal'6, n. a tree or low shrub of 
 the ivillow kind . [Scot, saiigh, A.S. sealh ; 
 cog. with Ger. sahl (whence Fr. saule), 
 L. salix, Gr. helike.] 
 
 SALLOW, sal'o, adj. of a j)ale, yellowish 
 color.— ji. Sall'o\vness. [A.S. salu, cog. 
 with Dut. zaluiv, O.Ger. salo.J 
 
 SALLY, sal'i, n. a leaping or bursting out: 
 a sudden rushing forth of troops to attack 
 besiegers : excursion : outburst of fancj', 
 wit, etc.: levity. — v.i. to ru.shout sudden- 
 ly : — -^ja.f. and jja.j). sall'ied. [Fr. saillie 
 — saillir (It. satire) — L. salio, to leap, 
 spring.] 
 
 SALLY-LUN, SALLY-LUNN, sal'U-lun, n. 
 a kind of sweet bun or tea-cake, larger 
 than a muffin. It is toasted and eaten 
 hot with butter. "It is a sort of night 
 thafs meant for muffins ; likewise 
 crumpets; also sally -luns.^' — Dickens. 
 [From Sally Lunn, a young woman who 
 sold this species of bun through the 
 streets of Bath, England, about the end 
 of the eighteenth centui-y.] 
 
 SALLY-PORT, sal'i-jwrt, ji. apart, gate, 
 or passage bj- which a garrison may 
 make a sally. 
 
 SALMAGUNDI, sal-ma-gun'di, n. a mix- 
 ture of chopped meat and other ingre- 
 dients: a medley. [Fi\ salmigondis ; ety. 
 unknown.] 
 
 SALMON, sam'un, n. a well-known fish, 
 living mostly in the sea, but ascending 
 rivers to spawn. [O. EV. sdtdmon — L. 
 salmo, perh. from salio, to leap, from 
 its leaping obstacles on its way from the 
 sea.] 
 
 SALMON-TROUT, sam'un-trowt, n. a trout 
 like the salmon, but smaller and thicker 
 in proportion. 
 
 SALOMONIAN, sal-o-mo'ni-an, SALO- 
 KONIC, sal-o-mon'ik, adj. pertaining or 
 relating to King Solomon or composed 
 by liim. -'Beyond doubt many of his 
 ."phorisms are to be found in the book 
 of Proverbs. Yet this book is not all 
 Salomonic." — Prof. W. R. Smith. [L. 
 Salomon, Solomon.] 
 
 SALOON, sa-l6on', n. a spacious and ele- 
 gant hall, or apartment for the recep- 
 tion of company, works of art, or for 
 refreshment, etc. : a main cabin : a grog 
 shop. [Fr. salon — salle : from O. G«r. 
 sal, a dwelling, Ger. saiiZ.] 
 
 SALOOP, sa-lo6p', n. a drink composed of 
 sassafras tea, with sugar and milk. [A 
 form of Salep.] 
 
 SALSIFY, sal'si-fi, n. a biennial plant with 
 an eatable root like the carrot or pars- 
 nip. [Fr. — It. sasaefrica.'] 
 
 SALT, sawlt, Ji. a well-known substance 
 used for seasoning, found either in the 
 earth or obtained by evaporation from 
 sea-water : anything like salt : season- 
 ing : piquancy : (chem.) a combination of 
 an acid with a base. — adj. containing 
 salt : tasting of salt : overflowed with or 
 growing in salt water : pungent. — adj. 
 Salt'ish, somewhat salt. — adv. Salt'ly. 
 — w. Salt'ness. [A.S. sealt, salt : with 
 cog. forms in all the Teut. and nearly all 
 the Slav, tongues, and in L. sal, Gr. lials, 
 Sans, sara.'] 
 
 SALT, sawlt, v.t. to sprinkle, impregnate, 
 or season with salt ; as, to salt fish, beef, 
 or pork : to fill with salt between the 
 timbers and planks, as a ship, for the 
 preservation of the timber. — To SALT AN 
 INVOICE. ACCOCXT, etc., to put on the 
 extreme value on eacli article, in some 
 cases in order to be able to make what 
 seems a liberal discount at paj'ment. — 
 To SALT A MINE, to Sprinkle a few grains 
 of gold-dust over an unproductive hole, 
 a trick among gold-diggers when they 
 want to obtain a high price for their 
 claim from an inexperienced person. 
 
 SALTANT, sal'tant, adj., leaping: dancing. 
 [L. saltans, pr.p. of salto, -atum, inten. of 
 salio, to leap.] 
 
 SALTATION, sal-ta'shun, n. a leaping or 
 jumping : beating or palpitation. [L. 
 saltatio — salio.] 
 
 SALTATORY, sal'ta-tor-i, adj., leaping, 
 dancing : having the power of or u^d in 
 leaping or dancing. 
 
 SALTCELLAR, sawlt'sel-ar, n. a small hol- 
 low vessel for holding salt. [CELLAR, a 
 corr. of M.E. sailer — Fr. saliire, salt-box 
 — L. salarium (vas), vessel for salt — sal. 
 Salt has been unnecessarily prefixed.] 
 
 SALTIRE or SALTIER, sal'ter, n. {her.) a 
 diagonal cross, also called a St. Andrew's 
 Cross, from the belief that he suffered 
 martyrdom on such a cross. [O. Fr. i;| 
 saidt'eur (Fr. sautoir) — Low L. .-ialta- 
 torium, an instrument to help in mount- 
 ing a horse — L. salto, to leap.] 
 
 SALTPAN, sawlt'pan, n. a pan, basin, or 
 pit where salt is obtained or made. 
 
 SALTPETRE, sawlt-pe'ter, n. a salt con- 
 sisting of nitric acid and potash : nitre. 
 [Lit. "salt-rock," Salt, and L. and Gr. 
 petra. a i-ock.] 
 
 SALT-RHEUM, sawlt'-rum, n. a vague and 
 indefinite popular name applied to almost 
 all the non-febrile cutaneous eruptions 
 which are common among adults, except 
 ringworm and itch. 
 
 SALTS, sawlts. n.jJl. a colloquial equivalent 
 of Ejisom-salt or other salt used as a 
 medicine. — SMELLING SALTS,a preparation 
 of carbonate of ammonia with some 
 agreeable scent, as lavender or bergamot, 
 used by ladies as a stimulant and restor- 
 ative in case of faintuess. 
 
 SALUBRIOUS. sa-lo6'bri-us. Of?/'., /leoZ^/i/wZ; 
 favorable to health. — ady.SALU'BRlousLY. 
 — n. Salu'brity. [L. salubris — salus, 
 salutis, health, akin to Safe.] 
 
 SALUT^VRY, sal'u-tar-i, adj. belonging to 
 health : promoting health or safety : 
 wholesome : beneficial. — n. Sal'utari- 
 NESS. [L., from saliis, health.] 
 
 SALUTATION, sal-u-ta'shun, ?i. act of 
 saluting- : that which is said in saluting. 
 
 SALUTE, sal-lit', v.t. to address with kind 
 wishes : to greet with a kiss, bow, etc.: 
 to honor by a discharge of cannon, 
 striking colors, etc. — )i. act of saluting : 
 greeting, a kiss : a discharge of cannon 
 in honor of anj' one. [Lit. " to wish 
 health to," L. saluto, -atum, from salus, 
 salutis.] 
 
 SALVAGE, sal'vaj, n. the act of saving a 
 ship or goods from extraordinai-j- dan- 
 ger, as from the sea, fire, an enemy, or 
 the like : in commercial and maritime 
 laic, (a) an allowance or compensation 
 to which those persons are entitled by 
 whose voluntary exertions ships or goods 
 liave been saved from the dangers of the 
 sea, fire, pirates, or enemies ; the crew 
 of a ship are not entitled to salvage for 
 any extraordinary efforts they may have 
 made in sa^^ng tlieir own vessel ; if the 
 salvors and the parties from whom sal- 
 vage is claimed cannot agree, a compe- 
 tent court has to fix the sum to be paid 
 and adjust the proportions, which vary 
 according to circumstances ; (6) that 
 portion of the property saved from dan- 
 ger or destruction by tiie extraordinai-y 
 and voluntary exertions of the salvors. 
 [Fr., from Low L. salvagium, from L. 
 salvus, safe.] 
 
 SALVATION, sal-va'shun, ?i. act of saving: 
 preservation: (theol.) the saving of man 
 from eternal misery : {B.) deliverance 
 from enemies. 
 
 SALVE, silv, n. (B.) an ointment : any- 
 thing to cure sores. [A.S. sealf ; Ban. 
 salve, Ger. salbe.] 
 
 SAL\'ER. sal'ver, n. a plate on which any- 
 thing is presented. [Found in Sp. sal 
 v^illa, a salver — Low L. salva. a testing, 
 trial — L. salvo, to save ; from the prac- 
 tice of tasting food as a guarantee against 
 poison.]
 
 SALVO 
 
 3T5 
 
 SANHEDRIM 
 
 SALVO, sal'vo, n. an exception : a reserva- 
 tion. [L. salvo jure, one's right being 
 safe, an expression used in reserving 
 riglits.] 
 
 SALVO, sal'vo, n. a military or naval salute 
 with guns : a simultaneous and concen- 
 trated discharge of artillei-y:— jj?. Salvos, 
 sal'voz. [Fr. salve— h. salve, a form of 
 salutation — root of salus. See Safe, adj.] 
 
 SAL-VOLATILE, sal-vo-lat'i-le, n. a solu- 
 tion of carbonate of ammonia. [L., " vo- 
 latile salt."] 
 
 SAJJIARITAN, sa-mar'i-tan. adj. pertaining 
 to Samaria, the principal city of the ten 
 tribes of Israel, belonging to the tribe of 
 Ephraim, and after the captivity of those 
 tribes repeopled by Cuthites from Assyria 
 or Chaldea : appUed to the characters of 
 a kind of ancient Hebrew writing proba- 
 bly in use before, and partly after, tlie 
 Babylonish exile. 
 
 SAMARITAN, sa-mar'i-tan, n. a native ^~ 
 inhabitant of Samaria, or one that he- 
 longed to the sect which derived their 
 appellation from chat city : the language 
 of Samaria, a dialect of the Chaldean : a 
 charitable or benevolent person, in allu- 
 sion to the character of the •' good Sa- 
 maritan " in the parable. 
 
 S A M A R I T A N I S M, sa-mar'i-tan-izm, n. 
 charitableness : philanthropy : benevo- 
 lence. '• Mankind are getting mad with 
 humanity and Samaritanism." — Sydney 
 Smith. 
 
 SAME, sam, adj. identical : of the like 
 kind or degree : similar : mentioned be- 
 fore. — n. Same'xess. [A.S.; Goth, sa- 
 mana : akin to L. similis, like Gr. homos. 
 Sans. sajna.s.l 
 
 SAMITE, sa'mit, n. a kind of silk stuff. [O. 
 Fr.^Low L. examitum, from Gr. hex, six, 
 and niitos. thread.] 
 
 3A3IOYED, SAMOIED, sa^mo'yed, n. a 
 member of a race of people inhabiting 
 the shores of tlie Arctic Ocean from about 
 the river Mezen on the European side to 
 the Lena on the Asiatic. Tliey are di- 
 vided into three tribes, are of small stat- 
 ure, live by hunting, and their principal 
 ■wealth consists in reindeer. Tlieir lan- 
 guage is Turanian. 
 
 SAMOYEDIC. sam-6-yed'ik, adj. of or be- 
 longing to the Samoyeds : designating a 
 group of Turanian or agglutinate tongues 
 spoken by tribes dwelling along the north 
 coast of Europe and A.sia from the White 
 Sea to tlie Lena. Also written Samoiedic. 
 
 SAMP, samp, n. in the United States, a 
 species of food composed of maize, broken 
 or bruised, boiled and mixed with milk: a 
 dish borrowed from the natives of Amer- 
 ica, but not much used. 
 
 SAMPHIRE, sam'flr or sam'fer, M. an herb 
 found chiefly on rocky cliffs near the sea, 
 used in pickles and salads. [Lit. "the 
 herb of St. Peter," corr. from Fr. Saint 
 Pierre. Saint Peter.] 
 
 SAMPLE, sam'pl, ti. a specimec : a part to 
 show the quality of the whole. — v.t. to 
 make up samples of. [Sliort for esample, 
 from O. Fr. essample — L exemplum. 
 Doublet Example.] 
 
 SAMPLER, sam'pler, n. one who makes up 
 samples. [Used in compounds, as woot- 
 sanipler ; from Sajiple.] 
 
 SAMPLER, sam'pler, Ji. a pattern of work : 
 ornamental needle-work. [Formed from 
 L. e.vemplar.] 
 
 SAMPLE-ROOM, sam'pl-room, n. a room 
 where samples are kept and shown. In 
 the United States, often applied to a 
 place where liquor is sold by the glass ; 
 a tap-room : a grog-shop ; a saioon. 
 
 SAMUEL, sam'u-el, n. the name of two 
 canonical books of the Old Testament. 
 Three principal periods are comprised in 
 them, viz. the restoration of the theoc- 
 
 racy of which Samuel was the leader ; 
 the history of Saul's kingship till his 
 death ; and David's reign. In all proba- 
 bility the author was a prophet of the 
 time of Solomon. 
 
 SANABLE, san'a-bl, adj. able to be made 
 sane or sound : curable. — n. Sanabil'ity. 
 [L. sanabilis — satio, -atum, to heal. [See 
 Sane.] 
 
 SANATIVE, san'a-tiv, adj. tending or able 
 to heal : healing. — n. Sar'ativeness. 
 
 SANATORIUM, san-a-to'ri-uui, n. a place 
 for restoring to health, a health-station. 
 Sa^'ataeittm and Sanitaeix::u are also 
 used in the same sense in this country, 
 though never in England. 
 
 SANATORY, san'a-tor-i, adj., healing: 
 conducive to healtli. 
 
 SANCTANTjMITY, sangk-ta-nuai'i-ti, n. 
 holiness of mind. '• A ' hath ' or a ' thou,' 
 delivered with conventional unction, well 
 nigh inspires a sensation of solemnity in 
 its hearer, and a persuasion of the sanc- 
 tanimity of its utterer." — Fitzedu-ard 
 Hall. [L. sanctus, holy, and animus, the 
 mind.] 
 
 SANCTIFICATION, sangk-ti-fl-ka'shun, n. 
 act of sanctifj-ing : state of being sanc- 
 tified. 
 
 SANCTIFY, sangk'ti-fl, v.t. to make sacred 
 or holy : to set apart to sacred use : to 
 free from sin or evil : to make the means 
 of holiness : to secure from violation : — 
 pa.t. and pa.p. sanc'tified. — n. Sanc'ti- 
 FIEH, [Fr. — L. sanctijico. -atum — sanc- 
 tus, sacred, facia, to make.] 
 
 SANCTIMONIOUS, sangk-ti-rao'ni-us, adj. 
 having sanctity : holy : devout : affect- 
 ing holiness.— fidr. SaNCTIMO'niOUSLT. — 
 n. Saxctimo'niocssess. 
 
 SANCTIMONY, saugk'ti-mun-i, n. devout- 
 ness : appearance of sanctity. [L., from 
 sanctus, holv. See Saint.] 
 
 SANCTION, sangk'shun, n. act of ratify- 
 ing, or giving authority to: confirmation: 
 support. — v.t. to give validity to: to 
 authorize: to countenance. [Fr. — L. 
 sanctio.] 
 
 SANCTITY, sangk'ti-ti. n. quality of being 
 sacred or holy : purity : godliness : in- 
 violability. 
 
 SANCTUARY, sangk'tii-ar-i, n. a sacred 
 place : a place for the worship of God : 
 the most sacred part of the Temple of 
 Jerusalem : the Temple itself : the part 
 of a church round the altar : an inviola- 
 ble asylum : refuge. [From the time of 
 Constantine downwai-ds certain churches 
 have been set apart in many Catholic 
 countries to be an asylum for fugitives 
 from the hands of justice. In England, 
 particularly down to the Reformation, 
 any person who had taken refuge m a 
 sanctuary was secured against punish- 
 ment^-except when charged with treason 
 or sacrilege — if wthin the space of forty 
 days he gave signs of repentance, and 
 subjected himself to banishment. By 
 thea ct 21 James I. xx viii. . the privilege of 
 sanctuary for crime was finally abolisshed. 
 Various sanctuaries, however, for debtors 
 continued to exist in and about London 
 tin 1697, when they too were abolished. 
 In Scotland the Abbey of Holyrood 
 House and its precincts still retain the 
 privilege of giving sanctuary to debtors. 
 When a person retires to the sanctuary 
 he is protected against personal diligence, 
 which protection continues for twenty- 
 four hours : but to enjoy it longer the 
 person must enter his nami. in the books 
 kept by the bailie of the abbey. From 
 the abolition of imprisonment for debt 
 this sanctuary is no longer used.] 
 
 SANCTUM, saugk'tum, n. a sacred place : 
 a private room. [L.. " holy.''] 
 
 SAND, sand, n. fine particles of crushed 
 
 or worn rocks :— p7. lands covered with 
 sand : a sandy beach : moments of time, 
 from the use of sand in the houi-glass. — 
 v.t. to sprinkle with sand. [A.S. ; cog. 
 (vith Ger. sand. Ice. sand-r.} 
 
 SANDAL, san'dal, n. a kind of shoe consist- 
 ing of a sole bound to the foot by straps : 
 a loose slipper. [Fr.— L. sandalium — Gr. 
 sandaloii, prob. from Pers. sandal, a kind 
 of shoe.] 
 
 SANDALLED, san'dald, adj. wearing san- 
 dals. 
 
 SANDALWOOD, san'dal-wood, ?i. a wood, 
 remarkable for its fragrance, brought 
 from the E. Indies and islands of the 
 Pacific. [Fr. — Poi-t. sandalo — Ar. sandal 
 — Sans, tschandana, and Wood.] 
 
 SANDEEL. sand'el, n. a small e<'Mike flsh, 
 which buries itself in tlie sand when the 
 tide retires. 
 
 SANDERLING, sand'er-ling, n. a smalt 
 wading bird which feeds on the insects in 
 sea-sands. 
 
 SANDGLASS, sand'glas, n. a glass instru- 
 ment for measuring tune by the running 
 of sand. 
 
 SANDHEAT, sand'het, n. the heat of warm 
 sand in chemical operations. 
 
 SANDIVER, san'di-ver, n. the saline scum 
 which forms on glass diu'ing its first fu- 
 sion : glass-gall. [Said to be a corr. of 
 Fr. sel de verre, " salt of glass."] 
 
 SAND-MARTIN, saud'-niar'tin, n. the 
 smallest of British swallows, which 
 builds its nest in sandy river-banks and 
 gravel-pits. [See Martin.] 
 
 SAND-PAPER, sand'-pa'per, n., paper cov- 
 ered with a kind of sand for smoothing 
 and polishing. 
 
 SANDPIPER, sand'pl-per, n. a wading-bird 
 of the snipe family, which frequents 
 sandy river-banks, distinguished bj- its 
 clear pijiing note. 
 
 SAND-PUMP, saud'-punp, n. a cylindricjj 
 metallic case or tube having at the bot- 
 tom a valve opening inwardly and used 
 for removing the sand which collects in 
 the bore when a well, etc., is being 
 drilled. On the drill being temporarily 
 removed the sand-pump is lowered, the 
 water and dirt force up the valve and en- 
 ter the tube, the valve dropping again 
 to prevent tlieir return. This being re- 
 peated again and again the tube becomes 
 filled, on which it is drawn to the surface 
 and emptied. 
 
 SANDSTONE, sandston, n., stone com- 
 posed of consolidated sand. 
 
 SANDWICH, sand'wich, n. two slices of 
 bread with ham, etc., between, said to 
 be named after an Earl of Sandwich ; 
 hence armor-plating made up of two 
 plates of iron with a plate of wood be- 
 tween, or vice versd. 
 
 SANDY, sand'i, adj. consisting of or cov- 
 ered with sand : loose : of the color of 
 sand. — )). Sasd'ixes.S. 
 
 SANE, san, adj.. sound in mind or body : 
 healthy : not disordered in intellect. — ;i. 
 Saxe'ness. [L. sanus, akin to Gr. saos, 
 sus. sound.] 
 
 SANG, pa. f. of Sing. 
 
 SANGUINARY, sang'gwin-ar-i, ad/. ,Woodj;.* 
 attended with muc-li bloodshed : blood- 
 thirsty.— ode. San'guisarily.— H. San'- 
 GUINAitlXESS. [Fr. Set Sangitne.] 
 
 SANGUINE, sang'gwin, adj. abounding 
 with blood : ardent : hopeful : confident. 
 — adr. Sax'guixely.— 11. Sax'guineness. 
 [h.sanguineus — sanguis.sanguinis, blood, 
 proD. from root sag, sak, to drop, flow, as 
 in A.S. sne-an. Ger. saugen, E. SCCK.] 
 
 SANGUINEOUS, sang-gwin'e-us, adj., san^ 
 guine : resembling or constituting blood. 
 
 SANHEDRIM, sanhe-drim, n. the highest 
 council of the Jews, consisting of seventy 
 members with the high-priest. [Lit. " a
 
 SANITARY 
 
 376 
 
 SATURDAY 
 
 sitting together," Heb. sanhedrin, from 
 Gr. synedrion — syn, together, and hedra, 
 
 SANITARY, san'i-tar-i, adj. pertaining to, 
 tending, or designed to promote health. 
 [From Sanity.] 
 SANITY, san'i-ti, n. state of being sane : 
 soundness of mind or body. [L. sanitas 
 — sanus. See Sane.] 
 SANJAK, san'jak, n. a subdivision of an 
 eyalet or minor province of Turkey, so 
 called because the governor of such dis- 
 trict, called sanjak-beg, is entitled to car- 
 ry in war a standard of one horse-tail. 
 Spelled also Sanqiac. [Turk., a stand- 
 ard.] 
 SANJAKATE, san'jak-at, n. a territorial 
 division of the Turkish Empire: asanjak. 
 ' Written also Sangiacate. 
 SANKHYA, sang'khya, ?i. the name of one 
 of the three great systems of Hindu phil- 
 osophy. It teaches how eternal happi- 
 ness, or complete exemption from ill, can 
 be obtained. [Sans., synthetic reasoning.] 
 SANNUP, san'nup, n. among the American 
 Indians, a married male member of the 
 community : the husband of a squaw. 
 '• Mindfulstill of sannup and of squaw." 
 — Emerson. 
 SANSAPPEL. sangz-a-pel, ji. a person from 
 whose decision there is no appeal : one 
 whose opinion is decisive : an infallible 
 person. " He had followed in full faith 
 such a sansappel as he held Frank to be." 
 — Kingsley. [Fr. sans, without, and ap- 
 pel. appeal.] 
 SANSKRIT, sans'krit, n. the ancient lan- 
 guage of the Hindus. [Lit. the "perfect" 
 language, from Sans. sam. with (Gr. 
 hama), and krita, done, perfected, from 
 kri, root of L. creo. See Create.] 
 SAP. sap, n. the vital juice of plants : (bot.) 
 the part of the wood next to the bark. 
 [A.S. seep ; Low Ger. sapp, juice, Ger. 
 soft : all borrowed from L. sapa, new 
 wine boiled thick.] 
 SAP. sap, v.t. to destroy by digging under- 
 neath : to undermine." — i'.i. to proceed by 
 undermining : pr.p. sapp'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. sapped. — n. an approach dug to a 
 fortification under cover of gabions. — n. 
 Sapp'ek, one who saps. [Fr. saper, from 
 Low L. sappa, a pick.] 
 SAPID, sap'id, adj., well-tasted: savory: 
 that affects the taste. [Fr.— L. sapidus 
 — sapio, to taste.] 
 SAPIDITY, sa-pid'i-ti, n. savoriness. 
 SAPIDLESS, sap'id-les, adj. without taste, 
 savor, or . relish : insipid. • Expecting 
 some savory mess, and to find one quite 
 tasteless and sopidless." — O. Lamb. [A 
 badlv formed word.] 
 SAPIENCE, sa'pi-ens, ?). discernment : 
 wisdom : knowledge. [Fr. See Sapi- 
 ent.] 
 SAPIENT, sa'pi-ent, adj., wise: discerning: 
 sagacious.— ad c. Sa'piently. [L. sapiens, 
 sapientis, pr.p. of sapio, to taste, to be 
 wise, akin to Gr. saphes, clear, distinct.] 
 SAPLESS, sap'les, adj. wanting sap : not 
 
 juicy. 
 SAPLING, sap'ling, n. a young tree, so 
 
 called from being full of sap. 
 SAPONACEOUS, sap - o - na'shus, adj., 
 soapy: soap-like. [Fr. saponace — L. 
 tape, saponis, Gr. sapon, both borrowed 
 from the ancient Celts or Germans. See 
 Soap.] 
 SAPPHIC, saf'ik, adj. pertaSning to Sap- 
 pho, a Grecian poetess : denoting a kind 
 of verse said to have been invented bj- 
 Sappho. 
 SAPPHIRE, saf'ir or saf'ir. n. a highly 
 brilliant precious stone, inferior only to 
 the diamond. [Fr. — L. sapphinis--Gr. 
 sappheiros — Ar. safir, Heb. sappir, fair, 
 from shaphar, to shine.] 
 
 SAPPHIRINE. saf'ir-in, adj. made of or 
 
 like .sapphire. 
 SAPPY, sap'i. adj. abounding with sap : 
 
 juicy. — )!. Sapp'iness. 
 SARACEN, sar'a-sen, n. a name applied in 
 the middle ages to the Mohammedans. 
 —adjs. Saeacen'ic, Saracen'ical. [L. 
 Saracentis—Av.sharkeyn, eastern people, 
 first applied to some tribes of Bedouins 
 in E. Arabia.] 
 SARCASM, sar'kazm, n. a bitter sneer : a 
 satirical remark in scorn or contempt. 
 [Fr. — L. sarcasmiis — Gr. sarkasmos — sar- 
 kazo, to tear Jfes/i like dogs, to speak bit- 
 terly — sarx, sarkos, flesh.] 
 SARCASTIC, sar-kas'tik, SARCASTICAL, 
 sar-kas'tik-al, adj. containing sarcasm : 
 bitterly satirical.— adr. Sarcas'ticallt. 
 SARCENET, sars'net, ?(. a very thin fine 
 silk. [O. Fr., from Low L. sericinus, 
 silken — L. sericiim. silk — L. seres, Gr. 
 seres, a people of E. Asia, from whom 
 the ancients got their first silk.] 
 SARCOPHAGOUS, sar-kof'a-gus, adj., 
 
 ^esh-eating : feeding on flesh. 
 SARCOPHAGUS, sar-kof'a-gus. n. a kind 
 of lime-stone used by the Greeks for 
 coffins, and so called because it was 
 thought to consume the flesh of corpses : 
 any stone receptacle for a corpse. [L. — 
 Gr. sarkophagus — sarx, sarkos, flesh, 
 and phago, to eat.] 
 SARDINE, sar'din, n. a small fish of the 
 herring family, abundant about the 
 island of Sardinia, potted with olive oil 
 for export. [Fr. (It. sardina)—L. sarda, 
 sardina — Gr. sardine.^ 
 SARDINE, sar'din. SARDIUS, sar'di-us. n. 
 a name of the cornelian stone. — adj. re- 
 lating to the sardius. [Fr. sardoine—L. 
 sardonyx — Gr. sardonyx.] 
 SARDONIC, sar-don'ik, adj. forced, heart- 
 less, or bitter, said of a laugh. [Fr. — L. 
 sardonius, sardonicus — Gr. sardanios. re- 
 ferred to sardonion, a plant of Sardinia 
 (Gr. Sardo). which was said to screw up 
 the face of the eater, but more prob. 
 from Gr. sairo, to grin.] 
 SAKDONYX, sar'don-iks, n. a reddish- 
 yellow variety of chalcedony, said to have 
 been found oi-ig. at Sardis, in Asia Minor, 
 and to be so called because its color re- 
 sembles that of the flesh under the nail. 
 [Gr. — Sardios, Sardian, and onyx, a nail.] 
 SARSAPARILLA, sar-sa-pa-ril'a, SARSA, 
 sar'sa, n. a twining shrub like the bramble, 
 found chiefly in Mexico, used in medicine. 
 [Sp. zarzaparilln — zarza, bramble, and 
 parilla, a little vine, and sosig. "a thorny 
 vine."] 
 SASARARA, sas-a-ra'ra, n. a word formerly 
 used to emphasize a threat, much in the 
 same way as "vengeance." "Out she 
 shall pack with asasarara." — Goldsmith. 
 [A suggested etymology is certiora7-i.] 
 SASH, sash, n. a band, riband or scarf worn 
 as a badge or ornament. [Pers. shash, a 
 turban, perh. from Heb. shesh, fine cloth.] 
 SASH, sash, n. a case or frame for panes 
 of glass. — i:t. to furnish with sashes. 
 [Fr. chasse, e7ia,s,st.s — L. capsa, the re- 
 ceiving thing, a case — capio, to take. 
 See Case, a covering.] 
 SASSAFRAS, sas'a-fras, n. a kind of laurel, 
 the wood of which has a pungent taste, 
 and is much used in medicine, so called 
 because formerly used to break or dis- 
 solve stone in the bladder. [Fr. — L. 
 saxifraga — sa.vum . a stone, and frango, 
 to break. See Saxifrage.] 
 SAT, sat, pa. f. and pa.p. of Sit. 
 SATAN, sa'tan. n. the enemy of men : the 
 devil : the chief of the fallen angels. 
 [Heb. satan, enemy — sataii, Ar. shatana, 
 to be adverse.] 
 SATANIC, sa-tan'ik, SATANIGAL, sartan'- 
 
 ik-al, adj. pertaining to or like Satan: 
 devilish. 
 
 SATCHEL, sach'el, n. a small sack or bag, 
 esp. for papers, books, etc. [Older form 
 sachel, dim. of Sack ; cf. L. saccellus, dim. 
 of saccus.] 
 
 SATE, sat, v.t. to satisfy or give enough: 
 to glut. [A.S. seed ; L. satio, -atum- 
 satis, enough.] 
 
 SATELLITE, sat'el-lit, n. an obsequious 
 follower : one of the bodies which revolve 
 round some of the planets. [L. satelles, 
 satellitis, an attendant.] 
 
 SATIABLE, sa'shi-a-bl, adj. that may be 
 satiated. 
 
 SATIATE, sa'shi-at, t'.f. to satisfy or give 
 enough: to gratify fully : to glut.— aci/. 
 glutted.— w. Satia'tion. [L. satio — satis, 
 enough.] 
 
 SATIETY, sa-ti'e-ti, n. state of being sati- 
 ated : surfeit. 
 
 S VTIN, sat'in, n. a closely woven glossy 
 silk. [Fr. (It. seti7w)—Low L. setinus, 
 adj., from L. seta, hair.] 
 
 SATINET, sat'i-net, n. a thin species of 
 satin : a cloth with a cotton warp and 
 woollen weft. 
 
 SATINITY, sa-tin'i-ti, n. the quality of be 
 ing satinj', or smooth and glossy : a soft 
 smoothness like that of satin. "The 
 smooth saftni<2/ of his style," — C. Lamb. 
 
 SATINWOOD, sat'in-wood, n. a beautiful 
 ornamental irood from E. and W. Indies, 
 having a texture like satin. [satin. 
 
 SATINY, sat'in-i, adj. like or composed of 
 
 SATIRE, sat'Ir or safer, n. a species of 
 poetry, exposing and turning to ridicule 
 vice or folly : severity of remark : ridi- 
 cule. [Fr. — L. satira, satura (tanx, a 
 dish, understood), a dish full of various 
 kinds of fruit, food composed of various 
 ingredients, a medley ; hence applied to 
 a dramatic piece in which dancing, music, 
 and words were intermixed, afterwards 
 to satire in its present sense — satur, full, 
 akin to satis, enough.] 
 
 SATIRIC, sa-tir'ik, SATIRICAL, sa-tir'ik- 
 al, adj. pertaining to or conveying satire: 
 sarcastic : abusive. — adv. Satir'ically. 
 
 SATIRIZE, sat'ir-Iz, v.t. to make the object 
 of satire : to censure severely. — n. Sat'- 
 miST, a writer of satire. 
 
 SATISFACTION, sat-is-fak'shun, n. state 
 of being satisfied : gratification : comfort: 
 that which satisfies: amends: atonement: 
 payment : conviction. 
 SATISFACTORY, sat-is-fak'tor-i, adj., sat- 
 isfying: giving content: making amends 
 or pavment: atoning: convincing.— «dv. 
 Satisfac'torily.— ?!. Satisfac'toriness. 
 SATISFY, sat'is-fi, v.t. to give enough to : 
 to supply fully : to please fully : to dis- 
 charge : to free from doubt : to convince. 
 —v.i. to give content : to supply fully : 
 to make payment :— pa. ^ and pa.p. sat'- 
 isfied. [Fr. satisfaire—lj. satis, enough, 
 and/rtC?o, to make.] 
 SATRAP, sil'trap or sat'rap, n. a Persian 
 viceroy or ruler of one of the greater 
 provinces -.—fern. Sa'trapess. — n. Sat'- 
 RAPY, the government of a satrap. [Gr. 
 satrapes, from the Persian, lit. "chief of 
 a district."] 
 SATURABLE, sat'u-ra-bl, adj. that may 
 
 be saturated. 
 SATURATE, sat'u-rat, v.t. to fill: to unite 
 with till no more can be received : to 
 fill to excess. [L. sattiro, -atum— satur, 
 full, akin to satis, enough.] 
 SATURATION, sat-u-ra'shun, n. act of 
 saturating: state of being saturated: 
 the state of a body when quite filled 
 with another. 
 SATURDAY, sat'ur-da, w. the seventh or 
 last day of the week, dedicated by the 
 Romans to Saturn. [A.S. Sceter-dceg, 
 Scetern-Oceg, day of Sa.tnvn—L.Satumus.\
 
 SATURN 
 
 377 
 
 SCALE 
 
 SATURN, sat'urn or sa'-, n. the ancient 
 Roman god of agriculture : one of the 
 planets. [L. Satumus — sero, sattim, to 
 sow.] 
 
 SATURNALIA, sat-ur-nii'li-a, n.pl. the an- 
 nual ancient Roman festival in honor of 
 Saturn, a time of unrestrained license 
 and enjoyment. 
 
 8ATURNALIAN, sat-ur-na'li-an, adj. per- 
 taining to the Saturnalia : riotously 
 merry : dissolute. 
 
 SATURNIAN, sa-turn'i-an, adj. pertaining 
 to Saturn, whose fabulous reign was 
 called "the golden age:" happy: pure: 
 simple : denoting the verse in which the 
 oldest Latin poems were written. 
 
 SATURNINE, sat'ur-nin, adj. grave: 
 gloomy : phlegmatic : — because the as- 
 trologers said that those born under the 
 planet Saturn were so disposed. 
 
 SATYR, safer or sa'ter, n. a silvan deity, 
 represented as part man and part goat, 
 and extremely wanton. [L. satynis — Gr. 
 satyros.] 
 
 SATYRIC, sa-tir'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 satyrs. 
 
 SAUCE, saws, n. a liquid seasoning for 
 food, consisting of salt, etc. : a relish : 
 impudence. — iKt. to put sauce in to relish: 
 to make poignant : to treat with bitter 
 or pert language. [Fr. — L. salio, salsiim, 
 to salt — sal, salt. See Salt.] 
 
 SAUCEPAN, saws'pan, 71. a pan in which 
 sauce or any small thing is boiled. 
 
 SAUCER, saws'er, n. the shallow platter 
 for a tea or coffee cup : (orig.) a small 
 vessel to hold sauce. 
 
 SAUCY, saws'i, adj. (comp. Sauc'IER, sii- 
 perl. Sauc'iest) sharp : pungent : inso- 
 lent : impudent. — adv. Sauc'ily. — n. 
 Sauc'iness. [From Sauce.] 
 
 SAUER^KRAUT, sowr'-krowt, n. a favorite 
 German dish, consisting of cabbage cut 
 fine, pressed into a cask, with alternate 
 layers of salt, and suffered to ferment 
 till it becomes sour. [Ger. sauer, sour, 
 and kraut, herb, cabbage.] 
 
 SAUL, SAL, sal, n. the timber of the saul- 
 tree. [See Satjl-tree.] 
 
 SAULIE, saw'li, n. a hired mourner. 
 
 SAULT, so or soo n. a rapid in some rivers 
 in North America. [O. Fr. sault. Mod. 
 Fr. saut, a leap, from L. saltus, a leap, 
 from salio, saltum, to leap.] 
 
 SAULTFAT, sawlt'fat, n. a pickling-tub : 
 a beef-stand. [Scotch.] 
 
 SAUXr-TREE, SAL-TREE, sal'-tre, n. the 
 name given in India to a tree of the 
 genus Shorea, the S. robusta, which 
 yields a balsamic resin, used in the 
 temples under the name of ral or 
 dhoona. The timber called sal, the best 
 and most extensively used in India, is 
 produced by this tree. 
 
 SAUNDERS-BLUE, sawn'derz-hlu, n. the 
 original denomination probably of ultra- 
 marine. Applied now to an artificial 
 blue, prepared from carbonate of cop- 
 per. [Fr. cendres bleues, blue ashes.] 
 
 SAUNTER, sawn'ter or san'ter, v.i. to 
 wander about idly : to loiter. — n. a saun- 
 tering : a place for sauntering. — n. Saun'- 
 TERER. [Said to be from Fr. sainte terre, 
 holv land, to make a pilgrimage to the 
 Ho\y Land.] 
 
 SAURIA, saw ri-a, n.pl. the term by which 
 the great order of lizards is sometimes 
 designated. The animal formS more 
 Btrictly included under it are those com- 
 prised under the genus Lacerta of Lin- 
 Bseus; but in the large and now generally 
 received acceptation of the term saurians. 
 not only the existing lizards, crocodiles, 
 monitors, iguanas, chameleons, etc., are 
 included, but also those monstrous fossil 
 reptiles whose remains excite our wonder, 
 as the ichthyosaurus, plesiosaurus, dei- 
 
 nosaurus, iguanodon, pterodactyle, etc. 
 The saurians are covered with scales, and 
 have four legs. The mouth is always 
 armed with teeth, and the toes are gen- 
 erally furnished with claws. They have 
 all a tail more or less long, and generally 
 very thick at the base. The fossil species, 
 the most gigantic and singular members 
 of the order, occur most abundantly in 
 the oolitic strata. Some of them were 
 exclusively marine, others amphibious, 
 others terrestrial. and others were adapted 
 for flying, as the pterodactyles. [Fi'om 
 Gr. satiros, a lizard.] 
 
 SAURIAN, saw'ri-an, n. a reptile or animal 
 covered with scales, as the lizard. — adj. 
 pertaining toor of the nature of a saurian. 
 [Gr. saura, sauros, the lizard.] 
 
 SAUSAGE, saws'aj, ?i. an article of food, 
 consisting of chopped or minced meat, as 
 pork, beef, or veal, seasoned with sage, 
 pepper, salt, etc., and stuffed into prop- 
 erly cleaned entrails of the ox, sheep, 
 or pig, tied at short intervals with a 
 string. When sausages are made on an 
 extensive scale the meat is minced and 
 staffed into the intestines by machinery. 
 [Old spellings saucidge, sausege, O. Fr. 
 sausisse, Fr. saunsse ; from Low L. salsa, 
 sauce (which see).] 
 
 SAUTERNE, so-tern', n. a kind of white 
 wine produced at Sauterne, in France. 
 
 SAVAGE, sav'aj, adj. wild : uncivilized : 
 fierce : cruel: brutal. — n. a human being 
 in a wild state : a brutal person : a bar- 
 barian. — adv. Sav'agely. — ns. Sav'age- 
 NESS, Sav'agery. [Lit. living in the 
 woods, Fr. sauvage, O.Fr. salvage — L. 
 silvaticus, pertaining to the woods — silva, 
 a wood.] 
 
 SAVANNA, SAVANNAH, sa-van'a, n. one 
 of the vast meadows in the west of N. 
 America. [Sp. savana, sabana, bed-sheet, 
 a meadow — L. sabanum — Gr. sabannn, a 
 linen cloth.] 
 
 SAVE, sav, v.t. to bring safe out of evil : 
 to rescue : to reserve : to spare.— r.i. to 
 be economical.— jjrep. except.—?!. Sav'er. 
 [Fr. sauver — L. salv>o — salvus. See Sate.] 
 
 SAVE- ALL, sav'-awl, n. a contrivance 
 intended to save anything from being 
 wasted. 
 
 SAVELOY, sav'e-loy, n. a kind ot sausage 
 made of meat chopped and seasoned, 
 orig. of brains. [Fr. cervelas, a saveloy, 
 cervelle. brains — L. cerebellum.] 
 
 SAVING, sav'ing, adj. disposed to save or 
 be economical : incurring no loss, pre- 
 serving from wrong : (theol.) securing 
 salvation. — prep, excepting. — adv. Sav- 
 ingly. — n. Sav'ingness. 
 
 SAVING, sav'ing, n. that which is saved : 
 — pi. earnings. 
 
 SAVINGS-BANK, sav'ingz-bangk, n. a 
 bank in which savings are deposited at 
 interest. 
 
 SAVIOUR, sav'yur, n. one who saves from 
 evil. — The Saviour, Jesus Christ, the 
 Redeemer of men. 
 
 SAVOR, sa'vur, ??., t<tite : odor: scent: 
 (B.) reputation. — v.i. to have a particular 
 taste or smell : to be like. [Fr. saveur — 
 L. .ia}7or — sapio, to taste.] 
 
 SAVORY, sa'vor-i, n. an aromatic kitchen 
 herb. [From Savor.] 
 
 SAVORY, sa'vur-i, adj. having savor or 
 relish : pleasant. — adv. Sa'vorily. — n. 
 Sa'voriness. 
 
 SAVOY, sa-voy', n. a kind of cabbage 
 brought orig. from Savoy, in France. 
 
 SAW, saw, pa.t. of See. 
 
 SAW, saw, n. an instrument for cutting, 
 formed of a blade, band, or disc of thin 
 steel, with a toothed edge. — v.t. to cut 
 with a saw. — v.i. to use a saw : to be cut 
 with a saw: — pa.t. sawed ; jja.p. sawed 
 
 or sawn. FA.S. saga ; cog. with G^e^. 
 siige. and allied to L. seco, to cut.] 
 
 SAW, saw, n. a saying : a proverb. [A.S. 
 sagu — sagian, secgan, to say. Doublet 
 Saga. See also Say.] 
 
 SAWDUST, saw'dust, n.. dust, or small 
 pieces of wood, etc., made in sawing. 
 
 SAWFISH, saw'Hsh, n. a Jish allied to the 
 shark, so called from the SOM'-Iike form 
 of its snout. 
 
 SAWMILL, saw'mil, n. a mill for sawing 
 timber. 
 
 SAWPIT, saw'pit, n. a pit where wood is 
 sawed. 
 
 SAWYER, saw'yer, n. one who saivs tim- 
 ber. 
 
 SAXIFRAGE, saks'i-fraj, n. a genus of al- 
 pine plants formerly used for dissolving 
 stone in the bladder. [Fr. — L, saxum, a 
 stone, and frango, to break.] 
 
 SAXON, saks'un, n. one of the people of 
 N. Germany who conquered England in 
 the 5th and 6th centuries : the language 
 of the Saxons. — adj. pertaining to the 
 Saxons, their language, country, or 
 architecture. [A.S. Seaxe — seax, O'. Ger. 
 sahs, a knife, a short sword ; so called 
 from the short sword which they carried.] 
 
 SAXONISM, saks'on-izm, n. a Saxon idiom. 
 
 SAY, sa, v.t. to utter in words : to speak : 
 to declare : to state : to answer. — v.i. to 
 speak : to relate : to state : — pa.t. and 
 pa.p. said (sed). — n. something said: a re- 
 mark : a speech. [A.S. sagian, secgan ; 
 cog. with Ice. segja, Ger. sagen. See Saw, 
 a saying.] 
 
 SAYING, sa'ing, n. something said: an ex- 
 pression : a maxim. 
 
 SBIRRO, zber'ro, n. (pi. Sbirri, zber're), an 
 Italian police-officer. [It.] • 
 
 SCAB, skab. n. a crust over a sore : a dis- 
 ease of sheep, resembling the mange, 
 [A.S. scceb ; Dan. scab, Ger. scliabe : L. 
 scabies, from scabo, Ger. schaben, to 
 scratch ; akin to Shave.] 
 
 SCABBARD, skab'ard, n. the casein which 
 the blade of a sword is kept. [M. E. 
 scauberk, prob. from Ice. skafa, chisel, 
 and biarga, Ger. bergen, to hide.] 
 
 SCABBED, skab'ed, adj. affected or covered 
 with scabs : diseased with the scab. — n. 
 Scabb'edness. 
 
 SCABBY, skab'i, adj., scabbed.— n. Scabb'i- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 SCAFFOLD, skaf'old, n. a temporarj- plat- 
 form for exhibiting or for supporting 
 something : for the execution of a crim- 
 inal. — v.t. to furnish with a scaffold : to 
 sustain. [O. Fr. eschafault, Fr. echafattd 
 (It. catafalco) ; from a Romance word, 
 found in Sp. catar, to view, anAfalco, It. 
 palco, a scaffold, f rom Ger. baZfce, a beam. 
 Doublet Catafalque.] 
 
 SCAFFOLDING, skaf'old-ing, n. a scaffold 
 of wood for supporting workmen while 
 building: materials for scaffolds: (fig.) 
 a frame : framework. 
 
 SCALABLE, skal'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 scaled or climbed. 
 
 SCALD, skawld, v.t. to burn with hot 
 liquid : to expose to a boiling liquid. — n. 
 a burn caused by hot liquid. — Scalding 
 hot, so hot as to "scald. [O. Fr. eschalder, 
 Fr. ichauder — L. excaldo, to bathe in 
 warm water, from calidus, warm, hot.] 
 
 SCALD, SKALD, skald, n. one of the 
 ancient Scandinavian poets. [Ice. and 
 Sw. skald.] 
 
 SCALE, skill, n. a ladder : series of steps : 
 a graduated measure : (music) a series of 
 all the tones : the order of a numeral 
 system : gradation : proportion : series. 
 — i'.^ to mount, as by a ladder: to ascend. 
 [L. scala, a ladder (for .icayidla). from 
 scando. to mount. Sans, si'anrf, to ascend.} 
 
 SCALE, skal, n. one of the small, thin 
 plates on a fish or reptile : a thin layer.
 
 SCALE 
 
 378 
 
 SCEPTIC 
 
 — v.t. M clear of scales : to peel off in 
 thin layers. — v.i. to come off in thin 
 layers. [A.S. seealu, the scale of a fish ; 
 Ger. sehale, shell (whence Fr. ecaille, a 
 fish-scale). Doublet Shell and Skcll.] 
 
 SCALE, skal, n. the dish of a balance : a 
 balance— chiefly in pi. : — pi. Libra, one of 
 the signs of the zodiac. [A.S. scalu, a 
 balance. It is simply a form of Scale, 
 a thin plate.] 
 
 SCALED, skald, adj. having scales. 
 
 SCALENE, ska-len', arlj. (geom.) having 
 three unequal sides. — ii. a scalene tri- 
 angle. [Lit. " hmping-," Fr. — L. scalenus 
 — Gr. skalenos, uneven, from root of 
 skazo, to limij.] 
 
 SCALL, skawl, n. (B.) a scab : scabbiness. 
 [A.S. scalu, scale; simply a form of Scaie, 
 a thin plate.] 
 
 SCALLOP, skol'up, n. a bivalvular shell- 
 fish, ha^-ing the edge of its shell in the 
 form of a series of curves: one of a series 
 of curves in the edge of anything : a lace 
 band or collar, scalloped round the edges. 
 " Made myself fine with Capt. Ferrerss 
 lace band, being loth to wear my own 
 new scallop it is so fine." — Pepys. — v.t. 
 to cut the edge or border into scallops 
 or curves. [O. Fr. escalope : from Ger. 
 sehale. shell. See Scale, a shell.] 
 
 SCALP, skalp, n. the skin of the head on 
 which the hair grows : the skin of the 
 top of the head torn off as a token of 
 victory by the N. American Indians. — 
 v.t. to cut the scalp from. [Prob. from 
 Ice. skal, a skull, modified by confusion 
 with L. scalpo, to cut ; akin to Scale, a 
 shell, and Shell.] 
 
 SCALPEL, skalp'el, ?i. a small surgical 
 knife foV dissecting and operating. [L. 
 ■^caljxllum, dim. of scalpnim, a knife — 
 senlpo, to cut.] 
 
 SCALY, skal'i, adj. covered with scales : 
 like scales : (bot.) formed of scales. — ii. 
 Scal'iness. 
 
 SCAMMONY, skam'o-ni, ?i. a cathartic 
 gum-resin obtained from a species of con- 
 volvulus in Asia Minor. [Gr. skamonia.] 
 
 SCAMP, skamp, n. a vagabond : a mean 
 fellow. — v.t. in phrase to scamp u-ork, to 
 do it dishonestly, without thoroughness. 
 [From Scamper.] 
 
 SCAMPER, skamp'er, r.i. to run with 
 speed and trepidation. [Lit. "to quit 
 the field," O. Fr. escamper — L. e.v, out 
 of, from, and campus, field ; cf. Decamp.] 
 
 SCAN, skan, v.t. to count the feet or 
 measures in a verse : to examine care- 
 fully : to scrutinize : — -iJi'.p. scanu'ing ; 
 jM.t. and pa.p. scanned. [Lit. "to 
 climb," Fr. scander, to scan — L. scando, 
 scansum, Saus. skaud, to ascend.] 
 
 SCANDAL, skan'dal, n. something said 
 which is false and injurious to reputa- 
 tion : disgrace : opprobrious censure. 
 [Orig. offence, Fr. scandale — L. scanda- 
 lu7n — Gr. skandalon, a snare laid for an 
 enemv. a stumbliny-block.] 
 
 SCANDALIZE, skan'dal-Iz, v.t. to give 
 scandal or offence to : to shock : to re- 
 proach : to disgrace. 
 
 SCANTDALOUS, skan'dal-us, adj. giving 
 scandal or offence : calling forth condem- 
 nation : openly vile : defamatory. — adv. 
 Scan'D ALOUSLY. — M. ScaN'DjVLOUSNESS. 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN, skan-di-na'\'i-an. adj. of 
 Scandinavia, the peninsula divided into 
 Norway and Sweden. The Scandinavian 
 languages are Icelandic, Danish, Swed- 
 ish, and Norwegian. [Latinized form of 
 the native name : the termination -avia, 
 sig. "island," being the same as the 
 Goth, an". Ice. e?/(as in Orkn-ey), A.S. ig.] 
 
 SCANSION, skan'.shun. ». act of scanning 
 or counting the measures in a verse. 
 
 8CANS0RIAL, skan-so'ri-al, adj., climb- 
 
 ing: formed for climbing. [From L. 
 scando, scansum. See Scax.I 
 
 SCANT, skant, adj. not full or plenti- 
 ful : scarcely sufficient : deficient. [Ice. 
 skammt. short, narrow.] 
 
 SCANTTLING kant'Hng, n. a little piece : 
 a piece or quantity cut for a particular 
 purpose : a certain proportion. [Fr. 
 echantillon, a sample — 0. Fr. cant, edge, 
 corner. See Cant, an edge.] 
 
 SCANTY, skant'i, adj., scant : not copious 
 or full : hardly sufficient : wanting ex- 
 tent : narrow : small. — adv. SCANT'ILY. 
 
 — n. SCAN'T'INESS. 
 
 SCAPEGOAT, skap'got, n. a goat on 
 which, once a year, the Jewish high- 
 priest confessed the sins of the people, 
 and whicli was. then allowed to escape 
 into the wilderness. [Escape and Goat.] 
 
 SCAPEGRACE, skap'gras, n. a graceless 
 harebrained fellow. [Lit. " one who has 
 escaped grace."] 
 
 SCAPEMENT. Same as Escapement. 
 
 SCAPULAR, skap'u-lar, adj. pertaining to 
 the shoulder. [Fr. — Low L. scapularis — 
 L. scapidce, the shoulder-blades.] 
 
 SCAPULAR, skap'u-lar, SCAPULARY, 
 skap'u-lar-i, n. an ornament worn by 
 some R. Cath. orders, consisting of two 
 woollen bands, one of which crosses the 
 shoulders, and the other the breast. 
 
 SCAR, skar, ?!. the mark left by a wound 
 or sore: any mark or blemish. — v.t. 
 to mark with a scar. — v.i. to become 
 scarred: — pr.p. scarr'ing; ^ja.f. a.nd jia.p. 
 scarred. [Fr. escarre — L. eschara — Gr. 
 eschara, a fireplace, a scab on a wound 
 produced by burning.] 
 
 SCAR, skar, n. a precipitous bank or rock. 
 [A Scand. word, as Ice. sker, from the 
 root of Shear, v.. and Shore, the coast.] 
 
 SCARAMOUCH, skar'a-mowch, n. a buf- 
 foon : a bragging, cowardly fellow. [Fr., 
 through It., from O. Ger. sker7nayi. to 
 fight." See Skirmish.] 
 
 SCARCE, skars, adj. not jj^entiful : not 
 equal to the demand : rare : not com- 
 mon.— adv. SCARCE'LY, (B.) Scarce.— H. 
 Scarce'ness. [Lit. " picked out," O. Fr. 
 escars (Fr. echars), niggardly — Low L. 
 scarpsits == e.r-carjjs«s, for L. excerx>tus, 
 pa.p. of excerpo — ex. out of, and carpo, 
 to pick.] 
 
 SCARCITY, skars'i-ti, n. state of being 
 searce : deficiency : rareness. 
 
 SCARE, skar, v.t. to drive away by fright- 
 ening : to strike with sudden terror. 
 [Scot, skair, to take fright, conn, with 
 Ice. skjarr, shj", timid, Ger. (sich) scheren, 
 to make off.] 
 
 SCARECROW, skar'kro, n. anything set 
 up to scare away croifs or other birds : 
 a vain cause of terror. 
 
 SCARE-SINNER, skar'-sin-er, n. one who 
 or that wliich frightens sinners. "Do 
 stop that death - looking, long - striding 
 scoundrel of a scare-sin Her (Death) who 
 is posting after me." — Sterne. 
 
 SCARF. skSrf, n. a light piece of dress worn 
 loosely on the shoulders or about the 
 neck : a light handkerchief for the neck : 
 — pi. Scarfs. [Fr. eeharpe, a scarf, a 
 girdle, orig. the pocket which a pilgrim 
 bore suspended from his neck (cf. ScRIP), 
 from O. Ger. scherbe, a pocket.] 
 
 SCARF, skarf, v.t. to join two pieces of 
 timber endwise, so that they may be used 
 as one. — n. Scarf'lng. [Sw. skarfa, Dan. 
 skari-e, to join together ; Ger. scharben, 
 to cut small, A.S. scearfe. a fragment. 
 The fundamental idea is that of pointing, 
 cutting, and so piecing together ; conn. 
 with Shear, v.] 
 
 SCARFSKIN. skarfskin, n. the scurf or 
 surface skin : the cuticle or outer skin of 
 animals. [A.S. sceorf, scurf, and SkEs'. 
 See SCTBF.J 
 
 SCARIFICATION, skar-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act 
 of scarifying. 
 
 SCARIFY, skar'i-fi, v.t. to scratch or slight- 
 ly cut the skin : to make small cuts with 
 a lancet, so as to draw blood : — jja.t. and 
 jia.p. scar'ified. [Fr. scarijier — L. scari- 
 Jico, -atuDi — Gr. skarijJhaomai — skar- 
 iphos, an etching tool.] 
 
 SCARLATINA, skar-la-te'na, SCARLBff- 
 FEVER, skar'let-fe'ver, n. a contagioas 
 fever, known by the scarlet flush which 
 accompanies it. 
 
 SCARLET, skar'let, n. a bright-red color : 
 scarlet cloth. — adj. of the color called 
 scarlet. [O. Fr. e.scarlate (Fr. ecarlaie , 
 throug'h Low L. scarlatum — Pers. sakir- 
 lat, perh. from Gr. Sikelia, Sicily, which 
 during the Arab domination had a large 
 cotton and silk manufacture.] 
 
 SCARLET-RUNNT;R, skarlet-run'er, n. a 
 plant with scarlet flowers which runs up 
 any support. 
 
 SCARP, skarp. Same as Escarp. [Fr. es- 
 carpe, through It. Scarpa, from O. Ger. 
 .•icarji (Ger. scharf). E. Sharp.] 
 
 SCARPINES, skar'pinz, n.pl. an instru- 
 ment of tortvire resembling the boot. 
 "Being twice racked ... I was put to 
 the sear23ines, whereof I am, as you see, 
 somewhat lame of one leg." — Kingsley. 
 [Fr. escarpins.] 
 
 SCARY, ska'ri, adj. subject to a scare : 
 alarmed: frigiitened : scared. \Miittier, 
 
 SCATH, SCATHE, skath, n. damage, in- 
 jury. — v.t. to injure. [A.S. sceatha, an 
 enemv. cog. with Ger. schade, injury.] 
 
 SCATHLESS, skath'les or skath'les, adj. 
 without damage, or injurv. 
 
 SCATTER, skat'^er, v.i. to 'disperse in all 
 directions : to throw looselv about : to 
 strew: to sprinkle. — v.i. to be dispersed 
 or dissipated. [A.S. scateran, scaterian. 
 See Shatter.] 
 
 SCA"S*ENGER, skav'en-jer, n. one who 
 cleans the streets. [Orig. scavager, an 
 inspector of goods for sale, and also of the 
 streets ; from obs. E. scavage, duty on 
 goods for sale — A.S. sceawian, to inspect, 
 E. Show.] 
 
 SCENE, sen, n. {orig.) the stage of a theatre 
 on which the actors perform : a picture 
 of the place of an action : a large painted 
 view : place of action, occurrence, or 
 exhibition : the part of a play acted with- 
 out change of place : a series of events 
 connected and exhibited : a number of 
 objects presented to the \iew at once : 
 spectacle : view : a display of strong 
 feeling between two or more persons. 
 [Fr. scene — L. scena — Gr. skene, a covered 
 place, a booth, a stage.] 
 
 SCENERY, sen'er-i, n. tlie painted repre- 
 sentation on a stage : the appearance of 
 anything presented to the eye : general 
 aspect of a landscape. 
 
 SCENIC, sen'ik or se'nik, adj. pertaining 
 to scenery : dramatic : theatrical. 
 
 SCENOGRAPHIC, sen-o-graf'ik, SCENO- 
 GRAPHICAL, sen-o-graf'ik-al, adj. 
 drawn in perspective. — adv. SCENO- 
 graph'ically. 
 
 SCENOGRAPHY, se-nog'ra-fi, n. the art 
 of perspective : representation in j)er- 
 spective. [Gr. skaw. a scene, and ijrapho, 
 to write, delineate.] 
 
 SCENT, sent, v.t. to discern by the sens* 
 of smell : to perfume. — n. odor : sense 
 of smell : chase followed by t)ie scent : 
 course of pursuit. [Fr. sentir—'L. sentio, 
 lit. "to discern by the senses." See 
 Sense.] 
 
 SCEPTIC, skep'tik, SCEPTICAL, skejj'tik- 
 al, adj. doubting : hesitating to admit 
 the certainty of doctrines or principles : 
 (theol.) doubting or denying the truth of 
 revelation. — n. Sceptic one who is scei>- 
 tical : {theol.) one who doubts or denies
 
 SCEPTICISM 
 
 379 
 
 SCORK 
 
 the existence of God or the truths of 
 revelation. — adv. Sckp'ticalx,y. [L. 
 scejitieus — Gr. skejitikos, thoughtful, re- 
 flective — skeptomai, to look about, to 
 consider.] 
 
 SCEPTICISM, skep'ti-sizm, n. doubt : the 
 doctrine that no facts can be certainly 
 known : (theol.) doubt of the existence 
 of God or the truth of revelation. 
 
 SCEPTRAL, sep'tral, adj. pertaining to or 
 resembling a sceptre. "Large red lilies 
 of love, sceptral and tall." — Sinnburne. 
 
 SCEPTRE, sep'ter, n. the staff or baton 
 borne by kings as an emblem of author- 
 ity: royal power. [L. sceptrum — Gr. skep- 
 tron, a staff to lean upon — skejJto, to 
 lean.] 
 
 SCEPTRED, sep'trd, adj. bearing a sceptre. 
 
 SCEPTRY, sep'tri, adj. bearing a sceptre : 
 sceptred : royal. " BUs highness Lu- 
 dolph's sceptr'y hand." — Keats. 
 
 SCHEDULE, sked'ul, n. a piece of paper 
 containing some writing : a list, inven- 
 tory, or table. — v.t. to place in a schedule 
 or Ust. [O. Fr. schedule (Fr. cedule) — L. 
 schedula, dim. of scheda, a strip of papy- 
 rus, Gr. schede, anything formed bj' cleav- 
 ing, a leaf, from L. scindo, Gr. schizo, to 
 cleave.] 
 
 SCHEIK. Same as Sheik. 
 
 SCHEME, skem, n. plan : something con- 
 trived to be done: purpose: plot: a com- 
 bination of things by design : an illustra- 
 tive diagram. — v.t. to plan : to contrive. 
 — v.i. to form a plan or scheme. — n. 
 Schem'er. [Fr. — L. schema — Gr. schema, 
 form or shape — echo, scheso, to have or 
 hold.] 
 
 SCHEMING, skem'ing, adj. given to form- 
 ing schemes : intriguing. 
 
 SCHISM, sizm, n. a separation in a church, 
 from diversitj- of opinion. [L. sehisma — 
 Gr. schizo, to" split.] 
 
 SCHISMATIC,siz-mat'ik,SCHISMATICAL, 
 siz-mat'ik-al, adj. tending to, or of the 
 nature of schism. — n. Schisiiat'ic, one 
 who separates from a church on account 
 of difference of opinion. — adv. Schismat'- 
 ICALLY. [L. schismaticus — Gr. schismaii- 
 kos — sehisma.] 
 
 SCHIST, shist, ?i. (geol.) a kind of rock 
 spZiiiiHgf into thin laj-ers: slate-rock. [Fr. 
 schiste — Gr. schisios — schizo, to split.] 
 
 SCHISTIC, shist'ik, SCHISTOUS, shist'us, 
 SCHISTOSE, shist-os', adj. like schist : 
 having a sl aty structure. 
 
 SCHIZOGNATfi.^, shiz-og'na-the, n.pl. a 
 sub-order of carinate birds, proposed by 
 Huxley to include the Gallina3, GrallEe, 
 and Natatores of Cuvier. [Gr. schizo, to 
 cleave, and gnathos, jaw-bone.] 
 
 SCHOLAR, skol'ar, n. a pupil: a disciple: a 
 student : one who has received a learned 
 education : a man of learning : in the 
 English universities, an undergraduate 
 partlj' supported from the revenues of a 
 college. — Scholar's MATE, in chess, a sim- 
 ple mode of checkmate, frequently prac- 
 ticed on inexperienced players, in which 
 the skilled player's queen, supported by 
 a bishop, mates the tyro's king in four 
 moves. '■ A simple trip, akin to .scholars 
 mate at chess." — H. Kiiigsley. [L. schol- 
 aris. belonging to a school — schola. See 
 School.] 
 
 SCHOLARLY, skol'ar-li, adj. like or becom- 
 ing a scholar. 
 
 SCHOLARSHIP, skol'ar-ship, n. the char- 
 acter of a scholar : learning : in the En- 
 glish universities, maintenance for a 
 scholar. 
 
 SCHOLASTIC, sko-las'tik, adj. pertaining 
 to a scholar or to schools : scholar-like : 
 pertaining to the schoolmen: excessively 
 subtle. — li. one who adheres to the meth- 
 od or subtleties of the schools of the mid- 
 dle ages. [Fr. — L. scholastieus — Gr. scho- 
 
 lastikos — scholazo, to have leisure, to at- 
 tend .school — schole, leisure. Cf. School.] 
 
 SCHOLL\ST, sko'li-ast, n. a writer of scho- 
 lia. [Gr. scholiastes'—.schoHon, a scholi- 
 um.] 
 
 SCHOLL\STIC, sko-li-ast'ik, adj. pertain- 
 ing to a scholiast or to scholia. 
 
 SCHOLIUM, sko'li-um,?i. one of the margi- 
 nal notes of the old critics on the ancient 
 classics : (math.) an explanation added to 
 a problem -.—pil. Scho'LIA, Scho'LIUMS. 
 [Low L. — Gr. scholion, a short note or 
 comment — schole, leisure.] 
 
 SCHOOL, sk65l, ?(. a place for instruction : 
 an institution of learning, esp. for chil- 
 dren: the pupils of a school: exercises for 
 instruction : the disciples of a particular 
 teacher, or those who hold a common 
 doctrine. — v.t. to educate in a school : to 
 instruct : to admonish. [L. schola — Gr. 
 ■schole, leisure, a lecture, a school.] 
 
 SCHOOLMAN, skool'man. n. one of the 
 philosophers and divines of the second 
 half of the middle-ages. 
 
 SCHOOLMASTER, skool'mas-ter, n. the 
 master or teacher of a school : (B.) a 
 pedagogue -.—fern. School'mistress. 
 
 SCHOONER, skoon'er, n. a sharp-built, 
 swift-sailing vessel, generallj- two-mast- 
 ed, rigged either witn fore-and-aft sails 
 on both masts, or with square top and 
 top-gallant sails on the foremast. [Coined 
 in I?ew England from the Prov. Eng. 
 scooii (Scot, scon), to make a flat stone 
 skip along the surface of water.] 
 
 SCIATIC, si-at'ik, SCIATICAL, sl-at'ik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to or affecting the hip. 
 [Low L. seiatieus — Gr. ischion, the hip- 
 joint.] 
 
 SCIATICA, sl-at'ik-a, ji. a rheumatic affec- 
 tion of the hip-joint : a neuralgic affec- 
 tion of the sciatic nerve. [Low L. sci- 
 atica — Gr. ischion.'] 
 
 SCIENCE, si'ens, n., knouiedge (system- 
 atized) : truth ascertained : pursuit of 
 knowledge or truth for its own sake : 
 knowledge arranged under general truths 
 and principles : that which refers to ab- 
 stract principles, as distinguished from 
 " art." [Fr. — L. scientia — sciens, -eiitis, 
 pr.p. of scto, to know.] 
 
 SCIENTIFIC, sl-en-tif'ik, SCIENTIFICAL, 
 si-en-tif'ik-al, adj. producing or contain- 
 ing science : according to or versed in 
 science. — adv. Scientit'ically. [Fr. sci- 
 entijique — L. scientia, science, fado, to 
 make.] 
 
 SCIENTIST, si'ent-ist, n. one who studies 
 science, esp. natural science. 
 
 SCIMITAR, sim'i-tar, n. a short, single- 
 edged curved sword, broadest at the 
 point end, used by the Turks and Per- 
 sians. [Prob. through Sp. cimitarra, 
 from Basque cime - terra, something 
 '• with a fine edge."] 
 
 SCINTILLATE, sin'til-lat, v.i. to throw out 
 sparks: to sparkle. [L. scintilla, a, spAvk.] 
 
 SCINTILLATION, .sin-til-la'shun, n. act of 
 throwing out sparks : shining with a 
 twinkling light. 
 
 SCIOLISM. sT'ol-izm, n. superficial knowl- 
 edge. [L. sciolus, dim. of sctws, knowing 
 — scio. to know.] 
 
 SCIOLIST, sl'ol-ist, n. one who knows any- 
 thing superficial!}': a pretender to .science. 
 
 SCION, srun,ii. a CM^Jiugr or twig for graft- 
 ing : a young member of a family. Also 
 spelt ClON, when used for the shoot of a 
 plant. [Fr. (for secion) — L. sectio, a cut- 
 ting— .seco, to cut.] 
 
 SCIRRHOUS, skir'rus, adj., hardened: 
 liroceeding from .scirrhus. 
 
 SCIRRHUS, skir'rus, n. (med.) a, hardened 
 gland forming a tumor: a hardening, esp. 
 that preceding cancer. [Gr. skiros, hard.] 
 
 SCISSOR.S, siz'urz. n.})!. a cutting instru- 
 ment consisting of two blades fastened 
 
 at the middle. [Formerlj- written cisors 
 — O.Fr. cisoires, conn, with Fr. ci.seaux, 
 scissors, from LateL. cisorium, a cutting 
 instrument — L. ccedo, to cut.] 
 
 SCLAVE. SCLAVONIAN, etc. See Slav, 
 Slavonic. 
 
 SCLEROTIC, skle-rot'ik, adj., hard, firm, 
 noting the outer membrane of the eye- 
 ball. — n. the outermost membrane of th« 
 eyeball. [From Gr. skleros, bard.] 
 
 SCOFF, skof, v.t. to mock: to treat with 
 scorn. — v.i. to show contempt or scorn. 
 — n. an expression of scorn or contempt. — 
 n. Scoff'er. [Dan. skuffe, to delude, al- 
 lied to Fris. schof.] 
 
 SCOLD, skold, v.i. to rail in a loud and vio- 
 lent manner: to find fault.— f.i. to chide 
 rudely: to rebuke in words. — n. a rude, 
 clamorous woman. — n. Scold'er. [Low 
 Ger. sdielden, Ger. schelten, to brawl, to 
 scold.] 
 
 SCOLLOP. Same as Scallop. 
 
 SCONCE, skons, n. a bulwark : a small 
 fort : a protective headpiece, hence the 
 head, the skull. [O. Fr. sconcer, escon- 
 cer, to conceal, to withdraw — L. ab- 
 .scondere.] 
 
 SCONCE, skons, n. the part of a candle- 
 stick for the candle : a hanging candle- 
 stick with a mirror to reflect the light. 
 [O.Fr. esconse — Low L. absconsa, sconsa, 
 oi-ig. a dark-lantern — L. absconsa can- 
 dela. a hidden light— abscondo, to hide, 
 candela, a light.] 
 
 SCOOP, skoop, v.t. to lift up, as water, 
 with something hollow : to empty with 
 a ladle : to make hollow: to dig out. — n. 
 anvthing hollow for scooping : a large 
 hollow shovel or ladle : a place hollowed 
 out : a sweeping stroke. [Cog. with 
 Dan. skuffe, Ger. schilppe, prob. from the 
 same root as Shoyel.] 
 
 SCOPE, skop, ?!. that which one sees, space 
 as far as one can see : room or oppor- 
 tunity for free outlook: space for action: 
 the end before the mind : intention. [L. 
 scopos — Gr. skopos — skopeo, skeptomai, 
 to look, to view.] 
 
 SCORBUTIC, skor-bu'tik, SCORBUTICAL, 
 -al, adj. pertaining to, resembling, or 
 diseased with scurvj-. [Late Low L. scor- 
 buticus^scorbutus, scurvy, prob. from O. 
 Dut. .schore (Dut. scheur), a break, rent, 
 and bot, bone, from the wasted appear- 
 ance of the limbs of a person afflicted 
 with .scurvv.] 
 
 SCORCH, skorch, v.t. to burn slightly : to 
 roast highly : to affect painfully with 
 heat. — VA. to be biirned on the surface : 
 to be dried up. [Lit. "to strip the bark 
 off," O. Fr. escorchier, from Low L. ex- 
 eorticare — L. corte,v, eorticis, bark. See 
 Cork.] 
 
 SCORE, skor, n. a mark or notch for keep- 
 ing count : a hue drawn : the number 
 twenty, once represented by a larger 
 notch": a reckoning : account : reason : 
 the original draught of a musical com- 
 position with all the parts, or its tran- 
 script. — v.t. to mark with notches or 
 lines : to furrow. — )i. Scor'er. [A.S. 
 scor, cog. with Ice. skor : akin to A.S. 
 sceran, E. Shear.] 
 
 SCORIA, sk6'ri-a, n., dro.s.s or slag left from 
 metal or ores after being under fire :—pi. 
 Scorle, sko'ri-a, volcanic ashes. [L.— 
 Gr. skoria.] 
 
 SCORN, skorn. v. disdain caused bj' a meaa 
 opinion : extreme contempt : object of 
 contempt. — v.t. to hold in extreme con- 
 tempt : to disdain : (B.) To laugh to 
 SCORN, to deride. — To THIXK SCORN, to 
 disdain or despise. [O. Fr. escoivier (It. 
 scornare), lit. " to take the horns off." 
 to humble, to insult, from L. exconiis, 
 hornless, from e.v, without, and coniua, 
 horns.]
 
 SCORNER 
 
 380 
 
 SCROLL 
 
 « 
 
 SCORNER, skorn'er, n. one who scorns : 
 
 (jB.) one who scoffs at religion. 
 SCORNFUL, skorn'fool, adj. full of scorn : 
 
 contemptuous i disdainful. — adv. Scokn'- 
 
 FTLLT. 
 
 SCORPION, skor'pi-un, n. an insect with 
 claws like the lobster, and armed with 
 a poisonous stins; in its tail : one of the 
 signs of the zodiac : (B.) a whip with 
 points like a scorpion's tail. [Fr. — L. 
 Scorpio — Gr. skorpios. ] 
 
 SCOT, skot, n. a native of Scotland. [A 
 Celtic word, ety. dub.] 
 
 SCOTCH, skoch, SCOTTISH, skot'ish, 
 SCOTS, skots, adj. pertaining to Scot- 
 land, its people, or language. — ns. 
 Scotch'man, Scots'man, a native of 
 Scotland. 
 
 SCOTCH, skoch, v.t. to cut or wound 
 slightly. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 SCOTER, sko'ter, n. a species of marine 
 duck with dark plumage, also called the 
 " surf duck." 
 
 SCOT-FREE, skot'-fre, adj., free from scot 
 (obs.) or payment : untaxed : unhurt, 
 safe. — Scot and lot, a scot or tax origin- 
 ally assessed according to the lot or abil- 
 ity of the payer. [A.S. scot, sceot (cog. 
 with Ger. scliosz) — sceotan, to shoot, to 
 throw down as pavment. See SHOOT.] 
 
 SCOTTICISM, skot'i-sizm, n. a Scotch 
 idiom. 
 
 SCOUNDREL, skown'drel, n. a low, worth- 
 less fellow : a rascal : a man without 
 principle. — n. Scoun'drelism, baseness, 
 rascality. [It. scondaniolo, a coward — 
 scondere, to hide — L. abs-condere. See 
 Abscond.] 
 
 SCOUNDRELDOM, skown'drel-dum, n. 
 the character, habits, or practices of a 
 scoundrel : the community of scoun- 
 drels : scoundrels collectively. "High- 
 born scoiindreldom." — Froude. 
 
 SCOUR, skowr, v.t. to clean by rubbing 
 with something rough : to cleanse from 
 grease, dirt, etc.: to remove by rubbing : 
 to pass quickly over : to range. — n. 
 Scouk'ee. [O. Fr. escurer, Fr. ecurer ; 
 Ger. scheitern ; prob. both from Low L. 
 scurare. to sweep — L. ex-curare.] 
 
 SCOURGE, skurj, n. a whip made of 
 leather thongs : an instrument of punish- 
 ment : a punishment : means of punish- 
 ment. — v.t. to whip severely : to punish 
 in order to correct. — n. Scoueg'er. [Fr. 
 escourgee, ecourgee — L. (scutica) excori- 
 ata, (a whip) made of leather — corium, 
 leather.] . 
 
 SCOUT, skowt, n. one sent out to bring 
 in tidings, observe the enemj', etc. : a 
 college servant at Oxford. [O. Fr. 
 esconte — escouter (It. ascoltare) — L. aus- 
 eultare, to listen — auricula, auris, the 
 ear.] 
 
 SCOUT, skowt, v.t. to sneer at : to reject 
 with disdain. [Ace. to Wedgwood, Scot. 
 scout, to pour forth a liquid forcibly.] 
 
 SCOWL, skowl, v.i. to wrinkle the brows 
 in displeasure : to look sour or angry : 
 to look gloomj'. — ?i. the wrinkling of the 
 brows when displeased : a look of sullen- 
 ness, anger, or discontent. [Cog. with 
 Dan. sk^de, Dut. schuileti ; perh. conn, 
 with A.S. sceol, squint, Ger. schel, squint- 
 ing, Scot, skelly, to squint.] 
 SCRABBLE, skrab'l, v.i. (B.) to scrape or 
 make unmeaning marks : to scrawl. 
 [Freq. of Scrape!] 
 3CRAG, skrag, n. anything thin or lean 
 and rough : the bony part of the neck. 
 [Gael, sgreag, parched.] 
 SCRAG, skrag, vj. to put to death by 
 hanging : to hang. " Intimating by a 
 lively pantomimic representation that 
 scragging and hanging were one and the 
 same thing." — Dickens. 
 SCRAGGED, skrag-ed, SCRAGGY, skrag-i, 
 
 adj. lean and rough : uneven : rugged. — 
 Ji«. SCRAGG'EDSESS, SCRAGG'INESS. — adv. 
 SCRAGG'ILY. 
 
 SCRAMBLE, skram'bl, v.i. to struggle to 
 seize something before others : to catch 
 at or strive for rudelj' : to move on all- 
 fours. — n. act of scrambling. — n. SCRAM'- 
 BLER. [Prov. E. scramb, to rake together 
 with the hands, or scraynp, to snatch at ; 
 nearly allied to Scrabble and Scrape.] 
 
 SCRAP, skrap, n. a small piece : an uncon- 
 nected extract. — Scrap'-BOOK, n. a blank 
 book for scraps or extracts, prints, etc. 
 [From Scrape.] 
 
 SCRAPE, skrap, v.t. to make a harsh or 
 grating noise on : to rub with something 
 sharp : to remove by drawing a sharp 
 edge over : to collect by laborious effort: 
 to save penuriously. — n. a perplexing 
 situation : difficulty. [A.S. screopan ; 
 Ice. skrapa, to creak, grate : from the 
 sound.] 
 
 SCRAPER, skrap'er, n. an instrument used 
 for scraping, esp. the soles of shoes. 
 
 SCRAPING, skrap'ing, «. that which is 
 scraped off. 
 
 SCRATCH, skrach, v.t. to rub or mark the 
 surface with something pointed, as the 
 nails : to tear or dig with the claws. — 
 i:i. to use the nails or claws in tearing 
 or digging. — n. a mark or tear made 
 by scratching : a slight wound : the line 
 in a prize-ring up to which boxers are 
 led, hence test, trial, as in phrase "to 
 come up to the scratch." [Allied to Ger. 
 kratzen, Dut. krassen, to scratch, s being 
 intrusive.] 
 
 SCRATCHER, skrach'er, n. a bird which 
 scratches for food, as a hen. 
 
 SCRAWL, skrawl, v.t. and v.i. to scrape, 
 mark, or write irregularly, or hastily. — 
 ji. irregular or hasty writing.-ji.ScRAWL'- 
 ER. [Akin to Dut. schravelen, scrafelen, 
 to scrape.] 
 
 SCREAM, skrem, v.i. to cry out with a 
 shrill cry, as in fear or pain : to shriek. 
 — n. a shrill, sudden cry, as in fear or 
 pain : a shriek. [An imitative word, 
 found in Sw. skramma, to fear ; cf. 
 Creak, Crack. Screech, Shriek.] 
 
 SCREECH, skrech, v.i. to shriek or utter 
 a harsh, shrill, and sudden cry. — 7i. a 
 harsh, shrill, and sudden crj*. [An imi- 
 tative word, found in Gael, sgreach, 
 Scot, skreigh. See Scream.] 
 
 SCREECH-OWL, skrech'-owl, n. a kind of 
 oti'l, so called from its screeching cry. 
 
 SCREEN, skren, n. that which shelters 
 from danger or observation : a partition 
 in churches : a coarse riddle for sifting 
 coal, etc. — v.t. to shelter or conceal : to 
 pass through a coarse riddle. [O. Fr. 
 escren (Fr. ecran); of uncertain origin.] 
 
 SCREW, skroo, n. a cylinder with a spiral 
 groove or ridge on either its outer or 
 inner surface, used as a fastening and as 
 a mechanical power: a screw-propeller. — 
 v.t. to apply a screw to : to press with a 
 screw: to twist: to oppress by extortion: 
 to force : to squeeze. [Low Ger. schruve. 
 Ice. skrufa, Ger. schraube, whence prob. 
 Fr. ecroti.l 
 
 SCREW-DRm;R. skroo'-drlv'er, n. an 
 instrument for driving or turning scretv- 
 nails. 
 
 SCREW-JACK, skroo'-jak. Same as Jack- 
 screw. 
 SCREW-NAIL, skroo'-nal, n. a nail made 
 
 in the form of a screic. 
 SCREW - PROPELLER, skroo'-pro-pel'er, 
 n. a screiv or spiral-bladed wheel at the 
 stern of steam-vessels for propelling 
 them : a steamer so propelled. 
 SCREW-STEAMER, skroo'-stem'er, n. a 
 
 steamer propelled bv a screw. 
 SCRIBBLE, skrib'l, v'.t. to scratch or write 
 carelessly : to fill with worthless writ- 
 
 ing. — v.i. to write carelessly : to scrawl. 
 — n. Scribb'ler. [O. Fr. e'scrivailler, to 
 scribble — escrire, L. scribere. to write, 
 akin to Gr. grapho, to scratch.] 
 
 SCRIBE, skrib. n. a writer: a public or 
 official writer : a clerk, amanuensis, 
 secretary : {B.) a copyist or expounder of 
 the law.' [Fr. — L. scriba — scribo, scribere, 
 to write.] 
 
 SCRIMMAGE, skrim'aj, n. a skirmish : a 
 general fight. (Prob. a corr. of SKIR3IISH.] 
 
 SCRIMP, skrimp, v.t. to make too small or 
 short : to limit or shorten. — adj. short, 
 scanty. [Scot, scrimp, scanty ; Ger. 
 schnimpfen, to shrink.] 
 
 SCRIP, skrip, n. that which is written : a 
 piece of paper containing writing : a cer- 
 tificate of stock or shares in any joint- 
 stock company subscribed or allotted. 
 [L. scriptum, pa.p. of scribo.} 
 
 SCRIP, skrip. n. a small bag or wallet. 
 [Ice. skrcppa ; conn, with Scarf.] 
 
 SCRIPT, skript, n. (pnnt)type like icritten 
 letters. [L. scriptum — scribo. to write.] 
 
 SCRIPTURAL, skript'ur-al. adj. contained 
 in Scripture : according to Scripture : 
 biblical.— adr.ScRiPT'tTRALLY.—n.SCRlPT'- 
 
 PRAT.KESS. 
 
 SCRIPTURE, skript'ur, n. sacred writing : 
 the Bible. — The Scriptures, the Bible. 
 [Lit. a uriting, L. s?riptura — scribo. to 
 write.] 
 
 SCRIVEN, skriv'n, v.t. and v.i. to write in 
 a scrivener-like manner. "A mortgage 
 serivened up to ten skins of parchment." 
 — Roger North. " Two or three hours' 
 hard scrivening." — Miss Edgeworth. 
 
 SCRIVENER, skriv'en-er, n. a scribe or 
 writer : a copyist : one who draws up 
 contracts, etc. : one who receives the 
 money of others to lay it out at interest 
 [O. Fr. escrivain (Fr. ecrivain) — Low L 
 scribanus, L. scriba, a scribe — scribo.] 
 
 SCROFULA, skrof'u-la, n. a disease due to 
 a deposit of tubercle in the glandular 
 and bony tissues, and in reality a form of 
 tuberculosis or consumption. It generally 
 shows itself by hard indolent tumors of 
 the glands in various parts of the body, 
 but particularly in the neck, behind the 
 ears and under the chin, which after a 
 time suppurate and degenerate into ul- 
 cers, from which, instead of pus, a white 
 curdled matter is discharged. Scrofula 
 is not contagious, but it is often a he- 
 reditary disease ; its first appearance 
 is most usually between the third and 
 seventh j-ear of the child's age, but it 
 may arise between this and the age of 
 puberty ; after which it seldom makes its 
 first attack. It is promoted by every- 
 thing that debilitates, but it may remain 
 dormant through life and not show itself 
 till the next generation. In mild cases 
 the glands, after having suppurated, 
 slowh' heal ; in others, the eyes and eye- 
 lids become inflamed, the joints become 
 affected, the disease gradually extending 
 to the ligaments and bones, and produc- 
 ing a hectic and debilitated state under 
 which the patient sinks ; or it ends in 
 tuberculated lungs and pulmonan,- con- 
 sumption. Called also STRUMA and Klsa'S- 
 EVIL. [L. scrofulce, a swelling of the 
 glands of the neck, scrofula, from scrofa, 
 a breeding sow, so called because swins 
 were supposed to be subject to a simUar 
 complaint.] 
 
 SCROFULOUS, skrof'u-lus, adj. pertaining 
 to, resembling, or affected with scrofula. 
 
 SCROLL, skrol, n. a roll of paper or parch- 
 ment : a writing in the form of a roll : a 
 rough draught of anything : a schedule : 
 (arch.) a spiral ornament : the volute of 
 the Ionic and Corinthian capitals. [O. 
 Fr. escrol, Fr. icrmi; of uncertain or> 
 gin-]
 
 SCRUB 
 
 381 
 
 SCUTTLE 
 
 SCRUB, skrub, v.t. to rub hard, esp. with 
 something rough. — v.i. to be laborious 
 and penurious -.—iw.p. scrubb'ing ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. scrubbed. — n. one who works 
 hard and lives meanly : anything small 
 or mean : a worn-out brush : low under- 
 wood. — n. Scrubb'er. [Low Ger. schrub- 
 ben. Dan. skrubbe, to rub or scrub ; conn. 
 
 with SCEAPE.] 
 
 SCRUBBY, skrub'i, adj. laborious and pen- 
 urious: mean: small: stunted in growth. 
 
 SCRUPLE, skroo'pl, n. a small weight (20 
 grains, or i drachm): a very small quan- 
 tity: reluctance to decide or act, as from 
 motives of conscience: difficulty. — v.i. to 
 hesitate in deciding or acting. [Fr. scni- 
 pule — L. scrupulus, dim. of scrupus, a 
 rough, sharp stone, anxiety.] 
 
 SCRLTPULOUS, skroo'pu-lus, adj. having 
 scruples, doubts, or objections : conscien- 
 tious : cautious : exact. — adv. Scru'pu- 
 LOUSLY. [L. scmpulosus.] 
 
 SCRUPULOUSNESS, skroo ' pu - lus - nes, 
 SCRUPULOSITY, skroo-pu-los'i-ti, n. 
 state of being scrupulous : doubt : nice- 
 ness : precision. 
 
 SCRUTABLE, skroo'ta-bl, adj. capable of 
 being submitted to scrutiny : discover- 
 able by scrutiny, inquiry, or critical ex- 
 amination, " Shall we think God so 
 scrutable or ourselves so penetrating 
 that none of his secrets can escape us ? " 
 — Dr. H. More. 
 
 SCRUTATOR, skrod-ta'ter, n. one who 
 scrutinizes : a close examiner or in- 
 quirer : a scrutineer. Ayliffe ; Bailey. 
 [L., from scnitor, scrutatus, to explore.] 
 
 SCRUTINEER, skro6-ti-ner', n. one who 
 makes a scrutiny, or minute search or 
 inquiry. 
 
 SCRUTINIZE, skroo'ti-nTz, v.t. to search 
 minutely or closely : to examine care- 
 fully or critically : to investigate. 
 
 SCRUTINY, skroo'ti-ni, n. careful or min- 
 ute inquiry : critical examination : an 
 examination of the votes given at an 
 election for the purpose of correcting 
 the poll. [L. scrutinium — scrutor, to 
 search even to the rags — scruta, Gr. 
 gryte, rags, trash.] 
 
 SCUD, skud, v.i. to run quickly : (naut.) 
 to run before the wind in a gale : — pr.p, 
 scudd'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. scudd'ed. — n. 
 act of moving quickly : loose, vapory 
 clouds driven swiftly along. [A.S. scu- 
 dan : Ger. schutterii.] 
 
 SCUDO, skoo'do (pi. SCUDI, skoo'de), n. an 
 Italian silver coin of different value in 
 the different states in which it was issued. 
 The Genoese scudo is equivalent to about 
 f 1.30 ; the Roman, |1.05 ; the Sardinian 
 and Milanese, 97 cents. This coin is 
 gradually disappearing before the deci- 
 mal coinage of the Italian kingdom, but 
 the name is sometiuies given to the piece 
 of 5 lire (about 97 cents). The old Roman 
 gold scudo was worth 10 silver scudi. [It., 
 a shield, a crown, from L. scutum, a 
 shield ; so called from its bearing the 
 heraldic shield of the prince by whom it 
 was issued.] 
 SCUFFLE, skuf'l, v.i. to struggle closely : 
 to fight confusedly. — n. a struggle in 
 which the combatants grapple closely : 
 any confused contest. [A.S. scufan, to 
 shove ; Dan. skuffe, Sw. skuffa, to shove 
 or push, skuff, a blow, a thrust. See 
 Shove, Shovel.] 
 SCULK. Same as Skulk. 
 SCULL, skul, n. a short, light oar: a small 
 boat : a cock-boat. — v.t. to impel bj' 
 sculls: to propel by working an oar 
 from side to side of the stern, without 
 raising the blade from the water. — n. 
 ScviAJlNQ. [Scand. skol, to splash.] 
 SCULLER, skul'er, n. one who sculls : a 
 
 small boat rowed by two sculls pulled by 
 one man. 
 
 SCULLERY, skul'er-i, n. the place for 
 dishes and other kitchen utensils. [O. 
 Fr. esculier — escuelle — L. scutella, a sal- 
 ver — scutula, dim. of scutra, a dish.] 
 
 SCULLION, skul'yun, n. a servant in the 
 scullery : a servant for drudgery-work. 
 
 SCULPTOR, skulp'tor, n. one who carves 
 figui'es •.—fern. Scux,p'tkess. 
 
 SCULPTURAL, skulp'tur-al, adj. belong- 
 ing to sculpture. 
 
 SCULPTURE, skulp'tur, n. the art of carv- 
 ing figures in wood, stone, etc. : carved- 
 work. — v.t. to carve : to form, as a piece 
 of sculpture. [Fr. — L. sculptura — sculpo, 
 scuptutii, to carve, to cut, Gr. glyplio, to 
 carve.] 
 
 SCUM, skum, n., foam or froth: the ex- 
 traneous matter rising to the surface of 
 liquids, esp. when boiled or fermented : 
 refuse. — v.t. to take the scum from : to 
 skim : — pr.p. scumm'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 scummed. — n. SCUMM'ER. [Ice. skum; 
 Ger. schaum, foam, froth.] 
 
 SCUNCHEON, skun'shun, n. the stones or 
 arches thrown across the angles of a 
 square tower to support the alternate 
 sides of the octagonal spire : also, the 
 cross pieces of timber across the angles 
 to give strength and firmness to a frame. 
 
 SCUNNER, skun'er, v.t. to affect with 
 loathing, disgust, or nausea : to satiate. 
 "Scunnered wi' sweets." — Kingsley. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 SCUP, skup, n. the name given in Rhode 
 Island to a small flsh belonging to the 
 sparoid family. In New York it is called 
 porgy. [From Indian name.] 
 
 SCUP, skup, n. a swing : a term still re- 
 tained by the descendants of the Dutch 
 settlers in New York. [Dut. schop, a 
 swing.] 
 
 SCUP, skup, v.i. in New York, to swing. 
 
 SCUPPER, skup'er, n. (naut.) a channel 
 cut through the water-ways and sides of 
 a ship at proper distances, and lined with 
 lead, for carrying off the water from the 
 deck. [Generally connected with scoop. 
 Wedgwood, however, refers it to O. Fr. 
 and Sp. escupir, to spit ; Armor, skopa, to 
 spit. The Teutonic forms (Ger. speigat, 
 Dan. spy-gat, lit. spit-hole) confirm his 
 derivation/] 
 
 SCUPPER-HOLE, skup'er-hol, n. a scup- 
 per. [See Scupper.] 
 
 SCUPPER-HOSE, skup'er-hoz, n. a leath- 
 ern pipe attached to the mouth of the 
 scuppers of the lower deck of a ship to 
 prevent the water from entering. 
 
 SCUPPER-NAIL, skup'er-nal, n. a nail 
 with a very broad head for covering a 
 large surface of the scupper-hose. 
 
 SCUPPERNONG, skup'er-nong, n. the 
 American name for a species of grape, 
 supposed to be a variety of Vitis vulpina, 
 cultivated and found wild in the Southern 
 States. It is said to have come from 
 G reece. 
 
 SCUPPER-PLUG, skup'er-plug, n. a plug 
 to stop a scupper. 
 
 SCURF, skurf, n. the crust or flaky matter 
 formed on the skin : anything adhering 
 to the surface. [A.S. scurf, cog. with Ice. 
 skurf II, from a root seen in A.S. sceorfian, 
 to scrape, scratch ; allied to SCRUB, 
 Scrape.] 
 
 SCURFY, skurf'i, adj. having scurf : like 
 scurf. — n. Scurf'iness, 
 
 SCURRILE, skur'ril, adj., buffoon-like: iest- 
 iug : foul-mouthed: low. [L. scurrilis — 
 sciirra, an elegant town-bred man, a 
 buffoon.] 
 
 SCURRILITY, skur-ril'it-i, n. buffoonery: 
 low or obscene jesting: indecencj* of lan- 
 guage : vulgar abuse. [L. scuiTilitas.] 
 
 SCURRILOUS, skur'ril-us, adj. using scur- 
 rility, or the language of a buffoon: in- 
 decent: vile: vulgar: opprobrious: grossly 
 abusive. — adv. SCUR'RILOUSLY. 
 
 SCURVILY, skurv'i-li, adv. in a scurvy 
 manner : meanly, basely. 
 
 SCURVINESS, skurv'i-nes, n. state of being 
 .scurvy : meanness. 
 
 SCURVY, skurv'i, n. a disease essentially 
 consisting in a depraved condition of the 
 blood, which chiefly affects sailors and 
 such as are deprived for a considerable 
 time of fresh provisions and a due quan- 
 tity of vegetable food. It is character- 
 ized by livid spots of various sizes, some- 
 times minute and sometimes large, pale- 
 ness, languor, lassitude, and depression 
 of spirits, general exhaustion, pains in 
 the limbs, occasionally with fetid breath, 
 spungy and bleeding gums, and bleeding 
 from almost all the mucous membranes. 
 It is much more prevalent in cold climates 
 than in warm. Fresh vegetables, farin- 
 aceous substances, and brisk fermented 
 liquors, good air, attention to cleanliness, 
 and due exercise, are among the principal 
 remedies, but the most useful article, both 
 as a preventative and as a curative agent, 
 is lime or lemon juice. 
 SCURVY, skurv'i, adj. scurfy ; covered or 
 affected by scurf or scabs ; scabby ; dis- 
 eased with scurvy; " Seurw/ or scabbed." 
 — Lev. xxi. 20: vile ; mean ; low ; vulgar ; 
 worthless ; contemptible ; as, a scurvy 
 fellow ; " A very scurvy tune to sing at 
 a man's funeral." — Shak. ; "That scurvy 
 custom of taking tobacco." — Swift: of- 
 fensive ; mischievous ; malicious ; as, a 
 scurvy trick : 
 
 Nay, but he prated 
 Aiid spoke such scurvy a.n<i provoking^ terms 
 Against your honor. — Shak. 
 
 SCURVY-GRASS, skurv'i-gras, n. the com- 
 mon name of several species of plants ot 
 the genus Cochlearia, nat. order Cruci- 
 feras. They are herbaceous plants, hav- 
 ing alternate leaves, the flowers disposed 
 in terminal racemes, and usually white. 
 The common scurvy-grass (C. officinalis) 
 grows abundantly on the sea coast, and 
 along rivers near the sea. The leaves 
 have an acrid and slightly bitter taste : 
 they are eaten as a salad, and are anti- 
 scorbutic and stimulating to the digest- 
 ive organs. 
 
 Some scurvy-grass do brin^. 
 
 That inwardly applied's a wondrous sovereisu thin^. 
 
 —Drayton. 
 
 [A corruption of scurvy-cress, so named 
 because used as a cure for scurvy.] 
 
 SCUT AGE, sku'taj, n. a pecuniary fine or 
 tax, instead of personal service, which a 
 vassal or tenant owed to his lord, some- 
 times levied by the crown in feudal 
 times. [From L. scutum, a shield.] 
 
 SCUTCHEON. Same as Escutcheon. 
 
 SCUTIFORM, sku'ti-form, adj. having the 
 form of a .shield. [L. scutum, a shield, 
 and FORM.l 
 
 SCUTTER, skut'er, n. a hasty, noisy, short 
 run : a scuttle: a scamper. " A scutter 
 downstairs." — E. Bronte. [Provincial.] 
 
 SCUTTLE, skut'l, n. a shallow basket : a 
 vessel for holding coal. [A.S. scutel, O. 
 Fr. escuelle— 1,. scutella, a salver — scutula, 
 dim. of scutra, a dish. See Scullery.] 
 
 SCUTTLE, skut'l, n. the openings or hatch- 
 ways of a ship : a hole through the 
 hatches or in the side or bottom of a 
 ship. — v.t. to cut holes through any part 
 of a ship : to sink a ship by cutting holes 
 in it. [O. Fr. escoutille, a hatchway, 
 from O. Ger. scoz, Ger. schoosz, bosom, 
 lap.] 
 
 SCUTTLE, skut'l, v.i. to scud or run with 
 haste : to hurry. — n. a quick run. [From 
 Scud.]
 
 SCUTUM 
 
 382 
 
 SEA-SICKNESS 
 
 SCUTUM, sku'tum, n. the shield of the 
 heavy-armed Roman legionaries : it was 
 generally oval or of a semi-cylindrical 
 shape, made of wood or wicker-work, 
 covered witli leather, and defended with 
 plates of iron : in anat. the patella or 
 knee-pan, from its shape : in zool. (a) 
 the second section of the upper surface 
 of the segment of an insect ; (6) any 
 shield-like plate, especially such as is 
 developed in the integument of many 
 reptiles : in old km-, a pent-house or 
 awning. [L.] 
 
 SCYBALA, sib a-la, n.pl. in pathol. small 
 indurated balls or fragments into which 
 the faces become converted when too 
 long retained in the colon. [Gr. skybalon, 
 dung.] 
 
 SCYE, SI, n. the curve cut in a body piece 
 of a garment before the sleeve is sewed 
 in, to suit the contour of the arm. 
 
 SCYLE, sil, i'.^ to conceal : to veil. Chau- 
 cer. [A.S. scylan, to separate, to with- 
 draw.] 
 
 SCTTHE. sith, n. a kind of sickle : an in- 
 strument with a large curved blade for 
 mowing grass, etc. — v.t. to cut frith a 
 scythe, to mow. [A.S. sithe ; Ice. sigd, 
 Low Ger. sigde, a sickle, akin to L. securis, 
 an axe, seco. to cut.] 
 
 SCYTHE-WHET, sUh'-whet, n. a name 
 given in the United States to the bird Tur- 
 mis fuscescens (Wilson's thrush), from 
 the sharp metallic ring of its note. J. R. 
 Lowell. 
 
 SEA. se. n. the great mass of salt water 
 covering the greater part of the earth's 
 surface : any great expanse of water less 
 than an ocean : the ocean : the swell of 
 the sea in a tempest : a wave : any large 
 quantity of liquid: any rough or agitated 
 place or element. — At SEA, away from 
 land : on the ocean. — Half-seas over, 
 half-drunk. — HIGH seas, the open ocean. 
 — To GO TO SEA, to become a sailor. [A.S. 
 tee : Ger. see. Goth, saivs, lake, Ice. sior, 
 Sans. scwa. water.] 
 
 SEA-ANEMONE, se'-a-nem'o-ne, n. a kind 
 of polyp, like an anemone, found on rocks 
 on the seacoast. 
 
 SEABOARD, se'bord, n. the border or shore 
 of the sea. [Sea, and Fr. bord, border, 
 the shore.] 
 
 SEACOAST, se'kost, n. the coast or shore 
 of the sea : the land adjacent to the sea. 
 
 SEAFARING, se'far-ing, adj., faring or go- 
 ing to sea: belonging to a seaman. [Sea 
 and Fare. ] 
 
 SEAGAGE. se'gaj, n. the depth a vessel 
 sinks in the water. [Sea and G.VGE.] 
 
 SEAGIRT, se'gert, adj., girt or surrounded 
 by the sea. 
 
 SEA-GOING, se'-go'ing, adj. sailing on the 
 deep sea, as opposed to coasting or river 
 (vessels). 
 
 SEAGREEN, se'g:ren, adj., green like the 
 sea. 
 
 SEAHORSE, se'hors, n. the walrus : the 
 hippopotamus or river-horse : the hippo- 
 campus. 
 
 SEA-ISLAND, se'-i'land, adj. a term ap- 
 plied to a fine long-stapled variety of cot- 
 ton grown on the islands off the coast of 
 South Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 SEAKALE, se'kal, n. a kind of kale or cab- 
 bage found on sandy shores of the sea. 
 
 SEAKING, se'king, n. a name sometimes 
 given to the leaders of the early Scandi- 
 navian piratical expeditions. [Based on 
 a false ety. of Viking, which see.] 
 
 SEAL, sel, n. an engraved stamp for im- 
 pressing the wax which closes a letter, 
 etc. : the wax or other substance so im- 
 pressed: that which makes fast or secure: 
 that which authenticates or ratifies : as- 
 surance. — v.t. to fasten with a seal: to set 
 a seal to: to mark with a stamp: to make 
 
 fast: to confirm: to keep secure. — Great 
 seal, the state seal of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, and of the commonwealths of the 
 Union; as of Massachusetts and Pennsyl- 
 vania. Notaries public usually have au- 
 thority to affix a seal to public documents 
 of record, such as mortgages, deeds, etc. 
 Corporations have corporate seals. [A.S. 
 sigle (Ger. siegel, It. sigillo), all from L. 
 sigiUtun, dim. of sigHiim, amark or sign.] 
 
 SEAL, sel, n. a marine animal valuable for 
 its sldn and oil. [A.S. seolh ; Ice. selr. O. 
 Ger. selah.] 
 
 SEAL, sel, v.i. to fix a seal. "Yes. Shy- 
 lock, I will seal unto this bond." — Shale. 
 
 SEAL-ENGRAVING, sel'-en-grav'ing, n. 
 the art of engra\'lng seals. 
 
 SEA-LEVEL, se'-lev'el, n. the level or sur- 
 face of the sea. 
 
 SEALING-WAX. sel'ing-waks, n., wax for 
 sealing letters, etc. 
 
 SEAL-RING, sel'-ring, n, a signet-ring. 
 " I have lost a seal-ring of my grand- 
 father's, worth forty mark.'" — Shah: 
 
 SEAL-SKIN, sel'-skin, )(. the skin of the 
 seal, which when dressed with the fur on 
 is made into caps and other articles of 
 clothing, or when tanned is used in mak- 
 ing boots, etc. The skin of some species, 
 as the sea-bear or fur-seal, when the 
 coarser long outer hairs are removed, 
 leaving the soft under fur, is the ex- 
 pensive seal-skin of which ladies' jackets, 
 etc., are made. 
 
 SEAL-WAX, sel'-waks, n. sealing-wax. 
 •'Your organs are not so dull that I 
 should inform you 'tis an inch, sir, of 
 seal-ioax. " — Sterne. 
 
 SEAM, sem, n. that which is sewed : the 
 line formed by the sewing together of 
 two pieces : a Une of union : a vein or 
 stratum of metal, ore, coal, etc. : (geol.) 
 a thin layer between thicker strata. — 
 v.t. to unite by a seam : to sew : to make 
 a seam in. [A.S. seam, from seowian, 
 to sew; Ice. saiimr. Ger. sawn, a seam.] 
 
 SEAMAN, se'man. n. a 7nan who assists in 
 the na^agation of ships at sea : a sailor. 
 
 SEAMANSHIP, se'man-ship, n. the art of 
 navigating ships at sea. 
 
 SEAMARK, se'niark, n. any mark or object 
 on land serving as a guide to those at 
 sea .■ a beacon. 
 
 SEAMEW, se'mu, n. a species of gull. 
 
 SEAMLESS, sem'les, adj., icithout a seam : 
 woven throughout. 
 
 SEAMSTRESS, sem'stres or sem'-, ?i. one 
 who sews. [From Seam ; doublet Semp- 
 stress.] 
 
 SEAMY, sem'i, adj. ha\nng a seam or 
 seams. 
 
 SEAN, sen, n. a drag-net : a seine. [See 
 Seine.] 
 
 STANCE, sa'angs, n. a sitting, as of some 
 public body : a sitting for consideration 
 or inquiry : a meeting of Spiritualists for 
 purposes of "communication" through 
 mediums. [Fr., from L. sedeo, to sit.] 
 
 SEA-OTTER,se'-ot-er, n. a marine mammal 
 of the genus Enhydra (E. marina), of the 
 family Mustelida^, and closely allied to the 
 common otter. It averages about 4 feet 
 in length including the tail, which is 
 about 7 inclies long. The ears are small 
 and erect, and the whiskers long and 
 white, the legs are short and thick, the 
 hinder ones somewhat resembling those 
 of a seal. The fur is extremely soft, and of 
 a deep glossy black. The skins of the 
 sea-otters are of great value, and have 
 long been an article of considerable ex- 
 port from Alaska. 
 
 SEAPIECE, se'pes, n. a piece or picture 
 representing a scene at sea. 
 
 SEAPORT, se'port, n. a port or harbor on 
 the seashore: a town near such a harbor. 
 
 SEAR, ser, v.t. to dry up : to burn to dry- 
 
 ness on the surface : to scorch : to cau- 
 terize : to render callous or insensible. — 
 adj. dry, withered. [A.S. .fearian ; O. 
 Ger. soren, to drv. Low Ger. soor, .year.] 
 
 SEARCH, serch. v.t. to look round to find: 
 to seek : to examine ; to inspect : to ex- 
 plore : to put to the test. — v.i. to seek 
 for : to make inquiry. — n. the act of .seek- 
 ing or looking for: examination: inquiry: 
 investigation : pursuit. [M.E. serchen, 
 eercheti — O. Fr. cercher (Fr. chercher)— 
 L. circare, to go about — circus, a circle. 
 See Circle.] 
 
 SEARCHER, serch'er, n. a seeker : an in- 
 quirer or examiner. 
 
 SEARCHING, serch'ing, adj. looking over 
 closely : penetrating- : trying : severe. — 
 adv. Search'ingly. 
 
 SEARCH-LIGHT, serch'-llt, n. a powerful 
 light fitted with reflectors and used in 
 the modern battle ships of the United 
 States, for the pvu'pose of illuminating 
 tlie vessel of an enemj'. 
 
 SEARCH-WARRANT, serch'-wor'ant, n. 
 in laic, a warrant granted by a justice of 
 the peace to a constable to enter the 
 premises of a person suspected of secret- 
 ing stolen goods, in order to discover, 
 and if found to seize, the goods. Similar 
 warrants are granted to search for prop- 
 erty or articles in respect of which other 
 offences are committed, such as base 
 coin, coiners' tools, also gunpowder, 
 nitro-glycerine, liquors, etc., kept con- 
 trary to law. LTnder the Federal Con- 
 stitution the law of search-warrant re- 
 quires that the propertj- sought and tlie 
 place to be entered and searched must 
 be specifically described. Before 1776, 
 Writs of Assistance were issued bj' royal 
 order in the Colonies, giving officers of 
 the crown the power to search and in- 
 vade the homes of the people in very 
 indiscriminate and outrageous fashion. 
 The reaction against such tyrannical in- 
 vasion of privacy gave us om* present 
 well-hedged law, under which the homes 
 of citizens may not be so invaded, and 
 search-warrants may not issue without 
 probable cause, indemnity bond in civil 
 cases, and a specific description of the 
 place and the property involved in the 
 process. 
 
 SEARED, serd, adj., dried up: burned: 
 hardened. 
 
 SEAROOM, se'room, n., room or space at 
 sea for a ship to drive about without 
 running ashore. 
 
 SEASALT, se'salt, Ji. common salt obtained 
 from sea-water by evaporation. 
 
 SEA-SERPENT, se'-ser'pent, n. a fabulous 
 sea-monster. 
 
 SEASHORE, se'shor, n. the land adjacent 
 to the sea. 
 
 SEA-SICK, se'-sik, adj. affected with sick- 
 ness through the rolling of a vessel .at 
 sea. 
 
 SEA-SICKNESS, se'-sik-nes, n. a nervous 
 affection attended with nausea and con- 
 vulsive vomiting, produced by the roll- 
 ing, but more especially the pitching of 
 a vessel at sea. Its origin and nature 
 are still imperfectly known. It usually 
 attacks those persons who are unaccus- 
 tomed to a seafaring life, but persons so 
 
 * accustomed do not always escape. It 
 may attack the strong and cautious, 
 while the debilitated and incautious may 
 go free. It may attack on smooth wa- 
 ters, while a rough sea may fail to pro- 
 duce it. It max V^^s away after the 
 lapse of a few hours, or last during a 
 whole voyage. One good authority ex- 
 plains it as an undue accumulation of 
 the blood in the nervous centres along 
 tlie back, and especially in those seg- 
 ments of the spinal cord related to the
 
 SEASIDE 
 
 383 
 
 SEDITI ON 
 
 stomach and the muscles concerned in 
 vomiting, and recommends as the best 
 remedj- a^inst it the application of ice- 
 bags to the spinal column. In some 
 cases its violence may be considerably 
 mitigated by iced brandy, by small doses 
 of opium, by soda-water, or by saline 
 draughts in the effervescent state. 
 
 SEASIDE, se'sld, n. the land beside the 
 sea. 
 
 SEASON, se'zn, n. one of the four periods 
 of the year : the usual or pvoptr time : 
 any particular time : any period of time. 
 — v.t. to mature : to prepare for use : to 
 accustom : to fit for the taste : to give 
 relish to : to mingle : to moderate. — v.i. 
 to become seasoned or matured : to grow 
 fit for use : to become inured. — n. Sea'- 
 SOSER. [Fr. saison — L. satio, -onis, a 
 sowing, seedtime.] 
 
 SEASONABLE, se'zn-a-bl, adj. happening 
 in due season : occurring in good, suit- 
 able, or proper time : timely : opportune. 
 — adv. Sea'sosablt. — n. 'Sea'sonable- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 SEASONING, se'zn-ing, n. that which is 
 added to food to give it greater relish : 
 anything added to increase enjoyment. 
 [See Season.] 
 
 SEAT, set, n. that on which one sits : a 
 chair, bench, etc.: the place where one 
 sits : site : a place where anything is 
 established : post of authority : station : 
 abode : a mansion. — v.t. to place on a 
 seat : to cause to sit down : to place in 
 any situation, site, etc.: to establish : to 
 fix : to assign a seat to. [A.S. scete — 
 sitan. E. Sit, which see.] 
 
 SEA-UNICORN, se'-u'ni-korn, n. the imi- 
 com of the sea, the narwhal. 
 
 SEA-URCHIN, se'-ur'chin, n. the sea- 
 hedgehog. [So called from its spines.] 
 
 SEAWARD, se Ward, adj., towards the sea. 
 — adv. towards or in the direction of the 
 sea. 
 
 SEAWEED, se'wed, n. a weed or plant of 
 the sea. 
 
 SEAWORTHY, se'wur-<7ii, adj., worthy or 
 fit for sea.—n. Sea'worthiness. 
 
 SEBKA, seb'ka, n. a name of salt marshes 
 in North Africa, sometimes so hard on the 
 dried surface that laden camels can trav- 
 erse them, sometimes so soft that these 
 venturing to enter them sink beyond the 
 power of recovery. 
 
 SEBUNDY, se-buh'di, SEBUNDEE, se- 
 bun'de, n. in the East Indies, an irregu- 
 lar or native soldier or local militiarman, 
 generally employed in the serx-ice of the 
 revenue and police. 
 
 SECANT, se'kant. adj., cutting: dividing 
 into two parts. — n. a line that cuts an- 
 other : a straight Une from the centre of 
 a circle to one extremity of an arc, pro- 
 duced till it meets the tangent to the 
 other extremity. [L. secans, secant is, 
 pr.p. of st'co, to cut.] 
 
 SECEDE, se-sed', v.i. to go away: to separ- 
 ate one's self : to withdraw from fellow- 
 ship or association: to withdraw from the 
 Federal Union. [L. secedo, secessum — se, 
 away, and cedo, to go. See Cede.] 
 
 SECEDER, se-sed'er, re. one who secedes : 
 one of a body of Presbyterians who se- 
 ceded from the Churcli of Scotland about 
 1733. 
 SECESSION, se-sesh'un, n. the act of se- 
 
 cedimj : withdrawal : departure. 
 SECLUDE, se-klood', v.t. to shut apart: to 
 keep apart. [L. secludo, seclusum — se, 
 apart, and claudo. to shut.] 
 SECLUSION, se-klo6'zhun. n. the act of 
 secluding : a shutting out : the state of 
 being secluded or apart : separation : re- 
 tirement : privacy : solitude. 
 SECOND, sek'und." adj. immediately fol- 
 lowing the first : the ordinal of two : next 
 
 in position : inferior. — n. one who or that 
 which follows or is second : one who at- 
 tends another in a duel or a prize-fight : 
 a supporter : the 60th part of a minute 
 of time, or of a degree. — v.t. to follow : 
 to act as second : to assist : to encourage: 
 to support the mover of a question or 
 resolution. [Fr. — L. secundiis—sequor, 
 scckYks, to follow. See Sequence.] 
 
 SECONDARILY, sek'und-ar-i-li, adv. in a 
 secondary manner or degree : (B.) sec- 
 ondly. 
 
 SECONDARY, sek'und-ar-i, adj., foUoiring 
 or coming after the first : second in posi- 
 tion : inferior : subordinate : deputed. — 
 m. a subordinate : a delegate or deputy. 
 IL. secundarius.] 
 
 SECONDER, sek'und-er, n. one who sec- 
 onds or supports. 
 
 SECOND-HAND, sek'und-hand, adj. re- 
 ceived as it were from the hand of a 
 second person : not new : that has been 
 used by another. [place. 
 
 SECONCLY, sek'und-li, adv. in the second 
 
 SECOND-SIGHT, sek'und-sit, n. a secored 
 or additional sigh t: povrer of seeing things 
 future or distant. 
 
 SECRECY, se'kre-si. n. the state of being 
 secret : sepa ration : concealment : retire- 
 ment : privacj' : fidelity to a secret : the 
 keeping of secrets. 
 
 SECRET, se'kret, adj. put apart or separ- 
 ate : concealed from notice : removed 
 from sight : unrevealed : hidden : se- 
 cluded : retired : private : keeping se- 
 crets : reserved. — n, that which is con- 
 cealed : anything unrevealed or un- 
 known : privacy : a light flexible coat of 
 chain-mail worn under the ordinary 
 outer garments. Sir W. Scott. [Fr. — L. 
 secretus, from secerno,secretum — se, ap.irt, 
 and eerno, to separate.] 
 
 SECRETARIAL, sek-re-ta'ri-al, adj. per- 
 tainiri^ to a secretary or bis duties. 
 
 SECRETARY, sek're-tar-i, 7!. one employed 
 to write for another : a public officer in- 
 trusted with the affairs of a department 
 of government, or of a company, etc. — 
 n. Sec'retaryship. [Lit. "one who is 
 intrusted with secrets," a confidant, Fr. 
 secretaire — Low L. seeretariws. See Se- 
 cret.] 
 
 SECRETE, se-kret', v.t. to put apart or 
 make secret : to hide : to conceal : to 
 produce from the circulating fluids, as 
 the" blood in animals, the sap in vege- 
 tables. [L. secerno. secretum.'] 
 
 SECRETION, se-kre'shun, n. the act of se- 
 creting or separating from a circulating 
 fluid: that which is secreted. 
 
 SECRETIVE, se-kret'iv, adj. tending to or 
 causing secretion : given to secrecy or to 
 keeping secrets. — adv. Secret'Ively. — n. 
 Secret'iveness. 
 
 SECRETLY, se'kret-li, adv. in a secret 
 manner: privately: unknown to others: 
 inwardly. 
 
 SECRETNTISS, se'kret-nes, n. the state of 
 being secret. 
 
 SECRETORY, se-kret'or-i, adj. performing 
 the office of secretion. 
 
 SECT, sekt, n. a body of men who unite in 
 holding some particular views, esp. in 
 religion and philosophy : those who dis- 
 sent from an established church. [Fr. 
 secte — L. secta, a way, a way of thinking, 
 hence a school of philosophy — seco, sec- 
 tuin. to cut off.] 
 
 SECTARIAN, sek-ta'ri-an, adj. pertaining 
 to or peculiar to a sect. — n. one of a sect. 
 
 SECTARLA.NISM, sek-ta'ri-an-izm, n. qual- 
 itj' or character of a sectarian : devotion 
 to a sect. 
 
 SECTARY, sek'tar-i, n. one of a sect : a 
 dissenter. 
 
 SECTILE, sek'til, adj. that may be cut 
 with a knife. [L. — seco, to cut.] 
 
 SECTION, sek'shun, n. act of cutting: a 
 division : a portion : the plan of any ob- 
 ject cut through, as it were, to show its 
 interior: the line formed by the inter- 
 section of two surfaces : the surface 
 formed when a solid is cut by a plane : 
 a square mile or 640 acres of land. 
 
 SECTIONAL, sek'shun-al, adj. pertaining 
 to a .section or distinct part. — adv. Skc- 
 tionally. 
 
 SECTOR, sek'tur, n. that which cuts: that 
 which is cut off : a portion of a circle be^ 
 tween two radii and the intercepted arc: 
 a mathematical instrument for finding a 
 foui-th proportional. 
 
 SECULAR, sek'u-lar, adj. pertaining to an 
 age or generation : coming or observed 
 only once in a century : (geol.) gradually 
 becoming appreciable in the course of 
 ages : pertaining to the present world, 
 or to things not spiritual : not bound by 
 monastic rules. — n. a layman : an ec- 
 clesiastic not bound by monastic rules. — 
 adv. SEC'tJLARLY. [L. secularis — secu- 
 lum, an age. a generation.] 
 
 SECULARIST, sek'u-lar-ist. n. one who, 
 discarding religious belief and worship, 
 applies himself exclusively to the things 
 of this life.—?!. Sec'ULAKISM. 
 
 SECULARITY, sek-u-lar'i-ti, n. state of 
 being secular or worldlv : worldliness. 
 
 SECULARIZE, sek'u-lar-Iz, v.t. to make 
 secular : to convert from spiritual to 
 common use. — n. Seculariza'tion. 
 
 SECURABLE, se-kur'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be secured. 
 
 SECURE, se-kiir', adj., ivithout care or 
 anxiety, careless, so in B. : free from fear 
 or danger: safe: confident: incautious. — 
 v.t. to make safe : to render certain : to 
 guarantee : to fasten. — adv. Secuek'lt. 
 — n. Secure'ness. [L. se (for sine), with- 
 out, cura, care. See Cake.] 
 
 SECURITY, se-kur'i-ti, n. state of being 
 secure : freedom from fear: carelessness: 
 protection : certainty : a pledge : — pi. 
 bonds or certificates* in evidence of debt 
 or property. 
 
 SEDAN, se-dan', n. a covered chair for one, 
 carried by two men. [Invented at Sedan, 
 in France.] 
 
 SEDATE, se-dat', adj. quiet: serene: serious. 
 —adv. Sedate'ly.— n. Sedate'ness. [Lit. 
 " seated," " settled," L. sedatus — sedo, 
 sedutum, to seat, to compose, aldn to 
 sedeo. Sans, sad, to sit.] 
 
 SEDATIVE, sed'a-tiv, adj. tending to make 
 sedate or composed : moderating : allay- 
 ing irritation or pain. — n. a medicine that 
 allavs irritation or pain. 
 
 SEDENTARY, sed'en-tar-i, adj., sitting 
 much: passed chiefly in sitting: requiring 
 much sitting: : inactive. — adv. Sed'en- 
 TARILY. — n. Sed'entabiness. [L. sedcuta- 
 rius — sedeo, to sit.] 
 
 SEDERUNT, sed-e'runt, n. {Scotland) the 
 sitting of a court. [L. "they sat" — 
 sedeo, to sit.] 
 
 SEDGE, sej, n. a kind of flag or coarse 
 grass growing in swamps and rivers. 
 [Older form seg — A.S. secg : from root of 
 Saw, instrument for cutting, the sedge 
 being so called from its sharp, sword-like 
 leaves. Cf. GlabiOLCS.] 
 
 SEDGED, sejd, adj. composed of sedge or 
 flags. 
 
 SEDGY, sej'i, adj. overgrown with secge 
 
 SEDIMENT, sed'i-ment, n. that which set 
 ties at the bottom of a liquid : dregs. [L, 
 sedimentum — sedeo, to sit, to settle.] 
 
 SEDIMENTjVRY, sed-i-msnt'ar-i, adj. per- 
 tainmg to, consisting of, or formed by 
 sediment. 
 
 SEDITION, se-dish'un, n. insurrection : 
 
 anj- offence against the state next to 
 treason. [Lit. " agoing away," L. seditio 
 — se, away, and eo, itum, Sans, i, to go.]
 
 SEDITIOUS 
 
 384 
 
 SELECTIVE 
 
 SEDITIOUS, se-dish'us, adj. pertaining to 
 sedition : of the nature of or tending to 
 excite sedition : turbulent. — adv. Sedi'- 
 TiousLY. — n. Sedi'tiousness. 
 
 SEDRAT, sed'rat, n. in Mohammedan myth. 
 the lotus-tree which stands on the right 
 side of the invisible throne of Allah. 
 Each seed of its fruit contains a houri, 
 and two rivers issue from its roots. In- 
 numerable birds carol in its branches, 
 which exceed in width the distance be- 
 tween heaven and earth, and numberless 
 angels rest in their shade. 
 
 6EDtJCE, se-dus', v.t. to draw aside from 
 rectitude : to entice : to corrupt. — n. 
 Sedu'cer. [L. seduco—se, aside, and duco, 
 ductum, to lead, to draw. See Duct.] 
 
 SEDUCEMENT, se-dus'ment, n. act of se- 
 ducing or drawing aside : allurement. 
 
 SEDUCTION,se-duk'shun,?i.act of seducing 
 or enticing from virtue : crime of fraud- 
 ulently depriving- an unmarried woman 
 of her chastity. 
 
 SEDUCTIVE, se-duk'tiv, adj. tending to 
 seduce or draw aside. — adu. Sedcc'tively. 
 
 SEDULOUS, sed'u-lus, adj. diligent : con- 
 stant. — adv. Sed'ulously. — n. Sed'u- 
 LOUSNESS. [Lit. " sitting constantly," L. 
 sedidus — sedeo, to sit.] 
 
 SEE, se, n. the seat or jurisdiction of a 
 bishop or archbishop. [O. Fr. se, sied — 
 L. sedes — sedeo, to sit. See Sit.] 
 
 SEE. se, v.t. to perceive by the eye : to 
 observe : to discover : to remark : to ex- 
 perience : to visit. — v.i. to look or inquire: 
 to discern : to understand : to be atten- 
 tive -.^pa.t. saw ; pa.p. .seen. — int. look I 
 behold ! — n. Se'ee. — To see to, to look 
 after : (B.) to behold. [A.S. seon, sehvan; 
 cog. with Ger. se/ien.] 
 
 SEED, sed, n. the thing somn : the sub- 
 stance produced by plants and animals 
 from which new plants and animals are 
 generated : first principle : original : 
 descendants. — v.i. to produce seed. [A.S. 
 seed — sdwan, E. Sow ; cog. with Ice. 
 sddh, Oer. saat.] 
 
 SEEDBUD, sed'bud, n. the bud or germ of 
 the seed. 
 
 SEEDCAKE, sed'kak, n. a sweet cake con- 
 taining aromatic seeds. [the seed, 
 
 SEEDLING, sed'ling, n. aplant reared from 
 
 SEEDLOBE, sed'lob, n. the lobe or leaf of 
 a plant which nourishes the growing 
 point or seed. 
 
 SEEDSMAN, seds'man, n. one who deals in 
 seeds : a sower : — pi. Seeds'men. 
 
 SEEDTIME, sed'tim, n. the time or season 
 for sowing seed. 
 
 SEEDY, sed'i, adj. abounding with seed : 
 run to seed : having the flavor of seeds : 
 worn out : shabby. — adv. Seed'ILT. — n. 
 Seed'iness. [since. 
 
 SEEING, se'ing, n., sight: vision. — conj. 
 
 SEEK, sek, v.t. to go in search of : to look 
 for : to try to find or gain : to ask for : 
 to solicit. — v.i. to make search or inquiry: 
 totrv : to use solicitation : (B.) to resort 
 to -.—pa.t. and pa.p. sought. — n. Seek'er. 
 [A.S. secan, cog. with Ger. suchen, E. 
 Sake.] 
 
 SEEK-SORROW, sek'-sor-6, n. one that 
 contrives to give himself vexation : a 
 self-tormentor. Sir P. Sidney. 
 
 SEEL, sel, v.t. to close the eyes of with a 
 thread: a term of falconry, it being acom- 
 mon practice to run a thread through 
 the eyelids of a hawk, so as to keep them 
 together, when first taken, to aid in mak- 
 ing it tractable. " A seeled dove that 
 mounts and mounts." — Bacon. Hence, 
 to close, as a person's eyes : to blind : to 
 hoodwink. 
 
 She that so younjr could give out such a seeniiiiE:, 
 To seel her fathers eyes up, close as oak. — Shafc. 
 Cold death . . . his sable eyes did seel. — Chapman. 
 
 [Fr. Ciller, siller, from cil, L. cilium, an 
 eyelash.] 
 
 SEEM, sem, v.i. to appear: to have a show: 
 to look. — v.t. (B.) to befit.— «. Seem'ee. 
 [A.S. seman, to place together, to adapt 
 or fit ; conn, with Same, and Ger. ziemen, 
 to be suitable.] 
 
 SEEMING, sem'ing, adj., apparent : spe- 
 cious. — n. appearance : semblance.— adi). 
 Seem'ingly. — n. Seem'ingness. 
 
 SEEMLY, sem'li, adj. (comp. Seem'lier, 
 siiperl. Seem'liest). becoming : suitable : 
 decent. — adv. in a decent or suitable man- 
 ner.— «. Seem'liness. 
 
 SEEN, sen, pa.p. of See. 
 
 SEER, se'r, n. one who foresees events : a 
 prophet. 
 
 SEESAW, se'saw, n. motion to and fro, as 
 in the act of sawing : a play among chil- 
 dren, in which two seated at opposite 
 ends of a board supported in the centre 
 move alternately up and down. — adj. 
 moving up and down, or to and fro. — 
 v.i. to move backwards and forwards. 
 [Prob. a reduplication of Saw.] 
 
 SEETHE, seth, v.t. to boil: to cook in hot 
 liquid. — v.i. to be boiling : to be hot : — 
 jja.t. seethed or sod ; pa.p. seethed or 
 sodd'en. [A.S. seothan, cog. with Ice. 
 sjiidha, and Ger. sieden.'] 
 
 SEETHER, seth'er, n. one who or that 
 which seethes : a boiler : a pot for boil- 
 ing things. 
 
 She sets the kettle on; 
 Like burnished grold the little seeiher shone. 
 
 —Dryden. 
 
 SEFATIAN, se-fa'shi-an, n. one of a sect 
 of Mohammedans who hold peculiar 
 views with regard to the essential at- 
 tributes of God. They are opposed to 
 the Motazilites. 
 
 SEG, seg, n. sedge: also, the yellow flower- 
 de-luce. 
 
 SEG, SEGG, seg, n. a castrated bull : a 
 bull castrated when full grown : a bull- 
 seg. [Scotch.] 
 
 SEGAR, se-gar'. See Cigak. 
 
 SEGE, 71. a siege. Chaucer. 
 
 SEGGAR, seg'gar, n. the case of fire-clay 
 in which fine stoneware is inclosed while 
 being baked in the kiln. Written also 
 Sagger. [Prov. Yi.saggard, saggar, contr. 
 for safeguard. Cf. seggard, a riding sur- 
 tout.J 
 
 SEGHOL, se-gol', n. a Hebrew vowel-point, 
 or short vowel, thus •.• — indicating the 
 sound of the English e in m,en. 
 
 SEGHOLATE, se-gol'at, adj. marked* with 
 a seghol. 
 
 SEGMENT, seg'ment, ?i. a part cut off: a 
 portion : (geom.) the part of a circle cut 
 off by a straight line : the part of a 
 sphere cut off by a plane. [L. seco, to 
 cut.] 
 
 SEGMENT, seg'ment, v.t. to separate or 
 divide into segments : as, a segmented 
 cell. 
 
 SEGREGATE, seg're-gat, v.t. to separate 
 from others. — n. Segrega'TION. [Lit. 
 " to set apart fi-om a, Jiock," 1: segrego, 
 -atus — se, apart, and grex, gregis, a 
 flock.] 
 
 SEIDLITZ, sid'litz, adj. saline water of or 
 from Seidlitz in Bohemia, also a saline 
 aperient powder. 
 
 SEIGNIOR, sen'yur, n. a title of honor and 
 address in Europe to elders or superiors: 
 the lord of a manor. — Grand Seignior, 
 the Sultan of Turkey.— arfj. Seignorial, 
 se-no'ri-al. [Fr. seigneur — L. senior — 
 senex, old. In Low L. senior sometimes=. 
 domimis, lord. Doublet Sire.] 
 
 SEIGNIORY, sen'yur-i, n. the power or 
 authority of a seignior or lord : a manor. 
 
 SEINE, sen, n. a large net for catching fish. 
 [Fr. — L. sagena — Gr. sagene.'\ 
 
 SEISMIC, sis'mic, adj. belonging to an 
 earthquake. 
 
 SEISMOLOGY, sis-mol'o-ji, n. the science 
 
 of earthquakes. [Gr. seismos, an earth- 
 quake, and logos.] 
 
 SEISMOMETER, sis-mom 'et-er, n. an in- 
 strument for measuring the direction 
 and force of earthquakes and similar con- 
 cussions. There are various contrivances 
 for this purpose, the most perfect of 
 which is perhaps the form used in the 
 observatory on Mount Vesuvius. It con- 
 sists of a delicate electric apparatus, 
 which is set to work by the agitation or 
 change of level of a mercurial column, 
 which records the time of the first shock, 
 the interval between the shocks, and the 
 duration of each ; their nature, whether 
 vertical or horizontal, the maximum in- 
 tensity ; and in the case of horizontal 
 shocks the direction is also given. [Gr. 
 seismos, a shaking, an earthquake, and 
 metron, a measure.] 
 
 SEISMOMETRY. sTs-mom'et-ri,«.the meas- 
 urement of the force and direction of 
 earthquakes, etc.: the art or practice of 
 using the seismometer. 
 
 SEIZE, sez, v.t. to take possession of forc- 
 ibly : to take hold of : to grasp : to ap- 
 prehend. — n. Seiz'er.— adj. Seiz'able. 
 [Fr. saisir (Prov. sazir, to take posses- 
 sion of) — O. Ger. sazjan, to set, Ger. be- 
 setzen, E. Beset.] 
 
 SEIZIN, sez'in, n. in law, (a) possession. 
 Seizin is of two sorts — seizin in deed or 
 fact and seizin in law. Seizin in fact 
 or deed is actual or corporal possession ; 
 seizin in law is when something is done 
 which the law accounts possession or 
 seizin, as enrolment, or when lands de- 
 scend to an heir but he has not yet en- 
 tered on them. In this case the law 
 considers the heir as seized of the estate, 
 and the person who wrongfully enters on 
 the land is accounted a disseizor : (b) the 
 act of taking possession : (c) the thing 
 possessed; possession. [Fr. saisine, seizin, 
 from saisir, to seize. See Seize.] 
 
 SEIZURE, se'zhoor, n. act of seizing : cap- 
 ture : grasp : the thing seized. 
 
 SELAH, se'la, n. in the Psalms, a word de- 
 noting silence or a pause in the musical 
 performance of the song. [Heb.] 
 
 SELDOM, sel'dum, adv., rarely : not often. 
 [A.S.seldum;lce.sialdan,Ger.selten,rare.] 
 
 SELECT, se-lekt', v.t. to pick out from a 
 number by preference : to choose : to 
 cull. — adj., picked out : nicely chosen : 
 choice. — n. Select'ness. [L. seligo, se- 
 lectum—se, aside, and lego, Gr. lego, to 
 gather, to pick out.] 
 
 SELECTION, se-lek'shun, n. the act of se- 
 lecting or choosing and taking from 
 among a number ; a taking by prefer- 
 ence of one or more from a number : a 
 number of things selected or taken from 
 others by preference. — Natural Selec- 
 tion, that process in nature by which 
 plants and animals best fitted for the 
 conditions in which they are placed sur- 
 vive, propagate, and spread, while the 
 less fitted die out and disappear ; sur- 
 vival of the fittest ; the preservation by 
 their descendants of useful variations 
 arising in animals or plants. "This 
 preservation of favorable individual dif- 
 ferences and variations, and the destruc- 
 tion of those which are injurious, I have 
 called Natural Selection, or the Survival 
 of the Fittest. . . . Several writers have 
 misapprehended or objected to the term 
 natural .selection. Some have even im- 
 agined that natural selection induces 
 variability, whereas it implies only the 
 preservation of such variations as arise 
 and are beneficial to the being under its 
 conditions in life." — Dartvin. 
 
 SELECTm;,se-lek'tiv, adj, selecting: tend- 
 ing to select. "Selective providence of 
 the Almighty."— Bp. Hall.
 
 SELECTMAN 
 
 385 
 
 SENSIGENOUS 
 
 SELECTMAN, se-lekt'man, n. in New En- 
 gland, a town officer chosen annually to 
 manage the concerns of the town, pro- 
 vide for the poor, etc. Their number is 
 usually from three to seven in each town, 
 and these constitute a kind of executive 
 authority. 
 
 SELENIUM, sel-e'ni-um, n. an elementary 
 substance allied to sulphur. [Coined 
 from Gr. selene, the moon, like tellurium 
 from L. tellns.] 
 
 SELENOGRAPHY, sel-en-og'raf-i. n. de- 
 scription of the moon. [Gr. selene, and 
 grapho, to write.] 
 
 SELF, self, n. one's own person: one's per- 
 sonal interest : selfishness : a flower or 
 blossom of a uniform color, especially one 
 without an edging or border distinct from 
 the ground color:— p?. Selves (selvz).— 
 adj. very: particular: one's own. — Self is 
 the first element in innumerable com- 
 pounds, generally of obvious meaning, in 
 most of which it"denotes either the agent 
 or the object of the action expressed by the 
 word with which it is joined, or the person 
 on behalf of whom it is performed, or the 
 person or thing to, for, or towards whom 
 or which a quality, attribute, or feeling 
 expressed by the following word, belongs, 
 is directed, or is exerted, or from which 
 it proceeds; or it denotes the subject of, 
 or object affected bj', such action, qual- 
 ity, attribute, feeling, and the like. [A.S. 
 self, silf, cog. with Ger. selbe, Goth, silba.'] 
 
 SELF-DENIAL, self-de-ni'al, n. the denial 
 of one's self: the not gratifying one's own 
 appetites or desires. 
 
 SELF-EVIDENT, self-ev'i-dent, adj. evi- 
 dent of itself or without proof: that com- 
 mands assent. 
 
 SELF-EXISTENT, self-egz-ist'ent, adj. ex- 
 isting of or by himself, independent of any 
 other being.' — n. Self-exist'ence. 
 
 SELFISH, selfish, adj. chiefly or wholly 
 regarding one's own self : void of regard 
 to others.— adr. Self'ishly. — Ji. Self*- 
 
 ISHNESS. 
 
 SELF-POSSESSION, self-poz-zesh'un, n. 
 
 the possession of one's self or faculties in 
 
 danger: calmness. 
 SELF-RIGHTEOUS, self-rlt'yus, adj. 
 
 righteous in one's own estimation. — n. 
 
 Self-right'eousness. 
 SELFSAME, self'sam, adj. the verv same. 
 SELF-SUFFICIENT, self-suf-fish'ent, adj. 
 
 confident in one's own sufficiency : 
 
 haughty. — n. SELF-StnFFl'ciENCY. 
 SELF-WILLED, self-wild, ady. governed 
 
 by one's own uHll. 
 SELICTAE, se-lik'tar, n. the sword-bearer 
 
 of a Turkish chief. 
 
 Selictar! uDsbeatbe then our chief's scimitar. 
 
 — Byron. 
 
 SELL, sel, v.t. to deliver in exchange for 
 something paid as equivalent, : to betray 
 for money. — t\i. to have commerce : to 
 be sold:— pa.t. andpa.p. sold. — n. Sell'- 
 ER. [A.S. i<eUan, to give, with cog. words 
 in all the Teut. tong:ues, as Ice. selja. O. 
 Ger. sellen, Goth. saJJan, to offer in sac- 
 rifice.] 
 
 SELTZER, selt'zer, adj. denoting a mineral 
 water brought from Lower Selters, a 
 village of Nassau, in German v. 
 
 SELVAGE, sel'vaj, SELVEDGfe. sel'vej, n. 
 that part of cloth which forms an edge 
 of itself without hemming : a border. 
 [From Self and Edge.] 
 
 SELVES, selvz, p/. of Self. 
 
 SEMAPHORE, sem'a-for, n. a kind of tele- 
 graph or apparatus for conveying infor- 
 mation by signals visible at a distance, 
 such as oscillating arms or flags by day- 
 light and lanterns at night. Many kinJls 
 of semaphores were in use before tlie in- 
 vention of the electric telegraph, and a 
 simple form is still employed on rail- 
 Y 
 
 ways to signal trains approaching a sta- 
 tion. [Gr. sema, a sign, and phero, to 
 bear.] 
 
 SEMAPHORIC, sem-a-for'ik, SEMAPHOR- 
 ICAL, sem-a-for'ik-al, adj. relating to a 
 semaphore or to semaphores : tele- 
 graphic. 
 
 SEMBLANCE, sem'blans, n., likeness: ap- 
 pearance : figure. [Fr. — sembler, to seem 
 — L. similo, to make like — similis, like.] 
 
 SEMIBREVE, sem'i-brev, n. a musical 
 note, half the length of a breve. [L. 
 semi, half. Breve.] 
 
 SEMICIRCLE, sem'i-serk-1, n. half a cir- 
 cle : the figure bounded by the diameter 
 of a circle and half the circumference. 
 — adj. Semicir'cular. [L. semi, half, 
 and Circle.] 
 
 SEMICIRCUMFERENCE, sem-i-ser-kum'- 
 fer-ens, n., half of the circumference of 
 a circle. [L. semi, half, and CmcUMFER- 
 
 ENCE.l 
 
 SEMICOLON, sem'i-ko-lon, n. the point (;) 
 showing a division greater than the 
 comma. [Lit. "half a colon," L. se7ni, 
 half, and COLON.] 
 
 SEMIDIAMETER. sem-i-dl-am'e-ter, n., 
 half the diameter of a circle : a radius. 
 [L. semi, half, and Diameter.] 
 
 SEMIFLUID, sem-i-floo'id, adj., half or 
 imperfectly fluid. [L. semi, half, and 
 Fluid.] 
 
 SEMINAL, sem'ln-al, adj. pertaining to 
 seed : radical : rudimental. [L. semen, 
 seminis, seed — sero, to sow.] 
 
 SEMINARY, sem'in-ar-i, n. a place of 
 education : (lit.) a place where seed is 
 sown. 
 
 SEMINATION, sem-i-na'shun, n. act of 
 smcing : natural dispersion of seed 
 
 SEMIQUAVER, sem'i-kwa-ver,}i. a mus- 
 ical note, half the length of a quaver. 
 [L. sem.i, half, and Quaver.] 
 
 SEMITIC, sem-it'ik, adj. pertaining to the 
 great family of languages that includes 
 Hebrew and Arabic. [Derived from Shem 
 in Genesis x. 31.] 
 
 SEMITONE, sem'i-ton, n., half a tone: 
 one of the lesser intervals of the musical 
 scale, as from B to C. — adj. Semiton'IC. 
 [L. semi, half, and Tone.] 
 
 SEMI - TRANSPARENT, sem'i - trans - pa'- 
 Tent.adj. ,half or imperfectly transparent. 
 — n. Sem'i-transpa'rency. [L. semi, half, 
 and Transparent.] 
 
 SEMrVOCAL, sem-i-v6'kal, adj. pertaining 
 to a semivowel. [L. semi, half, an3 
 Vocal.] 
 
 SEMIVOWEL, sem-i-vow'el, n. a half vowel: 
 a letter with a half vowel sound, as m. 
 [L. semi, half, and Vowel.] 
 
 SEMOLINA, sem-o-le'na, n. the particles 
 of fine hard wheat which do not pass 
 into flour in milling. [From It. semola — 
 L. simila, the finest wheat flour.] 
 
 SEMPITERNAL, sem-pi-ter'nal, adj., ever- 
 lasting: endless. [L. sempiternus — sem- 
 per, ever, and cetemus. See Eternal.] 
 
 SEMPSTER, .sem'ster, SEMPSTRESS, sem'- 
 stres, n. a woman who sews. [See Seam- 
 stress.] 
 
 SEMPSTRY-WORK, sem'stri-wurk, n. nee- 
 dle-work : sewing. Henry Brooke. 
 
 SENARY, sen'ar-i, adj. containing si.r ; of 
 or belonging to six. [L. senarius — seni, 
 six each — sex, six.] 
 
 SENATE, sen'at, n. a legislative or deliber- 
 ative body, esp. the upper house of a 
 national legislature : that branch of the 
 American Congress chosen by the Legis- 
 latures of the States and whose members 
 are elected for a term of si.x years : one 
 of the two co-ordinate branches of the 
 State Legislature or Assembly. [L. sena- 
 tns, (lit.) a council of elders — senex, senis, 
 old, an old man.] 
 
 I 
 
 E 
 
 SENATOR, sen'a-tur, n. a member of a 
 
 senate. — «. Sen'atorship. 
 
 SENATORIAL, sen-a-to'ri-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or becoming a senate or a senator. 
 —adv. Senato'rially. 
 
 SEND, send, v.t. to cause to go: to cause 
 to be conveyed : to despatch : to com- 
 mission : to diffuse : to bestow. — v.i. to 
 despatch a message or messenger : — pa.t. 
 and pa.p. sent. — n. Send'er. [A.S. sen- 
 dan : Ice. senda ; Goth, sandjan ; prob. 
 allied to Sans, sadh, to go away.] 
 
 SENDAL, sen'dal, n. a thin silk or linen. 
 O. Fr. — Low L. sindalum — L. sindon — 
 r. sindon, a fine cloth from India.] 
 
 SENESCHAL, sen'esh-al, n. a steward. -ji. 
 Sen'eschalship. [Lit. " the senior or 
 oldest of the servants," Fi\ seneehal — Low 
 L. siniscaleus, from a Teut. root sin found 
 in Goth, sini-sta, oldest (cog. with L. 
 sene.v, senis, old), and Goth, skalks, O. 
 Ger. sc«7c, a servant.] 
 
 SENILE, se'nil, adj. pertaining to old age 
 or attendant on it : aged. — n. Senility, 
 se-nil'i-ti. [L. senilis — sejie.T, se7iis, old.] 
 
 SENIOR, sen'yur, adj., elder: older in of- 
 fice. — n. one older than another: one 
 older in office : an aged person. — ?;. Sen- 
 iority, sen-i-or'i-ti. [L., comp. of senex.] 
 
 SENNA, sen'a, n. the dried, purgative leaf- 
 lets of several species of cassia. [Ar. 
 sena.] 
 
 SENNIGHT, sen'it, n. contracted from 
 seven night : a week. [See Fortnight.] 
 
 SENSATION, sen-sa'shun, n. perception by 
 the senses : feeling excited by external 
 objects, by the state of the body, or by 
 immaterial objects : a state of excited 
 feeling : an unexpected or startling news 
 item or other article in the newspapers : 
 any surprising or shocking intelligence 
 — adj. Sensa'tional. 
 
 SENSATIONALISM, sen-sa'shun-al-izm, n. 
 the doctrine that our ideas originate 
 solely in sensation, and that there are no 
 innate ideas : the practice of dealmg in 
 newspaper, pulpit, or forensic sensations. 
 — n. Sensa'tionalist, a believer in sensa- 
 tionalism. 
 
 SENSE, sens, w. a faculty by which objects 
 are perceived : perception : discernment : 
 understanding : power or soundness of 
 judgment : reason : opinion : conviction : 
 import -.—pi. The SENSES, or FIVE sensbB, 
 sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, 
 [Fr. — L. sensus — sentio, to discern by the 
 senses.] 
 
 SENSELESS, sens'les, adj. without sense : 
 incapable of feeling : wanting sympathy : 
 foolish. — adv. .Sense'lessly. — h. Sense'- 
 lessness. 
 
 SENSE - RHYTHM, sens'-rithm, n. an 
 arrangement of words characteristic of 
 Hebrew poetry, in which the rhythm 
 consists not in a rise and fall of accent 
 or quantity of syllables, but in a pulsa- 
 tion of sense rising and falling through 
 the parallel, antithetic, or otherwise 
 balanced members of each verse : paral- 
 lelism. Prof. ir. B. Smith. 
 
 SENSIBILITY, sens-i-bil'i-ti, n. state or 
 quality of being sensible : actual feeling : 
 capacity of feeling: susceptibility: acute 
 ness of feeling : delicacy. 
 
 SENSIBLE, sens'i-bl, adf. capable of bemg 
 perceived by the senses or by the mind ; 
 capable of being affected, easily affected 
 delicate: intelligent: judicious: cognizant, 
 aware. — n. Sens'ibleness. — adv. Sens'i 
 
 ELY. 
 
 SENSIFACIENT, sen-si-fa'shi-ent, adj. pro 
 ducing sensation : sensific. Huxley. [L, 
 seii.'ins. sense, and f ado, to make.] 
 
 SENSIFICATORY, sen-sifi-ka-tor-i, adj. 
 sensifacient : sensific. Huxley. 
 
 SENSIGENOUS, sen-sij'e-nus, adj. origin 
 ating or causing sensation. " The sensi
 
 SENSITIA'E 
 
 386 
 
 SERIES 
 
 tive subject, the setisigenous object." — 
 Huxley. [L. sensus, sense, and gen, root 
 of gigno. to beget.] 
 
 SENSITIVE, sens'i-tiv, adj. having sense 
 or feehng : susceptible to sensations : 
 easily affected : pertaining- to or depend- 
 ing- on sensation. — adv. Sexs'itivelt. — 
 ns. SENS'rnvENESS, Sensitit'ity. — Sens'- 
 TTIVE PLANT, a plant, the leaves of which 
 are so sensitive that they close when 
 touched. 
 
 SENSORIAL, sen-so'ri-al, adj. pertaining 
 to the sensorium. 
 
 SENS0RIU3I. sen-s5'ri-um, SENSORY, 
 sen'sor-i, n. the organ which i-eceives the 
 impressions made on the senses. 
 
 SENSUAL, sen'shoo-al, adj. pertaining to, 
 affecting, or derived from the senses, as 
 distinct from the mind: not intellectual 
 or spiritual : given to the pleasures of 
 sense : voluptuous : lewd. — adv. Sen'su- 
 ALLY.— ?i. Sex'scaljtess. [Fr.— L. sen- 
 siialis.} 
 
 SENSUALISM, sen'shoo-al-Lzm, n. sensual 
 indulgence : the doctrine that all our 
 knowledge is derived orig-inally from the 
 senses. 
 
 SENSUALIST, sen'shoo-al-ist, 7i. one given 
 to sensualism or sensual indulgence: a 
 debauchee : a believer in the doctrine of 
 sensualism. 
 
 SENSUALITY, sen-sho5-al'i-ti, n. indul- 
 gence in sensual pleasures : lewdness. 
 
 SENSUALIZE, sen'shoo-al-iz, v.t. to make 
 sensual: to debase by carnal gratification. 
 
 SENSUOUS, sen'sh66-us, adj. pertaining 
 to sense : full of passion: connected with 
 sensible objects. 
 
 SENTENCE, sent'ens, n. opinion : a judg- 
 ment pronounced on a criminal Jby a 
 court or judge : a maxim : (gram.) a 
 number of words containing a complete 
 thought. — v.t. to pronounce judgment 
 on: to condemn. [Fr. — L. sententia {lit.) 
 what one thinks — sentio, to feel, to think.] 
 
 SENTENTIAL, sen-ten'shal, adj. pertaining 
 to a sentence : comprising sentences. — 
 adv. Sentes'tially. 
 
 SENTENTIOUS, sen-ten'shus, adj. abound- 
 ing with sentences or maxims : short and 
 pithy in expression : bombastic, or affect- 
 ed in speech. — ady. SeXTES'tiozsi.Y. — n. 
 Senten'tiousness. 
 
 SENTIENT, sen'shi-ent, adj., disceminghy 
 the senses : having the faculty of percep- 
 tion and sensation. — Ji. Sen'tiexce. [Pr.p. 
 of L. .sentio, to feel.] 
 
 SENTIMENT, sen'ti-ment, n. a thought 
 occasioned by feeling : opinion : judg- 
 ment : sensibility : feeling : a thought 
 expressed in words : a maxim : a toast. 
 [From L. sentio, to feel.] 
 
 SENTIMENTAL, sen-ti-ment'al, adj. hav- 
 ing or abounding in sentiments or reflec- 
 tions : having an access of sentiment or 
 feeling : affectedly tender. — adv. Senti- 
 ment' ally. 
 
 SENTIMENTALISM, sen-ti-ment'al-izm, 
 SENTIMENTALITY, sen-ti-men-tal'i-ti, 
 n. quality of being sentimental : affecta- 
 tion of fine feeUng. 
 
 SENTIMENTALIST, sen-ti-ment'al-ist, n. 
 one who affects sentiment or fine feeling. 
 
 SENTINEL, sen'ti-nel, n. one who keeps 
 
 , watch by pacing to and fro a little path : 
 a sentry. [Fr. sentinelle ; of doubtful 
 
 * origin.J 
 
 SENTRl , sen'tri, n. a sentinel : a soldier on 
 
 ' guard to observe the approach of danger. 
 [A corr. of Sentinel.] 
 
 SENTRY-BOX, sen'tri-boks, n. a box to 
 shelter a sentry. 
 
 SEPARABLE, sep'ar-a-bl, adj that may be 
 separated or disjoined. — adv. Sep'abably. 
 — n. Sepaeabil'ity. 
 
 SEPARATE, sep'ar-at, v.t. to di\-ide : to 
 part : to withdraw : to set apart for a 
 
 certain purpose. — v.i. to part : to with- 
 draw from each other : to become dis- 
 united. — adj. separated : divided : apart 
 from another : distinct. — adv. Sep'ar- 
 ATELY. [L. separo, separaius (lit.) to jyut 
 aside or by itself — se, aside, and jjaro, to 
 put, to prepare.] 
 
 SEPARATION, sep-ar-a'shun, n. act of 
 separating or disjoining : state of being 
 separate : disunion : the state of a mar- 
 ried couple legally living apart, without 
 an absolute divorce. 
 
 SEPABATISM, sep'ar-a-ti2m, n. act of 
 separating or withdrawing, esp. from an 
 established church. 
 
 SEPARATIST, sep'ar-a-tist, n. one who 
 separates or withdraws, esp. from an es- 
 tablished church : a dissenter. 
 
 SEPIA, se'pi-a, n. a fine brown pigment 
 prepared from the "ink "of the ciittle- 
 Jish: Indian or China ink. [L. — Gr., the 
 cuttle-fish.] 
 
 SEPOY, se'poy, n. a native soldier, wheth- 
 er Hindu or Mohammedan, in the British 
 ' army in India. [Hind, sipahi, a soldier, 
 (lit.) a, bowman, the spahi of Turkish and 
 Algerian armies, from sij), a bow and 
 arrow.] 
 
 SEPT, sept, n. in Ireland, a subdivision of 
 a tribe. [Probablv a corr. of Sect.] 
 
 SEPTEMBER, sep-tem'ber, n. the ninth 
 month of the year. [L. septem, seven, 
 and her = fer. Sans, bhar, to carry, bear. 
 It was the seventh month of the old Ro- 
 man vear, which began in March.] 
 
 SEPTE'NARY, sep'ten-ar-i, adj. consisting 
 of seven. [L. septenariiis — septem, seven.] 
 
 SEPTENTSriAL, sep-ten'yal, adj lasting 
 seven years: happening every seven years. 
 — adv. Septen'n'ially. [£. septennis — 
 septem, .seven, annus, a year.] 
 
 SEPTIC, sep'tik, adj. pronioting putrefac- 
 tion. — n. a substance that promotes the 
 putrefaction of bodies. [Gr. septikos — 
 sepo, to make putrid.] 
 
 SEPTUAGENARLA>C, sep-tu-a-jen-a'ri-an, 
 71. a person .sei-enty vears old. 
 
 SEPTUAGENAEY, sep-tu-aj'en-ar-i, adj. 
 consisting of seventy.— n. one 70 j-ears 
 old. [L. sepituagenarius — septnageni, 
 seventy each — septem, seven.] 
 
 SEPTUAGESIilA, sep-tu-a-jes'i-ma, ?(. 
 the third Sunday before Lent — the sev- 
 entieth day before Easter. [L. septuages- 
 imus — septem, seven.] 
 
 SEPTUAGESnLAL. sep-tu-a-jes'i-mal, adj. 
 consisting of seventy : counted by seven- 
 ties. 
 
 SEPTUAGINT, sep'tu-a-jint, n. the Greek 
 version of the Old Testament, said to 
 have been made by seventy translators at 
 Alexandria about 300 years B.C. [L. sej> 
 tuaginta — septem, seven.] 
 
 SEPULCHRAL, se-pul'kral, adj. pertam- 
 ing to a sepulchre, or to monuments 
 erected for the dead : (fig.) deep, hollow, 
 as tone. 
 
 SEPULCHRE, sep'ul-ker, n. a place of 
 bta-ial : tomb. [Fr. — L. sepulchrum — se- 
 2)elio, si'pKltus, to burv.] 
 
 SEPULTURE, sep'ul-tui-, n. act of burying 
 the dead : interment : burial. 
 
 SEQUEL, se'kwel, n. that which foliates : 
 succeeding part : result : consequence. 
 [Fr. — L. sequela — sequor, Gr. hepomai, 
 to foUowJ 
 
 SEQUENCE, se'kwens, ?i. state of being 
 sequent or following : order of succession: 
 that which follows : consequence: (music) 
 a regidar succession of similar chords. 
 [L. sequor, to follow.] 
 
 SEQUENT, se'kwent, adj. follo-n-ing : suc- 
 ceeding. 
 
 SEQUESTER, se-kwes'ter, v.t. to separate: 
 to withdraw from society : to set apai-t : 
 (law) to place anything contested into the 
 hands of a third person till the dispute 
 
 is settled: to hold the property of another 
 till the profits pay the demands : to 
 take possession of the estate of a bank- 
 rupt in order to distribute it among the 
 creditors. — v.i. (law) to renounce any in- 
 terest in the estate of a imsband. [Low 
 L. sequestra, -atum — L. sequester, a de- 
 positary, from sequi, to follow.] 
 
 SEQUESTERED, se-tnes'terd, adj retired, 
 secluded. | 
 
 SEQUESTRATE, se-kwes'trat, v.t. to se- 
 quester. 
 
 SEQL'ESTRATION, sek-wes-tra'shun, n. 
 act of sequestering, esp. the seizure of 
 any one's property for the use of the 
 state dui-ing dispute, or for the benefit of 
 creditors : state of being separated : se- 
 clusion from society. 
 
 SEQUESTRATOR, sek-wes-tra'tor, n. one 
 who sequesters another's property : one 
 to whom property is committed during 
 dispute. 
 
 SEQUIN, se'kwin, n. a gold "Venetian coin 
 of the 13th century =isi3.2o. [Fr. — It. 
 zecchino — zecca, the mint.] 
 
 SERAGLIO, se-ral'yo, Ji. the palace of the 
 Turkish Sultau, esp. the part in which 
 the women are kept. [It. sen-aglio — 
 serrare, to lock up, from L. sera, a door- 
 bar, which came to be used for Pers. 
 .serai, a palace.] 
 
 SERAPH, ser'af, n. an angel of the hlgn- 
 est rank :^j?. Seraphs, ser'afs. Seraph- 
 im, ser'af-im. [Heb., lit. "a prince of 
 heaven,'' akin to sar, a prince, in pi. an- 
 gels.J 
 
 SERAPHIC, se-raf'ik. SERAPHICAL, se- 
 raf'ik-al, aclj. pertaining to or becoming 
 a seraph : angelic : pure : sublime : re- 
 fined. — adv. Seraph'ica-LLY. 
 
 SERE. Same as Sear. 
 
 SERENADE, ser-e-nad', n. evening music 
 in the open air : music performed by a 
 gentleman under a lady's window at 
 night : a piece of music for such an oc- 
 casion. — v.t, to entertain with a sere- 
 nade. [Fr. — It. serenata, from Prov. 
 Serena, even-song — L. sents, late.] 
 
 SERENE, se-ren', adj. calm : unclouded : 
 undistiu'bed : unruffled : a form of ad- 
 dress used to the princes of Germany 
 and their families. — adv. Seeen'E'ly. 
 [L. serenus, clear.] 
 
 SERENITY, se-ren'i-ti, n. state or quality 
 of being serene : clearness : calmness : 
 peace. 
 
 SERF, serf, n. a slave attached to the soil 
 and sold with it. [Fr. — L. serv^is, a 
 slave. See Serve.] 
 
 SERFDOM, serfdom, n. condition of a 
 serf. 
 
 SERGE, serj, ji. a cloth made of twilled 
 worsted or silk. [Fr. — L. serica, silk, 
 from Seres, the Chinese.] 
 
 SERGEANCY, sar'jen - si, SERGEAXT- 
 SHIP. sar'jent-ship, n. office of a ser- 
 geant. 
 
 SERGEANT, sar'jent, Ji. a non - commis- 
 sioned officer next above a corporal. — n. 
 Sergeant-major, the highest non-com- 
 missioned officer, employed to assist the 
 adjutant. [Lit. "a servant," Fr. sergent 
 — L. scrviens, -entis, pr.p. of servio, to 
 serve. See Serve.] 
 
 SERIAL, se'ri-al, adj. pertaining to or con- 
 sisting of a series: appearing periodic- 
 ally. — n. a tale or other composition 
 appearing in successive parts, as in a 
 periodical. 
 
 SERIALLY, se'ri-al-li, adv. in a se7'ies op 
 regular order. 
 
 SERIATE, se'ri-at, adj. arranged in a 
 series. 
 
 SERIES, se'ri-ez, 7i.sing. and pi. a sv cces- 
 sion of things connected by some l.ke- 
 ness : sequence: order: (math.) a pro- 
 gression of numbers or quantities ac- 
 
 I
 
 SERIOUS 
 
 387 
 
 SEVOEJA 
 
 cording to a certain law. [L. — sero, 
 sertus, to join, akin to Gr. eiro, to fasten, 
 Saus. sarat, thread. See Sermon, Ser- 
 ried.] 
 SERIOUS, se'ri-us, adj. solemn: in earnest: 
 important : attended witb danger. — adv. 
 Se'riocsly. — n. Se'riousness. [L. seriics, 
 akin to severus, severe.] 
 SERJEANT, sai-'jent, n. in England, a law- 
 yer of the highest i-ank. — n. Serjeant- 
 AT-AHMS, an officer who attends a king, 
 a lord-high-steward, etc.: an officer of a 
 legislative body for keeping order, etc. 
 [Same as Sergeant.] 
 SERMON, ser'mun, n. a discoui-se on a text 
 of Scripture. [L. serrno, sei-monis, from 
 sero, to join or bind together, to com- 
 pose.] 
 SEROIJS, se'rus, adj. resembling serum : 
 
 thin : watery. — n. Seros'ity. 
 SERPENT, ser'pent, n. a reptile without 
 feet which moves by means of its ribs 
 and scales : a person subtle or malicious: 
 one of the constellations : (music) a bass 
 wind-instrument, so called from its form. 
 [Lit. •• the creeping- animal," L. serpens, 
 -entis, pr.p. of serjio, to creep, akin to 
 Gr. herpo, L. repo, and Sans, srip, to 
 creep.] 
 SERPENTINE, ser'pen-tin, adj. resembling 
 a, serpent : winding: spiral : crooked. — n. 
 a mineral of a green, black, or red color, 
 sometimes spotted like a serpent's skin. 
 SERRATE, ser'rat, SERRATED, ser'rat-ed, 
 adj. notched or cut like a saw. [L. ser- 
 ratus — serra, a saw.] 
 SERRATION, ser-ra'shun, n. state of being 
 
 serrated. 
 SERRIED, ser'rid, adj. crowded : pressed 
 together. [Pa. p. of obs. v. serry, to press 
 together — Yr.serrer, to crowd (It. serrare, 
 to lock uj)) — L. sera, a door-bar, conn. 
 with sero, to join together.] 
 3ERUM, se'rum, n. the watery part of 
 curdled milk : whey : the thin fluid which 
 separates from the blood when it coiigu- 
 lates. [L. ; prob. akin to Gr. ores, serum, 
 anH Sans, saras, water.] 
 SERVANT, servant, n. one who is in the 
 service of another : a domestic : (B.) a 
 .slave : one of low condition or spirit : 
 a word of civility. [Fr., pr.p. of servir, 
 to serve — L. sennre. Doublet Sergeant.] 
 SERVE, serv, ir.i. to be a servant to : to 
 work for and obey : to discharge the 
 duties of an office : to attend or wait : 
 to be sufficient : to suit. — v.t. to work 
 for : to be in the employment of : to 
 obey : to be subservient or subordinate 
 to : to wait upon at table, etc. : to do 
 duty for : to treat.— Serve cp, to bring 
 to table.— Serve out, to deal or distrib- 
 ute. [Fr. servir— L. servio, from servus, 
 a slave, perh. conn, with sero, to bind 
 together. See Series.] 
 SERVER, serv'er, n. one who serves : a 
 
 salver. 
 SERVICE, serv'is, n. condition or occupa- 
 tion of a servant : a working for an- 
 other: duty required in any office: 
 military or naval duty : office of devo- 
 tion : a musical composition for devo- 
 tional purposes : labor, assistance, or 
 kindness to another: benefit: profes- 
 sion of respect : order of dishes at 
 table, or a set of them. — n. Serv'ice- 
 BOOK, a book of forms of religious .serv- 
 ice : a prayer-book. [Fr.—h. servitium.] 
 SERVICEABLE, serv'is-a-bl, adj. able or 
 willing to serve : advantageous: useful. 
 —adv. Seev'iceablt.— ?j. Serv'iceable- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 SERVILE, serv'Il, ad/, pertaining to a, slave 
 or servant : slavish : meanlv submissive : 
 cringing.— adi'. Sert'ilely". 
 
 SERVILITY, ser-vil'i-ti, n. state or quality 
 
 of being senile : slavery : obsequious- 
 ness. 
 SERVITOR, serv'i-tor, n. one who serves : 
 
 a servant : a follower or adherent. 
 SERVITUDE, serv'i-tud, n. state of being a 
 slave : slaverv : state of slavish depend- 
 ence. [Fr. — t,.] 
 SESAME, ses'a-me, SESAMUM, ses'a-mum, 
 n. an annual herb of Southern Asia, 
 whose seed vields a valuable oil. [Gr.] 
 SESQUIBASIC, ses'kwi-ba-sik, adj. iachem.. 
 a term applied to a salt containing' one 
 and a half equivalents of the base for 
 each equivalent of acid. [L. sesqui, one 
 and a half, and basis, a base.] 
 SESQUIPEDALIAN, ses - kwi - pe-da'li-an, 
 adj. containing a foot and a half : often 
 humorously said of a very long word. 
 [L. sesqui-pedalis— sesqui, one half more, 
 and pes, ped-is, E. Foot.] 
 SESQUIPEDALIANISM, ses-kAvi-pe-da'li- 
 an-izm, n. the state or quality of being 
 sesquipedalian : the use of long words. 
 " Masters of hyperpolys}'llabic'«es3"«iJe- 
 daliani^m.'' — Fitzedica'rd Hall. 
 SESSION, sesh'un, n. the sitting or assem- 
 l3ly of a court or public body : the time 
 it sits : the period of time between the 
 meeting and adjournment of Congress : 
 (Scotland) the lowest ecclesiastical court 
 of a Presbyterian church. [Fr. — ^L. sessio, 
 sessionis, from sessum, pa.p. of sedeo, E. 
 Sit.] 
 SESSPOOL. Same as Cesspool. 
 SET, set, v.t. to make to sit : to place : to 
 fix : to put in a condition : to render mo- 
 tionless : to determine beforehand : to 
 obstruct : to plant : to fix iu metal, as to 
 arrange the teeth of a saw so as to cut 
 narrow or wide : to assign, as a price : to 
 put in order for use : to sharpen : to 
 spread, as sails: to pitch, as a tune : to 
 adapt music to : to adorn with some- 
 thing fixed : to stud : to point, as a dog. 
 -^.i. to sink below the horizon : to de- 
 cline : to i^laut : to become fixed : to con- 
 geal : to have a certain direction in 
 motion : to point out game : to apply 
 (one"s self) :— ^jr.j;. sett'ing ; paj. and 
 jja.jj. set.— To SET aside, to put awav, 
 to omit or reject :— at naught, to de- 
 spise : — BY (B.), to value or esteem : — 
 FORTH, to exhibit: to publish: (B.) to 
 set off to advantage : to set out on a 
 journey :— forward (B.), to furthei-, pvo- 
 mote : — in, to put in the way : to begin : 
 —OFF, to adorn : to place against as an 
 equivalent :— on (B.), to attack :— to, to 
 affix. [A.S.seftan, cog. withGer. setzen. 
 Ice. setja, Goth, satjan : being the weak 
 causative of the Goth, root-verb sitfan, 
 E. Sit.] 
 SET, set, adj. (lit.) seated, so in B.: fixed : 
 firm : determined : regular : establislied. 
 —n. a number of things similar or suited 
 to each other, set or used together : a 
 number of persons associated : direction. 
 SET-OFF, set'-of, n. a claim set up against 
 
 another : a counterbalance. 
 SETON, se'tn, n. a passage made by a 
 needle under the skin, through which 
 threads of silk are drawn to cause irrita- 
 tion and discharge. [Fr. seton (It. setone) 
 —Low L. seto—L,. seta, a bristle. See 
 Satin.] 
 SETTEE, set-te', n. a long seat witli a back. 
 SETTER, set'er, n. one who sets, as words 
 to music : a dog which sets or crouches 
 when it sees the game. 
 SETTING, set'ing, n. act of setting : direc- 
 tion of a current of wind : the hardening 
 of plaster : that which sets or holds, as 
 the mounting of a jewel. 
 SETTLE, set'l, v.t. to set or place iu a fixed 
 state : to fix : to establish in a situation 
 or business : to render quiet, clear, etc.: 
 to decide : to free from uncertainty : to 
 
 quiet : to compose : to fix by gift or legfal 
 act : to adjust : to liquidate or pay : to 
 colonize. — v.i. to become fixed or station- 
 ary : to fix one's residence : to grow calm 
 or clear : to sink by its own weight : to 
 sink to the bottom :' to ceaso from agita- 
 tion : to adjust differences or accounts. 
 [M.E. setlen—A.S. setlan.] 
 SETTLE, set'l, n. a long bench with a high 
 back for sitting on : (S.) also, a platform 
 lower than another part. [M.E. setel— 
 A.S. .setl, from sittan, to sit ; cog. with 
 Ggi* scss^I 1 
 SETTLEMENT, set'1-ment, n. act of set- 
 tling : state of being settled : pavment : 
 arrangement : a colony newlv settled : a 
 sum newly settled on a woman at her 
 marriage. [colonist. 
 SETTLER, set'ler, n. one who settles : a 
 SEVEN, sev'n. adj. and n. six and one. 
 [A.S. .seofon ; cog. with Dut. zeven. Ger, 
 sieben, Goth, sibun, Gr. hepta, L. septem, 
 Sans. saptan.'\ 
 SEVENFOLD, se's''n-f6ld, adj. folded seven 
 times : multiplied seven times. [A.S. 
 seofon-feald. See Seven aud Fold.] 
 SEVENTEEN, sev'n-ten, adj. aud «.. seven 
 and ten. [A.S. seofontine—seofon, and 
 tin, ten.] 
 SEVENTEENTH, sev'n-tenth, adj. and n. 
 the seventh after the tenth. [A.S. seofon- 
 teotha — seofon, and teotha, tenth.] 
 SEVENTH, sev'nth, adj. last of seven, next 
 after the sixth.— ?;. one of seven equal 
 parts.— adr. SEVENTHLY. [A.S. seofotha 1 
 SEVENTIETH, sev'u-ti-eth. adj. last of 
 seventy: the ordinal of 70.— 7(. a seven- 
 tieth part. 
 SEVENTY, sev'n-ti.adj. and »., .seven times 
 ten : the name given to the body of schol- 
 ars who first translated tlie Old Testa- 
 ment into Greek. [A.S. seofontig— seo- 
 fon. seven, and tig, ten.] 
 SEVER, sev'er. v.t. to sejxirate with vio 
 lence : to cut apart : to divide: (B.) to 
 keep distinct.— r.i. to make a separation 
 or distinction : to be rent asunder. [Fr. 
 ■sevrer, to wean (It. sevrare. sceverare)— 
 L. separo. Doublet Separate.] 
 SEVERAL, sev'er-al, adj. distinct : par- 
 ticular : different : various : consisting 
 of a number : sundry.— orfr. Set'erally. 
 [Lit. "separate." O. Fr.— L. separo. See 
 Separate. Se\'er.] 
 SE^'ERALTY, sev'er-al-ti, n. a state of sep- 
 aration from the rest, or from all others. 
 —Estate in severalty, an estate which 
 the tenant holds in his own right with- 
 out being joined in iutei-est with any 
 other person. It is cHstingui.shed from 
 joint-tenancy, and coninioii. "The rest 
 of the land in the country, however, was 
 not possessed in severalty, but by the in- 
 habitants of each district in com'mon." 
 
 Brougham. 
 SEVERANCE, sev'er-ans, n. act of sever- 
 ing : separation. 
 SEVERE, se-ver', adj. sei-ious : grave : 
 austere : strict : not mild : strictlv ad- 
 hering to rule: sharp: distressing": in. 
 clement : searching : difficult to be en- 
 dured.— adf. Severe'ly. [Fr. severe— t.. 
 severus, akin to Gr. seb-omai, to worship. 
 Sans. Si'v.] 
 SEVERENESS, se-ver'nes, n. severity. Sir 
 
 ir. Trmple. 
 SEVERIAN, se-ve'ri-an, n. (eccles.) one of 
 the followers of Severius, a Monophvsite, 
 who held, in opjiositiou to the Julianists, 
 that the Saviour's body was corruptible. 
 SEVERITY, se-ver'i-ti, v. quality of being 
 severe : gravity : harshness : exactness : 
 inclemency. 
 SEVOEJA, sev-o-a'ha, 7i. a Mexican plant, 
 the Stenanthiuinfrigidum. It possesses 
 acrid aud poisonous qualities, aud is used 
 as au anthelmintic.
 
 SEVRES WARE 
 
 388 
 
 SHAGREEN 
 
 SEVRES AVAEE, sa-vr war, n. a kind of 
 porcelain ware, unsurpassed for artistic 
 design and brilliancy of coloring, manu- 
 factured at Sivres, in France. 
 
 SEW, so, v.i. to join or fasten together 
 with a needle and thread.— I'.i. to practice 
 sewing. — n. Sew'er. [A.S. seowian, si- 
 irian, cog. with O.Ger. simcen, and Goth. 
 siujan ; also conn, with L. sii-o, and Sans. 
 root, sir.] 
 
 SEWAGE, su'aj, n. refuse carried off bj' 
 sewers. 
 
 SEWEL, su'el, n. in hunting, a scarecrow, 
 generally made of feathers, hung up to 
 prevent deer from entering a place. 
 [Probablj' for sheirell or showell, from 
 shew, s/ioic] 
 
 SEWELLEL, se-wel'el, n. a gregarious 
 American rodent which unites some of 
 the characteristics of the beaver with 
 those of the squirrel family and the 
 prairie-dog. It is remarkable for its root- 
 less molars. It is about the size of a 
 muskrat, and the reddish-brown skin 
 which covers its plum]) heavy body is 
 much used by the Indians as an article 
 of dress. [Indian name.] 
 
 SEWER, su'er, n. an underground passage 
 for draining off water and filth. [Lit. 
 "a drainer," from an obs. verb sew, to 
 drain — O. Fr. essuer (Fr. essuyer, It. as- 
 ciugare) — Late L. exsiicare — L. ex, out of, 
 and sucus. moisture.] 
 
 SEWERAGE, su'er-aj, n. the whole sewers 
 of a city : drainage by sewers. 
 
 SEWIN, su'in, SEWEN, su'en, n. a fish 
 which has often been regarded as a vari- 
 ety of the salmon trout, salmon peal, or 
 bull trout, but is regarded by Couch as a 
 distinct species, the silver salmon (Salmo 
 cambricu^). 
 
 SEWING, so'ing, n. act of sewing : what 
 is sewed. 
 
 SEWING-MACHINE. s6'ing-ma-shen, n. 
 a machine for sewing or stitching cloth, 
 etc., now in extensive use, and largely 
 superseding sewing by hand. Sewing- 
 machines are of several classes ; as, (a) 
 those in which the needle is passed com- 
 pletely through the work, as in hand- 
 sewing ; (b) those making a chain-stitch, 
 which is wrought by the crotchet hook, 
 or by an eye-pointed needle and auxiliary 
 hook ; (c) those making a fair stitch on 
 one side, the upper thread being inter- 
 woven bj' another thread below ; (d) 
 those making the lock-stitch, the same 
 on both sides. The modifications, im- 
 provements, and additions made to the 
 sewing-machine since its introduction 
 are very numerous. It has now been 
 adapted to produce almost all kinds of 
 stitching which can be done by the hand. 
 
 SEX, seks, n. the distinction between male 
 and female: the characteristics by which 
 an animal or plant is male or female. — 
 The Sex, womankind. [Lit. " a division 
 or section," Fr. sexe — L. sexus, from the 
 root of seco, to cut. See Sect.] 
 
 SEXAGENARIAJN, seks-a-jen-a'ri-an, n. a 
 person sixty years old. 
 
 SEXAGENAR"^, seks-aj'en-ar-1 or seks'a- 
 jen-ar-i. adj. designating the number 
 sixty. — n. a sexagenarian: something 
 containing sixty. [L. sexaginta, sixty — 
 sex. six.] 
 
 SEXAGESIMA, seks-a-jes'i-ma, n. the 
 second Sunday before Lent, being about 
 the sixtieth day before Easter. [L. sexa- 
 gesimus. sixtieth.] 
 
 SEXAGESIMAL, seks-a-jes'i-mal, adj. per- 
 taining to the number si.vty: proceeding 
 by sixties. 
 
 SEXENNIAL, seks-en'yal. adj. lasting six 
 years : happening once in six years. — 
 adv. Sexenn'ially. [L. sex, six, and 
 an JIMS, a year.] 
 
 SEXTANT, seks'tant, n. (math.) the sixth 
 part of a circle : an optical instrurtient 
 having an arc = the sixth part of a cir- 
 cle, and used for measuring angular dis- 
 tances. [Fr. — L. sextaiis, -antis, a sixth 
 — sex, six. J 
 
 SEXTILE, seks'til, adj. denoting the as- 
 pect or position of two planets when dis- 
 tant from each other 60 degrees or two 
 signs. "The moon receives the dusky 
 light we discern in its sextile aspect from 
 the earth's benignity.'" — Olanville. Used 
 also as a noun. [L. sextus, sixth, from 
 sex, six.] 
 
 SEXTILLION, seks-til'yun, n. according to 
 English notation, a million raised to the 
 sixth power ; a number represented by 
 a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed: 
 according to French notation, used in the 
 United States, by a unit with twenty-one 
 ciphers annexed. Spelled also Sexttj.ton. 
 [From L. sex, six, and E. million.} 
 
 SEXTO, seks'to (pi. Sextos, seks'toz), Ji. a 
 book formed bj' folding each sheet into 
 six leaves. [L.] 
 
 SEXTO- DECIMO, seks-to-des'i-mo, n. a 
 book, pamphlet, or the like, folded so 
 that each sheet makes sixteen leaves : 
 the size of the book thus folded. Usually 
 indicated thus, 16mo, 16°. Used also ad- 
 Jectively. Called also Sixteenmo. [L. 
 sextus decimus, sixteenth — sextus, sixth, 
 and decimus, tenth.] 
 
 SEXTON, seks'tun, n. an officer who has 
 charge of a church, attends the clergy- 
 man, digs graves, etc. — n. SEx'TONSHn>, 
 his office. [A corr. of Sacristan.] 
 
 SEXTUPLE,seks'tu-pl, adj.,sixfold: (music) 
 having six parts. [Fr. — L. sextus. sixth, 
 and -plus, akin to plenus, E. FULL.] 
 
 SEXUAL, seks'u-al, adj. pertaining to sex : 
 distinguishing or founded on the sex : 
 relating to the distinct organs of the 
 sexes. — adv. Sex'uallt. 
 
 SEXUALITY, seks-u-al'i-ti, n. state or 
 quality of being sexual. 
 
 SHABBY, shab'i, adj. threadbare or worn, 
 as clothes : having a look of poverty : 
 mean in look or conduct : low : paltry. — 
 adv. Shabb'ily. — n. Shabb'iness. [Adj. 
 from shah, an old byform of Scab ; cog. 
 with Ger. schiibig, scabby, threadbare. 
 Doublet Scabby.] 
 
 SHABBY-GENTEEL, shab'i-jen-tel', adj. 
 retaining in present shabbiness traces 
 of former gentility : aping gentility but 
 really shabby. Tttackeray. 
 
 SHACKLE-BAR, shak'1-bar, n. the coup- 
 ling bar or link on the pilot of a 'oco- 
 motive. 
 
 SHACKLE- BOLT, shak'l-bolt, n. a shackle: 
 a g'j've : a shack-bolt. "'What device 
 does he bear on his shield ? ' asked Ivan- 
 hoe. — ' Something resembling a bar of 
 iron, and a padlock painted blue on the 
 black shield.' — ' A fetterlock and shackle- 
 bolt azure,' said Ivanhoe ; ' I know not 
 who may bear the de\'ice, but well I ween 
 it might now be mine own.' " — Sir W. 
 Scott. 
 
 SHACKLE-BONE, shak'1-bon, n. the 
 wrist. [Scotch. Lit. the bone on which 
 shackles are put ; Low Ger. shakebein.'] 
 
 SHACKLES, shak'lz, n.pl. a chain to con- 
 fine the limbs : handcuffs : fetters : any- 
 thing that liinders free action. — v.t. 
 Shack'le, to fetter : to tie the limbs 
 of : to confine. [A.S. sceaeid, scacid. a 
 shackle ; cog. with O. Dut. shakel, a link 
 of a chain. Ice. skokull, the pole of a 
 cart.] 
 
 SHAD, shad, n.sing. and pi. a teleostean 
 fish of the genus Alosa, family Clupeidje, 
 which inhabits the sea near the mouths 
 of large rivers, and in the spring ascends 
 them to deposit its spawn. It attains a 
 length of three feet, and is distinguished 
 
 by the absence of sensible teeth, and by 
 an irregular spot behind the gills. Two 
 species of shad are found off the British 
 coast, the Twaite (A. vulgaris) and the 
 Allice shad (A. finta), but their flesh is 
 dry and not much esteemed. In this 
 country a species of shad, plentiful in 
 the Hudson, Delaware, Chesapeake, and 
 St. Lawrence is much esteemed, and is 
 consumed in great quantities in the fresh 
 state. [Prov. Ger. schade, a shad ; comp. 
 Arm. sgadan, W. ysgadan, a herring.] 
 
 SHAD-BUSH, shad'-boosh, u. a name of a 
 shub or small tree common in the North- 
 ern United States (Amelanchier cana- 
 densis), so called from its flowering in 
 April and Maj', when the shad ascend 
 the rivers. The fruit is edible and ripens 
 in June, whence the name JOJE-BERRY. 
 Called also Service-berry. 
 
 SHADDOCK, shad'dok, n. a tree and its 
 fruit, which is a large species of orange, 
 the produce of the Citrtis decumana, a 
 native of China and Japan. The fruit 
 weighs sometimes from 10 to 20 lbs. [Af- 
 ter Captain Shaddock, who first brought 
 it to the West Indies, early in the eigh- 
 teenth century.] 
 
 SHADE, shad, ji. partial darkness : inter- 
 ception of light : obscurity : a shady 
 place: protection: shelter: a screen: de- 
 gree of color : a verj' minute change : 
 (paint.) the dark part of a picture : the 
 soul separated from the body : a ghost. 
 — v.t. to scj-een from light or heat : to 
 shelter: to mark with gradations of color: 
 to darken. — v.i. to act as a shade. — n. 
 Shad'er. [A.S. scead, sceddii, cog. with 
 Ger. schatte, schatten : perh. conn, with 
 Gr. skia, shadow, skotos, darkness, and 
 with root ska. to cover.] 
 
 SHADOW, shad'6, Ji., shade caused by an 
 object: shade: darkness: shelter: secur 
 ity: favor: the dark part of a picture: aD< 
 inseparable companion: a mj'stical repre- 1 
 sentation : faint appearance : somethingj 
 only in appearance. — v.t. to shade : to! 
 cloud or darken: to shade, as a paiutiugJ 
 to represent faintly : to follow, uuob-l 
 served, as a detective shadoics a suspect-] 
 ed criminal.— orf/. Shad'ovtless. [Doub-J 
 let of Shade.] 
 
 SHADOWING, shad'6-ing, «., shading: 
 gradation of light and color. 
 
 SHADOWY, shad'o-i, adj. full of shadow : 
 dark : obscure : typical : unsubstantial : 
 doubtful, in a bad sense. 
 
 SHADY, shad'i, adj. having or in shade : 
 sheltered from Ught or heat.— odr. SHAjy- 
 ILY.— )i. Shad'iness. 
 
 SHAFT, shaft, n. anything long and 
 str.iight, as the stem of an arrow, etc.: 
 the part of a column between the base 
 and capital : the stem of a feather : the 
 entrance to a mine : a pole of a carriage. 
 [A.S. sceaft, cog. with Ger. schaft, prob. 
 from root of SHAPE.] 
 
 SHAFTED, shaft'ed, adj. having a shaft 
 or handle. 
 
 SHAG, shag, n. that which is rough or 
 bushy : woolly hair : cloth with a rough 
 nap : a kind of tobacco cut into shreds. 
 [A.S. sceacga, a head of hair. prob. from 
 a Scand. root seen in Ice. skegg, beard, 
 skagi, cape (in Shetland, skaic).] 
 
 SHAGGY, shag'i, adj. covered with rough 
 hair or wool: rough: rugged. — n. Shauo'- 
 
 INESS. ■ 
 
 SHAGREEN, sha-gren', n. a species ot 
 leather prepared without tanning, from 
 horse, ass, and camel skin, its granular 
 appearance being given by imbedding in it, 
 whilst soft, the seeds of a species ot chen- 
 opodiuni, and afterwards shaving down 
 the surface, and then by soaking causing 
 
 . the portions of the skin which had been ' 
 indented by the seeds to swell up into re- 
 
 9
 
 SHAGREEN 
 
 389 
 
 SHANTY 
 
 tief. It is dyed with the green produced 
 by the action of sal ammoniac on copper 
 filings. It is also made of the skins of 
 the shark, searotter, seal, etc. It was 
 formerly much used for watch, spectacle, 
 and instrument cases. [Fr. chagrin, 
 Venetian sagrin, from Tui-k. sagri, Per. 
 saqhri, shagreen.] 
 
 5HAGREEN, sha-gren', SHAGREENED, 
 shagrend', adj. made of the leather called 
 shagreen. " A shagreen case of lancets." 
 —T. Hook. 
 
 SHAH, sha, n. a title given by European 
 writers to the monarch of Persia, but in 
 his own country he is designated bj' the 
 compound appellation of Padishah. — 
 Shah Nameh [Per., the Book of Kings], 
 the title of several Eastern works, the 
 most ancient and celebrated of which is 
 the poem in the modern Persian language 
 by the poet Firdousi. It contains the his- 
 tory of the ancient Persian kings. [Per., 
 a king, a prince (hence c/iess).] 
 
 SHAHI, sha'hi, n. a Persian copper coin of 
 the value of one cent. 
 
 SHAKE, shak, v.t. to move with quick, 
 sliort motions : to agitate : to make to 
 tremble : to threaten to overthrow : to 
 cause to waver : to make afraid : to give 
 a tremulous note to. — v.i. to be agitated : 
 to tremble : to shiver : to lose firmness : 
 — pa.t. shook, (B.) shaked ; pa.}), shak'en. 
 — n. a rapid tremulous motion : a trem- 
 bling or shivering : a concussion : a rent 
 in timber, rock, etc. : (jnusic) a rapid 
 repetition of two notes. [A.S. scaean, 
 cog. with Ice. shaka, and perh. akin to 
 Ger. schaiikeln, to make to swing. Cf. 
 Shock.] 
 
 SHAKE-BAG, shak'-bag, n. a lai'ge-sized 
 variety of game-cock. " I would pit her 
 for a cool hundred . . . against the best 
 shake-bag of the whole main." — Smollett. 
 
 SHAKES, sha-ke', n. an East Indian coin 
 of the value of about 6 cents. 
 
 SHAKER, shak'er, n. a person or thing 
 that shakes or agitates ; as, Neptune, the 
 shaker of the earth : a member of a 
 religious sect founded in Manchester, 
 England, about the middle of the eigh- 
 teenth century, so called popularly from 
 the agitations or movements in dancing 
 which forms part of their ceremonial, 
 but calling themselves the United Societj' 
 of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing. 
 The Shakers teach a system of doctrine 
 founded partly on the Bible and partly 
 on the supposed revelations of Mother 
 Ann Lee, their first inspired leader, and 
 her successors. Thej' lead a ceUbite life, 
 hold their property in common, engage 
 in agriculture, horticulture, and a few 
 simple trades. They believe the millen- 
 nium has come, that they hold communi- 
 cation with the spirits of the departed, 
 and have the exercise of spiritual gifts. 
 They wear a peculiar dress, and abstain 
 from the use of pork as food. They teach 
 the theory of non-resistance as opposed 
 to war and bloodshed. They are now 
 mostly confined to the United States. 
 Sometimes called SHAKING Quaker. 
 
 SHAKESPEAREAN or -IAN, SHAK- 
 SPEAREAN or -IAN, SHAKSPEREAN 
 or -IAN, shak-sper'ean, adj. pertaining 
 to or in the style of Shakespeare, or to 
 his works. 
 
 SHAKO, sliak'5, n. a kind of military cap. 
 [Hun.] ^ 
 
 SHAKY, shak'L adj. in a shaking condi- 
 tion : feeble : unsteady : full of cracks 
 or .lefts.— n. Shak'iness. 
 
 SHALE, slial, /(. a rock of a slaty structure, 
 often found in the coal-measures. [Doub- 
 let of Scale and Shell.] 
 
 SHALL, shal, v.i. to be under obligation : 
 used in ihe future tense of the verb. — 
 
 Shall and ivill are often confounded by 
 inaccurate speakers or writers, and even 
 writers such as Addison sometimes make 
 a slip. In quoting the following lines 
 from a song in Sir George Etherege's 
 " She Would if she Could " (1704), Mr. 
 R. Grant White says, " I do not know in 
 English literature another passage in 
 which the distinction between shall and 
 vnll and would and should is at once so 
 elegantly, so variously, so precisely, and 
 so compactly illustrated." 
 How long I shaU love him I cau no more tell, 
 Thau, had I a fever, when I should be well. 
 My passion sha2l kill me before I wiU show it, 
 And yet I wou^d j^ive all the world he did know it ; 
 But oh how I sii^h, when I think should he woo me, 
 I cannot refuse what I know icou^d undo me. 
 
 [Originally " to owe," A.S. sceal, to be 
 obliged, Ger. soil, Goth, skal. Ice. skal, to 
 be in duty bound : ace. to Grimm orig. 
 the pa.t. of a root-verb skilan, to kill, 
 thus lit. sig. "I have slain," hence, "I 
 am liable for the fine or tcer-gild."] 
 
 SHALLOON, shal-loon', ?i. a light kind of 
 woollen stuff said to have been first made 
 at Chalons in France. 
 
 SHALLOP, shal'op, n. a large schooner- 
 rigged boat with two masts. [Fr. cha- 
 loupe — Dut. sloep. Doublet Sloop.] 
 
 SHALLOW, shal'o, n. a sandbank : a flat 
 place over which th« water is not deep : 
 a shoal. — adj. not deep : not profound : 
 not wise : trifling. — n. Shall'owness. 
 [Conn, with Shoal, and perh. with 
 Shelf.] 
 
 SHALOT, SHALLOT, sha-lot', n. a kind 
 of onion with a flavor like that of garlic. 
 [Short for Eschalot.] 
 
 SHALT, Shalt, 3d per. sing, of Shall. 
 
 SHALY, shal'i, adj. pertaining to or hav- 
 ing the qualities of shale. 
 
 SHAM, sham, n. a pretence : that which 
 deceives expectation : imposture. — adj. 
 pretended: false. — v.t. to pretend: to 
 feign: to impose upon. — v.i. to make 
 false pretences: — pr.p. shamm'ing; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. shammed. [From root of 
 Shame.] 
 
 SHAMAN, sham'an, n. a professor or priest 
 of Shamanism : a \vizard or conjurer, 
 among those who profess Shamanism. 
 
 SHAMAN, sham'an, adj. relating to Sham- 
 anism. 
 
 SHAMANISM, sham'an-izra, n. a general 
 name applied to the idolatrous religions 
 of a number of barbarous nations, com- 
 prehending those of the Finnish race, as 
 the Ostiaks, Samoyedes, and other inhab- 
 itants of Siberia, as far as the Pacific 
 Ocean. These nations generallj' believe 
 in a Supreme Being, but to this they add 
 the belief that the government of the 
 world is in the hands of a number of 
 secondary gods both benevolent and 
 malevolent towards man, and that it is 
 absolutely necessary to avert their ma- 
 lign influence by niagic rites and spells. 
 The general belief respecting another life 
 a ppears to be that the condition of man 
 will be poorer and more wretched than 
 the present ; hence death is an object of 
 great dread. [Shamanism. 
 
 SHAMANIST, sham'an-ist, n. a believer in 
 
 SHAMBLE, sham'bl, v.i. to walk with an 
 awkward, unsteady gait. — adj. Shaji'- 
 BLING. [Conn, vv-ith Scamper?] 
 
 SHAMBLES, sham'blz, w.p/. a slaughter- 
 house. [Lit. stalls on which butchers ex- 
 posed their meat for sale, A.S. scamel 
 (Ger. sehanieT), a bench — Low L. scamel- 
 lum, for L. scabelliim, dim. of scamnum, 
 a bench.] 
 
 SHAME, sham, ?i. the feeling caused by 
 the exposure of that which ought to be 
 concealed, or by a consciousness of 
 guilt : the cause of shame: dishonor: 
 (B.) the parts of the body which mod- 
 
 esty requires to be concealed. — v.t. to 
 make ashamed : to cause to blush : to 
 cover with reproach. [A.S. sceamu, 
 scamu, modesty ; cog. with Ger. scham, 
 prob. from a root-verb skiman, to become 
 red, seen in SHIMMER.] 
 
 SHAMEFACED, sham'fast (properly 
 Shamefast, sham'fast), adj. very mod- 
 est or bashful : easily confused. — adv. 
 Shame' facedlt. — n. Shame'facedness, 
 modesty. [For M. E. shamefast — A.S, 
 sceam-faest — sceamu, modesty, /ccs^, fast, 
 perfectly, very.] 
 
 SHAMEFAST, sham'fast, adj. shamefaced; 
 modest. " He saw her wise, shamefast 
 and bringing forth children." — North. 
 " It is a pity that shamefast and shame- 
 fastness . . . should have been corrupted 
 in modern use to shamefaced and shame- 
 facedness. The words are properly of 
 the same formation as steadfast, stead- 
 fastness, .soothfast, soothfastness, and 
 those good old English words now lost 
 to us, rootfast, rootfastness. As by root- 
 fast our fathers understood that which 
 was firm and fast by its root, so bv 
 shamefast, in like manner, that which 
 was established and made fast by (an 
 honorable) shame. To change this into 
 shamefaced is to allow all the meaning 
 and force of the word to run to the sur- 
 face, to leave us, ethically, a far inferior 
 word." — Trench. [A.S. sceam-fcest.] 
 
 SHAMEFASTNESS, sham ' fast - nes, ii. 
 shamefacedness : great modesty. " la 
 mannerly aparell with shamfastnes "~ 
 Bible, Tyndale's trans., 1.536. 
 
 SHAMEFUL, sham'fool, adj. disgraceful: 
 raising shame in others : indecent. — odv, 
 Shame'fctlly.— Ji. Shame'fulness. 
 
 SHAMELESS, sham'les, adj. immodest : 
 done without shame : audacious. — adv 
 Shame'lessly. — u. Shame'lessskss. 
 
 SHAMMT, sham'i, SHAMOY, sham'oy n 
 leather orig. prepared from the skin of 
 the chamois, but now from that of the 
 deer, goat, etc. [A corr. of Chamois.] 
 
 SHAMPOO, sham-poo', v.t. to squeeze and 
 rub the body, in connection with the hot 
 bath : to wash thoroughly with soap and 
 water, as the head. — n. Shampoo'er, 
 [Hind, tshamjma, to squeeze.] 
 
 SHAMROCK, sham'rok, n. a species of 
 clover, the national emblem of Ireland. 
 [A Celt, word ; Ir. seamrog, Gael, seam- 
 rag.\ 
 
 SHANk, shangk, n. the leg below the knee 
 to the foot : the long part of any instru- 
 ment, as of an anchor between the arms 
 and ring. [A.S. sceanca, the bone of the 
 leg, the leg ; cog. with O. Ger. scincho 
 (Ger. schinken, sclienkel).] 
 
 SHANKLIN-SAND, shangk'lin-sand, u. in 
 geol. another name for lower greensand 
 of the chalk formation : so called from 
 its being conspicuously developed at 
 Shankliii in the Isle of Wight. 
 
 SHANK-PAINTER, shangV-pan-ter, Jt. 
 (naut.) a short rope and chain which sus- 
 tains the shank and flukes of an anchor 
 against the ship's side, as the stopper 
 fastens the ring and stock to the cat-head. 
 
 SHANNY, shan'ni, n. a small fish allied to 
 the blenny, and found under stones and 
 seaweeds,'where it luiks. It is the Blen- 
 7lius pholis of Linnanis, and the Pholis 
 licvis of modern authors. By means of 
 its pectoral fins it is able to crawl upon 
 land, and when the tide ebbs will often 
 creep upon shore until it finds a crevice 
 wherein it can hide until the tide returns. 
 
 SHANTY, shant'i. n. a rude, improvised 
 dwelling or hut, to be found in lumber 
 ciitnps. on fishing groimds. and along the 
 line of raih'oads. canals, etc., in course of 
 construction. [Perh. from Ir. sean, old, 
 and tig, a liouse.]
 
 SHAPABLE 
 
 590 
 
 SHED 
 
 8HAPABLE, shap'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 shaped. 
 
 SHAPE, shap, v.t. to form. -to fashion: 
 to adapt to a purpose : to regulate : to 
 direct: to conceive: — pa.p. shaped. (B.) 
 shap'en. — n . form or figure : external 
 appearance : that which has form or fig- 
 ure : an appearance : particular nature : 
 expression, as in words. [A.S. sceapian, 
 seapan. cog. with Goth, skapjan, Ger. 
 gchaffen. Ice. skapa. to form ; prob. conn, 
 with Ship, Shaft. Shift.] 
 
 SHAPELESS, shiip'les, adj. having no 
 shape or regular form : wanting sym- 
 metry. — n. Shape'lessness. 
 
 SHAPELY, shap'li, adj. having shape or a 
 regular form : symmetrical. — n. Shape'- 
 
 LIXESS. 
 
 SHAPESMITH, shap'smith, n. one that un- 
 dertalies to improve the form of the body. 
 Xo shapesmitli yet set up and drove a trade. 
 To mend the work that Providence had made. 
 
 —Garth. 
 
 SHARD, shard, n. a piece or fragment of 
 an earthen vessel or of any brittle sub- 
 stance: a potsherd: a fragment; ••Shards, 
 flints, and pebbles." — Shak.: "Dashed 
 your cities into shards." — Tennyson; 
 Thus did that poor soul wander in want and 
 
 cheerless discomfort. 
 Bleeding, bare-tooted, over the shards and thorns 
 of existence. — Longfellotc: 
 
 the shell of an egg or of a snail : the 
 wing-case of a beetle ; " Thev are his 
 shards, and he their beetle." — §hak.: the 
 leaves of the artichoke and some other 
 vegetables whitened or blanched ; ' 'Shards 
 or mallows for the pot." — Dryden. [Also 
 sherd: A.S. sceard, from sceran, to shear, 
 to separate ; cog. Ice. skard, a notch, a 
 gap : Dan. skaar, an incision, a sherd ; 
 akin share.] 
 
 8HARD-B0RKE. shard'-born, adj. borne 
 along by its shards or scaly wing-cases. 
 •• The shard-borne beetle." — Shak. 
 
 8HARDED, shard'ed, adj. having wings 
 sheathed with a hard case. "The sharded 
 beetle."— S/iflfc. 
 
 SHARDY, shard'i, adj. consisting of or 
 formed by a shard or shards ; furnished 
 with shards. " The hornet's shardy 
 wings." — J. R. Drake. 
 
 SHARE, shar, n. a part shorn or cut off : 
 a portion : dividend : one of a number 
 of equal portions of anything. — v.t. to 
 divide into parts : to partake with others. 
 — v.i. to have a part : to receive a divi- 
 dend. — )!. Shae'er. [A.S. scearn — sceran, 
 E. Shear : cog. with Ger. schar, schaar, 
 a division.] 
 
 SHARE, shar, n. the iron blade of a plough 
 which shears or cuts the ground. [M.E. 
 sc7(or— A.S. scear — sceran. E. Shear ; 
 cog. with Ger. schar, schaar. a division, 
 also a ploughshare. Cf. above word.] 
 
 SHAREHOLDER, shar'hold-er, n. one ivho 
 holds or owns a share in a joint fund or 
 property. 
 
 SHARK, "shark, n. a large voracious fish 
 with large sharp teeth. [Ety. dub. ; 
 perh. from L. carcharus — Gr. karcharos, 
 sharp-pointed, having sharp teeth.] 
 
 SHARP, sharp, adj. having a thin, cutting 
 edge or fine point : peaked or ridged : 
 affecting the senses as if pointed or cut- 
 ting : severe : keen : of keen or quick 
 perception : pungent : biting : sarcastic : 
 eager : fierce : impetuous : shrill. — n. an 
 acute sound : (music) a note raised a 
 semitone: the character ;, directing this : 
 a shrewdly dishonest person, especially 
 at gaming and speculating. — adv. Shakp'- 
 LY. — n. Sharp'xess. [A.S. scearp : cog. 
 ■with Ice. skarp-r, Ger. scharf : from a 
 root skarp seen in A.S. sceorfan, to split, 
 sceran, to Shear : conn, with L. sarp- 
 ere, to prune, Gr. harp-e. Cf. also Scarf 
 and EscAiiP.] 
 
 SHARPEN, sharp'n, v.t. to make sharp or 
 keen : to give edge or point to : to make 
 pungent or painful : to make severe : to 
 make eager, active, or acute. — v.i. to 
 grow sharp. 
 
 SHARPER, sharp'er, n. a trickster : a 
 swindler : a cheat. 
 
 SHARP-SET, sharp'-set, adj. eager : keen : 
 ravenous. 
 
 SHARP-SIGHTED. sharp'-sTt'ed, adj. hav- 
 ing acute sight : shrewd : discerning. 
 
 SHARP-WITTED, sharp'-wit'ed, adj. hav- 
 ing an acute wit : sagacious. 
 
 SHATTER, shat'er, vA. to break so that 
 the pieces are scattered : to break or dash 
 to pieces : to crack : to disorder : to ren- 
 der unsound. — n. a fragment. [A doublet 
 of Scatter.] 
 
 SHATTER-BRAIN, shat'ter-bran, n. a care- 
 less Eriddv person : a scatter-brain. 
 
 SHATTER"- BRAINED, shat'ter- brand, 
 SHATTER-PATED. shat'ter-pat-ed. adj. 
 disordered in intellect : intellectually 
 weak: scatter-brained. "You cannot 
 . . . but conclude that religion and 
 devotion are far from being the mere 
 effects of ignorance and imposture, what- 
 ever some shatter-brained and debauched 
 persons would fain persuade themselves 
 and others." — Dr. J. Goodman. 
 
 SHATTERY, shat-ter'i, adj. brittle : easily 
 falling into many pieces : not compact : 
 loose of texture. "A coarse grit-stone 
 .... of too s/i af fen/ a nature to be used 
 except in ordinarv buildings."' — Pennant. 
 
 SHAUCHLE, SHAUGHLE, shawch'l, v.i. 
 to walk with a shuffling or shambling 
 gait. [Scotch.] 
 
 SHAUCHLE, SHAUGHLE. shawch'l, v.t. 
 to distort from the proper shape or right 
 direction by use or wear. — Shaughled 
 SHOON. shoes trodden down on one side 
 by bad walking : (fig.) applied to a jilted 
 woman. Burns ; Sir W. Scott. [Scotch.] 
 
 SHAUL, shawl, adj. shallow. "Duncan 
 deep, and Peebles shard." — Bums. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 SHAVE, shav, v.t. to cut off the hair with 
 a razor: to pare closely: to make smooth 
 by paring : to ctit in t"liin slices : to skim 
 along the surface: to strip: — pa.p. shaved 
 or shav'en. [A.S. scafan ; Dut. scharen, 
 to rub, to shave, Ger. scliaben. L. scabo, 
 to scrape, Gr. skapto, to dig. See Shape.] 
 
 SHAVELING, shav'ling, n. a monk or 
 friar (in contempt), from his shaven 
 crown. 
 
 SHAVER, shav'er, n. one who shaves : a 
 barber : a sharp dealer : a plimderer. 
 
 SHAVIE, shav'i. n. a trick or prank. 
 "Mony a prank an' mirthfu" s/iOfiC." — 
 Blackwood's Mag. [Scotch.] 
 
 SHAVING, shav'ing, n. the act of shaving: 
 that which is shaved or pared off. 
 
 SHAW, shaw, n. a thicket ; a small wood ; 
 a shady place ; " This grene shau:'' — 
 Chaucer : " Close hid beneath the green- 
 wood .s/iCrtf." — Fairfa.v : a stem with the 
 leaves, as of a potato, turnip, etc. [Now 
 only Scotch or Northern English in both 
 senses. A Scandinavian word; Dan. skov. 
 Ice. skogr, Sw. skog. a wood or grove.] 
 
 SHAW. shaw. v.t. to show. [Scotch.] 
 
 SHAW-FOWL, shaw'-fowl. n. the repre- 
 sentation or image of a fowl made by 
 fowlers to shoot at. [Shaw here a form 
 of Show.] 
 
 SHAWL, shawl, n. a cloth of wool, cotton, 
 silk, or hair, used, particularly by wom- 
 en, as a covering for the shoulders : a 
 kind of mantle. — v.t. to wrap in a shawl. 
 [From the Pers. word shal, a fine cloth 
 (Ger. shaicl, Fr. ehdle are from the E. 
 word).] 
 
 SHAWL -WAISTCOAT, shawl'-wast - kot, 
 n. a vest or waistcoat with a lai-ge prom- 
 inent pattern like a shawl. 2 hackeray. 
 
 SHAWM, SHALM, shawm, n. an old 
 wind-instrument similar in form to the 
 clarionet. Otliers think it was formed of 
 pipes made of reed or of wheaten or oaten 
 straw. [O. Fr. clialemel. Mod. Fr. chain- 
 mean, from calamellus. a dim. of L. cala- 
 mus. a reed, a reed-pipe.] 
 
 SHAY, sha, ?(. a chaise. Lamb. 
 
 SHE, she, pron. fern, the female undei-stood 
 or previously mentioned : sonietiuies 
 used as a noun for female. [Orig. the 
 fem. of tlie def. art. in A.S. — viz. seo or 
 sia. which in the 12th century began to 
 replace hed, the old fem. pron.] 
 
 SHEAF, shef, n. a quantity of things, esp. 
 the stalks of grain, shoved together and 
 bound: any bundle or collection: — pi. 
 Sheaves, shevz. — v.t. to bind in sheaves. 
 — v.i. to make sheaves. [A.S. seeaf, Ger. 
 .9chaxib — A.S. sceofan, Ger. schieben, to 
 shove.] 
 
 SHEAFY, shef'i, adj. consisting of sheaves. 
 
 SHEAR, sher, v.t. to cut or clip: to clip 
 with shears or any other instrument. — 
 i:i. to separate: — jia.t. sheared, (obs.) 
 shore ; jjo.p. sheared or shorn. — n. 
 Sheae'er. [A.S. sceran; Ice. .tkera, to 
 clip, Ger. scheren, to shave, to separate.} 
 
 SHEARHOG, sher'hog. n. a ram or wether 
 after the first shearing; provinciallj- pro- 
 nounced as li ncitten sherrng or shdrrag. 
 "To talk of .'hearhogs and ewes to men 
 who liabitually said sharrags and yowes." 
 — George Eliot. 
 
 SHEARLING, sher'ling, n. a sheep only 
 once sheared. 
 
 SHEARS, siierz, n.pl. an instrument for 
 shearing or cutting, consisting of two 
 blades that meet each other ; anything 
 Like shears : an apparatus for raising 
 heavy weights, consisting of upright 
 spars fastened together at the top and 
 furnished with tackle. 
 
 SHEATH, sheth, n. a case for a sword or 
 other long instrument : a scabbard : any 
 thin defensive covering ; a membrane 
 covering a stem or branch : the wing- 
 case of an insect. [A.S. sceath. -tcceth; 
 cog. with Ger. scheide, a sheath. Ice. 
 skeid-ir ; from the root of Shed, to 
 separate.] 
 
 SHEATHE, sheth, v.t. to put into a sheath: 
 to cover with a sheath or case: to inclose] 
 in a lining-. 
 
 SHEATHING, sheWi'ing, n. that which' 
 sheathes, esp. the covering of a ship's] 
 bottom. 
 
 SHEA'ST;, shev, n. a grooved wheel in a| 
 block, mast, yard, etc.. on which a rope| 
 works : the wheel of a pulley : a shiver :' 
 a sliding scutcheon for covering a key 
 hole. [O. Dut. schijve. Mod. Dut. schi^f, 
 Ger. scheibe, a round slice, a disc. Seei 
 Shite, which is a slightly different fori 
 of this word.] 
 
 SHEA^'E, shev, v.t. to bring together into] 
 sheaves : to collect into a sheaf or into] 
 sheaves. 
 
 SHEAVED, shevd, adj. made of straw. 
 Shak. 
 
 SHEA\T:-H0LE, shev'-hSl, n. a channel 
 cut in a mast, yard, or other timber, in 
 which to fix a slieave. 
 
 SHEBANDER, sheb'an-der, n. a Dutch; 
 East India commercial officer. 
 
 SHEBEEN, she-ben', n. a place when- 
 toxicating- drinks are privately and in. 
 lawfully sold. [Ir.] 
 
 SHECHINAH, she-ki'na,?;. See Shekikah, 
 
 SHED, shed, v.t. to scatter : to throw out: 
 to pour : to spill. — v.i. to let fall -.—pr.p. 
 shedd'ing ; pa.t. a.m\ pa.p. shed. — n. 
 Shedd'er. [A.S. sceddan; cog. with Grcr. 
 schiitten. to pour.] 
 
 SHED, shed, v.t. to part, separate. [A.S. 
 sceadan : cog. with Ger. scheiden. Se* 
 Watershed.]
 
 SHED 
 
 391 
 
 SHERIFF 
 
 SHED, shed, n. that which shades: aslig-ht 
 erection, usually of wood, for shade or 
 shelter : an outhouse : a hut : a disnding 
 line, as a water -shed, in geography. 
 [From Shade.] 
 
 SHEDDIXG, shed'ing, n. the act of one 
 that sheds : that which is shed or cast 
 off: a parting or branching off, as of two 
 roads ; the angle or place where two 
 roads meet. -'That shedding of the 
 roads which marks the junction of the 
 highways coming down for Glasgow and 
 Edinburgh."— ir. Black. 
 
 SHEEN, shen, n. that which nhines : 
 brightness or splendor. [From Shine.] 
 
 SHEEP, shep. n.sitig. and pi. the well- 
 known animal covered with wool: a silly 
 fellow (in contempt). [A.S. sceap ; Dut. 
 schaap. Ger. sehaf.] 
 
 8HEEPC0T, shep'kot, n. a cot or inclosure 
 for sheep. 
 
 SHEEPFOLD. shep'fold, n. a fold or in- 
 closure for sheej) : a flock of sheep. 
 
 SHEEPHEADED, shep-hed'ed. adj. dull: 
 simple-minded: silly. "Simple, sheep- 
 headed fools." — John Taylor 
 
 8HEEPH00K. shep'hook. ». a hook fast- 
 ened to a pole, by which shepherds lay 
 hold on the legs oi' their sheep : a shep- 
 herd's crook. 
 
 Thou a sceptre's heir, 
 That thus aifect^st a sheephookl — Shak. 
 
 SHEEPISH, shep'ish. adj. like a sheep : 
 bashful: foolishly diffident. — adv. Sheep'- 
 ISHLT. — n. Sheep'ishness. 
 
 SHEEP-LAUREL, shep'-law-rel, ?i. a small 
 North American evergreen shrub of the 
 genus Kalraia (K. angustifolia). nat. or- 
 der Ericaceae. Like many other plants 
 of the heathwort order, it has been intro- 
 duced into our gardens, and is deservedly 
 a favorite. It has received tliis name, as 
 well as that of Lambkill. from its leaves 
 and shoots being deleterious to cattle. 
 
 SHEEPMASTER, shepmas-ter, n. (B.) a 
 master or owner of sheep. 
 
 SHEEPSHEARER, shep'sher-er,)i. one who 
 Kheurs slieep. 
 
 SHEEPSHEARING. shep'sher-ing, n. the 
 shearing or i-eraoving the fleece of sheep : 
 the time of shearing the sheep. 
 
 SHEEPWALK, shep'wawk, n. the place 
 where the shee^) iralk and pasture: sheep- 
 pasture. 
 
 SHEEP-WHISTLING, shep-whis'ling, adj. 
 whistling after sheep : tending sheep. 
 "An old sheep-u-histling rogue, a ram- 
 tender." — Shak. 
 
 SHEER, sher, adj. pure: unmingled: simple: 
 without a break, perpendicular. — adv. 
 clear : quite : at once. [A..S. scir : Ice. 
 skirr. bright, clear, Ger. schier, Goth. 
 skeirs, clear.] 
 
 SHEER, sher. v.i. to deri'/fe from the line 
 of the proper course, as a ship : to turn 
 aside. — n. the deviation from the straight 
 line, or the longitudinal ou-ve or bend of 
 a ship's deck or sides. [From Shear, v.i.} 
 
 SHEERS, sherz, n. same as Shears. 
 
 SHEET, shet. n. a large, thin piece of any- 
 thing : a large, broad piece of cloth in a 
 bed: a large, broad piece of paper: a sail: 
 the rope fastened to the leeward corner 
 of a sail to e.rtend it to the wind. — v.t. to 
 cover with or as with a sheet. [Lit. 
 " that which is shot or spread out," A.S. 
 seedt, scefe. from sceotan, to shoot, to ex- 
 tend. Ger. schote. the sheet (naut.).] 
 
 SHEET-ANCHOR, shet'-ang'kor, n. the 
 largest anchor of a ship, shot or thrown 
 out in extreme danger : chief support : 
 last refuge. [See Sheet.] 
 
 SHEETING, shet'ing, Ji. cloth used for bed- 
 sheets. 
 
 SHEET -LIGHTNING, shet' - lit'ning, ?i. 
 lightning appearing in sheets or having 
 a broad appearance. 
 
 SHEIK, shek or shak. n. a title of dignity 
 properly belonging to the chiefs of the 
 Arabic tribes or clans. The heads of 
 monasteries ai-e sometimes called sheiks 
 among the Mohammedans, and it is 
 also the title of the higher order of 
 religious persons who preach in the 
 mosques. The sheik-iil-I.'ilam is the chief 
 mufti at Constantinople. The name is 
 now widely used among Moslems as a 
 title of respect or reverence. [Ar., an 
 old man. an elder.] 
 
 SHEKARRY, she-kar'i, n. a name given in 
 Hindustan to a hunter. 
 
 SHEKEL, shek'l, n. an ancient weight and 
 coin among the Jews and other nations 
 of the same stock. Dr. Arbuthnot makes 
 the weight to have been equal to 9 dwts. 
 2J gTS. Troy weight, and the value 55 
 cents, others make its value 60 cents. 
 The golden shekel was worth nearly $9. 
 The shekel of the sanctuary was used 
 in calculating the offerings of the temple, 
 and all sums connected with the sacred 
 law. It differed from the common shekel, 
 and is supposed to have been double its 
 value. [Heb., from shakal, to weigh.] 
 
 SHEKINAH, she-kl'na, n. the Di\'ine pres- 
 ence wliich rested like a cloud or visible 
 light over the mercy-seat. [Heb., from 
 shakan, to rest.] 
 
 SHELF, shelf, n. a board fixed on a wall, 
 etc., for laj'ing things on : a flat layer of 
 rock : a ledge : a shoal : a sandbank : — 
 pi. Shelves (shelvz). — adj. Shelf'y. 
 [M.E. scelfe — A.S. seylfe — scelan, to sep- 
 arate, to split ; cog. with Scotch skelve 
 and Ger. schelfe, a shell or husk.] 
 
 SHELL, shel, n. a hard covering of some 
 animals : any framework : a rough kind 
 of coffin : an instrument of music : a 
 bomb : the semicircular hilt which pro- 
 tected part of the hand in some forms of 
 rapiers. Tliackeray. — v.t. to break off 
 the shell : to remove the shell from : to 
 take out of the shell : to throw shells or 
 bombs upon, to bombard. — v.i. to fall off 
 like a shell : to cast the shell. [Lit. 
 •'something thin like a scale" A.S. scell, 
 cog. with Ice. skell, Ger. schale. Doublet 
 Scale.] 
 
 SHELLAC, SHELL-LAC, sheHak, n. lac 
 prepared in thin plates. [See Lac, a res- 
 inous substance.] 
 
 SHELLFISH, shel'fish, n. a fish or an 
 aquatic animal with an external shell. 
 
 SHELLPROOF. shel'proof, adj., proof 
 against or able to resist shells or bombs. 
 
 SHELLWORK, shel'wurk, w., work com- 
 posed of or adorned with shells. 
 
 SHELLY, shel'i, adj. full of or made of 
 shells. 
 
 SHELTER, shel'ter, n. that which shields 
 or protects : a refuge : a retreat, a har- 
 bor : one who protects, a guardian : the 
 state of being covered or protected : pro- 
 tection. — i\t. to cover or shield : to de- 
 fend : to conceal. — v.i. to take shelter. 
 [Prob. from the M. E. sheld (E. Shield), 
 through the influence of M.E. scheltrone 
 (from A.S. scildtrinna a covering com- 
 posed of shields, a line of soldiers).] 
 
 SHELVE, shelv, v.t.io furnish with shelves: 
 to place on a shelf : to put aside. — v.i. 
 to slope like a shelf. 
 
 SHELVING, shelv'ing, n. the furnishing 
 with shelves : the act of placing on a 
 shelf : shelves or materials for shelves. 
 
 SHELVY, shelv'i, adj. full of shelves or 
 shoals : shallow. 
 
 SHEMITIC. Same as Semitic. 
 
 SHE>-OAK, she'-ok, n. a peculiar jointed, 
 leafless, tropical or sub-tropical tree, of 
 the genus Casuarina (C. qiiadrivalvis), 
 whose cones and yoimg shoots, when 
 chewed, yield a grateful acid to persons 
 and cattle suffering from thirst. 
 
 SHEOL. she'ol, n. a Hebrew word of fre 
 quent occurrence in the Old Testament, 
 and rendered by the Authorized Version 
 grave, hell, or pit. The word is generally 
 understood to be derived from a root 
 signifying hollow, and taken literallj- it 
 appears to be represented as a subter- 
 ranean place of vast dimensions in which 
 the spirits of the dead rest. Sometimes 
 the idea of retribution or punishment is 
 connected with it,but never that of future 
 happiness. 
 
 SHEPHERD, shep'erd, n. a man employed 
 in tending, feeding and guarding sheep 
 in the pasture : a pastor, one who exer- 
 cises spiritual care over a district or com- 
 munity. — Shepherd kings, the chiefs of 
 a conquering nomadic race from the East 
 who took Memphis, and rendered the 
 whole of Egypt tributary. The dates of 
 their inva.sion and conquest liave been 
 computed at from 2567 to 2500 B.C., and 
 they are stated by some to have ruled 
 for from 260 to 500 years, when the 
 Egyptians rose and expelled them. At- 
 tempts have been made to connect their 
 expulsion with the narrative in the book 
 of Exodus. Called also Hycsos or Hyk- 
 shos. — Shepherd's crook, a long staff 
 ha\ing its upper end curved so as to form 
 a hook, used by shepherds. — Shepherd's 
 DOG, a variety of dog employed by shep- 
 herds to protect the flocks and control 
 their movements. It is generally of con- 
 siderable size and of powerful litfie build; 
 the hair thick-set and wavy : the tail in- 
 clined to be long, and having a bushy 
 fringe ; the muzzle sharp, the eyes large 
 and bright. The collie or sheep-dog of 
 Scotland is one of the best known and 
 
 . most intelligent dogs of this wide-spread 
 and useful variety. — Shepherd's (or- 
 SHEPHERD) TAETAX, (o) a kind of smalE 
 check pattern in cloth, woven with black" 
 and white warp and weft : (h) a kind of 
 cloth, generally woollen, woven in this 
 pattern — generally made into shepherd's 
 plaids, and often into trouserings, etc. 
 fA.S. sceap-hirde — sheep and herd.} 
 
 SHEPHERD, shep'erd, v.t. to tend or guide, 
 as a shepherd. (Poetical.) 
 
 White, fleecy clouds 
 Were wandering in thiclc flocks along the mount* 
 
 ains, 
 Shepherded by the slow, unwilling wind. — Shelley: 
 
 to attend or wait on ; to gallant. " Shep- 
 herding a ladv." — Edin. Rev. 
 SHEPHERDESS, shep'erd-es, n. a woman 
 that tends sheep ; hence, a rural lass. 
 She put herself into the garb of a shepherdess. 
 — Sir P. Sidney. 
 
 SHERBET, sher'bet, n. a drink of water 
 and fruit juices, sweetened and flavored. 
 [Arab, sherbet, a drink, from shariba. to 
 drink, perh. conn, with L. sorbeo. to sip ; 
 other forms are SHRUB and Sirup.] 
 
 SHERD, sherd, n. (B.) a shred, a fragment. 
 
 SHERIAT, sher'i-at. n. the sacred or'rather 
 civil-religious law of Tin-key. which is 
 founded on the Koran, the Sunna or tra- 
 dition, the commentaries of the fu'st four 
 caliphs, etc. "The Lflema declared that 
 the Sultan ruled the empire as Caliph, 
 that he was bound by the sheriat, or sa- 
 cred law Civil law can never take 
 
 the place of the .sheriat. and the emanci 
 nation of the Christian subjects of the 
 Porte is an impossibilitv." — Contemp 
 Rev. 
 
 SHERIFF, shcr'if, n. originally and in En- 
 gland the governor of a shire : an officer 
 in a county who executes the law : the 
 executive officer of the county and circuit 
 courts of the States. — n. Sher'iffship. 
 [M. E. shir-reeve — A.S. scirgerefa — scir 
 (E. Shire), and gerefa. a governor, cog. 
 with Ger. graf. a count, E. Reeve ; cf. 
 Landgrave and Margrave.]
 
 SHERIFFALTY 
 
 39i 
 
 SHOOT 
 
 SHERIFFALTY, sher'if-al-ti, SHERIFF- 
 DOM, sher'if-dura, )!. the office or juris- 
 diction of a sheriff. In U. S., Shriev'al- 
 TY is generally used. 
 SHERRIS, sher'^is, SHERRIS-SACK, sher'- 
 is-sak, 71. sherry. 
 
 Your skerris warms the blood.— 5/tafc. 
 But, all his vast heart sherris-vKiruxed^ 
 He flashed his random speecheB. — Tennysmi. 
 
 SHERRY, sher'ri, n. a species of wine, so 
 called from Xeres in Spain, where it is 
 made. The highest class of the many 
 varieties are those tliat are technically 
 called " dry," that is, free from sweetness, 
 such as the Amontillado, Montilla, Man- 
 zanilla, etc. It is much used in this 
 country, and when pure it agrees well 
 with most constitutions. Genuine and 
 unadulterated sherry, however, brings a 
 very high price, and is rarely to be had, 
 inferior wines being extensively sold 
 under this name. [Formerly sherris.] 
 
 SHERRY-COBBLER, sher-ri-kob'Ier, w. 
 sherry and iced water sucked up through 
 a straw. 
 
 SHERRY-VALLIES, sher'ri-val-iz, n.pl. 
 pantaloons of thick cloth or leather, 
 worn buttoned round each leg over other 
 pantaloons when riding. [Corrupted 
 from Fr. chevalier, a horseman.] 
 
 SHERTE, n. a shirt : also a skirt or lap. 
 Chmicer. 
 
 SHE-SLIP, she'-slip, n. a young female 
 scion, branch, or member. "The slight 
 slie-sUps of loyal blood." — Tennyson. 
 
 SHE -SOCIETY, she-so-si'e-ti, n. female 
 society. Tennyson. 
 
 SHEW, sho. Same as Show. 
 
 SHEWBREAD, sho'bred. Same as Show- 
 bread. 
 
 SHIBBOLETH, shib'bo-leth, n. (B.) a word 
 used as a test by the Gileadites to detect 
 the Ephraimites, who could not pro- 
 nounce the sh : the criterion or watch- 
 word of a party. [Heb. an ear of corn ; 
 or a stream, from shabal, to grow, to 
 flow.] 
 
 SHIELD, sheld, n. a broad plate worn for 
 defence on the left arm : defence : a 
 person who protects : an escutcheon. — 
 v.t. to defend. [A.S. scyld — scyldan, to 
 defend ; cog. with Ger. schild. Ice. 
 skiiild-r. protection.] 
 
 SHIELDLESS, sheld'les, adj. without a 
 shield : defenceless. 
 
 SHIFT, shift, v.t. to change : to put out 
 of the way : to dress in fresh clothes. — • 
 v.i. to change about : to remove : to 
 change one's clothes : to resort to ex- 
 pedients for some purpose. — n. a cliange: 
 a contrivance : an artifice : last resource: 
 a chemise (orig. sig. a change of linen). — 
 n. Shift'er. [A.S. sciftan, to divide, to 
 order ; cog. with Ice. skipta, to divide, 
 to change; conn, with EQUIP.] 
 
 SHIFTLESS, shift'les, adj. destitute of 
 shifts or expedients : unsuccessful, for 
 want of proper means. 
 
 SHILLALAH, shil-la'la, SHILLALY, shil- 
 la'li, n. an oak sapling : a cuagel [Said 
 to be named from an iJish wood, famous 
 for its oaks.] 
 
 SHILLING, shillng, n. an English silver 
 coin = 13 pence, or a little less, by the 
 gold standard, than twenty-five cents. 
 [Lit. " the ringing (coin)," A.S. scilUng, 
 cog. with Ger. schilling : the root is seen 
 in O. Ger. scellan, Ger. sehallen, to 
 sound, to ring.] 
 
 SHIMMER, shim'er, v.i. to gleam: to 
 glisten. — n. Shimm'er. [A.S. scymrian — 
 seimian, to shine— scrma, lustre, bright- 
 ness, cog. with Ger. schimmer7i.] 
 
 SHIN, shin, n. the large bone of the leg or 
 the forepart of it. [A.S. scina, the shin 
 (esp. in the compound scin-ban, shin- 
 bone), cog. with Dut. scheen, Ger. schien.] 
 
 SHINE, sbin, v.i. to beam with steady 
 radiance : to glitter : to be bright or 
 beautiful : to be eminent : — JJa.^ and 
 pa.p. shone (shon), (B.)2ia.t. and pa. p. 
 shined. — n. brightness : splendor : fair 
 weather. [A.S. scinan ; Goth, skeinan, 
 Ger. scheinen ; conn, with root of 
 Shimmer.] 
 
 SHINGLE, shing'gl, n. wood sawed or 
 split thin, used instead of slates or tiles, 
 for covering houses : the coarse gravel 
 on the shores of rivers or of the sea. — 
 v.t. to cover or roof with shingles : to 
 trim, as the hair. [Orig. shindle (cog. 
 with Ger. schindel) — soindula, a late 
 form of L. scandula, perh. from seindo, 
 to split.] 
 
 SHINGLES, shing'glz, n. an eruptive dis- 
 ease which often spreads round the 
 body like a belt. [A corr. of L. cingulum, 
 a belt or girdle — cingo, to gird.] 
 
 SHINGLY, shing'gli, adj. abounding with 
 shingle. 
 
 SHINING, shin'ing, adj. scattering light : 
 bright : resplendent : conspicuous. — re. 
 effusion or clearness of light : bright- 
 ness. 
 
 SHINY, shin'i, adj., shining : diffusing 
 hght : bright : splendid : unclouded. 
 
 SHIP, ship, n. a vessel having three masts, 
 with tops and yards to each : generally, 
 any large vessel. — v.t. to put on board a 
 ship : to engage for service on board a 
 ship : to receive on board ship : to fix in 
 its place. — v.i. to engage for service on 
 shipboard: — pr.j). shipping; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. shipped. — n. Shipp'er. — n. Ship- 
 OF-THE-LINE, One of the large war-ships 
 of the navy. [Lit. "a vessel;" A.S. 
 scip, cog. with Goth, skip, Ice. skip, 
 Ger. schiff ; conn, with E. Shape, and 
 with Gr. skap-to, to dig, skaph-os, the 
 hull of a ship, a sliip, and L. scapha, a 
 boat. Doublet Skiff.] 
 
 SHIPBOARD, ship'bord, n. the board or 
 deck of a ship. — adv. upon or within a 
 ship. 
 
 SHIP-BROKER, ship'-brok'er, n. a broker 
 who effects sales, insurances, etc., of 
 shijjr.. 
 
 SHIP-CHANDLER, ship'-chand'ler, 7i. a 
 chandler or dealer in cordage, canvas, 
 and other furniture and provisions for 
 ships. 
 
 SHIPMAN, ship'man, n. (B.) a man who 
 manages a ship : a sailor -.—pi. Ship'men. 
 [A.S. .sc/p?«a?wi.] 
 
 SHIPMASTER, ship'mas-ter, n. the master 
 or captain of a ship. 
 
 SHIPMATE, ship'mat, n. a mate or com- 
 panion in the same ship. 
 
 SHIPMENT, ship'ment, 7i. act of putting 
 on board ship : embarkation : that which 
 is shipped. 
 
 SHIP-MONEY, ship'-mun'i, n. in English 
 history, 7noney for providing ships for 
 the service of the king in time of war, 
 raised at intervals in England 1007-1640. 
 
 SHIPPING, ship'ing, adj. relating to ships. 
 — 71. ships collectively: tonnage. — To 
 TAKE shipping, (B.) to embark. 
 
 SHIP'S - HUSBAND, ship's-huz'band, n. 
 the owner's agent in the management of 
 a ship. 
 
 SHIPWRECK, ship'rek, n. the vn-eck or 
 destruction of a ship : destruction. — v.t. 
 to destroy on the sea : to make to suffer 
 
 SHIPWRIGHT, ship'rit, ?i. a 7m-ight who 
 
 constructs ships. 
 SHIPYARD, ship'yard, 7i. a yard where 
 
 ships are built or repaired. 
 SHIRE, shir, n. a division of the island of 
 
 Great Britain under a sheriff : a county. 
 
 (When added to the name of a county 
 
 the i is pronounced as in hill.) [A.S. 
 
 sdr, a division — scera7i, to shear, to cut. 
 See Share and Shear.] 
 
 SHIRK, sherk, v.t. to avoid, get off or slink 
 away from. [A form of vulgar shark, to 
 play the thief, to shift for a living, from 
 Shark, the fish.] 
 
 SHIRT, shert, 7i. a short garment worn 
 next the body by men. — v.t. to cover as 
 witli a shirt. [Cog. with Ice. skyrta, 
 Ger. schurz, an apron ; conn, with SHORT 
 and Skirt.] 
 
 SHIRTING, shert'ing, 7i. cloth for shirts. 
 
 SHIST, etc. See Schist, etc. 
 
 SHITTAH, shit'a, SHITTIM, shit'im, n. a 
 precious wood used in the construction 
 of the Jewish Tabernacle and its furni- 
 ture, supposed to be a species of acacia. 
 [Heb. shittah, pi. shitti7n,] 
 
 SHIVER, shiv'er, ?i. a spUnter, or small 
 piece into which a thing breaks by sud- 
 den violence. — v.t. to shatter. — v.i. to 
 fall into shivers. [From root of Sheave ; 
 allied to Ger. schiefer, a splinter.] 
 
 SHIVER, shiv'er, v.i. to shake or tremble : 
 to shudder. — v.t. to catise to shake in the 
 wind, as sails. [An imitative word ; al- 
 lied to O. Dut. schoevere7i, to shake, prov. 
 Ger. schubber7i.] 
 
 SHIVERY, shiv'er-i, adj. easily falling into 
 shivers or fragments : cohering loosely. 
 
 SHOAL, shol, n. a great multitude of fishes 
 swimming together. — v.i. to crowd, 
 [A.S. scolu, a company — L. schola, a 
 school. See School.] 
 
 SHOAL, shol, ?). a shallow : a place where 
 the water of a river, sea, or lake is not 
 deep : a sandbank. — adj. shallow. — v.i, 
 to grow shallow: to come upon shallows. 
 [From root of Shallow.] 
 
 SHOALY, shol'i, adj. full of shoals or shal- 
 lows : not deep. — n. Shoal'iness. 
 
 SHOAK, shor, 7i. a prop. Same as SHORE, 
 a prop. 
 
 SHOCK, shok, 7i. a violent shake : a sud 
 den dashing of one thing against another: 
 violent onset : an offence. — i:t. to shake 
 by violence : to offend : to disgust : to 
 dismay. [Prob. through Fr. c/ioc, a dash- 
 ing, from O. Ger. schoc, shock ; allied to 
 Shake.] 
 
 SHOCK, shok, ?t. a heap or pile of sheaves 
 of corn. [Ger. schock, Dut. schokke, a 
 heajjj 
 
 SHOCK-HEADED, shok'-hed'ed, adj. hav 
 ing a thick and bushy head of hair. [From 
 Prov. E. shock, a rough dog . a ?orm of 
 Shag.] 
 
 SHOCKING, shok'ing, adj. giving a shock 
 or sliake from horror or disgust : highly 
 offensive.— adr. Shock'ingly. 
 
 SHOD, shod, im.t. and pa.j}. of SHOE. 
 
 SHODDY, shod'i, n. (orig.) the waste shed 
 or thrown off in spinning wool : now ap- 
 plied to the wool of old woven fabrics 
 reduced to the state in which it was be- 
 fore being spun and woven, and thus fit 
 for re-manufacture. [From SHED,to part.] 
 
 SHOE, shoo, 71. a covering for the foot : a 
 rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an 
 animal to keep it from injury : anything 
 in form or use like a shoe -.—jjl. SHOES 
 (shooz). — v.t. to furnish with shoes : to 
 cover at the bottom : — 2^''-P- shoe'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.j). shod. [A.S. sco, sceo; 
 Goth, skohs, Ger. sclmh.} 
 
 SHOEBLACK, shoo'blak, n. one who blacks 
 and cleans shoes or boots. 
 
 SHOEHORN, shoo'horn, 7i. a curved piece 
 of /ior» or metal used in putting on a, shoe, 
 
 SHONE, shon, pa.f. and pa.p. of SHINE. 
 
 SHOOK, shook, pa.f. of Shake. 
 
 SHOON, shoon, n., oldpl. of Shoe. [A.S. 
 sced7i. See Shoe.] 
 
 SHOOT, shoot, v.t. to dart : to let fly with 
 force : to discharge from a bow or gun : 
 to strike with a shot: to thrust forward: 
 to send forth new parts, as a plant. — v.i.
 
 SHOOTING 
 
 393 
 
 SHRUNK 
 
 to perform the act of shooting : to be 
 driven along: to fly, as an arrow: to jut 
 out : to germinate : to advance : — pa.t. 
 and pa.p. shot. — n. act of shooting : a 
 young branch. — n. Shoot'er. [A.S. see- 
 htan; cog. with Dut. schieten, Ger. schies- 
 sen, to dart.] 
 
 SHOOTING, shoot'ing, n. act of discliarg- 
 ing firearms or an arrow : sensation of a 
 quick pain : act or practice of killing 
 game. 
 
 SHOOTING-BOX, shoot'ing - boks, n. a 
 small house in the country for use in the 
 shooting season. 
 
 SHOOTING -STAE, shoot'ing- star. n. a 
 meteor, so called from its quick, darting 
 motion. 
 
 SHOP, shop, n. a building in which goods 
 are sold by retail : a place where me- 
 chanics work. — v.i. to visit shops for the 
 purpose of buying: — p>'-p. shopp'ing ; 
 pa.p. shopped. [A.S. sceoppa, a treasury 
 (influenced by O. Fr. esclioppe, a stall — 
 Ger. schoppen, a shed).] 
 
 SHOP-LIFTING, shop'-lift'ing, n., lifting 
 or stealing anything from a shop. — n. 
 Shop'-lift'er. " 
 
 SHOP-WALKER, shop'-wawk'er, n. one 
 who walks in a shop or store and sees the 
 customers attended to: in the U. S., usu- 
 ally termed a floor-walker. 
 
 SHORE, shor, n. the coast or land adjacent 
 to the sea, a river, or lake. [Lit. the 
 place where the land is cut or broken off, 
 A.S. .score — sceran, to shear, to divide.] 
 
 SHORE, shor, n. a prop or support for the 
 side of a building, or to keep a vessel in 
 dock steady on the slips. — v.t. to prop. — 
 n. Shor'er. [Allied to O. Dut. schore, 
 and conn, witn Shear.] 
 
 SHORELESS, shor'les, adj. having no 
 shore or coast : of indefinite or unlim- 
 ited extent. 
 
 SHORN, shorn, pa.p. of Shear. 
 
 SHORT, short, adj. {comp. Short'er, mi- 
 perl. Short'est), not long in time or 
 space : near at hand : scanty : insuffi- 
 cient : narrow : abrupt : brittle. — adv. 
 not long.— ?i. Short'ness. — In short, in 
 a few words. [A.S. sceort, cog. with O. 
 Ger. seurz, prob. conn, with Shear. The 
 Dut. and Scand. kort, Ger. kurz. are bor- 
 rowed from L. curtus. See CuRT.] 
 
 SHORTCOMING, short'kum-ing, n. act of 
 coming or falling short of produce or re- 
 sult : neglect of or failure in duty: usu- 
 allv in the plural. 
 
 SHORT-DATED, short'-dat'ed, adj. having 
 s}iort or little time to run from its date, 
 as a bill. 
 
 SHORTEN, short'n, v.t. to make short : to 
 deprive: to make friable. — v.i. to become 
 short or shorter : to contract. 
 
 SHORTHAND, short'hand, n. an art by 
 which writing is made shorter and eas- 
 ier, so as to keep pace with speaking. 
 
 SHORT-LIVED, short'-livd, adj., living or 
 lasting only for a short time. 
 
 SHORTLY, .short'li, adv. in a short time : 
 in a brief manner : quicklv : soon. 
 
 SHORT-SIGHTED, short'-slt'ed, adj hav- 
 ing sight extending but a short distance : 
 unable to see far : of weak intellect : 
 heedless. — n. Short'-siqht'edness. 
 
 SHORT-WINDED, short' -wind'ed, adj. 
 affected with shortness of rciwd or breath. 
 
 SHOT, pa.t. and pa.p. of Shoot. 
 
 SHOT, shot, n. act of shooting : a marks- 
 man : a missile: flight of a missile or the 
 distance passed by it : small globules of 
 lead : (gun.) solid projectiles generally. — 
 v.t. to load with shot: — pr.p. shott'ing ; 
 pa.p. shott'ed. 
 
 SHOULD, shood, pa.t. of Shall. [A.S. 
 sceolde, pa.t. of seeal. See Shall.] 
 
 SHOULDER, shol'der, n. the joint which 
 connects the human arm or the foreleg of 
 
 a quadruped with the body : the flesh 
 and muscles about the shoulder : the 
 upper joint of the foreleg of an animal 
 cut for market : a prominence : (Jig.) 
 that which sustains.^i'.f. to push with 
 the shoulder or violently : to take upon 
 the shoulder. [A.S. seuldor ; Ger. schul- 
 ter, Dut. schouder.] 
 
 SHOULDER-BELT, shol'der-belt, n. a belt 
 that passes across the shoidder. 
 
 SHOULDER-BLADE, shol'der-blad, n. the 
 broad, flat, 6Zade-like bone of the shoul- 
 der. 
 
 SHOULDER-KNOT, shol'der-not, n. a knot 
 worn as an ornament on the shoidder. 
 
 SHOUT, showt, n. a loud and sudden out- 
 cry of joy, triumph, or courage. — v.i. to 
 utter a shout. — v.t. to utter with a shout: 
 to cry. — n. Shout'er. [Either merely 
 imitative, or a by-form of ScouT, as being 
 the sentinel's challenge.] 
 
 SHOVE, shuv, v.t. to drive along : to push 
 before one. — r.i. to push forward: to push 
 ofl. — n. act of shoving : a push. [A.S. 
 sceofan, cog. with Dut. schuiven, Ger. 
 schieben.] 
 
 SHOVEL, shuv'l, n. an instrument with a 
 broad blade, and a handle for shoving and 
 lifting. — v.t. to lift up and throw with a 
 shovel : to gather in large quantities. — 
 v.i. to use a shovel : — pr.p. shov'elling ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. shov'elled. [From Shove; 
 cog. with Ger. schaufel.'\ 
 
 SHOW, sho, v.t. to present to view : to 
 enable to perceive or know : to inform : 
 to teach: to guide: to prove: to explain: 
 to bestow. — v.i. to appear: to look: — 
 pa.p. shown or showed. — n. act of show- 
 ing : display : a sight or spectacle : par- 
 ade: appearance: plausibility: pretence. 
 — n. Show'er. [A.S. sceaivian ; Dut. 
 schouwen, Ger. schauen, Goth, us-scav- 
 Jan : probably allied to SEE.] 
 
 SHOWBILL, sho'bil, n. a bill for shotcing 
 or advertising the price, merits, etc., of 
 goods. 
 
 SHOWBREAD, sho'bred, Ji. among the 
 Jews, the twelve loaves of bread shoirni 
 or presented before the Lord in the sanc- 
 tuary. 
 
 SHOWER, show'er, n. a fall of rain or 
 hail, of short duration : a copious and 
 rapid fall. — v.t. to wet with rain: to 
 bestow liberally. — v.i. to rain in showers. 
 [A.S. scur ; Ice. skur, O. Ger. scur (Ger. 
 .fchauer); perh. orig. sig. "a raincloud."] 
 
 SHOWERY, show'er-i, adj. abounding 
 with showers. 
 
 SHOWY, sho'i, adj. making a show : cut- 
 ting a dash : ostentatious : gay. — adv. 
 Show'ily. — n. Shovt'iness. 
 
 SHRAPNEL, shrap'nel, n. (gun.) a shell 
 filled with musket-balls, called after its 
 inventor, Col. Shrapnel. 
 
 SHRED, shred, n. a long, narrow piece cut 
 or torn off : a strip or fragment. — v.t. to 
 cut or tear into shreds. [A.S. screade ; 
 Ger. schrof, Scot, screed.} 
 
 SHREW, slu'oo, Ji. a brawling, trouble- 
 some woman : a scold. [Prob. closely 
 connected with Dut. schreeuiren. Low 
 Ger. schraiien, Ger. schreien, to brawl.] 
 
 SHREWD, shrood, adj. of an acute judg- 
 ment : {obs.) malicious, wicked, cunning. 
 — adv. Shrewd'ly. — n. Shrevhj'ness. 
 [Lit. " having the nature of a shrew."} 
 
 SHREWISH, shroo'ish, adj. having the 
 qualities of a shrew, peevish and trouble- 
 some : clamorous. — adv. Shrew'ishly. — 
 —n. ShREW'ISHNESS. 
 
 SHREWMOUSE, shroQ'mows, n. a harm- 
 less little animal like the mouse, which 
 burrows in the ground. [A.S. screawa, 
 and Mouse.] 
 
 SHREW-STRUCK, shroo'-struk, ad/ poi- 
 soned or otherwise harmed by what was 
 formerlv believed to be the vemomous 
 
 bite or contact of a shrew-mouse.— 
 Kingsley. 
 
 SHRIEK, shrek, v.i. to utter a shriek : to 
 scream. — n. the shrill outcry caused by 
 terror or anguish. [Ice. skrika. See 
 Scream and Screech.] 
 
 SHRIEVALTY, shre\''al-ti, n. same aa 
 Sheriffalty in England and the Domin- 
 ion of Canada. 
 
 SHRIFT, shrift, n. confession made to a 
 priest : absolution — especially of a dying 
 man. [From Shrive.] 
 
 SHRIKE, shrlk, n. a bird which preys on 
 insects and small birds, impaling its prey 
 on thorns, hence called the Butcher Bird. 
 [Lit. the "shrieking" bird, Ice. skrikja. 
 Cf. Shriek.] 
 
 SHRILL, shril, adj. piercing : sharp : ut- 
 tering- an acute sound. — adv. Shril'ly. — 
 n. Shrill'ness. [Allied to Low Ger. 
 schrell, Ger. schrill, and conn, with G€r. 
 schreien, toci-y.] 
 
 SHRIMP, shrimp, n.a.small shellfish, about 
 two inches long, much esteemed as food. 
 [Prov. E. shrimp, anything very small ; 
 conn, with A.S. scrymman, to wither, and 
 Ger. schrumpfen, to shrivel.] 
 
 SHRINE, shrin, n. a place in which sacred 
 things are deposited : a sacred place : an 
 altar. — v.t. to enshrine. [Lit. "a chest 
 for ivritten papers," A.S. serin, O. Fr. 
 escrin — L. scrinium — scribo, to write.] 
 
 SHRINK, shringk, v.i. to contract : to 
 wither : to occupy less space : to become 
 wrinkled by contraction : to recoil, as 
 from fear, disgust, etc. — v.t. to cause to 
 shrink or contract: — pa.i.shrank, shrunk; 
 pa.p. shrunk, shrunk'en. — n. act of 
 shrinking : contraction : withdrawal or 
 recoil. [A.S. scrincan ; akin to Ger. 
 schrunken, to place obliquely or cross- 
 wise : perh. also conn, with Shrug.] 
 
 SHRIVE, shrlv, v.t. to hear a confession. — 
 v.i. to receive confession (said of a priest); 
 — pa.t. shrove or shrived ; pa.p. shriv'en. 
 [A.S. scrifan, to write, to prescribe pen- 
 ance — L. scribo.] 
 
 SHRIVEL, shriv'l, v.i. and v.t. to contract 
 into wrinkles -.—pr.p. shriv'elling ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. shriv'elled. [Ety. dub. ; perh. 
 conn, with A.S. screpa, to become dry, 
 and obs. E. rivel, to shrink, to wither.] 
 
 SHROUD, shrowd, n. the dress of the dead: 
 that which clothes or covers : — pi. a set 
 of ropes from the mast-heads to a ship's 
 sides, to support the masts. — v.t. to in- 
 close in a shroud : to cover : to hide : to 
 shelter. [A.S. scrud, cog. with Ice. 
 skrudli, clothing.] 
 
 SHROVE-TIDE, shrov'-tid, n. the time at 
 which confession used to be made, the 
 time immediately before Lent. — n. 
 Shrove-Tues'day, the day before Ash- 
 Wednesday. [M.E. schrof (pa.t. of 
 schriven) — A.S. scraf (pa.t. of scrifan). 
 See Shrive and Tide.] 
 
 SHRUB, shrub, n. a low, dwarf tree : a 
 woody plant with several stems from the 
 same root. [A.S. scrobb, perh. conn, 
 with prov. E. shruff, light rubbish wood, 
 and with the root of Shrivel.] 
 
 SHRUB, shrub, n. a drink or liquor of 
 lemon-juice, spirit, sugar, and water. [A 
 corr. of Sherbet.] 
 
 SHRUBBERY, shrub'er-i, n. a collection 
 of shrubs. 
 
 SHRUBBY, shrub'i, adj. full of shrubs: 
 like a shrub : consisting of shrubs or 
 brush. 
 
 SHRUG, shrug, v.t. to draw up : to con- 
 tract. — v.i. to draw up the shoulders : 
 — pr.p. shrugg'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 shrugged. — n. a drawing up of the 
 shoulders. [Ety. dub.; perh. conn, with 
 Shrink.] 
 SHRUNK, pa.t. and pa.p. of Shrink.
 
 SHUDDER 
 
 394 
 
 SILK 
 
 SHUDDER, shud'er, v.i. to tremble from 
 fear or horror. — n. a trembling' from fear 
 or horror. [Dut. schudclern, schudden, 
 Ger. schandern^ to shudder.] 
 
 SHUFFLE, shuf'l. v.t. to chang-e the posi- 
 tions of : to confuse : to remove or intro- 
 duce by purposed confusion. — r.i. to 
 change the order of cards in a pack : to 
 shift ground : to evade fair questions : 
 to move by shoving the feet along'. — n. 
 act of shuffling : an evasion or artifice. — 
 n. Shuff'ler. [A by-form of ScUFFLE, 
 thus conn, with Shove and SHOVEL.] 
 
 SHUN, shun. v.t. to avoid : to keep clear 
 of: to neglect: — pr.p. shunn'ing' ; pn.f. 
 and ^a.^.'shunned. [A.S. scunian, sceo- 
 nian : akin to Dut. scnninen, to slope.] 
 
 SHUNT, shunt, v.t. to turn off upon a 
 siderail, as cars in a railroad y.ird. — n. 
 the British name for a short siderail for 
 allowing the main-line to be kept free. — 
 n. Shx.-st'ixg. [M. E. shunteii; a form 
 of Serx.] 
 
 SHUT, shut, v.t. to close, as a door : to 
 forbid entrance into : to contract or 
 close. — v.i. to close itself :—j3r.2j. shutt'- 
 ing ; pa.t. a,nApn.p. shut. [A.S. scyttnn, 
 conn, with Shoot, from the shooting 
 forward of the bar.] 
 
 SHUTTER, shut'er, n. one ivho or that 
 whicla shuts : a close cover for a win- 
 dow or aperture. 
 
 SHUTTER, shut'er, v.t. to provide, pro- 
 tect, or cover over with a shutter or 
 shutters. "The school-house windows 
 were all shuttered up." — T. Hughes. 
 
 SHUTTLE, shut'l, «. an instrument used 
 for shooting the tliread of tlie woof be- 
 tween the threads of the warp in weav- 
 ing. [A.S. scytel, sceathel — seeotan, E. 
 Shoot : cog. with Dan. and Sw. skyttel.^ 
 
 SHUTTLECOCK, shut'I-kok, w. a cork 
 stuck with feathers, like a eocA:, shot, 
 struck, or driven with a battledore. 
 
 SHY, shl. Mtj. timid : reserved : cautious : 
 suspicious. — v.i. to start aside, as a 
 horse from fear : — pia.t. and pa.}}, shied. 
 —adv. Shy'ly or Sm'LY. — n. Sht'ness. 
 [A.S. sceoh : Qer. scheu.] 
 
 SIBILANT, sib'i-lant, adj. making a hissing 
 sound. — n. a sibilant letter. [L. sibilo, 
 to hiss.] 
 
 SIBILATION, sib-i-la'shun, n. a hissing 
 sound. 
 
 SIBYL, sib'il, n. (lit.) she that tells the 
 will of Zeus or Jupiter : a pagan proph- 
 etess. [L. — Gr. Sibylla, Doric Gr. si'o- 
 bolla — Dies, Doric Sios, genitive of Ze«s, 
 and boule, Doric bolla, counsel.] 
 
 SIBYLLINE, sib'il-In, adj. pertaining to, 
 uttered, or written by sibyls : prophetical. 
 
 SICK, sik, adj. affected witli disease : ill : 
 inclined to vomit: disgusted: used by the 
 sick. — n. SiCK'XESS, p?. (B.) Sick'xesses, 
 diseases. [A.S. sioc; Ger. siech, Goth. 
 sinks.] 
 
 SICKEN, sik'n, v.t. to make sick: to disgust. 
 — v.i. to become sick: to be disgusted: 
 to become disgusting or tedious : to be- 
 come weak. 
 
 SICKISH. sik'ish, adj. somewhat sick. — 
 
 adv. SICK'ISHLT.— H. SiCK'iSHXESS. 
 
 SICKLE, silv'l, n. a hooked instrument for 
 cutting grain. [A.S. sicel: Ger. sichel. 
 Low Ger. sekel ; all from a rustic L. secula 
 — seco. to cut.] 
 
 3ICKLY, sik'li, adj. inclined to sickness : 
 unhealthy : somewhat sick : weak : lan- 
 
 fuid : producing disease. — n. Sick'liness. 
 •E, sid, n. the edge or border of anything: 
 the surface of a solid : a part of a thing 
 as seen by the eye : region : part : tlie 
 part of an animal between the hip and 
 shoulder : any party, interest, or opinion 
 opposed to another : faction : line of 
 descent. — adj. being on or toward the 
 side : lateral : indirect. — v.i. to embrace 
 
 the opinion or cause of one partv against 
 another. [A.S. side, cog. with Ice. sida, 
 Ger. seiYe.] 
 
 SIDEARMSi sid'armz, n.pl., arms or weap- 
 ons worn on the side, as a sword or 
 bayonet. 
 
 SIDEBOARD, sid'bord. n. a piece of furni- 
 ture on one side of a dining-room for 
 lioldiug dishes, etc. 
 
 SIDEBOX, sid'boks, n. a box or seat at the 
 side of a theatre. 
 
 SIDED, sid'ed. adj. having a side. 
 
 SIDELING, sid'ling, adj. inclining to a 
 side : sloping. 
 
 SIDELONG, sid'long. adj. oblique: not 
 straight. — adv. in the direction of the 
 side : obliquely. 
 
 SIDEREAL, si-de're-al, adj. relating to a 
 star or stars: starry: (astr.) measured 
 by the apparent motion of the stars. [L. 
 sidus. sideris. a star.] 
 
 SIDE-SADDLE, sld'-sad'l, n. a saddle for 
 women. 
 
 SIDE-SLIP, sid'-slip, n. an illegitimate 
 child. "This side-slip of a son that he 
 kept in the dark." — Oeorge Eliot : a divis- 
 ion at the side of the stage of a theatre, 
 where the scenerv is slipped off and on. 
 
 SIDEWAYS, sid'waz, SIDEWISE, sld'wiz, 
 adv. toward or on one side : inclining : 
 laterally. 
 
 SIDING, sTd'ing, n. a short line of track on 
 wliich railroad cars are shunted or 
 switched off from the main line. 
 
 SIDLE, sT'dl, v.i. to go or move side-fore- 
 most. 
 
 SIEGE, sej, n. a sitting down with an army 
 round or before a fortified place to take 
 it by force : a continued endeavor to gain 
 possession. [Orig. a "seat," Fr. siege, 
 seat (It. seggia, sedia) — L. sedes, a seat 
 —sedeo, E. Sit.] 
 
 SIENNA, si-en'a. n. a fine orange-red pig- 
 ment used in paintinEr. [From Siexna in 
 Italy.] 
 
 SIERRA, se-er'ra, n. a ridge of mountains, 
 tlie summits of which resemble tlie teeth 
 of a saw : the name given to various 
 peaks and ranges in the American Cor- 
 dilleras : as Sierra Mad re, Sierra Nevada, 
 etc. [Sp., from L. serra, a saw.] 
 
 SIESTA, si-es'ta, n. a short sleep taken 
 about midday or after dinner. [Sp. — L. 
 se.vta {hora),'the sixth (hour) after sun- 
 rise, the hour of noon.] 
 
 SIEVE, siv, n. a vessel with a bottom of 
 woven hair or wire to separate the fine 
 part of anything from the coar.se. [A.S. 
 sife: cog.'withGer. sieb. Sift is a de- 
 rivative.] 
 
 SIFT, sift, v.t. to separate with or as with 
 a. sieve: to examine closely. — h. Sift'er. 
 [A.S. siftan — sife (see Sieve) ; cog. with 
 Ger. siehten.} 
 
 SIGH, si, v.i. to inhale and respire with a 
 long, deep, and audible breathing, as in 
 grief : to sound like sighing. — v.t. to ex- 
 press by sighs. — n. a long, deep, audible 
 respiration. [A.S. sican: from the sound.] 
 
 SIGHT, sit, n. act of seeing : view : faculty 
 of seeing : that which is seen : a spec- 
 tacle : space within vision : examination: 
 a small opening for looking through at 
 objects : a piece of metal on a gun to 
 guide the eve in taking aim. — v.t. to 
 catch sight "of. [A.S. ge-siht : O. Ger. 
 siht. Ger. sicht. from root of See.] 
 
 SIGHTED, sit'ed, adj. having sight. 
 
 SIGHTLESS, sit'les, adj. wanting sight: 
 blind. —adu. Sight'lessly. — n. Sight'- 
 
 LESSNESS. 
 
 SIGHTLY, sit'li, adj. plea.sing to the sight 
 or eye : comely.— n. SlGHT'lJNESS. 
 
 SIGN," sin, n., mark, token: proof: that 
 by which a thing is known or repre- 
 sented : a word, gesture, or mark, in- 
 tended to signify something else : a 
 
 remarkable event : an omen . a miracle : 
 a memorial : something set up as a notice 
 in a public place : (math.) a mark show- 
 ing the relation of quantities or an opera- 
 tion to be performed : (med.) a symptom : 
 (astr.) one of the twelve parts of the 
 zodiac. — r.t. to represent or make known 
 by a sign : to attach a signature to. [Fr, 
 signe — L. signum.] 
 
 SIGNAL, sig'nal, n. a sign tor giving no- 
 tice, generally at a distance : token : tha , 
 notice given. — v.t. and v.i. to make sig- 
 nals to : to convey by signals : — pr.p. 
 sig'nalling ; pa.t. and pa.p. sig'nalled. — 
 adj. having a sign : remarkable: notable : 
 eminent. — n. SiG'NAJXrNG. — adv. Sig'nal- 
 LY. [Fr.] 
 
 SIGNALIZE, sig'nal-iz. v.t. to make signal 
 or eminent : to signal. 
 
 SIGNATURE, sig'na-tur, n. a sign or mark : 
 the name of a person written by himself : 
 (mi(sic) the fiats and sharps after the clef 
 to show the key. [Fr. — Low L. signu' 
 tura.] 
 
 SIGNBOARD, sin'bord, n. a board with a 
 sign telling- a man's occupation or ar- 
 ticles for sale. 
 
 SIGNET, sig'net. n. a private-seal : (B.) a 
 seal. [From Sign.] 
 
 SIGNIFICANCE, sig-nif'i-kans, n. that 
 which is signified : meaning : import- 
 ance : mcUic-nt. 
 
 SIGNIFTCANT, sig-nif'i-kant, adj., signify- 
 ing : expressive oi' something : standing 
 as a sign. — adv. Signtf'icantly. 
 
 SIGNIFICATION, sig-ni-fi-ka'shun. n. act 
 of signifying : that which is signified : 
 meaning. 
 
 SIGNIFICATIVE, sig-nif'i-kat'iv, adj., sig- 
 nifying: denoting by a sign: having 
 meaning : expressive. 
 
 SIGNIFY, sig'ni-fl, v.t. to make known by 
 a sign or by words : to mean : to indicate 
 or declare : to have consequence : — pa.t. 
 and pa.pi. sig'nified. [L. .^igyiifico, -atus 
 — signum. and facio, to make.] 
 
 SIGNIOR, SIGNOR, sen'yur, n. an ItaUan 
 word of address equivalent to Sir, Mr. 
 [It. signore. See SEIGNIOR.] 
 
 SIGN-JIANUAL, sin-man'u-at, n. (lit.) a 
 sign made by one's own hand : the sig- 
 nature of a sovereign, usuallj' only the 
 initial, with R. for Bex (L. "king"), or 
 Regina (L. "queen"). [Sign and Man- 
 
 UAL.] 
 
 SIGNORA, sen-yo'ra, n. feminine of SiGNOE. 
 
 SIGNPOST, sin'post, n. a post on which 
 a sign is hung: a direction-post. 
 
 SILENCE, si'lens, n. state of being silent : 
 absence of sound or speech: muteness: 
 cessation of agitation : ca Imness: obli\ion. 
 — v.t. to cause to be silent: to put to rest: 
 to stop. — int. be silent ! 
 
 SILENT, sl'lent, adj. free from noise : not 
 speaking: habitually taciturn : still: not 
 pronounced. — adv. Si'lextly. [L. s-ilens, 
 -entis, pr.p. of sileo, to be silent.] 
 
 SILEX, sl'leks, n., silica, as found in nature, 
 occurring as flint, quartz, rock-crystal, 
 etc. [L. silex. silicis. flint.] 
 
 SILHOUETTE, sil'oo-et, ». a shadow-out- 
 line of the human figure or profile filled 
 in of a dark color. [From Silhouette, a 
 French minister of finance in 1759. .ifter 
 whom everything cheap was named, from 
 his excessive economy in financial mat- 
 ters.] 
 
 SILICA, sil'i-ka, n. pure silex or flint, the 
 most abundant solid constituent of our 
 globe. 
 
 SILICEOUS, SILICIOUS, si-lish'us, adj. 
 pertaining to, containing, or resembling 
 sile.v or flint. 
 
 SILK, silk, n. the delicate, soft thread pro- 
 duced by certain caterpillars : thread or 
 cloth woven from it.— adj. pertaining to 
 or consisting of silk. [A.S. seolc—L. ser-
 
 SILKEN 
 
 395 
 
 SINGSONG 
 
 icum — Gr. serikoii, neut. of adj. Serikos, 
 pertaining to the Seres — Ser, a native of 
 Ciiina. whence silk was first obtained.] 
 
 SILKEN, silk'n, adj. made of silk : dres.sed 
 in silk : resembling' silk : soft : delicate. 
 
 SILK-MERCER, silk'-mer'ser, n. a mercer 
 or dealer in .s)7A-s. 
 
 SILK- WEAVER, sQk'-wev'er, n. a xceaver 
 of silk stuffs. 
 
 SILKWORM, silk'wurm, n. the icorm or 
 caterpillar which produces silk. 
 
 SILKY, silk'i, adj. like silk in texture: soft: 
 smooth: glossy. — n. Silk'lness. 
 
 SILL, sil. n. the timber or stone at the foot 
 of a door or window: the lowest piece in 
 a window-frame. [A.S. syll, cog. with 
 Ice. .'n/lla, Ger. schwelle, conn, with 
 Swell.] 
 
 SILLABUB, sil'a-bub, n. a liquor made 
 of wine or cider mixed with milk and 
 sweetened. [Perh. from slabbering it up 
 quickly.] 
 
 SILLY, sil'i. adj. simple : harmless : fool- 
 ish : witless : imprudent : absurd : stu- 
 pid.— arfr. Snx'iLY.— n. Sill'iness. [Orig. 
 " happy,'' '• blessed," and so "innocent,'' 
 "simple," A.S. scelig ; cog. with Ger. 
 selig. and Goth. sels. good.] 
 
 SILT, silt, >!. that which is left by s?rain- 
 ing : sediment: the sand, etc., left by 
 water, [Prov. E. sile, allied to Low Ger. 
 sielen, Sw. sila, to let water off, to 
 strain.] 
 
 SILURIAN, si-lo6'ri-an, adj. belonging to 
 Siluria. the country of the Silures, the 
 ancient inhabitants of part of Wales and 
 England : applied to the strata below 
 the old red sandstone, which are found 
 best developed in that district. 
 
 SILVAN, sil'van. adj. pertaining to ifoorfs: 
 woody: inhabiting woods. [Fr. — T^. silva; 
 cf. Gf. hyle, a wood.] 
 
 SILVER, sil'ver, n. a soft white metal, 
 capable of a high pohsh : money made 
 of silver : anything having the appear- 
 ance of silver. — adj. made of silver : re- 
 sembling silver: white: bright: precious: 
 gentle. — v.t. to cover with silver: to 
 make like silver : to make smooth and 
 bright : to make silvery. [A.S. silfer, 
 scoffer, cog. with Ice. silfr, and Ger. sil- 
 ber.] 
 
 SILVERING, sil'ver-ing, n. the operation 
 of covering with silver: the silver so used. 
 
 SILVERLING, sil'ver-ling, n, (B.) a small 
 silver coin. 
 
 SILVERSMITH, sil'ver-smith, n. a smith 
 who works in silver. 
 
 SILVERY, sil'ver-i, adj. covered witli sil- 
 ver : resembling silver : white : clear, 
 soft, mellow. 
 
 SIMILAR, sim'i-lar, adj., like: resembling: 
 uniform : (geom.) exactly corresponding 
 in sliape, witliout regard to size. — adv. 
 
 SiM'lLAKLT.— )i. SlMILAE'lTY. [Fr. sivii- 
 
 laire — L. similis, like, same.] 
 
 SIMILE, sim'l-le, n. something similar : 
 similitude : {rhet.) a comparison to illus- 
 trate anvthing. 
 
 SIMILITUDE, si-mil'i-tud, n. the state of 
 being similar or like : resemblance: com- 
 
 Earison : simile : (B.) a parable. [Fr. — 
 i. similitude.] 
 
 8IMI0US, sim'i-us, adj. pertaining to or 
 resembling an ape or monkey: monkey- 
 like. [From L. simius, an ape — simns, 
 flat-nosed.] 
 
 SIMilER. sim'er, v.i. to boil with a gentle, 
 hissing sound. [From the sound.][ 
 
 BIMONIAC, si-mo ni-ak, n. one guilty of 
 simont/. 
 
 SIMONIACAL, sim-o-nT'ak-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to. guiltvof, or involving simony. 
 
 SIMONY, sim^on-i, li. the crime of buj-ing 
 or selling ecclesiastical preferment, so 
 named from Simon Magus who thought 
 
 to pur(?hase the gift of the Holy Spirit 
 with monev. Acts viii. 
 
 SIMOOM, si-mo6m', SIMOON, si-moon', n. 
 a destructive hot wind which blows in 
 Northern Africa and Arabia and the ad- 
 jacent countries from the interior des- 
 erts. [Ar. semum — serum, to poison.] 
 
 SIMPER, sim'per, v.i. to smile in a silly 
 affected manner. — n. a silly or affected 
 smile. [Prob. conn, with SlJiMER.] 
 
 SIMPLE, sim'pl, adj. single : undivided : 
 resisting decomposition : elementary : 
 homogeneous : open : unaffected : un- 
 desig-ning : true : clear : straightforward: 
 artless : guileless : unsuspecting : cred- 
 ulous : not cunning : weak in intellect : 
 silly. — H. something not mixed or com- 
 pounded : a medicinal herb. [Lit. " one- 
 fold," Fr. — L. simplus — sim- (L. semel, 
 Gr. hama. Sans, sam), once, and root of 
 plica, to fold.] 
 
 8IMPLENESS, sim'pl-nes, n. the state or 
 quality of being simple : artlessness : 
 simplicity : follj'. 
 
 SIMPLETON.sim'pl-tun, n. a,simvle person: 
 a weak or foolish person. 
 
 SIMPLICITY, sim-plis'i-ti. n, the state or 
 quality of being simple : singleness : 
 want of complication : openness : clear- 
 ness : freedom from excessive adorn- 
 ment : plainness : sincerity : artlessness : 
 credulity, silliness, folly. [L. simplicitas.'] 
 
 SIMPLIFY, sim'pli-fi, v.t. to make simple : 
 to render less difficult : to make plain : 
 —pa.t. and pa.p. sim'plified. — n. Simpli- 
 fica'tion. [I', simplex, simple, and/nci'o, 
 to make.] 
 
 SIMPLY, sim'pli, adv. in a simple manner : 
 artlessly : foolishly : weakly : plainly : 
 considered by it.self : alone : merely : 
 solelv. 
 
 SIMULACRUJI, sim-u-la'krum, n. that 
 which is made like, or formed in the like- 
 ness of any object : an image : a form : 
 hence, a mere resemblance as opposed to 
 realitv. Thackeray. [L.] 
 
 SIMULATE, sim'u-lat. v.t. to imitate : to 
 counterfeit : to pretend : to assume the 
 appearance of without the reality. — n. 
 Sim'ulator. [L. simidatus, pa.p. of 
 simnlo, to make (something) similar to 
 (another thing) — similis, like.] 
 
 SIMULATION, sim-u-la'shun, n. the act 
 of simulating or putting on what is not 
 true. 
 
 SIMULTANEOUS, sim-ul- tau'e-us, adj. 
 acting, existing, or happening at the 
 same time. — adv. Simultan'eously. [Low 
 L. sivndtaneus — L. simul, at the same 
 time, akin to similis. like.] 
 
 SIN, sin. Ti. willful violation of law : neg- 
 lect of duty : neglect of the laws of mo- 
 rality and religion: wickedness: iniquity. 
 — v.i. to commit sin : to violate or neg- 
 lect the laws of morality or religion : to 
 do wrong •.—p>r.p. sinn'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. sinned. [A.S. synn, cog. with Ice. 
 syn-d, Ger. si'mde: prob. from a root seen 
 in Goth, sunja, truth, and syn-jon, to 
 vindicate (both from sun-is, true), also in 
 Ice, -lyn. denial. Prob. it thus orig. meant 
 " a thing to be cleared up or accounted 
 for," " an act as to which one must just- 
 ify one's self," " a deed involving respon- 
 sibility or guilt," hence " a crime."] 
 
 SINCE, sins, adv. from the time that : 
 past : ago. — prep, after : from the time 
 of. — cojy. seeing that : because: consid- 
 ering. [M.E. sin. sith. sithencc : A.S. 
 sitli-than, lit. " after that," from sith, 
 late (Ger. seit), and than, dative case of 
 the article,] 
 
 SINCERE, sin-ser', adj. clean ; pure : (B.) 
 unadulterated : being in reality what it 
 is in appearance : unfeigned : frank : 
 honest : true, — adv. Sixcere'ly. [Fr. — 
 L. sincerus, clean, generally derived from 
 
 sine, without, and oera, wax: better from 
 sim-. single, and the root of Ger. schier, 
 E. Sheer. See Simple, Sixgle.] 
 
 SINCERITY, sin-ser'i-ti, n. state or quality 
 of being sincere : honesty of mind : free- 
 dom from pretence. 
 
 SINCIPUT, sin'si-put, n. the forepart o* 
 the head from the forehead to the rer- 
 tex. [L., lit. " half a head " — semi, half, 
 and caput, the head.] 
 
 SINE, sin, n. a straight line drawn from 
 one extremity of an arc perpendicular to 
 the diameter that passes through the 
 other extremity. [L. siiius, a curve.] 
 
 SINECURE, sl'ne-kur, n. an ecclesiastical 
 benefice u-ifhont the cure or care of 
 souls : an office with salarj' but without 
 work. — n. Si'necurist, one who holds a 
 sinecure. [L. sine, without, and eura, 
 care.] 
 
 SINEW, sin's, li, that which joins a mus- 
 cle to a bone, a tendon : muscle, nerve : 
 that which supplies vigor. — v.t. to bind 
 as by sinews : to strengthen. [A.S. 
 sinu~ cog. with Ice. sin. Ger. sehne.] 
 
 SINEWY, sin'H-i, adj. furnished with sin- 
 ews : consisting of, belonging to, or re- 
 sembling sinews : strong : vigorous. 
 
 SINFUL, sin'fool, adj. full of or tainted 
 with sin : iniquitous : wicked : depraved: 
 criminal : imholy. — adv. Sin'fully. — )i. 
 Sin'fulness. 
 
 SING, sing, i\i. to utter melodious sounds: 
 to make a small, shrill sound : to relate 
 in verse. — To sing small, to adopt a 
 humble tone : to assume the demeanor of 
 a conquered, inferior, or timid person: to 
 play a very subordinate or insignificant 
 part, " I must myself sing small in her 
 company.'' — Richardson. — v.t. to utter 
 musically : to chant : to celebrate or re- 
 late in verse : — pa.t. sang or sung : pa.p. 
 sung. [A.S. singan, cog. with Ger. sin- 
 gen, Goth, siggvan ; cf. Gael, seinn. Sans. 
 svan.] 
 
 SINGE, sinj, v.t. to burn on the surface : to 
 scorch : — pr.p. singe'ing ; jjo.f. and pa.p, 
 singed. — n. a burning of the surface : a 
 slight burn. [M.E. sengen (cog. with 
 Ger. sengen.) — A.S. be-sengan, the causa- 
 tive of Sing, from the singing noise pro- 
 duced by scorching,] 
 
 SINGER, sing'er, n. one who sings : one 
 whose occupation is to sing, 
 
 SINGING, sing'ing, n. the act or art of 
 singing". 
 
 SINGING-MASTER, sing'ing-mas'ter, n. a 
 master who teaches singing. 
 
 SINGLE, sing'gl, adj. consisting of one 
 only : individual : separate : alone : un- 
 married: not combined with others : un- 
 mixed : having- one only on each .side : 
 straightforward : sincere : simple : pure. 
 — v.t. to separate : to choose one from 
 others : to select from a number. [L. 
 sin-gulus, one to each, separate, alcin to 
 sem-el, once, Gr. ham-a. See Simple, 
 Sincere.] 
 
 SINGLE-HEARTED, sing'gl-hart'ed. adj. 
 having a single or sincere heart: without 
 duplicitv. 
 
 SINGLE-MINDED, sing'gl - mind'ed, adj. 
 having a single or sincere mind: upright. 
 
 SINGLENESS," sing'gl-nes, n. state of being 
 single or alone : freedom from deceit : 
 sinceritv : simplicitv. 
 
 SINGLESTICK, sing'gl-stik, n. asinglestick 
 or cudgel used in fighting : a fight or 
 game with singlesticks. 
 
 SINGLETREE, sing'gl-tre, n. the same as 
 Swinoi.etree. ' 
 
 SINGLY, sing'gli, adv. one by one ; partic- 
 ularly : alone : by one's self : honestly : 
 sincerelv. 
 
 SINGSO^fe, sing'song, n. bad singing: 
 drawling.
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 396 
 
 SKEW 
 
 eiNGULAR, sing'^-lar, adj. alone: (ffram.) 
 denoting one person or thing : single : 
 not complex or compound : standing 
 alone : rare : unusual : uncommon : ex- 
 traordinary : strange : cdd: (B.) particu- 
 lar. [L. singularis.] 
 
 SINGULARITY, sing-gu-lar'i-ti, ?i. the 
 state of being singular : peculiarity : 
 anything curious or remarkable : par- 
 titailar privilege or distinction. 
 
 SINGULARLY, sing'gil-lar-li, adi\ in a 
 singular manner : peculiarly : strangely : 
 so as to express one or the singular num- 
 ber. 
 
 SINISTER, sin'is-ter, adj., left: on the left 
 hand : evil : unfair : dishonest : unlucky : 
 inauspicious. [L.] 
 
 SINISTRAL, sin'is-tral, adj. belonging or 
 inclining to the left : reversed. — adv. 
 
 Sl^'lSTRALLY. 
 
 SINISTROUS, sin'is-trus, adj. on the left 
 side : wrong : absurd : perverse. — adv. 
 Sin'istrously. 
 
 SINK, singk, v.i. to fall to the bottom : to 
 fall down : to descend lower : to fall 
 gradually : to fall below the surface : to 
 enter deeply : to be impressed : to be 
 overwhelmed : to fail in strength.— v.i. 
 to cause to sink : to put under water : to 
 keep out of sight : to suppress : to de- 
 grade : to cause to decline or fall : to 
 plunge into destruction : to make by 
 digging or delving : to pay absolutely : 
 to lower in value or amount : to lessen : 
 — pa.t. sank and sunk; j^a.p. sunk, 
 sunk'en. — n. a drain to carry off dirty 
 water : a box or vessel connected with a 
 drain for receiving dirty water. — n. Sink'- 
 ER. [A.S. sencan, cog. with Ger. sinkeii, 
 Goth, siggqiian, Ice. sokkva, to fall to 
 the bottom.] 
 
 SINLESS, sin les, adj. without sin : inno- 
 cent : pure : perfect. — adv. Sin'lessly. 
 —n. Sin'lessness. 
 
 SINNER, siu'er, n. one who sins ; an of- 
 fender or criminal : (theol.) an unregen- 
 erate person. 
 
 SIN-OFFERING, sin'-of'er-ing, n. an offer- 
 ing for or sacrifice in expiation of sin. 
 
 SINTER, sin'ter, n. a name given to rocks 
 precipitated in a cr3'stalline form from 
 mineral waters. [Ger., " iron sparks."] 
 
 SINUATE, sin'u-at, adj., curved: (hot.) 
 with a waved margin. — v.t. to bend in 
 and out. — ?i. Sinua'tion. [L. sinuatus, 
 pa.p. of sinuo, to bend.] 
 
 SINUOSITY, sin-u-os'i-ti,Jt. quality of being 
 sinuous : a bend or series of bends and 
 turns. 
 
 SINUOUS, sin'u-us, SINUOSE, sin'u-os, 
 adj., bending in and out: winding: un- 
 dulating.— adu. Sin'uously. [L. simiosus 
 — sinus, a bending.] 
 
 SINUS, si'nus, n. a bending : a fold : an 
 opening : a baj" of the sea : a recess in 
 the shore : (anat.) a cavity wider in tlie 
 interior than at the entrance: a venous 
 canal : (med.) a cavity containing pus. 
 [L. sinus, a bending, a curve.] 
 
 SIP. sip, v.t. to sup or drink in small quan- 
 tities : to draw into the mouth: to taste: 
 to drink out of. — )'./. to drink in small 
 quantities : to drink by the lips : — ^jr.p. 
 sipp'ing ; jM.t. and pa.p. sipped. — n. the 
 taking of a Uquor with the lips : a small 
 draught taken with the lips. [A.S. supan, 
 cog. with Ger. saufen ; conn, with Sop, 
 Soup, Sup.] 
 
 SIPHON, si'fun, n. a bent tube for drawing 
 off liquids from one vessel into another. 
 [Fr.— Gr. siphon — siphlos, hollow.] 
 
 SIPPET, sip'et, vi>a small sop. 
 
 SIR, ser, n. a word of respect used in ad- 
 dressing a man : the title of a knight or 
 bai-onet. [Lit. "senior" or "elder," O. 
 Fr. sire, through O. Fr. sendre, from L. 
 senior, an elder, comp. of senex, old. Cf. 
 
 the parallel forms Sire, Seizor, Seign- 
 ior, SiGNOR.] 
 
 SIRE, sir, ?i. (lit.) a "senior" or father: one 
 in the place of a father, as a sovereign : 
 the male parent of a beast, esp. of a 
 horse: — p>^- (poetry) ancestors. — v.t. to 
 beget, used of animals. [See above word.] 
 
 SIREN, si'ren, n. (myth.) one of certain 
 fabulous nymphs in S. Italy who enticed 
 mariners to destruction by sweet nmsic : 
 a fascinating woman : any one insidious 
 and deceptive : an eel-like, amphibious 
 animal, with only one pair of feet. — adj. 
 pertaining to or like a siren : fascinating. 
 [L. siren — Gr. seiren, lit. an "entangler" 
 — seira, a cord, a band.] 
 
 SIRENE, si'ren, n. a musical instrument 
 for determining the number of pulses per 
 second in a given note. [Same word as 
 above.] 
 
 SIRIUS, sir'i-us, n. the Dogstar. [L.— Gr. 
 seirios, scorching ; cf. Sans. su7'ya, the 
 sun.] 
 
 SIRLOIN, ser'loin, n. a loin of beef. [Fr. 
 surlonge — sur ( — L. super, above), and 
 longe (see Loin). The first syllable has 
 been modified by confusion with E. SiR.] 
 
 SIRNAME, ser'nara, n. [A corruption of 
 Surname.] 
 
 SIROCCO, si-rok'o, n. a hot, oppressive 
 wind, from the south-eas< in S. Italy and 
 adjoining parts. [It. sirocco, Sp. siroco, 
 Ar. schoruq — scharq, the east.] 
 
 SIRRAH, ser'a, n. sir, used in anger or con- 
 tempt. [M. E. sirrha — sir, ha : or from 
 Ir. sirreach, poor.] 
 
 SIRUP, sir'up, n. a solution of sugar in 
 water, simple, flavored, or medicated. 
 [Fr. 'sirop — Low L. siniptis — Ar. sharCib, 
 sharbat, a drink. See Sherbet and 
 Shrub.] 
 
 SISKIN, sis'kin, n. a migratory song-bird, 
 resembling the green canary. [Dan. 
 sisgen, Sw. siska.} 
 
 SISTER, sis'ter, n. a female born of the 
 same parents : a female closely allied to 
 or associated with another. — n. Sister- 
 in-law, a husband's or wife's sister, or a 
 brother's wife. [M. E. susten — A.S. stveos- 
 ter, cog. with Dut. suster, Ger. schwester, 
 Slav, sestra, L. soror (for sosor, orig. sos- 
 tor). Sans, svasri, svasdr (orig. .tvastdr).] 
 
 SISTERHOOD, sis'ter-hood, n. (orig.) state 
 of being a sister, the duty of a sister : a 
 society of females. 
 
 SISTERLIKE, sis'ter-Uk, SISTERLY, sis'- 
 ter-li, adj., like or becoming a sister: kind: 
 affectionate. 
 
 SIT, sit, v.i. to rest on the haunches : to 
 perch, as birds : to rest : to remain : to 
 brood : to occupy a seat, esp.-ofRcially : 
 to be officially engaged : to blow from a 
 certain direction, as the wind. — v.t. to 
 keep the seat upon : to seat : — Jir.ji. sitt'- 
 \ng;pia.t. a.nd pa.p. sat. — n. Sitt'er. — 
 Sit out, to sit during. — Sit xtp, to rise 
 from a lying to a sitting position. [A.S. 
 sittan, cog. with Ger. sitzen, L. sed-eo, 
 Gr. hed-os, a seat, hezomai, to sit. Cf. 
 Seat and Set.] 
 
 SITE, sit, n. the place where anything is 
 set down or fixed : situation : a place 
 chosen for any particular ]>urpose. [Fr. 
 — L. situs — sitiiin, pa.p. of sitiv, to set 
 down. Cf. Situate.] 
 
 SITH, sith, adv. (B.) since. [A.S. sidh; cog. 
 with Goth, seidhti, Ger. seit. See Since.] 
 
 SITTING, sit'ing, n. state of resting on a 
 seat : a seat : the act or time of resting 
 in a posture for a painter to take a like- 
 ness : an official meeting to transact 
 business: uninterrupted application to 
 anything for a time : the time during 
 which one continues at anything: a rest- 
 ing on eggs for hatchins;. 
 
 SITUATE, sit'u-at, SITUATED, sit'u-at-ed, 
 adj., set or permanently fixed: placed with 
 
 respect to other objects: residing. [Low 
 L. situatiis — L. situo, to place — sittis, a 
 
 site, situation.] 
 
 SITUATION, sit-u-a'shun, n. the place 
 where anything is situated: position: 
 temporary state : condition : office : em- 
 ployment. 
 
 SIX, siks, adj. and n. five and one: a figure 
 denoting six units (6, or VI.). [A.S. six, 
 sex ; cog. with Scand. sex, Goth, saihs, 
 Ger. sechs, Gael, se ; also with L. sex, Gr. 
 hex, Pers. shesh. Sans, s/m.s/i.] 
 
 SIXFOLD, siks'fold, adj., folded or multi- 
 jilied si.v times. 
 
 SIXPENCE, siks'pens, n. an English silver 
 coin=13 cents. 
 
 SIXTEEN, siks'ten, adj. and n.,sw and (en. 
 
 SIXTEENTH, siks'tenth, adj. and n. the 
 si.vth after the tenth. 
 
 SIXTH, siksth, adj. the last of six : the or- 
 dinal of six. — )(. the sixtli part : (music) 
 an interval of four tones and a semitone, 
 or six intervals. [A.S. Sia'ta.] 
 
 SIXTHLY, siksth'li, odr. in the sixth place. 
 
 SIXTIETH, siks'ti'eth, adj and?i. the sixth 
 tenth : the ordinal of sixty. [A.S. six- 
 teogeotha.] 
 
 SIXTY, siks'ti, adj. and n., six times ten. 
 [A.S. sixtig.] 
 
 SIZAR, siz'ar, n. in University of Cam- 
 bridge, Eng., orig. one who served out the 
 sizes or rations : one of tlie lowest rank 
 of students. [From Size, orig. a ''fixed 
 quantity."] 
 
 SIZE, siz, n. extent of volume or, surface : 
 magnitude. — v.t. to arrange according to 
 size. [Orig. a "fixed quantity," contr. 
 of Assize, which see.] 
 
 SIZE, siz, SIZING, sTz'ing, n. a kind of 
 weak glue, used as varnish : any gluey 
 substance. — Size, v.t. to cover with size. 
 [W. syth, stift'ening, glue — mjth, stiff.] 
 
 SIZY, siz'i, adj., size-like : g\\xt\no\xs. — n. 
 
 SiZ'iNESS. 
 
 SKALD, n. See Scald, a poet. 
 
 SKATE, skat, n. a kind of sandal or frame 
 of wood with a steel ridge under it for 
 moving on ice. — v.i. to slide on skates. — 
 ?!s. Skat'er, Skat'ing. [Dut. schaats; cf. 
 also Dan. skuite.] 
 
 SKATE, skat, n. a large flat fish belonging 
 to the Ray family, with spikes or thorns 
 on the back. [M.E. schate (Ice. skata) — 
 L. squatus : cf. Shad.] 
 
 SKATHE. Same as Scathe. 
 
 SKEAN, sken, ?!. a dagger. [Gael, sgian, 
 a knife.] 
 
 SKEIN, skan, n. a knot or number of 
 knots of thread or j'arn. [O. Fr. escaigne; 
 Gael, sgeinn.^ 
 
 SKELETON, skel'e-tun, n. the bones of an 
 animal separated from the flesh and pre- 
 served in their natural position : the 
 framework or outline of anj-thing. [Gr. 
 skeleton (soma), a dried (body) — skeletos, 
 dried — skello, to dry, to parch.] 
 
 SKELETON-KEY, skel'e-tun-ke, n. a key 
 for picking locks, without the inner bits, 
 and so like a skeleton. 
 
 SKEPTIC. Same as Sceptic. 
 
 SKERRY, sker'i, 7i. a rockj- isle. [Ice.] 
 
 SKETCH, skech, n. a first draft of any 
 plan or painting: an outline. — v.t. to 
 make a rough draft of : to draw the 
 outline : to give the principal points of. 
 — 1'.(. to practice sketching. [Lit." some- 
 thing made offhand," Fr. esquisse, influ- 
 enced by Dut. sclieis, from L. schedius, 
 made offhand— Gr. schedios, sudden— 
 schedon, near — echo, .seheso, to have.] 
 
 SKETCHY, skech'i, adj. containing a sketch 
 or outline : incomplete.— adi'. Sketch'- 
 ILY.— )i. SkETCH'INESS. 
 
 SKEW, sku, adj. oblique : intersecting a 
 road, river, etc., not at right angles, as 
 a bridge. — adv. awry : obliquely. [Ice. 
 skeifr, Dan. skjev : conn, with Shy.]
 
 SKEWER 
 
 397 
 
 SLAV 
 
 SKEWER, sku'er, n. a pin of wood or iron 
 for keeping meat in form while roasting. 
 — v.t. to fasten with skewers. [Prov. E. 
 skiver, prob. the same as Shiter, a splint 
 of wood.] 
 
 8KID. skid, n. a piece of timber hung 
 against a ship's side to protect it from 
 injury : a sliding wedge or drag to check 
 the wheel of a wagon on a steep place : 
 a slab put below a gun to keep it off the 
 ground. — v.t. to check with a skid. [A.S. 
 seide. a piece split off, a billet of wood — 
 seidan. to cleave.] 
 
 SKIFF, skif, n. a small light boat. [A 
 doublet of Ship.] 
 
 SKILL, skil. n. knowledge of anything : 
 dexterity in practice. — (B.) v.r. to under- 
 stand. [Lit. " separation," " discrimina- 
 tion," prob. first from the Scand., as Ice. 
 skil. and skilja (verb), cog. with A.S. scy- 
 lan. to separate.] 
 
 SKILLED, skild, adj. having skill: skillful: 
 expert. 
 
 SKILLET, skil'et, n. a small metal vessel 
 with a long handle, used for boiling 
 water, in cooking, etc. [Prob. from O. 
 Fr. escuellette, dim. of escuelle (Fr. ecuelle) 
 — L. seutella, dim. of scutra, a dish. See 
 Scullery.] 
 
 SKILLFUL, skil'fool, adj. having or dis- 
 placing skill : dexterous. — adv. Skill'- 
 FULLY. — n. Skill' FULNESS. 
 
 SKIM, skim, v.t. to clear off scum : to take 
 off by skimming : to brush the surface of 
 lightly. — v.i. to pass over lightly : to 
 glide along near the surface: — pr.p. 
 skimm'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. skimmed. 
 [A by-form of ScUM.] 
 
 SKIMSIER. skim'er, n. a utensil for skim- 
 ming milk. 
 
 SKIM-MILK, skim'-milk, «., skimmed mHk: 
 milk from which the cream has been 
 skimmed. 
 
 SKIN, skin, n. the natural outer covering 
 of an animal body : a hide : the bark or 
 rind of plants, etc. — v.t. to cover with 
 skin : to cover the surface of : to strip 
 the skin from, to peel. — v.i. to be covered 
 with a skin : — pr.p. skinn'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. skinned. — n. Sktnn'er. [A.S. scinn, 
 cog. with Ice. skinn, skin, Ger. sehinden, 
 to flay.] 
 
 SKIN-CEEP, skin'-dep, adj. as deep as the 
 skin only : superficial. 
 
 SKINFLINT, skin'flint, n. one who takes 
 the smallest gains, who would, as it were, 
 even skin a. flint : a very niggardly per- 
 son. 
 
 SKINNY, skin'i, adj. consisting of skin or 
 of skin only : wanting flesh. — n. Skinn'- 
 
 INESS. 
 
 SKIP, skip, v.i. to leap : to bound lightly 
 and joyfully: to pass over. — v.t. to leap 
 over : to omit : — pr.p. skipp'ing ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. skipped. — n. a light leap : a 
 bound : the omission of a part. [Either 
 Celt., conn, with W. cip. a sudden effort, 
 and Gael, sgiab, to move suddenly, or 
 Teut., conn, with Ice. skopa. to run.] 
 
 SKIPPER, skip'er, n. the master of a mer- 
 chant-ship. [Lit. ■' a skipper or sailor," 
 Dut. sehipjxr. Dan. skipper. See Ship.] 
 
 SKIPPING-ROPE, skip'ing-rop, n. a rope 
 used in skipping. 
 
 SKIRMISH, sker'mish, n. an irregular fight 
 between two small parties : a contest. — 
 v.i. to fight slightly or irregularly. [M.E. 
 scarmvih — Fr. escarmouchc—O. Ger. sker- 
 mnn. to fight, Ger. schirmen.] 
 
 SKIRMISHER, sker'mish-er, n. a soldier 
 belonging- to troops dispersed to cover 
 front or flank, and prevent surprises. 
 
 SKIRT, skert, n. the part of a garment 
 below the waist : a woman's garment 
 like a petticoat : the edge of anj- part of 
 the drees : border : margin : extreme 
 part. — v.t. to border : to form the edge 
 
 of. — v.i. to be on the border : to live near 
 the extremity. [A doublet of Shirt. Cf. 
 Skiff and Ship.] 
 
 SKITTISH, skit'ish, adj. unsteady, light- 
 headed, easily frightened : hastj' : vola- 
 tile, changeable : wanton. — adv. Skitt'- 
 iSHLY.— )!. Skitt'ishness. [M.E. sket— 
 Ice. skjotr, quick, hasty, conn, with root 
 of Shoot.] 
 
 SKITTLES, skiL'lz, n.p}. a game in which 
 wooden pins are shot or knocked down 
 with a wooden ball : ninepins : in the 
 U. S., the game is usually played with 
 ten pins, and is often called tenpins. 
 [From root of Skittish.] 
 
 Skulk, skulk, v.i. to sneak out of the 
 way: to lurk. — n. Skulk'er. [Scand., as 
 Dan. skulke, to sneak, conn, with Ice. 
 skjol, cover, hiding-place ; also with E. 
 Scowl.] 
 
 skull, skul, n. the bony case that in- 
 closes the brain: the head. [Ice. and Dan. 
 sfcaZ, a shell; conn, with Shell and Scale, 
 a thin plate. The fundamental idea is 
 that of a thin plate or case, with which a 
 body is covered, or in which anything is 
 contained.] 
 
 SKULLCAP, skul'kap, n. a cap which flts 
 closely to the skull or head. 
 
 SKUNK, skungk, n. a small N. American 
 carnivorous quadruped allied to the otter 
 and weasel, which defends itself bj- emit- 
 ting a most offensive fluid. [Contr. from 
 the Indian segankii.] 
 
 SKY, ski, ?!. the apparent canopy over our 
 heads: the heavens: the weather. [Dan., 
 Sw., and Ice. sky, a cloud ; akin to A.S. 
 scua, Gr. skia, a shadow. Sans, sku, to 
 cover.] 
 
 SKY-BLUE, ski'-bloo, adj, blue like the 
 sky. 
 
 SKr^EY, skl'i. Of?;', like the sky : ethereal. 
 
 SKYLARK, ski'lark, n. a species of lark 
 that mounts high towards the sky and 
 sings on the wing. 
 
 SKYLARKING, ski'lark-ing, n. running 
 about the rigging of a ship in sport : 
 frolicking. [From Sky, and Lauk, a 
 game.] 
 
 SETYLIGHT, ski'lit, n. a window in a roof or 
 ceiling towards the sky for the admission 
 of light. 
 
 SKY-ROCKET, skt'-rok'et, n. a rocket that 
 ascends high towards the sky and burns 
 as it flies. 
 
 SKYSAIL, ski'sal, n. the sail above the 
 "royal." 
 
 SKY-SCRAPER, skl'-skrap'er, n. a skysail 
 of a triangular shape. 
 
 SKYWARD, ski' ward, adv. , toward the sky. 
 
 SLAB, slab, n. a thin slip of anything, esp. 
 of .stone, having plane surfaces : a piece 
 sawed from a log. [W. ysldb, llab, a thin 
 slip.] 
 
 SLABBER, slab'er, v.i. to slaver : to let the 
 saliva fall from the mouth : to drivel. — 
 v. t. to wet by saliva. — n. Slabb'eeer. [Al- 
 lied to Low Ger. and Dut. slabbern ; from 
 the sound. Doublet Slaver.] 
 
 SLACK, slak, adj. lax or loose : not firmly 
 extended or drawn out: not holding fast: 
 weak: not eager or diligent: inattentive: 
 not violent or rapid : slow. — adv. in a 
 slack manner : partially : insuflSciently. 
 —adv. Slack'ly.— H. Slack'ness. [^A.S. 
 sleac. cog. with Sw. .-ilak. Ice. slakr.i 
 
 SLACK, slak. SLACKEN, slak'n, v.i. to be- 
 come loose or less tight: to be remiss: to 
 abate : to become slower : to fail or flag. 
 — v.t. to make less tight: to loosen: to 
 relax: to remit : to abate : to withhold : 
 to use less liberally : to check : (B.) to 
 delay. 
 
 SLAG, slag, n. vitrified cinders from smelt- 
 ing-works, etc. : the scoriaj of a volcano. 
 [Low Ger. slagge. Ger. seblacke—schlagen, 
 to east off, Ice. slagga, to flow over.] 
 
 SLAGGY, slag*!, adj. pertaining to or like 
 slag. 
 
 SLAIN, slan, pa.p. of Slay. 
 
 SLAKE, slak, v.t. to quench: to extinguish: 
 to mix with water. — v.i. to go out : to 
 become extinct. [Lit. to slacken or make 
 less active ; it is simply a form of Slack.] 
 
 SLAM, slam, v.t. or v.i. to shut with vio- 
 lence and noise -.^pr.p. slamm'ing ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. slammed. — n. the act of slam- 
 ming : the sound so made. [From the 
 sound.] 
 
 SLANDER, slan'der, n. a false or mali- 
 cious report : defamation by words : ca- 
 lumny. — v.t. to defame: to calumniate. 
 — n. Slan'derer. [M.E. sclaunder—Fr. 
 esclandre — L. scandalnm — Gr. skandalon. 
 See Scandal.] 
 
 SLANDEROUS, slan'der-us, adj. given to 
 or containing slander : calumnious. — 
 adv. Slan'derously. 
 
 SLANG, slang, ?i. low language. [Ety. 
 dub.] 
 
 SLANT, .slant, adj.. sloping: oblique: in. 
 clined from a direct line. — n. a slope.— 
 v.t. to turn in a sloping direction. — v.i 
 to slope. [Scot, sclent, Prov. E. slen, to 
 slope, allied to Sw. slinta. to slide.] 
 
 SLANTLY, slant'li, SLANTWISE, slant'- 
 wlz, adv. in a sloping, oblique, or inclined 
 manner. 
 
 SLAP, slap, M. a blow with the hand or 
 anything flat. — v.t. to give a slap to : — 
 pr.p. slapp'ing ; pa.t. and jm.p. slapped. 
 — adv. with a slap : suddenly, violently. 
 [Allied to Low Ger. slappe, Ger. schla^jpe: 
 from the sound.] 
 
 SLAPDASH, slap'dash, adv. in a bold, care- 
 less way. [From Slap and Dash.] 
 
 SLASH, slash, v.t. to cut by striking with 
 violence and at random : to make long 
 cuts. — v.i. to strike violently and at ran- 
 dom with an edged instrument. — n. a long 
 cut : a cut at random : a cut in cloth to 
 show colors through the openings. [Ice. 
 slasa, to strike: from the sound.] 
 
 SLATE, slat, 7i. a well-known stone which 
 splits into thin plates : a rock or stone of 
 a slaty structure : a piece of slate for 
 roofing, or for writing upon. — iKt. to 
 cover with slate. — n. Sla'ter. [M.E. 
 sclat — O. Fr. esclat, from O. Ger. skleizan, 
 Ger. sehleiszen, to split.] 
 
 SLATE-PENCIL, slat'-pen'sil, n. a pencil 
 of soft slate, or for writing on slate. 
 
 SLATING, slat'ing, n. the act of covering 
 with slates : a covering of slates : ma- 
 terials for slating. 
 
 SLATTERN, slat'ern, n. a woman sluttish 
 and negligent of her dress : an untidy 
 woman. [Allied to Low Ger. sluddern, 
 Dut. slodderen, to hang and flap ; prob. 
 from the flapping sound of loose, untidy 
 clothing : conn, with SLUT.] 
 
 SLATTERNLY, slat'ern-li, adj. like a slat- 
 tern : negligent of person : sloveiilj' : 
 dirty : sluttish. — adv. negligently : un- 
 tidily. 
 
 SLATY, slat'i, adj. resembling slate : hav- 
 ing the nature or properties of slate. 
 
 SLAUGHTER, slaw'ter, n. a slaying or 
 killing : a great destruction of life : car- 
 nage : butchery. — v.t. to slaj' : to kill for 
 the market : to destroy by violence (as 
 numbers): to massacre. — n. Slauqh'ter- 
 ER. [Ice. slatr, prob. influenced by A.S. 
 sleahf : both are from root of Slay.] 
 
 SLAUGHTERHOUSE, slaw'ter-hows. 71. a 
 hou.<ie where beasts are slaughtered or 
 killed for the market. 
 
 SLAUGHTERMAN, slaw'ter-man, n. ajiian 
 employed in slaughtering, killing, or 
 butchering animals. 
 
 SLAUGHTEROUS, slaw'ter-us. adj. given 
 to slaughter : destructive : murderous. 
 
 SLAV, SLAVE. Slav, n. the name of the 
 peoples inhabiting E. Europe. — adj.
 
 SLAVE 
 
 39S 
 
 SLOA^EN 
 
 Slav'ic. [Lit. " the speaking men," 
 from Polish slovo, a word, in contrast 
 to nieviiez, the "dumb," "unintelligi- 
 ble." applied by the Poles to the Ger- 
 mans. Cf. Barbariax.] 
 
 SLAVE, Slav, n. a captive in servitude: anj- 
 one in bondage: a serf: one who labors 
 like a slave : a drudge: one wholly under 
 the will of another : one who has lost all 
 power of resistance. — v.i. to work like a 
 slave : to drudge. [Orig. a Slav made 
 captive bj' the Teutons, Fr. esclave — Ger. 
 sclave, from Slat, the national name. 
 During the earlj' wars of the Germans 
 against the Slavs, many of the latter were 
 captured and reduced to servitude.] 
 
 SLAVER, slav'er, n. a ship employed in 
 tlie .s/ai'C-trade. 
 
 SLAVER, slav'er, n., s2}Utle or saliva run- 
 ning from the mouth. — v.i. to let the 
 saliva run out of the mouth. — v.t. to 
 smear with saliva. — n. Slat'erek. [A 
 form of Slabber.] 
 
 SLAVERY, slaVer-i, n. the state of being 
 a slave : serfdom : the state of being en- 
 tirely under the will of another: bondage: 
 drudgerv. 
 
 SLAVE-TRADE, siav'-trad, n. the trade oi 
 bu^■ing and selling slaves. 
 
 SLAVE-TRADER, slaV-trad'er, 7i. a trader 
 in slaves. 
 
 SLAVISH, slav'ish, adj. of or belonging to 
 slaves: becoming slaves : servile: mean: 
 base : laborious. — adv. Slav'ishly. — n. 
 Slav'ishness. 
 
 SLAVONIC, sla-von'ik. SCLAVONIC, skla- 
 von'ik, SLAVONIAN, sla-von'yan, SCLr\.- 
 VONIAN, skla-von'yan, adj. of or belong- 
 ing to the Slavs, or their language. 
 
 SLAY, sla, v.t. to strike: to kill : to put 
 to death : to destroy: — 2)a.t. slew (sloo) ; 
 jM.p. slain. — n. Slay'er. [A.S. slean ; 
 Ice. sld, Goth, slahau, Ger. schlagen, to 
 strike.] 
 
 SLED, sled, SLEDGE, slej, n. a carriage 
 made for sliding upon suow : a sleigh. 
 [Low Ger. slede, lee. sledi : from a root 
 seen in A.S. slidan, to slide.] 
 
 SLEDGE, slej, n. an instrument for strik- 
 ing : a large heavy hammer used chiefly 
 by irousmiths. [A.S. slecge — slean, to 
 strike, slay (cf. Ger. schliigel, a beater — 
 schlagen). See Slat.] 
 
 SLEEK, slek, adj., smooth: glossy: soft: 
 not rough. — adv. Sleek'ly. — n. Sleek'- 
 NESS. [Ger. schlicht, Ice. slikja, to smooth 
 or polisli ; perh. akin to Sijght.] 
 
 SLEEP, slep, v.i. to take rest by relaxation: 
 to become unconscious : to slumber : to 
 rest : to be motionless or inactive : to 
 remain unnoticed : to live thoughtlessly : 
 to be dead : to rest in the grave : — -jja.^. 
 and pa.p. slept. — n. the state of one who 
 or that which sleeps : slumber : rest. — 
 Ox SLEEP (B.) asleep. [A.S. slmpan ; Ger. 
 sehlafen, Goth. sle2)aii, from O. Ger. slaf, 
 relaxed. Ice. slap)a, to hang loose.] 
 
 SLEEPER, slep'er, n. one who sleeps : a 
 liorizontal timber supporting a weight, 
 I'ails etc. 
 
 SLEEPLESS, slep'les, adj. without sleep : 
 vmable to sleep. — adv. Sleep'lessly. — n. 
 Sleep'lessness. 
 
 SLEEP-WALKER, slep'-wawk'er, n. one 
 wlio walks wliile asleep: a somnambulist. 
 — u. Sleep'-walk'ing. 
 
 SLEEPY, slep'i, adj. inclined to sleep : 
 drowsy : dull : lazy. — adv. Sleep'ily. — 
 n. Sleep'iness. 
 
 SLEET, slet, n. rain mingled with snow or 
 hail. — v.i. to hail or snow with rain 
 mingled. [Prob. allied to Low Ger. 
 slate, slote, hail, Ger. schlosze.] 
 
 SLEETY, slet'i, adj. consisting of or bring- 
 ing sleet.— K. Sleet'ines.s. 
 
 SLEEVE, slev, 71. the part of a garment 
 which covers the arm. — v.t. to furnish 
 
 with sleeves. [A.S. slefe, a sleeve ; cog. 
 with Ger. schlauf.] 
 
 SLEIGH, sla, n. same as Sledge. 
 
 SLEIGHT, slit, n. cunning: dexteritj- : an 
 artful trick. — n. Sleight-of-haxd, leg- 
 erdemain. [Ice. sloegth, cunning, slcegr, 
 sly.] 
 
 SLENDER, slen'der, adj., thin or narrow : 
 feeble : inconsiderable : simple. — adv. 
 Slen'derly. — n. Slex'der>'ess. [O. Dut. 
 slinder, thin, conn, with Dut. slenderen, 
 Ger. schlendern, to saunter.] 
 
 SLEPT, slept, 2^a.t. andpa.p. of Sleep. 
 
 SLEUTH-HOUND, slooth-hownd, n. a dog 
 that tracks game by the scent, a blood- 
 hound. See Slot. 
 
 SLEW, slo5, 2M.t. of Slay. 
 
 SLICE, slis, v.t. to slit or divide into thin 
 l)ieees. — n. a thin broad piece : a broad 
 knife for serving- fish. [O. Fr. esclisse — 
 O. Ger. sleizan, to split, E. Slit.] 
 
 SLICER, slis'er, n. one who or that which 
 slices : a broad, flat knife. 
 
 SLID, slid.jja.i. audpa.jj. of Slide. 
 
 SLIDDEN, slid'u, 2Ja.p. of Slide. 
 
 SLIDE, slid, v.i. to slip or glide : to pass 
 along- smoothly : to fall. — v.t. to thrust 
 along : to slip :^ju.f. slid ; pa.jj. slid or 
 slidd'en. — n. a smooth passage : the fall 
 of a mass of earth or rock : a smooth 
 declivity : a slider : (music) two notes 
 sliding- into each other. [A.S. slidan, to 
 slide ; Dut. slidderen, to slip.] 
 
 SLIDER, slld'er, n. one who or that which 
 slides : the part of an instrument or ma- 
 cliine that slides. 
 
 SLIDING-SCALE, slld'ing-skal, n. a scale 
 of duties which slide or vary according 
 to the value or market prices : a sliding- 
 rule. 
 
 SLIGHT, slit, adj. weak : slender : of little 
 value : trifling- : small : negligent : not 
 decided. — adv. Slight'ly. — n. Slight'- 
 XESS. [Orig-. "plain, smooth;" found 
 in Low Ger. sligt, Ger. schlicht, plain, 
 smooth. See Sleex.] 
 
 SLIGHT, .slit, v.t. to disregard, as of little 
 value : to neglect. — n. neglect : disre- 
 gard.— add. Slight'ingly. [From Slight, 
 adj.] 
 
 SLILY, sll'li, adv. See under Sly. 
 
 SLIM, slim, adj. (eonqy. Slimm'er, siqyerl. 
 Slijim'est), weak : slender : slight. [Orig. 
 "vile, worthless;" found in Low Ger. 
 slim, Ger. schlimm.] 
 
 SLIME, slim, n. glutinous mud : (jB.) prob. 
 bitumen. [A.S. slim, cog. with Ger. 
 sohlcim.] 
 
 SLIMY, sllm'i, adj. abounding with or con- 
 sisting of slime: glutinous. — ji. Slim'I- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 SLING, sling-, n. an instrument consisting 
 of a strap and two cords, for throwing 
 stones to a great distance, by whirling it 
 rapidly round; a throw: a hanging- band- 
 age for a wouudedlimb : a rope with 
 hooks, used in hoisting and lowering 
 weights. — v.t. to throw with a sling : to 
 hang so as to swing- : to move or swing 
 by rieans of a ropi; : to cast : — -jja.f. and 
 pa.jj. slung. — n. Sung'er. — n.2Jl. Sling'- 
 STONES (B.) stones thrown from a sling. 
 [A.S. slingan, to turn in a circle, cog. 
 with Ger. schlingen, to move or twine 
 round.] 
 
 SLINK, sliugk, v.i. to creep or crawl away, 
 as if ashamed: to sneak: — jjn.f. and jja.p. 
 slunk. [A.S. slincan ; Low Ger. sliken, 
 Ger. schleichen.] 
 
 SLIP, slip, v.i. to slide or glide along : to 
 move out of place : to escape : to err : 
 to slink : to enter by oversight. — v.t. to 
 cause to slide : to convey secretly : to 
 omit : to throw ofl' : to let loose : to es- 
 cape from : to part from the branch or 
 stem ■.—2>i'-P- slipp'ing ; 2)a.t. and jja.^J. 
 slipped. — n. act of slipping : that on 
 
 which anything may slip : an error : an 
 escape : a twig : a strip : a leash : a slop- 
 ing Dank for ship - building- : anytiiing 
 easily slipped on. [A.S. sli2)aH ; Sw! sli2)a, 
 Dut. sli2i})ea, to glide.] 
 
 SLIP-KNOT, slip'-uot, n. a knot which 
 s/ip.s along the rope or line around wliich 
 it is made. 
 
 SLIPPER, slip'er, n. a loose shoe easily 
 slip2)ed on. 
 
 SLIPPERED, slip'erd, adj. wearing slip- 
 pers. 
 
 SLIPPERY, slip'er-i, adj. apt to slip away : 
 smootli : not affording firm footing "or 
 confidence : unstable : uncertain. — 11. 
 Slipp'eriness. 
 
 SLIPSHOD, slip'shod, adj., shod with slip- 
 2)ers, or shoes down at the heel like slip- 
 pers : careless. 
 
 SLIT, slit, v.t. to cut lengthwise : to split : 
 to cut into strips : — 2"'-P' slitt'ing- : p(/.^ 
 andpa.p. slit. — n. a long cut : a narrow 
 ojjening. [A.S. slitan ; Ice. slita, to tear.] 
 
 SLOE, slo, -11. a small sonr wild plum, the 
 fruit of the blackthorn. [A.S. sla, Dut. 
 sleeuive, a sloe — sleeuw, sour.] 
 
 SLOGAN, slo'gan, n. a war-cry among the 
 ancient Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael., 
 contracted from sluagh-ghairm, an army- 
 cry.] 
 
 SLOOP, sloop, Ji. a light boat : a one- 
 masted cutter-rigged vessel. [Dut. stejje. 
 See Shallop.] 
 
 SLOP, slop, M. water carelessly spilled : a 
 puddle : mean liquor or liquid food : — -j^/. 
 dirty water. — v.t. to soil by letting a 
 liqviid fall upon : — pr.jj. slopp'ing ; 2}a.p. 
 slopped. [Ace. to Wedgwood, imitative 
 of the sound of dashing water.] 
 
 SLOPE, slop, n. any incline down which 
 a thing- may sli2) : a dii-ection downward. 
 — i-.^. to form with a slope, or obliquely. 
 — v.i. to be inclined. — adv. in a sloping 
 manner. [From slo2)en, pa.j). of A.S. 
 sliipan.] 
 
 SLOPPY, slop'i, adj. wet : muddy. — n. 
 Slopp'iness. 
 
 SLOPS, slops, n.2il. any loose lower gar- 
 ment, that sli2JS on easily, esp. trousers: 
 ready-made clothing, etc. [From Slip.] 
 
 SLOT, slot, n. a broad, flat, wooden bar 
 which locks or holds together larger 
 pieces. [Allied to Low Ger. slot, Dut. 
 slot, a lock.] 
 
 SLOT, slot, M. the track of a deer. [Ice. 
 sloth, track, path ; Scot, sleuth, track by 
 the scent.] 
 
 SLOTH, sloth or sloth, n. laziness : slug- 
 gishness : a quadruped which lives on 
 trees, so named from its slow movement 
 when on the ground. [Lit. " slowness," 
 A.S. slcewth, slewth — slau; slow. See 
 Slow.] 
 
 SLOTHFUL, sloth'fool or sloth'-, adj. 
 given to sloth: inactive: lazy. — adv. 
 Sloth'fctlly.- n. Sloth'fulness. 
 
 SLOUCH, slowch, n. a hanging down 
 looselj' of the head or other part: clown- 
 ish gait : a clouu. — (-./. to hang down : 
 to have a clownish look or gait. — v.t. to 
 depress. [Allied to Slack, Slow, Slug.] 
 
 SLOUGH, slow, n. a hollotc filled with 
 tmtd: a soft bog or marsh. [A.S. slog, a 
 hollow place ; perh. from Gael, sliigaid, 
 W. yslwch, a deep miry place.] 
 
 SLOUGH, sluf, n. the cast-oft skin of a ser- 
 pent : the dead part which sepaiates 
 from a sore. — v.i. to come away as a 
 slough : to be in the state of sloughing. 
 [Allied to O. Ger. sluch, Gev. schlauch, 
 the cast-off skin of the serpent.] 
 
 SLOUGHY, slow'i, adj. full of sloughs : 
 miiy. [slough. 
 
 SLOUGHY, sluf'i, adj. like or containing 
 
 SLOVEN, sluv'n, n. a man carelessly or 
 dirtily dressed -.—-fern. Slut. [Dut. slof 
 Low Ger. sluf, slow, indolent.]
 
 SLOVENLY 
 
 399 
 
 SMUTCH 
 
 SLOVENLY, slu\''en-li, adj. like a sloven : 
 negligent of neatness or cleanliness : dis- 
 orderly : done in an untidy manner. — n. 
 Slov'enliness. 
 
 SLOW, slo, adj. not swift : late : behind in 
 time : not hastv : not ready : not pro- 
 gressive. — aclr. Slotv'lt. — ti. Slow'sess. 
 [A.S. skiu; slow, lazy ; cog. with Dut. 
 slee. Ice. slinfr, blunt.] 
 
 SL0W-W0R5I, slo'-wurm, n. a species of 
 u-orm, so called from the sloimess of its 
 motion. 
 
 SLUDGE, sluj, 11. soft mud or mire. [A 
 form of Slush.] 
 
 SLUG, slug, 11. a neavj', lazytellow: a snail 
 verv destructive to vegetation. [From 
 M.fi. slugge, lazy ; conn, with Slack.] 
 
 SLUG, slug, n. a cylindrical or oval piece 
 of metal for firing from a gun. [From 
 root of Slat.] 
 
 SLUGGARD, slug'ard, Ji. one habitually 
 idle or inactive. 
 
 SLUGGISH, slug'ish, adj. habituallv lazy : 
 slothful : having little motion : liaving 
 little or no power. — adv. Slugg'ISHLT. — 
 7i. Sluog'ishxess. 
 
 SLUICE, sloos, J), a sliding gate iu a frame 
 for shntting off or regulating the flow of 
 water : the stream which flows through 
 it : that through which anything flows : 
 a source of supply. [Like Dut. sluis, 
 Ger. schleuse, froni O. Fr, cscluse (Fr. 
 eelvse) — Low L. exclusa (aqua), a sluice, 
 lit. " (water) shut out," pa.ji. of L. ex- 
 chido. See Exclude.] 
 
 SLUM, slum, )(. a low street or neighbor- 
 hood. [Etv. dub.] 
 
 SLUMBER, .slum'ber, v.i. to slee}} lightly : 
 to sleep : to be in a state of negligence 
 or inactivity. — n. light sleep : repose. — 
 n. Slum'beeer. [with intrusive b from 
 A.S. alumerian, to slumber — sluma, slum- 
 ber, cog. with Ger. scJdummern.] 
 
 SLUMBEROUS, slum'ber-us, adj. inviting 
 or causing slumber : sleepy. 
 
 SLUMP, slump, v.i. to fall or sink suddenly 
 into water or mud. [From the sound.] ' 
 
 SLUMP, slump, v.t. to throw into a lump 
 or mass. [A corr. of Lturp.] 
 
 SLUNG, po.?. and pa.}), of SuxG. 
 
 SLUNK, pa.t. and pa.}}, of SLDfK. 
 
 SLUR, slur, i:t. to soil : to contaminate : 
 to disgrace : to pass over lightly : to 
 conceal : (music) to sing or play in a 
 gliding manner: — 2}r.2). slurr'ing ; jia.t. 
 and 2}a.p. slurred. — n. a stain : slight 
 reproach : (music) a mark showing that 
 notes are to be sung to the same syllable. 
 [Prob. orig. " to draw or touch in a care- 
 less way," found in Low Ger. sliiren, Dut. 
 sleuren, to drag along the ground.] 
 
 SLUSH, slush, n. liquid mud : melting 
 snow. — adj. Slush'y. [Prob. conn, with 
 Slough ; cf. Dan. slaske, to dabble.] 
 
 SLUT, slut, n. (fem. of Slov'en). a dirty, 
 untidy woman, used sometimes in con- 
 tempt : a female dog, a bitch. [Dan. 
 shitte, r?av. schlutf, an uncleanlv person.] 
 
 SLUTTISH, slut'ish, adj. resembling a slut: 
 dirty : careless. — adv. Slutt'ishly. — n. 
 Slutt'ishness. 
 
 SLY, sli, adj. dexterous in doing anything 
 so as to be unobserved: cunning : wily : 
 secret: done with artful dexteritv. — adv. 
 Sly'ly or Sli'ly.— )i. Sly'ness." [Prob. 
 from Scand. alag-r ; cf. Ger. schlau.] 
 
 SMACK, siuak, n. taste: flavor: a pleasing 
 taste: a small quantitj' : a taste. — v.i. to 
 make a noise with the lips, as after tast- 
 ing : to have a taste : to have a quality, 
 [A.S. smoec ; Dut. smak : from the sound 
 made by the lips.] 
 
 SMACK, smak, n. a small vessel used chief- 
 ly in the coasting and fishing trade. 
 [From A.S. snacc (Dut. sniak, Ger. 
 schmacke), perh. from Ice. sndk-r, E. 
 Snake.] 
 
 SMALL, smawl, adj., little in quantity or 
 degree: minute: not great: unimportant: 
 of little worth or ability : short : having 
 little .strength : gentle'. — n. SmaLL'ness. 
 [A.S. sma:l ; O. Ger. smal (Ger. schmnl).'\ 
 
 SMALLPOX, smawl'poks, n. a contagious, 
 feverish disease, characterized by small 
 2>i}.r, or eruptions on the skin. [See PocK, 
 of which it is a mistaken form.] 
 
 SMALT, smawlt, n. glass melted, tinged 
 blue by cobalt, and pulverized when cold. 
 [Low L. S7naltum — O. Ger. smalzjan (Ger. 
 schmelzen), to melt. See Smelt, v. and 
 Melt.] 
 
 SJIART. smart, n. quick, stinging pain of 
 body or mind. — v.i. to feel a smart: to be 
 punished. — adj. causing a smart : prick- 
 ing : severe : sharp : vigorous : acute : 
 witty : vivacious. — adv. SmaEt'LY. — n. 
 Smart'ness. [M. E. smerte ; cog. with 
 Dut. smerte, Ger. schmerz ; perh. also 
 conn, with L. mord-eo, to bite. Sans. 
 mard.] 
 
 SMART-5I0NEY, smart'-mun'i, n., money 
 required of a person in order that he may 
 smart or be punished by its loss : in En- 
 gland, money allowed to soldiers and 
 sailors for wounds received. 
 
 SMASH, smash, v.t. to break in pieces vio- 
 lently : to crush. — n. act of smashing. — 
 11. Smash'er. [Prob. imitative, and perh. 
 also influenced bv Mash.] 
 
 SMATTER, smat'e'r, v.i. to talk superfi- 
 cially : to have a superficial knowledge. 
 —11. Smatt'erer. [M.E. smateren, to 
 rattle, to chatter; cog. with Ger. schmet- 
 tern, to rattle, to jabber, to shatter; perh. 
 from the root of Smite.] 
 
 SMATTERING, smat'er-ing, n. a superfi- 
 cial knowledge. 
 
 SMEAR, smer, v.i. to overspread with any- 
 thing sticky or oily, as grease : to daub. 
 [A.S. smerian — smeru, fat, grease, cog. 
 with Ger. schmeer, grease, Ice. smjor, 
 butter.] 
 
 SMELL, smel, v.i. to affect the nose : to 
 have odor : to use the sense of smell. — 
 v.t. to perceive by the nose i—pa.t. and 
 pa.p. smelled or smelt. — n. the quality 
 of bodies which affects the nose : odor : 
 perfume : the sense which perceives this 
 quality, [Allied to Low Ger. smellen, to 
 smoke ; .so Ger. riechen, to smell, from 
 rauch. smoke.] 
 
 SMELLING-BOTTLE, smel'ing-bot'l, n. a 
 bottle containing a smelling substance for 
 stimulating the nose and reviving the 
 spirits. 
 
 SMELT, smelt, n. a fish of the salmon or 
 trout familj", having- a cucumber-like 
 smell. [A.S.] 
 
 SMELT, smelt, v.t. to melt ore in order to 
 separate the metal. — n. Smelt'er. [Allied 
 to Dut. smelten; prob. conn, with Melt.] 
 
 SMELTERY, sraelfer-i, n. a place for smelt- 
 ing. 
 
 SMEW, smu, n. a species of duck or diver. 
 Called also white-nun, vare-widgeon. and 
 smee. [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 SMILE, smil, v.i. to express pleasure by 
 the countenance : to express slight con- 
 tempt : to look joyous : to be favorable. 
 — n. act of smiling : the expression of 
 the features in smiling: favor. [Dan. 
 smile, Sw. smila ; conn, with E. S.^^RK, 
 L. minis, wonderful, Sans, smi, to smile.] 
 
 SMIRCH, smirch, v. to besmear, dirty. [A 
 weakened form of smer-k, from M.E. 
 smeren, to smear.] 
 
 SMIRK, smerk, v.t. to smile affectedly : to 
 look affectedly soft. — n. an affected smile. 
 [A.S. smereian ; akin to Smile.] 
 
 S5IITE, smit. v.t. to strike with the fist, 
 hand, or weapon : to beat : to kill : to 
 overthrow in battle : to affect with feel- 
 ing : (B.) to blast : to afflict. — v.i. to 
 strike i—^a.t. smote ; 2"^-P- smitt'en. — n. 
 
 Siht'er. [A.S. smitan ; cog. ^vith Dut. 
 smijten, Ger. schmeiszen.] 
 
 SillTH. smith, it. one who forges with the 
 hammer : a worker in metals : one who 
 makes anything. [A.S. ; cog. with Ger. 
 sti'lunied.'l 
 
 S:JIITHERY, smlth'er-i, n. the workshop of 
 a .'iinifli : work done by a smitli. 
 
 SJIITHY, smith'i, n. the workshop of a 
 sni ith . 
 
 SMITTEN, smit'n, ^a.^;. of Smite. 
 
 SMOCK, smok, };. a woman's shift : a 
 smock-frock. [A.S. smoe, perh. from A.S. 
 smeogan, Ger. schmiegen. to creep : and 
 so lit. SIS'. '• a garment cre2}t into."] 
 
 SMOCK-FROCK, smok'-frok. v. a loose 
 shirt of coarse linen worn over the other 
 clothes. [Smock and Frock.] 
 
 SMOKE, smok, ?!. the vapor from a burning 
 body. — v.i. to emit smoke: to draw in 
 and puff out the smoke of tobacco : to 
 raise smoke bj' moving rapidly : (B.) to 
 burn : to rage. — v.t. to apply smoke to : 
 to dry, scent, or medicate by smoke : to 
 inhale the smoke of : to use in smoking : 
 to try to expel by smoking. — On a SMOKE 
 (B.) smoking, or on fire. [A.S. s»)oca ; 
 cog. with Low Ger. and Dut. smock. Ger. 
 schmauch ; perh. conn, with the root of 
 Ssiack.] 
 
 SMOKER, sniok'er, n. one who smokes 
 tobacco : one who dries by smoking. 
 
 SMOKY, .smok'i. ad/, giving out smoke: like 
 smoke: filled, or subject to be filled, with 
 smoke: tarnished or noisome with smoke. 
 — adv. Smok'ily. — n. Smok'iness. 
 
 SMOOTH, smooth, adj. having- an even 
 surface : not rough : evenly spread : glos- 
 sy : gently flowing : easy : regular : un- 
 obstructed : bland: mild. — v.t. to make 
 smooth : to palliate : to soften : to calm : 
 to ease. — ?;. (B.) the smooth part. — 
 adv. Smooth'lt.— )i. Smooth'xess. [Lit. 
 " j-ielding to the hammer," A.S. smoethe; 
 cog. with Low Ger. smoedig, and with 
 Ger. schmeidig, ge-schmeidig, soft; from 
 the same root as Smith.] 
 
 SMOOTHING-IRON, smoof/i'ing-I'urn, n. 
 an instrument of iron for smoothing 
 clothes. 
 
 SMOOTH-TONGUED, smo6f7i'-tungd, adj. 
 having a smooth tongue : flattering. 
 
 SMOTE, smot, 2}a.t. of SJUTE. 
 
 SMOTHER, smu^7i'er, v.t. to suffocate by 
 excluding the air : to conceal. — v.i. to be 
 suffocated or suppressed: to smoulder. — 
 71. smoke : thick floating dust, [Closely 
 conn, with A.S. smoriau (cog. with Ger. 
 schmoren, to stew); perh. from the same 
 root as Smeak.] 
 
 SMOULDER, smol'der, r.j. to burn slowly 
 or without vent. [Conn, with Smother, 
 also influenced by Smell.] 
 
 SMUG, smug, adj. 'neat, prim, spruce : af- 
 fectedly smart. [From the Scand.. as 
 Dan. smuk, handsome ; cf. A.S. smeag, 
 fine.] 
 
 SMUGGLE, smug'l, v.t. to import or ex- 
 port without paying the legal duty : to 
 convey secretly. — )(. Smvgglixg. [Low 
 Ger. smuggeln, cog. with Ger. schmug- 
 geln; from a root found iu Dut. smiiigen, 
 to do seci-etly.] 
 
 SMUGGLEll, smug'ler, n. one who 
 snuiggles : a vessel used in smuggling. 
 
 SMUT, smut, 11. a spot of dirt, soot, etc.: 
 foul matter, as soot : a disease of corn 
 by which the ear becomes a soot-like 
 powder : obscene language. — v.t. to soil 
 with smut : to blacken or tarnish. — v.i. 
 to gather smut : to be turned into smut: 
 — 2}r.j>. sniutt'ing ; ^ja.f. and 2^'^'P- 
 snuitt'ed. [Cog. with Sw. smuts, Ger. 
 sehmittz, prob. from root of Smite. Cf. 
 Sja-TCH.] 
 
 SMUTCH, .smuch, v.t. to blacken, as with 
 soot. — «. a dirty mark. [From Smut.]
 
 SMUTTY 
 
 400 
 
 SOCIALISM 
 
 SMUTTY, smut'i, adj. stained with smut. 
 — adv. SMrTT'lLT.— Ji. Smutt'iness. 
 
 SNACK, snak, n. a share : a slight, hasty 
 meal. [A form of Snatch.] 
 
 SNAFFLE, snaf'l, n. a bridle which crosses 
 the nose and has a slender mouth-bit 
 without branches. [Perh. an extension 
 of Snap.] 
 
 SNAG, snag, n. a sharp protuberance : a 
 short branch : a projecting tooth or 
 stump. [Akin to Gael, and Ir. snaigh, to 
 cut down, to prune.] 
 
 SNAGGED, snag'ed, SNAGGY, snag'i, adj. 
 full of snags. 
 
 SNAIL, snal, n. a slimy creeping mollusc, 
 witli or without a shell. [Lit. " the 
 craiiiing animal," A.S. miegl, sncegl: Ger. 
 schnecke ; conn, with Snake and Sneak.] 
 
 SNAKE, snak, n. a kind of serpent. [Lit. 
 •• the creepingr animal, "A.S. snacn, prob. 
 from swica?!, to creep ; Ice. siidk-r. Cf. 
 Snail and Sn^eak.] 
 
 SNAP, snap, v.t. to break short or at once: 
 to bite, or catch at suddenly : to crack. 
 — v.i. to break short : to trj' to bite : — 
 pr.p. snapp'ing; pa.t. anApa.p. snapped. 
 — n. act of snapping, or the noise made by 
 it : a small catch or lock. [Allied to Ice. 
 snapa, Dut. snappen, Ger. schnappen. 
 See Snip.] 
 
 SNAPDRAGON, snap'drag-un, n. a plant, 
 so called because the lower lip of the 
 corolla when parted shuts with a sna}) 
 like a dragon's jaw : a play in which 
 raisins are snatched from burning 
 brandy, also the raisins so taken. 
 
 SNAPPISH, snap'ish, adj. inclined to snap: 
 eager to bite: sharp in reply.— k. Snapf- 
 ISHNESS. 
 
 SNARE, snar, n. a running noose of string 
 or wire, etc., for catching an animal: a 
 trap: that by which anyone is entrapped. 
 — v.t. same as Insnare. — n. Snae'er. — 
 adj. Snar'y. [A.S. snear, cord, snare ; 
 cog. with Ger. schnur, Goth, snorjo: also 
 conn, with L. nennis, Gr. neuron, string, 
 nerve.] 
 
 SNARL, snarl, v.i. to growl as a surly dog: 
 to speak in a surly manner. — n. Snakl'er. 
 [Prob. imitative; Low Ger. miarren, Ger. 
 sehnarren ; conn, with E. Snore.] 
 
 SNATCH, snach, v.t. to seize quickly : to 
 take without permission : to seize and 
 carry away. — v.i. to try to seize hastily. 
 — n. a hasty catching or seizing : a short 
 time of exertion : a small piece or frag- 
 ment. [M. E. snecchen ; cog', with Dut. 
 snakken, and with Prov. E. sneck, a bolt; 
 also conn, with Snap.] 
 
 SNEAK, snek, v.i. to creep or steal away 
 privately or meanly : to behave meanly. 
 — n. a mean, servile fellow. — adj. Sneak'- 
 DJG. — adv. Sneak'inglt. [A.S. snican, to 
 creep ; Dan. snige. See Snake.] 
 
 SNEER, sner, v.i. to show contempt by the 
 expression of the face, as by turning up 
 the nose : to insinuate contempt. — ii. an 
 indirect expression of contempt. — ?i. 
 Sneer'ek.— adj. Sneer'ing.— odr. Sneer'- 
 DJGLT. [Imitative ; conn, with Snarl.] 
 
 SNEEZE, snez, v.i. to eject air rapidly and 
 audibly through the nose. — n. a sneezing. 
 rM.E. nesin, hneosen (the A.S. is fneosan), 
 cog. with Ice. hniosa. Ger. niesen.] 
 
 SNIFF, snif, v.t. to draw in with the breath 
 through the nose. — i:i. to smiff or Anivr 
 in air sharply through the nose: to snuff: 
 to scent. [p*rom the root of Sntff.] 
 
 SNIP. snip. v.t. to cut off at once with scis- 
 sors : to cut off the nib of : to cut off: — 
 pr.p. snipp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. snipped. 
 — ?!. a single cut with .scissors : a clip or 
 small shred. [Allied to Dut. snippen, Ger. 
 schnippen: closely conn, with Snap.] 
 
 SNIPE, snip, n. a bird which frequents 
 marshy places. [Prob. so called from its 
 
 long bill : Dut. snip, Ger. schnepfe ; conn. 
 
 with Ger. sekneppe, E. Neb.] 
 SNIVEL, sniv'l, r.i. to run at the nose : to 
 
 cry, as a child: — pr.p. sniv'elling ; pa.t. 
 
 and pa.p. sniv'elled. — adj. Sniv'elling. 
 
 [A.S. s7iofel, mucus from the nose ; akin 
 
 to Snife^ Snuef.] 
 SNIVELLER, sniv'l-er, n. one prone to 
 
 snivelling : one who cries for slight 
 
 causes. 
 SNOB, snob, n. a vulgar person, esp, one 
 
 who apes gentility : (orig.) a shoemaker. 
 
 — adj. Snobb'ish." — n. Snobb'ishness. — 
 
 adv. Snobb'ISHLY. [Prov. E.] 
 SNOOD, snood, n. the fillet which binds a 
 
 maiden's hair. [A.S. snod, prob. orig. 
 
 Celtic] 
 SNOOZE, snooz, v.i. to doze : to slumber. 
 
 —n. a quiet nap. [From root of Sneeze.] 
 SNORE, snor, v.i. to breathe roughly and 
 
 hoarsely in sleep. — n. a noisy breathing 
 
 in sleep. — n. Snor'er. [From the root 
 
 of Snael, influenced by imitation of the 
 
 sound.] 
 SNORT, snort, v.i. to force the air with 
 
 violence and noise through the nostrils, 
 
 as horses. — ns. Snort'ing, Snort'er. 
 
 [Extension of SNORE.] 
 SNOT, snot, n. mucus of the nose. — adj. 
 
 Snott't. [A.S., and in other Teut. 
 
 tongues ; conn, with Snout.] 
 SNOUT, snowt, n. the projecting nose of 
 
 a beast, as of a swine. [Low Ger. snute; 
 
 cog. with Dut. snuit, Ger. scimaiize.l 
 SNOW, sno, n. frozen moisture which falls 
 
 from the atmosphere in light, white 
 
 flakes. — v.i. to fall in snow. [A.S. snaw 
 
 (cog. with Goth, snaivs, Ger. schnee, L. 
 
 nix, nivis) — sniwan, to snow (cog. with 
 
 Ger. schneien, L. ningo, Gr. niphd.'[ 
 SNOW -BLINDNESS, sno'- blind'nes, n., 
 
 blindness caused by the reflection of light 
 
 from snon: 
 SNOWDRIFT, sno'drift, n. a bank of snow 
 
 drifted together by the wind. 
 SNOWDROP, sno'drop, ?!. a bulbous-rooted 
 
 plant with beautiful drop-like flowers, 
 
 which often come forth before the snow 
 
 has disappeared. 
 SNOWLINE, sno'lin, n. the line upon a 
 
 mountain that marks the limit of per- 
 petual snow. 
 SNOWPLOUGH, sno'plow, n. a machine 
 
 like a plough for clearing roads and rail- 
 ways from snoie. 
 SNOWSHOE, sno'shoo, n. a great flat shoe 
 
 worn to prevent sinking in the snow. 
 SNOWSLIP, sno'slip, n. a mass of snow 
 
 which slips down a mountain's side. 
 'SNOWY, sno'i, adj. abounding or covered 
 
 with snow : white, like snow : pure : 
 
 spotless. 
 SNUB, snub, v.t. to check : to reprimand : — 
 
 pr.p. snubb'ing ; pa.t. anAjja.p. snubbed. 
 
 [Dan. snuhbe (af), to nip (off), and Ice. 
 
 snubba (lit. "to cut short"), to chide.] 
 SNUB-NOSE, snub'-noz, n. a short or flat 
 
 nose. [See under Sntjb.] 
 SNUFF, snuf, v.i. to draw in air violently 
 
 and noisily through the nose : to snifl. — 
 
 v.t. to draw into the nose : to smell : to 
 
 take off the snuff of (as a candle). — n. 
 
 powdered tobacco or other substance for 
 
 snuffing : the charred part of a candle- 
 wick. [Cog. with Dut. sntiffeji. Ger. 
 
 schnaufen, Sw. snufva. See Sniff, 
 
 Snivel.] 
 SMJFF-BOX, snuf'-boks, n. a box tor snuff. 
 SNUFF-DISHES, snuf'-dish'ez, n.pl. (S.) 
 
 dishes for the snuff of the lamps of the 
 
 t abern acle. 
 SNLtFFER, snuf'er, n. one who snuffs:— 
 
 pi. an instrument for taking the snuff off 
 
 SNUFFLE, snuf'l, v.i. to breathe hard 
 through the nose. [Freq. of SNTJFi .] 
 
 SNUFFY, snufi, adj. soiled with or smell- 
 ing of sniiff. 
 
 SNUG, snug, f(dj'. Ijang close and warm : 
 comfortable : not exposed to view or no- 
 tice : being in good order : compact. — 
 adv. Sntjg'ly. — JI. Snug'n-ess. [Scand., 
 as Ice. sniigg-r, short-haired, smooth ; 
 perh. conn, with E. Sneak.] 
 
 SO, so, adv. and conj. in this manner or 
 degree : thus : for like reason : in sui'h 
 manner or degree : in a high degree : as 
 has been stated : on this account : i)e it 
 so : provided that : in case that. [A.S. 
 swd. Ice. and Goth, svd ; whence E. and 
 Ger. so {sva being changed to sua, and 
 the n coalescing with the a to form o).] 
 
 SOAK, sok, v.t. to steep in a fluid : to wet 
 thoroughly : to drench : to draw in by 
 the pores. — v.i. to be steeped in a liquid: 
 to enter into pores.^?;. Soak'er. [A.S. 
 soeian ; conn, with SrcK.] 
 
 SOAP, sop, n. a compound of oils or fats 
 with soda or potash, used in washing. — 
 v.t. to rub or \vash with soap. [A.S. 
 sape, from the root of sipan, to drip ; 
 cog. with Ger. seife ; conn, also with L. 
 sebum, fat (L. sapo is borrowed from the 
 Teut.).] 
 
 SOAPSTONE, sop'ston, n. a soft kind of 
 magnesiau rock having a soapy feel, 
 also called Steatite. 
 
 SOAPY, sop'i, adj. like soap : having the 
 qualities of soap : covered with soap. — 
 n. SOAP'IXESS. 
 
 SOAR, sor, v.i. to mount into the air: to 
 fly aloft : to rise to a height. [O. Fr. es- 
 sor-er, to balance in air (Fr., to air or 
 dry, as linen ; cf. es-sor. flight of birds, 
 and It. sor-are, to flutter, to soar) — L. 
 ex, out of, and aura, air.] 
 
 SOB, sob, r.i. to sigh in a convulsive man- 
 ner, with tears : — /;r.p. sobb'ing ; jxi.i. 
 and pa.p. sobbed. — n. a short, convulsive 
 sigh. [Conn, with A.S. seofiaii, to sigh, 
 Ger seuf-z-en, and E. Sigh.] 
 
 SOBER, so'ber, adj. not drunk : temperate, 
 esp. in the use of liquors : not mad : not 
 wild or passionate : self-possessed : se- 
 date : grave: calm: regular. — v.t. to 
 make sober : to free from intoxication. — 
 adv. So'berly.— n. So'berness. [Fr. so- 
 bre — L. sobrius, conn. \.'ith Gr. sopihron, 
 of sound mind, and sos (for saos), sound, 
 L. sajM/s.] 
 
 SOBRIETY, so-brl'et-i, n. state or habit of 
 being sober : calmness : gravity. [Fr. 
 sobriete — L. sobrietas. [See Sober.] 
 
 SOBRIQUET, s6'bri-ka, n. a contemptuous 
 nickname : an assumed name. [Fr. ; 
 ety. dub. ; ace. to Diez, perh. comp. of 
 Fr. sot, simple, and O. Fr. briquet, a 
 young ass, a simpleton.] 
 
 SOCAGE, sok'aj, n. a tenure of lands in 
 England, for which the service is fixed 
 and determinate in quality. [A.S. soc. a 
 right of holding a court ; from hlaford- 
 socn, seeking a lord — secan, to seek.] 
 
 SOCIABILITY, so-sha-bil'i-ti, n. quality of 
 being sociable : good-fellowship. 
 
 SOCIABLE, s6'sha-bl. adj. inclined to so- 
 ciety : fit for company : companionable: 
 affording opportunities for intercourse. — 
 adv. So'ciABLY. — n. So'CIablen-ess. [Fr. 
 — L. sociabilis — socio, to associate — 
 socius, a companion.] 
 
 SOCIAL, so'shal, adj. pertaining to society 
 or companionship: relating to men united 
 in a society : inclined for friendlj- inter- 
 course : consisting in mutual converse : 
 convivial.— od)-. So'cially. — ns. Social'- 
 ity, So'cialness. [L. socialis — socius, » 
 companion.] 
 
 SOCIALISM, so'shal-izm. n. the name 
 given to schemes for regenerating society 
 by a more equal distribution of property, 
 and esp. by substituting the principle of
 
 SOCIALIZE 
 
 401 
 
 SOLITUDE 
 
 association for that of competition. — n. 
 So'CIAIIST, an adherent of socialism. 
 
 SOCIALIZE, so'shal-Iz, v.t. to reduce to a 
 social state : to render social. 
 
 SOCIETY, so-sl'e-ti, n. a number of per- 
 sons associated for a common interest : a 
 community or partnership : the civilized 
 body of mankind: persons who associate: 
 a rehgious or ecclesiastical bodj-. [L. 
 societas — socius, a companion.] 
 
 SOCINIAN, so-sin'i-an, adj. pertaining to 
 Socitius, who in the 16th century denied 
 the doctrine of the Trinity, the deity of 
 Christ, etc. — n. Socin'iakism, the doc- 
 trines of Socinus. 
 
 SOCIOLOGY, so-shi-ol'o-ji, n. the science 
 that treats of the conditions and develop- 
 ment of human society, including ethics, 
 politics, political economy, etc. — adj. 
 Sociolog'ical. [A hybrid from L. soeitis, 
 a companion, and Gr. logos, science.] 
 
 SOCK, sok, 71. a kind of half-stocking : 
 comedy. [Orig. a low-heeled light shoe, 
 worn by actors of comedy, A.S. socc — 
 L. soeeus.] 
 
 SOCKET, sok'et, n. a hollow into which 
 something is inserted : the hollow of a 
 candlestick. [From Sock.] 
 
 SOCRATIC, so-krat'ik, SOCRATICAL, so- 
 krat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to Socrates, a 
 celebrated Greek philosopher, to his phil- 
 osophy, or to his manner of teaching, 
 which was by a series of questions lead- 
 ing to the desired result. — adv. Socrat'- 
 
 ICALLY. 
 
 SOD, sod, n. any surface of earth grown 
 with grass, etc.: turf. — adj. consisting 
 of sod. — v.t. to cover with sod. [Low 
 Ger. sode, Ger. sode : perh. connected 
 with sod, pa.t. of Seethe, and thus orig. 
 sig. " fuel for making the pot boil."] 
 
 SOD. soA, pa.t. of Seethe. 
 
 SODA, so'da, n. oxide of the metal sodium. 
 [Sp. soda (It. soda. Fr. sonde)—!.. soHda, 
 firm, because found in hard masses.] 
 
 SODA-WATER, so'da-wa'vv'ter, n., water 
 containing soda charged with carbonic 
 acid. 
 
 SODDEN, sod'n, obs. pa.p. of Seethe. 
 
 SODDY, sod'i, adj. covered with sod: turfy. 
 
 SODIUM, so'di-um, 71. a yellowish-white 
 metal, the base of soda. 
 
 SODOMITE, sod'om-it, 71. an inhabitant of 
 Sodom : one guilty of sodomy. — adj. 
 Sodomit'ical. — adv. Sodomit'ically. 
 
 SODOMY, sod'om-i, 71. unnatural lust, so 
 called because imputed to the inhabitants 
 of Sodom. 
 
 SOFA, so'fa, 71. a long seat with stuffed 
 bottom, back, and arras. [Fr. — Ar. siiffa 
 — saffa. to arrange or set in order.] 
 
 SOFT, soft, adj. easily yielding to pressure: 
 easily cut or acted upon : malleable: not 
 rough to the touch: smooth: pleasing or 
 soothing to the senses: easily yielding to 
 any influence: mild: gentle: effeminate: 
 gentle in motion : easy : free from lime 
 or salt, as water. — adv. gently : quietly. 
 adv. — Soft'ly. — n. Soft'ness. [A.S. 
 sefte : cog. with Dut. .sa/f, Ger. saiift.] 
 
 SOFTEN, sof'n, v.t. to make soft or softer. 
 — v.i. to grow soft or softer. — n. Soft'- 
 '.ner. 
 
 iIL, soil, 71. the ground : the mould on 
 the surface of the earth which nourishes 
 plants : country. [Fr. sol — L. sohi7n, 
 conn, with solidus, solid. It has been 
 much confused with the following 
 word.] 
 
 SOIL, soil, n. dirt: dung: foulness: a spot 
 or stain. — v.t. to make dirty : to stain : 
 to manure. — v.i. to take a soil : to tar- 
 nish. [Fr. souille, wallowing-place — L. 
 suilhis, piggish — xus, a pig. a hog.] 
 
 SOIREE, swa'ra, 7i. an evening party : a 
 public meeting with refreshments. [Fr. 
 
 7. 
 
 — soir, evening (Prov. sera) — L. serus, 
 late.] 
 
 SOJOURN, so' j urn, v.t. to stay for a day : 
 to dwell for a time. — w. a temporary 
 residence. — ?i. So'JOURNER. [Fr. sejourn- 
 er — L. sub, and Low L. jotoms — L. di- 
 urmi.^, relating to day — dies, a day.] 
 
 SOLACE, sol'as, «., consolation, comfort 
 in distress : relief. — v.t. to comfort in 
 distress : to console : to allay. [O. Fr. 
 — L. solatiu7ii — solor, -atus, to comfort in 
 d-istt'GSs I 
 
 SOLAN-GOOSE, solan-goos, 7i. the gan- 
 net. [Ice. sttZo.] 
 
 SOLA_R, so'lar, adj. pertaining to the sun : 
 measured by the progress of the sun: 
 produced by the sun. [L. Solaris — sol, 
 the sun.] 
 
 SOLD, sold, pa.f. and pa.p. of Sell. [A.S. 
 sealde, scald.'] 
 
 SOLDER, sol'der, v.t. to unite two metal- 
 lic surfaces by a fusible metallic cement: 
 to cement. — 71. a metallic cement for 
 uniting metals. [Lit. " to make solid," 
 O. Fr. solider, solder (Fr. souder) — L. 
 solidare, to make solid — solidus, solid.] 
 
 SOLDIER, sol'jer, 71. a man engaged in 
 military service : a private, as distin- 
 guished from an officer : a man of much 
 military experience or of great valor. 
 [Lit. '■ one who serves for pay," M.E. 
 souldiei — O. Fr. soldier (Fr. soldat) — L. 
 solidus, a piece of money, the pay of a 
 soldier.] 
 
 SOLDIERLIKE, sol'jer-Uk, SOLDIERLY, 
 sol'jer-li, adj., like a soldier: martial: 
 brave. 
 
 SOLDIERSHIP, sol'jer-ship, n., state or 
 quality of being a soldier : military qual- 
 ities : martial skill. 
 
 SOLDIERY, sol'jer-i, 71., soldiers collect- 
 ively : the body of military men. 
 
 SOLE, sol, »!. the lowest part or under side 
 of the foot : the foot : the bottom of a 
 boot or shoe : the bottom of anything. — 
 v.t. to furnish with a sole. [A.S. — L. 
 solea — solimi, the lowest part. See Soil, 
 the ground.] 
 
 SOLE, sol, ?(. a genus of flat-fish which keep 
 on or near the botto7n of the sea. [Fr. 
 sole — L. solea.] 
 
 SOLE, sol, adj., alone : only : being or 
 acting without another : single : (law) 
 unmarried. — ». Sole'ness. [L. solus, 
 alone. Cf. Solo.] 
 
 SOLECISM, sol'e-sizni, 71. a breach of syn- 
 tax : any absurdity or impropriety. [Fr. 
 — soloikos, speaking incorrectly, awk- 
 solecisme — L. soloecismus — Gr. soloikismos 
 ward ; said to come from the corruption 
 of the Attic dialect among the Athenian 
 colonists of Soloi in Cilicia, but this is 
 very iniprob. (Liddell and Scott).] 
 
 SOLECIST, soi'e-sist, n. one who commits 
 solecisms. 
 
 SOLECISTIC, sol-e-sist'ik, SOLECISnC- 
 AL, -al, adj. pertaining to or involving a 
 solecism : incorrect : incongruous. — adv. 
 Solecist'ically\ 
 
 SOLELY, sol'li, adv., alo7ie: only : singly. 
 
 SOLEMN, sol'eni, adj. (lit.) taking place 
 et'ej-y year, said especially of religious 
 ceremonies : attended with religious 
 ceremonies, pomp, or gravity: impress- 
 ing with seriousness : awful : devout : 
 having the appearance of gravity : de- 
 votional : attended with an appeal to 
 God, as an oath : serious. — adv. Sol'EMN- 
 LY. — 71. Sol'emnness. [Fr. solen7iel. It. 
 solenne, L. sollenniis, solennis — Oscan sol- 
 Ins, all, every, L. a7i7ius, a year. See 
 Solid.] 
 
 SOLEMNITY, so-lem'ni-ti, n. a solemn re- 
 ligious ceremony : a ceremony adapted 
 to inspire with awe : reverence : serious- 
 ness : affected gravity. 
 
 SOLEMNIZE, sol'em-niz, v.t. to perform 
 religiously or solemnly once a year, or 
 periodically : to celebrate : to render 
 grave. — «s. Sol'emnizer, Solemniza'- 
 
 TION. 
 
 SOL-FA, sol-fa', v.i. to sing the notes of 
 the gamut, do, re, mi,/a, .wZ, etc.: — pr.p. 
 sol-fa'ing. 
 
 SOLFEGGIO, sol-fej'i-o, n. (music.) an ex- 
 ercise on the notes of the scale as repre- 
 sented by do, re, mi, etc. [It.] 
 
 SOLICIT, so-lis'it, 17.^ to ask earnestly : to 
 petition : to seek or try to obtain. [Fr. 
 solUcitei — L. sollicito—sollieit'us. See So- 
 licitous.] 
 
 SOLICITANT, so-lis'it-ant, 71. ons who so- 
 licits. 
 
 SOLICITATION, so-Us-i-ta'shun, n. a.s-oZic- 
 ititig : earnest request : invitation. [L. 
 sollicitatio.] 
 
 SOLICITOR, so-lis'it-or, 71. one who asis 
 earnestly: one who is legally qualified to 
 act for another in a court of law. — n. 
 Soucitor - GENERAL, in England, the 
 second law-officer of the crown. [Fr. 
 solliciteur — solliciter. See Soucit.] 
 
 SOLICITOUS, so-lis'it-us, adj., soliciting or 
 earnestly asking or desiring : very desir- 
 ous : anxious : careful. — adv. SoLlc'lT- 
 OUSLY. [Lit. " thoroughly moved," L. 
 sollicittis — sollus (see Solemn), and citus, 
 pa.p. of cieo.] 
 
 SOLICITUDE, so-lis'i-tud, 71. state of being 
 solicitous: anxiety or uneasiness of mind: 
 trouble. [Fr. sollicitude — L. sollicitudo.] 
 
 SOLID, sol'id, adj. having the parts firmly 
 adhering : hard : compact : full of mat- 
 ter: not hollow: .strong: having length, 
 breadth, and thickness (opp. to a mere 
 surface) : cubic : substantial : weighty. 
 — n. a substance having the parts firmly 
 adhering together: a firm, compact body, 
 opposed to fluid. — adv. Sol'idly. — jt. 
 SoL'iDNESS. [L. solidtts, akin to O. Lat. 
 .mllus, Gr. holos, whole. Sans, sarvas, all. 
 Cf. Solemn.] 
 
 SOLIDARITY, sol-i-dar'i-ti, n. the being 
 made solid or co7npact: the being bound: 
 a consolidatio7i, or oneness of interests. 
 [Fr. solidarite — solidaire, jointly and 
 severally liable — solide — L. solidus.] 
 
 SOLIDIFICATION, so-lid-i-fi-ka'shun, 71. 
 act of making solid or hard. 
 
 SOLIDIFY, so-lid'i-n, v.t. to make solid or 
 compact. — v.i. to grow solid : to harden : 
 — 2}a.2y. solid'ifled. [Fr. solidijier — L. soli- 
 dus, facio, to make.] 
 
 SOLIDITY, so-lid'i-ti, n. a being solid: full- 
 ness of matter : strength or firmness, 
 moral or physical : soundness : (geoin.) 
 the solid content of a body. 
 
 SOLILOQUIZE, so-lil'o-kwiz, v.i. to speak 
 to one's self or utter a soliloquy. 
 
 SOLILOQUY', so-lil'o-kwe, n. a talking 
 when solitary or to one's self : a discourse 
 of a person, not addressed to any one. 
 [L. soliloquium — solus, alone, and loqui. 
 to speak.] 
 
 SOLIPED, sol'i-ped, 71. an animal with a 
 single or uncloven hoof on each foot. 
 [L. solus, alone, pes. 2)edis, a foot.] 
 
 SOLITAIRE, sol-i-tar', 71. a recluse or one 
 who lives alone : a game played by one 
 person with a board and balls : an orna- 
 ment worn singly on the neck or wrist. 
 
 SOLITARY, sol'i-tar-i, adj. being the sole 
 person present : alone or lonely : single : 
 living alone : without company : remote 
 from society : retired : gloomy. — Ji. one 
 who lives alone : a recluse or hermit. — 
 adv. Sol'itarily. — n. Sol'itabiness. [Fr. 
 solitaire — L. solitarius — solus, alone.] 
 
 SOLITUDE, sol'i-tvd, 71. a being alone : a 
 lonely life : want of company : a lonely 
 place or desert. [Fr. — L. solitudo— solus, 
 alone.]
 
 SOLMIZATION 
 
 403 
 
 SOT 
 
 SOLiQZATION, sol - mi - za'shun, n., sol- 
 faing: a recital of the notes of the gamut, 
 do, re, mi, etc. 
 
 SOLO, so'lo, n. a musical piece performed 
 by only one voice or instrument •.—jpl. 
 S'o'LOS. — ji.So'LOIST. [It. — L. solus, alone.] 
 
 SOLSTICE, sol'stis, n. that point in the 
 ecliptic where the sun is farthest from 
 the equator, and seems to stand still : 
 the time when the sun reaches this point. 
 [Fr. — Ij.solstitimn — sol, tlie sun, and sisto, 
 to make to stand — sto, to stand.] 
 
 SOLSTITIAL, sol-stish'al, adj. pertaining 
 to or happening at a solstice, esp. at the 
 north one. 
 
 SOLUBILITY, sol-u-bil'i-ti, n. capabiUty 
 of being dissolved in a fluid. 
 
 SOLUBLE, sol'u-bl, adj. capable of being 
 solved or dissolved in a fluid. [L. soltt^ 
 bilis. See SOLVE.] 
 
 SOLUTION, sol-u'shun, n. act of solving 
 or dissolving, esp. a solid by a fluid : the 
 separating of the parts of any body: 
 the preparation resulting from dissolv- 
 ing a solid in a liquid : explanation : re- 
 moval of a doubt : construction or solv- 
 ing of a problem. [L. sohitio — solvo, 
 solutum, to loosen.] 
 
 SOLVABLE, solv'a bl adj. capable of be- 
 ing solved or explained: capable of being 
 paid. — n. Solvabil'ity. [Fr. — L. solvo, 
 to dissolve, pay.] 
 
 SOLVE, solv, v.t. to loosen or separate the 
 parts of: to clear up or explain : to re- 
 move. — n. SOLV'ER. [L. solvo, to loosen, 
 prob. from se, aside, and luo, to loosen.] 
 
 S0L"\':ENCY, solv'en-si. 7i. state of being 
 solvent, or able to pay all debts. 
 
 SOLVENT, solv'ent, adj. having power to 
 solve or dissolve : able to paj' all debts. — 
 n. an\'thing that dissolves another. [L. 
 solvent, -eiitis, pr.p. of solvo, to loosen, 
 to pay.] 
 
 SOJIBRE, scm'ber, adj. dull : gloomy : 
 melancholy. — n. Som'breness. [Lit. "un- 
 der a shade," Fr. sombre — Sp. sombra, a 
 shade — L. sub, under, umbra, a shade.] 
 
 SOJIE. sum, adj. denoting an indefinite 
 number or quantity : certain, in distinc- 
 tion from others : moderate or in a cer- 
 tain degree: about. [A.S. sttm; Goth. 
 sums. Ice. stimr.] 
 
 SOMEBODY, sumTjod-i, n., some or any 
 bodi/ or person : a person of importance. 
 
 SOMEHOW, sum'how, adv. in some way 
 or other. 
 
 SOMERSAULT, sum'er-sawlt, SOMERSET, 
 sum'er-set, n. a leap in which a person 
 turns with his heels over his head. [Corr. 
 of Fr. soubresaxit, It. soprassalto — L. 
 supra, over, saltus, a leap — salio. to leap.] 
 
 SOMETHING, sum'thing, n. an indefinite 
 thing or event : a portion, an indefinite 
 quantity. — adv. in some degree. 
 
 SOMETIME, sum'tim, adv. at a time not 
 tixfd : once : at one time or other. 
 
 SOMETIMES, sum'timz, adv. at certain 
 times : now and then : at one time : (B.) 
 once^ 
 
 SOMEWHAT, sum'hwot, n. an unfixed 
 quantity or degree. — adv. in some degree. 
 [Some a'nd What.] 
 
 SOMEWHERE, sum'hwSr, adv. in some 
 place : in one place or another. [SOME 
 and Where.] 
 
 SOJIEWHITHER, sumTiwii/i-er, adv. to 
 some place. 
 
 80MNAMBULATE, som-nam'bu-lat. v.i. to 
 walk in sleej}. — n. SOMNAMBtTLA'TlON. [L. 
 somtius, sleep, and ainbulo, -atum, to 
 walk.] 
 
 S05INA3IBULISM, sora-nam'bu-lizm, n. 
 act or practice of walking in sleep. 
 
 SOMNAMBULIST, som-nam'bu-list, ji. a 
 
 SOMNIFEROUS, som-nif er-us, adj., bring- 
 
 ing or causing sleep. [L, somnus, sleep, 
 and fero, to bring.] 
 
 SOMNOLENCE, sora'no-lens, SOMNO- 
 LENCY, som'no-len-si, n., sleepiness : 
 inclination to sleep. [L. somnolentia — 
 somnus, sleep.] 
 
 SOMNOLENT, som'no-lent, adj., sleepy or 
 inclined to sieep. [L. somnolentus.} 
 
 SON, sun, n. a male child or descendant: 
 any young male person spoken of as a 
 child : a term of affection generally : a 
 disciple: a native or inhabitant: the 
 produce of anji-hing. [A.S. sjtnu ; Ger. 
 sohn, Russ. siin; Sans, sunu — sii, to be- 
 get, bring forth ; conn, with Gr. hiiios, 
 a son.] 
 
 SONATA, so-na'ta, n. a musical composi- 
 tion for one or more instruments, con- 
 sisting of three or more movements or 
 di\-isions. [It. — L. sono, to sound.] 
 
 SONG, song, n. that which is sung : a short 
 poem or ballad: the melody to which it 
 IS adapted: a poem, or poetry in general: 
 the notes of birds : a mere trifle : (B.) 
 an object of derision. [A.S. song, sang ; 
 G«r. ge-sang, Goth, saggus. Ice. songr ; 
 from root of SiNG.] 
 
 SONGSTER, song'ster, n. a singer or one 
 sldlled in singing : esp. a bird that sings: 
 —fern. SONG'STRESS. [A.S. sangestre, from 
 Song.] 
 
 SON-IN-LAW, sun'-in-law, n. the husband 
 of one's daughter. 
 
 SONNET, son et, n. a skort song or poem 
 of fourteen lines, with varying rhymes. 
 [Fr. — It. sonetto, dim. of sono, a sound, 
 song— L. somis, a sound.] 
 
 SONNETEER, son-et-er', n. a composer of 
 sonnets. 
 
 SONOROUS, so-n5'rus, adj., sounding 
 when struck: giving a clear, loud sound : 
 high sounding. — adv. Soxo'rocsly. — n. 
 Sono'rouskess. [L. sonorus — sowoj" or 
 soniis, a sound — sono, to sound. See 
 Sound.] 
 
 SONSHIP, sun'ship, n. state or character 
 of a son. 
 
 SOON, soon, adv. Immediately or in a short 
 time : without delay : early : readily : 
 wilUngly. [A.S. sona, cog. with Goth. 
 suns, immediately, soon.] 
 
 SOOT, soot, n. the black powder condensed 
 from smoke. [A.S. and Ice. sot ; Dan. 
 
 SOOf/J 
 
 SOOTH, sooth, 71. truth, reality. — adj. 
 
 true : pleasing. [A.S. soth, true ; Ice. 
 
 aannr, true, Goth, sunis: conn, with Gr. 
 
 i^teos. Sans, satyas, true.] 
 SOOTHE, sbbth, v.t. to please with soft 
 
 words : to flatter : to soften. — adv. 
 
 Sooth'inglt. [Lit. "to please any one 
 
 by agreeing with him, by receiving his 
 
 words as true," A.S. ge-wdhian, to soothe, 
 
 gesoth, a flatterer — soth, true.] 
 SOOTHSAY, sooth'sa. v.i. to foreteU.--««. 
 
 Sooth'sayer, Sooth'satixg. [Lit. "to 
 
 say or teU the truth."] 
 SOOTY, soot'i, adj. producing, consisting 
 
 of, containing, or like soot. — n. SoOT'l- 
 
 NESS. [A.S. sotig.] 
 SOP, sop, n. an\'thing dipped or soaked, 
 
 esp. in soup, to he eaten : anything given 
 
 to satisfy. — v.t. to steep in liquor i—pr.p. 
 
 sopp'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. sopped. [A.S. 
 
 sop (in sopcoppa, a soup-cup, dish), from 
 
 supan, to sip, soak ; Ice. soppa, broth, 
 
 soup. See SuP, SOCT.1 
 SOPHISM, sof'izm, n. a specious fallacy. 
 
 [Fr. sophisme — Gr. sophisma — sophizo, to 
 
 make wise — sophos, cleverness.] 
 SOPHIST, sof'ist, n. one of a class of public 
 
 teachers in Greece in the fifth century 
 
 B. c. : a captious or fallacious resisoner. 
 
 [Lit. and orig. "a wise or clever man," 
 
 Gr. sophistes — sophos. wise.] 
 SOPHISTIC, so-fist'ik, SOPHISTICAL, so- 
 
 fist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to a sophist or 
 
 to sophistry : fallatiouslj- subtle. — adet 
 SopraST'lCALLT. [Gr. sophistikos.] 
 
 SOPHISTICATE, so-fist'i-kat, v.t. to render 
 sophistical, or unsound : to corrupt by 
 mixture. 
 
 SOPHISTICATION, so-fist-i-ka'shun, n. act 
 of sophisticating, adulterating, or injur- 
 inar bv mixture. 
 
 SOPHISTRY, sof'ist-ri,»2. specious but fal 
 lacious reasoning. 
 
 SOPORIFEROUS, sop - or - if'er - us, adj., 
 bringing, causing, or tending to cause 
 slee}} : sleepy. [L. sopor, sqporis, sleep, 
 and fero. to bring.] 
 
 SOPORIFIC, sop-or-iPik, adj., making or 
 causing sleep. — n. anything that causes 
 sleep. [Fr. soporijique — ^L. sopor, sleep, 
 anAfaeio, to make.] 
 
 SOPPY, sop'i, adj., sopped or soaked in 
 liquid. 
 
 SOPRANIST, so-pra'nist, n. a singer of so- 
 prano. 
 
 SOPRANO, so-pra'no, 7i. the highest kin(!l 
 of female voice : air '.—pi. Sopra'nos or 
 Sopra'ni. [Lit. "superior," It., from 
 sopra — L. supra or super, above.] 
 
 SORCEREK, sor'ser-er, n. one who prac- 
 tices sorcery : an enchanter : a magician; 
 — ^_/e»!. Sor'CEEESS. [Fr. somer — LowL. 
 sdrtiai'ins — L. sors, sortis, a lot.] 
 
 SORCERY, sor'ser-i, n. divination by the 
 assistance of evil spirits : enchantment : 
 magic. [Lit. " casting lots," O. Fr. sor- 
 cerie — L. sortior, to cast lots — sors, sortis, 
 a lot.] 
 
 SORDID, sor'did, adj. vile : mean : meanly 
 avaricious. — adv. Sor'didly. — n. Sok'did- 
 KESS. [Fr. sordide — L. sordidus — sordeo, 
 to be dirty.] 
 
 SORE, sor, 71. a u-ound : an ulcer or boil : 
 (B.) grief, affliction. — adj. wounded : ten- 
 der : susceptible of pain : easily pained 
 or grieved : (B.) severe. — adv. (B.) same 
 as Sore'ly. — 71. Sore'ness. [A.S. sar, a 
 wound ; cog. with Ger. sehr (orig pain- 
 fully), very. Ice. sar, woimd, sore, pain. 
 See'SoRRY.] 
 
 SORELY', sorli, adv. in a sore manner : 
 grievously. 
 
 SORREL, sor'el, n. a plant of a sour tuste, 
 allied to the dock. [Fr. surelk — f^tr, sour; 
 from G«r. sauer, A.S. sur, sc\u-.j 
 
 SORREL, sor'el, adj. of a reddish-brown 
 color. — ». a sorrel or reddish-brown color. 
 [Ft. saure, sorrel ; of uncertain oiigin.] 
 
 SORROW, sor'6, w. pain of mind : grief : 
 aflliction. — v.i. to feel sorrow or pain of 
 mind : to grie\^e. [A.S. sorg, sorh ; cog. 
 with Ger. sorge, Ice. sorer, and perhaps 
 allied to SORE.] 
 
 SORROWTUL, sor'o-fool, adj. full of sor- 
 row : causing, showing, or expressing 
 sorrow : sad : dejected" — adv. Sorr'ow- 
 rrxLY. — n. Sorr'owfuutess. 
 
 SORRY, sor'i, adj. grieved for something 
 past : melancholy : poor : worthless. — 
 adv. Sorr'ily. — n. Sorr'ineso. [^■^• 
 sarig, wounded, sorrowful ; O. Dut. 
 sorigh ; conn, with Sore, but has come 
 to be regarded as the adj. of Sorrow.] 
 
 SORT, sort, n. a numbej of persons or 
 things having like qualities : class, kind 
 or species : order or rank : manner. — v.t. 
 to separate into lots or classes : to put 
 together : to select. — v.i. to be joine(' 
 with others of the same sort : to a.sso- 
 ciate : to suit. — 7). Sort'ke. — Our or 
 sorts, out of order : imwell [Lit 
 "lot," Fr. sorte — L. sors, sortis. a lot- 
 sero. to join.] 
 
 SORTIE, sor'te, 7i. the issuing of a body of 
 troops from a besieged place to attack 
 the besiegers, [Ft. — sortir, to go out, to 
 issue.] 
 
 SOT. sot, n. one stupefied bv drinking . a 
 habitual drunkard. [Old fV. sot, perh. 
 of Celt, origin.]
 
 SOTERIOLOGY 
 
 403 
 
 SPARTAN 
 
 SOTERIOLOGY, s6-te-ri-oI'o-ji, n. (theol.) 
 
 the doctrine of salvation by Jesus Chirist. 
 
 [Gr. soterios, saving, soter, saviour, and 
 
 logos, discourse.] 
 SOTTISH, sot'ish, adj. like a sot : foolish : 
 
 stupid with drink. — adv. Sott'ishlt. — n. 
 
 SOTT'ISHNESS. 
 
 sou, soo, n. a French copper coin — -j'jth 
 of a franc, or about one cent. [Fr. sou ; 
 
 I It. soldo — L. solidus, a coin.] 
 
 SOUCHONG, soo-shong', n. a fine sort of 
 black tea. 
 
 SOUGH, sooch (c7t g-uttural), v.i. to whistle 
 or sigh, as the wind. — n. a sighing of the 
 wind. [From the sound.] 
 
 SOUGHT, sawt, pa.f. a.nApa.p. of Seek. 
 
 SOUL, sol, n. that part of man which 
 thinks, feels, desires, etc. : the seat of 
 life and intellect : life : essence : internal 
 power : energy or grandeur of mind : a 
 human being, a person. [M.E. saide — 
 A.S. sau-ol ; Ger. seele, Goth, saivala.] 
 
 SOULED, sold, adj. full of soul or feeling. 
 
 SOULLESS, sol'les, adj. without a soul or 
 nobleness of mind : mean : spiritless. 
 
 SOUND, sownd, adj. safe, whole, entire : 
 perfect: healtny, strong: profound: cor- 
 rect : orthodox : weighty. — adv. Somm'- 
 LY. — n. Socnd'ness. [A.'S. sund, gesund; 
 cog. with Ger. gesund, allied to L. sanus, 
 sound, Gr. saos, sos, safe and sound.] 
 
 SOUND, sownd, n. a narrow passage of 
 water: a strait. [A.S. sund, a swimming, 
 a narrow arm of the sea, from sviniman, 
 to swim ; cog. with Ger. sund, a strait.] 
 
 SOUND,' sownd, n. the air or sicimming 
 bladder of a fish. [A.S. sund, swimming.] 
 
 SOUND, sownd, v.i. to make a noise : to 
 utter a voice : to spread. — v.t. to cause 
 to make a noise : to utter audibly : to 
 
 • direct by a sound or audible signal : to 
 publish audibly. — n. the impression pro- 
 duced on tlie ear by the vibrations of air: 
 aoise : report : empty or meaningless 
 noise. [M. E. sonnen — Fr. sonner — L. 
 sono; cog. with O. Ger. svana. Sans, suon, 
 to sound.] 
 
 BOUND, sownd, v.t. to measure the depth 
 of, esp. with a line and plummet: to probe: 
 to try to discover a man's secret wishes, 
 etc. : to test : to introduce an instrument 
 into the bladder to examine it. — v.i. to 
 use the line and lead in ascertaining the 
 depth of water. — n. an instrument to dis- 
 cover stone in the bladder. [Fr. sonder, 
 to sound ; ace. to Diez, from Low L. sub- 
 undare, to put under the wave — L. sub, 
 under, und.a, a wave.] 
 
 SOUNDING, sownd'ing, n. the ascertain- 
 ing the depth of water i—pl. any part of 
 the ocean where a sounding-line will 
 reach the bottom. 
 
 SOUP, soop, n. the juice or liquid obtained 
 by boiling flesli, seasoned, and often 
 mixed with vegetables. [Fr. soupe ; 
 from Ger. suppe, soup, cog. with E. Sup.] 
 
 SOUR, sowr, adj. having a pungent, acid 
 taste : turned, as milk : rancid : crabbed 
 or peevish in temper: bitter. — adv. Sour'- 
 LY. — n. Sour'ness. [A.S. sur; Ger. sauer. 
 Ice. siirr.] 
 
 SOUR, sowr, v.t. to make sour or acid : to 
 make cross, peevish, or discontented.^ 
 i\i. to become sour or acid : to become 
 peevisli or crabbed. 
 SOURCE, sors, n. that from which any- 
 thing rises or originates : origin : the 
 spring from which a stream flows. [Fr. 
 source, from sourdre (It. sorgere) — L. sur- 
 go. to raise up, to rise.] 
 BOUSE, sows, n. pickle made of salt : any- 
 thing steeped m pickle : the ears, feet, 
 etc., of swine pickled. — v.t. to steep in 
 pickle : to plunge into water. — v.i. to fall 
 on suddenly. [Written also soiiee, a form 
 of Sauce.] 
 SOUTH, sowth, n. the direction in which 
 
 the sun appears at noon to the people 
 N. of the Tropic of Cancer : any land op- 
 posite the >f. — adj. lying towards the 
 south. — adv. towards the south. [A.S. 
 sudh ; Ger. sud (whence Fr. sud). Ice. 
 sudr, prob. from root of Son.] 
 
 SOUTH-EAST, sowth-est', n. the direction 
 equally distant from the soiitli and east. 
 
 SOUTH-EAST, sowth-est', SOUTH-EAST- 
 ERLY, sowth-est'er-li, SOUTH-EAST- 
 ERN, so\vth-est'ern, adj. pertaining to, 
 in the direction of, or coming from the 
 south-east. 
 
 SOUTHERLY, suf/t'er-li, SOUTHERN, 
 su<7i'ern, adj. pertaining to, situated in, 
 or proceeding from or towards the south. 
 — superl. South'ernmost, Southmost, 
 sowth'most, most southern, furthest to- 
 wards the south. 
 
 SOUTHERNWOOD, siii/i'ern-wood, n. an 
 aromatic plant of Southern Europe, 
 closely ;dUed to wormwood. 
 
 SOUTHWARD, sowth' ward or su^fc'ard. 
 adv., toward the south. 
 
 SOUTH-WEST, sowth-west', n. the direc- 
 tion equally distant from the south and 
 u'est. 
 
 SOUTH-WEST, sowth-west', SOUTH- 
 WESTERLY, sowth-west'er-li, SOUTH- 
 WESTERN, sowth-west'ern, adj. per- 
 taining to, proceeding from, or lying in 
 tlie direction of the south-ivest. 
 
 SOUTHWESTER, sow-west'er, n. a storm 
 or gale from tlie south-west : a painted 
 canvas hat with a broad flap behind for 
 the neck. 
 
 SOUVENIR, s55v'ner. n. a remembrancer. 
 [Fr. (It. sovvenire) — L. suhvenire. to come 
 up, to come to mind — sub, under, from 
 under, and venio, venire, to come.] 
 
 SOVEREIGN, sov'er-in, adj., supreme: 
 possessing supreme power or dominion : 
 superior to all others : utmost. — n. a su- 
 preme ruler : a monarch : an English 
 gold coin=|4.86, gold standard. [M.E. 
 sovernine — Fi-. souverain — ^Low L. super- 
 anus — L. super, siqrra, above.] 
 
 SOVEREIGNTY, soVer-in-ti, w. supreme 
 power : dominion. [Fr. souverainete.'\ 
 
 SOW, sow, n. a female pig : an oblong 
 piece of metal larger than a pig. [A.S. 
 su, siigu; cog. with Ger. sau, Ice. syr ; 
 L. sus, Gr. hys; conn, with SwriNE.] 
 
 SOW, so, v.t. to scatter seed that it may 
 grow : to plant by strewing : to scatter 
 seed over : to spread. — v.i. to scatter 
 seed for growth •.—pa.p. sown and sowed. 
 — n. Sow'er. [A.S. sawan ; Ger. sden. 
 Ice. sa, Goth, saian ; akin to L. sero (for 
 seso). See Seed.] 
 
 SPA, spaw, n. a place where there is a 
 mineral spring of water. [From (Spa, a 
 famous watering-place in Belgium.]^ 
 
 SPACE, spas, n. extension as distinct from 
 material substances : room : largeness ; 
 distance between objects : interval be- 
 tween lines or words in books : quantity 
 of time : distance between two points of 
 time : a short time : interval. — v.t. to 
 make or arrange intervals between. [Fr. 
 espace — L. spatium, from root spa. Sans. 
 spha, to draw, as in Gr. spa5, Ger. span^ 
 nen.] 
 
 SPACIOUS, spa'shus, adj. having large 
 .space .' large in extent : roomy : wide. — 
 rtrfw.SPA'CIOUSLY.— w. Spa'ciousness. [Fr. 
 spacieux — L. spatiosus.^ 
 
 SPADE, spad, 7?. a broad blade of iron with 
 a handle, used for digging. — v t. to dig 
 with a spade. [A.S. spadu ; cog. with 
 Ger. svaten, L. spatha, Gr. spathe, any 
 broad blade.] 
 
 SPAKE, spak, old pa. ^ of Speak. 
 
 SPAN, span, n. the space from the end of the 
 thumb to the end of the little-finger when 
 the fingers are e.rtended: nine inches: the 
 spread of an arch between its abutments: 
 
 a space of time. — v. t. to measui-e by spans: 
 to measure : to embrace i^pr.p. spann'- 
 ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. spanned. [A.S. 
 spann — spannan; cog. with Ger. spanneti, 
 L. pando (for spando). See Space.] 
 
 SPAN, span, n. a yoke of horses or oxen. 
 [Borrowed fromDut.; from the same root 
 as above word.] 
 
 SPANDREL, span'drel, n. the irregular tri- 
 angular space between the span or curve 
 of an arch and the inclosing right angle. 
 [From Span.] 
 
 SPANGLE, spang'gl, n. a small, thin plate 
 or boss of shining metal: anything spark- 
 ling and brilliant, like a spangle. — v.t. to 
 adorn with spangles. — v.i. to glitter. 
 [A.S. spange, a clasp, being prob. conn, 
 with Span ; cog. with Ger. spange, Ice. 
 spang.] 
 
 SPANIARD, span'yard,n. a native ot Spain. 
 
 SPANIEL, span'yel, n. a kind of dog, usu- 
 ally liver and white colored, and with 
 large pendent ears, once supposed to be 
 of Spanish origin. [O. Fr. espagneid 
 (Fr. epagneul), Spanish.] 
 
 SPANISH, span'ish, adj. of or pertaining 
 to Spain. — ». the lang^uage of Spain. 
 
 SPANKER, spang'ker, n. the after-sail of a 
 ship or bark, so called from its flapping 
 in the breeze. [From Prov. E. spank, to 
 flap, to move quickly.] 
 
 SPAR, spar, n. a rafter : a general term 
 for masts, yards, booms, and gaffs, etc. 
 [Ice. spam, Dut. spar; prob. conn, with 
 Bae.] 
 
 SPAR, spar, n. a mineral which is perfect- 
 ly crystalline. [A.S. spcer{-stan), gyp- 
 sum, perh. from the spar or spear form 
 it assumes ; cf. Ger. spar{-kalk).] 
 
 SPAR, spar, v.i. to box with the hands : to 
 fight with showy action : to dispute: — • 
 pr.p. sparr'ing; pa.t. andpa.p. sparred. 
 — n. Spake'eb. [O. Fr. esparer, Fr. 
 eparer, to kick out, from root of Parry.] 
 
 SPARE, spar, v.t. to use frugally : to do 
 without : to save from any use: to with- 
 hold from : to treat tenderly : to part 
 with willingly. — v.i. to be frugal : to for- 
 bear : to be tender : to forgive. [A.S. 
 spavian ; cog. with Ger. sparen ; allied 
 also to L. par-co (for spar-co).] 
 
 SPARE, spar, adj., sparing: frugal* 
 scanty : lean : superfluous. — n. Spabb'- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 SPARERIB, spar'rib, n. a piece of meat 
 
 consisting of the ribs with a spare or 
 
 small amount of flesh. 
 SPARING, spar'ing, adj. scarce : scanty : 
 
 saving. 
 SPARK, spark, n. a small particle of fire 
 
 shot off from a burning body : any small 
 
 shining body or light: a small portion of 
 
 anything active or vivid. [A.S. spearca, 
 
 a spark ; Dut. spark, sperk.} 
 SPARKLE, spilrk'l. ?t. a Uttle spark i 
 
 lustre. — v.i. to emit sparks: to shine: 
 
 to glitter. [Dim. of Spaek.] 
 SPARKLING, spark'ling. adj. gi\nng out 
 
 .sjxrrAs ; glittering : brilliant : lively. 
 SPARRER. See under SPAE, to box. 
 SPARROW, spar'6, n. a well-known small 
 
 bird. [A.S. speanva ; cog. with Goth_ 
 
 sparva. Ice. spiirr, Ger. sper-ling.] 
 SPARROW-BILL, spar'o-bil, n. a small 
 
 shoe-nail, so called from its shape. 
 SPARROW-HAWK, spar'o-hawk, n. a 
 
 small species of hauk destructive to 
 
 .fpavoirs, etc. [A.S. spear-hafoc] 
 SPARRY, spar'i, adj. consisting of or like 
 
 sjMtr. 
 SPARSE, spars, adj. thinly scattered.— 
 
 adv. Sparse'ly. — n. Spaese'nbss. [L. 
 
 .<iparsum, pa.p. of spargo, to scatter ; 
 
 allied to Gr. speiro, to sow.] 
 SPARTAN, spar'tan, adj. of or pertaining 
 
 to Sparta in Greece : hardy : fearless.
 
 SPASM 
 
 404 
 
 SPERM-WHALE 
 
 SPASM, spazm, n. an irregular, violent and 
 involuntary dramng or contraction of the 
 muscles — less violent than a convulsion. 
 [Fr. spasme — L. spasmus— Gr. spasmos — 
 spao, to draw.] 
 
 SPASMODIC, spaz-mod'ik, SPASMODIC- 
 AL, spaz-mod'ik-al, adj. relating to or 
 consisting in spasms: convulsive. — n. 
 Spasmod'ic, a medicine for removing 
 spasms. 
 
 8PAT, spat, pa.t. of Spit, to throw from 
 the mouth. 
 
 SPAT, spat, n. the spawn or young, spit or 
 thrown out by shellfish. [From root of 
 Spit.] 
 
 SPATTER, spat'er, v.t. to spit or throw 
 out upon : to scatter about : to sprinkle 
 with dirt or anything moist : to defame. 
 IFreq. from SPAT. pa.t. of SPIT.] 
 
 SPATTER-DASHES, spat'er-dash'ez, n.jil. 
 coverings for the legs, to keep them 
 clean from water and mud, a kind of 
 gaiters. 
 
 SPATULA., spat'u-la, SPATTLE, spat'l, n. 
 a little spade : a broad kind of knife for 
 spreading plasters. [L. spatula, spathula, 
 dim. of spatha, any broad blade — Gr. 
 spathe. See Spade.] 
 
 SPAVIN, spav'in, 7i. a disease of horses 
 affecting the hock-joint, or joint of the 
 hind-leg, between the knee and the fet- 
 lock. It occurs in two forms: (a) bog or 
 blood spavin, in which the joint is dis- 
 tended by synovia or joint oil ; (6) hone 
 spavin, or spavin proper, where there is 
 a morbid deposition of bonj'^ substance, 
 such as to unite separate bones — a form 
 which is sometimes incurable. [O. Fr. 
 espavent ("a spaven in a horse." — Cot- 
 grave), also esparvain. Mod. Fr. eparvin. 
 It. spavenio. Origin doubtful.] 
 
 SPAVINED, spav'ind, adj. affected with 
 spat^in. 
 
 SPAWN, spawn, n. the eggs of fish or frogs 
 when ejected: offspring. — v.t. to produce, 
 as fishes and frogs do their eggs, to bring 
 forth. — v.i. to deposit eggs, as fishes or 
 frogs : to issue, as offspring. [Etv. dub.] 
 
 8PAWNER, spawn'er, n. the female fish, 
 from which the spauii is ejected. 
 
 SPEAK, spek, v.i. to utter words or ar- 
 ticulate sounds : to say : to talk : to con- 
 verse : to sound. — v.t. to pronounce : to 
 converse in : to address : to declare : to 
 express by signs : — pa.t. spoke or spake ; 
 pa.2}. spok'en. [A.S. sjjecan (for sprecan): 
 cog. with Dut. spreken, Ger. sprechen.] 
 
 SPEAKER, spek'er, n. one who speaks : 
 the person who presides in a deliberative 
 or legislative body, as the House of Rep- 
 resentatives. — n. Speak'ership. 
 
 SPEAKING - TRUMPET, sp§k'ing - trum'- 
 pet, n. an instrument somewhat resem- 
 bling a trumpet, used for intensifying 
 the sound of the voice, so as to convey 
 it to a greater distance. 
 
 SPEAR, sper, n. a long weapon used in war 
 and hunting, made of a pole pointed with 
 iron : a, lance with barbed prongs used 
 for catching fish. — v.t. to pierce or kill 
 with a spear. [A.S. spere ; cog. with Ger. 
 speer, W. ysper, L. spams ; prob. further 
 conn, with Spar and Spike.] 
 
 SPEARMAN, sper'man, n. a man armed 
 with asjxar. 
 
 SPEARMINT, sper'mint, n. a species of 
 mint having speai'-shaped leaves. 
 
 SPECIAL, spesh'al, adj. of a.speci'esor sort: 
 particular : distinctive : imcommon : de- 
 signed for a particular purpose : confined 
 to a particular subject. — adv. Spe'CIALLY. 
 
 SPECIALIST, spesh'al-ist, 7i. one who de- 
 votes hi mse lf to a special subject. 
 
 SPECIALITY, spesh-i-al'i-ti, n. the special 
 or particular mark of a person or thing : 
 a special occupation or object of atten- 
 tion. [Fr.— L.] 
 
 SPECIALIZE, spesh'al-iz, v.t. to determine 
 in a special manner. — n. Specializa'tion. 
 
 SPECIALTY, spesh'al -ti, n. something 
 s^iecial: a special contract: that for which 
 a person is distinguished. 
 
 SPECIE, spe'shi, n. gold and silver coin, 
 because visible wealth, and not merely 
 representing it, as bills and notes do. [Cf. 
 next word.] 
 
 SPECIES, spe'shez, n. a group of individu- 
 als having common marks or character- 
 istics : — subordinate to a Genus. [L. (lit.) 
 " that which is seen," then a form, a par- 
 ticular sort — specio, to look.] 
 
 SPECIFIC, spe-sit'ik, SPECIFICAL, spe- 
 sif'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or constituting 
 asjiedes: that specifies: precise: infallible. 
 — adv. Specif'icaIjLX. 
 
 SPECIFIC, spe-sif'ik, n. a remedy which 
 has a special power in a particular dis- 
 ease : an infallible remedy. 
 
 SPECIFICATION, spes-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act 
 of specifying: a statement of particu- 
 lars. 
 
 SPECIFY, spes'i-fi, v.t. to make sjjecial: 
 to mention particularly : — pa.t. and pa.p. 
 spec'ified. [Low L. specifieo — L. spedes, 
 and facio. to make.] 
 
 SPECIMEN, spes'i-men, n. a portion of 
 anything to show the kind and quality of 
 the whole : a sample. 
 
 SPECIOUS, spe'shus, adj. that looks well 
 at first sight : showy : plausible. — adv. 
 Spe'CIOUSLT. — 71. Spe'ciousness. 
 
 SPECK, spek, n. a spot: a blemish. — v.t. 
 to spot. [A.S. specca; Low Ger. spaafc.] 
 
 SPECKLE, spek'l, n. a little speck or spot 
 in anything different in substance or color 
 from the thing itself. — v.t. to mark with 
 speckles. 
 
 SPECTACLE, spek'ta-kl, n. a sight : show : 
 exhibition : — pi. glasses to assist the 
 sight. — adj. Spectac'ulab. [L. sjiecta- 
 culum, — speeto, sjxctatum, mtens. of 
 spec-io, to look at.] 
 
 SPECTACLED, spek'ta-kld, adj. wearing 
 spectacles. 
 
 SPECTATOR, spek-ta'tur, n. one who looks 
 on:— fern. Specta'tress. 
 
 SPECTRAL, spek'tral, adj. relating to, or 
 like a spectre. 
 
 SPECTRE, spek'ter, n. a ghost. [Lit. 
 " something seen." Doublet Spectrum.] 
 
 SPECTROSCOPE, spek'tro-skop, n. an in- 
 strument for forming and examining 
 spectra of luminous bodies, so as to de- 
 termine their composition. [Specteum, 
 and Gr. skoped, to look at.] 
 
 SPECTRUM, spek'trum, n. the image of 
 something seen continued after the eyes 
 are closed : the colors of light separated 
 by a prism, and exhibited as spread out 
 on a screen -.—pi. Spectra. [Lit. " some- 
 thing seen," from L. spec-io, to see. 
 Doublet Spectre.] 
 
 SPECULAR, spek'ii-lar, adj. resembling a 
 speculum : having a smooth reflecting 
 
 SPECULATE, spek'u-lat, v.i. to look at or 
 into with the mind : to consider : to 
 theorize : to traffic for great profit. — n. 
 Spec'ulator. [L. sjieculatus, pa.p. of 
 s2)eculor — specula, a look-out — spec-io, to 
 look.] 
 
 SPECULATION, spek-u-la'shun, n. act of 
 speculating- : mental view : contempla- 
 tion : theory : the buying goods, etc., to 
 sell them at an advance. 
 
 SPECULATIVE, spek'u-lat-iv, adj. given 
 to speculation or theory : ideal : pertain- 
 ing to speculation in business, etc. — adv. 
 Spec'ulatitely. 
 
 SPECULUM. spek'u-lum,M. (op?.) a reflector 
 usually made of polished metal: (surgery) 
 an instrument for bringing into view 
 parts otherwise hidden :—pl. Spec'CLA. 
 
 -spec-io, ta 
 
 [Lit. " a looking-glass," L.- 
 look.] 
 
 SPED, sped, pa.t. and pa. 2J. of Speed. 
 
 SPEECH, spech, n. that which is spoken : 
 language : the power of speaking : ora- 
 tion: any declaration of thoughts : men- 
 tion. [A.S. spoEC, sprcec ; Ger. sprache. 
 See SpeakJ 
 
 SPEECHLESS, spech'les, adj. destitute or 
 deprived of the power of speech. — n, 
 Speech'lessness. 
 
 SPEED, sped, ?i. quickness, velocity : suc- 
 cess. — v.i. to move quickly : to succeed : 
 to fare. — v.t. to despatch quickly : to 
 hasten, as to a conclusion : to execute : 
 to aid: to make prosperous:— pr.p. speed- 
 ing ; pa.?, and pa.p. sped. [A.S. sped; 
 cog. with Dut. speed, speed, Ger. sputen, 
 to speed.] 
 
 SPEEDY, sped'i, adj. hasty: quick: nimble. 
 — adi: Speed'ilt. — n. Speed'iness. 
 
 SPELL, spel, n. any form of words supposed 
 to possess magical power. — adj. Spell'- 
 BODOT). [A.S. spell, a narrative or tale ; 
 cog. with Goth, spilll. Ice. spial, a tale.] 
 
 SPFLL, spel, v.t. to tell or name the letters 
 of : to name, write, or print the proper 
 letters of. — v.i. to form words with the 
 proper letters: — jn-.p. spell'ing ; pa.?, 
 and pa.p. spelled, spelt. [Same word as 
 above, modified iDy O. Fr. espaler (Fr. 
 epeler) — O. Ger. spellon, to tell, Goth. 
 spillon.] 
 
 SPELL, spel, v.t. to take another's place at 
 work. — ;;. a turn at work : a short period : 
 — pr.2}. spell'ing ; 2}a.t. and pa.p'. spelled. 
 [A.S. S2)elian, to act for another, perh. 
 conn, with A.S. spilian, Ger. spielen, to 
 play.] 
 
 SPELLING, spel'ing, n. act of spelling or 
 naming the letters of words : orthog 
 raphy. 
 
 SPELLING-BOOK, spel'ing-book, n. a book 
 for teaching to s/je//. — ;/. Spell'ikg-bek, 
 a competition in spelling-. 
 
 SPELT, spelt, n. a kind of grain: also called 
 German wheat. [A.S. (Ger. spelt) — L. 
 spelt a.] 
 
 SPELTER, spel'ter, 7i. zinc. [Allied to 
 Dut. spiauter. See Pewter.] 
 
 SPENCER, spens'er, n. a short over- 
 jacket worn by men or women, named 
 after a Lord Spencer who introduced it 
 or made it fashionable. 
 
 SPENCER, spens'er, n. (in ships and barks) 
 a fore-and-aft sail abaft the fore and 
 main masts. [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 SPEND, spend, v.t. to expend or weigh 
 out : to give for any purpose : to con- 
 .sume : to waste: to pass, as time. — v.i. 
 to make expense : to be dissipated : — 
 2}r.p. spending; po.?. and pa.p. spent. 
 — n. Spend'er. [A.S. d-spendan, for 
 •S2}endan — L. ex2yendo or dispendo. to 
 weigh out.] 
 
 SPENDTHRIFT, speud'thrift, n. one who 
 S2)ends tiie savings of thrift : a prodigal. 
 [See Spend and 'Thrift.] 
 
 SPENT, spent, pa.?, and 2M.p. of Spend. 
 
 SPERM, sperm, n. animal .seed : spawn of 
 fishes or frogs: spermaceti. [Lit. " that 
 which is sotni," Late L. — Gr. si)ertn-a, 
 S2}erm-atos — S2)eird, to sow.] 
 
 SPERMACETI, sper-ma-se'ti, n. a wax> 
 matter from the head of the sperm-wliale. 
 [L. (lit.) "the sperm of the whale" — 
 sperma (see Sperm), and ce?MS, a whale 
 — Gr. ketos.l 
 SPERMATIC, sper-mat'ik, SPERMATIC- 
 AL, sper-mat'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or 
 consisting of sperm or seed : seminal. 
 SPERM-OIL, sperm'-oil, n., oil from the 
 
 sperm-vihaXe. 
 SPERM-WHALE, sperm'-hwal, n. a specie? 
 of whale from which sperm, or sperma- 
 ceti is obtained.
 
 SPEW 
 
 405 
 
 SPLENETIC 
 
 SPEW, SPUE, spQ, v.t. and v.i. to vomit : 
 to eject with loathing. [A.S. sphcan ; 
 cog. with Dut. spmt^n, Gter. speien: also 
 conn, with L. spuo, Gr. ptyo, and with 
 Spit.] 
 
 SPHERE, sfer, n. a, ball or globe : an orb : 
 circuit of motion : province or duty : 
 rank : (geom.) a surface every point of 
 which is equidistant from one and the 
 same point, called the centre. — adj. 
 Spheb'al. [Fr. — L. sphcera—Gr. S2)haira.] 
 
 SPHERIC, sfer'ik, SPHERICAL, sfer'ik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to or like a sphere. — adv. 
 Spher'icatj.y. 
 
 SPHERICITY, sfer-is'i-ti, Ji. state or qual- 
 ity of being spherical : roundness. 
 
 SPllEROID, sfer'oid, n. a body or figure 
 having the form of a sphere, but not 
 quite round. [Fr. spMroide — Gr. sphaira, 
 and eidos, form.] 
 
 SPHEROIDAL, sfer-oid'al, adj. having the 
 form of a spheroid. 
 
 SPHERULE, sfer'ul, n. a little sphere. 
 
 SPHINCTER, sflngk'ter, n. (anat.) a muscle 
 that contracts or shuts an orifice or open- 
 ing which it surrounds, [Gr. " that 
 which binds tight" — sphinggo, to bind 
 tight.] 
 
 SPflINX, sfingks, n. {a)iciciit myth.) a mon- 
 ster with the head of a woman and the 
 body of a lioness, that proposed riddles to 
 travellers, and strangled those who could 
 not solve them. [Lit. "the throttler," 
 Gr. — sphinggo, sphingxo, to squeeze, akin 
 to L.figo, to fix.] 
 
 SPICE, spis, n. an aromatic vegetable used 
 for seasoning food, formerly one of the 
 most valuable kinds of merchandise : a 
 small quantity. — v.t. to season with spice: 
 to tincture. [O.Fr. espice (Fr. ipice)— 
 Late L. species, kinds of goods, spices — 
 L. species, a particular kind, etc. (see 
 Species). Cf. the use of Gr. materialien 
 {lit. "materials "J, to signify drugs.] 
 
 8PICERY, spls'er-i, n. spices in general : a 
 repository of spices. 
 
 SPICK, spik, n. a nail : ohs. save in the 
 phrase Spick and span new, i.e. as new 
 as a spike just made and a chi^- just 
 split. [Prov. form of Spike, a nail.] 
 
 SPICY, spls'i, adj. producing or abounding 
 with spices : fragrant : pungent. — adv. 
 Spic'ily. — n. Spic'iness. 
 
 SPIDER, spi'der, n. an animal remarkable 
 for spinning webs to take its prey. [Lit. 
 "the spinner," for spinder, from Spin; 
 cf. Dan. spinder, O. Ger. spinna, Ger. 
 spinne.] 
 
 SPIGOT, spig'ut, n. a spike or pointed piece 
 of wood for stopping a small hole in a 
 cask. [Gael, spiocaid, W. yspigdd; conn, 
 with root of Spike, a nail.] 
 
 SPIKE, splk, n. an car of grain : (bot.) an 
 inflorescence, of which the flowers are 
 sessile, or issue directly from a, simple 
 undivided axis. [From L. spica. an ear 
 of grain.] 
 
 SPIKE, splk, n. a small pointed rod : a 
 large nail. — v.t. to set with spikes : to 
 stop the vent of with a spike. [A.S. 
 spicing, cog. with Ger. spieker ; conn, 
 with Spike, an ear of grain, and Spoke,m.] 
 
 SPIKELET, splk'let, ??. a little spike. 
 
 SPIKENARD, splk'nard, n. a highly aro- 
 matic oil or balsam obtained from an 
 Indian plant, the iWtrdits, with spike- 
 shaped blossoms : the plant itself. [L. 
 spica nardi. See Nard.] 
 
 fiPLKY, splk'i, adj. furnished with spikes : 
 having a sharp point. 
 
 SPILL, spil, v.t. to allow to run out of a 
 vessel : to shed : to waste. — v. i. to be 
 shed : to be allowed to fall, be lost, or 
 wasted: — pa.t. and /)«./). spilled, spilt. — 
 n. Spill'er. [A.S. spiillan: cog. with Dut. 
 spillen. Ice. spilla, to destroy; also conn, 
 ■with Spur.] 
 
 SPILL, spil, SPILE, spll, n. a small peg or 
 pin to stop a hole. [Lit. " a splinter," 
 Dut. spil, Ger. spille, conn, with E. Spin- 
 dle.] 
 
 SPIN, spin, v.t. to draw out and twist into 
 threads: to draw out a thread as spiders 
 do : to draw ovit tediously : to cause to 
 whirl rapidl.y. — v.i. to practice the art or 
 trade of spinning, to perform the act of 
 spinning : to issue in a .small or thread- 
 like current : to whirl:^3c.p. spinn'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.t). spun. — n. Spinn'er. [A.S. 
 spinnan, cog. with Dut. and Ger. spin- 
 nen ; closely conn, with Spak.] 
 
 SPINACH, SPIN AGE. spin'aj, n. an escu- 
 lent vegetable with jagged or spiny 
 leaves. [It. spinace — Low L. spinaceus 
 — spina, a thorn.] 
 
 SPINAL, spln'al, adj. pertaining to the 
 spine or backbone. 
 
 SPINDLE, spin'dl, n. the pin from which 
 the thread is spun or twisted : a pin on 
 which anything turns : the fusee of a 
 watch. [A.S. spinl (from Spin) ; cog. 
 with Ger. spindel. Cf. Sphi,, n.] 
 
 SPINE, spin, n. a thorn : a thin, pointed 
 spike, esp. in fishes : the backbone of an 
 animal. [O. Fr. espine (Fr. epine) — L. 
 spina, a thorn, conn, with root of Spike, 
 a nail, applied to the backbone because 
 of its sharp-pointed projections.] 
 
 SPINET, spin et or spin-et', n. (mus.) an 
 old-fashioned keyed instrument like the 
 harpsichord, [ft. spiiietta (Fr. epinette), 
 dim. of spina — L. spina, a thorn ; so 
 called from the pointed quills used in 
 playing on it.] 
 
 SPINNING, spin'ing, adj. used in spinning. 
 
 SPINOSE, spi'nos, SPINOUS, spt'nus, adj. 
 full of spines : thorny. 
 
 SPINSTER, spin'ster, n. (law) an unmar- 
 led female. [Lit. a woman who spi7is.] 
 
 SPINY, spin'i, adj. full of spines : tliorny : 
 troublesome : perplexed. — 71. Spin'iness. 
 
 SPIRACLE, spir'a-kl, n. a breathing hole : 
 any minute passage. [L. spiraculum, 
 formed as a double dim. from spiro, to 
 breathe.] 
 
 SPIRAL, spir'al, adj. pertaining to or like 
 a spire: winding like the thread of a 
 screw. — 71. a spiral line : a curve which 
 continually recedes from a centre about 
 which it revolves : a screw. 
 
 SPIRALLY, spir'al-li, adv>. in a spiral form 
 or direction. 
 
 SPIRE, spir, n. a winding line like the 
 threads of a screw: a curl: a wreath: a 
 tapi;ringbody: a steeple. [L. spi'ca — Gr. 
 speira, anything wound round or upon a 
 thing ; akin to eiro, to fasten together in 
 rows.] 
 
 SPIRIT, spir'it, n. vital force : the soul : a 
 ghost : mental disposition : enthusiasm : 
 real meaning: chief quality: a very lively 
 person : any volatile, inflammable liquid 
 obtained by distillation, as brandy •.—pi. 
 intellect uai activity : liveliness • persons 
 with particular qualities of mind : men- 
 tal excitement : spirituous liquors. — 
 Holy Spirit. See under Holy.— The 
 Spirit, the Holy Spirit : the human spirit 
 under the influence of the Holy Spirit. — 
 v.t. to take away suddenly or secretly, as 
 by a spirit. [L. spiritus, a breath — sjyiro, 
 to breathe.] 
 
 SPIRITED, spir'it-ed, adj. full of spirit, life, 
 or Are: animated. — adv. Spib'itedly. — n. 
 Spir'itedness. 
 
 SPIRITISM, spir'it-izm,n. see under Spirit- 
 
 UAUSM. 
 
 SPIRITLESS, spir'it-les, adj. without spirit, 
 cheerfulness, orcourage: dejected: dead. 
 — adv. Spir'itlessly. 
 
 SPIRIT-RAPPER, spir'it-rap'er, v. a spir- 
 itualist wbo professes that spirits convey 
 intelligence to him by raps or knocks. 
 
 SPIRITIJAL, spir'it-u-al, adj. censisting of 
 
 spirit : having the nature of a spirit ; 
 immaterial : relating to the mind : mtet 
 lectual : pertaining to the soul : holy : 
 divine : relating to sacred things : not 
 lav or temporal. — adv. Spnt'iTUALLV. 
 
 SPIRITUALISM, spir'it-u-al-izra, n. a being 
 spiritual : the philosophical doctrine that 
 nothing is real out soul or spirit: the 
 doctrine that spirit has a real existence 
 apart from matter : the belief that cer 
 tain peculiar phenomena (as rapping 
 table-turning, etc.) are directly due to 
 the influence of departed spirits, invoked 
 by a "medium" (in this sense better 
 called Spiritism). 
 
 SPIRITUALIST, spir'it-u-al-ist, 7i. one who 
 has a regard only to spiritual things : 
 one who holds the doctrine of spiritual- 
 ism (or spi ritis m). 
 
 SPIRITUALITY, spir-it-u-al'i-ti, n. state 
 of being spiritual : essence distinct from 
 matter. 
 
 SPIRITUALIZE, spir'it-u-al-iz, v.t. to make 
 spiritual : to imbue with spirituality : to 
 refine : to free from sensuality : to give 
 a spiritual meaning to. 
 
 SPIRITUOUS, spir'it-u-us, adj. possessing 
 the qualities of spirit : containing- spirit: 
 volatile. 
 
 SPIRT, spert. Same as Spurt. 
 
 SPIRY, splr'i, adj. of a spiral form : 
 wreathed : tapering like a spire or a 
 pyramid : abounding in spires. 
 
 SPIT, spit, n. an iron prong on which meat 
 is roasted. — v.t. to pierce with a spit : — 
 pr.p. spitt'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. spitt'ed, 
 [A.S. spitu ; Dut. spit, Ger. spiesz.] 
 
 SPIT, gpit, v.t. to throw out from the 
 mouth : to eject with violence. — i:i. tc 
 throw out saliva from the mouth : — pr.p 
 spitt'ing: pa.i. spit, spat; pa.p. spit 
 [A.S. spittan ; Ice. spyta, Ger. spUtzen, 
 These are all extensions of Spew.] 
 
 SPITE, spit, M. grudge : lastmg ill-will .- 
 hatred. — v.t. to vex : to thwart : to hate 
 [Short for Despite.] 
 
 SPITEFUL, spit'iool, adj. full ot spite : de- 
 sirous to vex or injure : malignant. - 
 adv. Spite'fully. — )(. Spite'fclness. 
 
 SPITTED, spit'ed (B 1 pa.p. of Spit, to 
 throw out from thf mouth. 
 
 SPITTLE, spit'l, n. t e moist matter spit 
 or thrown from tV, mouth: saliva. 
 
 SPITTOON, spit-too r,-, n. a ^ressel for re- 
 ceiving spittle. 
 
 SPLASH, splash, v.t. to spatter with water 
 or mud. — v.i. to dash about water or any 
 liquid. — n. water or mud thrown on anv- 
 thing. [Like Plash, an imitative word.] 
 
 SPLASHBOARD, splash'bord, n. a board 
 to keep those in a vehicle from being 
 splashed with mud. 
 
 SPLASHY, splash'i, adj., splashing: wet 
 and muddy : full of dirty water. 
 
 SPLAY splil, v.t. {arch.) to slope or slant : 
 to dislocate, as the shoulder-bone. — adj. 
 turned outward, as in splay-foot. [A 
 •ontr. of Display.] 
 
 SPLEEN, splen, n. a spongy gland near 
 the large extremity of the stomach, sup- 
 posed by the ancients to be the seat of 
 anger and melancholy : hence, spite : ill- 
 humor : melancholy. [M.E. splen — L. — 
 Gr. splen ; cog. with L. lien (for p-lien), 
 Sa,nR.plihan!] 
 
 SPLENDENT, splen'dent, adj. splendid or 
 shining: bright. [L., pr.p. of splendeo, 
 to shine.] 
 
 SPLENDID, splen'did, a(^'. magnificent : 
 famous : illustrious : heroic. — odv. 
 Splen'didly. [Lit. " shining," L. splen- 
 didus — splendeo, to shine.] 
 
 SPLENDOR, splen'dur. ji. the appearance 
 of anything splendid : brilliance : mag- 
 nificence. 
 
 SPLENETIC, .sple-net'ik or splen'e-tik, 
 SPLENETICAL, sple-net'ik-al, adj. af-
 
 SPLENIC 
 
 406 
 
 SPOTLESS 
 
 fected with spleen: peevish: melancholy. 
 — n. Splen'etic, a splenetic person. — adv. 
 
 SPLEN"ET'ICAIJL.T. 
 
 SPLENIC, splen'ik, adj. pertaining to the 
 
 spleen. 
 SPLENITIS, sple-nl'tis, n. inflammation of 
 
 the spleen. 
 SPLICE, splis, v.t. to unite two ends of a 
 rope by interweaving the strands. — n. act 
 of splicing: joint made by splicing. [Lit. 
 "to split in order to join;" a form of 
 Split ; alliedto Dut. splitsen.] 
 SPLINT, splint, n. a small piece of wood 
 split off : (med.) a thin piece of wood, 
 etc., for confining a broken or injm-ed 
 limb : a hard excrescence on the shank- 
 bone of a horse. — v.t. to confine with 
 splints. [A nasalized form of Split.] 
 SPLINTER, splint'er, n. a piece of wood 
 or other substance split off. — v.t. and v.i. 
 to split into splinters. 
 SPLINTERY, splint'er-i, adj. made of or 
 
 hke splinters. 
 SPLIT, split, v.t. to cleave lengthwise : to 
 tear asunder violently : to divide : to 
 throw into discord. — v.i. to divide or part 
 asunder : to be dashed to pieces : — pr.p. 
 splitt'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. split. — n. a 
 crack or rent lengthwise. [Allied to Dut. 
 splijteii, Grer. spleiszen. Cf. Splice and 
 Splint.] 
 SPLUTTER, splut'er, v.i. to eject drops of 
 saliva while speaking : to scatter ink 
 upon a paper, as a bad pen. [By-form of 
 Sputter.] 
 SPODOMANCY, spod'o-man-si, n. di\-ina- 
 tiou by ashes. [Gr. spodos, a cinder, and 
 viantcia, divination.]^ 
 SPODOMANTIC, spod-6-man'tik, adj. re- 
 lating to spodomancy, or divination by 
 means of ashee. Kingslsy. 
 SPODUMENE, spod'u-men, n. a mineral, 
 hard, brittle, and translucent, called by 
 Haiiy triphane. It occurs in laminated 
 masses, ea.sily divisible into prisms with 
 rhomboidal bases ; the lateral faces 
 smooth, shining, and pearlj' ; the cross 
 fracture uneven and splintery. Before 
 the blowpipe it exfoliates into little 
 yellowish or grayish scaJes ; whence its 
 name. It is found at Uto in Sweden, in 
 the Tyrol, in Ireland, and North America. 
 It consists of silica and alumina, with 8 
 to 10 per cent of lithia, and a little 
 protoxide of iron. [Fr. spodumhte, Gr. 
 spodoumenos, part, passive of spodoo, to 
 reduce to ashes, from spodos, ashes.] 
 SPOIL, spoil, v.t. to take by force : to 
 plunder. — v.i. to practice robbery. — n. 
 that which is taken by force : plunder : 
 pillage : robbery. — n. Spoil'er, a plun- 
 derer. [Prob. short for despoile — O. Fr. 
 despoiller (Fr. depouUler) — L. despoliare 
 — cfe-, and spolio — spoliitm, spoil.] 
 SPOIL, spoil, v.t. to corrupt: to mar : to 
 make useless. — v.i. to decay : to become 
 useless. — n. SpOIL'er, a corrupter. [Same 
 as above word.] 
 SPOKE, spok, pa.t. of Speak. 
 SPOKE, spok, 11. one of the bars from the 
 nave to the rim of a wheel. [A.S. spaca ; 
 cog. with Ger. speiche ; conn, with Spike. 
 a small pointed rod.] 
 SPOKEN. sipbVn, pa.p. of Speak. 
 SPOKESHAVE, spok'shav, n. a plane for 
 dressi:.g the spokes of wheels. [Cf. 
 Shavlsg.] 
 SPOKESMAN, spoks'man, n. (B.) one who 
 
 speaks for another, or for others. 
 SPOLIATE, sp6'li-at, v.t. to sjioil : to plun- 
 der : to pillage. — v.i. to practice robbery. 
 [L. spoliatus, pa.p. of spolio — sjxiliwn, 
 spoil.] 
 SPOLIATION, sp6-li-a'shun, n. act ot spoil- 
 ing : robbery. 
 SPONDAIC, spon-da'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 or consisting of spondees. 
 
 SPONDEE, spon'de, n. in classical poetiy, 
 a foot of two long syllables, as belto. [Fr. 
 — L. sjyondeus (pes)— Gr. spondeios (ixyus), 
 (a foot) of two syllables, so called be- 
 cause much used in the slow solemn 
 hymns sung at a sponde or drink-ofler- 
 iug {— spends). See Sponsor.] 
 SPONGE, spunj, n. the pcrous framework 
 of an animal, found attached to rocks, 
 etc., under water, remarkable for its 
 power of sucking up water : an instru- 
 ment for cleaning cannon after a dis- 
 charge : the htel of a horse's shoe. — v.t. 
 to wipe -with a sponge : to wipe out with 
 a sponge : to wipe out completely : to 
 destroy. — v.i. to suck in, as a sponge : to 
 gain by mean tricks. [A.S. , O.Fr. esponge 
 (Fr. eponge)—h. spongia—Ov. sponggia, 
 sponggos. Doublet Ftngus.] 
 SPONGECAKE, spunj'kak, n. a very light 
 
 cake. 
 SPONGING-HOUSE, spunj'ing-hows, n. a 
 victualling house, or tavern, in England, 
 where persons arrested for debt were 
 kept by a bailiff for twenty-four hours 
 before being lodged in prison, in order 
 that their friends might have an oppor- 
 tunity of settling the debt. Sponging- 
 houses were usually the private dwell- 
 ings of baQLffs, and were so named from 
 the extortionate charges made upon pris- 
 oners for their accommodation therein. 
 SPONGY, spunj'i, adj. like a sxionge : of an 
 open texture : soft and porous : wet and 
 soft: capable of imbibing fluids. — n. 
 Spong'in'Ess. 
 SPONSAL, spon'sal, adj. pertaining to a 
 betrothal, a marriage, or a spouse. [L. 
 — sponsus, a betrothal — spondeo, s2)onsus, 
 to promise solemnly. See Sponsor.] 
 SPONSOR, spon'sur, n. one who promises 
 solemnly for another : a surety : a god- 
 father or godmother. — n. Spon'sorship. 
 [L. — spondeo, sponsus, to promise sol- 
 emnly, akin to Gr. spendo, to pour a 
 libation, spondai, a solemn treaty. Cf. 
 Spouse.] 
 SPONSORIAL, spon-so'ri-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to a »po)isor, or sponsorsliip. 
 SPONTANEITY, spon-ta-ne'i-ti, n. state or 
 
 quality of being spontaneous. 
 SPONTANEOUS, spon-ta'ne-us, adj. of 
 one's free-iciU : involuntary : acting by 
 its own impulse or natural law : pro- 
 duced of itself or without interference. 
 — adv. Sponta'keouslt. [L. spontaneits 
 — sponte, of one's own accord — spondeo.'] 
 SPOOL, spool, n. a hollow cylinder for 
 winding yarn upon. — v.t. to wind on 
 spools. [Low Ger.; Ger. sjyule.] 
 SPOON, spoon, n. an instrument for sup- 
 ping liquids. [Lit. "ac/a>of wood," A.S. 
 spon ; Grer. span, a chip, Ice. spann, a 
 chip, a spoon.] 
 SPOON-BILL, spoon'-bil, n. the popular 
 name of the birds of the genus Platalea 
 belonging to the heron famUy (Ardeida?), 
 order Grallatores, from the shape of the 
 bill, which is somewhat like a spoon or 
 spatula. They live in society in wooded 
 marshes, generalU' not far fiom the 
 mouths of rivers, and on the se.a-shore. 
 Tlie white spoon-bill (P. leucorodia) iu- 
 habits Europe generally, being rare, how- 
 ever, in England, although conmion in 
 Holland in summer. As winter approaches 
 it migrates to more southern regions, par- 
 ticularly the salt marshes on the coast of 
 Italy, till tlie milder weather recalls it. 
 The roseate spoon-bill (P. ajaja) is an 
 American species, with the plumage of a 
 fine rose color. The name is also given 
 to a kind of .sturgeon (Polyodon S2}atula) 
 found in the Ohio, Mississippi, etc. It 
 is remarkable for the uncommonly elon- 
 gated and flattened snout, wUion it uses 
 for digging in the mud in search of food, 
 
 and for wanting those bony plates whick 
 generallj- form so charactei-istic an adorn' 
 ment of the sturgeon. 
 SPOONEY, spoon'i, adj. silly, weakly affec- 
 tionate. [As if fed on sjjooii-meat.] 
 SPOONFUL, spoon'fool. n. as much as a 
 sjMon contains when full : a small quan- 
 titv. 
 SPOOR, spoor, )!. track or trail of an ani- 
 mal, esp. when hunted as game. [Dut. 
 spoor, a track, cog. with Scot, speir, to 
 ask.] 
 SPORADIC, spo-rad'ik, adj., scattered— Si 
 term specially applied to solitary cases 
 of a disease lisually epidemic. [Gr. spo- 
 radikos — sporas, sporados, scattered — 
 speiro, to sow.] 
 SPORE, spor, 71. a minute grain which 
 serves as a seed in flowerless plants like 
 the fern. [Gr. sjJoros, a sowing, seed — 
 speiro, to sow.] 
 SPORRAN, spor'an, ?(. an ornamental 
 pouch worn in front of the kilt by the 
 Highlanders of Scotland. [Gael, sporan.] 
 SPORT, sport, v.i. to play : to frolic : to 
 practice field diversions: to trifle. — v.t. 
 to amuse : to make merry : to represent 
 playfully. — n. that which amuses or 
 makes merry : play : mirth : jest : con- 
 temptuous mirth : anything for playing 
 with: a toy : idle jingle: field diversion : 
 any organism deviating from tlie normal 
 or natural condition ; an aberrant nat- 
 ural production ; a monstrosity ; a lusus 
 natura;; as, "Yes — I nursed thee, . . . 
 thou monstrous sport of nature." — By- 
 ron ; specifically, in bot. a plant that as- 
 sumes a character and appearance dis- 
 tinct from the normal type, a bud or 
 portion of a plant that assumes such a 
 form. [Short for DlSPoRT.] 
 SPORTFUL, sport'fool, adj. full of sport f 
 merry: full of jesting.— ai/i'.SpORT'FtXLY. 
 — II. Sport'FULNESS. 
 SPORTING, sport'ing, adj. relating to or 
 
 engaging in sports. — adv. SpORT'INGLT. 
 SPORTIVE, sport'iv, adj. inclined to sjwrt : 
 playful : merry. — adv. Sport'ively. — n. 
 Sport'iveness. 
 SPORTSSIAN, sports'man, n, one who 
 practices, or one skilled in fteid-sporfs. — 
 ji. Sports'jiakship, practice or skill of a 
 sportsman. 
 SPORTULARY, sport'u-la-ri, adi. subsist- 
 ing on alms or charitable contributions. 
 " These sportulary frsa.cheTS."—Bp. Hall. 
 [See Sporttle.] 
 SPORTULE, sport'ul, n. an alms : a dole: 
 a charitable gift or contribution : a lar- 
 gess, either of meat or money, given by 
 princes or great men to the poor people. 
 Ayliffe. [L. spiortula, a little basket, dim. 
 of sporta, a wicker basket.] 
 SPORULE, spor'ul, n. in bot. a little spore. 
 The word is sometimes used generally in 
 the same sense as spore, sometimes to 
 denote a distinct granule within a spore. 
 Trects. of Bot. [A dim. from Spore.] 
 SPORULIFEROUS, spor-u-Iif'er-us, adj. 
 in hot. beai'ing or producing sporules. 
 [E. spomle, and L. fero, to produce.] 
 SPOT, spot, )i. a mark made by a drop of 
 wet matter : a blot : a discolored place : 
 a small part of a different color : a small 
 extent of space : any particular jjlace : 
 sometliing that soils : a stain on charac- 
 ter or reput.ition.— r./. to mark with 
 drops of wet : to stain : to discolpr : to 
 taint : to tarnish, as reputation -.—j/r.p. 
 sijott'ing ; jia.t. and pa.2>. spott'ed. [M. 
 E. sjiat, Scot, and Dut. «2Jaf, prob. from 
 tlie root of Spit, to throw out from the 
 movitli.] 
 SPOTLESS, spot'les, ac^". without a spot : 
 untainted : pure.— <idi'. Spot'lesslt.— ft. 
 Spot'lessness.
 
 SPOTTED 
 
 407 
 
 bPUMOUS 
 
 SPOTTED, spot'ed, SPOTTY, spot'i, aijj. 
 niarkea with spots or discolored places. 
 
 SPOUSAL, spowz'al, adj. pertaining to a 
 s2youse, or to marriage : nuptial ; matri- 
 monial. — n. usually in pi. nuptials : mar- 
 riage. 
 
 SPOUSE, spowz, n. a husband or wife. 
 [Lit. "one promised in marriage," " a 
 betrothed person," O. Fr. esimus (Fr. 
 epoiix, fem. epouse) — L. sjMiisus, pa. p. of 
 spondeo, to promise, to promise in mar- 
 riage. Cf. Espouse and Sponsor.] 
 
 SPOUT, spowt, v.t. to throw out, as from 
 a pipe. — v.i. to issue with violence, as 
 from a pipe. — n. the projecting mouth of 
 a vessel from which a stream issues : a 
 pipe for conducting a liquid. [Allied to 
 but. spuiten. Ice. spyta, from root of 
 Spit, to throw out.] 
 
 SPSACK, sprak, adj. vigorous : siiriglitly: 
 spruce : lively: animated : quick: alert. 
 (Old and provincial English.) Shake- 
 speare has it in the form sprag, being 
 put into the mouth of Sir Hugh Evans, a 
 Welshman, who pronounces liic, hcec. hoc, 
 as hig, hceg, hog. "Ifj-our Royal High- 
 ness had seen him dreaming and dozing 
 about the banks of Tully Veolaii like an 
 hypochondriac person, j-ou would won- 
 der where he hath .sae suddenly acquired 
 all this fine sprack festivity and jocular- 
 ity." — Sir W.Scott. [Ice. sjjroeAT, brisk, 
 sprightly, also spai-kr, brisk, lively. Cf. 
 also Ir. and Gael, spraic, strength, vigor, 
 spraiceach, vigorous, strong; E. Spree.] 
 
 SPR.AG, sprag, ii. a young salmon. [Ct. 
 Ice spraka, a small flounder.] 
 
 SPRAG, sprag, ii. a billet of wood : spe- 
 cifically, in mining, a diagonal prop or 
 stay for preventing the roof of a mine 
 from sinking in. Edin. Rev. [Allied to 
 Spriq.] 
 
 SPRAG, sprag, v.t. to prop by a sprag : 
 also to stop, as a carriage, on a steep 
 gradient, by putting a sprag in the spokes 
 of the wheel. 
 
 SPRAICH, sprach, n. a cry, a shriek : a 
 collection : a multitude, from the idea 
 of the noise made ; as, a spraich of 
 bairns. Jamieson. [Scotch.] 
 
 SPRAICH, sprach, v.i. to cry : to shriek. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 SPRAICKLE, sprak'l, SPRACKLE, .sprakl, 
 v.i. to clamber: to g-et on with difficulty. 
 Sir W. Scott : Buriis. Written also 
 Sprachle. [Scotch. Ice. spriikla.] 
 
 SPRAIN, spran, v.t. to overstrain the 
 muscles of a joint. — n. an excessive 
 strain of the muscles of a joint. [Lit. 
 "to strain,'' "to squeeze out." O. Fr. 
 espreindre (F-. epreindre), to force out, 
 to strain — L. e.rprimere. See Express.] 
 
 SPRANG, pa. t. of Spring. 
 
 SPRAT, sprat, n. a sea-fish like the heri'ing, 
 but much smaller. [M.E. sprotte ; Dut. 
 sprot. Ger. sprotte.'] 
 
 SPRAWL, sprawl, v.i. to toss or kick about 
 the limbs : to stretch the body carelessly 
 when lying: to spread ungracefully. — n. 
 SPRAwi'ER. [Akin to Low Ger. spa'ddeln, 
 Dan. spraUe, to toss about the limbs.] 
 
 SPRAY, spra, n. small particles of water 
 driven by the wind, iis from the top of 
 waves, etc. [From A.S. spregan, to 
 pour.] 
 
 SPRAY, spra, v. a small shoot of a tree. 
 [Akin to A.S. spree, Ice. .tj)rpA-, a twig. 
 Doublet Sprig.] 
 
 SPREAD, spred, v.t. to scatter abroad or 
 in all directions : to stretch : to extend : 
 to overlay : to shoot out, as branches : 
 to circulate, as news : to cause to affect 
 numbers, as a disease : to diffuse : to Set 
 with provisions, as a table. — i:i. to ex- 
 tend or expand in all directions : to be 
 extended or stretched : to be propagated 
 or circulated :—pa.t and pa.p. spread. — 
 
 n. extent : compass : expansion of parts : 
 a cloth used as a cover, as a bed spread. 
 [A.S. sprcedan ; Dut. spreiden, Ger. 
 S2}feiten7\ 
 
 SPREE, spre, n. a merry frolic : a drunken 
 frolic. [Prov. E. adj. sjjrag, sjiry, sjiree, 
 M.E. sprac, from Ice. .sprcekr, lively.] 
 
 SPRIG, sprig, n. a small shoot or twig. — 
 v.t. to embroider with representations of 
 twigs ■.—pr.2}. sprigg'ing ; jj«.f. and^ja.p. 
 sprigged. [Doublet of SPRAT.] 
 
 SPRIGHTLY, sprit'li, adj., i<pirit-lihe: airy: 
 full ot life : lively : brisk.— w. Spright'iJ- 
 NESS. [From spright, a corr. of Spirit. 
 Cf. SPRiri..] 
 
 SPRING, spring, v.i. to bound: to leap: to 
 rush hastily: to move suddenlj- by elastic 
 foi'ce : to start up suddenly : to break 
 forth : to aijpear : to issue : to come into 
 existence : (/?.) to rise, as the sun. — v.t. 
 to cause to s|)ring up : to start : to pro- 
 duce quickly : to contrive on a sudden : 
 to explode, as a mine: to open, as a leak: 
 to crack, as a mast: — pa.i. sprung, 
 sprang ; pa.p. sprung. — u. a leap : a fly- 
 ing back with elastic force: elastic power: 
 an elastic body : any active power : that 
 by which action is produced : cause or 
 origin : a source : an outflow of water 
 from the earth : (B.) the dawn: the time 
 when plants begin to spring up and grow, 
 the vernal se.ason — March, April, May: a 
 starting of a plank in a vessel: a crack in 
 a mast. [A.S. spj'ingrare; Ger. springen.'] 
 
 SPRINGAL, sprit^'awl, n. an ancient war- 
 like engine, used for shooting large ar- 
 rows, pieces of iron, etc. It is supposed 
 to have resembled the cross-bow in its 
 construction. Written also Springald. 
 [O. Fr. esjJringale, from Ger. springen, 
 to spring.] 
 
 SPRING-BACK, spring'-bak, n. in book- 
 binding, a curved or semicircular false 
 back, made of thin sheet-iron or of stiff 
 pasteboard fastened to the under side of 
 the true back, and causing the leaves 
 of a book thus bound to spring up and lie 
 flat — commonly used in binding ledgers 
 and other blank books. 
 
 SPRING-BALANCE, spring'-bal-ans, n. a 
 contrivance for determining the weight 
 of any article by observing the amount 
 of deflection or compression which it 
 produces upon a helical steel spring 
 properly adjusted and fitted with an in- 
 dex working against a graduated scale. 
 Another form of spring-balance is made 
 in the shape of the letter C, the upper 
 end being suspended by a ring, and the 
 lower end afl'ording attachment for the 
 hook whereby the object is suspended. 
 As the bow opens a finger traverses a 
 graduated arc and registers the weight. 
 
 SPRINGBOK, spring'bok, ?;. a sort of South 
 African antelope, larger than a roebuck. 
 [Dut. for "spring-buck," from its leaping 
 motion.] 
 
 SPRINGE, sprinj, n. a snare with a spring- 
 noose : a gin. — v.i. to catch in a springe. 
 [Prov. E. springle — Spring ; cf. Ger. 
 spren Icel — sprin flf<?» . ] 
 
 SPRINGER, spring'er, n. a kind of dog 
 allied to the spaniel, useful for springing 
 game in copses. 
 
 SPRING-TIDE, spring'-tid, n. a tide which 
 springs or rises higher than ordinary 
 tides, after new and full moon. 
 
 SPRINGY, spring'i, ndj. pertaining to or 
 likeasjiWnjf : elastic : nimble : abounding 
 with springs or fountains. — n. Spring'i- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 SPRINKLE, spring'kl, v.t. to scatter in 
 small drops or particles : to scatter on : 
 to baptize with a few drops of water : to 
 pui-ify. — i:i. to .scatter in drops. — n. 
 Sprin'kle or Sprink'lino, a small miau- 
 tity sprinkled. — n. Sprink'LKR. [Freq. 
 
 formed from A.S. sprengan, the causative 
 of Spring ; cf. Ger. sprenheln.'] 
 
 SPRIT, sprit, n. (naut.) a spar set diago- 
 nally to extend a fore-and-aft sail. [A.S. 
 spreot, a pole ; Dut. and Ger. spriet, a 
 bowsprit ; conn, with Sprout.] 
 
 SPRITE, sprit, n. a spirit : a shade . a 
 ghost. [A corr. of Spirit. Cf. Sprightly.] 
 
 SPROUT, sprowt, n. a germ or young 
 shoot : — -pZ. young shoots from old cab- 
 bages. — v.i. to shoot : to push out new 
 shoots. [M. E. spiriite — A.S. spreotan 
 (Ger. spneszen) ; cog. with Dut. spruit, 
 Cf. Sprit and Spruce-beer.] 
 
 SPRUCE, sproos, adj. smart : neat. — adv. 
 Spruce'ly. — n. Spruce'ness. [Prob. from 
 O. Fr. preiis (Fr. x>reux), gallant.] 
 
 SPRUCE, sproos, v.t. to trim or dress in a 
 sjjruce manner, or with affected or finical 
 neatness: to prink or prank. " To spyruce 
 his plumes." — Dr. H. More. 
 
 SPRUCE, sproos, v.i. to dress one's self 
 with affected neatness. — To spruce up, 
 to dress one's self sprucely or neatly. 
 "Till she had spruced vp her.self first."— 
 Burton. 
 
 SPRUCE, sproos, SPRUCE-FIR, sproos'- 
 fer, n. the name given to several species 
 of trees of the genus Abies. The Norway 
 spruce-flr is A. excelsa, which yields the 
 valuable timber known under the name 
 of white or Christiana deal. The white 
 sjiruce is the A. alba, which grows in the 
 colder regions of North America. The 
 black spruce-fir is the A. nigra, which is 
 a native of the most inclement regions of 
 North America, and attains the height 
 of 70 or 80 feet, with a diameter of from 
 1.5 to 30 inches. Its timber is of great 
 value on account of its strength, light- 
 ness, and elasticity. It is employed for 
 the yards of ships, and from the young 
 branches is extracted the essence o/.yjiv/cc, 
 so well known as a useful anti-scorbutic. 
 The red spruce is A. rubra. The Iiem- 
 lock spruce-fir is the ^-i. canadensis, a. 
 noble species, rising to the height of 70 
 or 80 feet, and measuring from 3 to 3 feet 
 in diameter. It grows abundantly near 
 Quebec, in Nova Scotia, New Bruns- 
 wick, Termont, and the upper parts of 
 New Hampshire. The wood is employed 
 for laths, and for coarse in-door work. 
 The bark is exceedingly valuable for tan- 
 ning. [According to one view from O. 
 E. Spruce, Pruce, Prussian, because the 
 tree was first known as a native of Prus- 
 sia. But cf. Ger. sprofsxcn-jichtc, the 
 spruce-fir, lit. sprout-llr, from sprossen, 
 young sprouts, spriessen, to sprout. Ac- 
 cording to Wedgwood the tree was called 
 the sprout-fir from its sprouts being used 
 in making beer, spruce-hear (that is 
 .■!/>ro!(f-beer).] 
 
 SPRUCE- BEER, sprOos'-ber,H. a fermented 
 liquor made from the leaves and small 
 branches of the spruce-fir or from tlie 
 essence of spruce, boi'.ed with sugar or 
 molasses, and fermented with yeast. 
 There ai-e two kinds, the brown and the 
 white, of whicli the latter is considered 
 the bfcst, as being made from white sugar 
 instead of molasses. Spruce-beer forms 
 an agreeable and wholesome beverage, 
 and is useful as an antiscorbutic. 
 
 SPRUNG, pn.f. a.xn\pa.p. of Spring. 
 
 SPUD. spud. n. a narrow spade with a 
 shoi-t handle. [From root of Spade.] 
 
 SPUE. Same as Spew. 
 
 SPUME, spurn, n. scum or froth sp>eu-ed or 
 thrown up by liquids: foam. — v.i. to 
 throw up scum : to foam. [L. spuma-~ 
 spun, E. Spew.] 
 
 SPUMOLTS, spum'us, SPUMY, spum'i, adj. 
 consisting of spume or froth : frothy : 
 foamy.
 
 SPUN 
 
 40S 
 
 SQUEAMISH 
 
 SPUN, jpa.f. AnApa.p. of Spin. 
 
 SPUN-GOLD, spun' -gold. ». flattened gold, 
 or silver-gilt wire wound on a thread of 
 yellow silk. 
 
 SPUNK, spungk, n. touchwood ; tinder ; a 
 kind of tinder made from a species of 
 fungus; "Spunk, or touchwood pre- 
 pared." — Sir T. Broicne : a quick, ardent 
 temper ; mettle ; spirit ; pluck ; " Thy 
 girl, perhaps a lass of spunk." — Wolcot ; 
 " Men of spunk, and spirit, and power, 
 both of mind and body." — Prof. Wilson : 
 a ver3' small fire ; a fiery spark or small 
 flame ; also, a lucifer-match. [Scotch. 
 Ir. sponc, tinder, touchwood, sponge, 
 Gael, spong ; from L. spongia, a sponge.] 
 
 SPUNKIE, spungk'i, n. the ignis fatuus, or 
 Will-o'-the-wisp. Burns: a person of a 
 fiery or irritable temper. Gait. [Scotch. 
 From Spunk.] 
 
 SPUNKY, SPUNKIE, spungk'i, adj. spir- 
 ited: fiery: irritable: brisk: an epithet ap- 
 plied to a place supposed to be havinted, 
 from the frequent appearance of the ignis 
 fatuus. "The spimkie howe." — Tanna- 
 hill. [Scotch.] 
 
 SPUN-SILVER, spun'-sil-ver, n. flattened 
 silver wire wound round a thread of 
 coarse silk. 
 
 SPUN-YARN, spun'-yarn, n. {naut.) a line 
 or cord formed of two, three, or more 
 rope-yarns twisted together. The yarns 
 are usually drawn out of the strands of 
 old cables and knotted together. Spun- 
 yarn is used for various purposes, as serv- 
 ing ropes, weaving mats, etc. 
 
 SPUR, spur, n. an instrument on a horse- 
 man's heels, with sharp points for goad- 
 ing the horse: that which goads or insti- 
 gates : something projecting : the hard 
 projection on a cock's leg : a small 
 range of moimtains extending laterally 
 from a larger range. — i\t. to urge on with 
 spurs : to urge onward : to impel: to put 
 spurs on. — r.i.to press forward: to travel 
 in great haste : — pr.p. spurr'ing ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. spurred. [A.S. .<<pura. spora : 
 Ice. spori, Ger. spor-n ; akin to SPAKand 
 Spear.] 
 
 SPURGE, spurj, n. a class of acrid plants 
 with a milky juice, used for taking off 
 warts. [0. iFr. espurge (Fr. ipurge) — L. 
 expurgare, to purge — ex, off, purgo, to 
 clear. See Purge.] 
 
 SPURIOUS, spur'i-us, adj. illegitimate : 
 bastard: not genuine : false. — adv. Spur'- 
 lousLY. — n. Spur'iousness. [L. spnrius.] 
 
 SPURN, spurn, v.t. to drive away as with 
 the foot : to kick : to reject with disdain. 
 — n. disdainful rejection. [A.S. ajjurnan, 
 an extension of SPUR.] 
 
 SPUR-PRUNING, spur'-proon-ing, n. a 
 mode of pruning trees by which one or 
 tW'O eyes of last year's wood are left and 
 the rest cut off. so as to leave short rods. 
 
 SPURr- ROYAL, spur'-roi-al. n. a gold coin, 
 first made in the reign of Edward IV. In 
 the reign of James I. its value was about 
 equal to $3.60 of our money. It was so 
 named from ha\nng on the reverse a sun 
 with the four cardinal rays issuing from 
 it so as to suggest a resemblance to the 
 rowel of a spur. Sometimes written 
 Spur-rial or Spur-ryal. 
 
 SPURT, spurt, v.t. to spout, or send out in 
 a sudden stream, as water. — v.i. to gush 
 out suddenly in a small stream : to flow 
 out forcibly or at intervals. — n. a sudden 
 er violent gush of a liquid from an open- 
 ing : a jet : a sudden and short effort. 
 [Like Spirt, formed by transposition 
 from sprit (Ger. spritzen), conn, with 
 Sprit and Sprout.] 
 
 SPUR-WHEEL, spur'-hwel, n. in mach. a 
 wheel in which the teeth are perpen- 
 dicular to the axis, and in the direction 
 
 of radii. A train of such wheels work- 
 ing into each other is called spur-gear. 
 
 SPUR-WING, spur'-wing, n. the English 
 name for a species of wading birds of the 
 genus Parra, having the wing armed with 
 a bony spur ; they inhabit Africa and 
 South America : the name given to the 
 species of geese of the genus Plectrop- 
 terus, which are natives of Africa, and 
 have two strong spurs on the shoulder 
 of the wing. 
 
 SPUTATION, spu-ta'shun. ??. the act of 
 spitting : that which is spit up. " A 
 moist sputation or e.^pectoration." — Har- 
 vey. [L. sputo, sputatum, to spit.] 
 
 SPUTATIVE, spiVta-tiv, adj. spitting 
 much : inclined to spit. M'otton. 
 
 SPUTTER, sput'er, v.i. to spit in small 
 drops, as in rapid speaking : to throw 
 out moisture in scattered drops : to speak 
 rapidlj' and indistinctly. — i:t. to throw 
 out with haste and noise : to utter hastily 
 and indistincth'.— n. moist matter thrown 
 out in particles. [Like Spatter, from 
 the stem of Spit and Spout.] 
 
 SPY,spI,w.one sent into an enemy's country 
 or camp to find out their strength, etc.: 
 one who keeps a watch on others : one 
 who secretly conveys information. — v.t. 
 to see: to discover.generally at a distance: 
 to discover by close search : to inspect 
 secretly:— pa.?, and po.js. spied. [O. Fr. 
 espie — O. Ger. speha ; cog. with L. specio, 
 Sans, spac] 
 
 SPYGLASS, spT'glas, n. e glass for spying : 
 a small telescope. 
 
 SPY- WEDNESDAY, spi-wens'da, n. an old 
 name given to the Wednesday immedi- 
 ately preceding Easter, in allusion to the 
 betrayal of Christ by Judas Iscariot. 
 
 SQUAB, skwob, adj. fat; short and stout ; 
 plump ; bulky : unfledged ; unfeathered; 
 as, a squab pigeon. 
 
 Why must old pigeons, and they stale, be drest, 
 When there's so many squab ones in the nest ? 
 
 —Dr. W. King. 
 
 [A word which also occurs without the s. 
 According to Wedgwood, from the sound 
 made by a soft lump falling.] 
 SQUAB, skwob, n. a young pigeon or dove: 
 a short fat person; 
 
 Gorgonius sits abdominous and wan^ 
 Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan. 
 
 —CoKper : 
 
 A kind of sofa or couch ; a stuffed 
 
 cushion; "Punching the squab o( chairs 
 
 and sofas with their dirtj- fists."— Dickens; 
 
 Ou a larj^e squab you find her spread. — Pope. 
 
 SQUAB, skwob, adv. striking at oLce: 
 with a heavy fall : plump. "The eagle 
 took the tortoise up into the air and 
 dropt him, sqxiab, upon a rock." — Sir B. 
 L'Estrange. 
 
 SQUAB, skwob, v.i. to fall plump. 
 
 SQU ABASH, skwa-bash'. v.t. to crush : to 
 quash. "His (Gifford's) satire of the 
 Baviad and Majviad squabashed, at one 
 blow, a set of coxcombs who might have 
 humbugged the world long enough." — 
 Sir W. Scott. 
 
 SQUABBISH, skwob'ish, SQUABBY, 
 skwob'i, adj. thick ; fat : heavy. " Diet 
 renders them of a squabbish or lardy 
 habit of body." — Harvey. 
 
 SQUABBLE, skwob'i, v.i. to dispute in a 
 noisy manner : to wrangle. — n. a noisy, 
 petty quarrel : a brawl. — n. Squabb'ler. 
 [Akin to Low Ger. kabbeln, to quarrel, 
 and Prov. Ger. schwabbeln, to jabber.] 
 
 SQUAD, skwod, ??. a small bodj' of men 
 assembled for drill. [Fr. escouade (It. 
 squadra)—!^. e.rqnadrare, to make square. 
 See Squadron.] 
 
 SQUADRON, skwod'run, n. a body of cav- 
 alry, consisting of two troops, or 120 to 
 200 men: a section of a fleet, commanded 
 by a flag-officer. [Orig. a square of 
 
 troops, Fr. escouade (It. squadra). See 
 Square.] 
 
 SQUALID, skwol'id, adj.. stiff with dirt: 
 filthy. — adv. Squax'idly.— ». Squal'id- 
 NESS. [L. squalidus — squaleo, to be 
 stiff ; akin to Gr. skello, to dry.] 
 
 SQL^ALL, skwawl, v.i. to crj' out vie- 
 lently. — 7i. a loud cry or scream : a vio- 
 lent gust of wind. [Ice. sqvala ; Ir. and 
 Gael, sgal, to shriek; an imitative word ; 
 cf. Squeal.] 
 
 SQUALLY, skwawl'i, adj. abounding or 
 disturbed with squalls or gusts of wind •. 
 gusty. 
 
 SQUALOR, skwol'or, n. state of being 
 squalid : dirtiness : filthiness. [L.] 
 
 SQUANDER, skwon'der, v.t. to spend 
 lavishly or wastefuUy. — 7i. Squan'derer. 
 [Ety. dub. ; perh. a nasalized form of 
 Prov. E. squatter, to splash, to disperse ; 
 allied to E. Scatter.] 
 
 SQUARE, skwar, adj. having fmir equal 
 sides and angles : forming a right angle : 
 having a straiglit front or an outline 
 formed by straight lines. — n. that which 
 is square : a square figure : a four-sided 
 space inclosed by houses : a square body 
 of troops : the length of the side of any 
 figure squared: an instrument for measur- 
 ing right angles : (arith.) the product of 
 a quantity multiplied by itself. — v.t. to 
 form like a square : to form with four 
 equal sides and angles : (arith.) to mul- 
 tiply by itself : (naut.) to place at right 
 angles with the keel. — n. Square'ness. 
 [O. Fr. esquarre (Fr. equerre) — L. ex- 
 quadrare, to square — qiiadrus, conn, with 
 quattnor, four. Cf. Squad and Quarry.} 
 
 SQUASH, skwosh.r'.f. to beat or press into 
 pulp : to crush flat. — n. a sudden fall or 
 shock of soft bodies : anything soft and 
 easily crushed, anything soft or unripe. 
 [Conn, with QUASH.] 
 
 SQUASH, skwosh, ii. a plant of the genus 
 Cucurbita, C. Melopepo. and its fruit, 
 cultivated in America as an article of 
 food. "Squash is an Indian kind of pum- 
 pion that grows apace.'" — Boyle. [From 
 American Indian name : •• Asktttasquash, 
 . . . which the English fro^n t;iem call 
 squashes." — Boger IVilliams. From as- 
 quash (pi.), raw, green.] 
 
 SQUASH, skwash, n. the American name 
 for a species of weasel. "The smell of 
 our weasels, and ermines, and polecats 
 is fragrance itself, when compared to 
 that of the squash and the skuuk." — 
 Ooldsm ith. 
 
 SQUASH-BUG, skwosh'-bug, n. a name 
 given in the United States to insects well 
 known for their destructive ravages upon 
 squash and pumpkin plants. 
 
 SQUAT, skwot. v.i. to .sit down upon the 
 hams or heels : to cower, as an animal : 
 to settle on new land without title: — pr.p. 
 squatt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. squatt'ed. 
 [Prov. E. quat, to squat; prob. aRomance 
 word ; cf. It. quatto, cowering, Fr. (se) 
 cacher, to crouch down, to hide one's self, 
 both from L. coactus, pa.p. of cogo — co-, 
 together, and ago, to drive.] 
 
 SQUATTER, skwot'er, n. a settler on new 
 land without title : one who leases pas- 
 ture land from the government, in Aus- 
 tralia and New Zealand. [See Squat.] 
 
 SQUAW, skwaw, n. among the American 
 Indians, a woman, esp. a wife. 
 
 SQUEAK, skvvek, v.i. to utter a shrill and 
 usually short cry. — n. a sudden, shrill cry. 
 [Imitative; cf. Sw. sqvaka, to croak. Grer. 
 quicken, to squeak.] 
 
 SQUEAL, skwel, v.i. to utter a shrill and 
 prolonged sound. [Imitative ; cf. Sw. 
 sqvala, to cry out.] 
 
 SQUEAMISH, skwem'ish, adj. sickish at 
 stomach : easily disgusted or offended : 
 fastidious in taste. — adv. Squeam'ishlt.
 
 SQUEEZE 
 
 409 
 
 STALK 
 
 — n. Squeam'ishness. [Akin to Ice. 
 sveini-r, stir. Ger. scluveini-en, to become 
 giddy or faiat, conn, with Sv^^iI ; prob. 
 also influenced hy qualmish {see Qualm).] 
 
 SQUEEZE, skwez, v.t. to crush or press 
 between two bodies : to embrace closelj-: 
 to foi'ce through a small hole : to cause 
 to pass. — v.i. to push between close bod- 
 
 I ies: to press: to crowd. — «. act of squeez- 
 ing : pressing between bodies. [Si. E. 
 qiteisen — A.S. ewisan ; akin to Ger. quet- 
 
 SQUETEAGUE, skwe-teg*, n. an American 
 fish, the Labrus squeteaffue of Mitchell, 
 the Otolithus regalisoi Cuvier, very com- 
 mon in the waters of Long Island Sound 
 and adjacent bays, where it is captured 
 in large quantities for the table. It pro- 
 duces a dull sound like that of a drum. 
 
 SQUIB, skwib, n. a paper tube filled with 
 combustibles, thrown up into tlie air 
 burning and bursting : a petty lampoon. 
 [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 SQUILL, skwil, n. a genus of plants (in- 
 cluding the bluej)ell) allied to the lily, an 
 African species of which is used in medi- 
 cine. [Fr. squille — L. sqiiilla, scilla — Gr. 
 skiUa.] 
 
 SQUINT, skwint, adj. looking obliquely : 
 having the vision distorted. — v.i. to look 
 obliquely : to have the \'ision distorted. 
 — v.t. to cause to squint. — n. act or habit 
 of squinting : an oblique look : distortion 
 of vision. [Prob. allied to Dut. schiiin, 
 oblique ; of. Wink, and Fr. guigner, to 
 squint.] 
 
 SQUIRE, skwir, n. short for Esqoee. 
 
 SQUIRREL, skwir'el, n. a nimble, reddish- 
 brown, rodent animal with a bushy tail. 
 [Lit. "shadow-tail," O. Fr. esquirel (Fr. 
 eeureuil) — Low L. seiiriolus, dim. of L. 
 scinms—Gr. skiouros — skia, shade, oiira, 
 tailj 
 
 SQUIRREL-CORN, skwir'el-korn. n. the 
 American name for a fragrant plant of 
 the genus Dicentra (D. canade7isi^), nat. 
 order Fumariaceae. 
 
 SQUIRREL-FISH, skwir'el-fish, n. a sort 
 of perch. 
 
 SQUIRREL-MONKEY, skwir'el-mung-ki, 
 n. a platyrhine or flat-nosed monkey of 
 the genus CaUithrix, inhabiting Brazil, 
 resembling in general appearance and 
 size the familiar squirrel. 
 
 SQUIRREL-TAIL, skwir'el-tal, n. a name 
 for a species of wild barley, Hordeum 
 maritimum. 
 
 SQUIRT, skwert, v.t. to throw out water 
 in a stream from a narrow opening. — n. 
 a small instrument for squirting: a small, 
 quick stream. [Allied to Low Ger. swirt- 
 jen, O. Sw. squattra, to scatter. Cf. 
 Squander.] 
 
 SRADHA, srad'ha, SHRADDHA. shrad'- 
 ha. n. a funeral ceremonj' puid by the 
 Hindus to the ma"nes of deceased ances- 
 tors, to eS'ect, by means of oblations, the 
 re-embodying of the soul of the deceased 
 after burning his corpse, and to raise his 
 shade from this world up to heaven 
 among the manes of departed ancestors. 
 
 SRAVAKA, sra'va-ka or shra'va-ka, n. a 
 name given to those disciples of Buddha 
 who through the practice of the four 
 
 Jrreat truths attain the dignity of saints. 
 Sans, sru, to hear.] 
 AB, stab, v.t. to wound w^ith a pointed 
 weapon : to wound : to injure secretly, 
 or h)- falsehood or slander. — v.i. to give 
 a stab or a mortal wound : — pr.p. stabb'- 
 ing ; pa.t. and pa.}), stabbed. — n. a wound 
 with a pointed weapon : an injury given 
 secretly. [Orig. " to pierce witli a staff 
 or stake." See Staff.] 
 STABILITY, sta-bil'i-ti, n. state of being 
 stable : firmness : steadiness : inamova- 
 bility. [Fr.— L.] 
 
 STABLE, sta'bl, adj. that stands firm : 
 firmly established : durable : firm in pur- 
 pose or character : constant. — adv. Sta'- 
 BLY. — n. Sta'bleness. [Fr. — L. stabilis 
 — sto, E. Stam).] 
 
 STABLE, sta'bl, n. a building for horses 
 and cattle. — v.t. to put or keep in a sta- 
 ble. — v.i. to dwell in a stable. [O. Fr. 
 estable (Fr. Hable) — L. stabidum — sto, E. 
 Stand.] 
 
 STABLING, sta'bling, n. act of putting 
 into a stable : accommodation for horses 
 and caittle 
 
 STABLISH,' stab'lish, v.t. old form of Es- 
 tablish. 
 
 STACCATO, stak-ka'to, adj. (mus.) giving 
 a clear distinct sound to each note. [It., 
 from staccare, for distaccare, to separ- 
 ate, from root of Tack.] 
 
 STACK, stak, n. (lit.) that which sticks 
 out : a large pile of hay, grain in the 
 sheaf, corn, wood, etc.: a number of 
 chimneys standing together. — v.t. to pile 
 into a stack or stacks. [Dan. stak, Ice. 
 ■stak-r ; conn, with St a KB, Stick, and 
 Stock.] 
 
 STACKYARD, staVyard, n. a yard for 
 stacks. 
 
 STACTE, stak'te, n. one of the sweet spices 
 which composed the holy incense of the 
 ancient Jews. Two kinds have been de- 
 scribed, one the fresh gum of the myrrh 
 tree (Balsamodendron Myrrlia), mixed 
 ■with water and squeezed out through 
 a press ; the other kind, the resin of the 
 storax (Styra.v officinale), mixed with 
 wax and fat. Exod. xxx. 34. [Gr. stakte, 
 the oil that drops from myrrh, from 
 stazo, to drop, to distilj 
 
 STADIUM, sta di-um,?(. a Greek measure of 
 135 geometrical paces, or 625 Roman feet, 
 equal to 606 feet 9 inches English ; con- 
 sequently the Gi-eek stadium was some- 
 what less than our furlong ; it was the 
 principal Greek measure of length : the 
 course for foot - races at Olympia in 
 Greece, which was exactly a stadium 
 in length ; the name was also given to 
 all other places throughout Greece 
 wherever games were celebrated : in 
 vied, the stage or period of a disease, 
 especially of an intermittent disease. 
 [L., from Gr. stadion.'] 
 
 STADTHOLDER, stat'hold-er, n. formerly, 
 the chief magistrate of the United Prov- 
 inces of Holland, or the governor or 
 lieutenant-governor of a province. [Dut. 
 stadhouder — stad, a city, and houder, 
 holderj 
 
 STADTHOLDERATE, stat ' hold - er - at, 
 STADTHOLDERSHIP, stat'hold-er-ship, 
 11. the office of a stadtholder. 
 
 STAFF, staf, n. a stick carried for support 
 or defence: a prop: a long piece of wood: 
 pole : a flagstaff : the long handle of an 
 instrument : a stick or ensign of author- 
 ity : the five lines and spaces for music : 
 a stanza (the previous n'leanings have pi. 
 Staffs or Staves, stavz) : an establish- 
 ment of officers acting together in an 
 army, esp. that attached to the com- 
 mander : a similar establishment of per- 
 sons in any undertaking ; as, the edito- 
 rial staff of a newspaper (the last two 
 meanings have pi. Staffs, stafs). [A.S. 
 stoef ; cog. with Ice. staf-r, Ger. stab.'\ 
 
 STAG, stag, n. the male deer, esp. one of 
 the red deer -.^em. Hind. [Ice. stegg-r, 
 a male bird, 'Yorkshire steg, a gander, 
 Scot. stag, staig, a young horse ; prob. 
 from root stig, to mount.] 
 
 STAGE, staj, n. an elevated platform, esp. 
 in a theatre : theatre : theatrical repre- 
 sentations : any place of exhibition or 
 performance : a pUice of rest on a jour- 
 ney or road : distance between places : 
 degree of progress. [O. Fr. estage (Fr. 
 
 etage), a story of a house, through a L, 
 form staticus, from sto, E. Stand.] 
 
 STAGECOACH, staj'koch, n. a coach that 
 runs regularly with passengers from stage 
 to stage. 
 
 STAGE-PLAYER, staj'-pla'er, n. a piayer 
 on the stage. 
 
 STAGGER, stag'er, v.i: to reel from side te 
 side : to begin to give way : to begin to 
 doubt : to hesitate. — v.t. to cau.se to reel, 
 to cause to ,doubt or hesitate : to shock. 
 [Ice. stakra, to totter, O. Dut. staggeren.] 
 
 STAGGERS, stag'erz. n. a disease of horses. 
 
 STAGHOUND, stag'hownd, n. a hound 
 used in hunting the stag or deer. 
 
 STAGING, staj'ing. n. a stage or structure 
 for workmen in building. 
 
 STAGNANT, stag'nant, adj., stagnating: 
 not flowing : motionless : impure from 
 being motionless : not brisk : dull. — adv. 
 Stag'nantly. [L. stagnant, -antis, pr.p. 
 of stagno. See Stagnate.] 
 
 STAGNATE, stag'nat, v.i. to cease to flow: 
 to become dull or motionless. [L. stagno, 
 stagnatvs — stagnum, a pool.] 
 
 STAGNATION, stag-na'shun, n. act of 
 stagnating : state of being stagnant or 
 motionless : dullness. 
 
 STAID, stJld, adj. steady : sober : grave. 
 — adv. Staid'lt. — n. Staid'ness. [From 
 Stay.] 
 
 STAIN, stan, v.t. to tinge or color : to give 
 a different color to: to dye: to mark with 
 guilt or infamy : to bring reproach on : 
 to sully : to tarnish. — n. a discoloration : 
 a spot: taint of guilt: cause of reproach: 
 shame. [Short for Distain.] 
 
 STAINLESS, stan'les, adj. without or free 
 from stain. 
 
 STAIR, star, ?). (orig.) a series of steps for 
 ascending to a higher level : one of such 
 steps : a flight of steps, only in jj?. [A.S. 
 stager — stigan, to ascend, Ger. steigen, 
 Ice. stigi, a ladder. See Stile, a stepi 
 and StyJ 
 
 STAIRCASE, stilr'kas, n. a case or flight of 
 stairs with balusters, etc. 
 
 STAKE, stak, n. a strong stick pointed at 
 one end : one of the upright pieces of a 
 fence : a post to which an animal is tied, 
 esp. that to which a martyr was tied to be 
 burned : mart^'rdom : anything pledged 
 in a wager. — v.t. to fasten, or pierce with 
 a stake : to mark the bounds of with 
 stakes: to wager; to hazard. [A.S. staca 
 — stecan. See Stick.] 
 
 STALACTIC. starlak'tik, STALACTITIC, 
 sta-lak-tit'ik, adj. having the form or 
 properties of a stalactite. 
 
 STALACTITE, sta-lak'llt, n. a cone of car- 
 bonate of lime, hanging like an icicle, 
 in a cavern, formed by the dripping of 
 water containing carbonate of lime. [Fr. 
 — Gr.6/a7nA-<o.s,dropping — stalazo. to Ar'vp, 
 to drop.] 
 
 STALAGMITE, sta-lag'mit, n. a coue of 
 carbonate of lime on the floor of a cavern, 
 formed by the dripping of water from 
 the roof. [Fr. — Gr. stcdagmos, a drop- 
 ping — stalazo, to drip.] 
 
 STALAGMITIC, sta-lag-mit'ik, adj. hav- 
 ing the form of stalagmites. 
 
 STALE, stal, adj. too long kept : tainted : 
 vapid or tasteless from age, as beer : not 
 new : worn out by age : decayed : no 
 longer fresh : trite. — n. Stale'ness 
 [Prov. E. stale, conn, with O. Dut, .<fei, 
 old.l 
 
 STALE, stal, v.i. to make water, as beasts. 
 [Ger. stallen — stall, a stable, A.S. steall, 
 (See Stall).] 
 
 STALK, stawk, n. the stem of a plant : 
 the stem on which a flower or fruit 
 grows : the stem of a quill. [An exten- 
 sion of A.S. stel (cf. Ice. stilkr, Dan. 
 stilk), cog. with Ger. stiel, which is al- 
 lied to, perh. borrowed from, L. stilus, a
 
 STALK 
 
 410 
 
 STAR-GAZER 
 
 stake, a pale, further coan. with Gr. 
 steleckos.] 
 
 STALK, stawk, v.i. to walk as on stilts : 
 to walk with long, slow steps : to walk 
 behind a stalking-liorse : to pursue game 
 by approaching behind covers. — i\t. to 
 approach secretly in order to kill, as 
 deer. — n. Stalk'ee. [A.S. stealcian — 
 stecUc, high, elevated ; Dan. stalke, to 
 walk with long steps.] 
 
 STALKING-HORSE, stawk',ing-hors, n. a 
 horse behind which a sportsman hides 
 while sfaifctrtgr game : a mask or pretence. 
 
 STALL, stawl, n. a place where a horse or 
 other animal stands and is fed : a division 
 of a stable for a single animal : a stable : 
 a bench or table on which articles are 
 exposed for sale : the fixed seat of a 
 church dignitary in the choir : a reserved 
 seat in a theatre. — v.t. to put or keep in 
 a stall. [A.S. steal!, Ice. stall-r, Ger. 
 stall : eonn. with Ger. stellen, and Gr. 
 stem.] 
 
 STALLAGE, stawl'aj, n. liberty of erecting 
 stalls in a fair or market : rent paid for 
 this liberty. 
 
 STALL-FEED, stawl'-fed. v.t. to feed and 
 fatten in a stall or stable. 
 
 STALLION, stal'j'un, ?;. a horse not cas- 
 trated. [Lit. " a horse kept in the stall," 
 Fr. estaloii (Fr. etalon), through Low L. 
 from O. Ger. stall (see Stall).] 
 
 STALWART, stawl'wart, adj.stout: strong: 
 sturdy : in American politics the more 
 intense and sturdy partisans are called 
 the Stalwarts. [Lit. " worth stealing," 
 A.S.stcel-wordh. See Steal and Worthy.] 
 
 STAMEN, sta'men (pi. Sta'mens), n. one of 
 the male organs of a flower which pro- 
 duce the pollen : — pi. Stam'INA, the prin- 
 cipal strength of anything : the firm 
 part of a body which supports the whole. 
 [Lit. " a thread," L. stamen (pi. .ttami- 
 na), the warp in an upright loom, hence, 
 a thread — sto, E. Stand ; like Gr. stemon, 
 from stenai, to stand.] 
 
 STAMMER, .stam'er. v.i. to halt in one's 
 speech : to falter in speaking : to stutter. 
 — v.t. to utter with hesitation. — n. hesi- 
 tation in speech : defective utterance. — 
 ns. Stamm'erer, Stamm'ering. — adv. 
 St.\jim'eringly. [A.S. stamor, stammer- 
 ing ; cog. with Low Ger. stammern.] 
 
 STAMP, stamp, v.i. to .itep or plant the 
 foot firmly down. — v.t. to strike witli the 
 sole of the foot, by thrusting it down : 
 to impress with some mark or figure : to 
 imprint : to fix deeply : to coin : to form: 
 (B.) to pound. — n. the act of stamping: 
 the mark made bj' pressing something on 
 a soft body : an instrument for making 
 impressions on other bodies : that whicli 
 is stamped: an official mark put on things 
 chargeable with duty, as proof tliat the 
 duty is paid : a small piece of paper hav- 
 ing a certain figure impressed bj' the 
 government, sold to the public to be 
 attached to a paper, letter, or document 
 liable to duty, in order to show that such 
 has been paid; as, a postage stamp, a re- 
 ceipt stomp; an instrument for cutting 
 materials into a certain shape by a down- 
 ward pressure : cast : form : character : 
 a heavy hammer worked by machinery 
 for crushing- metal ores. — n.i. StaMP'er, 
 Stamp'ing. [Low Ger. stampen. Ice. 
 stappa, to stamp ; cog. with Gr. stemph-, 
 Sans, .'^tambh : a nasalized form of Step.] 
 
 STAMP -ACT, stamp'-akt, n. an act for 
 regulating the imposition of stamp- 
 duties ; especially, an act passed by the 
 British parliament in 1765, imposing a 
 duty on all paper, vellum, and parcli- 
 ment used in the American colonies, and 
 declaring all writings on unstamped ma- 
 terials to be null and void. This act 
 
 roused a general opposition in the colo- 
 nies, and wa-sone cause of the Revolution. 
 
 STAMPEDE, stam-ped', n. a sudden fright 
 seizing on large bodies of horses or other 
 cattle, causing them to stamp and run : 
 flight caused by panic. [Sp. estampeda\; 
 from root of St.amp.] 
 
 STANCH, stansh, v.t. to stop the flowing 
 of, as blood. — v.i. (B.) to cease to flow. — 
 adj. constant : trusty : zealous : sound : 
 firm. — adv. Stanch'ly.— ». Stanch'ness. 
 [O. Fr. estanchier (Fr. etancher)—hosv L. 
 stancare, to stanch — L. stagno. stagnare, 
 to be or make stagnant. See Stagnant.] 
 
 STANCHION, stan'shun, n. an upright iron 
 bar of a window or screen : (naut.) an 
 uprig-ht beam used as a support. [O. Fr. 
 estangon — estancer, to stop, to stay. See 
 Stencil.] 
 
 STAND, stand, v.i. to cease to move : to 
 be stationary : to ocoupj' a certain posi- 
 tion : to stagnate : to be at rest : to be 
 fixed in an upright position : to have a 
 position or rank : to be in a particular 
 state : to maintain an attitude : to be 
 fixed or firm : to keep one's ground : to 
 remain unimpaired : to endure : to con- 
 sist : to depend or be supported : to offer 
 one's self as a candidate : to have a cer- 
 tain direction : to hold a course at sea. — 
 v.t. to endure : to sustain : to suffer : to 
 abide bj' : — pa.t. and pa.p. stood. — n. 
 Stand'er. — Stand against, to resist : — 
 BY, to support : — fast, to be unmoved : — 
 FOR, to be a candidate for : (naut.) to 
 direct the course towards : — OUT, to pro- 
 ject : — TO (B.) to agree to : — UP, to rise 
 from a sitting posture : — UPON (B.) to 
 attack : — with, to be consistent. [A.S. 
 standan, Goth, standan, Ice. sta))da. O. 
 Grer. stdn (for stantan), whence Ger. 
 stelien ; from a root seen in Gr. h i-sta-nai, 
 to place, L. sta-re, to stand. Sans, stha.] 
 
 STAND, stand, n. a place where one stands 
 or remains for any purpose : a place be- 
 yond which one does not go : an erection 
 for spectators : something on which any- 
 thing rests: a stop : a difficulty : resist- 
 ance. — n. Standstill, a stop. 
 
 STANDARD, stand'ard, n. that which 
 stands or is fixed, as a rule : the upright 
 post of a truss : that which is established 
 as a rule or model : a staff with a flag : 
 an ensign of war : one of the two flags of 
 a cavalry regiment (not dragoons): (hort.) 
 a standing- tree, not supported bj' a wall. 
 — adj. according to .some standard: legal: 
 usual: having a fixed oi- permanent value. 
 [A.S. — O. Fr. estendard (Fr. etendard), 
 which is either from the Teut. root found 
 in Ger. stehen, E. Stand, or from L. ex- 
 tendere, to stretch out.] 
 
 STANDING, stand'ing, adj. established: 
 settled : jiermanent : fixed : stagnant : 
 being erect. — n. continuance : existence: 
 place to stand in : position in society. 
 
 STANDISH, stand'ish, n. a standing dish 
 for pen and ink. [Stand and Dish.] 
 
 STANNARY, stan'ar-i, adj. of or relating 
 to tin mines or works. — ». a tin mine. 
 [L. staiinHm, tin. 
 
 STANNIC, stan'ik. ac^. pertaining to or 
 procured fi'om tin.] 
 
 STANZA, staii'za, Ji. (poetry) a series of 
 lines or verses connected witli and ad- 
 justed to each other: a division of a poem 
 containing every variation of measure in 
 the poem. [It. stanza, a stop — L. stans, 
 pr.p. of sto, to .stand.] 
 
 STAPLE, sta'pl, n. (orig.) a settled mart or 
 market : the principal production or in- 
 dustrj' of a district or country : the prin- 
 cipal element : the thread of textile fab- 
 rics: unmanufactured material: a loop of 
 iron for holding a pin, bolt, etc. — adj. es- 
 tablished in commerce : regularly pro- 
 duced for market. [A.S. stapul and staffel, 
 
 a prop, a table; G«r. stapel, a heap, mart; 
 L. stabilis. fixed. See St.^ble.] 
 
 STAPLER, sta'pler, n. a dealer. 
 
 STAR, star, n. one of the bright bodies in 
 the heavens, except the sun and moon : 
 one of the heavenly bodies shining by 
 their own liglit, and which keep the same 
 relative position in the heavens: a repre- 
 sentation of a star worn as a badge of 
 rank or honor : a person of brilliant or 
 attractive qualities: (p/-i«f.) an asterisk 
 (*). — v.t. to set with stars : to bespangle. 
 — v.i. to shine, a.s a star : to attract at- 
 tention: — pr.p. starr'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 starred. — Stars ant) Stripes, the Ameri- 
 can flag. — Star of Bethlehem, n. a gar- 
 den plant of the lily family, so called from 
 the likeness of its white s/«r-like flowers 
 to old drawings of the star of Nativitj 
 (Matt. ii. 2, 9, 10). [M. E. sterre— A.S. 
 steorra, cog. with Ger. stern, L. Stella \ 
 (for stertda), Gr. aster, Sans, stri, pi. I 
 star-as.] 
 
 STARBOARD, star'bord, n. the right-hand 1 
 side of a ship, to one looking toward the 1 
 bow. — adj. pertaining- to or lying on the I 
 right side of a .ship. [Lit. '•the steer- j 
 ing- side," A.S. steorbord — steora-n, E. I 
 Steer, and bard, a board, the side of aj 
 ship. See Board, Larboard, and of.} 
 the Ger. .steuerbord.] 
 
 STARCH, starch, adj. stiff, precise. — n.\ 
 stiffness : formality. [Simply a form of I 
 Stark.] " I 
 
 STARCH, starch, n. a glistering white! 
 powder, forming when wet a sort of gum J 
 much used for stiffening cloth. — v.t. to| 
 stiffen with starch. — n. Starch'ER. [Lit. 
 "that which makes .^tark or stiff;" aJ 
 special use of the adj. Stark ; cf. Ger. 
 starke. starch — stark, strong.] 
 
 STAR-CHAMBER,star'-cham-ber, n. form-( 
 erly a court of civil and criminal juris- 
 diction at Westmin.ster. It consisted 
 originally of a committee of the privy- 
 council, and was remodelled during the 
 reign of Henry VIII., when it consisted 
 of four high officers of state, with power 
 to add to their number a bishop and tem- 
 poral lord of the courcil, and two jus- 
 tices of the courts of Westoiinster. It 
 had jurisdiction of forgery, perjury, 
 riots, maintenance, fraud, libel, and con- 
 spiracy, and in general of every misde- 
 meanor, especially those of public im- 
 portance ; it was exempt from the in- 
 tervention of a jury, and could inflict 
 any punishment short of death. L'^nder 
 Charles I. the scope of the Star-cham- 
 ber was extended to cases properly be- 
 longing to the courts of common law, 
 solelj- for the purpose of levying fines. 
 Its process was sumniar\-, and often in- 
 iquitous, and the punishment it inflicted 
 often arbitrary and i-ruel. This court 
 was abolished by statute 16 Charles. I. 
 [Said to be so called because the roof 
 was ornamented with stai-s, or from cer- 
 tain Jewish contracts and obligations, 
 called Starrs (Heb. shetar, pronounced 
 shtar), preserved in it.] 
 
 STARCHED, starcht, adj. stiffened with 
 starch : stiff : formal. — adv. Starch'ed- 
 
 LY. — )(. ST.UICH'EDNESS. 
 
 STARCHY, starch'i, adj. consisting of or 
 like starch: stiff: precise. 
 
 STARE, star, v.i. to look at with a jixed 
 gaze, as in horror, astonishment, etc.: to 
 look fixedly. — v.t. to influence by gazing. 
 —n. a fixed look. [A.S. starian, from a 
 Teut. root seen in Ger. .'■tarr, fixed, rigid; 
 also in E. Stern.] 
 
 STARFISH, star'fish, n. a marine animal 
 usually in the form of a five-ra3-ed star. 
 
 STAR-GAZER, star'-gaz'er, n. one who 
 gazes at the stars : an astrologer : an as- 
 tronomer.
 
 STARK 
 
 411 
 
 STAY 
 
 STARK, stark, adj., stiff: gross: absolute: 
 entire. — adv. absolutely : completely. — 
 adv. Stakk'ly. [A. S. steare, hard, 
 strong, cog. with Ice. sterk-r, Ger. stark. 
 Doublet Starch.] 
 
 STARLING, star'ling, n. a bird about the 
 size of the blackbird : (arch.) a ring of 
 piles supporting the pier of a bridge. 
 [Formed as a dim. from the obs. stare — 
 A.S. star, cog. with G«r. staar, L. stur- 
 nils, Gr. psar.] 
 
 STARRED, stard, adj. adorned or studded 
 with .■^tars. 
 
 STARRY, star*!, adj. abounding or adorned 
 with stars : consisting of or proceeding 
 from the stars : like or shining like the 
 stars. — n. Staer'iness. 
 ^TART, start, v.i. to move suddenly aside: 
 to wince : to deviate : to begin. — v.t. to 
 cause to move suddenly : to disturb sud- 
 denly : to rouse suddenly from conceal- 
 ment : to set in motion : to call forth : 
 to invent or discover : to move suddenly 
 from its place ; to loosen : to empt3- : to 
 pour out. — n. a sudden movement: a 
 sudden motion of the body : a sudden 
 rousing to action : an unexpected move- 
 ment : a sally : a sudden fit : a quick 
 spring : the first motion from a point or 
 place : the outset. [Ice. sterta ; closely 
 akin to Dut. and Low Ger. sforten, ti) 
 plunge, Ger. stiirzen.] 
 
 STARTLE, start'l, v.i. to start or move 
 suddenly: to feel sudden alarm. — v.f. to 
 excite suddenly : to shock : to frighten. 
 — n. sudden alarm or surprise. [Exten- 
 sion of Start.] 
 
 STARVATION, star-va'shun, n. act of 
 starring : state of being starved. 
 
 STARVE, stiirv, v.i. to die of hunger or 
 cold: to suffer extreme hunger or want: 
 to be in want of anything necessary. — 
 v.t. to kill with hunger or cold: to destroy 
 by want : to deprive of power. [A.S. 
 steorfan, cog. with Dut. sterven, Ger. 
 sterben, to die, orig. prob. " to work one's 
 self to death," the Ice. starf, work, pains, 
 and starf a, to work, to take pains, being 
 from the same root.] 
 
 STARVELING, starv^ing, adj. hungry: 
 lean : weak. — n. a thin, weak, pining 
 animal or plant. [See Starve.] 
 
 STATE, stat, n. condition as determined 
 by wiiatever circumstances ; the condi- 
 tion or circumstances of a being or tiling 
 at any given time ; situation ; position ; 
 as, the state of one's health, the state of 
 public affairs, the roads are in a wretched 
 state, to be in a state of uncertainty ; 
 "Nor laugh with his companions at thy 
 state." — Shak. ; "The past and present 
 state- of things."— I>r2/de)i; "The state of 
 the questioi." — Boyle: rank; condition; 
 quahty ; 
 Fair dame, I am not to j-ou known, 
 Thouirh in vour state of lionor 1 am perfect. 
 
 —Shak. : 
 royal or gorg^eous pomp ; appearance of 
 greatness ; 
 
 In state the monarchs niarcli'd.— Drj/den ; 
 
 Where least of state tliere most of loTe is sliowii. 
 
 — Dryden : 
 
 dignity; grandeur; " She instructed him 
 how he should keep state, yet with a 
 modest sense of his misfortunes." — Ba- 
 con : a person of high rank ; " She is a 
 duchess, a great state." — Latimer ; 
 The bold design 
 Pleas'd highly those infernal states.— Milton : 
 any body of men constituting a commun- 
 ity of a particular character in virtue of 
 certain political privileges, who partake 
 either directly or oy representation in the 
 government of their country ; an estate ; 
 a;S, the states of the realm in Great 
 Britain are the Lords, spiritual and tem- 
 poral, and the Commons : a whole people 
 united into one body politic ; a civil and 
 
 self-governing community ; a common- 
 wealth—often with the, "and signifying 
 the body politic to which the party speak- 
 ing belongs ; " Municipal law is a rule of 
 conduct prescribed by the supreme power 
 in a state." — Blackstone ; 
 
 In Aleppo once. 
 Where a inalismant and a turban'd Turk 
 Beat a Venetian and traduc'd the state. — Shak. : 
 
 the power wielded by the government of 
 a country ; the civil power, often as 
 contrasted with ecclesiastical ; as, the 
 union of church and state : one of the 
 commonwealths or bodies politic which 
 together make up the Federal Republic, 
 which stand in certain specifled relations 
 with the central or national government, 
 and as regards internal affairs are more 
 or less independent : a republic, as op- 
 posed to a monarchy. Dryden : a seat of 
 dignity ; a throne ;' "This chair shall be 
 my state." — Sliak. : a canopy; a cover- 
 ing of dignity ; " His high throne, under 
 state of richest texture spread." — Milton: 
 estate ; possession ; 
 
 Strong was their plot. 
 Their states far off, and they of wary wit.— Daniel : 
 
 the highest and stationary condition 
 or point, as that of maturity between 
 
 frowth and decline, or as that of crisis 
 etween the increase and the abating 
 of a disease. ^Viseman : that which is 
 stated or expressed in writing or in words 
 or figures ; a statement ; a document 
 containing a statement ; " He sat down 
 to examine Mr. Owen's states." — Sir IF. 
 Scott. When stati' is used adjectively, 
 or as the first eleniftit in a compound, it 
 denotes public, or what belongs to the 
 community or body politic ; as, state 
 affairs : state policy. [O. Fr. estat, state, 
 case, condition, circumstances, etc.; Mod. 
 Fr. etat ; L. status, state, position, stand- 
 ing, from sto, to stand. See Stand.] 
 OTATE. stat, v.t. to set ; to settle ; to es- 
 tablish ; 
 
 Who calls the council states the day. — Po}ie : 
 to express the particulars of ; to set down 
 in detail or in gross ; to represent fully 
 in words ; to make known speciflcallj' ; 
 to explain particularly : to narrate ; to 
 recite ; as, to state an opinion, to state 
 the particulars of a case ; " I pretended 
 not fully to state, much less demonstrate, 
 the truth contained in the text." — Atter- 
 biiry. — To STATE IT, to assume state or 
 dignity : to act or conduct one's self 
 pompously. " Rarelj' dressed up, and 
 taught to state it." — Beav. & Fl. 
 
 STATED, stat'ed, adj., settled: established : 
 fixed : regular. — adv. Stat'edly. 
 
 STATELY, stut'li, adj. showing state or 
 dignity: majestic: grand. — ?i. State'- 
 
 LIXESS. 
 
 STATEMENT, stat'ment, n. the act of 
 stating : that which is stated : a narra- 
 tive or recital. 
 
 STATE-PAPER, stat'-pa'per, n. an official 
 paper or document relating to affairs of 
 state. 
 
 STATE-PRISONER, stat'-pri/n-er, n. a 
 prisoner confined for offences against 
 the slate. 
 
 STATEROOM, stat'room, n. a stately room 
 in a palace oi' mansion : principal room 
 in tlie cabin of a ship. 
 
 STATESMAN, stats'man, n. a man ac- 
 quainted with the affairs of the state or 
 of government : one skilled in govern- 
 ment : one employed in public affairs : a 
 politician. — n. States'manship. 
 
 STATESMANLIKE, stats'man - lik, adj., 
 like a statesman. 
 
 STATIC, stat'ik, STATICAL, stat'ik-al. adj. 
 pertaining to statics: pertaining to bodies 
 at rest or in equilibrium: resting' acting 
 by mere weight. 
 
 STATICS, stat'iks, 71. the science which 
 treats of the action of force in maintain- 
 ing rest or preventing change of motion. 
 SGrr. statike (episteme, science, being tin- 
 erstood) — histemi, cog. with E. Stand.] 
 
 STATION, sta'shun, n. the place where a 
 person or thing stands: post assigned: 
 position : office : situation : occupation ; 
 business : state : rank : condition in life ; 
 the place where railway trains come to i 
 stand : a district or branch post-office.-- 
 v.t. to assign a station to : to set : to ap 
 point to a post, place, or ofBce. [Lit. "a 
 standing," Fr. — h.statio^sto. See Stand.] 
 
 STATIONARY, sta'shun-ar-i, adj. pertain- 
 ing to a station : standing: fixed: settled: 
 acting from or in a fixed position (as an 
 engine): not progressing or retrogressing: 
 not improving. 
 
 tJTATIONER, sta'shun-er, n. one who sells 
 paper and other articles used in writing. 
 [Orig. a bookseller, from occupying a 
 stall or station in a market place.^ 
 
 STATIONERY, sta'shun-er-i, adj. belong- 
 ing to a stationer. — n. the articles sold 
 by stationers. 
 
 STATIST, sta'tist, n. a statesman, a politi- 
 
 STATISTIC, sta-tist'ik, STATISTICAL, sta- 
 tist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or containing 
 .'itatistics. — adv. Statist'ically. 
 
 STATISTICIAN, stat - ist - ish'an, n. one 
 skilled in the science of statistics. 
 
 STATISTICS, sta-tist'iks. n. a collection of 
 facts and flg'ures regarding t'ne condition 
 of a people, class, etc.: the science which 
 treats of the collection and arrangement 
 of statistics. [Coined (as if from a form 
 statisfiki') from the Gr. statizo, to set up, 
 establish.] 
 
 STATUARY, stat'u-ar-i, n. the art of carv- 
 ing statues : a statue or a collection ot 
 statues : one who makes statues : one 
 who deals in statues. [L. statnarius.] 
 
 STATUE, stat'il, ?;. alikenessof a living be 
 ing carved out of some solid substance : 
 an image. [Lit. " that which is made to 
 .stand or is set up," Fr. — Ij.statua — stat'io, 
 to cause to stand — sfo.] 
 
 STATUESQUE, stat-fl-esk', adj. like a 
 statue. [Fr.] 
 
 STATUETTE, stat-u-et', n. a small statue. 
 [Fr.] 
 
 STATURE, stat'ur, n. the height of any 
 
 e : condition: rank 
 
 animal. [L. statura.} 
 STATUS, sta'tus, n., stati 
 
 STATUTABLE, stat'ut-a-bl, adj. made by 
 statute: according to statute.— adr. Stat- 
 utablv. 
 
 STATUTE, stat'iit, n. a law expressly en- 
 acted by the legislature (as distinguished 
 from a customary law or law of use and 
 wont) : a written law : the act of a cor- 
 poration or its founder, intended as a per- 
 manent rule or law. [L. statutwn, that 
 which is set up — statue] 
 
 STiVTUTORY, stat'ut-or-i, adj. enacted by 
 statute : depending on statute for its 
 authoritv. 
 
 STAUNCH. STAUNCLHY, STAUNCH- 
 NESS. See Stanch, etc. 
 
 STAVE, .stav, ?(. one of the pieces of which 
 a cask is made : a staff or part of a jiiecc 
 of music : a stanza. — v.t. to break a stave 
 or the staves of : to break : to burst : to 
 drive off, as with astaff : to delay —pa.t. 
 and 2)a.p. staved oi' stove. [By form of 
 Stab and Staff.] 
 
 STAY, sta, v.i. to remain : to abide for any 
 time : to continue in a .state : to wait : 
 to cease acting : to dwell : to trust, —v.t. 
 to cause to stand : to stop : to restrain : 
 to delay : to prevent from falling : to 
 prop : to support -.—pa.t. AnA pa.p. staid, 
 stayed. — n. continuance in a place: abode 
 for" a time : stand : stop : a fixed state :
 
 STEAD' 
 
 413 
 
 STEIN 
 
 (B.) a stand-still : prop : support : (naut.) 
 a large strong rope running from the 
 head of one mast to another mast (" fore- 
 and-aft " stay), or to the side of the ship 
 ("back "-stay) : — pi. a kind of stiff inner 
 waistcoat worn by women. [O. Fr. es- 
 teir — L. stare, to stand.] 
 
 STEAD, sted, n. the place which another 
 had or might have. [Lit. "a standing- 
 place," A.S. stede, from root of Stand ; 
 cog. with Ger. statt.] 
 
 STEADFAST, sted'fast, adj. firmly fixed or 
 established : firm : constant : resolute : 
 steady. — adv. Stead'fastly.— n. Stead'- 
 
 FASTNESS. 
 
 STEADY, sted'i, adj. (comp. Stead'iee, 
 sriperl. Stead'eest), firm in standing or 
 in place : fixed : stable : constant : reso- 
 lute : consistent : regular : uniform. — 
 adv. Stead'ily.— ?i. Stead'iness. 
 
 STEADY, sted'i, v.t. to make steady : to 
 make or keep firm: — pa.t. and pa.p. 
 stead'ied. 
 
 STEAK, stak, n. a slice of meat (esp. beef) 
 broiled, or for broiling'. [M.E. steike, 
 proh. from Ice. steik, steikja. to broil.] 
 
 STEAL, stel, v.t. to take by theft, or felo- 
 niously : to take away without notice : 
 to gain or win by address or by gradual 
 means. — v.i. to practice theft : to take 
 feloniously : to pass secretly : to slip in 
 or out unperceived : — pa.t. stole; pa.p. 
 stol'en. — re. Steal'er. [A.S. stelan; cog. 
 with Ger. stehlen; further conn, with Gr. 
 stereo, to rob. Sans, stenas, a thief.] 
 
 STEALTH, stelth, n. the act of stealing: a 
 secret manner of bringing anything to 
 pass. 
 
 STEALTHY, stelth'i, adj. done by stealth : 
 unperceived : secret. — adv. Stealth'ilt. 
 —re. STEALTH'INESS. 
 
 STEAM, stem, n. the vapor into which 
 water is changed when heated to the 
 boiling-point, water in the gaseous state: 
 the mist formed by condensed vapor : 
 any exhalation. — v.i. to rise or pass off 
 in steam or vapor : to move by steam. — 
 v.t. to expose to steam. [A.S. steam; 
 cog. with but. stoom, Fris. .'itoame.] 
 
 STEAJMBOAT, stem'bot. STEAMSHIP, 
 stem'ship, STEAM-VESSEL, stem'-ves'- 
 el, ?i. a boat, ship, or vessel propelled by 
 steam. 
 
 STEAM-ENGINE, stem'-en'jin. n. an en- 
 gine or machine which changes heat 
 into useful work through the medium of 
 steam. 
 
 STEAMER, stem'er, n. a vessel moved by 
 steam : a vessel in which articles are 
 steamed. 
 
 STEAMY, stem'i, adj. consisting of or like 
 steam : full of steam or vapor. 
 
 STEARINE, ste'a-rio, n. the solid substance 
 of beef and mutton suet. [Gr. stear, 
 steatos, suet — stenai, aorist inf. of his- 
 temi. to make to stand. 
 
 STEATITE, ste'a-tit, n. soapstone, a soft 
 magnesian rock, soapy and unctuous to 
 the touch. [Gr. steatites — stear. See 
 Steaeine.] 
 
 STEED, sted, n. a horse or stallion, esp. a 
 spirited horse. [A.S. steda, from the root 
 of Stand.] 
 
 STEEL, stel, n. any instrument of steel : 
 an instrument of steel for sharpening 
 inives on : extreme hardness : a chaly- 
 i>eate medicine : iron combined with a 
 jmall portion of carbon. Steel usually 
 contains also small quantities of silicon, 
 phosphorus, manganese, and sulphur, but 
 iron and carbon appear to be its only es- 
 sential constituents. The relative pro- 
 portions of iron and carbon vary in steel 
 of different qualities : but in that used 
 for ordinary purposes the carbon amounts 
 from about 0'5 to 1'5 per cent, the tough- 
 ness, tenacity, and hardness increasing 
 
 with the increase of the carbon, the elas- 
 ticity diminishing as the hardness in- 
 creases, and vice versa. At a red heat 
 steel is malleable and may be welded. 
 The c_lor is a bright grayish white, the 
 texture closely granular, the specific 
 gravity varying from 7'63 to 7'81. Steel 
 formed from bar-iron by cementation is 
 called blistered steel, from its surface ac- 
 quiring a blistered character in the proc- 
 ess. When blistered steel is rolled or 
 beaten down into bars, it is called shear- 
 steel, and if it be melted, cast into ingots, 
 and again rolled out into bars, it forms 
 cast-steel. Natural or German steel is an 
 impure and variable kind of steel pro- 
 cured from cast-iron, or obtained at once 
 from the ore. The natural steel yielded 
 by cast-iron, manufactured in the refin- 
 ing houses, is known by the general name 
 of furnace steel, and that which has only 
 been once treated with a refining furnace 
 is particularly called rough steel. The 
 peculiarity of steel, upon which its high 
 value in the arts in a great measure de- 
 pends, is its property of becoming hard 
 after being heated to redness and then 
 suddenly cooled by being plunged into 
 cold water, and of being again softened 
 down to any requisite degree by the ap- 
 plication of a certain temperarure. This 
 process is called tempering. It is found 
 that the higher the temperature to which 
 steel is raised, and the more sudden the 
 cooling, the gTeater is the hardness; and 
 hence, any degree of hardness can be 
 given to steel which is required for the 
 various purposes to which it is applied. 
 According to the degree of hardness to 
 which steel is tempered it assumes vari- 
 ous colors, and formerlj' these colors 
 served as guides to the workman. Now, 
 however, a thermometer, with a batli of 
 mercury or oil, is employed, and the op- 
 eration of tempering is performed with a 
 much greater degree of certainty. The 
 uses of steel in forming various kinds of 
 instruments, edge-tools, springs, etc., are 
 well known. — adj. made of steel. — x\t. to 
 overlay or edge with steel : to harden : 
 to make obdurate. [A.S. styl ; cog. with 
 Ice. stal, Ger. stahl.'\ 
 
 STEEL-BRONZE, stel'-bronz, n. a very 
 hard and tenacious alloy, composed of 
 about 90 parts copper to 10 parts tin, used 
 as a substitute for steel, especially in the 
 manufacture of cannon. 
 
 STEEI^ENGRAVING. stel'-en-grav-ing, n. 
 the art of engraving upon steel-plates for 
 the purpose of producing prints or im- 
 pressions in ink, upon paper and other 
 substances : the design engraved upon 
 the steel-plate : an impression or print 
 taken from the engraved steel plate. 
 
 STEELING, stel'ing, n. the process of weld- 
 ing a piece of steel on that part of a cut- 
 ting instrument which is to receive the 
 edge: the process of covering a metal- 
 plate with steel by voltaic electricity for 
 the purpose of rendering it more durable; 
 it is applied to stereotype and engraved 
 copper-plates. 
 
 STEEL-PLATE, stel'-plat,re. a piece of steel 
 flattened or extended to an even surface, 
 and of uniform thickness ; such plates 
 are used as armor for the sides of war- 
 ships, being much improved on by the 
 addition of nickel in our modern cruisers: 
 a plate of polished steel on which a design 
 is engraved for the purpose of transfer- 
 ring it to paper by impressing or printing: 
 the impression or print taken from the 
 engraved plate. 
 
 STEELYARD, stil'yard, n. a weighing ma- 
 chine, in which a single weight is moved 
 along a graduated beam. [Orig. the yard 
 
 in London where steel was sold by Ger> 
 
 man merchants.] 
 
 STEEP, step, adj. rising or descending with 
 great inclination : precipitous. — re. a pre- 
 cipitous place: a precipice. — adv. SlEEP'- 
 LY. — re. Steep'ness. — Steep'en, v.i. to be- 
 come steep. [A.S. steap.'\ 
 
 STEEP, step, v.t. to dip or soak in a liquid; 
 to imbue. — n. something steeped or used 
 in steeping : a fertilizing liquid for seed, 
 [M. E. stopen ; prob. conn, with Steep. 
 adj.'] 
 
 STEEPLE, step'l, n. a tower of a church or 
 building, ending in a point. [A.S. stepel; 
 conn, with Steep, adj.. and'with Staple.] 
 
 STEEPLECHASE, step'1-chas, 7!. a chase or 
 race, over all obstacles, direct toward a 
 distant object, orig. a steeple. • 
 
 STEER, ster, re. a young ox, esp. a cas- 
 trated one from two to four years old, 
 [A.S. steor: Ger. stier; akin toL. taurus, 
 Gr. tauros. Sans, sthfira, Ice. thior, Celt. 
 tarbh.] 
 
 STEER, ster, v.t. to direct with the helm ; 
 to guide: to govern. — v.i. to direct a ship 
 in its course : to be directed : to move. 
 [A.S. steoran ; cog. with Ger. steuern. 
 Ice. styra. to guide.] 
 
 STEERAGE, ster'aj, n. act or practice of 
 steering : the efi'ect of a rudder on the 
 ship : an apartment in the forepart of a 
 ship for passengers paying a lower rate 
 of fare. 
 
 STEERSMAN, sterz'man, n. a vian who 
 .steers a ship. 
 
 STEERSMATE, sterz'mat, n. one who 
 steers : a steersman or helmsman. " Such 
 a steersmate at the helm." — Milton. 
 
 STEEVE, stev, v.i. (natit.) to project from 
 the bows at an angle instead of horizon- 
 tall^', said of a bowsprit. [Akin to stiff, 
 and perhaps directly from the Dutch ; 
 cf. Dut. stevig, stiff, firm. A steeving 
 bowsprit has its name from the lower 
 end being fixed stiff or firmly and im 
 movably in the vessel, a horizontal one 
 being movable.] 
 
 STEEVE, stev, v.t. {naiit.) to give a cer- 
 tain angle of elevation to, said of the bow- 
 sprit. 
 
 STEEVE, stev, ?;. (naut.) the angle which 
 the bowsprit makes with the horizon : a 
 long heavy spar, with a place to fix a 
 block at one end, and used in stowing 
 certain kinds of cargo, which need to be 
 driven in close. 
 
 STEEVE, stev, adj. firm : compacted : not 
 easily bent or broken. [Scotch. A form 
 of Stiff.] 
 
 STEEVELY, stevli, adr. firmly : stoutly. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 STEEVING. stev'ing, n. (naut.) the angle 
 of elevation which a ship's bowsprit 
 makes with the horizon. 
 
 STEGANOGRAPHIST, steg-a-nog'ra-flst, 
 n. one who practices the art of writing in 
 cipher. [Gr. steganos, secret, and graj)h6, 
 to write.] 
 
 STEGANOGRAPHY, steg-a-nog'ra-fi, n. 
 the art of writing in cipher, or in char- 
 acters which are not intelligible except 
 to the persons who correspond with each 
 other: cryptography. "Occult notes, 
 steganography, polygraphy." — Burton. 
 
 STEGNOSIS, steg-no'sis, re. constipation. 
 
 STEGNOTIC, steg-not'ik, adj. tending to 
 render costive, or to diminish excretions 
 or discharges generally. [Gr. stegnbt- 
 ilcos.] 
 
 STEGNOTIC. steg-not'ik, n. a medicine 
 which tends to produce costiveness : one 
 that diminishes excretions or discharges 
 generally. 
 
 STEIN, sten, v.t. to line with stone and 
 brick, as a well. London. [A.S. st<enan„ 
 to stone.]
 
 STEINBOCK 
 
 413 
 
 STERLING 
 
 STEINBOCK, stin'bok, 7i.the German name 
 of the ibex, an animal inhabiting the 
 mountainous regions of southern Europe. 
 
 STELA, ste'la, STELE, ste'le, n. in arch. 
 a small column without base or capital, 
 serving as a monument, a milestone, and 
 the like : in archceol. a sepulchral slab or 
 column, which in ancient times answered 
 the purpose of a gravestone. [Gr. stele, 
 a, post or slab, an upright stone, from 
 stem sta, to stand.] 
 
 STELL, stel, v.t. to iix : to set : to place in 
 a permanent manner : to place against a 
 fixed support ; as, to stell his foot against 
 the wall. (Old English and Scotch.) 
 
 Mine eye hath played the painter and hath stefd 
 Thy beauty's form in table of my heart. — Shak, 
 
 [Dut. and Ger. stclleii. to set, to place ; 
 aKn to stall.] 
 STELLA, stel'a, 7i. in surg. a bandage so 
 named because it makes a cross or star 
 on the back. It is a roller applied so as 
 to keep back the shoulders, and has been 
 often employed in cases of fracture of 
 the clavicle, sternum, and scapula. [L., 
 
 STELLAJR, stel'ar, STELLARY, stel'ar-i, 
 
 adj. relating to the stars : starrj'. [L. 
 
 stellaris — stella, a star.] 
 STELLATE, stel'at, STELLATED, stel'at- 
 
 ed, adj. like a star : radiated. 
 STELLULAR, stel'u-lar, adj. formed like 
 
 little stars. [From L. stellula, dim. of 
 
 STELLULATE, stel'u-lat, adj. (bot.) like a 
 little star. 
 
 STEM, stem, n. the part of a tree between 
 the ground and the branches : the little 
 branch supporting the flower or fruit : a 
 race or family: branch of a family. [A.S. 
 stefn. stemm, cog. with Ger. stamm. The 
 root is found in A.S. stcef, Ger. stab ; see 
 Staff.] 
 
 STEM, stem, 7i. the prow of a ship : a 
 curved piece of timber at the prow to 
 which the two sides of a ship are united. 
 — v.t. to cut, as with the stem: to resist 
 or make progress against : to stop, to 
 check : — pr.ji. steram'ing;^a.<. axidjM.p. 
 stemmed. [Same word as above, the 
 trunk of a tree forming the forepart of a 
 primitive ship.] 
 
 STENCH, stensh, n., stink: bad odor or 
 smell. [A.S. stenc; Ger. stank. See 
 Stink .1 
 
 STENCIL, sten'sil, n. a plate of metal, etc., 
 with a pattern cut out, which is im- 
 presised upon a surface by drawing a 
 brush with color over it. — r.f. to print or 
 paint by means of a stencil : — 2^''-P- sten'- 
 cilling ; pa. f. and pa.p. sten'oilled. [O. 
 Fr. estance (Fr. etancon), a support — Low 
 L. stantia — L. sto, E. Stand.] 
 
 STENOGRAPHY, sten-og'ra-fi, n. art of 
 writing verj' quickly by means of abbre- 
 viations: shorthand. — n. Stenog'rapher. 
 — adjs. Stenograph'ic, Stenograph'ical. 
 [Gr. sfenos, nari-ow, and graphO, to write.] 
 
 STENOPHYLLOUS, ste-nof'il-us or sten-6- 
 fil'us, adj. in bot. having narrow leaves. 
 [Gr. stenos, narrow, and phyllon, a leaf.] 
 
 STENT, stent, v.t. to keep within limits : 
 to restrain : to stint. Spenser. 
 
 STENT, v.i. to stint : to cease : to desist. 
 Chaucer. 
 
 STENT, stent, n. in Scots law, a valuation 
 of property in order to taxation : a taxa- 
 tion : a tax. — Stent master, a person 
 appointed to allocate the stent or tax 
 on the persons liable. — Stent roll, the 
 assessment-roll : an allotted portion or 
 quantity : a task : a piece of work to be 
 performed in a determined time : stint. 
 [Scotch. O. E. and Scand. e-xtent. valua- 
 tion : Low L. extenta. valuation, from 
 extendere, O. Fr. estendre, to estimate.] 
 
 STENT, stent, v.t. in Scots law, to assess : 
 to tax at a certain rate. 
 
 STENT, stent, n. in mining, the rubbish 
 constituting the waste heaps at mines. 
 Called also TRADE, Deads, Attal, Stuff. 
 
 STENTORIAI^, sten-to'ri-an, adj. very loud 
 or powerful, like the voice of Stentor, a 
 herald mentioned by Homer. [L. sten- 
 toreus — Gr. — Stentor, Stentor.] 
 
 STEP, step, 11. a pace : the distance crossed 
 by the foot in walking or running : a 
 small space : degree : one remove in as- 
 cending or descending a stair : round of 
 a ladder : footprint : manner of walking : 
 proceeding : action : — pi. walk : a self- 
 supporting ladder with flat steps. — v.i. 
 to advance or retire by pacing : to walk : 
 to walk slowly or gravely. — v.t. to set, 
 as a foot: to fix, as a mast -.—pr.p. stepp'- 
 ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. stepped. [A.S. 
 stoepe : Ger. sfcfp/e.] 
 
 STEP-CHILD, step'-chlld, «. one who 
 stands in the relation of a child through 
 the marriage of a parent. [A.S. steop, 
 Ger. stief, orig. an adj. sig. bereft, and 
 Child.] — So Step'- broth'er, S t e p'- 
 daugh'ter, Step'-fa'ther, Step'-moth'- 
 er, Step'-sis'ter, Step'-son. 
 
 STEPPE, step, n. one of the vast unculti- 
 vated plains in the S. E. of Europe and 
 in Asia. [Russ. stepj.] 
 
 STEPPING-STONE, step'ing-ston, n. a 
 st07ie for stepinng on to raise the feet 
 above the water or mud. 
 
 -STER, a termination as in maltster, game- 
 ster, spinster, songster, denoting occupa- 
 tion. In the earliest times, and up to 
 about the end of the thirteenth century, 
 it was generally the sign of the feminine 
 gender, corresponding to the masculine 
 -ere or -er. In the fourteenth century it 
 began to give place as a feminine termi- 
 nation to the Norman -ess. In modern 
 literary English there is now only one 
 feminine word with this suffix, viz. 
 spinster, but hitckster was used very late 
 as a feminine ; and in Scotch and Pro- 
 vincial English seu-ster is still used. 
 When the suffix -ster was felt no longer 
 to mark the feminine distinctively, some 
 new feminines were formed by the ad- 
 dition of the termination -ess to the -ster, 
 a.s songstress and seainstress. " The suf- 
 fix -ster now often marks the agent with 
 more or less a sense of contempt and de- 
 preciation, as punster, trickster, game- 
 ster." — Dr. Morris. " But we cannot 
 recognize the termination -ster as being, 
 or as having been at some time past, a 
 feminine formative in every instance. 
 Not only does the present use of such 
 old words as Baxster, huckster, malt- 
 ster, songster, Webster, not to urge the 
 more recent oldster, youngster, roadster, 
 make it hard to prove them all femi- 
 nines ; but even if we push our inquiries 
 further back we nowhere find the group 
 clearly defined as such except in modern 
 Dutch. There was in Anglo - Saxon 
 bceeere and bceoistre, and yet Pharaoh's 
 baker in Genesis xl. is bcee'istre. Grimm 
 conjectured that these nouns in -e.itre 
 are all that is left of an older pair of de- 
 clensions, whereof one was masculine in 
 -estra, the other feminine in -estre." — 
 J. Earle. 
 
 STEREO, ster'e-o, n. a contr. of Stereo- 
 type : used also adjectively ; as, a stereo 
 phite. 
 
 STEREOGRAPHIC, ster-e-o-graf'ik, STER- 
 EOGRAPHICAL. ster-e-o-graf'ik-al, adj. 
 \)cvta.\mng to stereography: made accord- 
 ing to stereography : delineated on a 
 plane. — adr. Stereograph'icaLLY. 
 
 STEREOGRAPHY, ster-e-og'ra-fi, ?(. tlie 
 art of .ihowing solids on a plane. [Gr. 
 
 stereos, hard, solid, and grapho, to 
 write.] 
 
 STEREOSCOPE, ster'e-o-skop, Ji. an opti- 
 cal contrivance bj' which two flat pict- 
 ures of the same object are seeii having 
 an appearance of solidity and reality. — n. 
 Stereos'copy. [Gr. stereos, solid, and 
 skopeo, to see.] 
 
 STEREOSCOPIC, ster-e-o-skop'ik, STERE- 
 OSCOPICAL, ster-e-o-skop'ik-al, adj. per- 
 taining to the stereoscope. 
 
 STEREOTROPE, ster'e-o-trop, n. an instru- 
 ment by which an object is perceived as 
 if in motion and with an appearance of 
 solidity or relief as in nature. It con- 
 sists of a series of stereoscopic pictures, 
 generally eight, of an object in the suc- 
 cessive positions it assumes in complet- 
 ing any motion, affixed to an octagonal 
 drum revolving under an ordinary len- 
 ticular stereoscope, and viewed through 
 a solid cylinder pierced in its entire 
 length by two apertures, which makes 
 four revolutions for one of the picture- 
 drum. The observer thus sees the object 
 constantly in one place, but its parts ap- 
 parently in motion and in solid and nat- 
 ural relief. [Gr. stereos, solid, and trope, 
 a turning, from trepb, to turn.] 
 
 STEREOTYPE, ster'e-o-tTp, n. a solid me- 
 tallic plate for printing, cast from an 
 impression of movable types, taken on 
 some plastic substance : art of making 
 or printing with such plates. — adj. per- 
 taining to or done with stereotypes. [Gr. 
 stereos, solid, and Type.] 
 
 STEREOTYPE, ster'e-o-tip, v.t. to cast, as 
 a stereotype plate : to prepare for print- 
 ing by means of stereotype plates ; as, 
 to stereotype the New Testament, cer- 
 tain societies have stereotyped the Bible : 
 to fix or establish firmly or unchangeably. 
 " He throws the whole of his heart into 
 eloquent descriptions of places that have 
 stereotyped themselves in his memory in 
 their most minute details." — Edin. Rev. 
 
 STEREOTYPED, ster'e-o-tipt, p. and adj. 
 made or printed from stereotype plates : 
 formed in a fixed unchangeable manner ; 
 as, stereotyped opinions. "From 1797 to 
 the present hour, the amount of the 
 land-tax remains stereotyped." — Eclec. 
 Rev. 
 
 STEREOTYPER, ster'e-o-tlp-er, n. one who 
 makes stereotype plates. 
 
 STERILE, ster'il, adj. unfruitful : barren : 
 destitute of ideas or sentiment. [Fr. — L. 
 sterilis, akin to Gr. stereos, hard, and to 
 steira, a barren cow. Sans, stari.] 
 
 STERILITY, ster-il'i-ti, n. quality of being 
 sterile : unfruitfulness : barrenness. 
 
 STERLING, sterling, adj. an epithet by 
 which English money of account is dis- 
 tinguished, signifjang that it is of the 
 fixed or standard national value ; as, a 
 pound sterling, a shilling stei'ling. a 
 jjenny .sterling : according to a fixed 
 standard ; having a fixed and permanent 
 value; "If my word be sterling yet in 
 Engbuid." — Shak. : genuine ; pure ; of 
 excellent qualitj' ; as, a work of sterling 
 merit, a man of sterling wit or sense ; 
 " Do these foreign contemporaries of ours 
 still exhibit, in their characters as men, 
 something of that sterling nobleness, that 
 union of majesty with meekness, which 
 we must ever venerate in those our 
 spiritual fathers?" — Carlyle. [Said to be 
 from the Esterlings or Easterlings, the 
 old popular name in England of traders 
 from the north of Germany (east from 
 England), whose monej' was of peculiar 
 purity, and who in the reign of King John 
 first stamped pure coin in England. But 
 this origin is doubtfid. According to 
 Wedgwood sterling was originally the 
 name of the English penny, the standard
 
 STERLING 
 
 414 
 
 STIGMA 
 
 coin in which it was stipulated that 
 payment should be made ; it was subse- 
 quently applied to the coinage of England 
 in treneral.j 
 
 STERLING, ster'ling, n. an old name in 
 England for a penny : English money. 
 "And Roman wealth" in English sterling 
 view." — Arbutbnot : standard; rate. 
 
 8TERX. stern, adj. severe of countenance, 
 manner, or feeling: austere : harsh : un- 
 relenting: steadfast. — adv. Sterx'ly. — n. 
 Stebn'ness. [Orig. '• rigid," A.S. sterne, 
 from the root of Staee ; conn, with M.E. 
 stur, Scot, stour, Ger. starr.] 
 
 STERN, stern, n. the hindpart of a vessel. 
 — n. Stern'post, the aftermost timber of 
 a ship that supports the rudder. [Lit. 
 " the part of a ship where it is steered ; " 
 cf. Ice. stjorn, a steering.] 
 
 STERN ALGIA, ster-nal'ji-a, n. pain about 
 the sternum or breast-bone : a name of 
 the pectoral angina ; angina pectoris. 
 Diingluon. [Gr. stemon, the breast-bone, 
 and algos, pain.] 
 
 STERNMOST, stern'most, adj. furthest 
 astern. 
 
 STERNSHEETS, stern'shets, n. the part of 
 a boat between the stern an-i the rowers. 
 
 STERNUM, ster'num, n. the breast-bone. 
 — adj. Ster'nal. [L. — Gr. sternoii, the 
 chest.] 
 
 STERNUTATION, ster-nu-ta'shun, n. the 
 act of sneezing. [L. sternutatio, sternu- 
 tationis, from stermito, to sneeze, freq. 
 of sternuo, to sneeze.] 
 
 STERNUTATIVE, ster-nu'ta-tiv, adj. hav- 
 ing the qualitj' of provoking to sneeze. 
 [L. .'iternuo. to sneeze.] 
 
 STERNUTATORY, ster-nu'ta-tor-i, adj. 
 having the quality of exciting- to sneeze. 
 [Fr. sternutatoire, from L. sterntw, to 
 sneeze.] 
 
 STERNUTATORY, ster-nu'ta-tor-i, n. a 
 substance that provokes sneezing. The 
 most familiar sternutatories are snuffs of 
 different kinds. They are chiefly em- 
 ployed to occasion a violent succession 
 of the frame, either to restore suspended 
 respiration, as in some cases of fainting, 
 or to dislodge some foreign body from 
 the nasal passages or windpipe. 
 
 STERN-WAY, stern'-wa, n. the movement 
 of a ship backward, or witli her stern 
 foremost.— To FETCH STERN-way, to ac- 
 quire motion astern. 
 
 STERQUILINOUS.ster-kwil'in-us, adj. per- 
 taining to a dunghill : mean : dirty : pal- 
 try. ' ' Any sterqmlinous rascal is licensed 
 to throw dirt in the faces of sovereign 
 princes in open printed language." — 
 Howell. [L. sferquilinium, a dunghill, 
 from stercus. dung.] 
 
 STERTOROUS, ster'to-rus, adj., snoring.— 
 adv. Steb'torocslt. [Ft. stertoreux — L. 
 sterto, to snore.] 
 
 STET, stet, in printing, a word written 
 upon proofs to signify that something 
 which has been deleted is after all to 
 remain. It is often used as a verb ; 
 as, the passage was stetted. [L., let it 
 stand.] 
 
 STETHOMETER, ste-thom'et-er, n. an in- 
 strument for measuring the external 
 movement in the walls of the chest 
 during ordinary or tidal respiration. In 
 one form a cord or baud is extended 
 round the chest, and its extension as 
 the thorax is expanded works an index 
 figure on a dial-plate. [Gr. stethos, the 
 breast, and metron, a measure.] 
 
 STETHOSCOPE, steth'o-skop, n. an instru- 
 ment used by medical men for distin- 
 guishing sounds within the thorax and 
 other cavities of the body. In its sim- 
 plest and most common form it consists 
 of a simple hollow cylinder of some fine- 
 gTained light wood, as cedar or maple, 
 
 with one extremity funnel-shaped and 
 furnished with a conical plug; the other 
 with a comparatively large orbicular 
 ivoi-y plate, fastened by a screw. In 
 using it the funnel-shaped extremity, 
 either with or without the plug. Is 
 placed upon the body, and the ivory 
 plate to the ear of the listener. Flexi- 
 ble instruments of rubber are also used, 
 and are provided with one or two ear- 
 tubes, in the latter case the sounds be- 
 ing appreciable by both ears. [Gr. ste- 
 thos, the breast, and skopeo, to examine.] 
 
 STETHOSCOPIC, steth-o-skop'ik, STETH- 
 OSCOPICAL, steth-o-skop'ik-al, adj. of 
 or pertaining to a stethoscope : obtained 
 or made by means of a stethoscope : as, a 
 stetlioscopic examination. 
 
 STETHOSCOPIC ALLY, steth -o-skop'ik-al- 
 U, adv. in a stetlioscopic manner : by 
 means of a stethoscope. 
 
 STETHOSCOPIST, steth'o-skop-ist, n. one 
 versed in the use of the stethoscope. 
 
 STETHOSCOPY, ste-thos'ko-pi, n. the art 
 of stethoscopic examination. 
 
 STE'S'^DORE, stev'e-dor, n. one whose oc- 
 cupation is to load and unload vessels. 
 [A corr. of Sp. estivador. a wool-packer 
 — estivar. to stow, to pack wool — L. sti- 
 pare, to press together.] 
 
 STEW, stu, v.t. to boil slowly with little 
 moisture. — v.i, to be boiled slowly and 
 gently.— w. meat stewed. [Lit. "to put 
 into a stove" O. Fr. estuver, Fr. ituve, 
 stove — Low L. stuba. See Stove.] 
 
 STEWARD, stu'ard, n. one who manages 
 the domestic concerns of a family or 
 institution : one who superintends an- 
 other's affairs, esp. an estate or farm: 
 the manager of the provision department, 
 etc., at sea. [JI. E. stiward — A. 8. sti- 
 u-eard — stiqa, E. Sty. and Ward.] 
 
 STEWARDESS, stu'ard-es, n. a female 
 steward : a female who waits on ladies 
 on shipboard. 
 
 STEWARDSHIP, stu'ard-ship, n. office of 
 a steward : management. 
 
 STICCADO, stik-ka'do, n. a musical in- 
 strument, the sounds of which are pro- 
 duced by striking on little bars of wood, 
 which are tuned to the notes of the dia- 
 tonic scale, and struck with a little ball 
 at the end of a stick. [It.] 
 
 STICH, stik, n. a verse, of whatever meas- 
 ure or number of feet : a line in the 
 Scriptures: a row or rank of trees. [Gr. 
 stichos, a line, a verse.] 
 
 STICHIC, stik'ik, adj. relating to, or con- 
 sisting of lines or verses. 
 
 STICHIDIUM, sti-kid'i-um, n. a peculiar 
 kind of lance-shaped, pod-like receptacle 
 in the alga', containing tetraspores. [Gr. 
 stieiios. a rank, a line, and eiaos, appear- 
 ance, resemblance.] 
 
 STICHOMANCY, stik'o-man-si, n. divina- 
 tion by lines or passages in books taken 
 at hazard: bibliomancy. [Gr. stichos. a 
 line or verse, and manteia, di\nnation.] 
 
 STICHOMETRICAL, stik-o-met'rik-al, adj. 
 of or pertaining to stichoraetry : charac- 
 terized bv stichs or lines. 
 
 STICHOMETRY, sti-kom'et-ri, n. measure- 
 ment or length of books as ascertained 
 by the number of verses which each book 
 contains : a division of the text of books 
 into lines accommodated to the sense : a 
 practice followed before punctuation was 
 adopted.— P)-o/. TI'. R. Smith. [Gr. stichos, 
 a verse, and metron, measure.] 
 
 STICK, stik, n. a piece of wood of indefinite 
 size and shape, generally long and rather 
 slender ; a branch of a tree or shrub cut 
 or broken off ; a piece of wood chopped 
 for burning or cut for any purpose ; as, 
 to gather sticks in a wood ; "He that 
 breaks a, stick oi Gloster"s grove. "-S/iafc.,- 
 "And wliile the children of Israel were 
 
 in the wilderness they found a man that 
 gathered sticks upon the Sabbath day." — 
 Num. XV. 32 : a rod or wand ; a staff; a 
 walking - stick ; as, he never goes out 
 without his stick : anything shaped like 
 a stick; as, a stick of sealing-wax: a con- 
 temptuous term applied to an awkward 
 or incompetent person ; "He is a stick 
 at letters." — Cornhilll Mag.: in printing, 
 an instrument in wliich types are com- 
 posed in words, and the words arranged 
 to the required length of the lines. 
 Called also Composing-stick: a thrust 
 with a pointed instrument that pene- 
 trates a body ; a stab. [A.S. sticca, a 
 stick, a staff, a stake, a spike : Ice. stika, 
 a stick, as for fuel, a yard measure; from 
 the root seen in verb to stick (which see), 
 and akin to stake, stock.] 
 
 STICK, stik, r.;. to stab : to thrust in: to 
 fasten by piercing : to fix in : to set with 
 something pointed : to cause to adhere. 
 — r.j. to hold to : to remain : to stop : to 
 be hindered : to hesitate, to be embar- 
 rassed or puzzled : to adhere closely in 
 affection : — pa.t. and pa.p. stuck. [A.S. 
 stieian ; cog. with Dut. steken, Grer. 
 stechen ; from the same root as Gr. stizo. 
 See Sting.] 
 
 STICKLE, stik'l, v.i. to interpose between 
 combatants: to contend obstinately. [See 
 Stickler.] 
 
 STICKLEBACK, stik'1-bak, ?i. a small river- 
 fish, so called from the spines on its.baek. 
 [Prov. E. stickle — A.S. sticel (dim. of 
 Stick), a spine, cog. with Ger. stachel, 
 and Back.] 
 
 STICKLER, stik'ler, n. a second or umpire 
 in a duel : an obstinate contender, esp, 
 for something trilling. [Orig. one of the 
 seconds in a duel, who were placed with 
 sticks or staves to interpose occasionallv.] 
 
 STICKY', stik'i, adj. that sticks or adheres : 
 adhesive : glutinous. — ». Stick'iness. 
 
 STIFF, stif, adj. not easily bent : rigid : 
 not liquid : rather hard than soft : not 
 easil}' overcome : obstinate : not nat- 
 ural and easy : constrained : formal. — 
 adv. Stifp'ly. — n. Stiff'ness. [A.S. 
 stif ; cog. with Ger. steif ; prob. conn, 
 with L. stipo, to cram.] 
 
 STIFF, stif, }(. in commercial slang, nego- 
 tiable paper, as a bill, promissory note, 
 or the like. — To DO .\ BIT OF STIFF, to ac- 
 cept or discount a bill. "I wish you'd 
 do me a bit of stiff, and just tell your 
 father if I maj' overdraw my account 111 
 vote witii him."^77iacfccra2/. 
 
 STIFFEN, stif'n, v.t. to make stiff.— v.i. to 
 become stiff : to become less impressible 
 or more obstinate. 
 
 STIFF-NECKED, stif'-nekt, adj. {lit.) stiff 
 in the neck : obstinate : contumacious. 
 
 STIFLE, sti'fl, v.t. to stop the breath of by 
 foul air or other means : to suffocate: to 
 extinguish : to suppress the sound of : 
 to destroy. [Prob. from Stiff, and so "to 
 make stiff; hut influenced by stive, M.E. 
 form of E. Stew.] 
 
 STIFLE, sti'fl, v.i. to suffocate: to perish by 
 suffocation or st'-angulation. Shak. 
 
 STIFLE, sti'fl, n. the joint of a horse next 
 to the buttock, and corresponding to the 
 knee in man. Called also the Stifle- 
 JOINT : a disease in the knee-pan of a 
 horse or other animal. [Perhaps from 
 Stiff.] 
 
 STIFLE-BONE, sti'fl-bon, n. a bone in the 
 leg of a horse, corresponding to the knee- 
 pan in man. 
 
 STIGMA, stig'ma, n. a brand : a mark of 
 infamy : (bot.) the top of a pistil -.—pi. 
 Stio'mas or Stig'mata. [Lit. "the mark 
 of a pointed instrument," L. — Gr. — root 
 stig, to be sharp (Sans, tig), seen also in 
 L. -stinguo, -stigo, and in E. Stick, 
 Sting.]
 
 STIGMATA 
 
 415 
 
 STOCKING 
 
 STIGMATA, stig'ma-ta, n. the marks of 
 the wounds on Christ's body, or marks 
 resembhng them, said to have been mi- 
 raculously impressed on the bodies of 
 saints. 
 
 STIGMATIC, stig-mat'ik, STIGJIATICAL, 
 stig-mat'ik-al, adj. marked or branded 
 with a stigma : giving iufamj- or re- 
 proach.— adi-. Stigmat'ically. 
 
 STIGMATIZE, stig'ma-tiz, v.t. to brand 
 with a stigma. [Gr. stigmatizo. See 
 Stigma.] 
 
 STILE, stil, n. a step or set of steps for 
 climbing over a wall or fence. [A.S. 
 stigel, a step — stig-an, akin to Ger. stei- 
 geii, to mount.] 
 
 STILE, stil, 11. the pin of a dial. Same as 
 Style. 
 
 STILETTO, sti-let'o, n. a little style or dag- 
 ger with a round pointed blade : a pointed 
 instrument for making eyelet holes : — pi. 
 Stilett'OS. — v.t. to stab with a stiletto : 
 — pir.pi. stilett'oing ; pa.t. and pa.p. sti- 
 lett'oed. [It., dim. of stilo, a dagger — 
 L. stilus. See Style.] 
 
 STILL, stil, adj. silent : motionless : calm. 
 — v.t. to quiet : to silence : to appease : 
 to restrain. — adv. always : nevertheless : 
 after that.— »i. Still'ness. [A.S. stille, 
 fixed, firm; Dut. stille, Ger. stiU; from 
 the root of Stall.] 
 
 STILL, stil, r.;. to cause to fall by drops : 
 to distil. — w. an apparatus for distOling 
 liquids. [L. siillo, to cause to drop — 
 stilla. a drop, or simply a contr. for Dis- 
 till, like Spoet from DISPORT.] 
 
 STILL-BORN, stil'-bawrn, adj. dead when 
 born. 
 
 STILLINGIA, stil-lin'ji-a, n. a genus of 
 plants, one of the species being the fa- 
 mous tallow-tree of China. The species 
 consist for the most part of shrubs with 
 stipulate alternate leaves and flowers in 
 spikes, the upper being male and the 
 lower female, found in the warmer parts 
 of both hemispheres. The tallow-tree of 
 China grows to the height of a pear-tree, 
 having a trunk and branches like the 
 cherry, and fohage like the black poplar. 
 Its fruits, which are about half an inch 
 in diameter, contain three seeds thickly 
 coated with a fatty substance which fur- 
 nishes the Chinese with candles and oil 
 for their lamps. The tallow obtained 
 from the fruit is also employed in medi- 
 cine instead of lard. [In honor of Dr. 
 Benjamin Stillingjieet, an eminent En- 
 glish botanist. ] 
 
 STILL-LIFE, stil'-lif, n. the class of pict- 
 ures representing inanimate objects. 
 
 STILL-ROOM, stil'-room. n. an apartment 
 where liquors, preserves, and the like, are 
 kept : a housekeeper's pantry. 
 
 STILLY, stil'i, adj., still: quiet : calm. 
 
 STILLY, stil'li, adv. silently : gently. 
 
 STILT, stilt, n. a supjMvt of wood with a 
 rest for the foot, used in walking. — v.t. 
 to raise on stilts : to elevate by unnat- 
 ural means. [Low Ger. and Dut. stelte, a 
 stilt ; Sw. stylta, a support.] 
 
 STILT-BIRD, stilt' -lAt;rd, STILT-PLOVER, 
 stilt'-pluv-er, n. a wading bird having re- 
 markably long slender legs, a feature 
 from which it derives its common name. 
 It has a long straight bill, also very long 
 wings for its size. It exhibits a general 
 white color, the back and wings in the 
 male being deep black, whilst those of 
 the females are of a brownish-black hue. 
 The average length of the stilt-bird is 
 about 13 or 13 inches. The legs, which 
 are of a red color, measure from 18 to 20 
 inches. They are destitute of a hind toe, 
 and the three front ones are unitec' by a 
 membrane at their bases. Different spe- 
 cies are found in America, Australia, and 
 England. 
 
 STIMULANT, stim'u-lant, adj., stimulat- 
 ing : increasing or exciting vital action. 
 —H. anything that stimulates or excites: 
 a stimulating medicine. [See Stimulus.] 
 
 STIMULATE, stim'u-lat, v.t. to prick with 
 anything sharp : to incite : to instigate. 
 —H. Stlmuxa'tion. 
 
 STIMULATIVE, stim'u-lat-iv, adj. tending 
 to stimulate. — n. that which stimulates 
 or excites. 
 
 STIlVrULUS, stim'ii-lus, n. a goad : any- 
 thing that rouses the mind, or that ex- 
 cites to action : a stimulant : — pi. Stim'- 
 ULl. [L. stimulus (for stig-mulus) — Gr. 
 stizo, to prick. See Stigma.] 
 
 STING, sting, v.t. to stick anything sharp 
 into, to pain acutely i^ia.t. and pa.p. 
 stung. — )i. the sharp-pointed weapon of 
 some animals : the thrust of a sting into 
 the flesh : anything *-hat causes acute 
 pain : the point in the last verse of an 
 epigram. [A.S. sting-an ; cog. with Ice. 
 stinga, Gr. stizo, to prick (whence Stig- 
 ma).] 
 
 STINGY, stin'ji, adj. niggardly: avaricious. 
 — adv. Stin'gily. — n. Stin'giness. [Ety. 
 unknown.] 
 
 STINK, stingk, v.i. to s^nell : to give out a 
 strong, oflensive smell: — pa.t. stank; 
 pa.pj. stunk. — n. a disagreeable smell. 
 [A.S. stincan ; Ger. stinken, to smell.] 
 
 STINKPOT, stingk'pot, n. an earthen jar 
 ov pot charged with a stinking, combust- 
 ible mixture, and used in boarding an 
 enemy's vessel. 
 
 STINT, stint, v.t. to shorten : to limit : to 
 restrain. — n. limit; restraint: proportion 
 allotted. [A.S. astyntan, from Stunt.] 
 
 STIPEND, stl'pend, n. a salary paid for 
 services : settled paj'. [L. stipendium — 
 slips (akin to L. stipo. to crowd or press 
 together, and therefore orig. " small coin 
 in heaps "), a donation, and pendo, to 
 weigh out.] 
 
 STIPENDIARY, stl-pend'i-ar-i, adj. receiv- 
 ing stipend. — n. one who performs ser- 
 vices for a salarj', applied to certain 
 magistrates in England and the Domin- 
 ion of Canada. 
 
 STIPULATE, stip'u-lat, ii.i. to contract ; to 
 settle terms. — n. Stip'ulatoe. [L. stip- 
 ulor, -atus. prob. from O. L. stipulus, 
 firm, conn, with stipo, to press firm.] 
 
 STIPULATION, stip-u-la'shun, n. act of 
 stipulating : a contract. 
 
 STIR, ster, v.t. to move : to rouse : to in- 
 stigate. — v.i. to move one's self : to be 
 active ; to draw notice: — pr.p. stirr'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. stirred. — ?i. tumult: bus- 
 tle. — n. SHEE'ES. [A.S. stifrian ; Dut. 
 storen, Ger. sioren, to drive ; conn, with 
 Steer, v.] 
 
 STIRRUP, stir'up, n. a ring or hoop sus- 
 pended by a rope or strap from the sad- 
 dle, for a horseman's foot while mounting 
 or riding. [A.S. stigerap — stigan, to 
 mount, and rai), a rope.] 
 
 STITCH, stich, n. a pass of a needle and 
 thread : an acute pain. — v.t. to sew so 
 as to show a regular line of stitches : to 
 sew or unite. — v.i. to practice stitching. 
 [A.S. .ttice, a prick, stitch ; Ger. sticken, 
 to embroider : conn, with STICK.] 
 
 STITCHWORT, stich'wurt, /!. a genus of 
 slender plants, including the chicUweed, 
 so called because once believed to cure 
 " stitch " in the side. 
 
 STITHY, stith'i, n. an anvil. "'Let me 
 sleep on that hard point,' said Varney ; 
 ' I cannot else perfect the device I have 
 on the stithy.' " — Sir XV. Scott. [Also 
 stiddy, Scand. studdy, Ice. stethi, an 
 anvil ; from the same root as E. steady, 
 stead.] 
 
 STITHY, sti<7i'i, v.t. to forge on an anvil. 
 " The forge that stithied Mars bis helm." 
 — Shak. 
 
 STIVE, stiv, v.t. to stuff ; to cram ; to 
 crowd ; hence, to make hot, sultry, and 
 close; "His chamber being commonly 
 stived with friends or suitors of one kind 
 or other."' — Sir H. Wotton : to stew, as 
 meat : — pr.p. stiv'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 stived. [Prob. from an O. Fr. estiver, 
 corr. to It. stivare, Sp. estivar, to stuff, 
 to stow, from L. stipare, to cram.] 
 
 STIVE, stiv, V. to be stifled : to stew, as 
 in a close atmosphere. "I shall go out 
 in a boat. One can get rid of a few hours 
 in that waj- instead of stiving in a 
 wretched hotel.'' — George Eliot. 
 
 STIVE, stiv, n. the floating dust in flour- 
 mills during the operation of grinding. 
 Simmonds. [Cf. Ger. stauh, Dan. stoev, 
 dust.] 
 
 STIVER, sti'ver, n. a Dutch coin, worth 
 two cents ; anything of little value. 
 [Dut. stuiver.l 
 
 STOAT, stot, V. a kind of weasel, called the 
 ermine when in its winter dress. [Ety. 
 unknown.] 
 
 STOCCADO, stok-ad'o. n. a thrust in fenc- 
 ing. [It. stoccata, a thrust ^ — stocco. a ra- 
 pier, stake — Ger. stock, a stick. See Stick, 
 Stock.] 
 
 STOCK, stok, n. something stuck or thrust 
 in: the stem of a tree or plant: a post: a 
 stupid person: the part to which others 
 are attached : the original progenitor : 
 family: a fund: capital: shares of a public 
 debt : shares of capital in railroad and 
 other corporations : store : cattle i—pl. 
 Stocks, an instrument in which the legs 
 of criminals are confined : the frame for 
 a ship while building : the public funds 
 of Great Britain, the Consols. — v.t. to 
 store : to supply : to fill. [A.S. stocc, a 
 stick ; cog. with Dut. stoc, Ger. stock. 
 For the root see Stick.] 
 
 STOCK, stok, n. a favorite garden-flower. 
 [Orig. called stock-gillj'flower, to distin- 
 guish it from the stemless clove-pink, 
 called the gillyflower, which see.] 
 
 STOCKADE, stok-ad', n. a breastwork 
 formed of stakes fixed in the ground. — 
 v.t. to surround or fortify with a stock- 
 ade. [Fr. estooade — estoc — Ger. stock, a 
 stick.] 
 
 STOCKBROKER, stok'brok-er, n. a broker 
 who deals in stock or shares. 
 
 STOCKBROKING, stok'brok-ing, n. the 
 business of a stockbroker, or one who, 
 acting for a client, buys or sells stocks 
 or shares, and is paid by commission. 
 
 STOCKDOVE, stok'duv, n. a. species of 
 pigeon, believed at one time to be the 
 stock of the tame dot^e : or the dove that 
 lives on trees or in the woods. 
 
 STOCK-EXCHANGE, stok'-eks-chanj', n. 
 the place where stocks are e^ccltanged, or 
 bought and sold. 
 
 STOCKFISH, stok'fish, v.. a general term 
 for cod, ling, tusk, and other fishes usijd 
 in a dried state. 
 
 STOCKHOLDER, !,tok'hold-er, n. in En- 
 gland, one who holds stock in the public 
 funds, or in a company : in U. S., one 
 who holds public funds is a bondholder ; 
 the term idvckholder is applied only to 
 those who hold shares of stock in rail- 
 road and other corporations. 
 
 STOCKINET, stok'in-et, n. an elastic, knit, 
 textile fabric, of which stockings, under- 
 garments, etc.. are made. Goodrich. 
 
 STOCKING, stok'ing, n. a close fitting 
 covering for the foot and leg. Stockings 
 were anciently made of clotli or milled 
 stuff, sewed together, but they are now 
 usually knitted by the hand or woven in 
 a frame, t he material being wool, cotton, 
 or silk. [From stock, in sense of stocking 
 or leg covering. "The clothing of the 
 legs and lower part of tlie body formerly 
 consisted of a single garment called hose,
 
 STOCK-JOBBING 
 
 416 
 
 STORM 
 
 in French ehaiisses. It was afterwards 
 cut in two at the knees, leaving two 
 pieces of dress, viz. knee-breeches, or, as 
 thev were then called, tcpperstocks, or in 
 French haut de chausses, and the nether- 
 stocks or stockings, in French has de 
 chausses, and then simply bas. In these 
 terms the element stock is to be under- 
 stood in the sense of stump or trunk, the 
 part of a body left when the limbs are 
 cut off." — Wedgtvoud.] 
 
 STOCK-JOBBING, stok'-job'ing, n., job- 
 bing or speculating in stocks. — n. Stock'- 
 jobb'er. 
 
 STOCK-STILL, stok'-stil, adj., still as a 
 stock or post. 
 
 STOIC, sto'ik, n. a disciple of the ancient 
 philosopher Zeno, who taught under a 
 porch at Athens : one indifferent to 
 pleasure or pain. [L. Stoicus — Gr. Sto- 
 'ikos — stoa, a porch.] 
 
 STOIC, sto'ik, STOICAL, sto'ik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to the Stoics, or to their 
 opinions: indifferent to pleasure or pain. 
 — adv. Sto'ically. — n. Sto'icalness. 
 
 STOICISM, sto'i-sizm, n. the doctrines of 
 the Stoics : indifference to pleasure or 
 pain. 
 
 STOKE, stok, v.i. to stick, stir, or tend a 
 fire.— n. Stok'er. [From STICK.] 
 
 STOLE, stol, pa.t. of Steax. 
 
 STOLE, stol, Ji. a long robe or garment 
 reaching to the feet: a long, narrow scarf 
 with fringed ends worn by a priest. [A.S. 
 stol — L. stola — Gr. stole, a robe, a garment 
 — steUo, to arriiy.] 
 
 STOLEN, stol'en, pa.p. of Steal. 
 
 STOLID, stol'id, adj. dull : heavy : stupid : 
 foolish. [L. .itolidus ; from a root star, 
 seen also in Gr. stereos, firm.] 
 
 STOLIDITY, sto-lid'i-ti, n. state of being 
 stolid : dullness of intellect. [L. stoliditas 
 — stolidus.1 
 
 STOMACH, stum'ak,w. the strong muscular 
 bag into which the food passes when 
 swallowed, and where it is principally 
 •digested : the cavity in any animal for 
 the digestion of its food : appetite. — v.t. 
 to resent, (orig.) to bear on the stomach: 
 to brook or put up with. [L. stomachus 
 — Gr. sfomachos, orig. the throat, gullet; 
 then the oriflce of the stomach; and later, 
 the stomach itself — stoma, a mouth.] 
 
 STOMACHER, stum'a-cher, n. an ornament 
 or support for the stomach or breast worn 
 bv women. 
 
 STOMACHIC, sto-mak;ik. STOMACHIC- 
 AL. sto-mak'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the 
 stomach: strengthening or promoting the 
 action of the stomach. — Stomach'ic, n. a 
 medicine for the stomach. 
 
 STOMACH-PUMP, stum'ak- pump, n. a 
 small pump or syringe used in medical 
 practice, for the purpose of emptying the 
 stomach and introducing cleansing or 
 ■other liquids. It resembles the common 
 syringe, except that it has two apertures 
 ■near the end, instead of one, in which the 
 valves open different ways, so as to con- 
 stitute a sucking and a forcing passage. 
 When the object is to extract from the 
 stomach, the pump is worked while its 
 sucking orifice is in connection with a 
 flexible tube passed into the stomach ; 
 and the extracted matter escapes by the 
 forcing orifice. When it is desired, on the 
 contrary, to throw cleansing water or 
 other liquid i;ito the stomach, the tube is 
 connected with the forcing orifice, by 
 which the action of the pump is reversed. 
 
 STOMACH-STAGGERS, stum'ak-stag-erz, 
 n. a disease in horses, depending on a par- 
 alytic affection of the stomach. In this 
 disease the animal dozes in the stable and 
 rests his head in the mangei' : he then 
 ■wakes up, and falls to eating, which he 
 continues to do till the stomach swells to 
 
 an enormous extent, and the animal at 
 last dies of apoplexy or his stomach 
 bursts. 
 
 STONE, ston, n. a hard mass of earthy or 
 mineral matter: a precious stone or gem: 
 a tombstone: a concretion formed in the 
 bladder: a hard shell containing the seed 
 of some fruits: a standard weight of 14 lbs. 
 avoirdupois : torpor and insensibility. — 
 v.t. to pelt with stones : to free from 
 stones : to wall with stones. — Stone'- 
 BLIND, adj. as blind as a stone, perfectly 
 blind. [A.S. stan, cog. with Ger. stein, 
 Gr. stia/\ 
 
 STONECHAT, ston'chat, STONECHAT- 
 TER, ston-chat'er, 71. a little bird, allied 
 to the robin, so called from its chattering 
 and perching on large stones. 
 
 STONECUTTER. ston\-ut-er, n. one whose 
 occupation is to cut or hew stone. 
 
 STONE-FRUIT, ston'-froot, r;. a fruit 
 with its seeds inclosed in a sto7ie or hard 
 kernel . 
 
 STONE'S - CAST, stonz'-kast, STONE'S- 
 THROW, stonz'-thro, n. the distance 
 which a stone may be cast or th roini by 
 the hand. 
 
 STONE- WARE, ston'-war, n. a species of 
 potter's ware made from a composition 
 of clay and flint. The clay is beaten in 
 water and purified, and the flint is cal- 
 cined, ground, and suspended in water, 
 and then mixed (in various proportions 
 for various wares) with the former liquor. 
 The mixture is then dried in a kiln, and 
 being' afterwards beaten to a proper tem- 
 per, it becomes fit for being formed at 
 the wheel into dishes, plates, bowls, etc. 
 These are baked in a furnace and glazed 
 by common salt. The salt being thrown 
 into the furnace is volatilized by heat, 
 becomes attached to the surface of the 
 ware, and is decomposed, the muriatic 
 acid flying off and leaving the soda be- 
 hind it to form a fine thin glaze on the 
 ware, which resists ordinary acids. 
 
 STONY, ston'i, adj. made of or resembling 
 stone : abounding with stones : hard : 
 pitiless : obdurate : {B.) rocky. 
 
 STOOD, stood, pa.t. and pa.p. of Stand. 
 [A.S. stod.] 
 
 STOOL, stool, Ji. a seat without a back : 
 the seat used in evacuating the bowels : 
 the act of evacuating the bowels. [A.S. 
 .itol, Ger. stuhl : akin to Ger. stellen, to 
 set, to place ; also to Still, adj.. Stall, 
 Stand.] 
 
 STOOP, stoop, v.i. to bend the body : to 
 lean forward: to submit: to descend from 
 rank or dignity: to condescend: to swoop 
 down on the wing, as a bird of prey. — 
 v.t. to cause to incline downward. — n. 
 the act of stooping : inclination forward: 
 descent : condescension : a swoop. [A.S. 
 stupian : O. Dut. stoepen, Ice. .stiipa ; 
 akin to Steep and STOP.] 
 
 STOOP, stoop, n. a pillar. Quarles. — Stoop 
 Al^'D Room, a system of mining coal, 
 where the coal is taken out in parallel 
 spaces, intersected by a similar series of 
 passages at right angles. Between these 
 "rooms" "stoops" of coal are left for 
 the support of the loof of the seam. 
 Called also Pillae and Stall or Post 
 AND Stall. 
 
 STOOP, stoop, 71. a vessel of liquor ; as, a 
 stoop of wine or ale. " A .stoop of wine." 
 • — Shak. [A.S. stoppa, Ice. stau2), a cup, 
 a drinking vessel ; Dut. stoop, a measure 
 of about two quarts ; Sw. stop, a meas- 
 ure of about three pints.] 
 
 STOOP, stoop, n. the steps at the entrance 
 of a house: door-steps: also a porch with 
 a balustrade and seats on the sides. 
 " Nearly all the houses were built with 
 their gables to the street, and each had 
 heavy wooden Dutch stoops, with seats 
 
 at the door." — J. F. Cooper. [Dut. stoep 
 (pron. stoop) ; the word was brought to 
 America by the Dutch colonists.] 
 
 STOP, stop, v.t. to stuff or close up : to ob 
 struct : to render impassable: to hinder: 
 to intercept : to restrain: to apply musi- 
 cal stops to : to regulate the sounds of a 
 stringed instrument by shortening the 
 strings with the fingers.- — v.i. to cease 
 going forwards : to cease from any mo- 
 tion or action : to leave off : to be at an 
 end : — pr.p. stopp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 stopped. — n. act of stopping: state of 
 being stopped : hinderance : obstacle : 
 interruption : (music) one of the vent- 
 holes in a wind instrument, or the place 
 on the wire of a stringed instrument, by 
 the stopping or pressing of which certain 
 notes are produced: a mark used in punc- 
 tuation. [Lit. " to stuff with to7P," M.E. 
 stoppen — O. Fr. estouper (Ice. stoppa, 
 Ger. stopfen, to stuff); all from L. stupa, 
 the coarse part of flax, tow.] 
 
 STOPCOCK, stop'kok, n. a short pipe in a 
 cask, etc., opened and stopped by a cock 
 or key. 
 
 STOP-MOTION, stop'-mo-shun, n. an ar- 
 rangement in a machine by which the 
 breakage of material in transitu, or the 
 failure of supply of the material under 
 treatment, causes an arrest of the mo- 
 tion. 
 
 STOPPAGE, stop'aj, n. the act of stopping 
 or arresting progress or motion : or the 
 state of being stopped ; as, the stoppage 
 of the circulation of the blood, the stop- 
 page ot commerce. "We were tripping 
 away . . . when we came upon my lady 
 in a street stoppage in her chair." — 
 Thackeray : a deduction made from pay 
 or allowances to repay advances, etc. — 
 Stoppage in transitu, in law, the right 
 which an unpaid vendor of goods has, 
 on hearing that the vendee is insolvent, 
 to stop and reclaim the goods while in 
 their transit and not yet delivered to the 
 vendee. 
 
 STOPPER, stop'er, n. one who stops: that 
 which closes a vent or hole, as the cork 
 or glass mouthpiece for a bottle : (wajff.) 
 a short rope for making something fast. 
 — v.t. to close or secure with a stopper. 
 
 STOPPLE, stop'l, n. that which stops or 
 closes the moutli of a vessel : a cork or 
 plug. — V.I. to close with a stopple. 
 
 STORAGE, stor-aj, n. the placing in a 
 store: the safe keeping of goods in 
 a store : the price paid or charged for 
 keeping goods in a store. 
 
 ST0RA5, sto'raks, n. a fragrant gum-resin 
 produced on several species of trees grow- 
 ing round the Mediterranean Sea. [L. 
 and Gr. styrax.'] 
 
 STORE, stor, n. a hoard or quantity gath- 
 ered : abundance : a storehouse : any 
 place where goods are sold : — pi. supplies 
 of provisions, ammunition, etc., for an 
 army or a ship. — v.t. to gather in quan- 
 tities : to supply : to lay up in store : to 
 hoard : to place in a warehouse. [O. Fr. 
 estoire, provisions-^L. instauro, to pro- 
 vide.] 
 
 STOREHOUSE, stor'hows, n. a house for 
 .storing goods of any kind : a repositorj' : 
 a treasury. 
 
 STORIED, sto'rid, acfj. told or celebrated in 
 a story : having a history : interesting 
 from the stories belonging to it. 
 
 STORK, stork, n. a wading bird nearly 
 allied to the heron. [A.S. store; Ger. 
 storch.] 
 
 STORK'S-BILL, storks'-bil, n. a kind of 
 geranium, with the fruit like the bill of 
 a stork. [See Pelargonium.] 
 
 STORM, storm, n. a stir or violent commo- 
 tion of the air producing wind, rain, etc.: 
 a tempest : violent agitation of society :
 
 STORMY 
 
 417 
 
 STRENGTH 
 
 commotion: tumult: calamity: (mil.) 
 an assault. — v.i. to raise a tempest : to 
 blow with violence : to be in a violent 
 passion. — v.t. to attack by open force : 
 to assault. [A.S. ; Ice. stormr ; from 
 root of Stir.] 
 
 STURMY, storm'i, adj. having many 
 storms: agitated with furious winds: bois- 
 t»-rous : violent : passionate. — n. Storm'- 
 I.VESS. 
 
 STLiRTHING, stor'ting', n. the parliament 
 oi- supreme legislative assamblj' of Nor- 
 «-iy : the great court or representative 
 of tlie sovereign people. It is elected 
 triennially, and holds annual .sessions. 
 When assembled the storthing divides 
 itself into two houses, one fourth of the 
 members constituting the lagthing, and 
 the remaining three-fourths the odels- 
 thing. [Dan. star, great, and thing, 
 court.] 
 
 STORY, sto'ri, n. a history or narrative of 
 incidents (so in B.): a little tale : a fic- 
 titious narrative. [O. Fr. estoire. It is 
 simply a short form of History.] 
 
 STORY', also STOREY, sto'ri, n. a division 
 of a house reached by one flight of stairs: 
 a set of rooms on the same floor or level. 
 [Ety. dub.; perh. from Store, and orig. 
 sig. "storehouse."] 
 
 STOUT, stowt, adj. strong : robust : cor- 
 pulent : resolute : proud : (B.) stubborn. 
 — n. a name for porter. — adv. Stout'ly. 
 —n. Stout'ness : (B.) stubbornness. 
 [Allied to O. Fr. estout, bold, Dut. stout, 
 and Ger. .^tolz, bold, stout ; perh. from 
 the root of Stilt.] 
 
 8TOVE, stov, n. an apparatus with afire 
 for warming a room, cooking, etc. — i\t. 
 to heat or keep warm. [Orig. " a hot- 
 house," allied to Low Ger. stove, O. Ger. 
 stupa (Grer. siuhe, room) ; cf . also It. stufa, 
 Fr. etuve — Low L. stuha ; but whetlier 
 the Low L. word is from the O. Ger., or 
 Vice versa, is doubtful. Cf. Stew.] 
 
 arOW. sto, v.t. to place : to arrange : to 
 fill by packing things in. [Partly from 
 M.E. stoutven, to bring to a stand, partly 
 from M.E. stowen, to place — stow, a place 
 — A.S. stov ; cf. Dut. stuwen, to stow, to 
 push, Ger. stauen.'\ 
 
 STOWAGE, sto'aj, n. act of stowing or 
 placing in order : state of being laid up : 
 room for articles to be laid away. 
 
 STRADDLE, strad'l, v.i. to .stride or part 
 the legs wide : to stand or walk with 
 the legs far apart. — v.t. to stand or sit 
 astride of. — n. act of striding. [Freq. 
 formed from A.S. strad, pa.t. of stridan, 
 E. Stride.] 
 
 STRAGGLE, strag'l, v.i. to wander from 
 the course : to ramble : to stretch be- 
 yond proper limits : to be dispersed. 
 [Freq. formed partly from stray, partly 
 from A.S. strak, pa.t. of strican, to go, 
 to proceed, E. Strike.] 
 
 STRAGKjLER, strag'ler, n. one who strag- 
 gles or goes from the course : a wander- 
 ing fellow : a vagabond. 
 
 STRAIGHT, strat, adj. direct : being in 
 a right line : not crooked : nearest : 
 upright. — adv. immediately : in the 
 shortest time. — adv. Straight'ly. — n. 
 Straight' NESS. [Lit. "stretched," A.S. 
 streht. pa. p. of streccan, E. Stretch, in- 
 fluenceil also by STRAIT.] 
 
 STRAIGHTEN, strat'n, v.t. to make 
 straight. 
 
 STRAIGHTFORWARD.strat-for'ward.adj. 
 going- /ortcard in a straight course : hon- 
 est : open : downright. — adv. Straight- 
 
 FOR'WARDLY. 
 
 STRAIGHTWAY, strat'wa, adv. directly : 
 immediately : without loss of time. [See 
 Straight and Way.] 
 
 STRAIN, stran, i'.*. to stretch tight: to 
 draw with force: to exert to the utmost: 
 
 A A 
 
 to injure by overtasking: to make tight: 
 to constrain, make uneasy or unnatural: 
 to filter. — t\i. to make violent efl'orts: to 
 pass through a filter. — n. the act of strain- 
 ing : a violent efl'ort : an injury inflicted 
 by straining: a note, sound, or song. [O. 
 Fr. straindre — L. stringo, to stretch tight. 
 See String and Strong.] 
 
 STRAIN, stran, 7i. race: stock: generation: 
 descent. [M.E. strend — A.S. sirynd, stock 
 — strynan, to beget.] 
 
 STRAINER, stran'er, )(. one who or that 
 which strains : an instrument for filtra- 
 tion : a sieve, colander, etc. 
 
 STRAIT, striit, adj. difficult : distressful : 
 {obs. strict, rigorous : narrow, so in B.). 
 — 71. a narrow pa.ss in a mountain, or in 
 the ocean between two portions of land : 
 difficulty: distress. [O. Fr. estreit, estroit 
 (Fr. etroit) — L. strictus. pa. p. of stringo, 
 to draw tight. Doublet Strict.] 
 
 STRAITEN, strat'n, v.t. to make strait or 
 narrow : to confine ; to draw tight : to 
 distress : to put into difficulties. 
 
 STRAITLACED, strat'last, adj. rigid or 
 narrow in opinion. [Lit. " laced strait 
 or tight with stavs."] 
 
 STRAITLY', strat'Ii, adv. narrowly : (B.) 
 strictly. 
 
 STRAIT'NESS, strat'nes, n. state of being 
 strait or narrow : strictness : (B.) distress 
 or difficulty. 
 
 STRAND, strand, n. the margin or beach 
 of the sea or of a lake. — v.t. to run 
 aground. — v.i. to drift or be driven ashore. 
 [A.S. ; Ger. strand. Ice. strond, border, 
 shore.j 
 
 STRAND, strand, n. one of the strings or 
 parts that compose a rope. — v.t. to break 
 a strand. [Allied to O. Ger. streno (Ger. 
 strdhn), string, rope, with excrescent -d.] 
 
 STRANGE, stranj, adj. foreign : belonging 
 to another country: not formerly known, 
 heard, or seen : not domestic : new : 
 causing surprise or curiosity : marvel- 
 lous : unusual : odd. — adv. Strange'ly. 
 — n. Stranqe'ness. [O. Fr. estrange (Fr. 
 strange) — L. extranexis — extra, bej'ond.] 
 
 STRANGER, stranj'er, n. a foreigner : one 
 from home : one unknown or unac- 
 quainted : a guest or visitor : one not 
 admitted to communion or fellowship. 
 [O. Fr. estrangier. See Strange.] 
 
 S'TEANGLE, strang'gl, v.t. to draw tight 
 the throat so as to prevent breathing 
 and destroj' life : to choke : to hinder 
 from birth or appearance : to suppress. 
 — n. Strano'ler. [O. Fr. estrangier 
 (Fr. etrangler) — L. strangulo, -atum — 
 Gr. stranggo, to draw tight. Cif. Strang- 
 
 UKY.] 
 
 STRANGULATED, strang'gu-lat-ed, adj. 
 having the circulation stopped by com- 
 pression. 
 
 STRANGULATION, strang-gu-la'shun, n. 
 act of strangling : (med.) compression of 
 the throat and partial suffocation in 
 hysterics. 
 
 STRANGURY, straug'gu-ri, ?«. painful re- 
 tention of, or difficultj' in discharging 
 urine, [h. stranguria — Gr. strang.v, a 
 drop, from stranggo, to squeeze, conn, 
 with L. stringo (see Strain) ; and ouron, 
 urine.] 
 
 STRAP, strap, n. a narrow strip of cloth or 
 leather : a razor-strop : (arch.) an iron 
 plate secured by screw-bolts, for connect- 
 ing two or more timbers. — v.t. to beat 
 or bind with a strap : to strop : — pr.p. 
 strapp'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. strapped. — 
 adj. Strapp'ing, tall, handsome. [Orig. 
 strop, from A.S. stropj), cog. with Dut. 
 stroj) ; allied to L. strnppus ; cf. Gr. 
 strepho, to twist.] 
 
 STRATA, stra'ta, pi. of STRATUM. 
 
 STRATAGEM, strat'a-jem, n. a piece of 
 generalship : an artifice, esp. in war : a 
 
 plan for deceiving an enemy or gaining 
 an advantage. [L. — Gr. strategema— 
 strategos, a general — stratos, an army, 
 and ago. to lead.] 
 
 STRATEGIC, stra-tej'ik, STRATEGICAL, 
 stra-tej'i-kal, adj. pertaining to or done 
 bv strategy. — adv. Strateg'ICALLY. 
 
 STRATEGIST, strat'e-jist, n. one skilled in 
 strategy. 
 
 STRATEGY, strat'e-ji, n., generalship, or 
 the art of conducting a campaign and 
 manoeuvring an army. 
 
 STRATH, strath, n. {in Scotland) an ex- 
 tensive valley through which a river 
 runs. [Gael.l 
 
 STRATIFICATION, strat-i-fi-ka'shun, Ji. 
 act of stratifying : state of being strati- 
 fied : process of being arranged in layers. 
 
 STRATIFORM, strat'i-form, adj., formed 
 like strata. 
 
 STRATIFY, strat'i-fi, v.t. to form or lay in 
 strata or layers: — pr.j). strat'ifying ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. strat'ifled. [Fr. stratifier — L. 
 stratum, and facio, to make.] 
 
 STRATUM, stra'tum, ?). a bed of earth or 
 rock formed by natural causes, and con- 
 sisting' usually of a series of layers : any 
 bed or layer : — -p/. Strata, stra'ta. [£. 
 — sterno, stratum, to spread out.] 
 
 STRATUS, stra'tus, n. a form of cloud oc- 
 curring in a horizontal layer. [L. See 
 Stratum.] 
 
 STRAW, straw, n. the stalk on which grain 
 grows, and from which it is thrashed . 
 a quantity of them when thrashed : any- 
 thing worthless. [A.S. streaw, Ger. sir oh, 
 from the root of STREW.] 
 
 STRAWBERRY, straw'ber-i, n. a plant and 
 its berry or fruit, which is highly es- 
 teemed — prob. so called from its strewing 
 or spreading along the ground. [A.S. 
 streaw-herie.1 
 
 STRAWED (B.) for strewed, pa.t. and paj). 
 of Strew. 
 
 STRAWY', straw'i, adj. made of or lika 
 straw. 
 
 STRAY', stra, v.i. to wander : to go from 
 the inclosure, company, or proper limits: 
 to err : to rove : to deviate from duty or 
 rectitude. — n. a domestic animal that has 
 strayed or is lost. [O. Fr. estraier, perh. 
 from estrai — L. strata. E. Street ; perh. 
 influenced by Strew.] 
 
 STREAK, strek, n. a line or long mark dif- 
 ferent in color from the ground : (min.) 
 the appearance presented by the surface 
 of a mineral when scratcned. — v.t. to 
 form streaks in : to mark with streaks. 
 [A.S. stric, strica, a stroke, line ; cog. 
 with Ger. strich; from root of Strike.] 
 
 STREAKY, strek'i, adj. marked with 
 streaks : striped. 
 
 STREAM, strem, n. a current of water, air, 
 or light, etc. : anything flowing out from 
 a source: anything forcible, flowing, and 
 continuous: drift: tendency. — v.i. to flow 
 in a stream : to pour out abundantly : 
 to be overflown with : to issue in rays : 
 to stretch in a long line. [A.S. stream ; 
 Ger. .ftrom. Ice. stratim-r.] 
 
 STREAMER, strem'er, n. an ensign or flag 
 streaining or flowing in the wind : a lu- 
 minous beam shooting upward from the 
 horizon. 
 
 STREAMLET, strem'let, n. a little stream, 
 
 STREAMY', strem'i, adj. abounding with 
 streams : flowing in a stream. 
 
 STREET, stret, n. a road in a town lined 
 with houses, broader than a lane. [A.S. 
 street (Dut. straat, Ger. strasze. It. strada) 
 — L. strata {via), a paved (way), from 
 sterno, E. Strew.] 
 
 STRENGTH, strength, n. quality of being 
 strong : power of any kind, active or 
 passive : force : vigor : solidity or tough- 
 ness: power to resist attack: excellence: 
 intensity : brightness : validity : vigor
 
 STRENGTHEN 
 
 418 
 
 STRYCHNIA 
 
 of style or expression: security: amount 
 of force : potency of liquors : a fortifica- 
 tion. [A.S.— Strang. E. Stroxg.] 
 
 STRENGTHEN, streugth'n, v.t. to make 
 strO)ig or stronger : to confirm : to en- 
 courage : to increase in power or secur- 
 ity. — v.i. to become stronger. 
 
 STRENUOUS, stren'u-us, adj. active : vig- 
 orous : urgent : zealous : bold. — adv. 
 Strex'uously. — n. Strex'uocssess. [L. 
 strenuus, akin to Gr. strenes, strong, 
 hartl.l 
 
 STRESS, stres, n. force : pressure ; urgen- 
 cy : strain : •violence, as of the weather : 
 (mech.) force exerted in any direction or 
 manner between two bodies. [Short for 
 Distress "1 
 
 STRETCH, strech. r.^. to extend : to draw 
 out ; to expand : to reach out : to exag- 
 gerate, strain, or carry further than is 
 right. — v.i. to be drawn out: to be ex- 
 tended : to extend without breaking. — n. 
 act of stretching : effort : struggle : 
 reach : extension : state of being stretch- 
 ed-: utmost extent of meaning : course. 
 [A.S. streccan — strac. strong, violent, 
 cog. with Ger. struck, straight, right 
 out.] 
 
 STRETCHER, strech'er, n. anj-thing used 
 for siretching : a frame for carrjang the 
 sick or dead : a footboard for a rower. 
 
 STREW, stroo, v.t. to spread by scattering: 
 to scatter loosely : — pa.p. strewed or 
 strewn. [A.S. streoic-ian ; allied to Ger. 
 streuen, L. sterno (perf. strai-i), Gr. stor- 
 ennjfmi. Sans, stri.] 
 
 STRIATED, strl'at-ed, adj. marked with 
 strke or small channels running parallel 
 to each other.— n. Stria'tion. "[L. stria- 
 tus. pa.p. strio, to furrow — stria, a fur- 
 row.] 
 
 STRICKEN, strik'n, {B.)pa.p. of Strike.— 
 Strickex in years, advanced in years. 
 
 STRICT, strikt. orfj. exact: extremely nice: 
 observing exact rules: severe: restricted: 
 thorouglily accurate. — adv. Strict'lt. 
 — n. Strictness. [Orig. "drawn tight,"' 
 L. utrietus, pa.p. of stringo, to draw tight. 
 Cf. Strain and Strangle.] 
 
 STRICTURE, strik'tur, n. (med.) a morbid 
 contraction of any passage of the body : 
 an unfavorable criticism : censure : crit- 
 ical remai'k. 
 
 STRIDE, strld, v.i. to walk with long steps. 
 — v.t. to pass over at astep: — pa.t. strode 
 (obs. strid) ; po.p. stridd'en. — n. a long 
 step. [A.S. -stridan (in be-stridan, be- 
 stride), prob. conn, with A.S. stridh, 
 strife. Ger. streit. from the idea of 
 '• stretching," " straining."'] 
 
 STRIDENT, strl'dent, adj., creaking, grat- 
 ing, harsh. [L. stridens, -entis, pr.p. of 
 strideo, to creak.] 
 
 STRIFE, strif, n. contention for superiority: 
 struggle for victory : contest : discord. 
 r^I. E. strif— O. Fr. e-strif. See Strive.] 
 
 STRIKE, strik, v.t. to give a blow to : to 
 hit with force : to dash : to stamp : to 
 coin : to thrust in : to cause to sound : 
 to let down, as a sail : to ground upon, 
 as a ship : to punish : to affect strongly : 
 to affect suddenly with alarm or surprise: 
 to make a compact or agreement : (£.) 
 to stroke. — v.i. to give a quick blow : to 
 hit : to dash : to sound by being struck : 
 to touch : to run aground : to pass with 
 a quick effect : to dart : to lower the flag 
 j in token of respect or surrender : to give 
 up work in order to secure higher wages 
 or the redress of some grievance: — pa.t. 
 struck ; pa.p. struck {obs. strick'en). — n. 
 act of striking for higher wages : (geol.) 
 vertical or oblique direction of strata, 
 being at right angles to the dip. — n. 
 Strik'er.— To STRIKE OFF, to erase from 
 an account : to print. — To STRIKE OlT, to 
 efface : to bring into hght : to form by 
 
 sudden effort.— To strike hands (J5.) to 
 become surety for any one. [Prob. orig. 
 sig. " to draw," A.S. strican ; Ger. strei- 
 chen, to move, to strike.] 
 
 STRIKING, striking, adj. affecting: sur- 
 prising- : forcible : impressive : exact. — 
 adv. Strik'inglt. 
 
 STRING, string, n. a small cord or a slip of 
 anything for tying: a ribbon: nerve, ten- 
 don: the chord of a musical instrument : 
 a cord on which things are filed : a series 
 of things. — v.t. to supply with strings : 
 to put in tune : to put on a string : to 
 make tense or firm : to take the strings 
 oS:^pa.t. and pa.p. strung. [A.S. streng; 
 cog. with Dut. streng. Ice. streng-r, Ger. 
 Strang: conn, with L. stringo. to draw 
 tight. Gr. stranggo. Cf. Strangle.] 
 
 STRINGED, stringd, adj. having strings. 
 
 STRINGENCY, strin'jen-si. n. state or 
 quality of being stringent : severe press- 
 ure. 
 
 STRINGENT, strin'jent, adj.. binding 
 strongly : urgent. — adv. Strin'GENTLY. 
 [L. striiigens, -entis, pr.p. of stringo. See 
 Strict.] 
 
 STRINGY, string'i, adj. consisting of 
 strings or small threads : fibrous : capa- 
 ble of being drawn into strings. — n. 
 String'in-ess. 
 
 STRIP, strip, v.t. to pull off in strips or 
 stripes: to tear off: to deprive of a cover- 
 ing : to skin : to make bare : to expose: 
 to deprive : to make destitute : to plun- 
 der. — v.i. to undress : — pr.p. stripping ; 
 pa.t. and pa.j). stripped.- — n. same as 
 Stripe, a long narrow piece of anything. 
 [A.S. strypan. allied to Ger. streifen.] 
 
 STRIPE, strip, n. a blow, esp. one made 
 with a la.sh, rod, etc.: a wale or discol- 
 ored mark made by a lash or rod : a line, 
 or long naiTOw di^"ision of a different 
 color from the ground. — i:t. to make 
 stripes upon : to form with lines of dif- 
 ferent colors. [Allied to Low G«r. stripe, 
 Ger. streif ; belonging to the stem of 
 Strip.] 
 
 STRIPLING, stripling, ?i. a youth : one 
 yet growing. [Dim. of Strip, as being a 
 strip from the main stem.] 
 
 STRIVE, strTv, v.i. to make efforts : to en- 
 deavor earnestly : to labor hard : to 
 struggle : to contend : to aim : — pa.t. 
 strove ; pa.p. striv'en. — n. Striv'er. 
 [O. Fr. e-strive-r, from the root of Ger. 
 streben. Dut. streveii. Cf. Strife.] 
 
 STROKE, strok, n. a blow : a sudden at- 
 tack : calamity : the sound of a clock : a 
 dash in writing: the sweep of an oar in 
 rowing : the movement of the piston of 
 a steam-engine : the touch of a pen or 
 pencil : a masterly effort. [From A.S. 
 strac, pa.t. of strican, E. Strike ; cf. Grer. 
 sfreich. a stroke.] 
 
 STROKE, strok, v.t. to rub gently in one 
 direction : to rub gentlj' in kindness. 
 — n. Strok'er. [A.S. stracian, from the 
 root of Stroke, n.; cf. Ger. streichen, 
 stvdcfi^t^i 1 
 
 STROKESMAN, stroks'man, n. the after- 
 most rower, whose stroke leads the rest. 
 
 STROLL, strol, v.i. to ramble idly or leis- 
 urely : to wander on foot. — n. a leisurely 
 walk : a wandering on foot. — n. Stroll'- 
 ER. [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 STRONG, strong, adj. firm : having physi- 
 cal power : hale, healthy: able to endure: 
 solid : well fortified : having wealth or 
 resources : moving with rapidity : im- 
 petuous : earnest : having great vigor, 
 as the mind : forcible : energetic : affect- 
 ing the senses, as smell and taste, forci- 
 bly : having a quality in a great degree : 
 intoxicating . bright : intense : well es- 
 tablished.— adr. Strong'ly. [A.S. stra7ig, 
 strong: Ice. strang-r, Ger. streng, tight, 
 strong ; from root of Strinq.] 
 
 STRONGHOLD, strong'hold, n. a place 
 strong to hold out against attack : a fast- 
 ness or fortified place : a fortress. 
 
 STROP, strop, n. a strip of leather, or of 
 wood covered with leather, etc., for 
 sharpening razors. — v.t. to sharpen on a 
 strop: — pr.p. stropping; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 stropped. [Older form of Strap.] 
 
 STROPHE, strof'e, n. in the ancient drama, 
 the song sung by the chorus while danc- 
 ing towards one side of the orchestra, to, 
 which its reverse, the antistrophe, an- 
 swers. — adj. Stroph'ic. [Lit. " a turn- 
 ing,"' Gr. strophe — strepho, to turn, 
 twist.] 
 
 STROPHULUS, strof'u-lus, n. a papular 
 eruption upon the skin peculiar to in- 
 fants, and exhibiting a variety of forms 
 known popularly as red-gum, white-gum, 
 tooth-rash, etc. [L., dim. of strophus, 
 from Gr. strophos, a bandlet, from 
 strepho, to turn.] 
 
 STROSSERS, stros'erz, n.pl. a kind of cov- 
 ering for the leg, supposed by some com- 
 mentators to be the same as Trousers. 
 Shak. 
 
 STROUD, strowd, n. a kind of coarse blan. 
 ket or garment made of strouding, \i orn 
 bv North American Indians. 
 
 STROUDING, strowdlng, n. a coarse kind 
 of cloth employed in the trade with the 
 North American Indians : materia] for 
 strouds. 
 
 STROVE, strov,pa.f. of Strive. 
 
 STROW, stro. Same as Strew : — pa.p. 
 strowed or strown. 
 
 STRUCK, struk, pa.t. and jja.p. of Strike. 
 
 STRUCTURE, strukt'ur, n. manner of 
 building: construction : a building, esp. 
 one of large size : arrangement of parts 
 or of particles in a substance : manner 
 of organization. — adj. Struct'osal. [L. 
 striictura — struo. stritctum, to build. J 
 
 STRUGGLE, strug-1. v.i. to make great 
 efforts with contortions of the body : tc 
 make great exertions : to contend : to 
 labor in pain : to be in agony or distress. 
 — n. a violent effort with contortions of 
 the body: great labor: agonj-. [Ety. dub.] 
 
 STRUM, strum, v.t. to play on (as a musi- 
 cal instrument) in a coarse, noisy man- 
 ner ; — pi:p. strumming; pa.t. and pa./), 
 strummed. [From the sound.] 
 
 STRU5IPET, strum'pet, w. a prostitute,-- 
 adj. like a strumpet : inconstant : false. 
 [Prob. from L. stuprata. pa.p. of stupro, 
 to debauch.] 
 
 STRUNG, strung, pa. f. and pa.p. of String. 
 
 STRUNT, strunt, v.i. to walk sturdily : to 
 walk with state : to stiiit. [Scotc'n.] 
 
 STRUNT, strunt, n. spirituous liquor of 
 any kind. Burns : a pet ; a sullen fit. 
 Ramsay. [Scotch.] 
 
 STRUSE, stroo'se, n. a long, burdensome 
 craft used for transport on the inland 
 waters of Russia. 
 
 STRUT, strut, v.i. to walk in a pompous 
 manner: to walk with affected dignity:— 
 pr.v. strutting; pa.t. andp«.p. strutt'ed. 
 — n. a proud step or walk: affectation of 
 dignity in walking. [Allied to Ger. strot- 
 zen, to be swollen or puffed up. Low Ger 
 strutt. sticking out.] 
 
 STRYCHNIA, strik'ni-a, STRYCHNINE, 
 strik'nin, 71. a vegetable alkaloid, the 
 sole active principle of Strycltnos Tieiite 
 the most active of the Java poisons, and 
 one of the active principles of S. Ignatii. 
 S. niuc-vomica, S. colubrina, etc. It is 
 usually obtained from the seeds of S. nux- 
 vomica. It is colorless, inodorous, crys- 
 talline, unalterable by exposure to the air, 
 and extremely bitter. It is very insoluble, 
 requiring 7000 parts of water for solution. 
 It dissolves in hot alcohol, although 
 sparingly, if the alcohol be pure and not 
 diluted. ' It forms crystallizable salti.
 
 STRYCHNIC 
 
 419 
 
 STY 
 
 •which are intensely bitter. Strychnine 
 and its salts, especially the latter from 
 their solubility, are most energetic pois- 
 ons. They produce lock-jaw and other 
 tetanic affections, and are used in very 
 small doses as remedies in paralysis. [Gr. 
 strychnas. a name of several plants of 
 the nightshade order.] 
 
 STRYCHNIC, strik'nik, aclj. of, pertaining 
 
 , to,obtained from,or including strychnine; 
 as, strychnic acid. 
 
 STUB, stub, ?j. the stump left after a tree 
 is cut down. — v.t. to take the .stubs or 
 roots of from the ground : to strike the 
 toes against a stump, stone, or other fixed 
 object:— pr.p. stubb'ing: pa.t. and pa.p. 
 stubbed. [A.S. styb. cog. with Ice. stubbr; 
 akin to L. stipes, Gr. stypos, a stem, a 
 stake.] 
 
 STUBBED, stubd, adj. short and thick like 
 a stub or stump : blunt : obtuse. — n. 
 Stubb'edness. 
 
 STUBBLE, stub'l, h. the stubs or stumps 
 of corn and other grain, and of grasses, 
 left when the stalk is cut. [Dim. of 
 Stub.] 
 
 STUBBORN, stub'orn, adj. immovably fixed 
 in opinion: obstinate: persevering: steady: 
 stiff: inflexible: hardy: not easily melted 
 or worked .— adr. Stcbb'ornly. — » .Stcbb'- 
 ORNXESS. [Lit. " fixed like a stub."] 
 
 STUBBY, stub'i, adj. abounding with stubs: 
 short, thick, and strong. 
 
 STUCCO, stuk'o, n. a plaster of lime and 
 fine sand, etc., used for decorations, etc.: 
 work done in stucco. — v.t. to face or 
 overlay with stucco : to form in stucco. 
 [It. stucco ; from O. Ger. stru;chi,'a crust, 
 a shell.] 
 
 STUCK, stuk, pa.t. and pa.p. of Stick. 
 
 STUD, stud, )(. a collection of breeding 
 horses and mares : the place where tliey 
 are kept. [A.S. stod, .ftodliors, a stallion; 
 cog. with Ger. stiite, a mare ; prob. conn, 
 with Stand. See Stalliox, Steed.] 
 
 STUD, stud, n. a nail witli a large head : 
 an ornamental double-headed button. — 
 v.t. to adorn with studs or knobs : to set 
 thickly, as with stiiids : — pr.p. studd'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. stndd'ed. [A.S. studu, a 
 post, nail , " something fixed," from root 
 of Stand.] 
 
 STUD-BOOK, stud'-book, n. a book con- 
 taining a genealogy or register of horses 
 or cattle of particular breeds, especially 
 of the offspring of famous thoroughbred 
 .sires or dams. 
 
 STUDDERY,stud'er-i,?!. a place for keeping 
 a stud of hor.ses. " For whose breede and 
 maintenance . . . KingHenry the Eight 
 erected a noble studdery.'' — HoUnshea. 
 
 STUDDING, stud'ing, n. in carp, studs or 
 joists collectively, or material for studs 
 or joists. 
 
 STUDENT, stu'dent, n. one who studies, a 
 scholar : one devoted to learning : a man 
 devoted to books. 
 
 8TUDENTRY. stu'dent-ri. n. students col- 
 lectivelv : a.body of students. Kingsley. 
 
 STUDHORSE, stud'hors, n. a breeding- 
 horse : a stallion. 
 
 STUDIED, stud'id, adj. qualified by or 
 versed in study: learned: planned with 
 study or deliberation : premeditated. 
 
 STUDIO, stu'di-o, n. the study or workshop 
 of an artist -.—pi. Stu'DIOS. [It.] 
 
 •TUDIOUS, stu'di-us, adj. given to study: 
 thoughtful : diligent : careful (with of) : 
 studied: deliberately planned. — adv. Stu'- 
 DIOUSLY. — 1\. StU'DIOUSNESS. 
 
 STUDY, stud'i, i\t. to bestow pains upon: 
 to apply the mind to : to examine closely, 
 in order to learn thoroughly : to form and 
 arrange by thought : to con over. — v.i. 
 to apply the mind closely to a subject : 
 to try hard : to muse : to' apply the mind 
 to books:— pa. <. and pa.p. stud'ied. — n. 
 
 a setting of the mind upon a subject : 
 application to books, etc.: absorbed at- 
 tention : contrivance : any object of 
 attentive consideration: any particular 
 branch of learning : a place devoted to 
 study. [O. Fr. estudier. Fr. etudier — L. 
 studco. to be eager or zealous ; perh. akin 
 to Gi-. spoude. haste.] 
 
 STUFF, stuf, n. materials of which any- 
 thing is made : textile fabrics, cloth, 
 esp. when woollen : worthless matter : 
 (B.) household furniture, etc. — v.t. to fill 
 by crowding : to fill very full : to press 
 in : to crowd : to cause to bulge out by 
 filling : to fill with seasoning, as a fowl: 
 to fill the skin of a dead animal, so as to 
 repi-oduce its living form. — v.i. to feed 
 gluttonously. [O. Fr. estoffe, Fr. etoffe — 
 L. stnppa, the coarse part of flax, tow, 
 oakum.] 
 
 STULTIFICATION, . stul-ti-fi-ka'shun, n. 
 act of stultifying or making foolish. 
 
 STULTIFY, stul'ti-fi, v.t. to make a fool 
 of: to cause to appear foolish: to destroy 
 the force of one's argument bj- self-con- 
 tradiction : — j)a.t. and pa.p. stul'tified. 
 [L. stidtus. foolish, facio, to make.] 
 
 STUM, stum, n. unfermented grape-juice ; 
 must or new wine, often mixed with 
 dead or vapid wine to raise a new fer- 
 mentation; 
 
 Let our wines, without mixture or stum, be all fine, 
 
 Or call up the master, and break his tluU noddle. 
 
 — B. Jonson: 
 
 wine revived by being made by must to 
 ferment anew. Hudihras. [£)ut. stcmi, 
 unfermented wine, must, wine that has 
 not worked, from stom, Ger. stunun, 
 Dan. and Sw. stum, dumb, mute.] 
 
 STUM, stum, v.t. to renew by mixing with 
 must and fermenting anew. "We .'<tum 
 our wines to renew their spirits." — Sir 
 J. Flayer : to fume a cask with brim- 
 stone. 
 
 STUTVIBLB, stum'bl, v.i. to strike the feet 
 against somethirg : to trip in walking : 
 (fol. by upon) to liglit on by chance : to 
 slide into crime or error. — v.t. to cause 
 to trip or stop : to puzzle. — n. a trip in 
 walking or running- : a blunder : a fail- 
 ure. [Akin to vulgar E. stump, to walk 
 with heavy steps, and to O. Dut. stoni- 
 eleti, also to E. Stamp.] 
 
 STUMBLING-BLOCK, stum'bling - blok, 
 STUM'BLING-STONB, -ston, n. a block 
 or stone over which one would be likely 
 to stumble : a cause of error. 
 
 STUMP, stump, n. the part of a tree left in 
 the ground after the trunk is cut down : 
 the part of a body remaining after a part 
 is cut off or destroyed : one of the three 
 sticks forming a wicket in cricket.— r.?. 
 to reduce to a stump : to cut off a part 
 of: to knock down the wickets in cricket 
 when the batsman is out of liis ground. 
 [jVllied to Low Ger. stuuq), Dut. stomp).] 
 
 STUJIP-ORATOR, stump-or'a-tor, n. one 
 who harangues the multitude from a 
 temporary platform, as the stumj] of a 
 tree : a speaker who travels about the 
 country, and whose appeals are mainly 
 to the passions of his audience : a polit- 
 ical speaker who travels from place to 
 place durins: the campaign. 
 
 STUMPY, stump'i. ?;. money. "Forked 
 out the stumpy." — Dickens. "Down with 
 the stumpy." — Kingsley. 
 
 STUN, stun, v.t. to stupefj' or astonish 
 with a loud noise, or with a blow : to 
 surprise completelv : to amaze :— pr./>. 
 stunn'ing; pa.t. ancl pa.p. stunned. [A.S. 
 stunian, to strike against, to stun (cog. 
 with Ger. staunen), but prob. modified by 
 confusion with O. Fr. cstonner, Fr. c^ou- 
 ner. See ASTONISH.] 
 
 STUNG, stung, pn.t. and pa.p. of Sting. 
 
 STUNK, stungk, pa.p. of Stink. 
 
 STUNT, stunt, v.t. to hinder from growth. 
 [A.S. stunt, blunt, stupid ; Ice. stuttr, 
 short, stunted.] 
 
 STUPA. stoo'pa, n. the name given by 
 Buddhists to certain sacred monumental 
 structures. As distinguished from the 
 dagoba, the true stupa cominemorates 
 some event, or marks some spot, held 
 dear by the followers of Buddha ; whila 
 the dagoba contains relics of that deity. 
 The names, however, are sometimes con- 
 founded. [Sans, sti'ipa, an accumulation, 
 a mount, a stupa or tope.] 
 
 STUPA, stu'pa, STUPE, stup, n. flannel, 
 flax, or other such articles wrung out 
 of liot water, plain or medicated, applied 
 to a wound or sore. [L. stupa, tow.] 
 
 STUPE, stup, v.t. to apply a stupa oi' stupe: 
 to foment. Wiseman. 
 
 STUPEFACTION, stu-pi-fak'shun, n. the 
 act of making stupid or senseless : in- 
 sensibility : stupiditj-. 
 
 STUPEFACTIVE, stu-pi-fak'tiv, adj. caus- 
 ing stupefaction or insensibility. 
 
 STUPEFY, stu'pi-n, v.t. to make stupid or 
 senseless : to deaden the perception : to 
 deprive of sensibility -.^oa.t. and pa.p. 
 stu'pefled. [L. stupeo, to be struck sense- 
 less, facto, to make.] 
 
 STUPENDOUS, stu-pen'dus, adj., to be 
 icondered at for its magnitude : wonder- 
 ful, amazing, astonishing. — adv. Stupen'- 
 DOUSLY. — n". Stupen'dousness. [L. stu- 
 pendus.] 
 
 STUPID, stu'pid, axlj. struck senseless : in- 
 sensible : deficient or dull in understand-" 
 ing : formed or done without reason or 
 judgment : foolish : unskillful. — adv. 
 Stu'pidly. — ns. Stupid'ity, Stu'fidness. 
 [Fr. — L. stupid us.] 
 
 STUPOR, stu'por, n. the state of being 
 struck senseless : suspension of sense 
 either complete or partial : insensibility 
 intellectual or moral : excessive amaze- 
 ment or astonishment. 
 
 STUPRATE. stu'prat. v.t. to ravish : to 
 debauch. Heywood. [L. stupro. stupra- 
 tttm. to defile, from stuprum, defilement.] 
 
 STLTPRATION, stu-pra'shun, n. rape : vio- 
 lation of chastity by force. Sir T. 
 Bromie. 
 
 STUPRUM, stu'prum, n. forcible violation 
 of the person : rape : in civil law, every 
 union of the sexes forbidden by morality. 
 
 STURDY, stur'di. adj. (comp. Stur'diee, 
 superl. Stue'diest), stubborn or obsti- 
 nate : resolute : firm : forcible : strong : 
 robust : stout. — adv. Stur'dily. — n. 
 Stxtr'diness. [Lit. "stunned," O. Fr. 
 estourdi, pa.p. of estourdir (Fr. itourdir). 
 It. stordire, to stun ; prob. from L. tor- 
 pidus. stupefied.] 
 
 STURGEON, stur'jun, n. a large cartOag- 
 inous sea-fish yielding caviare and isin- 
 gl.ass, and used for food. [Fr. esturgeon, 
 from O. Ger. sturio, Ger. ■■itur.] 
 
 STUTTER, stut'er, v.i. to hesitate in speak- 
 ing : to stammer. — n. the act of stutter- 
 ing : a hesitation in speaking. [M.E. 
 stiitten — Ice. stauta : cog. with Ger. .stot- 
 tern, Low Ger. stiiten ; an imitative 
 word.] 
 
 STUTTERER, stut'er-er, )i. one who stut- 
 ters. 
 
 STUTTERING, stut'er-ing, adj hesitating 
 in speaking : stammering. — adv. Stutt'- 
 ERINGLY. 
 
 STY. str, n. a small inflamed tumor on the 
 eyelid. [Lit, anything risen. A.S. stigend, 
 from stigan, Goth. .<tteigan, Sans, stigh, 
 to step up.] 
 
 STY, sti, n. an inclosure for swine : any 
 place extremely filtliy. [A.S. stige (Ger. 
 steige), from same root as Sty above, and 
 lit. sig. the place where beasts go up, and 
 lie.]
 
 STYGIAN 
 
 420 
 
 SUBMISS 
 
 STYGIAN, stij'i-an, adj. {myth.) relating to 
 Btyx, the river of Hades, over which de- 
 parted souls were ferried: hellish. [L. — 
 Gr. styged, to hate.] 
 
 STYLAR, stil'ar, adj. pertaining to the pin 
 of a dial. [See Style.! 
 
 STYLE, stil, n. anything long and pointed, 
 esp. a pointed tool for engraving or writ- 
 ing : (fig.) manner of writing, mode of 
 expressing thought in language : tlie dis- 
 tinctive manner peculiar to an author : 
 characteristic or peculiar mode of ex- 
 pression and execution (in the fine arts) : 
 title : mode of address : practice, esp. in 
 a law-court : manner : form : fashion : 
 the pin of a dial : {bot.) the middle por- 
 tion of the pistil, between the ovary and 
 the stigma : in chronology, a mode of 
 reckoning time with regard to the Julian 
 and Gregorian calendar. Stvle is Old or 
 Neic. The Old Style follows the Julian 
 manner of computing the months and 
 days, in which the year consists of 365 
 days and 6 hours. " This is something 
 more than 11 minutes too much, and in 
 the course of time, between Caesar and 
 Pope Gregory XIII., this accumulated 
 error amounted to 10 days. Gregory re- 
 formed the calendar by retrenching 10 
 days, and fixing the ordinary length of 
 the civil year at 365 days ; and to make 
 up for the odd hours it was ordained that 
 every fourth year (which we call leap- 
 year) should consist of 366 days. But the 
 true length of the solar year is onlj' 365 
 d»ys 5 hours 48 minutes 51 '6 .seconds ; 
 hence, four solar years would fall short 
 of four years of 365 days 6 hours each, or 
 of four Julian years, three of 365 days 
 and one of 366 daj's, by 44 minutes 33'6 
 seconds, and 400 solar j'ears would fall 
 short of 400 Julian years by 74 hours 16 
 minutes, or by a little more than three 
 days. This error it was ordained should 
 be rectified by omitting three daj-s in 
 three of the four years which com- 
 pleted centuries ; or, in other words, 
 that the centuries divisible without re- 
 mainder by 400, should alone of the 
 centuries be accounted leap-years. Thus 
 1600, 3000, 2400 would be leap-years, but 
 not 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300. 
 This mode of correcting the calendar has 
 been adopted at different times in almost 
 all civilized nations with the exception 
 of Russia and those countries where the 
 Greek Church is predominant, which still 
 adhere to the Old Stj-le. In England the 
 Gregorian or New Style was adopted by 
 act of parliament in 1752, and as one of 
 the years concluding a century in which 
 the additional or intercalary day was to 
 be omitted (the year 1700) had elapsed 
 since the correction by Pope Gregory, it 
 was necessarj' to omit 11 instead of 10 
 days in the current year. Accordingly 
 11 days in September, 1753, were re- 
 trenched, and the 3d day was reckoned 
 the 14th. The difference between the 
 Old and New Styles is now 12 days. All 
 dates in U. S. history previous to 1752, 
 maj', therefore, be g^iven in eitlier Old or 
 New Style. — f.<. to entitle in addressing 
 or speaking of : to name or designate. 
 [Fr.— L. stilus, for stiglns, from root 
 round in Gr. stizo, to puncture. See 
 Stigma.] 
 
 STYLISH, stll'ish, adj. displaying style : 
 fashionable: showy: pretending to style. 
 — adv. Sttl'ishly. — n. Styl'ishness. 
 STYLISTIC, sti-lis'tik, adj. of or relating 
 to style. " Still, the extreme uncertainty 
 of the evidence which identifies anj' ex- 
 isting manuscript as an actual produc- 
 tion of the translator Wycliffe, and the 
 great stylistic differences between the 
 works usually ascribed to him require 
 
 us to use great caution in speaking of the 
 characteristics of his diction." — G. P. 
 Marsh. 
 
 STYLITE, sti'lit, n. in eccles. hist, a pillar- 
 saint : one of those ascetics who, bj- way 
 of penance, passed the greater part of 
 their lives on the top of high columns 
 or pillars. This mode of self-torture was 
 practiced among the monks of the East 
 from the fifth to the twelfth centurj-. 
 Perhaps the most celebrated was St. 
 Simeon the Stylite, who lived in the fifth 
 century, and is the subject of one of 
 Tennyson's shorter poems. [Fr. stylltes, 
 from stylos, a pillar.] 
 
 STYPTIC, stip'tik, adj., contracting or 
 drawing- together : astringent : that 
 stops bleeding. — n. an astringent medi- 
 cine. [Fr. — L. stypticus — Gr. styptikos 
 — stypho, to contract.] 
 
 SUASION, swa'zhun, n. the act of per- 
 suading or advising: advice. [Fr. — L. 
 suasio — suadeo, to advise.] 
 
 SUASlVE, swa'siv, adj. tending to per- 
 suade : persuasive. — adv. Sua'sively. — 
 n. SuA'srvENESS. 
 
 SUAVE, swav, adj. pleasant : agreeable. 
 — adv. Suave'ly. — n. Suavity (swav'it-i). 
 [Fr. — L. suavis, sweet. See Sweet.] 
 
 SUBACID, sub-as'id, adj. somewhat acid 
 or sour. [L. sub. under, and Acid.] 
 
 SUBALTERN, sub'al-tern, adj. inferior: 
 subordinate. — n. a subordinate : an officer 
 in the armj' under the rank of captain. 
 [Lit. " under another," L. sv.b, under, 
 and alternus, one after the other — alter, 
 the other.] 
 
 SUBALTERNATE, sub-al-tern'at, adj. suc- 
 ceeding by turns : subordinate. — n. SuB- 
 alterna'tion. 
 
 SUBAQUEOUS, sub-a'kvve-us, adj. lying 
 under irater. [L.s^ib, under, and Aque- 
 ous.] 
 
 SUBDIVIDE, sub-di-vid', v.t. to divide into 
 smaller divisions : to divide again. — v.i. 
 to be subdivided : to separate. [L. siib, 
 under, and Divide.] 
 
 SUBDIVISION, sub-di-vizh'un, n. the act 
 of subdividing: the part made by sub- 
 dividing. 
 
 SUBDUAL, sub-du'al, n. the act of sub- 
 duing. 
 
 SUBDUE, sub-dQ', v.t. to conquer: to bring 
 under dominion : to render submissive : 
 to tame: to soften. — adj. Subdu'able. — n. 
 Sudbu'ee. [O. Fr. subduzer — L. sub, 
 under, and ducere, to lead.] 
 
 SUBEDITOR, sub-ed'i-tur, n. an under or 
 assistant editor. [L. sub, under, and 
 Editor.] 
 
 SUBFAMILY, sub'fam-i-li, n. a subordinate 
 family : a division of a family. [L. sub, 
 under, and Family.] 
 
 SUBGENUS, sub-je'nus, n. a subordinate 
 gen us ; a division of a genus. [L. sub, 
 under, and GENUS.] 
 
 SUBJACENT, sub-ja'sent, adj., lying under 
 or below: being in a lower situation. [L. 
 subjacens — sub, under, and jaceo, to lie.] 
 
 SUBJECT, sub'jekt, adj. under the power 
 of another: liable, exposed: subordinate: 
 sub.servient. — n. one under the power of 
 another : one under allegiance to a sov- 
 ereign : that on which any operation is 
 performed : that which is treated or 
 handled : (anat.) a dead body for dis- 
 section : (art) that which it is the object 
 of the artist to express : that of which 
 anything is said : topic : matter, ma- 
 terials. [Fr. sujet — L. subjectus — sub, 
 under, and jacio, to throw.] 
 
 SUBJECT, sub-jekt', v.t. to throw or bring 
 under : to bring under the power of : to 
 make subordinate or subservient : to sub- 
 due: to enslave: to expose or make liable 
 to : to cause to undergo. 
 
 SUBJECTION, sub-jek'shun, n. the act of 
 subjecting or subduing: the state of being 
 subject to another. 
 
 SUBJECTIVE, sub-jekt'iv, adj. relating 
 to the subject : derived from one's own 
 consciousness : denoting those states of 
 thought or feeling of which the mind is 
 the conscious subject, opposed to o6;ec- 
 tive.—adv. Subject'ively.— n. Subject' 
 
 IVENESS. 
 
 SUBJECTH'ITY, sub-jek-tiv'i-ti, n. state 
 of being subjective : that which is treated 
 subjectively. 
 
 SUBJOIN, sub-join', v.t. to join under: to 
 add at the end or afterwards : to affix or 
 annex. [L. sub, under, and JOIN.] 
 
 SUBJUGATE, sub'joo-gat, v.t. to bring 
 under the yoke : to bring under power or 
 dominion: to conquer. — ns. Subjugator, 
 Sitbjuga'tion. [Fr. subjuguei — L. sub, 
 under, and jugum, a voke.] 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE, sub-jungk'tiv, adj. sub- 
 joined: added to something: denoting 
 that mood of a verb whicli exiu-esses con- 
 dition, hypothesis, or contingencj-. — n. 
 the subjunctive mood. [L. .mb, under, 
 and jungo, to join. See JOIN.] 
 
 SUBKINGDOM. sub-king'dum. 7i. a s^d>- 
 ordinate kingdom : a division of a king- 
 dom : a sub-division. [L. s»fi, under, and 
 Kingdom.] 
 
 SUBLEASE, sub-les', 7i. an under-lease or 
 lease by a tenant to another. [L. sub, 
 under, and Lease.] 
 
 SUBLET, sub-let', v.t. to let or lease, as a 
 tenant, to another. [L. sub, under, and 
 
 SUBLIEUTENANT, sub-lu-ten'ant, n. the 
 lowest commissioned officer in the En- 
 glish army and navy : iu the army, it 
 has taken the place of Ensign. 
 
 SUBLIMATE, sub'lim-at, v.t. to lift up on 
 high : to elevate : to refine and exalt : to 
 purifj' by raising by heat into vapor 
 which again becomes solid. — n. the pro- 
 duct of sublimation. [L. sublimo, sub- 
 limatum.] 
 
 SUBLIMATION, sub-lim-a'shun, n. the act 
 of sublimating or purifying l)y raising 
 into vapor by heat and condensing by 
 cold : elevation : exaltation. 
 
 SUBLIME, sub-llm', adj. high : lofty : 
 majestic : awakening feelings of awe or 
 veneration. — n. that which is sublime: 
 the lofty or grand in thought or style : 
 the emotion produced by sublime objects. 
 — v.t. to exalt : to dignifj', to ennoble : to 
 improve : to purify, to bring to a state 
 of vapor by heat and condense again by 
 cold. — v.i. to be sublimed or sublimated, 
 [L. sublimis, of which ety. dub. ; peril. 
 sub-limen, up to the lintel.] 
 
 SUBLIMELY, sub-lim'li, adv. in a sublime 
 manner : loftilj' : with elevated concep- 
 tions. 
 
 SUBLIMITY, sub-lim'i-ti, n. loftiness : ele- 
 vation : grandeur : loftiness of thought 
 or style : nobleness of nature or charac- 
 ter : excellence. 
 
 SUBLUNAR, sub-loon'ar, SUBLUNARY, 
 sub'loon-ar-i, adj., under the moon: 
 earthly : belonging to this world. [L. 
 sub. under, and LuNAR.] 
 
 SUBMARINE, sub-ma-reir, adj.. under or 
 in the sea. [L. sub. under, and Marinb.] 
 
 SUBMERGE, sub-merj', SUBMERSE, sub- 
 mers', v.t. to plunge under water : to 
 overflow with water : to drown. — v.i. to 
 plunge under water.— »is. Submerg'ENCE, 
 Submer'sion. [L. subniergo. -mersum — 
 .nib, under, mergo, to plunge.] 
 
 SUBMERSED, sub-merst', adj. being or 
 growing under irater : submerged. 
 
 SUBMISS, sub-mis', adj. (obs.) cast down, 
 prostrate. — adv. Submiss'ly {obs.), hum- 
 bly, now Submissively.
 
 SUBMISSION 
 
 421 
 
 SUCCULENT 
 
 SUBMISSION, sub-mish'un, n. act of sub- 
 mitting or yielding : acknowledgment of 
 inferiority or of a fault : humble be- 
 havior : resignation. 
 
 SUBMISSIVE, sub-mis'iv. adj. willing or 
 ready to submit : j'ielding : humble : obe- 
 dient. — adv. SuBiass'iVELY. — n. SuBsnss'- 
 
 IVENESS. 
 
 SUBMIT, sub-mit', v.t. to refer to the 
 judgment of another : to surrender to 
 another. — v.i. to j'ield one's self to an- 
 other : to surrender : to yield one's opin- 
 ion : to be subject : — pr.p. submitt'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. submitt'ed. [L. submitto 
 — sub, under, mitfo. missitm. to send.] 
 
 SUBORDINATE, sub-or'di-nat, adj., lower 
 in order, rank, nature, power, etc.: de- 
 scending in a regular series. — adv. SUB- 
 or'dinately. [L. sub, under — ordo, or- 
 dinis. order.] 
 
 SUBORDINATE, sub-or'di-nat, n. one in a 
 lower order or rank : an inferior. — v.t. to 
 place in a lower order : to consider of 
 less value : to make subject. 
 
 SUBORDINATION, sub-or-di-na'shun, n. 
 act of subordinating or placing in a lower 
 order : state of being subordinate : in- 
 feriority of rank or position. 
 
 SUBORN, sub-orn', v.t. to procure private- 
 ly or indirectly: to cause to commit a 
 perjury. — n. SuBORN'ER. [L. suborno — 
 sub. under, orno, to adorn, to supply.] 
 
 SUBORNATION, sub-or-na'shun, n. act of 
 suborning or causing a person to take a 
 false oath : crime of procuring any one 
 to do a bad action. 
 
 SUBPCENA, sub-pe'na, n. a writ command- 
 ing the attendance of a per.son in court 
 tinder a. penalty. — v.t. to serve with a writ 
 of subpoena. [L. sub, under, and poena, 
 punishment.] 
 
 SUBSCRIBE, sub-skrib',i'.i. to writeunder- 
 neath : to give consent to something 
 written, or to attest by writing one's 
 name underneath : to sign one's name : 
 to promise to give by writing one's sig- 
 nature. — v.i. to promise a certain sum by 
 setting one's name to a paper : to enter 
 one's name for anything. — n. Subscrib'- 
 ER. [L. subscribo — s\ib, under, and scribo, 
 serij}tum, to write.] 
 
 SUBSCRIPTION, sub-skrip'shun, n. act of 
 subscribing : a name subscribed : a paper 
 with signatures : consent by signature : 
 sum subscribed. 
 
 SUBSECTION, sub-sek'shun, n. an under 
 section or division : a subdivision. [L. 
 sub, under. Section.] 
 
 SUBSEQUENT, sub'se-kwent, adj.,follou^ 
 ing or coming after. — adv. Sub'sequent- 
 LY. [L. snbsequens, -entis, pr.p. of siibse- 
 qtior — sub, under, after, segiwr, to follow.] 
 
 SUBSERVE, sub-serv', v.t. to serve subor- 
 dinatelj' or instrumentally : to help for- 
 ward. [L. subservio^sub, under, servio, 
 to serve.] 
 
 SUBSERVIENCE, sub-serv'i-ens, SUB- 
 SERVIENCY, sub-serv'i-en-si, n. state 
 of being subservient : anything that pro- 
 motes some purpose. 
 
 SUBSERVIENT, sub-serv'i-ent, adj., sub- 
 serving : serving to promote : subject : 
 submissive. — adiK Subserv'iently. 
 
 SUBSIDE, sub-sid', r\i. to settle down : to 
 settle at the bottom : to fall into a state 
 
 ■ of quiet : to sink. [L. subsido — sub, 
 down, and sido, to sit.] 
 
 SUBSIDENCE, sub-sid'ens, SUBSIDENCY, 
 sub-sid'en-si, n. act "or process of subsid- 
 ing, settling, or sinking. 
 
 SUBSIDIARY, sub-sid'i-ar-i, adj. furnish- 
 ing a subsidy, help, or additional sup- 
 plies : aiding. — n. one who or that which 
 aids or supplies : an assistant. 
 
 SUBSIDIZE. sub'si-dJz. v.t. to furnish with 
 a subsidy : to purchase the aid of. 
 
 SUBSIDY, sub'si-di, n. assistance : aid in 
 
 money : a sum of money paid by one 
 state to another for assistance in war : 
 public money given in aid of enterprises 
 of great and semi-public importance, 
 such as railroads, steamship lines, etc. 
 [L. subsidium, orig. troops stationed be- 
 hind in reserve, aid — sub, under, and 
 sido. to sit.] 
 
 SUBSIST, sub-sist', v.i. to have existence : 
 to have the means of li^^ng. [L. sub- 
 sisto, to stand still — sub, under, sisto, to 
 stand, be fixed.] 
 
 SUBSISTENCE, sub-sist'ens, n. state of 
 being subsistent : real being: means of 
 supporting life : livelihood. 
 
 SUBSISTENT, sub-sist'ent, adj. , subsisting: 
 having real being : inherent. 
 
 SUBSOIL, sub'soil, n. the tinder soil : the 
 bed or stratum of earth which lies imme- 
 diately beneath the surface soil. [L. sub, 
 under, and Soil.] 
 
 SUBSTANCE, sub'^stans, 7i. that in which 
 qualities or attributes exist : that which 
 constitutes anything what it is : the es- 
 sential part : body : matter : property. 
 [L. substantia — substo, to stand under — 
 sub. under, and sto, to stand.] 
 
 SUBSTANTIAL, sub-stan'shal, adj. belong- 
 ing to or having substance : actually ex- 
 isting : real : solid : material : having 
 property or estate. — adv. StiBSTAN'TlAi/- 
 LY.— H. SlTBSTANTlAL'lTY. [Fr. substautiel 
 — L. substantialis.l 
 
 SUBSTANTIALS, sub-stan'shalz, n.pl. es- 
 sential parts. 
 
 SUBSTANTIATE, sub-stan'shi-at, v.t. to 
 make .'substantial : to prove or confirm. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVE, sub'stan-tiv, adj. express- 
 ing e-xistence : real : of real, independent 
 importance. — adv. Sub'STANTIVELY. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVE, sub'stan-tiv,M. (gram.) the 
 part of speech denoting something that 
 exists ' a noun 
 
 SUBSTITUTE, sub'sti-tut, v.t. to put in 
 place of another. — n. one who or that 
 which is put in place of another. [L. 
 substituo, substitutuni — sub, under, and 
 statuo, to .set, place.] 
 
 SUBSTITUTION, sub-sti-tti'shun, n. act of 
 .substituting or putting in place of an- 
 other. — adj. SUBSTITU'TIONAL. [L. sub- 
 stifutio.] 
 
 SUBSTRATUM, sub-stra'tum, n. an imder 
 stratum or layer: the substance in which 
 qualities exist. [L. i-ub, under, and STRA- 
 TUM.] 
 
 SUBSTRUCTURE, sub-strukt'ur, n. an un- 
 der structure or building : foundation. 
 [L. sub, and Structure.] 
 
 SUBTEND, sub-tend', r.^ to extend under 
 or be opposite to. [L. sub, under, and 
 Tend.] 
 
 SUBTERFUGE, sub'ter-fuj, j). that to 
 which one resorts for escape or conceal- 
 ment : an artifice to escape censure or an 
 argument: evasion. [Fr. — L. subferfugio, 
 to escape secretly — subter, under, secret- 
 ly, and fugio, to tiee.] 
 
 SUBTERRANEAN, sub-ter-ran'e-an, SUB- 
 TERRANEOUS, sub-ter-ran'e-us, adj., 
 under the earth or ground. [L. SM6,under, 
 and terra, the earth.] 
 
 SUBTIL. SUBTILLY. See under Subtle. 
 
 SUBTILE, sub'til, adj. delicately con- 
 structed : fine : thin or rare : piercing : 
 shrewd. — adi'. Sub'tilely. — n. Scb'tile- 
 NESS. [Lit. " woven fine," L. subtilis — 
 sub, under, fine, and tela, a web.] 
 
 SUBTILIZE, sub'til-Tz, v.t. to make subtile, 
 thin, or rare : to spin into niceties. — r.i. 
 to make nice distinctions : to refine in 
 argument. [Fr. snbtiliser.] 
 
 SUBTILTY, sub'til-ti. n. state or quality 
 of being subtile: fineness: extreme acute- 
 ness : cunning. 
 
 SUBTLE, sut'l (B., Sub'til), adj., subtile in 
 a fig. sense : insinuating : sly : artful : 
 
 cunningly de\'ised. — adv. Subt'ly (B., 
 Sub'tilly).— n. Subt'leness. [Contr. of 
 Subtile.] 
 
 SUBTLETY, sut'l-ti, n. quality of being 
 subtle : artfulness : shrewdness: extreme 
 acuteness. 
 
 SUBTRACT, sub-trakt', v.t. to take au-ay 
 a part from the rest: to take one number 
 or quantity from another to find their 
 difference. [L. sub, under, and traho, 
 tractum, to draw awaj'.] 
 
 SUBTRACTION, sub-trak'slum, n. the act 
 or operation of subtracting : the taking 
 of a less number or quantity from a 
 greater. [L. subtraetio!] 
 
 SUBTRACTIVE, sub-trak'tiv, adj.. sub- 
 tracting : tending to subtract or le.ssen. 
 
 SUBTRAHEND, sub'tra-hend, n. the sum 
 or number to be subtracted from another. 
 [L. subtrahendus.] 
 
 SUBURB, sub'urb, SUBURBS, sub'ui'bz, 
 n. the district which is near, but beyond 
 the walls of a city : the confines, [h. 
 suburbitim — sub, under, near, and tirbs, 
 a city.] 
 
 SUBURBAN, sub-urb'an, adj. situated or 
 living in the suburbs. [L. suburbanus.] 
 
 SUBVENTION, sub-ven'shun, n. act of 
 coming to relief, support : a government 
 aid or subsidy. [L. sub, under, and vento, 
 ventum, to come.] 
 
 SUBVERSION, sub-ver'shun, n. act of sub- 
 I'erting or overthrowing from the foun^ 
 dation : entire overthrow : ruin. [JL. 
 subversio.'\ 
 
 SUBVERSIVE, sub-ver'siv, adj. tending to 
 subvert, overthrow, or destrov. 
 
 SUBVERT, sub-vert', v.t. to turn as from 
 beneath or upside down : to overthrow 
 from the foundation : to ruin utterlj- : to 
 corrupt. — n. Subvebt'er. [L. sub, under, 
 and verio. versum, to turn.] 
 
 SUCCEDANEUM, suk-se-da'ne-um. n. one 
 who or that which comes in the place of 
 another : a substitute. [L. siiccedaneiis 
 —succedo.] 
 
 SUCCEED, suk-sed', v.t. to come or folloio 
 up or in order : to follow : to take the 
 place of. — r.(. to follow in order : to take 
 the place of : to obtain one's wish or ac- 
 complish what is attempted : to end with 
 advantage. [L. succedo — sub, up, from 
 under, and cedo, to go.] 
 
 SUCCESS, suk-ses', n. act of succeeding or 
 state of having succeeded : the prosper- 
 ous termination of anything attempted. 
 [L. .tucce.'isiis — succedo.] 
 
 SUCCESSFUL, suk-ses'fool, adj. resulting 
 in success: having the desired effect or 
 termination: prosperous. — adv. SucCESS'- 
 
 FULLY. 
 
 SUCCESSION, suk-sesh'un, n. act of suc- 
 ceeding or following after : series of 
 persons or things following each other 
 in time or place : series of descendants : 
 race : (agri.) rotation, as of crops : right 
 to take possession. [L. successio.] 
 
 SUCCESSIONAL, suk-sesh'un-al, adj. ex- 
 isting in a regular succession or order. 
 
 SUCCESSIVE, suk-ses'iv, adj. following in 
 succession or in order. — adv. SuCCESS'- 
 
 IVELY. 
 
 SUCCESSOR,suk-ses'or,H. one who sticceeda 
 
 or comes after : one who takes the place 
 
 of another. [L.] 
 SUCCINCT, suk-singkt', a(}j. short : con 
 
 cise.— ofir. Succinct'ly. — n. Succinct' 
 
 NESS. [Lit. " girded up," L. si(CCi>ic?»s- 
 
 sub, up, and cingo, to gird.] 
 SUCCOR, suk'ur. v.t. to assist : to relieve. 
 
 — n. aid : relief. — n. Succ'orer. L. .■iuo- 
 
 curro. to run up to — stib, up. and curro, 
 
 to run.] 
 SUCCORY, suk'or-i, n. a form of Chicory. 
 SUCCLTLENT. suk'u-lent, adj. full ot juice 
 
 or moisture. — n. SuCC'ulence. — adv. 
 
 Succ'ulently. [L. succulentus — succus.
 
 SUCCUMB 
 
 422 
 
 ;UiN 
 
 Juice, the tlung sucked up — sugo, to 
 suck.] 
 
 SUCCUMB, suk-kumb', v.i. to lie down w?!- 
 der : to sink under : to yield. [L. sub, 
 under, cumbo, to lie down.] 
 
 SUCH, such, adj. of the like kind : ot that 
 quality or character mentioned : denot- 
 ing a particular person or tiling, as in 
 such and such: {B.) Such like = Such. 
 [Lit. "so like," A.S. swelc, su-ile, from 
 sit-a. so, and lie, like, cog. with Goth. 
 svaleiks. See So and Like.] 
 
 SUCK, suk, v.t. to draw iu with the mouth: 
 to draw milk from with the mouth : to 
 imbibe : to drain. — v.i. to draw with the 
 mouth : to draw the breast : to draw in. 
 — n. act of sucking: milk drawn from the 
 breast. — n. Suck'br. [A.S. sucan, sugan; 
 Ger. saugen : allied to L. sugo, snctum. 
 Sans, chush. to suck ; from tiie .sound.] 
 
 SUCKLE, suk'l. i:t. to give suck to : to 
 nurse at the breast. [Dim. of SrcK.] 
 
 SUCKLING, suk'ling-, 7i. a young child or 
 animal being suckled or nursed at the 
 breast. 
 
 SUCTION, suk'shun, n. act or power of 
 sucking : act of drawing, as fluids, by 
 exhausting the air. 
 
 SUDATORY, su'da-tor-i, adj., sweating.— 
 n. a sweating-bath. [L. sudatoriiis — 
 sudo, sudatum, akin to Sans, svid, to 
 sweat, and to Sweat.] 
 
 SUDDEN, sud'en, adj. unexpected : hasty : 
 abrupt. — adv. Sudd'exlt. — n. Sudd'en- 
 *NESS. [A.S. soden — Fr. soiidain — L. $ubi- 
 taneus, sudden — subitus, coming stealth- 
 ily — sub, up, and co, itum, akin to Sans, i, 
 to a'o.J 
 
 SUDORIFIC, su-dor-ifik, adj.. causing 
 sweat. — n. a medicine producing sweat. 
 [L. sudor, sweat, and facio, to make.] 
 
 SUDS, sudz. n.pl., seething or boiling water 
 mixed with soap. [From pa. p. ofseothan, 
 to seethe ; cog. with Ger. sod — sieden. 
 See Seethe.] 
 
 SUE, sii, v.t. to prosecute at la.v,-.—^:i. to 
 make legal claim : to make application : 
 to entreat : to demand. [M.E. suen — O. 
 Fr. snir (Fr. suivre)—L. sequor, secutns, 
 akin to Sans, sach, to follo%v.] 
 
 SUET, su'et, n. the hard/a< of an animal, 
 particularly that about the kidneys. — 
 adj. Su'ety. [O. Fr. sen (Fr. suij^ — L. 
 .5e&i(m, fat.] 
 
 SUFFER, suf'fT", v.t. to undergo: to endure: 
 to be affected by: to permit. — v.i. to feel 
 pain or punishment : to sustain loss : to 
 be injured. — n. Scef'erer. [L. suffero-~ 
 sub. under, and/ero, to bear.] 
 
 SUFFERABLE, suf'er-a-bl, adj. that may 
 be suffered : allowable. 
 
 SUFFERANCE, suf'er-ans, n. state of suf- 
 fering : endurance : permission : tolera- 
 tion. 
 
 SUFFERING, sufer-ing, n. distress, loss, 
 or injury. 
 
 SUFFICE, suf-fis', v.i. to be enough : to be 
 equal to the end in view. — v.t. to satisfy. 
 [L. sujflcio, to take the place of, to meet 
 the need of — sub, under, and facio, to 
 make.] 
 
 SUFFICIENCY, suf-fish'en-si, n. state of 
 being sufficient : competence : ability : 
 capacity : conceit. 
 
 SUFFICIENT, suf-fish'ent, orf/., sufficing: 
 enough : equal to any end or purpose : 
 competent. — adv. SrFFl'ciEXTLY. 
 
 SUFFIX, suf'iks, n. a particle added to the 
 root of a word. — SuFFix', to add a letter 
 or syllable to a word to mark different 
 notions and relations. [L. sub, under, 
 after, and ftgo, to fix.] 
 
 SUFFOCATE, suf'o-kat, v.t. to choke by 
 stopping the breath: to stifle. [L. snffoco 
 — .<"('<. under, and fauces, the throat.] 
 
 SUFFOCATION, suf-fo-ka'shun. n. act of 
 sjiffocating : state of being suffocated. 
 
 SUFFRAGAN, suf'ra-gaii, adj. assisting;. — 
 n. an assistant bishop. [Lit. "voting 
 for.n 
 
 SUFFRAGE, suf'raj, n. a vote: united voice, 
 as of a nation, or a congregation in prayer: 
 the right to vote. [L. suffragiuni — suf- 
 fragor. to vote for.] 
 
 SUFFUSE, suf-fuz'. v.t. topour underneath: 
 to overspread or cover, as with a fluid. 
 [L. sub, underneath, and fundo, fusum, 
 to pour,] 
 
 SUFFUSION, suf-fu'zhun, oi. act or opera- 
 tion of suffusing: state of being suffused: 
 that which is suffused. 
 
 SUGAR, shoog'ar, n. a sweet substance 
 obtained chiefly from a kind of cane. — 
 v.t. to sprinkle, or mix with sugar : to 
 compUment. [Fr. sucre — Low L. zucara 
 — Arab, sokkar — Pers. schakar, Sans. 
 carkara, sugar, orig. gi-ains of sand, 
 applied to sugar because occurring in 
 grains.] 
 
 SUGAR-CANE, shoog'ar-kan, n. the cane 
 or plant from which sugar is chiefly ob- 
 tained, 
 
 SUGARY, shoog'ar-1, adj. sweetened ^vith, 
 tasting of or like sugar : fond of sweets. 
 
 SUGGEST, sug-jest', v.t. to introduce in- 
 directly to the thoughts : to hint. [L. 
 sub, under, from under, and gero, gestuni, 
 to carrv.] 
 
 SUGGESTION, sug-jest'yuu, n. act of sug- 
 gesting : hint : proposal. 
 
 SUGGESTIVE, sug-jest'iv, adj. containing 
 a suggestion or hint. — adv. Suggest'ive- 
 
 LY. 
 
 SUICIDAL, sa-i-.sl'dal, adj. pertaining to 
 or partaking of the crime of suicide. — 
 adv. Soci'dally. 
 
 SUICIDE, su'i-sid, n. one who falls or dies 
 by his own hand : self-murder. [Coined 
 front L. sui, of himself, andccedo, to kill.] 
 
 SUIT, sut, n. act of suing : an action at 
 law : a petition : a series : a set : a num- 
 ber of things of the same kind or made to 
 be used together, as clothes or armor : 
 courtship. — v.t. to fit: to become: to 
 please. — v.i. to agree : to correspond. 
 
 SUITABLE, sut'a-bl, adj. that suits: fit- 
 ting: agreeable to: adequate. — adf.SuiT'- 
 ABLY.— HS. SUITABIL'ITY, SCIT'ABLENESS.] 
 
 SL'ITE, swet, n. a train of followers or at- 
 tendants : a regular set, particularly of 
 rooms. [Fr., from Sue.] 
 
 SUITOR, sut'or, n. one who sues in love or 
 law: a jjetitioner : a wooer. 
 
 SULCATE, sul'kat, SULCATED, sul'kat- 
 ed, adj., furrowed : grooved, [h. sulcus, 
 a furrow.] 
 
 SULK, sulk, v.i. to be sullen. — SUT.KS, n. 
 a fit of suUenness. 
 
 SULKY, sulk'i, adj. silently sullen. — n. 
 SuLKiXESS. [A.S. solcen, slow : or perh. 
 for sidty — O. Fr. soltif, sullen, solitary. 
 Compare SuTLiLEX.] 
 
 SULLEN, sul'en. adj. gloomily angry and 
 silent : malignant : dark : dull. — adv. 
 Sull'en'LY.— ». Slxl'exxesS. [Lit. ".soli- 
 tary, dull," O. Fr. solain — L. solus, alone. 
 See" Sole, adj.] 
 
 SULLY, sul'i, v.t. to soil : to spot : to tar- 
 nish. — v.i. to be soiled •.—pa.t. and jju.jj. 
 suU'ied. — n. spot : tarnish. [Fr. souiller. 
 See Soil, v.] 
 
 SULPHATE, sul'fat, n. a salt formed by 
 sulphuric acid with a base. 
 
 SULPHITE, sul'fit, n. a salt formed by 
 sulphurous acid. 
 
 SL'LPHLTJ. sul'fur, v. a yellow mineral 
 substance, very brittle, fusible, and in- 
 flammable : brimstone. [L. : .said to be 
 conn, with Sans, culvari.] 
 
 SLXPHL"RATE, sulfur-at, v.t. to combine 
 with or subject to the action of sulphur. 
 
 SULPHUREOUS, sul-fu're-us, adj. consist- 
 ing of. containing, or ha\ing the quali- 
 ties of sulph ur. 
 
 SULPEXTKET, sul'fu-ret, n. a combination 
 of sulphur with an alkali, earth, or 
 metal. 
 
 SULPHURETTED, sul'tu-ret-ed, adj. hav- 
 ing- sulphur in combination. 
 
 SULPHURIC, sul-fii'rik, adj. pertaining to 
 or obtained from sidj)hnr : denoting a 
 certain well-known strong acid, formerly 
 called oil of vitriol. 
 
 SULPHUROUS, sul'fur-us, adj. pertaining 
 to, resembling', or containing sulphur : 
 denoting the pungent acid given out 
 when sulphur is burned in air. 
 
 SULTAN, sul'tan, n. tlie supreme head of 
 the Ottoman empire. — n. Sul'tanship. 
 [Ar. sultan, power, prince — salita, to be 
 strong ; allied to Heb. shalat. to rule.] 
 
 SULTANA, sul-ta'na or sul-ta'na, n. the 
 wife or queen of a sultan : a small kind 
 of raisin. 
 
 SULTRY, sul'tri, ac^f., sweltering: very 
 hot and oppressive : close. — n. SUL'TRI- 
 KESS. [Another form is sweltry, from 
 root of Swelter.] 
 
 SUM, sum, n. the amount of two or more 
 things taken together: the whole of any- 
 thing : a quantity of money : a problem 
 in arithmetic: chief points: substance or 
 result of reasoning : summarj- : height : 
 completion. — v.t. to collect into one 
 amount or whole: to count: to bring into 
 a few words: — 2)r.j). summ'ing; jx.t. and 
 pa.p. summed. [L. sumnia — summus, 
 supremus, highest, superl. of superus, on 
 high — sujjer, above.] 
 
 SUMMARIZE, sum'ar-Iz, i\t. to present in 
 a sunuuary or briefly. 
 
 SU3DIARY, sum'ar-i. adj., summed iq) or 
 condensed : short : brief : compendious: 
 done by a short luethod. — n. an ab- 
 stract, .ibridgment, or compendium.— 
 adv. Sujm'.\EiLY. 
 
 SUMJL\TION, sum-a'shun, n. act of sum- 
 ming or forming a total amount : an ag 
 gregate. 
 
 SUMMER, sum'er, ii. the second and warm= 
 est season of the year— June, July, August. 
 — v.i. (B.) to pass the summer. Hi-.S. 
 sumor, with cog. words in most Teut. 
 tongues. The root is perh. found in Ir. 
 sauih. sun.] 
 
 SUMMER-HOUSE, sum'er-hows, n. a, house 
 in a garden used in summer : a house for 
 summer residence. 
 
 SUMMERSET. Same as So.mersault. 
 
 SUMMIT, sum'it, 7i. the highest point or 
 degree : tlie top. [L. suinmitas — sum- 
 mus, .sn(premus.] 
 
 SUMMON, sum'un, v.t. to call with author- 
 ity : to command to appear, esp. iu court: 
 to rouse to exertion. — n . Simsi'oxER. [L. 
 summoneo — sub, secretly, and moneo, to 
 warn . ] 
 
 SUMMONS, sum'unz, «. a summoning or 
 an authoritative call : a call to appear, 
 esp. in court. 
 
 SUMPTER, sump'ter, n. a horse for carry- 
 ing- j)ac^>' or burdens. [With inserted/) 
 from Fr. sommier — L. sagmarius — L. and 
 Gr. .'nagma, a pack-saddle — Gr. satto, to 
 pack.] 
 
 SUMPTUARY, sumpt'u-ar-i, adj. pertain- 
 ing- to or regulating exjiense, as in Su'JIPT- 
 UARY laws, which sought to curtail the 
 expensive habits of the citizens. [L.' 
 sum2)tuarius — sumo, sunqitum, to take, 
 contr. of sub. up, emo. to buv.l 
 
 SUMPTUOUS, sumpt'u-us, at/j. costly, 
 magnificent. — adv. Sujipt'uously. — n. 
 
 SuirPTUOUSNESS. 
 
 SL'N, sun, n. the body which is the source 
 of light and heat to our planetary sys- 
 tem : a body which forms the centre of 
 a system of orbs : that which resembles 
 the" sun in brightness or value. — v.t. to 
 expose to the sun's rays -.—pr.p. sunn*- 
 ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. sunned. [A.S.
 
 SUNBEAM 
 
 423 
 
 SUPERINDUCE 
 
 sunne ; Ice. sunna, Goth, suntio ; an old 
 word, of unknown ety.] 
 
 SUNBEAM, sun'beni, ii. a beam or ray of 
 the sun. 
 
 SUNBURNED, suu'burnd, SUNBURNT, 
 suu'burnt, adj., burned or discolored bj' 
 the sun. 
 
 SUNDAY, sun'da, n. the first day of the 
 week, so called because anc. dedicated to 
 the .snii or its worship. 
 
 SUNDER, sun'der, t'.f. to separate: to di- 
 vide : (J5.) In sunder, asunder. [A.S. 
 sundrian, to separate; sunder, separate; 
 Ice. snndr, asunder.] 
 
 SUNDRY, sun'dri. adj., separate: more 
 than one or two : several : divers. — 
 n.pl. Sun'dries. 
 
 SUNFISH, suu'fish, n. a Jish whose body 
 resembles the forepart of a larg^er fish 
 cut short off, supposed to be so called 
 from its nearlv circular form. 
 
 SUNFLOWER, sun'flow-er, n. a plant so 
 called fi'om its Jtower, which is a larg'e 
 disc with yellow rays. 
 
 SUNG, sung, pa.t. and JM-P- of SiNG. 
 
 SUNK, sungk. SUNKEN, suugk'u, pa.j). 
 of Sink. 
 
 SUNLESS, sun'les, adj. without the sun : 
 deprived of the sun or its rays : shaded : 
 dark. 
 
 SUNN, sun, SUNN-HEMP, sun'-hemp, n. 
 a material similar to hemp, imported 
 from the East Indies, and extensively 
 used in the manufacture of cordage, can- 
 vas, etc. It is obtained from the stem 
 of the Crofalaria jiincea, a shrubby le- 
 guminous plant, 8 to 13 feet high, with 
 a brandling stem, lance-sliaped silvery 
 leaves, and long racemes of briglit j-el- 
 low flowers. Called also Bombay Hemp, 
 Madras Hemp, Sun, Sun-hemp, 'Sun- 
 plant. 
 
 SUNNA, SUNNAH, soon'a, n. the name 
 given by Mohammedans to the tradition- 
 ary portion of tlieir law, which was not, 
 like the Koran, committed to writing l>y 
 Mohammed, but preserved from his lips 
 by his innnediate disciples, or founded 
 on the authority of his actions. The 
 orthodox Mohammedans who receive tlie 
 Sunnah call themselves Sunnites, in dis- 
 tinction to the various sects compre- 
 hended under the name of Shiites. 
 
 SUNNY, sun'i, adj. ])ertaiuing to, coming 
 from, or like the sun : exposed to, 
 warmed, or colored by the sun's rays. — 
 11. Sunn'iness. 
 
 SUNRISE, sun'riz, SUNRISING, sun'rlz- 
 ing, n. the risi>ig or first appearance of 
 tlie sun above the horizon : the time of 
 this rising: the east. 
 
 SUNSET, .sun'set, SUNSETTING, sun'set- 
 ing, n. the setting or going down of the 
 sun : the west. 
 
 SUNSHINE, sun'shin, n. the .s7n')u"»gr light 
 of the sun : the place on which he shines: 
 warratli. 
 
 SUNSHINE, sun'shin, SUNSHINY, sun'- 
 sliln-i, adj. bright with sunshine : pleas- 
 ant : bright like the sun. 
 
 SUNSTROKE, sun'strok, n. a sudden affec- 
 tion of the human body caused by the 
 sun or liis heat ; spooiticully, a very fatal 
 affection of the nervous system of fre- 
 quent occurrence in tropical climates, 
 especially among the white races, and 
 in temperate regions during very warm 
 summers. It lias been described as acute 
 poisoning of the nerve-centres witli .super- 
 heated blood, the resulting phenomena 
 being acute paralysis of the nerve-cen- 
 tres, principally the centres of respira- 
 tion and heart movements. It is gener- 
 ally caused by exposure of the head and 
 neck to the direct rays of the sun. but is 
 not infrequently brought on by intense 
 tropical heat, the contamination of the 
 
 air, as from overcrowding in barracks 
 and on shipboard, prolonged marches or 
 other overexertion, intempei-ate habits, 
 and the like. Called also ICTUS SOLIS, 
 Coup de Soleil, and Insolation. 
 
 SUNWARD, sunward, adc. toward the 
 sun. 
 
 SUP, sup, i\t. to take into the mouth, as a 
 liquid. — v.i. to eat the evening meal: (B.) 
 to sip: — -i^r.j). supp'iug ; j)a.t. and jia.j). 
 supped.— K. a small mouthful, as of a 
 liquid. [A.S. sujjan ; Ice. snpa, Ger. 
 saufen, to drink.] 
 
 SUPERABOUND, su-per-ab-owiuV, v.i. to 
 abound e.rceedingiy : to be more than 
 enough. [L. super, above, and Abound.] 
 
 SUPER.\BUNDANT, su - per - ab - und'ant, 
 adj., abundant to excess: more than 
 enough: copious. — adv. Superabund'- 
 antly. — n. Superabund'ance. 
 
 SUPERADD, su-per-ad', v.t. to add over 
 and above. — n. SUPERADDI'TION. [L. su- 
 per, above, and Add.] 
 
 SUPERADVENIENT. su-per-ad-ve'ni-ent, 
 adj. coming upon : coming to the in- 
 crease or assistance of something. "The 
 soul of man may have matter of triumph 
 when he has done bravely by a superad- 
 venient assistance of his God." — Dr. H. 
 More. [Prefix s»/jjer, and ADVE^^ENT.] 
 
 SUPERALTAR, su'per-awl-ter, n. a ledge 
 or shelf over or at the back of an altar 
 for supporting the altar-cross, vase and 
 flowers, etc. Called also Retable. 
 
 SUPERzi.NGELIC, su-per-an-jel'ik, adj. 
 more than angelic : superior in natvu'e or 
 rank to the angels : relating to or con- 
 nected with a woi'ld or state of existence 
 higher than that of the angels. Mil- 
 man. 
 
 SUPERANNUATE, su-per-an'u-at, v.t. to 
 impair or disqualify by old age and in- 
 firmity; as, a superannuated magistrate: 
 to allow to retire from service on a pen- 
 sion, on account of old age or infirmity ; 
 to give a retiring pension to : to pension ; 
 as, to .viperrinnuate a seaman. 
 
 SUPERANNUATE, su-per-an'u-at, r.('. to 
 last beyond the year : "The dying- in the 
 winter of the roots of plants that are an- 
 tiual seemeth to be partly caused bj- the 
 overexpense of the sap into stalk and 
 leaves, which being jjrevented, they will 
 superannuate." — Bacon : to become im- 
 paired or disabled by length of years ; to 
 live until weakened or useless; "Some 
 suj)erannunfei1 virgin tliat hatli lost her 
 lover."— Howell. [Prefix super, above, 
 beyond, and L. annus, a vear.] 
 
 SUPERANNUATION, su-per-an-u-a'shun, 
 n. the state of being too old for office or 
 business, or of being disqualified b}' old 
 age ; senility ; decrepitude ; " The mere 
 doting of superannuation." — Pou-nall ; 
 "Slyness blinking througli the watery 
 eye of suj)erannuafion." — Coleridge : the 
 state of being superannuated or removed 
 from office, employment, or the like, and 
 receivingan annual allowance on account 
 of old age, long service, or infirmity: the 
 pension or annual allowance granted on 
 account of long service, old age, and the 
 like. 
 
 SUPERB, su-perb', adj. ])roud: magnificent: 
 stotely : elegant. — adv. Superb'ly. [L. 
 superbus. haughtv, proud — .iujjcr, above.] 
 
 SUPERCARGO, su-per-kiir'go. >i. an officer 
 oi' person in a m(;rchant-shi|) |)laced oi'Cr 
 the cargo and superintending all the 
 conunercial transactions of the voyage. 
 [L. .•nijM'r, over, and C.\Rf>o.] 
 
 SUPERCILIARY, .su-per-siri-ar-i, adj., 
 above the eyebron:. [From L. super, 
 above, and cilium. the evelid.] 
 
 SUPERCILIOUS. sQ-))er-sil'i-us, adj. lofty 
 with pride: disdainful: dictatorial: over- 
 bearing. — adv. Superciliously. — n. 
 
 SUPERCIL'IOUSNESS. [L. siq)erciliosus — 
 supercilium, an eyebrow — swjjer, above, 
 and cilium, eyelid, akin to Gr. kyla, the 
 parts under the eves.] 
 
 SUPERCILIUM. sii - per - .sil'i-um, n. (pi. 
 SUPERCILI.4^. su-per-sil'i-a), in anat. the 
 eyebrow ; the projecting arch, covered 
 with short hairs, above the eyelids : in 
 anc. arch, the upper member of a cornice.; 
 It is also applied to the small fillets on 
 each side of the scotia of the Ionic base. 
 [L., an evebrow.] 
 
 SUPERCOLUMNIATION, su-per-ko-lum- 
 ni-a'shun. n. in arch, the placing of one 
 order above another. 
 
 SUPERCONCEPTION, su - per - kon - sep'- 
 shun, n. a conception after a former con- 
 ception : superfetation. 
 
 SUPEREMINENT, su-per-em'i-nent, adj., 
 eminent in a superior degree: excellent 
 beyond others. — adv. Supereminently. 
 — n. SUPEREMINENCE. [L. sujjcr. above, 
 and Eminent.] 
 
 SUPEREROGATION, sQ-per-er-6-ga'shun, 
 H. doing more than duty requires or is 
 necessary for salvation. — adj. Super- 
 eroo'atory". [Lit. " paying ovei- and 
 above." L. super, above, and erogo,-atum, 
 to pav out — ex, out of, and rogo. to ask.] 
 
 SUPESEXCELLENT, su - per - ek'sel - lent, 
 adj., excellent above others, or in an un- 
 common degree.— ». Superex'cellence. 
 [L. super, above, Excellent.] 
 
 SUPERFETATION, .SUPERFCETATION, 
 su-per-fe-ta'shun, n. a second conception 
 after a prior one, and before the birth of 
 the first, by which two fetuses are grow- 
 ing at once in the same womb : super- 
 conception. The possibility of super- 
 fetation in the human female has been 
 vigorously opposed by some eminent 
 physicians and as vigorously defended 
 by others. Some believe that up to the 
 third month of gestation a second con- 
 ception may follow the first, and that 
 this will satisfactorily account for all the 
 cases of superfetation on record. 
 
 SUPERFICIAL, su-per-fish'al, adj. pertain- 
 ing' to or being- on the surface : sliallow : 
 slight : containing- only what is apparent 
 and simple : not learned. — adv. SuPERFl'- 
 CIALLY. — ns. SUPERFI'CLVLNESS. SUPERFI- 
 
 cial'ity. [From Superficies.] 
 
 SUPERFICIES, su-per-fish'ez, n. the tipper 
 face or surface : the outer face or part of 
 a thing. [L.—siqjer, above, and fades, 
 face.] 
 
 SUPERFINE, su'per-fin, adj.. fine above 
 others : finer than ordinary. [L. super, 
 above, and Fine.] 
 
 SUPERFLUITY, su-per-flo6'i-ti, n. a super- 
 Jtuous quantity or more than enough : 
 state of being superfluous : superabund- 
 ance. 
 
 SUPERFLUOUS, su-per'floo-us, adj. more 
 than enough : unnecessary or useless. — 
 adv. Super'fluously. [£. superrluus — 
 sujMr. ;iliove. and Jluo, to flow.] 
 
 SLTERHUMAN, su-per-hu'man,arf;'..a6we 
 wliat is human: divine. [L. suj^er, above, 
 and Human.] 
 
 SUPERHUMERAL, su-per-hu'mer-al, n. 
 {t'ccles.) a term of no very definite appli- 
 cation, being sometimes applied to an 
 archbishop's pallium, and .sometimes to 
 an amice. [L. super, above, a,uAhumerus, 
 till- shoulder.] 
 
 SUPERIMPOSE. su-i)erim-p6z', v.t. to im- 
 ]>ose or lay above. [L. sujier, above, and 
 Impose.] 
 
 SUPERINCUMBENT, su-per-in-kum'bent, 
 adj., lying above. [L. s(yj«r, above, and 
 I.vcumbent.] 
 
 SUPERINDUCE, su-per-in-dus', v.t. to 
 bring in over and above something else. 
 [L. sujter, above, and induco — in, in, and 
 dueo, to bring.]
 
 SUPEKINTEND 
 
 SUPERINTEND, su-per-in-tend', v.t. to 
 have the oversight or charge of : to 
 control. [Lit. "to be intent over any- 
 thing," L. super, above, and intendo — in, 
 on, and tendo. to stretch.] 
 
 SUPERINTENDENCE, sii-per-in-tend'ens, 
 n. oversight : direction : management. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT, su-per-in-tend'ent, 
 adj., siqjeriniending. — n. one who super- 
 intends : overseer. 
 
 SUPERIOR, su-pe'ri-or, adj., vpper: higher 
 in place, rank, or excellence : surpassing 
 others : beyond the influence of. — Ji. one 
 superior to others : the chief of a monas- 
 tery, etc., and of certain churches and 
 colleges. [L., comp. of supertis, high — 
 super, above.] 
 
 SUPERIORITY, su-pe-ri-or'i-ti, n. quality 
 or state of being su2xrior: pre-eminence: 
 advantage. 
 
 SUPERLATIVE, su-per'la-tiv, adj., carried 
 above others or to the highest degree : 
 superior to all others : most eminent : 
 (gram.) expressing the highest degree 
 of a quality. — )). (gram.) the superlative 
 or highest degree of adjectives and ad- 
 verbs. — adv. SuPER'LATivELY. [L. super- 
 lativiis — siiperlatns, pa.p. of superfero — 
 super, above, fero. to carry.] 
 
 SUPERMOLECULE, su-per-'mol'e-kul, n. a 
 compounded molecule or combination of 
 two molecules of different substances. 
 
 SUPERMUNDANE, sii-per-mun'dan, adj. 
 being above the world. 
 
 SUPERNACULAR, su-per-nak'u-ler, adj. 
 having the quality of supernaculum : of 
 first-rate quality : very good — said of 
 liquor. •' Some white hermitage at the 
 Haws (by the way, the butler only gave 
 me half a glass each time) was supernae- 
 idar." — Tfiackeray. 
 
 SUPERNACULUM, su-per-nak'u-lum, n. a 
 kind of mock Latin term intended to 
 mean upon the nail, used formerly by 
 topers. Narcs. " To Ariak supernaculum 
 was an ancient custom not only in En- 
 gland, but also in several other parts of 
 Europe, of emptying the cup or glass, and 
 then pouring the drop or two that re- 
 mained at the bottom upon the person's 
 nail that drank it, to show that he was 
 no flincher." — Brand : good liquor, such 
 as one will drink till not enough is left to 
 wet one"s nail. 
 
 For the cup's sake I'll bear the cupbearer. — 
 'Tis here, tne supernaculum ! twenty years 
 Of afre, if 'tis a A^y.— Byron. 
 
 [Low L. supernaculum — super, above, 
 over, and Ger. nagel, a nail. The term 
 was borrowed from the Continent.] 
 
 SUPERNAL, su-per'nal. adj. that is ahoi-e 
 or in a higher place or region: relating to 
 things above : celestial. [L. supernus — 
 super, above.] 
 
 SUPERNATANT, su - per - na'tant, adj. 
 swimming above: floating on the sur- 
 face: as, oil supernatant on water; su- 
 pernatant leaves. Boyle. [L. superna- 
 tans. supernatantis. pr.p. of sujiernato — 
 super, above, over, and nato, to swim.] 
 
 8UPERNATATION, sii-per-na-ta'shun, n. 
 the act of floating on the surface of a 
 fluid. Bacon : Sir T. Brou-ne. 
 
 SUPERNATURAL, sQ-per-nat'u-ral, adj. 
 being beyond or exceeding the powers or 
 laws" of nature ; not occurring through 
 the operation of merely physical laws, 
 but by an agency above and separate 
 from these. It is stronger than preter- 
 natural, and is often equivalent to mi- 
 raeidous. •' No man can give any rational 
 account how it is possible that such a 
 general flood should come by anj' nat- 
 ural means. And if it be supernatural. 
 that grants the thing I am proving, 
 namely, such a Supreme Being as can 
 alter the course of nature."' — Bp. Wilkins. 
 
 424 
 
 " Cures wrought by medicines are nat- 
 ural operations: but the miraculous ones 
 wrought by Christ and his apostles were 
 supernatural." — Boyle. — The Supernat- 
 ural, that which is above or beyond the 
 established course or laws of nature : 
 that which transcends nature : super- 
 natural agencies, influence, phenomena, 
 and so forth ; as, to laugh at a belief in 
 the supernatural. 
 
 SUPERNATURALISM. su - per - nat'ii - ral- 
 izni, 11. the state of being supernatural : 
 a term used chiefly in theology, in contra- 
 distinction to rationalism. In its widest 
 extent supernaturalism is the doctrine 
 that religion and the knowledge of God 
 require a revelation from God. It con- 
 siders the Christian religion as an ex- 
 traordinary phenomenon, out of the circle 
 of natural events, and as communicating 
 truths above the comprehension of hu- 
 man reason. 
 
 SUPERNUMERARY, su-per-num'er-ar-i, 
 adj., over and above the mtmher stated, 
 or which is usual or necessarj'. — n. a 
 person or thing beyond the usual, nec- 
 essary, or stated number. [L. super- 
 numerarius — super, over, and tmmerus, 
 a number.] 
 
 SUPERPOSE, su-per-p6z', v.t. to place over 
 or upon. [L. super, over, and Fr. poser 
 (see Pose, n.).] 
 
 SUPERPOSITION, su-per-po-zish'un, n. 
 act of supjerposing : state of being su- 
 perposed : that which is above any- 
 thing. 
 
 SUPERSCRIBE, su-per-skrlb', v.t. to u-rite 
 or engrave over, on the outside or top : 
 to write the name on the outside or cover 
 of. [L. super, over, above, and scribo, 
 serij^funi, to write.] 
 
 SUPERSCRIPTION, su-per-skrip'shun, n. 
 act of superscribing : that which is writ- 
 ten or engraved above or on the outside. 
 
 SUPERSEDE, siVper-sed', v.t. to sit or be 
 above or superior to : to make useless by 
 superior power : to come in the room of : 
 to displace. [L. super, above, and sedeo, 
 se^sunt to sit.l 
 
 SUPERSEDEAS, su-per-se'de-as. n. in late, 
 a writ having in general the effect of a 
 command to stay, on good cause shown, 
 some ordinary proceedings which ought 
 otherwise to have proceeded. [L.. 2d 
 pers. sing. pres. subj. of supersedeo. See 
 
 SUPERSEDERE, su - per - se - de're, n. in 
 Scots lau; (a) a private agreement 
 amongst creditors, under a trust-deed 
 and accession, that they will supersede 
 or sist diligence for a certain period ; [b) 
 a judicial act by which the court, where 
 it sees cause, grants a debtor protection 
 against diligence, without consent of the 
 creditors. 
 
 SUPERSEDURE. su-per-se'dur, n. the act 
 of superseding : supersession : as, the 
 super.'tedure of trial by jury. 
 
 SUPERSEMINATE, su-per-sem'i-nat, v.t. 
 to scatter seed over or above : to dis- 
 seminate. ■' That cannot be done with 
 jo}', when it shall be indifferent to any 
 man to suj}crseminate what he pleases." 
 — Jer. Taylor. 
 
 SUPERSENSIBLE, sii-per-sen'si-bl, adj. 
 beyond the reach of the senses : above 
 the natural powers of perception : super- 
 sensual.— The supersensible, that which 
 is above the senses : that which is super- 
 sensual. " The felt presence of the super- 
 sensibh." — Brit. Quart. Rev. 
 
 SUPERSENSITH^NESS, su-per-sen'si-tiv- 
 nes. n. morbid sensibility: excessive sen- 
 sitiveness. 
 
 SUPERSENSUAL. su-per-sen'su-al, adj. 
 above or bevond the reach of the senses. 
 
 SUPERSENSUOUS, su-per-sen'su-us, adj. 
 
 SUPINE 
 
 supersensible : supersensual : extremely 
 sensuous : more than sensuous. 
 
 SUPERSERVICEABLE. su-per-ser'vis-a- 
 bl, udj. over serviceable or oflicious : 
 doing more than is required or desired. 
 ••A . . . superserviceabh, finical rogue." 
 —Shak. 
 
 SUPERSTITION, su-per-stish'un, «. ?xces- i 
 sive reverence or fear : excessive exact' 
 ness in religious opinions or practice, 
 false worship or religion : an ignorant j 
 and irrational belief in supernatural ' 
 agency : belief in what is absurd, with- 
 out evidence. [L. superstitio, excessive 
 religious belief— swper, over, above, and 
 sto, to stand ; it orig. meant a ••.■stand- 
 ing still over or by a thing," in fear, 
 wonder, dread.] 
 
 SUPERSTITIOUS, su-per-stish'us, adj. per- 
 taining to or proceeding from supersti- 
 tion : showing or given to superstition : 
 over-exact. — adv. Supersti'tiously. 
 
 SUPERSTRUCTURE, su-per-strukt ur. n. 
 a structure obore or on something else : 
 anything erected on a foundation. [L. 
 stiper, above, and STRUCTrRE.] 
 
 SUPERSUBSTANTIAL, su-per-sub-stan'- 
 shal. adj. more than substantial : beyond 
 the domain of matter : being more than 
 substance. " Heavenly supersubstantial 
 bread." — Jer. Taylor. 
 
 SUPERSUBTLE, su-per-sut'l, adj. over- 
 subtle : cunning : crafty in an e.xcessive 
 degree. "An erring barbarian and a sti- 
 persubtle Venetian." — Shak. 
 
 SUPERTEMPOR AL, su-per-tem'po-ral . adj. 
 and }). transcending time, or independent 
 of time : what is independent of time. 
 " Plotinus and Numenius, explaining 
 Plato's sense, declare him to have a* 
 serted three supertemporals or eternals, 
 good, mind or intellect, and the soul o) 
 the universe." — Ctidu-orth. 
 
 SUPERTERRENE, su-per-te-ren', adj. be- 
 ing above ground or above the earth : 
 superterrestrial. 
 
 SUPERTERRESTRIAL,su-per-te-res'tri-al, 
 adj. beinn' above the earth, or above 
 what belongs to the earth. 
 
 SUPERTONIC, su-per-ton'ik, n. in music, 
 the note next above the key-note : the 
 second note of the diatonic scale : thus 
 D is the supertonic of the scale of C : A 
 the supertonic of the scale of G ; and so 
 on. 
 
 SUPERTUBERATION, su - per - tu - ber-a'- 
 shun, n. the production of young tubers, 
 as potatoes, from the old ones while stiU 
 growing. 
 
 SUPERVENE, su-per-ven', v.i. to cotmMJL 
 above or upon : to occur, or take place^aP 
 [L. super, above, and venio, ventum, to 
 come.] 
 
 SUPERVENTION, su-per-ven'shun, >i. act 
 of superi^ening or taking place. 
 
 SUPERVISAL, su-per-Viz'al, SUPER- 
 VISION, su-per-vizh'un. n. act of super- 
 i^ising : inspection : control. 
 
 SUPERVISE, su-per-viz'. v.t. to oversee : to 
 superintend. [L. super, over, and video, 
 i^isiim. to see.] 
 
 SUPERVISOR, su-per-viz'or. n. one who 
 supervises : an overseer : an inspector : 
 a member of a coimty Board in some of 
 the States which has general executive 
 control of township and county local 
 affairs. 
 
 SUPINE, su-pin', adj.. lying on the back: 
 leaning backward : negligent : indolent. 
 — »(. sil'pln (Latin grain.) name given to 
 the verbal form in urn and u (so called 
 perh. because though furnished with c;»se- 
 endings. it rests or falls back on the verb). 
 — arfr. Supine'lt.— Ji. Supine'ness. [L. 
 supinus — sub. under, below ; cf. Gr. hyp- 
 tios, from hypo.]
 
 SUPPER 
 
 425 
 
 SURFACE-GAUGE 
 
 SUPPER, sup'er, n. a meal taken at the 
 close of the day. [Lit. " taking of soiip," 
 Fr. sonpe) — soupe ; from Ger. suppe. 
 See Soup and Sup.] 
 
 SUPPERLESS, sup'er-les, adj. without 
 sapper. 
 
 SUPPLANT, sup-plant', v.t. to displace by 
 stratagem : to take the place of : to un- 
 dermine.— h. Supplant'er. [h.supplanto, 
 to trip up one's heels — sub, under, planta, 
 the sole of the foot.] 
 
 SUPPLE, sup'l, (kJJ. pliant : lithe : yielding 
 to the humor of others : fawning. — r.f. to 
 make supple : to make soft or compliant. 
 — v.i. to become supple. — n. Supp'leness. 
 [Fr. souple — L. mtpplex, bending the 
 knees— s((f», under, and plico, to fold. 
 See Pliant.] 
 
 SUPPLEMENT, sup'le-ment, n. thatwlii h 
 supplies or fills up: any addition by which 
 defects are supplied. — v.t. to suppU- or 
 fill up : to add to. [L. supplementtim — 
 suppleo. to fill up.] 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL, sup-ple-ment'al, SUP- 
 PLEMENTARY, sup-ple-ment'ar-i, adj. 
 added to supply what is wanting : ad- 
 ditional. 
 
 SUPPLIANT, sup'li-ant, adj., supplicating: 
 asking earnestly: entreating. — n. a hum- 
 ble petitioner. — adv. Supp'liantly. [Fr. 
 suppliant, pr.p. of supplier — L. supplico.] 
 
 SUPPLICANT, sup'li-kant, adj., supplicat- 
 ing : asking submissively. — n. one who 
 supplicates or entreats earnestly. [L. 
 supplicans, pr.p. of stipplico.] 
 
 SUPPLICATE, sup'li-kat, v.t. to entreat 
 earnestly : to address in prayer. [L. 
 supplico, -atum — supplex, kneeling down 
 — sub. under, and plico. to fold.] 
 
 SUPPLICATION, sup-li-ka'shun, n. act of 
 supplicating: earnest prayer or entreaty. 
 [L. supplicatio.] 
 
 SUPPLICATORY, sup'li-ka-tor-i, adj. con- 
 taining supplication or entreaty : hum- 
 ble. 
 
 bUPPLY, sup-pli'. i\t. to fill up, esp. a de- 
 ficiency : to add what is wanted : to fur- 
 nish : to fill a vacant place : to serve 
 instead of : — pa.t. and pa.p. supplied'. 
 [Fr. — L. suppleo — sub, up, and pleo, to 
 fillj 
 
 SUPPLY, sup-plT', n. act of supplying : 
 that which is supplied or which supplies 
 a wan'. . amount of food or money pro- 
 vided (used generally in pi.). 
 
 SUPPORT, sup-port', v.t. to hear up: to 
 endure or sustain : to keep up as a part 
 or character : to make good : to defend : 
 to represent : to supplj' with means of 
 living : to uphold by countenance, pat- 
 ronize : to follow on same side as a 
 speaker. — n. act of supporting or upliold- 
 ing : that which supports, sustains, or 
 maintains : maintenance. [L. .s?tb, up, 
 and porto, to bear.] 
 
 SUPPORTABLE, sup-port'a-bl.ad;'. capable 
 of being supported : endurable : capable 
 of being maintai ned . — adv. Support' ably. 
 
 SUPPORTER, sup-port'er, n. one who sup- 
 ports or maintains ; as, one wlio gives 
 aid or helps to carry on ; a defender : an 
 ailvocate ; a vindicator ; as, the support- 
 ers ot the war, the supporters of religion, 
 morality, justice, etc.: "Worthy sup- 
 porters of such a reigning impietj-." — 
 South : an adherent; one who takes part; 
 as, the supporter of a party or faction : 
 one who accompanies another on some 
 public occasion as an aid or attendant ; 
 one who seconds or strengthens by aid 
 or countenance: a sustainer: a comforter; 
 " The saints have a companion and .tup- 
 porter in all their miseries." — Honth : 
 that which supports or upholds : that 
 vrpon which anything is placed ; a sup- 
 port, a prop, a pillar, etc.; "A building 
 Bet upon supporters.'' — Mortimer: in ship- 
 
 building, a knee placed under the cat- 
 head : in surg. a broad, elastic, or cush- 
 ioned band or truss for the support of 
 any part or organ, as the abdomen. 
 
 SUPPOSABLE, sup-p6z'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be supposed. 
 
 SUPPOSE, sup-poz', v.t. to lay down, as- 
 sume, or state as true : to imagine. — n. 
 Suppos'er. [Lit. "to place under," Fr. 
 supposer — L. sub. under, and Fr. poser, to 
 place (see PoSE, ?!.).] 
 
 SUPPOSITION, sup-po-zish'un, ??. act of 
 supposing : that which is supposed : as- 
 sumption. [Fr. — L.] 
 
 SUPPOSITITIOUS, sup-poz-i-tish'us, adj. 
 put by trick in the place of a7wther : spu- 
 rious : imaginary. [L. supposititius — 
 suppono, to put in the place of another 
 — sub, under, and pono, to place.] 
 
 SUPPOSITIVE, sup - poz'i - tiv, adj. sup- 
 posed: including or implying supposition. 
 " A supposifive intimation and an express 
 prediction." — Bj). Pearson. 
 
 SUPPOSITIVE, sup-poz'i-tiv, n. a word de- 
 noting or impljing supposition, as if, 
 granted, provided, and suchlike. "The 
 supposifives denote connection, but as- 
 sert not actual existence." — Harris. 
 
 SUPPOSITIVELY, sup-poz'i-tiv-li, adv. 
 with, by, or upon suppo.sition. " The un- 
 reformed sinner may have some hope sup- 
 positively if he do change and repent; the 
 honest penitent may hope positively." — 
 
 , Hammond. 
 
 SUPPOSITORY, sup-poz'i-tor-i, n. in med. 
 a bod}' introduced into the rectum, there 
 to remain and dissolve gradually in order 
 to procure stools when clysters cannot be 
 administered : a plug to hold back haim- 
 orrlioidal protrusions. 
 
 SUPPOSURE, sup-poz'ur, n. supposition : 
 hypothesis. Hudibras. 
 
 SUPPRESS, sup-pres', v.t. to press or put 
 doirni : to crush : to keep in : to retain or 
 conceal : to stop. — n. SUPPRESS'OR. [L. 
 suppressum, pa.p. of supprimo — sub, 
 down, under, and pr em o (see PRESS).] 
 
 SUPPRESSION, sup-presh'un, 7i. act of 
 suppressing : stoppage : concealment. 
 
 SUPPRESSIVE, sup-pres'iv, adj. tending 
 to suppress : subduing. 
 
 SUPPURATE, sup'u-ra't, v.i. to gather pus 
 or matter. [L. sub, under, and^JMs, pur- 
 is (see Pus).] 
 
 SUPPURATION, sup-u-ra'shun, u. act or 
 process of suppurating or producing pus: 
 matter. 
 
 SUPPURATIVE, sup'u-rat-iv, adj. tending 
 to suppurate: promoting suppuration.^ 
 11. a medicine that promotes suppura- 
 tion. 
 
 SUPRALAPSARIAN, su-pra-lap-sa'ri-an. 
 u. in theol. one who maintains that God, 
 antecedent to the fall of man or any 
 knowledge of it, decreed the apostasy 
 and all its consequences, determining to 
 save some and condemn others, and that 
 in all he does he considers his own glory 
 only. [L. supra, above, over, and lap- 
 sus, a fall.] 
 
 SUPRALAPSARIAN, su-pra-lap-sa'ri-an, 
 adj. of or pertaining to the Supralapsai'i- 
 ans or to their doctrines. 
 
 SUPRALAPSARIANISM, su-pra-lap-sa'ri- 
 an-izm, n. the doctrine or system of the 
 Supralap.sarians. 
 
 SUPRALAPSARY. su-pra-lap'sa-ri, n. and 
 adj. supralapsarian. 
 
 SUPRALUNAR, su-pra-lu'ner, adj. (lit.) 
 beyond the moon : hence, very lofty : of 
 very great height. [L. supra, ahove, 
 and luna. the moon.] 
 
 SUPRAMUNDANE. su-pra-mun'dan, adj. 
 lieing or situated above the world or 
 above our system- celestial. "In the 
 form of God. clothed with all the majesty 
 and glory of the supramundane life." — 
 
 Hallyn-ell. [L. supra, above, and mundus, 
 the world.] 
 
 SUPRA-ORBITAL, su-pra-or'bit-al, adj m 
 anat. being above the orbit of the eye. — 
 Supra-orbital abtery. an artery' sent 
 off by the ophthalmic, along the superior 
 wall of t lie orbit. 
 
 SUPRA - ORBITARY, su-pra-or'bit-a^ri, 
 SUPRA-ORBITAR, su-pra-or'bit-er, adj 
 same as Supra-orbital. 
 
 SUPRAPROTEST, su-pra-pro'test, n. in 
 law, an acceptance of a bill bj' a tliird 
 person, after protest for non-acceptance 
 by the drawer. 
 
 SUPRARENAL, su-pra-re'nal, adj. in anat. 
 situated above the kidneys.— SUPRARENAL 
 CAPSULES, two minute, yellowish, tri- 
 angular, glandular bodies which exist, 
 one at the front portion of the upper end 
 of each kidney. Their exact functions 
 are as yet uncertain. [L. siq^ra. above, 
 over, and ren, renes, the kidneys.] 
 
 SUPREMACY, su-prem'a-si, n. state of 
 being supreme : highest authority or 
 power. [Coined from Supreme, on the 
 model of Primacy.] 
 
 SUPREME, su-prera', adj., highest : great- 
 est : most excellent. — adv. Supreme'ly. 
 [L. sujjreinus, superl. of superus, high — 
 super, above.] 
 
 SURCEASE, sur-ses', v.i. to cease. — v.t. to 
 cause to cease. — n, cessation. [Fi'. snrsis, 
 pa.p. of sur-seoir, to leave off — L. super- 
 sedere, io sit over, to refrain from. Cf. 
 Assize, Assess. Doublet Supersede.] 
 
 SURCHARGE, sur-charj', v.t. to over- 
 charge or overload. — n. an excessive 
 load. [Fr. sur — L. super, over, and 
 Charge.] 
 
 SURD, surd, adj. (dig.) involving surds : 
 produced by the action of the speech 
 organs on the breath (not the voice), as 
 the "hard" sounds A', t. p, f, etc. — n. 
 (alg.) a quantity inexpressible by rational 
 numbers, or which has no root. [Lit. 
 "deaf," L. surdus ; allied to Sans, svar, 
 heavy.] 
 
 SURE, shoor, adj. .secure : fit to be depended 
 on : certain : strong : confident beyond 
 doubt.— <-(dt'S. SlIRE,~'SuRE'LY. [Fi'. siir — 
 L. securus. Doublet Secure.] 
 
 SURETISHIP, shoor'ti-ship, w. state of be- 
 ing surety : obligation of one person to 
 answer for another. 
 
 SURETY, shoor'ti. ?i. state of being s!/re; 
 certainty : he who or that which makes 
 sure : security against loss : one who 
 becomes bound for another. [Doublet 
 Security.] 
 
 SURF. surf. n. the foam made by the 
 dashing of waves. — adj. SURP'Y. [Ety. 
 very dub. ; perh. from SURGE ; under in- 
 fluence of L. sorbeo, to suck in.] 
 
 SURFACE, sur'fas, n. the exterior part of 
 anything. [Fr. (lit.) the " upper face," 
 from .s»r — L. super, and face — L. fades. 
 See Face. Doublet Superficies.] 
 
 SURFACE-CHUCK, sur'fas-chuk. u. a 
 face-plate cliuck in a lathe to which an 
 obiect is fixed for turning. 
 
 SURFACE-CONDENSER, sur'fas-kon-den- 
 .ser, n. in steam-engines, an apparatus by 
 which steam from the cylinder is con- 
 densed. It usually consists of a large 
 number of brass tubes united at their 
 ends by means of a pair of flat steam- 
 tight vessels, or of two sets of radiating 
 times. This set of tubes is inclosed in a 
 casing, through which a suflScient quan- 
 tity of cold water is driven. The steam 
 from the exhaust pipe is condensed as it 
 passes through these tubes, and is 
 pumped away by the air-pump. 
 
 SURFACE-GAUGE, sur'fas-gaj, n. an in- 
 strument for testing the accuracy of 
 plane surfaces.
 
 SUKFACE-GRUB 
 
 426 
 
 SUSPICIOUS 
 
 SUEFACE-GEUB, sur'fas-grub, n. the 
 caterpillai- of the great yellow under- 
 wing' luotli (Triphcena pronuba). When 
 full growu it is nearly li inch long, pale 
 green with a brownish tinge, black dots, 
 three pale lines down the back. It is 
 fi'equently destructive to the roots of 
 grass, cabbages, and turnips. 
 
 SURFACE-JOINT, sur'fas-joint, n. a joint 
 uniting the ends or edges of metallic 
 sheets or plates. They are generally 
 formed by laps or flanges, soldered or 
 riveted. E. H. Knight. 
 
 SURFACEMAN, sur'fas-man, n. m rail, a 
 person whose duty it is to keep the per- 
 manent wav in order. 
 , SURFACE - PRINTING, sur'fas-print-ing, 
 n. printing from an inked surface, in con- 
 tradistinction to jjtoie-jjrinfwg', in which 
 the lines are filled witli ink, the surface 
 cleaned, and the ink absorbed from the 
 lines by pressure on the plate. Books, 
 newspapers, woodcuts, and lithographs 
 are examples of surface-printing. E. H. 
 Kn igh t. 
 
 SURF ACER, sur'fas-er, Ji. a machine for 
 planing and giving a surface to wood : 
 one who digs for gold in the surface soil. 
 
 SURFACE-ROLLER, sur'fas-rol-er, ji. the 
 enarraved cylinder used in calico-printing. 
 E.'H. Knight. 
 
 SURFACE-WATER, sur'fas-waw-ter, n. 
 water which collects on the surface of 
 the ground, and usually runs off into 
 drains, sewers, and the like. 
 
 SURFACE - WORKING, sur'fas-wurk-ing, 
 n. the operation of digging for gold or 
 other minerals on the top soil. 
 
 SURF- BOAT, surf'-bot, n. a peculiarly 
 strong and buoyant boat capable of pass- 
 ing ^vith safetv through surf. 
 
 SURF-DUCK, surt'-duk, n. a species of 
 scoter (Oidemia perspiciUata) about the 
 size of a mallard, frequent on the coasts 
 of Labrador, Hudson's Baj-, and other 
 parts of North America. It dives so 
 swiftly that it is extremely difficult to 
 shoot except when on the wing. 
 
 SURFEIT, sur'fit, r.t. to fill to satiety and 
 disgust. — n. excess in eating and drink- 
 ing : sickness or satiety caused by over- 
 fullness. [Fr. s!/r/a!Y, overdone — L. su- 
 per, and factum.'] 
 
 SURFEITING, sur'flt-ing, n. eating over- 
 much : gluttony. 
 
 SURGE, surj, n. the rising or swelling of a 
 large wave. — v.i. to rise high : to swell. 
 [Through O. Fr. forms fi-om L. surgo, to 
 rise. See SOUECE.] 
 
 SURGEON, sur'jun, n. one who treats in- 
 juries or diseases by operating upon them 
 with the hand. [From serurgien. an O. 
 Fr. form of Fr. chirurgien (whence E. 
 Chiruegeon), which see.] 
 
 SLTtGEONCY, sur'jun-si, n. the office or 
 emplojTiient of a surgeon in the army or 
 tia.\-y. 
 
 SURGERY, sur'jer-i, n. act and art of 
 treating diseases by manual operations : 
 a place for surgical operations. 
 
 SURGICAL, sur'jik-al. adj. pertaining to 
 surgeons, or to surgery : done by surgeiy. 
 
 rt(h-.— SUR'GICAULY. 
 
 6URGY, surj'i, adj. full of surges or 
 waves : billowy. 
 
 SURLOIN, the preferable form of SiRLOIN. 
 
 SURLY, sur'U, adj. morose : uncivil : tem- 
 pestuous. — adv. Sur'lily. — n. Suk'li- 
 NESS. [From A.S. sur, sour, and lie. 
 lice, like ; Wedgwood thinks it a modi- 
 fication of sir-ly. for sirlike, arrogant.] 
 
 SURMISE, sur-ml/, n. suspicion : conject- 
 ure. — v.t. to imagine : to suspect. [O. 
 Fr. surmise, accusation — surmettre, to 
 accuse — ^L, sujier, upon, mitto, to .send, 
 to put.] 
 
 SURMOLTNT. sur-mownt', v.t. to mount 
 
 above : to surpass. — adj. SCKMOfTfr'ABLE, 
 that may be surmounted. [Fr. — sur (L. 
 super), and mouter (.see MOUNT).] 
 
 SURMULLET, sur'mul-et, n. the common 
 name for fishes of the family Mullida;, 
 formerly included in the jjerch familj-, 
 but distinguished by having two dorsal 
 fins placed at a very wide interval, tlie 
 first being spinous. Two long barbels 
 hang from the under jaw, or, when not 
 in use. are folded up against it. The 
 typical genus is Mulhis. The red or plain 
 surmullet (3/. barbatusov ruber) inhabits 
 the Mediterranean, and attains a length 
 of about 13 inches. Its flesh is esteemed 
 very delicious, and was extravagantl3' 
 prized by the Romans. It is remarkable 
 for the brilliancy of its colors. The 
 striped or common surmulljt (J/, sur- 
 muletus) is somewhat lai'ger, but equal 
 to the red surmullet in delicacy. It is 
 prettj- common on the southern and 
 south-western shores of England. [Fr. 
 surmulet, the red mullet, for sormulet, 
 from O. Fr. sor. Mod. Fr. saur, reddish- 
 brown, sorrel, and midet, a mullet. See 
 Sore, a hawk, a deer.] 
 
 SURMULOT, sur'mu-lot, n. a name given 
 by Buffon to the brown rat {Mus decuma- 
 nus). [Fi-., from saur. O. Fr. sor, reddish- 
 brown, sorrel, and mulot, a. field-mouse.] 
 
 SURNAME, sur'uam,n. an additional name: 
 a name or appellation added to the bap- 
 tismal or Christian name, and which be- 
 comes a family name. Surnames with 
 us originallj- designated occupation, 
 estate, place of residence, or some par- 
 ticular thing or event that related to the 
 person. Thus William Riifus, or I'ed ; 
 Edmund Ironsides ; Robert Smith, or the 
 smith; 'William Turner. Surnames seem 
 to have been formed at first by adding the 
 name of the father to that of the son, 
 and in this manner sevei'al of our sur- 
 names were produced. Thus from Tliomas 
 William's son we have Thomas William- 
 son ; from John's son we liave Johnson, 
 etc. '■ There still, however, wanted 
 something to ascertain gentility of blood, 
 where it was not marked by the actual 
 tenure of land. This was .supplied by 
 two innovations, de\ised in the eleventh 
 and twelfth centuries, the adoption of 
 surnames and of armorial bearings." — 
 Hallam. [Prefix sur, over and above, 
 and Name.] 
 
 SURNAME, sur'nam, v.t. to name or call 
 by an appellation added to the original 
 name: to give a surname to. "Another 
 shall subscribe with his hand to the Lord, 
 and surname himself by the name of 
 Israel." — Is. xliv. 5. "And Simon he sur- 
 named Peter." — Mark. iii. 16. 
 
 SURNOMINAL, sur-nom'in-al, adj. relat- 
 ing to surnames. [Prefix sur, over, 
 above, and L. nomen, nominis, a name.] 
 
 SURPASS, sur-pas', v.t. to jta.ss beyond : to 
 exceed : to excel. [Fr. surpasser. from 
 sur — L. sujier, bevond, and passer (see 
 Pass).] 
 
 SURPASSABLE. sur-pas'a-bl, adj. that 
 may be surpassed or excelled. 
 
 SLTRPLICE, sur'plis, ji. a white outer gar- 
 ment worn by the clergy. [Fr. surplis — 
 Low L. superpellioium^ d.n over-garment. 
 See Peusse.] 
 
 SURPLUS, sur'plus, n. the overphus: excess 
 above what is required. [Fr., from sur 
 — L. suj)er. over, and p/«.s, tiiore.] 
 
 SURPLL'^SAGE, sur'plus-aj, n., overplus. 
 
 SURPRISE, sur-priz', n. act of taking un- 
 awares: the en)otion caused by anything 
 .sudden : amazement. — v.t. to come upon 
 suddenly or unawares: to strike with won- 
 der or astonishment : to confuse. [Fr. — 
 surpris, pa.p. of sur-prendre — ^L. super, 
 and preheyido, to take, catch. See Get.] 
 
 SLTIPRISING, sur-prlz'ing, adj., exciting 
 surprise : wonderful : unexpected. — adv. 
 
 SCRPRIS'INGLY. 
 
 SURRENDER, sur-ren'der, v.t. to render 
 or deliver over : to resign. — v.i. to yield 
 up one's self to another.- — n. act of yield- 
 ing, or giving u]> to another. [(3. Fr. 
 surrendre. from sur, over — L. super, and 
 rendre (see Render).] 
 
 SLTIREPTITIOUS, siu--rei>tish'us, adj. 
 done by stealth or fraud. — adv. Sl"REEP 
 TI'TIOUSLY. [Lit. •'.■seized in an under- 
 hand manner,'' L.. from surripio. s^tr- 
 repfum — sub. under, and rapio. to seize.] 
 
 SURROGATE, sur'ro-gat, n. a substitute : 
 the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge : a 
 probate judge who presides over the set- 
 tlement of estates, wills, etc. [Lit. "one 
 asked to act in the place of another," 
 L. surrogo, surrogatu.n — sub, in the place 
 of. and rogo, to ask.] 
 
 SURROUND, sur-rowud', v.t. to go round 
 about: to encompass. [Fr. sur — L. s«- 
 2}er. about, and ROUND.] 
 
 SURTOUT, sur -too', n. a close-bodied 
 frock-coat. [Fr. — Low L. super-totus, a 
 garment worn over all others.] 
 
 SURVEILLANCE, sur-vel'yans, ?i. a being 
 r/gitoHf or watchful : inspection. [Fr. — 
 surveiller — sur, over — L. sitper, and veil- 
 ler. to watch — L. vigilare. See Vigil.] 
 
 SURVEY, sur-va', v.t. to see or look over: 
 to inspect : to superintend: to examine : 
 to measure and estimate, as land. [O. 
 Fr. surveoir — L. super, over, and i-idere, 
 to see.] 
 
 SURVEY, sur'va, ?!., oversight : \-iew : ex- 
 amination : the measuring of land, or of 
 a country. 
 
 SURVEYOR, sur-va'or, it. an overseer : a 
 measurer of land : a public oflicer who 
 keeps records of and does surveying io 
 counties, states, etc. — n. Survey'ORSHIP. 
 
 SURVIVAL, sur-viv'al, Ji. a surviving ot 
 living after. 
 
 SURVn'E, sur-viV, v.t. to live beyond : to 
 outlive. — v.i. to remain alive. [Fr. — L. 
 super, beyond, and vivere, to live.] 
 
 SURVIVOR, sul•-^•lv'or, n. one who sur\'jve3 
 or lives after another. — n. SrEvlv'ORSHIP. 
 
 SUSCEPTIBILITY, sus-sep- ti -bil'i-ti, n. 
 quahty of being susceptible : capability : 
 sensibility. 
 
 SUSCEPTLBLE, .sus-sep'ti-bl, adj. capable 
 of recei%"ing anything : uupressible : dis- 
 posed to admit. — adv. Suscep'tibly. [Fr. 
 — L. susci^no, susce2)tiim, to take up, to 
 undergo — sub, from beneath, up, and 
 cajtio. to take.] 
 
 SUSCEPTH'E, sus-sep'tiv, adj. capable of 
 receiving or admitting: readily admitting. 
 
 SUSPECT, sus-pekt'. v.t. to mistrust : to 
 imagine to be guilty : to doubt : to con- 
 jecture. [L. suspic'io. suspectum, to look 
 at secretly — sub, from beneath, up, and 
 specio. to look at.] 
 
 SUSPEND, sus-penil', v.t. to /laugrone thing 
 beneath another : to make to depend on : 
 to make to stop for a time : to delay : to 
 debar. — ((. Suspend'er. [L. suspehdo — 
 .s(/b. beneath. X)endo. pensum. to hang.] 
 
 SL'SPENSE. sus-pens', n. stati'of being sus- 
 pended: act of withholding- the judgment: 
 uncertainty: indecision: -stop betwixt two 
 opposites. 
 
 SUSPENSION, sus-pen'shuu, n. act of suS' 
 pending: interruption: delay: temporary 
 privation of office or privilege : a condi- 
 tional withholding. 
 
 SUSPENSORY, sus-pens'or-i. adj. that sus- 
 pends: doubtful. — n. that which suspends: 
 a bandage. 
 
 SUSPICION, sus-pish'un, n. act of suspect- 
 ing: the imagining of something without 
 evidence oron slender evidence: mistrust. 
 
 SUSPICIOUS, sus-pish'us. adj. full of sus- 
 jncion : showing suspicion : incUned to
 
 SUSTAIN 
 
 427 
 
 SWEETEN 
 
 suspect : liable to suspicion : doubtful. — 
 adv. Suspi'ciousLY. — n. Suspi'ciousness. 
 
 SUSTAIN, sus-tan', v.t. to hold up: to bear: 
 to maintain : to i-elieve : to prove : to 
 sanction: to prolong. — n. Sustais'er. [L. 
 sustineo — sub, from beneath, up, and 
 teiieo, to hold.] 
 
 SUSTAINABLE, sus-tan'a-bl, adj. that may 
 be sustained. 
 
 SUSTENANCE, sui'ten-ans, n. that -n-hich 
 sustains : maintenance : provisions. 
 
 SUSTENTATION, sus-ten-ta'shun, n. that 
 which sustains : support : maintenance. 
 
 SUTLER, sut'ler, n. a person who foUows 
 an army and sells liquor or provisions : 
 a camp hawker. [O. Dut. soeteler, a 
 small trader — soetelen, to do mean work ; 
 Ger. sudler, a dabbler — sudeln, to do dirty 
 work.] 
 
 SUTLING, sutling-, adj. pertaining- to sut- 
 lers: engaged in the occupation of a sutler. 
 
 SUTTEE, sut-te', n. formerly in India, the 
 sacrifice of a widow on the funeral pile 
 of her husband : the widow so sacrificed. 
 [Sans, cuddhi. voluntary sacrifice.] 
 
 SUTURAL, sut'ur-al, adj. relating to a 
 suture. 
 
 SUTURE, sut'ur, n. {med.) the sewing to- 
 gether of a wound : the seam uniting the 
 bones of the skull : (bot.) the seam at 
 the union of two margins in a plant. [L. 
 sutura — suo, to sew.] 
 
 SUTURED, sut'urd, adj. having or united 
 by sutures. 
 
 SUZERAIN, soo'ze-ran, n. a feudal lord : 
 supreme or paramount ruler. [Lit. " one 
 who is above,'' Fr. sus — Late L. susitm, 
 for sursunu^sub-i-ersiim, above ; the ter- 
 mination in imitation of Fr. souverain, 
 E. Sovereign.] 
 
 SUZERAINTY, s5o'ze-r5n-ti, n. the do- 
 minion of a suzerain: paramount author- 
 ity. 
 
 SWAB, swob, n. a mop for cleaning or dry- 
 ing floors or decks. — v.t. to clean or dry 
 with a swab : — pr.p. swabb'ing ; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. swabbed. [Prob. orig. from 
 the splashing movement of water, and 
 so conn, with S\rEEP.] 
 
 SWABBER, swob'er, n. one who uses a 
 swab : an oflicer who sees that the ship 
 is kept clean. 
 
 SWADDLE, swod'l, v.t. to swathe or bind 
 tight with clothes, as an infant. [A.S. 
 swethel, a swaddling-band ; an extension 
 of Swathe, to bindj 
 
 SWADDLING - BAND, swod'ling - band, 
 
 SWADDLING-CLOTH, swod'Uug-kloth, 
 
 • n. a band or clotli formerly used for 
 
 stvaddling an infant i-^pl. (B.) Swad- 
 
 DUNGt-CLOTHES.] 
 
 SWAGGER, swager, v.i. to .^way or swing 
 the body in bluster : to brag noisily : to 
 bull}-. — n. boastfulness : insolence of 
 manner. — n. Swagg'erer. [From the 
 root of Sway, Svitng.] 
 
 SWAIN, swan, 7i. a young man: a peasant: 
 a country lover. [A.S. swan, a servant ; 
 Ice. sveinn, young man, servant, Dan. 
 svend, servant ; perh. conn, with root of 
 Son.] 
 
 SWALLOW, swol'o, 7i. a migratory bird 
 with long wings, which seizes its insect 
 food on the wing. [A.S. swalewe ; cog. 
 with Ger. schwalbe.'^ 
 
 SWALLOW, swol'S, v.t. to receive through 
 the gullet into the stomach : to inopulf : 
 to absorb: to occupy: to exhaust. [A.S. 
 strelgan, to swallow ; cog. with Ger. 
 schicelgen ; conn, with Swill.] 
 
 SWAM, svraxa, pa.t. of Swim. 
 
 SWAMP, swomp, n. wet, spongy la.nA : low 
 ground filled with water.^— r.f. to sink m, 
 or as in a swamp: to overset, or cause to 
 fill with water, as a boat. [Closely conn, 
 with Low Ger. and Scand. svanip, which, 
 with A.S. swamm and Ger, schwamm. 
 
 r 
 
 signify "sponge," and '•mushroom;" 
 all from the root of Swim.] 
 
 SWAMPY, swomp'i, adj. consisting of 
 swamp : wet and spongj". 
 
 SWAN, swon, n. a web-footed bird like the 
 duck and goose. [A.S.; cog. with Ger. 
 schwan, Dut. zwaan ; from L. sono, to 
 sound. Sans. svan.'[ 
 
 SWARD, svvawrd, n. the grassy surface of 
 land: green turf. — v.t. to cover with 
 sward. [Orig. the " skin of bacon," A.S. 
 mceard ; cog. with Ger. schwarte, thick, 
 hard hide. Ice. svordr, the skin (esp. of 
 the head), the sward or surface of the 
 f 3.rth 1 
 
 SWARDED, swawTd'ed, SWARDY, 
 swawrd'i, adj. covered with sward. 
 
 SWARE, swar, {B.) pa.t. of Sweak. 
 
 SWARM, swawrm, n. a body of humming 
 or buzzing insects: a cluster of insects, 
 esp. of bees : a great number : throng. — 
 v.i. to gather as bees : to appear in a 
 crowd : to throng : to abound : to 
 breed multitudes. [A.S. swearm; Ger. 
 Schwann ; from the same root as Ger. 
 schivirren. Sans, svr, to sound.] 
 
 SWARTHY, swawrth'i, adj. of a blackish 
 complpxion: dark-skinned: tawny. — adv. 
 Swabth'ily. — n. Swaeth'iness. [A.S. 
 sweart ; cog. with Ice. svart-r, Ger. 
 schwarz, black ; conn, also with L. sor- 
 didus. dirt J'.] 
 
 SWATH, swawth, n. a line of gi-ass or 
 corn cut by the scythe : the sweep of a 
 scythe. [A.S. swoeihe ; Dut. zicade, also 
 a scythe, which may have been the 
 original meaning.] 
 
 SWATHE, swath, v.t. to bind with a band 
 or bandage. — n. a bandage. [A.S. be- 
 su-ethian. Cf. Swaddle.] 
 
 SWAY, swa, v.t. to swing or wield with the 
 hand : to incline to one side : to influ- 
 ence by power or moral force: to govern. 
 — v.i. to incline to one side : to govern ; 
 to have weight or influence. — n.the sweep 
 of a weapon : that which moves with 
 power: preponderance: power in govern- 
 ing : influence or authority inclining to 
 one side. [Prob. Scand., as Ice. sveigja, 
 Dan. svaie, to swaj', sveie, to bend ; akin 
 to Swing and Wag.] 
 
 SWEAR, swar, v.i. to affirm, calling God 
 to witness : to give evidence on oath : to 
 utter the name of God or of sacred things 
 profanely. — v.t. to utter, calling God to 
 witness : to administer an oath to : to 
 declare on oath : — jja.t. swore ; pa.p. 
 sworn. — n. St\tlar'ee. [^-S. swerian ; 
 cog. with Dut. zweren, Ger. schworen. 
 Cf. Answer.] 
 
 SWEAT, swet, n. the moisture from the 
 skin : labor : drudgery. — v.i. to give out 
 sweat or moisture: to toil. — v.t. to give 
 out, as sweat : to cause to sweat. [A.S. 
 swat ; cog. with Low Grer. sweet, Ger. 
 sehweisz ; further conn, with L. sudor, 
 Gr. hidros. Sans, svedas.] 
 
 SWEATING-ROOM, swet'ing-room, n. a 
 room for sweating persons : in dairy 
 business, a room for sweating cheese and 
 carrying off the superfluous juices. 
 
 SWEATING-SICKNESS, swet'ing-sik-nss, 
 n. sudor anglicanus, ephemera sudatoria, 
 or ephemera maligna : an extremely 
 fatal, febrile epidemic disease which 
 made its appearance in England in Au- 
 gust, l-18o, and at different periods up 
 till 1551, and which spread very extens- 
 ively on the Continent. It was char- 
 acterized by profuse sweating, and was 
 frequently fatal in a few hours. — Mal- 
 WAH SWEATING-SICKNESS, a disease oc- 
 curring in India, which appears to be 
 allied to tlie worst form of cholera, and 
 to bear a close relation to malignant 
 con gestive fever. Dunglison. 
 
 SWEATING - SYSTEM , swet'ing-sis-tem, 
 
 >i. a term applied, particularly in the 
 tailoring trade, to the practice of em- 
 ployiug men. women, and children to 
 make up clothes in theu- own houses at 
 very low wages. 
 SWEATY, swet'i, adj. wet with sweat : con- 
 sisting of sweat : laborious. — n. Sweat'- 
 
 INESS. 
 
 SWEDE, swed, n. a native of Sweden. 
 
 SWEDENBORGIAN, swe-den-bor'ji-an, ». 
 one who holds the doctrines of the New 
 Jerusalem Church as taught by Emanuel 
 Swedenborg, a Swedish nobleman, born 
 at Stockholm in 1689. He professed 
 himself to be the founder of the New 
 Jerusalem Church, alluding to the New 
 Jerusalem spoken of in the book of the 
 Revelation, and conceived that the 
 members of this church were gifted with 
 peculiar insight into spiritual things. 
 The Swedenborgians believe that the 
 regenerate man is in direct communica- 
 tion with angels and with heaven. They 
 maintain that the sacred Scriptures con- 
 tain three distinct senses, called celestial, 
 spiritual^ and natural, which are united 
 by correspondences, and are accommo- 
 dated respectively to particular classes, 
 both of men and angels. They hold that 
 there have been various general judg- 
 ments ending particular dispensations of 
 divine revelation. The last was in 1757, 
 when Swedenborg received the office of 
 teaching the doctrines of the new church 
 promised in the Apocalypse. As this 
 church is to be eternal there will be no 
 other general judgment, but each indi- 
 vidual is judged soon after death. There 
 are numerous societies of them both io 
 Great Britain and America. 
 
 SWEDENBORGL\NISM, swe - den - bor'ji- 
 an-izm, n. the doctrines and practice of 
 the Swedenborgians. 
 
 SWEDISH, swed'ish, adj. pertaining to 
 Sweden. 
 
 SWEEP, swep, v.t. to wipe or rub over 
 with a brush or broom : to carry along 
 or off by a long brushing stroke or foi'ce: 
 to destroy or carr.v off at a stroke : to 
 strike with a long stroke : to carry with 
 pomp : to drag over : to pass rapidly 
 over. — v.i. to pass swiftly and forcibly : 
 to pass with pomp : to move with a long 
 reach : — pa.t. and pa.p. swept. — n. act 
 of sweeping : extent of a stroke, or of 
 anything turning or in motion : direction 
 of a curve : a chimney-sweeper. — n. 
 Sweeper. [A.S. swap'an ; cog. with 
 Low Ger. swepen, Ger. schweifen. Cf. E. 
 Swab, Swoop, and Swift.] 
 
 SWEEPINGS, swep'ingz, n.pl. things col- 
 lected bv sweeping : rubbish. 
 
 SWEEPSTAKES, swep'stakz, n. all the 
 money or other things staked or won at 
 a horserace, or in gaming. [So called 
 because the winner sweeps up all the 
 stakes or deposits.] 
 
 SWEET, swet, adj. pleasing to the taste 
 or senses : tasting like sugar : fragrant : 
 melodious : beautiful : fresh, as opp. to 
 salt or to sour: not stale, sour, or putrid: 
 mild : obliging. — n. a sweet substance : 
 a term of endearment : — pi. sweetmeats, 
 — adv. Sweetly.—)). Sweet'ness. [A 
 S. swet, cog. with Ger. sUsz, Gr. hedys 
 L. suavis. sweet. Sans, svad, to taste.] 
 
 SWEETBREAD, swet'bred, n. the pan 
 creas of an animal used for food, .so 
 called from its sweetness and resem- 
 blance to bread. 
 
 SWEET-BRIER, swet'-brl'er, n. a thorny 
 shrub of tlie rose kind resembling the 
 brier, having a .s-ireet smell. 
 
 SWEETEN, swet'n, v.t. to make sweet: 
 to make pleasing, mild, or kind : to in- 
 crease the agreeable qualities of : to 
 make pure and healthy. — n. Sweet'enkr.
 
 SWEETENING 
 
 428 
 
 SWING 
 
 SWEETENING, swet'n-ing. n. act of 
 sweetening : that which sweetens. 
 
 SWEET-FERN, swet'-fern, n. a small 
 Nortli American shrub, having sweet- 
 scented or aromatic leaves resembling 
 fern-leaves [Comptonia asplenifolia). 
 Goodrich. 
 
 SWEETHEABT, swet'hart, n. a lover or 
 mistress. [Simply from Sweet and 
 Heakt ; an expression found in Chau- 
 cer.] 
 
 SWEETISH, swet'ish, adj. somewhat 
 sweet to the taste.—?!. Sweet'ishness. 
 
 SWEETMEAT, swet'met, n. confections 
 made wholly or chiefly of sugar. [SwEET 
 and Meat.] 
 
 SWEET-PEA, swet'-pe. n. a, pea cultivated 
 for its siceet fragrance and beauty. 
 
 SWEET-POTATO, swet'-po-ta'to, Ji. a plant 
 common in tropical countries, having 
 tubers like the potato, which are sweet 
 and highly esteemed as food. 
 
 SWEET-RUSH, swet'-rush, n. a plant of 
 the genus Acorus (-.4. C'alamas), found 
 growing in ponds, by the banks of rivers, 
 and other wet places in England, and in 
 the cooler parts of the Continent, of 
 India, and of Nortli America. From the 
 lower part of the thick jointed rhizome 
 or root-stock numerous roots are thrown 
 down, while from the upper surface arise 
 a number of sword-shaped leaves, from 
 8 to 3 feet in length, sheathing at the 
 base, also a long leaf-like stalk from 
 which issues a spike of densely-packed 
 greenish flowers. All parts of the plant, 
 but especially the perennial rhizome 
 (known as calamus-root), have a strong 
 aromatic and slightlj acrid taste ; and 
 hence the rhizome is used in medicine as 
 a stimulant and tonic in some kinds of 
 indigestion, and it is said to be useful in 
 ague. It is also used by confectioners as 
 a candj' ; by perfumers in the prepara- 
 tion of aromatic vinegar and other per- 
 fumed articles, as hair-powders ; and by 
 manufacturers of beer and gin as a flav- 
 oring in gred ient. 
 
 SWEET-WILLIAM, swet-wil'yam, n. a 
 species of pink of many colors and 
 varieties. 
 
 SWELL, swel, v.i. to grow larger : to ex- 
 pand: to rise into waves: to heave: to be 
 inflated: to bulge out: to grow louder: to 
 be bombastic, to strut: to become elated, 
 arrogant, or angry : to grow upon the 
 view: to grow louder, as a note. — v.t. to 
 increase the size of: to aggravate: to in- 
 crease the sound of: to raise to arrogance: 
 — pa.p. swelled or swollen (svvoln). — n. 
 act of swelling; increase in size or sound: 
 a gradual rise of ground : a wave : the 
 waves or tides of the sea, esp. after a 
 storm: a strutting foppish fellow, a dandy. 
 [A.S. sicellan ; cog. with Ger. schicellen, 
 Ice. si^ella.] 
 
 SWELLING, swel'ing, adj. (B.) inflated, 
 proud, haughty. — n. protuberance : a 
 tumor : a rising, as of passion : (B.) in- 
 flation by pride. 
 
 SWELTER, swelt'er, v.i. to be faint, or op- 
 pressed with heat. [A.S. stveltan, to die ; 
 Ice. stelta, to hunger.] 
 
 SWEPT, swept, pa.*, and pa.p. of Sweep. 
 
 SWERVE, swerv, i\i. to turn, depart from 
 any line, duty, or custom : to incline. 
 [A.S. hweorfan ; Dut. swerven ; conn, 
 with Warp.] 
 
 SWIFT, swift, n. the current of a stream. 
 " He can live in the strongest sirifts of 
 the water." — Iz. Walton. (Rare): a reel 
 or turning instrument for winding yarn : 
 the common name of birds of the genus 
 Cypselus, family Cs'pselidae. They have 
 an outward resemblance to the swallows, 
 but differ much from them in various 
 structural points. The common swift 
 
 (C. apiis) has the greatest powers of 
 flight of any bird that visits Britain. 
 Its color is in general a sombre or sooty 
 black, with a grayish-white patch imder 
 the chin. The beak is black, shorter 
 than that of the swallow, and without 
 the lateral bristles. The wings are even 
 longer than those of the swallow, and 
 are sickle-shaped. The tarsi are short, 
 and feathered to the toes, which are all 
 directed forwards. The swifts pass most 
 of their time in the air, where they pur- 
 sue their insect prey. Their flight is 
 swift and shooting, and their scream 
 very different from the twittering of the 
 swallow. They build their nests in holes 
 in the walls of houses, in rocks, and 
 sometimes in hollow trees. The swift 
 reaches its summer quarters later, anl 
 leaves earlier than the swallows. An- 
 other species, the white-bellied or Alpine 
 swift (C. alpimis), is known in Gt. I?rit- 
 ain, but it is only a rare stragglei-. The 
 weight of the swift is most dispropor- 
 tionately small to its extent of wing, 
 the former being scarcely an ounce, the 
 latter 18 inches, the length of the body 
 being near 8 inches. The swift is widely 
 spread through Europe, Asia, and Africa. 
 The American swift {Chcet^ira pelasgia) 
 is smaller, has the hind - toe directed 
 backwards, and the tail-feathers stiff as 
 in woodpeckers. It is commonly called 
 the chimney su-aUow : the common newt 
 or eft, a species of lizard. 
 
 SWIFT, swift, adj. moving with great 
 speed, celerity, velocity, or rapidity; 
 fleet; rapid; quick; speedy; "The 
 race is not to the smft, nor the battle 
 to the strong." — Eccles. ix. 11.; 
 
 True hope is sicift, and flies with swallow's wings ; 
 
 King's it makes gods, and meaner creatures kin^s. 
 
 — &•7la*.•..• 
 ready ; prompt ; quick ; " Ha^'ing so 
 sn-ift and excellent a wit." — Shak.; 
 "Let every man be svift to hear, slow- 
 to speak, slow to wratli." — Jam. i. 19 : 
 coming suddenly, without delay; "There 
 shall be false teachers among you, who 
 privily shall bring in damnable heresies, 
 even denying the Lord that bought 
 them, and bring upon themselves simft 
 destruction." — 3 Pet. ii. 2 : of short 
 continuance; rapidly passing; "Make 
 sivift the pangs of my queen's travails." 
 — Shak. [A.S. sivift, from the stem of 
 sic'ifan, to move quickly, to turn round, 
 to revolve ; Ice. srifa, to be carried, to 
 glide, svif, sudden movement ; Dut. 
 ziceven, Ger. schweben, Dan. srai-e, to 
 wave, to float, to liover ; same root as E. 
 Sweep and Swoop.] 
 
 SWIFT, swift, adv. in a swift or rapid 
 manner: swiftly. "Light boats sail 
 siiift." — Shak. 
 
 SWIFTER, swift'er, n. (naut.) a rope used 
 to confine the bars of the capstan in 
 their sockets while men are turning it : 
 also, a rope used to encircle a boat longi- 
 tudinally to strengthen and defend her 
 sides in collision. Swifters also are two 
 shrouds fixed on the starboard and lar- 
 board sides of the lower masts, above all 
 the other shrouds, to give tlie masts ad- 
 ditional security. [Ice. sviptingr.] 
 
 SWIFTLY, swift'li, adv. with swiftness: 
 rapidly. 
 
 SWIFTf^SS, swift'nes, n. quality of being 
 swift : quickness : fleetness : rapidity : 
 speed. 
 
 SWILL, swil, t\t. or r\i. to drink greedily 
 or largely. — n. a large draught of liquor : 
 the liquid mixture given to swine. — n. 
 SwiLL'ER. [A.S. Sicilian, conn, with 
 Swallow.] 
 
 SWIM, swim, v.i. to float, as opp. to sink : 
 to move on or in water : to be borne 
 
 along by a current : to glide along with 
 a waving motion : to be dizzy : to be 
 drenched : to overflow : to abound. — r.t, 
 to pass by swimming : to make to «wim 
 or float : — pr.p. swimm'ing : pu.t. swam; 
 pa.p. swam or swum. — n. act of swim- 
 ming : any motion like swimming : air 
 bladder of a fish. [A.S. swimman, cog 
 with Ger. schu-immen.l 
 
 SWIMMER, swim'er, n. one who swims : a 
 web-footed aquatic bird. 
 
 SWIMMING, swim'ing, n. the act or art of 
 sustaining and propelling the body in 
 water. A great proportion of the ani- 
 mal tribes are furnished with a greater 
 or less capacity for swimming either in 
 water or on its surface, but man is un- 
 qualified for swimming without learning 
 to do so as an art, owing to the structure 
 of his body. The head by its gravity 
 naturally sinks in water, and thus causes 
 drowning, unless it. or at least the mouth, 
 can be kept above the surface by art. 
 The art of swimming chiefly consists in 
 keeping the head above water, and using 
 the hands and feet as oars and helm. 
 
 SWIMMINGLY, swim'ing-li, fl(/r. in a glid- 
 ing manner, as if sirimming : smoothly: 
 successfully. 
 
 SWINTDLE, swin'dl, v.t. to cheat under the 
 pretence of fair dealing. — n. the act of 
 swindling or defrauding. [Lit. " to make 
 dizzy," Dut. zwendelen, from the root of 
 A.S. sirindan, to become weak, Ger. 
 schicinden, to disappear; conn, with 
 Swoon.] 
 
 SWINDLER, swin'dler, w. one who de- 
 frauds by imposition : a cheat or rogue. 
 
 SWINE, swin, n.sing. and jjI. an ungulate : 
 a mammal of the genus Sus, wliich fur 
 nishes man with a large portion of hiE 
 most nourishing food : a hog. The fat 
 or lard of this animal enters into various 
 dishes in cookerj'. The numerous varie-* 
 ties of the hog or swine bred in U. S. are 
 partly the result of climate and keep. 
 Theyare all, however, of English impor- 
 tation originally. [A.S. sw'in, a widely 
 spread word ; Dut. zmjn, Ger. sclnrein, 
 Dan, svJin, Ice, svin, Goth, svein. Pol. 
 sivinia, Bohem. sunne ; same root as sotv, 
 L. s)(s.]^ 
 
 SWINE-BREAD, swin'-bred, n. a kind of 
 plant, truffle. 
 
 SWINE-CASE, swin'-kiis, SWINE-CRUE, 
 swin'-kroo, n. a liog-sty: a pen for sv.ine. 
 Called also a SwiNE-coT. (Local.) 
 
 SWINE-DRUNK, swin'-drungk, adj. in a 
 state of beastly intoxication : beastly 
 drunk. Shak. 
 
 SWINE -GRASS, swin'-gras, Ji. a plant, 
 knot-grass. Polygonum aviculare. 
 
 SWINEHERD, swin'herd, n. a herd or 
 keeper of swine. 
 
 SWINE-OAT, swin'-ot. n. a kind of oats 
 cultivated for the use of pigs ; the Arena 
 fiitda of botanists. 
 
 SWINE-PIPE, swin'-pip, n. a local name 
 of the redwing thrush (Turdiis iliautis). 
 
 SWINE- POX, swin'-poks, n. a variety of 
 the chicken-pox, witli acuminated ves 
 icles containing a watery fluid : the wa- 
 ter-pox. 
 
 SWINE'S-CRESS, swlnz'-kres, n. a plant of 
 the genus Senebiera, the S. Coronopus. 
 called also Waet-CEESS. 
 
 SWINE'S-FEATHER, swinz'-feWi-er, n. c 
 small spear about 6 inches long, called 
 also a Hog's Bristle, anciently used as a 
 bayonet. The name was afterwards, in 
 the seventeenth century, applied to a 
 similar spear fitted into' the musket rest 
 in order to render it a defence against 
 cavaliy. 
 
 SWING,' swing, v.i. to sway or wave to and 
 fro, as a body hanging in air: to vibrate: 
 to practice swinging : to turn round at
 
 SWINGLE-TREE 
 
 429 
 
 SYNCOPE 
 
 anchor : to be hanged. — v.t. to move to 
 and fro : to cause to wave or vibrate: to 
 whirl, to brandish:— pa. f.andpa.ji.swung. 
 — n. the act of swinging' : motion to and 
 fro : a waving motion : anytliing sus- 
 pended for swinging in : the sweep or 
 compass of a swinging body : power of 
 anything swinging : free course. [A.S. 
 siringan. Ger. schicingen, to swing; 
 allied to Wag, Sway.] 
 
 3WINGLE-TREE, swing'gl-tre, SINGLE- 
 TREE, sing'gl-tre, n. the cross-piece of 
 a carriage, plough, etc., to which the 
 traces of a harnessed horse are fixed. 
 [From Swing.] 
 
 Swinish, swin'ish, adj. like or befitting 
 swine : gross : brutal. — adv. Swin'ishly. 
 — n. Swin'ishness. 
 
 SWIRL, swerl, v.i. to sweep along with a 
 whirling motion. — n. whirling motion, 
 as of wind or water. [Imitative like 
 Whirl.] 
 
 SWISS, swis, adj. of or belonging to Switz- 
 erland. — n. a native of Switzerland : the 
 lan guage of Switzerland. 
 
 SWITCH, swich, n. a small flexible twig : a 
 movable rail and its appendages used for 
 transferring a car or an entire railway 
 train from one track to another. — r.f. to 
 strike with a switch : to transfer a car- 
 riage from one line of rails to another by 
 a switch. [Low Ger. zwukse, sunitsche.] 
 
 SWIVEL. swiVl, n. something fixed in an- 
 other body so as to turn round in it : a 
 ring or link that turns round on a pin or 
 neck: a small cannon turning on a swivel. 
 [A.S. swifan, to move quickly, to turn 
 round. See Swift.] 
 
 SWOLLEN, swoln, pa.p. of Swell. 
 
 SWOON, swoon, v.i. to faint : to fall into 
 a fainting-fit. — n. the act of swooning : a 
 fainting-fit. [A.S. and O. Ger. swindan, 
 to become weak, to fail.] 
 
 SWOOP, swoop, v.t. to sweep down upon : 
 to take with a sweep : to catch while on 
 the vnng : to catch up. — v.i. to descend 
 with a sweep. — n. the act of swooping: 
 a seizing as a bird on its prey. [A form 
 of Sweep.] 
 
 SWOP, -swop, ■«.<. to exchange, to barter: — 
 pr.p. swopp'ing; jia.t. and^Ja.p. swopped. 
 — n. an exchange. 
 
 SWORD, sord, n. an offensive weapon with 
 a long blade, sharp upon one or both 
 edges, for cutting or thrusting : destruc- 
 tion by the sword or by war : war : the 
 emblem of vengeance or justice, or of 
 authority and power. [A.S. sweord, cog. 
 with Ice. sverd, Ger. schtvert.] 
 
 SWORD-BAYONET, s6rd'-ba'on-et, n. a 
 bayonet shaped somewhat like a sword, 
 and used as one. 
 
 SWORDCANE, sord'kan. SWORDSTICK, 
 sord'stik, n. a cane or .stick containing a 
 su^ord. 
 
 SWORDFISH, sord'fish, ?i. a large sea-fish 
 having the upper jaw elongated so as to 
 resemble a sword. 
 
 SWORDSJLAN, sordz'man, n. a vian skilled 
 in the use of the sword. — n. SwoRDS'- 
 
 MANSHIP. 
 
 SWORE. SWORN. See Swear. 
 
 SYBARITE, sib'a-rit, n. an inhabitant of 
 Syharis, a Greek town in ancient Italy, 
 noted for the effeminacy and lu.\ury of 
 its inhabitants : one devoted to luxury. 
 — <(«7/^. Sybarit'ic, Sybarit'ical. 
 
 3TCAMINE, sik'a-min, n. (B.) supposed to 
 be the black mulberry tree. 
 
 SYCAMORE, sik'a-mor, n. the fig-mul- 
 berry, growing in Egj'pt and other East- 
 ern countries : in Britain, applied to a 
 large maple, and in America, to the 
 plane-tree. [Gr. sykomoros — .■iykon, a fig, 
 and moron, the black nmlberrv.] 
 
 SYCOPHANCY, sik'o-fan-si, SYCO- 
 PHANTISM, sik'o-fant-izm, n. the be- 
 
 havior of a sycophant : mean tale-bear- 
 ing : obsequious flattery : servility. 
 
 SYCOPHANT, sik'o-fant, n. a common in- 
 former : a servile flatterer. [Gr. syko- 
 phantes, usually said to mean one who 
 informed against persons exporting figs 
 from Attica, or plundering the sacred 
 fig-trees ; but more prob., one who 
 brings figs to light by shaking the tree, 
 hence one who makes rich men yield up 
 their fruit by informations and other 
 vile arts — sykon, a fig, and phaino, to 
 bring to light, to show.] 
 
 SYCOPHANTIC, sik-o-fant'ik, SYCO- 
 PHANT'ICAL,-ik-al, SYCOPHANT'ISH, 
 -ish, adj. like a sycophant : obsequiously 
 flattering : parasitic. 
 
 SYLLABIC, sil-lab'ik, SYLLAB'ICAL, -ik- 
 al.adj. consisting of a syllable or syllables. 
 — adv. Syllab'ically. 
 
 SYLLABICATE, sil-lab'i-kat, v.t. to form 
 into syllables. — n. Syllabica'tion. 
 
 SYLLABIFY, sil-lab'i-fT, v.t. to form into 
 syllables :—pa.t. and pa.p. syllab'ifled. — 
 n. Syllabifica'tion. [Syllable, and L. 
 facio, to make.] 
 
 SYLLABLE, sil'a-Dl, n. several letters taken 
 together so as to form one sound : a word 
 or part of a word uttered by a single 
 effort of the voice : a small part of a 
 sentence. [L. syllaba — Gr. syllabe — syn, 
 with, together, and lab, root of lambano, 
 to take.] 
 
 SYLLABUB. Same as Sillabub. 
 
 SYLLABUS, sil'a-bus, n. an abstract or 
 compendium : a table of contents. [L.] 
 
 SYLLOGISM, sil'o-jizm, w. logical form of 
 every argument, consisting of three prop- 
 ositions, of which the first two are called 
 the premises, and the last, which follows 
 from them, the conclusion. [Gr. .syllogis- 
 vios — syllogizoniai — syn, together, logi- 
 zomai, to reckon — logos, speech, reckon- 
 ing.] 
 
 SYLLOGISTIC, sil-o-iis'tik, SYLLOGIS- 
 TICAL, sil-o-jis'tik-al, adj. pertaining to 
 0, syllogism : in the form of a syllogism. 
 —adv. Syllogis'tically. 
 
 SYLLOGIZE, sil'o-jiz, v.i. to reason by 
 si/llogisms. 
 
 SYLPH, silf, n. an imaginary being inhabit- 
 ing the air : a fairy. [Fr. sylphe, of Cel- 
 tic origin ; but cf. Gr. silphe, a kind of 
 beetle.]' 
 
 SYLPHID, silf id, n. a little sylph. [Dim. 
 of Sylph.] 
 
 SYLVAN. A wrong form of Silvan. 
 
 SYMBOL, sim'bol, n. a sign by which one 
 knows a thing : an emblem . that which 
 represents something else : a figui-e or 
 letter i-epresenting something : (theol.) a 
 creed, compendium of doctrine, or a typi- 
 cal religious rite, as the Eucharist. [Gr. 
 synibolon, from symballb, to put together, 
 to compare, infer, conclude — syn, to- 
 gether, and hallo, to throw.] 
 
 SYMBOLIC, sim-bol'ik, SYMBOLICAL, 
 sim-bol'ik-al, adj. pertaining to or of the 
 nature of a symbol: representing by signs: 
 emblematic : figurative : typical. — adv. 
 Symbol'ically. 
 
 SYMBOLISM, simTjol-izm, n. representa- 
 tion by symbols or signs : a system of 
 symbols: use of symbols : {theol.) the sci- 
 ence of symbols or creeds. 
 
 SYMBOLIZE, sim'bol-iz, v.i. to be symbol- 
 ical: to resemble in qualities. — v.t. to 
 represent by symbols. 
 
 SYMBOLIZER, sim'bol-Iz-er, SYMBOLIST, 
 sini'bol-ist, ?). one who uses .symbols. 
 
 SYMMETRICAL, sim-met'rik-al, adj hav- 
 ing symmetry or due proportion in its 
 parts: harmonious. — adv. Symmet'rical- 
 lv. with svmmetry. 
 
 SYMMETRIZE, sim'^e-triz, v.t. to make 
 itym metrical. 
 
 SYMMETRY, sim'e-tri, n. the state of one 
 
 part being of the same measure ivith. or 
 proportionate to another : due propor- 
 tion: harmony or adaptation of parts to 
 each other. [L. and Gr. symmetria — syn, 
 together, and metron, a measure.] 
 
 SYMPATHETIC, sini-pa-thet'ik, SYMPA- 
 THETICAL, sim-pa-thet'ik-al, adj. show- 
 ing or inclined to sympathy: feeling with 
 another : able to sympathize : compas 
 sionate : produced by sympathy. — adv. 
 Sympathet'ically. 
 
 SYMPATHIZE, sim'pa-thiz, v.i. to have 
 sympathy : to feel with or for another : 
 to be compassionate. 
 
 SYMPATHY, sim'pa-thi, n., feeling with 
 another : like feeling : an agreement of 
 inclination, feeling, or sensation : com- 
 passion : pity : tenderness. [Gr. sym- 
 patheia — s^?i, with, and root of Pathos, 
 Patient.] 
 
 SYMPHONIOUS, sim-fo'ni-us, adj., agree- 
 ing or harmonizing in sound: accordant: 
 harmonious. 
 
 SYMPHONIST, sim'fo-nist, n. a composer 
 of symphonies. 
 
 SYMPHONY, sim'fo-ni, n. an agreeing to- 
 gether in sound : unison, consonance, or 
 harmony of .sound : a musical composi- 
 tion for a full band of instruments : an 
 instrumental introduction or termination 
 to a vocal composition. [Gr. symphonia 
 — syn, together, phone, a sound.] 
 
 SYMPOSIUM, sim-po'zi-um, n. a drinking 
 together: a banquet with philosophic con- 
 versation : a merry feast : a magazine 
 discussion in which several authors write 
 on the same subject in the same number, 
 and usually in reply, one to another. [L. 
 — Gr. symposion — syn, together, posis, a 
 drinking — pino, to drink.] 
 
 SYMPTOM, simp'tum, n. that which at- 
 tends and indicates the existence of 
 something else, not as a cause, but as a 
 constant effect : (med.) that which indi 
 cates disease. [Gr. symptoma — syn, with, 
 pipto, to fall.] 
 
 SYMPTOMATIC, simp-tom-at'ik, SYMP- 
 TOMAT'ICAL, -al, adj. pertaining to 
 symptoms : indicating the existence of 
 something else : {med.) proceeding from 
 some prior disorder. — adv. Symptomat'- 
 ICALLY. 
 
 SYN.^RESIS, sin-er'e-sis, n. the taking or 
 pronouncing of two vowels together, or 
 making one of them sUent. [Gr. syn- 
 airesis — syn, together, haired, to take. 
 See Dleresis.] 
 
 SYNACrOGUE, sin'a-gog, n. an assembly of 
 Jews for worship: a Jewish place of wor- 
 ship. [Fr. — Gr. synagoge — syn, together, 
 agro, to lead.] 
 
 SYNCHRONAL, siugk-ro-nal, SYNCHRO- 
 NOUS, sing'kro-nus, adj. happening or 
 being at the same time : simultaneous : 
 lasting for the same time. [Gr. syn, 
 together, chronos, time.] 
 
 SYNCHRONISM, sing'kro-nizm, n., con- 
 currence of events in time : the tabular 
 arrangement of contemporary events, 
 etc., in history. [Gr. synchronismos — 
 syncJironizo, to agree in time.] 
 
 SYNCOPATE, singTio-pat, v.t. to cut away 
 so as to bring other parts together : to 
 contract, as a word, by taking away let- 
 ters from tlie middle : {music) to unite 
 by a slur the last note of a bar to th« 
 first note of the next [Xow L. synco2)0, 
 -atum — L. syncope — Gr. .syti, together; 
 kopto, to cut off. J 
 
 SYNCOPATION, sing-ko-pa'shun, v. act of 
 syncopating. 
 
 SYNCOPE, sing'ko-pe, n. the omission of 
 letters from the middle of a word, as 
 ne'er for never: {med.) a, fainting-fit, an 
 attack in which the breathing and cir- 
 culation become faint : {music) syncopa- 
 tion. [L. — Gr. syngkope.}
 
 SYNDIC 
 
 430 
 
 TABLE 
 
 SYKDIC, sin'djk, n. one who helps in a 
 court ot Justice: an advocate : a govern- 
 ment oflBcial : a magistrate : one chosen 
 to transact business for others. [L. syn- 
 dic}is — Gr. syndikos — syn, with, dike, 
 justice.] 
 
 SYNDICATE, sin'dik-at, n. a body of syn- 
 dics : a council : the office of a syndic : a 
 body of men chosen to watch the in- 
 terests of a company, or to manage a 
 bankrupt's property. 
 
 SYNECDOCHE, sin-ek'do-ke, n. a figure of 
 speech by which a part is made to com- 
 prehend the whole, or the whole is put 
 for a part. [Gr. synekdoehe — syn, to- 
 gether, ekdechomai, to receive.] 
 
 SYNECDOCHICAL, sin-ek-dok-ik-al, a^f. 
 expressed by or implying synecdoche. 
 
 SYNOD, sin'o'd, re. a meeting : an ecclesias- 
 tical council : among Presbyterians, a 
 church court consisting of several pres- 
 byteries. [A.S. sinod — L. synodus — Gr. 
 synodos — syn, together, hodof. a way.] 
 
 SYNODIC, sin-od'ik, SYNOD'ICAL, -aJ, 
 adj. pertaining to a synod: done in a 
 svnod. — adv. Syxod'icallt. 
 
 SYNONYM, SYNONY^IE, sin'o-nim, w. a 
 name or word having the same meaning 
 wiHi another: one of two or more words 
 which have the same meaning. [Gr. 
 synonymon — syn, with, onoma, a name.] 
 
 SYNONYMOUS, sin-on'i-mus, adj. per- 
 taining to synonyms : expressing the 
 same thing : having the same mean- 
 ing-. — adv. Synox'ymously. 
 
 SYNONYMY, sin-on'i-mi, n. the qua'.Jty of 
 being synonymous: a rhetorical figure by 
 which synonymous words are used. [Gr. 
 synonymia.] 
 
 SYNOPSIS, sin-op'sis, n. a vieii' of the 
 whole together : a collective or general 
 view of any subject: — pi. Stnop'ses. 
 [Gr. synopsis — syn. with, together, apsis, 
 a view — root op, to see.] 
 
 SYNOPTIC, sin-op'tik, SYNOFTICAL, -al, 
 adj. affording a general view of the whole. 
 — adv. Stnop'ticaixy. 
 
 SYNTACTIC, sin-taU'tik, SYNTACTICAL, 
 -al. adj. pertaining to synta.v : according 
 to the rules of syntax. — adv. Syntac'- 
 
 TICALLT. 
 
 SYNTAX, sin'taks, n. (gj-am.) the correct 
 arrangement of words in sentences. [Gr. 
 synta,ris — syn, together, tasso, ta.ro, to 
 put in order ] 
 
 SYNTHESIS, sin'the-sis, ?i. a putting to- 
 gether, a making a whole out of parts : 
 the combination of separate elements of 
 thought into a whole, or reasoning from 
 principles previously established to a 
 conclusion, as opp. to analysis : (gram.) 
 the imiting of ideas into a sentence : 
 {med.) the reunion of parts that have 
 been dixnded : (chem.) the uniting of ele- 
 ments to form a compound :—^pl. Syx'- 
 THESES (-sez). [Gr. synthesis — syn, with, 
 together, thesis, a placing — tithemi, to 
 place.] 
 
 SYNTHETIC, sin-thet'ik, SYNTHET- 
 ICAL, -al, adj. pertaining to synthesis : 
 consisting in synthesis or composition. — 
 adv. Synthet'icaix.y. 
 
 SYPHILIS, sit'i-lis, Ji. an infectious vene- 
 real disease. — adj. Syphilit'ic. [Ety. un- 
 
 SYPHON, SYREN. Same as yiPHON, 
 Siren. 
 
 SYRINGE, sir'inj, n. a tube with a piston, 
 by which liquids are sucked up and eject- 
 ed : a tube used bj' surgeons for inject- 
 ing, etc. — v.t. to inject or clean with a 
 syringe. [Gr. syringx, a reed, a pipe.] 
 
 SYRUP. Same as Sratnp. 
 
 SYSTEM, sis'tem, n. anything formed of 
 parts placed together : an assemblage of 
 bodies as a connected whole : an orderly 
 arrangement of objects according to some | 
 
 common law or end : regular method or 
 order : a full and connected view of some 
 department of knowledge : the universe. 
 [Gr. systema — syn, together, histemi, to 
 place.] 
 
 SYSTEMATIC, sis-te-mat'ik, SYSTEMAT- 
 ICAL, -al, adj. pertaining to or consist- 
 ing of system : formed or done according 
 to system: methodical. — adv. Systemat- 
 ically. 
 
 SYSTEMATIZE, sis'tem-a-tiz, v.t. to re- 
 duce to a system.. — n. Sys'tejiatizer. 
 
 SYSTOLE, sis'to-le, n. a bringing together 
 or contraction of the heart for expelling 
 the blood : (gram.) the shortening of a 
 long syllable. [Gr. systole — stfn, together, 
 Stella, to set, place.] 
 
 T 
 
 TABANIDiE, ta-ban'i-de, n.pl a family of 
 dipterous insects, of which Tabanus is 
 the typical genus. They are popularly 
 known by the names fireeze, cleg, or 
 gadfly, and are particularly annoying to 
 cattle, the skins of which are otten 
 streaked with blood from their bites. 
 
 TABANUS, ta-ba'nus, n. a genus of dip- 
 terous insects, family Tabanidje, of 
 which T. bovinus, or gadfly, is the larg- 
 est American species. It is extremelv 
 troublesome to cattle. [L., a horse-fly.] 
 
 TABARD, ta'bard, n. an ancient close-flt- 
 ting garment, open at the sides, with 
 wide sleeves, or flaps, reaching to the 
 elbows. It was worn over the body ar- 
 mor, and was generally emblazoned 
 with the arms of the wearer or of his 
 lord. At first the tabard was very long, 
 reaching to the mid-leg, but it was after- 
 wards made shorter. It was at first 
 chiefly worn by the military, but after- 
 wards becatne an ordinary article of 
 drees among other classes in France and 
 England in the middle ages. In En- 
 gland the tabard is now only worn by 
 heralds and pursuivants of arms, and is 
 embroidered with the arms of the sov- 
 ereign. This garment gaye name to the 
 ancient hostelry from which Chaucer's 
 Canterbury pilgrims started. [Fr. ta- 
 bard, Sp. and Port, tahardo. It. tabarro. 
 Low L. tabarrus, tabardus, a cloak, 
 origin doubtful.] 
 
 TABARDER. ta-bard'er, n. one who wears 
 a tabard : specifically, a scholar belong- 
 ing to the foundation of Queen's College, 
 Oxford, Eng., whose original dress was a 
 tabard. 
 
 TABARET, tab'a-ret', 71. a stout satin- 
 striped silk, used for furniture. [Prob. 
 conn, with Tabby.] 
 
 TABASHEER, tab-a-sher", n. a concretion 
 found in the joints of the bamboo and 
 other large grasses. It consists of silica 
 mixed with a little lime and vegetable 
 matter, and is formed probably by ex- 
 travasation of the juices in consequence 
 of a morbid state of the plant. It is 
 highly valued in the East Indies as a 
 tonic, and as such is often chewed along 
 with betel. It is used also in cases of 
 bilious vomitings, bloodj' flux, piles, etc. 
 Its optical properties are peculiar, inas- 
 much as it exhibits the lowest refracting 
 power of all known substances. The 
 sweet juice of the bamboo-stalks has also 
 been called tabasheer. [Ar. tabdshtr.] 
 
 TABBINET, tab'i-net, n. a more delicate 
 kind of tabby, resembling damask, used 
 for window-curtains. 
 
 TABBY, tab'i, n. a coarser kind of waved 
 or watered silk : an artificial stone, a 
 mixture of shells, gravel, stones, and 
 water. — adj. brindted : diversified in 
 
 color. — v.t. to water or cause to look 
 wavy : — pa.t. and pa.p. tabb'ied. [Fr. 
 tabis — At. atabi, a kind of rich, waved 
 silk.] 
 
 TABER. v.i. (B.) same as Tabouk. 
 
 TABERNACLE, tab'er-na-kl. n. a sUghtly 
 constructed temporary habitation ; es^ 
 pecialty, a tent or pavilion ; " How goodly 
 are thy tents. O Jacob, and thy taber- 
 nacles, O Israel ! " — Num. xxiv. 5 ; 
 Pavilions numberless and sudden rear'd, 
 Celestial tabernacles, where thej' slept. 
 
 —Milton : 
 
 in Jeirish antiq. a movable building, so 
 contrived as to be taken to pieces with 
 ease and reconstructed, for the conven- 
 ience of being carried during the wander- 
 ings of the Israelities in tlie wilderness. 
 It was of a rectangular figure, 45 feet by 
 15. and 15 feet in height. The interior 
 was divided into two rooms or compart- 
 ments by a vail or curtain, and it was i 
 covered with four different spreads orj 
 carpets. The outer or larger compart- 
 ment was called the holy place, being \ 
 that in which incense was burned and 
 the show-bread exhibited ; and the inner j 
 the most holy place, or holy of holies, in | 
 which was deposited the ark of the cov- 
 enant. It was situated in a court 150j 
 feet by 75, surrounded by screens 7+ feet] 
 high:'a temple ; a place of worship; a] 
 sacred place; specifically, the temple of I 
 Solomon. Ps. xv. 1: any small cell orj 
 repository in which holy or precious I 
 things are deposited, as an ornamented! 
 chest placed on Roman Catholic altars! 
 as a receptacle of tlie ciborium and pj-x ;T 
 or, a reliquary or small box for the pre- 
 sentation of relics and the like : the hu- 
 man frame; "Yea I think it meet, as 
 long as I am in this tabernacle, to stir 
 you up by putting vou in remembrance ; 
 Knowing that shortly I must put off this 
 ray tabernacle, even as our Lord .lesus 
 Christ hath showed me." — 1 Pet. i.»13. 14 : 
 in Goth. arch, a canopied stall or niche ; 
 a cabinet or shrine ornamented with 
 open-worked tracery, etc.; an arched 
 canopy over a tomb ; also, a tomb or 
 monument : (nant.) an elevated socket 
 for a boat's mast, or a projecting post 
 to which a mast may be hinged when 
 it is fitted for lowering to pass beneath 
 bridges. — Feast of tabernacles, the last 
 of the three great annual festivals of the 
 Israelites, which required the presence 
 of all the people ir Jerusalem. Its ob- 
 ject was to commemorate the dwelling 
 of the people in tents during their jour- 
 neys in the wilderness ; and it was also a 
 feast of thanksgiving for the harvest and 
 vintage. It was celebrated in autumn, 
 at the conclusion of the vintage, and 
 lasted eight days, during which the 
 people dwelt in booths made in the 
 streets, in courts, or on the tops of their 
 houses, of the leafy branches of certain 
 trees. These booths were intended to 
 represent the tents in which the Israel- 
 ites dwelt in the wilderness. [L. taber- 
 nacuhim, a tent, a dim. from tabema, a 
 hut, a shed, a tavern, from root of tabula, 
 a board, a tablet, a table.] 
 
 TABID, tab'id, adj., uuistedhj disease. — n. 
 Tab'idness. [L. tabidus — tabeo, to waste 
 awav.] 
 
 TABLATURE, tabla-tur, n. something tab- 
 ular : a painting on a wall or ceiling: a 
 picture in general : (anat.) a division of 
 the skull into two tables. [Fr., from L. 
 tabula, a board, plank.] 
 
 TABLE, taTjl, n. a smooth, flat slab or 
 board, with legs, used as an article of 
 furniture: supply of food, entertainment: 
 the company at a table : the board for 
 backgammon or draug-hts : a surface on. 
 
 m
 
 TABLE-D'HOTE 
 
 431 
 
 TAILOR 
 
 ■which something is written or engraved: 
 that which is cut or written on a flat 
 surface : an inscription : a condensed 
 statement: syllabus or index : (B.) a writ- 
 ing tablet. — v.t. to make into a table or 
 catalogue : to lay on the table, i.e. to 
 postpone consideration of. [Ft. table — L. 
 tabula, a board, plank.] 
 
 TABLE-D'HOTE, ta'bl-dot, n. a meal for 
 several persons at the same hour and at 
 fixed prices. [Fr., " table of the host," 
 from the landlord presiding at the head 
 of his own table.] 
 
 TABLELAND, ta'bUand, n. an extensive 
 flat of elevated land, Uke a table: a 
 plateau. 
 
 TABLET, tablet, n. a small table or flat 
 surface : something flat on which to 
 write, paint, etc.: a confection in a flat 
 square form. [Dim. of Table.] 
 
 TABLE-TALK, ta'bl-tawk, »i., talk at table 
 or at meals. 
 
 TABLE-TURNING, ta'bl-turn'ing,«. move- 
 ments of tables or other objects, attrib- 
 uted by spiritualists to the agency of 
 
 , spirits. 
 
 TABOO, TABU, tarboo', n. an institution 
 among the Polynesians by which certain 
 things are consecrated : prohibition or 
 interdict. — v.t. to forbid approach to : to 
 forbid the use of -.—pr.p. taboo'ing; pa.t. 
 and pa.p. tabooed'. [Polynesian tabu or 
 tapii.'\ 
 
 TABOR, TABOUE, taTsor, n. a small drum, 
 played with one stick. — v.i. to play on a 
 tabor: to beat lightlj' and often. [O. Fr. 
 (Ft. tambour) — Pers. 'tambiir, a kind of 
 cithern. Cf. TAMBOURINE.] 
 
 TABOURET, tab'o-ret, TABRET, tab'ret, 
 71. a small tabour or drum. [Dim. of 
 TabourJ 
 
 TABULAR, tab'u-lar, adj. of the form of 
 or pertaining to a table : having a flat 
 surface: arranged in a table or schedule: 
 having the form of lamin;e or plates. 
 
 TABULATE, tab'u-lat, v.t. to reduce to 
 tables or synopses : to shape with a flat 
 surface. 
 
 TACAHOUT, tak'a-hoot,n. the native name 
 of the small gall formed on the tamarisk- 
 tree (Tamarix indica). [Ar.] 
 
 TACAJIAHAC, tak'a-ma-hak TACAMA- 
 HACA, tak-a-ma-ha'ka, n. the popular 
 name of Idea Tacamahaca, a tree of 
 South America; also of the form of Calo- 
 phyllum Inophyllum occurring in Madar 
 gascar and the Isle of Bourbon, and of 
 I'opulus balsamifera, a tree of North 
 America : a resin, the produce of C'alo- 
 phyllum Inophyllum, and of Elaphrium 
 tomeniosuni, a tree of Mexico and the 
 West Indies. It occurs in yellowish pieces, 
 of a strong smell, and a bitterish aromatic 
 taste. 
 
 TACCA, tak'ka, n. a genus of plants, the 
 type of the nat. order Taccaceas, contain- 
 ing six or seven species, natives of trop- 
 ical Africa and America, the hotter parts 
 of India, and the South Sea Islands. It 
 consists of perennial, often large herbs 
 with tuberous roots, simple or pinnate 
 radical leaves, and greenish cr brown 
 flowers arranged in an umbel a^i the top 
 of a leafless scape, and surrounded by an 
 involucre of simple bracts. From the 
 tubers of some species, especiallj' T. pin- 
 natifidu, a white, hig-hly nutritious sub- 
 stance, like arrow-root, is separated, 
 which is employed as an article of diet 
 by the inhabitants of the Ma' lyan Pen- 
 insula and the Moluccas. Tl b petioles 
 and stalks of T. pinnatifida, boiled for 
 some time, are also employed as articles 
 of diet in China and Cochin-China. 
 
 TACE. ta'cha, in music, a direction that a 
 particular voice, instrument or part is to 
 be silent for a certain specified time. 
 
 TACES, tas'ez, n.pl. armor for the thigh. 
 
 TACET, ta'set, v. in imisic, same as Tace. 
 [L.. it is silent ; third pers. sing. pres. 
 ind. of taeeo, to be silent.] 
 
 TAC-FREE, tak'-fre, adj. in old late, ex- 
 empt from rents, paj'ments, etc. 
 
 TACH, TACHE, tach, n. something used 
 for taking hold or holding: a small hook: 
 a catch : a loop : a button. " Make fifty 
 tachea of gold, and couple the curtains 
 together with the taches." — Ex. xxvi. 6. 
 [A softened form of tack.] 
 
 TACHE, tash, n. a spot or blemish. Chf.:!/- 
 cer. [Fr.] 
 
 First Jupiter that did 
 
 Usurp his father's throne. 
 Of whom e'en his adorers write 
 Evil taches many a one. — Warner. 
 
 TACHOMETER, ta-kom'et-er, n. an in- 
 strument for measuring velocity ; espe- 
 cially, (a) a contrivance for the purpose 
 of indicating small variations in the ve- 
 locity of machines, one form of which 
 consists of a cup and a tube opening 
 into its centre, both being partly filled 
 with mercury or a colored fluid, and at- 
 tached to a spindle. This appai'atus is 
 whirled round by the machine, and the 
 centrifugal force produced by this whirl- 
 ing causes the mercury to recede from 
 the centre and rise upon the sides of the 
 cup. The mercury in the tube descends 
 at the same time, and the degree of this 
 descent is measured by a scale attached 
 to the tube. On the velocity of the ma- 
 chine being lessened the mercury rises in 
 the centre, causing a proportionate rise 
 in the tube ; (&) an instrument for meas- 
 uring the velocity of running water in 
 rivers, etc., as by means of its action on 
 a flat surface connected with a lever 
 above the surface carrying a movable 
 counterpoise, or by its action on the 
 vanes of a wheel, whose revolutions are 
 registered by a train of wheelwork. [Gr. 
 tachos, speed, and metron, measure.] 
 
 TACIT, tas'it, adj. implied, but not ex- 
 pressed by words. — adv Tac'itly. [L. 
 taeittis, pa.p. of taceo, to be silent, to 
 pass over in silence.] 
 
 TACITURN, tas'i-turn, adj. habitually 
 tacit or silent : not fond of talking : re- 
 served in speech. — adv. Tac'Ituknly. 
 [L. tacit urnus — tacitus.] 
 
 TACITURNITY, tas-i-turn'i-ti, n. habitual 
 silence : reserve in speaking. [L. taci- 
 tiirnitas.] 
 
 TACK, tak, n. a short, sharp nail, with a 
 broad head: the course of a ship in refer- 
 ence to the position of her sails : a lease. 
 — v.t. to attach or fasten, esp. in a slight 
 manner, as by tacks. — v.i. to change the 
 course or tack of a ship by shifting the 
 position of the sails. [Lit. that which 
 attaches, from a root widely spread in 
 the Teut. (as Ger. zaeke), Celt, (as Gael. 
 tac), and Romance tongues ; conn, with 
 Attach, Attack, and Take. Cf. Taq.] 
 
 TACKLE, tak'l, Ji. the ropes, rigging, etc., 
 of a ship: tools, weapons: ropes, etc., for 
 raising heavy weights: a pulley. — v.t. 
 to harness : {prov.) to seize or take hold 
 of. [Dut. and Low Ger. takel ; conn, 
 with Tack and Take.] 
 
 TACKLING, tak'ling, n. furniture or appar- 
 atus belonging to the masts, yards, etc., 
 of a ship: harness for drawing a carriage, 
 tackle or instruments. [From Tackus.] 
 
 TACKSMAN, taks'man, n. a tenant or 
 lessee. 
 
 TACONIC SYSTEM, ta-kon'ik sis'tem, n. 
 in geol. a sj'stem of upper Cambrian or 
 lower Silurian rocks Iving in the United 
 States to the east of tlie Hudson, and so 
 named from the Taconic range in the 
 western slope of the Green mountains. 
 The system consists of slates,quartz-rock, 
 and limestone. 
 
 TACT, takt, n. touch; feeling; " Did you 
 suppose that I could not make myself 
 sensible to tact as well as sight, and 
 assume corporeality as well as form." — 
 Southey : peculiar skill or faculty ; nice 
 perception or discernment ; skill or 
 adroitness in doing or saying exactly 
 what is required by circumstances; as, to 
 be gifted with feminine tact. 
 And loved them more, that they were chine, 
 The ^aceful tact, the Christian art. — Tennyson; 
 
 "He had formed plans not inferior in 
 grandeur and boldness to those of Riche- 
 lieu, and had carried them into efl'ect with 
 a tact and wariness worthy of Mazarin." 
 — Macaulay : the stroke in beating time 
 in music. [Fr. tact, touch, feeling, tact, 
 from L. tactus, from tango, tactnm, to 
 touch, from which stem also tactile, 
 tangible, contact, contagion, etc. See 
 also Taste, Tax.] 
 
 TACTABLE, tak'ta-bl. adj. capable of being 
 touched or felt bj' the sense of touch. 
 "They (women) being created to be 
 both tractable and t actable." — Massinger, 
 [See Tact.] 
 
 TACTIC, tak'tik, n. system of tactics. " It 
 seems more important to keep in view 
 the genei'al tactic on which its leader 
 was prepared with confidence to meet so 
 unequal a force. It was the same that 
 Wallace had practically taught, and it 
 had just recently helped the Flemings to 
 their victory of Courtrai." — J. H. Burton. 
 
 TACTICIAN, tak-tish'an, n. one skilled in 
 tactics. 
 
 TACTICS, tak-tiks, n.sing. the science or 
 art of manoeuvring military and naval 
 forces in the presence of the enemy : way 
 or method of proceeding. [Gr. takfiks 
 {techne, art, understood), art of arranging 
 men in a field of battle — tasso, taxo, to 
 arrange.] 
 
 TACTILE, tak'til, adj. that may be touched 
 or felt. [L. tango, to touch. See Tact.] 
 
 TACTION, tak'shun, n. act of touching: 
 touch. 
 
 TACTUAL,tak'tu-al, adj. relating to or de- 
 rived from the sense of touch. 
 
 TADPOLF,, tad'pol, n. a young toad or 
 frog in its first state, "having a tail. 
 [M. E. tadde, E. Toad, and Poll, head.] 
 
 TAFFEREL, tafer-el, TAFFRAIL, taf'ral, 
 n. the upper part of a ship's stern tim- 
 bers, which is flat like a table. [Dut. 
 tafereel, a panel — tafel, a table.] 
 
 TAFFETA, taf'e-ta, TAFFETY, taf'e-ti, n. 
 (orig.) silk stuff plainly troven : a thin, 
 glossy silk stuff, having a wavy lustre. 
 [It. taffeta — Pers. tdftah, woven.] 
 
 TAG, tag, n. a tack or point of metal at 
 the end of a string : any small thing 
 tacked or attached to another: anything 
 mean. — v.t. to fit a tag or point to : to 
 tack, fasten, or hang to -.—pr-p. tagg"- 
 ing; pa.t. and pa.p. tagged. — n. axxAadj. 
 Tao'rao, the rabble, or denoting it. [A 
 weaker forn) of Tack.] 
 
 TAIL, tal, n. the end of the backbone of 
 an animal, generally hanging loose, and 
 hait~y : anything resembling a tail in ap- 
 pearance, position, etc. : the back, lower, 
 or hinder part of anything : anything 
 long and hanging, as a catkin, train of 
 a comet, etc. [A.S. ta:gel ; Ger. zagel ; 
 Goth, tagl, hair.] 
 
 TAIL, till, n. {law) the term applied to an 
 estate which is cut off or limited to cer- 
 tain heirs. [Fr. taille, cutting. See En- 
 tail and Retail.] 
 
 TAILOR, tal'ur, n. one whose business is 
 to cut out and make men's clothes: — 
 fern. Tail'oress. — v.i. to work as a tailor. 
 — n. Tail'ORINQ, the business or work of 
 a tailor. [Fr. tailleur—tailler, to cut. 
 Ct, above word.]
 
 TAILOR-BIRD 
 
 432 
 
 TANGENTIAL 
 
 TAILOR-BIRD, tal'ur-berd, n. a bird of the 
 genus Orthotomus (O. longicaudus), fam- 
 fly Sylviadee, having a long, graduated 
 tail, "the feathers of which are narrow. 
 These birds construct their nests at the 
 extremity of a twig, taking one large or 
 two small leaves and sewing their edges 
 together, using the bill as a needle and 
 vegetable fibre as thread. Within the 
 hollow thus made a downy substance, 
 sometimes mixed with feathers, is placed 
 to receive the eggs. They are natives of 
 India and the Indian Archipelago. The 
 syhna cisticola, common in various parts 
 of Italy, constructs its nest in a similar 
 manner, and is also called the tailor-bird. 
 
 TAILr-PIECE, tal'-pes, n. a piece forming a 
 tail : a piece at the end : an appendage : 
 specifically, (o) a small cut or ornamen- 
 tal design placed at the end of a chapter 
 or section in a book as an ornamental 
 ending of a page ; (5) a somewhat trian- 
 gular-shaped piece of wood (generally 
 ebony) attached to the lower end of the 
 body' of an instrument of the violin kind. 
 The" broad end is pierced with holes, in 
 which the strings are fastened. 
 
 TAIL-RACE, tal'-ras, n. the stream of 
 water which runs from the mill after it 
 has been applied to produce the motion 
 of the wheel. 
 
 TAILS - COMMON, talz'-kom-mon, n. in 
 mining, washed lead ore. 
 
 TAIL-STOCK, tal'-stok, n. the support, in 
 a lathe, bearing up the tail-screw and 
 adjustable centre, in contradistinction to 
 the head-stock, which supports the man- 
 drel. 
 
 TAIL-TRIMMER, tal'-trim-er, n. in Imild- 
 ing. a trimmer next to the wall into 
 which the ends of joists are fastened to 
 avoid flues. 
 
 9AINT, tant, v.t. to tinge, moisten, or im- 
 pregnate with anything noxious : to in- 
 fect : to stain. — v.i. to be affected with 
 something corrupting. — n. a stain or 
 tincture: infection or corruption: aspot: 
 a moral blemish. [O. Fr. taint, Fr. teint, 
 pa. p. of teindre, to dye — L. tingo, tinc- 
 tum, to wet or moisten. See Tinge.] 
 
 TAKE, tak, v.t. to lay hold of : to get into 
 one's possession : to catch : to capture : 
 to captivate : to receive : to choose : to 
 use : to allow : to understand : to agree 
 to : to become affected with. — v.i. to 
 catch : to have the intended effect : to 
 gain reception, to please : to move or 
 dii«ect the course of : to have recourse to : 
 — pa.t. took ; pa.p. tak'en. — n. Tak'er. 
 [A.S. taean ; perh. first from Ice. taka ; 
 conn, with L. ta{n)g-o, te-tig-i, to touch, 
 and withE. Tack.] 
 
 TAKING, tak'ing, adj. captivating : allur- 
 ing. — adv. TAK'tNGLY. 
 
 TALC, talk, n. a mineral occurring in thin 
 flakes, of a white or green color, and a 
 soapv feel. [Fr. talc (Grer. talk) — Ar. 
 'talaq.~\ 
 
 TALCKY, talk'i, TALCOUS, talk'us, adj. 
 containing, consisting of, or like talc. 
 
 TALE, tal, n. a narrative or story: a fable: 
 what is told or counted off : number : 
 reckoning. [A.S. tal, a reckoning, a 
 tale ; Ger. zahl, a number.] 
 
 TALE-BEARER, tal'-bar'er, n. one who 
 maliciously hears or tells tales or g^ves 
 information. 
 
 TALE-BEARING, tal'-bar'ing, adj. given 
 to hear or tell tales, or officiously to give 
 information. — n. act of telling secrets. 
 
 TALENT, tal'ent, n. (B.) a weight or sum 
 of money -= 94 pounds avoir, and $1,650 
 to $1,935 : {now fig.) faculty : natural or 
 special gift : special aptitude : eminent 
 ability. [L. talentum — Gr. talanton, a 
 weight, a talent, from tlao, talao, to 
 
 bear, weigh ; akin to L. tollo, Ger. dul- 
 den, Scot. thole.'\ 
 
 TALENTED, tal'ent-ed, adj. possessing 
 talents or mental gifts. 
 
 TALISMAN, tal'is-man, n. a species of 
 charm engraved on metal or stone, to 
 which wonderful effects are ascribed : 
 (fig.) something that produces extraor- 
 dinary effects -.—pi. Tal'ismans. [Fr.— 
 Ar. telsani — Late Gr. telesma, consecra- 
 tion, incantation — Gr. teleo, to conse- 
 crate.] 
 
 TALISMANIC, tal-is-man'ik, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or having the properties of a tal- 
 isman: magical. 
 
 TALK, tawk, v.i. to speak familiarly : to 
 prattle : to reason. — n. familiar conver- 
 sation : that which is uttered in familiar 
 intercourse: subject of discourse: rumor. 
 — n. Talk'er. [Prob. freq. of Ice. tala, 
 to talk, which is cog. with E. Tell.] 
 
 TALKATIVE, tawk'a-tiv, adj. given to 
 much talking: prating. — adv. Talk'a- 
 TiVELY. — n. Talk'attveness. 
 
 TALL, tawl, adj. high, esp. in stature : 
 lofty : long : sturdy : bold : courageous. 
 — n. Tall'ness. [Ety. very dub. ; perh. 
 conn, with W. tal, talau, to make or 
 grow large.] 
 
 TALLOW, tal'o, n. the fat of animals 
 melted: any coarse, hard fat. — v.t. to 
 grease with tallow. [A.S. telg, tcelg ; 
 Ger. talg. Ice. tolg.'j 
 
 TALLY, tal'i, n. a stick tut or notched to 
 match another stick, used to mark num- 
 bers or keep accounts by : anything 
 made to suit another. — v.t. to score with 
 corresponding notches : to make to fit. 
 — v.i. to correspond : to suit : — pa.t. and 
 pa.p. tall'ied. [Fr. taille (It. taglia) — L. 
 talea, a cutting. See TArL(Zat«).] 
 
 TALLY-HO, tal'i-ho, int. the huntsman's 
 cry betokening that a fox has gone away. 
 
 TALMUD, tal'mud, n. the body of Hebrew 
 laws, comprising the written law and the 
 traditions and comments of the Jewish 
 doctors. — adjs. Talmud'ic, Talmxtd'ical. 
 [Heb. talmud, oral teaching, instruction 
 — lamad, to learn.] 
 
 TALON, tal'on, n. the claw of a bird of 
 
 Erey. [Fr. talon, through Low L., from 
 I. talus, the heel.] 
 
 TAMABLE, tam'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 tamed. — n. Tam'ableness. 
 
 TAMARIND, tam'a-rind, n. an E. India 
 tree, with a sweet, pulpy fruit, in pods. 
 [Tamarindus, Latanized from Ar. tamr 
 Hindi, "Hindu date."] 
 
 TAMARISK, tam'ar-isk, n. a genus of 
 shrubs with small white or pink flowers. 
 [L. tamariscMS.'\ 
 
 TAMBOUR, tam'boor, n. a small, shallow 
 drum: a small, drum-like, circular frame, 
 for embroidering: a rich kind of gold and 
 silver embroidery. — v.t. to embroider on 
 a tambour. [Fr. tamhour, from root of 
 TabourJ 
 
 TAMBOURINE, tam-boo-ren', n. a shallow 
 drum with one skin and bells, and played 
 on with the hand. [Fr. tambourin, dim. 
 of tamhour.] 
 
 TAME, tam, adj. having lost native wild- 
 ness and shyness : domesticated : gentle: 
 spiritless : without vigor : dull. — v.t. to 
 reduce to a domestic state: to make gen- 
 tle : to reclaim : to civilize. — adv. Tame'- 
 ly. — n. Tame'ness. [A.S. tam, cog. with 
 Ger. zahm ; further conn, with L. domo, 
 Gr. damao. Sans, dam.] 
 
 TAMER, tam'er, 7i. one who tames. 
 
 TAMIAS, ta'mi-as, n. a genus of rodent 
 mammals, allied to the true squirrels, 
 but distinguished from them by the pos- 
 session of cheek-pouches, and their habit 
 of retreating into underground holes. 
 They are of small size, and all of them 
 
 marked with stripes on the back and 
 sides. Lister's ground-squirrel (T. Listeri) 
 is very common in the United States, 
 where it is popularly known as hackee, 
 chipmunk, or chipmuck. The striped 
 ground-squirrel {T. striatum) is a very 
 small species, inhabiting the vicinity of 
 the Rocky Mountains, and an allied spe- 
 cies is said to be very common in Siberia 
 [Gr., a steward, a store-keeper, from the 
 cheek-pouches in which these animals 
 can carry a quantity of food or from their 
 laying up large stores in their holes.] 
 TAMIL, tam'il, n. one of a race of men in- 
 habiting South India and Ceylon, and 
 belonging to the Dravidian stock ; the 
 TamOs form by far the most civilized and 
 energetic of the Dravidian peoples : the 
 language spoken in the south-east of the 
 Madras Presidency, and in the northern 
 
 garts of Ceylon ; it is a member of the 
 •ravidian or Tamilian family. 
 
 TAMILIAN, ta-mil'i-an, adj. of or pertain- 
 ing to the Tamils or their language. 
 
 TAMINE, tam'in, TAMINY, tam'i-ni, n. a 
 strainer or bolter of hair or cloth: a thin 
 woollen or worsted stuff, highly glazed. 
 Written also Tammin. [Fr. eiamine. See 
 Stamen.] 
 
 TAMIS, tam'i, n. a sieve : a searce. Writ- 
 ten also Tammy. [Ft., from Dut. terns, 
 E. temse, a sieve.] 
 
 TAMIS-BIRD, ta'mis-berd, n. a guinea- 
 fowl. "They are by some called the 
 Barbary-ben ; by others the Tamis-bird, 
 and by others the bird of Numidia." — 
 OoldsTnith. 
 
 TAMPER, tam'per, v.i. to try the temper 
 of : to try little experiments without 
 necessity : to meddle : to practice secret- 
 ly and unfairly. [A by-form of TEMPER.] 
 
 TAM-TAM, tam'-tam, n. a kind of native 
 drum used in the E. Indies and in West- 
 ern Africa. The tam-tam is of various 
 shapes, but generally it is made of a hol- 
 low cylinder formed of fibrous wood, such 
 as palm-tree, or of earthenware, each end 
 covered with skin. It is beat upon with 
 the fingers, and also with the open hand, 
 and produces a hollow monotonous sound. 
 Public notices, when proclaimed in the 
 bazaar or public parts of Eastern towns, 
 are generally accompanied by the tam- 
 tam. Written also Tom-tom. [Hind., from 
 sound of drum.] 
 
 TAN, tan, n. bark bruised and broken for 
 tanning : a yellowish-brown color. — v.t. 
 to convert skins and hides into leather 
 by steeping in vegetable solutions con- 
 taining tannin: to make brown ortawnj'. 
 — v.i. to become tanned : pr.j). tann'ing ; 
 pa.t a.nA pa.p. tanned. [Fr. ; prob. from 
 Ger. tanne, fir ; ace. to otners, from Bret. 
 tann, oak. Cf. Tawny.] 
 
 TANDEM, tan'dem, adv. applied to the 
 position of horses harnessed singly one 
 before the other instead of abreast. — n. 
 a team of horses (usually two) so har- 
 nessed. [Originated in university slang, 
 in a play on the L. adv. tandem, at 
 length,] 
 
 TANG, t ng, n. a strong or offensive taste, 
 esp. o something extraneous : relish : 
 taste. [From root of Taste.] 
 
 TANG, tang, 7i. the tapering part of a 
 knife or tool which goes into the haft. 
 [A by-form of Tong in Tongs. 
 
 TANGENCY, tan'jen-si, n. state of being 
 tangent a contact or touching. 
 
 TANGEN ', tan'jent, n. a line which 
 touches a curve, and which when pro- 
 duced does not cut it. [L. tangens, -en- 
 tis, pr.p. of tango, to touch.] 
 
 TANGENTIAL, tan-jen'shal, adj. of or per- 
 taining to a tangent : in the direction of 
 a tangent.
 
 TANGHIN 
 
 433 
 
 TAPER 
 
 TANGHIN, tan'gin, n. a deadly poison 
 obtained from the seeds of Tanghinia 
 venenifera. [See Taughinia.] — Trial 
 BY TANGHIN, a kind of ordeal formerly 
 practiced in Madagascar to determine 
 the guilt or innocence of an accused per- 
 son, by taking the tanghin poison The 
 Beed was pounded and a small piece 
 swallowed by each person to be tried. 
 If the accused retained the poison in the 
 system death quickly resulted — a proof 
 of guilt ; if the stomach rejected the 
 dose little harm supervened — and inno- 
 cence was established. By the influence 
 of Christianity its use has been discon- 
 tinued. Spelled also Tanguin. [The 
 native name in Madagascar.] 
 
 TANGHINIA, tan-gin'i-a, n. a genus of 
 plants belonging to the nat. order Apocy- 
 naceae. T. venenifera is a tree which 
 produces the celebrated tanghin poison 
 of Madagascar. The poisonous quality 
 resides in the kernel, and one seed is said 
 to be sufficient to kill twenty persons. 
 It has sm oth alternate thickish leaves, 
 and large terminal cymes of pink flow- 
 ers, which are succeeded by large pur- 
 plish fruits containing a hard stone sur- 
 rounded by a thick fibrous flesh. 
 
 lANGIBILfTY. tan-ji-bil'i-ti, n. quality of 
 being tangible or perceptible to the touch, 
 
 TANGIBLE, tan'ji-bl, adj. perceptible by 
 the touch : capable of being possessed or 
 realized. — adv. Tan'gibly, [L. tangibilis 
 — tango.} 
 
 TANGLE, tang:'gl,n. a knot of things united 
 confusedly: an edible seaweed. — v.t. to 
 unite togeth«r confusedly: to interweave: 
 to insnare, [Goth, tagl, hair, Ger. tang, 
 sea- weed.] 
 
 TANGUM, tan'gum, n. a variety of piebald 
 horse found in Tliibet, of which it is a 
 native. It appears to be related to the 
 Tartar horse. 
 
 fAN-HOUSE, tan'-hows), n. a building in 
 which tanner's bark is stored. 
 
 lANIST, tan'ist, n. one of a family from 
 which the chiefs of certain Celtic races 
 were chosen by election — usually applied 
 to the actual holder of the lands and 
 honors, and frequently to his chosen suc- 
 cessor. "It was not unusual to elect a 
 tanist. or reversionary successor, in the 
 lifetime of the reigning chief." — Hallam. 
 "This family (the O'Hanlons) were tanists 
 of a large territory within the present 
 county of Armagh." — Lower. [Gael. 
 tanaiste, a lord, the governor of a coun- 
 try ; in Ireland, the heir-apparent of a 
 prince ; from tan, a region or territory. 
 See Tanistry.] 
 
 TANISTRY, tan'ist-ri, n. a mode of tenure 
 that prevailed among various Celtic 
 tribes, according to which the tanist or 
 holder of honors or lands held them only 
 for life, and his successor was fixed by 
 election. According to this custom the 
 right of succession was not in the in- 
 dividual, but in the family to which he 
 belonged ; that is, succession was heredi- 
 tary in the family, but elective in the 
 individual. The primitive intention seems 
 to have been that the inheritance should 
 descend to the oldest or most worthy of 
 the blood and name of the deceased. This 
 was in reality giving it to the strongest, 
 and the prax^tice often occasioned bloody 
 wars in families. " They were subject to 
 the law of tanistry, of which the princi- 
 ple is defined to be, that the demesne 
 lands and dignity of chieftainship de- 
 scended to the eldest son most worthy of 
 the same blood." — Hallam. 
 
 TANK, tangk, n. a large basin or cistern : 
 a reservoir of water. [O. Fr. estanc (Fr. 
 itang) — L. stagnum, a pool of standing 
 water. See Stagnate.] 
 
 BB 
 
 TANKARD, tangk'ard, n. a large vessel 
 for holding liquors : a drinking-vessel 
 with a lid. [Tank, with suffix -ard.J 
 
 TANNER, tan'er, n. one who tans. 
 
 TANNERY, tan'er-i, n. a place for tanning. 
 
 TANNIC, tan'ik, adj. of or from tan. 
 
 TANNIN, tan'in, h. an astringent vege- 
 table substance found largely in oak- 
 bark or gall-nuts, of great use in tanning. 
 [Fr. tannin.] 
 
 TANNING, tan'ing, n. the practice, opera- 
 tion, and art of converting the raw hides 
 and skins of animals into leather by 
 effecting a chemical combination between 
 the gelatine of which they principallj' 
 consist and the astringent vegetable 
 principle called tannic acid or tannin. 
 The object of the tanning process is to 
 produce such a chemical change in skins 
 as may render them unalterable by those 
 agents which tend to decompose them in 
 their natural state, and in connection 
 with the subsequent operations of curry- 
 ing or dressing to bring them into a state 
 of pliability and impermeability to water 
 which may adapt them for the many 
 useful purposes to which leather is ap- 
 plied. The larger and heavier skins sub- 
 jected to the tanning process, as those 
 of buffaloes, bulls, oxen, and cows, are 
 technically called hides : while those of 
 smaller animals, as calves, sheep, and 
 goats, are called skins. After being 
 cleared of the hair, wool, and fleshy 
 parts, by the aid of lime, scraping, and 
 other means, the skins are usually steeped 
 in an infusion of ground oak bark, which 
 supplies the astringent or tanning prin- 
 ciple, and thus converts them into leather. 
 Different tanners, however, vary much 
 in the mode of conducting the process of 
 tanning, and also the skins intended for 
 different kinds of leather require to be 
 treated differently. Various improve- 
 ments have been made in the process of 
 tanning, by which time and labor are 
 much reduced ; but it is found that the 
 slow process followed by the old tanners 
 produces leather far superior to that pro- 
 duced by quick processes. 
 
 TANSY, tan'zi, n. a bitter, aromatic plant, 
 with small yellow flowers, common on 
 old pasture, also a pudding or cake flav- 
 ored with it. [Lit. " the immortal plant," 
 Ft. tanaisie, through late L., from Gr. 
 athanasia, immortality.] 
 
 TANTALIZE, tan'ta-liz, v.t. to tease or 
 torment, by presenting something to ex- 
 cite desire, but keeping it out of reach. 
 [From Tantaltis, a Greek mythical per- 
 sonage, who was made to stand up to 
 his chin in water, with branches of fruit 
 hung over his head, the water receding 
 when we wished to drink, and the fruit 
 when he desired to eat.] 
 
 TANTALUS, tan'ta-lus, n. a genus of wad- 
 ing birds,family Ardeidae or heron family. 
 T. loculator is the wood-ibis of America, 
 which frequents extensive swamps, where 
 it feeds on serpents, young alligators, 
 frogs, and other reptiles. The African 
 tantalus, {T. ibis) was long regarded as 
 the ancient Egyptian ibis, out it is rare 
 in Egypt, belonging chiefly to Senegal, 
 and is much larger than the true ibis. — 
 Tantalus ctip. a philosophical toy, con- 
 sisting of a siphon so adapted to a cup 
 that the short leg being in the cup, the 
 long leg may go down through the bot- 
 tom of it. The siphon is concealed 
 within the figure of a man, whose chin 
 is on a level with the bend of the siphon. 
 Hence, as soon as the water rises up to 
 the chin of the image it begins to sub- 
 side, so that the figure, like Tantalus in 
 the fable, is unable to quench his thirst. 
 [The name was given because from their 
 
 V iracity these birds seem never to hav» 
 enough.] 
 
 TANTAMOUNT,tan'ta-mownt,ad;". equiva- 
 lent, as in value, force, effect, or signifi- 
 cation : as, silence is sometimes tanta- 
 mount to consent. "Put the question* 
 into Latin, we are stOl never the nearer, 
 they are plainly tantamoxmt ; at least 
 the difference to me is undiscernible." — 
 Waterland. " Actions were brought 
 against persons who had defamed the 
 Duke of York ; and damages tantamount 
 to a sentence of perpetual imprisonment 
 were demanded by the plaintiff and 
 without difiiciilty obtained." — Macaulay. 
 [Fr. tant, L. tantus, so much, and E. 
 Amount.] 
 
 TANTAMOUNT, tan'ta-mownt. v.i. to b«. 
 tantamount or equivalent. " That which 
 in God"s estimate may tantamount to i> 
 direct undervaluing." — Jer. Taylor. 
 
 TANTI\"Y. tau-tiv'i, adv. swiftly: speed- 
 ily: rapidly.— To ride tantivy, to ride 
 with great speed. [Said to be from the 
 note of a hunting horn.] 
 
 TANTIVY, tan-tivl, ?i. a rapid, violent 
 gallop : a devoted adherent of the court 
 in the time of Charles II. ; a royalist ; 
 " Those who took the king's side were 
 anti-Birminghams, abhorrers, and tan- 
 tivies. These appellations soon became 
 obsolete." — Macaulay: "Collier . . , 
 v.-as a Tory of the highest sort, such aa 
 in the court of his age was called a tan- 
 tii^y.'' — Macaulay: a mixture of hast* 
 and violence; a rush; a torrent; "Sir, 
 I expected to hear from you in the lan- 
 guage of the lost groat, and the prodigal 
 son, and not in such a tantivy of lan- 
 guage ; but I perceive your communica- 
 tion is not always yea, yea." — Cleaveland. 
 [The nickname may be traceable to the 
 fox-hunting habits of the country squires 
 of the period.] 
 
 TANTIA^, tan-tiv'i, v.i. to hurry off ; to 
 go off in a hurry. Miss Btimey. 
 
 TANTRA, tan'tra. n. a division, section, or 
 chapter of certain Sanskrit sacred worka 
 of the worshippers of the female energy 
 of Siva. Each tantra has the form of a 
 dialogue between Siva and his wife. The 
 tantras are much more recent produc- 
 tions than the Vedas, possiblj' posterior 
 even to the Christian era, although their 
 believers regard them as a fifth Veda, of 
 equal antiquity and higher authority, 
 [Sans., from tan, to believe.] 
 
 TANZIMAT,tan'zi-mat, n. (Zif.) regulations. 
 The name given to the organic Taws, con- 
 stituting the first contribution towards 
 constitutional government in Turkey, 
 published in 1844 by Sultan Abdul-Medjid. 
 [Arab., pi. of tansim, a regulation.] 
 
 TAP, tap, n. a gentle blow or touch, esp. 
 with something small. — v.t. to strike 
 with something small : fo touch gently. 
 — v.i. to give a gentle knock : — pr.p. 
 tapp'ing ; jpa.<. und pa.p. tapped. [From 
 Fr. tape — O. Ger. (Ger. tappe, a pat with 
 the hand).] 
 
 TAP, tap, n. a hole or short pipe througk 
 which liquor is drawn : a place where 
 liquor is drawn. — v.t. to pierce, so as to 
 let out fluid : to open a cask and draw off 
 liquor : to broach a vessel :—pr.p. tapp' 
 ing;pa.t. and pa.p. tapped. [A.S. tiippa; 
 cog. with Dut., Ger. zapfen; conn, witb 
 Tip and Top.] 
 
 TAPE, tap, n. a narrow fillet or band of 
 woven-work, used for strings, etc. [A.S. 
 tappe, a fillet ; conn, with Tapestry.] 
 
 TAPER, ta'per, n. a small wax-candle or 
 light. [A.S. tapttr, taper.'] 
 
 TAPER, ta'per, adj. narrowed towards the 
 point, like a taper : long and slender. — 
 v.i. to become gradually smaller towards 
 one end. — v.t. to make to taper.
 
 TAPERING 
 
 434 
 
 TARSIA 
 
 TAPERING, ta'per-ing, adj. growing grad- 
 ually thinner. 
 
 TAPESTRY, tap'es-tri, n. a kind of woven 
 hangings of wool and silk, often enriched 
 with gold and silver, representing figures 
 of men, animals, landscapes, etc., and 
 formerly much used for Uning or cover- 
 ing the walls and furniture of apart- 
 ments, churches, etc. Tapestry is made 
 by a process intermediate between weav- 
 ing and embroidery, being worked in a 
 web with needles instead of a shuttle. 
 Short lengths of thread of the special 
 colors required for the design are worked 
 in at the necessary places and fastened 
 at the back of the texture. The term 
 tapestry is also applied to a variety of 
 woven fabrics having a multiplicity of 
 colors in their design, which, however, 
 have no other characteristic of true tap- 
 estry.— Tapestry CAEPET,the name given 
 to a very elegant and cheap two-ply or 
 ingrain carpet, the warp or weft being 
 printed before weaving so as to produce 
 the figure in the cloth. [O. E. tapecery, 
 tapeeerye, from Fr. tapisserie. tapestry, 
 carpeting, from tapis, formerly tapestry, 
 now a carpet, from L. tapes, tapete, from 
 Gr. tai)es, tapetos, a carpet, a rug.] 
 
 TAPESTRY, tap'es-tri, v.t. to adorn with 
 tapestry, or as if with tapestry. "The 
 Trosachs wound, as now, between gigan- 
 tic walls of rock tapestried with broom 
 and wild roses." — Macaulay. 
 
 TAPEWORM, tap'wurm, n. a taj)e-\ike 
 ■worm, often of great length, found in the 
 intestines. 
 
 TAPIOCA, tap-i-oTja, n. the glutinous and 
 granular substance obtained from the 
 roots of the Cassava plant of Brazil. 
 [The Brazilian name.] 
 
 TAPIR, ta'pir, n. a thick-skinned, short- 
 necked animal, ha%'ing a short, flexible 
 proboscis, found in Sumatra and South 
 America. [The Brazilian name.] 
 
 TAP-PICKLE, tap'-pik-l, n. the uppermost 
 and most valuable grain in a stalk of oats: 
 hence, (fig.) one's most valuable posses- 
 sion: in the case of a woman, chastity. 
 Burns. [Scotch.] 
 
 TAPPING, tap'ing, n. in surg. paracentesis, 
 or the operation of removing fluid from 
 any of the serous ca\"ities of the body in 
 which it has collected in large quantity. 
 
 TAPPIT-HEN, tap'it-hen, n. a hen with a 
 crest : a colloquial term denoting a kind 
 of tankard containing 3 quarts, or accord- 
 ing to some 1 quart, so named from the 
 knob on the lid as being supposed to re- 
 semble a crested hen. " Their hostess 
 appeared with a huge pewter measuring- 
 pot, containing at least three English 
 quarts, famUiarly denominated a tappit- 
 hen.'" — Sir ir. Scott. 
 
 TAPROOM, tap'room, n. a room where 
 beer is served from the tap or cask. 
 
 TAPROOT, tap'root, n. a root of a plant or 
 tree striking directly downward without 
 dividing, and tapering towards the end, 
 as that of the carrot. 
 
 TAPSTER, tap'ster, n. one who taps or 
 draws off liquor : a pubUcan. 
 
 TAPUL, tii'pul, n. in milit. antiq. the sharp 
 projecting ridge down the centre of some 
 breastplates. 
 
 TAQUA-NUT, ta'kwa-nut, n. the seed or 
 nut of the South American tree Phytele- 
 phas macrocarpa, introduced into this 
 country under the name of vegetable 
 ivory, and used as ivory. 
 TAR, tar, n. a thick, dark-colored, viscid 
 product obtained by the destructive dis- 
 tillation of organic substances and bi- 
 tuminous minerals, as wood, coal, peat, 
 shale, etc. Wood-tar, such as the Arch- 
 angel, Stockholm, and American tars 
 of commerce, is generally prepared by a 
 
 very rude process. A conical cavity is 
 dug in the ground, with a cast-iron pan 
 at the bottom, from which leads a funnel. 
 Billets of wood (such as pine or fir) are 
 thrown into this cavitj-, and being cov- 
 ered with turf are slowly burned without 
 flame. The tar which exudes during 
 combustion is conducted off through the 
 funnel. In England wood-tar is chiefly 
 obtained as a by-product in the destruc- 
 tive distillation of wood for the manu- 
 facture of wood-vinegar (pyroligneous 
 acid) and wood-spirit (methyl alcohol). 
 It has an acid reaction, and contains vari- 
 ous hquid matters of which the principal 
 are methyl-acetate, acetone, hydrocar- 
 bons of the benzene series, and a num- 
 ber of oxidized compounds, as carbolic 
 acid. Paraffin, anthracene, naphthalene, 
 chrysene, etc., are found among its solid 
 products. It possesses valuable anti- 
 septic properties, owing to the creasote 
 it contains, and is used extensively for 
 coating and preserving timber and iron 
 in exposed situations, and for impreg- 
 nating ships' ropes and cordage. Coal- 
 tar is also extensively obtained in the 
 process of gas manufacture. It is a very 
 valuable substance, in as much as the 
 compounds obtained from it form the 
 starting-points in so many chemical 
 manufactures : a sailor is called a tar 
 from his tarred clothes, hands, etc. 
 " Hearts of oak are our ships, joUy tars 
 are our men." — Sea song. 
 
 In Senates bold, and fierce in war 
 
 A land commander, and a tar.—Swift. 
 
 [A-S. teru, tero. Low Ger. tdr, Dut. teer. 
 Ice. tjara, Ger. theer, tar. Origin un- 
 known.] 
 
 TAR, tar, v.t. to smear with tar ; as, to 
 <a7- ropes: — pr.p. tarr'ing; pa.t. a.'a&pa.p. 
 tarred. — To tab and feather a person, 
 to pour heated tar over him and then 
 cover with feathers. This mode of pun- 
 ishment, according to Rymer's Foedera, 
 is as old at least as the crusades ; it is a 
 kind of mob vengeance still taken on ex- 
 tremelj' obnoxious personages in some 
 parts of America. 
 
 TAEAMTULA, tar-an'tu-la, n. a kind of 
 poisonous spider found in S. Italy : the 
 name is also applied to a very large vari- 
 ety found in the western States, whose 
 bite is usually fatal. [It. tarantola — L. 
 Tarenium, a town in S. Italy where the 
 spider abounds.] 
 
 TARAXACUM, tar-aks'a-kum, n. the root 
 of the dandelion, used in medicine. [A 
 botanical Latin word, coined from Gr. 
 taraxis, trouble, and akeomai, to cure.] 
 
 TARDY, tar'di, adj.. slotv, late, sluggish : 
 out of season. — adv. Tar'dily. — >i. Tar'- 
 DINESS. [Fr. tardif — tard — L. tardus, 
 slow.] 
 
 TARE, tar, n. a plant, like the vetch, 
 sometimes cultivated for fodder. [O. E. 
 tarefitch, the wild vetch.] 
 
 TARE, tar, n. the weight of the vessel or 
 package in which goods are contained : 
 an allowance made for it. [Fr. — It. tara 
 — Ar. tarah, thrown away.] 
 
 TARGET, tiir'get, n. a small buckler or 
 shield : a mark to fire at. [O. Fr. tar- 
 gette (Fr. targe) — O. Ger. zarga, cog. with 
 A.S. targe.] 
 
 TARGETEER, tar'get-er, n. one armed with 
 a target. 
 
 TARGITM, tar'g:um,n. a translation or para- 
 phrase of the Hebrew Scriptures in the 
 Aramaic or Chaldee language or dialect, 
 which became necessary after the Baby- 
 lonish captivity, when "Hebrew began to 
 die out as the popular language. The 
 Targum, long preserved by oral trans- 
 mission, does not seem to have been com- 
 mitted to writing until the first centuries 
 
 of the Christian era. The most ancient 
 and valuable of the extant Targums are 
 those ascribed to or called after Onkelos 
 and Jonathan Ben Uzziel. All the Tar 
 gums taken together form a paraphrase 
 of the whole of the Old Testament, ex- 
 cept Nehemiah, Ezi'a, and Daniel. [Chal. 
 targum, interpretation, from targein. to 
 interpret.] 
 
 TARGUMIST, tar'gum-ist, n. the writer of 
 a Targum : one versed in the language 
 and hterature of the Tai-gums. Milton. 
 
 TARIFF, tar'if. n. a list or table of goods 
 with the duties or customs to be paid for 
 the same, either on importation or ex- 
 portation; a list or table of duties or cus- 
 toms to be paid on goods imported or 
 exported whether such duties are imposed 
 by tlie government of a country or agreed 
 on by the governments of two countries 
 holding commerce with each other : the 
 principal of a tai-iff depends upon the 
 commercial policy of the state by which 
 it is framed, and the details are constant- 
 ly fluctuating- with the change of inter- 
 ests and the wants of the community, or 
 in pursuance of commercial treaties with 
 other states : a table or scale of charges 
 generally: in the United States, the term 
 applied "to a law of Congress fixing the 
 import duties. [Fr. tarif, Sp. tarifa, from 
 the Ar. tarif, explanation, information, 
 a list of things, particularly of fees to be 
 paid, from 'arafa, to inform.] 
 
 TARIFF. tai''if. v.t. to make a list of duties 
 on. as on imported goods. 
 
 TARLATAN, tar'la-tan, n. a thin cotton 
 stuff, i-esembling gauze, used in ladies' 
 dresses. [Perhaps Milanese tarlantanna, 
 Unsey-woolsey.] 
 
 TARN." tarn, n.'a small mountain lake or 
 pool, especially one which has no visible 
 feeders. " Fled like a gUttering rivulet 
 to the tarn." — Tennyson. 
 And soon a score of fires I ween, 
 From height, and hiil, and cliff were seen, . . . 
 They gleamed on many a dusky torn, 
 Haimted by the lonely earn.— Sir JT. Scott. 
 [Ice. tjorn, a tarn.] 
 
 TARNISH, tar'nish, v.t. to spoil by ex- 
 
 fiosure to the air, etc.: to diminish the 
 ustre or purity of. — v.i. to become dull : 
 to lose lustre" [Lit. " to cover,'' •' to 
 darken." Fr. temir, pr.p. ternissant ; 
 terne. dull, wan — O. Ger. tarni, covered, 
 A.S. dernian, to cover, darken.] 
 
 TARPALT.IN, tar-paw'Un, TARPALXING. 
 tar-paw'ling, n. a tarred jmU or cover 
 of coarse canvas. [From Tar, and Prov. 
 E. paiding, a covering for a cart, M.E. 
 pcdl. a sort of cloth, connected with 
 PallJ 
 
 TARRY\ tar'i, adj. consisting of, covered 
 with, or like tar. 
 
 TARRY, tar'i, v.i. to be tardy or slow : to 
 loiter or stay behind : to delay -.—pa.t. 
 madpa.p. tarr'ied. [5I.E. tarien—0. Fr. 
 targier, forger (Fr. tarder)—L. tardus, 
 slow, modified by confusion with A.S. 
 tirian. to irritate," vex. See Tardy.] 
 
 TARSAL, tar'sal, adj. pertaining to the 
 tarsus or instep ; as. the tarsal bones : 
 of or pertaining to the tarsi of the eye- 
 lids : as. the taisal cai-tUages. 
 
 TARSE, tars. n. the same as Tarsus (which 
 see). 
 
 TARSEL, tar'sel, n. a kind of hawk : a 
 tiercel. 
 
 TARSIA, tar'si-a. TARSIATLTIA, tar-si-a^ 
 too'ra. n. a kind of mosaic wood- work or 
 marquetrv much in favor in Italy in the 
 fifteenth "century. It was executed bv 
 inlaying- pieces of wood of different col- 
 ors and shades into panels of walnut- 
 wood, so as to represent landscapes, 
 architectural scenes, figures, fruit, flow- 
 ers, etc.
 
 TARSIER 
 
 435 
 
 TATTOOING 
 
 TAESIER, tar'si-er, n. an animal of the 
 genus Tarsius (which see). 
 
 TARSIUS, tar'si-us. n. a genus of quadru- 
 manous mammals of the leraura family 
 inhabiting the Eastern Archipelago. In 
 this genus the bones of the tarsus are 
 very mucli elongated, which gives the 
 feet and hands a disproportionate length. 
 — Tarsius spectrum, the tarsier, seems to 
 be the onlj' species known. It is about 
 the size of a squirrel, fawn-brown in 
 color, with large ears, large eyes, and a 
 long tufted tail. It is nocturnal in its 
 habits, and lives among trees. Its favor- 
 ite food is lizards. [From tarsus.'[ 
 
 TARSO-METATARSUS, tar'so-me-ta-tar'- 
 sus, n. the single bone in the leg of birds 
 produced by the union and ankylosis of 
 the lower or distal portion of the tarsus 
 with the whole of the metatarsus. 
 
 TARSORRAPHY. tar-sor'ra-fi, n. in mrg. 
 an operation for diminishing the size of 
 the opening between the eyelids when 
 it is enlarged by surrounding cicatrices. 
 Dunglison. [Tarsiis, a cartilage of the 
 eyelids, and Gr. raphe, seam, suture, 
 from rapid, to sew.] 
 
 TARSOTOMY, tar-sol'o-mi. n. in surg. the 
 section or removal of the tarsal carti- 
 lages. Dunglison. [Tarsus, a cartilage 
 of the eyelids, and Gr. tome, a cutting, 
 from temno. to cut.] 
 
 TARSUS, tar'sus, n. (pi. Tarsi, tar'sl), in 
 anat. (a) that part of the foot which in 
 man is popularly known as the ankle, 
 the front of which is called the instep; 
 it corresponds with the wrist of the up- 
 per limb or arm, and is composed of 
 seven bones, viz. the astragalus, os calcis 
 (heel), OS naviculare, os cuboides, and 
 three others, called ossa cuneiformia; 
 (6) the thin cartilage situated at the 
 edges of the eyelids to preserve their 
 firmness and siiape: in entom. the last 
 segment of the leg. It is divided into 
 several joints, the last being generally 
 terminated by a claw, which is some- 
 times single and sometimes double: in 
 ornith. that part of the leg (or properlj' 
 the foot) of birds which extends fi-om the 
 toes to the first joint above; the shank; 
 the single bone of this portion corre- 
 sponds with the tarsus and metatarsus 
 conjoined. [Gr. tarsos, any broad, flat 
 surface, tarsos 2}odos, the flat part of the 
 foot.] 
 
 TART, tart, adj. sharp or sour to the taste: 
 (fig.) sharp: severe. — adv. Tart'ly. — »!. 
 Tart'ness. [Lit. "tearing,'" A.S. teart 
 — tearan, to tear.] 
 
 Tart, tart, n. a small pie, containing fruit 
 or jelly. [Fr. (arte, tourte — L. tortus, 
 twisted, pa. p. of torqueo, to twist.] 
 
 Tartan, tar'tan, n. a woollen stuff, 
 checked with various colors, worn in the 
 Scottish Highlands. [Fr. tiretaine, lin- 
 sey-woolsey; Sp. tiritana, tiritaira, a 
 sort of thin silk.] 
 
 Tartar, tar'tar, n. a salt which forms on 
 the sides of casks containing wine (when 
 pui-e, called cream of tartar): a concre- 
 tion which sometimes forms on the teeth: 
 an irritable person, one unexpectedly too 
 strong for his opponent. [Fr. tartre — 
 Low L. tartarum — Ar. dourd.] 
 
 tartar, tar'tar. n. hell. "Follow me.— 
 To the gates of Tartar, thou most excel- 
 lent devil of wit." — Shak. 
 
 Tartar, tar'tar, n. a native of Tartarj': 
 a name rather loosely applied to mem- 
 bers of various Mongolian or Turanian 
 peoples in Asia and Europe: a name 
 given to couriers employed by the Otto- 
 man Porte, and by the European ambas- 
 sadors in Constantinople. [A corruption 
 of Tatar. When, in the reign of St. 
 Louis of France, the hordes of the Tatar 
 
 race was devastating Eastern Europe, 
 news of their ravages were brought to 
 the pious king, who exclaimed there- 
 upon with horror, "Well may they be 
 called Tartars, for their deeds are those 
 of fiends from Tartarus." The appo- 
 siteness of the appellation thus metamor- 
 phosed made it be received, and from 
 that time French authors — and after 
 them the rest of Europe — have called the 
 Tatars, Tartars.] ' 
 
 TARTAREOUS, tar-ta're-us, TARTAR- 
 OUS. tar'tar-us, ac^. consisting of or re- 
 sembling tartar. 
 
 TARTARIC, tar-tar'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 or obtained from tartar. 
 
 TARTARUS, tar'ta-rus, n. {ancient myth.) 
 the lower world generally, but esp. the 
 place of punishment for the wicked. [L. 
 — Gr. iartaros. prob. from the sound, to 
 express something terrible.] 
 
 TARTISH, tiir'tish, adj. somewhat tart. 
 
 TARTUFFE, TARTUFE, tar-t6of',«. a hyp- 
 ocritical pretender to devotion: a hypo- 
 crite. [Fr. tartufe, a hypocrite, from 
 Tartufe, the name of the "principal char- 
 acter in Moliere's celebrated coined v.] 
 
 TARTUFFISH, TARTUFISH, tar-toof'ish, 
 adj. hypocritical: rigid or precise in 
 behavior. " God help her, said I ; she 
 has some mother-in-law, or tartufish 
 aunt, or nonsensical old woman, to con- 
 sult upon the occasion as well as nn-- 
 seW— Sterne. 
 
 TARTUFFISil, tar-toof'izm, n. the practice 
 of a tartull'e or hypocritical devotee. 
 
 TAR- WATER, tar'-waw-ter, n. a cold in- 
 fusion of tar, which was formerly a cele- 
 brated remedy for many chronic affec- 
 tions, esp. of the lungs; as, Bp. Berke- 
 ley's celebrated treatise on tar-ivater : 
 the ammoniacal water obtained bj' con- 
 densation in the process of gas manufact- 
 ure. 
 
 TAR- WELL, tar'-wel, n. in gas vianiif. a 
 receptacle in which is collected the tarry 
 liquid which separates from the gas when 
 it leaves the condensers. 
 
 TASCO, tas'ko, n. a sort of clay for making 
 melting-pots. 
 
 TASIMETER, ta-zim'e-ter, n. an instru- 
 ment invented by Mr. Edison for meas- 
 uring extremely slight variations of press- 
 ure, and by means of these other vari- 
 ations, such as those of temperature, 
 moisture, etc. It depends on the fact 
 that a piece of carbon introduced into 
 the course of an electric current offers a 
 resistance to the passage of the current, 
 which diminishes in a very marked de- 
 gree in proportion to the amount of press- 
 ure exerted on the carbon. A small disc 
 of carbon and another of vulcanite are 
 held together between two platinum but- 
 tons, which may be brought into connec- 
 tion with a galvanic battery, and a strip 
 of some substance like gelatine, which 
 contracts and expands with great readi- 
 ness, is so placed that by its variations 
 in magnitude it varies the pressure on 
 one of the platinum buttons, and hence 
 on the carbon disc. The variations thus 
 produced in the force of the electric cur- 
 rent are measured by a very delicate 
 galvanometer, which is also placed in the 
 circuit. So delicate is the instrument 
 that the heat of the hand held a few 
 inches off causes a deflection of the 
 needle ; while by a slight alteration in 
 form the weight and vital heat of the 
 minutest insect may be determined. [^Gr. 
 <a,si's. a stretching, tension, from teino, 
 to stretch, and metron. a measure.] 
 
 TASIMETRIC, taz-i-met'rik, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the tasimeter : made by the tasim- 
 eter : as, tasiinetric experiments. 
 
 TASK, task, n. a set amount of work, esp. 
 
 of study, given by another: warks 
 drudgery. — v.t. to impose a task on: to 
 burden with severe work. — n. TaSK'ER.— 
 To TA K E TO task, to reprove. [Lit. "a 
 tax," O. Fr. tasque — Low L. tasca, taxa 
 — L. taxo. to rate, tax. See Tax.] 
 
 TASKJMASTER, task'mas-ter. n. a master 
 who imposes a task: one whose office is 
 to assign tasks. 
 
 TASSEL, tas'el, n. a hanging ornament 
 consisting of a bunch of silk or other 
 material. [O. Fr. tassel, an ornament of 
 a square shape, attached to the dress — L. 
 iaxilbis. dim. of talus, a die.] 
 
 TASSELLED, tas'eld, adj adorned with 
 ta.ssels. 
 
 TASTABLE, tast'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 tasted. 
 
 TASTE, tast, v.t. to try or perceive by the 
 touch of the tongue'or palate: to tiv by 
 eating a little: to eat a little of: to partake 
 cf : to experience. — v.i. to try or perceive 
 bv the mouth: to have a flavor of. — n. 
 Tast'er. [O. Fr. taster, Fr. tdter. as if 
 from tascitare — L. taxo. to touch repeat- 
 edly, to estimate — root of tango, to 
 touch.] 
 
 TASTE, tast, 7i. the act or sense of tasting: 
 the sensation caused bj' a substance on 
 the tongue: the sense bj' which we per- 
 ceive the flavor of a thing: the quality 
 or flavor of anything: a small portion: 
 intellectual relish or discernment: the 
 facultj' b3' which the mind perceives the 
 beautiful: nice perception: choice, pre- 
 dilection. 
 
 TASTEFUL, tast'fool, ac^., full of taste: 
 having a high relish: showing good taste. 
 —adv. Taste'fullt. — n. Taste'fulness. 
 
 TASTELESS, tast'les, adj, itithont taste: 
 insipid.— «£?!;. Taste'lesslt.— ?i. Taste'- 
 lessness. 
 
 TASTY, tiist'i, adj. having a good tastK 
 possessing nice perception of excellence; 
 in conformity with good taste. — adv. 
 Tast'ilt. 
 
 TATTER, tat'er, w. a torn piece : a, loos* 
 hanging rag. [Ice. tetr, tetur, a torn 
 garment.] 
 
 TATTLE, tat'l, n. trifling talk or chat.— 
 v.i. to talk idly or triflingly : to tell tales 
 or secrets. — n. Tatt'ler. [M.E. tater, 
 like Low Ger. tateln, an imitative word.] 
 
 TATTOO, tat-too', n. a beat of drum and 
 a bugle-call to warn soldiers to repair to 
 their quarters, orig. to shut the ta})s or 
 drinking -houses against the soldiers. 
 [Dut. tajitoe — taj). a tap, and toe, which 
 IS the prep., E. to, Ger. zu, in the sense 
 of shut.] 
 
 TATTOO, tat-too', v.t. to mark perma- 
 nently (as the skin) with figures, by prick- 
 ing in coloring matter. — n. marks or 
 figures made by pricking coloring matter 
 into the skin. [Prob. a reduplication of 
 the Polvnesian word, ta, to strike.] 
 
 TATTOOING, tat-too'ing, n. the act of one 
 who tattoos ; the design produced by a 
 tattooer: the art of a tattooer: a practice 
 common to several uncivilized nations, 
 ancient and modern, and to some extent 
 employed among civilized nations. It 
 consists in marking the skin with punc- 
 tures or incisions, and introducing into 
 the wounds colored liquids, gunpowder, 
 or the like, so as to produce an indelible 
 stain, so that in this way a variety of 
 flprures may be produced on the face and 
 other parts of the body. This practice 
 is very prevalent among the South Sea 
 Islanders, among whom are used instru- 
 ments edged with small teeth, somewh ' 
 resembling those of a fine comb. These 
 are applied to the skin, and being repeat- 
 edly struck with a small mallet the teeth 
 make the incisions required, while the 
 coloring tincture is introduced at th«
 
 TAUGHT 
 
 same time. Degrees of rank are indi- 
 cated bv the greater or less surface of 
 tattooed skin. Sometimes the whole 
 body, the face not excepted, is tattooed, 
 as among the New Zealanders. 
 
 TAUGHT, ta,wt,pa.t. and pa.p. of Teach. 
 
 TAUNT, tawnt, v.t. to reproach or upbraid 
 with severe or insulting words : to cen- 
 sure sarcastically. — n. Taxjnt'ee. — adv. 
 Tatint'ingly. [Fr. tancer, to scold ; O. 
 Sw. tanta, to reproach, tant, mockery.] 
 
 TAUNT, tawnt, n. upbraiding, sarcastic, or 
 insulting words : a bitter reproach. 
 
 TAURUS, taw'rus. n. the Bull, one of the 
 signs of the zodiac. — adj. Tau'rINE. [L. 
 taurus. Gr. iauros. a bull.] 
 
 TAU-STAFF, taw'-staf, n. in archaol. a 
 staff with a cross-head or head in the 
 shape of the letter T. "A cross-headed 
 or tau-staff."—Jos. Anderson. [Gr. tau, 
 the name of the letter T.] 
 
 TAUT, tawt, adj. tight : stretched out : 
 not slack : applied to a rope or sail : also, 
 properly ordered : prepared against emer- 
 gencj'. ' ' Nelson's health had suffered 
 greatly while he was in the Agamemnon. 
 ' My complaint,' he said, ' is as if a girth 
 was buckled taut over my breast ; and 
 my endeavor in the night is to get loose.' " 
 — Southey. [A form of tight or closely 
 allied to it.] 
 
 TAUTED, tawt'ed, TAUTIE. taw'ti, adj. 
 matted together : spoken of hair or wool. 
 Spelled also Tawted, Tavs'tie, Tatty, etc. 
 (Scotch.) [Akin to Scand. tail, a tuft of 
 hair ; Icel. toeta, to tease wool, tot, a 
 flock of wool.] 
 
 TAUTEGORIC AL, taw - te - gor'ik - al , adj. 
 expressing the same thing in different 
 words : opposed to allegorical. Coleridge. 
 [Gr. tauton, for to aiiton, the same, and 
 agoreuo. to speak. See Aiaegory.] 
 
 TAUTOCHRONE, taw'to-kron, n. in math. 
 a curve line such that a heavy body de- 
 scending along it by gravity will, from 
 whatever point in the curve it begins to 
 descend, always arrive at the lowest 
 point in the same time. The cycloid 
 possesses this propertj'. Also, when any 
 number of curves are drawn from a given 
 point, and another cur^e is so drawn as 
 to cut off from every one of them an arc, 
 which is described by a falling particle 
 in one given time, that arc is called a 
 tautochrone. [Gr. tautos, the same, and 
 chronos, time.] 
 
 TAUTOCHRONOUS, taw-tok'ron-us, adj. 
 pertaining to a tautochrone: isochronous. 
 
 TAUTOG. taw-tog', n. a fish (Taatoga 
 nigra or americana), family Ladridfe, 
 found on the coast of New England, 
 and valued for food. It attains a size 
 of 12 to 14 pounds, and is cauglit by 
 hook and line on rocky bottoms. Called 
 also Black-fish. [The plural of taut, the 
 Indian name.] 
 
 TAUTOLITE, taw'tol-it, n. a velvet-black 
 mineral occurring in volcanic felspathic 
 rocks. It is supposed to be a silicate of 
 protoxide of iron and silicate of mag- 
 nesia. 
 
 TAUTOLOGIC, taw-to-loj'ik, TAUTOLOG- 
 ICAL, taw-to-loj'ik-al, adj. containing 
 tautology.— adv. TKVIOiaa'lCAlAn. 
 
 TAUTOLOGIZE, taw-tol'o-jiz, v.i. to use 
 tautology : to repeat the same thing in 
 different words. — n. TaUTOL'ogist. 
 
 TAUTOLOGY, taw-tol'o-ji, n. needless 
 repetition of the same thing in different 
 V30rds. [Gr. tautologia — tauJo, the same, 
 logos, word. 
 
 TAVERN, tav'ern, n. a licensed house for 
 the sale of liquors with accommodation 
 for travellers : an inn. [Fr. taverne — L. 
 tabema, orig. "a hut of boards," from 
 root of tabula, a board.] 
 
 TAW, taw, v.t. to dress with alum and 
 
 436 
 
 make into white leather ; to dress and 
 prepare in white, as the skins of sheep, 
 lambs, goats and kids, for gloves and the 
 like, by treating them with alum, salt, 
 and other matters : to beat : to torture : 
 to torment. Chaloner. [A.S. taician, 
 to prepare, to taw ; Dut. touicen, to 
 taw ; Ger. zauen, to prepare, to soften, 
 to tan, to taw ; Goth, taujan, to do, to 
 work. The original meaning would 
 seem to have been to work or prepare in 
 general.] 
 TAW, taw, n. a marble to be played with : 
 a game at marbles. 
 
 Trembling I' ve seen thee dare the kitten^s paw; 
 Nay, mix with children as they play'd at taio ^ 
 Nor fear the marbles as they bounding^ flew. 
 Marbles to them, but rolling rocks to you. — iSay. 
 
 [Origin unknown.] 
 
 TAWDRILY, taw'dri-li, adv. in a tawdry 
 manner. 
 
 TAWDRINESS, taw'dri-nes, n. the state or 
 quality of being tawdry: excessive 
 finery : ostentatious finery without ele- 
 gance. " A clumsy person makes his 
 ungracefulness more ungraceful by taw- 
 driness of dress." — Richardson. 
 
 TAWDRY, taw'dri, adj. formerly fine, 
 showj', elegant ; now only fine and 
 showy, without taste or elegance ; hav- 
 ing an excess of showy ornaments with- 
 out grace ; as, a taivdry dress ; tawdry 
 feathers; tawdry colors. " He rails from 
 morning to night at essenced fops and 
 totted/-!/ courtiers." — Spectator. [From St. 
 Audrey, otherwise called St. Etneldreda, 
 at whose fair, held in the isle of Ely, laces 
 and cheap gay ornaments are said to 
 have been sold. In this way tawdry 
 would have meant originally shov\-y, like 
 things bought at St. Audrey's fair. But 
 more probably the original notion was 
 showy, like the necklaces that St. Audrey 
 used to wear, the application coming 
 from the legend which says she died of 
 a swelling in the throat, an ailment that 
 she recognized as a judgment for having 
 been fond of wearing fine necklaces in her 
 youth. According to the latter supposi- 
 tion the adjective would come from the 
 noun taivdry as the name of a kind of 
 necklace. — "Tawdrt-LACE, a kind of neck- 
 lace or girdle.] 
 
 TAWDRY, taw'dri, n. a species of necklace 
 of a rural fashion: a necklace in general. 
 Of which the Naiatls and blue Nereids make 
 Them tarixtries for their neck. — Drayton. 
 
 TAWDRY-LACE, taw'dri-las, n. a kind of 
 necklace: also, a kind of girdle. [Spenser 
 uses it in the latter sense?) " Come, you 
 promised me a tawdry-lace and a pair of 
 sweet gloves." — Shak. 
 
 TAWNY, taw'ni, adj. of the color of things 
 tanned, a yellowish brown. — n. Taw'ni- 
 NESS. [Dut. tanig; Fr. tanni, pa.p. of 
 tanner, to tan. See Tan.] 
 
 TAX, taks, n. a rate imposed on property 
 or persons for the benefit of the state : 
 anything imposed : a burdensome duty. 
 — v.t. to lay a tax on : to burden : to ac- 
 cuse. [Fr. taxe, a tax — L. taxo, to 
 handle, value, charge — root of tango, 
 to touch. See Task.] 
 
 TAXABLE, taks'a-bl, adj. capable of being 
 or liable to be taxed. 
 
 TAXACE.,3E, taks-a'se-e, n.pl. a sub-order of 
 Coniferae, sometimes regarded as a dis- 
 tinct order, comprising trees or shrubs 
 which inhabit chiefly the temperate parts 
 of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. 
 They have a woodj' tissue marked with 
 circular discs, with evergreen, and mostly 
 narrow, rigid, entire, and veinless leaves, 
 and are distinguished from the Cupres- 
 sinese by the succulent cup which sur- 
 rounds their seeds. The order yields 
 trees which are valued for their timber, 
 
 TEAK 
 
 and, like the Coniferae, possess resinous 
 properties. 
 
 TAXATION, taks-a'shun, n. the act of lay 
 ing a tax. or of imposing taxes on the 
 subjects of a state or government, or on 
 the members of a corporation or com- 
 pany, by the proper authority ; the rais- 
 ing of revenue required for public service 
 by means of taxes ; the sj'Stem by which 
 such a revenue is raised; "The subjects 
 of every state ought to contribute to the 
 support of the government, as nearly as 
 possible in proportion to their abilities ; 
 that is, in proportion to the revenue 
 which they respectivelj' enjoy under the 
 protection of the state. In the observ- 
 ance or neglect of this maxim consists 
 what is called the equality or inequality 
 of taxation." — Adam Smith : tax or as- 
 sessment imposed ; the aggregate of par- 
 ticular taxes ; " He daily such taxations 
 did exact." — Daniel : charge: accusation; 
 censure ; scandal ; 
 My father's love is enough to honor; speak no 
 
 more of him. 
 You'll be whipt for taxation one of these days. 
 
 —Shak: 
 the act of taxing or assessing a bill of 
 costs in law. [L. taxatio, taxationis, a 
 taxing, a valuing. See Tax, »(.] 
 
 TAX-CART, taks^-kart, TAXED -CART, 
 takst'-kart, n. a light spring-cart upon 
 which only a low rate of tax is charged 
 in England. "They (carts) are of all 
 kinds, from the greengrocer's taxed cart 
 to the coster's barrow." — Mayheiv. "She 
 begged that farmer Subsoil would take 
 her thither in his tax-cart." — Trollope. 
 
 TAXEL, tak'sel, n. the American badger 
 (Meles Labradorica), at first regarded as 
 a variety of the European badger, but 
 now found to differ so considerably tliat 
 it has been thought by some naturalists 
 worthy of being raised into a distinct ge^Jl 
 nus, Taxidea. Its teeth are of a more car-flf 
 nivorous character than those of the true 
 badger, and it preys on such small animals 
 as marmots, which it pursues into their 
 holes, frequently enlarging them so as to 
 make the ground dangerous for horses. 
 Its burrowing powers are remarkable, its 
 hole being 6 or 7 feet deep, and running 
 underground to a length of 80 feet. bI 
 Though termed Labradorica it is not^P 
 found in Labrador, but abounds in the 
 sandy plains near the Missouri and Rocky 
 Mountains. Its hair changes from yel- 
 lowish-brown in summer to hoary -gray 
 in winter, becoming longer and more 
 woolly. 
 
 TAXIDERMY, taks'i-der-mi, n. the art ol 
 preparing and stuffing the skins of ani- 
 mals.— w. Tax'iderjust. [Fr.--Gr. t — '• 
 arrangement, and derma, a skin.] 
 
 TEA, te, 'n. the dried leaves of a shrub in 
 China and Japan : an infusion of the 
 leaves in boiling water : any vegetable 
 infusion. [From South Chinese the. the 
 common form being tseha."] 
 
 TEACH, tech, v.t. to shoto: to impart 
 knowledge to : to guide the studies of; 
 to exhibit so as to impress upon the 
 mind : to impart the knowledge of : to 
 accustom : to counsel. — v.i. to practice 
 giving instruction : — pa.t. and pa.p 
 taught (tawt). [A.S. tceean, to sliow 
 teach ; Ger. zeigen, to show ; allied to 
 L. doceo, to teach, Gr. deiknumi. to 
 show.] 
 
 TEACHABLE, tech'a-bl, adj. capable of 
 being taught: apt or willing to learn,— 
 n. Teach' ableness. 
 
 TEACHER, tech'er, n. one who teacher or 
 instructs. 
 
 TEAK, tek, n. a tree in the E. Indies and 
 Africa, also its wood, remarkable for its 
 hardness and durability. [Malabar theka, 
 tekka.]
 
 TEAL 
 
 437 
 
 TEG 
 
 TEAL, tel, n. a web-footed waterfowl allied 
 to the duck, but smaller. [Dut. teling, 
 taling.] 
 
 TEAM, tern, n. a number of animals mov- 
 ing together or in order : two or more 
 oxen or other animals harnessed to the 
 same vehicle: a number of persons asso- 
 ciated, as for the performance of a defi- 
 nite piece of work, or forming one of the 
 parties or sides in a game, match, or the 
 like ; as, a team, of football players, 
 CHcketers, oarsmen, etc. : in old Eng. 
 law, a royalty or privilege granted by 
 royal charter to a lord of a manor, for 
 the having, restraining, and judging of 
 bondmen and villeins, with their chil- 
 dren, goods, chattels, etc. [A.S. team, 
 offspring, anything following in a row, 
 from root of Teem.] 
 
 TEASISTER, tem'ster, n. one who drives 
 a team. 
 
 TEAPOY, te'poi, n. a three-legged table, 
 with a lifting top, inclosing tea-caddies, 
 or a small stand for holding tea-cup, 
 sugar-bowl, cream-jug, etc. " Teapoy is 
 in England often supposed to have con- 
 nection with tea ; but it has no more 
 than Cream o' Tartar has with Crim Tar- 
 tary. It is a word of Anglo-Indian im- 
 portation, viz. tip&i, an tjrdii or Anglo- 
 Indian corruption of the Pers. sipai, 
 tripos (perhaps to avoid confusion with 
 seapoj'), and meaning a three-legged 
 table, or tripod generally." — H. Yule. 
 
 TEAR, ter, n. a drop or small quantity of 
 the limpid fluid secreted by the lachry- 
 mal gland, and appearing in the eyes 
 or flowing from them. The lachrymal 
 fluid serves to moisten the cornea and 
 preserve its transparency, and to remove 
 any dust or fine substance that enters 
 the eye and gives pain. The normally 
 secreted fluid, after performing its ordin- 
 ary functions, passes through the lach- 
 rymal ducts and sac into the nasal chan- 
 nels. Moral and physical causes, how- 
 ever, as strong passion (grief, sorrow, 
 joy). incontroUable laughter, pain, esp. 
 in the eye itself, increase the secretion 
 considerably, and when the lachrymal 
 duct does not suffice to carry it off it 
 runs over the eyelids. Tears are a little 
 heavie rthan water ; they have a saline 
 taste, and an alkaline reagency, owing 
 to the presence of free soda. 
 
 The biff round tears 
 Coursed oae another down his innocent nose 
 In piteous chase. — Shak. 
 
 [A.S. toeher, tedr, tcer. Ice. tar, Dan. 
 taare, O. H. Ger. zahar, Ger. zdhre, 
 Goth, tager; a widely spread word, being 
 cognate with Gr. dakry, O. L. dacryma, 
 L. lacryma (whence Fr. larme. It. and 
 Sp. lagrima), Iv. dear, W. daiger, Gael. 
 deur ; from an Indo-European root dak, 
 meaning to bite. The guttural, it will 
 be seen, is quite lost in English and in 
 several of the other forms.] 
 
 TEAR, tar, v.t. to draw asunder or separate 
 with violence: to make a violent rent in: 
 to lacerate. — v.i. to move or act with 
 violence : to Ta.ge:^pa.t. tore, (B.) tare ; 
 pa.p. torn.—?!, something torn, a rent. 
 — n. Tear'er. [A.S. teran ; cog. with 
 Ger. zehren, also with Gr. dero, to flay. 
 Sans, dri, to split.] 
 
 TEARFUL, ter'fool, adj. abounding with 
 or shedding tears: weeping. — adv. Tear'- 
 
 FULLY.— ». TEAR'FULNESS. 
 
 TEARLESS, ter'les, adj., mthout tears: 
 unfeeling. 
 
 TEASE, tez, v.t. to comb or card, as wool : 
 to scratch, as cloth: to raise a nap : to 
 vex with importunitv, jests, etc.: to tor- 
 ment, irritate. [A.S. toesan, to pluck, 
 tease ; Dut. teezen, to pick ; Ger. zeisen, 
 to pluck, pull.] 
 
 TEASEL, TEAZEL, tezl, n. the English 
 name of several plants of the genus Dip- 
 sacus, nat. order Dipsaceae. The fuller's 
 thistle (D. Fullonum) is allied to the 
 teasel (D. sylvestris) which grows wild in 
 hedges. It is cultivated, in those dis- 
 tricts of England where cloth is manu- 
 factured, for the sake of the awns of the 
 head, which are employed to raise the 
 nap of woollen cloths. For this purpose 
 the heads are fixed round the circumfer- 
 ence of a large broad wheel or drum so 
 as to form a kind of brush. The wheel is 
 made to turn round while the cloth is 
 held against the brush thus formed, and 
 the fine hooked awn of the teasel readily 
 insinuates itself into the web, and draws 
 out with it some of the fine fibres of 
 the wool. These are afterwards shorn 
 smooth, and leave the cloth with the 
 fine velvet-like nap which is its peculiar 
 appearance : the burr of the plant : any 
 contrivance used as a substitute for 
 teasels in the dressing of woollen cloth. 
 Written also Teazle. [A.S. ttesl, teasel, 
 from tcesan, to pluck, to tease. See 
 Tease 1 
 
 TEASEL, TEAZEL, tez'l, v.t. to subject to 
 the action of teasels in the dressing of 
 woollen cloth : to raise a nap on by the 
 action of the teasel. Written also TEAZLE. 
 
 TEASELER, TEAZLER, tez'l-er, n. one who 
 uses the teasel for raising a nap on cloth. 
 
 TEASEL-FRAME, tez'1-fram, n. a frame 
 or set of iron bars in which teasel heads 
 are fixed for raising a nap or pile on 
 woollen cloth. 
 
 TEAT, tet, n. the nipple of the female breast 
 through which the young suck the milk. 
 [A.S. tit ; cog. with Ger. zitze, W. teth, 
 Gr. titthe, the nipple, a nurse — thao, to 
 suckle ; Sans, dlie, to suck.] 
 
 TEAZLE, tez'l. Same as Teasel. 
 
 TECHNIC, tek'nik, TECHNICAL, teVnik- 
 al, adj. pertaining to art, esp. the useful 
 arts : belonging to a particular art or 
 profession. — adv. Tech'nicallt. [Gr. 
 technikos — techne, art, akin to teko, to 
 produce, bring forth.] 
 
 TECHNICALITY, tek-nl-kal'i-ti, n. state 
 or quality of being technical : that which 
 is technical. 
 
 TECHNICS, tek'niks, n.pl. the doctrine of 
 arts in general : the branches that relate 
 to the arts. 
 
 TECHNOLOGICAL, tek-no-loj'ik-al, ac^'. 
 relating to technology. 
 
 TECHNOLOGY, tek-nol'o-ji, n. a discourse 
 or treatise on the arts : an explanation of 
 terms employed in the arts. — ((.Technol'- 
 ooiST, one skilled in technologj'. [Gr. 
 techne, and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 TECTONIC, tek-ton'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 building or construction. [L. tectonieus, 
 G. tektonikos, from tekton, tektonos, a 
 carpenter, a builder.] 
 
 TECTONICS, tek-ton'iks, n.sing. or p?. the 
 science or the art by which vessels, im- 
 plements, dwellings, and other edifices 
 are formed on the one hand agreeably to 
 the end for which they are designed, and 
 on the other in conformity with senti- 
 ments and artistic ideas. Fairholt. 
 
 TECTRICES, tek'tri-sez, n.pl. in ornith. the 
 feathers which cover the quill-feathers 
 and other parts of the wing : the coverts 
 [A modern Latin word from L. tego, 
 tectum, to cover.] 
 
 TECUM, te'kum, TECUM-FIBRE, te'kum- 
 fi'ber, n. the fibrous produce of a palm- 
 leaf resembling green wool, imported 
 from Brazil. 
 
 TED, ted, v.t. in agri. to spread to the air 
 after being reaped or mown: to turn (new- 
 mowed grass or hay) from the swath and 
 scatter it for drying. " Terfded grass." — 
 Milto7i. "The tedded hay." — Coleridge. 
 
 " The scythe lies glittering in the dewy 
 wreathe of tedded grass." — Oray. [W. 
 teddu, to spread out, tedu, to stretch out; 
 tedd, a spread, a display ; teddus, spread- 
 ing.] 
 
 TEDDER, ted'er, M. one who teds : an in- 
 plement that spreads and turns newly- 
 mown grass or hay from the swath for 
 the purpose of drying. 
 
 TEDDER, ted'er, ji. same as Tether. "Wc 
 live joyfully, going abroad within our 
 tedder.^' — Bacon. 
 
 TEDDER, ted'er, v.t. to tether. See Tether. 
 
 TE DEUM, te de'um, n. the title of a cele- 
 brated Latin hj'mn of praise, usually 
 ascribed to St. Ambrose and St. Augus- 
 tine, and well known through the trans- 
 lation in the Book of Common Prayer, 
 commencing, "We praise thee, O God." 
 It is sung on particular occasions, as 
 on the news of victories, and on high 
 festival days in Roman Catholic and 
 also in some Protestant churches. In the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church Te Deum is 
 sung in the morning service between the 
 two lessons. " Te Deum was sung at St. 
 Paul's after the victory." — Bacon. [From 
 the first words, Te Deum laudamus.] 
 
 TEDIOUS, te'di-us, adj., wearisome : tire- 
 some from length or slowness : irksome • 
 slow. — adv. Te'diously. — n. Te'dious- 
 NESS. [L. tcediosus.] 
 
 TEDIUM, te'di-um, n., wearisomeness : irk- 
 someness. [L. tcedium — tcedet, it wearies.] 
 
 TEE, te, n. a mark set up in playing at 
 quoits : the mark made in the ice, in the 
 game of curling, towards which the 
 stones are pushed : the nodule of earth 
 from which a ball is struck off at the 
 hole in the play of golf. [Scotch. Ice, 
 tjd, to point out, to mark, to note.] 
 
 TEE, te, v.t. in golf-playing, to place (a 
 ball) on the tee preparatory to striking 
 off. " All that is managed for you like 
 a teed ball (my father sometimes draws 
 his similes from his own favorite game 
 of golf)."— Sir W. Scott. 
 
 TEEM, tern, v.i. to bring forth or produce : 
 to bear or be fruitful : to be pregnant : 
 to be full or prolific. [A.S. tyman, to 
 produce.] 
 
 TEENS, tenz, n.pl. the years of one's age 
 from thirfeeu to nineteen. 
 
 TEETH. See Tooth. 
 
 TEETHING, tei/i'ing, n. the first growth 
 of teeth, or the process by which they 
 make their way through the gums. 
 
 TEETOTALER, te-to'tal-er, n. one pledged 
 to entire abstinence from intoxicating 
 drinks. — adj. Teeto'tal. — n. Teeto'tal- 
 ISM. [Prob. from a stammering pronun- 
 ciation of the word TOTAL bj' a lecturer 
 advocating the temperance cause.] 
 
 TEE-TOTUM, te'to-tum, n. a small four- 
 sided toy of the top kind, used by chil- 
 dren in a game of chance. The four 
 sides exhibit respectively the lettei-s A, 
 T, N, D. The toy is set spinning, and 
 wins and losses are determined accord- 
 ing to the letter that turns up when the 
 tee-totum has ceased whirling: thus A 
 (Latin aufer, take away) indicates that 
 the player who has last spun is entitled 
 to take one from the stakes ; D {depone, 
 put down), a forfeiture or laying down of 
 a stake ; N (nihil, nothing), neither loss 
 nor gain ; T {totiim, the whole), a title 
 to the whole of the stakes. " He rolled 
 him about, with a hand on each of his 
 shoulders, until the staggerings of the 
 gentleman . . . were like those of a tee- 
 totum nearly spent." — Dickens. [That is 
 T-totum. totum represented by T, from 
 the T marked upon it.] 
 
 TEG, TEGG. teg, n. a female fallow-deer : 
 a doe iu the second year : a young sheep, 
 older than a lamb.
 
 TEGMEX 
 
 TEGMEN, teg'men.TEGTIMEN, teg'u-men, 
 n. (pi. Tegmixa, teg'mi-na, Tegoiina, 
 te-gu'mi-na), a covering- iabot. the inner 
 skin which covers the seed. [L.] 
 
 TEG5IE>'TUM, teg-men'tum, TEGUMEN- 
 TUM. teg-u-men'tum, n. (pi. Tegmenta, 
 teg-meii'ta, Tegumenta, teg-u-men'ta), 
 in bof. the scaly coat which covers the 
 leaf-buds of deciduous trees : one of these 
 scales. [L., from tego, to cover.] 
 
 TEGUEXIN, te-gek'sin, ;;. a large lizard 
 (Teuis Teguexin), family Teids, of Brazil 
 and Guiana, upwards of 5 feet in length, 
 having a very long tail, and said to give 
 notice of the approach of an alligator by 
 hissing. It swims well, and lives on 
 fru;'ts, insects, eggs, honey, etc., as well 
 as on aquatic animals. It fights fiercely 
 when attacked. The scaly rings of its 
 tail are held to be a protection against 
 paralysis, while its fat is supposed to 
 draw'out thorns and prickles. Tlie name 
 is often applied to other species of the 
 same familv. 
 
 TEGUMENT," teg'u-ment, n. an I^•TEGU- 
 MEXT. [L. tegumentum — tego, to cover.] 
 
 TEGUMENTARY, teg-u-ment'ar-i, adj. 
 
 See IXTEGUMENTAEY. 
 
 TEIXDS, tendz, n.pl. the Scotch form of 
 Tithes. 
 
 TELEGRAM, tel'e-gram, n. a message sent 
 by telegraph. [Gr. tele, at a distance, 
 and gramma, tnat which is written — 
 grapho. to write.] 
 
 TELEGRAPH, tel'e-graf, n. an apparatus 
 for giving signals from a distance, esp. 
 by means of electricity or magnetism.— 
 v'.t. to convey or announce by telegraph. 
 [Lit. " the distant writer,"' Fr. telegraphe 
 — Gr. tele, at a distance, a.nd grajjho, to 
 write.] 
 
 TELEGRAPHIC, tel-e-graf'ik, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or communicated by a telegraph. 
 
 TELEGRAPHIST, te-leg'ra-flst, n. one who 
 works a telegraph. 
 
 TELEGRAPHY, tel-eg'ra-fl, n. the science 
 or art of constructing or using telegraphs. 
 
 TELEMETER, te-lem^;t-er, n. an instru- 
 ment used among artillery for determin- 
 ing the distance from the gun of the ob- 
 ject fired at. [Gr. tele, far, and metron, 
 a measure.] 
 
 TELENGISCOPE, te-len'ji-skop, n. an in- 
 strument which combines the powers of 
 the telescope and of the microscope. [Gr. 
 tele, at a distance, engys, near, and stopeS, 
 to view.] 
 
 TELEOLOGICAL, tel-e-o-loj'ik-al, adj. per- 
 taining to teleology. 
 
 TELEOLOGICALLY,tel-e-o-\oi'ik-al-li,adr. 
 in a teleological manner. "No clew could 
 exist for the obser\'aticn of a kind of 
 natural objects which can be considered 
 teleologically under tlie conception of 
 natural ends." — Wnieicell. 
 
 TELEOLOGIST, tel-e-ol'o-jist,n. one versed 
 in teleology : one who investigates the 
 final cause or purpose of phenomena, or 
 the end for which each has been pro- 
 duced. " It is a relief to us . . . to fall 
 back on the more sober arguments of the 
 teleologists. who, no doubt, cannot prove 
 from the works of creation infinite wis- 
 dom, goodness, and power, but do prove 
 an amount of wisdom, goodness, and 
 power which satisfies the mind. Take 
 for instance the . . . volume of Sir Charles 
 Bell on ' the Hand,' and say whether it 
 is possible to follow liim through the nice- 
 ties and beauty of adaptation which he 
 demonstrates without acknowledging an 
 inconceivable amount of ingenious con- 
 trivance and benevolent design." — Ed. 
 Rev. ""While the explanation of the 
 teleologist is untrue, it is often an ob- 
 versa to the truth ; for though, on the 
 hypothesis of evolution, it is clear that 
 
 438 
 
 things are not arranged thus or thus for 
 the securing of special ends, it is also 
 clear that arrangements wliich do secure 
 these special ends tend continually to es- 
 tablish themselves— are established bj- the 
 fulfillment of these ends.'" — H. Spencer. 
 
 TELEOLOGY, tel-e-ol'o-ji, n. the science 
 or doctrine of final causes ; («) the doc- 
 trine which asserts that all things which 
 exist were produced by an intelligent be- 
 ing for the end which they fulfill ; the 
 science of the ends or design for which 
 things exist or were created : (b) a name 
 proposed by John Stuart Mill for a science 
 which should give a reasoned exhibition 
 to the ends of liuraan action. [Gr. telos, 
 teleos, an end, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 TELEPHONE, tel'e-fon, n. in a general 
 sense, any instrument or apparatus 
 which transmits sound beyond its nat- 
 ural limits of audibility ; tlius the speak- 
 ing-tube so much used in conveying the 
 sound of the voice from one room to an- 
 other in large buildings, or a stretched 
 cord or wire attached to vibrating mem- 
 branes or discs, constitutes ^^rtually a 
 telephone. But tlie name is generally 
 restricted to an instrument transmitting 
 sound by means of electricity and tele- 
 graph wires. About the year 1860 the 
 idea that sound-producing vibrations 
 could be transmitted through a wire 
 by means of electricity began to be 
 recognized by several men of science. 
 Reis of Frankfort invented an apparatus 
 which could reproduce at a distant sta- 
 tion the pitch of a musical sound by 
 means of a discontinuous current along 
 a telegraph wire. A great step in ad- 
 vance was made in 1876 when Prof. Gra- 
 ham Bell, a Scotchman resident in this 
 country, discovered an articulating tele- 
 phone which depends upon the principle 
 of the undulating current, and by means 
 of which the very quality of a note, and 
 therefore conversation itself, could be re- 
 produced at a distant station. Several 
 varieties of telephonic apparatus are 
 now in everyday use for intercommuni- 
 cation between tiistant places. [Gr. tele, 
 at a distance, and phone, sound.] 
 
 TELESCOPE, tel'e-skop, n. an optical in- 
 strument for ineiving objects at a dis- 
 tance. [Fr. — Gr. tele, at a distance, and 
 skopeO, to see.] 
 
 TELESCOPIC, tel-e-skop'ik, adj. pertaining 
 to, performed by, or like a telescope : seen 
 only by a telescope. — adv. Telescjop'- 
 
 ICALLT. 
 
 TELL, tel, v.t. to number or give an ac- 
 count of : to utter : to narrate : to dis- 
 close : to inform : to discern : to explain. 
 — v.i. to give an account : to produce or 
 take effect -.—pa.t. and 2Ja..p. told. [A.S. 
 tellan ; Ice. telia. Dan. tale, Ger. zahlen, 
 to number. The fundamental idea is prob. 
 to "arrange in order.""] 
 
 TELLER, tel'er, n. one who tells or counts : 
 a clerk whose duty it is to receive and 
 pay money. 
 
 TELtr-TALE, tel'-tal, adj telling tales: 
 officiously or heedlessly revealing : blab- 
 bing : babbling. 
 Let not the heavens bear these tell-tale women 
 Rail on the Lord's anointed. — Shak. 
 
 TELE-TALE, tel'-tal. n. one who officiously 
 communicates information of the private 
 concerns of individuals ; one who tells 
 that which prudence should suppress ; 
 You spealc to Casca, and to such a man 
 That is no fleering tell-tale.— Shak.; 
 
 A tell-tale out of school 
 Is of all wits the greatest fool. — Swift : 
 
 a name given to a variety of instruments 
 or devices, usually automatic, used for 
 countingjindicating. registering, or other- 
 wise giving some desired information ; 
 
 TEMPERANCE 
 
 # 
 
 as, a piece of ivory, metal, or the like 
 connected with the wind-chest of an or- 
 gan, and which sliows by its rising or 
 falling in what degree the wind is ex- 
 liausted : a hanging compass ; an index 
 in front of the wheel of a ship, or in the 
 cabin, to show the direction of the tiller; 
 a turnstile placed at the entrance of a 
 hall or other place of resort, and having 
 a mechanism which records the number 
 of persons passing in or out ; a gauge or 
 index such as shows the pressiu'e of steam 
 on an engine boiler, of gas on a gas- 
 holder, and the like : a clock attachment 
 for the purpose of causing a record to be 
 made of the presence of a watchman at 
 certain intervals; some forms of this de- 
 vice are provided with a rotating paper 
 dial, showing the hour and minute at 
 which a watchman touched a projecting 
 button having a point whicli punctuates 
 the paper dial : the name of two species 
 of grallatorial birds common in America, 
 and so called from their shrill whistle 
 alarming ducks about to be fired at by 
 the sportsman ; the one is the Totanus 
 fiavipes. the other T. vociferus. 
 
 TELL-TROTH, tel'-troth, n. one wh» 
 speaks or tells the truth : one who gives 
 a true report. " Caleb and Joshua, the 
 only two tell-troths, endeavored to unde- 
 ceive and encourage tlie people.'" — Fuller, 
 
 TELLURAL, tel-lu'ral, adj. pertaining to 
 tlie earth. [L. telhis, telluris, the earth.} 
 
 TELLURIC, tel-lu'rik, adj. pertaining to or 
 proceeding from the earth : of or from 
 tellurium. [L. tellus. telluris, the earth.} 
 
 TELLURIUM, tel-lu'ri-um, n. an element 
 by some classed as a metal, brittle and 
 crystalline, chiefly found in a gold ore 
 associated with selenium. 
 
 TEMERITY, te-mer'i-ti, n., rashness : un- 
 reasonable contempt for danger. [Fr. 
 tevierite — L. temeritus — temere, by 
 chance, rashly.] 
 
 TEMPER, tem'per, v.t. to mix in due pro- 
 portion : to modify by mixture : to mod- 
 erate : to soften :' to' bring to a proper 
 degree of hardness, as a metal. — n. due 
 mixture or balance of different or con- 
 trary qualities : state of a metal as to 
 hardness, etc.: constitution of the body: 
 state of mind, esp. with regard to feel- 
 ings : passion : calmness or moderation. 
 [A.S. temprian — L. iempero, to combine 
 properly — tempiis, perh. from roct tern, 
 to cut, and so sig. a bit cut off, portion 
 of time.] 
 
 TEMPERAMENT, tem'per-a-ment, 7i. state 
 with respect to the predominance of any 
 quality : internal constitution or state : 
 disposition. [L. temperamentiim — tem- 
 pera.'] 
 
 TEMPERANCE, tem'per-ans, n. modera- 
 tioa ; the observance of moderation ; 
 temperateness; particularly, (a) habitual 
 moderation in regard to tiie indulgence 
 of the natural appetites and passions; 
 restrained or moderate indulgence ; ab- 
 stinence from all violence or excess, 
 from improper indulgence, or from the 
 use of anything injurious to moral or 
 physical well-being ; sobriety ; as, tern- 
 perance in eating and drinking ; temper- 
 ance in the indulgence of joy or mirth ; 
 "When it (virtue) ruleth and ordereth 
 our lust or concupiscence, limiting out » 
 " certain measure, and lawful proportion 
 of time unto pleasures, it is called tern- 
 jjerance." — Holland; 
 
 If thou well observe 
 
 The rule of Not too much : by temperance taught 
 
 In what thou eat'st and drink'st; seeliing therefrom 
 
 Due nourishment, not gluttonous delight. 
 
 So mavst thou live, till, Uke ripe fruit thou drop 
 
 Into tdy mother "s lap. —Milton ; 
 
 " Temperance permits us to take meat 
 and drink not only as physic for hunger 
 
 I
 
 TEMPERATE 
 
 439 
 
 TEXANTLESS 
 
 and thirst, but also as an innocent cor- 
 dial and fortifier against the e^ils of 
 life, oi even sometimes, reason not re- 
 fusing- that liberty, merely as a matter 
 of pleasure. It only confines us to such 
 kinds, quantities, and seasons as may 
 best consist with our health, the use of 
 our faculties, our fortune, etc." — Wol- 
 laston: patience : calmness ; sedateness; 
 moderation of passion ; 
 
 He calm'd his wrath with goodly temperance. 
 
 — Spenser ; 
 Being once chafed he cannot 
 
 Be rein'd again to temperance. — Shak.: 
 
 the word is frequently used adjectivally; 
 as, the temperance movement ; a tem- 
 perance societj' ; a temperance hotel ; a 
 temperance lecture, etc. — Temperance 
 HOTEL, a hotel ill which no intoxicant 
 liquors are supplied to the guests. — 
 Temperance society, an association 
 formed for the purpose of repressing 
 drunkenness, and banishing it from so- 
 ciety. The basis on which these asso- 
 ciations have generally been formed has 
 been that of an engagement on the part 
 of each member to abstain from the ha- 
 bitual and improper use or indulgence in 
 intoxicating liquors. As the most strict- 
 ly limited use of intoxicants as bever- 
 ages is condemned by many social re- 
 formers and scientists as physically and 
 mentallj- injurious, this name has been 
 applied to, or assumed by, associations 
 which are more correctly designated 
 tctal abstinence or teetotal societies. 
 [Ft. temperance, from L. temperantia, 
 moderation, sobriety, temperance, from 
 tempero. to temper, to restrain.] 
 TEMPERATE, tem'per-at, adj. moderate 
 in degree of any quality, esp. in the ap- 
 petites and passions : calm : cool : ab- 
 stemious : neither very cold nor very 
 hot, applied to climate. — adv. Tem'per- 
 
 ATELY. — ?!. TEM'PERATEXESS. 
 
 TEMPERATURE, tem'per-a-tur, n. consti- 
 tution : proportion : degree of any qual- 
 ity, esp. of heat or cold : state of a body 
 with respect to sensible heat. [L. tem- 
 peratura — tempero.'\ 
 
 TEMPEST, tem'pest, n. wind rushing with 
 great velocity, usually with rain or snow: 
 a violent storm : any violent commotion. 
 [Lit. "a portion of time.'' "a season," 
 then weather, bad weather, O. Fr. tem- 
 peste — L. tempestas, a season, tempest — 
 tempus. time.] 
 
 TEMPESTUOUS, tem-pest'u-us, adj. re- 
 sembling or pertaining to a tempest : 
 very stormy: turbulent. — adv. Tempest'- 
 
 UOrSLY. — ?;'. TEMPEST'rOUSNESS. 
 TEMPLAR, tem'plar. n. a student or lawyer 
 living in the Temple, London : one of a 
 religious military order first established 
 at Jerusalem in favor of pilgrims trav- 
 elling to the Holy Land. The order 
 originated with some persons who, in 
 1118. devoted themselves to the service 
 of God, promising to live in perpetual 
 chastity, obedience, and poverty, after 
 the manner of canons. Baldwin 11. , king 
 of Jerusalem, bestowed on them their 
 first place of residence in the city, close 
 to the Temple, and an additional liuilding 
 was acquired from the abbot and canons 
 of the church and convent of the Temple, 
 whence the order received the name of 
 the •' poor soldiers of the Temple." after- 
 wards converted into Templars, or 
 Knights Templars. The knights wore a 
 white cloak adorned with a red cross of 
 eight points (the Maltese cross) on the left 
 shoulder. In 1228 this order was con- 
 firmed in the Council of Troves, and sub- 
 jected to a rule of discipline. It flourished, 
 became immensely rich and powerful, 
 and its members became so arrogant and 
 luxurious that the order was suppressed 
 
 by the Council of Vienne in 1313. [Orig. 
 called "Poor Soldiers of the Temple of 
 Solomon." from their having acquired 
 the church and convent of the Temple.] 
 
 TEMPLE, tem'pl, n. (lit.) " a small space 
 cut off '" or •' marked out," esp. for relig- 
 ious purposes : an edifice erected to a 
 deity or for religious purposes : a place 
 of worship: in London, two inns of court, 
 once occupied by the Knights Templars. 
 [L. templnm, prob. for temulum, a space 
 marked out, dim. of tempus, a piece cut 
 off. See Temper.] 
 
 TEMPLE, tem'pl, n. the flat portion of 
 either side of the head above the cheek- 
 bone. [O. Fr. temple — L. temp^is, a por- 
 tion of time, the fit time, pi. tempora, 
 properly the right place, the fatal spot, 
 the place where a blow is fatal.] 
 
 TEMPLET, tem'plet, n. a pattern or mould 
 used by masons, machinists, smiths, ship- 
 wrights, etc. ; it usually consists of a flat 
 thin board, a piece of sheet-iron, or the 
 like, whose edge is dressed and shaped to 
 the required conformation, and is laid 
 against the object being moulded, built, 
 or turned so as to test the conformity of 
 the object thereto ; perforated templets 
 are used by boilermakers and others to 
 lay out the holes for punching : in build- 
 ing, (a) a short piece of timber or large 
 stone placed in a wall to receive the im- 
 post of £. girder, beam, etc., ana distrib- 
 ute its weight ; (h) a beam or plate span- 
 ning a door or window space to sustain 
 joists and throw their weight on the piers. 
 
 tin the first meaning probably from Low 
 J. tejuplatus, vaulted, so that the mean- 
 ing was originally perhaps a mould 
 showing the proper curve of a vault or 
 arch. Its meaning in building from Fr. 
 templet, a stretcher ; L. templum, a small 
 timber.] 
 
 TEMPLIN-OIL, tem'plin-oil, n. oil of pine- 
 cones : an oil isomeric with and very 
 similar to oil of turpentine, obtained by 
 distillation of the cones of Piniis Pumilio. 
 
 TEMPO, tem'po, n. in music, a word used 
 to express the rate of movement or de- 
 gree of quickness with which a piece of 
 music is to be executed. The degrees of 
 time are indicated by certain words such 
 as grave (verj- slow), lento (slow), adagio 
 or largo (leisurely), andante (walking 
 pace), allegro (gay or quick), presto 
 (rapid), j^^estissimo (very rapid), etc. 
 These terms are modified by such words 
 as molto (verj'), non troppo (not much). 
 A tempo denotes that the former time is 
 to be resumed, or a more distinct time 
 observed. [It.] 
 
 TEMPORAL, tem'por-al, adj. pertaining to 
 the temples. [L. tcmporali.'i.] 
 
 TEMPORAL, tem'por-al, adj. pertaining to 
 time, esp. to this life or world, opposed 
 to eternal : worldly, secular, or civil, 
 opposed to sacred or ecclesiastical. — adv. 
 Trm'porally. [Fr.— L. tempus, time.] 
 
 TESrPORALITY, tem-por-al'i-ti, n. what 
 pertains to temporal welfare:^pZ. secular 
 possessions, revenues of an ecclesiastic 
 proceeding from lands, tithes, and the 
 
 TEMPORARY, tem'por-ar-i, adj. for a time 
 
 only : transient. — adv. Tem'porarily. — 
 
 n. Tem'porariness. 
 TEMPORIZE, tem'por-iz, v.i. to comply 
 
 with the time or occasion : to 3ield to 
 
 circumstances. 
 TEMPT, temt, v.t. to put to trial : to test : 
 
 to try to persuade, esp. to evil: to entice. 
 
 [Lit. to stretch or try the strength of, 
 
 O.Fr. tempter, Fr. tenter— L. tento, an 
 
 inten. of tevdo, to stretch.] 
 TEMPTATION, tem-ta'shun. n. act of 
 
 tempting : state of being tempted : that 
 
 which tempts : enticement to evil: trial. 
 
 TEJIPTER. temt'er, n. one who tempts, 
 esp. the devil :■ — fern. Tempt'ress. 
 
 TEMPTING, temVing, adj. adapted to 
 tempt or entice. — adv. Tempt'inqly. 
 
 TEMPTRESS, temt'res, n. a female wh« 
 tempts or entices. 
 
 She was my temptress, the foul provoker. 
 
 —Sir W. Scott. 
 
 TEMSE. TEMS, terns, n. a sieve : a scarce: 
 a bolter. According to Brewer the pro- 
 verbial saying — "He'll never set tha 
 Thames on fire," that is, he'll never make 
 any figure in the world, contains this 
 word in a corrupt form. " Tlie temse was 
 a corn sieve which was worked in former 
 times over the receiver of the sifted flour. 
 A hard-working, active man would not 
 unfrequently ply the temse so quickly as 
 to set fire to the wooden hoop at the 
 bottom." The explanation is plausible. 
 [A.S. temes, a sieve, temsian, to sift ; Dut. 
 terns, a colander, a strainer, temsen, to 
 strain.] 
 
 TEMSE -BREAD, tems'-bred, TEMSED- 
 BREAD, temst'-bred, n. bread made of 
 flour better sifted than common flour. 
 
 TEMULENCE, tem'u-lens, TEMULENCY, 
 tem'u-len-si, «. intoxication : inebriation: 
 drunkenness. [O. Fr. temulence, from L. 
 temulentia, drunkenness, from a root tern 
 seen in temetum, intoxicating drink, ab- 
 stemiotts.] 
 
 TEMULENT, tem'u-lent, adj. intoxicated : 
 given to drink. " He was recognized, in 
 then temident Germany, as the very 
 prince of topers." — Sir W. Hamilton. 
 
 TEN, ten, adj. twice five. — n. a figure de- 
 noting ten units, as 10 or x. [A.S. ten, 
 tyn ; Ger. zehn, "W. deg, L. decern, Gr. 
 deka. Russ. desjaf, Sans, dacan.] 
 
 TENABLE, ten'a-bl, adj. capable of being 
 retained, kept, or defended. — w. Teit- 
 ABLENESS. [Fr. tenable, from tenir — L. 
 teneo. to hold.] 
 
 TENACIOUS, te-na'shus, adj., retaining 
 or holding fast : apt to stick : stubborn. 
 — adv. Tena'ciously. — n. Tena'cious- 
 NESS. [L. tenax — teneo.] 
 
 TENACITY, te-nas'i-ti. n. quality of being 
 tenaciotis : the qualitj' of bodies which 
 makes them stick to others. [L. tenaci- 
 tas — tenax.] 
 
 TENACULUJI, te-nak'u-lum, n. a surgical 
 instrument for seizing and drawing out 
 the mouths of bleeding arteries in opera- 
 tions, so that they may be secured by 
 ligaments. For this purpose it has a 
 hooked extremitj' with a fine sharp point. 
 [L. , a holder, from teneo, to hold.] 
 
 TENAIL, TENAILLE, te-nal'. )(. in fort, aa 
 outwork or rampart raised in the main 
 ditch immediately in llront of the curtain, 
 between two bastions. In its simplest 
 form it consists of two faces forming with 
 each other a re-entering angle ; but gen- 
 erallj' it consists of three faces forming 
 two re-entering angles, in which case it 
 is called a double tenaille. Any work be- 
 longing either to permanent or field forti- 
 fication, which, on the plan, consists of a 
 succession of lines forming salient and 
 re-entering angles alternately, is said to 
 be a tenaille. [Fr. t:;iaille,' from tenir, 
 L. teneo, to hold.] 
 
 TENANCY, ten'an-si, n. a temporary ftoZcf- 
 ing of land or property. 
 
 TENANT, ten'ant, n. one who holds or pos- 
 sesses land or property under another : 
 one who has, on certain conditions, tem- 
 porary possession of any place. — v.t. to 
 hold as a tenant. [Fr. tenant — L. tenens, 
 pr.p. of teneo, to hold.] 
 
 TENANTABLE, ten'ant-a-bl, adj. fit to be 
 tenanted: in a state of repair suitable 
 for a tenant. 
 
 TENANTLESS, ten'ant-lee, adj. without a 
 tenant.
 
 TENANT-RIGHT 
 
 440 
 
 TERMAGANT 
 
 TENANT-EIGHT, ten'ant-rit, n. a kind of 
 customan- estate tn the North of En- 
 gland falling: under the general class of 
 copyhold, but distinguished from copy- 
 hold bj- many of its incidents : a term 
 applied to denote various rights or claims 
 which tenants maintain against their 
 landlords, as the right of the tenant, 
 conceded in some parts of Great Britain, 
 to compensation for the unexhausted im- 
 
 Erovements of the land which he has 
 eld, if he should be forced to leave it. 
 The term is specifically applied to a cus- 
 tom, long prevalent in Ulster, either en- 
 suring a permanence of tenure in the 
 same occupant without liability to any 
 other increase of rent than maj' be sanc- 
 tioned by the general sentiments of the 
 community, or entitling a tenant of a 
 farm to receive purchase-money, amount- 
 ing to so many years' rent, on its being 
 transferred to another tenant. 
 
 TENANTRY, ten'ant-ri, n. the body of 
 tenants on an estate. 
 
 TENCH, tensh, n. a fresh-water fish, of the 
 carp familj'. very tenacious of lite. [O. 
 Fr. tenche, Fr. tdnche — L. tiiica.'\ 
 
 TEND, tend, r.t. to accompany as assistant 
 or protector : to take care of. [Con- 
 tracted from Attend.] 
 
 TEND, tend, v.i. to stretch, aim at, or move 
 in a certain direction : to be dii-ected to 
 any end or purpose : to contribute. [Fr. 
 tendre — L. tendo, Gr. teino, to stretch, 
 aim.] 
 
 TENDENCY, tend'en-si, n. direction, ob- 
 ject, or result to which anything tends : 
 inclination: drift. [Fr. tendance — L. ten- 
 dens, pr.p. of teudoT] 
 
 TENDER, tend'er, n. a small vessel that 
 attends a larger with stores, etc. : a car- 
 riage attached to locomotives, to supply 
 fuel and water. 
 
 TENDER, tend'er, v.t. to stretch out or 
 offer for acceptance. — n. an offer or pro- 
 posal, esp. of some service : the thing 
 offered. 
 
 TENDER, ten'der, adj. soft, delicate: easily 
 impressed or injured: not hardy: fragile: 
 weak and feeble : easily moved to pity, 
 love, etc.: careful not to injure (followed 
 by of) : unwilling to cause pain : apt to 
 cause pain : expressive of the softer 
 passions: compassionate. — adv. Ten'der- 
 LY. — n. Ten'deeness. [Fr.- tendre — L. 
 tener ; conn, with L. tendo, Gr. teino, to 
 stretch, and therefore lit. sig. " that may 
 be stretched.'"] 
 
 TENDER-HEARTED, ten'der-hart'ed, adj. 
 ha\'ing great tenderness of heart : full of 
 feeling. 
 
 TENDON, ten'don, n. a hard, strong cord 
 or bundle of fibres by which a muscle is 
 attached to a bone. [Fr. tendon — L. 
 tendo, to stretch ; Gr. tenon — teino, to 
 stretch.] 
 
 TENDRIL, ten'dril, n. a slender, spiral 
 shoot of a plant by which it attaches 
 itself for support. — adj. clasping or climb- 
 ing. [From Fr. tendre — L. tener. tender.] 
 
 TENEBR^, ten'e-bre, n. in the R. Cath. 
 Church the oflBce of matins and lauds 
 in the last three days of Holy "Week, at 
 which is used a triangular candlestick on 
 which are fifteen candles, one of which 
 is extinguished after each psalm. [L., 
 darkness.] 
 
 TENEBRIFIC, ten-e-brif'ik, adj. producing 
 darkness; as, a pliilosopher once asserted 
 that night succeeded to day through the 
 influence of tenebrijic stars'. •' The chief 
 mystics in German}-, it would appear, are 
 the transcendental philosophers. Rant, 
 Kchte, and Schelling ! "SVith these is the 
 chosen seat of mysticism, these are its 
 ' tenebrijic constellations,' from which it 
 doth ' ray out darkness ' over the earth." 
 
 — Carlyle. [L. tenebrcB, darkness, and 
 facio, to make.] 
 
 TENF:BRIFIC0US, ten-e-bnfik-us, adj. 
 causing darkness. " Authors who are 
 tenebrijicous stars of the first magnitude." 
 — Addison. 
 
 TENEBROUS, ten'e-brus, adj., dark : 
 gloomy. [L. tenebrosus — tenebroi, dark- 
 ness.] 
 
 TENEMENT, ten'e-meut, n. anything held 
 or that may be held by a tenant: a dwell- 
 ing or habitation, or part of it, used by 
 one family. — adj. TENEMENT' AL. 
 
 TENEMENT-HOUSE, ten'e-meut-hows, n. 
 a house or block of building divided into 
 dwellings occupied by separate families. 
 
 TENENDUM, te-nen'diim, n. in laiv. that 
 clause in a deed wherein tlie tenure of 
 the land is created and limited. Its otiice 
 is to limit and appoint the tenure cf 
 the land which is held, and how and of 
 whom it is to be held. [L., something to 
 be held.] 
 
 TENERIFFE, ten-er-if . n. a wine brought 
 from Teneriffe, one of the Canaiy Islands, 
 often sold as Madeira, which it resembles 
 in appearance, being, however, a little 
 more acid in taste. 
 
 TENESMIC, te-nes'mik, adj. in med. per- 
 taining to or characterized by tenesmus. 
 
 TENESMUS, te-nes'mus, n. in med. a con- 
 tinual inclination to void the contents of 
 the bowels, accompanied by straining, 
 but without any discharge. It is caused 
 by an irritation of the bowels or adjacent 
 parts, and is a common symptom in dys- 
 entery, stricture of the urethra, etc. [L., 
 from Gr. teinesmos, from teino, to stretch, 
 to strain.] 
 
 TENET, ten'et, n. any opinion, principle, 
 or doctrine which a person holds or main- 
 tains as true. [L. tenet, he holds — teneo, 
 to holdj 
 
 TENTOLD, ten'fold, adj., ten times folded : 
 ten times more. [Ten and Fold.] 
 
 TENNIS, ten'is, n. a game in which a ball 
 is driven continually against a wall in a 
 specially constructed court, and caused 
 to rebound beyond a line at a certain 
 distance by several persons striking it 
 alternately with a small bat, called a 
 racket, the object being to keep the ball 
 in motion as long as possible without 
 allowing it to fall to the ground. This 
 game was introduced into England in 
 the thirteenth century ; it was very 
 popular with the nobility in the sixteenth 
 century, and continued to be so down to 
 the reign of Charles II. It is still )ilayed 
 to some extent in this country- and 
 England, but modifications of the game, 
 such as rackets and lawn-tennis, seem 
 now to be in more favor. [Said to be from 
 Fr. tenez, take it (from tenir, L. tenere, 
 to hold), a word which the French use 
 when the ball is struck.] 
 
 TENON, ten'un, n. a projection at the end 
 of a piece of wood inserted into the socket 
 or mortise of another, to hold the two 
 together. — v.t. to fit with tenons. [Fr. 
 tenon — ten-ir, to hold — L. ten-ere.'\ 
 
 TENOR, ten'ur, n. continuity of state : 
 general run of currencv : puri)ort : the 
 higher of the two kinas of voices usu- 
 ally belonging to adult males : the part 
 next above the bass in a vocal quartette: 
 one who sings tenor. [L. tenor, a hold- 
 ing on — teneo, to hold.] 
 
 TENSE, tens, n. the form of a verb to in- 
 dicate the time of the action. [Lit. 
 " time," O. Fr. tens (Fr. tetnj}s) — L. tem- 
 2)us. time.] 
 
 TENSE, tens, adj., strained to stiffness: 
 rigid. — adv. Tense'ly. — n. Tense'sess. 
 [L. tensits, pa. p. of tendo, to stretch. 
 See Tend, r.t.] 
 
 TENSILE, ten'sil, TENSIBLE, ten'si-bl,a<^. 
 capable of being stretched. 
 
 TENSION, ten'shun, n. act of stretching: 
 state of being stretched or strained : 
 strain : effort. [L.] 
 
 TENSITY, ten'si-ti, ti., tenseness: state ot\ 
 being tense. 
 
 TENSOR, ten'sor,n. a muscle that stretches, | 
 [L. the '"extender" or "stretcher."] 
 
 TENT, tent, n. a portable lodge or shelter, ! 
 gen. of canvas stretched on poles ; a plug I 
 or roll of lint used to dilate a wound or I 
 opening in the flesh. — v.t. to pi-obe : to I 
 keep open with a tent, [Fr. tente — Low I 
 L. tentn — L. teido, to stretch. See Tend, j 
 v.i. and Tense, adj.] 
 
 TENTACLE, ten'ta-kl, n. a threadlike or- 
 gan of certain insects for feeling or mo- 1 
 tion.— adj. Tentac'clak. [Fr. tentacule] 
 — L. te7ito, to feel — tendo, to stretch. Cf. 
 Tent.] [Temptation. 
 
 TENTATION, ten-ta'shun, n. old form of] 
 
 TENTATm:. ten'ta-tiv. adj., tryijig : ex- 
 perimental. [Fr.— Late L. — L. tento, to) 
 handle, trv. See Tentacle.] 
 
 TENTED, te'nt'ed, adj. covered with tent 
 
 TENTER, tent'er, 71. a machine for e.vtend-\ 
 ing or stretching cloth on by hooks. — v.t.l 
 to stretch on hooks. — To BE ON TENTER- 
 HOOKS, to be on the stretch : to be inl 
 suspense or anxiety. [See Tent.] 
 
 TENTH, tenth, adj. the last of ten : nextl 
 in order after the ninth. — n. one of ten! 
 equal parts. 
 
 TENTHLY. tenth'li. adv. in the tenth place.l 
 
 TENUITY, ten-u'i-ti, n.. thinness: small-1 
 ness of diameter : slenderness : rarity. 
 [L. toiuitas^tenuis, thin, slender — rooti 
 of Gr. teino, L. ten-do, to stretch. [Cf.f 
 Thin.] 
 
 TENURE, ten'ur, n. a holding or mannerl 
 of holding by a tenant, esp. lands or tene-T 
 nients. [Fr. tenure — Low L. tenura — L,| 
 teneo. to hold.] 
 
 TEPEFACTION, tejj-e-fak'shun, n. act of 
 making tepid or lukewarm. 
 
 TEPEFY, tep'e-n. v.t. to make tepid: orj 
 moderately warm :^x'a.t. and pa.p. tep'- ] 
 efled. [L. tepefacio — tepeo, to be warm, 
 and facio, to make.] 
 
 TEPID, tep'id, adj. moderatelj- warm : 
 lukewarm. — ns. Tepid'ity, TEP'roN-ESS. 
 [L. tepidus — tepeo. to be warm, Sans. tap.'\ \ 
 
 TERAPHBI, ter'a-fim, n.pl. (B.) idols, 
 images, or household gods, consulted aaj 
 oracles. [Heb.] 
 
 TERCE, ters. n. same as Tierce. 
 
 TEREBINTH, ter'e-binth, n. the turpea- 
 tine-tree. — adj. Terebinth'in-e. [L. — 
 Gr.] 
 
 TEREDO, te-re'do, n. the ship-worm, al 
 worm very destructive in boring into] 
 wood. [L. — Gr. teredon, from teiro, toj 
 wea r aw av.] 
 
 TERGIVERSATION, ter-ji-ver-sa'shun, n.\ 
 a shuffling or shifting : subterfuge : j 
 fickleness of conduct. [Lit. "a turning] 
 of the back," L., from tergum, the back^ 
 and versor, to turn.] 
 
 TERM, term, »;. any limited period : thel 
 time for which anything lasts : the 
 time dui'ing which the courts of law are 
 open : certain days on which rent 
 paid : that by which a thought is ex^ 
 pressed, a word or expression : a con- 
 dition or arrangement (gen. in pi.): {fllg.)\ 
 a member of a compound quantity. — v.t, 
 to apply a term to : to name or call.i 
 [Fr. terme — L. terminus, a boundary, Gr.J 
 terma : further conn, with L. trans, E.' 
 Through. Doublet Terminus.] 
 
 TER5IAGANT. terma-gant, n. a bolster-' 
 ous.bold woman. — adj. boisterous: brawl- 
 ing: tumultuous. [Termagant or Terva- 
 gant, a supposed Mohammedan false 
 god, represented in the old plays and 
 moralities as of a most violent character. J 
 
 t
 
 TERMINABLE 
 
 441 
 
 THANE 
 
 TERMINABLE, ter'min-a-bl, adj. that may 
 be limited : that may terminate or cease. 
 
 TERMINAL, ter'mia-al, adj. pertainiug to 
 or growing at the end or extremity. [L. 
 terminalis.] 
 
 TERMINATE, ter'min-at, v.t. to set a limit 
 to : to set the boundary : to put an end 
 to : to finish. — v.i. to be limited : to end 
 either in space or time : to close. [L. 
 tei^ninus.] 
 
 TERMINATION, ter-min-a'shun, n. act of 
 terminating or ending : limit : end : re- 
 sult : the ending of words as varied by 
 their signification. 
 
 TERMINATIONAL, ter-min-a'shun-al, adj. 
 pertaining to or forming a termination. 
 
 TERMINATIVE, ter'min-at-iv, adj. tend- 
 ing to terminate or determine : absolute. 
 
 TERMINOLOGY, ter-min-ol'o-ji, 7i. doc- 
 trine of terms: the terms used in any 
 art, science, etc. [L. terminus, and Gr. 
 logos, discourse. See Term.] 
 
 TERMINUS, ter'min-us. n. the end or ex- 
 treme point : one of the extreme points 
 of a railwaj' i^jjl. Ter'minI. [L. " a 
 boundary." "Doublet Term.] 
 
 TERN, tern, n. a long-winged aquatic fowl 
 allied to the gull. [Allied to Dan. terne, 
 sea-swallow. Ice. thenia.] 
 
 TERNARY, ter'nar-i, adj. proceeding by or 
 consisting- of threes. — n. the number 
 three. [L. ternarius — terni, three each — 
 tres, three.] 
 
 TERN ATE, ter'nat, adj., threefold or ar- 
 ranged in threes. [See Ternary.] 
 
 TERRACE, ter'as, n. a raised level bank of 
 earth : any raised flat place: the fiat roof 
 of a house. — v.t. to forin into a terrace. 
 [Fr. terrasse — It. terrazzo — L. terra, the 
 earth.] 
 
 TERRA-COTTA, ter'a-kot'a, n. a compo- 
 sition of clay and sand used for statues, 
 hardened like bricks by fire. [Lit. "baked 
 clay." It. — L. terra, earth, and cocta, 
 pa. p. of coquo, E. Cook.] 
 
 TERRAQUEOUS, ter-a'kwe-us, adj. con- 
 sisting of land and wafer. [Coined from 
 L. terra, earth, aqua, water.] 
 
 TERREEN, ter-en', n. less common form 
 of Tureen. 
 
 TERRENE, ter-en', adj. pertaining to the 
 earth : earthy : earthly. [L. terrenus — 
 terra, the earth. 1 
 
 TERRESTRIAL, ter-es'tri-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to or e.xisting on the earth : earthly : 
 representing the earth. [L. terrestris 
 — terra, ths earth.] 
 
 TERRIBLE, ter'i-bl, adj. fitted to excite 
 terror or awe: awful: dreadful. — adv. 
 Terr'ibly. [L. terribilis — terreo, to 
 frightenj 
 
 TERRIBLENESS, ter'i-bl-nes, n. state of 
 being terrible : terror, dread. 
 
 TERRIER, ter'i-er, n. a dog that pursues 
 animals to their earth or burrow : a hole 
 or burrow where foxes, rabbits, etc., se- 
 cure themselves. [Fr. terrier — terre, the 
 earth — L. terra.'] 
 
 TERRIFIC, ter-rif'ik, adj. creating or caus- 
 ing terror: fitted to terrify: dreadful. [L. 
 terrijicus.} 
 
 TERRIFY, ter'i-fi. v.t. to cause terror in; 
 to frighten greatly: to alarm :^}a.t and 
 pa.p. terr'ified. [L. terreo, and faeio, to 
 make.] 
 
 rERRITORIAL, ter-i-t5'ri-al, adj. pertain- 
 ing to fernYory ; limited to a district. — 
 adv. Territo'rially. 
 
 TERRITORY, ter'i-tor-i. n. the extent of 
 land around or belonging to a city or 
 state : domain : in the United States, a 
 portion of the country not yet admitted 
 as a State into the Union, and still under 
 a provisional government. [L. territo- 
 rium — terra, the earth, land.] 
 
 TERROR, ter'ur, n. extreme fear: an object 
 
 of fear or dread. [L. terror — terreo, to 
 
 frighten.] 
 
 TERRORISM, ter'ur-izm, n. a state of ter- 
 ror : a state which impresses terror : an 
 organized system of intimidation. 
 
 TERSE, ters, adj. compact or concise, with 
 smoothness or elegance : neat. — adv. 
 Terse'ly. — n. Terse'ness. [L. tersiis, 
 lit. " rubbed" or " wiped clean " — tergeo, 
 tersum, to rub clean, akin to stringo, to 
 draw ti^ht.] 
 
 TERTIAN, ter'shi-an, adj. occurring every 
 third day. — n. an ague or fever with 
 paroxysms every third day. [L. ter- 
 tianus — tertiiis, third — tres, three.] 
 
 TERTIARY, ter'shi-ar-i, adj. of the third 
 degree, order, or formation : pertaining 
 to the series of sedimentary rocks or 
 strata lying above the chalk and other 
 secondary strata, and abounding in or- 
 ganic remains. [L. tertiarius — tertius.] 
 
 TESSELATE, tes'el-at, v.t. to form into 
 squares or lay with checkered work. [L. 
 — tessella, dim. of tessera, a square piece 
 — Gr. tessara, four.] 
 
 TESSELATION, tes-el-a'shun, n. tesselated 
 or mosaic work : the operation of mak- 
 ing it. 
 
 TEST, test, n. a pot in which metals are 
 tried and refined : any critical trial : 
 means of trial : (cheni.) anything used to 
 distinguish substances or detect their 
 presence, a reagent : standard : proof : 
 distinction. — v.t. to put to proof : to ex- 
 amine critically. [O. Fr. test — L. testa, 
 a piece of baked clay, an earthen pot.] 
 
 TESTABLE, test'a-bl, adj. capable of being 
 given by will. [L. testabilis.] 
 
 TESTACEOUS, tes-ta'shus, adj. consisting 
 of or having a hard shell. [L. tcstaceus 
 — testa, baked clay, a shell. See Test.] 
 
 TESTAMENT, tes'ta-ment, n. that which 
 testijies, or in which an attestation is 
 made : the solemn declaration in writing 
 of one"s will: a will: one of the two great 
 divisions of the Bible. [L. — tcstor, to be 
 a witness — testis, a witness.] 
 
 TESTAMENTARY^, tes-ta-ment'ar-i, adj. 
 pertaining to a testament or will: be- 
 queathed or done by will. 
 
 TESTATE, tes'tat, adj. having made and 
 left a tcill. [L. testatus, pa.p. of testor.] 
 
 TESTATOR, tes-ta'tor, n. one who leaves 
 a will:^em. Testa'trix. [L.] 
 
 TESTER, tes'ter. n. a flat canopy, esp. over 
 the head of a bed. [O. Fr. teste (Fr. ti'te), 
 the head — L. testa, an earthen pot, hence 
 a hard shell, the skull.] 
 
 TESTER, tes'ter, n. an English sixpence. 
 [O. Fr. teston — teste (Fr. trte), the head, 
 from the sovereign's head on the coin.] 
 
 TESTICLE, tes'ti-kl, n. a gland which 
 secrets the seminal fluid in males : one 
 of the stones. [L. testiculus, dim. of 
 testis, a testicle.] 
 
 TESTICULATE, tes-tik-'u-lat, TESTICU- 
 LATED. tes-tik'u-lat-ed, adj. shaped like 
 a testicle. 
 
 TESTIFY, tes'ti-fl, v.i. to bear ivitness : to 
 make a solemn declaration : to protest or 
 declare a charge (with against). — v.t. to 
 bear witness to : to affirm or declare 
 solemnly or on oath : — ^^a.?. and pa.p. 
 tes'titleil. — n. Tes'tifier. [L. tcstificor 
 — testis, a witness, and facio, to make.] 
 
 TESTIMONIAL, tes-ti-mo'ni-al, adj. con- 
 taining testimony. — n. a writing or cer- 
 tificate bearing testimony to one's char- 
 acter or abilities : a sum of money raised 
 by subscription and presented in any form 
 to a person as a token of respect. 
 
 TESTIMONY, tes'ti-mo-ni, w. evidence: 
 declaration to jirove some fact : proof : 
 (B.) the two tables of the law : the whole 
 divine revelation. [L. testimonium — tes- 
 tor, to witness.] 
 
 TESTY, tes'ti, adj., heady : easily irritated s 
 fretful: peevish. — adv. Tes'tily. — n. Tes'- 
 TiNESS. [From O. Fr. teste (Fr. tHe), the 
 head. See Tester.] 
 
 TETANUS, tet'a-nus, n. spasm of the volun- 
 tary muscles : lockjaw. —od/. Tetanic. 
 [L. — Gr. — tetanos, stretched — teino, to 
 stretch.] 
 
 TETHER, teth'er, n. a rope or chain f« 
 tyino- a beast, while feeding, within cer- 
 tain limits. — v.t. to confine with a tether : 
 to restrain within certain limits. [M.E. 
 tedir, found iu Low Grer. tider. Ice. 
 tiodhr : conn, with TiE.] 
 
 TETRAGON, tet'ra-gon, n. a figure of four 
 angles.— adj. Tetrag'onal. [Gr. ieira- 
 gonon — tetra, four, gonia, an angle.] 
 
 TETRAHEDRAL, tet-ra-he'dral, adj. hav- 
 ing four sides: bounded by four tri- 
 angles. 
 
 TETRAHEDRON, tet-ra-he'dron, n. a solid 
 figure inclosed by four bases or triangles. 
 [Gr. tetra, four, andhedra, a seat, a base.] 
 
 TETRARCH. tet'rark, n. (under the Ro- 
 mans) the ruler of the fourth part of a 
 province : a subordinate prince. — ns. 
 Tet'rarchate, Tet'rarchy. [Gr.— tetra, 
 four, and arches, a ruler.] 
 
 TETRARCHATE, te-trark'at, n. oflice or 
 jurisdiction of a tetrarch : the fourth 
 part of a province. 
 
 TETRASYLLABIC, tet-ra-sil-lab'ik, adj. 
 consisting of four syllables. 
 
 TETRASYLLABLE, tet'ra-sil-a-bl, ;i. a 
 word of four syllables. [Gr. tetra, four, 
 and Syllable.] 
 
 TETTER, tet'er, n. a popular name for sev- 
 eral eruptive diseases of the skin. [A.S, 
 teter.] 
 
 TEUTONIC, tu-ton'ik, adj. belonging to 
 the race so called, including Germans, 
 Scandinavians, English, etc. ; also theit 
 language. [L. — Teut-o, -onis (O. Ger 
 Diot-o), lit. '-one of the peo])le " — O. Ger 
 diot, the people (A.S. theod), whence also 
 Ger. Deut-seh, German, E. Dut-ch. See 
 Dutch.] 
 
 TEXT, tekst, n. the original words of an 
 author : that on which a comment is 
 written : a passage of Scriptui'e. [Lit. 
 "something woven," L. textus — texo, 
 t&vtus, to weave.] 
 
 TEXT-BOOK, tekst'-book, n. a book con- 
 taining the leading principles of a sci- 
 ence. [Orig. a book with wide spaces for 
 comments on the text.] 
 
 TEXT-HAND, tekst'-hand, n. a large hand 
 in writing ; so called because it was the 
 practice to write the text of a book in 
 large hand. 
 
 TEXTILE, tekst'il, adj., woven : capable of 
 being woven. [L. textilis — texo, textum, 
 to weave.] 
 
 TEXTUAL, tekst'u-al, adj. pertaining to 
 or contained in the text : serving for a 
 text.— 0(h'. TEXT'UALLY. 
 
 TEXTUALIST, tekst'u-al-ist, n. one ready 
 in citing Scripture texts : one who ad- 
 heres to the te.xt. 
 
 TEXTURE, tekst'ur, n. anything woven, a 
 web : manner of weaving or connecting : 
 disposition of the parts of a body. [L. 
 textura — te.vo.] 
 
 THALER, tii'ler, n. a dollar, in Germany a 
 silver coin worth about 75c. [Ger. See 
 Dollar.] 
 
 THAN, than, eonj. a word placed after the 
 comparative of an adjective or adverb 
 between the things compared. [A.S. 
 thonnc : cog. with Ger. dann, denn; 
 from stem of The. See Then.] 
 
 THANE, than, n. a dignitary under the 
 Anglo-Saxons and Danes, who prob. held 
 the same rank as a baron does now. — n, 
 Thane'dom. [A.S. thegn, a servant, no- 
 bleman ; cog. with Ice. thegn. a man. 
 warrior, O. Ger. degen, a soldier, servint,
 
 THANK 
 
 443 
 
 THERMOMETER 
 
 Qr. teknoti, child ; from the root of A.S. 
 thihan, Ger. {ge-)(leilien, to thris'e.] 
 
 IBANK, thangk, v.t. to express gratitude 
 for a favor. — /(. (usually in J)!-) expression 
 of gratitude for favor received. [A.S. 
 thane. wiU, thanks ; cog. with Ger. dank: 
 from the root of Think, the root idea be- 
 ing " a movement of mind or feeling."] 
 
 rHANKFUL, thangk'fool, adj.. full of 
 thanks : grateful.— orfc. THANTi'FULLY.— 
 n. Thank' FULNESS. 
 
 THANKLESS, thangk'les, atT/'.unthankful : 
 not expressing thanks for favors : not 
 gaining thanks. 
 
 THANK-OFFERING, thangk'-of'er-ing, n. 
 an offering made to express thanks for 
 mercies received. 
 
 THANKSGIVER. thangks'giv-er, n. one 
 who gives thanks, or acknowledges a 
 favor. 
 
 THANKSGIVING, thangks'giv-ing, n. act 
 of giinng thanks : a public acknowledg- 
 ment of divine goodness and mercy : a 
 dav set apart for this. 
 
 THANKWORTHY, thangk'wur-//ii, adj., 
 ivorthy of or deserving thanks. 
 
 THAT, tha,t, pron. demons, and ret. — as a 
 demons, (pi. Those) it points out a person 
 or thing : the former or more distant 
 thing : not this but the other : as a rel., 
 who or which. — conj. used to introduce a 
 clause : because : for : in order that. 
 [A.S. thcet, neut. of the article .te or the ; 
 cog. with Ger. das, dasz : further conn, 
 with Gr. to. Sans. tat. See THE.] 
 
 THATCH, thach. v.t. to cover, as a roof, 
 with straw, reeds, etc. — n. straw, etc., 
 used to cover the roofs of buildings and 
 stacks. — n. Thatch'er. [A.S. theecan, 
 to cover ; cog. with Ger. decken, L. fego, 
 Gr. stega, to cover. See Deck and Tile.] 
 
 THATCHING, thach'ing, n. the act or art 
 of covering witli th;itch : the materials 
 used for tiiatching. 
 
 THAUMATURGY, thaw'ma-tur-ji, n. the 
 art of irorking ironders or miracles. — 
 adjs. THACMATUR'aic-AL. [Gr. — tlutiiina, 
 a wonder, and ergon, work.] 
 
 THAW, thaw, v.i. to melt or grow liquid, 
 as ice : to become so warm as to melt 
 ice. — v.t. to cause to melt. — n. the melt- 
 ing of ice or snow by lieat : the change of 
 weather which causes it. [A.S. tliairnn; 
 cog. with Ger. thauen, to thaw, to fall in 
 dew.] 
 
 THE, the or (when emphatic) f/ie. demons, 
 pron. usually called tlie definite article, 
 used to denote a particular person or 
 thing : also to denote a species. [A.S. 
 se, tlie, nom. masc. sing. See That. J 
 
 THE. the, adv. used before comparatives, 
 as, "the more the better.'' [A.S. tlii, 
 by that, by that much, the instrumental 
 case of The, demons, pron.] 
 
 THEATRE, the'a-ter, n. a place where pub- 
 lic representations, chiefly dramatic or 
 musical, are seen : any place rising by 
 steps like the seats of a theatre : a build- 
 ing adapted for scholastic exercises, 
 anatomical demonstrations, etc. : scene 
 of action. [Gr. theatron — theuomai, to 
 see.] 
 
 THEATRIC, the-at'rik.THEATRICAL, the- 
 at'rik-al, adj. rel;itnig or suitable to a 
 theatre, or to actors : pompous. 
 I'HEATRICALS, the-at'rik-alz, n.pl dra- 
 matic performances. 
 THEE, Wie. pron. objective of Thou. [A.S. 
 the. dative and accus. of thn (See Thou).] 
 
 THEFT, theft, n. act of thieving. [A.S. 
 theofth, thyfth.] 
 
 THEINE, the'iu, ». the active principle of 
 tea. [Fr. — the, tea.] 
 
 THEIR, thax, poss. adj. pron. of or belong- 
 ing to them. [A.S. thara, gen. pi. of the 
 definite article (replaced the older hira).] 
 
 THEIRS, tha.Tz, poss. of They. [Their, 
 with the sing. poss. suffix -s.l 
 
 THEISM, the'izm, n. belief in the existence 
 of God witli or without a belief in a 
 special revelation. [Coined from Gr. 
 theos, God.] 
 
 THEIST, the ist, n. one who believes in 
 God. 
 
 THEISTIC, the-ist'ik, THEISTICAL, the- 
 ist'ik-al, adj. pertaining to theism, or to 
 a theist : according to the doctrines of 
 t heists. 
 
 THEM, them, pron. objective of They. 
 [A.S. thain, dative pi. of the definite 
 article (this replaced the older him or 
 }ieom}.1 
 
 THEME, them, n. a subject set or pro- 
 posed for discussion, or on which a per- 
 son speaks or writes. [Fr. thhne — L. 
 thema — Gi: tithemi, to place, set. See 
 Thesis.] 
 
 THEMSELVES, /7(em-selvz', pron., pt. of 
 Himself, Herself, and Itself. [See 
 Them and Self.] 
 
 THEN, ^i'i.en, adv. at that time : afterward: 
 immediately : at another time : in that 
 case : therefore. [A.S. thanne, thonne, 
 thenne. accus. sing, from the stem of 
 The. Doublet Than.] 
 
 THENCE, f/iens, adv. from that time or 
 place : for that reason. [M.E. thenne-s 
 — thenne (see Then), with the gen. end- 
 ing- -s. Cf. Hence and Whence.] 
 
 THENCEFORTH, f/iens'forth, adv. from 
 that time forth or forward. [THENCE 
 and Forth.] 
 
 THENCEFORWARD, //iens-for'ward, adv. 
 from that time forward or onward. 
 
 THEOCRACY,the-ok'ra-si, n. a government 
 in which the chiefs of the state are con- 
 sidered as the immediate ministers of 
 God or of the gods, or belong to a sacer- 
 dotal race : the state thus governed. — 
 adjs. Theocrat'ic, Theocrat'ical. [Gr. 
 tlieokratia — theos, God, and kratco, to 
 rule.] 
 
 THEODICY, the-od'i-si, n. a justification of 
 God"s dealings with man. [Gr. theos, 
 God, and dike, justice.] 
 
 THEODOLITE, the-od'o-lit, n. an instru- 
 ment used in land-surveying for measur- 
 ing angles. [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 THEOGONIST, thg-og'o-nist, «. a writer on 
 iheogony. 
 
 THEOGOiST, the-og'o-ni. n. the part of 
 heathen mythology which taught the 
 birth and genealogy of the gods. [Gr. 
 theogonia — theos, God, and gone, genos, 
 race — geno, to beget. See Genesis and 
 Genus.] 
 
 THEOLOGIAN, the-o-lo'ji-an, n. one well 
 versed in theology : a professor of divin- 
 ity : a divme. 
 
 THEOLOGIC, the-o-loj'ik, THEOLOGIC- 
 AL, the-o-loj'ik-al, adj. pertaining to the- 
 ology or divinity. — adv. Theologically. 
 [Gr. theologikos.} 
 
 THEOLOGIST. the-ol'o-jist, n. a student in 
 the science of tJieology : a theologian. 
 
 THEOLOGIZE, the-ol'o-jlz, v.t. to render 
 theological. — v.i. to make a sj-.stem of 
 theology. 
 
 THEOLOGY, the-ol'o-ji, n. tae seienee 
 which treats of God, and of man's duty 
 to him. [Gr. theologia — theos, God, and 
 logos, a treatise.] 
 
 THEOREM, the'o-i-em, ?;. a proposition to 
 be proved. [Gr. thebrema, lit. "a thing 
 rieu-ed" — theoreo, to view. See Theory."] 
 
 THEORETIC.t he-o-ret'ik, THEORETICAL, 
 the-o-ret'ik-al, adj. pertaining to theory: 
 not practical : speculative. — adv. Theo- 
 eet'ically. 
 
 THEORIST, the'o-rist, n. a theorizer : one 
 given to theory and speculation. 
 
 THEORIZE, the'o-riz, v.i. to form a theory: 
 
 to form opinions solely by theories : to 
 speculate. — n. The'orizer. 
 
 THEORY, the'o-ri. n. an explanation, or 
 system of anything : an exposition of 
 the abstract principles of a science or 
 art : speculation as opposed to practice. 
 [L.— Gr, thebria. See THEOREM.] 
 
 THEOSOPHY, the-os'o-fl, n., divine ti-is- 
 dom, or knowledge obtained by direct 
 intercourse with God and superior spirits:| 
 immediate divine Uluraination or inspira- 
 tion. [Gr. theosophia — theos, God, and 
 sophos. wisdom.] 
 
 THERAPEUTIC, ther-a-pu'tik, adj. per- 
 taiuing to the /ieo/8«</art: curative. [Gr. 
 therapcub, to take care of, to heal, to 
 nurse.] 
 
 THERAPEUTICS, ther-a-pu'tiks, n.sing. 
 that part of medicine concerned with 
 the treatment and cure of diseases. 
 
 THERE, thkr. adv. in that place (opposed 
 to Here) : it is used to begin sentences 
 when the subject comes after the verb. 
 — Thereabout' or -abouts', adv. about 
 or ne.ir that place : near that number, 
 quantity, or degree. — Thereaft'er, adv. 
 after or according to that. — Thereat', 
 adv. at that place or occurrence : on 
 that account. — Thereby', adv. by that 
 means : in consequence of that. — 'There- 
 fore (f/ier'fur), adv. for that or this rea- 
 son : consequently. — THEREFROM', adv. 
 from that .or this. — THEREIN', adv. in 
 that or this place, time, or thing. — 
 Thereof i.tha.r-oi'), adv. of that or this. 
 — Thereon', adv. on that or this. — 
 Thereto', Thereunto', adv. to that or 
 this. — Thereupon', adv. upon or in con- 
 sequence of that or this : immediately. 
 — "Therewith', adv. with that or this. 
 [A.S. tha-r or tlxe-r : conn, with the 
 stem of The. Tlie -re is prob. short for 
 der (cf. Sans, ta-tra, there).] 
 
 THERJL4L, ther'mal, culj. pertaining to 
 lieat : warm. [Gr. thermos, hot — thertne, 
 heat — therb. to heat.] 
 
 THERMO - DYNAMICS, the.'mo-di-nam'- 
 iks, n. the branch of physics which treats 
 of heat as a mechanical agent. [Gr. 
 thermos — thernic, heat, atd <{ynamikos — 
 di/iiamis. force.] 
 
 THERMO-ELECTRICITY, ther'mo-e-lek- 
 tris'i-ti, 11., electricity developed by the 
 unequal heating of bodies. 
 
 THERMOMETER, ther-mom'et-er, n. an 
 instrument by which the temperatures 
 of bodies are ascertained ; founded on 
 the propertj' whicli heat possesses of 
 expanding- all bodies, tlie rate or quan- 
 tit3' of expansion being supposed propor- 
 tional to the degree of heat applied, and 
 hence indicating that degree. Tlie ther- 
 mometer consists of a slender glass tube, 
 with a small bore, containing in general 
 mercury or alcohol, which expanding or 
 contracting by variations in the temper- 
 ature of the atmosphere, or on the in- 
 strument being lirought into contact 
 with any other body, or immersed in a 
 liquid or gas which is to be examined, 
 the state of the atmosphere, the body, 
 liquid, or gas, with regard to heat, is in- 
 dicated by a scale either applied to the 
 tube or engraved on its exterior siu-face. 
 The ordinary thermometer consists of a 
 small tube, terminating- in a ball contain' i 
 ing mercury, the air having- been ex- 
 pelled and the tube hermetically sealed. 
 There are two points on the scale, corre- 
 sponding to fixed and determinate tem- 
 peratures, one, namely, to the temper- 
 ature of freezing water, and the other 
 to that of boiling water. In the ther- 
 mometer commonly used in this country, 
 that of Fahrenheit, the fornjer point is 
 marked 33° and the latter 212°; hence 
 the zero of the scale, or that part 
 
 ii
 
 THERMOMETRIC 
 
 443 
 
 THIMBLE-RIG 
 
 marked 0°. is 32" below the freezing- 
 point, and the interval or space between 
 the freezing and boiling points consists 
 of 180°. The zero point is supposed to 
 have been fixed by Fahrenheit at the 
 point of greatest cold that he had ob- 
 served, probably by means of a freezing- 
 mixture such as snow and salt. On the 
 
 : Continent, particularly in France, and 
 nowadays in all scientific investigations, 
 the Centigrade thermometer is used. 
 The space between the freezing and 
 boiling points of water is divided into 
 100 eqlial parts or degrees, the zero being 
 at freezing and tlie boiling-point at 100°. 
 Reaumur's thermometer, which is in use 
 in Germany, has the space between the 
 freezing and boiling points divided into 
 80 equal parts, the zero being at freez- 
 ing. For extreme degrees of cold, ther- 
 mometers filled with spirit of wine must 
 be employed, as no degree of cold known 
 is capable of freezing that liquid, where- 
 as mercury freezes at about 39" below 
 zero on the Fahrenheit scale. On the 
 other hand, spirit of wine is not adapted 
 to high temperatures, as it is soon con- 
 verted into vapor, wliereas mercury does 
 not boil till its temperature is raised 
 to 660° F. Mercury is most commonly 
 used for thermometers employed foV 
 indicating all ordinary temperatures. 
 For recording extremeh' high tempera- 
 tures the pyrometer is used ; and for in- 
 dicating vei'y slight variations the ther- 
 mo-electric battery is employed. [Gr. 
 thermos, warm. froLi tlierme, heat, and 
 metron. measiwe.] 
 
 THERMOMETRIC.ther-mo-met'rik.THER- 
 MOilETRICAL. ther-mo-mefrik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to or made with a thermom- 
 eter. — adv. Thermomet'ricallt. 
 
 THERMO-PILE. ther'mo-pll. ?!. a thermo- 
 electric battery used as a thermometer. 
 [Gr. thermc, heat, and Pile, a roundish 
 mass.] 
 
 THESAURUS, the-saw'rus, n. a treasury 
 or repository, esp. of knowledge : a lexi- 
 con or cyclopaedia. [L. — Gr. thesauros — 
 tithemi. to place.] 
 
 THESE, thez, demon, /iron., pi. of This. 
 [A.S. thus, old pi. of thes, this. Doublet 
 Those.] 
 
 THESIS, the'sis. n. a po.fition or that which 
 is set dou-n or advanced for argument : a 
 subject for a scholastic exercise: an essaj' 
 on a theme : — p/. THESES, the'sez. [L. — 
 Gr. ti-the-mi. to set. See Thesie.] 
 
 THESMOPHORIA, thes-mo-fo'ri-a. n. a. fa- 
 mous ancient Greek festival celebrated 
 by married women in honor of Demeter 
 as the '• mother of beautiful offspring." 
 Though not confined to Attica, it was 
 especially observed in that district. [Gr., 
 from thesmophoros, law-giving.an epithet 
 of Demeter — thesmos, a law, and pheru, 
 to bear.] 
 
 THESilOTHETE, thez'mo-thet, n. a law- 
 giver : a legislator : one of the six in- 
 ferior arehons at Athens. [Gr. thesmo- 
 thetes. a law-givex- — thesmos, law. and 
 tithemi. to place.] 
 
 THESPESIA, thes-pe'zhi-a. n. a genus of 
 plants, nat. order Malvacow. The species 
 are trees witli large entire leaves and 
 large handsoiue flowers. The rim of the 
 
 ' calyx is entire, and the outer calyx is 
 formed of tliree le.ives, wliicli soon fall 
 off. T. jwpulnea, or the umbrella-tree, is a 
 native of the East Indies, Guinea, and the 
 Society Islands. It grows to the height 
 of about 40 feet, and has large yellow 
 flowers, with a dark red centre. In trop- 
 ical countries it is planted, for the sake 
 of its shade, about monasteries and con- 
 vents, and hence it is looked upon with 
 a sort of religious regard. Its wood is 
 
 reckoned as almost indestructible under 
 water, and it is therefore much used for 
 boat-building as well as for carpentry 
 purposes and house-building. [From Gr. 
 thespesios, divine, in allusion to T. pop- 
 idnea being planted in tropical countries 
 near churches.] 
 
 THESPLiN, thes'pi-an, adj. of or relating 
 to Thespis, or to dramatic acting in gen- 
 eral: hence, the Thespian art is equivalent 
 to the drama. " The highest stretch at- 
 tained by the TJiespiuii art." — Carlyle. 
 [From litespis, who played an important 
 part in the early history of the drama in 
 Greece about B.C. 535.] 
 
 THETA, the'ta, n. a letter of the Greek 
 alphabet corresponding to th in such 
 English words as thin : sometimes called 
 the uiducky letter from being used by 
 the judges in passing condemnation on 
 a prisoner, it being the first letter of the 
 Greek thanatos. death. [Gr. theta.] 
 
 THEURGIC, the-ur'jik. THEURGICAL, 
 the-er'jik-al, adj. pertaining to them-gy 
 or the power of performing supernatu- 
 ral things. — Thecrgic HY3tss, songs of 
 incantation. 
 
 THEURGIST, the'ur-jist. »). one who pre- 
 tends to or is addicted to theurgy. 
 "More refined necromancers or magi- 
 cians call themselves theiirgists . . . 
 thinking to have to do only with good 
 spirits." — HaJlywell. 
 
 THEURGY, the'ur-ji, n. the working of 
 some divine or supernatural agency in 
 human affairs : a working or producing 
 effects by spmtual means: effects or phe- 
 nomena brought about among men by 
 spiritual agency : specifically, («) di\ine 
 agency or direct interference of tlie gods 
 in human affairs or the government of 
 the world ; (b) a system of supernatural 
 knowledge or powers believed by the 
 Egyptian Platonists and others to have 
 been communicated to mankind by the 
 beneficent deities or good spirits, and to 
 have been handed down from generation 
 to generation traditionally by the priests; 
 (c) the art of invoking deities or spirits, 
 or by their intervention conjuring up 
 visions, interpreting dreaius, prophesy- 
 ing, receiving and explaining oracles, 
 etc. ; the power of obtaining fi-om the 
 gods, by means of certain observances, 
 words, symbols, etc., a knowledge of the 
 secrets which surpass the powers of rea- 
 son, to lay open the future, etc. — a power 
 claimed hy the priesthood of most pagan 
 religions : (d) that species of magic, 
 which more modern professors of the 
 art allege to produce its effects by su- 
 pernatural agency, as contra -distin- 
 guished from natural magic. ["Gr. the- 
 onrgia, from theos, a god, and ergon, 
 w'ork.] 
 
 THEAV, thu, Ji. (used chiefly inpl.), muscle 
 or strength : sinews. [Perhaps a form of 
 Thigh.] 
 
 THEY, tha., pers. pron., pi. of He, She. or 
 It. [From A.S. thd, nom. pi. of the 
 definite article, which replaced the older 
 hi, heo. See THE.] 
 
 THICK, thik, adj. dense: imperfectly 
 mobile : compact : not transparent or 
 clear : misty : dull : crowded : closely set: 
 abundant : frequent, in quick succession : 
 having great deptli or circumference. — 
 adv. closely: frequently : fast : to a great 
 depth.— f((ji\ Thick'ly. — ». Thick'sess. 
 [A.S. thicce : cog. witli Ger. diek ; from 
 root of A.S. thihan, to thrive. See 
 Th.\se.1 
 
 THICKEN, thik'n. v.t. to make thick or 
 close : to strengthen. — f.(. to become 
 thick or obscure : to crowd or press. 
 [A.S. thiccian.] 
 
 THICKET, thik'et, n. a collection of trees 
 
 or shrubs thickly or closely set : close 
 wood 01' copse. 
 
 THICK-HEADED, thik-hed'ed, adj. hav- 
 ing a thick head or skull : stupid. 
 
 THICKISH. thik'ish. adj. somewhat thick. 
 
 THIEF,thef. n. (pi. Thieves, thevz), a per. 
 son who steals or is guilty of theft ; one 
 who takes the goods or personal prop- 
 erty of another without the owner's 
 knowledge or consent ; esp. one who de- 
 prives another of property secretly or 
 without open force — as opposed to a rob- 
 ber, who openly uses violence: a term of 
 reproach; applied esp. to a person guilty 
 of cunning, deceitful, or secret actions ; 
 an evil-doer ; "Angelo is an adulterous 
 thief." — Shak.: an excrescence or waster 
 in the snuff of a candle; "Where you see 
 a thief in the candle, call presently for 
 an extinguisher." — B/j. Hall. — Thieves' 
 Latin, a jargon used by thieves : the 
 cant or slang language peculiar to 
 thieves." — Sir Ti". Scott. [A.S. theSf, 
 thiof, thtf. Ice. thjofr. Sw. tjuf. Dut. 
 dief, Ger. dieh. O. H. Ger. ditip. Goth. 
 tJijubs. thief ; root meaning doubtful.] 
 
 THIE^T;, tbev, v.i. to practice theft: t» 
 steal. [A.S. theojian.} 
 
 THIEVERY, thev'er-i, n. the practice of 
 thieving. 
 
 THIEVISH. the\-'ish, adj., given to, or like 
 theft or stealing : acting by stealth : se- 
 cret: sly. — adv. Thiev'ishlt. — n. Thiev*- 
 
 ISHNESS. 
 
 THIEVES'-VINEGAR. thevz'-vin-e-ger, n, 
 a kind of vinegar made by digesting rose- 
 marj- tops, sage leaves, etc., in vinegar, 
 anciently believed to be an antidote 
 against the plague. It derived its name 
 and popularity from a story that four 
 thieves who plundered the dead diu-ing 
 the plague ascribed their impunity to 
 this infusion. It has been long disused 
 as worthless. 
 
 THIG, thig. v.t. to ask ; to beg ; to suppli- 
 cate ; "Thej-were fain to tliig and ciy 
 for peace and good-will." — Pitscottie : to 
 go about receiving supply from neigh- 
 bors, etc. [A.S. tliicgan,ihigan, to ti\ke, 
 receive, partake of; Ice. thig, thiggja. to 
 get, receive, accept, receive hosjiitality 
 for a night; Dan. tigge, to beg as a men- 
 dicant, tigger, a beggar. The Scotch has 
 probabl^v got the word from the Scandi- 
 navian.] 
 
 THIGGER, thig'er, n. one who thigs : a 
 beggar : esp. one who solicits a gift or 
 assistance in goods or money, not on the 
 footing of an absolute mendicant or pau- 
 per, but as one in a temporary strait hav- 
 ing some claim on the liberalitv of others. 
 [Scotch.] 
 
 THIGH, thi. 7). the thick fleshy part of the 
 leg from the knee to the trunk. [A.S. 
 theoh : Ice. thio, O. Ger. diech, seen iu 
 Ger. diekbein, thigh.] 
 
 THILL, thil, n. the shaft of a cart, gig, 
 or other carriage. The thills are the 
 two pieces of timber extending from the 
 body of the carriage, between which the 
 horse is put, and by which the carri:ige 
 is supported in a horizontal posit dm. 
 ■Written also Fill. [A.S. thil, thill, a 
 stake, pole, plank, also thel, a board or 
 plank: Ice. thili, thil, a deal, a plank; 
 Sw. tilja, a pole, a stake, a beam ; allied 
 to deal, a plank of pine. According to 
 some from same root as Sans, tola, sur- 
 face. L. telltis, the earth, the earth's sur- 
 facej 
 
 THIMBLE, thim'bl, n. a metal cover for 
 the finger, used in sewing. [Lit. "a 
 thumb-piece : '' an extension of THUMB.] 
 
 THIMBLE-RIG, thim'bl-rig, n. a sleight- 
 of-hand trick in which the performer 
 conceals, or pretends to conceal, a pea or 
 small ball under one of three thimble-
 
 THIN 
 
 444 
 
 THORP 
 
 like cups. — v.i. to cheat by such meaus. 
 — n. Thim'ble-rig'ger. [From colloquial 
 use of Rig, in the sense of a trick, a 
 wanton krick.] 
 
 FHIN. thin, adj. having little thickness : 
 slim : lean : freely mobile : small : fine : 
 not close or crowded : not full or well 
 grown. — adv. not thickly or closelj- : in 
 a scattered state. — v.f. to make thin : to 
 make less close or crowded : to make 
 rare or less thick or dense : — pr.}:). thinn'- 
 iag ; pa.t. and pa.p. thinned. —adr. 
 Thin'ly.— H. Thin'ness. [Lit. " extended " 
 or •■ stretched out," A.S. thyn ; cog. with 
 Ice. thunti-r, Ger. diinn ; L. tenuis, Celt. 
 tanas. Sans, fanus, from the root tan, 
 stretch. See Tend and Thunder.] 
 
 THINE, thia, pron. (possessive form of 
 Thou), belonging to thee : thy. [A.S. 
 thin : Ger. dein.'\ 
 
 THING, thing, ?i. an inanimate object : an 
 event : a part. [A.S. ; Ice. thing, Ger. 
 ding: the root idea being "a lawsuit," 
 hence "a cause," "an affair;" cf. the 
 connection of Ger. sache and E. Sake ; 
 and of Fr. chose and L. causa.] 
 
 THINK, thingk, v.i. to exercise the mind : 
 to revolve ideas in the mind : to judge : 
 to form or hold as an opinion : to con- 
 sider : to purpose or design. — v.t. to im- 
 agine: to judge: to believe or consider: 
 — jxi.t. and^a.p. thought. — n. Think'er. 
 [A.S. thencan, thyncan ; cog. with Ger. 
 den ken, from root of Thank.] 
 
 THIXNISH, thin'ish, adj. somewhat thin. 
 
 THIRD, therd. adj. the last of three.— n. 
 one of three equal parts. [A.S. thridda. 
 See Three.] 
 
 THIRDLY, therd'li. adv. in the third place. 
 
 THIRST, therst, n. the uneasiness caused 
 by want of drink : vehement desire for 
 drink : eager desire for anj'thing. — v.i. 
 to feel thirst : to desire vehemently. 
 [A.S. thurst, thyrst; cog. with Ger. durst, 
 from a Teut. root sig. "dry ;" conn, also 
 with Gr. ters-omai. L. torr-eo, to drj', 
 Sans, trish, to thirst.] 
 
 THIRSTY, therst'i, adj. suffering from 
 thirst: dry: parched: vehemently de- 
 siring. — adv. Thirst'ilt. — n. Thirst'i- 
 INESS. [A.S. thurstig.] 
 
 THIRTEEN, ther'ten, adj. and n., threeand 
 ten. — The Original Thirteen, the thir- 
 teen States of the Union which adopted 
 the Constitution: New Hampshire, Massa- 
 chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
 York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Dela- 
 ware, Virginia, Maryland, North Caro- 
 lina. South Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 THIRTEENTH, ther'tenth, adj. and ?i. the 
 last of thirteen. [A.S. threoteotha — threo, 
 three, and teotha. tenth.] 
 
 THIRTIETH, ther'ti-eth, adj. the last of 
 thirty. — n. a thirtieth part. [A. S. 
 tliritigotha.] 
 
 THIRTY, ther'ti, adj. and n., three times 
 ten. [A.S. thritig — threo, three, and 
 tig. ten.] 
 
 THIS. Wis, demons, pron. or adj. denoting 
 a person or thing near, just mentioned, 
 or about to be mentioned : (B.) the last 
 past -.—pi. These. [A.S. this, the neut. 
 of the adj. pron. thes (m.), theos (f.), this 
 (?!.) ; Ice. thessi. Ger. dieser.] 
 
 THISTLE, this'l. n. a genus of prickly 
 plants. [A.S. thistel: Ger. distel.} 
 
 THISTLY, this'li, adj. overgrown with 
 th ifitles. 
 
 THITHER, thith'er, adv. to that place : to 
 that end or result. [A.S. thiaer ; from 
 the stem of The.] 
 
 THITHERWARD, tMth'er-warA, adv. to- 
 ward that place. [A.S. thider-iveard.] 
 
 THOLE, thol, n. a pin inserted into the 
 gunwale of a boat to serve as a fulcrum 
 for the oar in rowing ; they are arranged 
 m*pairs, the space between forming one 
 
 kind of rowlock : the pin or handle of a 
 scythe - snath. [A.S. thol, a thole or 
 thole-pin ; Ice. thollr, a thole-pin. a 
 wooden peg : Low Ger. dolle, Dut. dot. 
 Prob. conn, with thill rather than with 
 the verb thole.] 
 
 THOLE, thol, n. in arch, (a) same as TTio- 
 lus : (b) the scutcheon or knot at the 
 centre of a timber-vault ; (e) a place in 
 temples where votive offerings were sus- 
 pended. E. H. Knight. [Gr. tholos, a 
 dome.] 
 
 THOLE, thol, v.t. to bear : to endure : to 
 undergo. Bums. — pr.p>. tholing ; jya.t. 
 and pa.p). tholed. [Old English and 
 Scotch. A.S. tholian, to bear, endure, 
 suffer ; Goth, ihulan, O. Fris. tholia, 
 Ice. thola, O. High Ger. doljan, dolfn, 
 didtan, Ger. dulden, and dial. Ger. dolen, 
 to bear, to endure, to tolerate. From an 
 Indo-European root fal. Sans. tul. to 
 bear, seen also in L. tollo, to raise (whence 
 e.rtol), tolerare, to tolerate ; Gr. talao, to 
 bear, tolma, bravery, talanton, a balance, 
 L. talentum, E. Talent.] 
 
 THOLE, thol. v.i. to wait. [Old English 
 and Scotch.] 
 
 THOLOBATE, thol'o-bat, n. in arch, the 
 substructure on which a dome rests. [Gr. 
 fholos, a coved roof, and basis, basis.] 
 
 THOLUS, tho'lus, n. in anc. arch, a name 
 given to any round building which ter- 
 minated at the top in a point : a dome or 
 cupola: specifically, at Athens, the round 
 chamber, or Rotunda, in which the Pry- 
 tanes dined. "The Thirty Tyrants on 
 one occasion summoned him, together 
 with four others, to the Tliolus, the place 
 in which the Prytanes took their meals." 
 — G. H. Lewes. ' 
 
 THOM^AN, THOMEAN, to-me'an, ii. one 
 belonging to a churcli of early Christians, 
 said to have been founded, on the Mala- 
 bar coast of India, by St. Thomas. 
 
 THOMAISM, tom'a-izni, THO.^IISM, tom'- 
 izm, n. the doctrines of St. Thomas 
 Aquinas with respect to predestination 
 and grace, and especially the immaculate 
 conception of the Virgin. 
 
 THOMSONIAN, tom-s6'ni-an, adj. applied 
 to a system of botanical medicine, one of 
 whose doctrines is, that as all minerals 
 are from the earth their tendency is to 
 carry men into their graves, whereas the 
 tendency of herbs, from their growing 
 upward, is to keep men from their graves. 
 [After its founder. Dr. Samuel Thomson, 
 of Massachusetts.] 
 
 THONG, thong, n. a piece orstrap of leath- 
 er to fasten anything. [A.S. thwang, 
 thwong, from the same root as Ger. 
 zwang, constraining- power — zuHngen, to 
 constrain ; cf. the connection of band, 
 bind, and bond.] 
 
 THORACIC, tho-ras'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 the thorax or breast. 
 
 THORAX, tho'raks, ?i. the part of the body 
 between the neck and bellv : the chest. 
 [Xit. " a breastplate," L. — 6r.] 
 
 THORN, thorn, n. a sharp, woody spine on 
 the stem of a plant : a spine : a plant 
 having spines or thorns : anything prick- 
 ly or ti-oublesome. [A.S.; Ice. thorn, 
 Ger. dorn : Slav, tarn.] 
 
 THORN-BACK, thorn'-bak, n. a species of 
 ray or skate {Raia. clavata) common on 
 the British and Irish coasts, distinguished 
 by the short and strong recurved spines 
 which are scattered over the back and 
 tail, whence its name ; it grows to about 
 2 feet long, is very voracious, feeding on 
 small flounders, herrings, sand - eels, 
 crabs, lobsters, etc. ; great quantities are 
 taken every year, and the flesh is consid- 
 ered to be excellent food ; the female is 
 in Scotland called the maiden-skate : a 
 large species of spider-crab, the Maia 
 
 SQidnado, found in British seas and in 
 the Mediterranean, and so named from 
 the spines with which its carapace is 
 roughened; this species is sometimes fig- 
 ured on ancient coins. 
 
 THORNTAIL. thorn'tal, ». a beautiful little 
 bird of Peru and Colombia, belonging to 
 the family Trochilidaj (humming-birds). 
 
 THORNY, thorn'i, adj. full of thorns: 
 prickly : troublesome : harassing. [A.S. 
 thorniht.] 
 
 THOROUGH, thur'o, adj. passing through 
 or to the end : complete : entire. — (obs.) 
 prep, through. — adv. Thor'OUGHLY. — n. 
 Thor'oughness. [A.S. thurh, from a root 
 tar, "to go beyond." seen in L. tra-ns. 
 The longer form of THROUGH.] 
 
 THOROUGH-BASS, thur'o-bas, n. (music) 
 a bass part all through a piece, with 
 figures placed over the notes to indicate 
 the harmony to be plaved to each. 
 
 THOROUGHBRED, thur'o-bred, adj..thor- 
 oughly or completelj- bred : bred from a 
 dam and sire of the best blood, as a horse, 
 and having the qualities supposed to de- 
 pend thereon. 
 
 THOROUGHFARE, thur'o-far, n. a fare 
 or passage for going through : a public 
 way or street : right of passing through, 
 "^See Fare.1 
 
 THOROUGH-GOING, thur'o-go'ing, adj., 
 going through or to the end : going aU 
 lengths : complete. 
 
 THOROUGH-PACED, thur'o -past, adj., 
 thoroughly or perfectly paced or trained : 
 complete. 
 
 THOROUGH-PIN. thur'o-pin, n. a disease 
 in horses which consists of enlarged 
 mucous capsules growing on each side of 
 the hocks, giving somewhat the appear 
 ance as if a pin were thrust through. 
 
 THOROUGH-SPED, thur'o-sped, adj. fully 
 accomplished : thorough-paced. " Our 
 thorough - sped republic of Whigs." — 
 Su-ift. 
 
 THOROUGH-STITCH, thur'o-stich, adv. 
 fullj-: completely: going the whole length 
 of any business. " Perseverance alone can 
 carry us thorough-stitch." — Sir E. L'Es- 
 trange. " Many believe the bold Chief 
 Justice Jeffreys, . . . who went thorough- 
 stitch in that tribunal, stands fair for 
 that office." — Evehpi. 
 
 THOROUGH-WORT, thur'6-wurt, n. the 
 popular name of a composite plant, the 
 Eupatorium perfoliatum, a native of 
 North America, valued for its medicinal 
 uses. It is also known by the name of 
 Bone-set. 
 
 THORP, THORPE, thorp, n. an English 
 termination denoting a group of houses 
 standing together in the country : a 
 hamlet : a village — used chiefly in 
 place-names, and names of persons de- 
 rived from places ; as, AXthorp, Copmans- 
 thorpe. Thorpe as a termination of 
 place-names is very common in Lincoln- 
 shire. 
 Within a little thorp I staid at last. — Fairfax. 
 But he. by farmstead, thorpe, and .spire. 
 Came crowing- over Tliames. — Teyinyson. 
 By thirty hills I hurry down, 
 Or slip between the ridj^es. 
 By twenty thorps, a little town, 
 "And half a hundred bridges. — Tennysmu 
 [A. S. thorp, O. S. thorp), tharp. Ice. 
 thorp, Swed. and Dan. torp, Dut. 
 dorp, Ger. dorf, a village, a hamlet, a 
 group of houses. Vigfusson regards 
 this word as having been originally ap- 
 plied in England to the cottages of the 
 poorer peasantry crowded together in a 
 hamlet, instead of each house standing 
 in its own inclosure, the etymological 
 sense being a crowd or throng, as seen 
 in L. turha, a crowd, of which word this 
 is the Teutonic equivalent.] 
 
 I
 
 THOS 
 
 445 
 
 THRIFTLESS 
 
 rHOS, thSs, THOUS. tho'us, n. a name 
 
 fiven to a genus of dogs intermediate 
 el ween the wolf, the fox, and the jackal, 
 of all of whose natures it somewhat 
 partakes. These dogs are larger than a 
 jackal ; they do not burrow, and are 
 marked on the back by black and white 
 colors, the rest of the fur being in general 
 ochrey buff. Among the different species 
 are the wild dog of Egypt. Nubian thous, 
 Cape jackal: Senegal thous or jackal, etc. 
 [Gr ^/i OS, a jackal.] 
 
 THOSE, thoz, pron., pi. of That. [From 
 A.S thas, the old pi. of thes, this. See 
 This. Doublet These.] 
 
 FHOU, thow, pron. of the second person 
 sing., the person addressed, now gen. 
 used onlv in solemn address. " Thou, 
 as ill Shaljespeare's time, was (1) the pro- 
 noun of affection towards friends, (2) of 
 good-humored superiority to servants, 
 and (3) of contempt or anger to strang- 
 ers. It had, however, already fallen 
 somewhat into disuse, and being regard- 
 ed CIS archaic, was naturally adopted (4) 
 in the higher poetic style and in the lan- 
 guage of solemn prayer." — E. A. Abbott. 
 tA.S. thu : cog. with Goth. t}ui, Gr. tu, 
 J. tu, Sans, tva-m.] 
 
 THOUGH, tho, coiij. admitting : allowing : 
 even if : notwithstanding. [Lit. " on 
 that " (condition), A.S. theah ; cog. with 
 Ooth. thmc-h. Ice. tho, Ger. doeh ; trom 
 the stem of The.] 
 
 THOUGHT, thawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of 
 Think. [A.S. theahte, theaht.] 
 
 THOUGHT, thawt, n. the act of thinking: 
 reasoning : deliberation : that which one 
 thinks: idea: fancy: consideration: opin- 
 ion : meditation : design : care. [A.S. 
 ge-thoht: Ice. thott-r, O. Ger. ge-dacht. 
 See Think.] 
 
 THOUGHTFUL, thawt'fool, adj., full of 
 thought : employed in meditation : at- 
 tentive : considerate : promoting serious 
 thought : favorable to meditation. — adv. 
 Thought'fully. — n. Thought'fulness. 
 
 THOUGHTLESS, thawt'les, adj., without 
 thought or care : careless : inattentive : 
 stupid : dull. — adv. Thought'lesslt. — n. 
 Thodght'lessness. 
 
 THOUSAND, tho'w'zand, adj. denoting ten 
 hundred : proverbially, denoting any 
 great number. — ii. the number ten hun- 
 cred : any large number. [A.S. thusend ; 
 Ger. tausend, Goth, thusundi ; found also 
 in Slav, and Lithuanian, and prob. thence 
 derived.] 
 
 THOUSANDFOLD, thow'zand-fold. adj., 
 folded a thousand times : multiplied by 
 a thousand. 
 
 THOUSANDTH, thow'zandth, adj. the last 
 of a thousand or of any great number. 
 — /;. one of a thousand or of any great 
 number. 
 
 THOWEL, THOWL. See Thole. 
 
 THRALDOM, TARALLDOM, thrawl'dum, 
 n. the condition of a thrall or .slave : 
 slavery : bondage. 
 
 THRALL, thrawl, ?!. a slave, serf: slavery: 
 servitude. [A.S. thrall: Ice. thrulLa, 
 slave; prob. a dim. from A.S. threagan, 
 to chide, to vex ; ace. to Trench, from 
 Thrill, from the practice of boring the 
 ear of a slave in token of servitude.] 
 
 FHRASAETUS, thra-sa'e-tus, n. the name 
 of the genus to which the harpy-eagle 
 or crested-eagle {T. harpyia) of South 
 America belongs. The characteristic 
 features are the crest (which lies flat un- 
 less when the bird is roused), the strength 
 of the feet and length of the claws, and 
 the thickness of the bones, the whole 
 framework of the bird being exceedingly 
 powerful. The harpy-eagle lives in thick 
 forests and prevs on sloths, deer, etc. 
 [Gr. thrasys, bold, and aetos, an eagle.] 
 
 THRASH, thrash, v.t. to beat out grain 
 from the straw : to beat soundlj-. — n. 
 Thrash'er. [A.S. therscan ; cog. with 
 Ger. dreschen.\ 
 
 THRASHER, thrash'er, THRESHER, 
 thresh'er, ?(. one who thrashes grain: 
 a species of shark, the Alopias or Alo- 
 pecias vulpes, or sea -fox, called the 
 thrasher from its using its tail-fin, which 
 is nearly equal in length to the whole 
 body, as a weapon of attack. — Brown 
 thrasher, an American singing bird of 
 the thrush family. 
 
 THRASHING, thrash'ing, THRESHING, 
 thresh'ing, n. the operation by which 
 grain is separated from the straw. 
 This operation is performed in various 
 ways, as by the feet of animals, bv a 
 flail, or by a thrashing-machine. I'he 
 first mode was that employed in the ages 
 of antiquity, and it is still practiced in 
 the south of Europe, and in Persia and 
 India. Oxen were generally employed 
 for this purpose, either alone or with 
 the addition of a kind of roller studded 
 with iron knots, which the oxen dragged 
 over the grain-sheaves, which latter were 
 spread on a circular floor in the form of 
 a circle, the ends containing the grain 
 being placed towards the centre. Thrash- 
 ing by the flail is still practiced in vari- 
 ous parts of Europe, but thrashing- 
 machines, which effect a great .saving in 
 time and labor to the farmer in this 
 counti-y, have been very extensively 
 introduced. 
 
 THRASHING, thrash'ing, n. the act of 
 beating out grain from the straw : a 
 sound beating or drubbing. 
 
 THRASHING-FLOOR, thrash'ing-flor, n. 
 a jloor on which grain is thrashed. 
 
 THREAD, thred, n. a very thin line of any 
 substance tivisled and drawn out : a fila- 
 ment of any fibrous substance : a fine 
 line of yarn : anything resembling a 
 thi'ead : the prominent spiral part of 
 a screw : something continued in long 
 course: the uniform tenor of a discourse. 
 — v.t. to pass a thread through the eye 
 of (as a needle): to pass or pierce through, 
 as a narrow way. [Lit. " something 
 twisted," A.S. threed (cog. with Ice. 
 thrad-r, Ger. draht), from thrairan, to 
 wind (E. Throw, to twist), Ger. drehen.] 
 
 THREADBARE, thred'bar, adj. worn to 
 the bare or naked thread : having the 
 nap worn off: hackneyed: used till its 
 novelty or interest is gone. 
 
 THREADY, thred'i, adj. like thread : 
 slender : containing or consisting of 
 thread. 
 
 THREAP, threp, v.t. to assert with perti- 
 nacity: to continue to assert in reply to 
 denial: as, will ye threap that down my 
 throat ? (Scotch and provincial English.) 
 Spelled also Threep. [A.S. thre&jnan. to 
 threap, reprove, afflict ; allied to Ice. 
 threfa, to wrangle or dispute ; probably 
 of same stem as threat.] 
 
 THREAP, threp, v.i. to aver or assert with 
 pertinacity; to maintain by dint of asser- 
 tion. Burns: tocontend; to quarrel; "It 
 is not for a man with a woman to threap." 
 — Percy Heliq.: to threaten; "He threapit 
 to see the auld hardened blood-shedder." 
 —Sir W. Scott. 
 
 THREAP, threp, n. a vehement or pertina- 
 cious attirmation : an obstinate decision 
 or determination. " He has taken a 
 threap that he would have it finished be- 
 fore the j'ear was done." — Carh/le. 
 
 THREAT, thret, n. declaration of an inten- 
 tion to inflict punishment or other evil 
 upon another: menace. [See Threaten.] 
 
 THREATEN, thret'n, v.t. to declare the in- 
 tention of inflictrag punishment or other 
 evil upon another: to terrify by menaces: 
 
 to present the appearance of coming evil, 
 or of something unpleasant. [A.S. threa- 
 tian, to threaten ; cog. w-ith Ger. ver- 
 drieszen, Goth, thriutan, to vex.] 
 
 THREATENING, thret'n-ing, adj. indicat- 
 ing a threat or menace : indicatmg 
 something approaching or impending 
 —adv. Threat'eningly. 
 
 THREE, thre, adj. and n. two and one 
 [A.S. and Ice. thri, Celt, tri, Goth. threi», 
 Ger. drei, L. tres, Gr. treis, Sans, tri.] 
 
 THREEFOLD, thre' fold, adj.. folded thrice: 
 thrice repeated : consisting of three. 
 
 THREEPLY, thre'pll, adj. having three 
 plies or folds. 
 
 THREESCORE, thre'skor, adj., three times 
 a score, sixtv. 
 
 THREE-SUITED, thre'-sut-ed, adj. a word 
 of doubtful meaning used by Shake- 
 speare ; perhaps having only three suits 
 of clothes ; or wearing three suits of 
 clothes, probably referring to a custom 
 once prevalent among the peasantry of 
 Germany to put on their whole ward- 
 robe on festival occasions, one suit over 
 another : hence, low born: peasant-like. 
 "A knave ; a rascal ; an eater of broken 
 meats ; a base, proud, shallow, beggar- 
 ly, three-suited, hundred-pound, filthy, 
 worsted-stocking' knave." — Shak. 
 
 THEENE, thren, n. a complaint : lamen- 
 tation : a threnody. " The threnes and 
 sad accents of the prophet Jeremy." — 
 Jer. Taylor. [L. threnus, Gr. threnos, 
 lamentation, from threomai, to cry 
 aloud.] 
 
 THRENETIC.thre-net'ik.THRENETICAL, 
 thre-net'ik-al, adj. sorrowful : mournful. 
 "Among all threnetical discourses on 
 record, this last, between men over-- 
 whelmed and almost annihilated by th» 
 excess of their sorrow, has probably an 
 unexampled character." — Carlyle. 
 
 THRENODE, thren'od, n. a threne « 
 threnody : a dirge. 
 
 THRENOblAL, thren-o'di-al, adj.ot or per- 
 taining to a threnody: elegiac. "A threnr 
 odial mght." — Southey. 
 
 THRENODIST, thren'o-dist, n. a writei of 
 threnodies : a composer of dirges. 
 
 THRENODY, thren'o-di, n. a song of 
 lamentation : a dirge : especially a kind 
 of occasional poem composed for the 
 occasion of the funeral of some dis- 
 tinguished personage. " To-day her pet- 
 ulance wore another aspect. It was like 
 the intrusion of the petty miseries and 
 mean annoyances of daily life into the 
 solemn story of a tragedy or the tender 
 strains of a threnody.^' — Cornhill Mag. 
 [Gr. threnodia — threnos, lamentation, 
 and ode, ode.] 
 
 THREPE, v.i. same as Threap. 
 
 THREPSOLOGY, threp-sol'o-ji, n. the 
 doctrine of or a discourse on the nutrition 
 of organized bodies. [Gr. threpsis, nutria 
 tion, and logos, discourse.] 
 
 THRESH, thresh. Same as ThraSH. 
 
 THRESHOLD, thresh'old, n. a piece of 
 wood or stone under the door of a house: 
 door: entrance : the place or point of 
 entering. [Lit. " the piece of jrood beaten 
 by the feet," M. E. threshwold — A.S. 
 therseirald — therscan, to thresh, trald, 
 wood.] 
 
 THREW, thro5, pa.t. of Throw. 
 
 THRICE, thrls, adv., three times. [M. E, 
 thries — Three, with a genitive termina- 
 tion.] 
 
 THRIFT, thrift, n. state of thriving : fru- 
 gality : prosperity : increase of wealth ; 
 gain: a plant so called, of several species. 
 [See Thrive.] 
 
 THRIFTLESS, thrift'les, adj.. not thrifty: 
 extravagant: not thriving.— «rii\ Thrift'' 
 
 LESSLY.— n. THRIFT'LESSNESS.
 
 tURIFTl 
 
 446 
 
 THUJA 
 
 THRIFTY, thrift'i, adj. (comp. Theift'ier, 
 superl. Thrift'iest) showing- thrift or 
 economy : thriving- bj- frugalitj-. — adv. 
 Thrift'Lly.— «. Thrift'iness. 
 
 THRILL, thril, v.t. to pierce : to affect 
 strongly. — v.i. to pierce, as something 
 
 'sharp: "to cause a tingling, shivering 
 feeling to run through the body : to feel 
 a sharp, shivering sensation. — n. a thrill- 
 ing sensation. [A.S. thijylian, to bore 
 a hole ; Ger. drillen, to drill a hole. See 
 Drill, to pierce.] 
 
 THRILLrXG, thril'ing, adj. causing to 
 thrill. 
 
 THRIVE, thrlv, v.i. to prosper : to increase 
 in goods : to be successful : to grow : to 
 flourish:— jja.?. throve and thrived; 2>a.p. 
 thriv'en. [Ice. thrifa, to care, thrif, 
 care, good success.] 
 
 THRIVIXGLY, thrlv'ing-li. adv. in a tliriv- 
 ing or prosperous manner. 
 
 THROAT, throt, ?i. the forepart of the 
 neck, in which are the guUet and w-ind- 
 pipe : an entrance : a narrow part of any- 
 thing. [A.S. throte ; Ger. drossel, the 
 throat, gullet.] 
 
 THROB, throb, v.i. to beat or palpitate, as 
 the heart or pulse, with more than usual 
 force ■.—pr.p. throbb'ing ;pa.f. andpn.j). 
 throbbed. — n. a beat or .strong- pulsation. 
 [Sw. drabba, to knock; akin to L. tvepido, 
 to tremble.] 
 
 THROE, thro, n., suffering, pain : agony : 
 the pains of childbirth. [A.S. threa, 
 suffering — threoiran. to suffer.] 
 
 THROMBOSIS, throm'bo-sis, n. in pathol. 
 the condition of being affected with 
 thrombus : the obstruction of a blood- 
 vessel bj' the formation of a fibrinous 
 clot. 
 
 THROMBUS, throm'bus, ?!. in ixifhol. (a) a 
 small tumor which sometimes arises after 
 bleeding, owing to the blood escaping 
 from the vein into the cellular structure 
 surrounding it, and coagulating there ; 
 [b) a fibrinous coagulum or clot which 
 forms in and obstructs a blood-vessel. 
 [L.. fromGr. thromboo, to clot.l 
 
 THROXE, thron, n. an elevated and orna- 
 mental cbair of state used by a Icing, em- 
 peror, or pope ; the term is also applied 
 to the seat of a bishop in his cathedral 
 
 ' church, to the official chair of the pre- 
 siding official of certain societies, or to 
 any similar .seat: as the throne of the 
 masonic grand-master, etc.: sovereign 
 power and dignity ; also, the wielder of 
 that power — usually with the: "Thy 
 throne, O God, is for ever." — Ps. xlv. 6; 
 " Hie throne is fixed upon a pinnacle 
 which perpetual beams of truth and jus- 
 tice irradiate." — Hallam; 
 
 O joy to the people aud joy to tlie throne. 
 
 — Tennyson; 
 one of an order of angels who are usually 
 represented with double wings, support- 
 ing the throne of the Almighty in ethe- 
 real space ; 
 Hear, all ye an.^els, proseny of li,?lit, 
 'rhrot.£s, domiriatious, priQcedoms, viitues, powers. 
 
 — Milton ; 
 
 "The thrones, seraphim, and cherubim 
 approximated most closely, with nothing- 
 intermediate, and were more immediately 
 and eternally conformed to the godhead." 
 — Mitman : "[O. Fr. throne, L. thronus, 
 from Gr. thronus, a seat, chair.] 
 rHRONE, thron, v.t. to place on a royal 
 seat ; to enthrone ; 
 
 As on the finper of a throned queen 
 The basest jewel iviU be well esteem'd. 
 
 —Shak. : 
 
 to place as on a throne ; to set in an ex- 
 alted position ; to exalt. Milton. 
 THRONE, thron, v.i. to sit on a throne : 
 to sit in state as a king. " He wants 
 nothing of a god but eternity, and a 
 lioaveu to throne in." — Shak. 
 
 THRONELESS, thron'les, adj. without a 
 throne : deposed. 
 
 Must she too bend, must she too share 
 Tliy late repentance, long despair. 
 
 Thou 'throneless homicide. — Byron. 
 
 THRONG, throng, 7i. a large number of 
 people pressed or crowded together : a 
 crowd : a great multitude. — v.t. to press 
 or crowd : to annoy with numbers. — v.i. 
 to crowd together : to come in multi- 
 tudes. [A.S. thrang—thringan. to press.] 
 
 THROSTLE, thros'l, n. the song-thrush or 
 mavis, a bird of the genus Turdus, the 
 T. musicus ; 
 
 The throstle with his note so true, 
 The m-en with little quill.— S/iafc. ; 
 
 a machine for spinning wool, cotton, etc., 
 from the rove, consisting of a set of draw- 
 ing rollers with bobbins and flyers, and 
 differing from the mule in having the 
 twisting apparatus stationary — so named 
 from the noise it makes, which resem- 
 bles the singing of a thrush : called also 
 water-frame because at first driven by 
 water! [A dim. form of thrush. A. S. 
 throstle, Ger. and Dan. drossel. Ice. 
 throstr, throstle ; cog. Rus. drozd, L. 
 turdus, a thrush ; perhaps also stork, 
 starling.'] 
 THROSTLE-COCK, thros'l-kok,»i. the male 
 thrush. 
 
 The oii>el and the fhrosfle-coc^e. 
 Chief musick of our Nnye.— Drayton. 
 
 THROSTLING, thros'1-ing, n. a disease of 
 cattle of the ox kind, occasioned by a 
 swelling under then- throats, which, un- 
 less checked, will choke them. [Sup- 
 posed to be from the whistling sound 
 emitted in breathing resembling the 
 siugiuar of the throstle.] 
 
 THROTTLE, throfl, v.i. to choke : to suffo- 
 cate : to have the throat obstructed so 
 as to endanger suffocation : to breathe 
 hard, as when nearly suffocated. 
 
 THROTTLE, throt'l, v.t. to choke: to suffo- 
 cate : to stop the breath of by compress- 
 ing the throat: to strangle. '•Grant 
 him this, and the Parliament hath no 
 more freedom than if it sat in his noose, 
 which, when he pleases to draw together 
 with one twitch of his negative, shall 
 throttle a whole nation, to the wish of 
 Caligula, in one neck." — Milton : to pro- 
 nounce with a choking voice ; to utter 
 with breaks and interruptions, like -a 
 person half suffocated ; '• Throttle their 
 practiced accents in their fears." — Sliak, 
 
 THR0TTLE-LE^T:R, throt'l-le-ver, n. in 
 steam-engines, the hand-lever by which 
 the throttle-valve is worked: use'd chiefly 
 in locomotive engines. 
 
 THROTTLER. throt'ler, n. one who or that 
 which throttles or chokes. 
 
 THROTTLE -VAL^^:. throt'1-valv, n. in 
 steam-engines, a valve which reg-ulates 
 the supply of steam to the cylinder. In 
 many engines it consi.sts of a di.sc turn- 
 ing on air axis and occupying in its trans- 
 verse position the bore of the main steam- 
 pipe. In land engines its action is usually 
 controlled bv the governor. 
 
 THROTTLE, throt'l. n. the throat or wind- 
 pipe. [Dim. of Throat. 1 
 
 THROUGH, throo, prep, from end to end, 
 or from side to side of : between the 
 sides of : over the whole extent of : 
 among : from beginning to end : by 
 means of: in consequence of. — adi: 
 from one end or side to the other : from 
 beginning to end : to the end or purpose. 
 [A.S. tinirh : cog. with Ger. durch, W. 
 tru; Sans, taras — root tar, to cross (L. 
 trans. acrossV ] 
 
 THROUGHLY, throo'li, adv. (obs.) same 
 as Thoroughly. 
 
 THROUGHOUT.thro5-o%vt', prep., through 
 to the o!(fside : in evei-y part of : from 
 
 one end to the other. — adv. in every 
 part : everywhere. 
 
 THROVE, tlirov. pa.t. of Thrive. 
 
 THROAV, thro, v.t. to hurl: to fling: to 
 wind or twist together, as yarn: to form 
 on a wheel, as pottery : to venture at 
 dice: to put off: to put on oi- spread care- 
 lessly: to cast down in wrestling. — v.i. to 
 cast or hurl : to cast dice : — pa.t. threw 
 (throo) ; pa.p. thrown. — n. the act of 
 throwing : a cast. esp. of dice : the dis- 
 tance to which anything may be thrown: 
 a violent effort.-^)!. Throw'er. [A.S. 
 thrawan, to turn, to twist ; cog. with 
 Ger. drehen, to twist, L. ierere, torquere.] 
 
 THRUM, thrum, n. the end of a weaver's 
 thread: coarse j-arn. — v.t. to furnish with 
 thrums; to fringe : to insert short pieces 
 of rope-yarn in a mat or piece of oanvas: 
 to play rudely or monotonously on an 
 instrument with the fingers: — pr.p. 
 thrumm'ing; pa.t. anA pa.p. thrummed. 
 [Ice. throm ; Ger. trumui, a piece, end, 
 Iragment.] 
 
 THRtlMJIY, thrum'i, adj. made of or like 
 thrums. 
 
 THRUSH, thrush, n. a little bird re- 
 maikable for its power of song. [See 
 Throstle.] 
 
 THRUSH, thrush, n. an inflammatory and 
 suppurating- affection in the feet of horses: 
 a disease of the mouth and throat occur- 
 ring chiefly in early infancy. 
 
 THRUST, thrust, v.t'. to push" or drive with 
 force. — v.i. to make a push, esp. with a 
 pointed weapon : to squeeze in : to in- 
 trude -.^pa.t. and pia.p. thrust. — n. a 
 stab : an assault. [Ice. thrysta, to 
 press.] 
 
 THUD, thud, n. the sound produced by a 
 blow ui)on a comparatively soft sub- 
 stance : a noise, as that of a lieavy stone 
 striking the ground : hence, a stroke or 
 blow causing- a dull, blunt, or hollow 
 sound. " The shot went whistling 
 through the air above our heads and 
 plunged with a heavy thud into the 
 ground . . . behind us. — IT. H. Russell. 
 [Imitative. Cf. --i-.S. thoden. a noise, a 
 din.] 
 
 THUG, thug, n. a member of a peculiar 
 confraternity or association of robbei-a 
 and assassins formei'ly prevalent in India, 
 priucipallj" in the central and northern 
 pi-ovinces. The Thugs roamed about in 
 bands, decoyed travellers and others into 
 retired spots and there plundered and 
 murdered them, preferably by strangula- 
 tion, and only by the shedding of blood 
 when forced "by circumstances. Their 
 motive was not" so much lust of plunder 
 as certain religious ideas, and of their 
 spoil one-third was devoted to the god- 
 dess Kali, whom they worshipped. In 
 1830 the British government took vigor- 
 ous measures for their suppression, and 
 Thug-gery, as an organized system, may 
 be ^aid to be completely extinct. The 
 name tluig is now applied to habitual 
 swindlers, pickpockets and worthless 
 characters generally. [Hind, thugna, 
 to deceive.] 
 
 THUGGEE, thug-ge', THUGGERY, thug'- 
 er-i, n. the .sy.stem of plunder and assas- 
 sination carried on by the Tlnigs : the 
 profession aud practices of the ThiiffS, 
 
 THUGGISM, tluig'izm. THL^GGEEISM, 
 thug'e-izm, n. same as THrCGEE. "That 
 thuggeeism again came to the know-edge 
 of the Calcutta Council in 1810."— Cj/c. 
 of India. 
 
 THUJA. thu'ja.THUYA. thii'ya. n. a genus 
 of plants, nat. order Coniferae. The 
 species are known by the name of arbor- 
 vita:, or tree of life: they are evergreens, 
 trees or shrubs, aud are inhabitants of 
 Asia., Africa, and North America. T. oo
 
 THULE 
 
 447 
 
 TICKLE 
 
 cidentalis, the American arbor-vitce, and 
 T. orientali.i, the Chinese arbor-vita>, are 
 used extensively as ornamental plants. 
 [Gr. ihijia, an African tree with sweet- 
 smelling wood, used for making costly 
 furniture, perhaps from tliyo, to sacri- 
 fice — tlie resin from the tree being used 
 instead of incense in sacrifices.] 
 THULE, thu'le, n. the name given by the 
 ancients to the most northern country 
 with which they were acquainted. This 
 is believed by some to have been Iceland, 
 by others Norway, and by many the 
 largest of the Shetland Islands. Prob- 
 ably the word did not always denote the 
 same country or island ; many, in fact, 
 may not liave attached to it tlie idea of 
 any precise country. The Romans spoke 
 of it as ntlima Tliule, the farthest Thule. 
 '•This ultimate dim Tliule."— Poe. 
 Where the Nurlheru Oeean, in vast whirls. 
 Boils round tiie nakeil melancholy isles 
 Of furthest r/i »(e. —Tliomson. 
 
 THUMB, thuni, n. the short, thick finger 
 of tlie liand : the corresponding member 
 in otlier animals. — v.t. to handle awk- 
 wardly : to play or soil with the thumb 
 or fingers. — v.i. to finger. — By rule of 
 THUMB, in a rough and ready practical 
 manner, found by experience to be con- 
 venient. [With" intrusive b from A.S. 
 thuma ; cog. with Ice. thuviall ; conn. 
 with L. tumeo. Sans, taumi, to grow 
 larire.] 
 
 THUMBKINS, tlium'kinz, n.2)l. an instru- 
 ment of torture for compressing- tlie 
 thumbs, mucli used by the Spanish in- 
 quisitors, and also in Britain wlun the 
 object was to obtain a confession or re- 
 cantation through exquisite pain without 
 endangering tlie life of the victim. Tlie 
 last recorded instance of their application 
 in Great Britain was in the case of 
 Principal Carstairs, who in 1681 was in- 
 effectually tortured at the orders of the 
 Scotch privy-council with the view of 
 making hini reveal the secrets of the 
 Ai'gyle and Monmouth parties. Called 
 also Thdsib-screw. ' ' Burnet is the chief 
 authority about the torturing. ... He 
 speaks of the thumbkins as an invention 
 for the occasion, but it was an instrument 
 in common use in countries better ac- 
 quainted tlian Scotland was witii methods 
 of torture."— J. H. Burton. 
 
 THUMMIM, thum'im, n.pl., perfections. 
 [Heb.. pi. of toin, perfection. SeeURlM.] 
 
 THUMP, thump, n. a heavy blow.— f.<. to 
 beat wlith something heavy. — v.i. to 
 strike or fall with a dull, heavy blow.— H. 
 Thuiip'er. [From the sound, like Bump.] 
 
 THUNDER, thun'der, n. the deep ruml)ling 
 sound after a Hash of lightning: any loud 
 noise : an alarming denunciation. — v.i. 
 to make thunder : to sound as thunder. 
 — v.t. to give out with noise and ter- 
 ror : to publish a denunciation. — n. 
 Thun'derer.— adjs. Thun'dery, Thun'- 
 DEROOS. [With intrusive d from A.S. 
 thunor; cog. with Ger. donner, Ice. duiir, 
 L. tonitru {—tono). The root is tan, 
 found ir. L. tendo, Gr. teino, Ger. delinen, 
 to stretch, from the stretching or strain- 
 ing of the god in hurling the thunder- 
 bolt.] 
 
 THUNDERBOLT, thun'der-bolt, n. a shaft 
 of lightning : a brilliant stream of elec- 
 tricity passing from one part of the heav- 
 ens to another, and particularly from the 
 clouds to the earth ; the name originated 
 in the ancient notion that the destruct- 
 ive effects of lightning could be caused 
 only by a shaft or bolt-like hard body 
 being hurled at the object destroyed : 
 (fig.) a daring or irresistible hero ; 
 
 will) can omit the lii-ai-fhi, who lieclare 
 TbeSciplo's worth— those thunderbolts "t war? 
 
 —In'yden: 
 
 a dreadfulthreat, denunciation, censure, 
 or the like, proceeding from some high 
 authority; fulmination ; "He severely 
 threatens such with the thunderbolt of 
 excommunication." — Hakewill. 
 
 THUNDERSTRUCK, thun'der-struk, adj., 
 struck by lightning: astonished: struck 
 dumb. 
 
 THURIBLE, thur'i-bl, n. a censer of metal 
 for burning frankincense. [L. thuribu- 
 lum — thus, thuris, frankincense ; akin to 
 Gr. thuos. a .sacrifice.] 
 
 THURIFER, thur'i-fer, n. the server who 
 carries the thurible. [L. thus, thtiris, 
 and fero. to bear.] 
 
 THURSDAY, thurz'da, n. the fifth day of 
 the week, so called because orig. sacred 
 to Thor, the old Saxon god of thunder. 
 [A.S. thunres dxeg — thuner, thunder, and 
 dceg, day ; Ice. thors-dag-r, Thor's day, 
 Ger. donnerstag.'] 
 
 THUS, thixs, adv. in this or that manner : 
 to this degree or extent. [A.S., prob. an 
 instrumental case of This.] 
 
 THWACK, tliwak, v.t. to strike with some- 
 thing blunt and liea\'y. to thrash. — n. a 
 lieavv blow. [Imitative.] 
 
 TBTWART, thwawrt, adj., cross: being 
 crosswise. — v.t. to cross: to oppose: to 
 defeat. — n. the bench for rowers [ilaced 
 athwart the boat. — adv. Thavart'LV. 
 [Ice. thvert : cog. with A.S. thweorh, Ger. 
 quer. See Queer.] 
 
 THY, thl, poss. adj., thine, of or pertaining 
 to thee. [Short for THINE.] 
 
 THY'LACINE, thl'la-sin, THYTLACINUS, 
 ■ thi-la-sfnus, n. a genus of carnivorous 
 Marsupialia inhabiting Tasmania. T. 
 cynocephalus, the native hya?na or dog- 
 faced opossum of the colonists is the 
 only known species. In size it is gener- 
 ally about 4 feet in total leng-th, though 
 some specimens attain a much greater 
 size. It is nocturnal in its habits : of a 
 fierce and most determined disposition, 
 and is very destructive to sheep and 
 other animals. It has an elongated and 
 somewhat dog-like muzzle, and a long 
 tapering tail ; the fur is grayish-brown 
 with a series of boldly-defined stripes, 
 nearly black in color, beginning just be- 
 hind "the shoulders and ending upon the 
 base of the tail. Called also TasmaniaN 
 Wolf, Zebra Wolf, Tiger Wolf. [Gr. 
 thyla.v, a pouch, and kyon, a dog.] 
 
 THYME, tini, n. an aromatic herb. [L. 
 thynium—Qr. thyo, to fill with sweet 
 smells, to burn in sacrifice.] 
 
 THYMY', tim'i, adj. abounding with thyme: 
 fragrant. 
 
 THY'SELF, <7ji-self', ^jroii., WtOM or thee, in 
 person — used for emphasis. [Thy and 
 Self.] 
 
 TIARA, tl-a'ra, n. the lofty ornamental 
 head-dress of the ancient Persians : a 
 head-dress : the mitre of the Jewish high- 
 priest. Also the poiie's triple crown. 
 The tiara and keys are the badges of the 
 papal dignity ; tiie tiara of his civil rank, 
 and the keys of his jurisdiction. In its 
 present form it is composed of a high cap 
 of cloth of gold, encircled by three coro- 
 nets, with a mound and cross of gold at 
 the tO]). From the cap hang two pend- 
 ants, embroidered and fringed at the 
 ends, and semee of crosses of gold. The 
 cap alone was first adopted bv Damasiis 
 II. in 1048. It afterwards had a plain 
 circlet of gold put round it. It was sur- 
 mounted with a coronet by Boniface 
 VIII. The second coronet was added by 
 Benedict XII., to indicate the preroga- 
 tives of spiritual and temporal power. 
 It is not known who first adopted the 
 third coronet, indicative of the Trinity ; 
 some sav Uibaii V., others John XXII., 
 John XXIII., or Benedict XII. —(/iff.) 
 
 the papal dignity. — adj. Tia'raed, wear- 
 ing a tiara. [Fr. tiare, through L., from 
 Gr. tiara.] 
 
 TIBIA, tib'i-a, n. the large shinbone. [L., 
 the shinbone, hence, a flute (prig, made 
 of bone).] 
 
 TIBIAL, tib'i-al, adj. pertaining to the 
 tibia : pertaining to a pipe or flute. 
 
 TIC, tik, n. a convulsive motion of ceitain 
 muscles, esp. of the f;>ce. [Fr., from the 
 likeness of the motion to a tickina: sound. ' 
 
 TIC-DOULOURELTX, tik-doo-locT-roo', n. 
 painful, convulsive motion of a nerve, 
 usually in the face. [Fr. tic (see Tio), 
 and douloureu.v, painful.] 
 
 TICK, tik, n. the popular name for .several 
 species of large mites which infest dogs, 
 sheep, etc. [M. E. tike, cog. with Dut. 
 teek, Ger. zecke.] 
 
 TICK, tik. n. the case or cover in which 
 feathers, etc., are put for bedding. — 
 TicKEX, tik'en, TICKING, tik'ing. «. the 
 cloth of which a tick is made. [Allied to 
 Dut. tijk, and Ger. zieche : all from L. 
 iheca — ^fer. thi^ke. a case, that in which 
 anything is put — ti-the-mi. to put.] 
 
 TICK, tik, v.i. to make a small, quick noise: 
 to beat, as a watch. [Imitative ; as are 
 Dut. tii-k-en and Ger. tick-en.] 
 
 TICK, tik, r.). to run upon score: to get or 
 give credit. — n. credit : trust. [Prob. a 
 contr. of Ticket.] 
 
 TICKET, tik'et, n. a small piece of paper, 
 card-board, or the like, with something 
 written or printed on it, and serving as a 
 notice, acknowledgment, etc. : as, a bill 
 posted up, in England : " He constantly 
 read his lectures twice a week for above 
 forty years, giving notice of the time to 
 his "auditors in a ticket on the school- 
 doors." — Fuller: a label stuck on the out- 
 side of anything to give notice of some- 
 thing- concerning it, as to show the 
 character or price of goods : a token of a 
 right or debt, contained in general on a 
 card or slip of paper ; as. a certificate ot 
 token of a share in a lottery or other 
 mode of distributing money, goods, and 
 the like : a marked card or slip of paper 
 given as an acknowledgment of goods 
 deposited or pledged, or as a certificate 
 of right of enti-yto a jilace of public 
 amusement, or to travel in a railway or 
 by other public conveyance: in 2>olitics. a 
 p"rinted list of candidates to be used at 
 an election ; the names on a list of candi- 
 dates; a set of nominations for election. 
 — Straight ticket, a ticket containing 
 the regular nominations of a party, with- 
 out change.— Scratched ticket, a ticket 
 from which the names of one or more of 
 the candidates are marked out. — SPLIT 
 ticket, a ticket representing different di- 
 visions of a party, or containing candi- 
 dates selected froin two or more parties. 
 Hence, ticket also means the aggregate 
 of principles adopted by a party ; a de- 
 clared svstem of policy ; as, the Republi- 
 can or "Democratic t'icket.— The ticket, 
 the right or correct thing. "Tliafs about 
 the ticket in this countrv." — 2Vo//oj)e. 
 " She's very handsome and she's very fine- 
 ly dressed, only somehow she's not — she's 
 liot the ticket, you see.'' — Thackeray.— 
 Ticket of leave, a permit oi- license given 
 to a convict or prisoner to be. under cer 
 tain restrictions, at large and labor foi 
 himself : issued chiefly to prisoners fi'om 
 British penal colonies and to political 
 offenders. [O. Fr. esticquette. Mod. Fr. 
 etiquette, a bill, note, ticket, label, etc.] 
 TICKET, tik'et. v.t. to distinguish by a 
 ticket ; to put a ticket on : as, to ticket 
 goods : to furnish with a ticket : as, to 
 ticket a passenger to California. 
 TICKLE, tiki. v.t. to touch lightly and 
 cause to laugh: to please by slight gratifl-
 
 TICKLISH 
 
 44S 
 
 TINTINNABULATION 
 
 cation. — v.i. to feel titillation or tickling. 
 —n. TiCK'LER. [Dim. of Tick, v., in the 
 sense ■• to touch lightly."'] 
 TICKLISH, tik'lish. mfj. easily tickled: 
 easily affected : nice : critical. — adi: 
 TlCK'USHLY. — n. TiCK'USHNESS. 
 
 TIDAL, tid'al, adj. pertaining to tides : 
 flowing aod ebbing periodically. 
 
 TIDE, tid, n., time: season: the regular 
 flux and reflux or rising and falling of 
 the sea : course : a tide, time, or season: 
 commotion : turning-point. — v.t. to drive 
 with the stream. — v.i. to pour a tide or 
 flood : to work in or out of a river or 
 harbor with the tide. [A.S., cog. with 
 Ger. zeit, time. Cf. Tidings.] 
 
 TIDEGAUGE, tid'gaj, n. an instrument for 
 registering the state of the tide continu- 
 ously. 
 
 TIDELESS, tid'les, adj. having no tides. 
 
 TIDEMILL, tid'mil, n. a mill moved by 
 tide-w^tev : a mill for clearing lands of 
 tide-water. 
 
 TIDE-TABLE, tid'-ta'bl, n. a table giving 
 the time of high tide at any place. 
 
 TIDE-WAITER, tid'-wat'er, ri. an oflScer 
 who tcaits the arrival of vessels, to se- 
 cure the payment of the duties. [Eng.] 
 
 TIDEWAY, tid'wa, n. the loay or channel 
 in which the tide sets. 
 
 TIDINGS, tid'ingz, n.pl. news : intelli- 
 geQce. [Lit. " things that betide," from 
 Ice. tidh-indi — tidh, time ; cf. Ger. zeit- 
 ung. news, from zeit. See Tide and Be- 
 tide.] 
 
 TIDY, ti'di, adj. neat : In good order. — n. 
 a cover for chairs, etc.: a child's pina- 
 fore. — v.t. to make neat : to put in good 
 order : — pa.t. and pa.p. ti'died. [M.E. 
 tidi (lit.) "timely," in good condition, 
 beautiful, from A.S. tid, time, E. Tide ; 
 cf. Ger. zeit-ig, " timely," mature.] 
 
 riE, tl. v.t. to iknd : to fasten with a cord: 
 to unite: to constrain : {mu.<iie) to unite 
 notes with a tie : — pr.p. ty'ing ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. tied (tid). — n. a knot : a bond : an 
 equality in numbers, as of votes, or of 
 " points "in a game: (nntsic) a curved line 
 drawn over two or more notes on the 
 Bame degree of the stave, signifying 
 that the second note is not to be sounded 
 separately, but is to sustain the first. 
 [A.S. tian, to tie, perh. from the root of 
 A.S. teon, to draw, Ger. Ziehen.] 
 
 TIER, ter, n. a roio or rank, especially 
 when several rows are placed one above 
 another. [A.S. tier.] 
 
 TIERCE, ters, n. a cask containing one- 
 third of a pipe, that is 42 gallons : a se- 
 quence of three cards of the same color : 
 a third, in music : a thrust, ia fencing. 
 [Fr. — L. tertia (pars), a third (part) — ter, 
 three times — tres. three.] 
 
 TIFFIN, tif'in, n. the East Indian name for 
 lunch. [From Prov. E. tiff, a draught of 
 beer.] 
 
 TIGER, ti'ger, n. a fierce animal of the cat 
 kind, nearly as large as a lion:— /en». Tl'- 
 GRESS. [Fr. tigre — L. tigris — Gr.] 
 
 TIGERISH, tl'ger-ish, adj. like a tiger- in 
 disposition. 
 
 TIGHT, tit, adj. close: compact: not leaky: 
 fitting closelj': not loose. — adv. Tight'ly. 
 — n. Tight'ness. [From A.S. thihan, to 
 thrive ; cog. with Ger. dicht. See TiE 
 3,ncl Thick I 
 
 HGHTEN, tit'n, v.t. to make tight or 
 tighter : to straighten. 
 
 riLBURY, til'ber-i, n. a kind of gig. [Said 
 to be so named from its first maker.] 
 
 TILE, til, n. a piece of baked clay usell for 
 covering roofs, floors, etc. : a tube of 
 baked clay used in drains. — v.t. to cover 
 with tiles. — n. Til'er. [A.S. tigol—l,. 
 tegula — tego, to cover.] 
 
 TILERY, til'er-i, n. a place where tiles are 
 made. 
 
 TILING, til'ing, n. a roof of tiles : tiles in 
 general. 
 
 TILL, til, n. a money box or drawer in a 
 desk or counter. [From A.S. tilian, to 
 tell, count.] 
 
 TILL, til, prep, to the time of. — adv. to the 
 time when : to the degree that. [A.S. 
 til — Scand. ; from the same root as A.S. 
 til, suitable, tilian, to gain, to get, and 
 Ger. ziel, end, limit.] 
 
 TILL, til, v.t. to cultivate.— n. Till'er. 
 [A.S. tilian, to till — til, an end, a limit ; 
 cog. with Ger. sielen, to aim, to arrange.] 
 
 TILLAGE, til'aj, n. act or practice of 
 tilling: husbandry: a place tilled. 
 
 TILLER, til'er, n. the handle or lever for 
 turning a rudder. [Prov. E. tiller, the 
 handle of a spade ; perh. from Dut. 
 tillen, to lift.] 
 
 TILT, tilt. II. the canvas cornering of a cart 
 or wagon: an awning in a boat. — v.t. 
 to cover with an awning. [A.S. teld — 
 teldan, to cover ; cog. with Ger. zeit.] 
 
 TILT, tilt, v.i. to ride against another and 
 thrust with a lance : to thrust or fight 
 with a lance or rapier : to fall into a 
 sloping posture. — v.t. to point or thrust 
 with, as a lance : to slant : to raise one 
 end of : to forge with a tilt-hammer. — n. 
 a thrust : in the middle ages, an exer- 
 cise in which combatants rode against 
 each other with lances : inclination for- 
 ward. — n. Tilt'er. [^A.S. tealt, totter- 
 ing ; Ice. tOlta, to trot ; Ger. zelter.] 
 
 TILTH, tilth, n. cultivation: cultivated 
 land. [From Till, v.t.] 
 
 TILT-HAMMER, tilt'-ham'er, n. a heavy 
 hammer used in ironworks, which is 
 tilted or lifted by means of projections 
 on the axis of a wheel. 
 
 TIMBER, tim'ber, n. wood for btiilding 
 purposes : the trunk of a tree : material 
 for any structure : one of the larger 
 pieces of the framework of a house, ship, 
 etc. — v.t. to furnish with timber or 
 beams. [A.S. timber, building, wood ; 
 Ger. zimmer, an apartment, building ; 
 from root dam, seen in L. doiniis, Gr. 
 domos, a house, and demo, to build, and 
 Sans, dama.] 
 
 TIMBRE, tim'ber, n. tone or character of 
 a musical sound. [Fr. — L. tympanum, a 
 drum.] 
 
 TIMBREL, tim'brel,?i. a musical instrument 
 somewhat like a tambourine. [Through 
 It. timburello, from root of Tabor.] 
 
 TIME, tim, n. a point at which or period 
 during which things happen : a season or 
 proper time : an opportunity : absolute 
 duration : an interval : past time : the 
 duration of one's life : allotted period : 
 repetition of anything or mention with 
 reference to repetition : musical meas- 
 ure : hour of travail : the state of things 
 at any period, usually ia pi.: the history 
 of the world, as opposed to eternity : ad- 
 dition of a thing to itself. — At times, at 
 distinct intervals: occasionally.— In time. 
 Time enough, in good season: sufficiently 
 early. — The time being, the present time. 
 — v.t. to do at the proper season: to regu- 
 late as to time : (music) to measure. — v.i. 
 to keep or beat time. [A.S. fima ; cf. 
 Ice. timi: Celt, tim; and Tide.] 
 
 TIME-HONORED, tim'-on'urd, arlj., hon- 
 ored for a long time : venerable on ac- 
 count of antiquity. 
 
 TIME-KEEPER, tim'-kep'er, n. a clock, 
 watch, or other instrument for keeping 
 or marking time: one who keeps the time 
 of workmen. 
 
 TIMELY, tim'li, adj. in good time: suf- 
 ficiently early. — adv. early, soon. — Ji. 
 Time'liness. 
 
 TIMEOUS, tim'us, a^j. in good time : sea- 
 sonable. 
 
 TIMEOUSLY, tim'u8-li, adv. in good time. 
 
 TIMEPIECE, tim'pes, n. a piece of machin- 
 ery for keeping time, esp. a clock for 
 a mantel-piece. 
 
 TIME-SERVER, tim'-serv'er, n. one who 
 serves or meanly suits his opinions to the 
 times. 
 
 TIME-TABLE, tim'-ta'bl, m. a table or list 
 showing the times of certain things, as 
 trains, steamers, etc. 
 
 TIMEWORN, tim'worn, adj., ream or de- 
 cayed by time. 
 
 TIMID, tim'id. adj., fearful: wanting cour- 
 age : faint-hearted. — adv. Tim'idly. — n. 
 TiM'iDNESS. [L. timidus — timco, to fear.] 
 
 TIMIDITY, ti-mid'i-ti, n. quality or state 
 of being timid : want of courage or bold- 
 ness. 
 
 TIMOROUS, tim'or-us, adj. full of fear : 
 timid : indicating fear. — adv. TlM'OROrs- 
 LY.— )i. Tim'orousness. 
 
 TIN, tin, n. a silvery-white, non-elastic, 
 easily fusible, and malleable metal. — v.t. 
 to cover or overlay with tin or tinfoil : — 
 pr.p). tinn'ing ; pia.t. and pa.p. tinned. 
 [A.S. ; cog. with Ice. tin, Ger. zinn.] 
 
 TINCTORIAL, tingk-tor'i-al, adj. giving a 
 tinge or containing color : coloring. 
 
 TINCTURE, tingk'tur, n. a tinge or shade 
 of color : a slight taste added to any- 
 thing: (med.) a solution of any sub- 
 stance in or by means of spirit of wine. 
 — v.t. to tinge : to imbue : to mix with 
 anything foreign. [L. tinctura, from 
 root of Tinge.] 
 
 TINDER, tin'der. n. anything used for 
 kindling fire from a spark. [A.S. tender ; 
 Ice. tundr, Ger. zunder. The root is 
 found in A.S. tendan, Ger. ziinden, to 
 kindle.] 
 
 TINE, tin, n. the spike of a fork or har- 
 row, etc. — TiNED, adj. furnished with 
 spikes. [M.E. find, a prickle ; cog. with 
 Ice. tind-r, a tooth, a prickle ; and prob. 
 conn, with ToOTH.] 
 
 TINFOIL, tin' foil, n., tin in thin leaves. 
 [From Tin, and Foil, a leaf.] 
 
 TINGE, tinj, v.t. to tint or color: to mix 
 with something : to give in some degi'ee 
 the qualities of a substance. — n. a small 
 amount of color or taste infused into an- 
 other substance. [L. tingo, tinctum ; 
 conn, with Gr. tenggo, to wet, to stain. 
 Sans, tiic-.] 
 
 TINGLE, ting'gl, v.i. to feel a thrilling 
 sensation, as in hearing a shrill sound : 
 to feel a sharp, thrilling pain. [Like 
 tinkle, an imitative word.] 
 
 TINKER, tingk'er, n. a mender of brazen 
 or tin kettles, pans. etc. [Tink, to make 
 a sharp, shrill sound ; Scot, tinkler — 
 tinkle ; also given ^= a worker in tin.] 
 
 TINKLE, tingk'l. v.i. to make small sharp 
 sounds : to clink : to jingle : to hear 
 small sharp sounds. — i:t. to cause to 
 make quick, sharp sounds. — n. a sharp 
 clinking sound. [Dim. of tink. a sharp, 
 quick sound ; an imitative word.] 
 
 TINSEL, tin'sel, n. something .<!parA7(n(; or 
 shining : a stuff for ornamental dresses 
 consisting of cloth overlaid with a thin 
 coating of gold or silver: anything 
 showy, of but little value : anything 
 having a false lustre. — adj. like tinsel : 
 gaudy : superficial. — v.t. to adorn with 
 or as with tinsel : to make glittering 
 or gaudy : — pr.p. tin'selling ; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. tin'selled. [Fr. eiincelle — L. scin- 
 tilla, a spark.] 
 
 TINT. tint. n. a slight tinge distinct from 
 the principal color.— v.t. to give a slight 
 coloring to. [From root of TiNGE.] 
 
 TINTINNABULATION, tin - tin - ab - u-la'- 
 shun, n. the tinkling sound of bells. [L. 
 tintinnabulum, a bell — tintinnare, dim, 
 of tinnio, to jingle, to ring ; an imitative 
 word.]
 
 TINY 
 
 449 
 
 TOLL 
 
 TINY, ti'nl, adj. (comp. Ti'nier, super}. 
 Tl'NIEST) thin ; veiy small. [Prob. from 
 the word Thdj in its Scand. forms, as 
 Dan. tynd.] 
 
 TIP, tip, n. the top or point of anything- 
 small : the end. — v.t. to form a point to : 
 to cover the tip or end of: — pr.p. tipp'ing; 
 pa.t. and jja.jj. tipped. [Dut. tip; Ger. 
 2ip/-e7, end, point : a dim. of Top.] 
 
 TIPPET, tip'et, n. the tip or cape of a coat. 
 
 TIPPLE, tip'l, v.i. to drink in small quan- 
 tities : to drink strong liquors often or 
 habitually. — v.t. to drink, as strong 
 liquors, to excess. — n. Tipp'ler. [An 
 extension of tip, to tilt up a vessel in 
 drinking.] 
 
 TIPSTAFF, tip'staf, n. a staff tipped with 
 metal, or an officer who carries it: a con- 
 stable. [Eng.] 
 
 TIPSY, tip'si, adj. intoxicated.— adr. Tip'- 
 SILY. — 11. Trp'SDJESS. [From stem of 
 Tipple 1 
 
 TIPTOE, tip'to, n. the tip or end of the toe. 
 
 TIRADE, ti-rad', n. a strain of censure or 
 reproof. [Fr. — tirer. to draw, from the 
 O. Ger. zeran, E. Tear.] 
 
 TIRE, tir, n., attire, apparel : furniture : 
 (B.) a head-dress. — i\t. {B.) to dress, as 
 the head. [A.S. tir, glory, adornment ; 
 cog. with Ger. zicr. ornament, honor, 
 and Lat. (decus) decoris. See Attire.] 
 
 riRE, tir, )i. the hoop of iron that ties or 
 binds the fellies of wheels. [From Tie.] 
 
 riRE. tir, i\t. to harass, to vex: to ex- 
 haust the strength of : to weary. — v.i. to 
 become weary : to be fatigued : to have 
 the patience exhausted. [A.S. tirian, to 
 vex. from root of Tear.] 
 
 TIRED, tlrd, adj. wearied : fatigued. — n. 
 
 TiREP'NESS. 
 
 TIRES05IE, tlr'sum, adj. that tires: fa- 
 tiguing: tedious. — adv. Tiee'somely. — n. 
 
 TmE'SOMENESS. 
 
 TISSUE, tish'fl, n. cloth interivoi'en with 
 gold or silver, or with figured colors : 
 (anat.) the substance of which organs 
 are composed : a connected series. — v.t. 
 to form, as tissue : to interweave : to 
 variegate. [Fr. tissu, " woven," pa.p. 
 of an obs. Fr. verb, from L. texere, to 
 weave.] 
 
 TITAN, tl'tan, TITANIC, tl-tan'ik, adj. re- 
 lating to the Titans, giants of mythology: 
 enormous in size or strength. 
 
 TITBIT, tit'bit, n. a choice little bit. [Obs. 
 E. tit, anything small, and Bit.] 
 
 TITHE, tith, n. a tenth part : the ^ of the 
 produce of land and stock allotted to the 
 clergy. — v.t. to tax to a^. [A.S. teotha: 
 cog. with Ger. zehnte — zehn. Doublet 
 Tenth.] 
 
 TITHER, titfe'er, n. one who collects tithes. 
 
 TITHING, tif/i'ing, n. an old Saxon district 
 containing ten householders, each respon- 
 sible for the behavior of the rest. [See 
 Tithe.] 
 
 TITILLATE, tit'il-lat, v.t. to tickle. [L. 
 titiUo, titillatum.] 
 
 TITILLATION. tit-il-la'shun, n. act of tit- 
 illating : state of being titillated: a pleas- 
 ant feeling. 
 
 TITLARK, tit'lark, n. a singing bird with 
 a greenish back and head, found in 
 marshes and moors : a small bird (cf. 
 TlTLlNO). [Lit. '■ a little lark," obs. E. 
 tit. Ice. tita. anything small, and Lark.] 
 
 TITLE, ti'tl, n. an inscription set over or 
 at the beginning of a thing by which it is 
 known: a name of distinction: that which 
 gives a just right to possession : the writ- 
 ing that proves a right : (B.) a sign. — v.t. 
 to name. [O. Fr. — L. titidiis.] 
 
 TITLED, trtld. adj. having a title. 
 
 TITLE-DEED, ti'tl-ded, «. a deed or docu- 
 ment that proves a title or just right to 
 exclusive possession. 
 
 TITLE-PAGE, ti'tl-paj, n. the page of a 
 
 CC 
 
 book containing its title and usually the 
 author's name. 
 
 TITLING, tit'ling, ?!. the hedge-sparrow. 
 [Dim. from obs. E. tit, anything small.] 
 
 TITMOUSE, tit'mows, «. a genus of little 
 birds, which feed on insects, etc. : — jjl. 
 Titmice, tit'mls. [Tit, anything small 
 (cf. Titling), and A.S. mase, cog. with 
 Ger. meise. a small bird.] 
 
 TITTER, tit'er, v.i. to laugh with the 
 tongue striking the teeth : to laugh 
 restrainedly : to giggle. — n. a restrained 
 laugh. [Imitative ; cf. Ger. zittern, to 
 tremble.] 
 
 TITTLE, tit'l, 11. a small particle : an iota. 
 [Dim. of tit.] 
 
 TITTLE-TATTLE, tit'l-tat'l, n. idle, empty 
 talk. [Cf. Tittle (above) and Titter.] 
 
 TITULAR, tit'ii-lar, adj. existing in name 
 or title only ; nominal : having the title 
 without the duties of an office. — adv. 
 Tit'ularly. 
 
 TITULARY, tit'Q-lar-i, adj. consisting in or 
 pertaining to a title. — n. one having the 
 title of an office whether he performs its 
 duties or not. 
 
 TO, too, j^rep. in the direction of : in order 
 to : as far as : in accordance with : sign 
 of the infinitive mood : (B.) sometimes -= 
 for. — To AND FRO, backwards and for- 
 wards. [A.S. ; Ger. zu, Goth, du ; Celt, 
 and Slav, do.] 
 
 TOAD, tod, n. an amphibious reptile, like 
 the frog, wrongly believed to emit poison. 
 [A.S. tade.] 
 
 TOADEATER, tod'et-er, n. a fawning syco- 
 phant ; (orig.) a mountebank's assistant, 
 whose duty was to swallow or pretend 
 to swallow any kind of garbage. [Said 
 to be a version of Fr.avaler des coideurres, 
 to swallow adders, to put up with all sorts 
 of indignities without resentment.] 
 
 TOADSTOOL, tod'stool, n. a poisonous kind 
 of mushroom. 
 
 TOADY, tod'i, n. a mean hanger-on and 
 flatterer. — r.(. to fawn as a sycophant : 
 — pa.t. and pa.p. toad'ied. [Short for 
 
 TOADEATER.] 
 
 TOADYISM, tod'i-izm, n. the practice of a 
 toady. 
 
 TOAST, tost, v.t. to dry and scorch at the 
 lire. — 11. bread toasted : a slice of such 
 dipped in liquor. [O. Fr. toster — L. 
 tostus, roasted, pa.p. of torreo.] 
 
 TOAST, tost, v.t. to name when a health is 
 drunk : to drink to the health of. — v.i. 
 to drink toasts. — n, the person or thing 
 named whose health is to be drunk. 
 [From the toast formerly put in liquor.] 
 
 TOASTER, tost'er, n. one who or that 
 which toasts. 
 
 TOASTMASTER, tost'mas-ter, n. the mas- 
 ter and announcer of toasts at public 
 dinners. 
 
 TOBACCO, to-bak'6, n. a narcotic plant, a 
 native of America, whose dried leaves 
 are used for smoking, chewng, and in 
 snuff. [Through Sp. tabaco, from the 
 Indian name for the pipe.] 
 
 TOBACCONIST, to-bak'o-nist, n. one who 
 sells or manufactures tobacco. [Orig. 
 "a tobacco smoker."] 
 
 TOBACCO-PIPE, to-bak'o-pTp, ii. a pipe 
 used for smoking tobacco. 
 
 TOBOGGAN, to-bog'gan, n. a kind of sled 
 turned up at both ends, much used in 
 Canada and some parts of the United 
 St.ates for sliding down snow-covered 
 -slopes : an artificial slope made of tim- 
 ber for the same purpose. — r. to slide 
 down over snow on such. [A native 
 word.] 
 
 TO-BRAKE, too-brak, v.t. (B.) broke in 
 pieces. [Prefix To-, asunder, and BREAK.] 
 
 TOCSIN, tok'sin, n. an alarm-bell, or the 
 ringing of it. [Lit. " that which is 
 struck to give a signal or alarm,"' Fr. — 
 
 O. Fr. toqiier (Fr. toucher, E. Touch), 
 and O. Fr. sein — L. signum, E. Sign.] 
 
 TO-DAY. too-da', n., this or the present 
 day. [To, a corr. of the or this, and 
 Day."' 
 
 TODDLE, tod'l, v.i. to walk with short 
 feeble steps, as a child. — adj. Todd'linq. 
 [Prob. a by-form of Totter.] 
 
 TODDY, tod'i, n. the fermented juice of 
 various palms of the East Indies : a mix- 
 ture of whisky, sugar, and hot water. 
 [Hindustani.] 
 
 TOE, to, 11. one of the five small members 
 at the point oi the foot : the correspond- 
 ing member of a beast's foot : the front 
 of an animal's hoof. — adj. Toed, tod, 
 having toes. [A.S. ta ; Ice. td, Ger. 
 zehe, allied to die, to point, in L. digitus, 
 Gr. daktylos, a finger, a toe.] 
 
 TOFFEE, TOFFY, tof'i, n. a hard-baked 
 sweetmeat, made of sugar and butter. 
 [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 TOGA, to'ga, ?!. the mantle of a Roman 
 citizen. [Ij.—tego, to cover.] 
 
 TOGATED, to'gat-ed, TOGED, togd, adj. 
 , dressed in a toga or gown. [L. togatus — 
 Toga.] 
 
 TOGETHER, too-geth'er. adv., gathered to 
 one place : in the same place, time, or 
 company : in or into union : in concert. 
 [A.S. togcedere — to, to, and gaderian, E. 
 Gather.] 
 
 TOIL, toil, n. a net or snare. [Lit. "a 
 web,"Fr. toile, cloth — Li. tela, from texo, 
 to weave.] 
 
 TOIL, toil, v.i. to labor : to work with 
 fatigue. — n. labor, esp. of a fatiguing 
 kind. — 11. Toil'er. [Another form of 
 Till, v.t.] 
 
 TOILET, TOILETTE, toil'et, n. a dressing- 
 table : mode or operation of dressing. 
 [Fr. toilette, dim. of toile, cloth, thus sig. 
 lit. " little-cloth," then table-cover, dress- 
 ing-table. Cf. Toil, n.] 
 
 TOILSOME, toil'sum, adj. full of fatigue : 
 wearisome. — adv. Toil'somely. — jj.ToiL'- 
 someness. 
 
 TOKAY, to-ka', n. a white wine with an 
 aromatic taste, produced at Tokay, in 
 Hungary. 
 
 TOKEN, to'kn, n. a. Mark : something rep- 
 resenting another thing or event : a sign: 
 a memorial of friendship : a coin issued 
 by a private person or civic authority re- 
 deemable in current monej-. [A.S. tacen; 
 Ger. zeiehen. a mark ; from the root of 
 Gr. deiknymi, L. dico, to say, A.S. tihan.] 
 
 TOLD. told. pa.t. and pa.p. of Tell. 
 
 TOLERABLE, tol'er-arbl, adj that may be 
 tolerated or endured : moderately good or 
 agreeable : not contemptible. — adi\ TOL'- 
 erably. — n. Tol'erableness. 
 
 TOLERANCE, tol'er-ans, n. the tolerating 
 or enduring of offensive persons or opin- 
 ions. 
 
 TOLERANT, tol'er-ant, adj., tolerating: 
 enduring : indulgent: favoring toleration. 
 
 TOLERATE, tol'er-at, v.t. to bear: to en- 
 dure : to allow by not hindering. [L. 
 tolero, -atum, from tol. root of tollo, to 
 lift up, to bear. Cf. Talent.] 
 
 TOLERATION, tol-er-a'shun, n. act of tol- 
 erating: allowance of what is not ap- 
 proved : liberty given to a minority to 
 hold and express their own political or 
 religious opinions, and to be admitted to 
 the .same civil privileges as the majority. 
 
 TOLL, tol, )). a ta.v for the liberty of pass- 
 ing over a bridge or road, selling goods 
 in a market, etc. : a portion of grain 
 taken by a miller for grinding. [A.S., 
 which (with Dut. tol. and Ger. zoll) is 
 from L. teloniiini — Gr. telonion, a toll- 
 booth, from telos. a tax.] 
 
 TOLL. tol. v.i. to sound, as a large bell.— 
 v.t toeause tosound, asabell : to strike,
 
 TOLLBAR 
 
 450 
 
 TORREFACTION 
 
 or signal bj- striking. — n. the sound of a 
 bell when tolling. [Imitative.] 
 
 TOLLBAE, tol'bar, n. a movable bar across 
 a road, etc., to stop passengers liable to 
 toll. 
 
 TOLLBRIDGE, tol'brij, n. a bridge where 
 toll is taken. 
 
 TOLLGATE, tol'gat, n. a gate where toll is 
 taken. 
 
 TOLLHOUSE, tol'hows, n. the house of a 
 <oH-gatherer. 
 
 TOMAHAWK, tom'a-hawk, n. a light war- 
 hatchet of the N. American Indians, 
 either wielded or thrown. — i:t. to cut or 
 kill with a tomahawk. [The Indian name 
 slightly modified.] 
 
 TOMATO, to-ma'to, n. a plant, native to 
 S. America, much cultivated for its 
 fleshy fruit ; called also the " love-ap- 
 ple."' [Sp., from the native American.] 
 
 TOMB, •oom, n. a pit or vault in the earth, 
 in which a dead body is placed : a tomb- 
 stone. [Fr. tombe, through Late L. tum- 
 ba. from Gr. tyinbos.] 
 
 TOMBOY, tom'boi. n. a wild romping girl. 
 [From Tom, for Thomas, and BOY.] 
 
 TOMBSTONE, toom'ston, n. a sfo»e erected 
 over a tomb to preserve the memory of 
 the dead. 
 
 TOMCAT, tom'kat, n. a male cat. esp. when 
 full grown [Tom, a common male name, 
 and Cat.] 
 
 TOMIE, tom, n. part of a book : a volume 
 of a large work : a book. [Lit. "a piece 
 citf off," Fr.— L.— Gr. tomos, from root of 
 temno, to cut.] 
 
 TOMFOOL, tom'fool, n. a gi-eat fool : a 
 trifling fellow. — Tom'foolery, n. foolish 
 trifling or jesting : buffoonery. [Cf . Tom- 
 tit.] 
 
 TO-MORROW, too-mor'o, h. the morrow 
 after this. [To, a corr. of the or this, and 
 Morrow.] 
 
 TOMTIT, tom'tit, n. the titmouse. [Tom, 
 a common name like Jack, and Tit, as in 
 Titmouse. Cf. Tomcat and Tomfool.] 
 
 TON, tun, n. (lit.) a barrel, hence a barrel- 
 full : 20 cwt. or 2340 lbs. avoir. [A.S. 
 tunne, a vat tub ; Ger. tonne. O. Ger. 
 tunna. cask.] 
 
 TONE, ton, n. the character of a sound : 
 qualit3' of the voice : harmony of the 
 colors of a painting, also its character- 
 istic expression as distinguished by its 
 color: character or stj-le: state of mind: 
 mood : a healthy state of the body. — v.t. 
 to utter with an affected tone: to intone. 
 [L. tcmus—Gr. tonos, a sound — teino, to 
 stretch. See Thunder.] 
 
 TONED, tond, adj. having a tone (in com- 
 pounds). 
 
 TONGS, tongz, 7i.j)l. a domestic instru- 
 ment, consisting of two jointed pieces or 
 shafts of metal, used for lifting. [A.S. 
 tange ; Ice. taung, Ger. zange. from a 
 root seen in A.S. ge-tingan, to press, 
 pushj 
 
 TONGUE, tung, n. the fleshy organ in the 
 mouth, used in tasting, swallowing, and 
 speech : power of speech : manner of 
 iipeaking : speech : discourse : a lan- 
 guage : anything like a tongue in shape : 
 the catch of a buckle : the pointer of a 
 balance : a point of land. [A.S. ttinge ; 
 Ice. tiinga, Ger. zunge, the tongue ; L. 
 lingua (old form dingua). Sans, jihi'a.] 
 
 TONGUED. tungd, adj. having a tongue. 
 TONGUELESS. tung'les, adj. having no 
 
 ' tong-ue : mute. 
 
 TONGUE-TIED, tung'-tid, adj. having an 
 impediment, as if the tongue were tied : 
 \mable to speak freely. 
 TONIC, ton'ik. adj. relating to to7ies or 
 sounds : {med.) gi\-ing tone and vigor to 
 the system: giving or increasing strength. 
 — n. 'a medicine which gives tone and 
 vigor to the system. 
 
 TONIC SOLFA, ton'ik sol-fa', n. a modern 
 system of musical notation, in which the 
 notes are indicated by letters, and time 
 and accent bv dashes and colons. 
 
 TO-NIGHT, too-nlt', n., this night: the 
 night after the present dav. 
 
 TONNAGE, tun'aj, n. tlie weight in tons 
 of goods in a ship : the cubical content 
 of a ship : a duty on ships, estimated 
 per ton. 
 
 TONSIL, ton'sil, n. one of two glands at 
 the root of the tongue, so named from 
 its shape. — ^Tonsilitis, ton-sil-T'tis, n. in- 
 flammation of the tonsils. [L. tonsilla, 
 a stake, a tonsil, dim. of tonsa, an oar.] 
 
 TONSILE, ton'sil, adj. that may be clipped. 
 [L. tonsilis — tondeo, tonsum, to clip, to 
 shear.] 
 
 TONSURE, ton'shoor, n. act of dipping 
 the hair, or of shaving the head : the 
 corona worn by priests as a mark of 
 their- order. [L. tonsura, a shearing — 
 tondeo.] 
 
 TONTINE, ton-ten', n. a kind of Ufe-annuity 
 increasing as the subscribers die : a loan 
 raised with the benefit of survivorship. 
 [From Tonti, a Neapolitan, its inventor.] 
 
 TOO, too, adv. over : more than enough : 
 likewise. [A form of To, sig. lit. " added 
 to."] 
 
 TOOK, took, pa.t. and obs. pa.p. of Take. 
 
 TOOL, t55l, n. an instrument used by 
 workmen : one who acts as the mere 
 instrument of another. [A.S. tol, perh. 
 from the root of Tow.] 
 
 TOOTH, tooth, n. one of the small bones 
 in the jaws, used in biting and chewing : 
 the taste or palate : anything toothlike : 
 a prong : one of the projections on a 
 saw or wheel :^}l. Teeth. — v.t. to fur- 
 nish with teeth : to cut into teeth. [A. 
 S. ioth (for tonth) ; cog. with Gotli. 
 tunthiis, L. dens, dent-ts, Gr. o-dous, 
 o-dont-os. Sans, danta, dant, prob. the 
 part, of ad, E. Eat.] 
 
 TOOTHACHE, tooth'ak, n. an ache or pain 
 in a tooth. 
 
 TOOTHED, tootht, adj. having teeth: 
 {bot.) having toothlike projections on the 
 edge, as a leaf. 
 
 TOOTHPICK, tSoth'pik, n. an instrument 
 ior picking out anytliing in the teeth. 
 
 TOOTHSOME, tooth'sum, adj. pleasant to 
 the taste. 
 
 TOP, top, n. the highest part of anj-thing: 
 the upper end or surface : the upper part 
 of a plant : the crown of the head : the 
 highest place or rank : tlie chief or high- 
 est person : (naut.) a small platform at 
 the head of the lower mast. — v.t. to 
 cover on the top : to tip : to rise above : 
 to surpass : to rise to the top of : to take 
 off the top of :—pr.p. topp'ing ; jM.t. 
 andpa.ji. topped. [A.S. ; Ger. zopf.] 
 
 TOP, top, n. a child s toy, shaped like a 
 pear, and set or kept whirling round by 
 means of a string or a whip. [Prob. 
 same as above word, and sig. orig. " a 
 pointed piece of wood."] 
 
 TOPAZ, to'paz, n. a precious stone having 
 brilliant colors, generally yellowish. [Gr. 
 topazos.] 
 
 TOP-DRESSING, top'-dres'ing, n. a dress- 
 ing of manure laid on the top or surface 
 of land. 
 
 TOPE, top, n. one of the monumental 
 shrines of the Buddhists. [Corr. from 
 Sans, stupa, a heap.] 
 
 TOPER, to'per, n. a drunkard. [From tope, 
 an obs. v. "to drink hai-d, from the 
 phrase to top off, sig. "to drink off at 
 one draught."] 
 
 TOPGALLANT.' top'gal-at^. adj. applied 
 to the mast and sail next above the top- 
 mast and topsail and below the royal 
 mast. 
 
 TOP-HEAVY, top'-he\-'i, adj. having the 
 
 top or upper part too heavy for the 
 lower. 
 
 TOPIC, top'ik, ?i. a subject of discourse or 
 argument : a matter. [Gr. ta topika, the 
 general principles of argument — topos, a 
 place.] 
 
 TOPICAL, top'ik-al, adj. pertaining to a 
 place : local : relating to a topic or sub- 
 ject. — Topical recitation, in education- 
 al theory and art, a new method by which 
 pupils and students are required to write 
 or give orally the main points of a sub- 
 ject, without the intej'vention of question 
 and answer. 
 
 TOPICALLY, top'i-kal-li, adv. with refer- 
 ence to a particular place or iopic. 
 
 TOPilAST, top'mast, n. the second mast, 
 or that immediately above the lower 
 mast. ' [liighest. 
 
 TOPMOST, top'most, adj. next the top: 
 
 TOPOGRAPHER, to-pog'raf-er, n. one who 
 describes a place, etc. : one skilled in to- 
 pographv. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHIC, top-o-graf'ik, TOPO- 
 GRAPHICAL, top-o-graf'ik-al, adj. per- 
 taining to topography. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY, to-pog'raf-i, n. the de- 
 scription of a 2)lace: a detailed account of 
 the superficial features of a tract of coun- 
 try : the art of describing places. [Gr. 
 topos. a place, grapho, to describe.] 
 
 TOPPLE, top'l, v.i. to fall forward : to 
 tumble down. [Extension of TOP, sig. 
 orig. " to fall top foremost."] 
 
 TOPSAIL, top-sal, n. a sail across the top- 
 mast. 
 
 TOPSYTURVY, top'si-tur-\n, adv. bottom 
 upwards. [According to Wedgwood, for 
 topsV to'er ivay, corr. of " topside the 
 other way."] 
 
 TORCH, torch, n. a light formed of twisted 
 tow dipped in pitch or other inflammable 
 material : a large candle or flambeau, 
 [Fr. torche — L. tortum, pa.p. of torqueo, 
 to twist. J 
 
 TORE, tor, pa.t. of Teak. 
 
 TORMENT, tor'ment, n. torture : anguish: 
 that which causes pain. [Lit. " twisting 
 pain." L. torqueo. to twist.] 
 
 TORMENT, tor-ment', v.t. to torture : to 
 put to extreme pain, physical or mental: 
 to distress : to afflict. 
 
 TORMENTINGLY, tor-ment'ing-li, adv. in 
 a tormenting manner. 
 
 TORMENTOR, tor-ment'or, n. one who or 
 that which torments : (B.) a torturer, an 
 executioner. 
 
 TORN, torn, 2M-p. of Tear : (B.) stolen. 
 
 TORN ADO, tor-na'do,ii.a violent hurricane, 
 frequent in tropical countries. [Lit. " a 
 turning or whirling," Sp. — tornar — Low 
 L. tornare. See TuEX.] 
 
 TORPEDO, tor-pe'do, n. a species of eel 
 having the power of giving an electric 
 shock when touched so as to produce 
 torpor or numbness, the cramj>fish : a 
 sub-mai-ine apparatus for destrojing 
 shipping bv explosion. [L. — torpeo, to 
 be stiff.] 
 
 TORPESCENT, tor-pes'ent, adj., becoming 
 torpid or numb. — n. ToEPES'CENCE. [L., 
 pr.p. of torpesco, to become stiff — torpeo, 
 to be stiff.] 
 
 TORPID, tor'pid, adj., stiff, nuinb : having 
 lost the jjower of motion and feeling- 
 sluggish.— odi'. ToR'piDLY.— H. Tor'pid- 
 NESS. [L. tor2)idus — torpeo.] 
 
 TORPIDITY, tor-pid'i-ti, TORPITUDE, 
 tor'pi-tud. n. stateof being torpid: numb- 
 ness : dullness : stupidity. 
 
 TORPOR, tor'por, n. numljness: inacti'vity: 
 dulhiess : stupidity. [L. — torjMO.] 
 
 TORQUE, fork, ?;.' a necklace of metal 
 rings interlaced. [L. torques — torqueo, 
 to twist. Cf. Torsion.] 
 
 TORREFACTION. tor-e-fak'shun, n. act of 
 torrefying : state of being torrefied.
 
 TORREFY 
 
 451 
 
 TRACK 
 
 TORREFY, tor'e-fl, v.t. to scorch: to parch: 
 — pa.t. and pa.j). torr'efied. [L. torreo, 
 to diy, to burn, faeio, to make. Cf. Tor- 
 kid.] 
 
 TORRENT, tor'ent, «. a rushing stream : a 
 strong or turbulent current. [L. torrens, 
 -entis, boiling, pr.p. of torreo, to dry, to 
 burn. See Torrid.] 
 
 TORRID, tor'id, adj., burning or parching : 
 violently hot: dried with heat. — n. TORR'- 
 IDNESS. [L. torridus — torreo, to burn, 
 parch. See Thirst.] 
 
 TORSION, tor'shun, n. act of twisting or 
 turning a body : the force with which 
 a thread or wire tends to return when 
 twisted. [L. torsio — torqueo, tortum, to 
 twist.] 
 
 TORSION-BALANCE, tor'shun-bal'ans, n. 
 an instrument for measuring very minute 
 forces by a delicate horizontal bar or 
 needle, suspended by a very fine thread 
 or wire. 
 
 TORSO, tor'so, n. the trunk of a statue 
 without head or limbs : — jyl. ToR'SOS. 
 [It. — L. thyrsus, a stalk, stem of a plant 
 — Gr. thyrsos.] 
 
 TORTILE, tor'til, adj., twisted: wreathed : 
 coiled. [L.] 
 
 TORTOISE, tor'tis, n. a reptile from which 
 the head, neck, tail, and limbs protrude, 
 so called either from its crooked feet or 
 iviuding motion. [O. Fr. tortis. from L. 
 tortu.f. twisted. Cf. TURTLE.] 
 
 TORTOISESHELL, tor'tis-shel. n. the shell 
 of a species of turtle — turtles being 
 formerly confounded with tortoises. — 
 adj. of the color of the foregoing. 
 
 TORTUOSE. tor'tu-os, adj., twisted: 
 wreathed : winding. [L.] 
 
 TORTUOSITY, toriu-os'i-ti, n. state of 
 being tortuous. 
 
 TORTUOUS, tor'tu-us, adj., tu-i.9ted. wind- 
 ing: (fig.) deceitful. — adv. Tor'tuously. 
 — «. ToR'TUOUSNESS. [From L. torqueo, 
 tortum, to twist.] 
 
 rORTURE, tor'tur, n. a putting to the 
 rack or severe pain to extort a confes- 
 sion, or as a punishment : extreme pain : 
 anguish of body or mind. — v.t. to put to 
 torture or to the rack: to put to extreme 
 pain : to annoy : to vex. — re. Tor'turer. 
 [Late L. tortufn, lit. "a twisting." hence 
 torment — torqeuo. Cf. Torsion.] 
 
 TORY, to'ri, n. applied to a Conservative 
 in English and Canadian politics : dur- 
 ing the War of the Revolution, a roj'- 
 alist or supporter of the crown against 
 the colonies. [Ir. foiridhe. lit. "pursuer;" 
 first applied to the Irish bog-trotters and 
 robbers, next, about 1680, to the hottest 
 asserters of the royal prerogative.] 
 
 TORYISM, to'ri-izm, 71. the principles of 
 the Tories. 
 
 TOSS, tos, v.t. to throw up suddenly or 
 violently : to cause to rise and fa'l : to 
 make restless: to agitate. — i:i. to be 
 tossed : to be in violent commotion : to 
 tumble about : to fling. — n. act of throw- 
 ing upward : a thromng up of the head. 
 — h. Toss'ER.— Toss up, to throw a coin 
 into the air and wager on which side it 
 will fall. [Celt., as W. tosiaw, to jerk, 
 tos. a quick jerk.] 
 
 TOST, tost, a form of To3Ssr>. Ka.^j. of 
 Toss. 
 
 TOTAL, to'tal, adj., whole: complete: un- 
 divided. — n. the wViole : the entire 
 amount. — adv. To'tally. [Fr. — Low L. 
 totalis — L. totus, whole.] 
 
 TOTALITY, to-tal'i-ti, n. che tvhole sum, 
 quantity, or amount. 
 
 TOTEM, to'tera, n. among the North Amer- 
 ican Indians, an animal or vegetable re- 
 garded as the protector of a tribe. 
 
 TOTTER, tot'er, v.i. to shake as if about 
 to fall ; to be unsteady : to stagger : to 
 shake. — n. Tott'erer. [Prob. imitative.] 
 
 TOUCAN. toS'kan, n. a genus of S. Ameri- 
 can birds, with a very large bill. [Fr. — 
 Brazilian.] 
 
 TOUCH, tuoh, v.t. to come in contact 
 witli : to perceive by feeling : to reach : 
 to relate to : to handle or treat gently 
 or slightly : to move or soften : to influ- 
 ence. — v.i'. to be in contact with : to 
 speak of anything slightly. — n. act of 
 touching : a movement on a musical 
 instrument : sense of feeling : an afl'ec- 
 tion or emotion : a little : (music) resist- 
 ance of the keys of an instrument to the 
 fingers. [Fr. toucher (It. toccare), from 
 Ger. zucken, to move, to draw.] 
 
 TOUCHHOLE, tuch'hol, n. the small hole 
 of a cannon through which the fire is 
 conuiiunicated to the charge. 
 
 TOUCHING, tuch'ing, adj. affecting: mov- 
 ing : pathetic. — prej). concerning : ^rith 
 regard to.— odi-. TOUCHISGLY. 
 
 TOUCH-NEEDLE, tuch'-uedl. n. a smaU 
 bar or needle of gold for testing articles 
 of the same metal by comparing the 
 streaks they make on a foMc/iStone with 
 those made bj- the needle. 
 
 TOUCHSTONE, tuch'ston, n. a kind of 
 compact basalt or stone for testing gold 
 or silver by the streak of the touch- 
 needle : anv test. 
 
 TOUCHWOOt), tuch'wood, n. decayed 
 ivood requiring only to be touched by 
 fire to burn. 
 
 TOUGH, tuf, adj. not easily broken : firm: 
 stiff': sticky : tenacious: able to endure 
 hardship.— arfr. Tough'ly. — n. TOCGH'- 
 NESS. [A.S. toh; cog. with Ger. ziihe.] 
 
 TOUGHEN, tuf'n, v.i. or v.i. to make or 
 become tough. 
 
 TOUGHISH, tuf'ish, adj. rather tough. 
 
 TOUR, toor, 11. a turn or circle : a going 
 round : a journey in a circuit: a pro- 
 longed journey: a ramble. [Fr. — L. and 
 Gr. tornos, a turn. Cf. Turn.] 
 
 TOURIST, toor'ist, ?;. one who makes a 
 tour. 
 
 TOLTtMALINE. toor'ma-lin, n. a beautiful 
 mineral used for jewellery. [From Tonr- 
 mali. in Ceylon, whence a variety of the 
 stone was first brought.] 
 
 TOURNAMENT, toor'na - ment, TOUR- 
 NEY, tooi-'ni, ?!. a mock fight in which 
 combatants, generallj' on horseback, 
 fought to show their skill in arms, so 
 called probably from the rapid turning 
 of their horses. [O.Fr. tourneement; and 
 Fr. tournoi — toitrnoyer — L. tamo, to 
 turn.] 
 
 TOURNIQUET, toor'ni-ket, n. a bandage 
 which is tightened by turning a screw to 
 check a flow of blood, used chiefly in am- 
 putations. [Fr. — tourner — L. torno, to 
 turn.] 
 
 TOUT. towt. v.i. to look out for custom in 
 an obtrusive way. — ?!. Tout'ER. [A.S. 
 tofian. to look out.] 
 
 TOW. to, v.t. to tug or2nill Avessel through 
 the water with a rope. — n. orig. a rope 
 for towing with : the coarse part of flax 
 or hemp. [A.S. teohan, teon. Cf. TuG.] 
 
 TOWAGE, to'aj, n. act of towing: money 
 for towing. 
 
 TOWARD, to'ard, TOWARDS, to'ardz, 
 prep, in the direction of : with a tend- 
 ency to. — adv. nearly : in a state of 
 preparation. [A.S. toireard — to. to. and 
 ward. sig. direction. Cf. Forward. For- 
 wards.] 
 
 TOWARD, to'ward, TOWARDLY, to'ward- 
 li. adj. ready to do or learn : apt. — ns. 
 To'WARDNESS. TO'WARDLINESS. 
 
 TOWBOAT, to'bot, n. a boat that is towed, 
 or one used for towing other vessels. 
 
 TOWEL, tow'el. 71. a cloth for wiping the 
 skin after it is irashed. and for other pur- 
 poses. [Fr. touaille — O. Ger. itvehele 
 
 (Ger. quehle) — O. Ger. duahaji, Goth. 
 thu-ahan, to wash. Cf. DoiLY.] 
 TOWELLING, tow'el-ing, n. cloth for 
 
 towels. 
 
 TOWER, tow'er, n. a lofty building, stand- 
 ing alone or forming part of another : a 
 fortress. — v.i. to rise into the air : to be 
 lofty. [A.S. tur, tor (Ger. thurm, Fr 
 tour), from L. turris, a tower.] 
 
 TOWERED, tow'erd, adj. having towers. 
 
 TOWERING, tow'er-ing, adj. verj' high: 
 elevated. 
 
 TOWERY, tow'er-i, adj. having towers: 
 lofty. 
 
 TOWLlNE, to'lln, n. a line used in towing. 
 
 TOWN, town, n. a place larger than a \-il- 
 lage. not a city : the inhabitants of a 
 town. [A.S. tun, an inclosure, town; 
 Ice. tun, Ger. zaun. a hedge.] 
 
 TOWNCLERK. town'klerk, n. a clerk who 
 keeiis the records of a totvn. 
 
 TOWNCRIER, town'kri-er. n. one who 
 cries or makes public proclamations in a 
 town. 
 
 TOWNHALL. town'hawl, n. a public haU 
 for the official business of a town. 
 
 TOWNHOUSE, towu'hows, n. a house or 
 building for transacting the public busi- 
 ness of a toivn, so called in England : 
 a house in town as opposed to one in the 
 countrv. 
 
 TOWNSFOLK, townz'fok, k. the folk or 
 people of a foiru. 
 
 TOWNSHIP, town'ship, n. the territory or 
 district of a toivn : the corporation of a 
 town : a district : a division of a county 
 — in many States, and in American land 
 measure, six miles square or thirty-six 
 square miles or section==2.3.040 acres. 
 
 TOWNSMAN, townz'nian, n. an inhabitant 
 or fellow-inhabitant of a toiim. [Town 
 and Man.] 
 
 TOWNTALK. town'tawk, n. the genera.' 
 talk of a town : the subject of common 
 conversation. 
 
 TOXICOLOGY, toks-i-kol'o-ji, n. the sci- 
 ence of poisons. — ToxicoL'OGlST, n. one 
 versed in toxicology. — adj. Toxicoloq'- 
 ICAL. [Gr. toxikon, arrow-poison— fojrt- 
 kos. for the bow — toxon, a bow, logos, 
 discourse.] 
 
 TOY, toy, n. a child's plaything : a trifle : 
 a thing onlj- for amusement or look : a 
 matter of no importance : sport. — v.i. to 
 trifle : to dally amorously. [Dut. tooi, 
 ornaments.] 
 
 TOYISH. toy'ish, adj. given to toying or 
 trifling : playful : wanton. — adv. ToY'- 
 
 ISHLY. — n. TOY'ISHNESS. 
 
 TRACE, tras, n. a mark left : footprint : — 
 pi. the straps by which a vehicle is 
 drawn. — v.t. to follow by tracks or foot- 
 steps : to follow with exactness : to 
 sketch. — n. Trac'er. [Fr. — L. tractus, 
 pa. p. of traho. to draw.] 
 
 TRACEABLE, tras'a-bl. adj. that may be 
 traced.-;;. Trace' ABLENESS.-arfc. Tr.Ice'- 
 
 ABLY. 
 
 TRACERY, tras'er-i, 71. -"ruamentation 
 traced in flowing outline : certain orna- 
 mental stonework. 
 
 TRACHEA, tra-ke'a, n. the windpipe or 
 tube which conveys air to the lungs, so 
 called from its roughness, it Vieing formed 
 of rings of gristle -.—pil. TRACHEAE. — adj. 
 Trache'al. [L traclna — Gr frachya. 
 tracheia. rougli.] 
 
 TRACHEOTOMY, trak-e-ot'o-mi, n. the 
 operation of making an opening in the 
 trachea. [Trachea^ and the root of Gr. 
 temuo. to cut (see Tome).] 
 
 TRACING, tras'ing, n. act of one who 
 traces: act of copying by marking on thin 
 paper the lines of a pattern placed be- 
 neath : the copy so produced. 
 
 TRACK, trak, v.t. to follow by marks or 
 footsteps : to tow. — ?!. a mark left : foot-
 
 TRACT 
 
 452 
 
 TRANSFIGURATION 
 
 print : a beaten path : course : the two 
 parallel lines of rails on railways. — 
 Track'less, adj. without a path : un- 
 trodden. — Track'road, )!. a towing-path. 
 [Fr. traquer. to beat a wood, to hunt, 
 crig-. to draw a net round a wood to catch 
 the game in it, from Dut. trekken, to 
 draw.] 
 
 TRACT, trakt, n. something drawn out or 
 extended : continued duration : a region: 
 a short treatise. [L., from the pa. p. of 
 traJio. to draw.] 
 
 TRACTABILITY, trakt-a-bil'it-i. n. quaUty 
 or state of being tractable : docility. 
 
 TRACTABLE, trakt'a-bl, adj. ea.si\y drawn, 
 managed, or taught : docile. — n. TraCT'- 
 ABLEXESS.— ad f. Tract' ABLY. [L. tracto, 
 freq. of traho.] 
 
 TRACTARIAN, trakt-ar'i-an, n. one of the 
 writers of the Oxford Tracts with which 
 Puseyism originated. — n. Tractar'ian- 
 
 ISM. " 
 
 TRACTILE, trakt'il, adj. that may be 
 drawn out. 
 
 TRACTION, tralv'shun, n. act of drawing 
 or state of being drawn : applied, adject- 
 ively, to those steam engines which pro- 
 pel themselves on common roads. 
 
 TRACTIVE, trakt'iv, adj. that draias or 
 pulls. 
 
 TRACTOR, trakt'or, n. that which dratcs. 
 
 TRADE, trad. n. buying and selling : com- 
 merce : occupation : men engaged in the 
 same occupation.— r.;. to buy and sell : 
 to act merely for money. — v.t. to traffic 
 with. — n. Trad'er. [Ety. dub. ; prob. 
 from Fr. traite, transport of goods — L. 
 tracto. freq. of traho, to draw.] 
 
 TRADEMARK, trad'mark, ?(. any name or 
 distinctive device warranting 'goods for 
 sale as the production of any individual 
 or firm : trademarks are usually regis- 
 tered in the oflSce of the Librarian of 
 Congress. 
 
 TRADESMAN, tradz'man, n. a common 
 name for a storekeeper : a mechanic : — 
 fern. Trades'woman. 
 
 TRADES-UNION, tradz'-un'yun, n. atinion 
 among those of the same trade to main- 
 tain their rights. 
 
 TRADEWINDS, trad'windz, n., tmnds in 
 and near the torrid zone, so called from 
 their great service to trade. 
 
 TRADITION, tra-dish'un, n. the handing 
 down of opinions or practices to posterity 
 unwritten. [L. trans, over, and do, to 
 give.] 
 
 TRADITIONAL, tra-dish'un-al. TRADI- 
 TIONARY, tra-dish'un-ar-i. adj. deliver- 
 ed by tradition. — advs. Teadi'tionally, 
 Tradi'tionabily. 
 
 TRADITIONIST, tra-dish'un-ist, n. one 
 who adheres to tradition. 
 
 TRADUCE, tra-dus', v.t. to calumniate: to 
 defame.— n. Tradu'cer. [L. tradiico, to 
 lead along, to make a public show of — 
 trans, across, dnco, to lead.] 
 
 TRAFFIC, traf ik, n. commerce : large 
 trade : the business done on a railway, 
 etc. — v.i. to trade : to trade meanlv.— 
 v.t. to exchange: — pr.p. trafficking; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. trafficked. —?(. TraFF'- 
 ICKER. [Fr. tralic — It. traffico. prob. 
 from L. trans, across, and facere, to 
 make.] 
 
 rRAGEDL4.N, tra-je'di-an, n. an actor of 
 tragedy. 
 
 rRAGEDY. traj'e-di. n. a species of drama 
 in which the action and language are 
 alevated, and the catastrophe sad : any 
 mournful and dreadful event. [Lit. 
 "goat-song," so called either from the 
 old dramas being exhibited when a goat 
 was sacrificed, or from a goat being the 
 prize, or because the actors were dressed 
 in goaf-skins, L. tragosdia, from Gr. tra- 
 
 godia — tragos, a he-goat, aoidos, ddos, a 
 singer — aeido. add. to sing.] 
 TRAGIC, traj'ik, TRAGICAL, traj'ik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to tragedy : sorrowful : 
 calamitous. — adi: Trag'ically. — n. 
 
 TRAG'IC ALNESS. [L.— -Gr.] 
 
 TRAGI-COMEDY, traj'i-kom'e-di, n. a 
 dramatic piece in which grave and comic 
 scenes are blended. — adjs. Trag'i-com'ic, 
 Trag'i-com'ical.— adi-. Trag'i-com'ical- 
 ly. 
 
 TRAIL, tral, v.t. to draw along the ground: 
 to hunt by tracking. — v.i. to be drawn 
 out in length : to run or climb as a 
 plant. — n. anrthing drawn out in length: 
 track followed bj^ the hunter. [O. "Fr. 
 trailler, to hunt by tracking — L. traho, 
 to draw.] 
 
 TRAIN, tran, v.t. to draiv along : to al- 
 lure : to educate : to discipline : to tame 
 for use, as animals : to cause to grow 
 properly : to prepare men for athletic 
 feats or horses for the race. — n. that 
 which is drawn along after something 
 else : the part of a dress which trails be- 
 hind the wearer : a retinue : a series : 
 process : a line of gunpowder to fire a 
 charge : a line of cars drawn by a loco- 
 motive on a railway. — n. Train'er, one 
 who prepares men' for athletic feats, 
 horses for a race, or the like. [Fr. tra'mer, 
 through Low L. forms from L. traho, to 
 draw.] 
 
 TRAINBAND, tran'band, n. a band of men 
 trained to bear arms, though not regular 
 soldiers. 
 
 TRAIN-BEARER, tran'-bar'er, n. one who 
 bears or holds up a train, as of a robe or 
 gown. 
 
 TRAIN-OIL. tran'-oil, n. whale oil ex- 
 tracted from the blubber by boiling. 
 [Train- here is the Ger. and Scand. 
 tran. train-oil.] 
 
 TRAIT, trat, n. a drawing : a touch : a 
 feature. [Fr. — L. tractus, from the 
 pa.p. of traho, to draw.] 
 
 TRAITOR, tra'tur, n. one who. being 
 trusted, betrays: one guilty of treason: 
 a deceiver:— /em. Trajt'ress. [Fr. traitre 
 — L. traditor — trado, to give up.] 
 
 TRAITOROUS, tra'tur-us, adj. like a trai- 
 tor: perfidious: treasonable. — adv. Teai'- 
 torously. 
 
 TRAJECTORY, tra-jekt'or-i, n. the curve 
 described by a body (as a planet or a pro- 
 jectile) under the action of given forces. 
 [From L. trajicio, -jectum — trans, across, 
 jacio, to throw.] 
 
 TRAMMEL, tram'el, n. a net used in fowl- 
 ing and fishing : shackles for making a 
 horse amble : anything that confines. — 
 v.t. to shackle: to confine: — pr.p. tramm'- 
 elling; pa.t. a-nd pa.p. tramm'elled. \Fr. 
 tramail, a net — Low L. tremaculum (lit.) 
 " of three meshes." from L. tres, three, 
 and macula, a mesh. See Mail, defensive 
 armor.] 
 
 TRAMONTANE, tra-mon'tan, adj. lying 
 beyond the mountains (orig. the Alps), 
 from Rome : foreign : uncivilized. [L. 
 trans, beyond, mons.montis. a mountain.] 
 
 TRAJMP, tramp, v.t. to tread.— j). a foot- 
 journey : a vagrant. [An extension of 
 Trap. Trip ; cf. Ger. trampen.] 
 
 TRAMPLE, tramp'l, v.t. to tread under 
 foot : to treat with pride, to insult. — 
 v.i. to tread in contempt: to tread forc- 
 ibly and rapidly. — n. Tramp'lek. [Ex- 
 tension of Tramp.] 
 
 TRAMR0AD,tram'r6d,TRAMWAY, tram'- 
 wa, 71. in England a road or way for car- 
 riages or wagons to run along easily : in 
 this country called street railroad ; when 
 operated by cable, cable road : when by 
 electricity, electric railway. [Prob. sim- 
 ply a way or track made "of beams, from 
 
 Prov. E. tram, a beam, which is prob.. 
 
 from Ice. tramn, a beam.] 
 TRANCE, trans, n. a state in which the 
 
 soul appears to be absent from the body, 
 
 or to be wrapped in visions : catalepsy. 
 
 [Fr. transe—ti-ansir, to be chilled— L. 
 
 trans-ire, to go across, in Late L. to 
 
 pass away, to die.] 
 TRANQUIL, trang'kwil. adj., quiet: peace- 
 ful.— adc. TRAN'Qcnxy. [L. tranquillus.] 
 TRANQUILLITY, trang-kwil'it-i, TRAN- 
 
 QUILNESS, trang'kwil-nes, n. state of 
 
 being tranquil : quietness. 
 TRANQUILLIZE, trang'kwil - Iz, v.t. to 
 
 make tranquil. 
 TRANSACT, trans -akt', v.t. to carry 
 
 through or manage: to perform. — v.i. 
 
 to manage anything.— ?i. Transact'or. 
 
 [L. transactu7n, pa.p. of transigo— trans, 
 
 through, and ago, to carrv on. See AcT.I 
 TRANSACTION, trans-ak'shun, n. act of 
 
 transacting : management of any affair : 
 
 an affair. 
 TRANSALPINE, trans-alp'in. adj.. beyond 
 
 the Alps (in regard to Rome). [L. trans- 
 
 al2nmis— trans, beyond, and Alpinus, of 
 
 the Alps.] 
 TRANSATLANTIC, trans-at-lan'tik, adj., 
 
 beyond the Atlantic Ocean; as, England, 
 
 France, etc. 
 TRANSCEND, tran-send', v.t. to rise above: 
 
 to surmount: to surpass: to exceed. fL. 
 
 trans, bevond, scando. to climb.] 
 TRANSCENDENT, tran - send'ent, adj., 
 
 transcending: superior or supreme in 
 
 excellence : surpassing others : beyond 
 
 human knowledge. — orfr.TRAKSCEND'ENT- 
 
 LY.— 7?. TraNSCEND'ENCE. 
 
 TRANSCENDENTAL, tran - send - enfal, 
 adj.. transcending : supereminent. sur- 
 passing others : concerned with what is 
 independent of experience : vague. — adv. 
 Transcendent' ALLY. 
 
 TRANSCENDENTALISM, tran -send-enf- 
 al-izm. )(. the investigation of what is 
 a priori in human knowledge, or mde- 
 pendent of experience : that which is 
 vague and illusive in phUosophv. — n. 
 Transcendent' ALisT. 
 
 TRANSCRIBE, tran-skrlb',r.f. to u-rite ox-er 
 from one book into another : to copv. — 
 n. Transcrib'er. [L. transcribo. -scrip- 
 tnm — trans, over, scribo. to write.] 
 
 TRANSCRIPT, tran'skript, n. that which 
 is transcribed : a copy. 
 
 TRANSCRIPTION, tran-skrip'shun. n. the 
 act of copying : a transcript : a copv. 
 
 TRANSEPT, tran'sept, n. one of the wings 
 or cross-aisles of a church, at right 
 angles to the nave. [L. trans, across, 
 and septum, an inclosure — sepes, a 
 hedge.] 
 
 TRANSFER, trans-fer', v.t. to carry or 
 bring over : to convey to another place : 
 to remove : to transport : — pr.jy. trans- 
 ferring : pa.t. and pa.p. transferred'.— 
 n . Transferr'er. [L. trans, across, fero, 
 to carry.] 
 
 TRANSFER, trans'fer, n. the act of trans- 
 ferring: the conveyance of anything 
 from one person or" place to another: 
 that which is transferred : applied, spe- 
 cifically, to the conveying of real estate. 
 
 TRANSFERABLE, trans-fer'a-bl, TRANS- 
 FERRIBLE, trans-fer'i-bl. adj. that may 
 be transferred or convej-ed from one 
 place or person to another.— hs. TraNS- 
 
 FERABIL'ITY. TRANSFERRIBIL'ITY. 
 
 TRANSFEREE, trans-fer-e', n. the person 
 to whom a thing is transferred. 
 
 TRANSFERENCE, trans'fer-ens, n. the act 
 of transferring or conveying from one 
 person or place to another : passage from 
 one place to another. 
 
 TRANSFIGURATION, trans-fig-ur-a'shun, 
 7). a change of form.- — The Transftgura- 
 TION, the supernatural change in the ap- 
 
 (
 
 TRANSFIGURE 
 
 453 
 
 TRAVAIL 
 
 pearance of Christ, described in Matt, 
 xvii.: a feast of the R. C. Church, on 6th 
 Auffust, in commemoration of it. 
 
 TRANSFIGURE, trans-fig'ur, v.t. to change 
 the figure or form of : to change the ap- 
 pearance of. [L. trans, across, denoting 
 change, and Figure.] 
 
 TRANSFIX, trans-fiks', v.t. to pierce 
 through. [L. trans, through, and Fix.] 
 
 TRANSFORM, trans-form', v.t. to change 
 the shape of : to change into another 
 substance : to change the disposition. — 
 v.i. to be changed in form or substance. 
 [L. trans, across, and Form.] 
 
 TRANSFORMATION, trans-for-ma'shun,r. 
 change of form or substance. 
 
 TRANSFUSE, trans-fuz', v.t. to pour out 
 into another vessel : to cause to pass 
 from one to another : to cause to be im- 
 bibed. — n. Transfu'SION. [L. trans, over, 
 and fundo. fiisum, to pour.] 
 
 TRANSGRESS, trans-gres', v.t. to pass 
 beyond a limit : to break, as a law. — v.i. 
 to offend bj- violating a law : to sin. ]L. 
 trans, across, gradior, gressus, to step.] 
 
 TRANSGRESSION, trans-gresh'un, n. the 
 act of transgressing: \'iolation of a law 
 or command : offence : fault : crime: sin. 
 
 TRANSGRESSOR.trans-gres'or, n. one who 
 transgresses : one who violates a law or 
 command : a sinner. 
 
 TRANSHIP or TRANS-SHIP, trans-ship', 
 v.t. to transfer to another ship. — n. 
 Trans-ship'ment. [L. trans, across, and 
 ShipJ 
 
 TRANSIENT, tran'shent, adj. passing : of 
 short duration: not lasting: momentary. 
 — adv. Tran'siently. — n. Tran'sient- 
 NESS. [L. transiens — trans, across, and 
 eo. itnm, to go.] 
 
 TR-4.NSIT, trans'it, n. a passing over : 
 conveyance : passage, as of freight, on 
 railways and steamboats : rapid transit, 
 the speedy transportation of passengers 
 to and from their residences, in large and 
 crowded cities; elevated and underground 
 railroads are the chief means of rapid 
 transit at present : (astr.) the passage of 
 a heavenly body over the meridian of a 
 place : the passage of a planet over the 
 sun"s disc. 
 
 TR.\NSITION, tran-sizh'un, n. passage 
 from one place or state to another : 
 change : {music) a change of kej'. — 
 Transi'tional, adj. containing or denot- 
 ina: transition. 
 
 TRANSITIVE, trans'i-tiv, adj. passing 
 over : having the power of passing : 
 (gram.) denoting a verb wliich has an 
 object. — adv. Trans'itively. — n. Trans'- 
 itiVeness. [L. transitivus.] 
 
 TRANSITORY, trans'i-tor-i, adj, going 
 or passing away : lasting for a short 
 time : speedily vanishing. — adv. Trans'I- 
 TORILY. — 71. TraNS'ITORINESS. 
 
 TRANSLATE, trans-lat', v.t. to remove to 
 another place : to render into another 
 language : to explain. — n. Translat'or. 
 [L. trans, over, fero, latum, to carry.] 
 
 TRANSLATION, trans-la'shun, n. the act 
 of translating : removal to another 
 place : the rendering into another lan- 
 guage : a version. 
 
 TRANSLUCENT, trans-loo'sent, adj, shin- 
 ing through: allowing light to pass, but 
 not transparent : clear. — adv. Translu'- 
 
 CENTLY. — lis. TRANSLU'CENCE, TRANSLU'- 
 
 CEN'CY. [L. translucens — trans, across, 
 and liiceo. to shine — In.v, lucis, light.] 
 
 TRANSMARINE, trans-ma-ren', adj., 
 across or beyond the sea. [L. trans, 
 across, and Marine.] 
 
 TRANSMIGRATE, trans'mi-grat. v.i. to 
 migrate or remove across, esp. to an- 
 other country : to pa.ss into another 
 body or state."— n. Trans'migrator. [L. 
 trans, across, and Migrate.] 
 
 TRANSMIGRATION, trans-mi-gra'shun, n. 
 the act of removing to another country : 
 the passing into another state: the pass- 
 age of the soul after death jpto another 
 body. 
 
 TRAlfSMIGRATORY, trans-mi'gra-tor-i, 
 adj.. passing to another place, body, or 
 
 TRANSMISSIBLE, trans-mis'i-bl, adj. that 
 may be transmitted or passed from one 
 to another : capable of being transmit- 
 ted through any body or substance. — n. 
 
 TRANSraSSIBrL'lTY. 
 
 TRANSMISSION, trans-mish'un, TRANS- 
 MITTAL, trans-mit'al, n. act of transmit- 
 ting : the sending from one place or per- 
 son to another : passage through. 
 
 TRANSMIT, trans-mit', v.t. to send across 
 to another person or place : to suffer to 
 pass through :^jr.^. transmitt'ing;pa.<. 
 andpa.p. transmitt'ed.— b.Transsutt'er. 
 [L. trans, across, and initio, missum, to 
 send.] 
 
 TRANSMUTABLE, trans-mut'a-bl, adj 
 that may be transmuted or changed 
 into a different form, nature, or sub- 
 stance. — adv. Transmut'ably. — ns. 
 Transmut'ableness, Transmutabil'ity. 
 
 TRANSMUTATION, trans-mut-a'slum, n. 
 a changing into a different form, nature, 
 or substance. 
 
 TRANSMUTE, trans-mut', v.t. to change 
 to another form or substance. TL. trans, 
 over, muto, to change.] 
 
 TRANSOM, tran'sum, n. a thwart beam 
 or lintel, esp. the horizontal mullion or 
 crossbar of a window : in ships, the 
 beam across tlie ••♦^ernpost to strengthen 
 the afterpart. [L. trans, across, and 
 sumo, to take.] 
 
 TRANSOM - WINDOW, tran'sum-win'do, 
 71. a window divided into two j^arts by a 
 transom. 
 
 TRANSPARENCl., trans-par'en-si, n. the 
 quality of being transparent : clearness : 
 that which is transparent : a picture on 
 semi-transparent material seen bj' means 
 of light shining through. 
 
 TRANSPARENT, trans-par'ent, adj. that 
 may be distinctly seen through : clear. — 
 adv. Transpar'ently. — n. Transpar'- 
 ENTNESS. [L. trans, through, and par eo, 
 to appear J 
 
 TRANSPIERCE, trans-pers', v.t. to pierce 
 through: to permeate. [L. trans, through, 
 
 TRANSPIRATION, tran-spi-ra'shun, 7*. act 
 or process of transpiring: exhalation 
 throuffh tlie skin. 
 
 TRANSPIRE, tran-spir', v.t. to breathe or 
 pass through tlie pores of the skin. — v.i. 
 to exhale : to become public : (erroneous- 
 ly for) to occur. [L. trans, through, and 
 spiro. to breathe.] 
 
 TRANSPLANT, tran.s-plant', v.f. to remove 
 and plant in another place : to remove. — 
 n. Transplanta'tion. [L. trans, across, 
 and Plant.] 
 
 TRANSPORT, trans-port', v.t. to carry 
 acro.ss or from one place to another : to 
 banish : to carry away by violence of pas- 
 sion or pleasure. [L. trans, across, and 
 porta, to carry.] 
 
 TRANSPORT, trans'port. 77., carriage from 
 one place to another : a vessel for con- 
 veyance : the conveyance of troops and 
 their necessaries by land or sea : ecstasy. 
 
 TRANSPORTABLE, tians-p6rt'a-bl, adj. 
 that may be carried across. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION, trans-por-ta'shun, 77. 
 removal: banishment: the moving of 
 grain and merchandise by railway and 
 water routes ; also api)liec\ to passenger 
 traffic. 
 
 TRANSPOSAL, trans-poz'al,«. act of trans- 
 posing : a change of place or order. 
 
 TRANSPOSE, trans-p5z', v.t. to put each 
 in the place of the other : to change, as 
 the order of words, or the key in music. 
 [Fr. — L. trans, across, and Fr. jjoser (see 
 Pose, 77.).] 
 
 TRANSPOSITION, trans-po-zish'un, n. act 
 of transjMsing or of putting one thing in 
 place of another : state of being trans- 
 posed : a change of the order of words : 
 (music) a change of key into a higher or 
 lower scale. 
 
 TRANS-SHIP, etc. See Tranship, etc. 
 
 TRANSUBSTANTIATE, tran-sub-stan'shi- 
 at, v.t. to change to another substance. 
 [L. trans, across, ,s'7(6sfa7i?7a, a substance.] 
 
 TRANSUBSTANTIATION, tran-sub-stan- 
 shi-a'shun, ?i. a change into another sub- 
 stance: the Roman Catholic doctrine that 
 the bread and wine in the Eucharist are 
 changed into Christ's bodj' and blood. 
 
 TRANSVERSE, trans-vers', adj, turned 
 or lying across. [L. tratis, across, verto, 
 i-ersum, to turn.] 
 
 TRANSVERSELY, trans-vers'li, adv. in a 
 transverse or cross direction. 
 
 TRAP, trap, n. an instrument for snaring 
 animals : an ambush : a stratagem : a 
 contrivance for hindering the pa.ssage 
 of foul air from a waste-pipe, etc. — i\t. 
 to catch in a trap :-—pr.p. trapp'ing ; 
 lia.t. and pa.p. trapped. — n. Trapp'er. 
 [A.S. trap>p)e : cog. with O. Ger. trapo, 
 a snare (whence Fr. irappe, by which the 
 E. word has been modified).] 
 
 TRAP, trap, 7(. a term loosely applied to 
 many rocks of volcanic origin, so called 
 because lying often in steps or terraces. 
 — adj. Tb'iPP'ean. [Sw. trui)2) — trappa, 
 stairs.] 
 
 TRAJr, trap, v.t. to drape or adorn with 
 gay clothes : to ornament : — 2^''-l'- trapp'- 
 ing ; pa.t. and pa.p>. trapped. [Fr. drap 
 — ^Low L. drappus, cloth. Cf. Drab, 
 Drape.] 
 
 TRAP AN, tra-pan', v.t. to trap: to insnare: 
 — pr.p. trapann'ing; jjn.f. andpa.jj. tra- 
 panned'. — n. a snare : a stratagem. — 77. 
 Trapann'er. [From Trap, instrument 
 for snaring.] 
 
 TRAP-DOOR, trap'-dor, 77. a door in a floor 
 shutting like the catch of a ?7-ap. 
 
 TRAPEZE, tra-pez', TRAPEZIUM, tra-pe'- 
 zi-um, 77. a plane figure having four un- 
 equal sides, no two of which are parallel: 
 one of the wrist bones : a swing used 
 in gymnastics. [Gr. trapezion, dim. of 
 trapeza, a table : contr. either from tri- 
 pieza, three-legged, or from tetra-peza, 
 four-legged.] 
 
 TRAPEZIFORM, tra-pez'i-form, adj. hav- 
 ing the/07'77i of a trapeze. [Gr. trapeza, 
 and Form.] 
 
 TRAPEZOID, trap'e-zoid. 7!. a plane four- 
 sided figure like a trapezium , having two 
 of its opposite sides parallel. [Gr. tra- 
 peza, and eidos, form.] 
 
 TRAPEZOIDAL, trap-e-zoid'al, adj. hav- 
 ing the form of a trapezoid. 
 
 TRAPPINGS, traii'ingz. 11. pi. gay clothes: 
 ornaments, esp. those put on horses. 
 [See Trap, to drape or adorn.] 
 TRASH, trash, v.t. to ci-op : to strip ofl 
 leaves. — ?7. refuse : matter unfit for food. 
 [Prob. a form of Thrash.] 
 TRASHY, trash'i.arfy. like trash: worthless. 
 TRASS, tras, J7. a volcanic earth used as a 
 hydraulic cement. [xV form of TERRACE, 
 prob. through the Dutch.] 
 TRAVAIL, tiav'al, n. exce.ssivs labor: toil: 
 labor in childbirth. — f.?'. to labor: to suf- 
 fer the pains of childbirth. [Fr. — Prov. 
 travar, Fr. en-traver, to fetter, to em- 
 barrass — L. trnbes, a beam, which was 
 pierced with holes to confine the feet, 
 esp. of horses. See Tcrmoil.]
 
 TRAVE 
 
 454 
 
 TRIANGLE 
 
 TRAVE, trav, n. a beam : a wooden frame 
 to confine unruly horses while being shod. 
 [It. trave : Sp.trabe — L. trabs, trabis, 
 Gr. trape.v, a beam.] 
 
 TRAVEL, trav'el, i:i. to walk: to journey: 
 to pass : to move. — i:t. to pass : to jour- 
 ney over:— pr.p. trav'elling- : pa.f. and 
 pd.p. trav'elled. — n. act of passing from 
 place to place : journev : labor: — pi. an 
 account of a journey. '[A form of Trav- 
 ail.] 
 
 TRAVELLER, trav'el-er, n. one who trai-- 
 els : a waj'fai'er : one who travels for a 
 mercantile house: a ring that slides along 
 a rope or spar. 
 
 TRAVER.SABLE, trav'ers-a-bl, adj. that 
 mav be frarersed or denied. 
 
 TRAVERSE, trav'ers, adj., turned or lying 
 across: denoting a method of cross-sail- 
 ing. — 71. anything laid or built across : 
 something that crosses or obstructs : a 
 turn : {laic) a plea containing a denial of 
 some fact alleged by an opponent: a work 
 for protection from the fire of an enemy. 
 — v.f. to cross : to pass over : to survey : 
 (law) to deny what an opponent has al- 
 leged. — v.i. (fencing) to oppose a move- 
 ment: to direct a gun to the right or left 
 of its position. — n. Tkav'erser. [L. trans, 
 across, and rerto. verstim, to turn.] 
 
 TRAVERSE -TABLE, trav'ers-ta'bl, n. a 
 table or platform for shifting carriages 
 to other rails. 
 
 TRAVESTY, trav'es-ti, adj. having on the 
 vesture or dress of another : disguised so 
 as to be ridiculous. — n. a kind of burlesque 
 in which the original characters are pre- 
 served, the situations parodied. — v.t. to 
 turn into burlesque. [Fr. trai-estir. to 
 disguise — L. trans, over, re.sf/o.to clothe.] 
 
 TRAWL, trawl, i:i. to fish by trailing or 
 dragging a bag-net called a trawl along 
 the bottom of the sea. [A form of Trail.J 
 
 TRAWLER, trawl'er, n. one who or that 
 \Thich trawls: a small fishing vessel uSed 
 in trawling. 
 
 TRAY. tra. n. a shallow trough-Uke ves- 
 sel : a salver. [A form of TROUGH.] 
 
 TREACHEROUS, trech'er-us, adj full of 
 treachery: faithless. — adv. Treach'er- 
 ousLY. — n. Treach'erousxess. 
 
 TREACHERY, trech'er-i, n. faithlessness. 
 [O. Fr. trecherie (Fr. tricherie) — trecher 
 (Fr. tricher) — Dut. trekken, to draw. 
 Trick is a doublet.] 
 
 TREACLE, tre'kl, n. in England, the sirup 
 which is drained from sugar in the mak- 
 ing : in this country, called sirup or mo- 
 lasses. [Orig. " an antidote against the 
 bite of poisonous animals." O. Fr. triacle 
 — L. theriaeum — Gr. theriaka {phar- 
 maka) antidotes against the bites of 
 wild beasts — therion, a wild beast.] 
 
 TREAD, tred, v.i. to set the foot : to walk 
 or go : to copulate, as fowls. — v.t. to 
 walk on : to press with the foot : to 
 trample in contempt : to subdue i—pa.t. 
 trod : pa.p. trod or trodd'en. — n. press- 
 ure with the foot : a step. — n. Tread'er. 
 [.\.S. tredan ; cog. with Ice. troda, Ger. 
 treten.] 
 
 TREADLE. TREDDLE, tred'l, n. the part 
 of any machine which the foot treads on 
 and moves. 
 
 •IRE AD-MILL, tred'-mil, v. a 7)!i7Z worked 
 by treading or stepping from one to an- 
 
 ' other of the steps of a cylindrical wheel, 
 used chiefly as an instrument of prison 
 discipline. 
 
 TREASON, tre'zn, n. a betraying of the 
 government or an attempt to overthrow 
 it : treachery : disloj-alty. [O. Fr. tra'i- 
 son, Fr. trdhison — trahir — L. trado, to 
 give up, betrav.] 
 
 TREASONABLE, tre'zn-a-bl, adJ pertain- 
 ing to, consisting of, or involving trea- 
 son. — adv. Trea'sonablt. 
 
 TREASURE, trezh'iir. n. wealth stored up: 
 riches: a great quantity collected: great 
 abundance: anything much valued. — v.t. 
 to hoard up : to collect for futiu-e use : 
 to value greatly. [Fr. tresor — L. thesau- 
 rus — Gr. thesauros. See Thesaurcs.] 
 
 TREASURER, trezh'ur-er, n. one who has 
 the care of a treasure or treasury : one 
 who has charge of collected funds. — n. 
 Treas'ceership. 
 
 TREASURE-TROVE, trezh'ur-trov, n., 
 treasure or money /o«/id in the earth, of 
 which the owner is unknown. [Treas- 
 x:tie, and trove, pa.p. of O. Fr. trailer, to 
 find. See Trover.] 
 
 TREASURY, trezh'ur-i, n. a place where 
 treasure is deposited : the department 
 of a government which has charge of the 
 finances. 
 
 TREAT, tret, v.t. to handle in a particular 
 manner : to discourse on : to entertain, 
 as with food or drink, etc. : to manage 
 in the application of remedies : to use. — 
 v.i. to handle a subject in writing or 
 speaking : to negotiate : to give an en- 
 tertainment. — )). an entertainment. [A. 
 S. treahtigean, Fr. trailer — L. tractare, 
 to handle, manage — traho, tractum, to 
 draw.] 
 
 TREATISE, tret'iz, n. a written composi- 
 tion in which a subject is treated or 
 handled : a formal essay. 
 
 TREATMENT, tret'ment, n. the act or 
 manner of treating : management : be- 
 ha\'ior to any one : way of applying 
 remedies. 
 
 TREATY, tret'i, 71. the act of treating to 
 form an agreement: a formal agreement 
 between independent states. 
 
 TREBLE, trebl, adj.. triple: threefold: 
 (miisic) denoting the treble, that plays 
 or sings the treble. — n. the highest of 
 the four principal parts in the musical 
 scale. — r.^. to make three times as much. 
 —v.i. to become threefold:— jx( .p. treb'led 
 (Ad). —adv. Treb'ly. [O. Fr. form of 
 Trtpt f l 
 
 TREDDLE. See Treadle. 
 
 TREE, tre, n. a plant ha\'ing a single 
 trunk, woody, branched, and of a large 
 size : anything like a tree : wood, as in 
 the compounds axle-tree, saddle-tree, 
 etc: (B.) a cross. [A.S. treou- ; Goth. 
 trill: Ice. tre. Gr. drus. Sans, dru.] 
 
 TREENAIL, tre'nal. n. a long icooden pin 
 or nail to fasten the planks of a ship to 
 the timbers. 
 
 TREFOIL, tre'foil, n. a three-leaved plant, 
 as the white and red clover: (arch.) an 
 ornament like trefoil. [L. trifolium. — 
 tres, three, and folium, a leaf.] 
 
 TRELLIS, trel'is, )i. a structure of cross- 
 barred or lattice work, for supporting 
 plants, etc. [Fr. treillis — Low L. trali- 
 ciuni (translicium). crossed threads — L. 
 trans, across, and licimn, a thread,] 
 
 TRELLISED, trel'ist. adj. having a trellis, 
 or formed as a trellis. 
 
 TREJIBLE, trem'bl, r.(. to shake, as from 
 fear, cold, or weakness : to shiver : to 
 shake, as sound. — n. Trem'bler. — adv. 
 Trem'blingly. [Fr. trembler — L. tremu- 
 lus, trembling — tremo, to shake, akin to 
 Gr. treo. Sans, tras, to tremble.] 
 
 TREMENDOUS, tre-men'dus, adj. such as 
 astonishes or terrifies by its force or 
 greatness : dreadful. — adv. Tremen'- 
 bocsLY. [Lit. "that is to be trembled 
 at." L. tremendus.] 
 
 TREMOR, trem'or. n. a trembling, shaking, 
 or quivering. [L.] 
 
 TREMULOUS, trem'u-lus, adj., trembling: 
 affected with fear : shaking : quivering. 
 —adv. Trem'ulously.— H. TRESi'txors- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 TRENCH, trensh, v.t. to cut or dig a ditch: 
 to dig deeply with the spade or plough. 
 
 —x\i. to encroach. — n. a long narrow cut 
 in the earth : (fort.) an excavation to in- 
 terrupt the approach of an enemy : the 
 excavated approaches made by besiegers. 
 [O. Fr. trencher. Fr. trancher, ace. to 
 Littre from L. truncare, to maim, to cut 
 off — truncus, maimed.] 
 
 TRENCHANT, trensh'ant, adj., cutting: 
 sharp : severe. 
 
 TRENCHER, trensh'er. n. a wooden plate 
 formerly used for cutting meat on at 
 meals : the table : food : pleasures of the 
 table. [Fr. franclioir.] 
 
 TRENCH-PLOUGH, trensh'-plow, n. a 
 plough for trenching or turning up the 
 land more deeply than usual : a suD-soil 
 plough. — v.t. to plough with a trench- 
 plougli. 
 
 TREND, trend, v.i. to tend, to run, to go 
 in a particular direction. — ?!. tendency. 
 [Perh. a corr. of Texd.] 
 
 TRENTAL, trent'al, n. a R. C. office for the 
 dead, of thii-ty masses for thirty days 
 after the person's death. [Low L. treiit- 
 ale — It. trentu. L. triginta, thirty.] 
 
 TREPAN, tre-pan', v.i. to insnare :—j}r.p. 
 trepann'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. trepanned'. 
 [Same as Trapan, of which it is an erro- 
 neous spelling.] 
 
 TREPAN, tre-pan', n. {sitrg.) a small cyl- 
 indrical saw used in perforating the 
 skull. — v.t. to remove a circular piece of 
 the skull with a trepan, in order to re- 
 lieve the brain from pressure or irrita- 
 tion. [Lit. " a borer," Fr. — It. trapano, 
 through Low L. — Gr. trypanon — ti~ypad, 
 to bore.] 
 
 TREPHINE, tre-fin', n. the modern trepan, 
 having a little sharp borer called the 
 centre pin.- — v.t. to perforate with the 
 trephine. [Dim. of Trepan.] 
 
 TREPIDATION, trep-i-da'shun, n. a state 
 of confused hurry or alarm : an involun> 
 tary trembling, [L. trepido, -atitm. to 
 hurry with alarm — trepidus, restless, 
 alarmed, from the root of Gr. trepO, to 
 turn (in flight).] 
 
 TRESPASS, tres'pas, v.i. to pass over a| 
 limit or boundary : to enter unlawfully I 
 upon another's land : to inconvenience I 
 by importunity : to intrude : to injure or j 
 annoy another : to sin. — n. act of tres- ' 
 passing : any injury to another's person 
 or property: a sin. — )i. Tres'passer. [O. 
 Ft. trespasser (Fr. trepasser) — L. trans, 
 across, and passer (see Pass),] 
 
 TRESPASS-OFFERING, fres'pas-of'er-ing, 
 n. an offering in expiation of a trespass \ 
 or sin. j 
 
 TRESS, tres, n. a lock or curl of hair : a I 
 ringlet (esp. in pt.). [Fr. tresse, through \ 
 It. treccia, from Gr. tricha, threefold — I 
 tris, three times.] 
 
 TRESSED, trest, adj., having tresses: form- j 
 ed into tresses or ringlets : curled. 
 
 TRESSEL, TRESTLE, tres'l, n. a movable 
 support fastened to a top - piece : the 
 frame of a table. [O. Fr. trestel (Fr. tre- | 
 teau): ety. dub.; perh. through a Low L. 
 dim. fromL. transtrum, abeam, a bench.] 
 
 TRET, tret, n. an allowance to purchasers 
 of 4 lbs. on every 104 lbs. for waste. ■ 
 [Norm, trett, deduction. Fr. trait— O. Fr. 
 traire — L. trahere. to draw.] 
 
 TRIAD, tri'ad, n. the union o'f three. [L. 
 trifis. triadis — Gr. trias, triados — treis, 
 E. Three.] 
 
 TRIAL, trl'al, n. a trying: the act of try- 
 ing : examination by a test : the state of 
 being tried : suffering : temptation : ju- 
 dicial examination : attempt. 
 
 TRIANGLE, tri'ang-gl. n. (math.) a plane 
 figure with three angles and three sides : 
 (music) an instrument of steel in the 
 form of a triangle. [Fr. — L. triangiilum 
 — tres, three, and angulus, an angle. See 
 Angle.] 
 
 f
 
 TRIANGLED 
 
 455 
 
 TRIPARTITE 
 
 rRI ANGLED, trl'ang-gld, adj. having three 
 angles. 
 
 rRIANGULAR. tri-an£:'gu-lar, adj. having 
 three angles. — adv. Trian'gularlt. 
 
 TRIANGULATE, trI-ang'gu-lat,r.^ tosur- 
 vev bv means of a series of triangles. 
 
 TRIANGXJLATION. tn-ang-gu-Ia'shun, n. 
 act of triang^dating : the series of tri- 
 angles so used. 
 
 rRL\S. tri'as. n. (geol.) the oldest group of 
 the Secondary sti'ata, formerly associ- 
 ated with the Permian rocks under the 
 name of the New Red Sandstone. — adj. 
 Triass'ic. [So called by the German 
 geologists, because the group is separ- 
 ated i^to three distinct formations, from 
 Gr. trias. union of three. Cf. TRIAD.] 
 
 TRIBE, trib, n. a race or family from the 
 same ancestor : a body of people under 
 one leader: a number of things having 
 certain common qualities. — adj. Trib'al. 
 [L. tribus, "a third part," orig. applied 
 to one of the three cantons or divisions 
 forming the ancient Roman people, from 
 tri-, root of tres, E. Three, and root 
 bhii. E. Be.] 
 
 TRIBRACH, trl'brak, n. (poetry) a. foot of 
 three short svllables. [L. — Gr. tri-. root 
 of treis, E. "ftrREE. and brachijs, short.] 
 
 TRIBULATION, trib-u-la'shun. n. severe 
 affliction : distress. [L. tribulatio — tri- 
 bulo, to press or afflict — tribulum, a 
 sledge for rubbing out grain — tero, to 
 rub. grind.] 
 
 TRIBUNAL, tri-bu'nal, n. the bench on 
 which a judge and bis associates sit to 
 administer justice: court of justice. [L.l 
 
 TRIBUNE, trib'un, n. a magistrate elected 
 by the Roman plebeians to defend their 
 rights : the raised platform from which 
 speeches were delivered. — ?). Trib'uxe- 
 SHlP. [L. tribunns. orig. "the represent- 
 ative of a tribe " — trit}us, a tribe. See 
 Tribe.] 
 
 TRIBUTARY, trib'u-tar-i, adj. paj-ing trib- 
 ute : subject : yielding supplies of any- 
 thing : paid in tribute. — n. one who 
 pays tribute: a stream which contributes 
 water to another. — adv. TRIB'UTARrLY. 
 
 TRIBUTE, trib'ut, n. a fixed amount paid 
 at certain intervals bj- one nation to an- 
 other for peace or protection : a personal 
 contribution : acknowledgment, or hom- 
 age paid.— The Tribute, "paid by Chris- 
 tian nations to the Barbary States, for 
 protection against Berber pirates, was 
 first refused \y the United States ; and 
 was, in consequence, soon abolished. [L. 
 tributum — tribuo. to assign, give, pay — 
 tribus. a tribe. See Tribe.] 
 
 TRICE, trls. n. a very short time : an in- 
 stant. [Perh. from thrice, while one can 
 count three : or from Sp. tris, noise of 
 breaking glass (cf. Scot. " in a crack").] 
 
 TRICENNIAL, tri-sen'yal. adj. pertaining 
 to thirfy years: occurring every thirty 
 years. [L. tricenniinn. thirty years — 
 triginta, thirtv. .and annus, a year.] 
 
 TRICENTENARY, tri-sen'ten-ar-i, n. a 
 space of three hundred years. [L. tre- 
 eenti, three hundred — tres, three, and 
 centum, a hundred.] 
 
 TRICHINA, tri-kl'na, n. a parasitic worm, 
 which in its mature state infests the in- 
 testinal canal, and in its larval state the 
 muscular tissue of man and certain ani- 
 mals, esp. the hog:— p?. Trichi'n^. 
 [Gr. trichiuos, small like a hair — fhrix, 
 trichos. hair.l 
 
 TRICHINIASIS, tri-kin-T'.a-sis, n. the dis- 
 ease caused by the presence of trichinre 
 in the body. 
 
 TRICK, trik, t\t. to dress, to decorate. 
 [Celt, tree, ornament, trecian: to adorn.] 
 
 TRICK, trik, u. any fraud or strat.agem to 
 deceive : a clever contrivance to puzzle, 
 amuse, or annoy : a particular habit or 
 
 manner : a parcel of cards falling to a 
 winner at one turn. — i\i. to deceive, to 
 cheat.— ns. Trick'er, Trick'ster. [O. 
 Fr. tricer. trecher, to beguile, from Dut. 
 trekken. to draw. See Treachery.] 
 
 TRICKERY, trik'er-i, n. act or practice of 
 playing tricks : artifice : stratagem : im- 
 position. 
 
 TRICKISH, trik'ish, adj. addicted to 
 tricks : artful in making bargains. 
 
 TRICKLE, trik'l, v.i. to flow gently or in 
 a small stream. [Scot, trinkle : Ger, 
 trdx>feln — tropfen, to fall in drops.] 
 
 TRICOLOR, trl'kul-ur. n. the national flag 
 of France, of three colors, red, white, and 
 blue, in vertical stripes. [Fr. tricolore — 
 L. tres. three, and color, color.] 
 
 TRICOLORED, tri'kul-urd, adj. ha\-ing 
 three colors. 
 
 TRICYCLE, tri'sik-1. n. a velocipede with 
 three wheels. [Gr. tri-, i-oot of treis., E. 
 Three, and kyklos, E. Cycle. Cf. Bi- 
 cycle.] 
 
 TRIDENT, tri'dent, n. the three-pronged 
 spear or sceptre of Neptune, god of the 
 ocean : any three-toothed instrument. 
 [Fr. — L. tres, three, and dens, dentis, E. 
 Tooth.] 
 
 TRIDENT, tri'dent. TRIDENTED. tri'dent- 
 ed, adj. having three teeth or prongs. 
 
 TRIENNIAL, tri-en'yal, adj. continuing 
 three years ; happening every third year. 
 — acli: Trienn'ially. [L. triennis—tres, 
 three, and annus, a year.] 
 
 TRIFLE, tri'fl, v.i. to act or talk lightly: 
 to indulge in light or silly amusements : 
 to waste or spend idly or unprofitably. — 
 Ji. anything of little value : a light kind 
 of dish.— ». Tri'fler. [O. Fr. tnifle, 
 perh. conn, with O. Dut. treyfelen, to 
 play ; or perh. only another form of 
 
 TRrFFLE.] 
 
 TRIFLING, tri'fling, adj like a trifle: of 
 small value or importance : trivial. — 
 adv. Tei'flinglt. 
 
 TRIFOLIATE, tri-fo'li-at, adj., three-leaved. 
 [L. tres. three, and folium, leaf.] 
 
 TRIFORM, trl'form. adj. having a triple 
 form. [L. triformis — tres, three, and 
 forma, form.] 
 
 TRIG, trig, adj. full: trim, neat. [Etv. 
 dub.] 
 
 TRIGGER, trig'er, n. a catch which when 
 jndled looses the hammer of a gun in 
 firing : a catch to hold a wheel when 
 drivmg on steep ground. [Either from 
 Dut. trekker—trelcken. to pull (cf. Trick, 
 J).): or from Gfr. driicker.] 
 
 TRIGLYPH. tri'glif, n. a three-grooved 
 tablet at equal distances along the frieze 
 in Doric architecture. [L. triglyphus — 
 Gr. trighjphos — treis. three, and glypho, 
 to hollow out, to carve.] 
 
 TRIGLYPHIC. trl-glif'ik, TRIGLYPHIC- 
 AL, tri-glif'ik-al. adj. consisting of or 
 pertaining to triglyphs : containing three 
 sets of characters or sculptures. 
 
 TRIGONOJIETRICAL,trig-o-no-met'rik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to trigonometry: done by 
 the rules of trigonometry. — adv. Trigo- 
 nosiet'rically. 
 
 TRIGONOMETRY, trig-o-nom'e-tri. n. the 
 branch of mathematics which treats of 
 the relations between the sides and an- 
 gles of triangles. [Lit. " the measure- 
 ment of triangles " — Gr. trigonon, a tri- 
 angle, and metron. a measure.] 
 
 TRIHEDRAL, tri-he'dral, adj. having three 
 equal sides. 
 
 TRIHEDRON, tri-he'dron, n. a figure hay- 
 ing three equal bases or sides. [Gr. treis, 
 three, and hedra, <a seat, base.] 
 
 TRILATERAL, trl-lat'er-al, adj. having 
 three sides. —adv. Trilat'eeally. [L. 
 tres. three, latus. side.] 
 
 TRILINGUAL, tri-ling'gwal, adj. consist- 
 
 ing of three tongues or languages. [L. 
 ti-es. three, and lingna. tongue.] 
 
 TRILITERAL. tri-lit'er-al. adj. consisting 
 of three letters. [L. tres, three, and litera, 
 a letter.] 
 
 TRILL, tril, v.t. andr.?". to shake: to utter 
 with a tremulous ^nbration : to trickle or 
 flow in a small stream. — n. a quaver or 
 tremulous vibration. [Fr. trUler — It, 
 trilkire. to shake ; imitative.] 
 
 TRILLION, tril'yun, n. a million raised 
 to the second power (1.000,000,000,000), 
 or, in England, multiplied twice bv itself 
 (1.000,000';000.000,000,000). corresponding 
 to our quintilHon, [Fr.— L. O'fs, three, and 
 Low L, millio. a million. See Million.] 
 
 TRILOBITE, trflob-It, n. one of an order 
 of fossil cr i-jtacea. [Gr. tri, thrice, and 
 lobos. a lobe.] 
 
 TRILOGY, tril'o-ji, n. a series of three 
 dramas, each complete in sense, yet 
 mutually related as parts of one great 
 historical piece. [Gr. trilogia—tri, tris, 
 thrice, and logos, speech, discourse.] 
 
 TRIM, trim. adj. in good order : nice.— t'.^ 
 to make trim : to put in due order : to 
 dress : to decorate : to'clip : to reduce to 
 proper form: to arrange for sailing. — v.i. 
 to balance or fluctuate between parties:— 
 pr.p. trimm'ing;pa.f. and pa.]), ti'immed. 
 — n. dress: ornaments: state of a ship as 
 to sailing qualities. — adv. Teim'ly. — n. 
 Trim'ness. [A.S. irum, firm, trymian, to 
 strengthen, set in order.] 
 
 TRIMETER, trim'e-ter. n. a division of a 
 verse consisting of three measures. — adjs. 
 Trim'eter. TrTmet'rical. [Gr. trimetros 
 — treis, three, and metron, measure.] 
 
 TRIMMER, trim'er, 7!. one who trims : one 
 who fluctuates between parties, a time- 
 server. 
 
 TRIMJIING. trim'ing, n. that which trims:-. 
 ornamental parts, esp. of a garment,/ 
 dish. etc. 
 
 TRDIONTHLY, tri'munth-h, adj. every 
 three months. 
 
 TRINITARIAN, trin-i-tar'i-an, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the Trinity, or to the doctrine of 
 the Trinity. — ii. one who holds the doc- 
 trine of the Trinity. — Telnitae'iakism, n. 
 the tenets of Trinitai'ians. 
 
 TRINITY, trin'i-ti. n. the union of three in 
 one Godhead : the persons of the God- 
 head. [L. trinitas, three — trini, three 
 each — tres. three.] 
 
 TRINITY-SUNDAY, trin'i-ti-sun'da.ri. the 
 Sunday next after Whitsunday, the Fes- 
 tival of the Holy Trinity. 
 
 TRINKET, tringk'et, n. a small ornament 
 for the person : anj'thing of little value. 
 [Ety. dub. : perh. nasalized from tricket, 
 a dim. of Teick.] 
 
 TRINOJHAL, tri-no'mi-al, adj. (math) con- 
 sisting- of three names orterms connected 
 by the sign plus or minus. — n. a trinomi- 
 al quantity. [L. tres, three, and 7iomen, 
 name,] 
 
 TRIO, tri'o, 7?. three united : (nttmc) a com- 
 position for three performers. [It. — L. 
 tres, three.] 
 
 TRIP, trip, v.i. to move with short, light 
 steps : to stumble and fall : to err : to 
 fail. — v.t. to cause to stumble by striking 
 one's feet from under him : to overthrow 
 by taking away support: to catch : — jir.j). 
 tripp'ing ; pa.t. aud j^a.p. tripped. — n. a 
 light, short step : a catch by which an 
 antagonist is thrown : .a false step : a 
 mistake : a short voyage or journey. 
 [Allied to Low Ger. trippen, and Ger. 
 frippi'lu : cf. also W. trij'iau:] 
 
 TRIPARTITE, trip'ar-tit, adj.. (K\~ided into 
 three parts : ha^nng three corresponding 
 parts : relating to'three parties. — Trip- 
 arti'tiox, n. a division into three. [L. 
 ter. thrice, and parfitus, pa.p. otparlio, 
 to divide^pars, a part.]
 
 TRIPE 
 
 456 
 
 TROUNCE 
 
 rRIPE, trip. n. entrails : the large stomach 
 ot ruminating animals prepared for food. 
 [Fr.. ety. dub. ; prob. from Celt, tripa.] 
 
 TRIPEDAL, trip'e-dal, adj. having three 
 feet. [L. tres, three, and pes, pedis, E. 
 Foot.] 
 
 TRIPETALOUS, tri-pet'al-us, adj. (bot.) 
 having three petals or flo\ver-?eai'es. 
 [G-r. treis, three, and petalon, a leaf. 
 See Petal.] 
 
 TRIPHTHO^rG, trifthong or trip'thong, 
 11. a combination of three vowels to form 
 one sound. — adj. TriphthON'gaL. [Fr. 
 triphthongue — Gr. treis, three, and 
 phthongos, sound.] 
 
 TRIPLE, trip'l, adj. consisting of three 
 united : three times repeated. — v.t. to 
 treble. — adv. Trip'lt. '"^r. — L. tri-plus 
 (lit.) " thrice-full "—<n-,i jot of tres, E. 
 Three, and -plus, akin to plenus, E. Fill. 
 Cf.' Double.] 
 
 TRIPLET, trip'let. ?!., three of a kind or 
 three united : three lines rhyming to- 
 gether : (mtisic) a group of three notes 
 occupj'ing the time of two, indicated by 
 a slur and the figure 3. 
 
 TRIPLICATE, trip'li-kat, adj., threefold: 
 made thrice as much. — n. a third copy 
 or thing corresponding to two others of 
 the same kind. [L. ter, thrice, and pUco, 
 to fold. Cf. Dcple, Duplicate.] 
 
 TRIPLICATION, trip-li-ka'shun, n. act of 
 making threefold or adding three to- 
 gether. 
 
 TRIPOD, tri'pod, n. anything on three feet 
 or legs, as a stool, etc. [Gr. tripons, 
 tripodos—tri, treis, three, pous, E. Foot.] 
 
 TRIPOS, tri'pos, n. a university examina- 
 tion for honors at Cambridge : a tripos 
 paper. [From a tripod being frequently 
 given as a prize at the Grecian games. 
 See Tripod.] 
 
 TRIPPING, trip'ing, n. the act of tripping: 
 a light kind of dance. 
 
 TRIPPINGLY, trip'ing-li.adv. in a tripping 
 manner : with a light, quick step. 
 
 TRIPTOTE, trip'tot, n. a noun used in three 
 cases only. [Fr. — Gr. triptoton — tri, treis, 
 three, thrice, ptotos, falling— b!U<o, to 
 fall.] 
 
 TRIPTYCH, trip'tik, n. a set of tablets 
 consisting of three leaves, each painted 
 with a distinct subject, but joined to- 
 gether by hinges, and capable of being 
 folded so as to present a new face. [Gr. 
 tri. thrice, ptyx, ptychos, a fold, a leaf — 
 ptysso, to fold.] 
 
 TRIREME, tri'rem, n. a galley or vessel 
 with three banks or rows of oars. [Fr. — 
 L. triremis — tri, tres, three, retnus, an 
 oar.] 
 
 TRISECT, tri-sekt', v.t. to cut or divide into 
 three equal parts. [L. tri, thrice, seco, 
 sectum. to cut.] 
 
 TRISECTION, tri-sek'shun, n. the dixasion 
 of anything, as an angle, into three equal 
 parts. 
 
 TRISYLLABIC, tris - sil - lab'ik, TRISYL- 
 LAB'ICAL, -al, adj. pertaining to a trisyl- 
 lable : consisting of three sj'llables. — adv. 
 Trisyllab'icallt. 
 
 TRISYLLABLE, tris-sil'a-bl, n. a word of 
 three syllables. [Gr. tri-, three, and Syl- 
 lable.] 
 
 TRITE, trit, adj., irorii out by use : used 
 till its novelty and interest are lost : 
 hackneyed. — adv. Trite'ly. — n. Trite'- 
 NESS. [It. trito — L. tritus, rubbed, p.a.p. 
 of tero. to rub. See Try.] 
 
 TRITON, trl'ton, n. (myth.) a marine demi- 
 god, one of the trumpeters of Neptvme, 
 his trumpet being a wreathed univalve 
 shell: a genus of molluscs with awreathed 
 univalve shell. [Gr. Triton.] 
 TRITURABLE, trit'u-ra-bl. adj. that may 
 be reduced to a fine powder by grinding. 
 TRITURATE, trit'u-rat, v.t. to rub or grind 
 
 to a fine powder. — n. Trituka'tion, 
 [Late L. trituro, -atum — L. tero, to rub.] 
 
 TRrUTNIPH, tri'umf, n. in ancient Rome, a 
 solemn procession in honor of a victori- 
 ous general : joy for success : victor}'. — 
 v.t. to celebrate a victory with pomp: to 
 rejoice for xnctory: to obtain victory: to 
 be prosperous : (with over) to insult a 
 person upon an advantage gained. — n. 
 Tri'UMPHER. [L. triumphus ; akin to Gr. 
 thriambos, a hymn to Bacchus.] 
 
 TRIIBIPHAL, tri-umf'al, adj. pertaining 
 to triumph : used in celebrating x'ictory. 
 
 TRIUMPHANT, tri-umf'ant, adj. celebrat- 
 ing or rejoicing for a triumph : express- 
 ing ioy for success: victorious. — adv. 
 Trr'.mph'antly. [L. triumphans, -antis, 
 pr.p. of triumpho, to celebrate a triumph 
 — triumphus.i 
 
 TRIUMVIR, tri-um'vir, n. one of three men 
 in the same office or government : — pi. 
 Trium'viri, Trium'virs. [L. — trium-, 
 from tre.i, three, and vir, a man.] 
 
 TRIUMVIRATE, tri-um'vi-rat, n. an asso- 
 ciation ot three men in office or govern- 
 ment, or for any political ends. [^L.] 
 
 TRIUNE, tri'un, 'adj. being three in one. 
 [Coined from L. tri-, root of tres, three, 
 and 7inus, one.] 
 
 TRIVET, triv'et, n. a stool or other thing 
 supported on three feet : a movable iron 
 frame in a kitchen fire-grate for support- 
 ing kettles, etc. [For trevet — Fr. trepied, 
 a tripod — L. tripes, tripedis — tres, three, 
 pes, a foot. Cf. Tripod.] 
 
 TRIVIAL, triv'i-al, adj. that may be found 
 anywhere, common: of little importance: 
 trifling. — adv. Triv'ially. — n. Triv'ial- 
 NESS. [L. trivialis (lit.) " to be found at 
 the cross-roads or public streets" — triv- 
 ium, a place where three ways meet — 
 tres, three, via, a way.] 
 
 TROCHAIC, tro-ka'ik, TROCHA'ICAL, 
 -al, adj. consisting of trochees. — Trocha'- 
 ic, n. a trochaic verse or measure. 
 
 TROCHEE, tro'ke. n. a metrical foot of two 
 syllables, so called from its tripping or 
 joyous character : in L. verse, consisting 
 of" a long and a short, as numen : in E. 
 verse, of an accented and imaccented 
 syllable, as tri'pod. [Fr. trochee — Gr. 
 trochaios {pous, foot, understood), run- 
 ning, tripping — trochos, a running — 
 trecho, to runJ [Tread. 
 
 TROD. TRODD'^EN, pa.i. and i)a.p. of 
 
 TROGLODYTE, trog'lo-dit, n._ the Greek 
 name for certain ancient tribes on the 
 Nile, now a general term for all savage 
 cave-dwellers. [Fr. — Gr. troglodytes — 
 frogle. a cave, and dyo, to enter.] 
 
 TROJAN, tro'jan, adj. pertaining to ancient 
 Troy. — n. an inhabitant of ancient Troy : 
 an old soldier. 
 
 TROLL, trol, v.t. to move circularly: to 
 sing the parts of in succession, as of a 
 catch or round. — v.i. to roll : to move or 
 run about : to sing a catch. — n. a song, 
 the parts of which are sung in succes- 
 sion : a round. — n. Troll'er. [Perh. 
 from Fr. troler, to lead about — Celt, root 
 seen in "W. trolis, to twist, to roll.] 
 
 TROLL, trol, v.i. to fish. esp. for pike, with 
 a rod of which the line runs on a reel 
 near the handle. [A form of Trawl.] 
 
 TROLLOP, trol'up, n. a loitering, slattern- 
 ly woman: a woman negligently dressed: 
 a draggle-tail. [From Troll, in the 
 sense of running about.] 
 
 TROMBONE, trom'bon, n. a deep-toned 
 brass musical wind instrument of the 
 trumpet kind. [It. ; augmentati%'e of 
 tromba, a trumpet. See Trump, a trump- 
 et.] 
 
 TROOP, troop, ?!. a croicd or collection of 
 people : a company : soldiers taken col- 
 lectively, an array, usually in p/.; a small 
 body of cavalry corresponding to a com- 
 
 pany of infantry. — v.i. to collect in num 
 bers: to march in a company, or in haste. 
 [Fr. trovpe, prob. through Low L. forms, 
 from L. tiirba. a crowd.] 
 
 TROOPER, troop'er, n. a private cavalry 
 soldier. 
 
 TROPE, trop, n. (rliet.) a word or expression 
 changed from its proper sense for life or 
 emphasis, a figure of speech. [Fr. — L. 
 tropus — Gr. tropos — trepo, to turn.] 
 
 TROPHIED, tro'fid, adj. adorned with tro- 
 phies. 
 
 TROPHY, tro'fl, n. a memorial of a vic- 
 tory, consisting of a pile of arms erected 
 on the field of battle : anything taken 
 from an enemj' and preserved as a me- 
 morial of victory : something that is 
 evidence of victory. [Fr. tropMe — L. 
 tropceum — Gr. tropaion — trope, a turn- 
 ing — trepo, to turn, to turn to flight.] 
 
 TROPIC, trop'ik, n. one of the two circles 
 on the celestial sphere, 23° 28' on each 
 side of the equator, where the sun turns, 
 as it were, after reaching its greatest dec- 
 lination north or south : one of two cir- 
 cles on the terrestrial globe correspond- 
 ing to these : — 2)1. the regions lying be- 
 tween the tropics. [Through L. tropicus, 
 from Gr. tropikos, relating to a turning 
 — tropos, a turning (see TROPE).] 
 
 TROPIC, trop'ik, TROPICAL, trop'ik-al, 
 adj. pertaining to the troj^ics : being 
 within or near the tropics. — adv. Trop'- 
 
 ICALLY. 
 
 TROPICAL, trop'ik-al, adj. (rJiet.) pertain- 
 ing to a trope : changed from its proper 
 or original sense: figurative. — adv. Trop'- 
 
 ICALLY. 
 
 TROPOLOGICAL. tro-po-loj'ik-al, adj. ex- 
 pressed or varied by tropes or figures. 
 
 TROPOLOGY, tro-pol'o-ji, n. a tropical or 
 figurative mode of speech. [Gr. tropos 
 and logos, discourse.] 
 
 TROT, trot, v.i. to go, lifting the feet 
 quicker and higher than in walking : to 
 walk or move fast : to run : to travel, 
 by lifting one fore-foot and the hind-foot 
 of the opposite side at the same time — 
 said of horses. — v.t. to ride at a trot : — 
 pr.p. trott'ing; 2M.t. and pa.jy. trott'ed. 
 — n. the pace ot a horse or other quad- 
 ruped when trotting. — n. Trott'er. [Fr. 
 trotter, through various forms from a L. 
 form tolutare, for ire tolutim, to go on a 
 trot, (lit.) "by a lifting," from root tol, 
 to lift.] 
 
 TROTH, troth, n., truth, confidence: faith: 
 fidelity. [A.S. treowth—treoic, faith, trust. 
 Cpp Tr i 't h 1 
 
 TROUBADOUR, troo'ba-door, n. one of a 
 class of poets from the 11th to the 13th 
 century, chiefly in France. [Fr., from 
 Prov. trobador — trobar (Fr. trouver). to 
 find — L. turbare, to throw into disorder 
 (in searching for a thing), hence, to find. 
 See Trover.'] 
 
 TROUBLE, trub'l, v.t. to put into a con- 
 fused state : to agitate : to disturb : to 
 annoy : to busy or engage overmuch. — 
 71. disturbance : affliction : uneasiness : 
 that which disturbs or afflicts.?!.— Troub'- 
 ler. [Fr. troubler, O. Fr. tourbler — Low 
 L. turbulo — L. turbare, to disturb — turba, 
 a crowd, tumult.] 
 
 TROUBLESOME, trub'1-sum, adj. causing 
 or giving trouble or inconvenience : 
 vexatious: importunate. — adv. Troub* 
 
 LESOIIELY. — 11. TROUB'LESOMENESS. 
 
 TROUBLOUS, trub'lus, adj. full of trouble 
 or disorder : agitated : tumultuous. 
 
 TROUGH, trof, n. a long, hollow vessel for 
 water or other liquid : a^long tray: a 
 long narrow channel. [A.S. trog ; Ger. 
 trog.] 
 
 TROUNCE, trowns, v.t. to punish or beat 
 severely. [O. Fr. tron^onner, to cut — L, 
 truneus, maimed. See Trench.]
 
 TROUSERS 
 
 467 
 
 TRYSAIL 
 
 TROUSERS, trow'zerz, 7i.pl. long breeches: 
 a garment worn by males on the lower 
 limbs and trussed or fastened up at the 
 waist. [O. Fr. trousses, breeches worn 
 by pages — Fr. trousse (see Truss).] 
 
 TROUSSEAU, troo-s6', ?i. the lig-hter art- 
 icles of a bride's outfit. [Fr., lit. "a 
 little bundle," from trousse, a bundle 
 (see Truss).] 
 
 rROUT, trowt, 71. a common name for 
 fresh-water fish of the salmon family : 
 the Salmo Fario, or Common Trout, 
 much sought after by anglers. [Fr. 
 truite, A.S. trniht — L. tructa, tructus — 
 Gr. troktes, a sea-fish with sharp teeth — 
 trogo, to gnaw.] 
 
 TROVER, trov'er, n. (law) the gaining pos- 
 session of goods. [O. Fr. trover, to find 
 (Fr. trouver) — L. turbare, to throw into 
 disorder (in searching for a thing), hence, 
 to find — turba, confusion. Cf. Treas- 
 ure-Trove and Troubadour.] 
 
 TROW, tro, v.i. to hold as true : (B.) to 
 trust : to believe : to think. [A.S. treow- 
 ian ; Ice. trua, Grer. trau-en. See True, 
 Trust.] 
 
 TROWEL, trow'el, n. a tool use(i in spread- 
 ing mortar, and in gardening. [Fr. 
 truelle — L. trulla, dim. of trua. a ladle.] 
 
 TROWSERS. Same as Trousers. 
 
 TROY. TROY- WEIGHT, troi'-wat, Ji. the 
 system of weights used for gold, silver, 
 precious stones, and in philosophical 
 experiments, containing 5760 grains, di- 
 vided into 13 ounces of 480 grains each. 
 The Troy pound is less than the Avoir- 
 dupois, or pound of commerce, which has 
 7000 grains, divided into 16 ounces of 
 43T'5 grains each. [A corr. of Fr. (livre. 
 povmd) d'ootroi, of authority — octroi, 
 from Li. auctori tas, authority, and sig. 
 orig. "anything authorized," then "a 
 tax." Said by some to be derived from 
 Troves in France, where it is said to have 
 originated.] 
 
 XRUANT, troO'ant, n. an idler : a boy 
 who, idly or without excuse, absents 
 himself from school. — adj. wandering 
 from duty : loitering : idle. — ns. Tru'- 
 ANCY, Tru'antship. [Fr. truatid — Low 
 L. trutanus — Celt, root tni, wretched.] 
 
 TRUCE, troos, 71. a temporary peace or 
 suspension of hostilities between two ar- 
 mies or between states: cessation. [Lit. 
 " atrue agreement," M.E. treows, treu-es, 
 an extension of True. See also Truth.] 
 
 TRUCK, truk, v.t. to exchange or barter. — 
 v.i. to traffic by exchange. — n. exchange 
 of goods : barter. [Fr. troquer — Sp. tro- 
 car, perh. a corr. of L. trans, across or 
 over, and vicis, change.] 
 
 TRUCK, truk, 7i. a wheel : a railway hand 
 vehicle for heavy articles : a platform 
 running on wheels : a small wooden cap 
 at the top of a mast or flagstaff: a strong 
 heavy wagon for hea\'y loads, usually 
 with two wide wheels : two pairs of car- 
 wheels joined on the same frame : gar- 
 den vegetables. [Perh. a eoi-r. of Gr. 
 trochos, a wheel — trecho, to run.] 
 
 TRUCKAGE, truk'aj, ?i. the practice of 
 exchanging or bartering goods. [See 
 Truck, i:] 
 
 TRUCKAGE, truk'aj, 7i. charge for carry- 
 ing articles on a truck. [See TRUCK, ?!.] 
 
 TRUCKLE, truk'l, v.i. to yield meanly to 
 the demands of another. — ws. Truck'LER, 
 Truck'uno. [Extension of Truck, v.] 
 
 TRUCKLE, truk'l, 7i. a small wheel or 
 caster. [Dim. of TRUCK, v.] 
 
 TRUCKLE-BED, truk'1-bed, n. a low bed 
 on wheels that may be pushed under an- 
 other. [See Truck, »i.] 
 
 TRUCK -SYSTEM, truk'-sis'tem, n. the 
 practice of paying workmen in goods 
 instead of moneV. [See Truck, v.] 
 
 TRUCULENT, triik'u-lent, adj. very fierce: 
 
 barbarous: cruel: inspiring terror. — adv. 
 Truc'ulently. — ?i. Truc'ulence. [li. 
 truculentus — trux, wild, fierce.] 
 
 TRUDGE, truj, v.i. to travel on foot : to 
 travel with labor or effort : to march 
 heavily on. [Allied to Tread and Trot, 
 and influenced by DRUDGE.] 
 
 TRUE, troo, adj. agreeing with fact: 
 worthy of belief or confidence: certain: 
 trust}-: genuine: exact: straight: right: 
 rightful.— ?t. True'ness. [A.S. treou-e ; 
 cog. with Ice. trur, Ger. treu ; from the 
 root of Trow. See Trust.] 
 
 TRUFFLE, truf'l, n. a round underground 
 fungus used in cookery. — TRUFFLED, adj. 
 cooked with truffles. [O. Fr. truffle (Fr. 
 truffe), a corr. of L. tuber (see Tuber).] 
 
 TRUISM, troo'izm, n. a plain or self-evident 
 truth. 
 
 TRULL, trul, 7i. a drab: a vagrant woman 
 of loose habits. [Allied to Ger. trulle; 
 conn, with Scand. troll, demon, gobUn, 
 monster.] 
 
 TRULY, troo'li, adv. according to truth : 
 in fact or reality: exactlj-: justly: faith- 
 fully: sincerely: honestly. 
 
 TRUMP, trump, ji. a trumpet. [Prob. 
 through Fr. t7'ompe, from It. tromba, 
 which, ace. to Diez, is the L. iiiba, with 
 inserted )• and m.] 
 
 TRUMP, trump, 7i. a card of the leading 
 suit that triumphs or wins : one of the 
 suit of cards which takes any other. — v.i. 
 to play a trump card. — v.t. to play a 
 trump card upon. — To TRUMP UP, to de- 
 vise, forge. [From Triumph.] 
 
 TRUMPERY, trump'er-i, n. falsehood: 
 boastful or empty talk : things of no 
 value : trifles. — adj. worthless. [Fr. 
 tromperie — troviper, to deceive, lit. "to 
 blow a trumpet (in order to attract the 
 public)," a custom of quacks, etc. . See 
 Trump, a trumpet.] 
 
 TRUMPET, trump'et, n. a wind instrument 
 of music with a ringing and clear tone, 
 used chiefly in war and in military mu- 
 sic : [jig.) one who praises. — v.t. to pub- 
 lish by trumpet : to proclaim : to sound 
 the praises of. [Fr. tr07npette, dim. of 
 trompe. See Trump, a trumpet.] 
 
 TRUMPETER, trump'et -er, »j. one who 
 sounds on the t7i.t7npet the regimental 
 calls and signals : one who proclaims, 
 praises, or denounces : a kind of pigeon, 
 also a S. American wading-bird. 
 
 TRUMPET-FISH, trump'et-fish, n. a sea- 
 fish so named from its tru7npet-\\kQ or 
 tubular muzzle. 
 
 TRUMPET-TONGUED, trump'et - tungd, 
 adj. having a voice or tongxie loud as a 
 tmunpet. 
 
 TRUNCATE, trungk'at, v.t. to cut off : to 
 lop : to maim. — ?i. Trunca'tion. [L. 
 trunco. -atinn — tremens. See Trunk.] 
 
 TRUNCHEON, trun'shun. «. a short staff : 
 a cudgel : a baton or staff of authority. — 
 v.t. to beat with a truncheon : to cudgel. 
 [Fr. troncon—tronc (see Trunk).] 
 
 TRUNDLE, trun'dl, ?;. anything round : a 
 wheel: atruck. — t\t. to roll, as on wheels: 
 — v.i. to roll: bowl along. [A.S. trendel, 
 a circle, wheel, Ger. triiiidehi. to dawdle.] 
 
 TRUNDLE - BED, trun'dl-bed, n. a bed 
 moving on trundles or low wheels : a 
 truckle-bed. 
 
 TRUNK, trungk, m. tlie stem of a tree : the 
 body of an animal ajjart from the limbs : 
 the main body of anything : anything 
 long and hollow : the proboscis of an 
 elephant : the shaft of a column: a chest 
 for clothes. — Trunked, trungkt, adj. 
 having a trunk. [Fr. tronc — L. truncus, 
 the stem or bole ot a tree.] 
 
 TRUNK-HOSE, trungk'-hoz, 7i. large hose 
 or breeches formerly worn over the lower 
 part of the body and the upper part of 
 the legs. 
 
 TRUNK-LINE, trungk'-lln, n. the main 
 line of a railway : one of the unleased 
 railway systems of the United States, 
 which has an outlet at the seaboard, a 
 continuous route from the interior, a dis- 
 tinct organization of its own, numerous 
 branches, and tributary and leased lines 
 under its control. The New York Cen- 
 tral and Pennsylvania systems are 
 among the leading trunk-lmes of the 
 United States, though there are a great 
 many others. 
 
 TRUNNION, trun'yun, ?i. one ot the knobs 
 on each side of a gun, on which it rests 
 on the carriage. [Fr. trognon, a stalk — 
 tronc. a stump — L. trimcus.^ 
 
 TRUSS, trus, 7i. a bundle : timbers fast- 
 ened together for supporting a roof : in 
 ships, the rope or iron for keeping the 
 lower yard to the mast : {med.) a^band- 
 age used in ruptures. — v.t. to bind up ; 
 to pack close : to furnish with a truss. 
 [Fr. trousse — trousser, O. Fr. trosser, 
 orig. torser, to bind together — L. tortTis, 
 pa.p. of torqueo, to twist.] 
 
 TRUST, trust, ?i. confidence in the truth of 
 anji;hing : a resting on the integrity, 
 friendship, etc., of another : faith: hope: 
 credit (esp. sale on credit or on promise 
 to pay) : he or that which is the ground 
 of confidence : that which is given or 
 received in confidence : charge : (laic) an 
 estate managed for another. — adj. held 
 in trust.— 17. f. to place trust in : to be- 
 lieve : to give credit to : to sell upon 
 credit : to commit to the care of. — v.i. 
 to be confident or confiding. — n. Trust'- 
 ER. [Closely conn, with Ice. traust, 
 trust, Goth, traiisti, security, Ger. trost, 
 consolation ; from root of Trow and 
 True.] 
 
 TRUSTEE, trus-te', n. one to whom any- 
 thing- is iiitrusted : one to whom the 
 management of a property is committed 
 in trust for the benefit of others. — n, 
 Trustee'ship. 
 
 TRUSTFUL, trust'fool, adj. full of trust : 
 trusting : worthy of trust : faithful. 
 
 TRUSTWORTHY,trust'wur-</ii,ady.«or<;iy 
 of tru.tt or confidence: trusty. — 7i. Trust*- 
 
 WORTHINESS. 
 
 TRUSTY, trust'!, adj. (comp. Trust'ier, 
 superl. Trust'iest), that may be trusted : 
 deserving confidence : honest : strong : 
 firm. — n. Trust'iness. — adv. Trust'lly. 
 
 TRUTH, trooth, ?i. that which is true or 
 according to the facts of the case : agree- 
 ment with reality : true state of things, 
 or facts : practice of speaking or disposi- 
 tion to speak the truth : fidelity : a trua 
 statement : an established principle : in 
 the fine arts, a faithful adherence to 
 nature.— Of a truth (B.), truly. [A.S. 
 treoivth, trywth, a derivative of 'True. 
 Doublet Troth.] 
 
 TRUTHFUL, trooth'fool, adj.. fidloi truth: 
 according to or adhering to truth: reli- 
 able.— adc. Truth'fully.— n. Truth'ful- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 TRY, tri, v.t. to test : to sift : to prove by 
 experiment : to purify : to examine ju- 
 dicially: to examine carefully : to expe- 
 rience: to attempt: to use a.s means: to 
 put to severe trial, cause suffering to, 
 — v.i. to endeavor : to make an effort : — 
 pa.t. and pa.p. tried (trid). — n. Tri'er. 
 [Fr. trier, to pick out. to cull (the grain 
 from the straw), from an assumed L. 
 tiHtare — te7-o. ti-itum, to rub. See Trite.] 
 
 TRYING, trl'ing, adj. making trial or 
 proof of : adapted to try : searching • 
 severe. 
 
 TRYSAIL, tri'sal, 7i. a reduced sail used by 
 small craft, instead of their mainsail, in 
 a storm : a small fore-and-aft sail set 
 with a boom and gafl.
 
 TRYST 
 
 458 
 
 TURF 
 
 TRYST, trlst, n. an appointment to meet : 
 appointed place of meeting. [Conn, with 
 Trust.] 
 
 TSAR. tsar. n. better form of Czar. 
 
 TSETSE, tset'se. n. a dipterous insect of 
 South Africa, whose bite is fatal to the 
 ox, horse, and dog. 
 
 TUB. tub, n. a two-handed open wooden 
 vessel : a vessel made of staves and 
 hoops : a small cask : anything like a 
 tub : the quantity a tub holds. [Low 
 Ger. tubbe, Dut. tobbe.] 
 
 TUBE, tub, n. a pipe : a long, hollow cyl- 
 inder for the conveyance of fluids, etc.: a 
 canal. — v.t. to furnisli with a tube. [Fr. 
 — L. tubus.] 
 
 TUBER, tiiber, n. a knob in roots : a 
 rounded, fleshy, underground stem, as in 
 the potato. [L.. "a swelling." from root 
 of L. tumeo. to swell. Cf. "Tumid.] 
 
 TUBERCLE, tu'ber-kl, n. a small tuber or 
 swelling : a pimple : a small knob on 
 leaves : a small mass of diseased matter 
 frequently found in the lungs, and which 
 is the cause of the well-known fatal dis- 
 ease called pulmonary consumption. — 
 Tu'BERCLED, adj. having tubercles. [L. 
 tuberculum, dim. of Tcber.] 
 
 TUBERCULAR, tu-ber'ku-lar, TUBERCU- 
 LOUS, tQ-ber'ku-lus, adj. pertaining to 
 tubercles : pimpled : affected with or 
 caused bv tuber<;les. 
 
 TUBEROUS, tu'ber-us, TUBEROSE, tu'- 
 ber-6s. adj. having or consisting of tu- 
 bers : knobbed.— H. TUBEROSITY. 
 
 TUBING, tub'ing, n. a length of tube: 
 tubes collectively : materials for tubes. 
 
 TUBULAR, tub'u-lar, adj. having the form 
 of a tube or pipe : consisting of a tube or 
 
 TUBULATED, tub'u-lat-ed, TUBULOUS. 
 tub'u-lus. adj. having the form of a tube 
 or pipe : having a small tube : contain- 
 ing or composed of small tubes. 
 
 TUBULE, tub'ul. n. a small tube or pipe. 
 [L. tnbuhis. dim. of tubus.] 
 
 TUCK, tuk, v.t. to draw or press in or to- 
 gether : to fold under : to gather up : 
 to inclose by pressing clothes closely 
 around. — ii. a horizontal fold in a gar- 
 ment. [Low Ger. tucken, Ger. zucketi, to 
 draw in, to shrug ; conn, with Tow and 
 Tug.] 
 
 TUCKER, tuk'er, n. a piece of cloth tucked 
 or drawn over the bosom, worn by women 
 and children. 
 
 TUESDAY, tuz'da. n. the third day of the 
 week. [A.S. Tiwes dag (lit.) '■ the day of 
 7^(1'"' (the god of war)=Ger. die(n)s-tag ; 
 cf. L. dies Martis. T,w (Ice. Tyr. O. Ger. 
 Zio) is conn, with Gr. Zeus, Dios, and L. 
 d'Cus. divus.] 
 
 TUFA, tu'fa, TUFF, tuf, n. a rock formed 
 from the ash or powder from a volcano : 
 also applied to any light, porous rock. 
 [It. tufo. Fr. tuf—t. i(^us.] 
 
 TUFT, tuft, n. a number of small things in 
 a knot: a cluster : a dense head of flowers. 
 — v.t. to separate into tufts : to adorn 
 with tufts. — adjs. Tuft'ed, Tuft'y. [Fr. 
 touffe. from the Teut., as Low Ger. topp, 
 Ger. zorif. See Top.] 
 
 TUFT-HUXTER, tutt'-hunt'er, n. one over- 
 eager to form acquaintance with per- 
 sons cf rank or consequence : a mean 
 hanger-on of the great. [From the 
 tuft or tassel in the cap worn by noble- 
 men at the English universities.] 
 
 TUG, tug, I'.;, to pull with effort : to drag 
 along. — v.i. to pull with great effort: — 
 pr./). tugg'ing ; pa.t. a.nA pa.p. tugged. 
 — H. a sti'ong pull : a small, strong, low- 
 built steam - vessel for towing ships. 
 [A.S. teoH, teohan. pi. of pa.t. tugon; 
 closely conn, with Tuck and Tow, r.] 
 
 TUITICiN, tu-ish'un, n. care over a young 
 person: teaching. [Lit. " a looking to," 
 
 " taking care of," L. ttiitio — tueor, tuitus, 
 to see. to look to.] 
 
 TL^LIP, tu'lip, n. a bulbous garden-plant 
 with beautiful flowers. [Fr. tulipe — 
 Port, tulipa, from Pers. and Turk, tul- 
 hend. dulbend (whence E. Turbax). from 
 the fancied resemblance of the flower to 
 a turban folded round the head.] 
 
 TULLE, tool, n. a delicate kind of silk 
 net or lace. [Fr. : so named from the 
 town of Tulle, in the south-west of 
 France.] 
 
 TUIIBLE, tum'bl, v.i. to fall : to come 
 down .suddenly and violently: to roll : to 
 twist the body, as a mountebank. — v.t. 
 to throw headlong : to turn over : to 
 throw about while examining. — n. act of 
 tumbling: a fall : a rolling over. [From 
 a Teut. root seen in Dan. tumle — Ice. 
 tumla (A.S. tumbian) : and from which 
 also are the Fr. toinber and It. tom- 
 bolare.] 
 
 TUMBLER, tum'bler, n. one who tumbles: 
 a large drinking-glass, so called because 
 formerly, having a pointed base, it could 
 not be set down without tumbling: a do- 
 mestic pigeon, so called from its tumbling 
 on the wing. 
 
 TUMBREL, tum'brel, TUMBRIL, tum'bril, 
 11. a cart with two wheels for conveying 
 the tools of pioneers, artillery stores, 
 etc. [O. Fr. tomberel (Fr. tomhereau) — 
 Fi\ tomber, to fall, because the body of 
 the cart could be tumbled without un- 
 yoking. Cf. Tumble.] 
 
 TTOIEFACTION, tu-me-fak'shun, n. act of 
 tumefying : tumor : swelling. 
 
 TUMEFY, tu'me-fi, v.t. to cause to swell. 
 — v.i. to swell : to rise in a tumor : — 
 pa.t. andpo.p. tu'mefled. [L. tumefaeio 
 — tumeo, to swell, and facio, to make.] 
 
 TUMID, tu'mid, adj., gtvollen or enlarged : 
 inflated : falsely sublime : bombastic. — 
 adv. Tu'MiDLT.— n. Tu'midxess. [L. tii- 
 midus — tinneo. to swell.] 
 
 TUMOR, tu'mor, n. a diseased siveUing of 
 any part of the body. [L. — tumeo, to 
 swell.] 
 
 TUMULAR, tu'mu-lar, adj. formed in a 
 /it'njj; consisting in a heap. [Formed 
 ivomli.tumidus. aheap. IVomTuirULUS.] 
 
 TUMULOUS, tu'mu-lus, adj. full of mounds 
 or hillocks. [From Tnii'LUS.] 
 
 TUMLfLT, tu'mult, 7!. uproar of a mvilti- 
 tude : ^■iolent agitation with confused 
 sounds. [L. tumidtus, from root of tu- 
 meo. to swell.] 
 
 TUMULTUARY, tu-mult'u-ar-i. TUMULT- 
 UOL'S. tu-mult'u-us. adj. full of tumult : 
 disorderly : agitated : noisy. — adi: Tu- 
 
 JIULT'UOUSLT.— n. TUMULT'UOUSNESS. 
 
 TUMULUS, tu'mu-lus, n. a mound of earth 
 over a grave : a barrow : — pi. Tu'MUli, 
 [L.. "a heap" — tumeo, to swell.] 
 
 TUN', tun, n. (firig.) a large ca.^K: then a 
 measure of capacity for liquids = 2 pipes, 
 4 hogsheads, or 252 gallons. [A.S. tunne, 
 with similar forms in all the Teut., Ro- 
 mance, and Celt, tongues, the common 
 source prob. being the L. tina, a wine- 
 vessel. Doublet Ton.] 
 
 TUNE, tQn,H. (mus.) a melodious succession 
 of notes or chords in a particular key : 
 the relation of notes and intervals to 
 each other causing melody : state of 
 giving the proper sound : harmony : a 
 melody or air.— r.^. to cause to produce 
 the proper sounds. — adj. Tux'able. [A 
 variation of TONE. prob. partly due to the 
 influence of A.S. dyne. E. DiX.] 
 
 TUNEFUL, tun'tool, adj. full of tune or 
 harmony : melodious : musical. — adv. 
 Tune'fully. 
 
 TUNELESS, tun'les, adj. without tune or 
 melody. 
 
 TUNERI tfln'er, n. one who tunes or adjusts 
 the sounds of musical instruments. 
 
 TUNGSTEN, tung'sten, »i. a very heavy 
 metal. [Sw. tungsten — tung, heavy; 
 sten. stone.] 
 
 TUNIC, tu'nik. n. a loose frock worn by 
 females and boys : in R. Cath. Church, » 
 long under-garhient worn by the officiat- 
 ing clergy : (aiiat.) a membrane that 
 covers some organ : (hot.) a covering, as 
 of a seed : (ynil.) the coat at present worn 
 by English soldiers on full-dress occa^ 
 sions. [Fr. tunique — L. tunica, an under- 
 garment worn in ancient Rome by both 
 sexes.] 
 
 TUNICATE, tu'nik-at. TUNICATED, tii'- 
 nik-at-ed, adj. (bot.) covered with a tunic 
 or with layers. [L.] 
 
 TUNICLE, tu'ni-kl, n. a little tunic ; a kind 
 of long robe. [L. tuninda, dim. of tunica, 
 a tunic] 
 
 TUNING-FORK, tun'ing-fork, n. a steel 
 two-pronged instrument, designed when 
 set in vibration to give a musical sound 
 of a certain pitch. 
 
 TUNNEL, tun'el. n. a passage cut through 
 a hill or under a river, etc. — v.t. to make 
 a passage through: to hollow out: — pr.p. 
 tunn'elling ; pa.t. and pa.p. tunn'elled. 
 [An extension of TUN ; on the model of 
 Fr. tonnelle, an arbor, (lit.) "a<un-shaped 
 vault," dim. of tonne, a tun. See also 
 Ton.] 
 
 TUNNY, tun'i, n. a very large fish of the 
 mackerel family, fished chiefly on the 
 Mediterranean coasts. [Lit. " the dart- 
 ing fish," L. thunnus, Gr. thynnos — thy- 
 no, to dart or rush along.] 
 
 TUP, tup, n. a ram. [Conn, with Low 
 Ger. toppeyi, Ger. tupfen, to touch.] 
 
 TURANIAN, tilr-an'yan. adj. a name some- 
 times used to include all the languages 
 of Europe and Asia not Aryan or Sem- 
 itic, with the exception of Chinese and 
 its cognate dialects. [From Tvran. a 
 name given (in contrast to Iran or Per- 
 sia) to the region lying north of that 
 country.] 
 
 TURBAN, tur'ban, ?i. a head-covering worn 
 by eastern nations, consisting of a cap 
 with a sash wound round it : a circular 
 head-dress worn by ladies : the whole 
 whorls of a shell. ' [Earlier forms tur- 
 bant. tulipant(Fi\ turban), through Port. 
 turbante, from Pers. dulbend, a piece 
 of muslin wound round the head. Cf. 
 Tulip.] 
 
 TLTIB ANTED, tur'band, adj. wearing a 
 turban. 
 
 TURBARY, turb'ar-i. n. the right of dig- 
 ging peat : a place where peat is dug. 
 [From turba, the Low L. form of TlTRF.] 
 
 TURBID, tur'bid, adj. disordered : having 
 the sediment disturbed : muddy : thick. 
 — adv. Tue'bidly.- H. Tur'bidness. [L. 
 turbidus — turba, confusion, tumult.] 
 
 TURBOT. tur'bot,K. a large, flat, round fish, 
 esteemed a delicacj'. [Fr., a dim. formed 
 from L. turbo, a spinning-top, from the 
 likeness of the fish to a top ; cf. the Gr. 
 rhombos, sig. a top. also a turbot.] 
 
 TURBULENT, tur'bu-lent, adj.. tumultu- 
 ous, disturbed : in violent commotion : 
 disposed to disorder : restless : produc- 
 ing commotion. — iis. Tur'bulekce. Tur'- 
 BULency. — adv. Tuk'bulently*. [L. ttir^ 
 bulentus — turba, tunnilt, a crowd.] 
 
 TUREEN, tu-ren', n. a large dish for hold- 
 ing soup at table. [Lit. " an earthen- 
 ware dish," Fr. terrine — L. terra, earth.] 
 
 TURF. turf. n. the surface of land matted 
 with the roots of grass, etc.: a cake of 
 turf cut off : sod : peat : race-grohnd : 
 horseracing : — /V. TuRFS. — v.t. to cover 
 with turf or sod. [A.S. turf; Ice. torf ; 
 perh. conn, with Sans, dftrvd, millet- 
 grass.]
 
 TURFY 
 
 459 
 
 TWILL 
 
 TURFY, turf i, adj. abounding with, made 
 of, or covered with turf: having the 
 nature or appearance of turf. — n. Tukf'- 
 
 DJESS. 
 
 TURGEXT, tur'jent, adj., swelling: rising 
 into a tumor : inflated : bombastic. — 
 adv. TuR'GENTLY. [L. turg-ens, -entis, 
 pr.p. of turgeo, to swell.] 
 
 TURGESCENT, tur-jes'ent, adj., su-elling : 
 growing big. — ns. Txjegesc'ence, Tcr- 
 gesc'excy. [L. hirgesco — turgeo, to 
 swell.] 
 
 TURGID, tur'jid, adj. , swollen : extended 
 beyond the natural size : pompous : bom- 
 bastic. — adv. Tur'gidly.— (is. Tur'gid- 
 NESS, TURGID'ITY. [L. turgidus — turgeo, 
 to swell.] 
 
 TURK, turk, n. a native of Turkey. — adj. 
 
 TXTRE'ISH. 
 
 TURKEY, turk'i, n. a large gallinaceous 
 bird, a native of America, so called be- 
 cause erroneously supposed to have come 
 from Turkey. 
 
 TURKEY-RED, turk'i-red, n. a fine dura- 
 ble red dye, obtained from madder, but 
 now mostly prepared chemically, first 
 produced in Turkey. 
 
 TURKEY-STONE, turk'i-ston. n. a kind of 
 oilstone broug-lit from Turkey, and used 
 for hones. 
 
 TURKIS. turk'is, n. an older spelling of 
 ToRQroiSE. 
 
 TURKISH-BATH, turk'ish-bath, n. a kind 
 of hot-air batli in which the patient, 
 after being sweated, is rubbed down, and 
 eonducted through a series of cooling 
 chambers until he regains his normal 
 temperature. 
 
 TURMERIC, tur'mer-ik, n. the root of an 
 E. Indian plant, used as a yellow dye, in 
 eurry-powiler. and as a chemical test for 
 the presence of alkalies. [Ety. unknown.] 
 
 TURMOIL, tui-'moil, n. harassing labor : 
 disturbance. [Perh. from the L. tremo, 
 to shake, modified by the influence of 
 Turn and Moil.] 
 
 TURMOIL, tur-moil', i\t. to harass with 
 commotion: to wearj-.— i'. j. to be dis- 
 quieted or in commotion. 
 
 TURN, turn, v.i. to whirl round : to liinge: 
 to depend : to issue: to take a diffei-ent 
 direction or tendency: to become by a 
 change : to be turned in a lathe : to sour: 
 to become giddy : to be nauseated : to 
 change from eblj to flow or from flow to 
 ebb : to become inclined in the other di- 
 rection. — r.f. to cause to revolve: tore- 
 verse : to change the position or the 
 direction of : to make to nauseate, to 
 make giddj- : direct the mind to : infat- 
 uate or make mad : to cause to return 
 with profit : to transfer : to convert : to 
 form in a lathe: to shape. — //. act of turn- 
 ing : new direction, or tendency : a walk 
 to and fro : cliange : a winding : a bend: 
 form : manner : opportunity, conven- 
 ience : act of kindness or malice. — ii. 
 Turn'er. — By TURN'S, one after another, 
 alternately. [A.S. tyrnan : Ger.turnen; 
 Fr. tourner : all from L. tornare, to turn 
 in a lathe — tornus, a turner's wheel — Gr. 
 toryios.] 
 
 TURNCOAT, turn'kot. w. one who turns 
 his coat, that is, abandons his principles 
 or party. 
 
 TURNERY, turn'er-i, n. art of turning or 
 of shaping by a lathe : things made by a 
 turner. 
 
 JTJRNING, turn'ing, ?;. a winding : devia- 
 tion from the proper course : turnery : — 
 ui. chips. 
 
 TURNING-POINT, turn'ing-point, n. the 
 point on which a question turns, and 
 which decides the case: a grave and crit- 
 ical period. 
 
 TURNIP, tur'nip, n. a plant having a solid 
 bulbous root used as food. [From A.S. 
 
 neepe — L. napus, with the prefix txir-, a 
 corr. of terne, " of the earth."] 
 
 TURNKEY, turn'ke, n. one who turns the 
 keys in a prison : a warder. 
 
 TURNPIKE, turn'pTk, n. a turnpike-road. 
 [Orig. a frame consisting of two cross- 
 bars armed with pikes, and turning on a 
 post.] 
 
 TURNPIKE-ROAD, turn'plk-rod, n. aroari 
 on which turnpikes or toll-gates are estab- 
 lished. 
 
 TURNSOLE, turn'sol, n. a plant so called 
 because its flowers turn towards the sun. 
 [Fr. — tourner (see TURN) and sol,' for soleil 
 — L. sol. the sun.] 
 
 TURNSPIT, turn'spit, n. one who turns a 
 spit : a person engaged in some menial 
 occupation : (formerlj-) a dog employed 
 to turn a spit. 
 
 TURNSTILE, turn'stll, n. a revolving 
 frame in a footpath which prevents the 
 passage of cattle. 
 
 TURN-TABLE, turn'-ta'bl, n. same as 
 Traverse-table. 
 
 TURPENTINE, tur'pen-tin, n. the resinous 
 juice of the terebinth and other trees. 
 [Fr. terihenthine—L.terebinthina (resina), 
 (the resin) of the terebinth.] 
 
 TURPITUDE, tur'pi-tQd. n. baseness : ex- 
 treme depravity or wickedness : vileness 
 of principles and actions. [L. turpitude 
 — turpis. foul, base ; conn, with Sans, 
 root tarp, to be ashamed.] 
 
 TURQUOISE, tur'koiz, n. a bluish-green 
 mineral from Persia, valued as a gem. 
 [Fr. (lit. " Turkish"), so called because 
 first brought from Turkej'. Doublet 
 Turkish.] 
 
 TURRET, tur'et, n. a srtiall tower on a 
 building and rising above it. [O. Fr. 
 touret (Fr. tourelle). dim. of Fr. tour, a 
 tower. See Tower.] 
 
 TURRETED, tur'et-ed, adj. furnished with 
 turrets : formed like a tower. 
 
 TURRET-SHIP, tur'et-ship, n. an ironclad 
 ship of war, whose guns are placed in 
 one or more revolving turrets placed on 
 deck. 
 
 TURTLE, tur'tl, TURTLE-DOVE, tur'tl- 
 duv, n. a species of pigeon of a very ten- 
 der and affectionate disposition. [A.S. 
 turtle; Ger. turtel. Fr. tourtereau. tour- 
 terelle; all from the L. name turtur, an 
 imitation of the bird's note ; cf. Heb. 
 tor.] 
 
 TURTLE, tur'tl, n. the sea-for*oise, a fam- 
 ily of reptiles having their back covered 
 by a horny case, the flesh of some of the 
 species being considei-ed a great delicacy. 
 [A corr. of TORT(»ISE, under influence of 
 Turtle (above).] 
 
 TUSCAN, tus'kan. adj. of or belonging to 
 Tuscany in Italy : denoting one of the 
 five orders of architecture, the oldest 
 and simplest. [L.] 
 
 TUSH, tusii, int. pshaw I be silent ! an ex- 
 clamation of scorn or impatience. [Cf. 
 Ger. tuschen, verfuschen. to hush up.] 
 
 TUSK, tusk, n. a long, pointed tooth on 
 either side of the mouth of certain rapa- 
 cious animals.— ncO's. Tusk'ed, Tusk'y. 
 [A.S. tusc, tu.r.] 
 
 TUSSLE, tus'el, n. a struggle. [A.S. 
 tcesan, to pluck, hence related to Tease, 
 and perh. Tassel, a teased-out knot of 
 wool.] 
 
 TUSSOCK, tus'ok, n. a tuft of grass or 
 twigs. [From obs. tnr, a lock of hair, 
 which is of Celt, origin.] 
 
 TUT. tut. int. an exclamation of checking 
 or rebuke. [Cf. Ir. and Gael, tut.] 
 
 TUTELAGE, tu'tel-aj. w., guardianship: 
 state of being under a guardian. [Formed 
 from the L. tutehi— tutor, to guard— 
 tiieor. to see, to look to. Cf. Tuition and 
 Tutor. ]^ 
 
 TUTELAR, tu'te-lar, TUTELARY, tu'te- 
 
 lar-i, adj. protecting : having the charge 
 of a person or place. [L. tutelaris — tutela. 
 See Tutelage.] 
 
 TUTOR, tu'tor, n. one who looks to or 
 takes care of : one who has charge of the 
 education of another : one who hears the 
 lessons of and e.xamines students : a 
 teacher : — fern. Tu'toeess. — v.t. to in- 
 struct : to treat with authority or stern^ 
 ness. — n. Tu'torship. [L. "a guardian" 
 — tiieor, tuitvs, to look to. Cf. Tuition 
 and Tutelage.] 
 
 TUTORAGE, tu'tor-aj, n. the office or 
 autliority of a tutor : education, as by a 
 tutor. 
 
 TUTORIAL, tu-to'ri-al. adj. belonging to 
 or exercised by a tvtor. 
 
 TWADDLE, twod'l, v.i. to talk in a silly 
 manner. — »(. silly talk. — n. Tavadd'LER. 
 [Earlier form tuuttle. an imitative word; 
 cf. Tattle, Twitter.] 
 
 TWAIN, twan. n.. two. [A.S. tiregen. two. 
 Ice. tveir. See Two and Between.] 
 
 TWANG, twang, n. a sharp, quick sound, 
 as of a tight string when pulled and let 
 go : a nasal tone of voice. — v.i. to sound 
 as a tight string pulled and let go : to 
 sound with a quick, sharp noise. — vt. 
 to make to sound with a twang. [Imi- 
 tative.] 
 
 'TWAS, twoz, contr. of it was. 
 
 TWEAK, twek, v.t. to twitch, to pull : to 
 pull with sudden jerks. — n. a sharp pinch 
 or twitch. [A.S. hriccian ; Ger. zwieken. 
 Bv-form Twitch.] 
 
 TWEED, twed, n. a kind of woollen twilled 
 cloth of various patterns, much used for 
 men's suits. [From a mistaken reading 
 of "tweels" upon an invoice, not, as 
 supposed, from the Tweed valley, wliere 
 the manufacture commenced.] 
 
 TWEEZERS, twez'erz. n.sing. nippers: 
 small pincers for pulling out hairs, etc. 
 [Obs. tweeze, a surgeon's case of instru- 
 ments — Fr. et^iis, pi. of etui, a case, a 
 box : prob. influenced also bv Tweak.] 
 
 TWELFTH, twelfth, adj. the last of 
 twelve. — n. one of twelve equal parts. 
 [A.S. twelfta—twelf.] 
 
 TWELFTH-DAY.twelfth'-da,rWELFTH'- 
 TIDE, -tid, ?(. the twelfth day afterChrist- 
 mas, the Epiphanv. 
 
 TWELVE, twelv, aclj. ten and two.— 7i. the 
 number next after eleven : the figures 
 representing twelve. [A.S. twelf (Ger. 
 zwiilf. and Goth, twa-lif), that is. " two 
 and ten " (for ttva- see Two, and for -lif 
 see Eleven.] 
 
 TWELVEMONTH, twelv'munth, n., twelve 
 months : a vear. 
 
 TWENTIETH, twen'ti-eth, adj. the last of 
 twenty. — n. one of twenty equal parts. 
 [A.S. tu-entigtha.] 
 
 TWENTY, twen'ti, adj.. twice ten: nine- 
 teen and one : an indefinite number. — n. 
 the number next after nineteen : the 
 figures representing twentj-. [A.S. twetu 
 tig. for tivantig, from tu-a. two, ^jy (Goth. 
 tiguji). ten ; L. (d)viginti. Sans, i-inshati.] 
 
 TWICE, twis. adv., two times: once ana 
 again : doubly. [O. E. tu-ies, A.S. twiwa 
 — tu-a, two.] 
 
 TWIG, twig. ?(. a small shoot or branch of 
 a tree. [A.S. tu-ig : cog. with Ger. zireig; 
 from the root of Two.! 
 
 TWIGGY, twig'i. adj. aoounding in tu-igs 
 or shoots. 
 
 TWILIGHT, twi'lit, )i. the faint liglit after 
 sunset and before sunrise : an uncertain 
 view. — adj. of twiliglit : faintly illumin- 
 ated : obscure. [Lit." 'tween light." A.S. 
 tu-i-. from twa. E. Two, and Light.] 
 
 TV\'ILL, twil. or TV\^EEL. twel, n. an ap- 
 pearance of diagonal lines in cloth, caused 
 by making the weft pass over one, and 
 under tico or more threiuls of the warp ; 
 a fabric with a twill. — v.t. to weave with
 
 TWIN 
 
 460 
 
 ULTEAMONTANIST 
 
 a twill. [Developed from the root of Two 
 (A.S. tiea) ; cf. Ger. zivillich, ticking — 
 zwe i, two.] 
 
 I' WIN. twin, 11. one of two born at a birth : 
 one very like another. — adj. being one of 
 two born at a birth: verj- like another. — 
 v.i. to be born at the same birth: to bring 
 forth two at once: to be paired or suited: 
 — pr p. twinn'ing : pa.p. twinned. — The 
 Twins, the constellation Gemini. [A.S. 
 <!(•!» n, double — Two; Ice. tvennr.'] 
 
 TWINE, twin, n. a cord composed of two 
 or more threads twisted together: a twist. 
 — v.t. to wind, as two threads together : 
 to twist together: to wind about. — v.i. to 
 unite closely : to bend : to make turns : 
 to ascend spirally round a support. [A.S. 
 tw'in. double-thread (cog. with Dut. twijn) 
 —twa, E. Two.] 
 
 TWINGE, twinj, v.t. to twitch or pinch: to 
 affect with a sharp, sudden pain. — v.i. to 
 have or suffer a sudden, sharp pain, like 
 a twitch. — n. a twitch : a pinch : a sud- 
 den, sharp pain. [M. E. twengen, cog. 
 with Ger. zwingen, to constrain. Cf. 
 Thong.] 
 
 TVN'INKLE, twing'kl, v.i. to shine with a 
 trembling, sparkling light : to sparkle : 
 to open and shut the eyes rapidly : to 
 quiver. — n. Twink'ler. [A.S. twincHan, 
 a nasalized form of iwfociati, with the 
 freq. termination -le. See Twitch.] 
 
 TWINKLE, twing'kl,T\VINKLING,twing'- 
 kling, n. a quick motion of the eye : the 
 time occupied by a wink : an instant. 
 
 TWIRL, twerl, v.t. to turn round rapidly, 
 esp. with the fingers. — v.i. to turn round 
 rapidly: to be whirled round. — n. a whirl: 
 a rapid circular motion. [A.S. thiciril ; 
 cog. with Gev. quirl. quei'l, a stirring- 
 spoon — O. Ger. tuirl ; from the root of 
 Qi-EER and Thwart.] 
 
 'TWIST, twist, v.t. to twine: to unite or 
 form by winding together : to form from 
 several threads : to encircle with some- 
 thing : to wreathe : to wind spirally: to 
 turn from the true form or meaning : to 
 insinuate. — v.i. to be united by winding. 
 — n. that which is twisted: a cord : a sin- 
 gle thread : manner of twisting: a con- 
 tortion : a small roll of tobacco. — n. 
 Tv^^ST'ER. [A.S. twist, cloth of double 
 thread — tica, E. Two; contrast Dut. 
 t_u-ist, Ger. zwist, discord — zwei. Two.] 
 
 TWIT, twit, v.t. to remind of some fault, 
 etc.-.^pr.p. twitt'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 twitted. — n. Twitt'er. [A.S. cet-witan, 
 to reproach — cet, against, vitan (Scot. 
 tvyte, Ger. ver-weisen), to blame ; closely 
 conn, with root of Wit.] 
 
 TWITCH, twich, v.t. to pull with a sudden 
 jerk : to pluck : to snatch. — n. a sudden, 
 quick pull : a spasmodic contraction of 
 the muscles. — n. Twitch'er. [A.S. 
 twiccian, to pluck ; cog. with Ger. 
 zwicken. and prob. influenced by Touch. 
 Bv-foim Tweak.] 
 
 TWITTER, twit'er, n, a tremulous broken 
 sound : a slight trembling of the nerves. 
 — v.i. to make a succession of small trem- 
 ulous noises : to feel a slight trembling 
 of the nerves. [Allied to Ger. zwitschern, 
 Sw. qvittra. prob. imitative ; cf. Titter.] 
 
 TWITTERING, twit'er-ing, n. act of twit- 
 tering: the sound of twittering: nervous 
 e.\citement. 
 
 TWITTINGLY, twit'ing-Ii, adv. in a twit- 
 ting manner. 
 
 TWO. too, adj. one and one. — n. the sum 
 of one and one : a figure representing 
 t'vo. [A.S. ttva ; cog. with Ger. zwei, 
 Goth, tvai; also with Gr. dyo, L. duo. 
 Sa ns, dva, Celt, da, do.] 
 
 TWO-EDGED, too'-ejd, adj. having two 
 edqex. 
 
 TWOFOLD, too'fold, adj., folded timce : 
 multiplied by two: double. — adv. doubly. 
 
 TYCOON, tl-koon', n. formerly the political 
 sovereign of Japan. 
 
 TYMPANAL, tim'pan-al, TYMPANIC, tim- 
 pau'ik, adj. like a drum: pertaining to 
 the tvmpanuni. 
 
 TYMPANITIS, tim-pan-I'tis, ?!. inflamma- 
 tion of the membrane of the ear. 
 
 TYMPANUM, tim'pan-um, n. (anat.) the 
 membrane which separates the external 
 from the internal ear, often called the 
 drum of the ear : (arch.) the triangular 
 space between sloping and horizontal 
 cornices, or in the corners or sides of an 
 arch : the panel of a door. [L. — Gr. 
 tympaiion, typanon, a kettledrum — typtci, 
 to strike.] 
 
 TYPE, tip, n. a mark or figure struck or 
 stamped upon something : an emblem or 
 figure of something to come : a raised 
 letter, etc.. in metal or wood used in 
 printing : the whole types used in print- 
 ing : a model in nature made the subject 
 of a copy : (nat. hist.) that which com- 
 bines best the characteristics of a group : 
 (med.) the order in which the symptoms 
 of a disease exhibit themselves. — adj. 
 Typ'al. [Fr. — L. typus, Gr. typos — 
 typto, to strike.] 
 
 TYPEFOUNDER, tip'fownd-er, n. one who 
 founds or casts printers' type. 
 
 TYPE-METAL, tip'-met'al, n., metal used 
 for making type.'i, a compound of lead 
 and antimony. 
 
 TYPHOID, tl'foid, adj. pertaining to a 
 form of enteric fever, which is very simi- 
 lar in some of its symptoms to typhus. 
 [Gr. typhodes — typhos, and eidos, like- 
 ness. See Typhus.] 
 
 TYPHOON, ti-foon', n. a violent hurricane 
 which occurs in the Chinese seas. [Chin. 
 tei-fiin. '• hot wind."] 
 
 TYPHOUS, tl'fus, adj. relating to tyjihits. 
 
 TYPHUS, ti'fus. (i. a very fatal kind of con- 
 tinued fever, often occurring as an epi- 
 demic. [Through Late L. from Gr. ty- 
 phos, smoke, hence stupor arising from 
 fever — typho, to smoke, from the root of 
 L. fumus (see Fume), and E. Damp.] 
 
 TYPIC, tip'ik, TYPICAL, tip'ik-al, adj. 
 pertaining to or constituting a Jype : 
 emblematic : figurative : {nat.lti.it.) com- 
 bining the characteristics of a group. — 
 adv. Typ'icat.t.y. [Late L.— Gr. typikos 
 — typos, a tvpe.] 
 
 TYPIFY, tip'i-fl, v.t. to make a fjrpe of: 
 to represent by an image or resemblance: 
 to prefigure : — pa.t. and pa.j). tj-p'ified. 
 [L. typus, tvpe. facio, to make.] 
 
 TYPOGRAPHER, ti-pog'raf-er, n. a 
 printer. > 
 
 TYPOGRAPHIC, tip-o-graf'ik. TYP- 
 OGRAPHICAL, -al. adj. pertaining to 
 typography or printing. — adv. Typo- 
 graph'ically. 
 
 TYPOGRAPHY, ti-pog'raf-i, n. the art of 
 printing : {prig.) the art of representing 
 by types or symbols. [Gr. typos, type, 
 grapho. to write.] 
 
 TYPOLOGY, ti-pol'o-ji, n. the doctrine of 
 Scripture types or figures. [Gr. typos, a 
 type, and logos, a discourse.] 
 
 TYRANNIC, ti-ran'ik, TYRANNICAL, -al, 
 TYRANNOUS, tir'an-us, adj. pertaining 
 to or suiting a tyrant : unjustly severe : 
 imperious: despotic. — advs. Tyranx'ic- 
 
 ALLY-. TVB'aNNOUSLY-. [L.— Gr.] 
 
 TYRANNIZE, tir'an-iz, v.i. to act as a ty- 
 rant : to rule with oppressive severity. 
 
 TYRANNY, tir'an-i, n. the government 
 or authority of a tyrant : absolute mon- 
 archy crmlly administered : oppression : 
 cruelty. [L. — Gr. tyrannis.] 
 
 TYRANT, ti'rant, n. one wlio uses liis 
 power oppressively : (orig.) an absolute 
 monarch. [O. Fr. tirant (Fr. tyran) — L. 
 tyrannus — Gr, tyrannos, Doric for koira- 
 nos — kyros, kyrios, a lord, master.] 
 
 TYRL4Jf, tir'i-an, adj. being of a deep pur^ 
 pie color, like the dye formerly pirepared 
 at Tyre. 
 
 TYRO, ti'ro, n. one learning anj- art : one 
 not well acquainted with a subject : — pj, 
 Tt'eos. [L. tiro, a young recruit.] 
 
 u 
 
 UBIQUITOUS, u-bik'wi-tus, adj. being 
 everywhere. 
 
 UBIQUITY, u-bik'wi-ti, n. existence every- 
 where at the same time : omnipresence. 
 [Fr. ubiquite, formed from L. ublque. 
 everywhere.] 
 
 UDAL, u'dal, adj. applied to land held sole- 
 ly bj' uninterrupted succession, under no 
 feudal superior. — n$. U'dal. a freehold 
 estate. U'daller. a holder of such. [Ice. 
 odhal. a homestead. See Allodial.] 
 
 UDDER, ud'er, n. the milk-vessel of a fe- 
 male (esp. of a lower animal). [A.S. Cider; 
 cog. with Ger. euter : also conn, with L. 
 uber, Gr. outhar. Sans, iidhar,] 
 
 UGLY, ug'll, adj. offensive to the eye : de- 
 formed : hateful: ill-natured. — n. Ug'li- 
 NESS. [Ice. nggligr, frightful, uggr. fear, 
 akin to Goth, ogan, and A.S. oge, fear.] 
 
 UHLAN, a'lan, n. one of a kind of light 
 cavahw, famous esp. in the Prussian 
 army. [Polish ulan, orig. a light Tartar 
 horseman — Turk, oghlan, a young man.] 
 
 UKASE, u-kas', n. a Russian imperial de- 
 cree having the force of law. [Russian, 
 from a Slav, root sig. "to point out."] 
 
 ULCER, ul'ser, n. a dangerous sore, dis- 
 charging matter. [Fr. ulcere — L. nlcus, 
 idceris. Gr. helkos, a wound.] 
 
 ULCERATE, ul'ser-at, v.i. to be formed 
 into an ulcer. — v.t. to affect with an ulcer 
 or ulcers. 
 
 ULCERATION, ul-ser-a'shun, n. process of 
 forming into an ulcer : an ulcer. [L. id- 
 ceratio.] 
 
 ULCEROUS, ul'ser-us, adj. of the nature 
 of an ulcer. 
 
 ULNA, ul'na, n. the larger of the two 
 bones of the forearm. — adj. Ul'nar. [L. 
 ■ulna. cog. with E. Ell. which see.] 
 
 ULTERIOR, ul-te'ri-or. adj. on the further 
 side : beyond : further : remoter. [L. 
 idterior, comp. of idler, that is beyond 
 or on the other side.] 
 
 ULTIMATE, ulti-mat, adj., furthest : last : 
 incapable of further division. — adv. Ul'- 
 tul^tely. [L. idtimns, the last, superL 
 of ulter.] 
 
 ULTIJLiTUM. ul-ti-ma'tum, Ji. the last or 
 final proposition or terms for a treaty : — 
 2)1. Ultima' ta. [Low L., from L. ulti- 
 mus, last.] 
 
 ULTIMO, ul'ti-mo, adj., in the last (month). 
 
 [L.] 
 ULT~ 
 
 ..TRAMARINE, ul-tra-ma-ren', adj. situ- 
 ated beyond the sea. — n. the most beauti- 
 ful and durable sky-blue color, so called 
 eitiier from its intense blue, or from the 
 lajtis lazuli, from which it is made, being 
 brought from Asia, beyond the sea. [L. 
 xdtra. bevond, and Marint:.] 
 
 ULTRAJddNTANE, ul-tra-mon'tan, adj. 
 being beyond the mountains {i.e. the 
 Alps): orig. used in Italy of the French, 
 Germans, etc.; afterwards applied by the 
 northern nations to the Italians, hence 
 its present meaning — viz., holding or de- 
 noting- extreme views as to the Pope's 
 rights and supremacy. [L. idtra, beyond, 
 montanus, belonging to a mountain — 
 mons, montis, a mountain.] 
 
 ULTRAMONTANISM, ul-tra-mon'tan-izm, 
 n. ultramontane or extreme views as to 
 the Pope's rights. 
 
 ULTR AMONT ANIST, ul -tra-mon'tan-ist.n. 
 one who holds to ultramontanism.
 
 ULTRAMUNDANE 
 
 461 
 
 UNDERRATE 
 
 ULTRAMUNDANE, ul-tra-mun'dan. adj. 
 being beyond the icorld. or beyond the 
 limits of our system. [L. idtra, beyond, 
 and Mundane.] 
 UMBEL, um'bel, n. a form of flower in 
 which a number of stalks, each bearing a 
 flower, radiate from one centre. [L. um- 
 bella. dim. of umbra, a shade. Doublet 
 Umbrella.] 
 UMBELLIFEROUS, um-bel-lif'er-us, adj., 
 bearing or producing umbels. [L. %im- 
 bella. and fero, to bear.] 
 UMBER, um'ber, n. a brown pigment. — 
 Um'bered, adj. tinged with umber. [So 
 called because orig. obtained from Um- 
 bria. in Italy.] 
 UMBILIC, um-bil'ik. IBIBILICAL. um-bil'- 
 ik-al. adj. pertaining to the navel. [L. 
 umbilicus, the navel, akin to Gr. ompha- 
 los, the navel, the centre.] 
 UMBRAGE, um'braj, n. suspicion of injury: 
 offence. [O. Fr. umbraige (Fr. ombrage) 
 — L. umbra, a shadow.] 
 UMBRAGEOUS, um-braj'us, adj.. .^hady or 
 forming a shade. — adv. Umbra'geously. 
 — n. TJmbra'geousness. [Fr. ombrageiuv 
 — L. umbraticus — umbra.] 
 UMBRELLA, um-brel'a, n. a familiar cov- 
 ered sliding frame carried in the hand, 
 as a screen from rain or sunshine. [Lit. 
 ■'a little shade," It. ombrella. L. timhella 
 — umbra. Doublet Umbel.] 
 UMPIRE, um'pir, n. a third person called 
 in to decide a dispute : an arbitrator : 
 the judge in the game of base-ball. [M. 
 E. impier, nompere — impair, and non- 
 pair, unlike, hence a third party, who 
 gives his casting vote — L. impar, un- 
 even.] 
 UNACCOUNTABLE, un-ak-kownt'a-bl, 
 adj. not accountable or to be accounted 
 for : not responsible. — UnacCOUNt'ably, 
 adv. inexplicably. 
 UNADVISED, un-ad-vTzd', adj. not advised: 
 not prudent or discreet : rash. — aril". Un- 
 advis'edly. 
 UNANIMITY, u-narnim'i-ti, n. state of 
 
 being unanimous. [L. unanimitas.} 
 UNANIMOUS, u-nani-mus, adj. of one 
 viind : agreeing in opinion or will : done 
 with the agreement of all. — adv. Unan'- 
 IMOUSLY. [L. umis, one, and animus, 
 mind.] 
 tTNASSUMING, un-as-sum'ing, adj. not 
 assuming : not forward or arrogant : 
 modest. 
 UNAVAILING, un-a-val'ing, adj. not avail- 
 ing, or of no avail or effect : useless. 
 UNAWARE, un-a-war', UNAWARES, un- 
 a-warz', adv. without being or making 
 aware : suddenly : unexpectedly. 
 UNBAR, un-bar', i.t. to remove a barer 
 
 hinderance : to unfasten-, to open. 
 UNBELIEF, un-be-lef. n. want of belief : 
 
 disbelief, esp. in divine revelation. 
 UNBELIEVER, un-be-lev'er. n. one who 
 does not believe, esp. in divine revela- 
 tion : an incredulous person. 
 UNBELIEVING, un-be-lev'ing, adj. not 
 
 believing, esp. divine revelation. 
 UNBEND, un-bend', v.t. to free from being 
 in a bent state : to make straight : to 
 free from strain or exertion : to set at 
 ease. 
 UNBENDING, un-bend'ing, adj. not bend- 
 ing : unyielding : resolute. — adv. Un- 
 bend'ingly. 
 UNBIAS, un-bl'as, v.t. to free from bias or 
 
 prejudice. 
 UNBIASED, un-bi'ast, adj. free from bias 
 
 or prejudice : impartial. 
 UNBIND, un-bind', v.t. to remove a band 
 
 from : to loose : to set free. 
 UNBLUSHING, un-blush'ing. adj. not 
 
 blushing : without shame : impudent. 
 UNBOLT, un-bolt', v.t. to remove a bolt 
 from : to open. 
 
 ^UNBOSOM, un-booz'um, v.t. to disclose 
 what is in the bosom or mind : to tell 
 freely. 
 
 UNBOUND, un-bownd', adj. not bound : 
 loose : wanting a cover. 
 
 UNBOUNDED, un-bownd'ed, adj. not 
 bounded or limited : boundless : having 
 no check or control. 
 
 UNBRACE, un-bras',t'.<. to undo the braces 
 or bands of : to loose or relax. 
 
 UNBRIDLED, un-brl'dld, adj. unre- 
 strained: licentious. [Lit. " loosed from 
 the bridle."] 
 
 UNBUCKLE, un-buk'l, v.t. to loose from 
 buckles : to unfasten. 
 
 UNBURDEN, un-bur'dn, UNBURTHEN, 
 un-bur7/m. v t. to take a burden off : to 
 free the mind from any weight or anxiety. 
 
 UNBUTTON, un-but'on, v.t. to loose the 
 buttons of. 
 
 UNCAGE, un-kaj', v.t. to set free from a 
 cage. 
 
 UNCASE, un-kas', v.t. to take out of a 
 case : to free from a covering. 
 
 UNCHAIN, un-chan', v.t. to free from 
 chains or slavery. 
 
 UNCHURCH, un-church', v.t. to deprive 
 of the rights of a church. 
 
 UNCIAL, un'shal, adj. applied to large 
 round characters used in ancient MSS. 
 [Lit. "an inch long," L., from uncia, a 
 twelfth part, an inch. See Inch.] 
 
 UNCIFORM, un'si-forra, adj., ^oofc-shaped. 
 — Un'cinate, adj., hooked at the end. 
 [L. unctis, a hook— root angk, bent. See 
 Anchor and Angle.] 
 
 UNCIRCUMCISION.un-ser-kum-sizh'un,n. 
 want of circumcision: {B.) those who are 
 not circumcised. 
 
 UNCLASP, un-klasp', v.t. to loose the 
 clasp of. 
 
 UNCLE, ung'kl. n. the brother of one's 
 father or mother. [O. Fr. (Fr. oncle)— 
 L. avunculus, extension of avus, a grand- 
 father ; cf. Lith. ai^ynas, uncle.] 
 
 UNCLEAN, un-klen', adj. not clean: foul: 
 (B.) ceremonially impure : sinful : lewd. 
 
 UNCLOAK, un-kl6k', v.t. to take the cloak 
 off. 
 
 UNCLOSE, un-kl6z', v.t. to make not close, 
 to open. 
 
 UNCLOSED, un-klozd', adj. open. 
 
 UNCLOTHE, un-klof/j', v.t. to take the 
 clothes off : to make naked. 
 
 UNCOIL, un-koil', v.t. to open out from 
 being coiled : to unwind. 
 
 UNCONSCIONABLE, un-kon'shun-a-bl, 
 adj. not conformable to conscience : un- 
 reasonable : inordinate. 
 
 UNCONSTITUTIONAL, un-kon-sti-tu'- 
 shun-al. adj. not constitutional : con- 
 trary to the constitution.— adv. Uncon- 
 stitu'tionally. 
 
 UNCOUPLE, un-kup'l, v.t. to loose from 
 being coupled : to disjoin : to set loose. 
 
 UNCOUTH, un-kooth', adj. awkward or 
 ungraceful, esp. in manners or language. 
 —adv. Uncouth'ly.— n. Uncouth'ness. 
 [Lit. and orig. " unknown," A.S. uncudh 
 — iin-, not, and cudh, for gectidh, known 
 — cunnan. to know. Cf. the history of 
 Barbarian, also of Outlandish.] 
 
 UNCOVER, un-kuv'er, a'.f. to remove the 
 cover : to lay open. — v.i. to take off the 
 hat. 
 
 UNCTION, ung'shun, n. an anointing : 
 that which is used for anointing : oint- 
 ment : that quality in language which 
 raises emotion or devotion : warmth of 
 address : divine or sanctifying grace.— 
 Extreme Unction (in the R. C. Church), 
 the sacrament of anointing persons with 
 consecrated oil in their last hours, [L. 
 uncfio — ungo, unctum, to anoint. See 
 Anoint.] 
 UNCTUOSITY, ungt-u-os'i-ti, n. state or 
 
 quality of being unctuous : oiliness : 
 greasiness. 
 UNCTUOUS, ung'tu-us, adj. oily: greasy. 
 [Formed from L. unctus, greased (see 
 
 UNCTION).] 
 
 UNCURL, un-kurV, v.t. to loose from curls 
 or ringlets. — v.i. to relax from a curled 
 state. 
 
 UNDATED, un'dat-ed, adj., waved or wavy: 
 rising and falling in waves. [L. undatus, 
 pa. p. of undo, to rise in waves — unda. a 
 wave.] 
 
 UNDAUNTED, un-dant'ed, adj. not daunt- 
 ed : bold : intrepid. 
 
 UNDECEIVE, un-de-sev', v.t. to free from 
 deception or mistake. 
 
 UNDER, un'der, prep, in a lower position 
 than : beneath : below : less than : in 
 subjection, subordination, oppression, 
 liability, etc, : during the time of : un- 
 dergoing. — adv. in a lower degree or con- 
 dition : in subjection: below: less. — adj. 
 lower in position, rank, or degree : sub- 
 ject : subordinate. — Under way, mov- 
 ing : having commenced a voyage. [A. 
 S. under: cog. with Goth, undar. Ice. 
 undir, Ger. unter : and with L. inter, 
 Sans, antar. among, within. It is made 
 up of In, and the comparative suffix 
 seen also in After, Further.] 
 
 UNDERBRED, un'der-bred, adj. of infe- 
 rior breeding or manners. [UNDER and 
 Krkkd 1 
 
 UNDERCLAY, un'der-kla, n. the bed of 
 clay almost always found under coal- 
 seams, considered as the soil in which 
 grew the plants that formed the coal. 
 
 UNDERCURRENT, un'der-kur-ent, n. a 
 current under the surface of the water. 
 
 UNDERDONE, un-der-dun', adj. done less 
 than is requisite : insufficiently cooked. 
 
 UNDERDRAIN, un'der-dran, n. a drain 
 under the surface of the ground. 
 
 UNDERGIRD, un-der-gird', v.t. to gird or 
 bind under or below : to gird round the 
 bottom. 
 
 UNDERGO, un-der-go', v.t. to go under or 
 be subjected to : to endure or suffer : to 
 pass through: to sustain without sinking. 
 
 UNDERGRADUATE, un-der-grad'u-at. n. 
 a student who has not taken his first 
 degree. 
 
 UNDERGROUND, un'der-grownd, adj. and 
 adv. under the surface of the ground. 
 
 UNDERGROWTH, un'der-groth, n. shrubs 
 or low woody plants growing under or 
 among trees : coppice wood. 
 
 UNDERHAND, un'der-hand, adj. and adv. 
 secretly : by secret means : by fraud. 
 [Lit. "done with the hand underneath."] 
 
 UNDERLAY, un-der-la', v.t. to lay under 
 or support by something laid uuder. 
 
 UNDERLIE, un-der-li', v.t. to lie under or 
 beneath. 
 
 UNDERLINE, un-der-lln', v.t. to draw a 
 line under or below, as a word. 
 
 UNDERLING, un'der-ling, n. an under or 
 inferior person or agent : a soriy, mean 
 fellow. njNDER, and the dim. affix -ling.] 
 
 UNDERMINE, un-der-min'. v.t. to form 
 mines under, in order to destroy : to de- 
 stroy secretly the foundation or support 
 of anything. 
 
 UNDEftMOST. un'der-most, adj. lowest in 
 place or condition. 
 
 UNDERNEATH, un-der-neth', adv. be- 
 neath : below : in a lower place. — prep. 
 under : beneath. [UNDER, and A.S. neo- 
 than, beneath. See Nether.] 
 
 UNDERPLOT, un'der-plot, n. a plot under 
 or subordinate to the main plot in a play 
 or tale : a secret scheme. 
 
 UNDERPROP, un-der-prop', v.t. to prop 
 from under or beneath : to support. 
 
 UNDERRATE, un-der-rat'. i\t. to rate un- 
 der the value.— Un'derrate, n. a price 
 less than the worth.
 
 UNDERSELL 
 
 462 
 
 UNION 
 
 UNDERSELL, un-der-sel', v.i. to sell under 
 or cheapei- than another : to defeat fair 
 trade, bv selling for too small a price. 
 
 UNDERSET, un-der-set', v.t. to set under : 
 to prop. — Untdersett'ek, n. (B.) prop, 
 support. 
 
 UNDERSHOT, un'der-shot, adj. moved by 
 water passing under the wheel. 
 
 UNDERSIGN, un-der-sin', v.t. to sign or 
 write oue"s name under or at the foot of. 
 
 UNDERSTAND, un-der-stand', v.t. to com- 
 prehend : to have just ideas of : to know 
 thoroughly : to be informed of : to learn : 
 to suppose to mean : to mean without 
 expressing : to imply. — v.i. to have the 
 use of the intellectual faculties : to be 
 informed : to learn. [A.S. uiiderstandan 
 (lit.) ■' to stand under or in the midst of 
 a thing.'' UNDER has here its primary 
 sense of among, between, as in L. inter ; 
 its force is the same as dis in distinguish, 
 discern. Cf. L. intelligo (= inter-lego), to 
 choose betweenj 
 
 UNDERSTAND'ED, {Pr. Bk.) used tor Un- 
 derstood. 
 
 UNDERSTANDING, un-der-stand'iag, n. 
 the act of comprehending : the facult}' 
 or the act of the mind by wliich it under- 
 stands or thinks : the jjower to under- 
 stand: knowledge: exact comprenension: 
 agreement of minds: harmony. — adj. (B.) 
 knowing, skillful. 
 
 UNDERSTATE, un-der-stat', v.t. to state or 
 represent under or below the truth. 
 
 UNDERTAKE, un-der-tak', v.t. to take un- 
 der one's management : to take upon 
 one's self; to attempt. — v.i. to take upon 
 one's self : to be bound. 
 
 UNDERTAKER, un-der-tak'er, n. one who 
 undertakes: one who manages funerals. 
 
 UNDERTAKING, un-der-tak-ing, n. that 
 which is undertaken: any business or 
 project engaged in. 
 
 UNDERTONE, un'der-ton, n. an under or 
 low tone. 
 
 UNDERVALUATION,un-der-val-u-a'shun, 
 n. an undervaluing: rate below the 
 worth. 
 
 UNDERVALUE, un-der-val'u, v.t. to value 
 under the worth : to esteem lightly. — n. 
 a value or price under the real worth : 
 low rate or price. 
 
 UNDERWENT, un-der-went', ^ja.f. of Un- 
 dergo. 
 
 UNDERWOOD, un'der-wood, n. low wood 
 or trees growing under large ones : 
 coppice. 
 
 UNDER'WRITE, un-der-rit', v.t. to write 
 under something else : to subscribe : to 
 subscribe one's name to for insurance. — 
 v.i. to practice insuring. 
 
 UNDER A'RITER. un'der-rlt-er. n. one who 
 insures, as shipping, so called because 
 he underwrites his name for a certain 
 amount to the conditions of the policy. 
 
 UNDO, un-doo', v.t. to reverse what has 
 been done: to bring to naught: to loose: 
 to open : to unravel : to impoverish : to 
 ruin, as in reputation. 
 
 UNDOING, un-do6'ing, n. the reversal of 
 what has been done : ruin. 
 
 UNDRESS, un-dres', v.t. to take off the 
 dress or clothes : to strip. — UNDRESS, 
 un'dres, n. a loose dress : tlie plain dress 
 worn bv soldiers when off dutv. 
 
 UNDULATE, un'du-lat. v.t. to'wave, or to 
 move like waves: to cause to \'ibrate. — 
 f.i. to wave: to vibrate, [how h. undulo, 
 -atum — L. unda. a wave.] 
 
 UNDULATION, un-du-la'sliun. n. an un- 
 dulating: a wa%ing motion or vibration. 
 
 UNDULATORY, un'du-la-tor-i. adj. ha\-ing 
 an undulating character : moving in the 
 manner of waves : resembling the motion 
 of waves, which successively rise or swell 
 and fall : pertaining to such a motion : 
 as, the undulatory motion of water, of 
 
 air, or other fluid. — Undulatory theory, 
 in optics, the theory which regards light 
 as a mode of motion generated by molec- 
 ular vibrations in the luminous source, 
 and propagated by undulations in a 
 subtle medium (ether), sensibly imponder- 
 able, presumed to pervade all space, in- 
 cluding the intervals which separate the 
 molecules or atoms of ponderable bodies. 
 Wlien these undulations reach and act 
 on the nerves of our retina, they produce 
 in us the sensation of light. The only 
 other theory of light which can be op- 
 posed to this, and which is variously 
 called the corpuscular, emission, or ma- 
 terial theory, supposes light to consist 
 of material particles, emitted from the 
 source, and projected in straight lines in 
 all directions with a velocitj- which con- 
 tinues uniform at all distances, and is the 
 same for all intensities. It would seem 
 that every phenomenon which can be 
 brouglit under the corpuscular theory can 
 witli equal facility be explained by the 
 undulatory theory ; while there are some 
 known effects, as the phenomena of re- 
 flection and refraction, in strict accord- 
 ance with the principles of the latter, 
 which cannot, without great difficulty 
 and the introduction of gratuitous sup- 
 positions, be accounted for by the cor- 
 puscular theoiy. The undvdatory theory 
 is therefore now generally adopted bj' 
 physicists. 
 
 UNDULY, un-du'li, adv. not according to 
 duty or propriety : improperly. 
 
 UNEARTH, un-erth', v.t. to take out of, 
 drive, or draw from the earth or a bur- 
 row, as a fox or badger : to uncover. 
 
 UNEASINESS, un-ez'i-nes, n. state of 
 being uneasy or not at ease : want of 
 ease : disquiet. 
 
 UNEASY, un-ez'i, adj. not at ease : rest- 
 less : feeling pain : constrained. 
 
 UNEYENNESS. un-ev'n-nes. n. quality of 
 being- not even : want of an even sur- 
 face : want of smoothness or uniformity. 
 
 UNFASTEN, un-fas'n, v.t. to loose, as from 
 a fastening : to unfix. 
 
 UNFETTER, un-fet'er, v.t. to take the 
 fetters from : to set at libertv. 
 
 UNFIT, un-fit', adj. unsuitable.— r.?. to dis- 
 qualify. 
 
 UNFIX, un-fiks', v.t. to make not fixed : 
 to loose the fixing- of : to unsettle. 
 
 UNFLAGGING, un-flag'ing, adj. not flag- 
 ging or drooping : maintaining strength 
 or spirit. 
 
 UNFOLD, un-fold', v.t. to open the folds 
 of : to release from a fold : to spread 
 out : to tell. 
 
 UNFURL, un-furl', v.t. to loose from being 
 furled : to unfold : to spread. 
 
 UNGAINLY', un-gan'li, adj. awkward : 
 clumsy : uncouth. — n. UngaIn'LINESS. 
 [M.E. un-geinlichc — Ice. gegn (A.S. gegn, 
 Scot, gane), which sig. orig. " flirect to- 
 wards " or " ready " (as a road), came to 
 mean " ser\iceable." and then '-kind," 
 '• good." Cf. Again and Gainsay.] 
 
 UNGIRD, un-gerd', v.t. to free from a 
 girdle or band : to unbind. 
 
 UNGL'ENT, ung-'gwent, n. ointment. [L. 
 unguentum — ungiio, xoigo, to anoint. Cf. 
 Unction.] 
 
 UNGULA, ung'gu-la, n. a hoof, as of a 
 horse: in geom. a part cut off from a 
 cylinder cone, etc., by a plane passing 
 obliquely through the base and part of 
 the curved surface — so named from its 
 resemblance to the hoof of a horse : in 
 surg. an instrument for extracting a dead 
 foetus from the womb. [L., dim. of un- 
 guis, a nail or claw.] 
 
 UNGUXATA. ung-gu-la'ta, ».jj7. the hoofed 
 quadrupeds, formerly a division of the | 
 
 Mammalia, including the old orders 
 
 . Pachydermata, Solidungula, and Rumi- 
 nantia : but in modern zoology the terra 
 is applied to an order under which are 
 classified all the animals belonging to 
 the above three old orders, with the 
 exceptidn of the elephant, which now 
 forms a separate order, Proboscidea. 
 Tlie order, which is the largest and most 
 important of the Mammalia, is subdi- 
 ^^ded into (a) the section Perissodactyla, 
 which includes the rhinoceros, the tapirs, 
 the horse and all its allies : and (b) the 
 Artiodactj-la, which comprises the hip- 
 popotamus, the pigs, and the whole 
 group of ruminants, including oxen, 
 sheep, goats, antelopes, camels, deer, 
 etc. [From ungula. a hoof.] 
 
 UNHALLOWED. un-hal'6d, adj., tinholy : 
 Iirofane : very wicked. 
 
 UNHAND, un-hand', v.t. to take the hands 
 off : to let go. 
 
 UNHARNESS, un-har'nes, v.t. to take the 
 harness off: to disarm. 
 
 UNHINGE, un-hinj', v.t. to take from the 
 liinges : to render unstable. 
 
 UNHOOK, un-hook', v.t. to loose from a 
 hook. 
 
 UNHORSE, un-hors', v.t. to cause to come 
 off. or to throw from a horse. 
 
 UNHOUSE, un-howz', v.t. to deprive of or 
 drive from a house or shelter. 
 
 UNICORN, u'ni-korn, ?i. a fabulous ani- 
 mal with one horn : (B.) prob. the bison. 
 [L. unus, E. One, and cornii. E. Horn.] 
 
 UNIFORM, u'ni-form. adj. ha-iing one or 
 the same /on» ; having always the same 
 manner or character : consistent with 
 itself : agreeing with anotlier. — n. a dress 
 or livery of tlie same kind for persons 
 who belong to the same bodv. as of a 
 soldier. — adv. L''NIF0RMLY. [L. tinus, 
 one. and FORM.] 
 
 UNIFORMITARIAN. u-ni-form-i-ta'ri-an. 
 11. one who upholds a system or doctrine 
 of uniformity : specifically, one who 
 maintains that all geologic changes and 
 phenomena are due to agencies working 
 uniformly and uninterruptedly, as op- 
 posed to a catasfr02>hist. who refers such 
 changes to great occasional convulsions. 
 The uniformitarian maintains that the 
 influence of the agencies that we see 
 working now. continued during all the 
 ceons of geologic time, is sufficient to 
 account for all the phenomena presented 
 to us in the structure of the earth. 
 
 UNIFORMITARIAN. u-ni-form-i-ta'ri-an, 
 adj. of or pertaining to uniformity or 
 the doctrine of uniformity. " The catas- 
 trophist and the tinij'ormitarian opin- 
 ions." — ^M>elrell. [See the noun.] 
 
 UNIFORMITY, u-ni-form'i-ti, Ji. state of] 
 being uniform : agreement with a pat- 
 tern or rule : sameness : likeness be- 
 tween the parts of a whole. 
 
 UNIFY, u'ni-fl, v.t. to make into one. — n.'l 
 Unifica'tion. [L. unus, one, and faeio, \ 
 to make.] 
 
 U^^LITERAL. u-ui-lit'er-al. adj. consist- 
 ing of one letter only. [L. umts, one, ^ 
 and litera, a letter.] 
 
 UNION, iin'yun. n. a uniting: that which ( 
 is united or made one : a body formed by ' 
 the combination of parts : concord : har- 
 mony in color: agreement between pails: 
 a combination, as among workmen for 
 class protection: several English parishes 
 united for joint support and management 
 of their poor.also the workhouse for such: 
 (2>l-) textile fabrics made up of more than 
 one kind of fibre. — ^The Union, the United 
 States : also the legislative incorporation 
 of England and Scotland in 1707, or of 
 Ireland with both in 1801. [Fr. union — 
 L. tmio, -onis — unus. E. One.]
 
 UNIQUE 
 
 463 
 
 UNWIND 
 
 UNIQUE, u-nek', adj., single or alone ia 
 any qualitj- : without a like or equal. 
 [Fr. — L. unions — «hhs.] 
 
 UNISON, u'ui-son, ?j., oneness or Sigreemeat 
 of sound : concord : harmonj-. [L. unus, 
 one, and sonus, a sound. See SOUND.] 
 
 UNISON ANCE, u-nis'o-nans, n. state of 
 being; unisonant : accordance of sounds. 
 
 UNISONANT, u-nis'o-nant, UNISONOUS, 
 u-ni.s'o-nus, adj. being: in itnisou. [L. 
 unus, one, and sonans, pr.p. of sono, to 
 sound.] 
 
 UNIT, u nit, n., one : a single thing- or per- 
 son : the least whole number : anything 
 taken as one : any known determinate 
 quantity by constant application of which 
 any other quantity is measured. [L. 
 nnitum, pa.p. of ithio, to unite — U7ius, 
 E. One.] 
 
 UNITARIAN, u-ni-ta'ri-an, n. one who 
 asserts the unity of the Godhead as op- 
 posed to the Trinity, and ascribes divin- 
 ity to God the Father only. — adj. per- 
 taining to Unitarians or their doctrine. 
 [From L. tmitas, unity — unus, cue.] 
 
 UNITARIANISM. u-ni-ta'ri-an-izm. n. the 
 doctrines or principles of a Unitarian. 
 
 UNITE, ii-nit', v.t. to make one : to join 
 two or more into one : to join : to make 
 to agree or adhere. — i:i. to become one : 
 to grow or act together. — Unit'edly, 
 adv. in union : together. 
 
 UNITY, u'ni-ti, n., oneness : state of being 
 one or at one : agreement : the arrange- 
 ment of all the parts to one purpose or 
 effect : harmony : (math.) any quantitj' 
 taken as one. — The Unities (of place, 
 time, and action), the three canons of the 
 classical drama ; that the scenes should 
 be at the same place, that all the events 
 
 . should be such as might happen within a 
 single day, and that nothing should he 
 admitted not directlj- relevant to the de- 
 velopment of the plot. [Fr. unite — L. 
 unitas — unus.] 
 
 tINrVALVE, u ni-valv, adj. ha\-ing one 
 valve or shell only. — n. a shell of one 
 valve only : a mollusc whose shell is 
 composed of a single piece. 
 
 UNIVERSAL, u-ni-ver'sal, adj. compre- 
 hending, affecting, or extending to the 
 whole : comprising all the particulars. — 
 adi\ Untver'sallt. [L. universalis — uni- 
 ver.<i)is. See Universe.] 
 
 UNIVERSALISM, Q-ni-ver'sal-izm, n. the 
 doctrine or belief of univei:sal salvation, 
 or the ultimate salvation of all mankind. 
 — Univer'salist, n. a believer in uni- 
 versalism. 
 
 UNIVERSALITY, u-ni-ver-sal'i-ti, n. state 
 or quality of being universal. [L.] 
 
 UNIVERSE, u'ni-vers, n. the whole system 
 of created things : all created things 
 viewed as one whole : the world. [L. 
 universum (lit.) " turned into one,"' " com- 
 bined into one whole " — M?it(s, one, verto, 
 versum, to turn.] 
 
 UNIVERSITY, u-ni-ver'si-ti, n. a corpo- 
 ration of teachers or assemblage of col- 
 leges for teachina; the higher branches 
 of learning, and having power to confer 
 degrees. [Orig. "any community or 
 association," L. universitas, a corporation 
 — universus.] 
 
 UNIVOCAL, u-niVo-kal, adj. having one 
 voice or meaning only : having unison of 
 sounds. [L. univociis — unus, one, vox, 
 vocis, a voice.] 
 
 UNKEMPT, un kemt, adj., uncombed : un- 
 polished. [Prefix un-, and A.S. ceviban, 
 to comb — canib, E. CoMB.] 
 
 UNKENNEL, un-ken'el, v.t. to drive from 
 a kennel or hole : to rouse from secrecy 
 or retreat. 
 
 UNKNIT, un-nit', v.t. to separate or loose 
 what is knit or knotted : to open. 
 
 UNKNOT, un-not', v.t. to free from knots: 
 
 to untie. 
 
 UNLACE, un-las', v.t. to loose from being 
 laced : to loose the dress of. 
 
 UNLADE, uu-lild', v.t. to unload: to take 
 out the cargo of. 
 
 UNLEARN, un-lern', v.t. to forget or lose 
 what has been learned. 
 
 UNLESS, un-les', conj. at or for less : if 
 not : supposing that not. — Except and 
 unless weve common formerlj- as conj unc- 
 tions, nearly or quite interchangeable 
 ('^Except thou make thyself a prince 
 over us." — Num. xvi. 18), but the former 
 is now comparatively seldom used in that 
 way (at least with the verb directly ex- 
 pressed), having usually a prepositional 
 force. In the Bible except (oonj.) occurs 
 eight or ten times as often as unless. The 
 special function of except is to introduce 
 an exception to a general statement ; of 
 unless to introduce a restriction, limita- 
 tion, or alternative. " So that he could 
 not be impleaded in anj' civil court ex- 
 cept on criminal charges." — Hallam. 
 " And made it hard for any nation to 
 be thenceforth safe excejH by its sheer 
 strength." — Kinglake. "A rehef was a 
 sum of money (unless where charter or 
 custom introduced a different tribute) 
 due from every one of full age, etc." — 
 Hallam. '• Except when it happens that 
 the people are turned aside for a mo- 
 ment . . . the foreigner has good grounds 
 for inferring that, whatever the policy of 
 England maybe, it will not be altogether 
 unstable."— Kinglake. '-In Europe, all 
 States except the five great Powers are 
 exempt from tlie duty of watching over 
 the general safety ; and even a State 
 which is one of the five great Powers is 
 not practicallj' under an obligation to 
 sustain the cause of justice M;(Zess its per- 
 ception of the wrong is reinforced by a 
 sense of its own interests." — Kinglake. 
 [Lit. '• on less ; " cf. the Fr. d moins.] 
 
 UNLIMBER, un-lim'ber, v.t. to remove the 
 limbers from a gun. 
 
 UNLOAD, un-lod'. v.t. to take the load 
 from : to discharge: to disburden. 
 
 UNLOCK, un-lok', v.t. to unfasten what is 
 locked: to open. 
 
 UNLOOSE, un-l6os', v.t. to make loose: 
 to set free. [A.S. onlesan ; intensive of 
 Loose.] 
 
 UNMAKE, un-mak', v.t. to destroy the 
 make or form and qualities of. — Un- 
 made', adj. not made. 
 
 UNMAN, un-man', v.t. to deprive of the 
 powers of a man, as courage, etc. : to 
 deprive of men. 
 
 UNMASK, un-mask', v.t. to take a mask 
 or any disgiiise off : to expose. — v.i. to 
 put off a mask. 
 
 UNMEANING, un-men'ing, adj. having 
 no meaning : without intelligence. — n. 
 Unmean'inoness. 
 
 UNMOOR, un-moor', v.i. to loose from 
 being moored or anchored. 
 
 imMUFFLE, un-muf'l, v.i. to take a 
 muffle or covering from. 
 
 UNMUZZLE, un-muz'l, v.t. to take a 
 muzzle off. 
 
 UNNERVE, un-nerV, v.t. to deprive of 
 nerve, strength, or vigor: to weaken. 
 
 UNPACK, un-pak', v.t. to take out of a 
 pack : to open. 
 
 UNPARALLELED, un - par'al - leld, adj. 
 without parallel or equal. 
 
 UNPEOPLE, un-pe'pl, v.t. to deprive of 
 people. 
 
 UNPIN, un-pin', v.t. to loose what is 
 pinned. 
 
 UNPRETENDING, un-pre-tend'ing, adj. 
 not pretending or making pretence : 
 modest 
 
 UNRAVEL, un-ra\-a, v.t. to take out of a 
 
 ravelled state : to unfold or explain : to 
 separate. — v.i. to be disentangled. 
 
 UNREST, un-rest', ?i, want of rest : dis- 
 quiet of mind or body. 
 
 UNRIG, un-rig'. v.t. to strip of rigging. 
 
 UNROBE, uu-rob', v.t. to take a robe off : 
 to undress. 
 
 UNROLL, un-rol', v.t. to roll down : to 
 open out. 
 
 UNROOF, un-roof, v.t. to strip the roof 
 off. 
 
 UNROOT, un-roof, v.t. to tear up by the 
 roots. 
 
 UNRULY, un-ro6'li, adj. regardless of re- 
 straint or law.— ?i, Unru'liness. [From 
 A.S. row, peace ; Scand. ro. Ger. r^die; 
 modified bv Rule.] 
 
 UNSADDLE', un-sad'l, v.t. to take the sad- 
 die off : to throw from the saddle. 
 
 UNSAY, un-.sa', v.t. to recall what has 
 been said : to retract. 
 
 UNSCATHED, un-skatht', adj. not hai^med 
 or injured. [From un, not, and Scathe, 
 harm.] 
 
 UNSCREW, un-skroo', v.t. to loose from 
 screws : to unfasten. 
 
 UNSEAL, un-sel', i\f. to remove the seal 
 of : to open what is sealed. 
 
 UNSEARCHABLE, un-serch'a-bl. adj. not 
 capable of being found out by searching : 
 mysterious, — ?i. Unseakch'ableness. — 
 adv. Unsearch'ably. 
 
 UNSEAT, un-set', v.t. to throw from or de- 
 prive of a seat. 
 
 UNSETTLE. uu-,set'l, v.t. to move from be- 
 ing settled : to make uncertain. — v.i. to 
 become unfixed. 
 
 UNSEX, un-sek.s'. v.t. to deprive of sex : to 
 make unmanly or unwomanly. 
 
 UNSHACKLE, un-shak'l, v.t. to loose from 
 shackles : to set free. 
 
 UNSHIP, un-ship', v.t. to take out of a 
 ship or other vessel : to remove from the 
 place where it is fixed or fitted. 
 
 UNSIGHTLY, un-slt'li, adj. not sightly or 
 pleasing to the eye : ugly. 
 
 UNSTOP, un-stop',"^•.^ to free from a stop- 
 per : to free from hinderance. 
 
 UNSTRING, un-string', v.t. to take the 
 strings off : to relax or loosen. 
 
 UNTHREAD, un-thred', v.t. to draw out a 
 thread from : to loo.se the threads. 
 
 UNTHRIFTY, un-thrift'i. adj. not thrifty : 
 without thriftiness, — adv. Unthhift'iLY. 
 —n. Untheift'iness. 
 
 UNTIE, un-tf, r./. to loose from being tied: 
 to imbind : to loosen. 
 
 UNTIL, un-til', j^rep. till : to : as far as 
 (used mostly with respect to time). — adi\ 
 till : up to the time that. [A.S. on, in, 
 and Till. i)rfjj.] 
 
 UNTIRING, un-tlr'ing, adj. not tiring or 
 becoming tired. 
 
 UNTO, un'too, vre2y., to. [A.S. on, in, and 
 To.] 
 
 UNTOWARD, un-to'ard, UNTOWARDLY, 
 uu-to'ard-li, adj. not easily guiited : fro- 
 ward: awkward: inconvenient. — adv. Un- 
 to'wardly. — n . Unto'wardness. 
 
 UNTRUTH. un-troOth', n. falsehood: a lie. 
 
 UNTUNE, un-tiin', v.t. to put out of tune : 
 to disorder or confuse. 
 
 UNTWINT:, un-twin', v.t. to untwist : to 
 oi^en. 
 
 UNTWIST, un-twist', v.t. to open what is 
 twisted, 
 
 UNAVARP, un-wawrp', v.t. to change from 
 being warped. 
 
 UNAVEARIED, un-we'rid, adj. not tiring : 
 indefatigable,— adr. Unwea'riedly, 
 
 UNAVEAVE, un-wev', v.t. to undo what is 
 u-oren. 
 
 UNAVEPT, un-wept', adj. not mourned. 
 
 UN^VIELDY, un-wel'di. adj. not easily 
 moved or handled. [See Wield,] 
 
 UNAVIND. un-wind', v.t. to wind down oi 
 off.
 
 UNWITTINGLY 
 
 464 
 
 UTILIZE 
 
 UNWITTINGLY, un-wit'ing-li, adv. with- 
 out knowledge : ignorantlv. [See Wit.] 
 
 UNWORTHY, un-wur//!'i, adj. not worthy: 
 worthless : unbecoming. 
 
 UNWRAP, un-rap', v.t. to open what is 
 wrapped or folded. 
 
 UNYOKE, un-yok', v.t. to loose from a 
 yoke : to disjoin. 
 
 DP. up, adv. toward a higher place : aloft: 
 on high : from a lower to a higher posi- 
 tion, as out of bed, above the horizon, 
 etc.: in a higher position : in a condition 
 of elevation, advance, excitement, etc.: 
 as far as: completely. — prep, from a lower 
 to a higher place on or along. — Used «<&- 
 stantively, as in the ups and dotais of lite. 
 [A.S. up. uppe ; Ger. auf : L. sub, Gr. 
 hypo : allied to Over, Above.] 
 
 UPANISHAD, oo-pan'i-shad, n. in Sans- 
 krit literature, a name given to a series 
 of treatises or commentaries on the Ve- 
 dic hymns, the contents of which are 
 partly ritualistic, partly speculative. 
 They are of different dates, some of them 
 being as old as several centuries B.C. 
 They exhibit the earliest attempts of the 
 Hindu mind to penetrate into the mys- 
 teries of creation and existence. [Sans.] 
 
 UPAS, u'pas, UPAS-TREE, u'pas-tre, n. 
 a tree common in the forests of Java, 
 and of some of the neighboring islands, 
 and found also in tropical Africa. It is a 
 species of the genus Antiaris (^4. to.vi- 
 caria), nat. order Artocarpacea;. Many 
 exaggerated stories were formerly cur- 
 rent concerning the deadly properties of 
 this plant, its exhalations being said to 
 be fatal to both animal and veg'etable 
 Ufe at several miles distance from the 
 tree itself. The truth is, that the upas 
 is a tree which yields a poisonous secre- 
 tion and nothing more. The active prin- 
 ciple in this secretion has been termed 
 ajitiay-in. [Malay upas, poison.] 
 
 UPBEAR, up-bar', v.t. to bear up : to raise 
 aloft : to sustain. 
 
 UPBIND, up-bind', v.t. to bind up. 
 
 UPBRAID, up-brad', v.t. to charge with 
 something wrong or disgraceful : to re- 
 proach : to reprove severely. [A.S. up- 
 gehredan, to cry out against — up, and 
 gebredan. Ice. bregda, to charge, re- 
 proach.] 
 
 UPBRAIDING, up-brad'ing, n. a charging 
 with something wrong : act of reproach- 
 ing. 
 
 UPHEAVE, up-hev', v.t. to heave or lift 
 up. — Upheav'al, n. the raising of sur- 
 face formations by the action of internal 
 forces. 
 
 UPHILL, up'hil, adj. ascending : difficult. 
 
 UPHOLD, up-hold', v.t. to hold up : to sus- 
 tain : to countenance : to defend : to 
 continue without failing. — n. Uphold'er. 
 
 UPHOLSTERER, up-hol'ster-er, n. one 
 who supplies furniture, beds, etc. [Form- 
 erly ilpholdster, and upholster, a corr. of 
 Upholder.] 
 
 UPHOLSTERY, up-hOl'ster-i, n. furniture, 
 etc., supplied by upholsterers. 
 
 UPLAND, up'land, m.. upper or high land. 
 as opposed to meadows, river-sides, etc. 
 —adj. high in situation : pertaining to 
 uplands. 
 
 LTLIFT, up-lift', v.t. to lift up or raise 
 aloft. 
 
 UPMOST. See Upper. 
 
 UPON, up-on', prep, same as On. [Up and 
 
 UPPER, up'er, adj. (eomp. of Up;, further 
 up : higher in position, dignity, etc. : su- 
 perior.— Upper TEN THOUSAND, a phrase 
 originally employed by N. P. Willis to des- 
 ignate the wealthier or more aristocratic 
 persons (supposed to be of about that 
 number) in New York, and since extended 
 to the higher circles, the leading classes 
 
 in society, the aristocracj' generally — 
 often contracted to the upper ten. '• Pettj' 
 jealousy and caste reigned in the resi- 
 dency (Calcutta) ; the ' upper ten ' with 
 stoical grandeur would die the ' upper 
 ten.' and as they fell, composed their 
 robes after the latest fashion." — W. H. 
 BusseU.—superl. Upp'ermost, Up'most. 
 [For affix -most, see Aftermost, Fore- 
 most.] 
 
 UPPERHAND, up'er-hand, n. superiority : 
 advantage. 
 
 UPPERMOST. See Upper. 
 
 UPRIGHT, up'rTt, adj. right or straight 
 up : in an erect position : adhering to 
 rectitude: honest : just. — adv. Up'right- 
 LY.— /(. Up'rightness. 
 
 UPROAR, up'ror, n. noise and tumult : 
 bustle and clamor. [Dut. oproer, from 
 op, up, and roeren (Ger. rithren, A.S. 
 hreran). to stir ; corr. from a supposed 
 connection with Roar.] 
 
 UPROARIOt'^S, up-ror'i-us, adj. making or 
 accompanied by great \iproar. — adv. 
 
 LTPROAR'IOUSLT. 
 
 UPROOT, up-root', v.t. to tear up by the 
 roots. 
 
 UPSEE-DUTCH, up'se-duch, adv. an old 
 phrase signifying in tlie Dutch style or 
 manner : Dutcli-like : as, to drink upsee- 
 Dutch, to drink in the Dutch manner ; 
 that is, to drink deeply. '• Drink me 
 upsey-Duteh." — Beau. & Fl. Similarly 
 Upsee-Freeze, in the Frisian manner. 
 
 I ilo not like the dullness of your ej'e. 
 It hath a heavy cast, ^tls Upsee-Dutch. 
 
 — B. Jonson. 
 This valiant pot-leech that, upon his knees. 
 Has drunk a thousand pottles upse^-Freeze. 
 
 — John Taylor. 
 
 BeatiA-Fl. use the phrase Ujisey-English 
 =English-like. The liquor seems some- 
 times to be meant by these terms. [Dut. 
 op-zyn-Deutsch, in the Dutch fashion; so 
 op-zyn-Engelsch, in the English fashion.] 
 
 UPSET, up-set', v.t. to turn upside down : 
 to overthrow. — LTp'SET, ?i. an overturn. 
 — adj. relating to what is set up for sale, 
 in phrase L^P'SET PRICE, the sum at which 
 anything is started at a public sale. [Lit. 
 " to set up.''] 
 
 UPSHOT, up'shot, n. final issue : end. 
 [Lit. "what is shot up or turns out.'"! 
 
 UPSIDE, up'sid. 11. the tipper side.-^v- 
 SIDE-DOWN, adv. with the upper part un- 
 dermost : incomplete conftision. 
 
 UPSTART, up'start, n. one who has sud- 
 denly started up or risen from low life to 
 wealth, etc. — adj. suddenly raised. 
 
 UPWARD, up'ward, adj. directed up or to 
 a higher place.— Up'ward, Up'wakds, 
 advs. toward a higher direction. [Up, 
 and trard. sig. direction.] 
 
 URBAN, ur'ban. adj. of or belonging to a 
 city. [L. iirbanus — urbs, a city.] 
 
 URBANE, ur-ban', adj. pertaining to or 
 influenced by a city : civilized : refined : 
 courteous. 
 
 URBANITY, ur-ban'i-ti, n. the quality of 
 being urbane : refinement : politeness. 
 [L. urbanitas.'l 
 
 URCHIN, ur'chin. n. a hedgehog : a child, 
 used jocosely. [M. E. urchon, O. Fr. 
 erifon, Fr. herisson ; from L. ericius, a 
 hedgehog.] 
 
 URE'TER, u-re'ter, n. the duct which con- 
 veys the urine from the kidneys to the 
 bladder. [Gr. — ouron, urine.] 
 
 URETHRA, u-re'thra, n. the canal leading 
 from the bladder to the external orifice. 
 [Gr. — ouron. urine.] 
 
 URGE, urj, v.t. to press in any way : to 
 drive : to press earnestly : to provoke. 
 [L. urgeo, to press, to drive.] 
 
 URGENCY, ur'jen-si, n. quality of being 
 urgent : earnest asking : pressing neces- 
 sity. 
 
 URGENT, ur'jent, adj., urging: pressing 
 
 with importunity: calling for immediate 
 attention: earnest. — adv. Ur'gently. [L. 
 'urgens. pr.p. of urqeo.] 
 
 URIM, ii'rim, and THUMMIM, thum'im, 
 ns.pl. a part of the high-priest's breast- 
 plate among the ancient Jews, the nature 
 of which is not distinctly understood. 
 [Lit. "lights and perfections," Heb. urim, 
 prob. pi. of ur. or, light, and thummim, 
 pi. of t07n. perfection.] 
 
 URINAL, u'rin-al, n. a vessel for urine : a 
 convenience for discharging lu-ine. [L. 
 urinal — urina.] 
 
 URINARY, Q'rin-ar-i, adj. pertaining to or 
 like urine. 
 
 URINE, Q'rin, n. the fluid which is sep- 
 arated by the kidneys from the blood, 
 and conveyed to the bladder. [Fr. — L. 
 urina ; cog. with Gr. ouron, Ger. ham, 
 Sans, vari, water.] 
 
 URN, urn, n. a kind of vase used for vari- 
 ous purposes : a vessel in which the ashe« 
 of the dead were anciently deposited. [L. 
 urna, a water.-pot, an urn, prop, a " ves- 
 sel of burnt clay." from riro. to burn.] 
 
 URSINE, ur'sin, adj.of or resembling a bear. 
 [L.—ursus, a bear.] 
 
 US, VIS, pron. the objective case of We. 
 
 rA.s.] -^ 
 
 USABLE, uz'a-bl, adj. that may be used. 
 
 USAGE, tiz'aj, u. act or mode of using: 
 treatment: practice: custom. [Fr. — Low 
 L. — L. i(6-)(s.] 
 
 USE, uz, v.t. to put to some purpose : to 
 avail one's self of : to habituate : to treat 
 or behave toward. — v.i. to be accustomed. 
 [Ft. user — L. utor. usus, to use.] 
 
 USE, us, n. act of using or putting to 
 a purpose : convenience : emploj-ment : 
 need: advantage: practice: cvistom. [L. 
 usus — utor.] 
 
 USEFUL, us'fool, adj. full of use or ad- 
 vantage: able to do good: serviceable. — 
 adv. UsE'mLLY. — n. Use'fvlness. 
 
 USELESS, us'les, adj. having no itse : 
 answering no good purpose or the end 
 proposed. — adv. Use'lessly.— Ji. Use'- 
 
 LESSNESS. 
 
 USHER, ush'er, n. one whose business it is 
 to introduce strangers or to walk before 
 a person of rank : an under-teacher or 
 assistant. — v.t. to introduce : to forerun. 
 — n. Ush'ERSHIP. [O. Fr. ussier. Fr. 
 huissier — L. ostiarius, a door-keeper — 
 ostium, a door.] 
 USUAL, (i'zhii-al, adj. in use : occurring in 
 ordinary use : common. — adv. U'sually. 
 [L. tistiaUs.} 
 USUFRUCT, u'zii-frukt, «. the use and 
 projit. but not the property, of a thing : 
 liferent. [L.] 
 USURER, is zhoo-rer. u. (orig. and in B.) 
 a money-lender for interest : one who 
 practices usury. 
 USURP, ti-zurp', v.t. to take possession of 
 by force without right. — n. USURP'ER. 
 [Fr. — L. usurpo, pern, contr. from usii- 
 rapio. to seize to one's own use — usus, 
 use, and rapio, to seize.] 
 USURPATION, u-zur-pa'shun, n. act of 
 usurpiytg : unlawful seizure and posses- 
 sion. [L. usurjjatio.] 
 USURY, u'zho6-ri, n. the taking of more 
 than legal interest on a loan : (orig.) in- 
 terest generally.— arfj. Usu'RIOUS. [Lit. 
 " a using," L. usura — idor, t(sus, to use.] 
 UTENSIL, u-ten'sil. n. an instrument or 
 vessel used in common life. [Fr. u.sten- 
 sile—L. utensilis, fit for nae—utor, to 
 use.] 
 UTERINE, ii'ter-in, adj. pertaining to the 
 tcomb : born of the same mother by a dif- 
 ferent father. [Fr. uterin—L,. utei-inus— 
 uterus, the womb.] 
 UTILIZE. u'til-Iz, i:t. to make useful: to 
 put to profitable use.— ?i. Utiuza'tioH. 
 [Fr. utilises — L. utor.'] 
 
 I
 
 UTILITARIAN 
 
 465 
 
 VANDAL 
 
 DTILITARIAN, u-til-i-ta'ri-an, adj. con- 
 sisting in or pertaining to utility, or to 
 utilitarianism. — >i. one who holds utili- 
 tarianism. 
 
 UTILITARIANISM, u-til-i-ta'ri-an-izm, n. 
 thp doctrine which holds that the stand- 
 aii! of morality is utility or the happi- 
 ni^ss of mankind. 
 
 UTILITY, u-til'i-ti, 71., usefulness. [Fr.— 
 L. — utilis. useful — utor, to use.] 
 
 UTMOST, ut'niost, adj., outmost : furthest 
 out : most distint : last : in the greatest 
 degree : highest. — n. the greatest that 
 can be : the greatest effort. [A.8. ute- 
 mest — utema, superl. of tit, out, and 
 superl. sufBx. -st. For mistaken form 
 -most, see Aftermost, Foremost.] 
 
 UTOPIAN, u-to'pi-an, adj. imaginary : fan- 
 ciful : chimerical. [From Utopia, lit. 
 . "nowhere" — Gr. ou, not, and topos, 
 place, an imaginary island represented 
 by Sir T. More as enjoying perfection in 
 politics, laws, etc.] 
 
 UTTER, ut'er, adj. furthest out : extreme: 
 total : perfect. — adv. Utt'erlt. [A.S. 
 utor, outer, extreme — ut. out.] 
 
 UTTER, ut'er, v.t. to circulate : to publish 
 abroad : to speak. — ?i. Utt'erer. [Lit. 
 " to send out or forth," from Utter, adj.] 
 
 UTTERABLE, ut'er-a-bl, adj. that may be 
 uttered or expressed. 
 
 UTTERANCE, ut'er-ans, n. act of uttering: 
 manner of speaking : pronunciation : ex- 
 pression. 
 
 UTTERMOST, ut'er-most, adj. furthest out: 
 utmost. — n. the greatest degree. [Same 
 as Utmost, the r being intrusive, and t 
 being doubled on the analogy of Utter.] 
 
 UVTJLA, u'vu-la, ?!. the fleshy conical body 
 suspended from the palate over the back 
 
 Jiart of the tongue. — adj. U'VULAR. 
 Coined from L. uva, a bunch of grapes.] 
 lORIOUS, ugz-6'ri-us, adj. excessively or 
 submissively fond of a wife. — adv. Uxo'- 
 RIOUSLY. — n. Uxo'riousness. [L. uxorius 
 — tueor, a wife.] 
 
 VACANCY, va'kan-si, n., emptiness: lei- 
 sure : that which is vacant or unoccu- 
 pied: emptiness of thought: empty space: 
 void or gap between bodies : a situation 
 unoccupied. 
 
 VACANT, va'kant, adj., empty : exhausted 
 of air: free: not occupied by an incumbent 
 or possessor : not occupied witli study, 
 etc. : thoughtless.— ady. Va'cantly. [Fr. 
 — L. iY(cans, -antis, pr.p. of vaco, to be 
 emptyj 
 
 VACATE, va-kat', v.t. to leave empty: to 
 quit possession of. [L. vaco, -atum, to be 
 empty.] 
 
 VACATION, va-ka'shuu, n. a vacating or 
 making void, or invalid : freedom from 
 duty, etc.: recess: break in the sittings 
 of law-courts : school and college holi- 
 davs. [L.] 
 
 VACCINATE, vak'sin-at, v.t. to inoculate 
 with tlie coifpox as a preventive against 
 smallpox.— Jj. Vaccina'TION. [Formed 
 from L. vaccinus, of a cow. See Vac- 
 cine.] 
 
 VACCINE, vak'sin, adj. pertaining to or 
 
 J derived from coivs. [L. vaccinus — vacca, 
 a cow, akin to Sans, vasha, cow — i>ash, 
 to bellow.] 
 
 VACILLATE, vas'il-at, v.i. to sway to and 
 fro : to waver: to be unsteady. — n. Vac- 
 illa'tion. [L. vacillo, -atum.] 
 
 VACUITY, va-ku'it-i, n., emptiness : space 
 unoccupied, or not visibly occupied: void. 
 [L. vacuitas — vacuus, tmpty — I'aco, to be 
 emptv.] 
 
 DD 
 
 VACUUM, vak'u-um, n. a vacant or empty 
 space : a space empty or devoid of all 
 matter :— jj/. Vac'ca. " [L., neut. of vac- 
 uus, empty.] 
 
 VAGABOND, vag'a-bond, adj. tvandering : 
 having no .settled home : driven to and 
 fro: unsettled. — n. one who wanders 
 without any settled habitation : a wan- 
 dering, idle fellow. — n. Vag'abondage. 
 [Fr. — L. — vagor, vagari, to wander — 
 r'lagus, wandering. See Vague.] 
 
 VAGARY, va-gar'i, w. a ivandering of the 
 thoughts : a wild freak : a whim. 
 
 VAGRANCY, va'gran-si, n. the state of 
 being a vagrant : life and habits of a va- 
 grant. 
 
 VAGRANT, va'grant, adj., uhindering 
 without any settled dwelling : unsettled. 
 — n. one who has no settled home : an 
 idle or disorderly person : a beggar. [L. 
 vag-ans, -antis, pr.p. of vagor, to wander; 
 with r intruded.] 
 
 VAGUE, vag, adj. unsettled : indefinite : 
 uncertain. — adv. Vague'ly. — ?i. Vague'- 
 NESS. [Fr. — L. vagus, wandering.] 
 
 VAIL, val. Same as Veil. 
 
 VAIL, val, v.t. to let fall. — v.i. to yield. 
 [Contr. of M.E. availen — O. Fr. avaler, 
 to descend — Fr. d val — L. ad valleni, 
 down a valley.] 
 
 VAILS, valz, n.pl. money given to ser- 
 vants. [A contr. of Avail, to profit.] 
 
 VAIN, van, adj. unsatisfying : fruitless : 
 unreal : conceited : snowy : vacant, 
 worthless, so in B. — adv. Vain'LY. — IN 
 VAIN, ineffectually : to no purpose or 
 end : with levity or profanity. [Fr. vain 
 — L. vanus, emptv. Cf. Vaunt.] 
 
 VAINGLORIOUS, van-gl6'ri-us, adj. given 
 to vainglory : proceeding from vanity. — 
 adv. Vainolo'riously. 
 
 VAINGLORY, van-glo'ri, n., vain or empty 
 glory in one's own performances : pride 
 above desert. 
 
 VALANCE, val'ans, 7i. hanging drapery 
 for a bed, etc. — v.t. to decorate with such. 
 [Prob. through Norm. Fr. valaunt, from 
 Fr. avalant, slipping down (see Ava- 
 lanche) ; or from Valencia (Fr. Valence) 
 in Spain.] 
 
 VALE, val, 71. a tract of low ground, esp. 
 between hills : a valley. [Fr. val — L. 
 vallis, a vale.] 
 
 VALEDICTION, val-e-dik'shun, n. a fare- 
 well. [L. valedico, -dictum — vale, fare- 
 well, dico, to say.] 
 
 VALEDICTORY, val-e-dik'tor-i, adj., say- 
 ing farewell : farewell: taking leave. 
 
 VALENCY, val'en-si, n. (chem.) the com- 
 bining power of an element, or the pro- 
 portion in which it forms a combination 
 with another. [From L. i^aleo.] 
 
 VALENTINE, vaVen-tln, n. a lover or 
 sweetheart chosen on St. Valentine's 
 day, 14th Feb.: a love-letter sent on that 
 day. [Perhaps fi'om the notion that on 
 this day birds began to pair.] 
 
 VALERIAN, val-e'ri-an, 7i. the plant all- 
 heal, the root of which is used in medi- 
 cine. [Coined from L. valere, to be 
 strong.] 
 
 VALET, val'et, n. a servant : a man-ser- 
 vant, esp. one who attends on a gentle- 
 man's person. [Fr. — O. Fr. varlet. See 
 Varlet, Vassal.] 
 
 VALETUDINARIAN, val-e-tud-in-ar'i-an, 
 VALETUDINARY, val-e-tfi'din-ar-i, adj. 
 belonging to ill health : sickly : weak. — 
 n. a person of ill or weak health. [L. 
 x^aletudinarivs — valetudo, state of health, 
 bad health — valeo, to be strong.] 
 
 VALETUDINARIANISM, val-e-tud-in-ar'i- 
 au-izm. n. the condition of a valetudin- 
 arian : weak health. 
 
 VALHALLA, val-hal'la, 7i. (in Scandina- 
 vian 7nyth.) the palace of immortality for 
 the souls of heroes slain in battle. [Ice. 
 
 valholl, " the hall of the slain " — valr, the 
 slain, conn, with A.S. iveel, slaughter, 
 and Ice. Iioll, E. Hall.] 
 VALIANT, val'yant, adj., strong: brave: 
 intrepid in danger : heroic. — Do val'- 
 IANTLY (B.) to behave gallantly. — adv. 
 Val'iantly (Apoc7'ypha) by force. — 7i. 
 Val'lantness (B.) courage, bravery. [Fr. 
 vaiUa7it — L. vale7is, valentis, pr.p. of 
 valeo, to be strong. See Valetudinak- 
 
 lAN.] 
 
 VALID, val'id, adj., strong: having suffi- 
 cient strength or force: founded in truth: 
 sound : conclusive : {laiv) executed with 
 the proper formalities : legal : rightful. 
 — adv. Val'idly. — n. Valid'ity. [L. 
 validus — valeo, to be strong.] 
 
 VALISE, va-les', rj. a travellt7ig-bag. gen- 
 erally of leather, opening at the side: a 
 Eortmanteau. [Fr. — It. valigia, through 
 lOW L. forms from L. vidulus, a travel- 
 ling-bag.] 
 
 VALLEY, val'i, 7i. a vale or low land 
 between hills or mountains : a low, ex- 
 tended plain, usually watered by a river: 
 — pi. Vall'eys. [Fr. valUe, an extension 
 of val (see Vale).] 
 
 VALOR, val'ur, ?i. the quality of being 
 valia7it : that which enables one to en- 
 counter danger fearlessly : intrepidity : 
 courage: bravery. [O.Fr. — LowL. I'awr 
 — L. valeo, to be strong.] 
 
 VALOROUS, val'ur-us, adj. possessing or 
 showing valor : intrepid : courageous. — 
 adv. Val'oeously. 
 
 VALUABLE, val'u-a-bl, adj. having value 
 or worth : costly : deserving esteem. — n. 
 Val'uaeleness. 
 
 VALUATION, val-u-a'shun, n. the act of 
 vahrnig : value set upon a thing: esti- 
 mated worth. 
 
 VALUATOR, val'u-at-ur, n. one who sets 
 a valve upon : an appraiser. 
 
 VALUE, val'ij, «., tvorth : that which 
 renders anything useful or estimable : 
 the degree of this quality : efficacy : im- 
 portance : excellence : price : precise 
 meaning. — v.t. to estimate the worth of : 
 to rate at a price : to esteem : to prize. 
 [O. Fr., prop, the fern, of Fr. valu, pa.p. 
 of valoir, to be worth — L. valeo.] 
 
 VALUELESS, val'ii-les, adj. of no value or 
 worth. 
 
 VALVE, valv, n. one of the leaves of a 
 folding-door : a cover to an aperture 
 which opens in one dix-ection and not in 
 the other : one of the pieces or divisions 
 which form a shell. — adj. Valv'ular. 
 [Fr. — L. valva, a folding-door.] 
 
 VALVED, valvd, adj. having or composed 
 of valves. 
 
 VAMP, vamp, n. the upper leather of a 
 boot or .shoe. — v.t. to repair with a new 
 vamp : to patch old with new : give a 
 new face to (with 7ip). [Corr. of Fr. 
 ava7it-pied, the fore-part of the foot — 
 avant, before (see Van, the front), and 
 2}ied, L. pes, jjedis, E. Foot.] 
 
 VAMPIRE, vam'pir, n. in the superstition 
 of Eastern Europe, a ghost which sucks 
 the blood of its sleeping victim : one who 
 lives upon others: a blood-sucker: a large 
 species of blood-sucking bat in S. Amer 
 ica. [Fr. — Servian ira7npir.] 
 
 VAN, van, ?!. the fro7it : the front of an 
 army or a fleet. [Fr. arajif— L. ab, from 
 by, and ante, before.] 
 
 VAN, van, n. a fan for grain, etc. [Fr.- 
 L. va7i7ius. See Fan.] 
 
 VAN, van, n. a large covered wagon for 
 goods, etc. : the rear car of a freight train, 
 reserved for the use of trainmen. [Short 
 for Caravan.] 
 
 VANDAL, van'dal, w. one of a fierce race in 
 N. Germany who sacked Rome in 455 ; 
 anv one hostile to arts or literature : a 
 barbarian.— Van'dal, Vandal'ic, a4j. bar-
 
 VANE 
 
 466 
 
 VEIL 
 
 barous : rude. — ^Van'daijsm, n. hostility 
 to arts or literature. 
 
 Vane, van, ». a flag or banner: a thin 
 slip of wood or metal at tlie top of a 
 spire, etc., to show wliich way tlie wind 
 blows : a weather-cock : the thin web of 
 a feather. [Older form fane — A.S. fana; 
 Croth. fana, cloth, Ger. fahne : akin to 
 L. pannus, and Gr. penos, a cloth.] 
 
 VANGUARD, van'gard, n. the guard in 
 the van of an army : the part of an army 
 preceding the main body: the first line. 
 
 VANILLA, van-il'a, n. the dried aromatic 
 sheath-like pod or fruit of a tropical or- 
 chid, a favorite confection. [Latinized 
 from Fr. vanille — Sp. vainilla — vaina — L. 
 vagina, a sheath.] 
 
 VANISH, van'ish, v.i. to pass away from a 
 place, leaving it vacant or empty : to dis- 
 appear : to Ije annihilated or lost. [L. 
 vanesco, to pass away — vanus, empty. 
 See Vain.] 
 
 VANITY, van'it-i, n. the quality of being 
 vain : worthlessness : empty pride : con- 
 ceit : idle show : uncertainty : vain pur- 
 suit : empty pleasure : fruitless desire. — 
 Vanity-faIr, the world. [Fr. — L. vanitas 
 — x^an.HS.] 
 
 VANQUISH, vangk'wish, i\t. to conquer : 
 to defeat in anj' contest : to confute. — n. 
 Van'QOTSHEE. ' [Fr. vainere (pa.t. vaiii- 
 quis) — L. vineere, to conquer. See Vic- 
 tor.] 
 
 VANTAGE, van'taj, n. same as Advan- 
 tage. 
 
 Vapid, vap'id, ar//. having the spirit evap- 
 orated : spiritless : insipid. — adv. Valid- 
 ly.— hs. Vap'idness, Vapid'ity. [L. va}}- 
 idiis. See Vapor.] 
 
 Vapor, va'pur, n. the gas, generally in- 
 visible, into which most liquids and solids 
 * are convertible by heat: (p/iys«es) the con- 
 dition of a body when it becomes gas by 
 heat: water in the atmosphere: anything 
 yain or transitory :^^/. a disease of nerv- 
 ous weakness in which a variety of 
 strange images float before the mind. — 
 v.i. to pass off in vapor : to evaporate : 
 to boast : to brag. [L. vapor, allied to 
 Gr. kapnos, smoke, and L. vappa, flat or 
 vapid wine.] 
 
 VAPORER, va'pur-er, n. one who vapors, 
 a boaster. 
 
 VAPORIZE, vap'or-12 or va'por-tz, v.t. to 
 convert into vapor. — v.i. to pass off in 
 vapor. — 11. Vaporiza'tion. 
 
 VAPOROUS, va'pur-us, adj. full of or like 
 vapor : vain : unreal : affected with the 
 vapors. 
 
 VAPORY, va'pur-i, adj. full of vapor : 
 affected with tbe vapors : peevish. 
 
 VARIABLE, va'ri-a-bl, adj. that may be 
 varied : changeable : liable to change : 
 unsteady. — n. (math.) a quantity subject 
 to continual increase or decease: a quan- 
 tity which may have an infinite number 
 of values in the same expression. — adv. 
 Va'riably. — ns. Va'riableness, Varia- 
 bil'ity. [Fr.— L. variabilis. See Vauy.] 
 
 VARIANCE, va'ri-ans, n. state of being 
 varied : an alteration : a change of con- 
 dition : difference that arises from or 
 produces dispute. — At variance, in dis- 
 agreement. [L. varius, speckled, mot- 
 
 I tied, varied.] 
 
 Variant, va'ri-ant, n. a variety. 
 
 VARIATION, va-ri-a'shun, n, a varying: a 
 change : change from one to another : 
 successive changa : the extent to which 
 a thing varies: {gram.) change of termi- 
 nation : (mus.) a manner of singing or 
 playing the same air with various changes 
 in time, rhythm, or key. [Fr. — L. vari- 
 atio. See Vary.] 
 
 VARICOSE, var'i-koz. VARICOUS, var'i- 
 kus. adj. permanently dilated or en- 
 larged, as a vein. [L.'foncosus, full of 
 
 dilated veins — t^aria:, a dilated vein — 
 varus, bent, crooked.] 
 
 VARIEGATE, va'ri-e-gat, v.t. to mark 
 with different colors.— ?i. Vamega'tion. 
 [L. variegatus — varius, various, ago, to 
 make.] 
 
 VARIETY, va-rl'e-ti, n. the quality of be- 
 ing various : difference : a collection of 
 different things : one of a number of 
 things nearly allied to each other : one o_r 
 more individuals of a species, which, ow- 
 ing to accidental causes, differ from the 
 normal form m minor points. [L. varietas 
 — i-arins. various.] 
 
 VARIORUM, va-ri-o'rum, adj. a term ap- 
 plied to an edition of some work in which 
 the notes of various commentators are 
 inserted. [From the full Latin " editio 
 cum notis variorum."'\ 
 
 VARIOUS, va'ri-us, adj., varied, different : 
 several : unlike each other : changeable: 
 uncertain : variegated. — adv. Va'RIOUS- 
 LY. [L. varius.] 
 
 VARLET, var'let, n. a footman : a low fel- 
 low : a scoundrel. [Orig. " a vassal or 
 squire, attendant on a lord," Fr. varlet, 
 formerly vaslet, froia a dim. of Low L. 
 vassal is (see Vassal). Doublet Valet.] 
 
 VARNISH, var'nish, v.t. to cover with a 
 liquid to give a glossy surface to : to give 
 a fair appearance to. — n. a sticky liquid 
 which dries and forms a hard, lus- 
 trous coating : palliation. [Fr. vernisser, 
 through Low L. from L. vitrum, glass.] 
 
 VARY, va'ri, v.t. to make different ; to al- 
 ter : to change to something else : to 
 make of different kinds. — v.i. to alter or 
 be altered : to be or become different : to 
 change in successiotj : to deviate (with 
 from): to disagree :—pa.t. and pa.p. va'- 
 ried. [Fr. varier — L. variare — varitis.1 
 
 VASCULAR, vas'kii-lar, ailj. of or relating 
 to the vessels of animal and vegetable 
 bodies. — ?i.Vascclae'ity. [Fr. vasndaire 
 — L. vascuhim, dim. of vas. a vessel.] 
 
 VASE, vaz or vaz, v. a vessel anciently 
 used for domestic purposes and in offer- 
 ing sacrifices : an ornamental vessel gen- 
 erally of an antique pattern : a sculp- 
 tured, vase-like ornament. [Fr. — L. 
 va^um or vas.] 
 
 VASSAL, vas'al, n. one who holds land 
 from and renders homage to a superior. 
 [Fr. — Low L. vassalis — ^W. gwas, a youth, 
 servant.] 
 
 VASSALAGE, vas'al-aj, n. state of being 
 a vassal : dependence : subjection. 
 
 VAST, vast, adj. of great extent : very 
 great in amount. — n. Vast'ness. [Fr. 
 t^aste — L. vastus, waste, vast : perh. akin 
 
 to vacuus, empty.] 
 t'li, arii 
 
 r. to a vast extent or 
 
 VASTLY, vast' 
 degree. 
 
 VAT, vat, n. a large vessel or tank, esp. 
 one for holding liquors. [Older form fat 
 —A.S. feet— Bat. vat (Ice. fat. Ger. fass), 
 from the root of Ger. fassen. to hold, to 
 contain : nowise conn, with L. vas.] 
 
 VATICAN, vat'i-kan, n. an assemblage of 
 buildings in Rome, including one of the 
 pope's palaces : used to mean the papal 
 authority. [Fr. (It. Vatipano)—iTom L. 
 Mons Vaticanus, a hill in Rome.] 
 
 VATICINATE, vat-is'i-nat, v.t. to proph- 
 esy. [L. vaticin-or, -atu.i, to propnesy — 
 l-ates, a seer.] 
 
 VATICINATION, vat-is-i-na'shun, n. 
 prophecv : prediction. 
 
 VAUDEVILLE, vod'vel. n. a lively or 
 satirical song : a short dramatic piece 
 interspersed with such. [From I'au (val) 
 de Vire, in Normandy, where they were 
 first composed about 1400 A.D.] 
 
 VAULT, vawlt. n. an arched root : a cham- 
 ber with an arched roof. esp. one under- 
 ground : a cellar : anj'thing vault-like : 
 the bound of a horse : a jump.— ^.<. to 
 
 shape as "a vault : to arch : to roof with 
 an arch : to form vaults in. — v.i. to cur- 
 vet or leap, as a horse : to leap : to ex- 
 hibit feats of leaping or tumbling. [Lit. 
 " a turn," O. Fr. volte (Fr. votde), from 
 L. volutum, pa.p. of volvo, to roll, to turn. 
 Doublet Volute.] 
 
 VAULTED, vawlt'ed, adj. arched: concave 
 overhead: covered with an arch or vault. 
 
 VAULTER, vawlt'er, n. one who vajilts or 
 leaps. 
 
 VAUNT, vawnt or vant, v.i. to make a 
 vain display : to boast. — v.t. to make a 
 vain display of : to boast of. — «. vain dis- 
 play : boast. — n. Vaunt'er. [Fi\ vanter 
 — Low L. vanitare — L. vanitas, vanity — 
 vanvs, vain. See Vain.] 
 
 VEAL, vel, n. the flesh of a ealf. [O. Fr. 
 veel (Prov. ^edel) — L. vitellvs. dim. of 
 vitiihis. Gr. italos. a calf. Cf. Velium.J 
 
 VECTOR, vek'tor, v. {math.) any directed 
 quantity, as a straight line in space, 
 involving both its direction and magni- 
 tude. 
 
 VEDA, ve'da, ii. name given to the four 
 oldest sacred books of the Hindus -.—pi. 
 Vedas, ve'daz. [Sans, veda, knowledge 
 — rid, to know. E. Wit.] 
 
 VEDETTE, ve-det', 7i. a mounted sentry at 
 tbe oiitoosts of an army to n-atch an ene- 
 my. [Fr. — It. vedetia. for veletta — veglia, 
 L. vigilia, a watch. Cf. Vigil.] 
 
 VEEE, ver, v.i. to change direction, as the 
 wind. — v.i. to turn : to direct to a differ- 
 ent course. [h\t. " to describe a circle," 
 Fr. virer, proo. from L. virice, aimlets, 
 braceletsj 
 
 VEGETABLE, vej'e-ta-bl, n. an organized 
 body without sensation and voluntary 
 motion, nourished by roots fixed in the 
 ground : a plant for the table. — adj. be- 
 longing to plants : consisting of or hav- 
 ing- the nature of plants : derived li cm 
 vegetables. — VEGETABLE WAEROW the 
 fruit of a species of gourd, so called fiom 
 its mojTOic-like appearance. [L. vegela- 
 hilis. prop, "animating" — vegeto (fee 
 Vegetate).] 
 
 VEGETAL, vej'o-tal, adj. of the nature of 
 a veyeiahle : pertaining to the vital func- 
 tions of plants and animals, as growth, 
 repioduction, etc. [Fi-. — L. vegctiis. prop, 
 "animated." See Vegetate.] 
 
 VEGETARIAN, vej-o-ta'ri-an, v. one who 
 holds that vegeiahlcs are the only proper 
 food for man. — adj. pertaining to vege- 
 tarianism. — Vegeta'RIanism, v. tbe the- 
 orv and practice of a vegetarian. 
 
 VECSETATE, vej'e-tat, v.i. to grow by roots 
 and leaves : to sprout : to lead an idle, 
 unthinking life. [From L. vegeto. -oivm, 
 to quicken — vegeo, to be lively, akin to 
 vigeo. to bo vigorous (cf. Vigor).] 
 
 VEGETATION, vej-e-ta'shun. w. process of 
 growing as a plant : vegetable growth : 
 plants in general. 
 
 VEGETATIVE, vej'e-tat-iv, adj. growing, 
 as plants: producing growth in plants. 
 
 VEHEMENCE. ve'e-mens,M. the quality of 
 being vehement : violence : great ardor 
 or fervor. 
 
 VEHEMENT, ve'e-ment, adj. passionate : 
 furious: very eager or urgent. — adv. Ve'- 
 hemently. [Fr. — L. vehemens, usually 
 derived from fc, out of, and mens, mind . 
 but ace. to Vanicek, from L. veho, to 
 c arry, bear away.] 
 
 VEHICLE, ve'i-kl, n. any kind of carriage 
 or conveyance: that which is used to con» 
 vey : (med.) a substance in which a medi- 
 cine is taken. [L. vehindvm — veho, to 
 carry, from root of E. Wagon.] 
 VEHICULAR, ve-hik'u-lar, adj. pertaining 
 
 to or serving as a vehicle. 
 VEIL, val, n. a curtain : anything that 
 hides an object : a piece of muslin or 
 thin cloth worn by ladies to shads or hide 
 
 \
 
 VEIN 
 
 4€7 
 
 VERGE 
 
 the face : a cover : a disguise. — v.f. to 
 cover with a veil : to cover : to conceal. 
 — To TAKE THE VEIL, to become a nun 
 fthe veil symbolizing the union with 
 Christ). [O'.Fr. reile (Fr. voile) — L. velum. 
 a curtain, a sail, from the root of WOOL.] 
 
 VEIN, van, n. {anat.) one of the vessels or 
 tubes which convey the blood back to the 
 heart : (bot.) one of the small branching 
 ribs in a leaf : {geol. and mining) a seam 
 of a different mineral througli a rock : a 
 Assure or cavitj' : a streak in wood or 
 stone : a train of thought : a course : 
 tendency or turn of mind : humor. — v.t. 
 to form veins or the appearance of veins 
 in. [Fr. veine — L. vena, perh. from root 
 of veho, to carry.] 
 
 VF;LIFER0US, veWfer-us, adj. carrying 
 sails. [L. velifer — velum, a sail, and fero, 
 to bearJ 
 
 VELLUM, vel'ura, n. a finer kind of parch- 
 ment prepared from the skin of calves, 
 kids, or lambs. [Fr. relin — Low L. 
 (charta, paper, understood) i-itulina, of 
 a calf — L. vitulus. See Veal.] 
 
 VELOCIPEDE, ve-los'i-ped or -ped, n. a 
 light carriage for one person, orig. moved 
 by striking the toes on the road, now 
 with a treddle. [Lit. " swift-foot," Fr. 
 — L. velox, velocis, swift, and pes, pedis, 
 E. Foot.] 
 
 VELOCITY, ve-los'i-ti, n., siriftness: speed: 
 rate of change of position of a point 
 per unit of time. [L. velocitas — velox, 
 swift.] 
 
 VELVET, vel'vet, n. a cloth made from 
 silk, with a close shaggy pile : a similar 
 cloth made of cotton. — adj. made of vel- 
 vot : soft like velvet. — n. Velveteen'. 
 [From Low L. velluetum, Fr. velu. shaggy 
 —Low L. villutus — L. villus, shaggv hair. 
 :f. Wool.] 
 TELVETING, vel'vet-ing, n. the soft pile 
 
 ' of velvet : velvet goods. 
 
 fELVETY, vel'vet-i, adj. made of or like 
 velvet: soft. 
 
 TENAL. ve'nai, adj. that may be sold or 
 got for a price: held for sale: roercenarj'. 
 —adv. Ve'xally. [Fr. — L. venalis — t-e- 
 mis, sale.] 
 
 VENALITY, ve-nal'i-ti, n. quality of being 
 venal ; prostitution of talents or services 
 for a reward. 
 
 VENATION, ve-na'shun, n. the way in 
 which the leaves of plants are arranged. 
 FL. vena, a leaf.] 
 
 VEND, vend, v.t. to give for sale, to sell : 
 to give for money : to make an object 
 of trade. — ns. Vend'eb, Vend'or. [Fr. 
 v«ndre — L. vendere — venus, sale (see Ve- 
 nal), and do, to give.] 
 
 VENDIBLE, vend'i-bl, adj. that may be 
 sold : that may be disposed of as an ob- 
 ject of trade. — adv. Vend'ibly.— n. Vend'- 
 
 IBLEJfESS. 
 
 rENEER, ve-ner", v.t. to overlay or face 
 with another wood. — n. a thin leaf of a 
 valuable wood for overlaying an inferior. 
 [A corr. of Fr. fournir, to furnish. See 
 
 FCTRKISH.] 
 
 VENEERING, ve-ner'ing, n. the act or art 
 of overlaying an inferior wood with thin 
 leaves of a more valuable kind : the thin 
 leaf thus laid on. 
 
 VENERABLE, ven'er-:v-bl, adj that may 
 be venerated : worthy of veneration, rev- 
 erence, or honor : rendered sacred by re- 
 ligious or other associations : aged. — adv. 
 Ven'erably. — n. Ven'erableness. 
 
 VENERATE, ven'er-at, v.t. to honor or 
 reverence with religious awe : to rever- 
 ence: to regard with the greatest respect. 
 [L. veneror, -atns — x-eniis, love ; allied to 
 Sans. van. to love.] 
 
 VENERATION, ven-er-a'shun, w. the act 
 of venerating : the state of being vener- 
 ated : the hig-hest degree of respect and 
 
 reverence : respect mingled with rever- 
 ence and awe : awe. 
 
 VENEREAL, ve-ner'i-al. adj. pertaining to 
 or arising from sexual intercourse : ex- 
 citing desire for sexual intercourse : cur- 
 ing venereal diseases. [L. venereus — 
 Venus. Veneris, the goddess of love ; 
 conn, with L. veneror. See Venerate.] 
 
 VENERY, ven'er-i, n. sexual intercourse. 
 
 VENERY, ven'er-i, n. the act or exercise 
 of hunting : the sports of the chase. [Fr. 
 venerie, from O. Fr. vener — L. venor, to 
 hunt. Cf. Venison.] 
 
 VENESECTION, ve-ne-sek'shun, n. the 
 section, or cutting open of a vein for let- 
 ting blood : blood-letting. [L. vena, a 
 vein, and Section.] 
 
 VENETIAN, ve-ne'shan, adj. of or belong- 
 ing to Venice. — n. a native or inhabit- 
 ant of Venice. — ^Venetian-BUND, a blind 
 for windows formed of thin slips of wood, 
 so hung as to admit of being set either 
 edgewise or overlapping. [Ancient name 
 V eyietia.] 
 
 VENGEANCE, venj'ans, n. the infliction 
 of punishment upon another, in return 
 for an lujury or offence : retribution. 
 [Fr. venger — L. vindico, to avenge. See 
 Revenge and Vindicate.] 
 
 VENGEFUL, venj'fool, adj. vindictive: 
 retributive : revengeful. — adv. Venge'- 
 F ULLY. 
 
 VENIAIj, ve'ni-al, adj. mrdonable : ex- 
 cusable : allowed. — adv. ve'nially. — ns. 
 Ve'nialness, Venial'ity. [L. _ venialis, 
 pardonable (in Late L.) — venia, favor, 
 pardon ; akin to yENERATE.] 
 
 VENISON, ven'i-zn or ven'zn, n. the flesh 
 of animals taken in hunting, esp. the 
 deer. [Fr. venaison — L. venatio, a hunt- 
 ing, game — venor, to hunt.] 
 
 VENOM, ven'um, n. any drink, juice, or 
 liquid injurious or fatal to life; po'son: 
 spite: malice. [Fr. venin (It. veneno) — 
 L. venenum.'] 
 
 VENOMOUS, ven'um-us, adj. poisonous : 
 spiteful : mischievous. — adv. Ven'om- 
 OtJSLY. 
 
 VENOUS, ve'nus, adj. pertaining to or 
 contained in veins: veined. [L. venosus 
 — vena, a vein.] 
 
 VENT, vent, Ji. a small opening to let air, 
 etc., escape: the flue of a chimney; 
 discharge: escape: passage to notice: 
 publication : the anus of birds and 
 fishes : {nil.) the opening at the breech 
 of a firearm through which fire is con- 
 veyed to the charge, the touch-hole. — 
 v.t. to give a vent or opening to : to let 
 out, as at a vent : to allow to escape ; to 
 publish: to pour forth. [Fr. — L. ventus, 
 E. Wind.] 
 
 VENTILATE, ven'ti-lat, v.t. to fan with 
 wind : to open to the free passage of air; 
 to cavise fresh air to pass through: to ex- 
 pose to examination and discussion : to 
 make public. [L. ventiln, -atiimr-ventulua, 
 dim. of ventus, E. Wind.] 
 
 VENTILATION, ven-ti-la'shun, n. act or 
 art of ventilating : state of being venti- 
 lated : free exposure to air : supply of 
 air: act of examining and making puolic: 
 public exposure. [L. ventilatio.] 
 
 VENTILATOR, ven'ti-lat-ur, n. that which 
 ventilates : a contrivance for introducing 
 fresh air. 
 
 VENTRAL, ven'tral, «# belonging to the 
 belly. [L. ventralis — venter, the belly.] 
 
 VENTRICLE, ven'tri-kl, n. a small cavity 
 within an animal body, as in the heart or 
 brain.— (Iff;. Ventric'ULar. [L. ventri- 
 cuius, dim. of venter.'] 
 
 VENTRTLOQUISM.ven-tril'o-kwizm,VEN- 
 TRILOQUY. ven-tril'o-kwi, n. the act or 
 art of speaking so that the voice seems 
 to come from a distance or from some 
 other person, — adj. Ventriloq'uiaL. [L. 
 
 rentriloquus, speaking from the belly— 
 venter, the hellv. and loquor, to speak.] 
 
 VENTRILOQUIZE, ven-tri^o-kv^•Tz, v.t. 
 to practice ventriloquism. — n. Ventril'- 
 OQUIST, one who practices ventriloquism. 
 
 VENTURE, vent'ur, n. that which may- 
 come : chance: luck: hazard: that which 
 is put to hazard (esp. goods sent by sea at 
 the sender's risk): an undertaking whose 
 issue is uncertain or dangerous. — v.t. to 
 send on a venture : to expose to hazard : 
 to risk. — v.i. to make a venture : tc run 
 a risk : to daiw.— At a venture (B.) at 
 random. — adjs. Vent'urous, Vent'ttre- 
 sojie. — adv. Vent'urously. — n. Vent*- 
 urousness. [Short for Adventure.] 
 
 VENUE, ven'u, n. in law, the place where 
 an action is laid, lit. the place to which 
 the jury are summoned to come. [Fr. — 
 L. ven-ire, to come.] 
 
 VENUS, ve'nus, n. (Latin myth.) the god- 
 dess of love: beauty and love deified: the 
 most brilliant of the planets, second in 
 order from the sun. [From the root of 
 Venerate.] 
 
 VERACIOUS, ve-ra'shus, adj, truthful: 
 true. — adv. Vera'ciously. [L. verax, 
 veracis — rerus, true. See Very.] 
 
 VERACITY', ve-ras'it-i, n. the quality of 
 being veracious: habitual truthfulness; 
 truth. 
 
 VERANDA, VERANDAH, ve-ran'da, n. a 
 kind of covered balcony or open portico, 
 with a roof sloping beyond the main 
 building, supported by light pillars. 
 [Port, — Sans, varanda — vri. to cover.] 
 
 VERB, verb, n. (gram.) the part of speech 
 which affirms what a thing does or is 
 done to, or in what state it exists. [Lit. 
 "the word," Fr. verhe — L. verhum ; from 
 root of Gr. erb, to say, to speak.] 
 
 VERBAL, verb'al, adj. relating to or con- 
 sisting in words : spoken (as opposed to 
 written) : exact in words : attending to 
 words only : word for word : derived 
 directly from a verb. — n. a part of speech, 
 a noun derived from a verb. — adv. Verb'- 
 ally.— «. Verr'alist. [L. verbalh.] 
 
 VERBALISM, verb'al-izm, n. something 
 expressed in words or orally. 
 
 VERBALIZE, verb'al-tz, v.t'. to turn into 
 a verb. 
 
 VERBENA, ver-be'na, n. a genus of plants 
 cultivated for theft- fragrance or beauty : 
 vervain. [L. verbence, leaves, twigs, and 
 branches of laurel, myrtle, etc.] 
 
 VERBIAGE, verb'i-aj, n. abundance of 
 icords: wordiness: verbosity. [See 
 Verb.] 
 
 VERBOSE, ver-bos', adj. containing more 
 words than are necessary : wordj' : dif- 
 fuse.— arfc. Verbose'ly. —ns. Verbose'- 
 NESs, Verbos'ity. 
 
 VERDANT, ver'dant, adj., green : fresh (as 
 grass or foliage) : flourishing : inexpe- 
 rienced : ignorant. — adv. Ver'dantly. — 
 n. Ver'dancy. [Fr. verdoyant — L. viri- 
 dans, -antis, pr.p. of virido, to grow 
 green — viridis, green — vireo, to be 
 g reen.] 
 
 VERDICT, vei-'dikt, n. the finding of a jury 
 on atrial: decision: opinion pronounced. 
 [Lit. "a true saymg," Low L. — L. I'ere, 
 truly, and diettim, a sajnng.] 
 
 VERCIGRIS, yer'di-gris, n. the rust of 
 copper, brass, or bronze : a hluish-greea 
 
 fiaint got artificiallj' from copper-pTatea. 
 A corr. of O. Fr, verderis — Low L. xnr- 
 ide ceris, "the green of brass" (whici* 
 was the name the alchemists g.'ivo it) 
 The -J7- has slipped in through the influ- 
 ence of Grease. See Verdant and Ore.] 
 
 VERDURE, verd'ur, n., greenness: fresh- 
 ness of growth. [See Verdant.] 
 
 VERGE, verj, n. a slender green branch, a 
 twig : a rod, staff, or mace, or anything 
 like them, used as an emblem of author^
 
 VERGE 
 
 ity : extent of jurisdictioa (esp. of the 
 lord-steward of a royal household). [L. 
 virga, from the root of virgo, a virgin. 
 See Verge, v.] 
 
 VERGE, verj. v.i. to bend or incline ; to 
 tend downward : to slope : to tend : to 
 border upon. — lu edge: brink. [L. vergo, 
 to bend.] 
 
 VERGER, verj er.Ji. one who carries a, verge 
 or emblem of authority : the beadle of a 
 cathedral church : a pewK>pener or at- 
 tendant in church. 
 
 VERIFlABIiE, ver'i-fl-arbl, ud^j. that may 
 be verified, proved, or confirmed. 
 
 VERIFICATION, ver-i-fl-ka'shun, ?i a veri- 
 fying or proving to be^rite ; the state of 
 being verified. 
 
 VERIFY, ver'i-fi, v.t. to make out or show 
 to be true : to establish the truth of by 
 evidence : to confirm :—pa.t. and pa.2>. 
 ver'ifled.— n. Vee'ifiee. [L. verus, true, 
 and faeio, to make.] 
 
 VERILY, ver'i-li, adv., truly: certainly: 
 rea lly. 
 
 VERISIMILAlt, ver-i-sim'i-lar, adj., tnUTi^ 
 like : likely : probable. rL. verisimilia 
 — venis, true, and similis, like. See SlM- 
 ILAH.] 
 
 VERISlMJLrnjDE, ver-i-sim-il'i-tud, «., 
 similitude or hkeness to truth : likeli- 
 hood. [L. verus, true, and SunuTDDE.] 
 
 VERITABLE, ver'i-ta-bl, adj., true: ac- 
 cording to fact : real : actuaL — adv. 
 Ver'itably. 
 
 VERITY, ver'i-ti, n. the quality of being 
 trut or real : truth (so in B.) : a true as- 
 sertion or tenet. [L. Veritas— verus, true, 
 Cf. Very.] 
 
 VERJUICE, ver'jOtts, n. the expressed 
 juice of green or unripe fruit. [Fr. ver- 
 jus — vert, green (see Verdant), and Fr., 
 L. jus, juice.] 
 
 ITERMICELLI, ver-mi-chel'i, n. the stiff 
 paste or dough of fine wheat flour made 
 jnto small Mwrm-Uke or thread-like rolls. 
 
 St., pi. of ■vermicello — L. vennicuhis, 
 m. of vermis, E. WoEM. Cf, Vermil- 
 ion and Vermin.] 
 VERMICULAR, ver-mik'O-lar, VERMICU- 
 LATE, ver-mik'Q-lat, adj. pertaining to 
 or like a tcorm (esp. in its motion). 
 [From L. vermvmlus, dim. of vermis, E. 
 
 WORM.] 
 
 VERMICULATE, ver-raik'O-lat, v.t. to 
 form inlaid-work which resembles the 
 motion or track of tcorms. — n. Veemio- 
 ULa'tion. [L. vermiculor, -atus — vennis.] 
 
 VERMIFORM, ver'mi-form, adj. having 
 the form of a worm. [L. vermis, a 
 worm, and FOEM.] 
 
 VERMIFUGE, ver'mi-fOj, n. (vied.) a sub- 
 stance that expels intestinal worms from 
 animal bodies. [Fr., from L. vermis, E. 
 Worm, and fugo, to cause to flee, to ex- 
 
 _R>nLION, ver-mil'yun, n. a scarlet 
 coloring substance obtained from a lit- 
 tle room or insect (the cochineal); a 
 bright red coloring substance obtained 
 from sulphur and mercury : any beauti- 
 ful red color. — v.t. to dye vermilion : to 
 color a delicate red. [Fr. vermilion — ver^ 
 meil — L. vermiculHS,ti, little worm, hence 
 (in the Vulgate) the '•scarlet" worm.dim. 
 of vermis, E. WORM. Cf. VERsnCELU.] 
 
 TERMIN, ver'min, n.sing. and pi a icorm : 
 a name for all noxious or mischievous 
 animals or insects (esp. such as are 
 small) : noxious persons (in contempt). 
 [Fr. vermine — L. vermis, E. Worm.] 
 
 VERMIVOROUS, ver-miVor-us, adj., de- 
 vouring worms. [L. vermis, E. Worm, 
 an d foro. to devour.] 
 
 VERNACULAR, ver-naffl-lar, ac{}. native: 
 belonging to the country of one's birth. 
 -adv. VEKNAC'OiAKLY. [L. vemoculus 
 
 pel. 
 VER> 
 
 468 
 
 —fKma, a slave bom in hia master's 
 house.] 
 
 VERNAL, ver'nal, adj. belonging to the 
 S2}ring: appearing in spring, belonging to 
 youth. [L. vernalis—ver, spring, cog. 
 with Gr. ear, Sr {{or fSr).] 
 
 VERNATION, ver-na'shun, n. the particu- 
 lar manner of arrangement of leaves in 
 the bud. [See VeenaL.] 
 
 VERNIER, ver'ni-er, n. a contrivance for 
 measuring very small intervals, consist- 
 ing of a short scale made to slide along 
 a graduated instrument. [So called from 
 Vernier, of Brussels, its inventor.] 
 
 VERSATILE, ver'sa-til, adj. liable to be 
 turned in opinion: changeable: unsteady: 
 turning easily from one thing to another. 
 [L. versatilis — verso, freq. of verto, to 
 turn.] 
 
 VERSATILITY, ver-sa-til'it-i, n. the quali- 
 ty of being versatile : changeableness : 
 the faculty of turning easily to new 
 tasks or subjects. 
 
 VERSE, vers, n. a line of poetry : metrical 
 arrangement and language : poetry : a 
 stanza : a short division of any composi- 
 tion, esp. of the chapters of the Rible, 
 orig. confined to the metrical books, ap- 
 plied first to whole Bible in 1523 : {mus.) 
 a portion of an anthem to be performed 
 by a single voice to each part. [L. ver- 
 sus, a Une in writing — verto, versum, to 
 turn.]^ 
 
 VERSED, verst, adj. thoroughly acquaint- 
 ed, skilled (followed by in) . (math.) re- 
 versed. [Ft. verse — L. versatus, pa. p. of 
 versor, to turn round.] 
 
 VERSICI^, vers'i-kl, n, a little verse. [See 
 Verse.] 
 
 VERSIFICATION, vers-i-fl-ka'shun, n. the 
 act, art, or practice of composing metri- 
 cal i- erxe s. (Xt.] 
 
 VERSIFY, vers'i-fl, v.i. to make verses.— 
 v.t. to relate in verse: to turn into verse: 
 —j^a.t. and pa.p. vers'ifled. — n. Vers'I- 
 rrER. [L. versifico — versus, a verse, facto, 
 to nuike.] 
 
 VERSION, ver'shun, n. the act of trans- 
 lating or turn ing from one language into 
 another : that which is translated from 
 one languag-s into another : account : 
 statement. 
 
 VERST, verst, n. a Russian mile, 8500 ft. 
 in length, or almost two^-hirds of an 
 En-lish mile. fRuss.] 
 
 VERTEBRA, vert e-bra; «. one of the small 
 bones of the spine:— -pJ. VEETEBRa: (vert'- 
 e-bre), the bones and joints forming the 
 backbone. — adj. Veet'ebral. [L., "a 
 joint " — verto, to turn.] 
 
 VERTEBRATE, vert'e-brat, VERTEBRAT- 
 ED, vert'e-brat-ed, adj. furnished with 
 joints: having a backbone. — Veet'e- 
 BEATE, n, an animal having an internal 
 skeleton with a backbone. [L. vertebra- 
 tus — vertebra.] 
 
 VERTEX, verteKs, n. the top or stmmiit : 
 the point of a cone, pyramid, or angle : 
 (astr.) the zenith •.—pi. Veet'ICES. [L., 
 "a whirl" or "eddy," then "top '''or 
 " summit " — t'erfo, to turn. Cf. Vortex.] 
 
 VERTICAL, vert'ik-al, adj. pertaining to 
 the vertex: placed in the zenith: perpen- 
 dicular to the plane of the horizon. — n. 
 a vertical Une. — adv. Veet'ically. — n. 
 Vert'icalness. 
 
 VERTIGO, ver-tfgo or vert'i-go, n. asensa^ 
 tion of giddiness f dizziness. [L. — verto, 
 to turn.] 
 
 VERVAIN, ver'van, n. a plant of the genus 
 
 verbena. [Fr. verveitie — L. verbSna.] 
 VERVE, verv, v. the enthusiasm which 
 animates a poet or artist : animation : 
 energy. [Fr. — Late L. verva (lit.) "a 
 sculptured ram's head," hence " any art- 
 istic fancy"— L. vervex, a wetber. Cf. 
 Capbicb and L. cavra. a goat.] 
 
 VESTURE 
 
 VERY, verl, «w^"., true : real (so in B.) i 
 actuaL— adv. in a gi-eat degree. lOlder 
 form veray—O. Fr. rerai (Fv. vrai), from 
 L. veraa; veracis, speaking truly — verus, 
 true, which is cog. with A.S. voer, GSer. 
 icahr.] 
 
 VESICATION, ves-i-ka'shun, n. the act or 
 process of raising blisters on the skin. 
 [Formed from L. vesica, a bladder, * 
 blisterj 
 
 VESICLE, ves'i-kl, n. a small bladder ot 
 blister : a small cavity in an animai 
 body : (bot.) a bladder-like cell. [L, 
 vesicula, dim. of vesica, a bladder, a 
 blister.] 
 
 VESICULAR, ve-sik'a-lar, VESICULOUS, 
 ve-sik'u-lus, adj. pertaining to or full of 
 vesicles : fuU of interstices : having little 
 glands on the surface. 
 
 VESPER, ves'per, n. the evening star, 
 Venus: the evening:— p?. in R. Cath. 
 Church, the evening service : in P. E. 
 Church, the sixth canonical hour, even- 
 song. — adj. pertaining to the evening 
 or to vespers. [L. ; Or. hesperos See 
 Hespee.] 
 
 VESSEL, ves'el, n. a vase or utensil for 
 holding something : a hollow structure 
 made to float on water, used for convey- 
 ance, etc. : a tube in which fluids, as 
 blood, etc., are contained : a person con- 
 sidered as an agent of God. [O. Fr. (Fr. 
 vaisseau) — L. vascellum,, dim. of vas, a 
 vase. Cf. Vase.] 
 
 VEST, vest, n. that which is put on as 
 dress : a garment : a waistcoat. — v.t. to 
 ciothe : to invest: (laiv) to give fixed 
 right of possession. — v.u to descend or to 
 tSe effect, as a right. [L. vestis ; conn, 
 with Gr. esthes, clothing, henn-ymi, hes-o, 
 to put on, Goth, ga-^'asjan, to cloths 
 Sans, root vas-.'\ 
 
 VESTA, vest'a, n. among the Romans, tfca 
 chaste goddess that presided over tha 
 family, in whose temple the sacred fire 
 was continually kept burning : a match 
 or waxlight -.—pi. Vest' as. [Root vas, to 
 burn, as in Sans, vasaras, day, and Gr. 
 Hestia.} 
 
 VESTAL, vest'al, adj. pertaining to or con- 
 secrated to the service of Vesta : chaste : 
 pure. 
 
 VESTIBULE, ves'ti-bOl, n. an open court 
 or porch before a house: a hall next the 
 entrance to a house: (anat.) a small bony 
 cavity forming part of the ear. — Vesti- 
 bule TRAIN, on American railways, a 
 passenger train, composed of cars with 
 vestibules on the platforms so arranged 
 that the entire train is enclosed, the 
 passage from car to car being through 
 the enclosed vestibules. [L. vestibulum, 
 from the root vas, to dwell.] 
 
 VESTIGE, ves'tij, n. a track or footprint : 
 traces or remains of sometliing. [L. 
 vestigium — vestigia, to track — ve, denot- 
 ing separation, and stich (Sans, stigh, to 
 ascend), root of Gr. steicho, Ger. steigen 
 to go.] 
 
 VESTMENT, vest'mcnt, n- something ^j*; 
 ore, a garment : a long outer robe :— j)?. 
 articles of dress worn by olliciating min- 
 isters. [L. veiitimeiifuni — irstio, toclotln; 
 — vestis, a garment.] 
 
 VESTRY, ves'tri, n. in the R. C. and Epis 
 copal Churches, a room adjoining s 
 church, in which the vestments are kept 
 and parochial meetings held: in the Epis- 
 copal Church, an assembly of the mana- 
 gers of parochial affairs. [L. vestiarium 
 — vestiarius, belonging to clothes— ^'esfM', 
 a garm ent.] 
 
 VESTURE, vest'ilr, n., clothing : aresB : a 
 robe: a garment. [Low L. resfrfwra- L 
 veetio.]
 
 VESUVIAN 
 
 469 
 
 VILLAINY 
 
 VESUTIAN. ves-6ov'i-an. n. a kind of 
 njiitch not easily extinguisliable. for 
 lighting cigars and the like in the open 
 air. [From the volcano Vesuvius.] 
 VETCH, vech, n. a genus of plants, most- 
 ly climbing, some of which are culti- 
 vated for fodder, esp. the tare. [O. Fr. 
 veche (Fr. vesce) — L. vieia.] 
 VETERAN, vet'er-an, adj., old, experi- 
 enced : long exercised, esp. in military 
 life.^n. one long exercised in any ser- 
 vice, esp. in war. [L. veteranus — vetv^, 
 veteris, old.] 
 VETERINARIAN, vet-er-in-ar'i-an, n. one 
 skilled in the diseases of domestic ani- 
 mals. 
 VETERINARY, vet'er-in-ar-i, adj. pertain- 
 ing to the art of treating the diseases of 
 domestic animals : professing or practic- 
 ing this art. [L. veterinarius — veterimia, 
 a contr. of veheterinus — veho.} 
 VETO, ve'to. n. any authoritative prohibi- 
 tion : the power "of rejecting or forbid- 
 ding : the power exercised by the Presi- 
 dent and by the Governors of most of 
 the States to prevent a measure from be- 
 coming a law, unless a two-thirds major- 
 ity is in favor of such measure : — pi. 
 Vetoes, ve'toz. — i\t. to reject by a veto : 
 to withhold assent to, [L. veto, I forbid.] 
 VEX, veks, i\t. to harass (so in B.): to tor- 
 ment : to irritate by small provocations. 
 [L. ve.ro, to shake or jolt in carrying, to 
 annoy — veho, to carry.] 
 VEXATION, veks-a'shun, n. a vexing: 
 state of being vexed : trouble : a teasing 
 annoyance: uneasiness. [L. vexatio — 
 t'«ro.] 
 VEXATIOUS, veks-a'shus, adj. causing 
 vexation or annoyance : teasing : dis- 
 tressing : harassing : full of trouble. — 
 adv. Vexa'tiously.— n. Vexa'tiousness. 
 VIADUCT, vi'a-dukt, n. a road or railway 
 carried by a structure over a valley, 
 river, etc. fL. via, a way, diico, ductum, 
 to lead, bring.] 
 VIAL, vi'al, n. same as Phial, 
 VIAND. vT'and, n. food, usually in pi.: 
 articles for food. [Fr. riande— Low L. 
 vivanda (for vivenda), "food necessary 
 for life " — L. vivo, to live.] 
 VIATICUM, vl-at'ik-um, n. (orig.) provis- 
 ions for the way : in R. C. Church, the 
 communion given to the dying. [L. — 
 ri«. a way.] 
 VIBRATE, vJ'brat, v.i. to shake, to tremble: 
 to move backwards and forwards : to 
 swing : to pass from one state to another. 
 — v.t. to cause to shake : to move to a ad 
 fro : to measure by moving to and fro : 
 to affect with vibratory motion. ['L.inbro, 
 -atum : cf. Sans, vip, to tremble.] 
 VIBRATION, vl-bra'shun, n. a vibrating : 
 
 state of being vibrated. 
 VIBRATORY, vi'bra-tor-i, adj., vibrating: 
 consisting in vibrations : causing vibra- 
 tions. 
 VICAR, vik'ar, n. one who acts in place of 
 another : the incumbent of an impro- 
 priated benefice.— >j. Vic' arship.—Vicae- 
 APOSTOLIC, in R. C. Church, a missionary 
 bisliop or priest having powers from the 
 pope. — ViCAR-OENERAL, in the English 
 Church, an officer having powers from 
 the chancellor of a diocese ; in the R. C. 
 Church, the clergyman who on certain 
 occasions acts for the bishop of the dio- 
 cese. [L. incarius, supplying the place of 
 another — vicis, change, alternation.] 
 VICARAGE, vik'ar-aj, n. the benefice or 
 
 residence of a vicar. 
 VICARIAL, v!-ka'ri-al, adj. pertaining to a 
 
 vicar. 
 VICARIATE, vT-ka'ri-at, adj. ha\'ing vica- 
 rioxes or delegated power.— n. delegated 
 power. 
 VICARIOUS, vi-ka'ri-us, adj. filling the 
 
 place of another : performed or suffered 
 in place of or for the sake of another. — 
 adv. Vica'riouslt. [See Vicar.] 
 VICE, vis, n. an iron or wooden screw- 
 press, fixed to the edge of a workboard. 
 for holding anything tightly while being 
 filed, etc. [Fr. vis (It. vite, screw) — L. 
 vitis. tendril of a vine, anything of a like 
 spiral form.] 
 VICE, vis, n. a blemish or fault : immoral 
 conduct : depravity of manners : a bad 
 trick or habit in a horse. [Fr. — L. vit- 
 ittm, a blemish or defect.] 
 VICE-ADMIRAL, vis-ad'mir-al, n. one act- 
 ing in the place of or second in command 
 to an admiral : in England, a civil offi- 
 cer who exercises Admiralty jurisdiction. 
 [L. vice, in the place of — vicis, change, 
 and Admiral.] 
 VICE-ADMIRALTY, vis-ad'mir-al-ti, n. 
 
 the office of a vice-adniiral. 
 VICE-CHANCELLOR, vis-chan'sel-or, n. 
 one acting for a chancellor. [L. vice, and 
 Chancellor.] 
 VICEGERENCY, vis-je'ren-si, n. the office 
 
 or deputed power of a vicegerent. 
 VICEGERENT, vTs-Ce'rent, adj.. acting in 
 place of another, having delegated au- 
 thoritj'. — n. one acting in place of a su- 
 perior. [L. vice, in the place of, and 
 gerens, -entis, pr.p. of grero, to act.] 
 VICEREGAL, vis-re'gal, adj. pertaining 
 
 to a viceroy or viceroyalty. 
 VICEROY, vTs'roy, n. one representing the 
 royal authority in a dependency, as in 
 British India : one acting instead of the 
 monarch, as the present Viceroy of 
 China, Li Hung Chang. [Fr. vice-roi— 
 L. ince. in tlie place of, and rcr, king.] 
 VICEROYALTY, vis-roy'al-ti, VICEROY- 
 SHIP, vis'roy-ship, n. the office or juris- 
 diction of a viceroy. 
 VICINAGE, vis'in-aj, n., neighborhood: the 
 places near, [O. Fr. veisinage — veisin — 
 L. vicinus. neighboring — tncus, a row of 
 houses, Gr. oikos. a dwelling.] 
 VICINITY, vi-sin'i-ti, n., neighborhood: 
 nearness: that which is near, [L. vicini- 
 tas — vicinus.] 
 VICIOUS, vish'us, adj. having a vice or de- 
 fect : corrupt in principles or conduct : 
 depraved : impure, as language or air : 
 given to bad tricks, as a horse. — adv. 
 Vi'ciousLY.— ?i. Vi'ciousNESS. [See Vice, 
 a blemish.] 
 VICISSITUDE, vi-sis'i-tud, n., change from 
 one thing to another : change : revolu- 
 tion. [L. vicissitndn — ricis, change, 
 turn.] 
 VICTIM, vik'tim, «. a living being offered 
 as a sacrifice : some thing or person de- 
 stroyed in the pursuit of an object: a 
 person suffering injurj-. [L. inctima, 
 prob. from root of vigeo, with a super- 
 lative ending.] 
 VICTIMIZE, vik'tiin-Iz, v.t. to make a vic- 
 tim of : to cheat. 
 VICTOR, vik'tor, n. one who conquers on 
 any particular occasion : one who defeats 
 in "battle: a winner:— /e)n. Vic'tress. 
 [L. — innco, victiim, to conquer.] 
 VICTORIOUS, vik-to'ri-us, adj. relating 
 to victory : superior in contest : having 
 overcome an enemy : producing or indi- 
 cating victory.— adr. Victo'riously. 
 VICTORY, vik'tor-i, n. a conquering : suc- 
 cess in any contest : a battle gained. 
 [L. victoria — inctor.] 
 VICTUAL. vit'l, v.t. to supply with victuals 
 or food: to store with provisions : — pr.p. 
 Victualling (vit'1-ing); pa.t. and pa.p. 
 Victualled (vit'ld). — n. Victualler 
 (vit'l-er). 
 VICTUALS, vit'lz (in B. Victual, vit'l), 
 n. that which is necessary for lix'ing : 
 food for human beings : meat. [Low L. 
 
 victualia—h. victualis, relating to living 
 ^vivo, i-ictum, to live.T 
 VIDETTE. Same as Vedette. 
 VIDIMUS, vid'i-mus, n. an inspection, aa 
 of accounts, etc. [L. "we have seen" 
 — video, to see.] 
 VIE, \\, v.i. to strive for superiority:— 
 pr.p. vy'ing; pa.t. and pa.p. vied. [Prob. 
 corr. of Enty.] 
 VIEW, vu, n. a seeing: sight: reach of the 
 sight : whole extent seen : that which is 
 seen: direction in which a thing is seen' 
 the picture of a scene: a sketch: mental 
 siu-vey: mode of looking at or receiving: 
 opinion: intention. — v.t. to see: to look 
 at attentively: to examine intellectually. 
 — n. View'eb. [Fr. vue — vu, pa.p. of 
 voir — L. videre, to see. See Vision.] 
 VIEWLESS, vu'les, adj. not to be viewed : 
 
 invisible. 
 VIGIL, vij'il, n., icatehing: keeping awake 
 for religious exercises: the eve before a 
 feast or fast day, orig. kept by watching 
 through the night. [L. vigilia — vigil, 
 awake, watchful — vigeo, to be lively.] 
 VIGILANCE, vij'il-ans, n., wakefulness: 
 
 watchfulness : circumspection. 
 VIGILANT, vij'il-ant, adj. watchful : on 
 the lookout for danger : circumspect.— 
 adv. VlG'lLAUTLY. [Lit. "keeping awake," 
 L. vigilans, -antis, pr.p. of vigilo, to keep 
 awake — vigil.] 
 VIGNETTE, vi-net', n. any small orna- 
 mental engraving not inclosed by a defi- 
 nite border: (orig.) an ornamental flourish 
 of vine leaves and tendrils on manu- 
 scripts and books. [Fr. — vigne — L. 
 vinea, a vine. See Vine.] 
 VIGOR, vig'ur, n. active strength: physical 
 force: vital strength in animals or plants: 
 strength of mind: energy, [h. vigor-- 
 vigeo. to be strong.] 
 VIGOROUS, vig'ur-us, adj. strong either 
 in mind or body.--adD. ViG'OROUSLY.— )». 
 Vig'orousness. 
 VIKING, vi'king, n. one of the Scandi- 
 navian pirates who in the 9th and 10th 
 centuries ravaged the coasts of Western 
 Europe. [Ice. vikingr (lit.) " a creeker" 
 — vie, a creek or bay.] 
 VILAYET, vil'a-yet, n. the name given to 
 the great provinces into which the Otto- 
 man empire is divided. [See Eyalet.] 
 VILE, vll, adj. worthless : mean : morally 
 impure: wicked: (orig.) "cheap,"' so in 
 B.—adv. ViLE'LY. — n. Vile'ness. [Fr.— 
 L. i-ilis.] 
 VILIFICATION vil-i-fi-ka'shun, n. act of 
 
 vilifying. 
 VILIFY, vil'i-fi, v.t. to make vile : to at- 
 tempt to degrade by slander : to defame: 
 — pa.i. and pa.p. vil'ifled. — n. Vilifi'er. 
 [L. vilis, facio, to make.] 
 VILLA, vil'a, n. a country residence or 
 seat: a suburban mansion. [L. villa (for 
 incula), a country-house, a farm, dim. of 
 vicus, a street, a village, Gr. oikos, E. 
 -ivick (as in Bencick).] 
 VILLAGE, vil'aj, n. any small assemblage 
 of houses, less than a town : (ong.) a 
 number of houses inhabited by persons 
 near the residence of a proprietor or 
 farmer. [It. villaggio — L. villa.] 
 VILLAGER, vil'aj-er, n. an inhabitant of a 
 
 village. 
 VILLAIN, vil'an or vil'in, n. a wicked 
 wretch : a man extremely degraded : a 
 deliberate scoundrel. [Orig. " a serf at- 
 tached to a villa or farm," O. Fr. villain 
 — Low L. villa)iits — L. inlla.] 
 VILLAINOUS, vil'an-us, adj. like or suited 
 to a villain : depraved : proceeding from 
 extreme depravity : sorry. — adv. Vill'- 
 ainously. 
 VILLAINY, vil'an-i, n. the act of a villain: 
 extreme depravity : an atrocious crime.
 
 ^'ILLEIN 
 
 4:0 
 
 VITALITY 
 
 VILLEIN, another spelling' of Villain 
 
 (onlv in its original meaning). 
 A/TNAIGRETTE, vin-a-gref, n. a small box 
 of silver or gold for holding aromatic 
 vinegar, used as a smelling-bottle. [Fr. 
 — vinaigre. See Vinegae.T 
 
 VINCIBILITY, vin-si-bil'i-ti', n. the state 
 or quality of being vincible. 
 
 VINCIBLE, vin'si-bT, adj. that maj' be con- 
 quered. [L. vincibilis — vinco, to con- 
 quer.] 
 
 VINCULUM, \ing'ku-lum, n. a hand : a 
 bond : {math.) a hori?ontal line placed 
 over several quantities to sho\v that they 
 are to be treated as one. [L. — vincio, to 
 bind.] 
 
 VINDICABLE. vin'di-ka-bl, adj. that may 
 be vindicated or defended. 
 
 VINDICATE, vin'di-kat, v.t. to lay claim 
 to : to defend : to maintain by force. — n. 
 Vdj'dicator. [Lit. " to assert author- 
 ity," L. vindico, -atum — i^is, lim, power, 
 influence, dico, to say, assert.] 
 
 VINDICATION, vin-di-ka'shun, n. act of 
 vindicating: defence: justification: sup- 
 port. 
 
 VINDICATIVE, vin'di-kat-iv, adj., vindi- 
 cating : tending to vindicate. 
 
 VINDICATORY, vin'di-ka-tor-i, adj. tend- 
 ina: to vindicate : inflicting punishment. 
 
 VINDICTIVE, vin-dik'tiv, adj. revengeful. 
 — adv. Vindic'tively. — n. Vindic tive- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 VINE, ^^n, n. the plant from which u-ine 
 is made : the woody climbing |)laut that 
 produces grapes : \hort.) a climbing or 
 trailing plant, or its stem. [O. Fr. — L. 
 vinea. a vine — vinum, Gr. omjos, wine. 
 See Wine.] 
 
 VINE-DRESSER, vin'-dres'er, n. one who 
 dresses or trims, and cultivates vines. 
 
 VINEGAR, vin'e-gar, n. an acid liquor got 
 from fermented and vinous liquors. [Lit. 
 "sour wine," Fr. vinaigre — vin ( — L. 
 vinum, wine), and aigre—h. acer, sour.] 
 
 VINERY, vin'er-i, n. a hothouse for rear- 
 ing vines. 
 
 VINEYARD, vin'yard, n. a yard or inclos- 
 ure for rearing grape-vines: a plantation 
 of grape-vines. 
 
 VINOUS, vT'nus, adj. pertaining to or hav- 
 ing the qualities of wine. [L. vinosus — 
 vdiium.] 
 
 VINTAGE, vint'aj, n. the gathering of 
 grapes : the yearly produce of grapes : 
 the time of grape-gathering. [Fr. vend- 
 ange — L. vinaemia — vinum, wine, grapes, 
 and demo, to remove — de, out of or away, 
 and emo, to take.] 
 
 VINTNER, vint'ner, n. a ^-ine-seller. [O. 
 Fr. iHnetiei — L. vinitor, a vine-dresser 7] 
 
 VIOL, vl'ol, n. an old musical instrument 
 like the violin, having from three to six 
 strings. [Fr. viole-~lt. viola— Low L. 
 vidula, from L. vitulari, to skip like a 
 calf, to make merry — vitula, a calf. Fid- 
 dle is from the same root.] 
 
 VIOLABLE, ^^'o-la-bl. adj. that may be 
 violated, injured, or broken. 
 
 VIOLATE, vl'o-lat, v.t. to injure : to abuse: 
 to ravish: to profane : to break forcibly: 
 to transgress. — n. Vi'OLATOR. [L. violo, 
 -atum — vis, Gr. is. strength, force.] 
 
 VIOLATION, vl-o-la'shun, n. the act of 
 violating or injuring : infringement : 
 non-obsei-vance : profanation : rape. 
 
 VIOLENCE, vl'o-lens, «. the state or qual- 
 ity of being violent : force, physical or 
 moral : unjust force : outrage : "profana- 
 tion : injurv : rape. 
 
 VIOLENT, vfo-lent, adj. acting with phys- 
 ical force or strength : moved by strong 
 feeling : passionate : vehement : out- 
 rageous : produced by force : unnatural. 
 —adv. Vi'oLENTLT. '[Fr.— L. i-iolentus- 
 vis. force. Cf. Violate.] 
 
 VIOLET, vJ'o-let, n. a plant of many spe- 
 
 cies, with a flower generally of some 
 shade of blue : the color of tfie violet, a 
 bluish or light purple. — adj. of the color 
 of the violet, bluish or light purple. [Fr. 
 violetfe, dim. of O. Fr. viole—h. viola, 
 Gr. ion.] 
 
 VIOLIN, \To-lin, n. a musical instrument 
 of four strings played with a bow : a 
 fiddle. [Fr. violon — It. violone — viola, 
 (see Viol).] 
 
 VIOLIST, ^^'ol-ist. ^^OLINIST, vl'o-Un-ist, 
 ■ti. a player on the viol, or on the violin. 
 
 ^^OLONCELLIST, ve-o-lon-sel'ist or-chel'- 
 ist, n. a player on the violoncello. 
 
 VIOLONCELLO, ve-o-lon-sel'o or -chel'o, 
 n. a large stringed musical instrument, 
 between the violin and the double-bass, 
 held between the knees in playing •.—j}L 
 ViOLONCELL'os. [It., dim. of violone, a 
 bass violin (see Violin).] 
 
 VIPER, vl'per, n. a poisonous reptile of the 
 order of snakes, once believed to be the 
 only serpent that brought forth living 
 young : any base, malicious person. [L. 
 vipera (contr. of vivipera) — vivus, li%'ing, 
 SMApario, to bring forth.] 
 
 VIPEROUS, \i'per-us, adj. having the 
 qualities of a viper : venomous : malig- 
 nant. [L. vipereus.'] 
 
 VIRAGO, vi-ra'go, n. a man-like woman : 
 a bold, impudent woman : a termagant. 
 [L. — Virgo (see VmGIN).] 
 
 VIRGIN, ver'jin, n. a maiden : a woman 
 who has had no sexual intercourse with 
 man : {B.) a person of either sex who has 
 not known sexual intercourse : (astr.) 
 Virgo, one of the signs of the zodiac— 
 adj. becoming a maiden : maidenly : pure: 
 chaste: undefiled : fresh. [O. 'Fr.— L. 
 Virgo, virginis, from a root varg, seen in 
 Sans, urg, strength, Gr. orgad, to swell.] 
 
 VIRGINAL, ver'jin-al, n. an old keyed mu- 
 sical instrument, prob. so called from 
 being used to accompany hymns to the 
 Virgin. ' [virgin. 
 
 ■VIRGINITY, ver-jin'i-ti, n. the state of a 
 
 VIRGO, ver'go, n. the Virgin, in the zodiac. 
 
 VIRIDITY, vi-rid'i-ti, n., verdure: green- 
 ness. [L. viriditas — viridis, green — vireo, 
 to be green. See Verdant.] 
 
 VIRILE, xdr'il or -II, adj. of or belonging to 
 a man or to the male sex : ma,scuUne : 
 manly. [L. virilis — vir, a man. See 
 VirtiteJ 
 
 VIRILITY, vir-il'i-ti, n. the state or qualitv 
 of being a man : the power of a full- 
 gi-own male : the power of procreation : 
 manhood. [L. virilitas.] 
 
 VIRTU, ver'too or -tu, n. a love of the fine 
 arts : taste for curiosities : objects of art 
 or antiquity. [It. Doublet Vietce.] 
 
 VIRTUAL, ver'tu-al. adj. ha\-ing virtue or 
 eflicacy : ha\'ing the eflScacy without the 
 material part : in efi'ect though not in 
 fact. — adv. Vir'ttallt. 
 
 "VIRTUE, ver'tu, n. excellence : worth : 
 moral excellence : the practice of duty : 
 a moral excellence : female chastit'y : 
 purity: strength (so in B.): force: power: 
 efficacy. [O. Fr.— L. virtus, (lit.) •' what 
 is excellent in 7tian," maiiliness, bravery, 
 moral excellence^fiV, a man. conn, with 
 Gr. herds. Sans, vira, a hero. See 
 World.] 
 
 VIRTUOSO, ver-too-6'zo or -tu-o'so. n. one 
 skilled in the fine arts, in antiquities, 
 curiosities, and the like •.—2)1. Virtuo'si. 
 [See ViRTC] 
 
 VIRTUOUS, ver'tu-us, adj. having virtue 
 or moral goodness: blameless : righteous: 
 practicing duty : being according to the 
 moral law : chaste (of a woman). — adv. 
 
 ViR'TCOUSLY. 
 
 VIRULENT, vir'u-lent. adj. full of poison : 
 very active in injury : bitter in enmity : 
 maUgnant. — adv. Vi'e'ulektly.— n. Vie'- 
 ULEXCE. [From Virus.] 
 
 VIRUS, vlr'us, n. a slimy liquid: contagious 
 or poisonous matter (as of ulcers, etc.) : 
 the poison which causes infection : any 
 foul, hurtful matter. [L., cog. with Gr. 
 ios. Sans, visham, poison.] 
 
 VISAGE, viz'aj, n. the face or look.— ac?/. 
 Vis' aged. [Fr., thi-ough an assumed 
 form visaticum, from L. visits, seen — 
 video, to see.] 
 
 VISCERA, vis'er-a, iKpl. the inner parts o: 
 the animal body: the entrails. [L. viseus, 
 pi. vLscera.] 
 
 "VISCERAL, vis'er-al, at^". pertaining to 
 the viscera. 
 
 VISCID, vis'id, adj. having the qualities of 
 birdlime: sticky: tenacious. — n. Viscid'- 
 ity. [L. viscidus — viseus, Gr. ixos, the 
 mistletoe, birdlime made from mistle- 
 toe berries.! 
 
 VISCOUNT, vl'kownt, n. an officer in En- 
 gland who formerly supplied the place of 
 the count or earb a title of nobility next 
 below an earl: — feni. Vls'COOs'TESS. [O. 
 Fr. viscomte (Fr. vicomte) — Low L. vice- 
 comes, from L. vice, in place of, and 
 comes, a companion. See Count.] 
 
 VISCOUS, vis'kus, adj. having the qual- 
 ities of birdlime : sticky : tenacious. — n. 
 Viscos'iTY. [L. risco.ws. See Viscid.] 
 
 VISIBILITY, viz-i-bil'i-ti, 71. state or qual- 
 ity of being visible, or perceivable by the 
 eye. 
 
 "VISIBLE, viz'i-bl, adj. that may be seen : 
 obvious. — adv. Vls'lBLY. — n. Vls'lBLE- 
 NEss. [See Vision.] 
 
 "VISION, vizh'uu, n. the act or sense of 
 seeing: sight: anything seen : anything 
 imagined to be seen: a divine revelation: 
 an apparition: anything imaginary. [Fr. 
 — L. visio, visionis — video, visu7n, to see 
 — root vid, as in Gr. eido, Sans, ind, to 
 see. Cf. Wit.] 
 
 VISIONARY, vizh'un-ar-i, adj. afi^ected by 
 vis-ions: existing in imagination only: not 
 real. — n. one who forms impracticable 
 schemes. 
 
 "VISIT, yiz'it, v.t. to go to see or inspect: to 
 attend : to call on : {B.) to reward or 
 punish. — v.i. to be in the habit of seeing 
 or meeting each other : to keep up ac- 
 quaintance. — n. act of I'isifing or going 
 to see. [Fr. visiter — L. visito, freq. of 
 i^iso, to go to see, visit — video, to see.] 
 
 "VISITANT, yiz'i-tant, n. one who visits : 
 one who is a guest in the house of an- 
 other. 
 
 "VISITATION, \-iz-i-ta'shun, n. act of visit- 
 ing : examination bj- authority : retri- 
 bution. 
 
 "VISITOR, viz'it-ur, n. one who visits : one 
 who inspects or examines. 
 
 VISITORIAL, vis-it-o'ri-al, adj. belonging 
 to a judicial visitor, or one who inspects 
 or examines. 
 
 VISOR, viz'm', n. a part of a helmet cover- 
 ing the face, movable, and perforated to 
 see through : a mask. [Fr. visiire — L. 
 vidcoJ 
 
 VISORED, viz'urd, adj. wearing a vizor : 
 masked. 
 
 "VISTA, vis'ta, n. a view or prospect 
 through or as tlirough an avenue : the 
 trees, etc., that form the avenue. [It., 
 vista, sight, view — L. video, to see.] > 
 
 VISUAL, yizh'u-al, adj. belonging to ti"«!"o(i 
 or siglit : used iu sight : used for seeing. 
 — adv. ViS'UALLY. 
 
 "VITAL. \-T'tal, adj. belonging or contribut- 
 ing to life : containing or necessar}- to 
 life : important as life : essential. — adv. 
 Vl'TALLY. [L. vitalis — vita, life ; conn, 
 with Gr. bios, life, and E. Quick (which 
 see).] 
 
 VITALITY, vi-tal'i-ti. n. quality of being 
 vital : principle or power of life. fL. I'i- 
 talitas.]
 
 VITALIZE 
 
 471 
 
 VOTARY 
 
 VITALIZE, vl'tal-Iz, v.t. to make vital or 
 alive : co give life to or furnish with the 
 vital principle. 
 
 VITALS, ^^'talz, 7i.pl. parts essential to Zi/e. 
 
 VITIATE, vish'i-at, v.t. to render fauIt3-or 
 detective: to make less pure: to deprave: 
 to taint. — 11. Vitia'tion. [L. vitio, -atum 
 — ZHtium (see Vice, a blemish).] 
 
 VITREOUS, vit'ri-us, adj.. gla-ssi/ : pertain- 
 ing to, consisting' of, or like glass. [L. 
 t'it rum. glass.] 
 
 VITRESCENT, vi-tres'eut. adj. that may 
 be formed into glass : tending' to become 
 glass. — n. Viteesc'ence. [Coined from 
 L. ritrmn, g-lass.] 
 
 VITELFACTION, vit-ri-fak'shun. n. act, 
 process, or operation of vitrifying, or 
 converting into glass. 
 
 VITRIFIABLE, vit'ri-fi-a-bl, adj. that may 
 be ritrijied or turned into glass. 
 
 VITRIFY, vit'ri-fl, v.t. to make into glass. 
 — v.i. to become glass : — -jja.f. and pa.p. 
 vit'rified. [L. vitriim, glass, and facio, 
 to make.] 
 
 VITRIOL, vit'ri-ol, n. the popular name of 
 sulphuric acid : a soluble sulphate of a 
 metal, g^'ceu ■yi/rwZ = sulpliate of iron, 
 blue vitriol = sulphate of copper, ivhite 
 vitriol = sulphate of zinc. pTr. — It. vit- 
 riuolo — L. vitrum. glass ; prob. so called 
 from its glassy appearance.] 
 
 VITRIOLIC, vit-ri-ol'ik, adj. pertaining to 
 or having the quahties of vitriol. 
 
 VITUPERATE, vl-tu'per-at, v.t. to find 
 fault with : to censure. [L. vitupero, 
 -atum — vitium, a fault, and paro, to set 
 out.] 
 
 VITUPERATION, vi-tu-per-a'shun, n. act 
 of ntuperaiing : blame : censure: abuse. 
 [L. ritiiper dtio. ] 
 
 VITUPERATIVE, vi-tu'per-a-tiv, adj. con- 
 taining vituperation or censure. — adv. 
 
 VlTU'PERATI^'ELT. 
 
 VT^^ACIOUS, 1-i-va'shus, adj., lively or 
 long-lived: active: sportive. — adv. Viva'- 
 ciousLY. — 11. Viva'ciousness. [L. vivax, 
 vivaeis — vivo, to live.] 
 
 VIVACITY, vj-vas'i-ti, ii. quality of being 
 vivaeious: life: animation: liveliness or 
 sprightliness of temper or beha\'ior. [L. 
 yivacitas.'] 
 
 VIVID, vivid, adj., lively or life-like: hav- 
 ing the appearance of life : forming brill- 
 iant images in the mind: striking. — adv. 
 Viv'iDLT. — n. Vrv'iDNESS. [L. vividus — 
 vivo, to live.] 
 
 VIVIFY, viv'i-fl, v.t. to make vivid or 
 alive: to indue with life: — pa.t. and 
 pa.p. viVifled. [L. vivus, aXive, facio, to 
 ma ke.] 
 
 VIVIPAROUS, VI- vip'a-rus, adj., iiroducing 
 young alive. [L., from vivus, alive, and 
 pario, to produce.] 
 
 VmSECTION, viv-i-sek'shun, n. the prac- 
 tice of operating by cutting or otherwise 
 on living animals, for the purpose of re- 
 search or demonstration. [L. vivus, alive, 
 sectio — seco, to cut.] 
 
 VIXEN, vik'sen, n. a she-fox : an ill-tem- 
 pered woman. [Fern, of vox, the south- 
 ern E. form of /o.l'.] 
 
 VIZARD, viz'ard, n. same as VlsOR. 
 
 VIZIER, viz'yer, n. an oriental minister 
 or councillor of state. [Lit. " a burden- 
 bearer," Ar. vKzir, wazir, a porter — 
 ivazara, to bear a burden.] 
 
 VOCABLE, v6'ka-bl, u. that which is 
 sounded with the voice : a word : a name. 
 [L. vooabtdiim — r'oco, to call.] 
 
 VOCABULARY, vo-kab'u-lar-i. n. a list of 
 vocables or words explained in alphabet- 
 ical order : a dictionary : any list of 
 words. [Low L. vocahularium.] 
 
 VOCAL, vo'kal, adj. having a voice : ut- 
 tered or changed by the voice. — adv. 
 Vo'CALLY. [L. voc'alis — vo,v, voeis, a 
 
 voice, akin to voeo, to call. Sans, vach, 
 
 to speak.] 
 VOCALIST, vo'kal-ist, n. a vocal musician, 
 
 a singer. 
 VOCALIZATION, v6-kal-i-za'shun, n. act 
 
 of vocalizing. 
 VOCALIZE. vo'kal-Iz, v.t. to make vocal: 
 
 to form into voice. 
 VOCATION, vo-ka'shun, n. call or act of 
 
 caWinj/.- calling : occupation. [L. vocatio 
 
 — I'oeo. See Vocal.] 
 VOCATIVE, vok'a-tiv, adj. used in calling. 
 
 — n. the case of a word when the person 
 
 or thing is addressed. [L. vocativics — 
 
 voco. See VoCAL.] 
 VOCIFERATE, vo-sif'er-at, v.i. to cry with 
 
 a loud voice. — v.t. to utter with a loud 
 
 voice. [L. — vox, vocis, voice, and fero, 
 
 to carry.] 
 VOCIFERATION, vo-sif-er-a'shun, n. act 
 
 of vociferating: a violent or loud outcry. 
 
 iL. vociferatio.] 
 CIFEROUS, vo-sif'er-us, adj. making a 
 loud outcry: noisy. — adv. Vocif'erously. 
 
 VOGUE, vog, n. mode or fashion at any 
 particular time: practice: popular recep- 
 tion. [Lit. '■ way, course," Fr. vogue, 
 course of a ship — voguer, to row, from 
 Ger. wogen, to move, expressing the 
 movement of a vessel on the water.] 
 
 VOICE, vols, /;., sound from the mouth : 
 sound given out bj' anything : utterance 
 or mode of utterance: language : expres- 
 sion : expressed opinion : vote : {gram.) 
 mode of inflecting verbs, as being active 
 or passive. — v.t. to fit for sounding : to 
 regulate the tone of. [O. Fr. (Fr. voix) 
 — L. vox, i-ocis.1 
 
 VOICELESS, vois'les, adj. having no voice 
 or vote. 
 
 VOID, void. adj. unoccupied: empty (so in 
 B.) : having no binding force : wanting : 
 unsubstantial. — «. an empty space. — v.t. 
 to make vacant: to quit: to send out; to 
 render of no effect. [O. Fr. void — L. vid- 
 uus. bei'eft — root vid, to separate : alUed 
 to E. Widow.] 
 
 VOIDABLE, void'a-bl, acy. that may be 
 voided or evacuated. 
 
 VOIDANCE, void'ans, n. act of voiding or 
 emptying : state of being void : ejection. 
 
 VOLANT, vo'laut, adj., flying : nimble. [L. 
 volans, -antis. pr.p. of volo. to flv.] 
 
 VOLATILE, vol'a-til. adj. apt to waste 
 away or fly off by evaporation : flighty : 
 apt to change. [Fr. — L. volatilis, flying 
 — volo. to flv.] 
 
 VOLATILEN'ESS. vol'a-til-nes. VOLATIL- 
 ITY, vol-a-til'i-ti, n. quality of heing vol- 
 atile: disposition to evaporate: sprightli- 
 ness : fickleness. 
 
 VOLATILIZATION, vol-a-til-i-za'shun. n. 
 act or process of making volatile or evap- 
 orating. 
 
 VOLATILIZE, vol'a-til-Iz, v.t. to make 
 volatile : to cause to evaporate. 
 
 VOLCANIC, vol-kan'ik, adj. pertaining to, 
 produced, or affected by a volcano. 
 
 VOLCANO, vol-ka'no. n. a mountain from 
 which smoke, flame, lava, etc. are thrown. 
 [It. volcano — L. Volcanus ovVulcaniis, the 
 god of fire.] 
 
 VOLITION, vo-lish'un. n. act of tvilling or 
 choosing : the exercise of the will : the 
 power of determining. [Low L. volitio 
 — L. volo, to will, be willing.] 
 
 VOLLEY, vol'i, n. a fliglit of shot : the 
 discharge of many small-arms at once : 
 an outburst of many at once:^)l. VOLL'- 
 EYS. — v.t. to discharge in a volley. [Fr. 
 rolee. a flight — voter — L. volo, to fly.] 
 
 VOLT, volt. n. a turn or bound : a sudden 
 movement or leap to avoid a thrust : a 
 gait of two treads made by a horse going 
 sideways round a centre. [Fr. volte — 
 It. volfa — L. volvo, volutum, to turn.] 
 
 VOLTAIC, vol-ta'ik, adj. pertaining to or 
 originated by Volta, an Italian : pertain- 
 ing- to Voltaism. 
 
 VOLTAISM. vol'ta-izm, n. same as Gal- 
 
 VAXISJI. 
 
 VOLUBILITY, vol-u-bil'i-ti, n. state or 
 quality of being voluble : fluency of 
 speech. 
 
 VOLUBLE, vol'u-bl, adj. easy to roll or 
 move : flowing smoothly : fluent in 
 speech.— ndi'. Vol'ubly. [L. vohibilia— 
 Volvo, volutum, to roll.] 
 
 VOLUME, vol'um, n. a book : space occu- 
 pied : dimensions : fullness of voice. [Lit. 
 ■• a roll " or scroll (so in B.), Fr. — L. vol- 
 iimen. a roll — volvo, volutum, to roll.] 
 
 VOLUMED, vol'fimd. adj. having tiie form 
 of a volume or roll : of volume or bulk. 
 
 VOLUMINOUS, vo-lu'mi-nus, adj. consist- 
 ing of many imhnnes or books, or of many 
 coils: having written much, as an author. 
 — adv. VoLU'mNOUSLY.— Ji. Volu'minous- 
 NESS. 
 
 VOLI'NTARY, vol'un-tar-i, adj., willing : 
 acting bj' choice : free : proceeding from 
 the will : subject to the will : don3 by de- 
 sign or without compulsion. — n. onevvho 
 does anything of his own free will : a 
 piece of nuisic played at will. — adv. Vol'- 
 
 UNTARILY". — n. VoL'CNTAEINESS. [L. vol- 
 ^lutarius — i-oluntas,choice — volo, to will.] 
 
 VOLUNTARYISM, vol'un-tar-i-izm, n. the 
 system of maintaining the church by vol- 
 nntary offerings, instead of by the aid of 
 the state. 
 
 VOLUNTEER, vo!-un-ter', n. one who 
 enters any service, esp. militarj-, volun- 
 tarily or of his own free choice. — adj. en- 
 tering into service voluntarily. — v.t. to 
 offer voluntarily. — v.i. to enter into any 
 .service of one's own free will or without 
 being asked. ' 
 
 VOLUPTUARY, vo-lupt'Q-ar-i, n. a volupt-' 
 uous person or one excessively given to 
 bodily enjoyments or luxury : a sensual- 
 ist. [L. i-ohq)tuarius—volupias, pleasure.] 
 
 VOLUPTUOUS, vo-lupt'u-us, adj. full of 
 pleasure : given to excess of pleasure, 
 esp. sensual. — adv. Volupt'uously. — n. 
 VoLUPT'rorsxEss. [L. voluptuosus — vol- 
 uptas, pleasure, conn, with r'ofiy^.agree- 
 ably, also with Gr. elp-uniai, to hoi)e. and 
 peril. L. volo, to wish.] 
 
 VOLUTE, vo-lflt', n. a kind of rolled or 
 spiral scroll used in Greek capitals. [Fr. 
 — L. volvo, volutum, to roll.] 
 
 VOLUTED, vo-lut'ed, adj. having a volute. 
 
 VOMER, vomer, n. the thin flat bone 
 separating the nostrils. [L.] 
 
 VOMIT, vom'it, v.i. to throw up the con- 
 tents of the .stomach by the mouth. — 
 v.t. to throw out with violence. — n. mat- 
 ter ejected from the stomach: something 
 that excites vomiting. [L. vonio. -itvm, 
 to throw up, Gr. emco. See Emetic] 
 
 VOMITORY, vom'i-tor-i, adj. causing to 
 vomit. — n. a vomit or emetic : a door of 
 a large building by which the crowd is 
 let out. [L. r-6miiorius.] 
 
 VORACIOUS, vo-ra'shus, adj. eager to de- 
 vour : greedy : verj- hungry. — adv. Vo- 
 ea'ciously. [L. vorax, voracis — voro, 
 to devour.] 
 
 VORACITY, vo-ras'i-ti, n. quality of being' 
 I'Ornrious. 
 
 VORTEX, vcr'teks, n. a ivhirling motion 
 of a fluid forming a cavity in the centre: 
 a whirlpool : a whirlwind •.—pi. VoB'- 
 TICES. [L. vortex, vertex — vorto, verto, 
 to turn. Doublet Vertex.] 
 
 VORTICAL, vor'tik-al. adj., whirling. 
 
 VOTARY, vo'tar-i, adj. bound or conse- 
 crated by a vou\ — n. one devoted as by a 
 vow to some service, worship, or way of 
 life:— /ewi. Vo'taress. [Low L. votariua 
 — L. voveo,votum, to vow.]
 
 VOTE 
 
 472 
 
 WAGE 
 
 VOTE, v6t, «. expression of a wish or opin- 
 ion, as to a matter in which one has 
 interest : that by which a choice is ex- 
 pressed, as a ballot : decision by a ma- 
 jority. — v.i. to express the choice by a 
 vote. — v.t. to choose by a vote. — n. 
 Vot'er. [L. votum, a wish — voveo, vo- 
 tum. to vow.] 
 
 VOTIVE, vot'iv, adj. given by vou': vowed. 
 — adv. VoT'lVELY. [L. votivus — votum, a 
 vow.] 
 
 VOUCH, vowch, v.t. to call upon to wit- 
 ness : to maintain bj' repeated affirma- 
 tions : to warrant : to attest. — v.i. to 
 bear witness : to give testimony. [O. 
 Fr. voucher, vocher, to call to defend — L. 
 voco, to call.] 
 
 VOUCHER, vowch'er, n. one who voiiches 
 or gives witness : a paper which vouches 
 or confirms the truth of anything, as ac- 
 counts. 
 
 VOUCHSAFE, vowch-saf , v.t. to vouch or 
 warrant safe : to sanction or allow with- 
 out danger: to condescend to grant. — v.i. 
 to condescend. 
 
 VOW, vow, n. a solemn promise to God: a 
 solemn or formal promise of fidelity or 
 affection. — v.t. to give by solemn prom- 
 ise : to devote. — v.i. to make vows. [O. 
 Fr. vou (Fr. vceu) — L. votum — voveo, to 
 vow.] 
 
 VOWEL, vow'el, n. a simple vocal sound : 
 the letter representing such a sound. — 
 adj. vocal : pertaining to a vowel. [Fr. 
 voyelle — L. vocalis — ro.r, vocis, the voice.] 
 
 VOYAGE, voy'aj, n. passage by water. — 
 v.i. to make a voyage, or to pass by wa- 
 ter.— n. VoVager. [Fr. — L. viaticum, 
 travelling-money — (Fr. vote), L. via, a 
 way.] 
 
 VULCANITE, vul'kan-It, n. caoutchouc 
 iidcanized, or combined with sulphur. 
 
 VULCANIZE, vul'kan-Iz, v.t. to combine 
 with sulphur by heat, as caoutchouc. 
 [From L. Vulcdnus, Vulcan, the god of 
 fire.] 
 
 VULGAR, vul'gar, adj. pertaining to or 
 used by the common people, native : pub- 
 lic : common: mean or low: rude. — n. 
 the common people. — adv. Vul'gaely. — 
 Vulgar Fractions, fractions written in 
 the vulgar or ordinary way. [L. vulgaris 
 — mdgus, the people"; conn, with Sans. 
 varga, a group.] 
 
 VULGAEISM, ^'ul'gar-izm, n. a vidgar 
 phrase. 
 
 VULGARITY, vul-gar'i-ti, n. quality of 
 being imlgar : mean conditior of life : 
 rudeness of manners. 
 
 VULGARIZE, vul'gar-iz, v.t. to make md- 
 gar or rude. 
 
 VULGATE, vul'gat, n. an ancient Latin 
 version of the Scriptures, so called from 
 its common use in the R. Cath. Church. 
 [L. mdgatus, common — imlgo. to make 
 common — vulgus (see Vulgar).] 
 
 VULNERABLE, vul'ner-a-bl, adj. capable 
 of being wounded : liable to injury. — ns. 
 
 VULNERABIL'ITY, VuL'NERABLENESS. [L. 
 
 vulnerabilis — mdnero. to wound — vulnus, 
 vidneris, a wound, aldn to vello (cf. Vul- 
 ture).] 
 
 VULNERARY, vul'ner-ar-i, adj. pertain- 
 ing to H'OMJitfa ; useful in healing wounds. 
 — n. anything useful in curing wounds. 
 [L. rulnerarius — t^(7n«s.] 
 
 iTULPINE, vul'pin, adj. relating to or like 
 the fox : cunning. [L. — vulpes, a fox, 
 Gr. alope,v ] 
 
 VULTURE, vult'ur. n. a large rapacious 
 bird of prey. [L. imltur : perh. from 
 vello. to pluck, to tear.] 
 
 VULTURINE, vult'ur-in. ATJLTURISH, 
 Tult'iir-ish, adj. like the v^dttire : rapa- 
 cious. 
 
 w 
 
 WABBLE, wobT, v.i. to incline to the one 
 side and to the other alternately, as a 
 wheel, top, spindle, or other rotating 
 body when not properly balanced : to 
 move in the manner of a rotating disc 
 when its plane vibrates from side to side: 
 to rock : to vacillate : as, a millstone in 
 motion sometimes ivabbles. Moxon. 
 [Also u'obble. to reel or totter ; akin to 
 Prov. Ger. icabbeln, to shake ; freq. forms 
 probably allied to iveave ; Ger. loeben, to 
 shake, to weave.] 
 
 WABBLE, wob'l, n. a rocking unequal mo- 
 tion, as of a wheel unevenly hung or a 
 top imperfectly balanced. 
 
 WABBLY, wobii, adj. inclined to wabble : 
 shaky : unsteadj'. ' ' (By stilt- walking) the 
 knees, which at first[are weak and wabbly, 
 get strong." — JUayheu: 
 
 WABRON-LEAF, wa'bron-lef. WABRAN- 
 LEAF, wa'bran-lef, n. great plantain 
 {Plantago major). [Scotch. A corruption 
 of the English name tvaybread.^ 
 
 WABSTER, wab'ster, n. a webster or 
 weaver. [Scotch.] 
 
 WACKE, wak'e, ii. German miners' term 
 for a soft, grayish kind of trap-rock. 
 
 WAD, wod, n' a mass of loose matter 
 thrust close together, as hay, tow, etc.: 
 a little mass of paper, tow, or the like to 
 keep the charge in a gun. — v.t. to form 
 into a mass : to stuff a wad into : — pr.p. 
 wadd'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. wadd'ed. 
 [A.S. u-ced ; Fr. ouate : allied to Ger. 
 watte, garment, E. Weed.] 
 
 WADDING, wod'ing, n. a wad, or the ma- 
 terials for wads : a soft stuff, also sheets 
 of carded cotton for stuffing garments, 
 etc. [See Wad.] 
 
 WADDLE, wod'l, v.i. to take short steps 
 and move from side to side in walking. — 
 n. Wadd'ler. [Perh. an extension of 
 Wade ; cf. Ger. wedeln. to wag.] 
 
 WADE, wad, v.i. to walk through any sub- 
 stance that yields to the feet, as water : 
 to pass with difficulty or labor. — n. Wad'- 
 er. [A.S. tcadan, Ger. icaten.'] 
 
 WADHOOK, wod'hook, n. a rod with a sort 
 of screw, to draw wads out of a gun. 
 
 WADING-BIRD, wad'ing-berd. n. a bird of 
 the order Grallatores : a wader. 
 
 WADMAL, wad'mal, WADMOLL, wad'- 
 mol, n. a very coarse cloth formerly 
 manufactured. Written also Wadmaal, 
 " Mantles of xcadmaal, a coarse cloth of 
 domestic manufacture." — Sir W. Scott, 
 [A Scandinavian word ; Ice. vad-mdl, 
 Sw. vadmal, Dan. vadmel. Originally 
 a measure of stuff, pieces of cloth being 
 used as a standard of value in early times. 
 Ice. vdd, stuff (A.S. tcoed, a garment), 
 and mdl, measure.] 
 
 WADNA, wad'na. Would not. [Scotch.] 
 
 WADSET, WADSETT. wod'set, n. an old 
 Scots law term for a mortgage, or bond 
 and disposition in security. [Scand. 
 wad, A.S. w(ed, wed, a pledge ; and verb 
 to set.l 
 
 WADSETTER, wod'set-er. n. in Scots late, 
 one who holds bj' a wadset. 
 
 WADY, wod'i, n. the dry bed of a torrent : 
 a river-valley. [Ar. wad'i. a ravine (pre- 
 served in the Sp. guad-, the first syllable 
 of many Spanish river-names).] 
 
 WAF, WAFF, waf, adj. worthless : low- 
 born : inferior: paltrj'. "Is it not an 
 odd thing that ilka waf carle in the 
 country has a son and heir, and that the 
 house ot EUangowan is without male 
 succession." — Sir W. Scott. [Scotch. A 
 form of waif.] 
 WAFER, wa'fer, n. a thin cake or leaf of 
 paste, generally disc-shaped : applied 
 specifically to (a) an article of pastry ; 
 
 a small thin sweet cake, now made of 
 flour, cream, white wine, and lump 
 sugar, and flavored with cinnamon. 
 "The curious work in pastry, the fine 
 cakes, tvafers and marchpanes." — Hol- 
 land : (b) a thin circular portion of un^ 
 leavened bread, generally stamped with 
 the Christian monogram, the cross, or 
 other sacred representation or symbol, 
 used in the Roman Church in the cele- 
 bration and administration of the eu- 
 charist : (c) a thin disc of dried paste 
 used for sealing letters, fastening- docu- 
 ments together, and the like, usually 
 made of flour, mixed with water, gum, 
 and some non-poisonous coloring matter. 
 Fancy wafers are made of gelatine and 
 isinglass in a variety of forms. [O. Fr. 
 waufre. Mod. Fr. gaufre, pancake, wafer, 
 of Teutonic origin ; Ger. waffel, Dut. 
 waf el. Dan. vaffel, a thin cake, a waffle, 
 a wafer ; allied to Ger. irabe. a honey- 
 comb, from some supposed resemblance.) 
 WAFER, wa'fer, v.t. to seal or close with 
 
 a wafer. 
 WAFERER, wa'fer-er, n. a person who sold 
 wafers. "Waferers appear to have been 
 employed as go-betweens in love in- 
 trigues, probably from the facilities of- 
 fered by their going from house to house. 
 Sinffers with harpes, baudes, waferers. 
 Whiche ben the veray develes ofhceres. 
 To kindle and blow the fire of lecherie. 
 
 — Chaucer. 
 
 WAFER-IRONS, wa'fer-I-urnz, n.pl. a pin- 
 cer-shaped instrument, the legs of which 
 terminate in flat blades about 12 inches 
 long by 9 in breadth, used for making 
 wafers. The blades are heated in a coke 
 fire, the paste is then put between them, 
 and by pressure formed into a thin sheet 
 of paste, from which discs of the desired 
 size are cut with a punch. 
 
 WAFER-WOMAN, wa'fer-woo-man, Jt. a 
 woman who sold wafers. Such women 
 were often employed in love-affairs and 
 intrigues. 
 
 ^Twas no set meeting 
 
 Certainly, for there was no wafer-vcoman with her 
 
 These three days, on my knowledge.— Beoii. and PI. 
 
 WAFT, waft or waft, v.t. to bear through 
 a fluid medium, as air or water. — v.i. to 
 float. — n. a floating body : a signal made 
 by moving something, as a flag, in the 
 air.— )i. Waft'er. [Sw. vefta, to fan, 
 waft ; prob. allied to Wave.] 
 
 WAG. wag, v.t. and v.i. to move from sid9 
 to side: to shake to and fro : — pr.p. wage' 
 ing; pa.t. and pa.p. wagged. [A.S 
 wagian, wegan ; conn, with weigh and 
 Wagon.] 
 
 WAG, wag, n. a droll, mischievous fellow: 
 a man full of sport and humor : a wit. 
 [Prob. from icagging the head in deri- 
 sion.] 
 
 WAGE, waj, v.t. to pledge: to engage in 
 as if by pledge : to carry on, esp. of war: 
 to venture. — n. a gage or stake : that for 
 which one labors: wages. Though a 
 plural, wages sometimes has a verb in the 
 singular. "The u-ages ot sin is death." 
 — Rom. vi. 23. " Wages, then, depend 
 mainlv upon the demand and supply of 
 labor.""— cT. S. Mill. 
 Thou thy worldly task hast done. 
 Home art gone, and ta'en thy wages.— Shaik. 
 
 In ordinary language the term u-ages is 
 usually restricted to the remuneration 
 for mechanical or muscular labor, esp. 
 to that which is ordinarily paid at short 
 intervals, as weekly or fortnightly, to 
 workmen. Correctly speaking, however, 
 what is called the fees of professional 
 men, as lawyers, physicians, etc., the 
 salaries of public functionaries, business 
 men, etc., the pay of military and naval 
 men, and the like, all are wages. On the 
 other hand, when an author publishes a
 
 "WAGER 
 
 473 
 
 WALLAROO 
 
 book, or a shoemaker sells a pair of 
 shoes, the sums received are not wages, 
 though to the seller they are virtual- 
 ly the same thing. [O. 'Fr. irager (Fv. 
 gager). to pledge. A doublet of Gage.] 
 
 WAGER, waj'er. ». that which is tvaged or 
 pKdged : something staked on the issue 
 of anything : that on which bets are laid: 
 (lau-) an offer to make oath. — v.t. to haz- 
 ard on the issue of anything. — v.i. to lay 
 a wager. — n. Waq'erer. [O. Fr. zcaigiere 
 (Ft. gagcure) — Wage.] 
 
 WAGES, waj'ez, n.pl. (used as sing.) wage: 
 that which is paid for services. [PI. of 
 Wage.] 
 
 WAGKrERY. wag'er-i, n. the tricks or man- 
 ner of a wag : mischievous merriment : 
 pleasantry. 
 
 WAGGISH, wag'ish, adj. like a wag : mis- 
 chievous or rouguish in sport : done in 
 waggerj' or sport. — adv. Wagg'ishly. 
 — n. Wagg'ishness. 
 
 WAGGLE, wag'l, v.i. and v.t. to irag or 
 move from side to side. [Freq.of Wag, v.] 
 
 Wagon, wag'un, >i. a four-wheeled vehicle 
 for carrying heavy goods. [A.S. u-cegen. 
 See the by-form Wain. The ending -on 
 is probably due to Romance influence.] 
 
 WAGOXAGE, «ag'on-aj, n. money paid 
 for carriage or conveyance by wagon : a 
 collection of wagons. '^Wagonage prov- 
 ender, and two or three pieces of can- 
 non." — Carlyle. 
 
 WAGON -BOILER, wag'on-boil-er, n. a 
 kind of steam-boiler, having originally 
 a semi-cylindrical top, the ends and sides 
 vertical, and the bottom flat, thus ha\ing 
 the shape of a wagon covered with its 
 tilt. Improved forms have the sides and 
 bottom slightly curved inwardly. 
 
 WAGONER, wag'un-er, n. one who con- 
 ducts a wagon. 
 
 WAGONETTE, wag-un-et', n. a kind of 
 open carriage. 
 
 'W^AGTAIL, wag'tal, n. a small bird, so 
 named from its constantly wagging its 
 tail. 
 
 WAIF, waf, n. anything found astray with- 
 out an owner : a worthless wanderer. 
 [Norman Fr. tveif (O. Fr. gaif), Low L. 
 tvayviutn, conn, with Waive.] 
 
 WAIL, wal, v.i. to lament or sorrow aud- 
 ibly. — v.t. to bemoan : to grieve over. — 
 «. a cry of woe : loud weeping. [An 
 imitative word, from the A.S. interj. iv&, 
 w6-id (E. Woe), Goth, vai ; cf. Ir. waill.] 
 
 Wailing, wal'lng, n., tcail. — adv. Wail- 
 
 IXGLY. 
 
 Wain, wan, n. a wagon, [A,S. wa:gen, 
 wan: G«r. tcagen: from the root vaJi, to 
 carrv, L. veho. Doublet Wago.v.] 
 
 Wainscot, wan'skot, n. the panelled 
 boards on the walls of apartments. — v.t. 
 to line with, or as if with, boards or 
 panels. [Lit. " wall-timber or boards," 
 A.S. wag, wah, a wall, and scot or schot, 
 which also appears in the obs. shide, 
 a lath— M. E. scheden, to divide (Ger. 
 srheiden).] 
 
 WAIST, wast, n. the smallest part of the 
 iiuman trunk, between the ribs and the 
 hips : the middle part of a ship. [From 
 W.^x, to grow: cf, Ger. wuehs—waclisen.} 
 
 WAISTBAND, wa.st'band, n. the band or 
 part of a garment which encircles the 
 waist. 
 
 «^AISTCOAT, wast'kot (colloq. wes'kot or 
 wes'kot), «, a short coat or garment with- 
 out sleeves, worn under the coat, extend- 
 ing no lower than the hips, and covering 
 the waist ; a vest : a similar garment 
 formerly worn by women. " You'd best 
 come like a mad woman with a band on 
 your iraistcoat." — Iiekker. "Waistcoat 
 was a part of female dress as well as 
 male, ... It was only when the n-aist- 
 coat was worn without a gown or upper | 
 
 dress that it was considered the mark of 
 a mad or profligate woman. Low females 
 of the latter class were generally so at- 
 tired." — I\%r€S. 
 WAISTCOATEER. wast-kot-er', n. one who 
 wears a waistcoat, esp. a low profligate 
 woman : a strumpet. 
 I knew you a icaistcoafeer in the frarden alleys. 
 And would come to a sailor's whistle. 
 
 — Massinger. 
 
 WAISTER, wast'er, n. {naitt.) an inexpe- 
 rienced or bi-oken-down seaman, such as 
 used to be placed in the waist of a man- 
 of-war to do duty not requiring much ex- 
 ertion or a knowledge of seamanship: a 
 green hand. 
 WAIT, wat, v.i. to stay in expectation : to 
 remain : to attend (with on) : to follow : 
 to lie in ambush. — v.t. to stay for : to 
 await. [O. Fr. waiter (Fr. giietter), to 
 watch, attend — O. Ger. wahtan. See 
 Wake.] 
 
 Wait, wat, n. the act of waiting for some- 
 thing or somebody ; as, after a long icait 
 we were admitted : the act of waiting in 
 concealment for the purpose of attacking; 
 ambush ; 
 Why sat'st thou like an enemy in ivait ? — Milton : 
 a kind of old night watchman ; one of a 
 band of musicians in the paj' of a town 
 corporation whose duties were at first to 
 pipe or sound the hours and guard the 
 streets, but subsequently to act merely 
 as town's minstrels or musicians ; " For 
 as the custom prevails at present there is 
 scarce a young man of anj' fashion in a 
 corporation that does not make love with 
 the town music ; the traits often help 
 him through his courtship." — Steele : at 
 present, one of a band of musicians who 
 promenade the streets during the night 
 and early morning about Christmas or 
 New-year time, performing music appro- 
 priate to the season : an old musical in- 
 strument of the hautboy or shawm kind ; 
 the name of the instrument may be from 
 the waits, who chiefly performed on it. — 
 To LIE IN WAIT, to fie in ambush : to be 
 secreted in order to fall by surprise on an 
 enemy : hence (Jig.), to lay snares or to 
 make insidious attempts, or to watch for 
 the purpose of ensnaring, "Behold, j'e 
 shall lie in trait against the city, even 
 behind the city,"— 5osh, viii. 4. — ^To LAY 
 ■WAIT, to set an ambush. " Their tongue is 
 as an arrow shot out ; it speaketh deceit ; 
 one speaketh peaceably to his neighbor 
 with his mouth, but in heart he layeth 
 his tcait." — Jer. ix. 8. 
 
 Waiter, wafer, «. one yfho waits: an at- 
 tending servant : a salver or tray:— /em. 
 Watt'ress. 
 
 WAITS, wats, n.pl. itinerant musicians 
 who welcome in Christmas. TFrom 
 Wait.] 
 
 WAmE, wav, i\t. to relinquish for the 
 present : to give up claim to : not to 
 insist on a right or claim. [O. Fr. tveiver. 
 Cf. Wait.] 
 
 WAKE, wak, v.i. to cease from sleep: to 
 watch (so in B.): to be roused up, act- 
 ive, or vigilant. — v.t. to rouse : to re- 
 vive : to put in action : — pa.t. and pa. p. 
 waked or woke. [A.S. tvucan : Ger. 
 trachen, to watch ; allied to Wait, 
 Watch, also to tra,v, to grow, and to 
 L. figeo, to be lively, to thrive.] 
 
 WAKE, wak, n. act of waking : feast of 
 the dedication of a church, formerly 
 kept by watching all night : sitting up 
 of persons with a corpse. 
 
 WAKE, wak, n. the streak of smooth wa- 
 ter left in the track of a ship : hence fig., 
 " in the wake of," in the train of : imme- 
 diately after. [From Fr. onaiche, through 
 the Sp.. from L. aquayinm. a water- 
 course — aqua, water, and ago, to lead.] 
 
 WAKEFUL, wak'fool, adj. bfiug auaket 
 indisposed to sleep : vigilant. — adv, 
 Wake'fully. — n. Wake'ftlkess. 
 WAKEN, wak'n, v.t. and v.i. to tvake or 
 
 awake. 
 WALE, wal, n. a raised streak left by & 
 stripe : a ridge on the surface of cloth : 
 a plank all along the outer timbers on i 
 ship's side. — v.t. to mark with wales, 
 [A.S. tcalu, the mark of a stripe or blow ; 
 Sw. teal. See Goal.] 
 WALE, wal, v.t. to choose : to select. 
 Burns. [Scotch. Also teile or tvyle, Ice. 
 velja, Dan. vcelge, Sw. viilja, Goth, tialjan, 
 Ger. tvahlen, to choose or select ; Ice. val, 
 Ger. tvahl, a choice ; probably from same 
 root as will.'] 
 WALE, wal, n. the act of choosing : the 
 choice : a person or thing that is excel- 
 lent : the pick: the best, "The pick 
 and tvale." — Btirus. [Scotch.] 
 WALE-K:N0T, wal'not, n. {natif.) a par- 
 ticular sort of large knot raised upon 
 the end of a rope, by untwisting the 
 strands and inter-weaving them among 
 each other. It is made so that it cannot 
 slip, and serves for sheets, tackles, and 
 stoppers. 
 WALE-PIECE, wal'-pes, n. a horizontal 
 timber of a quay or jetty, bolted to the 
 vertical timbers or secured by anchor- 
 rods to the masonry to receive the im- 
 pact of vessels coming or lying along- 
 side. E. H. Knight. 
 WALIE, wa'li, adj. excellent : large : 
 
 ample. [Scotch.] 
 WALISE, wa-lez', n. a portmanteau : a 
 
 valise. Sir. TF. Scott. [Scotch.] 
 WALK, wawk, v.i. to move along leisurely 
 on foot with alternate steps : to pace : to 
 travel on foot : (B.) to conduct one's 
 self : to act or behave : to live : to b« 
 guided by. — i:t. to pass through or upon; 
 to cause to walk. [A.S. ivealcan, to roll, 
 turn ; cog. with Ger. walken, to fuU 
 cloth.] 
 WALK, wawk. n. act or manner of walk- 
 ing : gait : that in or through which one 
 walks : distance walked over : place for 
 walking : path : high pasture-ground : 
 conduct : course of life. 
 WALKING-FISH, wawk'ing-fish. n. the 
 name given to an acanthopterygious fish 
 of the genus Antennarius (A. hispidus), 
 from its ability to use its pectoral fins as 
 legs in traversing the land. These are 
 set in a greatly elongated wrist, and are 
 themselves stiff and powerful, their 
 pointed rays resembling claws. It is a 
 native of the Indian seas. 
 WALKING-GENTLEMAN, wawk'ing-jen- 
 tl-man, x.an actor who fills subordinate 
 parts requiring a gentlemanly appear- 
 ance. Dickens. 
 WALKING-LADY, wawk'ing-la-di, n. an 
 actress who fills parts analogous to those 
 taken bj' the walking-gentleman. 
 WALL, wawl, n. an erection of brick, 
 stone, etc., for a fence or security : the 
 side of a building : {fig.) defence, means 
 of security •.—pi. fortifications. — v.t. to 
 inclose with or as with a wall : to defend 
 with walls. [A.S. treall, trail ; Ger. uaU, 
 both from L. valhtm, a rampart.] 
 WALLACHIAN, wal-lak'yan, adj. of or 
 pertaining to Wallachia, its language or 
 inhabitants. 
 WALLACHIAN. wal-lak'yan, Ji, one of the 
 natives of Wallachia, the descendants of 
 Roman and other colonists: that member 
 of the Romance family of tongues, or 
 descendants of the Latin, spoken in 
 Roumania (Wallachia and Moldavia) and 
 adjoining regions. 
 WALLAROO, wal-la-roo', n. the native 
 Australian name for several species of 
 kangaroos.
 
 WALL-BOX 
 
 474 
 
 WAPPATO 
 
 WALL -BOX, wawl'-boks, a device for 
 supporting a pluuiber-block on which a 
 shaft rests in passing tliroiigli a wall. 
 It is a rectangular cast-iron frame with 
 arrangements for receiving and holding 
 the box in position. 
 
 WALLET, wol'et, n. a bag for carrj'ing 
 necessaries on a journey : a knapsack : 
 a pocket-book. [Prob. a corr. of Fr. 
 mallette, dim. of inalle, a bag (see Mail, 
 a bag), under influence of Valise.] 
 *VALL^EYE, wawl'-I, u. an eye in which 
 the white part is very large : the popular 
 name for the disease of the eye called 
 glaucoma. — Wall'-ETED, adj. xevy light 
 gray in the eyes, esp. of horses. [Older 
 form ivhally-eyed — A.S. hwelan, to waste 
 awav.l 
 
 WALi^FLOWER, wawl'-flow'er, n. a plant 
 with fragrant yellow flmvers, found on 
 old walls. 
 
 WALL-FRUIT, wawl'-froot, n., fruit grow- 
 ing on a icall. 
 
 WALLOON, wal-loon'. n. one of the de- 
 scendants of the old Gallic Belgas who 
 occupy the Belgian provinces oi Hain- 
 ault, Liege, and Namur, Sovithern Bra- 
 bant, Western Luxembourg, and a few 
 villages in Rhenish Prussia: the language 
 of the same territory. It is a dialect or 
 patois of French, with a great proportion 
 of Gallic words preserved in it. [The 
 name given by the Teutons to the Celts 
 of Flanders and the Isle of Walcherea, 
 from a root wal, I'al, signifj'ing stranger. 
 Akin Walnut, Welsh.] 
 
 WALLOW, wol'o, v.i. to roll about, as m 
 mire : to live in filth or gross vice. [A.S. 
 walirian, Goth, valijaii. L. volvo. Cf. 
 Well, a spring, and Welter.] 
 
 WALLYDRAIGLE, wal'i-dra-gl, WALLY- 
 DRAGGLE, wal'i-di'ag-l, n. the youngest 
 of a family: the bird in a nest : hence, 
 any feeble ill-grown creature. Ramsay. 
 [Scotch. Perl), lit. the dregs of the tval- 
 let.'] 
 
 WALNUT, wawl'nut, n. the common 
 name of trees and their fruit of the 
 genus Juglans, nat. order Juglandaceaj. 
 The best known species, the common 
 walnut-tree {J. regia), is a native of Per- 
 sia. It is a large handsome tree with 
 strong spreading branches. The timber 
 ■of the walnut is of great value, is very 
 durable, takes a fine polish, and is a beau- 
 tiful furniture wood. It is also employed 
 for turning and fancy articles, esp. for 
 gun-stocks, being light and at the same 
 time hard and fine-g-rained. The ripe 
 fruit is one of the best of nuts, and foi-ms 
 a favorite item of dessert. They yield by 
 expression a bland fixed oil, which, un- 
 der the names of walnut-oil and nut-oil, 
 is much used by painters, and in the 
 countries in which it is jjroduced is a 
 common article of diet. Other notewor- 
 thy species are the wliite walnut, or but- 
 ter-nut. and the black walnut (•/. nigra) 
 of North America. The timber of the 
 latter is even more valuable than, and is 
 used for the same purposes as, the com- 
 mon walnut, but tl)e fruit is very in- 
 ferior. [A.S. tcealh-hiiut, a walnut, lit. 
 a foreign nut — wealh, foreign, and linut, 
 nut: so Ger. ■tcallntiss, Dut. walnoot. 
 See AVelsh, the original meaning of 
 which is simply foreign.] • 
 
 «i'^ALNUT-OIL, wawl'n'ut-oil, n. an oil ex- 
 pressed from the walnut, useful as a ve- 
 hicle in painting, or as a drving-oil. 
 
 WALPURGIS-NIGHT, val-poorg'is-nit, 7i. 
 the eve of 1st May. which has become 
 associated with some of the most popu- 
 lar witch superstitions of Germany, 
 though its connection with M'alpwgis, 
 Walpurga, or '\\'alb'*.rga , a female saint 
 of the eighth centuiy, is not satisfactori- 
 
 ly accounted for, her fesist falling prop- 
 erly on the 25th of February. On this 
 night the witches were supjjosed to ride 
 on broomsticks and he-g'oats to some 
 appointed rendezvous, such as the high- 
 est point of the Hartz Mountains or the 
 Brocken, where they held high festival 
 with tlieir master the devil. 
 
 WALRUS, wol'rus, ?i. a marine carnivorous 
 mammal, the single species constituting 
 a genus Ti'ichecus, as well as the familj' 
 Trichecidaj, and belonging, with its allies 
 the seals, to the Pinnigrade section of the 
 order Carnivora. The walrus (T. rosma- 
 rus), which is also known as the morse, 
 sea-horse, and sea-cow, is distinguished 
 by its round head, small mouth and eyes, 
 tliick hps, short neck, body thick in the 
 middle and tapering towai'ds the tail, 
 wrinkled skin with short yellowish hairs 
 tliinly dispersed over it. The legs are 
 short and loosely articulated ; the five 
 toes on each foot are connected bj" webs. 
 The upper canine teeth ai-e enormously 
 developed in the adults, constituting two 
 large pointed tusks directed downwards 
 and slightly outwards, projecting con- 
 siderably below the chin, and measuring 
 usuallj' 13 to 15 inches in length, some- 
 times even 3 feet and more. Tliere are 
 no external ears. The animal exceeds 
 the largest ox in size, attaining a length 
 of 30 feet. The walrus is gregarious but 
 shy. and very fierce \\ hen attacked. It 
 inhabits the shores of Spitzbergen, Hud- 
 son's Bay, and other places in high north- 
 ern latitudes, where it is hunted by 
 whalers for its blubber, which yields ex- 
 cellent oil ; for its skin, which is made 
 into a valuable thick and durable leather; 
 and for its tusks, the ivory of which, 
 though coarse grained, is compact, and 
 is employed in the arts. [Directly from 
 Dut. walrus, a. walrus, lit. a whale-horse 
 — wal (as in walvisch, whale-fish, whale), 
 a whale, and ro.s, a horse ; similar are 
 Ger. wallross, Dan. I'alros, Sw. vallross, 
 and its A.S. and Ice. names, hors-hwal, 
 lee. hross-hvalr, horse-whale.] 
 
 WALTZ, wawlts. ». a German national 
 dance performed by two persons with a 
 rapid whirling motion : the music for it. 
 — v.i. to dance a waltz. [Lit. the '• revolv- 
 ing dance," Ger. walzer — tvalzen, to roll, 
 conn, with Wallow and Weltee.] 
 
 WAMPUliL wom'pum, n. the North Amer- 
 ican Indian name for shells or beads used 
 as money and as tokens of treaties and 
 alliances between tribes. 
 
 WAN, won, adj. faint: wanting color: pale 
 and sickly : languid. — adv. Wan'ly. — n. 
 Wan' NESS. [A.S. irann, pale; perh. conn, 
 ■with Win, which orig. meant to sufi'er, 
 struggle.] 
 
 WAND, wond, n. a long .slender rod : a rod 
 of authority, or of conjurers. [Ice. vondr, 
 a shoot of a tree, Dan. i^aand.] 
 
 WANDER, won'der, i-.i. to ramble with no 
 definite object : to go astray {lit. or jig.): 
 to leave home : to depart from the sub- 
 ject : to be delirious. — v. Wan'DERER. 
 [A.S. u-andriau : Ger. iravdern, allied to 
 Wend, and to Wind, to turn round.] 
 
 WANDERING, won'der-ing, p. and adj. 
 given to wander: roaming: roving: 
 rambling : unsettled : as, to fall into 
 u'andering habits. — WANDERING Jew, a 
 legendary character, who, according to 
 one version, that of Matthew Paris, dat- 
 ing from the thirteenth century, was a 
 servant of Pilate, by name Cartaphilus, 
 and who gave Christ a blow when he was 
 led out of the palace to execution. Ac- 
 cording to a later version he was a 
 cobbler named Aiiasuerus. who refused 
 Christ permission to sit down and rest 
 
 when, on his way to Golgotha, lie passed 
 his house. Both legends agree in the 
 sentence pronounced by Christ on the 
 offender, "Thoulshalt wander on the earth 
 till I return." A prey to remorse he has 
 since wandered from land to land with- 
 out j'et being able to find a grave. The 
 story has been turned to account bj 
 manj- poets and novelists, as Shelley 
 Goethe, Sue, and others. 
 
 WANDEROO, won-de-roo', )t. a catarrhine 
 monkey of the genus Macacus {M. silen us), 
 inhabiting Cej'lon and the East Indies. 
 The length is about 3 feet to the tip of 
 the tail, which is uufted, and much re- 
 sembles that of the lion ; the color of the 
 fur is deep black ; the callosities on the 
 hinder quarters are bright pink ; a well- 
 developed mass of black hair covers the 
 head, and a great grayish beard rolls 
 down the face and round the chin, giving 
 tlie animal a somewhat sage and vener- 
 able appearance. 
 
 WANE, wan, v.i. to decrease, esp. of the 
 moon, as opp. to wax : to decline, to fail. 
 — )!. decline : decrease. [A.S. u-anian ; 
 from root ivan, seen in Wanton.] 
 
 Want, wont, n. state of being without 
 anything : absence of what is needful or 
 desired: povertj- : scarcity : need. — v.t. 
 to be destitute of : to need : to feel need 
 of : to fall short : to wish for. — v.i. to be 
 deficient : to fall short. [Ice. vanta. to 
 be wanting; from root of Wane.] 
 
 WANTING, wont'ing, adj. absent : defi- 
 cient. 
 
 WANTON, won'tun, adj. moving or play- 
 ing loosely : roving- in sport : frisky : 
 wandering from rectitude : licentious : 
 running to excess : unresti'ained : irregu- 
 lar. — adv. Wan'tonxy. — n. Wan'tonness 
 [M. E. wantoicen, from wan, sig. want 
 and A.S. togen, educated, pa.p. of teon 
 to draw, lead ; cf. Ger. ungezogen, rude. . 
 
 WANTON, won'tun, n. a wanton or lewd 
 person, esp. a female : a trifler. — v.i to 
 ramble without restraint : to frolic ; to 
 plaj- lasciviously. 
 
 W A PENS HAW, \ya'pn-sha, VVAPIN- 
 SCHAW, wa'pin-shaw, n. in Scotland an 
 appearance or review of persons under 
 arms, made formerly at certain times in 
 every district. These exhibitions or 
 meetings were not designed for military 
 exercises, but only for showing that the 
 lieges were properly provided with arms. 
 The name has been revived in some quar- 
 ters and applied to the (leriodical gath- 
 erings of the volunteer corps of a more 
 or less wide district for review, inspec- 
 tion, shooting competitions, and the like. 
 [Lit. a iceapoH-sliow.l 
 
 WAPENTAKE, wap'n-tak, n. a name in 
 Yorkshire, England, for a district simi- 
 lar to the hundreds of southern coun- 
 ties, so called from the inhabitants being 
 formerly taught the use of arms. [A.S. 
 wQ^peugetcfc (lit.) " weapon-taking." See 
 Weapon and Take. Cf. Wapinsoh.-vw.] 
 
 WAPITI, wap'i-ti. n. a species of deer, the 
 Nortli American stag or elk (Cervus caii- 
 adensis), which more nearly resembles 
 the European red-deer in color, shape, 
 and form, than it does any other of the 
 ceivine race, though it is much largei 
 and of a stronger make. It is in fact 
 the most gigantic of the deer genus, fre- 
 quently growing to the height of our 
 tallest oxen. Its flesh is not much prized, 
 being coarse and dry, but its hide is made 
 into excellent leather. [Probably the 
 Iroquois name.] 
 
 WAPPATO, wap'a-to. n. the tubers of 
 Hagittaria littoralis: so called by the 
 Indians of Oregon, who use them as an 
 article of food. [Spelled also Wapatoo.]
 
 WAR 
 
 475 
 
 WASSAIL 
 
 WAR, wawr, Ji. a state of opposition or 
 contest : a contest between states car- 
 ried on by arms : open hostility : the 
 profession of arms. — v.i. to make war : 
 to contend : to fight -.—pr.p. warring- ; 
 Xia.t. and pa.jj. warred. [A.S. werre, in- 
 fluenced by O. Fr. werre (Fr. guerre), 
 wliich is from O. Ger. tverra, quarrel.] 
 
 WARBLE, wawr'bl, v.i. to sing- in a quav- 
 ering waj', or witli variations : to chirp, 
 as birds do. — v.t. to sing in a vibratory 
 manner : to utter musically : to carol. — 
 n. a quavering modulation of the voice : 
 a song. [O. Fr. werbler, to warble, make 
 turns with the voice — Ger. mrbeln, to 
 make a turn ; akin to Whirl.] 
 
 WARBLE, wawr'bl, WARBLET, wawrb'- 
 let. n. in farriery, one ot those small 
 hard tumoi's on the backs of horses oc- 
 casioned by the heat of the saddle in 
 travelling or by the uneasiness of its 
 situation : also, a small tumor produced 
 by the larvae of the gad-fly in the backs 
 of horses, cattle, etc. 
 
 WARBLER, wawr'bler, n. one that ivar- 
 bles : a songster : a singring-bird. 
 
 WARD, wavvrd. v.t. to guard or take care 
 of : to keep in safety : to fend ofl'. — v.i. 
 to act on the defensive. — n. act of ward- 
 ing, watch : one whose business is to 
 ward or defend : state of being guarded : 
 means of guarding- : one who is under a 
 guardian : a division of a city, hospital, 
 etc. : that which guards a lock or liind- 
 ers any but the riglit key from opening 
 it : (B.) guard, prison. [A.S. tceardian ; 
 Ger. warten, to watch, to watch in order 
 to protect. See Guard.] 
 
 WARDEN, wawrd'en, n. one who trards or 
 
 fuards : a keeper, esp. a public officer in 
 tate penal institutions. — n. Ward'en- 
 SHIP. [O. E. wardein (Fr. gardien).'] 
 
 WARDER, wawrd'er, n. one who wards or 
 keeps. • 
 
 WARDROBE, wawrd'rob, n. a room or 
 portable closet for robes or clothes: wear- 
 ing-apparel. 
 
 WARDROOM, wawrd'room, n. a room used 
 as a messroom b_v the officers of a war- 
 ship. 
 
 WARDSHIP, wawrd'ship, n. the office of a 
 ward or guardian: state of being under 
 a guardian. 
 
 WARE, war, n. (used generally in pi.), mer- 
 chandise : commodities : goods. [A.S. 
 ivaru ; Qer. waare, Ice. vara.] 
 
 WARE, war, adj. in B. = aware. [See 
 Wary.] 
 
 WARE, war, in B., pa.t. of Wear. 
 
 WAREHOUSE, war'hows, n. a house or 
 store for wares or goods. — v.t. to deposit 
 in a warehouse. 
 
 WARFARE, wawr'far, ;i. a carrying on 
 war : military* life : war : contest or 
 struggle. [War and Fare.] 
 
 WARILY, WARINESS. See under Wary. 
 
 WARLIKE, wawrllk. adj.. like, fit, or dis- 
 posed for war : belonging to war : sol- 
 dierly. 
 
 WARLOCK, wawT'lok, n. a male witch, a 
 wizard. [A.S. wcerJoga, a breaker of an 
 agreement — wcer, a compact, and leogan, 
 to lie, modified by Ice. vardh-lokk-r. a 
 magical song.] 
 
 WARM, wawrm, adj. having moderate 
 heat, hot : subject to heat : zealous : 
 easily excited : violent : enthusiastic. — 
 t;.t to make warm: to interest: to excite. 
 — v.i. to become warm or ardent. — ■adi\ 
 Warm'ly. — ns. Warm'ness, Warm'er. 
 [A.S. wecirin : Ger. wnrm ; allied to O. L. 
 foriiDif. Gr. thermos, hot. Sans. ghan)ia, 
 lieat. ] 
 WARM, wawrm, n. warmth : heat. 
 The winter's hurt recovers with the vxirm • 
 The parched green restored Is with shade. 
 
 — Surrey. 
 
 WARM, wawrm, n. a warming: a heating: 
 as. let us get a good warm. Dickens. 
 
 WAR -MAN, wawr'-man, n. a warrior. 
 '■ The^sweet war-man is dead and rotten." 
 —.Shak. 
 
 WAR-MARKED, wawr'-markt, adj. bear- 
 ing the marks or traces of war: approved 
 in war : veteran. 
 
 Your anuy, which doth most consist 
 Of waf-mnrked iootlneli.— .Shak. 
 
 WARM-BLOODED, wawrm-blud'ed, adj. 
 having warm blood : applied in zool. to 
 mammals and birds, the blood of which 
 by virtue of a complete circulation of 
 that fluid, and its aeration through the 
 medium of lungs at each revolution, has 
 a temperature varjing from 99° or 100° 
 F. in man to 110° or 112° F. in birds : in 
 contradistinction to fishes, amphibians 
 and reptiles, or cold-blooded animals. 
 
 WARMTH, wawrmth, n. state ot being 
 warm. 
 
 WARN , wawrn, v. t. to make viaiT/ or aware: 
 to put on ward or guard : to give notice 
 of danger : to caution against : to ad- 
 monish. [A.S. warnian ; Ice. vama, to 
 warn, forbid, Ger. warnen ; allied to 
 Ward, Beware, Wary.] 
 
 WAJINING, wawrn'ing, n. caution against 
 danger, etc. : admonition : previous no- 
 tice. 
 
 W^iUP, w-awrp, v.t. to turn : to twist out 
 of shape : to turn from the right or 
 proper course : to pervert : to tow or 
 move with a line attached to buoys, etc. 
 — v.i. to be twisted out of a straight 
 direction : to bend : to swerve : to move 
 with a bending motion. [A.S. weorpan, 
 werpan ; Goth, wairpan, Ger. werfen, to 
 cast.] 
 
 WARP, wawrp, n. the threads stretched 
 out leng-thwise in a loom to be crossed 
 by the woof : a rope used in towing. 
 [A.S. wearp ; Ger. werft.] 
 
 WAR-PAINT, wawr'-pant, n. paint put on 
 the face and other parts of the body by 
 N. American Indians and other savages 
 on going to war, with the purpose of 
 making their appearance more terrible. 
 Longfellow. 
 
 WAR-PATH, wawr'-piith, n. the route or 
 path taken on going to war: a warlike 
 expedition or excursion — used chieflj- in 
 regard to the American Indians. — Oct ON 
 THE WAR-PATH, On a hostile or warlike 
 expedition : hence (colloquially) said of 
 one who is about to make a deliberate 
 attack upon an adversary or a measure. 
 
 WARPED, wawrpt, p. and adj. twisted fcy 
 shrinkingor seasoning: turned out of the 
 true direction : hence, perverted : unnat- 
 ural. "Such aM'aj'jjedslip of wilderness." 
 — Shak. 
 
 Here's another, whose imrp'd looks proclaim 
 Wliat store her heart is made on.—Shak. 
 
 WARRANT, wor'ant, v.t. to guarantee or 
 make secure : to give assurance against 
 harm to : to authorize : to maintain : to 
 assure. [O. Fr. warantir (Fr. garantir) 
 — O. Ger. irerev, to give bail for ; Ger. ge- 
 triihren, to vouch, warrant; conn, with 
 Ward, Wary.] 
 
 WARRANT, wor'ant, n. that which tcar- 
 rants or authorizes : a commission giving 
 authority : a writ for arresting a person: 
 security. 
 
 WARRANTABLE, wor'ant-a-bl, &dj. au- 
 thorized bv icarrant or right: justifiable. 
 —adv. W'arr'antably. — n. Warr'ant- 
 
 ABLEKESS. 
 
 WARRANTER, wor'ant-er.WARRANTOR, 
 wor'ant-or. ji. one who warrants. 
 
 WARRANTY, wor'ant-i, n. a legal warrant 
 or deed ot security: a guarantee: author- 
 ity. 
 
 WARREN, wor'en, n. in England, a piece 
 of ground for warding or protecting 
 
 animals, especially rabbits. [O. Fr. war- 
 enne (Fr. garenne) — Fr. garer, from Teut. 
 root of Ward, Warrakt.] 
 WARRIOR, wor'i-or, ji. one engaged in 
 
 wav : a soldier. 
 WART, wawrt. Ji. a small, hard excres- 
 cence on the skin : a protuberance on 
 trees. [A.S. wearte ; Ger. warze ; prob. 
 allied to L. verruca.] 
 WARTY, wawrt'i, adj. like a wart: over' 
 
 grown with warts. 
 WARY, war'i, adj. warding or guarding 
 against deception, etc., cautious. — adv. 
 War'ily.— Ji. War'iness. [M. E. toar — 
 A.S. ircer, cautious, conn, with Wakd, 
 Warn.] 
 WAS, woz, the past tense of the verb to 
 be ; as, I iras. thou wast or wert, he was ; 
 we, you, or they icere. Sometimes used 
 elliptically for fhe)-e was. 
 In war, u-as never lion rasred more fierce. 
 In peace, teas never gentle lamb more mild. 
 
 —Shak. 
 I was a poor groom of thy stable, king. 
 When tnou vxri king. — Shak. 
 When all were changing thou alone wert true. 
 
 —Byron. 
 1 turned to thee for thou wert near. —Bryant. 
 The forms of the subjunctive occur in such 
 expressions as, if I were, or icere I to go ; 
 if thou iveri ; icert thou ; were they, etc. 
 
 Have strew'd a scene which I should see 
 With double joy iveri thou with me.— Byron. 
 Nay, nay, God wot, so thou ^cert nobly born 
 Thou hast a pleasant presence. — Tennysryti. 
 
 [A.S. ic trees. I was, he icces, he was. th4 
 wcere, thou wert, pi. wceron, were ; inf. 
 tvesan. to be. The root of iras is one of 
 the three different roots that go to make 
 up the complete conjugation of the sub- 
 stantive verb. (See also Am and Be.) 
 The forms with r exhibit the common 
 change of s to r. seen in Ice. vesa or vera, 
 to be : Ger. iresen, to be, ivar, I was ; cf, 
 also Dan. va^-e, Sw. vara, to be. The 
 original meaning was to dwell, as in 
 Goth, visan, to dwell, to remain, to be ; 
 seen also in Sans, ra.5, to dwell :Gr. (v)astij, 
 a city. The second person singular now 
 is either wert or wast, neither of which 
 occurs in Anglo-Saxon nor perhaps be- 
 fore the fourteenth century. Wert seems 
 to be taken from the Scandina^^an=Ice. 
 vart. wert ; second sing. pret. trast is 
 formed by adding t. which is a second 
 person suffix, as in hast, art, shalt. In 
 A.S. the past subj. was — sing, woere (all 
 three persons), pi. wceron (all persons), 
 these in later times became irere imi- 
 formlj', but wert is now commonly used 
 as second pers. sing.] 
 
 WASH, wosh, r.f. to cleanse -with water : 
 to overflow: to waste away by the action 
 of water : to cover with a thin coat of 
 metal or jiaint. — v.i. to cleanse with wa- 
 ter.— Ji. a washing: the shallow part of 
 a river or arm of the sea: a marsh or fen: 
 alluvial matter : waste liquor, refuse of 
 food. etc. : that with which anything- is 
 washed : a lotion : a thin coat of paint, 
 metal, etc. [A.S. irascan : Ice. vaska, 
 Ger. icasclieu.] 
 
 WASHER, wosh'er, ji. one who washes : a 
 flat ring of iron or leather between the 
 nave of a wheel and the liuch-pin, under 
 the head of a screw, etc. 
 
 WASHY, wosh'i, adj. watery: damp: soft: 
 weak : not solid. 
 
 WASP, wosp, n. a stinging insect, like the 
 bee, allied to the hornet. [A.S. ivaps 
 (Ger. irespe) ; prob. from L. vesjm.] 
 
 WASPISH, wosp'ish. adj. like a wasp : 
 having a slender waist like a wasp: quick 
 to resent an afl'i-ont. — adv. Wasp'ishly. 
 — n. Wasp'tshne.';^^. 
 
 WASSAIL. WASSEL. wos'sel. n. a festive 
 occasion or meeting where drinking and
 
 WASSAIL 
 
 pledging of healths are indulged in ; fes- 
 tivities ; a drinking bout ; a carouse ; 
 
 The king doth wake to-night and takes his rouse, 
 Keep wassail. — Shak.: • 
 
 the liquor used on such occasionp, espe- 
 cially about Christmas or the New Year. 
 It consists of ale (sometimes wine) sweet- 
 ened with sugar, and flavored with nut- 
 meg, cinnamon, cloves, roasted apples, 
 etc. ; 
 
 But let no footstep beat the floor, 
 Nor bowl of wassail mantle warm. — Tennyson : 
 
 a merry drinking song : " Have you done 
 your tvassail 9 'Tis a liandsome drowsy 
 Sitty, I assure you." — Bemi. & Fl. [A.S. 
 u-es'had,ic(es heel, be health, that is, health 
 be to you, an old pledge or salutation in 
 drinking — u-es, imper. of wesan, to be, 
 and heel, health.] 
 
 WASSAIL, wos'sel, v.i. to hold a merry 
 drinking meeting: to attend at wassails: 
 to tope. " Spending all the day, and a 
 good part of the night, in dancing, carol- 
 ling, and wassailing." — Sir P. Sidney. 
 
 WASSAIL, wos'sel, adj. of, pertaining to, 
 or connected with wassail or festivities : 
 convivial: as, a umssail candle, that is. a 
 large candle used at wassails or feasts. 
 Shak. 
 
 WASSAIL-BOUT, wos'sel-bout, n. a jovial 
 drinking-bout. 
 
 Many a tcassaU-bout wore the long winter out. 
 — Longfellow. 
 
 WASSAIL-BOWL, wos'sel-bol, n. a large 
 bowl in which wassail was mixed and 
 placed on the table before a festive 
 company. It was an old custom to go 
 about with such a bowl, containing the 
 liquor called wassail, at the time of the 
 New Year, etc., singing a festival song, 
 and drinking the health of the inhabit- 
 ants, and collecting money to replenish 
 the bowl. In some parts of England the 
 wassail bowl still appears at Christmas. 
 "When the cloth was removed the butler 
 brought in a huge silver vessel. . . . Its 
 appearance was hailed with acclamation, 
 being the wassail-bowl so renowned in 
 Christmas festivity. '" — H'. Irving. 
 
 WASSAIL -CUP, wos'sel -kup, n. a cup 
 from which wassail was drunk. 
 
 WASSAILER, wos'sel-er, n. one who drinks 
 wassail or takes part at a wassail or drink- 
 ing feast: hence, generally, a feaster ; a 
 reveller. "The rudeness and swilled in- 
 solence of such late wassailers.]' — Milton. 
 
 WASSERMAN, waws'ser-raan, n. a sea- 
 monster in the shape of a man. 
 The griesly Wasserman, that makes his game. 
 The flying sliips with swiftnes to pursew. 
 
 — Spenser. 
 
 [Lit. waterman — Ger. irasser, water, and 
 maw.] 
 
 WASTE, wast, adj., empty, desert: deso- 
 late : stripped : lying unused : unpro- 
 ductive. — v.t. to lay waste or make deso- 
 late : to destroy : to wear out gradually: 
 to squander : to diminish : to impair. — 
 v.i. to be diminished : to dwindle : to be 
 consumed. [A.S. weste, empty; cog. with 
 Ger. wiist, desert, L. i-astus, empty.] 
 
 WASTE, wast, n. act of wasting: useless 
 expenditure : loss : destruction : that 
 which is wasted or wa.ste : uncultivated 
 country : desert : refuse. 
 
 WASTEFUL, wast'fool, adj. full of tvaste: 
 destructive : lavish. — adv. Waste'ftjlly. 
 — n. Waste'fuujess. 
 
 WASTENESS, wast'nes,n. (B.) devastation. 
 
 WASTER, wast'er, n. one who or that 
 which wastes : (B.) a spendthrift : a de- 
 stroyer. 
 
 WASTING, wast'ing, n. (B.) devastation. 
 
 WATCH, woch, n. act of looking out : 
 close observation : guard : one who 
 watches or those who watch : a sentry : 
 the place where a guard is kept : time of 
 
 476 
 
 watching, esp. in a ship : a division of the 
 night: a pocket timepiece. The essential 
 parts of a watch are the dial on which 
 the hours, minvites, and seconds are 
 marked, the hands whicli move round 
 the dial pointing to these divisions, the 
 train of wheels which carry round the 
 hands, etc., the balance which regulates 
 the motion of the wheels, and the coiled 
 spring (the mainspring), whose elastic 
 force produces the motion of the whole 
 machinerj-, the movement being inclosed 
 in a protecting case usually of gold or 
 silver. — A repeating icatch or repeater 
 has in addition a small bell, gong, or 
 other sounding object on which the 
 hours, half-hours, quarters, etc., are 
 struck on the compression of a spring. 
 A chronometer watch or pocket chronom- 
 eter isone of the finest kinds of watches 
 fitted witli a compensation balance and 
 other devices which prevent the varia- 
 tions of temperature from afl'ecting the 
 regular movement of the watch. Watches 
 were invented at Niiremberg about the 
 beginning of the sixteenth century, and 
 for a long time the wearing of a watch 
 was considered in some degree a mark or 
 proof of gentility. Thus Malvolio remarks 
 in anticipation of his great fortune. " I 
 frown the while ; and perchance wind up 
 my watch, or play with my — some rich 
 jewel." — Shak. [A.S. iL'cecce ; conn, with 
 Waxe.] 
 
 WATCH, woch, v.i. to look with attention: 
 to keep guard : to look out.^ — v.t. to keep 
 in view : to give heed to : to have in keep- 
 ing : to guard. 
 
 WATCH-CASE, woch'-kas, n. a case for a 
 watch. In the following passage from 
 the second part oi Henry IV., iii. 1, some 
 commentators define watch-case as the 
 case or box of a watch (watchman) or 
 sentry ; others as the case or framework 
 of a watch or clock within which contin- 
 ual restless motion is kept up. 
 
 O thou dull god (sleep), why liest thou with the vile 
 In loathsome beds, and leavest the kingly couch 
 A watch-case, or a common 'larum-bell ? — Shak. 
 
 WATCHER, woch'er, n. one who watches. 
 
 WATCHFUL, woch'fool, adj. careful to 
 tcatch or observe : attentive : circum- 
 spect : cautious. — adv. Watch'fully. — 
 n. Watch'fulness. 
 
 WATCHMAN, woch'man, n. a man who 
 watches or guards, esp. the streets of a 
 city at night. 
 
 WATCHWORD, woch'wurd. ?;. the pass- 
 tcord to be given to a icatch or sentry. 
 
 WATER, waw'ter, n. the fluid which forms 
 the ocean, lakes, and rivers : any collec- 
 tion of it, as the ocean, a lake, river, etc.: 
 urine: lustre of a diamond. Water, when 
 pure, is transparent, inodorous, tasteless; 
 a powerful refractor of light, an imper- 
 fect conductor of heat and electricitj' ; 
 it is very slightly compressible, its abso- 
 lute diminution for a pressiu'e of one at- 
 mosphere being onlyabout 51 '3 millionths 
 of its bulk. Although water is colorless 
 in small quantities, it is blue like the at- 
 mosphere when viewed in mass. It as- 
 sumes the solid form, that of ice or snow, 
 at 32° F., and all lower temperatures ; 
 and it takes the form of vapor or steam 
 at 212° F. under a pressure of 29-9 ins. 
 of mercury, and retains that form at 
 all higher temperatures. Under ordinary 
 conditions water possesses the litiviid form 
 onlj' at temperatures lying between 33° 
 and 212°. It is. however, possible to cool 
 water very considerably below 32° F. and 
 yet maintain it in the liquid form ; the 
 vessel containing the water must be per- 
 fectly clean, and the water must be 
 maintained in a state of perfect rest. 
 
 WATER-CLOSET 
 
 Water may also be heated, under presS' 
 ure. many degrees above 212° F. with- 
 out passing into the state of steam. 'The 
 specific gravity of water is 1 at 39' '2 F., 
 being the unit to which the specific 
 gravities of all solids and liquids are re- 
 ferred, as a convenient standard, on ac- 
 count of the facility with which it is 
 obtained in a pure state ; one cubic inch 
 of water at 62° F.. and 29-9 inches, baro- 
 metrical pressure, weighs 252.458 grains. 
 Distilled water is 815 times heavier than 
 atmospheric air. Water is at its great- 
 est density at 39°-2 F. (=4° C), and in 
 this respect it presents a singular excep- 
 tion to the general law of expansion by 
 heat. If water at 39°-2 F. be cooled, it 
 expands as it cools till reduced to 32°, 
 when it solidifies ; and if water at 39°'2 
 F. be heated, it expands as the tempera- 
 ture increases in accordance with the 
 general law. In a chemical point of 
 view water exhibits in itself neither acid 
 nor basic properties ; but it combines 
 witli both acids and bases forming hy- 
 drates : it also combines with neutral 
 salts. Water also enters, as a liquid, 
 into a peculiar kind of combination with 
 the greater number of all known sub- 
 stances. Of all liquids water is the most 
 powerful and general solvent, and on 
 this important property its use depends. 
 Without water not only the operations 
 of the chemist but the processes of ani- 
 mal and vegetable life would come to a 
 stand. In consequence of the great sol- 
 vent power of water it is never found 
 pure in nature. Even in rain-water, 
 which is the purest, there are alviays 
 traces of carbonic acid, ammonia, and 
 sea-salt. Where the rain water has fil- 
 tered through rocks and soils, and reap- 
 pears as spring or river-water, it is al- 
 waj's more or less charged -with salts 
 derived from the earth, such as sea-salt, 
 gypsum and chalk. When the propor- 
 tion of these is small the water is called 
 soft, when larger it is called hard water. 
 The former dissolves soap better, and is 
 therefore preferred for washing; the lat- 
 ter is often pleasanter to drink. The 
 only way to obtain perfectly pure water 
 is to distil it. Distilled water is pre- 
 served in clean well stopped bottles, and 
 used in chemical operations. Water is 
 reposited in the earth in inexhaustible 
 quantities, where it is preserved fresh 
 and cool, and from which it issues in 
 springs, which form streams and rivers. 
 But the great reservoirs of water on the 
 globe are the ocean, seas, and lakes, 
 which cover more than three-fifths of 
 its surface, and from which it is laised 
 by evaporation, and, uniting with the air 
 in tlie state of vapor, is wafted over the 
 earth ready to be precipitated in the 
 form of rain, snow, or hail. Water is a 
 compound substance, consisting of hy- 
 drogen and oxygen, in the proportion of 
 2 volumes of the former gas to 1 vol- 
 ume of the latter ; or by weight it is 
 composed of 2 parts of hydrogen united 
 with 16 parts of oxygen. — v.t. to wet 
 overflow, or supply with water: to wet 
 and press so as to give a wavj- appear- 
 ance to. — v.i. to shed water : to take in 
 water. [A.S. meter ; Dut. icater, Ger. 
 wasser ; Gr. hydor, L. iidus, wet. iinda, 
 a wave. Sans, uda, water ; conn, with 
 Wet.] 
 
 WATER-CARRIAGE, waw'ter-kar'ij, n., 
 carriage or conveyance by icater. 
 
 WATERCLOCK. waw'ter-klok. n. a clock 
 which is made to go by the fall of water. 
 
 WATER-CLOSET, waw'ter-kloz'et. n. a 
 closet used as a privy, in wliich the dis- 
 charges are carried off by uater.
 
 WATER-COLOR 
 
 WAX-PALM 
 
 WATER -COLOR, waw'ter-kul'ur, n. a 
 color or pigment diluted with water and 
 gum. instead of oil. 
 
 WATERCOURSE, vvaw'ter-k5rs, n. a course 
 or channel for icater. 
 
 WATERFALL, waw'ter-fawl, n. a fall or 
 perpendicular descent of a body of water: 
 a cataract or cascade. 
 
 WATER-FOWL, waw'ter-fowl, n. a bird 
 that frequents the water, or lives about 
 rivers, lakes, oi' on or near the sea : an 
 aquatic fowl. The term is generally 
 applied to web-footed birds, but some- 
 times employed also to include herons, 
 plovers, and other birds which frequent 
 rivers, lakes, and sea-shores. 
 
 WATER-FOX, waw'ter-foks, n. a name 
 given to the carp on account of its sup- 
 posed cunning. Iz. Walton. 
 
 WATER-FRAME, waw'ter-fram, n. the 
 name given to Arkwright's frame for 
 spinning cotton on account of its having- 
 been at first driven bj' water. Called also 
 Throstle (which see). 
 
 WATER-FURROW, waw'ter-fur-5, n. in 
 agri. a deep furrow made for conducting 
 water from the ground and keeping it 
 drv. 
 
 WATER-FURROW, waw'ter-fur-o, v.t. to 
 plough or open water-furrows in : to drain 
 by means of water-furrows. Tusser. 
 
 W-4TER-GALL, waw'ter-gavvl, n. a cavity 
 made in the eartli by a torrent of water: 
 an appeai-ance in the sky known from 
 experience to presage the approach of 
 rain : a rainbow-colored spot : an imper- 
 fectly formed or a secondary rainbow : 
 a weather-gall. " False good news are 
 always produced by true good, like the 
 water-gall by the rainbow." — H. Walpole. 
 And pound ai>out her tear-distained eye 
 Blue circles streamed, like rainbows in the sky. 
 These loater-gaUs in her dim element 
 Foretell new storms. — Shak. 
 [Water, and O. E. galle, Ice. galli. Ger. 
 galle. fault, flaw, imperfection.] 
 
 WATER-GAS, waw'ter-gas, n. an illu- 
 minating gas obtained by decomposing 
 water. Steam is passed over red-hot 
 coke, when the oxygen being absorbed 
 the hydrogen and carbonic oxide are 
 passed through a retort in which car- 
 bonaceous matter is undergoing decom- 
 position, absorbing therefrom sufficient 
 carbon to render it luminous when 
 lighted. 
 
 WATERGAUGE or WATERGAGE. waw'- 
 ter-gaj, n. an instrument for gauging or 
 reeasuring the quantity of water. 
 
 WATER-INCH, waw'ter-insh, n. in hy- 
 draulics, a measure of water eqtial to 
 the quantity discharged in 24 hours 
 through a circular opening of 1 inch dia- 
 meter leading from a reservoir, under 
 the least pressure, that is, when the 
 water is only so high as to merely cover 
 the orifice. This quantity is 500 cubic 
 teet very nearly. 
 
 WATERING-PLACE, waw'ter-ing-plas, n. 
 a place where wafer may be obtained : a 
 place to which people resort to drink 
 •nineral water, or bathe, etc. 
 
 WATERISH, waw'ter-ish, adj. resembling 
 tcafer : somewhat watery : thin. 
 
 WATERLANDER, waw'ter-land-er, WA- 
 TERLANDIAN, waw'ter-land-yan, n. a 
 menjber of the more moderate of the two 
 sections into which the Dutch Anabap- 
 tists became divided in the sixteenth cen- 
 tury on the question of excommunica- 
 tion, both with regard to the strictness 
 and severity with which it was apphed, 
 as well as the extent to whicli it reached, 
 their opponents extending it to the rela- 
 tives of the offender : so called from a 
 district in Holland called Waterland. 
 
 WATERr-LEVEL, waw'ter-lev'el, n. the 
 level formed by the surface of still water: 
 
 a levelling instrument in which water is 
 employed instead of mercury or spirit of 
 wine. It consists of aglass tube contain- 
 ing water, open at both ends, and having 
 the ends turned up. When the tube is 
 placed on a horizontal surface the water 
 will stand at the same height in the 
 turned up ends, and when placed in an 
 inclined position the water will manifest- 
 ly stand highest in the depressed end. 
 
 WATER-LILY, waw'ter-lil'i, n. a water- 
 plant like a lily, with large floating 
 leaves. 
 
 WATERLINE, waw'ter-Un, n. the line on 
 a ship to which the icater rises. 
 
 WATER-LOGGED, waw'ter-logd, adj. ren- 
 dered logAike, or unmanageable, from be- 
 ing filled with icater. 
 
 WATERMAN, waw'ter-man, n. a man who 
 plies a boat on water for hire : a boat- 
 man : a ferryman. 
 
 WATERMARK, waw'ter-mark, ?i. a inark 
 showing the height to which water has 
 risen : a tide mark : a mark wrought 
 into paper. 
 
 WATERMILL, waw'ter-mil, n. a mill driven 
 by water. 
 
 WATER-PARTING, waw'ter-part'ing, n. 
 same as Watershed. 
 
 WATER-POWER, waw'ter-pow'er, n. the 
 pou-er of water, employed to move ma- 
 chinery, etc. 
 
 WATERPROOF, waw'ter-pro6f,adj. imper- 
 vious to water : so firm and compact as 
 not to admit water: as, waterproof cloth, 
 leather, or felt. Many solutions and com- 
 positions have been employed for the 
 purpose of rendering cloth and other 
 things water-proof, but caoutchouc or 
 india-rubber has now nearly superseded 
 all other agents for this purpose : anj' 
 substance, as caoutchouc, a sc'-itlon of 
 soap and alum, or of isinglass .v ith in- 
 fusion of galls, for rendering cloth, 
 leather, etc., impervious or nearly mi- 
 pervious to water. 
 
 WATERSHED, waw'ter-shed, n. the line 
 which separates two river-basins : a dis- 
 trict from which several rivers rise. [See 
 Shed, to part.] 
 
 WATER-SPOUT, waw'ter-spowt, n. a re- 
 markable meteorological phenomenon 
 frequently observed at sea, and exactly 
 analogous to the whirlwinds experienced 
 on land. It occurs when opposite winds 
 of different temperatures meet in the 
 upper atmosphere, wherebj- a great 
 amount of vapor is condensed into a 
 thick black cloud, to which a vertical 
 motion is given. This vertical motion 
 causes it to take the form of a vast fun- 
 nel, which, descending near the surface 
 of the sea, draws up the water in its 
 vortex, which joins in its whirling mo- 
 tion. The whole column, which after the 
 junction extends from the sea to the 
 clouds, assumes a magnificent appear- 
 ance, being of a light color near its axis, 
 but dark along the sides. When acted 
 on by the wind the column assumes a 
 position oblique to the horizon, but in 
 calm weather it maintains its vertical 
 position, while at the same time it is 
 carried along the surface of the sea. 
 Sometimes the upper and lower parts 
 move with different velocities, causing 
 the parts to separate from each other, of- 
 ten with a loud report. The whole of the 
 vapor is at length absorbed in the air, or 
 it descends to the sea in a heavy shower 
 of rain. Sudden gusts of wind, from all 
 points of the compass, are very common 
 in the vicinity of water-spouts. What 
 are sometimes called water-spouts on land 
 are merely heavy falls of rain of a very 
 local character, and maj' or may not be 
 accompanied with whirling winds. They 
 
 occur generally during thunder-storms, 
 and differ only from severe hail-storms 
 in point of temperatiu-e. 
 
 WATER-TABLE, waw'ter- ta'bl, n. a 
 moulding or other projection in the 
 %vall of a building to throw off the 
 water. 
 
 WATERTIGHT, waw'ter-tit, adj. so tight 
 as not to admit icater. nor let it escape. 
 
 WATERWHEEL, waw'ter-hwel, n. a icheei 
 moved by water : an engine for raising 
 water. 
 
 WATERWORK, waw'ter- wurk, n. any 
 work or engine by which water is fur- 
 nished, as to a town, etc., usually in the 
 Pl- 
 
 WATERY, waw'ter-i, adj. pertaining to or 
 like water : thin or transparent : taste- 
 less : containing or abounding with wa- 
 ter. — ?i. Wa'teriness. 
 
 WATTLE, wot'l, n. a twig or flexible rod : 
 a hurdle : the fleshy excrescence under 
 the throat of a cock or a turkey. — v.t. to 
 bind with wattles or twigs : to form by 
 plaiting twigs. [A.S. watuL] 
 
 WAUL, wawl, v.i. to cry as a cat. [Imi- 
 tative.] 
 
 WAVE, wav, ;;. a ridge on the surface of 
 water swaying or moving backwards and 
 forwards : a state of vibration propa- 
 gated through a system of particles : 
 inequality of surface : a line or streak 
 like a wave. — v.i. to move like a wave : 
 to play loosely : to be moved, as a signal 
 or a flag : to fluctuate. — v.t. to move 
 backwards and forwards : to brandish : 
 to waft or beckon : to raise into inequal- 
 ities of surface. [M.E. wawe — A.S. icceg ; 
 cog. with Ger. wage, Ice. vogr ; allied to 
 Vogue, Waver.] 
 
 WAVELESS, wav'les, adj, free from 
 waves : undisturbed. 
 
 WAVELET, wav'let, n. a little wave. [Dim. 
 of Wave.] 
 
 WAVE-OFFERING, wav'-of'er-ing, n. (B.) 
 an offering wared towards the four points, 
 
 WAVER, wav'er, v.i. to move to and fro: to 
 shake : to be unsteady or undetermined : 
 to be in danger of falling. — n. Wav'eEKR. 
 
 W An extension of Wave.] 
 AVY, wav'i, adj. full of or rising in 
 waves : playing to and fro : undulating. 
 
 WAX, waks, n. a fat-like j-ellow substance 
 protluced by bees, and used by them in 
 making their cells: any substance like it, 
 as that in the ear : the substance used to 
 seal letters : that used by shoemakers to 
 rub their thread. — v.t. to smear or rub 
 with wax.^arf/. Wax'en. [A.S. iceax, 
 woex ; Ice. vax, Dut. was, Ger. wachs.] 
 
 WAX, waks, v.i. to grow or increase, esp. 
 of the moon, as opp. to wane : to pass 
 into another state. [A.S. zcedxan ; Ice. 
 i-a.ra, Ger. wachsen, Goth, wahsjan ; L. 
 ougeo, to increase, Gr. auxano, Sans. 
 vaksh. Zend, iikhs.^ 
 
 WAXCLOTH, waks'kloth, Ji., c?o/;i covered 
 with a coating of wa.c, used for table- 
 covei's, etc. : a popular name for all oil 
 floorcloths. 
 
 WAXEN, waks'n, (B.) pa. p. of Wax, 
 grown. 
 
 WAX-PALM, waks'-pam, n. a species of 
 p.alm, the Ceroxylon andicola, found in 
 South America. It is a native of the 
 Andes, and is found chiefly between 4° 
 and 5° of north latitude, at an elevation 
 of about 5000 feet above the sea-level, 
 among rugged precipices. It grows to 
 the height of 180 feet. The trunk is 
 marked by rings, caused by the falling 
 off of the leaves, which .are 18 to 20 feet 
 long, and is covered with a thick secre- 
 tion, consisting of two-thirds resin and 
 one-third wax. This substance is also 
 exuded from the leaves, is whitish, al- 
 most inodorous, except when heated.
 
 WAX-PAPER 
 
 478 
 
 WEATHERBOUND 
 
 when it gives out a resinous odor. In 
 the region in which it grows the wax, 
 usually mixed with bees'-wax and tallow, 
 is made into candles. The only other 
 palm which exudes wax, and that in a 
 sort of scales from the palmate leaves, is 
 the Carnauba palm, found plentifully in 
 Brazil. 
 
 WAX-P.VPER. waks'-pa-per, n. a kind of 
 paper prepared by spreading over its sur- 
 face a coating made of white waXj tur- 
 pentine, and spermaceti. 
 
 «" AX-RED, waks'-red, adj of a bright red 
 color, resembling that of sealing-wax. 
 " Wax-red lips." — Shak. 
 
 WAX-SCOT, waks'-skot, n. a duty ancient- 
 ly paid twice a year towards the charge 
 of wax-candles in churches. 
 
 WAX-WING, waks'-wing, n. the common 
 name of the species of dentirostral birds 
 of the genus Arapelis. They are so named 
 because most of them have small, oval, 
 horny appendages on the secondaries of 
 the wings of the color of red sealing-wax. 
 Onlj' three species have been recorded, 
 viz. the Bohemian wax-wing or chatterer 
 {A. garrula), a migratory bird, which has 
 a wide geographical range, the American 
 wax-wing or cedai'-bird (-4. oaroUnensis), 
 which is confined to North America, aod 
 the red-winged chatterer or Japanese 
 wax-wing (A. plienicoptera), an Asiatic 
 bird. 
 
 WAXWORK, waks'wurk, n., icork made 
 of wax, esp. figures or models formed of 
 wax. 
 
 WAXY, waks'i, adj. resembling icax : 
 soft : adhesive. 
 
 WAY, wa, n. passage : road : length of 
 space : distance : direction : manner of 
 life : advance in life : general manner of 
 acting : means ; manner : will. — By the 
 WAT, as we go on. — Ways and mean's, 
 resources of revenue. [A.S. weg : Ger. 
 weg. L. ii'a. Sans, vaha : akin to veho. to 
 carry; Gr. ochos, a carriage. Cf. Weigh.] 
 
 Waybill, wa'bil, n. Ust of goods carried 
 by a freight train on railways. 
 
 WAYFARER, wa'far-er, n. one who fares 
 or goes on his ivay : a traveller or pass- 
 enger. 
 
 WAYFARING, wa'far-ing, adj. travelling 
 or passing. 
 
 WAYLAY, wa-la' or wa'la, v.t. to He in the 
 tcay for : to watch or lie in ambush for. 
 
 WAYMARK, wa'mark, n. (B.) a guidepost. 
 
 WAYWARD, wa'ward, adj. froward: will- 
 ful.—/;. Way'wardjtess. [Prob. origi- 
 nallj' sig, "taking one's own way" (cf. 
 the 'adj. Frowabd).] 
 
 WAYWiSE, wa'wlz, adj. expert in finding 
 or keeping the way: knowing the way or 
 route. Ash . 
 
 WAYWISER, wa'wTz-er, n. an instrument 
 for measuring the distance which one has 
 travelled on the road : an odometer or 
 pedometer. ' ' I went to see Colonel Blount 
 who showed me the application of the 
 icaywiser to a coach, exactly measuring 
 the miles, and showing theni by an index 
 as we went on. It had 3 circles.'one point- 
 ing to the number of rods, another to the 
 mUes, by 10 to 1000, with all the sub- 
 divisions" of quarters." — Evelyn. [Ger. 
 wegweiser, from u-eg, way, and u-eiseii, 
 to direct.] 
 flTAYWODE. WAIWODE, wa'wod, n. a 
 name originally given to military com- 
 manders in vurious Slavonic countries, 
 and afterwards to governors of towns 
 or provinces. It was borne for a time 
 by the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia, 
 who subsequently took the title of Hos- 
 podar. [Pol. arid Russ. ivoyeiroda, lit. 
 army leader, from zooi, an army, and 
 teodtt, to lead.] 
 
 WAYWORN, w5'w6rn, adj. worn out by 
 travel. 
 
 WE. we, pron., pi. of I: I and another or 
 others : I and he or she. or I and they. 
 We is sometimes, like they, vaguely used 
 for society, people in general, the world, 
 etc., but when the speaker or writer uses 
 we he identifies himself more or less di- 
 rectly with the statement : when he uses 
 they he implies no such identification. 
 Both pronouns thus used may be trans- 
 lated by the French on and the German 
 man ; as ice (or they) say=o?i dit, man 
 sagt. 
 
 (Vice) seen too oft, familiar with her face, 
 We first endure, tlien pity, tlien embrace. — Pope, 
 " • TJiey say so.' ' And who are " they "? 
 Everybody — nobody. They! They is a 
 regular scandal-monger, an unknown, 
 unacknowledged, imseen, unanswered, 
 unauthorized creation quoted on all oc- 
 casions.' " — M}-s. S. C. Hall. We is fre- 
 quently used by individuals, as editors, 
 authors, and the like, when alluding to 
 themselves, in order to avoid the appear- 
 ance of egotism which it is assumed 
 would result from the frequent use of 
 the pronoun I, though it is an open ques- 
 tion whether or not we is any less ego- 
 tistic than /, in authorship. Tlie plural 
 style is also used by kings and other po- 
 tentates, and is said to have been first 
 used in his edicts by King John of En- 
 gland, according to others by Richard I. 
 The French and German sovereigns fol- 
 lowed the example about the beginning 
 of the thirteenth century. 
 
 Wt^ charge you, on allegiance to ourself. 
 To hold your slaughterin;^ hands. — Shak. 
 [A.S. we, O.S. ire, wi. Ice. ver, rcer, Dan. 
 and Sw. vi, Dut. wij, Ger. «•?>, Goth, weis; 
 cog. Sans, vayam — we. The initial w or 
 V is supposed to represent m of the old 
 radical ma, me, I, and the suffix ,s (Ger. »•) 
 to be a relic of an old demonstrative mna 
 joined to the first pronoun. Originally, 
 therefore, ire=ma-sma^I-^that (or 7ie).] 
 
 WEAK, wek, adj. soft : wanting strength: 
 not aijle to sustain a great weight: want- 
 ing health : easily overcome : feeble of 
 mind : wanting moral force : frail : un- 
 steady : slight or incomplete : having 
 little of the chief ingredient: impressible: 
 inconclusive. — ndr. We.^jk'lt. — ii.Weak'- 
 NESS. [A.S. icac, pliant — ?nca», to yield; 
 cog. with Dut. ireek. Ice. veik-r, Grer. 
 treich.'] 
 
 WEAKEN, wek'n, v.t. to make weak: to 
 reduce in strength or spirit. — v.i. to grow 
 weak or weaker. [A.S. wacian ; Ger. 
 iceichen. See WEAKr] 
 
 WEAKLING, wek'ling, n. a weak or feeble 
 creature. 
 
 WEAKLY, wek'n, adj., weak in body or 
 mind. 
 
 WEAL, wel, n. state of being trell : a 
 sound or prosperous state : welfare. 
 [A.S. rrela. wealth, bliss ; Ger. irohl. 
 See Well, adj.~\ 
 
 WEAL, wel, n. a form of Wale. 
 
 WEALD, weld, n. a irood or forest : a 
 wooded region: an open cotintry. [A.S. 
 weald, Ger. irald, wood, from the root 
 of Wild.] 
 
 WEALDEN, weld'n, adj. (geol.) pertaining 
 to the upper oolitic .series of rocks. ['So 
 called because first studied in the wealds 
 in S. of England.] 
 
 WEALTH, welth, n. large possessions of 
 any kind : riches. [Lit. " state of being 
 well or prosperous :" an extension of 
 Weal, state of being well.] 
 
 WEALTHIEST, welth^i-est. adj. superl. of 
 Wealthy : (P)-. Bk., Ps. Ixxviii. 31) fat- 
 test. 
 
 WEALTHY, welth'i. adj. rich : (B.) pros- 
 perous.— adw. WEALTH'ILY.— 71.WEALTH'- 
 INESS. 
 
 WEAN, wen. v.t. to aecvstoni to do with* 
 out the breast : to reconcile to the want 
 of anything: to estrange the affections 
 from any object or habit. [A.S. irenian ; 
 Ice. x'enja, Ger. geirohnen, to accustom, 
 ent-wuhnen, to disuse, to wean.] 
 
 WEAPON, wep'un, n. any instrument of 
 oflence or defence. — adj. Weap'ONED 
 [A.S. nxepen ; Goth, vepna, arms, Ger, 
 iraffen and irappen.'\ 
 
 WEAPON-SALVE, wep'on-sav, n. a salve 
 which was supposed to cure the wound 
 by being applied to the weapon that 
 made it. Sir Kenelm Digbj' says the 
 salve produces sympathy between the 
 wound and the weapon, citing several 
 instances to prove that " as the sword is 
 treated the wound inflicted by it feels. 
 Thus, if the instrimient is kept wet the 
 wound will feel cool, if held to the fire 
 it will feel hot," etc. This is referred to 
 in the following lines : — 
 
 She has taen the broken lance. 
 And washed it from the clotted ^ore. 
 And saived the spUnter operand o'er. 
 
 Sir W. Scott iMamiion). 
 
 WEAE, war, v.t. to carry on the body : to 
 have the appearance of : to consume by 
 use, time, or exposiu'e : to waste by rub- 
 bing: to do by degrees. — v.i. to be wasted 
 by use or time : to be spent tediously: to 
 consume slowly : to last under use :— • 
 pa.t. wore ; pa.p. worn. — n. Wear'ek, 
 [Lit. " to cover." A.S. «e?'!a«,- Ice. rer^'a, 
 to cover, Goth, vasjan. See Vest.] 
 
 WEAR, w ar. n. act of wearing : lessening- 
 or injury by use or friction. — Wear and 
 Teae, loss by wear or use. 
 
 WEAR, war, v.t. to put a ship on another 
 tack. [Prob. a corr. of Veer.] 
 
 WEAR, wer, n. atiother speDing of Weir 
 
 W^EARABLE, war'a-bl. adj. fit to be worn. 
 
 W^EARISOME, we'ri-sum, adj. making 
 weary : tedious. — adv. Wea'kisosielY". — 
 n. Wea'risomeness. 
 
 WEARY, we'ri, adj. worn out : having the 
 strength or patience exhausted : tired : 
 causing weariness. — v.t. to wear out or 
 make weary : to reduce the strength or 
 patience of : to harass. — adv. Wea'eily. 
 — n. Wea'einess. [A.S. tvertg.] 
 
 WEASEL, we'zl, n. a small animal with a 
 slender body and short legs, living on 
 birds, mice,' etc. [A.S. wesle ; Ger. me- 
 sel.] 
 
 WEATHER, we«i'er, n. state of the air as 
 to heat or cold, dryness or wetness, etc. 
 — r.^. to affect by exposing to the air r 
 to sail to the windward of: to gain or 
 pass, as a promontory or cape : to hold 
 out stoutly against difficulties. [A.S. 
 u-eder : Ice. vedhr. Ger. tvetter.'\ 
 
 WEATHER-BEATEN, \ve»i'er-bet'n, adj. 
 distressed or seasoned bj' the weather. 
 
 WEATHER - BOARD, wc/7( 'er - bord , n. 
 (naut.) that side of a ship which is to- 
 ward the wind, the windward side : a 
 piece of plank placed in the ports of a 
 ship when laid up in ordinary, and serv- 
 ing as a protection from bad weather ; 
 weather-boards are fixed in an inclined 
 position, so as to turn off the rain with- 
 out preventing the circulation of air : a 
 board used in weather-boarding (whick 
 see). 
 
 WEATHER-BOARD, wef/i'er-bord, v.t. tc 
 nail boards upon, as a roof or side of a 
 house, lapping one over another, in order 
 to prevent rain, snow, etc., from pene- 
 trating them. 
 
 WEATHER - BOARDING, wett'er- hord- 
 ing, n. boards nailed with a lap on each 
 other, to prevent the penetration of th-e 
 rain and snow, used in roofing and siding. 
 
 WTEATHERBOUND, we</i'er-bownd, adj., 
 bound or delayed by bad weather.
 
 WEATHERCOCK 
 
 4:9 
 
 WEEPING-WILLOW 
 
 WEATHERCOCK, wefft'er-kok, n. a vane 
 (often in the form of a cock) to show the 
 direction of the ii-iiid : anything turning 
 easilv anil often. 
 
 WEATHERGAGE, wef/i'er-gaj, n. a gage 
 of or that which shows the weather: the 
 position of a ship to the windward of 
 another. 
 
 WEATHERSIDE, we</i'er-sid, n. the wind- 
 icard side. 
 
 WEAVE, wev, v.t. to twine threads to- 
 gether : to unite threads in a loom to 
 form cloth : to work into a fabric : to 
 unite by intermixture. — r. ('. to practice 
 weaving: — pa.t. wove, (rarel}') weaved ; 
 pa. p. wov'en. [A.S. wefan ; Ice. vefa, 
 Ger. u-ehen.l 
 
 WEAVER, wev'er, n. one who weaves : 
 one whose occupation is to weave. 
 " Weavers were supposed to be generally 
 good singers. Their trade, being seden- 
 tary, they had an opportunity of prac- 
 ticing, and sometimes in parts. . . . Many 
 of the tceavers in Queen Elizabeth's daj's 
 were Flemish Calvinists, who fled from 
 the persecution of the Duke of Alva, and 
 were therefore particularly given to 
 singing psalms. . . . Hence the excla- 
 mation of Falstaff." "I would I were a 
 weaver! I could .sing psalms, and all man- 
 ner of songs."' — Nares: the name Weaver- 
 Bird is given to insessorial birds of various 
 genera. They are so called from the re- 
 markable structure of their nests, which 
 are woven in a very wonderful manner 
 of various vegetable substances. Some 
 species build their nests .separate and 
 singly, and hang them from slender 
 branches of trees and shrubs, but others 
 build in companies, numerous nests sus- 
 pended from the branches of a tree being 
 
 . under one roof, though each one forms a 
 separate compartment and has a separate 
 entrance. They are natives of the warmer 
 parts of Asia, of Africa, and of Australia, 
 none being found in Europe or America. 
 The Ploceus icterocephalua, or yellow- 
 crowned weaver, is a native of South 
 Africa, and constructs an isolated pen- 
 sile kidney-shaped nest, about 7 inches 
 long by 4i broad, with .an opening in the 
 side. Naturalists are not quite agreed 
 as to whether the nests of the weaver- 
 bird are built in their own peculiar man- 
 ner as a means of preservation against 
 the rain, or against the attacks of -ser- 
 pents and small quadrupeds, probably 
 the latter. 
 
 WEAVING, wev'ing, n. the act of one who 
 weaves : the act or art of producing 
 cloth or other textile fabrics by means 
 of a loom from the combination of 
 threads or filaments. In all kinds of 
 weaving, whether plain or figured, one 
 system of threads, called the leoof or 
 weft, is made to pass alternately under 
 and over another system of threads 
 called the icarp, web. or chain. The es- 
 sential operations are the successive rais- 
 ing of certain threads of the trarp and 
 the depression of others so as to form a 
 decussation or shed for the passage of the 
 weft yarn, which is then beaten up by 
 means of a lay or batten. Weaving is 
 performed by tlie liand in what are called 
 hand-looms, or by steam in what are 
 called ]jon-er-loom's, but the general ar- 
 rangements for both are to a certain ex- 
 tent the same. Weaving, in the most 
 general sense of the term, comprehends 
 not only those textile fabrics which are 
 
 firepared in the loom, but also net-work, 
 ace-work, etc. 
 WEB, web, )(. that which is icoven: the 
 fine texture spun by the spider as a snare 
 for flies : a film over the eye : the skin 
 between the toes of waterfowls : a large 
 
 roll of paper. [A.i9. webh : Ice. vefr, 
 Ger. gewebe : from root of Weave.] 
 
 WEBBED, webd, adj. having the toes 
 united bv a web or skin. 
 
 WEBBING, web'ing, n. a narrow icoven 
 fabric of hemp, used for chairs, etc. 
 
 WEB-FOOTED, web'-foot'ed. adj. having 
 webbed feet. 
 
 WEB-PRESS, web'-pres, n. a printing-ma- 
 chine which takes its paper from the 
 web or roll : much used in newspaper 
 and such like printing. 
 
 WED, wed, v.t. to marry : to join in mai'- 
 riage : to unite closely. — v.i. to marry : 
 — pr.i^. wedd'ing; jxj.f. axid. pa.p. wedd'ed 
 or wed. [A.S. weddan. to engage, to 
 marrj' (Ger. wetten, to wager) — iredd. a 
 pledge, cog-, with Goth, vadi, Ger. icette, 
 a bet. See Gage, and Wage, Wager.] 
 
 WEDDED, wed'ed, adj. married : belonging 
 to marriage. 
 
 WEDDING, wed'ing, n. marriage : mar- 
 riage ceremony. 
 
 WEDGE, wej, n. a piece of wood or metal, 
 thick at one end and sloping to a thin 
 edge at the other, used in splitting : a 
 mass of metal. — v.t. to cleave with a 
 wedge : to force or drive with a wedge : 
 to press closely : to fasten with a wedge. 
 [A.S. ivecg; Ice. veggr, Ger. wecl\ a wedge; 
 prob. from the root of Way, Weigh.] 
 
 WEDGEWOOD-WARE, wej'wood-war, 11. 
 a kind of .semi-vitrifled pottery much 
 esteemed. [Invented bv Josiah Wedgc- 
 tcood (1730-95).] 
 
 WEDLOCK, wed lok, n. marriage : matri- 
 mony. [Lit. "state of being wedded," 
 A.S. icedlac — Wed, and -lac, "a gift," 
 "sport." See Laek, a game, and 
 Knowledge.] 
 
 WEDNESDAY, wenz'da, n. fourth day of 
 the week. [A.S. Wodenes dceg, "the day 
 of Woden or Odin," the chief Teutonic 
 deity.] 
 
 WEE, we, adj. small. [Cf. Prov. E. weeny, 
 small, A.S. hwcene, Ger. ivenig ; cf. Scot, 
 a wheen, a small number.] 
 
 WEED, wed, n. any useless plant of small 
 growth: anything useless or troublesome. 
 — v.t. to free from weeds: to remove any- 
 thing hurtful or offensive. — !i. Weed'er. 
 [A.S. weod, an herb.] 
 
 WEED, wed, n. a garment ; an article of 
 clothing ; " Lowly shepherd's tceeds." 
 — Spenser ; " Palmer's weeds." — Milton ; 
 " This silken rag, this beggar-woman's 
 iveed." — Tennyson: an upper or outer 
 garment; "His own h.ands putting on 
 both shirt and weede." — Chapman : an 
 article of di-ess worn in token of mourn- 
 ing ; mourning garb ; mournings ; " In 
 a mourning weed, with ashes upon her 
 head, and te.ars abundantly flowing.'' — 
 Milton. In this sense used now in the 
 plural, and more specifically applied to 
 the mourning dress of .a widow. "A 
 widow's tceeds are still spoken of, mean- 
 ing her appropriate mourning dress." — 
 Nares. [A.S. icmd, wcede, a garment, O. 
 Fris. wed, rcede, Dut. (ge)ii-aad. Ice. vdd, 
 O.Ger. wat, clothing, a garment ; from 
 same root as Goth, ga^vidan, to bind, 
 and as E. weave, withy.] 
 
 WEEDY, wed'i, adj. consisting of iveeds : 
 full of weeds. 
 
 WEEK, wek. n. the space of seven days : 
 the space from one Sunday to another : 
 a cycle of time which has been used from 
 the earliest ages in Eastern countries, 
 and is now universally adopted over the 
 Christian and Mohammedan worlds. It 
 h.as been commonly regarded as a memo- 
 rial of the creation of the world in th.at 
 space of time. It is besides the most 
 obvious and convenient division of the 
 lunar or natural month. — THIS (that) 
 DAY WEEK, the same day a week after- 
 
 wards : the corresponding day in thft 
 succeeding week. " T/iis day week you 
 will be alone.'' — Charlotte Bronte. — Pas- 
 sion WEEK, the week containing Good 
 Friday. — The Feast of weeks, a Jewish 
 festival lasting seven weeks, that is, a 
 "week of weeks" after the Passover. 
 It corresponds to our Pentecost or Wliit- 
 suntide.— A prophetic week, in Scrip. 
 a week of years or seven years. [O. E. 
 weke, wike. A.S. ivice ; Dut. week, Ice. 
 vika. a week. Origin and further con- 
 ne ctions doubtful.] 
 WEEK-DAY. wek'-da, n. any day of the 
 week except Sunday. 
 One solid di^h his ireek-day meal affords. 
 An abided puddiug" solemnized the Lord's. — Pope. 
 
 WEEKLY, wek'li, adj. coming, happening, 
 or done once a iceek. — adv. once a week. 
 — n. a publication appearing once a week. 
 
 WEEN, wen, v.i. to think or fancy. [A.S. 
 irenan — wen (Ger. wahn), expectation, 
 hope.] 
 
 WEEP, wep. v.i. to express grief by shed' 
 ding tears: to wail or lament. — v.t. to 
 lament : to pour forth : — pa.t. and pa.p, 
 wept. [A.S. ivepan; allied to Goth, vop- 
 jaiu E. Whoop.] 
 
 WEEPER, wep'er, n. one who iveeps : a 
 white border round the sleeve of amonrn- 
 ing dress. 
 
 WEEPING, wep'ing, adj. drooping the 
 branches (as it were through grief). 
 
 WEEPING-ASH. wep'ing-ash, /»., Frax- 
 iniis pend-iila, a vai'iety of ash dift'ering 
 from the common ash only in its branches 
 arching downwards instead of upwards. 
 
 "WEEPING-BIRCH, wep'ing-berch, n. a 
 variety of the birch-tree, known as Be- 
 tula pendida, with drooping branches. 
 It is verj- common in different parts of 
 Europe. It differs from the common 
 birch not only in its weeping habit, but 
 also in its voung shoots being quite 
 smooth, brigVit chestnut brown when 
 ripe, and then covered with little white 
 warts. 
 
 WEEPING - CROSS, wep'ing - kros, ?;. a 
 cross, often of stone, erected on or by the 
 side of a highway, where penitents par- 
 ticularly offered their devotions. 
 
 For here I mourn for your, our publike losse, 
 And doe my pennance at the loeeping-crosse. 
 
 — Wither. 
 —To RETURN or COME HOME BY WeEPING- 
 Cross, an old phrase meaning to suffer a 
 defeat in some adventure : to meet with 
 a painful repulse or failure : to repent 
 sorrowfully having taken a certain 
 course or engaged in a particular under- 
 taking. " But the time will come when, 
 comming- home by l^'eeping-Crosse, thou 
 shalt confesse that it was better to be at 
 home." — Lyly. 
 
 WEEPINGLY, wep'ing-li, adv. in a weep- 
 ing- manner : with weeping : in tears. 
 "She took her son into her arms weep- 
 ingly laughing." — Wotton. 
 
 WEEPING-RIPE, wep'ing-rip, adj. ripe or 
 ready for weeping. " The king was weep- 
 ing-ripe for a good word." — Shak, 
 
 WEEPING-ROCK, wep'ing-rok, n. a por- 
 ous rock from which water gradually 
 issues. 
 
 WEEPING-SPRING, wep'ing-spring, n. a 
 spring that slowly discharges water. 
 
 WEEPING-TREE, wep'ing-tre. ?i. a name 
 common to varieties of several trees, the 
 branches and twigs of which in a normal 
 state have an upwtu'd direction, while in 
 the weeping variety the branches and 
 branchlets are elongated and pendulous, 
 or drooping. The weeping-willow, weep- 
 ing-birch, and weeping-ash are exam- 
 ples. 
 
 WEEPING-WILLOW, wep'ing-wil-6, n. a 
 species of willow, the Salij; babylonica, 
 whose branches grow very long and slen-
 
 WEEVIL 
 
 480 
 
 WHARF 
 
 der, and hang- down nearly in a perpen- 
 dicular direction. It is a native of the 
 Levant, and is said to have been first 
 planted in England by the poet Pope. 
 
 WEEVIL, wev'il, n. a small kind of beetle 
 very destructive to grain. [A.S. u-ifel ; 
 Ger. wiebel, Lith. wahalas ; from the root 
 of Weave.] 
 
 SV^EFT, weft, n. the threads woven into and 
 crossing the warp. [A.S. weft, for ivefed, 
 a weak pa.p. of vefan, E. Weave.] 
 
 WEIGH, wa, v.t. to compare by the bal- 
 ance : to find the heaviness of : to be 
 equal to in heaviness : to bear up, to 
 raise, esp. a ship's anchor : to ponder in 
 the mind : to consider worthy of notice. 
 — v.i. to have weight : to be considered 
 of importance : to press heavily. [A.S. 
 wegan, to carry, to weigh ; Ger. wiegeii, 
 to weigh ; L. veho, to carry. Of. Wat, 
 Wain.] 
 
 WEIGHT?, wat, n. the heaviness of a thing 
 when iveighed, or the amount which any- 
 thing weighs : the force with which a 
 body is attracted to the earth, measured 
 by the mass into the acceleration : a 
 mass of metal adjusted to a standard 
 and used for finding weight : anything 
 heavy: a ponderous mass: pressure : im- 
 portance : power : impressiveness. [A.S. 
 fje-unht : Ger. ge - wicht ; from root of 
 Weigh.] 
 
 WEIGHTY, wat'i, adj. heavy : important : 
 forcible. — adu. Weight'ily. — jj.Weight'- 
 
 INESS. 
 
 WEIR. WEAR, wer, »i. a dam across a 
 river : a fence of stakes for catching fish. 
 [AS. wer, an inclosure — werian, to pro- 
 tect ; cf. Ger. wehr, a dam — tvehren, to 
 ward.] 
 
 WEIRD, werd, n. a spell or charm. — adj. 
 skilled in witchcraft : unearthly. [A.S. 
 icyrd, fate — root of weorthan. Ger. wer- 
 den. to happen. See Worth.] 
 
 i/VELCOME, wel'kum, adj. received with 
 gladness : admitted willingly : causing 
 gladness : free to enjoy. — n. kindly re- 
 ception. — v.t. to receive with kindness : 
 to entertain hospitably. [From Come 
 and Will, influenced also by Well.] 
 
 WELD, weld, WOLD, wold, n. a plant na- 
 tive to Great Britain and several Euro- 
 pean countries, used by dyers to give a 
 yellow color, and sometimes called DY- 
 ERS' Weed. It is much cultivated in Kent 
 for the London dyers. It is the Reseda 
 Luteola of botanists, being a member of 
 the same genus as mignonette. Some- 
 times also called Wild Woad. [O. E. 
 welde, wolde, Scand. icald. Origin doubt- 
 ful.i 
 
 WELD, weld, v.t. to unite or join together 
 into firm union, as two pieces of metal, 
 by hammering or compression when 
 raised to a great heat. Iron and platin- 
 um, and perha|)s one or two other met- 
 als, may be hammered together when 
 heated to nearly a state of semi-fusion ; 
 and horn and tortoise-shell may be 
 joined firmly bj' pressure. [O. E. welle, 
 Bcand. waiil (the final d not properly 
 belonging to the word) ; Ger. and Dut. 
 tvellen, to boil, to unite, to weld ; Sw. 
 wcilla. to weld or join two pieces of iron 
 almost at a melting heat. The same 
 word as ivell, to boil, to bubble up, to 
 well. " The process of welding iron is 
 named in many languages from the word 
 for boiling." — Wedgwood. 
 
 WELD, weld, »i. a junction, as of two 
 pieces of iron, when heated to a white 
 hea* by hammering or compression : as, 
 a firm or close ireld. 
 
 WELD, WELDE, weld, v.t. to wield : to 
 manage : to direct : to govern. " Those 
 that %veld the awful crown." — Spenser. 
 
 WELDABLE, weld'a-bl, adj. capable of 
 
 being welded. 
 
 WELDER, weld'er, ?i. one who welds. 
 
 WELDER, weld'er, n. in Ireland, a mana- 
 ger : an actual occupant : a tenant of 
 land under a middleman or series of mid- 
 dlemen. "Such immediate tenants have 
 others under them, and so a third and 
 fourth in subordination, till it comes to 
 the tcelder, as they call him, who sits at 
 a rack-rent, and lives miserably." — Stcift. 
 
 WELDING-HEAT, weld'ing-het, ?i. the 
 heat necessary for welding two pieces of 
 metal : specifically, the white heat to 
 which iron bars are brought when about 
 to undergo this process. 
 
 WELFARE, wel'far, n. state of faring or 
 doing well : freedom from any calamity, 
 etc. : enjoyment of health, etc. : pros- 
 perity. 
 
 WELKIN, wel'kin, n. the sky or region 
 of clouds. [A.S. wolcen, welcn, cloud, 
 air, sky ; Ger. wolke, cloud ; conn, with 
 Well, a spring, the root idea being the 
 "rolling" (of clouds) in the air.] 
 
 WELL, wel, n. a rise of water from the 
 earth : a spring : a pit in the earth 
 whence a supply of water is obtained : 
 an inclosure in a ship's hold round the 
 pumps : the open space in the middle 
 of a. staircase. — v.i. to issue forth, as 
 water from the earth : to spring. — 
 Well-spring (B.), n. a fountain. [A.S. 
 loell ; Ger. welle, a wave. The root is 
 found in A.S. wealwian, Goth, valvjan, 
 L. volvere, to roll.] 
 
 WELL, wel, adj. good in condition : fortu- 
 nate : in health. — adv. in a proper man- 
 ner : rightly : thoroughly : favorably : 
 con veniently.-WELL-FA'voRED (B.) good- 
 looking, so as to Ara,w favor. — Well-off, 
 Well-to-do, easy in circumstances, rich. 
 — Well-read, widely acquainted with 
 books. [A.S. icel, cog. with Goth, vaila, 
 Ger. tvohl.'] 
 
 WELLADAY, wel'a-da, WELLAWAY, 
 wel'a-wa, int. alas. [Corr. from M. E. 
 iveylaway — A.S. wala wa, "woe, lo 1 
 woe."] 
 
 WELL-BEING, wel'-be'ing, n. state of be- 
 ing ivell. 
 
 WELL-BORN, wel'-bawrn. adj., born of a 
 good or respectable family : not of mean 
 birth. 
 
 WELL-BRED, wel'-bred, adj., bred or 
 trained well : educated to polished man- 
 ners. 
 
 WELLINGTONIA, wel-ing-ton'i-a, n. the 
 largest of existing trees, a native of Cali- 
 fornia. [Named after the Duke of Well- 
 ingtonj [almost. 
 
 WELL-NIGH, wel'-nl, adv. nearly as well: 
 
 WELSH, welsh, adj. pertaining to l^'ales 
 or its inhabitants.— )i.p/. the inhabitants 
 of Wales: — si7ig. their language. [A.S. 
 loalsc (Ger. ivelsch) — wealh, a Welshman; 
 hence a foreigner ; ace. to Weigand, from 
 L. Gallicus — Galhis, a Gaul.] 
 
 WELSH-RABBIT, welsh-rab'it, n. cheese 
 melted on toasted bread. [Corr. of Welsh 
 rate bit.] 
 
 WELT, welt, n. a kind of hem or edging 
 round a shoe. — v.t. to furnish with a 
 welt. [W. gwald, a hem — gical, a wall, 
 givaliaw, to inclose.] 
 
 WELTER, wel'ter, v.i. to roll or wallow 
 about, esp. in dirt. [M. E. waiter, to 
 roll, Sw. valtra ; conn, with Waltz and 
 Wallow.] 
 
 WEN, wen, n. a wart : a fleshy, pulpy tu- 
 mor. [A.S. wenn, a swelling, a wart ; 
 Dut. icen.] 
 
 WENCH, wensh, n. a low, coarse woman : 
 a strumpet. — v.i. to frequent the com- 
 pany of wenches or strumpets. [A.S. 
 wencle, a maid, prob. a Celt, word ; conn, 
 with W. gweini, to serve.] 
 
 WEND, wend, v.i. to go : to wind or turn. 
 [A.S. wendan (Ger. wenden), to turn ; 
 the causative of Wind, to turn round.] 
 
 WENT, went, properly ^ja.^ of Wend, but 
 now used aspa.t. of Go. 
 
 WEPT, wept,^a.f. and pa.p. of Weep. 
 
 WERE, wer, v.i. the j)l. of Was, used as 
 pa.t. of Be. [A.S. icoere ; Ger. tea?-, Ice. 
 vera, to be. See Was.] 
 
 WERGILD, wer'gild, n. (among the Old 
 Englisli and Germans) a fine paid in com- 
 pensation for a murder or severe injury. 
 [A.S.. from iver, man (see Werwolf), 
 and gild, payment — geldan, to ,pay (E. 
 Yield).] 
 
 WERWOLF, wer'woolf, n. a person sup- 
 posed to be able to change himself into 
 a tcolf at pleasure. [Lit. " man-wolf," 
 A.S. icer, man (Goth, vair, L. vir), and 
 Wolf.] 
 
 WESLEYAN, wes'le-an, adj. pertaining to 
 U esleyanism. — w. one who adopts Wes- 
 leyanism. 
 
 WESLEY ANISM, wes'le-an-izm, n. the sys- 
 tem of doctrine and church polity of the 
 Wesleyan Methodists : Arminian Meth- 
 odism. [Named from John Wesley.] 
 
 WEST, west, n. the quarter where the sun 
 sets : one of the four chief points of the 
 compass : any part of the world that 
 relatively to another place lies in a 
 westerly direction, as the United States 
 with reference to England, the Western 
 States with reference to the Atlantic 
 sea-board, China with reference to Cali- 
 fornia, etc. — adj. situated toward the 
 west. [A.S.: Ger. west.] 
 
 WESTERLY, west'er-li, adj. lying towards 
 the ivest : from the west. — adv. towards 
 the west. 
 
 WESTERN, west'ern, adj. situated in the 
 west : moving towards the west. 
 
 WESTWARD, west' ward, adj. and adv., 
 towards the rvest. — West'waedly, adv. 
 towards the west. 
 
 WET, wet, adj. containing water : having 
 water on the surface : rainy. — n. water 
 or wetness: moisture. — v.t. to make wet: 
 to soak with water : to sprinkle : — pr.p. 
 wett'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. wet, (rarely) 
 wett'ed. — Wet-dock, n. a dock or basin 
 for floating vessels at all states of the 
 tide. — Wet-NDRSE,?). a nurse who suckles 
 a child for its mother. [A.S. ivoit ; Ice. 
 vatr : from root of Water.] 
 
 WETHER, weWi'er, n. a castrated ram. 
 [A.S. wedher; Ger. widder.] 
 
 WETNESS, wet'nes, n. state of being wet: 
 moisture: a waterj- or moist state of the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 WETTISH, wet'ish, adj. somewhat wet. 
 
 WEY. wa. n. a measure or weight different 
 with different articles=183 lbs. wool, 40 
 iiushels salt or corn, 48 bushels oats, etc. 
 [From Weigh.] 
 
 WHACK, hwak. Same as Thwack. 
 
 WHALE, hwal, n. the common name of an 
 order of mammalia : the largest of sea- 
 animals. [A.S. hwml (Ice. hvalr, Ger. 
 wall-fisch) ; perh. from root of A.S. hwe- 
 lan, to rush, to roar.] 
 
 WHALEBONE, hwal'bon, n. an elastic 
 substance like bone, from the upper jaw 
 of the irhale. 
 
 WHALER, hwal'er, n. a ship or a pereon 
 employed in the M'/iaZe-fishing. 
 
 WHALING, hwal'ing, adj. connected with 
 ?(7ia?e-catching. — ti. the business of catch- 
 ing' whales. 
 
 WHARF, hworf, n. a bank of timber or 
 stone on the shore of a harbor or river 
 for lading and unlading vessels : — pi. 
 Wharfs, Wharves. — v.t. to secure by a 
 wharf. [A.S. hicearf — hweorfan, to turn, 
 conn, with Ger. werben {lit.) to turn, and 
 so to seek after, acquire.]
 
 WHARFAGE 
 
 4S1 
 
 WHETSTONE 
 
 WHARFAGE, hworf'aj, n. the dues paid 
 
 for using a wharf. 
 
 WHARFINGER, hworf in-jer, n. one who 
 has the care of or owns a wharf. 
 
 WHAT, hwot, interrog. pron. neuter of 
 Who: how great: something. — rel. pron. 
 =that which. — What time (i?.)=at what 
 time, when. [A.S. hwcet, neuter of hiva, 
 who ; Ger. icas ; allied to L. quid. See 
 AVho.] 
 
 WHATEVER, hwot-ev'er,pro7i. everything 
 u-h ich: being this or that : all that : one 
 thing or another. 
 
 WHATNOT, hwot'not, n. a piece of furni- 
 ture with shelves for books, etc. , so called 
 because used to hold anything. 
 
 WHATSOEVER, hwot-s6-ev'er,jfjro)i. same 
 as Whatever. 
 
 WHEAL, hwel, n. a Wale, which see. 
 
 WHEAT, hwet, n. a well-known grassy 
 plant, also its seed, which furnishes a 
 white flour for bread. [A.S. hwoete ; (Jer. 
 weizen; allied to White, and named from 
 its color.] 
 
 WHEATEN, hwet'en, adj. made of wheat. 
 
 WHEAT-FLY, hwet'-fll, n. the name of 
 several flies or insects injurious to 
 tvheat. 
 
 WHEEDLE, hwed'l, v.t. to entice by soft 
 words : to flatter. — ns. Wheed'ler, 
 Wheed'ling. [A.S. wadlian, to beg — 
 wadl, poverty ; G«r. wedeln, to wag the 
 tail, as a dog.] 
 
 WHEEL, hwel, n. a circular frame turn- 
 ing on an axle : an old instrument of 
 torture. — v.t. to cause to whirl : to con- 
 vey on wheels. — v.i. to turn round or 
 on an axis: to roll forward. [A.S. hweol; 
 Ice. hjol.] 
 
 WHEEL-BIRD, hwel'-berd,?;. a name given 
 to the common goat-sucker on account 
 of the noise made by the male during 
 incubation, when perched, which is not 
 unlike that of a spinning-wheel. 
 
 WHEEL-BOAT, hwel'-bot, n. a boat with 
 wheels, to be used either on water or 
 upon inclined planes or railways. 
 
 WHEEL-BUG, hwel'-bug, n. an insect of 
 the genus Arilus (A, serratus), family 
 Reduviidae, said to possess electric pow- 
 ers. Its popular name is derived from 
 the curious shape of the prothorax, 
 which is elevated and notclied, so as 
 to resemble a portion of a cog-wheel. 
 
 WHEEL-CARRIAGE, hwel'-kar-rij, n. a 
 carriage moved on wheels, as a coach, 
 chaise, gig, railway carriage, wagon, 
 cart etc 
 
 WHEEL-CHAIR, hwel'-char, n. a chair or 
 chair-like structure mounted on wheels : 
 a bath-chair : an invalid's chair. 
 
 WHEEL-CUTTING, hwel'-kut-ing, n. the 
 operation of cutting the teeth in the 
 wheels used by watch and clock makers, 
 and for other mechanical purposes. 
 
 WHEELED, hweld, adj. having wheels: 
 often used in composition ; as, a two- 
 irheeled carriage, a four-!cfteeZed carriage. 
 
 WHEELER, hwel'er, n. one who wheels: 
 a maker of wheels, a wheelwright : a 
 wheel-horse, or one next the wheels of 
 the carriage : a worker on sewed muslin. 
 
 WHEEL- FIRE, hwel'-fir, n. in chem. a fire 
 which encompasses a crucible without 
 tniK'hing it. 
 
 WHEEL-HOUSE, hwel'-hows, n. {natit.) a 
 kind of round house, built over the steer- 
 inir- wheel in large ships for the shelter of 
 thf helmsman. 
 
 WHEELLESS, hwel ' les, adj. without 
 wheels. ^'^Vheelless carts."'— 3/).5.s Ferrier. 
 
 WHEEL -LOCK, hwel'-lok, n. a small 
 naachine attached to the old muskets for 
 producing sparks of fire. It consisted of 
 a wheel which revolved against a flint 
 fixed in the lock. 
 
 WHEELMAN, hwel'man, n. one who uses 
 
 EE 
 
 a bicycle or tricycle or similar convey- 
 ance. 
 
 WHEEL-ORE, hwel'-or, w. in mineral, an 
 opaque^mineral, of a steel-gray or black 
 color, and metallic lustre, consisting 
 chiefly of sulphur, antimony, lead, and 
 copper. It is found in Herod's-foot Mine, 
 or Wheal, in Cornwall, Eng. [Corn. 
 wheel, for huel, a mine, and E. Ore.] 
 
 WHEEL-PLOUGH,hwel'-plow,?i. a plough 
 with a wheel or wheels added to it, for 
 the purpose of regulating the depth of 
 the furrow, and rendering the implement 
 more steady to hold. 
 
 WHEEL-RACE, hwel'-ras, n. the place '"n 
 which a water-wheel is fixed. 
 
 WHEEL-ROPE, hwel'-rop, n. (naut.) a rope 
 reeved through a block on each side of 
 the deck, and led round the barrel of the 
 steering-wheel, to assist in steering. 
 Chains are now much more commonly 
 used for this purpose. 
 
 WHEEL-SHAPED.hwel'-shapt.adJ.shaped 
 like a wheel : specifically, in bot. mono- 
 petalous, expanding into a flat border at 
 top, with scarcely any tube : rotate : as, 
 a wheel-shaped corolla. 
 
 WHEEL-SWARF,hwel'-swawrf,7i.a clayey 
 cement or putty made in Sheffield, En- 
 gland, from the dust derived by abrasion 
 from grindstones, and used in furnaces 
 where steel is manufactured for coating 
 the layers of iron and charcoal. 
 
 WHEEl^TIRE, hwel'-tir, n. the iron band 
 that encircles a wooden wheel. [See 
 Tire 1 
 
 WHEEL-WINDOW, hwel'-win-do, n. in 
 Oothic arch, a circular window with 
 radiating mullions resembling the spokes 
 of a wheel. [See Rose-window.] 
 
 WHEEI^WORK, hwel'-wurk, n. the com- 
 bination of wheels which communicate 
 motion to one another in machinerj', the 
 motion being communicated from the 
 one wheel to the other by belts or straps 
 passing over the circumference of both, 
 or by teetli cut in those circumferences 
 and working in one another, or by cogs. 
 The most famihar instances of wheel- 
 work are to be found in clocks and 
 watches 
 
 WHEELWRIGHT, hwel'rit, n. a m-ight 
 who makes wheels and wheel-carriages. 
 
 WHEEZE, hwez, v.i. to breathe with a 
 hissing sound : to breathe audibly or 
 with difiiculty. — n. Wheez'ing. [A.S. 
 hweosan ; Ice. hvcesa, to wheeze, to hiss; 
 from the sound.] 
 
 WHELK, hwelk, n. a mollusc having a 
 spiral shell. [A.S. weoloc, a whelk ; perh. 
 from the root of Walk and Welkin, and 
 sig. orig. tlie "wreathed creature."] 
 
 WHELM, hwelm, v.t. to cover completely : 
 to plunge deep : to overburden. [A.S. 
 for-welman, to overwhelm ; Ice. hvelfa, 
 to overturn ; allied to Scot, tvhummle, to 
 turn upside down.] 
 
 WHELP, hwelp, n. the young of the dog 
 kind and of lions, etc.: a puppy : a cub : 
 a young man (in contempt). — v.i. to 
 bring forth young. [A.S. hwelp: Ice. 
 hvelpr, Ger. welf.] 
 
 WHEN, h wen, adt'. at what time? at which 
 time : at or after the time that : while. — 
 Whenas (-'az) (B.) when. [A.S. hwatine, 
 accus. sing, from the stem of Who ; Ger. 
 wand, icenn. Cf. Then.] 
 
 WHENCE, hwens, adv. from what place : 
 from which things: wherefore. — From 
 whence may be called a pleonastic mode 
 of expression, from being implied in 
 whence : but it is very often met with in 
 our literature, and has sometimes been 
 defended as being more emphatic. " From 
 ivhence come wars and fightings among 
 ye." — Jas. iv. 1. " Remember therefore 
 from whence thou art fallen." — Rev. ii. 5. 
 
 "A place /ro?;i whence himself does fly." 
 — Shak. "The place from ichence they 
 feW."— 3Iilton.— Of WHENCE in the same 
 sense is rarely met with. "What and 
 of ichence was he ? " — Dryden. [M. E. 
 tvhenne-s — A.S. hu-anon (Ger. icannen) ; 
 from the stem of Who. Cf. Thence.] 
 
 WHENCESOEVER, hwens-so-ev'er, adv. 
 from what place, cause, or source soever. 
 
 WHENEVER, hwen-ev'er, adv. at every 
 time when. 
 
 WHENSOEVER, hwen-so-ev'er, adv. at 
 what time soever : whenever. 
 
 WHERE, hwar, adv. at which place, at 
 what place ? to what place, to which 
 place. — Whereabout', about where: near 
 what? — Whereas', as or on account of 
 which: since: when in fact: near. — 
 Whereat', at which : at what ? — Where- 
 by', by which. — Where'FORE, for which 
 reason : for what reason ? whj' ? — Where- 
 in', in which : in what ? — Whereof (-of). 
 of which: of what? — Whereon', on which: 
 on what? — Wheresoev'er, in what place 
 soever.— Whereto', to -which : to what ? 
 — Whereunto' (B.) whereto : for what 
 purpose ? — Whereupon', upon or in con- 
 sequence of which. — Wherev'er, at 
 whatever place. — Wherewith', with 
 which : with what ? — Wherewithal'. 
 same as Wherewith. [A.S. hwa-r or 
 hwoe-r ; from stem of Who. Cf. There.] 
 
 WHERRY, hwer'i, n. a name applied most 
 commonly to a light shallow boat, seated 
 for passengers, and plying on rivers. 
 
 What sights of fine folks he oft rowed in his wherry, 
 
 'Twas cleaned out so nice, and so painted withal. 
 
 —Ch. Dibdin: 
 a light half-decked fishing vessel used in 
 different parts of Great Britain and Ire- 
 land. [Formerly written M'Aej'j'e, lohirrie: 
 Skeat connects it with Ice. hverfr. 
 shifty, crank, said of vessels, this again 
 being connected with wharf, and A.S. 
 hweorfan, to 'turn.] 
 
 WHERRY, hwer'i, n. a liquor made from 
 the pulp of crab-apples after the verjuice 
 is expressed. Sometimes called Crab- 
 wherry. [W. chwerw, bitter, the oppo- 
 site of sweet.] 
 
 WHERRYMAN, hwer'i-man, n. one who 
 rows a wherrj-. " He that is an excellent 
 wherryynan looketh towards the bridge, 
 when he puUeth towards Westminster." 
 — Bacon. 
 
 WHET, hwet, l\t. to sharpen by rubbing; 
 to make keen : to excite : — -pr.p. whett'- 
 ing ; pa.t. and pa.jj. whett'ed. — n. act of 
 sharpening : something that sharpens 
 the appetite. — n. Whett'er. [A.S. 
 hwettan, from A.S. hwcet, sharp ; Ger. 
 wetzen.] 
 
 WHETHER, hweth'er. interrog. pron. sig. 
 which of two. — conj. which of two alter- 
 natives. [A.S. hwce-ther, from the stem 
 of Who, with the old compar. suffix 
 -ther ; cog. with Goth, hva-thar, Ger. 
 tve-der ; also with L. u-tent-s, Gr. ko- 
 tero-s. Sans, ka-tard. Cf. Other and 
 
 At TJTR "I 
 
 WHETSTONE, hwet'ston, n. a stone for 
 sharpening cutlery or tools by friction. 
 Whetstones are made of various kinds 
 of stone, the finer kinds being made of a 
 siUceous slate, and when used are moist- 
 ened with oil or water. " Diligence is to 
 the understanding as the tvhetstone to 
 the razor."— South .—To oive the whet- 
 stone, TO deserve the whetstone, old 
 phrases in which (and in v.arious others) 
 the whetstone is as.sociated with lying, 
 and regarded as the proper premium for 
 accomplishment in this art. The origin 
 of the usage is not clear, but perhaps 
 the whetstone was regarded as to be 
 used for sharpening the wits. "This 
 will explain a smart repartee of Sir
 
 WHEY 
 
 Francis Bacon's before King James, to 
 whom Sir Kenelm Digby was relating, 
 that he had seen the true philosopher's 
 stone in the possession of a hermit in 
 Italy, and when the king was very curi- 
 ous "to understand what sort of stone it 
 was, and Sir Kenelm much puzzled in 
 describing it. Sir Fra. Bacon interposed, 
 and said, ' Perhaps it was a whetstone.' " 
 — Zachary Orey. 
 
 WHEY, hwa, n. the watery part of milk, 
 separated from the curd, esp. in making 
 cheese. — adjs. Whey'ey, Whey'ish, of 
 whey : like whey. [A.S. hicceg ; Scot. 
 whig, Low Ger. wey ; prob. conn, with 
 root of Water.] 
 
 WHICH, hwich, pron. an interrogative 
 pronoun, by which one or more among 
 a number of individual persons or things, 
 often one among a definite number (fre- 
 quenth' one of two), is inquired for, or 
 intended to be definitely singled out — 
 used with or without an accompanying 
 noun; as, u'/mc/j man is it ? tvhich woman 
 is it? which is the house? which are the 
 articles you mean? ''Which of you con- 
 vinceth me of sin ?" — John viii. 46. 
 
 IVliich of you will stop 
 The vent of hearing when loud Rumor speaks ? 
 
 —Shak. 
 So with herself is she in mutiny. 
 To live or die which of the twain were better. 
 When life is shamed, and death reproach''s debtor. 
 
 — Shah. 
 
 A relative pronoun, serving as the neu- 
 ter of icho, and having an antecedent of 
 the singular or plural number but of the 
 neuter gender ; as, the thing or things 
 whicli : the birds which were singing ; or 
 the antecedent may be a sentence, word, 
 •r notion ; as, he is very ignorant, which 
 is a great pit}'. Such usages as the fol- 
 lowing are now obsolete. "Our Father 
 which art in heaven." — Matt. vi. 9. " All 
 those friends which I thought buried." — 
 Shak. "Had I been there which am a 
 silly woman." — Shak, Sometimes equiv- 
 alent to " a thing or circumstance 
 which," the relative clause preceding 
 that which is referred to. 
 
 And, ichich was strangre, the one so like the other 
 As could not be distinguished but by name. 
 
 —Shak. 
 Used adjectively or with a noun sub- 
 joined, the relative coming before the 
 noun by an inversion which gives a cer- 
 tain brevity. 
 
 Refusing: her irrand bests, she did confine thee 
 Into a cloven pine; within juhich rift 
 Imprisoned thou didst painfully remain 
 A dozen years; within which space she died. 
 
 —Shak. 
 
 Which is used as an indefinite pronoun, 
 standing for whichever, any one which, 
 that which, those whicli, and the like ; 
 as. take which you will. — ^V}l^ch was 
 often formerly preceded by the definite 
 article tlie. " That worthy name by the 
 which ye are called." — James ii. 7. 
 
 The party Vainst the ichich he doth contrive 
 Shall seize one half his goods. — Shak. 
 
 It was formerly often followed by that 
 or OS, having the effect of giving em- 
 phasis or definiteness. " This abbot which 
 that was an holy man." — Chancer. — 
 Which is \vhich? which is the one, 
 which the other? a common phrase im- 
 plying inability to distinguish between 
 two. [A.S. hmlc, hwyle, contr. from hwt- 
 !tc, lit. why-like, from hwt, instrumental 
 case of ichd, who, whcet. what, and lie, 
 like : similar are O. Sax. hw^lik. Ice. 
 hvili/cr, Dan. hvilken, Goth, hveleiks, 
 Dut. welk, Ger. welch. Of. such =. so- 
 like. Like who, tuhich was originally an 
 interrogative, and it was not used as a 
 relative till the close of the twelfth cen- 
 tury. As an interrogative it is still of 
 any gender, but as a relative it is now 
 
 482 
 
 only neuter. It is both singular and 
 plural.] 
 
 WHICHEVER, hwich-ev'er, WHICHSO- 
 EVER, hwicli-so-ev'er, x^ron, --every one 
 which : whether one or other. 
 
 WHIFF, hwif, n. a sudden puff of air from 
 the mouth : a slight blast.— v.^. to throw 
 out in whiffs : to puff. [W. chiriff; imi- 
 tative.] 
 
 WHIFFLE, hwif'l, v.i. to turn as if by 
 whiffs or gusts of wind : to be fickle : to 
 prevaricate. — n. Whiff'ler. [Freq. of 
 
 WHIFF.] 
 
 WHIG, hwig, n, the name (now almost 
 superseded by " Liberal ") of one of the 
 great English political parties : in Ameri- 
 can hist, (a) a friend and supporter of the 
 principles of the Revolution — opposed to 
 Tory and Royalist ; (6) one of a political 
 party from about 1829 to 18,53 — opposed 
 to Democrat. — adj. Whig'GISH. — adv. 
 Whig'gishlt. — ns. Whig'gism, Whig'- 
 GERT, Whig principles. [Orig. a nick- 
 name of the peasantry in the south-west 
 of Scotland ; perh. from Scot, whig, sour 
 milk (see Whey), their drink ; perh. from 
 a word u'higgam, which western drovers 
 used in driving. The name was after- 
 wards applied "to the Covenanters, who 
 belonged mostly to the south-west of 
 Scotland ; finally given (in 1679) to the 
 popular party which strove to exclude 
 the Duke of York from the succession, 
 because he was a R. Catholic] 
 WHILE, hwll, n. a space of time. — adv. 
 during the time that : at the same time 
 that, as long as. — v.t, to cause to pass 
 without irksomeness (with away). — 
 Whiles, genitive form of while : (B.) 
 while. [A.S. hwil; Goth, hveila, Ger. 
 weile.] 
 WHILOM, hwll'om, adv. formerly, once, 
 of old (obs.). [A.S. hwihim, hinlon (lit.) 
 "at times," dative pi. of Inril, a time. 
 See While.] 
 WHILST, hwllst, adv. same as While. 
 [Whiles, genitive form of While, with 
 excrescent -t, Cf. Midst.] 
 WHIM, hwim, n, a caprice: a fancy. [Per- 
 haps originally Scand., and conn, with 
 Ice. hvima, to have the eyes wandering.] 
 WHIMPER, hwim'per, v,i, to cry with a 
 low, ichining voice. [Scot. wMmmer, 
 Ger. wimmern ; perhaps from the root 
 of Whine, j 
 WHIMSEY, hwim'zi, n. a %vhim : a freak. 
 
 [Extension of Whim.] 
 WHIMSICAL, hwim'zik-al, adj, full of 
 irhims : having odd fancies : fantastical. 
 — adv. Whim'sically. — ns, Whim'sical- 
 NESS, Whimsical'ity. 
 WHIN, hwin, n, gorse, furze. [W. chxcyn, 
 
 weeds.] 
 WHINE, hwIn, v.i, to utter a plaintive, 
 shrill cry : to complain in an unmanly 
 way. — n. a plaintive cry : an affected 
 nasal tone of complaint. — n, When'ER. — 
 adv. AVhin'inglt. [A.S. hwinan; cf. 
 Ger. weinen, to weep.l 
 WHINNY, hwin'i, adj, abounding in 
 
 whins. 
 WHINNY, hwin'i, v.i. to neigh or cry like 
 a horse: — Tpa.t. and pa.p. whinn'ied. 
 [Imitative ; cf. L. hinnio.'] 
 WHINSTONE, hwin'ston, n. gener.-il name 
 for any hard, dark, imstratified rocli. 
 (Jty. of Whin diib.] 
 WHiiP, hwip, v.t. to take or seize with a 
 sudden motion : to snatch : to carry or 
 convey suddenly and rapidly — usually 
 followed by some preposition or adverb, 
 as aicay, from, out, into, up, and the 
 like. " I whipt me behind the arras." — 
 Shak.; " TTTii'p.s oiit his rapier." — Shak.; 
 " She, in a hurry, irhips np her darling 
 under her arm. "-^SiVi?. L'Estrange; "He 
 whips mtt his pocket-book every moment, 
 
 WHIP 
 
 and writes descriptions of everything he 
 
 sees." — H. Walpole ; 
 
 My madness came upon me as of old 
 And whipt me into waste fields far away. 
 
 — Tennyson: 
 
 to sew slightly; to form into gathers; as, 
 to ivhip a ruffle ; 
 
 In hsi\t-u-hipped muslin useless needles lie. — Gtiy : 
 to overlay, as a rope, cord, etc., with a 
 cord, twine, or thread going round and 
 round it; to inwra[>— generally with about, 
 around, over, or the like ; " Whi})ped 
 over either with gold thread, silver, or 
 silk." — Stiibbes: to strike with a whip or 
 lash or with anything tough and flexible; 
 to lash; as, to whip a horse : to punish 
 with a whip, scourge, birch, or the like ; 
 to flog; as, to whip a vagrant; to ichip a 
 perverse boy ; "Who for false quantities 
 was iL-hipp'd at school." — Eh-yden : to 
 drive with lashes ; 
 Consideration, like an angel, came 
 And whipp'd the offending Adam out of him. 
 
 —Sliak.r 
 
 to make to turn or rotate with lashes ; 
 as, to trhip a top ; " Since I plucked 
 geese, played truant, and whipped top." 
 — Shak. : to lash in a figurative sense; to 
 treat with cutting severity, as with sar- 
 casm, abuse, or the like ; 
 Wilt thou whip thine own faults in other men * 
 
 —Shak.; 
 
 " The league between virtue and nature 
 engages all things to assume a ho.stile 
 front to vice. The beautiful laws and 
 substances of the world persecute and 
 w/iip the traitor." — Emerson : to thrash; 
 to beat out, as grain bj- striking- ; as, to 
 ichip wheat : (navt.) to hoist or purchase 
 by means of a rope passed through a 
 single pulley : to beat : to overcome ; to 
 surpass ; " We can tchip all creation." — 
 Lever : to fish in with rod and line: as, to 
 ichip a stream ; " To whip the trout 
 stream." — Lever : to beat into a froth, as 
 eggs, cream, etc., with a whisk, fork, 
 spoon, or the like. — To whip the cat: to 
 practice the most pinching parsimony : 
 to work from house to house by the day, 
 as an itinerant tailor, carpenter, or the 
 like. — To WHIP IN, to keep from scatter- 
 ing, as hounds in a hunt: hence, to bring 
 or keep the members of a party together, 
 OS in a legislative a.ssenibly. [Originally 
 applied to various kinds of quick motion 
 or action, and allied to Dut. irippen, to 
 hasten, to skip, to toss ; trip, a lift, a 
 swing, a swipe ; O.Dut. wippie, a whip ; 
 Low Ger. ivippen. Dan. vippe, to see- 
 saw; Ger. v-ippen, to rock, to see-saw, etc. 
 The h would seem therefore not to belong 
 properly to the word. The meaning of 
 flog comes from the noun, and the noun 
 has probably got it from the resemblance 
 of a whip to a swipe. Perhaps more 
 than one word may be mixed vip under 
 this form; cf. W. chwip, a quick turn; 
 chiripiau; to move briskly.] 
 
 WHIP, hwip, t\i. to move nimbly: to start 
 suddenly and run ; or to turn and run : 
 as, the boy wh ip2)ed away in an instant ; 
 he wh ipped round the corner. 
 Wliip to our tents, as roes run oVr land. — Shak: 
 
 WHIP, hwip, 71. an instrument for dr.'ving 
 horses, cattle, etc., or for correction, con- 
 sisting commonly of a handle, to which is 
 attached a thong of plaited leather ; a 
 coachman or driver of a carriage ; as, a 
 good whip; "Major Benson, who was 
 a famous whip, took his seat on the bos 
 of the barouche." — Miss Edgeworth : 
 (naut.) a rope passed through a single 
 block or pulley used to hoist light bodies: 
 one of the radii or arms of a wind-mill 
 to which the sails are attached; also, the 
 length of the arm reckoned from the 
 shaft : in the British parliament, (a) » 
 
 I
 
 WHIPCORD 
 
 483 
 
 WHIT 
 
 member who performs the non-official 
 but important duties of looking- after 
 the interests of his party, and who 
 secures the attendance of as many 
 members as possible at important di- 
 visions; as, the Liberal tchip, the Con- 
 servative whip: (6) a call made upon 
 the members of a party to be in their 
 places at a certain time ; as. both par- 
 ties have issued a rigorous whip in 
 vievT of the expected division. 
 
 WHIPCORD, hwip'kord, n., cord for mak- 
 iU!? n-hips. 
 
 WHIPHAND, hwip'hand, n. (lit.) the hand 
 that holds the tchip : advantage over. 
 
 WHIPPER, liwip'er, n. one who ichips : an 
 officer who inflicts the penalty of whip- 
 ping. 
 
 WHIPPER-IN, hwip'er-in, n. one who 
 keeps the hounds from wandering, and 
 whips them in to the line of chase : one 
 who enforces the discipline of a party. 
 
 WHIPPING, hwip'ing, n. act of whipping: 
 _punishraent with a whip or lash. 
 
 WHIPPING -POST, hwip'ing-post, n. a 
 post to which offenders are tied to be 
 whipped. 
 
 WHIR, liwer, n. a sound from rapid wliirl- 
 ing. — v.i. to whirl round with a noise : — 
 pr.p. whirr'ing ; pa.t.and pa.p. whirred. 
 [Imitative ; cf. Ger. sc/nt'iVren.] 
 
 WHIRL, hwerl, n. a turning with rapidity : 
 anything that turns with velocity. — v.i. 
 to revolve rapidly. — v.t. to turn round 
 rapidly. [Ice. hvirfill. Ger. wirbel : from 
 the root of A.S. hweorfan, to turn. Cf. 
 Wh.urp.] 
 
 WHIRLIGIG, hwerl'i-gig, n. a child's toy 
 wliich is spun or u-hirled rapidly round. 
 
 W H I R L I N G -T A B L E. h wer'ling-ta-bl, 
 WHIRLING-MACHINE. Iiwer'li'ng-raa- 
 shen, n. a machine contrived for the 
 purpose of exhibiting the principal effects 
 of centripetal or centrifugal forces, when 
 bodies revolve in the circumferences of 
 circles or on an axis. 
 
 WHIRL-PIT, hwerl'-pit, n. a whirlpool. 
 •• By raging tohirl-pits overthrown." — 
 Sandys. 
 
 WHIRLPOOL, hwerl'-pool, n. a circular 
 eddy or current in a river or the sea pro- 
 duced by the configuration of the chan- 
 nel, by meeting currents, by winds meet- 
 ing tides, etc. The celebrated whirl pool of 
 Charybdis between Sicily and Italy, and 
 of the MalstrOm, off the coast of Norway, 
 are not whirlpools in the strict sense, but 
 merely superficial commotions created by 
 winds meeting tides, and in calm we.ather 
 are free from all danger. Instances of 
 vortical motion, however, do occur, as 
 in the whirlpool of Corrievrekin in the 
 Hebrides, between Jura and Scarba, and 
 in some eddvs among the Orkneys. 
 
 WHIRL-PUFF, hwerl'-puf, re. a whirlwind. 
 Holkind. 
 
 WHIRL-AVATER. hwerl'-waw-ter, n. an 
 old name for a water-spout. Letter of 
 1626. quoted by Nares. 
 
 WHIRL- WHALE, hwerl'-hwal, n. a mon- 
 ster of the whale kind : a whirl-abovit : a 
 whirlpool. Sylvester. 
 
 WHIRLWIG, hwerl'wig, WHIRLWIG- 
 BEETLE, hwerl' wig-be-tl, u. a beetle of 
 the genus Gyrinus (O. natator), which 
 abounds in fresh water, and maybe seen 
 circling round on its surf.ice with great 
 rapidity. Its eyes are divided by a nar- 
 row band, so tiiat. although it has only 
 two, it is made to look as if it had four. 
 [Whirl, and A.S. wicga, irigga, a beetle 
 or similar insect ; cf. EaRWIO.] 
 
 WHIRLWIND, hwerl'wind, n. a violent 
 wind moving in a circle, or rather in a 
 spiral form, as if moving round an axis, 
 this axis having at the same time a pro- 
 gressive motion, rectilinear or curvilin- 
 
 ear, on the surface of the land or sea. 
 Whirlwinds are produced chiefly by the 
 meeting of currents of air which run in 
 different directions. When they occur 
 on land they give a whirling motion to 
 dust, sand, part of a cloud, and some- 
 times even to bodies of great weight and 
 bulk, carrying them either upwards or 
 downwards, and scattering them about 
 in all directions. At sea they often give 
 rise to waterspouts. They are most fre- 
 quent and violent in tropical countries, 
 where the thermal states of the atmos- 
 phere are most favorable for their pro- 
 duction. 
 
 WHISK, hwisk, v.t. to move with a quick 
 motion : to sweep or stir rapidly. — v.i. 
 to move nimbly and rapidly. — n. a rapid 
 sweeping motion : a small bunch of any- 
 thing used for a brush : a small instru- 
 ment for beating or whisking, esp. eggs. 
 [Scand. viska, Gter. wischen ; from the 
 root of Wash.] 
 
 WHISKER, hwisk'er, w. he who or that 
 which whisks : the hair on the sides of a 
 man's face (esp. in pi.) : the bristle on the 
 fac e of a cat. etc. — adj. Whisk'eeed. 
 
 WHISKY, WHISKEY, hwisk'i, n. an ard- 
 ent spirit distilled generally from barley, 
 but sometimes from wheat, rye, sugaV, 
 molasses, etc. Tliere are two chief varie- 
 ties of whisky — viz. malt-whisky and 
 f rain-whisky. The former variety is of 
 ner quality, .ind made chiefly from 
 malted bai'ley or bere, and sometimes, 
 though rarely, from rye. The latter is 
 made from various substances, as sugar, 
 molasses, potatoes, but piincipally from 
 unmalted grain, as Indian corn,Darley, 
 oats, etc., dried and ground up. The 
 grain most largely used is Indian corn. 
 Grain-whisky requires the same process 
 of fermentation and distillation as malt- 
 whisky, but is cheaper, from its greater 
 yield, and because it saves the expensive 
 process of malting. Though coarser it is 
 stronger, but if kept long enough is 
 equally free from fusel oil. [Ir. and Gael. 
 uisge, water, nisge-beatlm , vihisky, usque- 
 baugh, lit. water of life. Whisky, there- 
 fore, means simply water, the latter part 
 of t he n ame being dropped.] 
 
 WHISKY-JACK, hwiski-jak, v. the famil- 
 iar name of a species of jay common in 
 North America. It is the Garndus cann- 
 den.sis. 
 
 WHISPER, hwis'per, v.i. to speak with a 
 low sound: to speak very softly: to plot 
 secretly. — v.t. to utter in a low voice or 
 under the breath. — v. a low, hissing voice 
 or sound : cautious or timorous speak- 
 ing. [A.S. inmsprian: Ger. tn'.tpern. Ice. 
 hviskra : allied to Whistle ; prob. orig. 
 fro m an interj. like pst, hst.] 
 
 WHISPERER, hwis'per-er. n. one who 
 whispers : (/?.) a secret informer. 
 
 WHISPERHOOD. hwi.s'per-hood. v. the 
 state of being a whisper : the initial con- 
 dition of a rumor, that is. the time when 
 it was only whispered or insinuated. " I 
 know a lie, that now disturbed half the 
 kingdom with its noise, which although 
 too proud and great at present to own 
 its parents, I can remember its whisper- 
 hood." — Smft. [Probably used only this 
 once.] 
 
 WHISPERING, hwis'per-ing, p. and adj. 
 speaking in a whisper ; " For talking age 
 and whispering lovers." — Ooldsmith; 
 making secret insinuations of evil ; evil- 
 speaking ; backbiting ; 
 
 Alas 1 they had been friends In youth ; 
 But whispering tongues can poison truth. 
 
 —Coleridge: 
 
 making a low, sibilant sound ; 
 
 As once we met 
 Uuheedful, tho* beneath the whimpering ram. 
 
 —nnnj/ton. 
 
 — Whisperisg gallery or dome, a gal- 
 lery or dome in which the sound of words 
 uttered in a low voice or whisper is com- 
 municated to a greater distance than un- 
 der any ordinary circumstances. Thus in 
 an elliptical chamber, if a person stand- 
 ing in one of the foci speak in a whisper 
 he will be heard distincth' bj' a person 
 standing in the other focus, although 
 the same sound would not be audible at 
 the same distance under any other cir- 
 cumstances or at any other place in the 
 chamber. The reason is that the sounds 
 produced in one of the foci of such a 
 chamber strike upon the wall all round, 
 and, from the nature of the ellipse, are 
 all reflected to the other focus. This 
 serves in some measure to explain the 
 effects of whispering galleries and domes 
 in general. 
 
 WHIST, hwist, interj. silence ! hush ! be 
 still 1 
 
 WHIST, hwist, adj. not speaking : not 
 making a noise : silent : mute : still — 
 chiefly used predicatively. "So whist 
 and dead a silence reigned." — Harring- 
 ton." " Far from the town where all 
 is tchist and still." — Marloie. 
 The winds with wonder tvfiist 
 Smoothly the waters kiss'd. — Milton. 
 
 WHIST, hwist, n. a well-known game at 
 cards, said to be so called because the 
 parties plajing it have to be whist or 
 silent, but this is doubtful. Another 
 name was whi.sk. The game is played 
 with the full pack of fiftj'-two cards by 
 four persons, two being partners against 
 the other two, each player receiving 
 thirteen cards dealt out one by one in 
 rotation. The last card dealt is turned 
 face up, and is called the trump card ; 
 it gives a special power to the suit to 
 which it belongs. The cards rank as foU 
 lows : ace (highest), king, queen, knave, 
 and the others according to their num- 
 ber of pips. Plaj' is commenced by the 
 person on the left hand of the dealer 
 laying down a card face up on the table, 
 the other players following in succession 
 with cards of the same suit if they have 
 them. When all have played the player 
 who has laid the highest card takes the 
 four cards laid down, which constitute a 
 trick. The winner of the trick then 
 leads, as the first of a new trick, the 
 winner of which becomes the leader, and 
 so on. When a player cannot ))lay a 
 card of the same suit, he may play one 
 of the trump suit, and take the trick, or 
 lay one of a different suit, which gives 
 him no chance of winning the trick. 
 When the hand is played out the score 
 is taken as follows : the partners who 
 conjointly gain the majority of tricks 
 score one point for every trick taken 
 above six. The ace, king, queen, and 
 knave of the trump suit are called hon- 
 ors, and coimt one each for the side who 
 holds them ; if one side hold three hon- 
 ors, they count two by honors, as the 
 opposite side can have but one ; if one 
 Bide hold all the honors, four by honors 
 is counted ; should the honors be equally 
 divided neither side counts, the honors 
 being then said to cancel each other. 
 
 WHISTLE, hwis'l, v.i. to make a shriU 
 sound by forcing the breath through the 
 lips contracted : to make a like souni 
 with an instrument : to sound shrill. — 
 l\t. to form or utter by whistlinir : to 
 call by a whistle. — n. the sound made in 
 whistling : a small wind instrument. 
 [A.S. hwistlan; Sw. hurissla ; cf. Whis- 
 per.] 
 
 WHIT, hwit, n. the smallest particle 
 imaginable : a bit. [By-form of Wight, 
 a creature.]
 
 WHITE 
 
 484 
 
 WHO 
 
 WHITE, hwit, adj. of the color of snow : 
 pale : colorless : pure : unblemished : (_B.) 
 purified from sin. — n. the color of snow : 
 anything- white, as a white man, the mark 
 at which an arrow is shot, the albuminous 
 part of an egg. — v.t. to make white. — n. 
 White'ness. [A.S. hwit : Ice. fmt-r, Ger. 
 weiss ; also conn, with Sans, ^nt, to be 
 white, to shine. See Wheat.] 
 
 WHITEBAIT, hwJt'bat, n. a very small, 
 delicious white fish of the herring kind. 
 [-BAIT=-' food."] 
 
 WHITE -FEATHER, hwit-feWer. n. the 
 symbol of cowardice, a term introduced 
 in days wlien cock-fighting was in vogue. 
 As a game-cock has no white feathers, a 
 white feather was a proof that a bird was 
 not game. Generally used in sucli phrases 
 as to shotv the ivhite-feather, to have a 
 white-feather in one's iiiiiig=to show cow- 
 ardice, to behave like a coward. " ' He 
 has a white-feather in liis wing this same 
 Westburnflat after a",' said Simon of 
 Hackburn, somewhat scandalized by his 
 ready surrender. ' He'll ne'er fill his 
 father's boots.'" — Sir W. Scott. 
 
 WHITE-FILM, hwlt'-fllm, n. a white film 
 growing over the eyes of sheep, and caus- 
 ing blindness. 
 
 WHITE-FISH, hwit'-fish, Ji. a general 
 name for whitings and haddocks: a small 
 American fish, Alosa menhaden, caught 
 in immense quantities, and used for ma- 
 nuring land on the southern border of 
 Connecticut, along the sound : a fish of 
 the salmon family, belonging to the genus 
 Coregonus, C. sdpidus, found in the lakes 
 of North America. 
 
 WHITEFRIAR, hwlt'fri-ar, n. one of the 
 Carmelite order of friars, so called from 
 their white dress. 
 
 WHITE-HEAT, hwlt'-het, n. the degree of 
 heat at vrhich bodies become ivhite. 
 
 WHITELEAD. hwit'led, n. a carbonate of 
 lead used in painting tvhite. 
 
 WHITE-LEATHER, hwit-lett'er,n. leather 
 tanned with alum and salt, a process 
 which does not discolor the hide or give 
 it the brown appearance due to tanning 
 by oak-bark, etc. 
 
 WlilTE-LIE, hwlt'-ll, n. a lie for which 
 some kind of excuse can be offered : a 
 false statement made in the interest of 
 peace, reconciliation, harmless sport, or 
 the like : a harmless or non-malicious 
 ialsehood. "I wish that word 'fib' 
 was out of the English language ; and 
 white-lie drummed out after it." — Miss 
 Edgeicorfh. 
 
 WHITE-LIGHT, hwlt'-llt, w. in ijhysics. 
 the name generally given to the light 
 which comes directly from the sun, and 
 which has not been decomposed by re- 
 fraction in passing through a transpar- 
 ent prism : a light produced artificially, 
 and used as signals, etc. 
 
 WHITE-LIME, hwit'-llm. n. a solution or 
 preparation of lime used for whitewash- 
 ing : a variety of whitewash. 
 
 WHITE-LIMED, hwlt'-llmd, adj. white- 
 washed or plastered with lime. Shak. 
 
 WHITE-LINE, hwlt'lin, n. in lirinting, a 
 void space, broader than usual, left be- 
 tween lines. Called also a Bl.\nk-line. 
 
 WHITE-LISTED, hwTt-list'ed. adj. having 
 white stripes or lists on a darker ground 
 (the tree in the quotation having been 
 torn with lightning). 
 
 He raised his eyes and saw 
 
 The tree that shone white-iisted throuijh the gloom. 
 
 — Tennyson. 
 
 WHITE-LFV^ERED, hwit'-liv'erd. adj. hav- 
 ing a pale look, so called because thought 
 to be caused by a white liver : cowardlj' : 
 malicious. 
 
 WHITEN, hwit'en, v.t. to mrike u-hite : to 
 
 bleach. — v.i. to become or turn white. — 
 n. Whit'ener. 
 
 WHITE-SWELLING, hwlt'-swel'ing, n. a 
 disease of the joints, esp. the knee. 
 
 WHITEWASH, hwit'wosh, n. a wash, or 
 mixture of whiting or lime and water, 
 used to M7w'te?i ceilings, etc. — v.t. to cover 
 with whitewash : to give a fair appear- 
 ance to. 
 
 WHITE-WATER, hwit'-waw-ter, n. a dis- 
 ease of sheep of a dangerous kind. 
 
 WHITE-WAX, hwit'-waks, n. bleached 
 bees'-wax. 
 
 WHITE-WEED, hwlt'-wed, n. a name 
 sometimes given to the ox-eye daisy, a 
 composite plant of the genus Chrysan- 
 themum (C. Leucanthemum). [From the 
 color of its flowers.] 
 
 WHITE- WILLOW, hwlt'-wil-o, n. a Brit- 
 ish tree of the genus Salix, the S. alba. 
 [See Willow.] 
 
 WHITE- WINE, hwit'-win, n. any wine of 
 a clear transparent color, bordering on 
 white, as Madeira, Sherry, etc. : opposed 
 to wine of a deep red color, as Port and 
 Burgundy. 
 
 WHITE-WITCH, hwit'-wich, n. a wizard 
 or witch of a beneficent or good-nat- 
 ured disposition. " The common peo- 
 ple call him a wizard, a white-ivitch , a 
 conjuror, a cunning man." — Addison. 
 " Her qualifications as white-witch were 
 boundless cunning, equally boundless 
 good-nature, considerable knowledge of 
 human weaknesses, some mesmeric 
 power, some skill in ' yarbs,' as she 
 called her simples, etc." — Kingsley. 
 
 WHITHER, hwifA'er, adv. to what place? 
 to which place: to what. [A.S. hivce-der, 
 htci-der, from the stem of Who, with the 
 locative suflBx -der or -ther. Ice. tha-ihra. 
 Sans, ta-tra. Cf. Thither, There.] 
 
 WHITHERSOEVER,hwif?t-er-so-ev'er,adw. 
 to whatever place. 
 
 WHITING, hwit'ing, n. a small sea-fish 
 allied to the cod, so called from its white 
 color : ground chalk free from stony 
 matter. 
 
 WHITISH, hwlt'ish, adj. somewhat white. 
 — n. Whit'ishness. 
 
 WHITLOW, hwit'lo, n. in surg. parony- 
 chia, a swelling or inflammation about 
 the nails or ends of the fingers, or affect- 
 ing one or more of the phalanges of the 
 fingers, generally terminating in an ab- 
 scess. There are four or five varieties of 
 this swelling, according to the texture 
 primarily attacked. Should the skin be 
 the primary seat of the inflammation 
 vesicles appear, which soon disciiarge 
 pus, giving i-apid relief ; should the cellu- 
 lar or connective tissue beneath the skin 
 or under the nail be affected, there is a 
 painful feeling of tenseness and throb- 
 bing of the part, often accompanied by 
 febrile disturbance until pus can be evac- 
 uated, which should be done by incision 
 as soon as the presence and seat of the 
 disease has been discovered. The most 
 dangerous form of whitlow occurs, 
 however, when the tendons and their 
 sheaths or t'^e periosteum are affected; 
 in this form suppuration may extend 
 above the wrist, and may occasion 
 the loss of the finger, the hand, and may 
 seriously, in some rare cases fatally, af- 
 fect the health of the patient : an inflam- 
 matory disease of the feet in sheep ; it 
 occurs round the hoof, where an acrid 
 matter is collected, which ought to be 
 discharged. [A corruption of whickflaw 
 for qtiick-flaw. lit. a flaiv or sore of the 
 quick. The forms whickjlaw and xchit- 
 flair both occur in oJd and provincial En- 
 glish.] 
 
 WHITLOW-GRASS, hwit'lo-gras, n. the 
 
 common name of a British plant, Draba 
 verna. 
 WHIT-MONDAY, hwit-mun'da, n. the 
 
 Monday following Whitsunday. 
 WHITSUN, hwit'sun, adj. pertaining to or 
 
 observed at Whitsuntide. 
 WHITSUNDAY, hwit'sun-da, WHITSUN- 
 TIDE, hwit'sun-tid, n. the seventh Sun- 
 day after Easter, commemorating the 
 day of Pentecost, when the converts in 
 the primitive church wore white robes. 
 WHITTLE, hwit'l, v.t. to pare or cut with 
 a knife : to cut to an edge. — n. a small 
 pocket-knife. [M. E. th-witel (which, 
 being confused with Whet, dropped the 
 th-) — A.S. thwitan, to cut.] 
 WHIZ, hwiz, v.i. to make a hissing sound, 
 like an arrow or ball flj'ing through the 
 air : — pr.p. whizz'ing ; pa.t. and pa.p. 
 whizzed. — n. a hissing sound. — adv. 
 Whizz'ingly. [Imitative ; cf. Wheeze, 
 Whist, and Hiss.] 
 WHO, boo, proii. both rel. and interrog.. 
 always lor persons : what person? which 
 person. — Who, Which, That. These 
 agree in being relatives, icho being used 
 for persons, which for things, and that 
 being used indifferently for either. T17io 
 and trhich have well-defined different 
 uses : (a) they connect two co-ordinate 
 sentences ; as, I met a policeman who 
 showed me the way ; I studied geome- 
 try which I found useful. Each of these 
 sentences could be turned into two prop- 
 ositions grammatically, as well as log- 
 ically, independent : I met a policeman 
 and he showed me the waj' : I studied 
 geometry and it I found useful. An- 
 other use of the same nature is when 
 the second clause is of the kind termed 
 adverbial, where we may still resolve 
 ivho and which into a personal or demon- 
 strative pronoun and a conjunction ; as, 
 whj- should we condemn James who 
 (for he, seeing that he) is innocent? whj- 
 should we study phrenologj- which {see- 
 ing that it) is profitless? (6) They are 
 often used to introduce subordinate or 
 adjectival clauses, which serve to define 
 or explain a noun regarding which a 
 statement is made in the principal clause: 
 as, I saw the man who first taught me 
 to swim ; the house iihich he built still 
 stands. Now, in these latter uses, who 
 and which cannot be turned into and he, 
 and it. The follow ing sentence, stand- 
 ing alone, is ambiguous : "I re-read the 
 book tchich gave me much pleasure." 
 This may mean either tliat the re-read- 
 ing gave much pleasure, and in that 
 case the sentence consists of two co- 
 ordinate sentences and belongs to sec- 
 tion (a), or it maj- mean I re-read the 
 book which when foimerlj* read gave me 
 much pleasure. In the latter case the 
 second clause limits or explains the ob- 
 ject of the first and belongs to section 
 (b). To remove such ambiguity, and the 
 unpleasant effect arising from the too 
 frequent use of ulio and which, it has 
 been proposed by some grammarians (es- 
 pecially Professor Bain) always to em- 
 ploy that and not uho or ulilich, when 
 the relative is used to introduce a re- 
 strictive or adjectival clause, and instead 
 of saying " the man trho hath no music 
 in himself ... is fit for treasons, etc.." 
 " they are the books . . . which nourish 
 all the world," to sav, as Shakespeare 
 saj's, "the man that hath, etc.," "they 
 are the books . . . that nourish, etc.," 
 reserving who and which for such cases 
 as are noticed under section (a). [A.S. 
 hwa ; cog. with Goth, hva-s. Ice. hver, 
 Ger. wer ; also mth Sans, k&s, Gr. pas, 
 L. giiis.]
 
 WHOEVER 
 
 485 
 
 WTLDGRAVE 
 
 WHOEVER, h5o-ev'er, pron. every one 
 who : whatever person. 
 
 WHOLE, hoi, adj. sound, as in health (so 
 in B.): unimpaired: containing the total 
 amount, number, etc.: all: not defective: 
 complete. — n. the entire thing: a sj'Stem 
 or combination of parts. — n. Whole'- 
 NESS.— adr. Whol'lt. [M.E. hool — A.S. 
 hal, healthy ; Ice. heill, Ger. heil ; also 
 cog. with Gr. kalos, beautiful. By-form 
 Hale, adj.] 
 
 WHOLESALE, hOl'sal, n., sale of goods by 
 the ivliole piece or large quantity. — adj. 
 buving and selling in large quantities. 
 
 WHOLESOME, hol'sum, adj. healthy: 
 sound : salutary.— adu. Whole'somely. 
 —11. Whole'someness. 
 
 WHOM, hoom, pron. objective case of 
 Who. [■^•S. Invam, which was orig. 
 dative of ivha. Who, and replaced the 
 older accus. Meone.] 
 
 WHOMSOEVER, ho6m-so-ev'er, pron. ob- 
 jective case of Whosoever. 
 
 WHOOP, hwoop or hoop, n. a loud eager 
 cry. — v.i. to give a clear, sharp cry : to 
 shout in scorn, eagerness, etc. — v.t. to 
 insult with shouts. [A.S. zvop — u-epan 
 (pa.t. tveop), E. Weep, Goth, vopjan, to 
 crj' out.] 
 
 WHOOPING- or HOOPING-COUGH, 
 hoop'iag-kof, n. a convulsive cough of 
 children, like a ichoop. 
 
 WHORE, hor, n. a woman who practices 
 unlawful sexual intercourse : a prosti- 
 tute : a harlot. — ^Whokedom, h5r'dum, n. 
 unlawful sexual intercourse. — Whore- 
 monger, hor'mung-ger, n. a lecher : a 
 pander. See Monger. — adj. Whor'ish. 
 —adv. Whor'ishlt. — n. Whor'ishness. 
 fA.S. hore ; Ger. hure.] 
 
 WfeORL, hworl, n. a number of leaves in 
 a whirl or circle round the stem. [By- 
 form of Whhil.I 
 
 WTHORTLEBERRY, hwor'tl-ber-i, n. a 
 widely-spread heath plant with a blue 
 edible berry, called also the Bhberry. 
 [Changed (probably through influence of 
 Wort, a plant) from hurtle-berry — ^A.S. 
 heorot-berige (lit.) "hart-berry."] 
 
 WHOSE, hooz, pron. the possessive case 
 of Who or Which.— Whosesoev'er (B.) 
 of whomsoever. [M.E. hums — A. S. 
 hu-ces.} 
 
 WHOSO, hSo'so, WHOSOEVER, hoo-so- 
 ev'er, ir\dejinite relative pron. everj' one 
 who : whoever. 
 
 WHY, hwT, adv. for tvhat cause or reason? 
 on which account: wherefore. [A.S. hici, 
 hu-y, instrumental case of hwa, E. Who. 
 Cf. How.] 
 
 WICK, -wik, n. the threads of cotton or 
 other substance in a candle or lamp 
 which burn. [A.S. weoea ; Ger. ivieke, a 
 roll of lint.] 
 
 WICKED, wik'ed, adj. evil in principle or 
 practice : deviating from morality : sin- 
 ful: ungodly: naughty. — n. (B.) a wicked 
 person. — adv. Wick'edly. — n. Wick'ed- 
 NESS. [Perh. from A.S. tvican, to become 
 weak, decaj' ; see Weak. But Grimm 
 connects it with A.S. wieea, E. Witch, 
 so that the primary meaning would be 
 "bewitched, " accuised," hence "per- 
 verse."] 
 
 WICKER, wik'er, n. a small pliant twig or 
 osier. — adj. made of twigs or osiers. [Ety. 
 dubj 
 WICKET, wiK'et, n. a small gate : one of 
 three upright rods bowie(i at in cricket. 
 [O. Fr iriket (Ft. guichet), a dim. of O. 
 Scand. rik, an mlet.] 
 WIDE, wid, adj. extended far : having a 
 considerable distance between : broad : 
 distant. — adv. Wide'ly. — n. Wide'Ness. 
 [A.S. wid; Ice. tmdhr, Ger. vjeit.^ 
 
 WIDEN, wid'n, v.t. or v.t to make brgiwv 
 wide or wider. 
 
 WIDE-SKIRTED, wld'-skert-ed,ad;. having 
 wide borders : extensive. 
 W ith plenteous rivers and unde-skirted meads. 
 We make thee lady. — Shak. 
 
 WIDE-SPREAD, wid'-spred, adj. spread to 
 a great distance: extending far and wide. 
 "To stand upon such elevated ground as 
 to be enabled to take a larger view of 
 the imde-spread and infinitely diversified 
 constitution of men and affairs in a large 
 society." — Brougham. 
 
 WIDE -STRETCHED, wid'-strecht, adj. 
 large: extensive. " Wide-stretched hon- 
 ors." — Shak. 
 
 WIDGEON, wid'jun, n. a species of natar 
 torial bird allied to the Anatidasor ducks; 
 the Mareca penelope. The widgeons are 
 migratory birds which breed occasionally 
 in the most northern parts of Scotland, 
 but the ordinary breeding place is in more 
 northern regions, which they quit on the 
 approach of winter, and journey south- 
 ward. They are very numerous in the 
 British Islands during the winter, where 
 they spread themselves along the shores 
 and over the marshes and lakes. They 
 feed on aquatic plants, and on grass like 
 the geese. They have always been in 
 request for the table. The American 
 widgeon is the Mareca americana. It is 
 most abundant in the Carolinas, and is 
 often called bald-pate from the white on 
 the top of the head : from the widgeon 
 being supposed to be a foolish bird, the 
 word was applied formerly to a fool. 
 The apostles of this false religion. 
 Like Mahomet's, were as ass and vndgeon. 
 — Rudibras. 
 
 rCf. GrOOSE, Gudgeon ; cf. also the 
 French vigeon, vingeon, gingeon, names 
 of ducks, the origin of the word being 
 doubtful.] 
 
 WIDOW, wid'O, n. a woman unthout or 
 bereft of her husband by death. — v.t. to 
 bereave of a husband : to strip of any- 
 thing valued. ^^Widoio in old English 
 was both masculine and feminine. The 
 word was afterwards limited in applica- 
 tion to women, because the position of a 
 widoio is so often of a distressing char- 
 acter ; and when it became necessarj' to 
 distinguish a man who had lost his wife 
 by a single word, the masculine sufBx 
 was added to the recognized feminine 
 u-idow." — E. Adams. [A.S. xndwu-e : Ger. 
 wittwe ; borrowed from L. vidua, bereft 
 of a husband. Sans, vidhava — in {= L. 
 ve-), without, and dhava, a husband.] 
 
 WIDOWER, wid'o-er, n. a man whose wife 
 is dead. 
 
 WIDOWHOOD, wid'o-hood, w. state of 
 being a widow, or (rarely) of being a 
 widower. 
 
 WIDTH, width, n. wideness. 
 
 WIELD, weld, v.t. to use with full com- 
 mand : to manage : to use. — n. Wield'- 
 ER. [A.S. geu-eldan — wealdan ; Goth. 
 valdan, Ger. walten.] 
 
 WIELDY, weld'i, ad), capable of l)iing 
 wielded : manageable. 
 
 WIFE, wif (pi. Wives, wIvz), n. originally, 
 a woman of mature age that is or might 
 be married, and in common language 
 often still so applied, esp. in Scotland ; 
 in literature used now only in compound 
 words, generally designing a woman of 
 low employment ; as, sdeivife, Qsh-u-ife: 
 the lawful consort of a man ; a woman 
 who is united to a man in the 'awful 
 bonds of wedlock — tne correlative of 
 husband , "The husband of one wife." — 
 1 Tim. iii. 3 ; "He that hath wife and 
 children hath given hostages to fortune ; 
 for they are impediments to great en- 
 terprises either of virtue or mischief." — 
 Bacon : " A good unfe is heaven's last 
 best gift to man, his ange! a,aO minister 
 of graces innumerable, his gem of many 
 
 virtues, his casket of jewels." — Jer. Tay- 
 lor. [A.S. )('?/, a woman, a wife (neut., 
 pi. rc'if) ; Dut. wijf, Ice. vif, Dan. viv, 
 Ger. ireib, womsM. The root meaning is 
 doubtful ; often connected with iceave. 
 This word gives the first syllable of u}q~ 
 man. See Woman.] 
 
 WIFE-CARLE, wif-karl, n. a man who. 
 busies himself about household affairs or 
 woman's work. [Scotch.] 
 
 WIFELESS, wlfles, adj. without a wife. 
 
 WIG, wig. n. an artificial covering of haj 
 for the head. [Short for Periwig.] 
 
 WIGGED, vvigd, adj. wearing a wig. 
 
 WIGHT, wit, n. a creature or a person — 
 used chiefly in sport or irony. [A.S. 
 unht, a creature ; Ger. tvicht. Grimm 
 refers it to a root seen in O. Ger. wihan 
 (Ger. iveihen), to consecrate, orig. to do, 
 to make. See Whit.] 
 
 WIGHT, wit, n. a hero. [A.S. wig. war.j 
 
 WIGWAM, wig'wam, n. an Indian hut. 
 [E. corr. of North American Indian word 
 sig. •• in his house."] 
 
 WILD, wild, adj. being in a state of na- 
 ture : not tamed or cultivated : uncivil- 
 ized : desert : unsheltered : violent : li- 
 centious. — n. an uncultivated region : a 
 forest or desert. — adv. Wild'ly. — n, 
 Wild'ness. [A.S. wilde ; Ger. wild : conn, 
 with Ger. wald, forest, E. Weald.] 
 
 WILDER, wild'er, v.t. to bewilder. [Short 
 for Bewilder.] 
 
 WILDERNESS, wil'der-nes, n. a wild or 
 waste place : an uncultivated region, 
 fA.S. mldeorness.] 
 
 Wildfire, wlWflr, n. a composition ot 
 inflammable materials readily catching 
 fire and hard to be extinguished ; Greek- 
 fire ; " Brimstone, pitch, wildfire, burn 
 easily, and are hard to quench." — Bacon : 
 a kind of lightning unaccompanied by 
 thunder : a name for erysipelas ; also a 
 name for lichen circumscriplus, an erup 
 tive disease, consisting of clusters or 
 patches of papulae : a name given to a 
 disease of sheep, attended with inflam- 
 mation of the skin. — Wild-fire rash, in 
 pathol. a species of gum-rash, in which 
 the pimples are in clusters or patches, 
 generally flying from part to part. 
 
 WILD-FOWL, wild'-fowl, n. a name given 
 to birds of various species whicli are 
 pursued as game, but ordinarily restricted 
 to birds belonging to the orders Gralla- 
 tores and Natatores : water-fowl. 
 
 WILD-GOOSE, wlld'-goos, n. a water-fowl 
 of the genus Anser, the A. ferus, a bird 
 of passage, and the stock of the domestic 
 goose. The wild-goose, known also as 
 the Gray-lag, was formerly abundant in 
 the fenny parts of England, and resided 
 there all the year, but it is now onlv 
 known as a winter visitant to the British 
 Isles. It is the largest of the species 
 found in Britain. The term inld-goose is 
 also promiscuously applied to several 
 species of the goose kind found wild in 
 Great Britain, as A. palustris, A. segetnm, 
 and A. brachyrhynchus. The wild-goose 
 of North America, also migratory, is a 
 distinct species, the A. Cygnopsis or cana- 
 densis. — Wild-goose chase, the pursuit 
 of anything in ignorance of the direction 
 it will take : lience, a foolish pursuit or 
 enterprise. According to Dyce a wild 
 goose chase was a kind of horse var^c, 
 where two horses were started toge+ner 
 and whichever rider could get th ■ lead 
 the other was obliged to follow him over 
 whatever ground the foremost jockey 
 chose to go. 
 
 WILDGRAVE, wild'grav, n. a head forest- 
 keeper in Germany in former tmies an 
 official having the superintendence of the 
 game in a forest— tlifferent from a wald- 
 grave or woodreeve. Sir W, Scott, [Ger.
 
 WILDING 
 
 4S6 
 
 WINDBROACH 
 
 wUdgraf, from umld, game, wild animals, 
 and gruf, commonly a title equivalent to 
 count. 1 
 
 WILDING, wlld'ing, n. that which grows 
 wild or without cultivation: a wild crab- 
 apple. 
 
 WILE, wll, n. a trick: a sly artifice. [A.S. 
 wil: Ice. vel, vce^ atrick. Doublet Guile.] 
 
 WILL, wil, n. power of choosing or deter- 
 mining : choice or determination : pleas- 
 ure: command: arbitrary disposal: feeling 
 towards, as in good or ill will: disposition 
 of one's effects at death : the written 
 document containing such. — v.i. to exer- 
 cise the wiU : to decree : (B.) to be will- 
 ing. — v.t. to determine: to be resolved to 
 do: to command: to dispose of by will. — 
 Last will and testament, in laiv, the 
 legal declaration of a man's intentions as 
 to what he wills to be performed after 
 his death in relation to his property. In 
 England no will, whether of real or per- 
 sonal estate, is to be valid unless it be in 
 writing, and signed at the foot or end by 
 the testator, or by some person in his 
 presence, and by his direction. Such sig- 
 nature must be made or acknowledged 
 by the testator in the presence of two or 
 more witnesses present at the same time, 
 and such witnesses must attest and sub- 
 scribe the will in the presence of the tes- 
 tator. Soldiers on actual service, or 
 mariners at sea, have the power of mak- 
 ing nuncupative mils. In the United 
 States the law is in substantial agree- 
 ment with that of England. In Scotland 
 formerly onl^' personal property could be 
 disposed of by will, real property being 
 conveyed by a disposition or deed in 
 which the testator's liferent in the sub- 
 ject was resei'ved, but heritable property 
 can now be so disposed of. [A.S. willa; 
 Goth, inlja, Ger. mile ; L. volo, to vrill, 
 Gr. botile, wQl, purpose.] 
 
 WILL, wil, V. aux., pres. I will, thou wilt, 
 he icill: past, would; no past participle. 
 A word denoting either simple futurity 
 or futurity combined with volition ac- 
 cording to the subject of the verb. 
 Thus, in the first person, I (we) will, the 
 word denotes willingness, consent, inten- 
 tion, or promise ; and when emphasized 
 it indicates determination or fixed pur- 
 pose ; as, I icill go, if you please ; I will 
 go at all hazards ; I will have it in spite 
 of him. In the second and third persons 
 will expresses only a simple future or 
 certainty, the idea of volition, purpose, 
 or wish being lost ; thus, '• j-ou imll go," 
 or '• he loill go," indicates a future event 
 only. The second person may also be 
 used as a polite command ; as, you will 
 be sure to do as I have told you. — As re- 
 gards loill in questions, Mr. R. Grant 
 White lays down the following rules : 
 " Will is never to be used as a question 
 with the first person ; as, will I go? A 
 man cannot ask if lie wills to do any- 
 thing that he must know and only he 
 knows . . . As a question, will in the sec- 
 ond person asks the intention of the per- 
 son addressed; as, will you iso to-morrow? 
 that is. Do you mean to go to-morrow? 
 ... As a question, will in the third per- 
 son asks what is to be the future action 
 of the person spoken of, witli a necessary 
 reference to intention; as, u-ill lie go? 
 that is. Is he going ? Does he mean to 
 go and is his goicg sure ? " Simple futur- 
 ity with the first per son is appropriately 
 expressed by shall. Among inaccurate 
 speakers and writers, especially in Scot- 
 land, Ireland, and in some parts of the 
 United States, there is some confusion 
 in the use of shall and u-ill ; thus loill im- 
 properly takes the place of shall in such 
 frequently used phrases as, "I loill be 
 
 obliged to you," "we vntthe at a loss," 
 
 "I will be much gratified," and so on. 
 — Would stands in the same relation to 
 ivill that should does to sliall. Thus 
 icould is seldom or never a preterite in- 
 dicative pure and simple, being mainly 
 employed in subjunctive, conditional, or 
 optative senses, in the latter case having 
 often the functions and force of an in- 
 dependent verb ; as. (a) conditional or 
 subjunctive, " he M'0!(/d do it if he could ;" 
 "he could do it if he would," "they 
 would have gone had they been permit- 
 ted." Here it will be seen tvould refers 
 to the present only, the past being ex- 
 pressed by would have. In such sentences 
 as "He was mistaken it icould seem," or 
 " it would appear " — in which should is 
 sometimes used — woiil(} retains almost 
 nothing of conditionality, haviug merely 
 the eilect of softening a direct statement. 
 (Mr. R. Grant White regards " it should 
 seem " as the normal expression, though 
 he quotes " it womW appear" from g-ood 
 English wi-iters. He himself wi-ites : " It 
 would seem that a man of Mr. Lowe's 
 general intelligence should know," etc. — 
 Everyday English, cliap. xui.) (b) Opta- 
 tive ; ■' I woidd that I were young again." 
 In this use the personal pronoun is often 
 omitted. " ]Vould to God we had died 
 in Egypt."— Ex. xvi. 3. " Would God I 
 had died for thee, O Absalom." — 2 Sam. 
 xviii. 3. " Would thou wert as I am." — 
 Shak. — Would most nearly has the force 
 of a simple past indicative in such sen- 
 tences as, "he would go and vou see 
 what has happened ;" but this implies 
 farther that he did actually go or at least 
 set out, and the tcould is here emphatic. 
 — Would is also used to express a habit 
 or custom, as if it implied a habitual 
 exercise of will ; as, she would weep all 
 day ; every other day he would fly into a 
 passion. — Will and taould were formerly 
 often used with adverbs and preposition- 
 al plirases to express motion or change 
 of place, where modern usage would re- 
 quire icill go, icould go, or the like. " Now 
 I will away ;" " I'll to the ale-house ;" 
 " I will about it ;" " Til to my books ;" 
 "he is very sick and wmdd to bed ;" 
 " there were wit in this head, and 'twould 
 out." — Shak. — What maybe called a 
 similar elliptical usage occm-s in such 
 phrases as "what icould you?" where 
 present usage would supply have or do. 
 [A.S. willan, pres. sing. 1 and 3 wile, 3 
 wilt, pi. willath (1, 2, and 3) ; pret. zcolde, 
 icoldest : pi. woldon or woldan ; Dut. 
 willen. Ice. vilja, Dan. iHlle, to will ; Ger. 
 will, I will, he will, infln. wollen : Goth. 
 viljan ; cog. L. volo, I will, velle, to will ; 
 Gr. boulomai, I will. Akin WiXL, Weal, 
 Wild.] 
 
 WILLEMITE, willem-It, n. a mineral of 
 resinous lustre and yellowisb-green col- 
 or. It is a native silicate of zinc. It is of 
 rare occurrence in Europe, but is found 
 in New Jersey, in rock-masses constitut- 
 ing a very valuable and important zinc 
 ore. [In honor of Willem I., king of the 
 Ne therland s . ] 
 
 WTLLET, wil'ei, n., Symphemia semipal- 
 mata, a bird jf the snipe family, found 
 in North and JSouth America. It is a fine 
 game bird, and its flesh and eggs are 
 prized as food. , t is so named from its 
 cry, "pilt-will-wi, 'et." 
 
 WILLFUL, wil' fool adj. govern^ only by 
 one's mil : done or suffered by design : 
 obstinate. — adv. Will'fijlly. — n. Wnx.'- 
 
 FULNESS. 
 
 WILLING, wiring, adj. having the will in- 
 clined to a thing : desirous : disposed : 
 chosen. — adv. Will'ingly. — n. WlLL'- 
 INGJSBSS. 
 
 I WILLOW, wil'o, n. a tree of several spe- 
 cies, with slender, pliant branches. [A.S. 
 wilig ; Low Ger. icilge, u-ichel.] 
 
 WILL -WORSHIP, wil'-wur'ship, ?i. (B.) 
 worship of what one wills or wishes : 
 superstitious observance. 
 
 WILT, wilt, 2d pers. sing, of WiLL. 
 
 WILY, wll'i, adj. full of iciles or tricks : 
 using craft or stratagem : artful : sly.— 
 adv. WiL'iLY. — Wll'ixess, n. cunning. 
 
 WIMBLE, wim'bl, f.<. to whirl, to turn, 
 to bore with a wimble. — n. an instru- 
 ment for boring holes, turned by a handle. 
 [A corr. (with freq. suffix) of Wind, to 
 turn. See Gimlet.] 
 
 WIMPLE, wim'pl, n. a hood or veil folded 
 round the neck and face (.still a part of a 
 nun's dress) : a flag. [O. Fr. guimple — 
 O. Ger. wimpal, a light robe (Ger. icim- 
 j>el, a streamer). See Gimp.] 
 
 WIN, win, v.t. to get by labor : to gain in 
 contest : to allure to kindness, to gain : 
 to obtain the favor of. — v.i. to gain the 
 victorj' : to gain favor : — pr.p. winn'ing ; 
 pa.t. and pa.p. won (wun). [A.S. win- 
 nan, to suffer, to struggle ; Ice. vinna, to 
 accomplish, Ger. ge-winnen, to win.] 
 
 WINCE, wins, i:i. to shrink or start back ; 
 to be affected acutely, as by a sarcasm : 
 to be restive, as a horse uneasy at its 
 rider. [Perh. through O. Fr. from Ger, 
 wanken, to shake.! 
 
 WIN'CEy. Same a's Linsey-woolsey. 
 
 WINCH, winsli, n. the crank of a wheel or 
 axle. — v.i. to wince. [A.S. wince.'\ 
 
 WIND, wind, n. air in motion : breath : 
 flatulence: anything insignificant. — v.t. 
 (wind) to sound by blowing : (wind) to ex- 
 pose to the wind : to drive hard, so as to 
 put out of breath : to allow to recover 
 wind:— pr.^). wTnd'ingand wind'ing;^a.p 
 wound and wind'ed. [A.S. ; Ice. vindr 
 Ger. iHnd, L. ventus ; from root of Gr 
 ao, to blow-, Sans, i-a.] 
 
 WIND, wind, v.t. to imn round, to twist; 
 to coil: to encircle: to change. — v.i. to 
 turn completelj- or often: to turn round 
 something: to twist: to move spirally: 
 to meander : — pr.p. wind'ing; pa.t. and 
 pa.p. wound. — To wind up, to bring into 
 small compass : to bring to a final set- 
 tlement, as the affairs of a company. 
 [A.S. icindan ; Ger. icinden. Ice. vind'a, 
 Goth, vindan. Cf. Wend.] 
 
 WINDAGE, wind'aj, n. the difference be- 
 tween the size of the bore of a gun and 
 that of the ball or shell. [From Wind, 
 the space being filled with air.] 
 
 WIND-BAND, wind'-band. n. a band of 
 musicians who play onlj- or principally 
 on wind-instruments. 
 
 WIND-BEAM, wind'-bem, n. in arch, an 
 old term for a collar-beam. 
 
 WIND-BILIj, wind'-bil, n. in Scots law, an 
 accommodation bill : a hill of exchange 
 granted without value having been re- 
 ceived by the acceptors, for the purpose 
 of raising monev bv discount. 
 
 WIND-BORE, wind'-fcor. n. the extremity 
 of the suction-pipe of a pump, usually 
 covei'ed with a perforated plate to pre- 
 yent the intrusion of foreign substances. 
 
 WINDBOUND.wind'bownd, adj. prevented 
 from sailing by a contrary wind. "The 
 windbound na\'y." — Lh-yden. 
 
 WIND-BREAK, wind'-biak, v.t. to break 
 the wind off. " 'Twould wind-bi'eak a 
 mule to vie burdens with her." — Ford. 
 
 WINDBROACH. windliroch. k. the hurdy- 
 gurdy or ^^elle. "For an old man to 
 pretend to talk wisely is like a musi- 
 cian's endeavoring to fumble out a fine 
 sonata upon a ivindbroach." — Tom 
 Brow)i. [Tlie last component probably 
 a corruption of Ger. bratsche, a viola, 
 or tenor-vioUn.]
 
 WIND-BROKEN 
 
 487 
 
 WINTER'S-BARK 
 
 WIND-BROKEN, wind'-brok'n, adj. dis- 
 eased in tlie respiratory organs : having' 
 the power of breatliing impaired by chest 
 disease : as, a icind-broketi horse. 
 
 WIND-CHANGING, wind'-chanj-ing, adj. 
 cnangeful as the wind : fickle. " Wind- 
 ehanging Warwick." — Shak. 
 
 WIND-CHEST, wind'-chest, n. in music, 
 the chest or reservoir in an organ or har- 
 monium for storing the wind produced 
 by tlie bellows, and which is thus pre- 
 vented from acting by direct and inter- 
 mittent currents on the pipes and reeds. 
 
 WIND - CONTUSION, wind'-kon-tu-zhun, 
 n. in surg. a contusion, such as rupture 
 of the liver, Concussion of the brain, un- 
 accompanied by any external mark of 
 violence, supposed to be produced by the 
 air when rapidly displaced by the velocity 
 of a projectile, as a cannon-ball. It is 
 now, however, considered to be occa- 
 sioned by the projectile itself .striking 
 the body in an oblique direction, the com- 
 parative escape of the external soft tis- 
 sues being accounted for by the degree ot 
 obliquity with which the missile impinges 
 on the elastic skin, together with the 
 position of the internal structures injured 
 relatively to the impingement of the 
 ball on one side and hard resisting sub- 
 stances on another. 
 
 WIND-DROPSY, wind'-drop-si, n. a swell- 
 ing of the belly from wind in the intes- 
 tines : tympanites. 
 
 WIND-EGG, wind'-eg, n. an imperfect 
 egg. Wind eggs are frequently laid by 
 hens which have been injured or are 
 growing old. They are frequently desti- 
 tute of a shell, being surrounded only by 
 a skin or membrane, and sometimes by a 
 very thin shell. Sir T. Browne. 
 
 WINDER, wlnd'er, n. one who or that 
 which winds yarns or the like ; as, a bob- 
 hia-U'inder : an instrument or machine 
 for winding : a plant that twists itself 
 round others ; •' Winders and creepers." 
 — Bacon : the winding-step of a staircase. 
 
 WINDER, wind'er, n. in pugilism, a blow 
 that deprives of breath. 
 
 WINDFALL, wind'fawl, n. fruit blown off 
 a tree by the loind : any unexpected 
 money or other advantage. 
 
 WINDGAUGE, wind'gaj, n. an iu.strument 
 for gauging or measuring the velocity of 
 the mind. 
 
 WINDING, wind'ing, n. a turning : a bend. 
 — adj. twisting, or bending. — adv. Wind'- 
 moLY. 
 
 WINDING-SHEET, wind'ing-shet, n. a 
 sheet in which a corpse is wrapped. 
 These arms of mine shall be thy vfindinf/-8heei. 
 My heart, sweet boy, shall be thy sepulchre. 
 
 —fihak.: 
 
 a piece of tallow or wax hanging down 
 from a burning candle — regarded by the 
 ignorant as an omen of death. " He 
 feel asleep on his arms .... a long 
 mnding-slieet in the candle dripping 
 down upon him." — Dicken-i. 
 
 WINDING-TACKLE, wlnd'iug-tak-l, n. 
 (naut.) a tackle consisting of one fixed 
 triple block, and one double or triple 
 movable block, used principally to hoist 
 up any weighty materials. 
 
 WIND-iNSTRIBIENT,wind'-in-stroo-ment 
 n. an instrument of music, played by 
 means of artificially produced currents 
 of wind, as the organ, harmonium, etc., 
 or by the human breath, as the flute, 
 horn, etc., in all of which the vibration 
 of a column of air produces the sound. 
 The name is, however, generally re- 
 stricted to the orchestral instruments 
 of the second class, consisting of a tube 
 (straight, bent, or curved), producing a 
 fundamental tone with its harmonics or 
 overtones when the vibrating column 
 
 extends the whole length of the tube. 
 This column may, however, be shortened 
 by having holes' of certain sizes and at 
 certain distances along the tube, which 
 are opened or stopped by the fingers 
 or valves, the instrument being thus 
 adapted to produce in its simpler forms 
 the tones of the diatonic scale, and in its 
 more complex forms the tones of the 
 chromatic scale. The wind-instruments 
 of an ordinary orchestra are divided into 
 two classes : wood instruments, as the 
 flute, oboe, clarionet, and bassoon ; and 
 brass instruments, as the horn, cornet- 
 a-pistons, trombone, euphonium, bom- 
 bardon, and ophicleide. The quality of 
 tone of the woods is soft, smooth, light, 
 and almost vocal ; that ot the brasses is 
 somewhat harder, more powerful and 
 majestic. Being all fixed toned they 
 cannot, of couise, play in perfect tune 
 like stringed instruments, and they can 
 on ly produce one sound at a time. 
 
 WINDLASS, wind'las, 7i. a machine for 
 raising heavy weights, consisting of a 
 revolving cylinder. [Dut. windas — vHn- 
 den, E. Wind, and as, an axletree ; so 
 Ice. ri-ind-ass, a wind-iag beam.'\ 
 
 WINDMILL, wind'mil, n. a mill driven by 
 th e 2ri)id. 
 
 WINDOW, wind'6, n. an opening in the 
 wall of a building for air and Ught : the 
 frame in the opening. [Lit. " wind-eye," 
 M. E. windoge — Ice. vindauga — vindr, 
 wind, and auga, eye.] 
 
 WINDPIPE, wind'pip, n. the pipe or pas- 
 sage for the wind or breath, to and from 
 the lungs. 
 
 WINDWARD, wind'ward, adv., toward 
 where the wind blows from. — adj. to- 
 ward the wind. — n. the point from which 
 the wind blows. 
 
 WINDY, wind'i, adj. consisting of wind: 
 next the wind : tempestuous : empty. — 
 n. Wind'iness. 
 
 WINE, win, n. the fermented juice of the 
 graije or fruit of the vine {Vitis vinifera). 
 Wines are distinguished practically by 
 their color, hardness or softness on the 
 palate, their flavor, and their being still 
 or effervescing. The differences in the 
 quality of wines depend partly upon 
 differences in the vines, but more on the 
 differences of tlie soils in which they are 
 planted, in the exposure of the vineyards, 
 in tlie treatment of the grapes, and the 
 mode of manufacturing the wines. When 
 the grapes are fully ripe, they generally 
 yield the most perfect wine as to strength 
 and flavor. The leading character of 
 wine, howev(;r, must be referred to the 
 alcohol whicii it contains, and upon which 
 its intoxicating powers principally de- 
 pend. The amount of alcohol in the 
 stronger ports and sherries is from 16 to 
 25 per cent ; in hock, claret, and other 
 light wines from 7 ]ier cent. Wine con- 
 taining more than 13 per cent of alcohol 
 may be assumed to be fortified with 
 brandy or other spirit. The most cele- 
 brated ancient wines were those of Lesbos 
 and Chios among the Greeks, and the 
 Falernian and Cecuban among the Ro- 
 mans. The principal modern wines are 
 Port, Sherry, Claret, Champagne, Ma- 
 deira, Hock, Marsala, etc., etc. The va- 
 rieties of wine produced are almost end- 
 less, and differ in every constituent 
 according to the locality, season, and 
 age ; but generally the produce cf each 
 vineyard retains its own leadit ., char- 
 acteristics. The principal wine-produc- 
 ing countries are France, jermany, 
 Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Greece, Cape 
 Colony, Australia, and America. The 
 name wine is also given to tlie juice of 
 certain fruits prepared in imitation of 
 
 wine obtained from grapes, but distin« 
 guished by naming the source whence it 
 is derived, as currant wine, gooseberrj' 
 irine ; to the effect of drinking wine in 
 excess, intoxication, as "Noah awoke 
 from his tcine." — Gen. i.\. 34 ; to the act 
 of drinking wine, as " Who hath redness 
 of e^'es? They that tarrj- long at the 
 ■icine." — Prov. xxiii. 29, 30 •, to a wine 
 party at the English luiiversities, as 
 "The ex-coach was drinking' brandy- 
 and-water, and maundering about great 
 icines, and patrician bear-fights." — Miss 
 Braddon. — Wine or iron {vinum ferri of 
 the Pliarm. Brit.), sherry with tarti-ated 
 iron in solution. — Quinine wine, sherry 
 with sulphate of quinine in solution. — 
 Oil of wine, ethereal oil, a reputed ano- 
 dyne, but only used in the preparation 
 of other compounds. — Spirit of wine, 
 alcohol. [A.S. ic'in, borrowed (like Dut. 
 wijn. Ice. vin, Dan. viin. Goth, wein or 
 vein, Ger. wein) from L. vinum, wine, 
 which con-esponds to Gr. oinos, -with 
 digamma voinos or foinos, vrine. L. 
 vinum, wine, is what is produced by 
 vitis, the vine, the twining plant (cog. 
 with E. Withy), the root meaning to 
 twine or tw-ist, seen also in vitium, vice, 
 and in E. to u-ind, wire, etc.] 
 
 WINE-BIBBER, win'-bib'er, )). a. bibber or 
 Urinker of wine : a drunkard. 
 
 WING, wing-, n. the organ ot a bird, or 
 other animal or insect, by whicli it flies : 
 flight: any side-piece: side of an army, 
 ship, building, etc. : (Jig.) protection. — 
 v.t. to furnish or transport with wings: 
 to supply with side-pieces : to wound in 
 the wing'.— On THE WING, on flight : de- 
 parting. [Sw. tvinge, Ice. vcengr; cf. E. 
 SwiNGj 
 
 WINGED, wingd, adj. furnished with 
 icings: swift: wounded in the wing. 
 
 WINK, wingk, v.i. to move the eyelids 
 quickly : to give a hint by -winking : to 
 seem not to see, connive at (so iu B.): 
 to be dim, to flicker. — ?i. act of winking: 
 a hint given by winking. [A.S. icincian; 
 Ger. icijiken.l 
 
 WINNER, win'er, n. one who ivins in a 
 contest. 
 
 WINNING, win'ing.ad/. gaining or adapted 
 to gain favor : attracting. — n. what is 
 gained in contest, labor, etc. — adv. 
 Winn'ingly. 
 
 WINNOW, win'6, v.t. to separate the chaff 
 from the grain by wind : to fan : to ex- 
 amine. — v.i. to separate chaff from grain. 
 — n. Winn'ower. [A.S. windman, to 
 expose to tlie wind— -Wind.] 
 
 WINSOME, wiu'sum, adj. iheertul : pleas- 
 ant : attractive. [A.S. wyu-sum, pleas- 
 ant — wyn, joy, Ger. wonne.] 
 
 WINTER, win'tor, n. the cold season of the 
 year: the after-autumn. — v.i. to pass 
 the winter. — v.t. to feed during winter. 
 [A.S.; Ger. winter; of uncertain origin; 
 not connected with WIND.] 
 
 WINTER-QUARTERS,w-in'ter-kwawr'terz, 
 n.pl. the quarters of an army during win- 
 ter : a winter residence. 
 
 WINTER'S-BARK, win'terz - bark, v. u 
 plant, or its bark, of the nat. order Mag- 
 noliace*, Drimys W'interi. It is a native 
 ot some of the mountainous parts ol 
 South America, and abundant in the 
 lower gi-ounds of Cape Horn and Staten 
 Island. It is an evergreen shrub, with 
 laurel-like leaves, corymbs of white flow- 
 ers, and many-seeded berries. Star anis« 
 (niicium) is closely allied to it. The bark 
 is cJ a pale, grayish-red color exter- 
 nal' y, lias an agreeable, pungent, aro- 
 matic taste, and contains an acid resin, 
 an acid, volatile oil, and .some tannin. 
 It is an excellent aromatic, but not easily 
 procured, other substances, particularly
 
 WINTER-SETTLE 
 
 488 
 
 WITHER 
 
 the bark of the Canella alba, being sub- 
 stituted tor it. D. granatensis. New Gra- 
 nada Winter's-bark, is inferior to the 
 former in its aromatic properties, and 
 grows in New Granada and Brazil. [From 
 Capt. John Winter, who first brought it 
 from the Straits of Magellan in 1579.] 
 WINTER-SETTLE, win'ter-set-l, n. a win- 
 ter-seat or dwelling : winter-quarters : a 
 term belonging to the early historj' of 
 England. " In 874 the heathen men took 
 their iinnter-settle in Lindesey at Torke- 
 sey. The next year, just 1000 years ago, 
 we read how they passed from Lindesey 
 to Repton, and took their iinnter-settle 
 there."— £. A. Freeman. [A.S. winter- 
 setl] 
 WINTERY, win'ter-i, WINTRY, win'tri, 
 adj. resembUng or suitable to winter: 
 stormy. 
 WIPE, wip, v.t. to clean by rubbing: to 
 rub of! : clear away.— )i. act of cleaning 
 by rubbing : a sarcasm. [A.S. wipian ; 
 see Wisp.] 
 WIPER, wTp'er, Ji. one who wipes : the 
 instrument used for wiping : in mach. a 
 piece projecting generally from a hori- 
 zontal axle for the purpose of raising 
 stampers, pounders, or pistons in a ver- 
 tical direction and letting them faU by 
 their own weight. Wipers are employed 
 in fulling-mills, stamping-mills, oil-mills, 
 powder-mills, etc. 
 WIRE, wTr, n. a thread of metal : any 
 metallic substance drawn to an even 
 thread or slender rod of uniform diameter 
 by being passed between grooved rollers 
 or drawn through holes in a plate of 
 steel, etc. Wire is usually cylindrical, 
 but it is also made of various other forms, 
 as oval, half-round, square, and triangu- 
 lar, and of more complicated shapes for 
 small pinions, for forming the pattern on 
 blocks for calico-printing, and for other 
 purposes. The term ii-ire has also a 
 collective signification, being frequently 
 used to designate a quantity of metallic 
 threads. The metals most commonly 
 drawn into wire are gold, silver, copper, 
 and iron ; but the finest wire is made 
 from platina. Used absolutely for tele- 
 graph wire ; and hence, the telegraph ; 
 as, send on order per icire. " In India 
 the wild beasts and monkeys destroy or 
 play upon the wires, which are perhaps 
 recording at the time a minute on Ed- 
 ucation."— IF. H. Russell— Wire of 
 Lapland, a shining, slender substance 
 made from the sinews of the reindeer, 
 soaked in water, beaten, and spun into a 
 sort of thread of great strength. These 
 threads are dippe'd in me'ited tin, and 
 drawn through a horn with a hole in it. 
 The Laplanders use this wire in embroi- 
 dering their clothes. [A.S. n-ir, Low Ger. 
 M'ire, Ice. virr, Dan. vire, wire, Sw. wira, 
 to twist, to wind. Probably allied to L. 
 viricB, bracelets. No doubt of same root 
 as imnd, to twist.] 
 WIRE, wir, v.t. to bind with wire; to apply 
 wire to ; as, to wire corks in bottling 
 liquors : to put upon a wire ; as, to tare 
 beads : to snare by means of a wire ; as, 
 to u'jre a bird : in teleg. to send by tele- 
 graph, as a message ; to telegraph ; as, 
 imre a reply. 
 WIRE, wTr, v.i. to flow in currents as thin 
 
 as wire. 
 Then m small streams through all the Isles xriring. 
 Sends it to every part both heat and life inspiring. 
 
 —Ph. Fletcher: 
 
 to communicate by means of the tele- 
 graph ; to telegraph ; as, I tmred imme- 
 diately on arrival.— To wire in, to apply 
 one's self closely and perseveringly to 
 anything : to press forwards with a view 
 to "having a share. 
 
 WIRE-BRIDGE, wlr'-brij, n. a bridge sus- 
 pended by cables formed by wire. 
 WIRE-CARTRIDGE, wir'-kar-trij, n. a 
 cartridge for fowling in which the charge 
 of shot has wire ligainents. 
 WIREDRAW, wir'draw, v.t. to draw into 
 wire : to draw or spin out to a great 
 length : to strain or stretch the meaning 
 of anything. 
 WIRE-PULLER, wir'-pool-er, n. one who 
 exercises an influence felt but not seen, 
 as if the actors were his puppets and he 
 pidled the wires that move them : an in- 
 triguer. 
 WIRY, wir'i, adj. made of or like wire : 
 
 flexible and strong. 
 WIS, wis, V. (in the form I wis), used as 
 = know, llu-is is from A.S. ge-uns, cer- 
 tainly (Ger. ge-wiss), from root of Wit.] 
 WISDOM, wiz'dum, n. quality of being 
 irise: judgment: right use of knowledge: 
 (B.) piety. [A.S.] 
 WISE, wiz, adj. having ii'it or knowledge : 
 able to make use of knowlege well : judg- 
 ing riglitly : discreet : learned : skillful : 
 dictated by wisdom : containing wisdom. 
 —adv. Wise'ly. [A.S. ids ; Ger. weise ; 
 from root of Wit.] 
 WISE, WIZ, n. way, manner. [A.S. irise ; 
 Ger. tveise ; akin to Wise, adj. and Wrr. 
 Doublet Guise.] 
 WISEACRE, wiz'a-ker, n. one who pre- 
 tends to great wisdom : a simpleton. 
 [From Ger. weissager, a prophet — O.Ger. 
 wizzago (A.S. tvitiga).] 
 WISH, wish, v.i. to have a desire : to long 
 (so in B.) : to be inflined.— t).^ to desire 
 or long for: to ask: to invoke. — n. desire, 
 longing: thing desired: expression of de- 
 sire.— k. Wish'ee. [A.S. tvyscan; Ger. 
 wiinschen, Sw. orislca.] 
 WISHFUL, wish'fool, adj. having a wish 
 or desire : eager. — adv. Wish'fuixy. — n. 
 Wish'fulness. 
 WISP, wisp, n. a small bundle of straw or 
 hay. [Probably connected with Whisk.] 
 WIST, wist, (B.) knew. [A.S. iciste, pa.t. 
 
 of icitan, to know. See Wit.] 
 WISTFUL, vidst'fool, adj. full of thought : 
 thoughtful: earnest: eager. — adv. WlST'- 
 FULLY.— n. Wist'fulness. [From root 
 of Wrr.] 
 WIT, wit, v.i. (B.) to know.— To wit (ger- 
 undial inf. used as adv.) = namely, that 
 is to say. [A.S. witan, to know ; Goth. 
 vitan, Ger. wissen ; conn, also with L. 
 video (see Vision), Gr. eidon, Sans, vid 
 (see Veda).] 
 WIT, wit, n. understanding (so in B.) : a 
 mental faculty (chiefly in jp/.): the power 
 of combining ideas with aludicrouseff'ect: 
 the result of this power : one who has 
 wit. [A.S. intt — icitan.'] 
 WITCH, wich, n. a woman regarded as 
 having supernatural or magical power 
 and knowledge. — v.t. to bewitch. [A.S. 
 uricce; wicca, wizard; ace. to Griinm, from 
 Goth, veihan (Ger. weihen), to conse- 
 crate, orig. to do, to perform (rites). Cf. 
 li. faeio, operari, ana Gr. erdo.'\ 
 WITCHCRAFT, wich' I; raft, n. the prac- 
 tices of witches: sorcery: a supernatural 
 power which persons were formerly sup- 
 posed to obtain by entering into compact 
 with the devil. Indeed it was fully be- 
 lieved that they gave themselves up to 
 him, body and soul, while he engaged 
 that they should want for nothing, and 
 be able to assume whatever shape they 
 pleased, to visit and torment their ene- 
 mies, and accomplish their infernal pur- 
 poses. As soon as the bargain was con- 
 cluded, the devil was said to deliver to 
 the witch an imp or familiar spirit, to be 
 ready at call, and to do whatever it was 
 directed. By the aid of this imp and the 
 devil together, the witch, who was al- 
 
 most always an old woman, was enabled 
 to transport herself through the air on 
 a broomstick, and to transform herself 
 into various shapes, particularly those of 
 cats and hares ; to intuct diseases on 
 whomsoever she pleased, and to punish 
 her enemies in a variety of ways. The 
 belief in witchcraft is very ancient. It 
 was a common belief in Europe till the 
 sixteenth century, and maintained its 
 ground with tolerable firmness till the 
 middle of the seventeenth century: in- 
 deed it is not altogether extinct even at 
 the present day. Numbers of reputed 
 witches were condemned to be burned, 
 so that in England alone it is computed 
 that no fewer than 30,000 of them suffered 
 at the stake. The word also means power 
 more than natural : enchantment : irre- 
 sistible influence : fascination. 
 You have witchcraft in your lips, Kate.— SAafc. 
 O, father, what a hell of mtchcraft lies 
 In the small orb of one particular tear.— STiafc. 
 WITCHES'- SABBATH, wich'ez-sab-bath, 
 n. a stated meeting of witches and devils 
 at night for communicating the mischief 
 they had done, and concocting more, at 
 whicii the most obscene rites, or rather 
 revels, were indulged in. The witches 
 rode to the rendezvous on broomsticks, 
 sometimes on their demon-lovers in the 
 shape of goats, having previously an- 
 ointed themselves with the fat of a mur- 
 dered or unbaptized child. Neophytes 
 were introduced to the devil at such 
 meetings, where they received his mark 
 on their bodies as evidence that they had 
 sold their souls to him. In Germany the 
 witches'-Sabbath was held on Walpurgis- 
 night. [See Walpurgis-night.] 
 WITENAGEMOTE, wit'en-a-ge-mot. n. 
 among the Anglo-Saxons, the great na- 
 tional council or parliament, consisting 
 of athelings or princes, nobles or ealdor- 
 men, the large landholders, the princi- 
 pal ecclesiastics, etc. The meetings of 
 this council were frequent ; they formed 
 the highest court of judicature in the 
 kingdom ; they were stmimoned by the 
 king in any political emergency ; their 
 concurrence was necessary to give valid- 
 ity to laws, and treaties with foreign 
 states were submitted to their approval. 
 They had even power to elect the king, 
 and" if the sceptre descended in his race 
 it was by means of the formal recogni- 
 tion of the new king by the nobles, bish- 
 ops, etc., in an assembly convened for 
 the purpose. [A.S. witena-gemot — u^t- 
 ena, gen. pi. of wita^ a wise man, (^e)- 
 mot, a meeting, a moot, an assembly ; 
 lit. " the assembly of the wise men.'"] 
 WITH, n. same as Withe. 
 WITH, with, prep, denoting nearness or 
 connection : by : in competition or con- 
 trast : on the side of : immediately after : 
 among. [A.S. widh, wither, prob. orig. 
 sig. "placed over against;" Ice. vidh, 
 Ger. wider. It prob. absorbed the A.S. 
 mid, with (Ger. mit, Gr. meta).'] 
 WITHAL, wi</i-awr, adv., with all or the 
 rest : likewise : moreover : (B.) prep.= 
 with. 
 WITHDRAW, wiWi-draw', v.t. to draw 
 back or away : to take back : to recall. 
 — v.i. to retire : to go away. — ns. WlTH- 
 draw'al, Withdraw'ment. [Prefix with, 
 against, back, and Draw.] 
 WITHE, WITH, with, n. a flexible twig, 
 esp. of willow : a band of twisted twigs. 
 [A.S. xndhig; Ice. vidhir, Ger. weide, 
 ■svillow ; further conn, with Gr. itys. L. 
 vitis. Sans. v'l. to tie, to plait.] 
 WITHER, witk'er, v.i. to fade or become 
 dry in the rreather ; to lo.se freshness: to 
 shrink : waste. — v.t. to cause to drj- up : 
 to cause to decay, waste. [A.S. wedrian; 
 from root of Weather.]
 
 WITHERS 
 
 489 
 
 WOODBINE 
 
 WITHERS, with'erz, n.pl. the ridge be- 
 tween the shoulder-bones of a horse. 
 [From wither, against (see ety. of With, 
 prep.).] 
 
 WITHHOLD, wif/i-hold', v.t. to hold back: 
 to keep back. [Prefix with, against, back, 
 and Hold.] 
 
 WITHIN, wi^A-in', prep, in the inner part : 
 inside: in the reach of: not going outside 
 of. — adv. in the inner part : inwardly. 
 fPrefi.x with, and In.] 
 
 WITHOUT, with-owt', prep, outside or out 
 of : beyond: not with: in absence of: not 
 having: except. — adv. on the outside: out 
 of doors. [Prefix toith, and Our.] 
 
 WITHSTAND, with-stund' , v.t. to stand 
 against : to oppose or resist. [Prefix 
 with, against, and Stand.] 
 
 WITLESS, wit'les, adj., wanting vnt or 
 understanding: thoughtless. — adv. Wrr'- 
 LESSLY. — n. Wit'lessness. 
 
 WITLING, wit'ling, n. one who has little 
 toit : a pretender to wit. 
 
 WITNESS, wit'nes, n., knowledge brought 
 in proof : testimony of a fact : that 
 which furnishes proof : one who sees or 
 has personal knowledge of a thing : one 
 who attests. — v.t. to have direct knowl- 
 edge of : to see : to give testimony to. — 
 v.i. to give evidence. [A.S. ge-witness — 
 WitJ 
 
 WITTED, wit'ed, adj. having imt or under- 
 standing. 
 
 WITTICISM, wit'i-sizm, n. a witty remark: 
 a sentence or phrase affectedly witty : a 
 low kind of wit. [Witty, and Gr. affix 
 
 WITTINGLY, wit'ing-li, adv. knowingly : 
 by design. [From witting, pr.p. of Wit, 
 to know.] 
 WITTY, wit'i, adj. possessed of unt: amus- 
 ing: droll: sarcastic: (B.) ingenious. — 
 adv. Witt'ily. — n. Witt'iness. 
 WrVE, wfv, v.t. to take for a wife. — v.i. to 
 
 marry. [A.S. mfian — ivif, E. Wife.] 
 WIZARD, WISARD, wiz'ard, n. originally, 
 a wise man : a sage. 
 
 See how from far, upon the eastern road. 
 The star-led vnsards haste with odors sweet. 
 
 — Milton. 
 
 [Milton here means the Magi, or wise men 
 of the East.] A proficient in the occult 
 sciences : an adept in the black art : one 
 supposed to possess supernatural powers, 
 generally from having leagued himself 
 with the Evil One : a sorcerer : an 
 enchanter : a magician : hence, a title 
 occasionly appUed to, or assumed by 
 modern performers of legerdemain : a 
 conjurer : a juggler. " And the soul 
 that turneth after such as have familiar 
 spirits, and after wizards, ... I will 
 even set my face against that soul." — 
 Lev. XX. 6. [From tme, and term. -ard.] 
 
 WIZARD, wiz'ard, adj. enchanting; charm- 
 ing. Collins : haunted by wizards ; 
 "Where Deva spreads her vnzard 
 stream . " — Milton. 
 
 WO AD, wod, n. a plant used as a blue dye- 
 stuff. [A-S. wad; Ger. waid; L. vitnim.] 
 
 WOE, WO, wo, n. grief : misery : a heavy 
 calamity : a curse : an exclamation of 
 grief. [A.S. (interj.) wa ; Ger. weh ; L. 
 iKB. Gr. ouai. Of. Wail.] 
 
 WOE-BEGONE, w6'-be-gon', adj. beset 
 with woe. [See under Begone.] 
 
 WOE WORTH. See Worth. 
 
 WOFUL, wo'fool, adj. sorrowful: bringing 
 calamity: wretched. — adv. Wo'Fut.LY. — 
 
 n. WO' FULNESS. 
 
 WOLD, wold. n. by-form ot Weald. 
 
 WOLF, vvoolf ( pi. Wolves, woolvz); n. a 
 quadruped belonging to the digitigrade 
 carnivora, family Canidae, in habits and 
 physical development closely related to 
 the dog, some naturalists, indeed, consid- 
 ering it as the progenitor of some exist- 
 
 ing races of the dog, with which it has 
 been known to interbreed. The common 
 European wolf {Canis lupus) is yellowish 
 or fulvous gray ; the hair is harsh and 
 strong, the ears erect and pointed, the 
 tail straight, or nearly so, and there is a 
 blackish band or streak on the forelegs 
 about the carpus. The height at the 
 shoulder is from 27 to 89 inches. The 
 wolf is swift of foot, crafty, and rapa- 
 cious; a destructive enemy to the sheep- 
 cote and farm-yard ; it associates in packs 
 to hunt the larger qr.adrupeds, such as 
 the deer, the elk, etc. When hard pressed 
 with hunger these packs have been known 
 to attack isolated travellers, and even to 
 enter villages and carry off children. In 
 general, however, wolves are cowardly 
 and stealthy, approaching the sheepfolds 
 and farm-steadings only at dead of night, 
 making a rapid retreat if in the least 
 scared by a dog or a man, and exhibiting 
 great cunning in the avoidance of traps. 
 Wolves are still plentiful in some parts 
 of Europe, as France, Spain, Italy, Ger- 
 many, Turkey, and Russia; they probably 
 ceased to exist in England about the end 
 of the fifteenth century; the last of their 
 race in Scotland is said to have been 
 killed by Cameron of Lochiel in 1680, 
 while in Ireland they are known to have 
 existed until at least the beginning of the 
 eighteenth century. The black wolf (C. 
 occidentalis) of America is a larger and 
 finer animal than his European congener. 
 The little prairie wolf or coyote (C och- 
 ropus), abounding on the vast plains of 
 Missouri and Mexico, is a burrowing ani- 
 mal, and resembles in many respects the 
 jackal. The Tasmanian wolf is a mar- 
 supial, and allied to the kangaroo. [A.S. 
 widf, Dut. and Ger. wolf. Ice. ulfr, Dan. 
 ulv, Sw. ulf (the Scandinavian forms 
 showing the common loss of initial v) ; 
 Goth, vulfs; cog. Bulg. vluku, Lith. vil- 
 kas, L. lupiis, Gr. lukos (both with loss of 
 the initial labial), Sans, vrika — wolf : all 
 traced to a root vark, valk, meaning to 
 tear.] 
 
 WOLF-DOG, woolf'-dog, n. a large kind of 
 dog of several varieties, kept to guard 
 sheep, cattle, etc., and destroy wolves : 
 a dog supposed to be bred between a dog 
 and a wolf. 
 
 WOLFFIAN, wol'fl-an, adj. in physiol. a 
 term applied to certain bodies in the 
 vertebrate embryo, preceding the true 
 kidneys, whose functions they perform. 
 As the foetus advances they gradually 
 disappear, their place being supplied by 
 the true kidneys, except in fishes, in 
 which they are permanent. [After 
 Wolff, the discoverer.] 
 
 WOLF-FISH, woolf'-fish, n. a teleostean 
 acanthopterygious fish {Anarrhichas 
 lupus), so called from its ferocious as- 
 pect and habits. It is found around the 
 coasts of Britain, where it attains a 
 length of 6 or 7 feet, but in southern 
 seas it is said to reach a much greater 
 size. The mouth is armed with strong 
 sharp teeth, the inner series forming 
 blunt grinders adapted for crushing the 
 molluscs and crustaceans on which it 
 feeds. The ventral fins are absent ; the 
 color is brownish-gray, spotted, and 
 striped with brown over the upper 
 parts, while the belly is white. The 
 flesh is palatable, and largely eaten in 
 Iceland, whilst the skin is durable, and 
 manufactured into a kind of shagreen. 
 When drawn up in a net it attacks its 
 captors ferociously, and unless stunned 
 with a blow on the liead, is capable ot 
 doing great damage to both persons and 
 nets with its powerful teeth. Called 
 also Sea-cat, Cat-fish, and Sea-wolf. 
 
 WOLFIAN, wol'fi-an, adj. pertaining to or 
 promulgated by Frederick A. Wolf, the 
 great German philologist. — Wolfias 
 theory, a theory put out by Wolf in 
 1795 to the effect that the Iliad and 
 Odyssey cannot be the works of one man. 
 Homer, because writing was unknown at 
 the time that these poems are said to 
 have been composed. He supposes, there- 
 fore, that tlie Iliad and Odyssey consist 
 of ballads or episodes, the work of dif- 
 ferent men, collected and arranged in a 
 more or less consistent and homogeneous 
 whole in the sixth century B.C. These 
 ballads were preserved by the recitation 
 of strolling minstrels. 
 
 WOLFISH, woolf'ish, adj. like a m-'o?/ either 
 in form or quality : rapacious. — adv. 
 WOLF'lSHLY. 
 
 WOLVERENE, wool' ver-en, WOLVERINE, 
 wool'ver-in, n. a carnivorous mammal, 
 the Gulo arcticxis (or luscus) or glutton 
 (see Glutton). — Wolverine State, a 
 popular name for the State of Michigan. 
 [A dim. formed from wolf, on account of 
 its fierce, bloodthirsty disposition.] 
 
 WOMAN, woom'an, n. the female of man : 
 a grown female : a female attendant : — 
 pi. Women (wim'en). [A.S. wimman, 
 wifmanii, a compound of vnf. Wife, and 
 Man ; cf. A.S. mcedenmann, a virgin, Ger. 
 weibs-me7isch, a female.] 
 
 WOMANHOOD, woom ' an - hood, n. the 
 state, character, or qualities of nuvman, 
 
 WOMANISH, woom'an-ish, adj. having 
 the qualities of a woman : feminine. — 
 adv. Wom'anishly.— n. Wom'anishness. 
 
 WOMANKIND, woom'an-kind, «., icomen 
 taken together : the female sex. 
 
 WOMANLIKE, woom'an-llk, adj., like a 
 woman. 
 
 WOMANLY, woom'an-li, adj. like or be- 
 coming a ivoman : feminine. — adv. in the 
 manner of a woman.—?;. Wom'anliness. 
 
 WOMB, woom, n. the organ in which the 
 young of mammals are developed, and 
 kept till birth : the place where anything 
 is produced : any deep cavity. [A.S. 
 wamb ; Ger. wamme, paunch.] 
 
 WOMBAT, wom'bat, n. an Australian mar- 
 supial mammal of the opossum family. 
 
 WON, wuB, pa.t. andjpa.p. of Win. 
 
 WONDER, wun'der, n. the state of mind 
 produced by something new, unexpected, 
 or extraordinary : a strange thing : a 
 prodigy. — v.i. to feel wonder: to be 
 amazed (with at). [A.S. vnindor ; Ger. 
 wunder, Ice. nndr.] 
 
 WONDERFUL, wun'der-fool, adj., full of 
 wonder : exciting wonder : strange : (S). 
 wonderfully. — adv. Won'DERFULLY.— n. 
 Won'derfulness. 
 
 WONDROUS, wund'rus, adj. such as may 
 excite wonder : strange. — adv. Won - 
 drously. 
 
 WONT, wunt, adj. used or accustomed.— 
 n. habit. — v.i. to be accustomed. [Orig. 
 pa.p. of M. E. wone, to dwell— A.S. imn- 
 ian (Ger. wohnen).] 
 
 WON'T, wont, will not. [Contr. of M. E. 
 
 WOl 7l0t.] 
 
 WONTED, wunt'ed, adj. accustomed : 
 usual. [See Wont.] 
 
 WOO, woo, v.t. to ask in order to mar- 
 riage : to court.— v.t. to court or make 
 love. — n. Woo'ER. [A.S. wogian, to 
 woo, prob. orig. " to bend , " cf. A.S. 
 vog, voh, bent, Goth, un-vahs, blameless, 
 (lit.) " not-bent. "1 
 
 WOOD, wood, n. the soli 1 part of trees : 
 trees, cut or sawed : timber : a collection 
 of growing trees.— v.i. to supply wood. 
 [A.S. tpudu ; cog. with Ice. viahrr, wood, 
 Ger. unt. firewood.] 
 
 WOODBINE, wood'bin, WOODBIND, 
 woodbind, n. the honeysuckle, so called
 
 WOODCOAL 
 
 490 
 
 WORSHIP 
 
 because it twists and binds the ^7-eestO" ' 
 
 gether. [X.S.umdu-biiid. C£. Hopblnd.J 
 WOODCOAL, wood'kol, m., coal like wood 
 
 in texture: charcoal: lignite or browc 
 
 coal. 
 WOODCOCK, wood'kok, w. a bird, allied 
 
 to the snipe, which frequents woods. 
 WOODCUT, wood'kut, n. an engraving 
 
 cut on wood: an impreesion from it. — n« 
 
 Wood'cctter. 
 WOODED, wood'ed, adj. supplied witll 
 
 ii-ood: covered with wood. 
 WOODEX, wood'n, ady. made of icoocb 
 
 hard: clumsy. 
 WOOD-ENGRAVING, wood'en-grav'ina 
 
 71. the act or art of engraving on rcoo^ 
 
 an engraving on or taken from wood. 
 WOODLAND, wood'land, n., land covered 
 
 witli wood. ^ 
 
 WOODLARK, wood'lark, n. a species of 
 
 lark found in or near woods, singing 
 
 chiefly on the wing. 
 WOODMAN, wood'man, n. a man whflj 
 
 cuts down trees: a forest ofiBcer: a hunta> 
 
 man. 
 WOODNYSIPH, wood'nimf , n. a nymph ar 
 
 goddess of the icoods. ' 
 
 WOODPECKER, wood'pek-er, n. a bird 
 
 that pecks holes in the zcood or barkaC 
 
 trees for insects. 
 WOOD-PIGEON, wood'-pij'un. n. the wild 
 
 pigeon which lives in woods, the ring. 
 
 dove. 
 WOODRUFF, wood'ruf, n. a plant, foumi 
 
 in woods and shady places, with its 
 
 leaves in whorls like I'uffs. 
 WOODWARD, wood'wawrd, n. an officec 
 
 to guard the woods. I 
 
 WOODY, wood'i, adj. abounding with 
 
 ^coods: pertaining to woods: consisting* 
 
 of wood. 
 WOOF, woof, n. same as Wept. [Froia 
 
 pa.t. of Weave. Cf. Weft.] 
 WOOL, wool, n. the soft, curly hair of 
 
 sheep and other animals: short thiofe 
 
 hair. [A.S. tcull; cog. with Goth, vidlo, 
 
 Ger. u-olle.] 
 WOOL-GATHERING, wool'-ga<;i'er-ing,w. 
 
 indulgence of idle fancies. — adj^ dreamy. 
 
 listless. 
 WOOL-GROWER, wool'-gro'er, n. one who 
 
 raises sheep for the production of wool 
 WOOLLEN, wool'en, adj. made of or pei' 
 
 taining to tcool. 
 WOOLLY, wool'i. adj. consisting of or Uke 
 
 wool: clothed with wool. — n. WooL'l 
 
 NESS. 
 
 WOOLSACK, wool'sak, n. the seat of tha 
 lord chancellor in the British House of 
 Lords, being a large square saek of wool 
 covered with scarlet. 
 
 WORD, wurd, n. an oral or written sign 
 expressing an idea or notion: talk, dis- 
 course: signal or sign: message: prom- 
 ise: declaration: — {pi.) verbal conten- 
 tion.— The Word, the Scripture: {theol.) 
 the second person in the Trinity. — v.t. to 
 express in words. [A.S. word; cog. with 
 Goth, vaurd. Ice. ord, Ger. wort; also 
 conn, with L. verbum, a word, Gr. eiro, 
 to speak.] 
 
 WORDBOOK, wurd'book. n. a book witha. 
 collection of words: a vocabulary. 
 
 WORDING, wurd'ing, n. act, manner, or 
 style of expressing in words. 
 
 WORDY, wurd'i, acy. full of words: using 
 or containing many words. — adv. Word- 
 ily.—?;. Word'iness. 
 
 WORE. w6r, pa.t. of Weae. 
 
 WORK, wurk, n. eflfort directed to an end: 
 the result of work: that on which one 
 works: anything made or done: deedi 
 effect: a literary composition: a book: 
 management:— p/. (fort.) walls, trenches, 
 etc.— t».i. to make efforts to attain any- 
 thing: to perform: to be in action: to 
 be occupied in business or labor: to pro- 
 
 duce elTects : to strata or labor : to fer- 
 ment. — v.t. to make by labor : to bring 
 into any state by action : to effect : to 
 influence : to manage: to solve: to cause 
 to ferment : to embroider : — pa.t. and 
 pa.p. worked or wrought (rawt). — n. 
 vVoRK'EH. [A.S. weorc : Ice. verk, Ger. 
 werk : further conn, with Gr. ergon. 
 Cf. Organ.] 
 
 WORBIABLE, wurk'a-bl, adj. that may be 
 worked. 
 
 WORKHOUSE, wurk'hows, n. a house 
 where any icork or manufacture is carried 
 on : a house of shelter for the poor, who 
 are made to work : a penal institution 
 for minor offences. 
 
 WORKMAN, wurVman, n. a man who 
 works or labors, esp. manually : a skill- 
 ful artificer. 
 
 WORKMANLIKE, wurk'man - Ilk, adj., 
 like a tcorkman : becoming a skillful 
 workman : well performed. 
 
 WORKMANSHIP, wurk'man-ship, 71. the 
 skill of a workinan : manner of making : 
 %vork done. 
 
 WORKSHOP, wurk'shop, n. a shop where 
 tvork is done. 
 
 WORLD, wurld, n. the earth and its in- 
 habitants : the system of things : pres- 
 ent state of existence: any planet or 
 heavenly body : public life or society : 
 business : the public : a secular life : 
 course of life : a very large extent of 
 country, as the "new world:" very 
 much or a great deal, as a " world of 
 good : " time, as in the phrase " world 
 without end " = eternally : possibility, 
 as in " nothing in the world : " (B.) tfie 
 iiiigodly. [A.S. taor-uJd, weor-uld, (lit.) 
 "a generation of men," from tcer, a man, 
 and -idd, sig. an age; Ice. verbid, O. Ger. 
 weralt (Ger. welt). Cf. Wer-wolf, Wer- 
 gild ; also Eld and Old.] 
 
 WORLDLING, wurld'ing, n. one who is 
 devoted to worldly or temporal posses- 
 sions. 
 
 WORLDLY', wurld'li, adj. pertaining to 
 the tcorld, esp. as distinguished from the 
 world to come : devoted to this life and 
 its enjoyments: bent on gain.— n.WoRLD'- 
 
 UNESS.' 
 
 WORLDLY-MINDED, wurldTi-miud'ed, 
 ailj. having the mind set on the present 
 7corld. 
 
 WORM, wurm, 71. anj' small creeping ani- 
 mal : anything that gnaws or torments : 
 remorse : a debased being : anything 
 spiral : the thread of a screw : a spiral 
 pipe used in distilling. — v.i. to work 
 slowly or secretly. — v.t. to effect bj' slow 
 and secret means. [A.S. vxorm, wyrm, 
 dragon, snake, creeping animal ; cog. 
 with Goth. vaur7ns, a serpent, Ice. 07-mr, 
 Ger. mi/rm; also with L. vermis. Cf. Ver- 
 micelli and Crimson.] 
 
 WORM-EAT, wurm'-et, v.t. to gnaw or 
 perforate, as is done by worms : hence, 
 to impair by a slow, insidious process. 
 " Leave off these vanities which worm- 
 eat j'our brain." — Jar~vis. 
 
 WORM-EATEN, wurra'-et-n, adj. gnawed 
 by worms ; having a number of internal 
 cavities made by worms ; as, worm-eaten 
 boards, planks, or timber ; " Concave as 
 a covered goblet or a ivorm-eaten nut." 
 — Shak. : old ; worn - out ; worthless. 
 Raleigh. 
 
 WORM-EATENNESS, wurm'-et-n-nes, n. 
 state of being worm-eaten : rottenness. 
 
 WORMED, wurmd, adj. bored or pene- 
 trated bj- worms : injured by worms. 
 
 WORM-FENCE, wurni'-fens, n. a zigzag 
 fence made by placing the ends of the 
 rails upon each other: sometimes called 
 a Stake Fence. 
 
 WORM-FEVER, wurm'-fe-ver, n. a popu- 
 lar name for infantile remittent fever. 
 
 WORM-GEAR, wurm'-ger, n. in mack, a 
 combination consisting of a shaft fitted 
 with an endless screw which works into 
 a spirallv toothed wheel. 
 
 WORM -GRASS, wurm'-gras, WORM- 
 SEED, wurm'-sed, n. names given to 
 plants of the genus SpigeUa. 
 
 WORM-HOLE, wm-nV-hol, n. a hole made 
 by the gnawing of a worm. " To fill 
 with worm-holes stately monuments." — 
 Shak. 
 
 WORMING, wui-m'ing, 71. (naut.) yarn or 
 other material wound spirally round 
 ropes between the strands. 
 
 WORM-LIKE, wurm'-lik, adj. resembling 
 a worm : spiral : vermicular. 
 
 WORMLING, -mirm'ling, n. (lit.) a little 
 worm : hence, a weak, mean creature. 
 O dusty tvormiinq ! dar'st thou strive and staud 
 With lieaveii's high Monarch ? — Chapman. 
 
 WORM-OIL, wurm'-oil, 71. an oil obtained 
 from the seeds of Chenopodium anthel- 
 7nintinim. It is a powerfid anthelmintic. 
 
 WORM-POWDER, wurm'-pow-der, n. a 
 powder used for expelling worms from 
 the intestinal canal or other open cavities 
 of the body. 
 
 WORM-SEED, wurm'-sed, 71. a seed which 
 has the propertj' of expelling worms from 
 the intestinal tube or other open cavities 
 of the bodj' : it is brought from the Le- 
 vant, and is the produce of a species of 
 Artemisia (A. santonica), which is a na- 
 tive of Tartary and Persia : the seed of 
 Erysimrnn cheiranthoides or treacle-mus- 
 tard : a plant of the genus Spigelia. 
 
 WORM-SHAPED. wurm'-shapt, adj. inhot. 
 same as Verjiicxilar (which see). 
 
 WORM-SHELL, wurm'-sbel, n. the species 
 of the genus Vermetus : so called from 
 their long twisted shape. 
 
 WORM-TEA, wurm'-te, n. a decoction of 
 some plant, generally a bitter plant, used 
 as an anthelmintic. 
 
 WORMUL, wor'mul, 7i. a sore or tumor on 
 the back of cattle caused by the larva of 
 an insect which punctures the skin and 
 deposits its eggs : a warble. Called also 
 WoRNAL, WoRNlL. [Probably a corrup- 
 tion of worm-ill.'\ 
 
 WORM-WHEEL, wurm'-hwel, »i. a wheel 
 which gears with an endless or tangent 
 screw or worm, receiving or imparting 
 motion. By this means a powerful effect 
 with a diminished rate of motion is com- 
 municated from one revolving shaft to 
 another. 
 
 WORMWOOD, -n-urm'wood, n. the bitter 
 plant absinthium. [A.S. werm-od (Grer. 
 vxrm-tith) ; from the root of Warm (with 
 affix -od), because orig. taken to warm 
 the body ; afterwards corrupted to worm- 
 u-ood, through its use as a vermifuge 
 suggesting a false etj'.] 
 
 WORMY, wurm'i, adj.'hkea.worm: grovel- 
 ling : containing a worm : abounding 
 with worms. 
 
 WORN. w6rn,pa.p. of Wear. 
 
 WORRY, wur'i, v.t. to tear with the teeth: 
 to harass : to tease :—pa.t. and jxi.p. 
 worr'ied. — n. trouble, perplexity, vexa- 
 tion. [Conn, with Dut. icorgen, to 
 strangle ; Ger. n-iirgen, to choke.] 
 
 WORSE, wurs, adj. (used as comp. of Bad), 
 bad or evil in a greater degree : more 
 sick. — adv. bad in a higher degree. 
 [A.S. ifyr-sa, old comp. from a root 
 uxor, bad, seen also in O. Gfer. wirser, 
 Goth. 7>airs.] 
 
 WORSHIP, wur'ship, n. religious ser\-ice : 
 adoration paid to God : a title of honor : 
 submissive respect. — i:t. to respect high- 
 ly : to treat with civil reverence : to pay 
 divine honors to : to adore or idolize. — 
 v.i. to perform acts of adoration : to 
 perform reUgious service : — pr.p. wor*- 
 shipping ; pa.t. and pa.j). wor'shipped.—
 
 WORSHIPFUL 
 
 491 
 
 WRECKER 
 
 II. Wor'shtppee. [Lit. " state of having 
 worth or worthiness," A.S. loeordhseipe 
 — ^WoRTH, and affix -ship, A.S. -scipe.'] 
 WORSHIPFUL, wur'ship-fool, adj., worthij 
 ot u-orship or honor, used as a term of 
 respect. 
 WORST, wurst, adj. bad in the highest 
 degree, whether in a moral or physical 
 sense ; as, the worst sinner, the worst 
 disease, the worst evil that can befall a 
 state or an individual. [Superl. of worse 
 (which see).] 
 
 Speak to me as to thy thinkiuj^s, 
 As thou dost ruminate ; aad give thy loorat of 
 
 thoughts 
 The toorst of words. — Shak. 
 Cori'upted freemea are the worst of slaves. 
 
 — Garriek. 
 
 WORST, wurst. n. that which is most evil 
 or bad : the most evil, severe, aggravated, 
 or calamitous state or condition — asually 
 with the. " He is always sure of finding 
 diversion when the worst conies to the 
 ivorst." — Addison. — At the worst, in 
 the most evil state or at the greatest 
 disadvantage. "Thou hast me at the 
 tvorst." — shak. "Things at the ivorst 
 will cease, or else climb upward to what 
 they were before."— SftaA:.— To PUT TO 
 THE WORST, to inflict defeat on : to over- 
 throw. "Who ever knew Truth put to 
 the worst in free and open encounter ? " — 
 Milton. 
 
 WORST, wurst, adv. most or least, accord- 
 ing to the sense of the verb. "When 
 thou didst hate him worst." — Shak. " The 
 gods do like this worst." — Shak. 
 
 WORST, wurst, v.t. to get the advantage 
 over in contest : to defeat : to overthrow. 
 " The victorious Philistines were worsted 
 by the captivated ark, which foraged 
 their country more than a conquering 
 army. " — Soriih. 
 
 WORST, wurst. v.i. to grow worse : to de- 
 teriorate : to worsen. " Anne haggard,^ 
 Mary coarse, every face in the neighbor- 
 hood worsting, . . . had long been a dis- 
 tress to him." — Miss Austen. 
 
 WORSTED, woost'ed or woorst'ed, n. 
 twisted thread or yarn spun out of long, 
 combed wool. [From Worsted, a village 
 near Norwich in England.] 
 
 WORT, wurt, n. a plant of the cabbage 
 kind. [A.S. wyrt ; Ger. ivurz, umrzel, a 
 root.] 
 
 WORT, wurt, 71. new beer un'ermented or 
 in the act of fermentation : the sweet 
 infusion of malt. [A.S. wirt, irert ; 
 toiirze, sweet herbs ; probably orig. same 
 as above word.] 
 
 WORTH, wurth, n. value: that quality 
 which renders a thing valuable : price : 
 moral excellence : importance. — adj. 
 equal in value to : deserving of. — (B.) 
 v.i. be. [Lit, "being, sub.stance," A.S. 
 weorth — weorthan, to be, connected with 
 Were. See next word.] 
 
 WORTH, wurth, in the phrase WOE 
 WORTH, sig. woe be to. [A.S. weorth, 
 imper. of weorthan, to be, (Jer. iverden. 
 See above ww»,.] 
 
 WORTHILY, wur'Wii-li, adv. in a u-orthy 
 manner : ifPr. Bk.) justly : truly. 
 
 WORTHLESS, wurth'les, adj. of no worth 
 or value : having no value, virtue, excel- 
 lence, etc. : useless. — adv. Worth'less- 
 LY. — ?t. Worth'lessness. 
 
 WORTHY, wur't/ii, adj. having worth : 
 valuable : deserving : suited to : (B.) de- 
 serving (either of good or bad). — n. a 
 man of eminent worth : — pi. Wor'thies. 
 — n. Wor'thiness. 
 
 WOT, wot, WOTTETH, wot'eth, v.t. (B.) 
 pres.t. of obs. wit, to know. [A.S. w&t 
 (orig. a perf., signifying " have or "has 
 seen" =Gr. oida), u.sed as pres. ind. of 
 witan, to know. See Wit.] 
 
 WOULD, wood, pa.t. of Will. [A.S. 
 wolde, pa.t. of willan.] 
 
 WOUND, wownd,jja.(. and pa.p. of Wind, 
 to turn. 
 
 WOUND, woond, n. a cut or bruise : hurt : 
 injury. — v.t. to make a wound : to in- 
 jure. [A.S. immd ; Ger. wunde, Ice. und; 
 conn, with Wind, to twist.] 
 
 WOVE, WOVEN, pa.t. and pa.p. of 
 Weave. 
 
 WOW-WOW, wow'-wow, n. the native 
 name for an ape of the gibbon genus 
 {Hylobates leucisctis) found in Malacca 
 and the Sunda Isles. 
 
 WOXE, woks, WOXEN, wok'sn, for 
 Waxed. Spenser. 
 
 WRACK, rak, n. a popular name for sea- 
 weeds generally, but more especially 
 when thrown ashore by the waves ; the 
 name is sometimes restricted to the spe- 
 cies of Fucus, which form the bulk of the 
 wrack collected for manure, and some- 
 times for making kelp; those found most 
 plentifully on the British shores are the 
 F. vesieulosus and the F. nodosus : de- 
 struction of a ship by winds or rocks or 
 by the force of the waves ; wreck. Shak.: 
 ruin ; destruction. Shak. (This is the 
 ordinary spelling in the old editions of 
 Shakespeare, both of the noun and of the 
 verb.) [A form of Wreck. In tiie sense 
 of sea-weed it means lit. what is cast up 
 or thrown out by the waves. Cf. Dan. 
 vrag, wreck, vrage, to reject, Sw. vrak, 
 wreck, refuse, vraka, to throw away, to 
 re ject.] 
 
 WRACK, rak, v.t. to destroy in the water ; 
 to wreck. Milton : to torture ; to rack. 
 Cowley. 
 
 WHACK, rak, n. a thin, flying cloud : a 
 ra ck. 
 
 WRACKFUL, rak'fool, adj. ruinous: de- 
 structive. Shak. 
 
 WRAITH, rath, n. an apparition in the 
 exact likeness of a person, supposed by 
 the ignorant to be seen before or soon 
 after the person's death. 
 
 Then glided out of the joyous wood 
 The ghastly vyraith of one that I know. 
 
 — Tennyson. 
 
 [Also found in form wrach, and probably 
 a Celtic word. Cf. Gael, arrac/i, a spectre, 
 an apparition, Ir. arrach, arracht, a like- 
 ne ss, spectre, apparition.] 
 
 WRANGLE, ranggl, v.i. to make a dis- 
 turbance : to dispute : to dispute noisily 
 or peevishly. — n. a noisy dispute. [A 
 freq. from thej(3a.<. of Wring.] 
 
 WRANGLER, rang'gler, n. one who wran- 
 gles or disputes angrily : in the university 
 of Cambridge, one of those who pass the 
 best examination for the degree of B.A. 
 -— w. Wrang'lership. 
 
 WRAP, rap, v.t. to roll or fold together : 
 to infold : to cover by winding something 
 round (often with uj}) -.—pr.p. wrapp'ing; 
 2}a.t. and pa.p. wrapped. — n. a wrapper, 
 as a shawl, etc. [M.E. wrappen. See 
 La p, v.t. to wrap, and Envelope.] 
 
 WRAPPER, rap'er, n. one who or that 
 which wraps : a loo-se outer garment of a 
 woman. 
 
 WRATH, rath, n. violent anger : (B.) holy 
 indignation. [A.S. wroedh, wrath (lit.) 
 " a \wist in the temper." See Wroth.] 
 
 WRATHFUL, rath'fool, adj., full of u-rath: 
 very angry : springing from or express- 
 ing wrath. — adv. Weath'FULLY. — n. 
 Wrath'fulness. 
 
 WREAK, rek, v.t. to inflict. [A.S. wreean, 
 orig. to drive out, and so to banish, pun- 
 isli. avenge ; Ice. reka, to drive, pursue, 
 Ger. riichen ; conn, with L. urgeo, Gr. 
 eirgo. See Wreck and Wretch.] 
 
 WREATH, reth, n. a chaplet : a garland. 
 [Lit. "that which is writhed or twisted," 
 A..8. tprcedh — wridhan, E. Writhe.] 
 
 WREATHE, reth, v.t. to twine about or 
 encircle. — v.i. to be interwoven. [See 
 Wreath.] 
 
 WRECHE, n. revenge. Chaucer. [Soften- 
 ed from A.S. icrcec, banishment, punish- 
 ment, misery, from wreean, to punish.] 
 
 WRECK, rek, n. the destruction of a ves- 
 sel bj' being driven ashore, dashed against 
 rocks, foundered by stress of weather, or 
 the like ; shipwreck ; 
 
 Oo, go, begone, to save your ship from vreck. 
 Which cannot perish, having thee on board. 
 
 —Shak. : 
 
 the ruins of a ship stranded ; a vessel 
 dashed against rocks or land, and broken 
 or otherwise destroyed or totally crippled 
 or injured by violence and fracture ; any 
 ship or goods driven ashore or found de- 
 serted at sea in an unmanageable con- 
 dition ; specifically, in law, goods, etc. 
 which, after a shipwreck, have been 
 thrown ashore by the sea, as distin- 
 guished from Jiots'am, jetsam, and ligan : 
 goods cast on shore after shipwreck be- 
 long to the government, or in some cases 
 to the owner of the land, if not claimed 
 within a certain time : destruction or 
 ruin generally ; dissolution, especially 
 by violence ; " His country's icreck." — 
 Shak.: "The wreck of matter and the 
 crush of worlds." — Addison: the remains 
 of anything destroyed, ruined, or fatally 
 injured ; as, he is reduced to a mere 
 lareck, he is but the wn-eck of his former 
 self. [Formerly icrak, ui'ack, which is 
 the same word as A.S. icroea, exile, pun- 
 ishment, but the special meaning of ship 
 wreck has been attached to it ttu'ough 
 foreign influence ; cf. Dut. trrak, a wreck 
 and a-s adjective unsound, rotten, Dan 
 vrag, O. Dan. vrak, wreck. Ice. rek for 
 vrek, Sw. m-ak, what is drifted ashore— , 
 all from verbs meaning to drive or di-ift 
 A.S. wreean, to drive, to drive into ban- 
 ishment, to punish, to wreak, Ice. reka 
 originally iveka, to drive, to compel 
 impers. to be drifted or tossed. Wrack 
 what is drifted ashore, sea-weed ca.st up, 
 is the same word, and shows the literal 
 meaning. The literal meaning of a ship 
 being wrecked is therefore similar to 
 that expressed by the phrase to cast away 
 a ship.] 
 WRECK, rek, v.t. to destroy or cast away, 
 as a vessel, by violence, collision, or the 
 like ; to drive against the shore or dash 
 against rocks and break or destroy : to 
 cause to suffer shipwreck — said of a per- 
 son ; as a wrecked sailor ; " A pilot's 
 thumb, tcreck'd as he was coming home.' 
 — Shak.: to ruin or destroy generally, 
 physically or morally ; or financially, as 
 a bank ; 
 Weak aud envy'd, if they should oonsjpire. 
 They wreck themselves, and he hath his desire. 
 
 — Daniel. 
 
 WRECK, rek, v.i. to suffer wreck or ruin. 
 " Rocks whereon greatest men have of- 
 tenest wreck'd." — Milton. 
 
 WRECK, rek, n. in mining, a kind ot 
 frame or table : a rack. 
 
 WRECK, rek, n. reveng-e : vengeance 
 Spenser. [A form of Wreak.] 
 
 WRECK, rek, v.t. to wreak. Milton. 
 
 WRECKAGE, rek'aj, n. the act of wreck- 
 ing or state of being wrecked ; " Wreck- 
 age and dissolution are the appointed 
 issue." — Carhjle : the ruins or remains 
 of a ship or cargo that has been wrecked: 
 material cast up by the sea from ;;, 
 wrecked vessel. 
 
 WRECKER,rek'er, n. one who plunders the 
 wrecks of ships : one who, by delusive 
 lights or other signals, causes ships to 
 mistake their course and be cast asnore. 
 that he may obtain plunder from the 
 wreck : one whose occupation is to re- 
 move the cargo from a wrecked vessel.
 
 WEEN 
 
 492 
 
 XYLOPHYLLA 
 
 or to assist in recovering it when washed 
 out, for the benefit of the owners and 
 underwriters ; a vessel employed in this 
 occupation. 
 
 WEEN, ren, n. a well-known small bird. 
 [A.S. wrenna ; of. the Gael, dreadhan, 
 Ir. drean.] 
 
 WEENCH, rensh, v.t. to wring or pull with 
 a twist : to force by violence : to sprain. 
 — n. a violent twist: a sprain: an in- 
 strument for turning- bolts, etc. [A.S. 
 urrencan ; Ger. renkeii ; from Wring.] 
 
 WREST, rest, v.t. to tunst from by force : 
 to twist from truth or from its natural 
 meaning. — n. violent pulling and twist- 
 ing : distortion. — n. Wrest'er. [A.S. 
 wraestan : Dan. vriste ; perh. from the 
 root of Writhe.] 
 
 WEESTLE. res'l, v.i. to contend by grap- 
 pling and trying to throw the other 
 down : to struggle. — n. a bout at wrest- 
 ling : a struggle between two to throw 
 each other down. — w. Wrest'ler. [A.S. 
 wrcBstlian; from wrcestan, E. Wrest.] 
 
 WRETCH, rech, n. a most miserable per- 
 son : one sunk in vice : a worthless per- 
 son. [Lit. "an outcast," A.S. wrecca — 
 u-recan, E. Wreak.] 
 
 WRETCHED, rech'ed, adj. very miserable : 
 worthless. — adv. Wretch'edly. — n. 
 Wretch'edness. [From Wretch.] 
 
 WEIGGLE, rig'l, v.i. to tivist to and fro.— 
 v.t. to move by wriggling. — n. Wrigwj'- 
 LER. [Extension of obs. UTig, conn, with 
 A.S. tvrigian. See Wry.] 
 
 WRIGHT, rit, n. a maker (chiefly used in 
 compounds, as shi^-wright, etc.). [A.S. 
 ivyrhta — worhte, pa. p. of iceorcan, E. 
 Work.] 
 
 WEING, ring, v.t. to tioist : to force by 
 twisting: to force or compress : to pain : 
 to extort : to bend out of its position. — 
 ».i. to writhe: to twist: — pa.t. a,nd pa.p. 
 ■wrung, (B.) wringed. [A.S. icringan ; 
 Ger. ringen, to wriggle, twist ; allied to 
 Wriggle. Cf. Wrench.] 
 
 WEINKLB, ring'kl, n. a small ridge on a 
 surface from twisting or shrinking : un- 
 even ness. — v.t. to contract into wrinkles 
 or furrows: to make rough. — v.i. to 
 shrink into ridges. [A.S. wrincle — icrin- 
 ean, icringan, to wring; Dut. tirronckel, a 
 twisting ; dim. of Wring.1 
 
 WEINXLY, ringk'li, adj. full of wrinkles : 
 liable to be wrinkled. 
 
 WEIST. rist, n. the joint by which the 
 hand is united to the arm. [A.S. ivrist ; 
 Crcr vist 1 
 
 AVEISTBAND, rist'band, n. the band or 
 part of a sleeve which covers the wrist. 
 
 WRIT, rit, n. a writing: (law) a written 
 document by which one is summoned 
 or required to do something. — HoLY 
 Writ, the Scriptures. 
 
 WRITE, rit, v.t. to form letters with a pen 
 or pencil : to express in writing : to com- 
 pose : to engrave : to record : to com- 
 municate by letter.— v.i. to perform the 
 act of writing: to be employed as a clerk: 
 to compose books: to send letters: — pr.p. 
 wrlt'ing ; pa.t. wrote ; pa.p. writt'en. 
 [A.S. writan ; Ice. rita ; the original 
 meaning being "to scratch " (cf. the cog. 
 Ger. reiszen, to tear).] 
 
 WRITER, rit'er, n. one who writes: a scribe 
 or clerk : an ordinary legal practitioner 
 in Scotch country towns : an author. — 
 Writer's cramp, a spasmodic affection 
 frequently attacking persons (generally 
 middle-aged) who have been accustomed 
 to write much. The patient loses com- 
 plete control over the muscles cf itie 
 thumb and the fore and middle finger, 
 so that all attempts to write regularly, 
 and in the severer cases even legibly, are 
 unsuccessful. The various methods of 
 treatment for this trouble (such as surg- 
 
 ical operations, the application of elec- 
 tricity, etc.) have not generally produced 
 very satisfactory results, entire cessation 
 from writing for a considerable time seem- 
 ing to be the only course open to the 
 patient. Called also Scrivener's Palsy. 
 
 WRITERSHIP, rit'er-ship, n. the office of a 
 tcritcr. 
 
 WRITHE, rif/i, v.t. to turn to and fro : to 
 twist violently : to wrest. — v.i. to twist. 
 [A.S. icridhan, to twist ; Ice. ridha ; L. 
 vertere. Sans, irrat. See Wreath,Wrath, 
 an d Wroth.] 
 
 WRITING, rit'ing, n. act of forming let- 
 ters with a pen : that which is written : 
 a document : a book : an inscription : — 
 pi. legal deeds : official papers. 
 
 WRONG, rong, adj. not according to rule 
 or right : not fit or suitable : incorrect : 
 not right or true. — n. whatever is not 
 right or just : any injury done to an- 
 other. — adv. not rightly. — v.t. to do 
 wrong to : to deprive of some right : to 
 injure. — adv. Wrong'ly. [Lit. "twisted," 
 from Wring ; cf. Fr. tort, from L. tortus, 
 twisted.] 
 
 WRONGFUL, rong' fool, adj. wrong: un- 
 just: injurious. — adv. Wrong'fully. — n. 
 W rongfulness. 
 
 WRONG-HEADED, rong'-hed'ed, adj., 
 ivrong in head or mind : wrong in prin- 
 ciple. — n. Wrong'-head'edness. 
 
 WROTE, rot, pa.t. of Write. 
 
 WROTH, rawth, adj. wrathful. J;a.S. 
 ivradh, orig. sig. " twisted; " Ice. reidh-r, 
 O. Ger. reid ; from Writhe. Cf. Wrath 
 and Wreath.] 
 
 WROUGHT, rawt, pa.t. and pa.p. of 
 Work. [A.S. worhte, ge-worht.] 
 
 WRUNG, rung, pa.t. and pa.p. of Wring. 
 
 WRY, rl, adj., writhed, twisted, or tm-ned 
 to one side : not in the right direction. 
 — n. Wry'ness. [A.S. tvrigian; cf. Wrig- 
 Gp : and Writhe.] 
 
 WRYNECK, rl'nek, n. a twisted or dis- 
 torted neck : a small bird allied to the 
 woodpecker, which twists round its head 
 strangely when surprised. 
 
 WRYNECKED, rl'nekt, adj. having a dis- 
 torted neck. Some commentators in 
 noticing the Shakespearean phrase, "the 
 tm/necked fife," are of opinion that the 
 allusion is to the plaj'er; others hold that 
 the reference is to the instrument, which 
 they say is the old English flute, or Jlute 
 a, bee : so called from having a curved 
 projecting mouthpiece like a bird's beak. 
 
 WUD, wud, adj. mad. [Scotch.] 
 
 WURRUS, wur'rus, 7). a brick-red dye- 
 powder, somewhat resembling dragon's- 
 blood, collected from the seeds of Rot- 
 tlera tinctoria. 
 
 WUSSE, wus, adv. probably a form of the 
 -wis of Y-ivis, certainly. 
 
 Why, I hope you will not a-hawking now, will you? 
 
 No,'wTU55e; biit I'll practice against next year, uucle. 
 
 — B. JoTison. 
 
 WUTHER, wuth'er, v.i. to make a sullen 
 roar. Written also Wudder. "The 
 air was now dark with snow ; an Iceland 
 blast was driving it wildly. This pair 
 neither heard the long 'tvuthering' rush, 
 nor saw the white burden it drifted." — 
 C. Bronte. [Yorkshire dialect.] 
 
 WYCH. Same as Wich. 
 
 WYCH-ELM, wich'-elm, n. a British plant 
 of the genus Ulmus, the U. inontana. 
 It is a large spreading tree with large 
 broadly elliptical leaves, and grows in 
 woods in England and Scotland. Some 
 varieties have pendulous branches, and 
 belong to the class of "weeping" trees. 
 [O.E. wiche, uyche. A.S. wice, a name 
 applied to various trees. " The sense is 
 ' drooping' or bending, and it is derived 
 from A.S. wic-en, pp. of wtcan, to bend." 
 — Skeat.] 
 
 WYCH-HAZEL, wich'-ha-zl, n. the com- 
 mon name of plants of the genus Ham^ 
 amelis, the type of the nat. order Ham- 
 amelidacecB. They are small trees, with 
 alternate leaves on short petioles, and 
 yellow flowers, disposed in clusters in the 
 axils of the leaves, and surrounded by a 
 three-leaved involucrum. They are iia 
 tives of North America, Persia, or China 
 
 WYE, wi, n. the supports of a telescope, 
 theodolite, or levelling instrument, so 
 called from their resembling the letter 
 Y. Written also Y. 
 
 WYLIE-COAT, wy'li-kot, n. a boy's flan- 
 nel under-dress, next the shirt : a flannel 
 petticoat. [Scotch.] 
 
 WYND, wynd, n. an alley: alane. [Scotch.] 
 
 WYNN, win, n. a kind of timber truck or 
 carria ge. Simmonds. 
 
 WYVERN, wi'vrn, 7i. an imaginary animal 
 resembling a flying serpent. [Fr. invre 
 — L. viperd, a viper. See Viper.] 
 
 XANTHINE, zan'thin, n. the yellow color- 
 ing matter in certain plants, as madder. 
 [Gr. xanthos, yellow.] 
 
 XANTHOCHROl, zan-thok'roy, n.pl. one of 
 the five groups of men, according to Hux- 
 ley and other ethnologists, comprising 
 the fair whites. [Gr.] 
 
 XEBEC, ze'bek, n. a small three-masted 
 vessel much used by the former corsairs 
 of Algiers. [Sp. — Turkish sumbaki.] 
 
 XENELASIA, zen-e-la'si-a, n. a Spartan in- 
 stitution which prohibited strangers from 
 residing in Sparta without permissions 
 and empowered magistrates to expel 
 strangers if they saw fit to do so. [Gr., 
 the expulsion of strangers.] 
 
 XENIUM, ze'ni-um {pi. Xenia, ze'ni-al. )!, 
 anciently, a present given to a guest or 
 stranger, or to a foreign ambassador : a 
 name given to pictures of still life, fruit, 
 etc., such as are found in houses at Pom- 
 peii. Fairholt. [L., from Gr. xeiiion, a 
 gift to a guest, from xenos. a guest.] 
 
 XENODOCHEUM, zen-o-do-ke'um, XEN- 
 ODOCHIUM, zen-o-do-ki'um, n. a name 
 given by the ancients to a building for 
 the reception of strangers. The term is 
 also applied to a guest house in a mon- 
 astery. [Gr. xenodocheion — xeiws, a 
 stranger, and dechomai, to receive.] 
 
 XENODOCHY, zen-od'o-ki, n. reception of 
 strangers : hospitality. Also, same as 
 Xenodocheum. [Gr.' xenodochia. See 
 above.] 
 
 XENOGENESIS. zen-o-jen'e-sis, n. the pro- 
 duction or formation of an organism of 
 one kind by an organism of another, as 
 was formerly believed of parasitic worms 
 by their hosts. Huxley. [Gr. xenos, 
 strange, and genesis, birth.] 
 
 XENOGENETIC, zen-o-je-net'ik, adj. of or 
 pertaining to xenogenesis. " Ihavedwell 
 upon the analogy of pathological modifi- 
 cation which is in favor of the xe/i ogre- 
 netic origin of miorozj'mes." — Hnxle'/. 
 
 XYLOGRAPHY, zi-log'raf-i. n. the art of 
 engraving on wood. — n. Xtlog'rapher. 
 — adj. Xylograph'ic. [Gr. xylon, w ood, 
 and grapho, I write.] 
 
 XYLOPHILOUS. zi-lof'i-lus, adj. gro^^lng 
 u pon or living in vcood. 
 
 XYLOPHYLLA, zi-lof'il-a, n. a genus of 
 Euphorbiacese, or, as some regard it. a 
 section of Phyllanthus, consisting- of 
 shrubs without leaves, but -whose 
 branches are flattened out and leaf-like, 
 bearing the flowers in tufts in the 
 notches of the margin. They are na- 

 
 XYLOPIA 
 
 493 
 
 YE 
 
 tives of the West Indies, and are named 
 from the singular appearance of their 
 leaf-hke branches. [Gr. xylon, wood, 
 and phyllon, a leaf.] 
 
 XYLOPIA, zl-16'pi-a, n. a genus of plants, 
 nat. order Auonacea^. The species are 
 trees or shrubs, natives chiefly of South 
 America. X aromaticd is known by the 
 aame of African pepper. The fruit of X. 
 grandiflora is a valuable remedy for 
 fevers in Brazil. The wood of all is bit- 
 ter ; hence they are called bitter-iroods. 
 [Said to be contracted for Xylopicria, 
 from Gr. xylon, wood, and pikros, bit- 
 ter.] 
 
 XYLOPYROGRAPHY, zl-lo-pi-rog'ra-fi. n. 
 the art or process of producing a picture 
 on wood by charring it with a hot iron. 
 [Gr. xylon, wood, pyr, pyros, fire, and 
 grapho, to write.] 
 
 XYLORETINE, zl'lo-re-tin, n. a sub-fossil 
 resinous substance, found in connection 
 with the pine-trunks of certain peat- 
 mosses. [Gr. xylon, wood, and rhetine, 
 resin.] 
 
 XYST, zist, XYSTOS, zis'tos, n. in ana. 
 arch, a sort of covered portico or open 
 court, of great length in proportion to 
 its width, in which the athletse performed 
 their exercises. [L. xystiis, Gr. xystos, 
 from xyo, to scrape, from its smooth and 
 polished floor.] 
 
 XYSTARCH, zis'tark, n. an Athenian 
 ofiicer who presided over the gymnastic 
 exercises of the xystos. [Gr. xystos, 
 xyst, and archo, to rule.] 
 
 Xyster, zis'ter, n. a surgeon's instru- 
 ment for scraping bones. [Gr. xyster, 
 from xyo, to scrape.] 
 
 Y-, a common prefix in Old English words, 
 as in y-clept, ^-clad, etc., representing 
 A.S. ge-, which assumed this form by 
 the common weakening of g to y. The 
 meaning of words with this prefix is 
 usually the same as if it were absent. 
 
 YACARE, yak'a-ra, n. the native name of 
 a Brazilian alligator (Jacare sclerops), 
 having a ridge from eye to eye, fleshy 
 eyelids, and small webs to the feet : the 
 spectacled cayman. [Written also Jac- 
 are.] 
 
 YACCA-WOOD, yak'a-wood, n. the orna- 
 mental wood of Podocarpns coriacea, a 
 small tree of Jamaica. It is of a pale- 
 brown color with streaks of hazel-brown, 
 and is much used in the West Indies for 
 cabinet work. 
 
 YACHT, yot. n. a light swift-sailing ves- 
 sel, elegantly fitted up for pleasure-trips 
 or racing. [Dut. jagt (formerly jacht), 
 from jagen, to chase.] 
 
 YACHTER, yot'er, n. one engaged in sail- 
 ing a yacht. 
 
 YACHTING, yot'ing, n. sailing in a yacht. 
 
 YAK, yak, n. a large kind of ox, domesti- 
 cated in Central Asia. 
 
 YAM, yam, n. a large root like the potato 
 growing in tropical countries. [West 
 Indian iJiame.] 
 
 If AMA, ya'ma, n. in Hind. myth, the god 
 of departed spirits and the appointed 
 judge and punisher of the dead : the em- 
 bodiment of power without pity, and 
 stern, unbending fate. He is generally 
 represented as crowned and seated on a 
 bufl'alo, which he guides bj' the horns. 
 He is four-armed and of austere counte- 
 nance. In one hand he holds a mace, in 
 another a noose whicii is used to draw 
 out of the bodies of men the souls which 
 
 are doomed to appear before his judg- 
 ment-seat. His garments are of the 
 color of fire, his skin is of a bluish green. 
 
 YAMER, ya'mer, YAMMER, yam'mer, v.i. 
 to shriek : to yell : to cry aloud : to 
 whimper loudly : to whine. " ' The child 
 is doing as well as possible,' said Miss 
 Grizzy ; ' to be sure it does yammer con- 
 stantly, that can't be denied.'" — Miss 
 Ferrier. [Scotch. O. E. yomer, A. S. 
 geomerian, to lament, to groan, from 
 gedmor, sad, mournful, wretched; cf. 
 Ger. jammeren, to lament, to wail.] 
 
 YANKEE, yang'ke, n. a cant name for a 
 citizen of New England. During the War 
 of the Revolution, the name was applied 
 to all the patriots ; and during the Civil 
 War it was the common designation of 
 the Federal soldiers by the Confederates. 
 In Britain the term is sometimes applied 
 generally to all natives of the United 
 States. [A word of uncertain origin. 
 The most common explanation seems 
 also the most plausible, namely, that it 
 is a corrupt pronunciation of English or 
 of Fr. Anglais formerly current among 
 the American Indians. In Bartlett's 
 Dictionary of Americanisms a statement 
 is quoted to the effect that Yengees or 
 Yenkees was a name originally given by 
 the Massachusetts Indians to the English 
 colonists, and that it was afterwards 
 adopted by the Dutch on the Hudson, 
 who applied the term in contempt to all 
 the people of New England. Bartlett 
 also quotes a statement of Heckwelder 
 (an authority on Indian matters), who 
 affirmed that the Indians applied the 
 term Yengees specially to the New En- 
 glanders as contradistinguished from the 
 Virginians or Long Knives, and the En- 
 glish proper or Saggenash. As early as 
 1713 it is said to have been a common 
 cant word at Cambridge, Mass., in the 
 sense of good or excellent, being prob- 
 ably borrowed by the students from the 
 Indians, to whom a "Yankee" article 
 would be synonymous with an excellent 
 one, from the superiority of the white 
 man in mechanical arts.] 
 
 YANKEE-DOODLE, yang-ke-do6'dl, n. a 
 famous air, now regarded as American 
 and national. In reality the air is an old 
 English one, called Nankey Doodle, and 
 had some derisive reference to Crom- 
 well. It is said that the brigade under 
 Lord Percy, after the battle of Lexing- 
 ton, marched out of Boston playing this 
 tune in derisive and punning allusion to 
 the name Yankee, and the New England- 
 ers adopted the air in consideration of 
 the fact that they had made the British 
 dance to it. The really national tune 
 of the whole United States, however, is 
 " Hail, Columbia ! " 
 
 YARD, yard, n. an E. measure of 3 feet or 
 36 inches : a long heam on a mast for 
 spreading square sails. [A.S. geard, gyrd, 
 a rod, measure ; Dut. gard, Ger. gerte ; 
 further conn, with Goth, gazds, a stick, 
 and L. hasta, a pole, a spear.] 
 
 YARD, yard, n. an inclosed place, esp. 
 near a building. [A.S. geard, hedge, in- 
 closure ; Goth, gards. Ger. garten ; conn, 
 with L. hortns, Gr. chortus. See Court, 
 Cohort, and Garden.] 
 
 YARD-ARM, yard'-iirni, n. either half or 
 arm of a ship's yard (right or left) from 
 the centre to the end. 
 
 YARD-LAND, yard'-land, n. a quantity of 
 land in England, different in different 
 counties : a virgate. In some counties 
 it was 15 acres ; in others 20 or 34, and 
 even 40 acres. 
 
 YARD-STICK, yard'-stik, n. a stick or rod 
 3 feet in length, used as a measure of 
 cloth, etc. 
 
 YARD-WAND,j'ard'-wond, 7t. a yard-stick. 
 " His cheating yard-wand." — Tennyson. 
 
 YARE, yar, adj. ready : quick : dexterous : 
 eager — said of persons, and especially of 
 saUors ; as, to be yare at the helm. '"• Be 
 yare in thy preparation."— S^mA:..- easily 
 wrought: answering quickly to the helni: 
 swift : lively — said of a ship. " The les- 
 ser (ship) will come and go, leave and 
 take, and is yare, whereas the other is 
 slow."— Raleigh. [A.S. gearu, prepared, 
 ready, yare ; akin Ger. gar, prepared, 
 ready ; Ice. giir-, gjor, quite : cf. Ice. 
 giira, to do, to make ; prov. E. gar. to 
 cause to do. Akin Garb, Gear.] 
 
 YARE, yar, adv. briskly : dexterouslj' : 
 yarely. Shak. 
 
 YARELY, yar'li, adv. readily : dexter- 
 ously : skillfull J'. "Those flower-soft 
 hands that yarely frame the office." 
 —Sha.k. 
 
 YARKE, yar'ke, n. the native name of 
 different South American monkeys of 
 the genus Pithecia. 
 
 YARN, yarn, n. spun thread : one of the 
 threads of a rope : a sailor's story (spun 
 out to some length). [A.S. gearn ; Ice. 
 and Ger. gam.] 
 
 YARROW, yar'o, v. the plant milfoU. 
 [A.S. gearwe; Ger. garbe.] 
 
 YATAGHAN, yat'a-gan, «. a long Turkish 
 dagger, usually curved. 
 
 YAWL, yawl, n. a small ship's boat, with 
 four or six oars. [Dut. jol. Cf. Jolly- 
 boat.] 
 
 YAWN, yawn, v.i. to open the jaws in- 
 voluntarily from drowsiness : to gape. — 
 n. the opening of the mouth from drows- 
 iness. [A.S. ganian, gcenan ; Scot, gan-t, 
 Ger. gahnen ; conn, with Gr. chaino, L. 
 hio, to gape. Cf. Hiatus.] 
 
 YAWNING, yawn'ing, adj. gaping : open- 
 ing : wide: drowsy. — n. act of opening 
 wide or gaping. 
 
 YAWS, yawz, n. a disease occurring in 
 America, Africa and the West Indies, and 
 almost entirely confined to the African 
 races. It is characterized by cutaneous 
 tumors, numerous and successive, grad- 
 ually increasing from specks to the size 
 of a raspberrj', one at length growing 
 larger than the rest ; core a fungous 
 excrescence ; fever slight, and probably 
 irritative merely. It is contagious, and 
 cannot be communicated except by the 
 actual contact of yaw matter to some 
 abraded surface, or by inoculation, which 
 is sometimes effected by flies. It is also 
 called Frambcesia, from the French 
 framboise, a raspberry. [African yaic, a 
 raspberry.] 
 
 YCLAD, i-klad', pa.p. clad : clothed. " Her 
 words yclad with wisdom's majesty." — 
 Shak. [Prefix y-, and Clad.] 
 
 YCLEPT or YCLEPED, i-klept', pa.p. 
 called (obs.). [A.S. clypian, to call.] 
 
 YE, ye, pron. properly the nominative 
 plural of the second person, of which 
 thou is the singular, but in later times 
 also used as an objective after verbs and 
 prepositions. Ye is now used only in the 
 sacred and solemn style ; in common dis- 
 course and writing yon is exclusively 
 used. "But ye are washed, but ye are 
 .sanctified." — 1 Cor. vi. 11. "Loving of- 
 fenders thus I wil^ excuse ye."—Sliak. 
 " I thank ye; and be blest for your good 
 comfort." — Shak. 
 
 A south-west blow on ye 
 And blister you all o^er.—Shak, 
 
 " The confusion between ye and you did 
 not exist in Old English. Ye was always 
 used as a nominative, and yon as a dative 
 or accusative. In the English Bible the 
 distinction is very carefully observed, 
 but in the dramatists of the Elizabethan 
 period there is a very loose use of the
 
 YEA 
 
 494 
 
 YOURSELF 
 
 two forms." — Dr. Morris. [A.S. ge, ye, 
 aom. pi. corresponding- to thu, thou ; 
 the genit. was eCncer, the dat. and ace. 
 e&w ; so that ye is properly the nom. pi. 
 and you the obj. ; Dut. gij. Ice. ier, er, 
 Dan. and Sw. i, Ger. ihr, Goth, jm, all 
 ve or you (pi.).] 
 
 YEA, ya. adv., yes: verily. [A.S. gea; Ice., 
 Ger., and Goth. ja. See "iES.] 
 
 VTEAN, yen, v.t. to bring forth young. [A.S. 
 eanian.] 
 
 YEAR, ver, n. the time the earth takes to 
 go round the sun: 365i daj's or 13 months: 
 — pi. age or old age. [A.S. gear ; Ger. 
 jahr: Ice. &r: perh. conn, with Slav, jaro, 
 spring, Gr. hora, season.] 
 
 YEARLIXG, yer'hng. n. an animal a year 
 old. 
 
 YEARLY, yer'li.od/. happening every year: 
 lasting a year. — adx: once a year : from 
 year to year. 
 
 Y£AEN. yern, v.i. to feel earnest desire : 
 to feel uneasiness, as from longing or 
 pity. [A.S. geomian — georn, desirous 
 (Ger. gem).] 
 
 YEARNING, yern'ing, n.. earnest desire, 
 tenderness, or pity. — adj. longing. — adv. 
 Yeasn'ingly. 
 
 YEAST, yest, n. the froth of malt liquors 
 in fermentation : a preparation which 
 raises dough for bread. [A.S. gist ; Ger. 
 gcisehf, gischt ; from a Taut, root "to 
 seethe," conn, with Gr. zeo, Sans, ya-i.] 
 
 YEASTY", yest'i, adj. like yeast : frothy : 
 foaniv. 
 
 YELK.' Same as Y'OLK. 
 
 YELL, yel, v.i. to lioid or cry out with a 
 sharpnoise : to scream from pain or ter- 
 ror. — n. a sharp outcry. [A.S. gellan ; 
 Ger. gellen : conn, with A.S. galan, to 
 sing (see Nightingale).] 
 
 YELLOW, yel'o, adj. of a bright gold 
 color. — n. a bright golden color. — n. 
 Yell'owness. [A.S. geolu ; Ger. gelb : 
 cog. with L. helvus, light bay, gilviis, 
 pale vellow.J 
 
 YELL6W-BIRD, yel'o-berd, n. a small 
 singing bird of the family Fringillida;, 
 common in the United States, the Frin- 
 gilla or Chrysometris tristis. The sum- 
 mer dress of the male is of a lemon yel- 
 low, with the wings, tail, and fore part 
 of the head black. The female and male, 
 during winter, are of a brown olive color. 
 When caged the song of this bird greatly 
 resembles that of the canary. The name 
 is also given to the yellow poll warbler 
 (Dendroica mstiva). 
 
 YELLOW-BOY, yel'o-boi, n. a cant name 
 for a guinea or other gold coin. '• John 
 did not starve the cause ; there wanted 
 not yelloiv-boys to fee counsel." — Arbuth- 
 not. 
 
 YELLOW-FEVER, yel'o-fe'ver, n. a ma- 
 lignant febrile diseiise, indigenous chiefly 
 to the West Indies, upper coasts of 
 South America, the borders of the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and the Southern United 
 States. It is attended with yellowness 
 of the skin, of some shade between lem- 
 on-yellow and the deepest orange-yellow. 
 It resembles typhus fever in the prostra- 
 tion, blood-disorganization, and soften- 
 ing of internal organs which are features 
 of both diseases. 
 
 YELLOWHAJIMER* yel'o-ham-er, n. a 
 song-bird, so named from its 2/e??oJi' color: 
 the yellow bunting. 
 YELLOWISH, yel'o-ish, adj. somewhat 
 yellow. — n. Yell'owishness. 
 
 YELLOW-LEGS, yel'o-legz, n. a graUa- 
 torial bird of the genus Ganibetta (G. 
 ftavipes), family Scolopacidae, distributed 
 along the eastern coast of America from 
 Maine to Florida, so called from the 
 color of its legs. It is 10 inches long, 
 
 with a bill If inch. It is miCTatory, 
 leaving the north in summer. It feeds 
 on fish fry, crustaceans, etc., and in 
 autumn it is fat and much prized tor 
 table. 
 
 YELLOW -METAL, yel'o-met-al, n. a 
 sheathing alloy of copper and zinc : 
 Muntz's metal. 
 
 YELLOW - PINE, yel'6-pln, w. a North 
 American tree of the genus Finns, P. 
 mitis or variabilis. The wood is compact 
 and durable, and is universally employed 
 in the countries where it grows for do- 
 mestic purposes. It is also extensively 
 exported to Britain and elsewhere. In 
 Canada and Nova Scotia the name is 
 given to P. resinosa, and it is also applied 
 to P. atistralis. [See Pine.] 
 
 YELLOW-ROOT, yel'o-root. n. a plant of 
 the genus Xanthorrhiza, the X. apiifolia. 
 It is a small North American shrub 
 having ci"eeping roots of a yellow color, 
 stalked pinnate or bipinnate leaves, and 
 small dull purple flowers in ;ixillary 
 branched racemes. The bark of the 
 root is intensely bitter, and is used in 
 America as a tonic. 
 
 YELLOWS, yel'oz, n. an inflammation of 
 the liver, or a kind of jaundice which 
 affects horses, cattle, and sheep, causing 
 yellowness of the eyes. " His horse . . . 
 raied with the yelloii-s." — Shak. : a dis- 
 ease of peach-trees, little heard of except 
 in America, where it destroys w-hole 
 orchards in a few years. 
 
 YELLOW-SNAKE, yel'o-snak, n. a large 
 species of boa, common in Jamaica, the 
 Chilabothrus inomattis. It is from 8 
 to 10 feet long, the head olive-green, 
 the front part of the body covered with 
 numerous black lines, while the hinder 
 part is black, spotted with yellowish 
 olive. 
 
 YELLOW-THROAT, yel'o-throt. n. a small 
 North American singing bird of the genus 
 Sylvia (S. Marilandica), a species of war- 
 bler. 
 
 YELP, j"elp, v.i. to utter a sharp bark. 
 [A.S. gealp, a loud sound : Ice. gialpa, 
 to make a noise, Ger. gelfern ; prob. in- 
 fluenced by Yell.] 
 
 YEOMAN, yo'man, n. a man of common 
 rank next below a gentleman : a man of 
 small estate : an officer of the royal 
 household. [Found in O. Fris. gaman, 
 ^illager — ga. a village (Goth. garm. Ger. 
 gau), and Man ; cf. also Bavarian giiu- 
 man, a peasant.] 
 
 YEOMANRY, yo'man-ri, n. the collective 
 body of yeomen or freeholdei's. 
 
 YES, yes. adv. ay : a word of affirmation 
 or consent. [A.S. gese — gea, yea, and se 
 (for s'le. si), let it be.) 
 
 Y'ESTER, yes'ter, adj. relating to yester- 
 day : last. [A.S. gistran, yesterday ; 
 G'er, gestem ; conn, with L. hestemtis, 
 Gr. chthes. Sans, hyas.] 
 
 YESTERDAY, yes'ter-da, n. the day last 
 past. 
 
 YESTERNIGHT, yes'ter-nlt, n. the night 
 la.9t past. 
 
 YET, yet, adv. in addition : besides : at 
 the same time : up to the present time : 
 hitherto: even: however. — co?y'. never- 
 theless : however. [A.S. git, gita, from 
 a root seen also in L. ja-m.] 
 
 YEW. u, n. an evergreen tree, allied to the 
 pine. [A.S. eov: Tw: Ger. eibe. Ir. iubliar.] 
 
 YEZDEGERDIAN, yez-de-ger'di-an, adj. a 
 term applied to an era, dated from the 
 overthrow of the Persian Empire, when 
 Yezdegerd was defeated by the Arabians, 
 in the eleventh year of the Hegira, a.d. 
 636. 
 
 YEZIDEE, yez'i-de, n. a member of a small 
 tribe of people bordering on the Eu- 
 
 phrates whose religion is said to be a 
 mixture of the worship of the devil, with 
 some of the doctrines of the Magi, Mo- 
 hammedans, and Christians. 
 Y-FERE, i-fer', adv. in company or union : 
 together. 
 
 O goodly golden.chain ! wherewith j/fere 
 
 The veitues linked are in lovely wise. — Spenser. 
 
 [Apparently from O. E. if ere, A.S. gefera, 
 a companion.] 
 
 YGDRASIL, YGGDRASILL, ig'dia-sil, n. 
 in Scand. myth, the ash-tree wiiich binds 
 together heaven, earth, and hell. Its 
 branches spread over the whole world 
 and reach above the heavens. Its roots 
 run in three directions : one to the Asa 
 gods in heaven, one to the Frost-giants, 
 and the third to the under-world. Under 
 each root is a fountain of wonderful vir- 
 tues. In the tree, which drops honey, sit 
 an eagle, a squirrel, and four stags. At 
 the root lies the serpent Nithhoggr gnaw- 
 ing it, while the squirrel Ratatoskr runs 
 up and dowTi to sow strife between the 
 eagle at the top and the serpent at the 
 root. 
 
 YIELD, yeld, v.t. to resign : to grant : to 
 give out ; to produce : to allow. — v.i. to 
 submit : to comply with : to give place. 
 — n. amount yielded : product. [A.S. 
 gildan, to pay ;"Goth. gildan, Ger. gelten. 
 Ice. gjalda. ' See Guild.] 
 
 YIELDING, j-eld'ing, adj. inclined to give 
 way or comply: compliant. — adv. Y'ield'- 
 
 INGLY. 
 
 YOKE, yok, n. that which joins together : 
 the frame of wood joining oxen for draw- 
 ing : any similar frame, as one tor carry- 
 ing pails : a mark of servitude : slavery : 
 (B.) a pair or couple. — v.t. to put a voice 
 on : to join together : to enslave. fA.S. 
 toe ; Ger. joch ; L. jiigtini, Gr. zygon. 
 From the root of L. jungo. Sans, yxtdj, 
 to join.] 
 
 YOKE-FELLOW.yok'-fel'o.YOKE-MATE, 
 yok'-mat, n. an associate : a mate or 
 fellow. 
 
 YOLK, yok, YELK, yelk, Ji. the yellmo 
 part of an egg. [A.S. geolca — from root 
 of A.S. geolo, E. Yellow.] 
 
 YON, yon, YONDER, yon'der, adv. at a 
 distance w ithin view. — adj. being at a dis- 
 tance within view. [A.S. geon-d. thither, 
 yonder ; cog. with Ger. jen-er, that ; the 
 root being the pronominal stem ya.] 
 
 YORE, yor, n. in old time. [From A.S. 
 geura, formerly, allied to gear. E. Yeak: 
 or compounded of geo, formerly, and cer, 
 E. Ere.] 
 
 YOU. ii, ^ron. 2d pers. pron. pi., but also 
 used as sing. [Orig. only an objective 
 case ; A.S. eow ; O. Ger, iu, Ger. euch. 
 See Y'E.] 
 
 YOUNG, yung, adj. not long born : in early 
 life : in the first part of growth : inex- 
 perienced. — n. the offspring of animals. 
 [A.S. geong : Ger. jung : also conn, with 
 L. juvenis, Sans, yuvan.] 
 
 YOUNGISH, yung'gish, adj. somewhat 
 young. 
 
 YOUNGLING, yung'ling, n. a young person 
 or animal. [A.S. geovg-Ung ; Ger. jung- 
 livg.] 
 
 YOUNGSTER, yung'ster, n. a young per- 
 son : a lad. [Orig. fem.; see -ster in list 
 of Affixes.] 
 
 YOUNKER, yiing'ker, n. same as Young- 
 ster. [From Dut. jonker (from jonk- 
 heer. "young master" or "lord"), Ger. 
 junker.] 
 
 YOUR, iir, pron. poss. of You ; belonging 
 to you. [A.S. eoiver. See You.] 
 
 YOURS, urz, pron. poss. of You, not fol- 
 lowed bva nouD. 
 
 YOURSELF, ijr-self, ^ron., your own self 
 or person.
 
 yot:th 
 
 495 
 
 ZINCOGRAPHY 
 
 YOUTH, y66th, n. state of being young : 
 early life : a young' person ; young per- 
 sons taken together. [A. S. geogiidh, 
 from the stpm of YOUNO ; Ger. jiigend, 
 Goth, juiid a.] 
 
 YOUTHFDIi, y65th'fool, arf/. pertaining to 
 youth or early life : young : suitable to 
 youth: fresh: buoyant, vigorous. — adv. 
 
 YOUTH'FtTLLY. — n. VoUTH'FXILNESS. 
 
 YUOCA, yuk'a. n. a large garden plant of 
 the lily foraily, familiarly called Adam's 
 needle, native to sub-tropical America. 
 nV. Indian name.] 
 
 YUFTS, yufts, n. a Icind of Russia leather, 
 which when well prepared is of good 
 red color, soft and pinguid on the sur- 
 face, and pleasant to the touch, with an 
 agreeable peculiar odor. Simmonds. 
 
 YTJG. vug, YUGA, yocg'a, n. one of the 
 ages into which the fiindus divide the 
 duration or existence of the world. [Sans. 
 jftiga, an age, from yj<j\ to join.] 
 
 YULAN, yoo'lan, n. a beautiful flov/ering 
 tree of China ; the Magnolia Yulan, a 
 tree of 80 or 40 feet in its native country, 
 but, in European gardens, of tot moi'e 
 than 12 feet. 
 
 YULE, yool. n. the Old English and still 
 to some extent the Scotch and Northern 
 English name for Christmas, or the feast 
 of the nativity of our Saviour. 
 
 And at each pause they kiss: was never seen 
 
 such rule 
 In any place but here, at bonfire or at Fide. 
 
 — Drayton. 
 
 They bring me sorrow touch'd with joy, 
 The" merry merry bells of Yule.—T^nnyson, 
 
 EA.S. geC'l, gW, Oil. geShol, Christmas, 
 he feast of the nativity, whence genla, 
 the Yule month, December ; Ice. jol, 
 originally a great festival lasting thirteen 
 days, and having its origin in heathen 
 times, afterwards applied to Christmas; 
 Dan. I'liul. Sw. Jul. Oi doubtful origin, 
 but most commonly connected with 
 wheel. Ice. hjdl, Dan. and Sw. hjul, ae 
 being a feast originally celebrated at the 
 sun's wheeling or turning at midsummer 
 and midwinter, but the h of these words 
 is strongly agaiust this. Skeat follow- 
 ing Fick connects it with E. yowl, yawl, 
 as referring to festive noise or outcry. 
 Jolly is from this word, coming to us 
 tfarougb the French.] 
 
 z 
 
 ZAOCHEAN, zak'e-an, n. a follower of 
 Zaccheus of Palestine, of the fourth cen- 
 tury, who taught that only private prayer 
 was acceptable to God. His disciples, 
 therefore, retired to a hill near Jerusa- 
 lem for their devotions. 
 
 ZAFFRE, zaf'fer, n. impure oxide of co- 
 balt : the residuum of cobalt, after the 
 sulphur, arsenic, and other volatile mat- 
 ters have been expelled by calcination. 
 So that it is a gray or dark-gray oxide of 
 cobalt, mixed with a portion' of silica. 
 When fused into a glass it is intensely 
 olue, and is much used by enamellers 
 and porcelain manufacturers as a blue 
 color. [Fr. zafre, safre, saffre, Sp. zafre, 
 probably of Arabic origin.] 
 
 ZAIM, za'im, n. a Turkish chief or leader. 
 
 ZAIMET. za'i-met, n. a Turkish name for 
 an estate : a district from which a zaim 
 draws his revenue. 
 
 ZAMANG, za-mang:', n. a leguminous tree 
 of Venezuela, the Pithecolobium Saman, 
 the hemispherical head of one individual 
 of which Humboldt describes as being 
 526 feet in circumference, its diameter 
 
 being 60 feet and the diameter of its 
 trunk 9 feet. 
 
 ZANY, za'ni, n. a merry-andrew : a buf- 
 foon. [Fr. zani — It. zani, a corr. of Gto- 
 vanni, John. Cf. the use of the names 
 John and Jack.] 
 
 ZAX, zaks, n. an instrument used by 
 slaters for cutting and dressing slates : 
 a kind of hatchet with a sharp point on 
 the poll for perforating the slate to re- 
 ceive the nail. [A.S. seax. Ice. sax, a 
 knife or short sword ; O. H. Ger. sahs.} 
 
 ZaYAT, za'yat, n. in Burmah, a public 
 slied or portico for the accommodation 
 of travellers, loungers, and worshippers, 
 found in every Burmese village and at- 
 tached to many pagodas. H. I'ule. 
 
 Z-CRANK, zee'-krangk, n. a peculiarly- 
 shaped crank in the cylinder of some 
 marine steam-engines, so named from 
 its zigzag form. Simnumds. 
 
 ZEAli, zel, 71., boiling or passionate ardor 
 for anything : enthusiasm. [L. zelus — 
 Gr. zeios, zeo, to boil. Cf. Yeast.] 
 
 ZEALOT, zel'ot, n. one full of zeal ; an en- 
 thusiast : a fanatic. [Gr. zelotes — zelos 
 (see Zeal).] 
 
 ZEALOUS, zel'us, adj. full of zeal: warmly 
 engaged or ardent in anj'thing. — adv. 
 Zeal^OUBLY. 
 
 ZEBRA, ze'bra, n. an animal of the horse 
 kind, beautifully striped. [Of African 
 origin.] 
 
 ZEBU, ze'boo, n. a kind of ox with long 
 ears and a hump on the shoulders, called 
 also the Indian ox. [E. Indian name.] 
 
 ZECHARIAH, zek-a-rfa, n. the name of 
 one of thfc books of the Bible, the work of 
 one of the twelve minor prophets. Little 
 is known of his history, and the obscur- 
 ity of his style has much embarrassed 
 the commentators on this book. 
 
 ZECHIN, zek'in, n. a Venetian gold coin, 
 worth about $3.25. [It. zecchino, Fr. 
 sequin. See Sequin.] 
 
 ZEMINDAR, zem-in-dai-', n. Indian name 
 
 , for the landlords who pay the govern- 
 ment revenue, as distinguished from the 
 ryots or actual cultivators of the soil. 
 [From an Ar. word, sig. "land."] 
 
 ZENANA, ze-na'na, n. the name given to 
 the portion of a house reserved exclusive- 
 ly for the females belonging to a family 
 of good caste in India. [Per. zenanah, 
 belonging to women, from zen, woman.] 
 
 ZEND, zend, n. an ancient Iranian lan- 
 guage, in which are composed the sacred 
 writings of the Zoroastrians. It is a 
 member of the Arj'an family of lan- 
 guages, and very closely allied to San- 
 skrit, esp, the Sanskrit of the Vedas, by 
 means of which, and by the help of com- 
 parative philology, it has been deciph- 
 ered. Called also Avestan. A contracted 
 name for the Zend-Avesta or sacred 
 writings of Zoroaster. [From Zend in 
 Zend-Avesta.] 
 
 ZEND-AVESTA, zend-a-ves'ta, n. the col- 
 lective name for the sacred writings of 
 the Guebers or Parsees, ascribed to Zor- 
 oaster, and reverenced as a bible or sole 
 rule of faith and practice. It consists of 
 several divisions, of which the oldest is 
 written in the primitive Zend language. 
 It is often called the Avesta. [This name 
 seems to mean "commentary-text," or 
 authoriz(>d text and commentary. The 
 first portion of the name is now usually 
 applied to the language in which the 
 early portion of the work is written.] 
 
 ZENDIK. zen'dik, n. this name is given in 
 the East not only to disbelievers in re- 
 vealed religion, but also to such as are 
 accused of magical heresy. [At., an in- 
 fidel, an atheist.] 
 
 ZENITH, zen'ith, n. the point of the heav- 
 ens directly overhead : greatest height. 
 [Fr., through It. zenit, from Ar. semt, 
 short for semt-ur-rds, lit. " way of the 
 head."] 
 
 ZEPHYR, zef'ir, n. the ivefit wind : a soft,' 
 gentle breeze. [Gr. zephyros — zophos, 
 darkness, the dark quarter, the west.] 
 
 ZERO, ze'ro, n. cipher : nothing : the 
 point from which a thermometer is 
 graduated. [Fr. — It. — Ar. sifr. [Doub» 
 let Cipher.] 
 
 ZEST, zest,Ji. something that gives a relish: 
 relish. [Fr. zeste, skin of an orange or 
 lemon used to give a flavor ; perh. from 
 L. 8chistus—Qr. schistos, cleft, divided — 
 schizo, to cleave.] 
 
 ZETA, ze'ta, n. a little closet or chamber. 
 Applied by some writers to the room over 
 the porch of a Christian church where 
 the sexton or porter resided and kept the 
 church documents. Britton. [L. zeta, 
 for diceta, a chamber, a dwelling, from 
 Gr. diaita, a way of living, mode of life, 
 dwelUng.] 
 
 ZETETIC, ze-tet'ik, adj. proceeding by in- 
 quiry: seeking. — The zetetic method, 
 in math, the method used in endeavoring 
 to discover the value of unknown quan- 
 tities or to find the solution of a problem. 
 [Gr. zetetikos, from zeteo, to seek.] 
 
 ZETETIC, ze-tet'ik, n. a seeker : a name 
 adopted by some of the Pyrrhonists. 
 
 ZETETICS, ze-tet'iks, n. a name given to 
 that part of alg-ebra which consists in the 
 direct search after vmknown quantities. 
 
 ZETICULA, ze-tik'u-la, n. a small w-ith- 
 drawing-room. [A dim. of zeta.} 
 
 ZEUGLODON, zu'glo-don, n. an extinct 
 genus of marine mammals, regarded by 
 Huxley as intermediate between the true 
 cetaceans and the carnivorous seals. The 
 species had an elongated snout, conical 
 incisors, and molar teeth with triangular 
 serrated crowns, implanted in the jaws 
 by two roots, each molar appearing to 
 be formed of two separate teeth united 
 at the crown (whence the generic name). 
 They belong to the eocene and miocene, 
 the best known species being Z. cetnides 
 of the middle eocene of the United States, 
 which attained a length of 70 feet. The 
 first found remains were believed to be 
 those of a reptile, and the name Basilo- 
 samnis was therefore given to them. [Gr. 
 zeugle, the strap or loop of a yoke, and 
 odous, odontos, a tooth, lit. yoke-tooth: 
 so called from the peculiar form of its 
 inol.ar teetli.] 
 
 ZEUGLODONTIDJE, zu-glo-don'ti-de, n.pl. 
 an extinct family of cetaceans, of which 
 Zeuglodon is the type. 
 
 ZEUGMA, zug'nia. n. a figure in grammar 
 in which two nouns ai-e joined to a verb 
 suitable to only one of them, but sug- 
 gesting another verb suitable to the other 
 noiui; or in which an adjective is simi- 
 larly used with two nouns. [Gr. zeugma, 
 froiu zeugni/mi, to join. See Yoke. 'I 
 
 ZEUGMATIC, zug-mat'ik, adj. of or per- 
 liiining to the figure of speech zeugma. 
 
 ZEUS, zus, n. in myth, the supreme divinity 
 among the Greeks; the ruler of the other 
 gods: generally treated as the equivalent 
 of the Roiu.in Jupiter. 
 
 ZIGZAG, zig'zag, adj. having short, sharp 
 turns. — v.t. to form with short turns. 
 [An imitative word; Fr. zig-zag, Ger. 
 zickzack.] 
 
 ZINt;, ziiigk, n. a bluish -white metal, 
 somewhat like tin. [Ger. zink, prob. 
 allii'il to ziini, tin.] 
 
 ZINCOGRAPHY, zing-kog'ra-fi. n. art of 
 printing from plates of zinc. [Zisc. and 
 Gr. graphx). to write.]
 
 ZIRCONIUM 
 
 496 
 
 ZYTHUM 
 
 ZIRCONIUM, zir-ko'ni-um, n. one of the 
 rarer metals. 
 
 ZODIAC, z6'di-ak, n. an imaginary belt in 
 the heavens, containing- the twelve con- 
 stellations, called signs of the zodiac. — 
 adj. Zodi'acal. [Lit. " the circle of ani- 
 mals," Gr. zodiakos, of animals (kyklos, 
 a circle) — zodion, dim. of zoon, an ani- 
 mal, zao, to live.] 
 
 'iOILEAN, z6-i-le'an, ad/.relating to Zoilus, 
 a severe critic ; hence, a term applied to 
 bitter, severe, or malignant criticism or 
 critics. [See ZonJSM.l 
 
 2.0ILISM, zo'il-izm, n. illiberal or carping 
 criticism : unjust censure. " Bring can- 
 did eyes unto the perusal of men's works, 
 and let not zoilistn or detraction blast 
 any well - intended labors." — Sir T. 
 Broiime. [After Zoilus, a sophist and 
 grammarian of Amphipolis, who criti- 
 cised Homer, Plato, and Isocrates with 
 exc eedi ng severity.] 
 
 ZOLLVEREIN, tsol'ver-In, n. the German 
 commercial or customs union, founded 
 about the year 1818, and afterwards 
 greatly extended through the example 
 and efforts of the government of Prussia. 
 Its principal object was the establish- 
 ment of a uniform rate of customs duties 
 throughout the various states joining the 
 union. The territories of the Zollverein 
 now coincide with those of the new Ger- 
 man Empire (with the notable exceptions 
 of Hamburg and Bremen), and include 
 Luxemburg. JGer. zoll, toll, custom, 
 duty, and verein, union or association.] 
 
 ZOMBORUK, zomTxMTik, n. same as ZUM- 
 BOOBUK. " A section of some eighteen or 
 twenty camels . . . with eomboruks, or 
 
 swivel gruns, mounted on their backs, 
 
 and an artilleryman or two to each." — 
 W. H. Russell. 
 ZONE, zon, n. a girdle : one of the five 
 great belts into which the surface of the 
 earth is divided. [L. zona — Gr. zone, a 
 
 f'rdle — zonnymi, to gird ; akin to JoiK, 
 OKE.] 
 
 ZONED, z6nd, adj. wearing a zone or girdle: 
 having zones or concentric bands. 
 
 ZOOLOGIST, zo-ol'o-jist, n. one versed in 
 zoology. 
 
 ZOOLOGY, zo-ol'o-ji, n. that part of nat- 
 ural history which treats of animals. — 
 adj. Zoolog'ical. — adv. ZooLoa'iCAiiY. 
 [Gr. zoon, an animal, and logos, a dis- 
 coursej 
 
 ZOOPHYTE, zo'o-fft, n. a term now applied 
 to true polyps, as corals, etc. [Lit. "ani- 
 mal-plant," Gr. zoophyton — zoon, an ani- 
 mal, phyton, a plant.] 
 
 ZOROASTRIANISM, zor-6-as'tri-an-izm, n. 
 the national faith of ancient Persia, so 
 named from its founder, Zoroaster. 
 
 ZOUAVE, zoo-av' or zwav, n. a soldier be- 
 longing to the light infantry corps in the 
 French army, organized in Algeria, and 
 originally intended to be composed ex- 
 clusively of a tribe of Kabyles, but which, 
 having gradually changed its character, 
 is now constituted almost exclusively of 
 Frenchmen. These corps still, however, 
 wear the picturesque dress, which con- 
 sists of a loose, dark-blue jacket and 
 waistcoat, baggy Turkish trousers, yellow 
 leather leggings, white gaiters, a sky- 
 blue sash, and a red fez with yellow 
 tassel. The few corps filled with Alger- 
 inee stiU connected with the French army 
 
 are now known as Turcos. [Fr., from 
 the name of a tribe inhabiting Algeria.] 
 
 ZUCHETTO, tsoO-ket'to, n. in the R. Cath, 
 Ch. the skull-cap of an ecclesiastic cover- 
 ing the tonsure. A priest's is black, a 
 bishop's purple, a cardinal's red, and the 
 pope's white. [It. zucchetta, a small 
 gourd, anything in the form of a gourd, 
 from zucca, a gourd.] 
 
 ZULU, zoo'loo or zoo-l5o', n. a member of 
 a warlike branch of the Kafir race in 
 habiting a territory in South Africa situ- 
 ated on the coast of the Indian Ocean, 
 immediately north of the British colony 
 of Natal. 
 
 ZUMBOORUK, zoom-boo'ruk, n. in the 
 Orient, a small cannon supported by a 
 swivelled rest on the back of s, camel, 
 whence it is fired. 
 
 ZYMOTIC, zi-mot'ik, adj. denoting all dis- 
 eases, as cholera, typhus, etc., in which 
 a poison works through the body like a 
 ferment. [Gr., from zymoo, to ferment 
 —zyme, leaven.] 
 
 ZYMUR6Y, za'mer-ji, n. a name applied to 
 that department of technological chem- 
 istry which treats of the scientific prin- 
 ciples of wine-making, brewing, distilling, 
 and the preparation of yeast and vinegar, 
 in which processes fermentation plays the 
 principal part. Watts. [Gr. zyme, a fer- 
 ment, and ergon, work.] 
 
 ZYTHEPSARY, zi-thep'sa-ri, n. a brewery 
 or brew-house. [Gr. zythos, a kind of 
 bee r, and hepso, to boil.] 
 
 ZYTHUM, mhum, n. a kind of ancient 
 nialt beverage : a liquor made from malt 
 and wheat. [L. zythum=-Qt. sythoa, a 
 kind of beer.]
 
 PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES^ 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 A- (A.S.) represents : 
 
 (1.) A.S. on, on, as abed (from M. E. on 
 bcedde), among, about, a-f3shing-. 
 
 (2.) A.S. and-, over against, close to, as 
 along (from A.S. aiid-lang, i.e., over 
 against in length). [Cog. with Goth. 
 anda. Ger. ent-. ant-, L. Ante-, Gr. 
 Als'Tl- (which see).] 
 
 (3.) A.S. &-, out, out from, as in arise (from 
 A.S. Arisan, to rise out of or up), or sig. 
 •' very." as in aghast. [Cog. with Ger. 
 er-. Gfoth. iis-, ur-.] 
 
 (4.) A.S. of, of, from, as in adown (from 
 A.S. of dune, •' from the height "), anew, 
 akin ; or from of-, intensive, as athirst. 
 
 (5.) A.S. ge-, y-, as aware (from M. E. yuiar 
 — A.S. geiceer), a-f-ford. 
 
 (6.) for at, old sign of inf., as ado. [From 
 the Scand.] 
 
 A- (L. and Gr.) represents : (1.) L. Ab- ; 
 (2.) L. Ad-; (3.) L. Ex-, as in abash, 
 amend ; (4.) Gr. A- (for An-). See these 
 prefixes. 
 
 A-, AB-, ABS- (L.), away from, as avert, 
 absolve, araunt, abstract. [L. a, ab, abs 
 (oldest form ap) : cog. with Gr. Apo-, 
 Sans, apa, Ger. ab, E. Off.] 
 
 AD- (L.), to, at, as adhere, adapt. The d 
 becomes assimilated to the following 
 consonant, as in accede, affix, aggregate, 
 aflot, annex, approve, arrive, assign, at- 
 tract. [L. ad : cog. with Sans, adhi, 
 Goth, and E. at, Celt, ar-.l 
 
 AMBI-, AMB- (L.), round about, both, as 
 ambition, ajreputate, ambidexter. [L. ; 
 cog. with Gr. AMPHI-, Sans, abhi, around, 
 O. Ger. umpi (Ger. mjk).] 
 
 AMPHI- (Gr.). round about, both, as am- 
 phitheatre, amphibiovLS. [Cog. with L. 
 Ambi- Amb-.] 
 
 AN- (A.S.), against, in return, as answer. 
 [A.S. and-, Ger. ant-, Goth, and-.] 
 
 AN-, A- (Gr.), not, without, as anai-chy, 
 atom, ambrosia. [Gr.; cog. with Sans. 
 an-, a-. L. in-, E. UN-, In-, not.] 
 
 ANA-. AN- (Gr.), up, back, as analyze, 
 anatomy, aneurism. [Cog. with Goth. 
 ana, E. On.] 
 
 ANTE- (L.), before, as antecedent, antici- 
 pate, ancestor (for L. ante-cessor). [L. 
 ante, old form anti ; conn, with Anti-.] 
 
 ANTI- (Gr.), opposite to, against, as anti- 
 pathy, ajifipodes, antagoni.st. [Gr. ; conn, 
 with L. Ante-, Sans, anti, facing, Ger. 
 ant- in ^4?iiwort, E. an- (for and-) in 
 Answer (see Diet.). Cf. A- (A.S.) (3.), 
 above.] 
 
 APO- (Gr^ off, from, away, as opostle, 
 aphelion: [Cog. with L. Ab-.] 
 
 AT- (E.), near, as atone ; against, as twit. 
 [A.S. CBt.] 
 
 AUTO- (Gr.), self, as atttograph, antopsy. 
 
 BE- (A.S.), by, before, beside, as behalf ; 
 
 FF 
 
 intensive, as besprinkle; privative, as be- 
 head. [A form of By. See Diet.] 
 
 BIS- (L.), twice, as biscuit, biennial. [Corr. 
 of dvis, ablative of duo, two.] 
 
 CATA-, CATH-, CAT- (Gr.), down, down- 
 wards, according to, as cataract, catTi- 
 olic, catechism. [Gr. kata.] 
 
 CIRCUM-, CIRCU- (L.), round about, as 
 cirewmscribe, circwit. [Properly accusa- 
 tive of circus, a circle. See Circle in 
 Diet.] 
 
 CIS- (L.), on this side, as cisalpine. [From 
 the demons, stem ki-, which appears in 
 Gr. e-kei, there, and the -c of L. hie, sic] 
 
 COM-, CON- (L.), together, with, as con- 
 nect, cohere, coZlect, correct ; often in- 
 tensive, as commotion. [Coj«- is the old 
 form of L. cum, with ; cog. with Gr. syn. 
 Sans. sam. The root, originally signify- 
 ing "one," is seen in L. sim-ul, together, 
 Gr. ham-a, together, E. si»iple (which 
 see in Diet.).] 
 
 CONTRA-, CONTRO-, COUNTER- (L.), 
 against, as contradict, controvert, coun- 
 teract. [L. contra (whence Fr. contre), 
 from Con-, and -tra, from root tar, to 
 cross, seen also in Trans-.] 
 
 DE- (L., or Fr. — L.), down, from, away, 
 occurs in words derived either directly 
 from L., as deduce ; or through the Fr. 
 from L., in which case De- represents 
 either (1.) O. Fr. des-, from L. dis-, 
 asunder, not, as in defeat (O. Fr. des-fait), 
 or (2.) Fr. — L. de-, as describe {lit. " write 
 doum,'"'\. decompose. 
 
 DIA- (Gr.), two, through, as dialogue [" a 
 conversation between two"], diameter. 
 [Gr. dia (from dyo, two), sig. dividing 
 into two, through.] 
 
 DIS- (Gr.), two, twice, as dissyllable, di- 
 cotyledonous. [From dt'is, from root of 
 Two.] 
 
 DIS- (L.), in two, asunder, as dispart, dif- 
 fer, disperse ; negative, as disrelish ; 
 privative, as dislodge. {Dis for dvis, 
 from L. duo, Gr. dyo. Sans, diri, Goth, 
 and E. tivo. See Two in Diet.] 
 
 DYS- (Gr.). ill, difficult, as dysentery, dys- 
 pepsy. [Cog. with Sans, dus, Goth, tus, 
 Ger. zer-, A.S. To-, E. Two.] 
 
 E-. See Ex-. 
 
 EC- or EX- (Gr.), out of, from, as ecstasy, 
 exodus. [Gr. ex, cog. with L. ex, and 
 Russian iz\ out.] 
 
 EM- EN- (Fr.— L.), in, into, 
 make, as enlarge ; before 
 changes to EM-, as embark, 
 in. See In- (L.), in, into.] 
 
 EN- (Gr.), in, on, as energy, endemic, em- 
 phasis. [See In in Diet.] 
 
 ENTER- (Fr.), between, among, 
 tain. [Fr. entre—L. INTER-.] 
 
 EPI- (Gr.), on, as epitaph ; during, as ep- 
 hemeral. [Gr. epi ; Sans, api, L. Ob-.] 
 
 , as enlist ; to 
 
 b and p, En- 
 
 [Fr. en— L. 
 
 as [enter- 
 
 ES- (Fr. or Sp. — L.), out, as escape, es- 
 planade. [O. Fr. or Sp. es — L. Ex-.] 
 
 ESO- (Gr.), m, into, as esoteric. [From 
 Gr. eis, into, whose form was prob. orig. 
 ens, a strengthened form of En- (Gr.).] 
 
 EU- (Gr.), well, as euphony, «tlogy. [Gr. 
 eu, eus, good, for es-us, real, from root of 
 Is (see Diet.).] 
 
 EX- or E- (L.), from, out of, as ea^jel, eject, 
 e/flux. [Conn, with Gr. Ec- or Ex-.] 
 
 EXO- (Gr.), outside, as exotic. [From Ex- 
 (Gr.).] 
 
 EXTRA- (L.), on the outside, beyond, as 
 extramural, extraordinary. [Contr. of 
 extera {parte being understood), ablative 
 feminine of exterus, beyond, a compar. 
 form, from Ex- (L.).] 
 
 FOR- (A.S.), through, thorough, away, so 
 as to be non-existent, or to be destroyed, 
 as /orswear, /orbid. [A.S. for; Ger. 
 ver-, Goth, fra-, L. per-. Sans, para ; 
 conn., with Far and KiOM.] 
 
 FOR- (Fr. — L.), as in foreclose, forfeit. 
 [Fr. — L. foris, lit. " out of doors," used 
 in the sense of "outside," "beyond," 
 " amiss."] 
 
 FORE- (A.S.), before, as foretell. [A.S. 
 fore; O. Ger. f ova (Ger. vor), Goth, f aura, 
 L. Pro-.] 
 
 GAIN- (A.S.), against, as grai?isay. [A.S. 
 gegn, gean. See Against in Diet.] 
 
 HEMI- (Gr.), half, as /lemisphere. [Gr. ; 
 cog. with L. Semi- Sans, sami-, O. Ger. 
 sdini-.] 
 
 HYPER- (Gr.), over, above, beyond, as 
 /ij/perborean, /i^percritical. [Cog. with 
 Super- and Over-.] 
 
 HYPO-, HYP-(Gr.), under, as /ij/potenuse. 
 [Cog. with L. Sub-, Goth, uf. Sans, upa.] 
 
 I-, Y-, as in /-wis, yclept, hand-2/-work. 
 [A.S. ge-, sign of the past participle 
 passive.] 
 
 IN- (L.), not, as infirm. Before p, the n 
 changes to m, as impudent ; before I, m, 
 and r, it is assimilated to those conso- 
 nants, as itlegal, inmiature, irregular. 
 [L. ; cog. with Gr. An-. E. Un-.] 
 
 IN- (L.). in, into, as infuse, itlumine, impel, 
 irrigate. [See In in Diet.] 
 
 IN- (A.S.), in, on, as income, inward ; to 
 make, as imbitter, lit. to put iJito a state 
 of bitterness. [See In in Diet.] 
 
 INTER- (L.), in the midst of, between, as 
 interval, intetlect. [A compar. form, 
 cog. with E. Under, and Sans, antar, 
 within.] 
 
 INTRA- (L.), in the inside of, within, as 
 ijitramural. [Contr. of intera, ablative 
 feminine of interns, inward — Inter-.] 
 
 INTRO- (L.), into, within, as introduce. 
 [Contr. of intero, ablative masculine of 
 intents — Inter-.] 
 
 JUXTA- (L.), near, as /uxtaposition. ["Su- 
 perlative form, from root of L. ju{ii)go, 
 to join. See Join in Diet.] 
 
 (497)
 
 498 
 
 PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 
 
 META-, MET- (Gr.), lit. " in the middle," 
 hience witli ; after, as method (lit- way 
 after) ; often implies change, as vieta- 
 morphose, metonytny. [Gr. meta ; cog. 
 with A.S. mid, Goth, viith, Ger. mit ; 
 Sans, mithu, Zend mat.^ 
 
 MIS- (A.S. and Soand.), wrong, ill, as mis- 
 behave, misdeed, mislead. [A.S. and 
 Scand. mis-, Ger. miss-. Cf. MiSS, v.t. in 
 Diet.] 
 
 MIS- (Fr. — L.), as in mischief. [Fr. mis-, 
 for O. Fr. mes-, from L. minus, less.] 
 
 MONO-, HON- (Gr.), single, as monograph. 
 [Gr. monos, alone.] 
 
 N- (A.S.). no, not, as never. [A.S. ne ; cog. 
 with O. Ger. and Goth, ni, L. ne. Sans. 
 na.] 
 
 NE- (Gr.), not, as nepenthe ; (L.) not, as 
 nefarious, neuter. [Allied to E. No (see 
 Diet.).] 
 
 NEC- (L.),not, asnegrlect, jiegrative. [Contr. 
 of neque, from ne, not, que, and.] 
 
 NON- (L.), not, as nonsense, noreage. [From 
 ne unum, not one. Cf. E. Not in Diet.] 
 
 OB- (L.), in the way of, against, as obstruct, 
 omit, occur, o/fer, oppose, ostentation. 
 [Cog. with Gr. epi. Sans, api.] 
 
 OFF- (A.S.), off, from, away, as o^shoot, 
 o^set. [A form of Of. Cf. A-, Ab-, and 
 see Of in Diet.] 
 
 ON- (A,S.), on, as onset, onlooker. [See 
 On in Diet.] 
 
 OUT- (A.S.), out, beyond, as oit flaw, owfbid. 
 [A.S. ut. See Out in Diet.] 
 
 OVER- (A.S.), over, above, as oi'crarch, 
 oi'erseer. [See Over in Diet.] 
 
 PAN- (Gr.), all, as panacea, pajitheism. 
 
 PAKA-, PAR- (Gr,), beside, as parable; 
 beyond, wrong, as parolyze. [Gr. para ; 
 
 , akin to Sans, para, away, L. per-, and 
 E. for- in /orgive.] 
 
 PENE- (L.), almost, as pe»insula. 
 
 PER- (L.), through, as permit, peTbicid, 
 poflute ; thoroughly, as perfect. In 
 perjure, perish, it is equivalent to E. 
 for- in /orswear (see Foe-, A.S.). [Aldn 
 to Gr. Para-, beside, Sans, para, away, 
 E. for-, Ger. rer-.l 
 
 PERI- (Gr.), round, as perimeter, peri- 
 phrasis. JGr. peri ; Sans, peri, also 
 allied to Gr. para."] 
 
 POL-, POR- (L.), as pollute, portend. 
 [From O. L. port-, towards.] 
 
 POST- (L.), backwards, behind, after, as 
 postpone. 
 
 POUR-, PUR- (Fr.— L.), as powrtray, pur- 
 vey. [Fr.— L. Pro-.] 
 
 PRE- (L.), before, as predict, prefer. [L. 
 prce. akin to L. pro.'] 
 
 PRETER- (L.), beyond, as preterit, pre- 
 ^ernatural, pretermit. [L. proeter — proe, 
 with comparative suffix -ter. See Alter 
 in DictJ 
 
 PRO- (Gr.), before, as prologue, pro- 
 gramme. [Gr. pro; cog. with L. Pro-, 
 Sans, pra, E. For (prep. ; see Diet.).] 
 
 PRO- (L.), before, forth, forward, as pro- 
 ject; instead of, from the idea of being 
 before, as pronoun. [Cog. with Pro- 
 (Gr.), which see.] 
 
 PROS- (Gr.), towards, as proselyte, pros- 
 ody. [Original form proti, an extension 
 of " Pro- (Gr.) ; cog. with Sans, prati, 
 Slav, proti.l 
 
 PUR-. See under PoUR- 
 
 RE-, RED- (L.), change of place or condi- 
 tion, as in remove, reunion (an assem- 
 blage of things or persons formerly 
 apart) ; hence, change of motion from 
 one direction to the opposite = " back," 
 '• again," as retract, resound, redeem. 
 
 RETRO- (L.), back, backwards, as retro- 
 spect, retrogva.de. [From Re-, and the 
 convpar. suffix -ter.] 
 
 SE- (L.), without, as secure : aside, as se- 
 duce. [Old form of Sine-.] 
 
 SEMI- (L.), half, as semfcircle. [L.; cog. 
 with Gr. hemi.] 
 
 SINE- (L.), without, as sinecure. [St, 
 demons, instrumental sig. " by that," 
 and ne, not.] 
 
 SUB- (L.), under, from under, after, as 
 subject, suspect, succeed, sw/fuse, sug- 
 gest, summon, support, surprise, sus- 
 pend, sojourn. [L. sub (which in O. Fr. 
 became so-).} 
 
 SUBTER- (L.), under, as subterfuge. [From 
 Sub-, and compar. suffix -ter, meaning 
 motion. See Trans-.] 
 
 SUPER- (L.), over, above, beyond, assupgr- 
 structure, SMpej'natural. [L.; cog. with 
 Sans, upari, Gr. hyper, Goth, ufar, E. 
 Over.] 
 
 SUPRA- (L.), over, above, as supramun- 
 dane. [Contr. of ablative fern, of su- 
 perus, above, from Super-. Cf. Supe- 
 rior in Diot.] 
 
 SUR- (Fr.), over, assuj-mount. [Fr., from 
 L. super.] 
 
 SYN- (Gr.) together, with, as syntax, sy- 
 stem, s^Hable, symbol. [Cog. vidth Com-.] 
 
 TO- (E.), in to-da,y, together, towards, here- 
 to-fore, is the prep. To (see Diet.). 
 
 TO- (A.S.), asunder, as in fo-brake. [A.S. 
 to-, cog. with Gr. Dts- (which see) ; cf. 
 Dis- (L.).] 
 
 TRANS- (L.), beyond, across, as transport, 
 traverse. [From root tar, to cross ; the 
 same root occurs in INTER-, INTEO-, 
 Preter-, Retro-, Subter-.] 
 
 U- (Gr.), no, not, as C/^topia. [Gr. ou, not.] 
 
 ULTRA- (L.), beyond, as w/tramarine. 
 [From utter (stem of ulterior), ul- being 
 from root of L. i7/e.] 
 
 UN-(A.S.), not, as iuihappy, untruth; back, 
 as uutie. [Cog. with Gr. AN-, and L. IN- 
 (negative).] 
 
 UNDER- (A.S.), under, below, as iindesr- 
 prop, nndersell. [See Under in Diet.] 
 
 UP- (A.S.). up, as nphill. [See Up in Diet.] 
 
 VIS-, VICE- (Fr.— L.), in place of, as vis- 
 count, viceroy. [Fr. vis-, from L. vice, 
 instead of.] 
 
 WAN- (A.S.), wanting, as wanton. [Cf. 
 "Wane and Want in Diet.] 
 
 WITH- (A.S.), against, back, as withsta,ad, 
 tfit/idraw ; with, near, as withm (this 
 meaning is very rare as prefix). [A.S. 
 icith — u'ither. See With ia Diet.] 
 
 Y-. See under I-, 
 
 SUFFIXES. 
 
 -ABLE, adj. suffix, capable of, as portobfe, 
 
 laughable. [L. -a-b-i7i-s.] 
 -AC, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegiac ; 
 
 also used as noun suffix, as manioc. [L, 
 
 -anis, Gr. -ufcos.] 
 -ACEOUS, having the qualities of, as herb- 
 aceous. [L. -aceus.] 
 -ACIOUS, full of, as audacioas. [L. -ax, 
 
 -ads.] 
 -ADE, noun suffix, as ecapade [Fr. — It.] ; 
 
 and as crusode, tornado [Sp. -ade, orig- 
 inal form -ado]. 
 -AGE, ending of abstract nouns, as hom- 
 
 agre ; marks place where, as vicaragre. 
 
 [Fr. -age, from L. -aticum.] 
 -AIN, -AN, -EN, -ON, noun suffixes, as 
 
 villain, pagare. warden, surgeon. [L. 
 
 -anus.] 
 -AL. adj. and noun suffix, as mortaZ, car- 
 
 dino/. [L. -alis.] 
 -AN, -AIN, -ANE, adj. suffix, as human, 
 
 certain, humane. [L. -anus.] 
 -ANA, things belonging to, sucli as say- 
 
 ngs, anecdotes, etc., as Johnsoniana. 
 
 X. neuter pi. of adjs. in -anus. See 
 
 -An.] 
 -ANCE, -ANCY. See -nce. 
 -AND, -END, noun suffix, as viand, leg- 
 
 end. [L. -andus, -endus, gerundial suf- 
 
 flxj 
 
 -ANEOUS, belonging to, as extraneoiis. 
 [L. -aneus.] 
 
 -ANT, -ENT, adj. suffix, as repentOJit, 
 patient ,- also sometimes denoting the 
 agent, as sergeant, student, innocent. [L. 
 -ans, -ant-is, or -ens, -ent-is, suffix of pr.p.] 
 
 -AR, Ijelonging to, as angular. [L. -ar-is, 
 Sans, -ara.] 
 
 -AR, -ARD, -ART. See under -er (mark- 
 ing the agent). 
 
 -AR, -ER, -OR, noun suffixes, marking 
 place where, as cellar, larder, manor [L. 
 -arium] ; denoting the agent, as vicar, 
 treasure)', chancello/' [L. -arins]. 
 
 -ARD, intensive, as drunkard, coward. 
 [Fr.— Ger. hart. E. Hard.] 
 
 -ARY, noun suffix, marking place where, 
 as semina?'2^ [L. -arium] ; the agent, as 
 secretary/, antiquar?/ [L. -arius] ; with 
 -an added, forming an adj. suffix, asunit- 
 ari-an, agrari-an. 
 
 -ASM. See under -ISM. 
 
 -ASS. -ACE, as cuirass, cutlass, menace, 
 pinntfce. [L. -ace«s, -acitts. It. -accio. 
 Fr. -as.] 
 
 -ASTER, dim. and freq. (often implj-ing 
 contempt), as poetaster. [Fr. -astre (It. 
 -asti-o) — L. -as-ter, from Aryan as-tar.] 
 
 -ATE, verbal suffix, as navigate, permeate, 
 adj., as desolate, delicate; noun, aslega/e, 
 advocate. [Norm. Fr. -at, L. -atus, suffix 
 of pa. p.] 
 
 -BLE. See -able. 
 
 -BLE. -PLE, fold, as doubte, trebte, quad- 
 ruple. [L. -plus, lit. " full." 
 
 -CE. See under -s, adverbial suffix. 
 
 -CELLI, -CELLO, dim., as vermicetti, vio- 
 \oncello. [It., from L. -cu-lus. See un- 
 der -I.] 
 
 -CH. dim., as blotc/i. [See -OCK.] 
 
 -CLE, -CULE. dim., as in particte, animal- 
 cule, from L. cu-lus, wliich also gives 
 (through It.) -CELLI, -cello. See un- 
 der -L.] 
 
 -CY, being, or state of being, as clemencj/, 
 [Fr. -eie — L. -tia.] 
 
 -D, -T, or -ED, pa.t. suffix, as loved. The 
 e in -ed is the connecting vowel, omitted 
 when the verb ends ine. [A.S. -de, "did," 
 from di-de, pa.t. of Do.] 
 
 -D, pa. p. suffix, as lovea ; in nouns (with 
 passive meaning), as deed, seed ; in adjs., 
 as feathered, wicked, cold ; in the form 
 -th (or -T), in abstract nouns and adjs., 
 as deat/i, flight, swift, (with euphonic -s-) 
 du-s-t, bla-s-t. [Orig. -th, as in uncout/i, 
 and from the root of The, That ; seen 
 also in the L. suffix -tu-s. as in no-tu-s. 
 Sans, jna-ta-s, and in the Gr. suffix -to-s.] 
 
 -DOM, dominion, power, as kingdom; state, 
 as freedom ; act, as martyrdom. [A.S. 
 diim, judgment, dominion, Ger. -tTium.] 
 
 -DOR, as in corridor, matadore, stevedore, 
 battledoo7'. [Sp. -dor, L. -tor.] 
 
 -ED. see -D. 
 
 -EE, one who or that which is (passive), as 
 trustee, jubilee (Fr. -ie — L. -atus, of part, 
 pass.) ; Pharisee, Sadducee [L. -oeu-s.J 
 
 -EER, -lER, one who, has fi-equentative 
 meaning, as charioteer. [Fr. -er, -tei — L, 
 arius.] 
 
 -EL, dim., as damsct. [See under -L.] 
 
 -EN, dim., as chicken, maiden. [A.S. -en.] 
 
 -EN, fem. suffix, now found only in vixen. 
 [A.S. -en, -n ; Ger. -in, Gr. -iTie, L. -ina.] 
 
 -EN, made of, as wooden, leather?* ; orig. 
 sig. belonging to, as heathen. [A.S., 
 Goth, -en, -an, Ger. -en, ein. Sans, -um ; 
 a genitive suffix, as in mine.] 
 
 -EN. pa. part, as woven, borne, swoni. 
 [A.S. -n, -ne, -en : conn, with -ant, -ent.J 
 
 -EN, pi. suffix, as oxen, kine (for ky-en). 
 [A.S. -an (for -ajis).] 
 
 -EN, to make, as whiten. [Orig. reflexive 
 or passive.]
 
 PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 
 
 499 
 
 -EN, -IN, -ENE, belonging' to, as alien, 
 verraire, terrene. [L. -eniis, -ena, -enum.] 
 
 -ENCE. -ENCY. See -nce, -ncy. 
 
 -ENT, belonging to, as diSerent. [L. -ens, 
 -entis. See -ANT.] 
 
 -EOUS, in righteous, corr. of -wise (which 
 see) ; in courteous, from O. Fr. -eis (from 
 L. -ensis). 
 
 EOUS, same as -ous, as ligneous. [L. 
 -ens.] 
 
 -ER, freq. and intens., as glimmer, flutter. 
 
 -ER. infinitive suflix, as cover, encounter. 
 [Fr. -re, -ir, from L. pr. infinitive -are, 
 -ere, -ire.] 
 
 -ER. marks the agent, as writer ; some- 
 times changed to -ar, as liar ; with -i- or 
 •y- prefixed, as cloth-i-er, law-?/-er ; with 
 excrescent -t or -d, as bragg-ar-^ [A.S. 
 -ere ; Ger. -er.] 
 
 'ER, more, used in compar. of adjs., as 
 greater, more. [Aryan compar. sufSx 
 -ra.] 
 
 -ER, noun suffix, as matter, gutter. [Fr. 
 -iere — L. -eria.] 
 
 -EREL, dim. suffix, as mackereZ. [See un- 
 der -L.] 
 
 -ERIE, place where, as menagerie. [Fr., 
 from L. -ariuvi. See -ery.] 
 
 -ERLY, direction to or from, as southerly. 
 [From -EEN and -LY.] 
 
 -ERN, adj. suffix, sig. direction, as south- 
 ern [A.S. -er-n] ; adj. suffix, sig. belong- 
 ing to, as modern [L. -emus']; noun suffix, 
 as cistern [L. -erna]. 
 
 -ERY. noun suffix, a-s brewery, witchery, 
 cutler?/. [Noun suffix -Y added to nouus 
 in -ER (marking agent). See -AKY, -ERIE, 
 -ORY.] 
 
 -ES or -8, pi. suffix, as foxe«, hats. [A.S. 
 
 -as. -s is a general pi. suffix, as L. and 
 
 Gr. -e.5j 
 •ESCENT, growing becoming, as conval- 
 
 escent. [L. -eseo, -isoo, -asco, Gr. -asko, 
 
 suffix, implying becoming, beginning.] 
 -ESE. belonging to, as Japaneiie. [It. -ese, 
 
 L. -ensis.] 
 •ESQUE, partaking of the quality of, as 
 
 picturesgi«e. [Fr. -esque (It. -esco) — L. 
 
 -isous, a by-form of -imis (see -IC), and 
 
 conn, with -ISH, adj. suffix.] 
 -ESS, fem. suffix of nouns, as lioness. [Fr. 
 
 -esse, L. -issa, Gr. -issa (made up of -it or 
 
 -id and -ya).] 
 -ESS, -ICE, -ISE, as prowess, justice, 
 
 merchandise. [Fr. — L. -itia.] 
 -EST, as in harvest, earnest. 
 -EST, suffix of 2d. sing, in verbs, as bring- 
 
 est. [A.S. -ast, -est; L. -es, -isti; Gr. -si, 
 
 -sthon. -s or -ST=2d per. pron., Gr. sy 
 
 {sH), L. tu, E. Thou.] 
 -EST, superl. suffix, formed from the com- 
 par. by adding -t, as smallest. [A.S. 
 
 -est (in adjs.), -ost (in adverbs) ; L. -issi- 
 
 muK. Gr.-istos, -stos, -tatos. Sans, -ishta.] 
 -ET, -ETB, noun suffix, marking the .igent, 
 
 as prophet, poet, athlete. [L. -eta, Gr. 
 
 -etes.] 
 -ET, -ETTE, -OT, dim., as cygnet, billet, 
 
 etiquette, ballot. [Norm. Fr. -et, -ot, Fr. 
 
 -ct. -ette.] 
 -EUR. See under -OR. 
 -EVER, at any time, as whoever, every 
 
 one who. [See Ever in Diet.] 
 -FARE, way, as in wel/are, chaf/er. [See 
 
 Fare in Diet.] 
 -FAST, as in steadfast, shamefaced. [A.S. 
 
 fcest, firm, fast.] 
 -FOLD, as fourfold, mani/oM. [A.S. 
 
 feald.] 
 -FUL, full of, as delight/i(Z. [See Full, 
 
 adj. in Diet.] 
 -FY, to make, a.s puri/j/. [Fr. -fler — L. 
 
 fic-are, for fae-ere, to make.] 
 -HEAD, -HOOD, state, nature, as God- 
 
 head, nian/iood. [From A.S. h&d, Ger. 
 
 -heit, state ; changed into Hood ; to be 
 
 distinguished from Head of the body.] 
 
 -I, pi. suffix of nouns in -us, as literati 
 [L. -i; conn, with Gr. -ai, -oi] ; also pi. 
 suffix of nouns borrowed from It., as 
 banditti [It.— L.]. 
 
 -IBLE, adj. suffix, as possibte, flexi6te. 
 [From L. -ibilis, another form of -abilis. 
 See -ABLE.] 
 
 -IC, adj. suflHx, of or belonging to, as gi- 
 gantic, public; also largely used as noun 
 suffix, as logic, fabric. [L. -icus, -ica, 
 -icum, Gr. -ikos; cf. Sans, -ika.] 
 
 -ICAL, belonging to, as cubical, [-ic and 
 
 -AL.] 
 
 -ICE, noun suffix, as chalice [Fr. — L. -ex, 
 -ids] ; novice [Fr.— L. -icius]. See an- 
 other -ICE under -ESS, -ICE, -KE. 
 
 -ICS, lit. things that belong to a science, as 
 mathematics. [In imitation of Gr. -ika, 
 neuter pi. of adjs. in -ikos. See -ic] 
 
 -ID, noun suffix, as Nereirf ; also used in 
 coining chemical words, as chloride, ox- 
 ide, brom/de [L. -id-, Gr. -id-, Fr. -ide] ; 
 also adj. suffix, as tepid, acid [L. -ddus]. 
 
 -IB, -Y, dim., as lassie. [From -iek, a 
 weakened form of -OCK.] 
 
 -lER, one who, as cavalier. [Fr. -ier ; 
 usually appears in form -eer.] 
 
 -IFF, adj. suffix, fit for, disposed to, as 
 plaint i^ (orig. adj. =- "complaining"), 
 fugitive, active, pensive. [Fr. — L. -ivjts.j 
 
 -ILE, able, as ductite. [L. -His, contr. of 
 -ibilis ; to be distinguished from -ile 
 (below). See -able.] 
 
 -ILE, belonging to, as GentiZe. [L. -His.] 
 
 -IM, pi. suffix, as cherubijH. [Heb. fm.] 
 
 -INA, fem. suffix, as czarirea. [See -EN, 
 fem.] 
 
 -INE, fem. suffix, as heroine. [See -en, 
 fem.] 
 
 -INE, -IN, noun suffix, as raviwe, medic- 
 ine, cousiji ,• much used in chemical com- 
 pounds, as iodijie, glycerine, bromine ; 
 also adj. suffix, as divine. [L.-ireifs, -ina.] 
 
 -ING, dim., as farthing. [The -ng is 
 nasalized from Aryan dim. -ka (see 
 -OCK).] 
 
 -ING, suffix of pr.p., as loving. [Corr. of 
 A.S. -inde, which, as also -ande and 
 -ende, it replaced. See -ND, also -ant, 
 
 -ENT.] 
 
 -ING, suffix of verbal nouns, as learningr. 
 
 [A.S. -ung, Ger. -ungr.] 
 ION, being, state of bei 
 [L. -io, -ionis.] 
 
 eing, as creatio;t. 
 
 -lOR, more, term, of comp. degree, as su- 
 perior. [L. -ior. See -ER, morej 
 
 -IQUE, belonging to, asantigwe. [Fr. — L. 
 -imms; conn, with -IC. L. -icMs. See -ac] 
 
 -ISH, adj. suffix, ethnic, as Irish ; signify- 
 ing somewhat, as brownish ; sometimes 
 implying depreciation, as outlandis/i. 
 [A.s: -isc] 
 
 -ISH, to make, as establis/i. [From Fr. 
 pr.p. suffix -iss-ont ; chiefly used in words 
 from the Fr. The Fr. -iss- is from L. 
 -ese-, inceptive.] 
 
 -ISK, dim., as asterisk. [Gr. -iskos; conn, 
 with -ISH, little. See -OCK.] 
 
 -ISM, -ASM, formiig abstract nouns sig. 
 condition, sj'stem, as egoisnt, deis)?i, Cal- 
 vini.s/ft, laconi.snt, pleonasnt. [L. -ismits, 
 -asm IIS — Gr. -ismos, -asmos.] 
 
 -1ST, denoting the person who holds a doc- 
 trine or practices an art, as Calvini.st, 
 cheniist, novelist. [L. -ista — Gr. -istes.] 
 
 -ITE, born in, belonging to, as Israelite, 
 Jesuit. [L. -it a — Gr. -ites.] 
 
 -TVE. See under -IFF. 
 
 -IX, fem. suffix, as testatrir. [L. -ix, -ids. 
 Conn, with -ess, fem. suffix.] 
 
 -IZE. to make, as equalise. [Gr. -izH, L. 
 -ire. Fr. -iser.] 
 
 -K. fi-i-q. or intens., as harfc, talk. 
 
 -KIN. dim., as lambA-in ; son of, asWiR'in. 
 [A double dim. suffix from -k (see -OCK), 
 and in (see -EN, dim.).] 
 
 -KIND, kind, race, as manHnd. [See -kin 
 above, and Kin in Diet.] 
 
 -L, forming diminutives, appears in con- 
 nection with various vowels, and from va- 
 rious sources, as in -EL, -ULE. -ER-EL. -le, 
 -L-ET, -L-iNG, -c-LE, -C-ULE, as damset, 
 giobnZe, mongret, bundie, hamtet, duck- 
 ling, foUicZe, molecuie. 
 
 -LE, noun suffix, as bridte, beadtc. riddte 
 sliovei, nait. [A.S. -et, Ger. -et — Aryan 
 -ar{-al)] ; also adj. suffix, as idte. fickte, 
 brittte, mickte [A.S. -et, -ol — Aryan -i-a], 
 
 -LE, freq. and intens., as sparkte, settte, 
 kneet. 
 
 -LENCE, -LENCY, forming abstract 
 nouns. [L. -l-entia, from -lens. See 
 
 -LENT.] 
 
 -LENT, full of, as viotenf, viruteret. [L. 
 
 -I-entus.] 
 -LESS, free from, wanting, as guilttess, 
 
 godte^s. [A.S. -leas, Ger. -los ; from root 
 
 of Loose and Lose.] 
 -LET, dim., as streamtet. [From -l and 
 
 -ET, dim.] 
 -LIKE, like, as godtifce. [See Like in 
 
 Diet.] 
 -LING, dim., as darting" ; sometimes imply- 
 ing depreciation, as hiretingf. [Made up 
 
 of -L and -INQ.] 
 -LING, -LONG, adv. suffix, as darktingr, 
 
 sidetongf. [A.S. -litnga, -linga.] 
 -LOCK. [See Wedlock and Knowledge 
 
 in Diet.] 
 -LOCK, -LICK, a plant. [See Hemlock, 
 
 Garlic] 
 -LY, adj. and adv. suffix, as mantj/, only. 
 
 [The adj. suffi.K is from A.S. lie, E. Like ; 
 
 adv. is from tic-e, dat. of tic] 
 -M, noun suffix, as bloojn, steajn, seam, 
 
 fatho/n [A.S. -ma, -m] ; as realm, crinie 
 
 alum, regi»ie [Fr. — L. -meii]. 
 -MEN, that which, state, as regi»ie?t, 
 
 acumen. [Only in words borrowed from 
 
 Latin. L. -wen ; Sans. -?n an. See-MENT, 
 
 -MONY.] 
 
 -MENT, as nourish7nent, establishme?it, 
 detriment. [L. -men-tu-m, Fr. -ment. 
 See -JIEN.] 
 
 -MONY, as testi?nojJ2/. parsimon;/. [L. 
 -mon-iu-m, -mon-ia. See -men.] 
 
 -MOST, suffix of superl. deg., as endniost. 
 See Most in Diet. [In most cases this 
 suffix is not the word most, the m being 
 part of the root, or an old superl. suffix, 
 and -ost the superlative suffix, as in in- 
 most ^ia-m-ost. See -est, superl. suffix.] 
 
 -N, as main, wagoi. [Orig. -na, the suffix 
 of passive past participles.] 
 
 -NCE, -NCY, forming abstract nouns, as 
 distance, decency. [Fr. -Jice — L. -nt-ia.] 
 
 -ND, as Bend (lit. " hating "), frie7id (lit. 
 " loving "). [A.S. pres.p. suffix.] 
 
 -NESS, abstract idea, as tenderness. [A.S. 
 -?iis, -nes, cog. with Ger. -ni.ss.] 
 
 -OCK, dim., as hillocA-. [A.S. -nca — Aryan, 
 -ka. See -IE and -iNG, dim.] 
 
 -OM, old dative suffix, now used as object- 
 ive, as whom ; in adverbs of time, as 
 seldom. [A.S. -M»i.] 
 
 -ON, -EON, -ION, noun suffix, as capon, 
 mason, truncheon, onioji, clarion. [Fr. 
 — L. -onein, -ionem.\ 
 
 -OON, noun suffix, often augmentative, as 
 balloon, saloon. [Fr. -on. It. -one.] 
 
 -OR, -OUR, -ER, denoting the agent, 
 sometimes directly from L. (see -tor), 
 but mostly tlu-ougli Fr. -ewr, and sijelled 
 originally -our, as emperor (old spelling 
 eraperonr, Fr. empereur — L. impera- 
 torem) ; in others, E. -er lias supplanted 
 -eur, -our, as preacher (Fr. precheur — L. 
 prcedieatorem), while -or is at times af- 
 fixed to E. roots, as sailor.] 
 
 -ORY, belonging to, as prefatory [L. -ori- 
 tis] ; place where, as purgatory [L. -ori- 
 ttm].
 
 500 
 
 PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 
 
 -OSE, full of, as verbose. [L. -osus. See 
 
 -ors.] 
 -OT. dim., as balloi. [See -ET, dim.] 
 -OUR. See -OR. 
 -OUS, adj. suffix, as religioits, curio^ts [L. 
 
 -osus] ; dubioJAS, anxiows [L. -us]. 
 -OW, noun suffix, as shadow [from A.S. -u]; 
 
 swallow [from A.S. -eice]; marroiw [from 
 
 A.S. -h] ; also adj. suffix, as narrow [from 
 
 A.S. -u]. 
 •PLE. See -BLE, fold. 
 -R, noun suffix, marking the instrument, 
 
 as stair, timber ; adj. suffix, as bitter. 
 -RE, place, as here. [A.S. -r, -ra, orig. a 
 
 locative suffix.] 
 -RED, manner, state, as hatred, kindred. 
 
 [A.S. -rmden ; cog. with Gter. -rath. See 
 
 Read in Diet.] 
 -RIC, dominion, power, region, as bishop- 
 
 ric. [A.S. r^'ce, power. See RICH in 
 
 Diet.] 
 -RIGHT, as upright, downright. [A.S. 
 
 riht. See Right in Diet.] 
 -S, adverbial suffix, as needs, always, once, 
 
 henc«, thence, whil-s-t, betwi-a>t. [A.S. 
 
 •es, gen. suffix.] 
 -"S, is the present genitive suffix. [Short 
 
 for A.S. -es — Aryan -s or sya, orig. a 
 
 demons, pron. The O is prob. due to a 
 
 false notion that this -s was a relic of 
 
 his.] 
 -S, -SE, verbal suffix, to make, as clars-p, 
 
 cleanse, rinse. 
 -SHIP, -SCAPE, as friendsfc?p, stewardship, 
 
 landscape. [A.S. -scipe, shape, form — 
 
 scapan, E. Shape; cog. with Qer. -schaft.] 
 -SIS, action or state, as thesjs. [Gr. -sis.] 
 -SOME, full of, as gladsome, buxom, Jis- 
 
 some. [A.S. sum, Oer. -earn ; a by-form 
 
 of Sajie.] 
 
 -SON, son, as Johnsore. [See Son in Diet.] 
 
 -ST. See -EST, suffix of 2d sing. 
 
 -STER marks the agent, as maltsfer, often 
 with depreciation as gamester, punster. 
 [A.S. -estre, a fern, suffix, which now 
 keeps this sense only in spinster.] 
 
 -STRESS, fem. suffix, as songstress. [From 
 -STER, orig. fern. suiBx, with the addi- 
 tion of L. -ESS.] 
 
 -ST, state, as pleurisy. [Same as -SB.] 
 
 -T. See -D. 
 
 -T, -TE, adj. and noun suffix, as convent, 
 fact, chaste, tribute. [L. -tus, pa.p. suf- 
 fix ; cog. with -D, pa.p. suffix.] 
 
 -TEEN, ten to be added, as fourteen. [A.8. 
 -tyne. Cf. -TY, ten to be multiplied.] 
 
 -TER, noun suffix, as character. [Gr. -ier, 
 L. -tor. Sans, -tri; perh. conn, with 
 -ster.] 
 
 -TER, -THER, as in after, hitfter. [A.S. 
 •der, -ther, old comparative suffix. See 
 Whether in Diet.] 
 
 -TH, order, as sixtA. [Becomes also-D; 
 conn, with L. -tus, -tins, as in L. quartMS, 
 fourth.] 
 
 -TH, suffix of 8d sing, of verbs, now for the 
 most part softened to -s. [A.S. from 
 root -ta, which appears in L. -t, Gr. -ti, 
 -si, -tai, -to, and in That and The (see 
 Diet.!] 
 
 -TH, -T. See under -D (pa.p. sufflix). 
 
 -THER, denoting the agent, as tather, 
 mother. [From Aryan -tar, the agent. 
 Cf. -Toe.] 
 
 -THER. See -TE31, -thee. 
 
 -TOR, the agent, as conductor. [From 
 Aryan -tar, the agent. See -1HEE, and 
 
 cf. -OE, -OUR, -EE.J 
 
 -TO&-Y, -SOB-T, place, w domAtorp. 
 
 -TUDE, forms abstract nouns, as gratitude, 
 
 [L. -tudo.] 
 -TY, being or state of being, as dignity; 
 
 quality, as honesty, [Fr. -t6 — ^L. -tew, 
 
 -tat-is.] 
 -TY, ten to be multiplied, as sixty. [A.S. 
 
 -tig; cog. with Grer. -zig. Cf. -teek.] 
 -ULE, little, dim., as globute [L. -wtus} 
 
 See under -U 
 -UM, neuter term., as medlam. [L. -?/ni 
 
 Gr. -071.] 
 -UNCLE, little, dim., as pedancte. [L. 
 
 -MJi-c!(-tus, A.S. -inde; conn, with -en 
 
 and -CULE, diminutives.] 
 -URE, act of, as captwre ; state of being, 
 
 as verdure. [L. -MJ-a.] 
 -URNAL, belonging to, as diurnal. [L. 
 
 -ttrn-us and -al; conn, with -ERN (in 
 
 mode™).] 
 -WARD, -WARDS, adj. and adv. suffix 
 
 sig. direction, as homeward, bomeivards. 
 
 [A.S. -ireard, gen. -iceardes, cog. with 
 
 Ger. -iciirts : conn, with A.S. weorthan, 
 
 to be (see Worth in Diet.), and L. ver- 
 
 «ts — i-erto, to turn. Cf. FOEWAEI), Fob- 
 
 WAEDS in Diet.] 
 -WAY, -WAYS, adv. siiffix, sig. manner, 
 
 direction, as alway, always, straight u-ay. 
 
 rCf. -WISE.] 
 -WISE, way, manner, as likewise, right- 
 
 eoits. [A.S. -u-is, Gter. -wiss. See Wise, 
 
 way, in Diet.] 
 -Y, adj. suffix, as sponp/ [from L. -iostis] ; 
 
 as jolly [Norm. P>. -t/ from L. -^vns (cf. 
 
 -rvE)] ; as silly, dirty, any [A.S. -ig : cog. 
 
 with Ger. -ig, Goth, -ha, -ga, L. -cu-s, 
 
 Gr. -ko-s]. 
 -Y, noun suffix, as story, Italy [Fr. -ie, L. 
 
 -to] ; as joy, remedy [from L. -itini] ; as 
 
 ally, deputy [from L. -atns] ; as proven 
 
 [froin L. -twj; aa body fOats A.8. -to
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 (This vocabolary contains all common Scripture Names except monosyllables and dissyllables, the latter being alwajt 
 accented on the first syllable. Ch has tlie somid of k, and so has c, except when marked ;. to indicate the soimd of s : gr is hard 
 except when matted otherwise.] 
 
 A.-bad'd0D. 
 Ab'a-na. 
 Ab'a-rim. 
 A-bed'ne-go. 
 A-bel-Me-hSTath. 
 A-bel-Miz'ra-im. 
 A-bel-Shit'tlm. 
 A-bi'a. 
 A-bi'a-tbw. 
 A-bi-e'zer. 
 Ab'i-gaiL 
 A-bi'ha. 
 A-bl'jah. 
 A-bi'jam. 
 Ab-i-le'ne. 
 A-bim'e-lech. 
 . A-bin'a-dab. 
 A bl'ram. 
 Ab'i-shag. 
 a-bish'a4 
 A'bra-ham. 
 Ab'sa-lom. 
 A-ij-el'da-ma. 
 A-cha'ia ('ya). 
 A-dl'ao. 
 A-don-i-be'zek. 
 Ad-o-al'jah. 
 Ad-o-ni'ram. 
 Ailon-i-ze'dek. 
 A-drani'me-lech- 
 Ad-ra-myt'ti-OID. 
 A'dri-a. 
 A'dri-el. 
 A-dul'lam. 
 Ag-'a-bua. 
 A-grip'pa. 
 A-has-u-e'rU8. 
 A-ha-zI'ah- 
 A-hl'jah. 
 A-him'a-az. 
 A-him'e-lech. 
 A-hin'o-am. 
 A-hith'o-pbeL 
 A-hi'tub. 
 A-ho'li-ab. 
 A-hol'i-bah. 
 Aj'a-lon. 
 Al-e.\-an'dri-a. 
 Al-ph»'us (-fa^ 
 Al-tas'chith. 
 Am'a-lek-ite. 
 Ani'a-na. 
 
 Am'a-sa or A-oATia. 
 Ain-a-zl'ah. 
 A-min'a-dab. 
 Am'mon-Ite. 
 Arn'o-iite. 
 Am-phip'o-Ha, 
 Ani ra-phel. 
 An'a-kim. 
 A -natn'me-leclL 
 Ac-a-nTas. 
 
 An'a-thoth. 
 
 An-dro-nTonSi 
 
 An'ti-och. 
 
 An'ti-pas. 
 
 An-tip'a-tria. 
 
 A-pel'les ('ISa). 
 
 Ap-ol-16'ni-a. 
 
 A-pol'los. 
 
 A-pol'Iy-on. 
 
 Ap'pi-i Fo'rom. 
 
 Aq'ui-la. 
 
 A-ra'bi-an. 
 
 Ar'a-rat. 
 
 A-rau'nah. 
 
 Ar-che-la'us. 
 
 Arc-tu'rus. 
 
 Ar-e-op'a-gua. 
 
 Ar'e-tas. 
 
 A'ri-el. 
 
 Ar-i-ma-thS'a. 
 
 A'ri-och. 
 
 Ar-is-tar'chus. 
 
 ALT-is-to-bulus. 
 
 Ar-ma-ged'doo. 
 
 Ar-me'ni-a. 
 
 Ayo-er. 
 
 Ar'te-mas. 
 
 A-ru'mah. 
 
 As'a-hel. 
 
 As'e-nath. 
 
 Ash'ke-naz. 
 
 Ash'ta-roth. 
 
 A-si-a (a'shi'*), 
 
 As'ke-lon. 
 
 As-syr'i-a. 
 
 Ath-a-ll'ah. 
 
 At-ta-ll'a. 
 
 Au-gus'tus. 
 
 Az-arri'ah. 
 
 A-zo'tus. 
 
 Ba'al-ah. 
 
 Ba-al-be'rith. 
 
 Ba'al-gad. 
 
 Ba-al-ha'zor. 
 
 Ba-al-her'raoa. 
 
 Ba^al-me'on. 
 
 Ba-al-pe'or. 
 
 Baral-per'a-zim. 
 
 B5ral-shal'i-sha. 
 
 Ba-al-ta'mar. 
 
 Ba-al-ze'bub. 
 
 Ba-al-ze'phon. 
 
 Ba'a-sha. 
 
 Bab'y-lon. 
 
 Ba-hu'rim. 
 
 Ba-iab'bas. 
 
 Bar'na-bas. 
 
 Bar'sa-bas. 
 
 Bar-thol'o-mew. 
 
 Bar-ti-tne'us. 
 
 Bar-zilla-l. 
 
 Bath'she-bai 
 
 Be-el'ze-bub. 
 
 Be-er-la-hfii'ro. 
 
 Be-e'i'Oth. 
 
 Be'er-she-ba. 
 
 Be' lie-moth. 
 
 Be'li-al. 
 
 Bel-shaz'zar. 
 
 Bel-te-shaz'zar. 
 
 Be-na'iah ('ya). 
 
 Ben-ha'dad. 
 
 Ben'ja-min- 
 
 Be-re'a. 
 
 Ber-ni'^e. 
 
 Be-i-o'dach-bal'&daa 
 
 Beth-ab'a-ra. 
 
 Beth'a-ny. 
 
 Beth-ar'beL 
 
 Beth-a'ven. 
 
 Be-thes'da (-tbeaO. 
 
 Beth-ho'ron. 
 
 Beth'le-hem. 
 
 Beth-ma' a-cbab. 
 
 Beth-pe'op. 
 
 Beth'phargS (-jS>. 
 
 Beth-sai'da. 
 
 Beth-she'mesb. 
 
 Be-thu'el. 
 
 Be-zal'e-el. 
 
 Bi-thyn'i-a. 
 
 Bo-a-neKges CjSz). 
 
 Ca'ia-phas ('ya-fas). 
 
 Cain. 
 
 Cal'va-ry. 
 
 Ca'naaa-ite. 
 
 Can'da-ge, 
 
 Ca-per'na-um. 
 
 Cap-pa-do'ci-a fsbi-). 
 
 Car'che-mish. 
 
 Cen'chre-a (sea*)- 
 
 Ces-a-re'a (ses-). 
 
 Chal-de'an. 
 
 Ched-or-la'o-mer. 
 
 Chem'a-rims. 
 
 Cher'eth-ites. 
 
 Chin'ne-reth. 
 
 Cho-ra'zin. 
 
 Chu-shan-rish-a-th&'- 
 
 im. 
 Ci-lic-i-a (si-Iish'i-a). 
 Cin'ne-roth (sin'). 
 Clau'dia. 
 Clau'di-us. 
 Cle'o-phas. 
 Co-los'se. 
 Co-nl'ah. 
 Cor-ne'li-us. 
 Cy-re'ne (si-). 
 C^-re'ni-us (si-). 
 
 Dal-ma-na'tha. 
 
 Dal-ma'ti-a ('ahi*]. 
 
 Dam'a/-ris. 
 
 Da-mas'cos. 
 
 Dan'i-el. 
 
 Da-rl'us. 
 
 Deb'o-rah. 
 
 De-cap'o-Us. 
 
 Del'i-lah. 
 
 De-me'tri-us. 
 
 Di-a'na or Di-an'a. 
 
 Dl-o-nys'i-us (-nizb')- 
 
 K-ot're-phes (-fSz), 
 
 Dru-sil'la. 
 
 E-bed-me'lech. 
 
 Eb-eo-e'zer. 
 
 E'dom-Ite. 
 
 Ed're-I. 
 
 E-le-a'leh. 
 
 E-le-a'zar. 
 
 El-e-Io'he-Isfraid. 
 
 El-ba'naa. 
 
 E-lI-ab. 
 
 E-H'a-kim. 
 
 E-li'a-shib. 
 
 E-li-e'zer. 
 
 E-lT'hu. 
 
 E-U'jah. 
 
 El-Iim'e-leob. 
 
 El'i-pha^ 
 
 E-li'sha. 
 
 E-lish'e-ba. 
 
 El'ka-nah. 
 
 El'la-sar. 
 
 El'na-thaa. 
 
 E-I6'r. 
 
 El'y-maa. 
 
 Em'ma-ua. 
 
 E'ne-as. 
 
 En-eg-la'im. 
 
 En-ge'dT. 
 
 En-ro'gel. 
 
 Ep'a-phras. 
 
 E-paph-ro-dTtoa. 
 
 Eph'e-sus. 
 
 E'phra-im. 
 
 Eph'ra-tah. 
 
 Ep-i-cu-re'ans, 
 
 E-ras'tus. 
 
 E-sar-bad'don. 
 
 Es-dre'lon. 
 
 Esh'ta-ol. 
 
 E-thi-o'pi-a. 
 
 Eu-ni'ge. 
 
 Eu-6'dl-as. 
 
 Eu-phra'tes ('tfiz). 
 
 Eu-roc'ly-don. 
 
 Eu'ty-chus. 
 
 E-vil-me-ro'dach. 
 
 Ex'o-dus. 
 
 E-zS'ld-el. 
 E-zd-on-gft'ber. 
 
 Fe'Ibc. 
 
 Fes'tus. 
 
 For-tu-nft'tos. 
 
 Gab'ba-tha. 
 
 Ga'bri-el. 
 
 Gad-a-reneS (-rBnzO. 
 
 Ga-lati-a (-ifi'sbi-a). 
 
 Gal'e-ed. 
 
 Gal-i-le'an. 
 
 Gal'i-lee. 
 
 Gal'li-o. 
 
 Ga-ma'li-eL 
 
 Ged-a-li'ah. 
 
 Ge-de'roth. 
 
 Ge-ha'zi. 
 
 Gem-a-ri'ah. 
 
 Ge-nes'a-reth(or je-). 
 
 Gen'e-sis (-jen'). 
 
 Ger-ge-senes'(-sSnrT, 
 
 €ler'i-zim. 
 
 Geth-sem'a-ne. 
 
 Gib'be-thon. 
 
 Gib'e-ah. 
 
 Gib'e-on. 
 
 Gid'e-on. 
 
 Gil-bo'a. 
 
 Gil'e-ad. 
 
 Gir'ga-shlte. 
 
 (Jol'go-tha. 
 
 Go-li'Dth. 
 
 Go-mor'rah. 
 
 Hab' ak'kuk. 
 Hach'i-lah. 
 Had-ad-e'zer. 
 Ha-dad-rini'mon. 
 Ha'dar. 
 
 Ha-gar-enes' (•4n20. 
 Hag-'ga-I. 
 Ha-nan'e-el. 
 Ha-na'ni. 
 Han-a-ni'ah. 
 Ha-ro'sheth. 
 Hav'i-lah 
 Ha-voth-ja'ii . 
 Haz'a-el. 
 Heph'zi-bah. 
 Her-mog'e-n§3 
 (-moj'o-nez). 
 He-ro'di-ans. 
 He-ro'di-as. 
 He-ro'di-on. 
 Hez-e-kPah. 
 Hid'de-kel. 
 Hl-c-rap'o-lis. 
 Hig-ya'ion ('yoD). 
 HU-ki'ah. 
 
 Ho-sS'a (-zST. 
 
 Ho-she'a. 
 
 Hy-rae-ne'ua. 
 
 Ich'a-bod. 
 
 I-co'ni-um. 
 
 Id-u-me'a. 
 
 Il-lj'r'i-cum. 
 
 Im-man'u-el. 
 
 I-sa-iah (i-za'yaX 
 
 Is-car'i-ot. 
 
 Ish-bo'sheth. 
 
 Ish'ma-el. 
 
 Ish'ma-el-ite, 
 
 Is'ra-el (it!). 
 
 Is'ra-el-Ite p^ 
 
 Is'sa-char. 
 
 Ith'a-mar. 
 
 It'ta-i. 
 
 It-u-re'a. 
 
 Ja-besh-gii e-ad. 
 
 Jab'ne-el. 
 
 Ja-I'rus. 
 
 Jeb'u-sTte. 
 
 Jec-o-nt'ah. 
 
 Jed'u-thun. 
 
 Je-gar-sa-h a-dO'tba. 
 
 Je-ho'a-haz. 
 
 Je-ho'ash. 
 
 Je-hoi'a-chin. 
 
 Je-hoi'a-da. 
 
 Je-hoi'a-kim. 
 
 Je-hon'a-dab. 
 
 Je-ho'ram. 
 
 Je-hosh'a-phat. 
 
 Je-hosh'e-ba. 
 
 Je-ho-vah-ji'reb. 
 
 Je-ho-vah-nis'si 
 
 Je-ho-vah-shaloHl. 
 
 Jer-e-mT'ah. 
 
 Jer'i-cho. 
 
 Jer-o-bo'am. 
 
 Je-rub'ba-aL 
 
 Je-ru'sa-lem. 
 
 Jesh'i-mon. 
 
 Jesh'u-rim. 
 
 Jez'e-bel. 
 
 Jez're-el. 
 
 Jo-an'na. 
 
 Joch'e-bed. 
 
 Jo-ha'nan. 
 
 Jon'a-dab. 
 
 Jon'a-thao. 
 
 Josh'u-a, 
 
 Jo-sT'ah. 
 
 Joz'a-char. 
 
 Ju-de'a. 
 
 Ju'li-us. 
 
 Ju'pi-ter. 
 
 (501)
 
 502 
 
 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Ead'mon-Ites. 
 
 Ked'e-moth. 
 
 Ken'niz-ates. 
 
 Ke'ri-oth. 
 
 Ke-tu'rah. 
 
 Kib - roth - hat - tfi'a- 
 
 vah. 
 Kir-he'res. 
 Kir-jath-a'im. 
 Kir-qath-ai'ba. 
 Kir-jath-hu'zoth. 
 Kir-jath-je'a-rim. 
 
 La-hai'roL 
 
 La-od-i-<^'a. 
 
 La-se'a. 
 
 Laz'a-rus. 
 
 Leb'a-non. 
 
 Leb-be'us. 
 
 Lem'u-el. 
 
 Le-%-ra-than. 
 
 Lib'er-tines (-tlnz). 
 
 Lib'y-a. 
 
 Lo-ain'mL 
 
 Lo-ru'ba-mah. 
 
 Lu'ci-fer. 
 
 Lu-ci-us (lu'sbims). 
 
 Lyc-aro'ni-a. 
 
 Lyc-i-a pish'i-a). 
 
 Lyd'i-a. 
 
 Ly-sa'ai-as. 
 
 Lys-i-as (lish'i-as). 
 
 Ma'a-cah. 
 
 Mac;-e-d6'ni-ai 
 
 Mach-pe'lah. 
 
 Mag'da-la. 
 
 Ma'ha-lath. 
 
 Ma-ha-na'im. 
 
 Ma-her-shal>al» 
 
 hash'baz. 
 Mak-be'dab. 
 Mal'a-chL 
 Man'a-en. 
 Ma-nas'seh- 
 JIa-no'ah. 
 ]Iar-a-tu»th'a> 
 
 Ma-re'shah. 
 
 Mat-ta-nl'ah, 
 
 Mat-thl'as (raath-)- 
 
 Maz'za-roth. 
 
 Med'e-ba. 
 
 Me-g'id'do. 
 
 Mel-chiz'e-dek. 
 
 Mel'i-ta. 
 
 Men'a-hem. 
 
 Me-phib'o-sheth. 
 
 Mera-rl. 
 
 Mer-a-tha'im. 
 
 Mer'i-bah. 
 
 Me-r3-dach-bal'a- 
 
 dan. 
 Mes-o-po-ta'mi-a- 
 Mes-si'ah. 
 M§-theg-ara'mah- 
 Me-thu'se-lah. 
 Ml-ca'iah Cya). 
 JITcha-el. 
 Mi-cha'iah Cya). 
 Mid'i-an-Ite. 
 Ml-le'tus. 
 Mir'i-am. 
 Mit-j'-le'ue. 
 Miz'ra-im. 
 Mo'ab-Ite. 
 Mor'de-caj. 
 Mo-rfah. 
 Mys-i-a (mizh'i-a). 
 
 Na'a-raan. 
 
 Na'ioth Cyoth). 
 
 Na'o-ml. 
 
 JJaph'ta-lI. 
 
 Na-than'a-eL 
 
 Naz-a-rene'. 
 
 Na/a-reth. 
 
 Naz'a-rite. 
 
 Ne-ap'o-lis. 
 
 Ne-ba'ioth Cyoth). 
 
 JJeb-u<- h ad-nez'zar. 
 
 Neb-u-zar-a'dan. 
 
 Neg'i-noth. 
 
 Ne-he-mrah. 
 
 NS'hi-loth. 
 
 Ne-bush'taD. 
 
 Neth'i-nims. 
 
 Ni-ca'nor. 
 
 Nic-o-de'miis. 
 
 Nic-o-la'i-tans. 
 
 Nic'o-las. 
 
 Nl-cop'o-lis 
 
 Nin'e-veh. 
 
 Ob-a-dTah. 
 
 0-bed-g'dom. 
 
 O'me-ga or 0-m6'ga. 
 
 0-nes'i-mus. 
 
 On-e-siph'o-ru8. 
 
 O-ri'on. 
 
 Oth'ni-eL 
 
 Fa-dan-^'ram. 
 Pal'es-tlne. 
 Pam-phyri-i 
 PaKrae-nas. 
 Par'thi-ans. 
 Par-va'im. 
 Pat'a-ra. 
 Pek-a-hfah. 
 Pel-a-tfah. 
 Pe'Ieth-ites. 
 Pe-nfel. 
 Pe-nu'eL 
 Per'a-zim. 
 Pe-rez-uz'zah. 
 Per'ga-mos. 
 Per'iz-ate. 
 Per-si-a (per'shi-a). 
 Phal'ti-el. 
 Pha-raoh-hoph'ra. 
 (fa'ro or fa'ra-o). 
 Pha-raOh-ne'choh. 
 Pbar'i-see. 
 Pbe-mce. 
 Phe-nic'i-a {-nlah'). 
 Phil-a-del'phl-a. 
 Phl-le'mon. 
 Phi-le'tus. 
 Phi-lip'pi. 
 Pliil'is-tine (-tin). 
 Phin'e-as. 
 PhrygTi-a (fclJO. 
 
 K-ha-hl'roth. 
 
 Pir'a-thon. 
 
 Pl-sid'i-a. 
 
 Ple'ia-des ('ya-dSz). 
 
 Pot'i-pnar. 
 
 Po-tiph'e-rah. 
 
 Pris-cil'la. ■ 
 
 Proch'o-rus. 
 
 Ptol-e-ma'is (toI-> 
 
 Pub'li-us. 
 
 Pu-te'o-ll. 
 
 Ea'a^uiah. 
 
 Ra-am's6s ('s6z). 
 
 Rab'sha-kSh. 
 
 Ra-gu'el. 
 
 Ra-math-a'im. 
 
 Ea-math-le'bl. 
 
 Ra-me'ses ^'s6z). 
 
 RS-m ot h-gire-ad. 
 
 Re-bek'ah. 
 
 Re'chab-Ites. 
 
 Re-ho-bo'am. 
 
 Re-ho'both. 
 
 Reph'a-im. 
 
 Reph'i-dim. 
 
 Ehe'gi-ura (rg'ji-). 
 
 Sa-ba'oth. 
 Sa-be'ans. 
 Sad'du-cees (•eSz). 
 Sara-mis. 
 Sal-mo'ne. 
 Sa-l6'me. 
 Sa-ma'ri-a. 
 Sa-mar'i-tan. 
 Sam-o-t h ra'ci-a 
 (-thra'shi-a). 
 Sam'u-el. 
 San-baHat. 
 Sap-plii'ra (saf-fiO- 
 Sa-rep'ta. 
 Scyth'i-an (sitb'). 
 S€H.'un'dus. 
 Se-leu'ci-a ('sht^). 
 Sen-nach'e-rib. 
 Sepii'a-rad. 
 
 Seph-ar-va'lm. 
 
 Ser-a-i'ah. 
 Ser'gi-us ('ji-), 
 Sbal'i-sha. 
 Shal-ma-ne'ser('zer). 
 Sha-re'zer. 
 Shem-a-i'ah. 
 Shem'i-nitb. 
 Sheph-a-tfah. 
 Shesh-baz'zar. 
 She'thar-boz'na-I. 
 Shib'bo-leth. 
 Shig-ga'ion Cyun). 
 Shim'e-I. 
 Sho-shan'nim. 
 Shu'lara-ite. 
 Si-lo'am or Sit'o^am. 
 Sil-va'nus. 
 Sim'e-on. 
 Sir'i-on. 
 
 Sis'e-ra. ' 
 
 Sod'om-Ites. 
 Soro-mon. 
 Sop'a-ter. 
 So-sip'a-ter. 
 Sos'tbe-fles (-nSz). 
 Stepb'a-nas. 
 Suk'ki-ims (-imz). 
 Su-san'na. 
 Sy-ene. 
 Syn'ti-cb6. 
 Syr'arcuse. 
 Syr'i-a. 
 
 6^-ro-phe-nioi-aD 
 (-nisii'i-an). 
 
 TS'a-nach. 
 Tab'e-rah. 
 Tab'i-tba. 
 Ta'bor. 
 
 Ta-hap'a-n68 (-aSz), 
 Tah'pe-nes (-n6z). 
 Tap'pQ-ab. 
 Te-ko'ab. 
 Ter'a-phim. 
 Ter'ti-us (•«hl-U8). 
 Ter-tuHus. 
 Iliad-die'ns (-deO- 
 
 The-oph'i-lus. 
 
 Thes-sa-lo-ni'oa. 
 
 Thy-a-tl'ra. 
 
 TT-be'ri-as. 
 
 Tt-be'ri-us. 
 
 Tig-lath-pi-lg'ser 
 
 ('zer). 
 Tim-nath-be'res 
 
 ('rez). 
 Tiin'o-tby. 
 Tir'ba-kab. 
 Tir'sha-tba. 
 To-bl'ab. 
 To-bi'jab. 
 To-gar'mab. 
 Tracb-o-ni'tis. 
 Tro-gyl'H-um {-yiXy 
 Tropn'i-mus. 
 Try-pbe'na. 
 Tu'bal-cain. 
 Tycb'i-cus. 
 Ty-ran'nus. 
 
 U-pbar'sin (fl-). 
 U-ri'ab (U-). 
 U-rl'jab (Q-). 
 Uz-a'ab. 
 
 tiac-cbg'us. 
 
 Zacb-a-ri'ab. 
 
 Zach-a-rfas. 
 
 Zal-mun'na. 
 
 Zam-zuru'mimS- 
 
 Zar'e-pbatb. 
 
 Zar'e-taa. 
 
 Zeb'e-dee. 
 
 Ze-bo'im. 
 
 Zeb'u-lun. 
 
 Zecb-a-rfah. • 
 
 Zed-e-kfah. 
 
 Ze-lo'pbe-had, 
 
 Zem-a-ra'itn. 
 
 Zepb-a-ni'ab 
 
 Zeph'a-tbab. 
 
 Ze-rub'ba-b«l 
 
 Zer-fi-fab. 
 
 Zip-po'rab. 
 
 I
 
 SELECT UST OF MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 
 
 ACHATES, a-ka't5z, the armor-bearer and 
 faithful friend ot^neas. 
 
 ACHERON, al^'e-ron, a river of the lower 
 world, round which the shades hover. 
 
 ACHILLES, a-ldl'lez, the son of Peleus and 
 Thetis, and the bravest of the Greeks in 
 the war against Troy. He was invul- 
 nerable, except in his right heel, in 
 which he was mortally wounded, through 
 treachery, by Paris. His quarrel with 
 Asrameninon' is the subject of Homer's 
 Iluid. 
 
 ACT.^<;ON, ak-te'on, a famous hunter who, 
 having accidentally seen Diana and her 
 nymphs bathing, was changed by the 
 goddess into a stag, and torn to pieces by 
 his own dogs. 
 
 ADONIS, a-do'nis, a beautiful youth be- 
 loved by Venus. He was killed by a wild 
 boar during the chase, and from his 
 blood the anemone sprung. His worship 
 was of Phoenician origin. 
 
 ffiACUS, e'a-kus, one of the judges in 
 Hades. 
 
 ACGEUS, e-je'us, a king of Athens who, 
 believing his son Theseus to have per- 
 ished in his expedition against the Mino- 
 taur, threw himself into the sea, hence 
 called the ..^Egean. 
 
 /ENEAS, e-ne'as. a Trojan prince, son of 
 Anchises and "Venus, the ancestral hero 
 of the Romans, and as such the hero of 
 Virgil's JEneid. 
 
 jEOLUS, e'o-lus, the god and king of the 
 winds, which he kept inclosed under a 
 mountain. 
 
 .aSClTLAPlUS, es-ku-la'pi-us, son of Apol- 
 lo, the " blameless physician " of Homer, 
 killed by Jupiter, to keep men from es- 
 caping death altogether, and afterwards 
 deified. His descendants had a secret and 
 hereditary knowledge of the medical art. 
 
 AGAMEMNON, ag-a-mem'non, son of Atre- 
 us. leader of the Greeks before Troy, mur- 
 dered on his return home by .ffigisthus, 
 with the connivance of his own wife 
 Clytemnestra. 
 
 AGANIPPE, ag-;i-nip'pg, a fountain at the 
 foot of Mount Helicon, sacred to the 
 Muses. 
 
 AGLAIA, a-gla'i-a, " the bright one," one 
 of the Graces. 
 
 AJAX, a'jaks, son of Telemon, a Grecian 
 hero in the Trojan war, second only to 
 Achilles in valor. Unsuccessful in his 
 struggle with Ulysses for the armor of 
 Achilles, he killed himself. 
 
 ALCESTIS. al-ses'tis. wife of Admetis, died 
 in the stead of her husband, but was 
 brought back to him from the lower 
 world by Hercules. 
 
 ALECTO, a-lek'to, one of the Eumenides 
 or Furies. 
 
 AMMON, am'mon, a title of Jupiter. 
 
 AMPHION, am-fr'on, a king of Thebes who 
 received from Hermes (Mercury) a lyre, 
 
 on which he played with such magic skill 
 that the stones moved of their accord and 
 formed the city wall. 
 
 AMPHITRITE, am-fi-trl'te, the wife of Po- 
 seidon (Neptune), and mother of Triton. 
 
 ANDROMACHE, an-drom'a-ke,;the wife of 
 Hector. 
 
 ANDROMEDA,an-drom'e-da, the daughter 
 of an Ethiopian king, rescued from a sea- 
 monster by Perseus, who married her. 
 
 ANT^US, an-te'us, a giant overcome by 
 Hercules. 
 
 APHRODITE, af-r6-dl'te, the Greek god- 
 dess of love and beauty, the mother of 
 Eros (Cupid), identified'with the Roman 
 Venus. 
 
 APIS, a'pis, the bull worshipped by the 
 Egj-ptians. 
 
 APOLLO, a-pol'lo, twin-son with Diana of 
 Jupiter and Latona ; the god of prophecy, 
 of song, and of music. See Phcebcs. 
 
 AEACHNE, a-rak'ne, aLydian maiden who 
 challenged Athena toa,.trial of .skill in 
 spinning, and was by her changed into a 
 spider. 
 
 ABES, a'rez, the Greek form of Mars, god 
 of war. 
 
 ARETHUSA, ar-e-thu'sa, one of the Ne- 
 reids, and the nj'mph of a celebrated 
 fountain near Syracuse. 
 
 ARGUS, ar'gus, the keeper with a hundred 
 eyes, appointed by Hera to watch the cow 
 into which lo had been changed. He was 
 lulled to sleep and killed by Hermes, by 
 command of Zeus. Hera gave his eyes 
 to the tail of the peacock. 
 
 AKIADNE, ar-i-ad'ne, daughter of JCnos, 
 king of Crete. She guided Theseus out 
 of the labyrinth of Crete, but was aban- 
 doned by him at Naxos, and was after- 
 wards married to Dionysus. 
 
 ARION, a-i'i'on, a famous Greek bard and 
 cithara^player, who, when cast into the 
 sea by robbers, was carried safe to land 
 by a dolphin which he had charmed by 
 his music. 
 
 ASCANIUS, as-ka'ni-us, the son of .iEneas. 
 
 ASTRj^A, as-tre'a, daughter of Zeus and 
 Themis, and the goddess of justice. She 
 lived among men during the golden age. 
 
 ATALANTA; at-a-lant'a, •(!) of Boeotia, 
 celebrated for her swiftness, conquered 
 by Hippomenes or by Milanion in run- 
 ning, by the stratagem of dropping three 
 golden apples in the race, and married by 
 him. (2) of Arcadia, a sharer in the 
 Calvdonian boar-hunt, passionately loved 
 by Meleager. 
 
 ATE. a'te, the Greek goddess of mischief. 
 
 ATHENA, a-the'na. a Greek goddess, iden- 
 tified with the Roman Minerva. 
 
 ATLANTIS, at-lant'is. a great and beauti- 
 ful island in the Atlantic Ocean, sunk in 
 the sea when its inhabitants became im- 
 pious. 
 
 ATLAS, at'las, the leader of the Titans in 
 
 their conflict with Zeus. Being con- 
 quered, he was condemned to bear 
 heaven on his head and hands. 
 
 ATROPOS, at'ro-pos, " the inevitable," one 
 of the Fates. 
 
 AURORA, aw-ro'ra, the Greek Eos, the 
 goddess of the dawn. 
 
 AVERNUS, a-ver'nus, a lake near the en- 
 trance to the lower world — ^the lower 
 world itself. 
 
 BACCHUS, bak'Us, the god of wine, son of 
 Jupiter and Seraele, daughter of Cadmus. 
 
 BELLEROPHON, bel-ler'o-fon, the rider 
 of the winged horse Pegasus, and the 
 destroyer of the Chimajra. 
 
 BELLONA, bel-lo'na, the Roman goddess 
 of war, sister of Mars. 
 
 BRIAREUS, brra-rus, or ^GjEON, e-je'on, 
 a giant with a hundred arms, the son of 
 Uranus by Gaia. He aided Zeus in his 
 -struggle with the Titans. 
 
 BUCEPHiVLUS, bu-sef'a-lus, the favorite 
 charger of Alexander the Great. 
 
 CACUS, ka'kus, son of Vulcan, a giant and 
 notorious robber. Having stolen the cat- 
 tle of Hercules, he was killed by him. 
 
 CADMUS, kad'mus> the mythical founder 
 
 of Thebes in Boeotia, and the first to in- 
 
 • troduce alphabetic writing among the 
 
 CALCHAS, kal'kas, the wisest of the 
 Greek sooths;iyers at the siege of Troy. 
 
 CALLIOPE, kal-li'o-pe, the Muse of epic 
 poetry. 
 
 CALYPSO, kal-ip'so, a uymph who in- 
 habited the island of Ogygia, on which 
 Ulysses was shipwrecked. She loved 
 him, and delayed his voyage for seven 
 years. 
 
 CASSANDRA, kas-san'dra, a daughter of 
 Priam, king of Troy, beloved by Apollo, 
 who gave her the gift of prophecy, but 
 not of being believed. 
 
 CASTOR, kas'tor, and POLLUX, pol'luks, 
 twin-brothers, the former mortal, the 
 latter immortal, who, from their love 
 to each other, were placed by Jupiter as 
 a constellation in heaven under the name 
 of Gemini, " tlie twins." 
 
 CECROPS, se'krops, the first king of At- 
 tica, and founder of the Cecropia or 
 citadel at Athens. 
 
 CIERBERUS, ser'ber-us, the three-headed 
 dog that guarded the entrance to the 
 lower world. 
 
 CERES, se'rez, the Greek Demeter, god- 
 dess of agriculture, especially of corn, 
 sister of Jupiter, and mother of Pros^ 
 erpine. 
 
 CHARON, k.a'ron, the son of Erebus, fer- 
 ried the souls of the dead over the rivers 
 Acheron and Styx, receiving for this serv- 
 ice the oholus placed in every corpse's 
 mouth before burial. 
 
 CHARYBDIS, ka - rib'dis, a dangerous 
 
 (503)
 
 504 
 
 SELECT LIST OF MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 
 
 whirlpool between Italy and Sicily, and 
 opposite to Scylla. 
 
 CHIRON, ki'ron, a centaur celebrated for 
 his knowledge of medicine and music, 
 the tutor of jEsculapius, Achilles, and 
 Hercules. Accidentally wounded by one 
 of the poisoned arrows of Hercules, he 
 gave up his immortality, and waschanged 
 into the constellation Sagittarius. 
 HLORIS, klo'ris, wife of Zephyrus, tne 
 G-reek goddess of flowers ; identical with 
 the Roman Flora. 
 
 CIRCE, sir'se, daughter of _ Helios and 
 Perse, a sorceress who detained Ulysses 
 on his way home from Troy, convertings 
 his men into swine. 
 
 CLIO, kii'o, the Muse of history. 
 
 CLOTHO, klo'tho, the spinner of the 
 tliread of life, the youngest of the Fates. 
 
 COCYTUS, ko-sl'tus, a nver in the lower 
 world. 
 
 COMUS, ko'mus, a god of mirth and joy, 
 represented as a winged youth. 
 
 CORYBANTES, kor-i-ban'tes, priests of 
 Cybele or Rhea, in Phrygia, who wor- 
 shipped her with wild dances to the sound 
 of cviiibals. 
 
 CRililSUS, kre'sus, a king of Lydia, of 
 boundless wealth. 
 
 CUPID, ku'pid, the Greek Eros, the god 
 of love, son of Venus, represented as a 
 mischievous boy with arrows, which he 
 aims at gods and men alike. 
 
 CYBELE, sib'e-le, a goddess originally 
 Phrygian, worshipped at Rome also as 
 Ops. 
 
 CYNTHIA, sin'thi-a, Diana, so called from 
 Mount Cynthos, in Delos, her birthplace, 
 
 CYTHEREA, sith-er-e'a, Venus, so called 
 from the island of Cythera, where she 
 was worshipped. 
 
 OiiEDALUS, de'da-lus, the builder of the 
 Cretan labyrinth, who was shut up by 
 Minos, but escaped by means of artificial 
 win^s. 
 
 DAMOCLES, dam'o-klez, a flatterer of the 
 tvrant Dionysius. Having lauded higli- 
 ly the happiness of kings, he had his 
 views altered on finding a keen-edged 
 sword suspended by a single horse-hair 
 over his head, as he sat at a bancuet. 
 
 DAMON, da'mon, and PHINTIAS, fln'ti- 
 as, two noble Pythagoreans of Syracuse, 
 remembered as models of faithful friend- 
 ship. 
 
 DANAE, dan'a-e, the mother of Perseus 
 by Jupiter, visited by the god in a 
 shower of gold, when immured in a 
 tower by her father's order. 
 
 DAPHNE, daf De. a nymph beloved by Ap- 
 polio. and turned into a laurel-tree. 
 
 DE J ANTRA, dej-a-nl'ra, wife of Hercules. 
 Having unwittiugly caused his death, 
 she killed herself. 
 
 DELOS, de'los, the smallest of the Cy- 
 clades, a floating island, until Jupiter 
 made it stationary, in order to be a safe 
 resting-place for Latona, and the birth- 
 place of Apollo and Diana. 
 
 DELPHI, del'fi, a small town in Phocis, 
 the Pytho of Homer, celebrated for its 
 oracle of Apollo. 
 
 DEUCALION, du-ka'li-on, son of Pro- 
 metheus, with his wife Pyrrha, the sole 
 survivor of the deluge. 
 
 DIANA, di-a'na, twin-sister of Apollo, the 
 virgin goddess of the moon and of hunt- 
 ing, identified by the Romans with the 
 Greek Artemis. 
 
 DIDO, di'do, daughter of the Tyrian Icing 
 Belus, and the reputed foundress of 
 Carthage. She fell in love with ^neas, 
 the Trojan hero, but not finding her love 
 returned, killed herself. 
 
 DIONYSUS, dl-on-i'sus, the Greek Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 DODONA, do-do'na, a city of Epirus, 
 
 famed for an oracle of Jupiter, where 
 the responses were given by the wind 
 rustling through oak-trees. 
 
 DRACON, dra'kon, the author of the first 
 written code of laws at Athens, in which 
 the penalty of death was attached even 
 to petty crimes. 
 
 EGERIA, e-ger'i-a, one of the CamencS or 
 prophetic nymphs of Roman mythology, 
 who dictated to Numa Pompihus his 
 forms of worship. 
 
 EILEUSIS, el-il'sis, a very ancient city of 
 Greece, famous for its mysteries of Ceres. 
 
 EINDYMION, en-dim'i-on, a youth cele- 
 brated for his beauty, and the perpetual 
 sleep in which he was wrapped by the 
 Moon, in order that she might kiss him 
 without his knowledge. 
 
 EOS, e'os. See Aurora. 
 
 ERATO, er'a-to, the Muse of amatory 
 poetry. 
 
 EREBUS, er'e-bus, son of Chaos, brother 
 of Nox, the god of darkness, also the 
 lower world. 
 
 EUPHROSYNE, O-fros'i-ne, one of the 
 Graces. 
 
 EUROPA, u-rO'pa, the daughter of Age- 
 nor, carried off by Jupiter into Crete 
 under the form of a white bull. The 
 continent of Europe was named after 
 her. 
 
 EURUS, Q'rus, the east wind. 
 
 EURYDIOE, 0-rid'i-se, the wife of Or- 
 pheus. When she died, he followed her 
 to Hades, and by the charms of his lyre 
 won her back from Pluto on condition 
 that he would not look back at her upon 
 the way. This his love made him forget, 
 and she returned to the lower world. 
 
 EUTERPE, u-ter'pe, the Muse of lyric 
 poetry and music. 
 
 FATES]^ three goddesses who determined 
 the birth, life, and death of man — Clotho, 
 Lachesis, and Atropos. 
 
 FLORA, fld'ra, the Roman goddess of 
 flowers. 
 
 FURIES, three goddesses of vengeance — 
 Alecto, Megcera, and Tisiphone. 
 
 GANYMEDE, gan'i-m6d, son of Tros, for 
 his beauty carried off from Mount Ida 
 by the eagle of Jupiter to be the cup- 
 bearer of the gods. 
 
 GERYON, ge'ri-on, a giant king in Spain, 
 whose oxen were carried off by Hercules. 
 
 GLAUCU3, glaw'kus, a fisherman who 
 was changed into a sea-god. 
 
 GORGONS, gor'gons, three female mon- 
 sters, who turned all they looked upon 
 into stone — Medusa,Euryale, and Stheno. 
 
 GRACES, three attendants of Venus, of 
 great beauty — ^Aglaia, Thalia, and Eu- 
 
 ^phrosyne. 
 
 HEBE, he'be, the goddess of youth, daugh- 
 ter of Juno, cup-bearer to the gods, and 
 wife of Hercules after he was deified. 
 
 HECATE, hek'a-tg or heVSt, a goddess 
 often identified with Diana on earth, 
 Luna in heaven, and Proserpine in the 
 lower world, and therefore represented 
 w'ith three heads. 
 
 HECTOR, hek'tor, the son of Priam, king 
 of Troy, and husband of Andromache ; 
 the bravest of the Trojans, slain, and 
 dragsyod three times round the walls of 
 Trov, by Achilles. 
 
 UECtJBA, hek'u-ba, wife of Priam, and 
 mother of Hector, noted for her misfor- 
 tunes after the fall of Troy. 
 
 HELENA, hel'e-na, daughter of Jupiter 
 and Leda, sister of Castor. Pollux, and 
 Clytemnestra, wife of Menelaus, and the 
 greatest beauty of her day. She caused 
 the Trojan war by eloping with Paris, 
 son of Priam, king" of Troy. 
 
 HELENUS, hel'e-nus, a celebrated sooth- 
 sayer, son of Priam, king of Troy. 
 
 HELICON, heri-kon,a mountain in Boeotia, 
 
 sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 
 HELLE, hel'le, a maiden who. while flee- 
 ing from her stepmother, was drowned 
 in the strait which, after her, is called 
 the Hellespont. 
 HERA, he'ra, the Grecian goddess corr» 
 spending to the Juno of the Romans. 
 
 HERCULES, her'ku-lez. the son of Jupiter 
 and Alcmena, one of the most celebrated 
 heroes of antiquity, noted especially for 
 his twelve labors. 
 
 HERMES, her'mez, the Greek name of Mer- 
 cury. 
 
 HERO, he'ro, a beautiful priestess of Venus 
 at Sestos, beloved by Leander of Abydos. 
 
 HESPERIDES, hes-per'i-dez, daughters of 
 Hesperus. In their garden were golden 
 apples guarded by a dragon, which was, 
 however, killed by Hercules, who carried 
 off the apples. 
 
 HESPERUS, hes'per-us, a son of Aurora, 
 or of Atlas, turned into a star. 
 
 EIPPOCRENE. hip-po-kre'ne, a fountain 
 near Mount Helicon, sacred to the Muses 
 and said to have been produced by a 
 stroke of the hoof of the winged horse 
 Pegasus. 
 
 HOR^, ho're, the Hours, daughters of Ju- 
 piter and Themis. They controlled the 
 changes of the seasons,* and kept watch 
 at the gates of Olvmpus. 
 
 HYACINTHUS, hi-a-sin'thus, a beautiful 
 lad, beloved by Apollo, and accidentally 
 killed by a blow from his quoit. From 
 his blood sprang the flower that bears his 
 name. 
 
 HYBLA, hib'la, a town in Sicily, the neigh- 
 borhood of which was celebrated for its 
 honey. 
 
 HYDRA, hrdra, a water-serpent with fifty 
 heads, killed by Hercules near the Lef 
 nean lake. 
 
 HYGEIA, hl-je'i-a, the goddess of health. 
 da ughter of .^sculapius. 
 
 HYMEN, hi'nien, the god of marrieige. 
 
 EYMETTUS, hi-met'tus, a mountain near 
 Athens, famed for its honej- and its mar- 
 ble. 
 
 HYPERION, hip-e-ri'on, a Titan, son of 
 Uranus (Heaven) and Gaia (the Earth), 
 father of the Sun. 
 
 lACCHUS, i-ak'us, a name of Bacchus. 
 
 IDA, I'da, a mountain in Crete, also a 
 mountain-range near Troy. 
 
 ID ALIA, I-da'li-a, a surname of Venus, de 
 rived from the town of Idalium in Cyprus, 
 sacred to her. 
 
 ILIUM, il'i-um, a poetical name for Troy. 
 
 10. To, daughter of a king of Argos, loved 
 by Jupiter, and, through fear of Juno, 
 changed into a cow. Juno now tormented 
 her with a gadfly, and she fled from land 
 to land, swimming the Bosporus ("ox- 
 ford"), and at length finding rest in 
 Egvpt, where she recovered human form, 
 and was worshipped as Isis. 
 
 IPHIGENTA, if-i-jen-i'a, daughter of Aga- 
 memnon. She was to be sacrificed in 
 expiation for an offence of her father 
 against Diana, but was spared by the 
 goddess, who put a hart in her place. 
 
 IRIS, i'ris, the swift-footed messenger of 
 the gods, the personification of the rain- 
 bow. 
 
 ISIS, fsis, an Egyptian goddess, by the 
 Greeks identified both with Demeter and 
 with lo. 
 
 IXION, iks-fon, the son of a king of Thes- 
 saly, was chained, for an offence against 
 Juno, to a constantly revolving wheel. 
 
 JANUS, ja'nus. the Roman sun-god, ha\1ng 
 a face on the front, and another at the 
 back, of his head. His temple in the Fo- 
 rum had two doors opposite each other, 
 which in time of war were open, and in 
 
 I 
 
 \
 
 SELECT LIST OF MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLA8JSICAL NAMES. 
 
 505 
 
 time of poaoe were shut. The latter 
 happened only thrice in Roman history. 
 
 JASON, ja'son, the leader of the Argonauts, 
 brought the Gloldeu Fleece from Colchis, 
 with tlie help of Medea, whom he married. 
 
 JUNO, ja'no, the Greek Hera, daughter of 
 Saturn, sister and wife of Jupiter, and 
 protecting goddess of women. 
 
 .U J PITER, jtfpi-ter, the chief god among 
 tiie Romans, son of Saturn, and husband 
 of Juno ; corresponding to the Greek 
 Zeus. 
 
 LACHESIS, lafe-sis, the one of the Fates 
 who determined the lot of life. 
 
 LAOCOON, larok'o-on, a Trojan,, priest of 
 Apollo, killed, together wdth his two sons, 
 at the altar bv serpents. 
 
 LAODAMIA, la-o-dam-fa, wife of Protesl- 
 lans. Her husband was killed by Hector 
 before Troy, and she prayed the gods to 
 g:ive him to her for but three hours. Tlie 
 request was granted, and when the time 
 expired, she died with him. 
 
 LATONA, la-tO'na, the mother of Apollo 
 and Diana. 
 
 LEANDER, le-an'der, a youth of Abydoe, 
 who swam across the Hellespont every 
 night to visit Hero of Sestos, until he 
 was drowned in a storm. 
 
 LEDA, le'da, the wife of Tyndarus, king of 
 Laconia, visited by Jupiter in the form 
 of a swan. By him, she was the mother 
 of Pollux and Helen ; by her husband, of 
 Castor and Clytemnestra. 
 
 LUCRETIA, 165-kresh'i-a. the wife of Col- 
 latinus. When dishonored by Sextus 
 Tarquinius, she killed herself, and thus 
 became the immediate cause of the ex- 
 pulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. 
 
 tiUNA, lii'na, the moon-goddess, the Greek 
 Selene. 
 
 VfAES, mSrz, an old Roman god of war, 
 son of Jupiter and Juno; the Greek Ares. 
 
 JLAJR4SYAS, mar'si-as, a satyr who chal- 
 lenged Apollo to a musical contest, with 
 the"Muses as judges, and who was flayed 
 alive for his temerity. 
 
 MEDEA, me-d5'a, daughter of a king of 
 Colchis. She assisted Jason to obtain 
 the Golden Fleece, afterwards became his 
 wife, and, when deserted by him for an- 
 r ler, destroyed her rival and her own 
 children by Jason, and fled to Athens. 
 
 MEDUSA, me-dQ'sa, one of the Gorgons, 
 killed by Perseus. 
 
 MEG.ERA, me-ge'ra, one of the Furies. 
 
 MELIBOEUJS, mel-i-bS'us, the name of a 
 shepherd. 
 
 MELPOMENE, mel-pom'e-ne, the Muse of 
 tr;igedy. 
 
 MEMNON, mem'non, a son of Aurora, and 
 king of ..Ethiopia, who went to aid the 
 Trojans, was slain by Achilles, and, on 
 the funeral pyre, changed, by his mother, 
 into a bird, ^ffis marole statue at The- 
 bes, when touched by the first rays of 
 the sun, gave forth a sound Uke a lute- 
 string. 
 
 MENTOR, men'tor, the faithful friend of 
 Ulvsses. 
 
 MESCURY, mer'kQ-rl, son of Jupiter and 
 Maia, a Roman god of commerce and 
 gain, messenger of the gods ; identified 
 with the Greek Hermes. 
 
 tCDAS, mrdas, a Phrygian king who re- 
 ceived from Bacchus the power of turn- 
 ing everything he touched to gold. Even 
 his food turning to gold, he escaped star- 
 vation only by washing in the Pactolus. 
 He decided in favor of Pan, a musical 
 contest between him and Apollo, who, in 
 revenge, gave Midas an ass's ears. 
 
 MINERvA, min-er'va, the Roman goddess 
 of wisdom. Identical with the Greek Pal- 
 las Athene. 
 
 SQNOB, mTnos, a king and lawgiver o( 
 
 Crete, made eifter death a judge in the 
 infernal regions. 
 
 MNEMOSYNE, nS-moeri-nfi, the mother of 
 the Muses. 
 
 MOMUS, mO'mus, the god of mockery and 
 censure. 
 
 MORPHEUS, mor'fe-us, the god of dreams. 
 
 MUSES, daughters of Jupiter and Mnemos- 
 yne. They were Caixjope, the Muse of 
 epic poetry ; Cuo, of histoiy ; Eeato, of 
 amatory poetry ; Thaua, of comedy ; 
 Melpomene, of tragedy; Teepsichore, of 
 dancing; Edti:epe, of lyric poetry; PoLT- 
 HYMNIA, of l5Tic poetry and eloquence ; 
 and Urania, of astronomy. 
 
 NARCISSUS, nar-sis'us, a beautiful youth 
 who fell in love with his own image re- 
 flected in a well, and pined away until he 
 was changed into the flower that bears 
 his name. 
 
 NAUSICAA, na-sik'a-a, the daughter of 
 King Alcinous. When playing at ball 
 with her maidens on the shore, she found 
 the shipwrecked Ulysses, and conducted 
 him to her father's court. 
 
 NEMiEAN LION, ne-me'an, a lion in the 
 wood of Nemasa, which was destroyed by 
 
 NEPTUNE, nep'tan, the Poseidon of the 
 Greeks, brother of Jupiter, and chief god 
 of the sea. 
 
 NESTOR, nes'tor, an aged king of Pylos, 
 famous among the Greeks before Troy 
 for his eloquence, wisdom, and foresight. 
 
 NIOBE, rn'o-be, the wife of Amphion, kin^ 
 of Thebes. Having boasted that she had 
 mora children than Latona, her seven 
 sons and seven daughters were killed by 
 Apollo and Diana, and she wept for them 
 until she was turned into stone. 
 
 NOX, noks, night, the daughter of Chaos. 
 
 NUMA, nu'ma, the second king of Rome, 
 who organized the whole religious ritual 
 of the state. 
 
 CEIDH'US, e'di-pus, a king of Thebes who 
 solved the Sphinx's riddle, whereupon 
 she killed herself. 
 
 CEiNONE, S-nO'ne, a nymph of Mount Ida, 
 beloved by Paris wh5le yet a shepherd. 
 
 OLYMPUS, o-lim'pus, a mountain on the 
 borders of Tbessaly and Macedonia, the 
 seat of the gods. 
 
 OMPHALE, om'fa-lg, a Lydian queen whom 
 Hercules served as a slave for a short 
 time. She would amuse herself by wear- 
 ing his lion's skin and cai^ying his club, 
 while Hercules donned woman's dress 
 and spun wool. 
 
 OPS, the wife of Saturn, the Roman god- 
 dess of plenty and patroness of hus- 
 bandry. 
 
 ORESTES, o-res't5z, son of Agamemnon. 
 He avenged his father's murder by slay- 
 ing his mother Clytemnestra, and her 
 paramour ^Egisthus. 
 
 ORION, o-ri'on, a celebrated giant and 
 hunter, who at his death was turned into 
 a constellation. 
 
 ORPHEUS. or'fOs, a Thracian poet who 
 moved rocks and tamed wild beasts by 
 the music of his lyre. 
 
 OSIRIS, o-sTris, the chief Egyptian deity, 
 husband of Isis, and the first to introduce 
 civilization into Egypt. 
 
 PACTOLUS, pak-to'lus, a river in Lydia, 
 said to bring down golden sands, from 
 Midas having washed in it. 
 
 P.52AN, pS'an, a name of Apollo as the 
 healer. 
 
 PALLAS, Dallas, the same as Athena. 
 
 PAN, an Arcadian pastoral god, inventor 
 of the shepherd's flute. 
 
 PANDORA, pan-d5'ra, the first woman, 
 made by Vulcan by command of Jupiter. 
 She brought with her from heaven a box 
 containing all human ills, which feminine 
 curiosity made her open, and out of it 
 
 they all flew, to afflict mankmd, while 
 nothing remained but Hope. 
 
 PARCE, par'se, the Fates. 
 
 PARIS, par'is, son of Priam, king of Troy. 
 Brought up as a shepherd on Mount Ida, 
 there he decided the dispute as to their 
 beauty between Juno, Minerva, and Ve- 
 nus, in favor of the last, who promised 
 him Helen, wife of Menelaus, and the 
 fairest of women. His carrying her off 
 caused the Trojan war, in wnicn he was 
 slain. 
 
 PARNASSUS, par-nas'sus, a mountain in 
 Greece sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 
 
 PATROCLUS, pa-troklus, the dearest 
 friend of Achilles, rashly challenged 
 Hector before Troy, and was killed by 
 him. 
 
 PEGASUS, peg'arsus, a winged horse which 
 sprang from the blood of Medusa, bore 
 Bellerophon in his struggle with the 
 ChimEBra, then flew upwards to heaven. 
 He is called the horse of the Muses. 
 
 PELOPS,pe'lops,son of Tantalus,and father 
 of Atreus. When a child, he was served 
 up as food to the gods, but was recalled 
 to life by Jupiter. He became king of 
 EUs, and was so powerful that he gave 
 his name to the whole Greek peninsula. 
 
 PENELOPE, pe-nel'o-pe, the wife of 
 XJlysses, celebrated for her constancy 
 during his twenty years' absence. She 
 put on her importunate suitors by prom- 
 faing to marry when she had finished a 
 web she was weaving ; but what was 
 woven during the day, she undid at 
 night. 
 
 PERSEUS, per'siis, a son of Jupiter, cut off 
 the head of Medusa, and saved Androm- 
 eda from a terrible sea-monster. 
 
 PHAETON, fa'e-thon, a son of Sol. Having 
 obtained leave to drive the chariot of the 
 sun for one day, he upset it, and was 
 burled by a thunder-bolt from Jupite» 
 into the river Po. 
 
 PHILOMELA, fll-o-mela, a daughter of 
 Pandion, king of Athens, changed into 
 a nightingale. 
 
 PHLEGETHON, fleg'e-thon, a river of fire 
 in the lower world. 
 
 PHCEBE, fe'be, a name of Artemis or Diana, 
 as the goddess of the moon, it being re- 
 garded as the sister of Phcebus or the 
 Sun. 
 
 PHCEBUS, feTius, a name of Apollo as god 
 of the sun. 
 
 PHOSPHORUS, fos'for-us, the Greek name 
 of Lucifer, the morning star. 
 
 PIERIA, pl-er'i-a, a district in the north 
 of Greece, one of the earliest seats of the 
 worship of the Muses, who are often 
 styled Fierides. 
 
 PLUTO, plu'to, the king of the lower world, 
 brothe r of Jupiter and Neptune. 
 
 PLUTUS, plu'tus, the god of riches. 
 
 POLLUX. See Castor. 
 
 POLYHYMNIA, pol-i-him'ni-a, the Muse o' 
 Ij'ric poetry and eloquence. 
 
 POLYPHEMUS, pol-i-1'e'mus, a one-eyert 
 Cyclops in Sicily, w'ho was blinded by 
 trtysses while he was sleeping, after 
 having devoured many of the companions 
 of the latter. 
 
 POMONA, po-mO'na, the goddess of fruit. 
 
 POSEIDON, po-sI'dSn, the Greek god of 
 the sea, identical with the Roman Nep 
 tune. 
 
 PRIAM, prfam, the last king of Troy, slain 
 by Pj'rrhus. 
 
 PRLAPUS, pri-a'pus, son of Bacchus and 
 Venus, the god of fruittulness, of gar 
 dens, e tc. 
 
 PROMETHEUS, pro-mS'thfls, son of lape- 
 tus, and father of Deucalion. He made a 
 man of clay, and put life into him by 
 fire stolen from heaven. For this, 
 Jupiter chained him to a rock, where »
 
 506 
 
 SELECT LIST OP MYTHOLOGICAL AND CLASSICAL NAMES. 
 
 vulture preyed continually upon his liver, 
 until he was delivered bv Hercules. 
 
 PROSERPINE, pros'er-pin, daughter of 
 Jupiter and Ceres, carried otf by Pluto, 
 and made queen of tlie lower regions. 
 
 PR0TEUS,pr6'te-us,a sea-god who assumed 
 any form he pleased. He tended the 
 seals or sea-calves of Neptune. 
 
 PSYCHE, si'ke, a nymph beloved by Cupid. 
 
 PYGAIALION, pig-ma'li-on, a king of Cy- 
 prus who fell in love with the image of 
 a maiden wiiich he himself had made. 
 Venus changed it into a woman, whom 
 he married. 
 
 PYRAMUS, pir'a-raus, the devoted lover 
 of Thisbe. Supposing her to be dead, he 
 stabbed himself under a mulberry tree. 
 
 PYTHON, pi'thon, a serpent killed near 
 Delphi by Apollo, who founded the Py- 
 thian g-ames to commemorate the victory. 
 
 BEaiUS, re'mus, twin-brother of Romulus, 
 killed by him for laughing at his infant 
 walls. 
 
 KHADAMANTHUS. rad-arman'thus, one of 
 the judges in the lower world. 
 
 EOMTJrLUS, rom'yoo-lus, the mythical 
 founder of Rome, son of Mars by Rhea 
 Silvia, exposed at birth in a cradle on 
 the Tiber, and miraculously suckled by 
 a she-wolf. 
 
 RUBICO (Eng. Rubicon, roob'i-kon), a 
 small stream on the east coast of Italy, 
 the boundary between Italy and Cisal- 
 pine Gaul. It was thus the limit of Cae- 
 sar's province, and his crossing it at the 
 head of his army at the commencement 
 of the civil war was tantamount to bid- 
 ding defiance to the laws of the republic. 
 
 8ARDANAPALUS, sar-dan-a-pal'us, king 
 of Nineveh, noted for his licentiousness 
 and effeminacy. When hopelessly de- 
 feated, he burned himself together with 
 all his treasures. 
 
 SATURN, sat'urn, an old Roman divinity, 
 the god of agriculture and civilization, 
 identified by the Romans with the Greek 
 Cronos, and thus the father of Jupiter, 
 by whom he was dethroned. 
 
 8CYLLA, sil'la, a rock between Italy and 
 Sicily, opposite Charybdis, very danger- 
 ous to passing ships. It was the haunt 
 of Scylla, a fearful monster. 
 
 SEMELE, sem'e-le, the mother, by Jupiter, 
 of Bacchus. 
 
 SEMIRAMIS, sera-ir'a-mis, with her hus- 
 band Ninus, the mythical founder of 
 Nineveh. She was distinguished for hep 
 personal prowess; and after the death 
 of Ninus she reigned alone with great 
 glory. 
 
 SERAPIS, se-ra'pis, an Egyptian divinity. 
 
 SILBNUS, sl-le'nus, the companion of 
 Bacchus, represented as being usually 
 drunk, and seated on an ass. When 
 drunk or asleep he Jwould prophesy, if 
 surrounded by a chain of flowers. 
 
 SINON, si'non, a Greek who allowed him- 
 self to be taken prisoner by.the Trojans, 
 and persuaded them to admit within 
 their city the wooden horse, which was 
 filled with Greek warriors. 
 
 SISYPHUS, sis'i-fus, a wicked king of 
 Corinth, who was punished in the lower 
 world bj' having to roll to the top of a 
 hill a stone which constantly rolled back 
 again. 
 
 SOL, the ancient Italian god of the sun, 
 later identified with the Greek Helios, 
 hence often called Titan or Plioebus by 
 the poets. 
 
 SOMNUS, som'nus, the god of sleep, said 
 to be son of Night and brother of Death. 
 
 STYX, stiks, a river of the lower world, 
 across which the sliades of the departed 
 were ferried. 
 
 TANTALUS, tan'ta-lus, a son of Jupiter, 
 for divulging his father's secrets, was 
 made to stand up to his chin in water, 
 with branches of fruit hung over his 
 head, the water receding when he wished 
 to drink, and the fruit when he desired 
 to eat. 
 
 TARPEIAN ROCB:, tar-pfau rok, on the 
 Capitoline hill at Rome, over which 
 criminals were thrown. 
 
 TELEMACHUS. te-lera'a-kus, the son of 
 Ulysses and Penelope, left Ithaca to 
 search for his father, and found him at 
 home on his return. 
 
 TERMINUS, ter'min-us, the god who 
 guarded boundaries, 
 
 TERPSICHORE, terp-sik'o-rS, the Muse of 
 dancing. 
 
 THALIA, tha-ira, the Muse of comedy. 
 
 THERSITES, ther-sftes, a Greek before 
 Troy famous for his ugliness and scur» 
 rilitV, killed by Achilles. 
 
 THESEUS, the'sus, the great legendary 
 hero of Attica, who killed the Minotaur, 
 and performed various other famous ex- 
 ploits. 
 
 THESPIS, thes'pia, the founder of Greek 
 tragedy. 
 
 THETIS, the'tis, a Nereid, mother of 
 Achilles. 
 
 THISBE, this'bS, a Babylonian maiden 
 who killed herself beside the body of 
 her lover Pyramus. 
 
 TIMON, ti'mon, a oetebrated ooisantbrope 
 of Athena. 
 
 TIMOTHEUS. tl-mo'the-us, a oetebrateo 
 
 musician of Miletus. 
 
 TIRESIAS, ti-re'si-as, a blind soothsayer 
 of Thebes. 
 
 TISIPHONE, tI-sif'o-n8, one of the Furies. 
 
 TITANS, tl'tans, the sons of Titan, helped 
 their father against Jupiter, but were 
 overthrown. 
 
 TITHONUS, tith-6'nus, the raortai hus- 
 band of Aurora, endowed by her with 
 immortality, but not eternal youth. In 
 a decrepit old age his immortality be« 
 came a burden to him, and be waa 
 changed into a grasshopper. 
 
 TITYRUS, tit'i-rus, the name of a shep. 
 herd. 
 
 TROILUS, tro'i-lus, a son of Priam, king 
 of Troy, slain by Achilles. 
 
 TROPHONIUS, trof-o'ni-us, the builder, 
 along with his brother Agamedes, of 
 the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Deified 
 after his death, he imparted oracles in 
 a cave in Boeotia, 
 
 TROY, a city of Asia Minor, destroyed by 
 the Greeks after a siege of ten years. 
 See Helena. 
 
 TYRT.,3EUS, tir-te'us, a lame schoolmaster, 
 sent by Athens to Sparta in answer to 
 an appeal for aid, and who, by his in- 
 spiriting martial lyrics, led the Spartans 
 on to victory. 
 
 ULYSSES, u-lis'ez, a king of Ithaca, 
 famed for his craft and eloquence. His 
 wanderings for ten years, over many 
 lands and seas, on his way home from 
 Troy, form the subject of the Odyssey. 
 
 URANIA, Q-ra'ni-a, the Muse of astron- 
 omy. 
 
 VACUNA, va-ka'na, the goddess of rural 
 leisure. 
 
 VENUS, va'nus, the goddess of love and 
 beautv. 
 
 VERTUMNUS, ver-tum'nus, the god of the 
 seasons. 
 
 VESPER, ves'per, the same as Hesperua 
 
 VESTA, ves'ta, daughter of Saturn, god- 
 dess of the household fire and of do» 
 mestio life. Her priestesses took an 
 oath of virginity, and were charged to 
 keep the sacred fire burning. 
 
 VIRGINIA, vir-jin'i-a, a Roman girl whom 
 her father Virginius stabbed to death, 
 to save her from the lust of the decemvir 
 Appius Claudius. This led to the expuW 
 sio n of the decemvirs. 
 
 VULCAN, vul'kan, the Roman god of flr^ 
 son of Jupiter and Juno, confounded 
 with the Greek Hephaistos. 
 
 ZEPHYRUS, zefi-rus, the west wind. 
 
 ZEUS, ze'us, the Greek name of Jupiter.
 
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