A Study IN THE Syntax of Alexandre Hardy BY EDWARD HINMAN SIRICH a 2Disfs!ertation SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVEESITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVEBSITY IN CONFORMiry WITH THE BKQUIEEMENTS FOB THE DSeBBS OF DOCTOB OF PHILOSOPHY 'Y BALTIMORE J. H. FURST COMPANY 1915 A Study IN THE Syntax of Alexandre Hardy BY EDWARD HINMAN SIRICH ^ miasevmion SUBMITTED TO THE BOABD OF UNIVKBSITY STUDIES OP THE JOHNS HOPKIKS UNIVEESITY IN COHFOBMITY WITH THE BEQCIBEMSNTS FOE THE DEOBES OF DOCTOB OF PHILOSOPHY BALTIMORE J. H. FURST COMPANY 1915 PREFACE The purpose of this study is to determine the speech char- acteristics of Alexandre Hardy, and their relation to the language of the periods which preceded and followed the time at which he wrote. According to Mr. Rigal, Hardy's first play dates between 1593 and 1601. The extreme date is, probably, 1627. In his work, Alexandre Hardy et le theatre frangais, Mr. Rigel has treated the literary side of Hardy's plays. The question naturally arises as to whether the syntactical structure of his works connects him more closely with the preceding or the following period. The method employed has been to compare the syntax of the plays of Hardy with the syntax of the later seventeenth century, on the one hand, and with that of the sixteenth century, on the other. For the seventeenth century, Haase's Syntaxe fran- qaise du XVIIe Steele was used as a standard, and, in so far as possible, the general arrangement of material in Haase was followed. References to his work are given under each head.^ It will be noticed that the chapters on the Adverb and Word Order have been omitted, as neither one belongs, in the strict sense, in a study on syntax. For the sixteenth century I have made use, principally, of Darmesteter and Hatzfeld's 8eizieme Steele and Huguet's Etude sur la syntaxe de Rabelais. A list of the works which I have utilized is appended. For the system of paragraphing I am indebted to Jespersen's Modem English Grammar.'^ In his preface, Mr. Jespersen says : " The num- bering of paragraphs in this book is according to a new system, based on the decimal principle. The number before the deci- ^ Nearly all the writers discussed by Haase, except Malherbe, are pos- terior to 1628, that is to say, Haase treats of a period which begins just at the close of Hardy's period of activity. '0. Jespersen, A Modern English, Orammar: Heidelberg, Winter, 1909, 3 34662ii A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy mal dot indicates the chapter; then follows the number of the section, then that of the subsection, etc. The only drawback of the system is that an author must nowhere have more than nine parallel divisions (though it would be easy to use a, b, etc., in combination of nine) ; but this offers no serious difficulty." I want, in concluding, to thank those who have aided me in this work. To Professor H. C. Lancaster of Amherst College, I owe a debt of gratitude for suggesting the subject of this study, and also for the most helpful bibliography which he gave me. My friend and teacher, Abbe J. Lay, Cure de Beaulieu, was of very great help to me in the revision of many of the " fiches ". I desire also to thank Professor A. Terracher, of the University of Liverpool, who, while in Baltimore, was kind enough to coun- sel me on more than one occasion and Professor A. Morize, who has shown himself always ready to aid me in every possible manner. My latest and greatest debt is to Professor E. C. Armstrong, who has put himself entirely at my disposition throughout this study, and without whose encouragement, guidance, and help the present work would have been impossible. Professor Arm- strong has not only revised and corrected the manuscript, but he has also offered numberless suggestions which have been embodied in these pages. If the present study has any value, whatever, it is due to him. The writer, alone, is responsible for the rest. ABBREVIATIONS Did — Didon Dor. — Dorise ScM. — 8c4dase Corine — Corine Pant. — Panthie Daire. — La Mort de Daire M61. — M4Uagre Alex. — La Mort d' Alexandre Procr. — Procris Arist. — AriatocUe Alceste — Alceate Fr6g. — Fr4gonde Ariad. — Ariadni G^s. — G4aippe Alph — AlpMe Phra. — Phaarte Ach. — La Mort d'Achille Tr. d' A. — La Triomphe d' Amour Coriol. — Ooriolan Tim. — TimocUe Corn. — Com6lie Elm. — Elmire Arsac. — Arsacome B. Eg. — La Belle Egyptienne Mar. — Mariamne Lucr. — Lucrice Alc6e — Alc6€ Alcm. — Alcmion Rev. Pr. — Le Ravissement de Am. Vict. — VAmour Victorieux Proserpine F. d. ,S. — La Force du 8a»g J. 1, J. 2, etc.— ThSagdne et CharieUe — Gig. — La GiganiomacMe journSe 1, 2, etc. P61. — FSUsm&ne D & H. — Darmesteter and Hatzfeld: Le Seizi^me Sidole. H. — Haase: Syntaxe frangaite du XVIIe gidcle. * These abbreviations of the titles of Hardy's playa are taken from Rigal, p. 563. .» > .*»♦'>"» BIBLIOGRAPHY Kigal: Alexandre Hardy et le theatre frangais. Paris, Hach- ette, 1889. Daemestetee and TTatzfeld : Le seizieme siecle. Paris, Del- agrave, 1878. HuGUET : Etude sur la syntaxe de Rabelais. Paris, Hachette, 1894. Haase: Syntaxe frangaise du XVII^ siecle. Paris, Picard, 1898. Bkunot : Histoire de la langue frangaise des origines a 1900. Paris, Colin, 1905-1913. Toblee: Vermischte heitrdge zur franzosischen grammatik. Leipzig, Hirzel, 1902-1912. Ayee: Grammaire comparee de la langue frangaise. Paris, Fischbacher, 1900. Ceouzet, Beethet et Galliot : Grammaire frangaise simple et complete. Paris, Didier, 1909. Plattnee: Ausfuhrliche grammatik. Freiburg, Bielifeld, 1900-08. Aemsteong: Syntax of the french verb. New York, Holt & Co. Le theatre d'Alexa/ndre Hardy — edited by E. Stengel. Mar- burg, 1884, 5 vols.^ *For the Stengel edition, note the following: 1) Absence of any regu- larity in the orthography, which makes the treatment of agreement and non-agreement exceedingly difficult; and 2) Absence of systematised punc- tuation, which increases the difficulties for the study of coordination and fittbordination. 6 TABLE OF C0:N^TENTS Chapteb I Chaptee II Chapteb III Chaptee IV Chapteb V Chapteb VI Chaptee VII Chaptee VIII The Pronoun Personal Possessive Demonstrative Definite Article Relative Interrogative Indefinite The Indefinite Article The Verb Forms of the verb Number Tense Verbal Paraphrase Subjunctive Infinitive Gerundive and Participle The Adverb The Preposition Preposition d Preposition de Other Prepositions The Conjunction Coordinated Phrases Conclusion CHAPTER I THE PRONOUN 1. 1 Personal Pkonoun 1. 1 Relative propositions in the first and second person, with the absence of the tonic personal pronoun ante- cedent, occur frequently in the first half of the seven- teenth century (H., § 1, rem.). In Hardy, this construction is frequent: Theagene remis en liberte me dire Centre la verite qui suis entre leurs mains. (J. 6, III, 1.) Tu me la dois, gardien plus fidele, Qui meurs le jour cent mille fois pour elle. (Alph., I, 1, 66.) Qu' ai-je affaire de toy, qui desire la mort? (Pant., II, 1, 364.) Compare also Mel., iv, 2, 872 ; Procr., iii, 1, 4T7 ; Alex., 1, 2, 186 ; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 132). 1. 12 In the seventeenth century, one finds the atonic pro- nouns of the third person used exceptionally in the place of the tonic pronouns as predicate nominatives (H., § 7, rem. i). This usage is exceptional in Hardy: Ce les sont, oe les sont ; il n'y a que tenir. (Procr., V, 1, 970.) Oui, oui ; ce V est, active et desolee . . . (Tr. d'A., II, 1, 527.) So in sixteenth century, and till 1650 (Brunot, in, p. 482). 1. 13 The omission of the atonic pronoun subject in the seventeenth century is rare (H., § 8). 9 10 'A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy This phenomenon is very frequent in Hardy, as may be seen from the examples which follow. 1. 131 The omission of the pronoun of the first person (H., §8,A): Et me trompe, touche d'un sinistre presage. (J. 3, III, 1.) Eveille des regrets que veTwns d'epancher. (J. 2, II, 1.) Et le pouvons loyal epreuver de perfide. (Pant., Ill, 2, 672.) Compare also Did., v, 1, 1761; Coriol., iv, 1, 814; J. 8, II, 1 ; etc. 1. 132 The omission of the pronoun of the second person (H., § 8, B) : et auras debonnaire Mieux aime le trepas certain que me deplaire. (Coriol., V, 3, 1257.) Tu r auras et pourtant demeureras sans elle, Commettras injustice . . . (J. 2, III, 1.) L' infortune honteux que voulez eviter. (Pant., II, 2, 390.) Compare also J. 5, v, 2 ; Seed., iii, 1, 736 ; Pant, I, 1, 144; etc. 1. 133 The omission of the pronoun of the third person (H., § 8, C) : Voire a peine le peui apres rememorer. (J. 2, V, 1.) Ou le veuillent plutot repandre sur ma chef. (Seed., IV, 908.) 1. 134 The omission of the neuter pronoun il (H., § 8, D) : Qui, de necessite faudra que j'y demeure. (J. 3, IV, 1.) Et ny a que le roi qui reprendre le puisse. (Mel., IV, 2, 846.) Sous les lois de 1' hymen te plaise revenir. (Procr., IV, 1, 870.) A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 11 Compare also Corn., ii, 1, 386 ; Seed., iii, 1, 615 ; Am. Vict, II, 1, 379 ; etc. This omission of pronoun subject is also common in the sixteenth century (D. and H. § 184, and Bru- not, II, p. 412.). 1. 14 In the seventeenth century, the tonic form of the pro- noun can be used as subject of a verb, without its being repeated by an atonic form (H., § 11, B). This phenomenon is frequent in Hardy : Moi-meme alors serais le bourreau de ta vie. (J. 8, I, 1.) L' apparence que toy ce desordre termines ? (Arsac, iii, 1, 769.) Et qu' euLx Y ont seul ami du peuple Athenien. (Tim., II, 1, 576.) Compare also Rav. Pr., i, 2, 81 ; Alcm., v, 1, 1587; Phra., I, 4, 179 ; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (D. and H., § 188). 1. 15 When two tonic pronouns, or a tonic pronoun and a substantive from a coordinated subject of a verb, they must be resumed by an atonic pronoun in modern French. This rule is not yet rigorously established in the seventeenth century (H., § 11, B, rem. ii). Hardy has frequently failed to follow modern usage . in this construction : Voibs et moi sortirons et de peine et de doute. (Arsac, ii, 2, 562.) Ton pere et moi voulons ton epouse la faire. (F. d. S., V, 5, 1506.) La, leurs bergers, la toi et moi serons. (Am. Vict., I, 1, 115.) Compare also Tim., i, 1, 289; Corn., v, 4, 1376; Corine, v, 3, 1004; etc. 12 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy CHAPTEE I 1. 2 Possessive Pronoun 1. 21 A personal pronoun and a substantive, both construed with de, are often coordinated in the seventeentii cen- tury (H, § 14, B). Examples are rare in Hardy: Posons que le salut de nous et de la ville. (Ach., II, 381.) Compare also Ach., in, 1, 797. For sixteenth century, cf. Huguet, p. 61. 1.221 In the seventeenth century the tonic form of the posses- sive is frequently construed with the definite article and a substantive, the pronoun being placed after the sub- stantive (H., § 17, A). In Hardy, examples are found in which the pronoun is placed before as well as after the substantive : Helas ! helas ! a la, volonte mienne . . . . ■ (Am. Vict, V, 2, 1491.) Allege ta douleur sur la mienne compagne . . . (Fel., I, 2, 269.) Compare also (J. 2, in, 3.) Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 77). 1. 222 The use of the tonic form of the possessive pronoun with the demonstrative is rare in the seventeenth cen- tury (H., § 17, B). This phenomenon is very frequent in Hardy, where the possessive pronoun may follow as well as precede the substantive: Use a ce gentilhomme ains a ce frere mien. (Lucr., 1, V, 1191.) Venez recompenser ce mien loyal epoux. (Alcm., Ill, 1, 666.) En ce scrupule tien, je trouve de I'exces. (Ariad., ii, 1, 439.) A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 13 Compare also Rav. Pr., ii^ 1, 369 ; Corine, iv, 3, 733 ; Freg., V, 3, 1378 ; etc. Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, 678). 1. 223 Also rare in the seventeenth century is the use of the indefinite pronoun quelque with the tonic form of the possessive pronoun (H., § 17, C.) This phenomenon is not frequent in Hardy : entrons dans ce portique Que quelque mien secret seul je vous communique (J. 5, V, 2.) Quelques miens serviteurs prenons a notre suite. (J. 4, III, 2.) Occurs in the sixteenth century (Brunot, ii, p. 419). 1. 224 The numeral followed by the tonic possessive pronoun is very rare in the seventeenth century (H., § 17, B). This is also the case with Hardy : Egarai traversant dev^ miens hoeufs a la fois. (Procr., Ill, 2, 598.) Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 78). 1.225 The construction of the possessive pronoun with the indefinite article is of frequent use in the seventeenth century (H., § 17, E.) This construction is very wide-spread in Hardy : un mien Pylade intime Compagnon de voyage . . . (B. Eg., V, 5, 1499.) Jusque' a un leur camp etait a plat detruit. (Pant, IV, 2, 946.) Centre un chef d' oeuvre sien qu'elle admire , elle-meme. (Ach., II, 2, 534.) ensemblement loger Chez un mien hon ami . . . (J. 3, IV, 1.) Compare also Ges., i, 4, 191 ; F. d. S., iv. 2, 925 ; Corn., IV, 4, 1161 ; Elm., iv, 1, 1194; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 78). 14 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 1. 226 The tonic possessive pronoun used as a predicate after the verb etre is a common phenomenon in the seven- teenth century (H., § 17, F, rem.). This is, also, a common phenomenon in Hardy : Pour etre tiens, nous derobe a nous meme . . . (Alph., V, 3, 1582.) Vevi de droit successif etre tien derechef. (Gig, I, 1, 40.) Compare also Corn., v, 6, 1489 ; Tr. d'A., iii, 2, 905 ; Corine v^ 4, 1038 ; etc. Occurs also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 81). 1. 2261 The tonic form of the possessive pronoun is also used in Hardy with other verbs than etre : Un si riche guerdon puisse demeurer tien, (Mel., IV, 2, 824.) Puis qu' un decret fatal sienne m' a destinee. (Ges., Ill, 2, 977.) L' autre present qui ne restera tien. (Tr. d'A., IV, 2, 1484.) Ta race que j' allai naguere dire mienne. (J. 8, IV, 1.) Compare also Alcm., iii, 1, 937; Pav. Pr., v, 2, 1827 ; B. Eg., i, 1, 283 ; Alcee, i, 2, 136 ; etc. Brunot, ii, 419. [N'ote gives example of demeurer mienne. 1. 227 The tonic form of the possessive pronoun is also used in Hardy with a substantive without the article, and abso- lutely : Caliste mien? 6 Amour! je rends grace. (Corine, v, 4, 1043.) Sienne trois jours, le mepris, les reproches Commenceront . . . (Alcee, II, 3, 713.) Compare also Tr. d'A., i, 1, 22; Arsac, i, 2, 234; Seed., Ill, 1, 78 ; J. 8, iv, 1 ; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 77). A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 15 CHAPTER I 1. 3 Demonstrative Pronoun 1. 31 In the seventeenth century, the neuter pronoun ce is used in certain constructions which are not approved today (H., § 18). Examples are frequent in Hardy : 1. 311 Ce aa direct complement when one cites textually the words of another (H., § 18 B) : Jupiter, ce dit on, amoureux de la sorte . . . (F. d. S., I, 2, 125.) Ouy, ce dis tu. (Tr. d'A., I, 1, 91.) Compare also Alcee, iv, 4, 1514; etc. Occurs also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 99). 1. 312 Ce as direct complement of the verb faire (H., § 18, C) : Les Dieux nous aideront protecteurs a ce faire. (Arsac, v, 1, 1450.) De benedictions en ce faisant supplie. (J. 5, II, 1.) Quel sujet, ce faisant, ingratte prendrait-elle ? (Procr., 1, 1, 135.) Dis-nous, traitre, qui t' a de ce faire incite ? (Coriol., V, 2, 1180.) Compare also Corn., iv_, 3, 1112; Pant., in, 1, 707; Arist., Ill, 1, 846; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 99). 1. 313 Ce as object of a preposition : Jusqu' a ce neanmoins provoques de paroles. (Ach., 1, 2, 257.) mais prier De ne vouloir a ce contrarier . . . (Am. Vict, V, 2, 1629.) Je ne veux plus de ce me soucier. (Am. Vict, 1, 2, 224.) 16 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy Compare also Procr., i, 1, 56 ; etc. So in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 99). 1. 314 Ce as object of other verbs than faire: Ne voudrait opiner, ce crois-je, le contraire. (Fel., I, 2, 1618.) J' entreprens ce par dessur mon pouvoir. (Am. Vict, II, 2, 563.) So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 99). 1. 315 The omission of ce as subject is rare in the seventeenth century (H., § 19). Examples are found in Hardy : 1. 3151 In a sentence of the type of ce qui . ... est que, the ce now introduced before est is frequently absent in the seventeenth century (H., § 19, D). Ce qui me trouble plus est que la multitude. (Freg., II, 2, 439.) Or qui plus vous console en pareil infortune. Est que V affection du vaincoeur . . . (Daire, v, 3, 1449.) Ck)mpare also Tim., n, 1, 551. 1. 3152 Omission, before etre and an infinitive, of ce repeating the subject of etre (H., § 19, D, rem. I) : Et le meilleur en semblable matiere Est ne fonder qu' une amour joumaliere. (Am. Vict., II, 3, 646.) 1.321 Cestui without -ci or -la is found in the later seven- teenth century only in La Fontaine, where it is em- ployed as both adjective and pronoun ^H., § 23, A). This phenomenon occurs in Hardy: Cettui vaisseau de gloire. (Dor., m, 3, 636.) Cettui regit heureux un monde qui I'adore. (Seed., II, 1, 227.) Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 84). 1. 322 Cettui-ci is rare in the seventeenth century after Cor- neiUe (H., § 23, A). It is frequent in Hardy: A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 17 Mais sur tous excellens, cettuirci les emporte. (J., 8, V, 1.) ^ Or la prosperite chez cettui-ci sejourne. (Did., II, 3, 561.) Mais ! qu' est-il survenu que cettui-ci rurnine ? (J. 8, V, 1.) Compare also Com., i, 3, 120 ; Arsac., iv, 3, 1242 ; Seed., IV, 1, 1093 ; Kav. Pr., ii, 3, 655 ; etc. Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 84). 1. 323 Cettui-ld is rare. So also is cette-ci (H., § 23, A). Tous ces gestes passes couronne en cestui-la. (Pant., V, 2, 1166.) Moy, je ferai a cette-ci le guet. (Alcee, IV, 5, 1565.) Compare also Did., v, 1, 2026 ; etc. Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 84-97). 1. 33 Icelui, feminine icelle, is rare in Hardy (H., § 23, B). Ou possible cheri de quelqu' une d' icelles. (Procr., II, 2, 379.) Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 88). 1. 34 Celle remains as an adjective in the seventeenth century in the phrase a celle fin (H., § 23, B, rem.). Examples of this usage are found in Hardy: A celle fin que vaine ombre aux enfers. (Alph., IV, 1, 1023.) A celle fin qu' aucun ne soit mecontente. (Eav. Pr., V, 2, 1634.) Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 96). 1. 35 Use of celui-la followed by the preposition de, occurs at least once in Hardy (cf. H., § 24, B) : Tu nous as d'un bon roi fagonne le modelle, Montre ores celui-la de bon frere envers elle. (J. 8, IV, 1.) 1. 36 The phrase: il n'y a celui qui, which has almost the acceptation of an indefinite pronoun, is rare in the seventeenth century (H., § 26). This usage is rare in Hardy : 18 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy Point, il ny a celui du peuple qui V endure. (J. 8, II, 1.) Occurs frequently in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 109). 1. 37 The pronoun celui-celle construed with de can be omitted in the seventeenth century (H., § 27). This phenomenon occurs in Hardy: un soupgon Pire que de ton meurtre . . . (Did., V, 1, 1761.) Mais un autre respect m' empeche que de tons. (J. 1, IV, 5.) Compare also J. 1, ii, 2 ; Eav. Pr., i, 2, 70 ; etc. (and cf. Tobler; Verm. Beit., i, p. 14). So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 375). CHAPTER I 1. 4 Definite Article 1. 41 In the seventeenth century, the use of the definite arti- cle, in the main, corresponds to present usage, save in Scarron and La Fontaine (H., § 28). ^N^evertheless, certain omissions occur: 1. 411 Before concrete nouns (H., § 28, A). In Hardy, this omission is rather frequent: Wo. merite ni couteau ni les flammes (Am. Vict, V, 1, 1452.) Je ne cms one amis ne croirai jamais. (x\lex., IV, 2, 945.) Compare also Gig., ii, 357 ; Mel., in, 1, 522 ; etc. So also the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 334). 1. 412 The omission of the definite article with abstract nouns is frequent in the seventeenth century (H., §.28, B). This omission is common in Hardy: A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 19 Fortune ou le destin moteurs de notre vie . . . (Arsac, iii^ 1, 5T3.) Car si tot qu' amour vint jeter . . . (Did., IV, 3, 1621.) Qu' h. chacun d' eux par tout administre nature. (J. 1, III, 2.) Compare also J. 7, in, 1 ; Seed., in, 1, 529 ; Did., IV, 3, 1554; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 329). 1. 413 The omission of the definite article after tout used with a substantive in the singular is rare in the seventeenth century (H., §28, C). This phenomenon is rare in Hardy: L' un des deux n' a cesse de plaindre toute nuit. (Seed., Ill, 1, 595.) This omission is rare in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 332). 1. 4131 The omission of the article after tout used with a sub- stantive in the plural is more common in the seven- teenth century (H., § 28, C). This phenomenon is not frequent in Hardy : Retiens dedans le Ciel tous astres adversaires. (Did., Ill, 2, 1028.) Compare also Tim., ii, 1, 824 ; Corine, i, 4, 224. Occurs in the sixteenth century (Brunot, ii, p. 397; Huguet, p. 332). 1. 414 The omission of the article before meme is general in the seventeenth century (H., § 28, D). This omission is very frequent in Hardy: Meme chaste desir m' anime resolue. (Seed., II, 1, 301.) Sus premieres marchez avec m,eme assurance. (F. d. S., I, 3, 185.) L' elite des soldats y eut meme destin. (Tim., II, 1, 866.) Compare also Mel., in, 2, 595 ; Freg., in, 2, 699 ; Arist., IV, 3, 1221 ; Seed., v, 1, 1243 ; etc. So in the sixteenth century (Brunot, n, p. 398). 20 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 1. 415 In the seventeenth century, premier is sometimes used without the article where the article would now be required (H., § 28, F). This usage occurs in Hardy : Concede que premier je 1' aille reconnaitre. (Alceste, iv, 1, 869.) Compare also Procr., ii, 2, 302 ; Did., iv, 2, 1239 ; Mel., I, 1, 202. So in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 332). 1. 416 The article is often omitted preceding seul followed by a relative proposition (H., § 28, F). This usage is not infrequent in Hardy : Seul de qui la splendeur prospere continue. (Arsac, in, 1, 578.) Tu es seule, ma soeur, que je regrette plus. (Did., V, 1, 1765.) Compare also Seed., v, 1, 1177; Arsac, iii, 1, 577; etc. Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 332). 1. 421 The comparative used in the sense of a superlative occurs in the seventeenth century without the definite article, when the comparative is preceded by a sub- stantive with the article (H., § 29, A). This phenomenon is common in Hardy : J' ai neanmoins franchi la tempete plus fort. (Did., IV, 2, 1234.) IN'e flattens point, duquel la beaute plus exquise. Doit elle, paragon des beautes, etre mise. (J. 1, I. 2.) L' ennenni plus abject nuit a qui le meprise. (Daire, in, 3, 854.) Compare also Rav. Pr., ii, 2, 416 ; J. 2, i, 1 ; Daire, 1, 1, 2 ; Mel., i, 1, 219 ; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 332). 1. 43 Rare omission of the definite article in Hardy : A bonne heure, la porte est a 1' accoutumee. (Seed., IV, 1, 869.) A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 21 CHAPTER I 1. 5 The Relative Pbonoun 1. 51 In the seventeenth century, the pronoun qui, preceded by a preposition, is still used, referring to thinga (H., § 32). Examples are numerous in Hardy: Resout, n' esperez plus un courage plier. De qui la durete croit a humilier. (Dor., Ill, 1, 505.) Points sur qui ne prevaut la celeste clairte. (Tim., 1, 1, 104.) Que V on croie du tout leurs oracles recua Par qui les vertueux one ne furent decus. (Did., IV, 2, 1242.) Compare also Alph., in, 2, 756; Freg., ii, 2, 522; Rav. Pr., I, 3, 282; Am. Vict., i, 2, 257; Tr. d'A., I, 4, 330. So also in the sixteenth century (Brunot, ii, p. 422). 1. 52 In the seventeenth century, lequel in its various forms is frequently employed where to-day we use qui, que, orJon^ (H., § 33). Examples of this use are not uncommon in Hardy : A ces chetifs lesquels tu triomphea vaincoeur. (Pan., I, 1, 156.) assemble ton conseil Duquel nous dependons en accident pareil. (Rav. Pr., V, 2, 1782.) Compare also Tim., i, 1, 228; Ach., iii, 2, 860; Arsac, ii, 2, 464 ; etc. Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, pp. 119- 123). 1. 53 In the seventeenth century, quoi is used with a prepo- sition, referring to things, where today we would use a form of lequel. (H., § 34.) 22 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy Examples are found in Hardy: A toute chose a quoi V epoux prendra plaisir. (Arsac, ii, 2, 468.) Chose a quoi jusqu' ici nous empechait d'en- tendre. (J. 7, II, 2.) So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 125 et sq.). 1. 54 Que, accusative, occurs in the seventeenth century in locutions such as: que je crois (H., § 35, C). Examples, though not frequent, are found in Hardy : Didon n' a pas besoin de si faible support, Mise au contentement, que j'espere, du sort. (Did., IV, 2, 1190.) EUe n'a pas entendu, qu>e je crois . . . (Am. Vict., II, 1, 356.) Compare also B. Eg., iv, 2, 997 ; Ach., i, 1, 194 ; etc. Occurs in sixteenth century (Brunot, ii, p. 428, et sq.). 1. 541 Que, neuter, in such locutions as : ne savoir que c'est que de is frequently omitted in the seventeenth century (H., § 35, C, rem. iii). Examples occur in Hardy: Qui ne savent que c'est d' apprehender la mort. (Tim., II, 1, 1179.) Qui ne savent que c est de cueillir les lauriers. (Daire, ii, 3, 536.) Compare also Daire, ii, 3, 536 ; J. 1, v, 1 ; Tim., iv, 1, 1530. On this, compare Tobler: Verm. Beitr., i^, p. 68. So in the sixteenth century (Brunot, in, pp. 499-500, and note 1, p. 500). 1. 551 In the seventeenth century, ou, equivalent to a relative, preceded by a preposition, frequently referred to per- sons (H., § 38, A). Examples are found in Hardy : A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 23 Ceux ou la vertu fait sejour . . . (Seed., V, 1, 274.) Qui ne brasse autre chose Que d'aller trouver celle ou son ame repose. (Alcm., IV, 1, 1088.) Compare also Alcee, iii, 2, 920. Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 128). 1. 552 In the seventeenth century, oil is not only equivalent to a relative construed with dans, but also to a relative construed with other prepositions (H., § 38, B). Examples are found in Hardy : Le sujet ou insiste ma crainte . . . (Elm., II, 1, 429.) Que sur la foi royalle ou un Scythe se fie. (Ach., II, 1, 470.) Si tu daignais lui accorder un point, De soi facile, oil tu ne penses point. (Alcee, II, 1, 343.) Compare also Tim., i, 1, 21; F. d' S., v, 1, 1167; Arist, III, 1, 837; Tim., ii, 1, 756; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 128). 1. 553 Oil, without an antecedent equivalent to a conjunction of time — quand, lorsque — is still used in the seven- teenth century (H., § 38, G). Examples are numerous in Hardy : Oii la juste douceur n' entre avec ses appas, La force illegitime adonc je ne tien pas. (Arist., I, 1, 135.) Tu ne dis pas qii' oii manque la puissance Aucune loi n' astreint d' obeissance. (Alph., II, 1, 393.) Compare also Tim., i, 1, 99 ; Arsac, iii, 1, 635 ; Alcee, V, 2, 1728 ; Procr., ii, 1, 244; etc. 1. 554 Oil, equivalent to an adversative conjunction — tandis que — is met with only at the beginning of the seven- teenth century (H., § 38). 24 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy Examples are rare in Hardy : Cela n' etait au pris rien qu' im leger ebat Car r un et 1' autre d'eux vivait en celibat, Ou toi de ton essence et de ton grade indigne Sans pudeur ma moitie me subornes maligne Ou toi qui du forfait le dusses chatier Souffles de son amour I'adultere brasier . . . (Procr., IV, 1, 781.) 1. 55 Absolute participial constructions with a relative pro- noun are common in the seventeenth century (H., §39, A). This phenomenon is rare in Hardy: Demande si je I'ai quelqu'autre part connue, Ce que nie, tant mieux . . . (Corn., II, 1, 287.) Compare Brunot, ii, p. 466, et sq. 1. 56 Qui, without an antecedent construed with the verb in the third person, singular, equivalent to si V on, is very frequent in the seventeenth century (H., § 40). Examples are numerous in Hardy: ce feu voisin ne manque a nous atteindre. Qui ne s' eiforcera de bonne heure a 1' eteindre. (Tim., II, 1, 534.) Comme qui ne saurait faire ni mal ni bien. (Fel., Ill, 1, 836.) Ainsi que qui I'aurait nagueres deterree . . . (Eav. Pr., II, 3, 604.) Compare also Freg., i, 2, 128; Pant., v, 1, 1044; Did., II, 3, 515 ; Mar., v, 1, 1462 ; Ges. ii, 2, 510 ; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 135). 1. 57 Miscellaneous examples of the usuage of the relative pronoun in Hardy: 1. 571 Where the antecedent of the relative is rien, or chose understood : Discords que Cupidon par maniere d' ebats A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 25 Nous suscite n'ajant qui I'occupe ga-bas. (Fel., V, 2, 1448.) L'esprit libre n' a plus qui captif le detienne. (Freg., Ill, 2, 664.) Compare also F. d' S., v, 1, 1161 ; Freg., v, 3, 1308; Ges., Ill, 1, 885 ; Daire, ii, 2, 398 ; Ges., i, 4, 203. 1. 572 Where the antecedent of the relative is personne: Mon age decrepit n'a plus qui le console. (Seed., IV, 1, 898.) EUe n' a plus qui soutienne ses corps. (Alph., II, 3, 623.) Du cote des mortels n' ait plus qui le moleste. (Pant., 1, 1, 10.) Compare also Seed., iii, 1, 577 ; Daire, v, 3, 1478 ; Seed., I, 2, 101. CHAPTER I 1, 6 The Intekkogative Pronoun 1. 61 Quelj as a pronoun, v^as frequent in the seventeenth century (H., §41, C). Examples are numerous in Hardy : Ains quel de vos sujets allegrement dispos Ne F irait immoler. (Ach., II, 1, 384.) Le conseil pris que donne une dryade. Quel? (Alph., I, 4, 331.) Compare also Coriol., iii, 1, 625 ; Tr. d' Am., i, 4, 408 ; Alcee, i, 2, 127 ; Lucr., i, 1, 42 ; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 145). 1. 62 Quant, varying in gender and number, and equivalent to combien de, occurs in the seventeenth century H., § 41, rem. iii). 26 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy Examples are found in Hardy : Quantes fois de ce voeu j' ai desire ouir ! (J. 4, IV, 3.) Compare also J. 3, ii, 1. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 148). 1. 63 Que and qui, neuter pronouns, and used to introduce an indirect statement instead of ce que and ce qui, occur in the seventeenth century (H., § 42). Examples are very common in Hardy: Voila que mes travaux moissonent d'ordinaire. (Gig., Ill, 1, 649.) tu sais bien que cela signifie. (Ges., IV, 2, HIT.) • Declare-moi qui cause tes soucis . . . (Alph., I, 4, 276.) Compare also Did., iii, 2, 998 ; Tr. d'A., ii, 2, 586 ; B. Eg., IV, 2, 1052 ; Am. Vict., ii, 1, 444 ; Pror., IV, 1, 799 ; Arsac, iii, 1, 784 ; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, pp. 363- 364). 1. 641 Quoi, as accusative complement, is construed only with an infinitive (H., § 42, rem. in). Examples are found in Hardy: Las ! et quoi decouvrir qu' un spectacle de mort ? (Did., IV, 3, 1131.) Qv^i voulez-vous aller, indiscrette, entreprendre ? (Ges., I, 2, 149.) Occurs in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 125). 1. 642 Qiwi in the locution comme quoi, also occurs in Hardy: Que j' embrasse Suppliant ces genoux de qui depend ma grace. Comme quoi? (Corn., IV, 4, 1135.) Compare also Dor., ii, 4,. 723. 1. 65 Que is also used in Hardy with an infinitive equivalent to lieu de, raison pour: A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 27 Retourne, tu n'as plus que sejourner ici. (Tim., Ill, 1, 1324.) Incorruptible, il n'y a que douter. (Tr. d'A., V, 2, 2086.) Compare also Ges., iv, 1, 1555j F. d' S., ii, 3, 527. 1. 66 Qui ... . qui originally interrogative and equivalent in meaning to les uns . . . . les autres occurs in the seventeenth century^ (H., § 44). This usage is rare in Hardy : Envoyez, qui hater Tin habit somptueux, qui des lettres porter Cettui-ci tenir pret le festin magnifique . . . (Pel., II, 3, 592.) So also in the sixteenth century (D. & H., § 170). CHAPTER I 1. 7 The Indefinite Pronoun 1. 71 Tout is used in the seventeenth century to give more force to an expression (H., § 46, rem. ii). Examples of this usage are found in Hardy : Mon sang et tout tel pris qu' il aura limite . . . (Pant, II, 2, 422.) A vouloir appeler ce que tout chacun fuit. (Alceste, iii, 1, 560.) je desire Tout tel parti que tu feras elire. (Am. Vict., I, 2, 246.) Compare Vaugelas, ii, p. 387 ; used in the sixteenth century. 1. 721 Chacun occasionally occurs as an adjective in the seven- teenth century (H., § 47, A). Examples of this usage occur in Hardy : 'Compare: Tobler, ii*, p. 164, note. 28 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy Par chacun an sacrifices nouveaux . . . (Am. Vict, V, 2, 1670.) ISTos meilleurs citoyens D' evader chacun jour inventent les moyens. (Tim., Ill, 1, 1120.) Compare also Did., in, 2, 1056; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 151). 1. 722 Chacun, used with the indefinite article, is of frequent occurrence in the seventeenth century (H., § 47, B). Hardy furnishes examples of this usage: Distribuant egal a un chacun le sien. (Eav. Pr., V, 2, 642.) De ne passer plus outre, un chacun te suplie. (J. 8, IV, 1.) So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 151). 1. 731 In the seventeenth century, aucun occurs as adjective, as substantive, and, with de partitive, in the sense of quelque or quelqu un (H., § 50, A). Examples of such usage occur in Hardy: Ah, Sire, tant s' en faut qu' aucun de nous estime. Les Dieux prendre plaisir a semblable victime.- (J. 8, II, 1.) Oil deja tu peux voir aucuns te devancer. (Arsac, i, 1, 83.) Que si le ciel fumant d' implacable courroux, Au>cun fidele encore me conserve entre nous . . (Phra., IV, 3, 1324.) Compare also Alph., iv, 1, 1013 ; Alcm., in, 1, 958 ; •• Gig., IV, 2, 900. So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 156, et sq). 1. 732 Aucunefois, in sense of quelquefois, is of frequent occurrence at the beginning of the seventeenth century (H., § 50 B). Examples of this usage are infrequent in Hardy : A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 29 II est bon de munir aucunes fois sa vie. (Arist, IV, 2, 1109.) Coute a notre indulgence aucune fois bien cber. (Mel., Ill, 2, 656.) 1. 741 Rien, equivalent to quelque chose, is common in the seventeenth century (H., § 51, B rem. 1). This phenomenon is very common in Hardy : Qui presumait que sa simplicite Eut one brasse rien de lubricite. (Tr. d' A., IV, 1, 1320.) Je tomberai plutot sur ma lame pointue. Que rien de cruaute vers elle s' effectue. (J., 2, III, 1.) Declare si tu sais rien de telle aventure. (Rav. Pr., IV, 2, 1203.) Compare also Mar., i, 2, 222 ; J. 2, iv, 2 ; etc. So also in the sixteenth century (D. and H., § 180), 1. 75 Meme, equivalent to the Latin ipse, frequently pre- ceded the substantive in the seventeenth century (H., § 53 A). This usage is rare in Hardy : Tu es r effronterie et la meme insolence. (J., 3, III, 2.) Occurs in the sixteenth century (D. and H., § 175). 1.76. Autrui is used in the seventeenth century as to-day. L'autrui is rare (H., § 54, C). Hardy offers one example of V autrui: Je ne veux rien de l'autrui retenir. (Alcee, II, 3, 764.) Autrui, with the article, also, is found in the sixteenth century (D. and H., § 172). 1. 761 The seventeenth century furnishes examples of maint as adjective, as substantive, and followed by the par- titive de (H., § 54 'C, rem. iii). Examples of such usage are found in Hardy : Maints de nos citoyens * * * (J., 2, III, 2.) 30 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy Que maints desireront sa vaillance imiter. (Pant., IV, 2, 977.) Compare also J., 6, ii, 1 ; J. 3, i, 1 ; J., 1, i, 1 ; etc. 1.77 Exceptional use of chaque — adjective — in Hardy: Finesse trop f requente a nous, par chaques jours Batus et rebatus de telle semblables tours. (Corn., II, 2, 515.) 1. 781 Quiconque, used with the verb etre, occurs only excep- tionally in the seventeenth century (H., § 45 C). Examples are found in Hardy: Or quiconque tu sois de la celeste bande . . . (Did., IV, 1, 1088.) Pardonnez-moi, quiconque, soyez vous . . . (Corine, v, 2, 945.) So also in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 155.) 1. 782 Quiconque occurs, also, in Hardy, equivalent to qui or to qui que vous soyez qui: Eideles serviteurs, vous, quiconques I'aimates, Quiconques a mon vouloir devots vous conform- ates, . . . (Mar., V, 1, 1691.) As in the sixteenth century (Huguet, p. 155 ; Bru- not, II, p. 432). 1. 79 Quoi que . . . de, used with a substantive equivalent to quelque . . . que, occurs in the seventeenth cen- tury (H., § 45, rem. i). This usage occurs in Hardy : Quoi que de V accident en mon esprit je roule, Son pro jet incertain comme un songe s' ecoule. (J., 6, I, 2.) Compare Brunot, iii, p. 521. 1. 79a Tel, equivalent to modern French quelque, occurs very frequently in the seventeenth century (H., § 45 B). Examples are found in Hardy : Sujets a recevoir de telle part qu' il vienne. (Procr., II, 3, 639.) A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy 31 Vols de me 1' apporter a tel prix que ce soit. Arsac, in, 1, 818.) Compare also Arsac, ii, 1, 347 ; Alceste, v, 1, 1213. Also, in the sixteenth century, — Vaugelas, ii, p. 136. CHAPTEE II 2. 1 The Indefinite Article 2. 1 Though omitted more frequently than in modern French, the indefinite article approaches nearer and nearer, in the seventeenth century, to normal usage of today (H., § 57, i). 2. 11 Before concrete nouns, in the seventeenth century, such omission is common (H., § 57.) Examples are found in Hardy : 2. Ill Before a substantive followed by a relative preposition: Sur chose qui est mienne exercer ma justice. (J., 6, III, 3.) So also in the sixteenth century (D. & H., p. 143). 2. 121 Before abstract nouns, the omission of the article is common in the seventeenth century (H. § 57.) Examples occur in Hardy : One malheur jusqu' a toi ne puisse penetrer. One fortune de toi ses f aveurs ne retire. (J., 7, II, 2.) Compare also Mar., ii, 2, 602 ; Mel., iv, 3, 889 ; Did., IV, 3, 1555. 2. 122 Before abstract nouns, the omission of the article is, also, common in a number of special cases (H., § 57). Examples are found in Hardy. 2. 1221 Before a direct complement (H., § 57, C). L' air serain ne predit tourmente de longtemps. (Did., II, 3, 531.) 32 A Study in the Syntax of Alexandre Hardy Compare also Pant., i, 1, 65 ; J., 8, v^ 2 ; Pant., m, 1, 469. 2. 1222 Before a prepositional complement: (H., § 57 D.) Tu crains de t' assurer a si petit empire. (Did., IV, 2, 1783.) Compare also Seed., in, 1, 738 ; J., 6, in, 3 ; Did., iv, 3, 1571. So, too, in the sixteenth century (D. & H., § 143 and § 144). 2. 13 In the seventeenth century, the article is, also, omitted before autre, tel, and demi (H., § 57, ii). In Hardy, examples of the omission are rare : Tel scandale n' avient qu' aux amants indis- crets. (Freg., I, 1, 123.) Compare also Tim., in, 1, 1268 ; Seed., n, 2, 377. iSo also in the sixteenth century (D. & H., § 155-148), 2. 14 In the seventeenth century, autre, pronoun, used as subject or complement without the article, and con- strued with ne is of frequent occurrence. In such examples, auire has the force of nulle (H., § 57, D, n, rem. i). In Hardy, examples of this usage are frequent : Ce roc de chastete qu' autre que toi n enflamme. (Proc., Ill, 1, 484.) Les siens que preserver autre que moi n' eut su. (Did., Ill, 1, 858.) autre certes que toi W emporte de vaincoeur le titre . . . (Mel., Ill, 2, 595.) Compare also Tim., v, 1, 2294. So also in the sixteentih century (D. &iH., § 148-155). VITA Born in Baltimore, Maryland. Attended the public schools, and graduated from the Baltimore City College in 1903. Entered the Johns Hopkins University and graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1906. From 1908-1912, Pro- fessor of Modern Languages at Saint John's College, Annapolis, Maryland. Post-graduate student in the Department of Romance Languages of the Johns Hopkins University 1906-7; 1912-14. University Scholar 1912-13, University Fellow 1913- 14. While a graduate student at the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, attendant on courses of the late Professor A. M. Elliott, Professors E. C. Armstrong, C. C. Marden, J. E. Shaw, P. Ogden, A. Terracher, A. Morize. THIS BOOK IS DUE ov, STAsS^^HE^tAST DATE OVERDUE. " °° ON THE s^eNTh""™ »^^C-D LD kpjpg~^ '^B^'^f;'37 Gaylord Bros. Makers Syracvise, N. Y. ' PAT. JAN. 21, 1908 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY