* 
 
 LI BRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 GIFT OF" 
 
 Received MAY 28 1 892 
 Accessions No. ^-7-^-f Shelf No. 
 
THE 
 
 MILLER*S, MILLWRIGHT'S 
 
 AND 
 
 ENGINEERS GUIDE. 
 
 BY HENRY PALLETT. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 HENEY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 
 
 No. 406 WALNUT ST. 
 
 1866. 
 

 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and 
 for tho Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
PEE FACE. 
 
 THE demand for my previous work being so 
 great and satisfactory, I have concluded to publish 
 this second edition, with considerable additional 
 information, and greatly improved and enlarged 
 illustrations. I shall give more cuts and models 
 of the different machinery now in use belonging 
 to the Flouring Mills, than in my previous work. 
 
 As I have travelled through most of the States 
 of the Union, I have had many opportunities of 
 observing the different manner in which different 
 millers manage matters in the mills under their 
 care. And as many of them, from a confinement 
 to a particular locality, have not had an opportu- 
 nity of seeing Milling carried to a higher perfec- 
 tion than in their own locality, nor of observing the 
 practice of millers more experienced than them- 
 selves, and who are anxious to improve them- 
 selves in their business, to such, I hope, this 
 
 work will be of essential service. 
 
 5 
 
 * 
 
6 PEEFACE. 
 
 And, iu fact, to all millers, I think some of the 
 instructions in this work will be of considerable 
 use, as we are all never too old to learn. I have 
 never as yet seen a work on Milling alone. 
 Some remarks on the business are frequently to 
 be found in the Millwright's Guide and Com- 
 panion, which, however, are never very explicit ; 
 being generally intermixed with other matters, 
 and with mathematical calculations 'and terms 
 that are seldom fully understood by those who 
 have had but a limited education. I have en- 
 deavored to avoid such terms, and have kept oach 
 part by itself, so that the most illiterate may gain 
 information by a careful and attentive perusal of 
 this work. It often occurs that millers will tell 
 their employers that there is nothing in any 
 work, treatmg on the subject of the Flouring 
 Mill, but what they fully understand and compre- 
 hend ; and from their talk the mill-owner would 
 suppose them perfect in their business, and that 
 there is nothing on earth that could give them the 
 slightest or minutest information on the subject 
 of milling. Now such a miller I always set down 
 as bigoted in his opinion; and in fact knowing 
 but little, as I have found by experience. 
 
 I have been assisted in the compiling of the 
 
PKEFACE. 7 
 
 following pages .by experienced millers, who have 
 been kind enough to peruse them before going to* 
 press. I have also had the assistance of good and 
 practical millwrights in relation to speed, con- 
 struction of reels, etc., tc. The manner, the oper- ' 
 ation of the . millstones, the action of the furrows," 
 in cutting the wheat, can be readily understood 
 by the transparent model attached to this work. 
 From this part alone I hope considerable instruc- 
 tion and information may be derived. 
 
 I have written this work in the hope that it will 
 be useful in assisting the workman in obtaining a 
 true knowledge of the art of milling, and to assist 
 him in making the calculations connected with 
 the machinery of mills ; and also the engineer will 
 find a great many rules, and examples to assist and 
 instruct him in a further knowledge of his business 
 as well as the millwright. 
 
 I am far from desiring that the rules contained 
 in this work should be considered as an infallible 
 guide, or implicitly followed in all cases; for 
 when I reflect that it is to the workman that we 
 have ever been indebted to for improvements in 
 the arts, I would recommend to the miller, mill- 
 wright, and engineer, a careful consideration of the 
 many improvements that are daily taking place in 
 
S PREFACE. 
 
 the Flour -Mill, and study carefully whether their 
 adoption would not be beneficial to this impor- 
 tant- branch of industry, as well in a public as in 
 a private point of view. 
 
 In this work, my object is to instruct those who 
 have not had an opportunity of judging the best 
 ways of milling. I have endeavored to avoid 
 unnecessary technical words, or scientific calcu- 
 lations, making no pretensions to literature myself. 
 I have, therefore, aimed to make the work intelli- 
 gible to those of the most limited education ; with 
 the wish, however, that it will induce them to a 
 more careful study of the principles of their bu- 
 siness; and I know of nothing more conducive 
 to that end than combining the results learned 
 from practice with a careful study of a good and 
 practical scientific work. 
 
 Being aware that this subject might have been 
 more scientifically treated upon by men more 
 learned than myself, yet I feel confident that this 
 work cannot be but a great benefit to many en- 
 gaged in the business of milling; therefore I trust 
 my humble efforts to please will meet with the 
 approval of all such, and I now subscribe myself 
 
 respectfully, 
 
 HENRY PALLETT. 
 
 ST. Louis, March 1, 1866. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Explanation of Characters used 13 
 
 Definitions of Words used in this Work 14 
 
 United States Weights and Measures ! lf 
 
 Decimal Fractions ^ 17 
 
 On the Selection of Millstones 20 
 
 On the Dressing of New Millstones making their Faces 
 
 Straight, and ready for putting in the Furrows 23 
 
 Furrows : the manner of Laying them out : their Draft, 
 
 and cutting them in 26 
 
 Directions for laying off and cutting the Holes for the 
 
 Balance Ryne and Driver... 31 
 
 Directions for putting in the Balance Ryne and the 
 
 Boxes for the Driver, and making them fast 33 
 
 Of Setting the Bed Stone, and fastening the Bush 
 
 therein .' 37 
 
 Directions how to Bridge or Tram the Spindle 39 
 
 Instructions for Grinding off the Lumps of New Stones, 
 
 Turning the Back of the Running Stone, Rounding 
 
 the Eye and Balancing the Stone 40 
 
 Directions for Dressing and Sharpening Millstones 
 
 when they become dull , 42 
 
 Respecting the Irons of the Mill 47 
 
 Description of Plate 4, Showing the "Principle upon 
 
 which the Millstones work 51 
 
 How to Fit a New Back on a Stone that has been 
 
 Running * 55 
 
 Of the Elevator, Conveyor, and Hopper Boy 59 
 
 Of Bolting Reels and Cloths, with Directions for Bolting 
 
 and Inspecting Flour...* 64 
 
 Directions for Cleaning Wheat 68 
 
 Instructions for Grinding Wheat 72 
 
10 V CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Directions for Grinding Wheat with Garlic amongst it, 
 
 and for Dressing the Stones suitable thereto 76 
 
 Directions how to put the Stones in Order for Grinding 
 
 Wheat that has Garlic amongst it 77 
 
 Directions for Grinding Middlings, and how to Prevent 
 the Stones from Choking, so as to make the most of 
 
 them 78 
 
 Reels for Bolting the Middlings 80 
 
 Instructions for a small Mill, Grinding different kinds 
 
 of Grain 81 
 
 Of the Manner of Packing Flour 85 
 
 Table Showing the number of Pounds which constitute 
 a Bushel, as established by Law in the States there- 
 in named ^ 88 
 
 The Duty of the Miller 89 
 
 Pearl Barley or Pot Barley 91 
 
 The Art of Distillation :... ; 93 
 
 Of the Importance of Draughting and Planning Mills... 96 
 
 Cogs : The Best Time for Seasoning and Cutting them. 99 
 
 The Framing of Mill Work 102 
 
 Windmills 104 
 
 A Table of the Velocity of Wind 108 
 
 Instructions for Baking Ill 
 
 Receipt for making Babbitt Metal, etc 113 
 
 Cement 113 
 
 Solders 114 
 
 Table Showing the Product of a Bushel of Wheat of 
 different Weights and Qualities, as ascertained from 
 
 Experiments in Grinding Parcels 116 
 
 Of Saw-Mills and their Management 119 
 
 The Circular Saw 123 
 
 Rules for Calculating the Speed the Stones and other 
 
 pieces or parts of the Machinery run at 124 
 
 To find the Quantity, in Bushels, a Hopper will Contain. 130 
 
 Table of Dry Measure 130 
 
 Spouts the Necessity of making them Large 131 
 
 To lay off any required Angle 132 
 
CONTENTS. 11 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Of Masonry 133 
 
 Of Artificer's Work 134 
 
 Bricklayer's Work 135 
 
 Bricks and Laths Dimensions 135 
 
 Timber Measure 136 
 
 Table Diameters in inches of Saw Logs reduced to 
 
 inch board measure 139 
 
 Of the Wedge 141 
 
 Of Pumps 142 
 
 The Screw 144 
 
 Table showing the power of Man or Horse as applied 
 
 to Machinery 145 
 
 Measure of Solidity 145 
 
 Rules for calculating Liquids 146 
 
 A Table showing the Capacity of Cisterns, Wells, etc., 
 
 in Ale Gallons and Hogsheads, in proportion to their 
 
 Diameters and Depths 147 
 
 Steel Of the various degrees of Heat required in the 
 
 Manufacture of Steel 148 
 
 Composition for Welding Cast Steel 151 
 
 Directions for Making and Sharpening Mill- Picks 152 
 
 A Composition for Tempering Cast Steel Mill Picks 155 
 
 Governors for Flouring Mills 156 
 
 The Governor or Regulator* t 158 
 
 The Pulley 159 
 
 Of the Velocity of Wheels, Pulleys, Drums, etc 161 
 
 On Friction 164 
 
 Belting Friction 165 
 
 Of the Strength of different Bodies 166 
 
 Falling Bodies 170 
 
 Of the different Gearings for propelling Machinery 171 
 
 The Crown or Face Gearing 174 
 
 On matching Wheels to make the Cogs wear even 179 
 
 On Steam and the Steam Engine 181 
 
 Of Engines their Management, etc 183 
 
 Prevention of Incrustation in Steam Boilers 189 
 
 Double Engines 190 
 
1 2 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Fly- Wheel 191 
 
 Table of Circumferences and Areas of Circles, in Feet.. 
 
 Suitable for Fly- Wheels, etc 195 
 
 To calculate the effects of a Lever and Weight upon 
 
 the Safety- Valve of a Steam Boiler, etc 196 
 
 Of the Slide Valve......... , 199 
 
 Boilers 201 
 
 Chimneys , 204 
 
 Explosion of Boilers 205 
 
 On the Construction of Mill-Dams 206 
 
 Rock Darn 207 
 
 Frame Dams 209 
 
 Brush or Log Dam 214 
 
 Gates 215 
 
 Description of Water- Wheels 216 
 
 Of Non-elasticity and Fluidity in Impinging Bodies,... 220 
 
 Motion of Overshot Wheels.... '. 221 
 
 The Breast Wheel 222 
 
 Overshot or Breast Wheels 225 
 
 Table of the number of inches of water necessary to 
 drive one run of Stones, with all the requisite Ma- 
 chinery for Grist and Saw Mills, under heads of water 
 
 from four to thirty feet 227 
 
 Table containing the weight of columns of water, each 
 
 one foot in length, and of various diameters 228 
 
 The Undershot Wheel , 228 
 
 Tub Wheels 230 
 
 The Flutter Wheel 232 
 
 The Laws of Motion and Rest 233 
 
 Power of Gravity, Percussion, or Impulse, with the 
 
 Reaction Attachment 233 
 
 Table of the velocities of the Combination Reaction 
 Water-Wheel per minute, from heads of from four 
 
 to thirty feet .. , 237 
 
 Tables to reckon the Price of Wheat from Thirty Cents 
 to Two Dollars per Bushel 238 
 
THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 AND 
 
 ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF CHAEACTEES USED - DEFINITIONS OF 
 WOEDS USED -UNITED STATES WEIGHTS AND MEAS- 
 UEES-DECIMAL FEAOTIONS, 
 
 EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERS USED IN THIS 
 BOOK. 
 
 = Equal to. The sign of equality, as 2 times 
 4 = 8. 
 
 Minus, or less. The sign of subtraction, an 
 8 6 = 2. 
 
 4- Plus, or more. The sign of addition, as 
 3 + 6 = 9. 
 
 x Multiplied by. The sign of multiplication, 
 as 6 x 3 = 18. 
 
 -r- Divided by. The sign of division, as 9 
 
 (13) 
 
14 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 The sign of proportion, as 2 : 4 
 
 so is 1 
 
 : : o : ID. 
 to 
 
 9 added to a number. The sign of a number 
 squared, as 5 2 is 5 x 5. 
 
 8 added to a number. -The sign of a number 
 cubed, as 5 8 is 5 x 5 x 5. 
 
 \/ Prefixed to a number. The sign of square 
 root, as \/9 is 3. 
 
 V Prefixed to a number. The sign of cube 
 root, as V 27 is 3. 
 
 ~ Tne bar over a number. The sign used 
 to signify that all the numbers under the bar 
 
 must be taken together, as 8 x 3-^-6 = 4; or, 
 
 5 x 6 + 4 = 50; that is, 6 + 4 is 10, and 5 times 
 is 50. 
 
 DEFINITIONS OF WORDS USED IN THIS WORK. 
 
 Area Plain surface: superficial contents. 
 
 Aperture The opening by which water issues. 
 
 Angle The meeting of two lines in a point. 
 
 Elastic Springy. 
 
 Equilibro or Equilibrium Balance of weight. 
 
 Friction The act of rubbing together. 
 
 Gravity The tendency all matter has to fall 
 downwards. 
 
 Impulse Any force communicated by power. 
 
 Impetus Violent effort of a body inclining to 
 move. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 15 
 
 Momentum The force of a body in motion. . 
 
 Maximum The greatest possible. 
 
 Percussion Striking together. 
 
 Problem A question proposed. 
 
 Radius Half of the diameter of a circle. 
 
 Right Angle A line square or perpendicular 
 to another. 
 
 Theory A speculative plan, but without prac- 
 tice. 
 
 Theorem Position laid down as an acknowl- 
 edged rule. 
 
 Tangent A line perpendicular to or square with 
 the radius and touching the circumference of a 
 circle. 
 
 Velocity Swiftness of motion. 
 
 Verge The outside part : the outer edge. 
 Vertex The top of any line or figure. 
 
 UNITED STATES WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 
 
 Avoirdupois weight is the only weight made 
 use of in mechanical calculations ; and all metals, 
 save gold and silver, are weighed by it. 
 16 drams make one ounce. 
 16 ounces make one pound. 
 28 pounds make one quarter.' 
 
 4 quarters make one hundred weight. 
 20 hundred weight make one ton. 
 
16 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 LONG MEASURE. 
 
 12 inches make one foot. 
 
 3 feet make one yard. 
 
 6 feet make one fathom. 
 
 5J yards make one pole or rod. 
 
 40 rods make one furlong. 
 
 8 furlongs or 1760 yards make one mile. 
 
 3 miles mal^ one league. 
 
 SUPERFICIAL MEASURE. 
 
 144 square inches make one square foot. 
 
 9 square feet make one square yard. 
 
 30 J square yards make one square pole. 
 40 square poles make one rood. 
 
 4 roods or 4840 square yards make one acre. 
 
 SOLID MEASURE. 
 
 1728 cubic inches make one cubic foot. 
 27 cubic feet make one cubic yard. 
 
 DRY MEASURE. 
 
 2 pints make one quart. 
 8 quarts make one peck. 
 4 pecks make one bushel. 
 
 LIQUID MEASURE. 
 
 4 gills make one pint. 
 
 2 pints make one quart. 
 
 4 quarts make one gallon. 
 
 63 gallons make one hogshead. 
 
 4 hogsheads one tun. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 17 
 
 The dimensions of the United States standard 
 bushel are 18 J inches inside diameter, and 8 inches 
 deep. 
 
 DECIMAL FRACTIONS. 
 
 In decimal fractions, the integer, or whole thing, 
 as a gallon, a pound, a yard, etc., is supposed to be 
 divided into ten equal parts called tenths : these 
 tenths into ten equal parts called hundredths : 
 these hundredths into ten equal parts called thou- 
 sandths, and so on, without end. So that the de- 
 nominator of a decimal, being always known to 
 consist of a unit, with as many ciphers as the nu- 
 merator has places, is therefore never expressed 
 being understood to be 10, 100, 1000, etc., accord- 
 ing as the numerator consists of 1, 2, 3, or more 
 figures. Thus, T \ ffo yVoV tne numerators only 
 are written with a dot or comma before them, 
 thus, .2 .26 .345. 
 
 The use of the dot ( . ) is to separate the decimal 
 from the common fraction. The figure on the 
 right of the dot, known as the decimal point, is 
 the place of tenths, the second of hundredths, the 
 third of thousandths, etc. A cipher placed on the 
 left hand of a decimal decreases its value in a ten- 
 fold proportion: thus .3 .03 .003 are 3 tenths, 
 3 hundredths and 3 thousandths. 
 
 SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS. 
 
 Rule. Write the less number under the greater, 
 2* 
 
18 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 placing tenths under tenths, hundredths under 
 hundredths, etc. : then subtract as in simple num- 
 bers, and point off the decimal places, as in com- 
 mon addition. 
 
 Example. Subtract 9.8067 from 10.5324. 
 Thus 10.5324 or 7.075 from 15.192 
 9.8067 7.075 
 
 00.7257 8.117 
 
 MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS. 
 
 Multiplication of decimals embraces two classes. 
 1st. To multiply together a decimal and a whole 
 number. 
 
 2d. To multiply together two decimals. 
 
 Rule. Place the figures the same as directed in 
 the subtraction of decimals respecting whole num- 
 bers. 
 
 Example. Multiply .125 by 9. Thus, .125 
 
 _ 9 
 1.125 
 
 Example. Multiply .125 by 9. Thus, .125 
 
 l25 
 
 Solution or Rule. In multiplying decimals, place 
 the factors under each other, and multiply them 
 together as in whole numbers : then point off as 
 many figures from the right hand of the product 
 as there are decimals placed in both factors 
 observing, if there be not enough, to annex as 
 
10 
 
 many ciphers to the left hand of the product as 
 will supply the deficiency. 
 
 DIVISION OF DECIMALS. 
 
 Rule. Prepare the decimal as directed for mul- 
 tiplication : divide as in whole numbers : cut off 
 as many figures for decimals, in the quotient, as 
 the number of decimals in the dividend exceeds 
 the number in the divisor : and if the places in 
 the quotient be not so many as the rule requires, 
 supply the deficiency by annexing ciphers to the 
 left hand of the quotient. 
 
 Example. Divide 173.5425 by 3.75. 
 
 Thus, 3.75)173.5425(46.27. Answer. 
 150.0 
 
 23.54 
 2250 
 
 1042 
 
 750 
 
 2925" 
 2625 
 
 300" 
 
 In decimals, the figures decrease from the right 
 towards the left in a tenfold ratio. In duodeci- 
 mals, where the dimensions are taken in feet, 
 inches and twelfths of an inch, the foot is divided 
 into twelve equal parts called primes, marked ( ' ), 
 each primes into twelve parts called seconds ( " ), 
 each second into twelve equal parts called thirds, 
 marked ( '" ), etc. 
 
20 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 ON THE SELECTION OF MILL STONES. 
 
 In tEe manufacturing of wheat into flour, it is 
 necessary to have the millstones of the best quality, 
 and most suitable for the different kinds of grain. 
 Millers are of various opinions in the selection of 
 their millstones some choosing those that are 
 open and full of pores ; others choosing those that 
 are close. I will present the following remarks 
 and directions, for the guidance of those purchasing 
 these articles; and although, on account of the 
 diversity of opinion on this subject, I expect some 
 may be found who will not altogether agree with 
 me, yet I hope they will find some benefit in the 
 perusal of the observations I make on the matter. 
 
 I would contract with the builder of millstones 
 to make me a pair of the best quality, having the 
 joints as close as possible. I would pick out a 
 burr block of the quality I wished the stones to 
 be made of, viz. : to have every one of the blocks 
 the same as the one chosen for sample, and of the 
 same temper. A stone that is made of part hard 
 and part soft blocks is the most difficult of any to 
 keep in a good face; neither will it grind well. 
 
AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 21 
 
 In selecting black burr for a pattern for the 
 manufacturer, the best kinds, in my opinion, are 
 those of a light color, full of small pores, and of a 
 hard, sharp grit. The blue blocks I never could 
 recommend in general ; they are apt to glaze, and 
 do not cut well: consequently it cannot be ex- 
 pected that they will grind as fast, or do as good 
 work. 
 
 Have the eye of a stone of four and a half (4J) 
 feet. in diameter, ten inches on the face tapering to 
 seven inches on the back. The thickness of the 
 runner of this diameter ought to be nineteen 
 inches in the eye and seventeen inches at the 
 verge. Millers purchasing new millstones should 
 not be too saving as regards their price. It is 
 very bad economy to buy those of an inferior 
 quality on account of their first cost being less 
 than that of a good pair. When ordering new 
 burr millstones from the makers, I would advise 
 you to give orders for the builder not to put any 
 spalls or pieces of burr block near the verge of 
 the stone ; the plaster shall be about three inches 
 from the iron hoop, clear of spalls, on account of 
 the balancing of the running stone. Often where 
 cutting in the holes, to put in the lead, the small 
 pieces of burr block as you have to come in con- 
 tact with, by hammering on them, shakes the back 
 of the stone, making it loose and worthless. 
 Besides when balancing the runner you want to 
 get the balance as near the face of the stone as 
 
22 THE MILLEK, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 you possibly can. I have always found that the 
 lead should be put as near the face block as pos- 
 sible for balancing the stone truly when at rest. 
 When a standing balance is put at the top of the 
 stone, often when running the balance will be 
 imperfect. I believe when you can make a mor- 
 tice close to the verge of the stone, nearly to the 
 face block, it will be better than putting in boxes, 
 for this reason you may place your balance 
 where it is required. When building a new pair 
 of millstones the burr blocks of the runner should 
 be nearly of one thickness; as they will not 
 require as much trouble to balance them. Some 
 of the millstone builders will put in blocks nearly 
 twice the thickness of others round the verge of 
 the face of the stone ; when this occurs it is im- 
 possible almost, even when the irons are truly put 
 in the centre, to balance them correctly ; and put- 
 ting in lead, if not close to the race of the runner, 
 they will run badly, not being in running balance. 
 The stone may be greatly out of balance when in 
 motion, and this is the reason why the bush of 
 some stones can- only be kept tight a few hours. 
 The reason why a stone that is balanced at rest 
 will not sometimes be balanced in motion, is, that 
 the upper part is heaviest on one side, and the 
 lower part is heavier on the other side of the 
 centre. The stone may balance at rest ; yet when 
 set in motion the heaviest parts draw outwards, 
 most by the centrifugal force, which will put the 
 
23 
 
 stone out of balance while in motion ; and if the 
 stone is not round the parts farthest from the 
 centre will have the greatest centrifugal force. 
 Never put too much dependence in having the 
 stones perfectly true when coming from the 
 makers. They are often taken from the burr 
 shop without the staff being tried on their face. 
 You must expect finding them in wind and having 
 an uneven face. If they have been partially faced, 
 it may have been for the purpose of breaking down 
 the joints to make them appear small; and fre- 
 quently when the stones appear too close they 
 will use a heavy pointed pick to make them seem 
 full of small pores; but as you straighten and 
 smooth the face afterwards, these will disappear. 
 You should therefore look carefully to see whether 
 the pores are natural or not. When the stones 
 are brought without a finished face being put on 
 them, it becomes the miller's duty to work and 
 face them ready for grinding ; and to assist him 
 in so doing be will find the following to be of 
 service to him, if carefully studied and considered. 
 
 OF THE DRESSING OF NEW MILLSTONES MAKING 
 THEIR FACE STRAIGHT AND READY FOR PUT- 
 TING IN THE FURROWS. 
 
 Lay the stone on its back, and level the face as 
 nearly true as possible. Then with your staff, 
 
24 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 having one of its sides formed by the edges of 
 four boards made perfectly straight, true and 
 painted, move it round the face of the stone, when 
 it will leave the paint on all the highest places. 
 These must then be picked off and the face of the 
 stone rubbed hard with a sharp burr block. This 
 staff should be made of mahogany; or if that is 
 not to be got, it may be made of four (4) thick- 
 nesses of seasoned cherry or walnut one inch thick 
 and four inches wide, planed on both sides, screwed 
 to each other and glued together, so that they will 
 not come apart. When made in this manner it 
 will be four inches square ; and by putting it to- 
 gether in four parts it will not be so liable to 
 spring. Continue trying your staff, picking and 
 dressing off the stone in this manner until the face 
 is nearly smooth and straight. Then, in order to 
 take it out of wind [technically termed] you fit a 
 a piece of board in the eye of the stone ; and from 
 the- centre you strike off a circle on the face, and 
 about two inches from the verge. This circle you 
 must again divide into three equal parts, which 
 may be- done as seen in plate 1st. In this 
 circle or diagram the division of the parts is 
 obtained by taking half the diameter of the circle, 
 and stepping round its circumference. This divides 
 it into six parts; every alternate point being 
 taken, will give the three required. Then you 
 must lay your staff on the inside of two.of these 
 points, and draw a line through them and out to 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 25 
 
 the verge of the stone; also, other similar lines 
 from the points you have need and through the 
 third point. These lines are all to be drawn to 
 and fro, from the verge of the stone, and through 
 the three points, thus forming an equilateral or 
 triangle of three equal sides inside of the circle. 
 Again, draw parallel lines about an inch farther 
 from the first lines than the width of your staff. 
 The spaces between these lines are called beds. 
 
 Now paint your staff lightly ; lay its face upon 
 one of these beds, and move it gently. It will 
 leave the higher points painted, which must be 
 picked off lightly with a sharp pick ; then rub 
 it with a piece of French burr block. Continue 
 trying the staff and working in this manner until 
 the staff paints the whole length of the bed, and 
 it is nearly smooth. The other beds are to be 
 worked in the same manner, avoiding taking any 
 thing off the first, where they intersect one an- 
 other, and being careful that the staff have an equal 
 bearing at such intersection. When this is cor- 
 rectly done it is comparatively easy to make the 
 face of the stone straight. Work down the other 
 parts of the stone until it be even and level with 
 the beds, which is best done by moving the face 
 of the staff, painted frequently, over the face of 
 the stone, dressing the higher points with sharp 
 picks. This must be repeated, rubbing the stone 
 with the block burr each time after picking it, 
 being careful at the same time to avoid dressing 
 a 
 
26 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 any more of the Beds. When you have got the 
 face even and straight with the beds, lay the staff 
 without paint on the surface of the millstone, and 
 look closely between it and the stone. If the 
 light can be seen between them then the face is 
 untrue ; when you must again put a small portion 
 of paint on the staff, lay it on the face, move it 
 carefully all round, and pick the paint off lightly. 
 Eepeat this operation until it paints the face of 
 the stone evenly all over. When the staff lies 
 close and even on all parts of the face of the stone, 
 without rocking, it is straight and even, and ready 
 for the furrows putting in. Some millers are of 
 the opinion that there is no necessity to put angles 
 or beds on a millstone, averring that they can be 
 taken out of wind, and made straight without 
 them. As regards small stones, I admit this to 
 be practicable their surface being so small, they 
 are easier made true than larger ones; but any 
 stone whose diameter exceeds three feet can be 
 more correctly and expeditiously dressed by put- 
 ting in these beds according to the directions 
 I have given. 
 
 FURROWS: THE MANNER OF LAYING THEM OUT: 
 
 THEIR DRAFT, AND CUTTTING THEM IN. 
 From my own experience, as well as others 
 respecting the draft and the number of quarters 
 that should be made in a millstone, I think this is 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 27 
 
 one of the most difficult subjects I have yet under- 
 taken there being so many different opinions 
 among millers with regard to draft, shape and 
 size of the furrows. 
 
 I present the following directions for their as- 
 sistance, hoping they will at least derive some 
 benefit from a careful consideraton of them. First, 
 I would recommend their particular attention to 
 the quality of the millstones ; the speed they wish 
 them to run at ; the quantity of flour they wish 
 to make, and the different . kinds of wheat they 
 wish to grind. Some kinds of wheat are soft, and 
 others hard, as winter, and spring wheat. The 
 dress of the furrows of the millstone should, there- 
 fore, be made to suit hard wheat requiring more 
 face to the stone than the soft or winter wheat, 
 Then to commence dressing a four and a half feet 
 stone, you first put a piece of planed board in the 
 eye, and even with the face of the stone. Then, 
 in order to find the centre of the stone, divide the 
 verge into four quarters, equally, lay the staff 
 upon the face of the stone, and at the two opposite 
 points on the verge make a line on the board in 
 the eye of the stone. Move the staff to the other 
 two points, and draw another line across the first 
 one, on the board : if correctly done,, where these 
 lines intersect each other will be the centre. Then 
 set your compasses to the draft you intend giving 
 the furrows ; place one point of the compasses in 
 the centre, and describe a circle on the board : 
 
28 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 this is called the draft circle. In laying off the 
 quarters correctly, it is better to describe the 
 circle within, and about three-quarters or an inch 
 from the verge of the stone. This will enable 
 you to divide the quarters off more equally than 
 by making them on the verge of the stone, which 
 is always broken and uneven. Divide the outer 
 circle into as many quarters as you wish to have 
 put in, making a point at each quarter; then with 
 a furrow stick, made perfectly straight, and of the 
 same width as you* wish the furrows to be, proceed 
 to lay off as the leading furrows, by laying it on 
 the outside of the draft circle, having one edge at 
 the centre, the other end and same edge 'of the 
 stick at the point in the circumference of the circle 
 for the quarters, making them or rather marking 
 them with a quill, and point both edges of the 
 furrow stick. If the stone is to be run with the 
 sun, (as millers generally understand the term), 
 you must lay your furrow stick upon the right 
 hand side of your draft circle and quarter points, 
 as shown in Plates 3, 4, and 5. If you wish 
 to run the stone the other way, or against the 
 sun, you must lay your stick on the left hand 
 side of the draft circle, and quarter points, and 
 proceed round the stone, as shown in Plate 6. 
 After the leading furrows are laid off it is better 
 to step them all around to correct them, should 
 any mistake have been made. Then if all be 
 equal, take your land stick, which must be of 
 
AND ENGINEER'S, GUIDE. 29 
 
 the width the lands are required to be, and is de- 
 termined by the number of short furrows you put 
 in between the leading furrows. Continue round 
 the stone until all* the furrows are laid off. It is 
 needless to say they should all be of equal width. 
 Then commence cutting in the furrows their proper 
 width and depth. First use a sharp pick, making 
 a straight mark on the lines of the furrows, the 
 feather edge being but lightly marked. The 
 edge of the furrow that is next the draft circle 
 must be' the -feather edge, and that edge farthest 
 from the circle, the back, or deepest part of the 
 furrow. After marking the edges of the furrows, 
 then with a heavy pick rough out the middle 
 nearly the depth you want them, keeping the 
 back part nearly straight from the face of the 
 stone, and nearly a quarter of an inch deep, taper- 
 ing up true to the feather edge. ~Then, with a 
 sharp pick make them even and smooth the whole 
 length of the furrows. The bed stone and runner 
 are both dressed the same way. For a dress that 
 will do for grinding both hard and soft wheat, the 
 furrows should be laid off into thirteen or fourteen 
 equal quarters, with three-quarters to each furrow, 
 to be one and three-eighths inches wide, having 
 the second furrows cut into the leading one, but 
 leaving the width of the stick standing at the inner 
 end of the furrow, (short), giving the leading fur- 
 row five inches draft, and making them a shade 
 deeper at the eye. I would not recommend any 
 
30 THE MILLER ; MILLWRIGHT 
 
 one putting in new stones to put in the curve or 
 circle dress. All kinds of millstones that curve 
 require more power to drive them than furrows 
 that have no curve. The mofe curve or circle 
 the greater amount of power you want to drive 
 the stones. 
 
 To illustrate this subject more fully, take a mill- 
 stone with a motion of one hundred and seventy- 
 five or one hundred and eighty revolutions per 
 minute, with furrows on the circle of one and a 
 half the diameter of the stone. Then this stone 
 has a draft at the eye, of the lowest number of 
 inches generally given, being three and a half 
 inches at the centre. As the pressure will be at 
 least one-twentieth more than the straight dress, 
 when the stones grind from twelve to fifteen 
 bushels per hour, if one-twentieth of the power 
 can be saved, then is it folly to use the circular 
 dress, as the least pressure used in manufacturing, 
 the better the flour after it is manufactured. 
 
 In this dress more time is consumed in keeping 
 your stone in proper order. Besides, the skirt of 
 the stone will wear lowr than the breast or eye. 
 The heat caused "by the great pressure used be- 
 comes intense, which greatly affects the quality 
 of the flour. These instructions refer to a four 
 and one-half feet stone, making from one hundred 
 and fifty to one hundred and sixty revolutions 
 per minute,, and burrs being of a close quality, 
 or rather texture. If the stones are of an open 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 31 
 
 quality and full of large pores, I would not recom- 
 mend so many quarters being cut in them giving 
 them less draft. It is absolutely necessary in such 
 cases that the stones should have plenty of face 
 to enable them to clean the offal and do their work' 
 well. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR LAYING OFF AND CUTTING THE 
 HOLES FOR THE BALANCE EYNE AND DRIVER. 
 The running stone being laid with its face up- 
 wards, and perfectly level, after fitting a planed 
 board in the eye, you divide it into four equal 
 quarters, and proceed to find the centre, as al- 
 ready described. In this case, however, the lines 
 are drawn the whole distance, from verge to 
 vfcrge, through the centre. The mortices should 
 be made nearly an inch longer and wider than 
 the thickness of the balance ryne. The centre 
 of this thickness wants to be in the line you 
 have drawn through the centre of the eye, there- 
 fore the mortices must be set off, having this line 
 through their centre. The object for making the 
 mortices wider and loriger than .the thickness 
 of the lugs is, that there may be room to wedge 
 them, until they are in their right place. After 
 cutting the mortices for the balance ryne the 
 proper depth and size, you next proceed to lay 
 off the mortices for the driver, on the two oppo- 
 site quarter marks. There should be cast-iron 
 
32 THR MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 boxes for the driver to work in ; and as iron will 
 not wear as fast as the stone ; the work, therefore, 
 is better done. These boxes should be one-quarter 
 'of .an inch wider than the* driver, as it must have 
 room to play, (see plate 2d), and the mortices 
 for the boxes should at least be one-half inch 
 wider than the boxes. 
 
 In order to make the mortices for the balance 
 ryne and the boxes of the driver, good chisels and 
 heavy ricks are required. First use a sharp 
 pick to mark out each bed plain, so that you can 
 make no mistakes afterwards from the painted 
 marks wearing off. The sides of the mortices 
 must be kept perfectly straight and square from 
 the face of the stone. When you think the box- 
 mortices are nearly of the proper depth, prove 
 them by dropping the boxes in their place ; and 
 the driver on the spindle in its place, making it 
 fast, so that it will not drop off. The balance 
 ryne being then in its proper mortices, and they 
 of the right depth, put the point of the spindle 
 into the centre of the balance ryne> and the sides 
 of the driver into their boxes. If thje driver 
 rides on the bottom of the boxes their mortices 
 must be made deeper, as the point of the spindle 
 should have a true bearing in the hole of the 
 balance ryne, leaving plenty of room between the 
 bottom of the boxes and the driver, required for 
 play. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 33 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR PUTTING IN THE BALANCE 
 KYNE, AND THE BOXES FOR THE DRIVER, 
 . AND MAKING THEM FAST. 
 
 The first way that this operation is performed 
 is rather a difficult one, and is seldom resorted to 
 by the practical miller. After seeing that your 
 balance ryne is perfectly true in all its parts, and 
 the hole for the cock-head punched exactly in the 
 centre, as described hereafter in this work then 
 get a smooth strip 4 of wood, the exact width of 
 the lugs of the ryne, and thickness of the iron 
 where the centre hole is punched in it, and fit it 
 tightly across the space between the lugs, and 
 even with that face of them that will be next the 
 face of the stone, as in plate 7th ; then lay a small 
 straight edge on the lugs and over the strip ; 
 apply an iron square to the straight edge, with 
 one blade at the centre point in the balance ryne, 
 and make a mark on your strip, reverse your 
 square, and if .both points agree, that point is your 
 centre ; if not, divide equally the difference for the 
 centre, and work it on the face of the strip accord- 
 ingly. Then place the balance ryne in the stone, 
 having the centre of the thickness of the lugs 
 even with the quarter marks on the stone. Then 
 lay a straight edge on the stone, and from the op- 
 posite quarter marks make a line across the mark 
 you have on the. strip ; this will be the centre of 
 the stone. Now lay your straight edge at the 
 
34: THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 other quarter marks, and move the balance rjne 
 until you have the centre on your strip even with 
 straight edge, which will then be in a line with 
 the quarter marks c, c, in plate 2. And now if it 
 agrees with the two other quarter marks d, d, the 
 balance ryne will be in its proper place, and the 
 . centre of it in the centre of the stone. 
 
 Care must be taken to have the balance ryne 
 perpendicular, otherwise the spindle wears out the 
 hole to one side, and never can be made to run 
 true ; to prove this matter you place -one blade of 
 your square on the face of the stone, the other 
 blade in the eye of the stone, and by moving it 
 you bring the centre point of the balance ryne to 
 correspond in every way with the centre mark on 
 the strip of wood. This is done by picking in the 
 bottom of the morticed beds or holes, care being 
 taken _ to give the balance ryne a true bearing, so 
 that it lies solid. Then drive small iron wedges 
 around the ends and sides of it, leaving room for 
 the lead to run "in; which lead, after the sides of 
 the mortices are stopped up with a stiff clay, is to 
 be run in quite thin, and all around the iron, until 
 it reaches above 'the surface of the mortices ; it is 
 then to be settled down closely with a cold chisel 
 and hammer. The common almost universal 
 way in which millers set the balance ryne to its 
 centre is to make a sweep, thus: they take a 
 strip of wood about two inches wide, and one inch 
 thick, and of sufficient length to reach from the 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 35 
 
 centre of the balance ryne to the verge of the 
 stone; and bore a hole through" one end, into 
 which they put a long pin and make it fast, the 
 pin to be long enough to reach and fit in the pivot 
 hole in the balance ryne, and the sweep to reach 
 across the fage of the stone : from repeated trials 
 they get the balance ryne in the centre by meas- 
 uring from it to the verge of the stone. 
 
 In setting the boxes for the driver, first put the 
 driver on the spindle, in the proper way, and then 
 place the boxes on the driver, having a piece of 
 wood one-fourth of an inch thick under the bot- 
 tom, and a piece at the ends, to prevent the driver 
 touching either the bottom or ends of the boxes ; 
 then drive some wedges between the sides of the 
 driver and the boxes to make the driver fast in 
 the boxes. If this is carefully done it will have a 
 good bearing on the side of the boxes, and will 
 leave sufficient play for the driver ; and then the 
 wedges are removed, care being taken that no 
 part of the driver touches the boxes, except where 
 it drives ; otherwise the stone will not run true. 
 
 If the holes of the boxes are of their proper 
 depths there will be little difficulty now in setting 
 the spindle. Lift it carefully into its proper place, 
 putting the point into the hole of the "balance ryne, 
 the foot being at the top, and the boxes in their 
 places; set the spindle straight, and put some 
 wooden wedges on the side of and between the , 
 boxes and the sides of the mortices ; then hang 
 
36 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 the frame on -the foot or under part of the spindle, 
 the lower part of the frame reaching from the neck 
 of the spindle to the verge of the stone. It should 
 be about' two inches from the face of the stone, 
 and work accurately on the neck of the spindle 
 the top part of the tram to hang true on the foot 
 or lower part of the spindle. Make a hole on the 
 tram, about two inches from the verge of the stone, 
 and therein fit a quill that will touch the face 
 thereof. Let it play round. Turn the train around 
 also, and move the driving boxes until the quill 
 touches equally and alike all round the face of the 
 stone. When it does so, then is the spindle in its 
 correct place, and the boxes must be fastened, 
 after stopping up all the crevices round the boxes, 
 in the eye of the stone, with stiff clay and running 
 lead, as described for the lugs for the balance ryne. 
 Be careful to mark the end of the driver, and the 
 back or side of the stone, that it can always be 
 put down the same way; then take out the spin- 
 dle, as the stone is now ready for use. 
 
 A tram is made in the following manner : Take 
 a piece of plank, two inches wide and one inch 
 thick, the same length of the spindle ; cut another 
 piece about two feet long, three inches wide, and 
 one inch thick ; make a mortice through it of the 
 same size as the long piece, and for one of its ends 
 to go through and wedge tight, and to move the 
 length you want it ; and make a hole half through 
 the other end, the same size as the foot of the 
 
37 
 
 spindle, to hang on the foot, when setting the 
 spindle in its place ; take another piece of wood, 
 four inches wide at one end, and diminished to 
 one inch at the other, three feet long ; cut half a 
 circle out of the widest end, to fit the spindle neck, 
 then nail it fast from the middle to the end of the 
 long piece. 
 
 There are various ways now in use for driving 
 the millstones some being drove from ^e balance 
 rim, and others in different ways. I will not give 
 any opinion as to which is the best, not knowing. 
 But I will say that I give the preference to the 
 one which I have mentioned in this work. I can 
 only say if any other way is used in driving the 
 millstones they should be fitted up correct, other- 
 wise the stones will not run well, doing but 
 indifferent work. 
 
 OF SETTING THE BED STONE, AND FASTENING 
 THE BUSH THEREIN. 
 
 Lay the stone down in the place prepared for it. 
 The back must be placed on the timbers to lie 
 even and solid, and then level the face correctly ; 
 this is done with a number of small wooden 
 wedges between the stone and the timbers, by 
 driving those wedges the most at the lower parts 
 of the stone. When you have got the face of the 
 stone perfectly level and lying solid on all the 
 wedges, it should be fastened in its place by 
 4 
 
88 THE MILLEE ; MILLWRIGHT 
 
 driving wedges all around the verge, in order to 
 keep it from moving sideways. Now clean the 
 plaster out of the eye of the stone; sprinkle a 
 little clean water on the plaster that remains, 
 which will make the new plaster adhere better ; 
 then drop the bush in the eye, having the upper 
 part one half inch below the face of the stone ; 
 place it exactly in the centre of the stone, by 
 measuring from the verge and perpendicular, and 
 put some wedges on each side, between the stone 
 and bush, to keep it in its proper place ; then 
 with clay plaster up all crevices below, so that 
 when the plaster is poured in to fasten the bush, 
 it will not run through. I think plaster of Paris 
 the best for this purpose for this reason : Should 
 the bush ever want removing, it can easily be 
 done without breaking the stone ; and if the plas- 
 ter be good there is no danger of the bush getting 
 loose. Mix the plaster with clean water until it 
 be a little thicker than milk ; then pour it all 
 around the bush next the stone, until all the 
 crevices are filled up. This must be done as 
 quickly as possible after mixing up the plaster j 
 if not done speedily the plaster will set and 
 after it is once set it cannot be used again. 
 When the plaster has once set hard, then put a 
 board in the centre of the bush, and with a pair 
 of compasses find the centre of the board, through 
 which make a small hole ; then put one end of a 
 plumb line through it with the bob attached, and 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 39 
 
 reaching nearly to the step on the bridge tree; 
 move the step so that the hole that is in it agrees 
 with the point of the bob. When the step is in 
 its right place wedge it up tight so that it cannot 
 move. Now put the spindle in its right place, 
 tighten the neck, and it is ready for tramming. 
 
 Every time afterwards when the runner is taken 
 
 up to be dressed, the level of the bed stone should 
 
 , be tried and corrected if wrong. Almost all new 
 
 mills will settle, and cause the bed stone to be out 
 
 of level. 
 
 One word of caution about the neck of the 
 spindle. It should have plenty of clean grease or 
 tallow to keep it from heating; nor must it be 
 made to fit tightly. It should be made so that it 
 can be easily turned with the hand. If it be made 
 to fit too tight, the neck will heat and expand 
 when working; and when cooled after, will shrink, 
 and the bush becomes loose. 
 
 DIRECTIONS HOW TO BRIDGE OR. TRAM THE 
 
 SPINDLE. 
 
 First, take a piece of wood, four inches wide at 
 one end, and diminished to one inch at the other, 
 and from two to two and one-half feet long; make 
 a square mortice through the widest end, of a size 
 to fit the square on the cock-head of the spindle ; 
 make a small hole in the smaller end, and about 
 two inches from the verge of the stone, and fasten 
 
4:0 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 a quill therein, setting it to touch lightly and to 
 play all round the face of the stone ; make the 
 tram, or piece of wood above described now fast 
 on the square neck of the spindle ; then move the 
 spindle gently around, observing the parts of the 
 face of the stone the quill touches. Alter the 
 wedges or screws of the step towards the side the 
 quill touches, and keep repeating this operation 
 until it touches the face (equally) of the stone, all 
 round, observing not to set the quill to touch 
 heavy in any part, otherwise it will not be equal 
 all round. When this is done the spindle should 
 be in the centre of the bed stone. Millstones 
 require tramming every time they are dressed: 
 if they are not correctly in tram they will rub 
 together, heavier on one part than the other, and 
 make the flour specky and of a dark color. The 
 spindle being now in tram, and in the centre of 
 the bed-stone, it is ready for grinding. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR GRINDING OFF THE LUMPS 
 OF NEW STONES, TURNING THE BACK OF THE 
 KUNNING STONE, BOUNDING THE EYE, AND 
 BALANCING THE STONE. 
 
 First, your running stone should be properly 
 balanced, which may be adjusted in the following 
 manner : Take off the driver, that the stone may 
 have full play on the cock-head ; the'n raise the 
 spindle so that there may be room between the 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 41 
 
 stones to see the balance. Find the heaviest parts', 
 and near the verge lay on sufficient weights to 
 balance it. Cut a hole in the back of the stone, 
 as deep as you can make it, and as near the verge 
 as possible, that the binding iron hoops of the 
 stone may keep the lead in its place. This hole 
 should be wider at the bottom than at the top, to 
 prevent its flying out with the motion of the 
 stone; into which molten lead is to be poured, 
 until it brings the stone completely into balance. 
 When the lead is cold, the hole is filled with mixed 
 plaster, even with the back of the stone. When 
 this is done, take up your runner, and sweep the 
 stone clean. Then place two pieces of one- half 
 inch board, four or five inches broad, across the 
 bed stone, and have the ends fastened in some 
 manner to the floor. Lay the running stone, 
 ready for grinding, lower the runner nearly touch- 
 ing the boards, then build a platform to reach 
 across the back of the running stone, as near the 
 stone as possible, without touching, and then start 
 the mill briskly; and then with sharp chisels 
 turn off the back smooth and even, and the eye 
 round and smooth, as far therein as you can reach: 
 which being done, take off the runner, and clean 
 your stones and put it down again, ready for 
 grinding. Put on your hoop around the stone, 
 then start your mill gently feeding your stones 
 with a small portion of rye, or the screenings of 
 wheat. Keep them running in this way for some 
 4* 
 
42 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 time, until the face of the stones becomes smooth 
 lowering the stones gradually, that they may run 
 hard, having an unpleasant smell; so that when 
 taken up the high parts of the face are polished 
 and look glassy. Grinding off the lumps in the 
 faces of the stones with water cannot be recom- 
 mended, in consequence of its making the face of 
 the stones uneven. For if there be any soft burrs 
 in the stones it will wear them more than the hard 
 ones. When you consider the mill has run long 
 enough to polish the face, stop it. When this is 
 done take up your runner and sweep your stones 
 clean. You can now perceive whether the face 
 of your stones has been truly dressed or not, as 
 all the higher parts will be polished and shining. 
 You will then have to use your staff, painted, as 
 previously described. And by picking off the 
 higher points, and rubbing with a burr block, and 
 repeating the operation until the face of the stones 
 is perfectly straight and smooth. Your mill will 
 then be ready for grinding. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR DRESSING AND SHARPENING 
 
 MILLSTONES WHEN THEY BECOME DULL. 
 
 Whenever the millstones become dull they have 
 
 to be taken up and sharpened. In doing this, 
 
 care is required, as well as in any other . of the 
 
 operations. When the staff is referred to, care 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 43 
 
 must be taken that the staff used be tested on a 
 proof staff made of iron, there being but few 
 mechanics who can make this instrument perfectly 
 straight without the iron proof staff; and often 
 very good millers make but indifferent work from 
 using staffs that are not straight. With a straight 
 staff try it then all over the face of the stone ; if 
 it lie solid without bearing on one part more than 
 another then the face of the stone is true ; if not, 
 apply a little paint on your staff, and after moving 
 it carefully over the face, thus marking all the 
 higher points. These must be carefully worked 
 off with sharp picks, and rubbed off with a 
 burr block, as heretofore directed in this work, 
 until the face is perfectly straight. You then 
 again apply your staff, painted over all its sur- 
 face, and wherever the paint appears you crack 
 it lightly with the sharpest of your picks. These 
 cracks should all be parallel with the furrows of 
 the stone. Care is required to not make these 
 cracks too deep, otherwise the stones will be rough ; 
 and not grind so well. Millers should also have 
 a knowledge of the different qualities of the burr 
 blocks the stone is composed of, when performing 
 this operation, it seldom happening that all the 
 blocks are of the same quality, texture, or hard- 
 ness : consequently, in the harder blocks the cracks 
 should be closer and deeper than in the softer ones. 
 In performing the above operation, the part next 
 the eye of the running stone, for a distance of from 
 
44 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 four to five inches, should be dressed a little lower 
 than the rest of the face of the stone. Frequently, 
 in grinding, the stones become hot from being 
 fitted too close next the eye. Millers should not 
 resort to the operation of fleecing until the stones 
 are badly out of face, as every part fleeced will 
 wear much faster than the rest of the face of the 
 stone. When the high parts upon the face of the 
 stone are of but a small size, instead of fleecing 
 them down, (technically termed), it is ^better to 
 make them straight with the rest of the face by 
 repeated cracking, taking the stones up occasion- 
 ally for that purpose, until they become perfectly 
 true or straight. 
 
 The furrows should be often dressed, keeping 
 the feather edge sharp, and nearly even with the 
 face of the stone, and marking off the furrows and 
 lands with the furrow and land sticks; so that 
 when dressed they will be of their proper sizes 
 their depth being carefully attended to at the same 
 time. When not deep enough they will not grind 
 so fast, and they are apt to heat the flour ; and 
 the bran will not come out so clean. When too 
 deep, on the contrary, they are apt to throw out 
 small parts unground. The furrows in every case 
 should be a shade deeper at the eye than at the 
 verge of the stone; and when they are dressed 
 with the picks are to be carefully rubbed with a 
 piece of burr block. 
 
 I would recommend the miller, when taking up 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 45 
 
 the millstones to be dressed, to have a bucket 
 filled with warm water, wetting your stones; 
 then with a scrubbing brush, with a little soap, 
 scrub the face well, so that there will be no glaze 
 left on them. You should have a large sponge, 
 and soak the water off the stone, which will then 
 soon be dry. The reason I recommend washing 
 is, it opens all the pores in the stones, taking off 
 the glazed parts. When the staff is tried on, 
 there is nothing to obstruct its touching the face 
 of the stone. 
 
 I have by experience found that when mill- 
 stones have been grinding corn for some time, 
 and then changing them for wheat, will not be 
 profitable; as the oil in corn will penetrate in' 
 the burr blocks, causing them to be of a greasy 
 nature ; if they are cracked fine for wheat, these 
 cracks will glaze, so that they will not clean the 
 offal. I would recommend, before you commence 
 grinding wheat, or changing them for wheat stones, 
 to fleece off considerable of the face before using 
 them. 
 
 It often occurs, that the millstones will, when 
 grinding, throw out small round pieces, with parts 
 of the meal ground too close. "When such is the 
 case it is evident that the stones are out of face, 
 and working entirely on some high part. This 
 prevents the stones running close enough to each 
 other, which, if this is not the. case, the meal can- 
 not be ground equally alike. When this is the 
 
46 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 case they should be taken up. If the face of the 
 stones should prove to be true the furrows may be 
 too deep and rough : if so, fill them up with some 
 cement, that they may be their proper depth. For 
 grinding corn, the furrows answer better by being 
 a little rounding, and double the depth of the 
 feather edge that is required for wheat. 
 
 Some millers are in the practice of letting their 
 millstones run a long time without dressing them. 
 But I am well convinced that those who dress 
 them weekly will be fully repaid for their trouble. 
 
 Every mill should be supplied with a good 
 grindstone ; also, a piece of stone to rub the picks 
 on, to keep them sharp, as dull picks should not 
 'be used, in any case, on the face of the millstone. 
 
 From my own experience, I think it necessary 
 to give a few hints to millwrights and owners of 
 mills in relation to the frequent alterations that 
 are made in bolts, machinery, etc. ; when the fact 
 is, if the millstones were truly dressed these ex- 
 pensive alterations would not be required. Before 
 making any alterations in the machinery, the mill- 
 stones should be tested, their face properly dressed, 
 and out of wind, their irons correctly fitted : all 
 this should be carefully attended to before any 
 alterations are made in the machinery. We are 
 certain that when the millstones are in wind, or 
 their face untrue, they must make bad work, the 
 meal not being evenly ground. Keeping the 
 stones true is the principal art of Milling ; when 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 47 
 
 they are dressed truly there are but seldom any 
 complaints made about the bolts or machinery. 
 At times the face of the stones will be untrue, or 
 in wind, which is difficult to be taken out by a 
 miller unless he understands his business properly. 
 Frequently when complaints are made with the 
 bolts or machinery, a few days' work on the mill- 
 stones by a practical, experienced miller, will 
 remove all the difficulty, thereby saving a con- 
 siderable expense. Often when a miller cannot 
 put the millstones in good order he is almost cer- 
 tain to condemn the machinery ; after altering the 
 bolting cloths, if the mill still does indifferent 
 work, he feels discouraged and leaves the mill, 
 laying the blame on the machinery. If the miller 
 who takes the management of the mill after him 
 Should understand his business, he will commence 
 with the millstones and make them true. The 
 consequence is the machinery and bolting cloths 
 have to be replaced as they were at first, before 
 the mill will do good work. 
 
 KESPECTING THE IKONS OF THE MILL. 
 In fitting up a mill, the miller, or millwright, 
 should pay particular attention that all the iron 
 work thereof be made perfectly true. The mill- 
 spindle should be tested in the lathe before it 
 leaves the shop, to see that the hole in the balance 
 ryne, or point where the cock-head works in, be 
 
48 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 punched exactly in the centre, and that the driver 
 is made an exact fit of the square of the neck of 
 the spindle, allowing, however, one-fourth of an 
 inch from the lower face of the driver to the neck 
 of the spindle for sinking in the wear. If these 
 irons, in particular, be not correct in every point, 
 they will give the miller a deal of extra trouble, 
 and cannot possibly do their work as well as they 
 ought. 
 
 If the mill be propelled by steam, the spindle 
 requires to be much stronger than if by water- 
 power, the power of steam being often quite un- 
 steady. It should be of cast iron, from eight to 
 nine feet in length from point to point, and the 
 body not less than from fourteen to sixteen inches 
 in circumference ; the whole neck from ten to 
 twelve inches in length, and from top of neck to 
 point of cock-head nine inches -as the top of the 
 balance ryne should reach, when in the stone, 
 half way through the eye or more, thereby causing 
 the ston^e to run better, it not being top heavy. 
 The bottom and top or cock-head ends of the 
 spindle should be correctly bored out, and their 
 points ground in to fit exactly, that they may not 
 change their position while running. These points 
 are of course to be made of the best steel and well 
 hardened. 
 
 When driven "by water, which is always a 
 steady power, the spindles do not require to be 
 so long or so large as those described for steam 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. .49 
 
 power. They are in general made of wrought 
 iron, about five feet six inches in length, and their 
 body two and one-half by three inches. 
 
 In testing these spindles, observe that the three 
 points, viz., the point, neck, and step, correspond 
 with each other ; when they twist in any way the 
 millstones are sure to run badly, and are apt to 
 run bush-loose. After being tested - the points 
 should be case-hardened. 
 
 The balance ryne should be made in proportion 
 to the spindle, and correct in all its parts; and 
 the driver should in all cases be made perfectly 
 straight and smooth. 
 
 The foregoing remarks apply to a four or four 
 and one-half feet stone. If the stones are of less 
 dimensions, of course the dimensions of the iron 
 work must also be less ; observing however that 
 they be as accurately fitted up as the larger ones. 
 
 The boxes for the ends of the driver to work in 
 ought to be cast a little rounding in the middle 
 of the side, where the driver works in, that it may 
 play easy, not touching the ends. 
 
 The pinion should be hung as near the foot of 
 the spindle as it conveniently can, as the spindle 
 will thereby run much longer without being bush- 
 loose. The pinions should be larger ; and as the 
 friction will not be so great as on small ones the 
 stones will run better 
 
 All the shafts in a mill should be of a sufficient 
 size and strength to prevent either springing or 
 5 
 
50. THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 trembling while working, otherwise the rest of the 
 machinery runs badly, and is apt to break. 
 
 When building a mill to be propelled by steam, 
 care should be taken to have the first moving 
 power, or wheel, that is hung on the rock or fly 
 wheel shaft made large and heavy, as it will partly 
 act as a fly wheel and keep the shaft steady. Its 
 mate, or leading wheel, should also be heavy, the 
 weight thereof keeping the upright shaft in its 
 proper place. The main or larger wheels, that 
 are of iron, whether leaders or drivers, to make 
 them run even, should be done thus before using 
 them. Every cog should be laid off and made 
 true by chipping and filing them ; as it is almost 
 impossible, if they are not true, that they will ever 
 wear true by running. Besides it takes more 
 power to run them. By these precautions the 
 stones are kept from jumping, when the engine is 
 at high speed, which they are apt to do if these 
 wheels are made light. In fact I never yet knew 
 a mill to run well, or make good flour, if it had 
 those wheels of a small size or light weight. 
 
 Very often wheels coming from the foundry are 
 untrue and of an inferior metal, with the eye not 
 placed in the centre. If bored out to fit the shaft, 
 and this is not properly done, the wheels cannot 
 possibly run true. When this occurs I would 
 advise millwrights to send them back and get new 
 ones. They are often used when not round, or 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 51 
 
 the centre being on one side, causing the machinery 
 to run badly as long as these wheels last. 
 
 Often when the iron work is ordered at the 
 foundry they will neglect cutting in the key seat 
 of -the wheels, to hang them on the shaft, not be- 
 stowing the time necessary. If these key seats 
 are not correctly cut and the keys properly fittted 
 they will get loose when running. 
 
 The seats should be level and smooth, and 
 tapering a little, and the key fitted so that it 
 touches the whole length of the seat. It may then 
 be driven in lightly with no danger of it falling 
 out when running. "When building a mill, I 
 would have all the centre of the wheels turned 
 out, as they are better than the square eyes. 
 
 Every mill propelled by steam should have 
 steel springs put on the pinion to take off the back 
 lash of the engine. 
 
 Particular care should be taken to keep the 
 upright shaft perpendicular, otherwise it takes 
 more power from its pressing on the gudgeon, 
 and disarranging the rest of the machinery. All 
 the horizontal shafts should be perfectly level, and 
 the upright shafts plumb;' and it is evidently part 
 of the miller's duty to keep them so. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE 4, SHOWING THE PRINCI- 
 PLE UPON WHICH THE MlLLSTONES WORK. 
 
 Having heretofore explained the manner of 
 dressing and setting millstones ; and the arrange- 
 
52 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 ment of the iron work connected with them, until 
 they are ready for grinding, it becomes my duty 
 now to point out the principle on which they 
 act. And for this purpose I refer you to the 
 Transparent Plate attached to this work. See 
 Plate 4. By taking a perspective view through 
 this transparency, attached to Plate 4, the angles 
 and the furrows cross each other and are dis- 
 tinctly seen; and by moving it round you may 
 form some opinion whether any improvement can 
 be made in the draft of the furrows, etc. 
 
 I have given this Transparent Plate that millers 
 in general may have a rule or principle to work 
 from. It, as well as the Plates 3, 5 and 6, 
 are drawn on a scale of one-half inch to the 
 foot, from a millstone four and a half feet in 
 diameter, having fourteen equal quarters, (tech- 
 nically termed), and three furrows to each quarter, 
 and a ten -inch eye, giving to the furrows a 
 five-inch draft. Plate 3, shows the plan of a 
 bed stone, dressed, and lying ready for work. 
 Plate 5, shows the running stone or mate of the 
 bed stone ready dressed. From these plates, 
 if carefully examined, I conceive the most in- 
 experienced might commence and dress a pair 
 of millstones without making any mistakes in 
 laying out the draft, cutting the furrows, etc. 
 These plates are drawn, showing the stones run- 
 ning with the sun, as millers understand the 
 term. If you want to dress them the contrary 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 53 
 
 way that is to run the contrary way reverse 
 the dress to the opposite side of the eye of the 
 stone, as seen in Plate 6. 
 
 A great diversity of opinion exists among mil- 
 lers in relation to the draft and dress of millstones. 
 Some think they should be dressed one way, and 
 some another, which proves that this, the most 
 necessary part of a miller's (Juty, is but imperfectly 
 understood ; and in general very many of them 
 dress their stones from seeing others that have 
 been in use, or making slight alterations there- 
 from, without knowing any thing of how the fur- 
 rows cross each other, the work they have to do, 
 or whether they will work better than those they 
 are copying from or not. I believe the error 
 within the last few years to have arisen from too 
 much dress ; viz. : giving them too much draft 
 and making too many furrows. By this means 
 they certainly can grind more ; but the flour is 
 liable to be heated, and the bran and offal to be 
 made heavy and you must afterwards use arti- 
 ficial means to make the offal clean; and when 
 the stones grind too fast it necessarily follows that 
 it requires extra power to drive them : whereas, 
 if the stones are given less draft and not too many 
 furrows to carry less feed, they will make cleaner 
 offal, and the flour will be better, and not sour 
 when kept. To illustrate this, I again refer you 
 to Plate 4. You there see the exact manner 
 in which the furrows cross each other, the back 
 5* 
 
54 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 of the furrows of the running stone running fore- 
 most, or vice versa, to the bed stones, acts like 
 a pair of shears. When the furrows have too 
 much draft this is not the case. On the contrary, 
 they then drive out the meal or flour as soon as it 
 gets into them, thereby making coarse middlings 
 and ship stuff. 
 
 From my own experience, and by the advice 
 and sanction of the most experienced practical 
 millers I have consulted, the merits of the dress, 
 as shown in Plate 4, cannot be too highly recom- 
 mended. You there perceive that the furrows 
 cross each other nearly at right angles, and 
 that there is sufficient face or land left to do the 
 work. I have already said that the principle of 
 grinding is partly like that of the shears' clipping 
 the lands of the stones serving as guides to keep 
 the grain in, and act as one edge of the shears, 
 while the feather edge of the' furrows and pores in 
 the stone form the other edge. If these shears, 
 therefore, cross each other at too great an angle 
 they cannot cut. The reason that the cracks or 
 strokes of the picks are made parallelwith the 
 furrows, is, that they act as a file to clean off the 
 bran. By putting in a dress as shown in the 
 plate, the face of the stones being straight and 
 lightly cracked, and the furrows smooth and even, 
 a four and a half foot stone will grind from ten to 
 twelve bushels of wheat per hour without heating 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 55 
 
 the flour, and make the offal clean, and will not, 
 therefore, turn sour by keeping. & 
 
 Millers should take into account the velocity of 
 the motion the stones run at respecting the draft. 
 Where the motion is slow the draft may be in- 
 creased with advantage, as the centrifugal force is 
 not so great as to throw the meal out. And again 
 the draft of the furrows can be corrected to a great 
 extent by their depth ; if the draft is not sufficient, 
 deepen the furrows : whereas, if it be too great, 
 let the farrows become shallower, taking care 
 however never to let them become too shallow, as 
 there should be sufficient room to allow them to 
 cool or to admit air sufficient to "carry off the heat 
 generated by friction. 
 
 How TO FIT A NEW BACK ON A STONE THAT 
 
 HAS BEEN KUNNING. 
 
 When the back of the running millstone is not 
 sound, but breaks and flies off in the running ; or 
 where the stone is not so heavy as you wish it, 
 considerable loss of time, trouble of sending to the 
 builder, and expense, are entailed. By following 
 the instructions I give below, the same operation 
 may be done at home, and the back made as good 
 and sound as the builder could make it. It is as 
 follows : You block the stone up with a block of 
 wood, having its face down until it lies even, solid, 
 and perfectly level ; then pick and scrape off all 
 
56 THE MILLEK, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 the plaster down to the face blocks, so that none 
 remains but what is in the joints of the face 
 blocks; then wash these blocks, and keep soaking 
 them with water. There should also be a number 
 of pieces of burr blocks, at the same time, washed 
 clean and kept soaking. You then with a bucket 
 half filled with clean water, and mixed with two 
 tablespoonsful of glue- water boiled and dissolved, 
 but not made so strong as joiners use it, mix in 
 with your hand plaster of Paris until it be thick 
 enough that it will not run, and breaking all the 
 lumps, pour this on the stone, rubbing it in with 
 your hand the stone being at the time damped ; 
 and place small pieces of stones all over the joints 
 of the face blocks. You then, with more plaster, 
 mixed in the same way, but made more stiff, with 
 this and pieces of burr stones, build walls round 
 the eye and verge, four or five inches high, leaving 
 the surface uneven and the eye larger, as it will 
 be brought to its proper size by the last operation. 
 It is 'better to build up the wall of the running 
 stone round the verge for three inches without 
 any spalls, so that the holes may be cut in to 
 balance it. If you then wish to make your stone 
 heavier, you take pieces of iron (broken into small 
 pieces, well washed and perfectly clean; for if 
 there be any grease on this iron, the plaster will 
 not adhere to it) and lay them evenly all round 
 the stone, in the place between the two walls just 
 built; and with plaster mixed a little thicker than 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 57 
 
 milk, pour in under and through all the crevices 
 in the iron until the surface is nearly level with 
 the two walls. If the stones do not require addi- 
 tional weight added, instead of iron, use pieces of 
 stone in the same way, leaving the surface rough 
 and uneven. Again, you, as before, build walls 
 round the verge of the stone, and round the eye 
 of the stone, until they are within two inches of 
 the thickness you want your stones to be, the wall 
 round the eye being two inches higher than that 
 round the verge, and filling the space between 
 these walls with stones, and pouring in plaster 
 again, make it nearly level with the walls, but 
 leaving the surface rough and jagged, to make the 
 next plaster adhere well to it. You now let it 
 stand until the back is dry and perfectly set, 
 when you raise the stove upon its edge, and with 
 a trowel, plaster round the edge of the stone 
 neatly, giving it a taper of half an inch from the 
 face to the back of the stone. When cased round 
 in this way, lay the stone down on the cock-head, 
 it being in the balance ryne, but the driver off; then 
 raise the Spindle, and balance the stone as already 
 directed before putting on the remainder of the back. 
 You then have a tin made the size of the eye, and 
 to reach from the balance ryne to the thickness you 
 want the stone to be- at the eye. This tin should 
 be exactly fitted to its place, and made fast ; then 
 fit a hoop of wood or iron round the verge, having 
 the upper edge the thickness from the face you 
 
58 THE MILLER ; MILLWRIGHT 
 
 want the stone to be at the verge, and equal all 
 round. This hoop should be greased, and all the 
 cracks round it, and the tin in the eye being 
 stopped, you pour thin plaster (having more glue- 
 water than in operations before performed, to pre- 
 vent it from setting so quickly, and to give time 
 to finish the back correctly) until it be level with 
 the hoop round the verge, and with a straight 
 edge, one end resting on the hoop, and the other 
 end resting on the tin at the eye ; then, by moving 
 it round, and working the plaster with a trowel, 
 make the surface of the back even and smooth 
 between these two points. The hoop is then 
 taken off, and the back and the edges planed 
 smooth. Then lower the spindle until your runner 
 lies solid, and put your band or hoop on, it being 
 first made nearly red hot, and taking care that it 
 is of sufficient size not to require too much driving ; 
 if fitting too tightly it may loosen the back in 
 driving it to its proper place. It may be cooled 
 gently by pouring water on it, and when cool it 
 should fit tight. It is necessary that there be 
 plenty of help in this operation, as ft requires 
 being done quickly ; and care must be taken to 
 have the best plaster of Paris ; for if the plaster 
 is not good, the back cannot be made sufficiently 
 sound. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 59 
 
 OF THE ELEVATOR; CONVEYOR, AND HOPPER 
 
 Boy. 
 
 Every mill should have the following machinery 
 attached to it, viz: the elevator, conveyor, and 
 hopper boy (a description of which I subjoin), 
 which will perform nearly every necessary move- 
 ment of the grain and meal, from one part of the 
 mill to another, or from one machine to another, 
 through all the various operations, cooling the 
 flour and so forth, from the time the grain is 
 emptied from the wagoner's bag until it be com- 
 pletely manufactured into flour, whether it be. 
 superfine or of other qualities, and separated ready 
 for packing into barrels for sale or exportation 
 the whole propelled by the motive power of the 
 mill, very little being required to drive them, 
 thus lessening the expense of the attendance, 
 etc., on flour mills considerably. 
 
 THE ELEVATOR. 
 
 The elevator is an endless strap, revolving over 
 two pulleys, one of which is situated at the place 
 where the grain or meal is to be hoisted, the other 
 where it is to be delivered. To this strap are 
 fastened a number of buckets, which fill themselves 
 as they pass under the lower pulley, and empty 
 themselves as they pass over the upper one. To 
 prevent any waste of grain or meal, which might 
 spill out of the buckets, the strap, buckets, and 
 
60 THE MILLER, MILLWBIGHT 
 
 pulleys, are all enclosed, and work in tight cases. 
 The straps should be made of the best leather or 
 , gum belting, well stretched, and "having strong 
 buckles sewed on one end, that it may be made 
 tight in the event of it becoming loose. The 
 buckets are made of sheet iron or tin, not quite 
 so wide as the strap, and fastened thereon, having 
 an equal space between each bucket, and placing 
 them from twelve to fifteen inches apart. In 
 fastening them lay your square on the leather 
 strap, holding one- edge true with its edge, and 
 mark it straight across ; then, with tfre edge of 
 your bucket to this mark, punch it, and fasten on 
 your buckets. 
 
 It is best these buckets should be large, without 
 being crowded, and made of the best material, 
 such as sheet iron or tin. When made of tin, be 
 sure they are made of the thickest and heaviest 
 you can find. If made of light tin, they will last 
 but a short time. I prefer putting them on the 
 belt with screws instead of rivets ; for this reason : 
 when any one needs removing, the old one may 
 be removed without injuring the belt. The proper 
 way to put the buckets on the belt, is with stout 
 screws, about one inch long, and with sharp points. 
 Make your holes in the bucket, then lay one of 
 them on the belt, and with a sharp point make a 
 mark, and punch these holes through the belt the 
 proper size for the screws. Cut some thick leather 
 about one and a half inch square, put the screws 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 61 
 
 through the belt and bucket into this leather 
 which is inside of the bucket, and screw them 
 tight. If the belt runs straight without rubbing 
 on its edge, the gum belt will answer as well and 
 last nearly as long as leather, costing consider- 
 ably less. This strap and buckets are made to 
 revolve with sufficient rapidity to carry the grain 
 or meal requisite. 
 
 The pulleys for the elevators should be at least 
 twenty -four inches in diameter, and about one inch 
 thicker than the width of the belt, and nearly 
 half an inch higher in the middle than at the 
 sides, to make the strap keep on. These pulleys 
 should have a motion of twenty-five revolutions 
 per minute. The buckets should be about fifteen 
 inches apart. One hundred and twenty-five 
 buckets will pass per minute. They will carry 
 one hundred and sixty-two quarts, and hoist three 
 hundred bushels per hour. If this is not fast 
 enough, make the strap wider and the buckets 
 larger, increase the velocity of the pulley (not to 
 be above thirty-five revolutions per minute), nor 
 place more buckets than one for every twelve 
 inches, or they will not empty. 
 
 THE CONVEYOR. 
 
 The conveyor is an endless screw of two con- 
 tinued spirals, put in motion in a trough. The 
 conveyor has eight sides to its shaft, set on all 
 sides with small inclined boards, called flights. 
 6 
 
62 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 The shaft should be made of yellow pine, which 
 is light, and the least liable to spring. It should 
 make from thirty to thirty-five revolutions per 
 minute. The flight can be made so that the grain 
 or meal may be conveyed and run out at any part 
 of the trough ; or be altered to drive either for- 
 ward or backward ; and when the flour is full of 
 specks, the miller can, by altering the flights in 
 the flour chest, cause the flour to be brought back 
 to the return spout, to be bolted over again ; the 
 conveyor, therefore, is one of the most useful parts 
 of machinery in a mill. Wheat may be run into 
 several garners or binns from one conveyor, 
 holes being cut in the bottom of the trough, and 
 slide attached with spouts under each hole, and 
 having the flights so arranged that the wheat will 
 run out at any part of the trough into any of the 
 binns ; and should the miller want to separate the 
 different qualities of wheat, he can do so by alter- 
 ing the slides, allowing the wheat of a superior 
 quality to run into one binn, while that of an 
 inferior quality runs into another ; or he may mix 
 them, by allowing both to run into* one binn, as he 
 thinks proper. 
 
 THE HOPPER BOY. 
 
 The hopper boy consists of a perpendicular 
 shaft having a slow motion (not above six or 
 seven revolutions per miuute), carrying round 
 with it a horizontal piece of wood called the arm 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 63 
 
 or rake. In the centre of this arm or rake, a hole 
 is made large enough for the bottom end of the 
 shaft to work easy in, and to rise and fall as re- 
 quired from the accumulation of flour in the hop- 
 per boy. The under side of the rake is set full 
 of small inclined boards called flights, so as to 
 gather the meal toward the centre, and to the part 
 or hole that feeds the bolt. 
 
 At this part a board is set broadside foremost, 
 and fastened to the rake, which is called the 
 sweeper, and which carries the meal before it 
 until it drops it into the shoe leading to the bolt 
 or bolting cloths, while it passes over it. Thus 
 you perceive, that as the meal falls from the ele- 
 vator it is spread out to cool and mixed together 
 at the same time. 
 
 There are two other arms put through the shaft 
 and near its top, to the ends of which, and to the 
 ends of the rake, a line or lines are attached to. 
 help to carry it round. Near the upper end of 
 the shaft, also, there is a mortice cut in which 
 works a small pulley. Over this pulley is a line, 
 having one end attached to the rake, the other to 
 a weight, that the rake may work more easy, by 
 rising and falling in proportion to the feed in the 
 hopper boy, as sometimes the meal will not bolt 
 so fast as it is ground ; while again you may want 
 to stop the bolts without stopping the mill ; for 
 when the meal bolts too freely the flour is apt to 
 be full of specks. It is better, therefore, to let 
 
64 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 the meal accumulate in the hopper boy, until there 
 is sufficient to give the bolts a heavier feed. The 
 shoe that feeds the bolt should not be less than 
 twelve or fourteen inches long, as it will then sup- 
 ply the feed more regularly than if shorter. 
 
 OF BOLTING KEELS AND CLOTHS, WITH DIREC- 
 TIONS FOR BOLTING AND INSPECTING FLOUR. 
 
 Bolting being one of the most important parts 
 of milling, I would observe that the attention of 
 the miller should be particularly directed to the 
 construction of the bolting chest,, the reels, and 
 every thing appertaining thereto, taking, into con- 
 sideration the duties they have to perform. I 
 present the following remarks (being what . I con- 
 sider necessary for a mill making from one hun- 
 dred to two hundred barrels per twenty-four 
 hours) for his guidance ; and although they may 
 not suit in every instance, I flatter myself they 
 will be found to answer a general purpose, and 
 assist him, should he be so situated as to have to 
 make some deviation therefrom, as they will en- 
 able him to form some idea of what alterations 
 his circumstances may demand. 
 
 Two superfine reels are necessary for a mill of 
 this capacity, to be twenty feet long and thirty- 
 two inches- in diameter each, running at the rate 
 of thirty or thirty-two revolutions per minute, 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 65 
 
 and covered with No. 10 or 12 cloth* Under these 
 reels, and to receive the stuff from the first two, 
 are placed two other reels called return reels 
 covered with No. 10 cloth. And still again under 
 these are placed two more ; one reel for middlings, 
 covered with No. 5 cloth, and one for a duster, 
 covered with No. 10 or 12 cloth all to be of 
 the same length, diameter, and running at the 
 same speed as the first two described. As these 
 reels are constructed with six ribs, they conse- 
 quently have six sides when covered. The 
 diameter of the best sized reels is thirty-two 
 inches, as stated above ; the circumference will be 
 three times that diameter, or ninety-six inches. 
 The bolting-cloth is forty inches wide; one 
 width, therefore, should be ripped .up into three 
 equal widths, each of which will be thirteen and 
 one-third inches wide. It will consequently take 
 two widths of forty inch cloth to make six of 
 these narrow widths. From the centre of one of 
 these ribs to the next, is half the diameter that 
 is, sixteen inches. These six widths (thirteen* and 
 one-third inches) must then be sewed together 
 with a strip of bed-ticking between them, which 
 bed-ticking will come on each rib. These strips 
 of ticking must be of an equal width (about three 
 inches), as the width of the whole six must not 
 exceed^ the difference between the six narrow 
 widths of the bolting-cloths and the circumference 
 of the reels. When you have sewed all the seams 
 6* 
 
66 THE MILLER, MILLWEIGHT 
 
 of the bolting-cloths, then sew a strong piece of 
 cotton cloth or bed-ticking, about six inches wide, 
 and long enough to go round the reel at the head, 
 and a piece four or five inches wide at the tail 
 these pieces being to fasten the cloth to the reel. 
 Cover the outer edge of the ribs with strips of 
 cotton cloths, about one and a half inches wide, to 
 prevent the cloths from wearing through by rub- 
 bing against the ribs ; then put your cloth on the 
 reel, which is made to go on tight, and fasten it 
 at the head and. tail ends with small tacks. It is 
 a general remark with millers, that they have not 
 sufficient bolting-cloth for cleaning the offal, 
 especially when the wheat is damp, as it requires 
 more cloth than it 'does when it is dry. In 
 fact I never saw too much in any mill. It is 
 generally when new mills are built, after running 
 a short time, extra reels have to be put in. When 
 the wheat is perfectly dry stop off part of the 
 feed of some of the bolts, or stop some of the 
 bolts entirely. When the wheat is dry you re- 
 quire a heavy feed in the bolts, otherwise the 
 flour will be too specky for the market. The 
 reels should have a fall of -half an inch to the 
 foot, and movable bridge trees to raise or lower 
 them at pleasure. Sometimes large reels are put 
 in, forty-two inches in diameter. I have used 
 them, but find they will make the flour full of 
 specks; therefore I cannot recommend them. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 67 
 
 When used, their speed should not be more than 
 twenty -five revolutions per minute. 
 
 The bolting chest should be made having suffi- 
 cient return slides, so that you may alter them to 
 suit. The miller who has had any experience in 
 the business, can at once perceive by taking some 
 of the flour in his hand, and smoothing it with 
 something having an even surface, whether it is 
 too full of specks or not to be saleable in the 
 market; if it is too full of specks, then he can 
 open some of the slides, that it may be returned 
 and bolted over again. Should the flour appear 
 darker than what might be expected from the 
 quality of the wheat, it shows either the grinding 
 to be too high, the bolting to be too close, or the 
 face of the stone not truly in dress ; because, the 
 finer the flour the whiter its color. 
 
 Bolting reels for a small country mill where the 
 mill does not grind more than five bushels per 
 hour, or, as is generally the case, in small parcels, 
 a reel sixteen feet long is sufficient, to be covered 
 ten feet from the head with ISTo. 9 cloth, and the 
 remaining six feet at the tail end covered with 
 No. 6 cloth. If more than this quantity is ground 
 you will require more reel and cloth in proportion 
 to the quantity. 
 
 By putting the cloth on the reel, care should be 
 taken to have every seam on each rib of the reel, 
 so that when the cloth is finished it will be 
 stretched tight, without any wrinkles to be seen 
 
68 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 the whole length. When putting on your cloth, 
 it is best to stretch the ends of the cloth, to bring 
 them as near their place as you can, putting in a 
 few tacks to keep the ends from moving. Then 
 with a small needle, such as saddler's use for their 
 fine work, with some fine flax thread waxed with 
 bees-wax, sew it. Let this seam be made on the 
 top of one of the ribs. Be careful to draw this 
 seam tight, so that the cloth is perfectly stretched. 
 When your seam is finished stretch it lengthways, 
 so that the creases are all out. Fasten it at the 
 head and tail ends with some small tacks. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR CLEANING OF WHEAT. 
 
 It is necessary before grinding, that wheat 
 should be well cleaned, and all impurities taken 
 out of it so far as possible ; otherwise the flour 
 will be of a dark color and full of specks. I will 
 give a few directions necessary to 'be observed in 
 this matter. 
 
 In the first cleaning theieed should be attended 
 to so that there be no obstructions, as the feed 
 should be as regular for the machinery as for the 
 mill-stones. It is almost impossible that the wheat 
 can be made clean unless the feeding be properly 
 regulated. 
 
 First it should be elevated to a shaker, which 
 should be made use of to remove and take out 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 69 
 
 rat dung, oats, and small sticks, and every thing 
 that is longer and larger than the wheat. This 
 shaker is a frame (of wood) about four inches 
 deep, eighteen wide, and about five or six feet 
 long, the bottom being of sheet-iron. At the 
 distance of two feet from the top end, holes are 
 punched for two feet six inches in the length of 
 the screen, leaving one foot six inches at the lower 
 end not punched. These holes are punched just 
 large enough for the wheat to pass through, while 
 the sticks, rubbish, etc., pass over them and out 
 at the lower end. This shaker should be set on 
 an incline, and so that you can raise or lower the 
 tail end at pleasure ; and the crank should not be 
 more than one-half or three-quarters of an inch 
 in diameter, and making from one hundred and 
 twenty (120) to one hundred and fifty (150) revo- 
 lutions per minute. This should be made to work 
 easy without jumping, for if it does the sticks 
 will fall through in the wheat. It is necessary to 
 have a small blast of wind carried under the bot- 
 tom of the sheet -iron ; this will assist to take out 
 all the impurities from the wheat. From this 
 shaker it should run into a large suction-pan, 
 which will take out the small wheat and all other 
 impurities. This will bring it to the proper state 
 for cleaning for grinding. 
 
 You then elevate the wheat to the smut mill to 
 be well scoured, in order to break any smut or 
 dirt that is not taken out, and also to rub the fuz 
 
70 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 off the wheat (the srmitter should run at the rate 
 of from six to seven hundred revolutions per 
 minute) ; it is then run from the smutter to the 
 suction-fan, so if any dirt is left in the wheat it 
 may be taken out, or it will make the flour of a 
 gray color. 
 
 This suction-fan is represented by Plate 9. The 
 drawing as given in the plate shows both a suc- 
 tion-fan and grain separator scale, half an inch 
 to the foot. It is a good machine, cleans and 
 separates well, weighing the grain by its specific 
 gravity. The wheat enters, near the bottom of a 
 tapered spout, and falls on a piece of wire screen ; 
 the wind is sucked into the fan from underneath 
 the wire, lifting the wheat up the tapered spout, 
 but as it rises the spout gets larger, and the wheat 
 accumulating stops the draft. The good wheat is 
 discharged by the side of the wire, while the light 
 is carried over into the hopper, where the air ex- 
 pands more, and allows it to fall out at the opening 
 at the bottom of the hopper, where there is a 
 spout to a valve attached. The chaff is discharged 
 through the fan ; the motion required is six hun- 
 dred revolutions per minute. The wheat is then 
 run from the suction-fan into the stock hopper, and 
 is then ready for grinding. 
 
 Screens have until -recently been greatly in use. 
 A great many mills are doing away with tnem. 
 I do not think them of much utility in a flouring 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 71 
 
 mill, as they take a great deal of room ; besides 
 filling the room with dust and dirt. 
 
 I will give some instructions to those who would 
 like to use them. These reels should be made 
 about ten feet long, eight feet to be covered with 
 No. 10 wire from the head end ; the remaining two 
 feet of the reel to be covered with No. 4 wire. 
 This reel should be about thirty inches in diame- 
 ter, and running about twenty -two revolutions per 
 minute. After cleaning the wheat there will be 
 dust in the stock hopper when nearly empty, 
 which should be taken out. This can be done by 
 using a small suction-fan. This instrument is 
 easily made, costing but little, as almost any me- 
 chanic can build it, The length of the whole not 
 being more than four feet, its breadth about the 
 same size as the fan, where there is a silent feeder 
 it should have a frame made to stand on the hoop, 
 similar to the hopper ladder. 
 
 I believe, although its small appearance, it is a 
 very useful machine, and will be generally used ; 
 there is a spout attached for a bag to hang on ; this 
 secures all the dust or dirt from going in the 
 mill. For a small country mill, where there is not 
 sufficient cleaning apparatus, they will be a great 
 benefit. The fan is driven from the spindle of the 
 stone. The pulleys should be made to drive the fan 
 eight hundred revolutions per minute. 
 
72 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 INSTRUCTION'S FOR GRINDING WHEAT. 
 
 In grinding wheat into flour, the end we have 
 hi view is to reduce it to such a degree of fineness 
 as is proved from experience to fit it to make the 
 best bread, and to put it into such a state that the 
 flour may be most effectually separated from the 
 bran or skirf of the grain by sifting or bolting. 
 Having, therefore, your stones dressed and ready 
 for grinding, and your wheat well cleaned, you 
 start the mill gently, putting the power on gradu- 
 ally, until the full power that is required is on. 
 The feed should be put on in a similar way. 
 Then lower your stone down gently, until the meal 
 feels soft and even. As to the quantity of feed a 
 mill should have, I can lay down no rules to 
 follow, and therefore it must be left to the miller's 
 own judgment; observing, however, that where 
 the .feed is either too great or too small, the stones 
 cannot do their work ; and it is here the experi- 
 ence of the miller is called into requisition, in 
 regulating the feed to suit the speed the stones run 
 at, and their state for grinding. To the inex- 
 perienced I beg to offer some hints for his guid- 
 ance in this matter, viz : Catch some of the meal 
 as it falls from the stones, and feel it between 
 your finger and thumb ; if it feels even and smooth, 
 not being greasy, and the motion of the stones 
 being right, it will then bolt well and make good 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 73 
 
 flour. If the meal feels coarse, or the stones run 
 too slow, take off the feed, and keep altering until 
 they do good work and run their proper speed ; 
 while again, if the meal feels greasy, raise the 
 stone a little, regulating your feed to suit. It 
 requires practice to be enabled to judge of the 
 requisite fineness of the meal ; as a general rule, 
 however, it cannot be ground too fine, provided 
 you have sharp stones and the feed properly regu- 
 lated. Some think that by grinding too fine you 
 destroy the life of the flour, as it is called. 
 
 It is not the fineness that destroys the life, but 
 the heat produced by too great a pressure, from 
 the stones rubbing together when grinding, as 
 nearly all the flour may be taken out of the wheat 
 which will pass for superfine. Millers also require 
 to pay particular attention to the grinding and 
 bolting, with regard to the different qualities of 
 wheat This needs repeated watching, some lots 
 or parcels being, soft and damp. In these cases, 
 less feed is required than when the wheat is dry 
 and hard. If damp wheat be ground with a 
 heavy feed, the bran will not be cleaned, nor the 
 flour so good. Neither should it be ground with 
 dull stones ; in that case the meal will be clammy, 
 and stick to the cloth, thus preventing it from 
 bolting freely; besides, it prevents its rising in 
 baking. Damp wheat requires as little pressure 
 as possible, and this cannot be done with dull 
 stones. To test the matter, hold your hand near 
 7 
 
74 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 
 
 the spout, and catch some bran as it falls from the 
 stones, and separate it from the flour ; if the bran 
 feels soft, and is clean, and of an even thickness, 
 then are the stones sharp and grinding well. 
 While again, if it is not clean, and cut fine, alter 
 your stones ; and if that does not alter the quality 
 of the bran, the fault lies in the furrows, or the 
 face not being true, but rough and uneven. If 
 the stones grind too hot, it is often caused by the 
 stones being too high round the eye, or the fur- 
 rows not being of sufficient depth. Catch a hand- 
 ful of meal as it falls from the stones, and shut 
 your hand quickly ; if the meal will fly out and 
 escape between your fingers, it proves it to be in 
 a lively state, the stones sharp, and it will bolt 
 well ; the greater the quantity that remains in the 
 * hand, the more faulty will be the flour. 
 
 If the face of the stones are untrue, some parts 
 being higher than others, these parts will rub 
 harder, thus causing a heavy friction, and making 
 the flour of a dark color, and full of specks, and 
 keeping other parts of the stones too far apart, 
 thus causing too much middlings to be made, and 
 not cleaning the offal. When the stones get too 
 close, and rub together, so that the meal feels 
 greasy, they ought to be taken up and well 
 cleaned. If continued running in this way, the 
 face becomes polished, the furrows fill up, and no 
 air can pass in or through the stones to carry off 
 the heat generated by the friction in grinding. If 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 75 
 
 the bran is uneven, some being thick and white 
 with flour, and some clean and cut up into small 
 particles, or if the grain escapes grinding, there is 
 evidently a defect in the stones. Sometimes the 
 furrows may be too deep, the face not straight, or 
 it may be a low part in the face of the stone. It 
 then requires that a miller, on watch, should have 
 nothing else to do than attend to the regulation 
 of the feed, the working of the stones, and the 
 rest of the machinery , and to do this properly in 
 a large mill, is as much as one man can attend to. 
 It is requisite that the stones of a mill should 
 be taken up and dressed every week, when running 
 night and day. Some, indeed, let them run longer ; 
 but in that case they cannot grind so well, nor 
 will the flour be so lively, nor the bran so clean. 
 Indeed, the difference will fully repay the trouble* 
 and expense of dressing, as, after dressing, the 
 bran is so much cleaner and larger. A great 
 oversight by many millers, and one where the 
 interest of their employers is not studied as much 
 as it should be, is grinding too fast ; the flour is 
 thereby heated, the yield is deficient, and the offal 
 not so clean. A four and a half feet pair of mill- 
 stones, properly dressed, and making one hundred 
 and sixty revolutions per minute, and driven with 
 sufficient power, ought to grind not more than 
 from ten to twelve bushels of wheat per hour to 
 make clean and good work. 
 
76 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR GRINDING WHEAT WITH GARLIC 
 
 AMONGST IT, AND FOR DRESSING THE STONES 
 SUITABLE THERETO. 
 
 In many parts of the country where wheat is 
 grown, there is a species of onion, called garlic, 
 that grows among, and spontaneously with, the 
 wheat. It bears a head like that of a seed onion, 
 which contains a great number of seed about the 
 size of a grain of wheat, and nearly as heavy. If 
 the wheat can be laid by two or three months in 
 the sun, or if well dried, the garlic will shrink, 
 and then a great part of it may be blown out 
 with the fans, or will fall through the screens. 
 It is, however, nearly impossible to separate it 
 "completely. The smaller and lighter may be got 
 rid of; but where the grains are of the size 
 and nearly the same weight as the grains of wheat, 
 it is a very difficult matter to make a separation. 
 It is sometimes done by putting the wheat in 
 water, when the wheat sinks, leaving the garlic on 
 top. But this is too tedious a method, and takes 
 too much trouble afterward to dry the wheat, and 
 make it fit for grinding ; therefore, a portion of 
 garlic must necessarily be ground with the wheat. 
 It is of a glutinous nature, and adheres to the 
 stones, and gums them over in such a way as to 
 dull the edges that they will not grind. When 
 this is the case, the running stone must be taken 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 77 
 
 up, and the garlic washed off the face of the stones 
 with hat water, scrubbing them with stiff brushes, 
 until the faces are perfectly clean, and dried up 
 again with a sponge or cloth. This has to be re- 
 peated two or three times in twenty -four hours' 
 grinding, if there is much garlic amongst the 
 wheat. 
 
 DIRECTIONS HOW TO PUT THE STONES IN ORDER 
 FOR G-RINDING WHEAT THAT HAS GARLIC 
 AMONGST IT. 
 
 Put some paint on your stone-staff, and move 
 it gently round the face of the stone. Where it 
 marks, it should be cracked heavy and closely ; 
 where there is no paint, a light 'cracking will do." 
 The face of the stones should be left rougher than 
 for grinding wheat free from garlic, on account 
 of the garlic being of such a glutinous nature ; 
 also, keep the face of the running stone lower 
 around the eye, that the grains of the garlic break 
 less suddenly, thus giving it more time to mix and 
 become incorporated with the meal, which pre- 
 vents it from filling up and gumming the cracks 
 in the stone. The rougher the face of the stones 
 are left, the longer they will run. 
 
 Having, however, taken all the precaution and 
 care that you can, if there is much garlic in the 
 
 wheat, the offal will be heavy, and the bran not 
 
 7* 
 
78 THE MILLER; MILLWRIGHT 
 
 well cleaned. The bran and offal, however, may 
 be ground and bolted over again. 
 
 Mill owners should be cautious about buying 
 wheat for grinding having garlic in it, if they can 
 possibly avoid it. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR GRINDING MIDDLINGS, AND HOW 
 TO PREVENT THE STONES FROM CHOKING, SO AS 
 
 TO MAKE THE MOST OF THEM. 
 
 After the wheat has been ground in the best 
 manner you possibly can, there will yet appear in 
 the bolting a species of coarse meal, called mid- 
 dlings, of a quality between superfine and shorts, 
 and which is frequently made into coarse bread. 
 But as the meal in this state sells at a low rate, 
 it is more profitable to grind it over, so that the 
 superfine flour that is in it may be taken from it, 
 and disposed of to a greater advantage than what 
 the middlings will sell for. 
 
 If there are more than one pair of stones in the 
 mill, the better plan is to run one pair for mid- 
 dlings, and the other with poor wheat, so that 
 both can be bolted together, which will be of ad- 
 vantage to the middlings, as they require bran 
 among them to prevent the bolting-cloths from 
 clogging, and it will bolt cleaner and better. 
 There should be a rod put through the bar that 
 supports the upper end of the damsel, the lower 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 79 
 
 end reaching inside the eye to the balance ryne, 
 to prevent the middlings from sticking to the eye 
 of the stone, so it cannot feed. 
 
 If there are .but one run of stones in the mill, 
 and you want the middlings made into superfine 
 flour, you can, by a little simple machinery, run 
 them into the eye of the stone, and grind them 
 with the wheat; therefore, both will be bolted 
 together. 
 
 Be careful to avoid too much pressure when 
 grinding middlings by themselves, as there is then 
 not bran to prevent the stones from running too 
 closely together. If the stones are run as close 
 as when grinding wheat, the flour will be killed ; 
 while, if it be pressed but lightly that is, the 
 stones kept at the requisite distance, the flour 
 will be lively, and make good bread. When 
 middlings are ground by themselves, it will be 
 necessary to add some bran in the bolting ; the 
 bran prevents the bolting-cloths from choking, 
 thus causing it to bolt more freely and cleaner. If 
 ground and properly bolted, there will not be any 
 thing left after to pay for grinding, or doing any 
 thing more to it. It will be fit only for feed. 
 
 Every mill that is making from one hundred to 
 two hundred barrels of flour in twenty-four hours, 
 should have a pair of stones expressly for grind- 
 ing middlings, of three or three and a half feet in 
 diameter, of a rather close texture, having one 
 inch to the foot draft, with ten or eleven quarters, 
 
80 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 and three furrows to each quarter ; these furrows 
 one and a fourth inches broad, and one fourth 
 inch deep at the eye of the stones, tapering a little 
 to the verge, the running stone being made 
 deeper at the eye. This stone should not run 
 more than one hundred and thirty revolutions per 
 minute; when run too fast they will not feed. 
 The eye of the stone should be five inches in 
 diameter at top, and ten inches at the bottom or 
 face of the stones. The wide part of the eye 
 should be lined with zinc or tin from the face to 
 a little above the balance ryne ; if these instruc- 
 tions be followed, there is no danger of its choking. 
 
 EEELS FOR BOLTING THE MIDDLINGS. 
 
 In many mills but one reel is used for bolting 
 middlings ; but it is much better to have two, as 
 the wheat is often damp ; therefore, the flour will 
 be better sifted by its passing through a greater 
 length of cloths. These reels should be fourteen 
 or sixteen feet in length, with a half inch to the 
 foot fall, having movable bridge-trees, to raise 
 or lower at pleasure ; the upper reel to be cov- 
 ered with No. 10 cloth the whole length ; the head 
 end of the lower reel for half the length to be 
 covered with the same number of cloth, and the 
 other half with No. 8 cloth ; the speed should be 
 thirty revolutions per minute. When only one 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 81 
 
 reel is used, the head may be of No. 10 cloth, and 
 the tail of No. 8 cloth. The bolting-chest should 
 be constructed having sufficient slides, so that the 
 flour may be elevated into the hopper boy, and 
 bolted with the meal, and made into superfine 
 flour ; or it may be packed separate as it is. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR A SMALL MILL, GRINDING 
 DIFFERENT KINDS OF GRAIN. 
 
 In bringing this subject before the public, I 
 conceive that my suggestions will be more readily 
 understood by-confining myself to a description 
 of the manner of dressing, fitting up, etc., of a 
 pair of mill-stones two feet in diameter, that size 
 being the smallest I consider should be used for 
 the purpose of grinding grain. Any party when 
 selecting a small mill of this kind (ready fitted 
 up) should choose one that is constructed in the 
 simplest manner possible. If there is much 
 machinery attached to it, it is apt to get out of 
 order and want repairing, when the great diffi- 
 culty is to find a miller or mechanic competent, 
 in the country (where these mills are generally 
 used), of repairing them ; therefore, they have to 
 be sent to the "builder to be repaired, often costing 
 as much as would purchase a new mill. Neither 
 would I recommend a mill with a pressure on it ; 
 if pressed hard, the friction being great, and the 
 
82 THE MILLEE, MILLWEIGHT 
 
 stones having a heavy feed, it will take more 
 power to drive it than stones without the pres- 
 sure twice as large; whereas, larger stones will do 
 more and better work, and be more profitable. 
 Small mills will run better and more true with a 
 belt or strap, as it takes off the jerks of the 
 moving power ; neither should the running stone 
 be too thick, as it will not run so well when t top- 
 heavy ; the weight should be as near the face as 
 possible. "When selecting the stones for a small 
 mill, choose them of a sharp, keen grit, full of 
 small natural pores, rather close and closely 
 jointed. The manner of dressing a two feet 
 stone and making it ready for grinding, is somewhat 
 similar to that described for large stones, viz : first, 
 bring the faces of the stones to a level and straight 
 state, by picking off the higher parts, rubbing 
 with burr blocks, using your painted staff to 
 guide and correct you as yofa proceed ; and when 
 straight lay out your furrows, viz : by fitting a 
 board in the eye of the stone, and having found 
 the centre with your compass one point in that 
 centre and set having one inch space describe a 
 circle round the centre on your board for the 
 draft circle, and also another circle close to the 
 verge of the stone. You then divide the latter 
 into twelve equal parts or quarters, making a plain 
 mark at each point ; then, with a furrow-stick one 
 inch wide and perfectly straight, lay off the lead- 
 ing furrows, one end of the stick being on the 
 
83 
 
 outside of the draft circle, the other end at the 
 point on the circle of the verge, marking the same 
 with a quill having paint on it, on both sides of 
 the furrow-stick ; the remainder of the furrows 
 are marked off in a similar way. You next mark 
 out the short furrows that is, one only between 
 each leading furrow, and in the middle of each 
 quarter, intersecting the leaders ; this gives each 
 stone twenty-four furrows. (The sands should be 
 a little wider at the verge than at the eye, as they 
 require more face.) * Cut these furrows in, the 
 backs of the furrows being cut straight, nearly 
 one-fourth inch deep, tapering to the feather edge, 
 which should be nearly even with the face of the 
 stone ; the feather edge is nearest to the centre of the 
 stone. The furrows should be made deeper at the 
 eye of the running stone, to enable it to receive 
 the grain the .more readily, and they should be 
 dressed smooth and even ; and the sands should 
 be made a little hollow, about one inch from the 
 eye of the running stone. 
 
 I consider it unnecessary for me again to men- 
 tion the manner of fitting the irons in the stones, 
 that subject having been already described in this 
 work, and to which reference should be made, nor 
 to mention the manner of dressing the stones when 
 they become dull, that also being before described, 
 observing only that small millstones require to be 
 oftener taken up and dressed than larger ones, to 
 enable them to do their work well. These mat- 
 
84 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 ters, then, being attended to, and care shown that 
 the faces of the stones are smooth and even, the 
 furrows kept straightly marked with the furrow- 
 stick and dressed to their proper depth, the bed- 
 stone level, the spindle being exactly in its centre, 
 and the stones truly in trim, and the running stone 
 well balanced, there is nothing to prevent the 
 stones from grinding well, making good meal, and 
 not taking much power to run them. 
 
 I have thus endeavored to explain the manner 
 of dressing, setting, etc., of the largest sized mill- 
 stones in general use ; also the smallest. I con- 
 sider it unnecessary to describe those of an inter- 
 mediate size, as they may be dressed in the same 
 manner and by the same rules as laid down for 
 the others. All I think that is required is to give 
 the size of the draft circle, the speed, and the 
 number of quarters in each size, viz : for a four 
 feet stone, four inches draft, twelve to thirteen 
 quarters, having three furrows to the quarter, 
 and speed of one hundred and eighty (180) to one 
 hundred and ninety (190) revolutions per minute. 
 For a three feet stone, three inches draft, ten 
 quarters, and three furrows to the quarter, and to 
 run from two hundred and thirty (230) to two 
 hundred and forty (240) revolutions per minute. 
 
 Corn meal can be sifted when grinding through 
 a shaking sieve, viz : a frame made of wood, four 
 or five feet long, one foot wideband the middle 
 filled with No. 14 wire ; the crank to shake the 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 85 
 
 sieve being one and a half inches in diameter. It 
 may be driven from the mill spindle by putting a 
 pulley on the spindle, and one on the shaft of the 
 crank, and run with a belt ; the crank to run two 
 hundred revolutions per minute. The shaker 
 should lie on an incline, so that the bran will pass 
 over the wire and fall at the end. 
 
 Buckwheat may be sifted the same way, by 
 having the frame or sieve covered with No. 40 wire. 
 
 OF THE MANNER OF PACKING FLOUR. 
 
 To the owners of mills, I would recommend the 
 flour* to be run from the bolts into the binn, to get 
 cool and well mixed. Then each barrel of flour 
 will be equally alike. 
 
 The best plan of barreling the flour is with 
 an auger machine, as you can then grind all 
 night and barrel all day, saving a great expense ; 
 and it is a more expeditious way of packing than 
 any other. I cannot recommend the rolling 
 (wooden) packers for this reason : the flour comes 
 damp and warm from the bolts, and is very likely 
 to sour if kept any length of time. Wheti the 
 flour is pressed hard in the barrels, it being damp, 
 has no vent, and thus the flour sours. If the flour 
 be warm without being damp, it will keep a long 
 time. There will always be a difference in the 
 quality of the flour, if packed when coming 
 
86 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 directly from the bolts, caused by the stopping 
 and starting of the mill, 'and also by the different 
 changes ef wheat that you grind. 
 
 If you have no augifrr machine, I would recom- 
 mend it, anyhow, to be run in the binn ; mix it 
 well, and pack it in the barrels with a shovel, 
 which will, as I said before, render it all of one 
 quality. 
 
 My experience has proved that wheat or flour 
 goes through a sweating process. If wheat be 
 threshed out before stacking, and ground imme- 
 diately, without going through this process, the 
 flour, when ground and barreled, may be per- 
 fectly white ; but on standing a short time will 
 appear of a dark color, while the process of sweat- 
 ing is going on ; it will afterward, however, return 
 again to its original color. 
 
 Flour barrels should be made of the best 
 seasoned timber, to prevent the hoops from be- 
 coming loose in shrinking, as well as the ad- 
 hesion of the flour to the inside of the barrel. 
 
 The barrels are generally made nineteen inches 
 in diameter, at both ends, and twenty-seven inches 
 in length, bound with ten hoops. After the pack- 
 ing, additional hoops or linings are put inside the 
 heads and nailed ; it takes thirty-six nails. They 
 are then ready for shipping. 
 
 Barrels, after being made, should be accurately 
 weighed, and the weight marked thereon, so that 
 the exact quantity of one hundred and ninety-six 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 87 
 
 pounds of flour can be put in afterward. The 
 operation of packing being done often in a hurry, 
 it is requisite the barrels should be tested occasion- 
 ally ; otherwise more than the proper weight of 
 flour may be put in the barrel, thereby causing a 
 great loss to the owner. 
 
 The branding of flour requires great care ; for, 
 if flour is poorly or badly branded, it very often 
 injures its sale. This, although frequently done 
 carelessly, without sufficient attention to its neat- 
 ness, requires the miller's attention to see that the 
 quality of the flour is equal to the brand it bears. 
 This is an essential which every respectable mill 
 should keep inviolate. 
 
 A barrel of flour should weigh one hundred and 
 ninety-six pounds, exclusive of the barrel. 
 
88 
 
 THE MILLEK, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 TABLE. 
 Showing the number of pounds which constitute a bushel, as 
 established by law, in the States therein named. 
 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 M 
 
 O 
 
 W 
 i i 
 P 
 
 > 
 53 
 
 60 
 56 
 70 
 32 
 48 
 56 
 42 
 46 
 60 
 46 
 60 
 55 
 55 
 57 
 28 
 60 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 38 
 
 48 
 44 
 56 
 
 22 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 60 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 M 
 ^ 
 O 
 1 I 
 > 
 * 
 > 
 
 M 
 
 tr 1 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 M 
 OQ 
 
 : 
 : 
 
 60 
 56 
 70 
 32 
 48 
 56 
 52 
 46 
 60 
 46 
 60 
 55 
 55 
 57 
 28 
 60 
 33 
 40 
 24 
 48 
 20 
 38 
 14 
 48 
 44 
 56 
 60 
 33 
 80 
 22 
 80 
 40 
 50 
 55 
 8 
 60 
 45 
 14 
 50 
 14 
 
 i i 
 
 OJ 
 
 o 
 o 
 fe! 
 
 GO 
 
 8 
 
 60 
 56 
 70 
 32 
 48 
 56 
 40 
 46 
 60 
 46 
 60 
 55 
 55 
 57 
 28 
 60 
 28 
 
 28 
 48 
 20 
 38 
 
 48 
 44 
 56 
 
 22 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 60 
 46 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 3 
 > 
 
 60 
 56 
 70 
 33 
 46 
 56 
 52 
 46 
 60 
 46 
 60 
 55 
 55 
 57 
 20 
 60 
 33 
 
 24 
 48 
 20 
 38 
 
 48 
 44 
 56 
 
 22 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 60 
 45 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 g 
 
 M 
 OJ 
 CO 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 to 
 
 M 
 
 J2{ 
 
 teJ 
 
 Kj 
 
 o 
 
 & 
 
 W 
 
 60 
 56 
 70 
 32 
 48 
 56 
 48 
 46 
 60 
 46 
 60 
 55 
 55 
 57 
 28 
 60 
 32 
 
 22 
 
 48 
 44 
 56 
 
 22 
 80 
 
 56 
 
 8 
 60 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 Wheat 
 
 60 
 56 
 68 
 32 
 48 
 56 
 50 
 46 
 60 
 46 
 60 
 55 
 55 
 57 
 28 
 60 
 33 
 
 25 
 50 
 
 38 
 
 48 
 44 
 56 
 
 70 
 22 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 60 
 
 14 
 14 
 
 60 
 56 
 70 
 35 
 48 
 56 
 52 
 46 
 60 
 46 
 60 
 55 
 55 
 57 
 28 
 60 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 44 
 56 
 
 22 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 60 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 Corn, shelled 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 Barley 
 
 Rve 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 
 White Beans 
 
 Castor Beans 
 
 Irish Potatoes 
 
 
 Turnips 
 
 
 Top Onions 
 
 Peas. 
 
 
 
 Dried Apples . . 
 
 
 Bran 
 
 Malt 
 
 
 Hungarian Grass seed 
 
 
 Flax seed 
 
 Sucrum 
 
 O a age Orange 
 
 
 Charcoal 
 
 Unslacked Lime 
 
 Coke 
 
 Coarse Salt 
 
 Fine Salt . 
 
 
 Clover seed 
 
 Timothy seed. . .. 
 
 Red Top seed 
 
 Millet seed 
 
 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 89 
 
 THE DUTY OF THE MILLER. 
 
 We will suppose that the mill, in all its various 
 departments, is completely finished and ready for 
 grinding, and .supplied with a stock of grain, flour 
 barrels, nails, brushes, picks, shovels, scales, 
 weights, etc., when the millers enter upon their 
 duty (properly speaking) ; I have therefore thought 
 it both right and proper, in a work of this kind, to 
 add the following remarks, in order to show of 
 what that duty consists. 
 
 In a large mill, where three millers are em- 
 ployed, there should be one head miller, to whom 
 is entrusted the whole management of the mill, 
 and who directs the other millers and work hands 
 about the mill the work they have to do. The 
 head miller should be at the mill early in the 
 morning, and take charge of it during the day ; 
 see that every part of the mill is doing its work 
 properly before he leaves at night, and that there 
 is sufficient wheat cleaned to last throughout the 
 night, as the other millers, when on watch during 
 the night time, should have nothing else to attend 
 to but the grinding and bolting. In the day time, 
 however, it is best to take up one pair of stones 
 daily and have them dressed. The head miller 
 can test the face of the stones with the staff, and 
 give instructions to the other millers in which 
 way he wishes them dressed ; while, in this manner, 
 8* 
 
90 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 each of the other millers, dresses a stone in his 
 watch. The night is divided into two watches, 
 the first of which ends at one o'clock in the morn- 
 ing, and belongs to the second miller ; the third 
 miller then takes the watch, and continues on till 
 one o'clock in the day. 
 
 When the mill has only two millers, one of 
 these is called the head miller, being responsible 
 for all the work done in the mill ; therefore, he 
 should have full management of it, and his instruc- 
 tions the second miller should observe attentively, 
 and do the work accordingly. The head miller 
 should, however, consult and be agreeable with his 
 partner; thus they will work cheerfully and 
 pleasantly together, each taking his watch, and 
 having charge of the mill, time and time about. 
 
 The miller should not be entirely governed by 
 the mill owner as to the time the stones should be 
 dressed, the owner often wishing them to run a 
 long time without dressing, thereby losing no time 
 in the working, but very, very often losing a great 
 deal otherwise by spoiling the flour. A miller 
 should, therefore, stipulate to have it in his power 
 to take up the stones and dress them whenever he 
 thinks they want it. 
 
 The mill should be kept clean, as nothing looks 
 much worse than a dirty mill. 
 
 To make the machinery run easy and smooth, 
 the cogs should be well greased with a mixture of 
 black lead and tallow every day, and the gudgeons 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 91 
 
 should be oiled once in each watch. A few drops 
 of oil are better than pouring on a large quantity ; 
 when a few drops only are applied, they stop 
 there and serve for the purpose, whereas a large 
 quantity runs off, is wasted, and creates dirt and 
 filth. When a large gudgeon takes to heating, it 
 is often stopped by laying a piece of rusty bacon 
 on the top. The cause of the gudgeons heating is 
 from the friction of the parts rubbing together, 
 and the velocity with which they move. If grease 
 will not stop their heating, cause a small quantity 
 of water to drop on the gudgeon, but not so much 
 as to destroy the polish made by the grease. 
 
 If the owner of the mill is not a practical miller 
 himself, yet he may form some idea of the capa- 
 bility of the miller from examining the quality of 
 flour made ; if it is white and free from specks, 
 and the offal light and clean, he may feel satisfied 
 that the mill is doing good work. 
 
 PEARL BARLEY, OR POT BARLEY. 
 
 Pot barley is barley of which the outer skin or 
 husk has been removed ; pearl barley is the small 
 round kernel that remains after the skin and a 
 considerable portion of the barley has been ground 
 off. The mill consists of a common grindstone, 
 four feet in diameter, thick, and perfectly sound, 
 such as Cutlers use; or of stones that come from 
 
92 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 Germany, of a darkish color, and which are used 
 by "a great many for this purpose. Where these 
 German stones are used, they should be dressed 
 with small ribs or sands on each side, and the 
 same on the edge, which is not necessary for the 
 common grindstone. A hole is cut in the centre 
 a little larger than the shaft, to give room to hang 
 it correctly. It should have two iron flanges, one 
 on each side the stone, having four prongs each, 
 with holes for bolts to fasten the stone, the prongs 
 to be ten or twelve inches long each, to be let in 
 the stone even with the face, and holes drilled 
 through the stone for the bolts to go through the 
 flanges and stone to make it fast, the flanges 
 wedged tight to the shaft. It should revolve 
 vertically on a horizontal shaft; the case revolves 
 on the same axis in the same direction, but with a 
 slower motion. The flat side of this case, as well 
 as the rim or circumference, is made of perforated 
 plates of sheet-iron. The barley is let in by a 
 square opening in the circumference, when, the 
 slide being shut, the machinery is set in motion 
 until the barley is tossed between the stone and 
 the case by the double motion, and has been en- 
 tirely deprived of its skin, and is become pot 
 barley ; or till it is ground into the small round 
 shape of pearl barley. 
 
 The mill is then stopped, the slide pulled, and 
 the case turned so that the opening will be under- 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 93 
 
 neath, and the prepared barley falls into the bag 
 or box placed to receive it. 
 
 It don't want much sifting, for such is the 
 violence with which the grain has been tossed 
 about, nearly all that is ground off is driven 
 through the holes in the case, and collected in a 
 closed chamber that surrounds the apparatus. The 
 stone should revolve five or six hundred times per 
 minute ; the case to revolve once for every twenty 
 times of the stone. The mechanism by which 
 the stone and the case are moved is extremely 
 simple. Hominy can be made from the same 
 machine. 
 
 Pearl barley is very wholesome and nutritious, 
 and has a very agreeable taste. It is generally 
 used among soups ; or, in case of sickness, it is a 
 light, nutritious, and agreeable food. 
 
 THE AET OF DISTILLATION. 
 
 The principle on which this art is founded, is 
 evaporation and condensation. I will give some 
 instructions for a small country distillery, given 
 to me by a practical distiller, who has followed 
 the business for a number of years. 
 
 First, there should be two stills and a doubler 
 the former holding one hundred and twenty gal- 
 lons each, and the latter forty gallons. These 
 
94 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 should be made of white pine plank, two inches 
 thick, hooped with strong iron hoops, to be placed 
 in such a position that the liquid can be run from 
 the doubler, or uppermost still, into the next one 
 below ; and from that to the third or lowermost 
 one ; then to the hog trough. Also a worm made 
 of copper, five or six coils two inches in diameter, 
 placed in a tub, near the doubler, with plenty of 
 cold water running in the tub to keep it cool; the 
 worm to be connected with the doubler by having 
 a small iron boiler, eighteen inches in diameter 
 and six feet long, set in the ordinary way. Steam 
 can be sent into the lowermost still, which will 
 soon boil ; the steam from this will boil the next ; 
 this, again, will boil the doubler, and from that the 
 steam will pass into the worm, where it is con- 
 densed with the cold, and runs out whiskey. This 
 distillery is calculated to run off at one time only 
 one bushel of corn meal, and its quantity of malt 
 will be when made into wort. The distiller can 
 use as many tubs as he thinks necessary. The 
 common way of mashing is to take a quantity of 
 the spent wort from the still and put in the meal, 
 at the same time stirring it well to keep it from 
 running to lumps, adding the wort and the meal 
 until the quantity of meal is well mixed and 
 scalded ; then sprinkle on the top, half a gallon 
 of ground malt, and let it stand a few days ; then 
 fill up with cold water, at the same time stirring 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 95 
 
 the mash, and mixing it well ; after which fer- 
 mentation will soon begin (the heat ought to be 
 between sixty and seventy degrees), which will 
 last about four or five days, and then will be ready 
 to run. The above is the common or sour mash. 
 Some use the sweet mash, which is more speedy. 
 It is made by using boiling water instead of the 
 spirit wort, then filling up with cold water di- 
 rectly ; and when at about sixty or seventy de- 
 grees of heat, add yeast sufficient to start the fer- 
 mentation. This process requires fewer tubs than 
 the other. When the tub is ready to run off, 
 which will be easily understood by the distiller, 
 it is put into the second still, and run until it will 
 no longer carry a bead ; then the steam is shut 
 off, and the wort that was put into the second 
 still is let off into the first, and the second still 
 again filled with fresh wort, and as before, put a 
 small quantity of water into the doubler. Now 
 let the steam into the first still, and it will drive 
 what alcohol there was left before into the second 
 still, and from that to the doufrler, which being 
 connected with the worm, produces whiskey. 
 The strength will be all gone from the first still, 
 when the residue may be run into the hog 
 trough. This process should be repeated until all 
 the tubs are run off. , After it is too low for proof 
 whiskey, the balance can be run off, which is. 
 called low wines; and in commencing this, the 
 low wines are put in the doubler instead of water 
 
96 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 the second still being filled with wort, etc., as 
 before. 
 
 The whiskey may be rectified by passing it 
 through a tub whose bottom is perforated with 
 small holes, and held up with blocks of wood two 
 inches high, and covered with a blanket ; then a 
 layer of ground charcoal two inches deep ; then 
 cover again with a blanket and ground charcoal 
 several times the blankets and charcoal alter- 
 nately. Pour your whiskey on the top of this, and 
 let it filter through. 
 
 The coloring of whiskey is done with burnt 
 sugar. 
 
 OF THE IMPORTANCE OF DRAUGHTING AND 
 PLANNING MILLS. 
 
 I would recommend before building a mill, to 
 have a correct plan drawn on paper, showing the 
 size of the building, and the way in which every 
 part of the machinery is to be placed. 
 
 The use of draughting mills to build by, is to 
 convey our ideas more plainly than is possible by 
 writing or speaking alone; these may be miscon- 
 strued or forgotten. But a well drawn draught 
 speaks for itself, if once perfectly understood by 
 the workman;* who, by applying his dividers 
 to the draught and to the scale, finds the length, 
 breadth, or height of the whole building, or the 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 97 
 
 dimensions of any piece, and where it is to be 
 placed. 
 
 By the draught the quantity of timber can be 
 ascertained and made out. It should also show 
 every wheel, shaft, and machine, and their places, 
 thus finding whether the house is- of sufficient 
 size to contain all the works necessary to carry on 
 the business. The builder, or owner, understand- 
 ing the plan, proceeds without error, and can di- 
 rect the mason and the carpenter where to put the 
 doors, windows, and leave other openings, in the 
 places where they are requisite ; whereas, if there 
 be no plan of the building, every thing goes on 
 as it were, in the dark, much time is lost, and 
 errors committed, entailing, in some cases, a heavy 
 loss. Every master builder at least, should know 
 the proper' way to draw a plan, and give a true 
 estimate of the cost, as well as working by it. 
 
 If the plan of the mill is correctly drawn the 
 estimate of the whole cost can be ascertained ; then 
 may every species of the materials be contracted 
 for to be delivered in due time; the work can 
 then be carried on more regularly without disap- 
 pointment, and when done is more complete, with 
 a considerable sum of money saved. 
 
 The evils or disadvantages of building a mill 
 without having a plan or draught to work by, are, 
 that the machinery in the mill is badly constructed, 
 the timbers are cut to waste, the machinery placed 
 at different parts of the mill-house in various 
 
98 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 positions, taking up more room than necessary, 
 and extra wheels to drive. It frequently occurs 
 that some parts have to be altered, or new ones 
 put in, before the mill will do good work With 
 these considerations, any reflecting mind can per- 
 ceive that the most expensive mill is that which 
 is built without a plan. My own impression is 
 that the cost is nearly one-third more ; besides, the 
 mill in general is not so good. 
 
 It often seems that those who have but little 
 experience in the milling business, frequently 
 have the best and most complete mills. The 
 reasons are, because the professional man is 
 bigoted in his old opinions, relying from practice 
 on his judgment and his own plans. It is better, 
 therefore, to advise with good and practical me- 
 chanics, and get from them what they consider 
 the best manner in which a mill should be built. 
 They are seldom unwilling to impart this informa- 
 tion, and there is no one but can glean something, 
 even from a bad workman. A merchant who 
 knows but little of the miller's art, or of the 
 structure or mechanism of mills, yet is about to* 
 engage in milling, should naturally be led to take 
 the following steps : he should, with experienced 
 millers or millwrights, view the site of the mill, 
 and get their opinion with respect to the proper 
 and best place for the mill-house to stand. When 
 they have decided on thip, he shows them the 
 plan or draught of the mill, inquiring if that will 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 99 
 
 suit such a site, or if there is any deficiency, and 
 to point it out. If there be any alterations neces- 
 sary the millwright can soon perceive it ; and if 
 he can give sufficient and substantial reason for 
 their adoption, can make such as are requisite. 
 
 I would recommend millwrights, when building 
 flour mills, carefully to select a practical and ex- 
 perienced miller to superintend the dressing and 
 fitting up of millstones. If this which I con- 
 sider one of the principal parts of milling is not 
 properly done, the stones are certain to make bad 
 work, and make the machinery run irregular. 
 The miller will lay the whole blame on the mill- 
 wright, giving him considerable trouble, besides 
 injuring his character as a mechanic, and making 
 unnecessary expense, with loss of time. 
 
 COGS: THE BEST TIME FOR SEASONING AND 
 CUTTING THEM. 
 
 The best time for cutting cogs is when the 
 sap runs at its fullest. They should always be 
 cut of a size larger than is necessary in use, to 
 admit of their shrinking in the seasoning. If cut 
 when the bark is set, they are apt to be worm- 
 eaten, and in every case, if dried hastily, will 
 crack. It is better to* have them cut a long time 
 before being used. If you have not any seasoned 
 wood on hand you can dry your cogs in the fol- 
 
100 THE MILLEK, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 lowing manner, viz : boil or steam them first ; 
 then put them in a kiln, covered so as to keep the 
 smoke amongst them, in the same way that boards, 
 scantling, and other timbers are dried ; dig a hole 
 in the side of a hill, about six feet deep and six 
 feet wide, with a post in each corner, and plates 
 on them, on which lay laths on edge, and put the 
 coggs on these laths, setting them on end nearly 
 perpendicular, and so that the smoke can pass 
 freely through or amongst them; cover them 
 slightly with boards, putting earth on the top of 
 the boards ; make a slow fire, and close up the 
 sides to keep the smoke from escaping. Eenew 
 this fire once a day for ten or fifteen days, until 
 they are perfectly dry. When taken out let them 
 be kept in a dry place for some time before using ; 
 they will then be less liable to crack in working. 
 If used before they are perfectly dry, they will be 
 sure to shrink and become loose. The taking out 
 of loose cogs and fitting in pieces with them 
 again as is often done cannot be too highly 
 censured. It altogether alters the pitch, and makes 
 the machinery run badly, and the cogs themselves 
 soon wear out. 
 
 The best kinds of timber that we find in this 
 country for cogs, are hickory, maple, and sugar 
 tree. Get some timber that is hard and tough,- 
 and has a fine grain. If the said timber is not 
 well seasoned, I would always recommend the logs 
 to be taken immediately to a saw-mill, and have 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 101 
 
 them cut into plank the thickness you want them, 
 always keeping enough by you for any emergency, 
 as they take but little room. If they are season- 
 ing for seven or eight years' they are so much the 
 better ; for when seasoned that length of time, if 
 they are fitted properly in the wheel, they will 
 last two sets of others that are not so well seasoned, 
 and will run better,' as they will not get loose in 
 the mortice; besides, if you should want to dis- 
 pose of them, you can get a great deal more than 
 their first cost. 
 
 Above all things, it cannot be too highly im- 
 pressed on the mill owner the necessity of having 
 the most experienced workmen in laying off the 
 dressing and fitting the cogs ; the reverse bring- 
 ing its own punishment in the quick wearing out 
 of the cogs themselves, the disarrangement of 
 other parts of the machinery, and consequently 
 the inferior grinding of the flour. 
 
 When stepping off the cogs the millwright 
 should be careful to have them divided evenly and 
 alike ; that is, the starting point when stept round 
 with the compass should be exactly in the point 
 you started from ; if there is any variation they 
 will never run true, as the cogs are formed from 
 this point. 
 9* 
 
102 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 THE FRAMING OF MILL WORK. 
 
 "When the framing of the mill and "parts that 
 carry the machinery is not well bound and firm, 
 a vibratory motion in its parts takes place ; which 
 expends a considerable portion of the power applied. 
 (This loss of power is but seldom noticed.) I 
 would observe that firm and well bound framing 
 is preferable to heavy framing not so well con- 
 nected in its parts. 
 
 . Framing in any part of a mill should be done 
 sufficiently strong, stiff, and heavy, to give it 
 solidity and steadiness from the machinery and its 
 motion, which occasions a tremor in all -parts of 
 the framing. The framing also requires to be 
 constructed so as to be easy of repair, and so 
 arranged that any particular part or piece can be 
 renewed or repaired with the least possible de- 
 rangement to the other parts of the framing. It 
 demands great attention, as the shafts often require 
 to be restored to their true situations, from which 
 they have deviated by the sinking of the mill- 
 house or wearing of the parts ; therefore, the por- 
 tions of the framing adjoining these parts should 
 be so- constructed that the shaft may be moved in 
 any way, or made true without having any un- 
 necessary obstruction. Although the framing 
 which supports the mill-house and machinery 
 should be made firm, yet the part on which the 
 
103 
 
 axis rests should have a small degree oi play, or 
 elastic tremor, when the machinery is in motion, 
 as it diminishes part of the friction. The framing, 
 again, that supports the machinery, should be as 
 independent as possible of the building, as com- 
 municating with the building is injurious. 
 
 It is acknowledged by practical mechanics, and 
 has been tested, that a cast-iron shaft, of large 
 dimensions, with a core or hollow in its centre, is 
 stronger than one without it. This no doubt 
 arises from the fact that the case affords a sensible 
 spring, in case of a sudden strain, and is therefore 
 less liable to fracture. 
 
 It is necessary when building a mill-house to 
 have it at least four stories, or as high as the situ- 
 ation will admit, as then the machinery can be 
 placed to the best advantage, and the expense of 
 machinery will be reduced. It will also take up 
 less room, and can be placed in its proper place 
 so as to be easily altered if required, and giving 
 room for grain, flour, &c., &c. 
 
 It is also necessary that the beams and joists 
 should be made strong. For instance, a joist or 
 beam sixteen feet in length should be made four 
 times as strong as one eight feet in length, simi- 
 larly situated, as the stress increases in the middle 
 when it has its supports from the ends. It there- 
 fore follows that a beam should be strengthened 
 in the middle in proportion to the strain of weight 
 that is to be put upon it. There should be a 
 
104: THE MILLEK, MILLWRIGHT. 
 
 perpendicular post set under it sufficient for such 
 weight. 
 
 The husk-frame for the mill-stones to lie on. is 
 one of the most particular parts, and requires the 
 best of mechanics to set the work properly. If 
 this is not correctly done, there certainly will be 
 vibration in it, which will disarrange the rest of 
 the machinery, and cause the whole to run badly, 
 besides taking considerably more power. 
 
 The top of the husk-frame should project at 
 least eighteen inches above the floor, as it will be 
 better for putting in the spouts frojn the stones, 
 besides giving the miller a better chance of feel- 
 ing the meal and setting the stones. 
 
 I would recommend the husk-frame to be made 
 of cast-iron, as they are preferable to those con- 
 structed of timber, on account of being more 
 durable, and not so likely to vibrate. 
 
 These qualities will fully compensate for the 
 additional expense over those made of timber. . 
 
 WIND MILLS. 
 
 "Wind mills are so seldom used in this country, 
 I think it unnecessary to give more than a few 
 hints respecting them. Were it not for the irregu- 
 larity in direction and force of the wind, it would 
 be the most convenient of all the first movers of 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 105 
 
 machinery. But even as it is, its efficacy may be 
 taken advantage of in some cases. 
 
 There are so many various kinds of wind mills 
 constructed, that if all were treated upon in their 
 proper manner, it would take up too much time 
 and space in this work. I therefore think it only 
 necessary to make a few remarks respecting the 
 common vertical wind mill. But I must say, in 
 the first place, that they are not profitable 'in this 
 country, where other power is to be obtained, for 
 the reason that the "wind being so irregular 
 the mill is sometimes even in danger of being 
 blown down, or the sails carried away ; at other 
 times again there is not sufficient wind for weeks 
 to drive the mill. 
 
 Wind mills are so constructed that the sails will 
 move nearly vertical. These sails communicate 
 motion to the w.ind-shaft and the break-wheel; 
 also to the centre wheel that conveys the same 
 motion along the upright shaft to the spur-wheel 
 a pinion or trundle which propels the stones. 
 The sails require to be made so that the wind 
 will have the greatest possible effect on them. 
 The wind does not act perpendicularly on the 
 sails of a wind mill, but at a certain angle, as the 
 sail varies in its degree of inclination at different 
 distances from the - centre of motion, in re- 
 semblance to the wing of a bird ; this is called 
 weathering of the sail. The proper angle of a sail 
 is as follows, the radius being divided into six equal 
 
106 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 parts, the first part from the centre being called 
 one, the last six thus : 
 
 Distance from the centre. 
 1 ... 
 
 2 ... 
 
 Angle with the axis. 
 
 . 72 00' '. . 
 . . 71 00' . . 
 
 . 18 00' 
 . . 19 00' 
 
 3 ... 
 
 4 ... 
 
 . 72 00' . . 
 . . 74 00' . . 
 
 . 18 00' 
 . . 16 00' 
 
 5 ... 
 6 . 
 
 . 77 30' . . 
 . 83 00' . 
 
 . 12 30' 
 7 00' 
 
 The velocity of the wind mill sails, whether 
 loaded or unloaded, so as to produce a maximum, 
 is nearly as the velocity of the wind, their shape 
 and motion being the same. The length of the 
 whip or sail is measured from the centre of the 
 great shaft to the undermost bars. The backs for 
 straightening and carrying the sails should be 
 made of the best of timber, to be free from knots. 
 These are mostly made of pine or oak. The 
 sail is fastened to this back with strong iron screw- 
 bolts. If the sails are thirty feet each in length, 
 the backs should then be forty feet in length, or 
 two thirds of the sails. The back is made as 
 thick and wide at the middle as will fit the mor- 
 tice in the wind shaft, and tapering gradually from 
 the middle to the ends of the wind shaft. It re- 
 quires a practical mechanic to give it the proper 
 bearing on the neck and journal. If this is not 
 done, and the shaft given its proper incline, it will 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 107 
 
 take more power. The proper inclination they 
 should have must be .left to the workman, as it 
 varies in different sites from the weight of the 
 wheel and sails, the length of shaft, &c. The 
 general rule is to give them from one to two 
 inches to the foot of fall. 
 
 The head of the shaft should be set a little to 
 the windward, as the cloths will then keep close 
 to the sails without flapping about. If the wind- 
 shaft is made of wood, the neck should be turned 
 even and true; and a sufficient number of ribs, 
 which are made of steel, let in the neck even with 
 it, and of the same circle ; if this is not correct, 
 there will be a loss of power. 
 
 The weight of the wind or sail shaft is borne 
 on a strong timber, having a brass box placed in 
 it to receive its weight. This is fixed stationary, 
 so that it will not move when running. This 
 brass box should reach one third round the cir- 
 cumference of the neck. The other end of the 
 shaft gudgeon runs in a brass box. The break 
 for stopping the mill is hung round the large 
 uppermost wheel, and should be placed so that 
 the wheel will be free from rubbing against it 
 when running. One end is fixed stationary ; the 
 other end is made fast to -a lever, with a rope and 
 pulleys attached to it, so as to raise the break 
 when running, or lower it so that it will rub on 
 the break of the wheel to stop it. The wind shaft 
 of a wind mill, when the wind's velocity is two 
 
108 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 miles an hour, will make three revolutions per 
 minute. 
 
 Supposing the radius of the sails to be thirty 
 feet, the sails will commence at one sixth or five 
 feet from the axis, where the angle of inclination 
 will be seventy-two degrees at one third or ten 
 feet from the axis, the angles will be seventy-one 
 degrees, and so on as in the table. 
 
 A wind mill with four sails, 'measuring seventy- 
 two feet from the extremity of one sail to that of 
 the opposite one, and six feet seven inches wide, 
 is capable of raising one thousand pounds avoir- 
 dupois two hundred and thirty feet in a minute. 
 When a wind mill is grinding grain, the mill- 
 stones should make five revolutions in the same 
 Cime that the sails make one. The sails will not 
 begin to turn till the velocity of the wind is about 
 twelve feet per second. 
 
 A TABLE OF THE VELOCITY OF WIND. 
 
 Character. Feet per 8 econd. 
 
 Scarcely sensible, .. 1.5 ... .005 
 
 Gentle wind, .... 3 ..... 123 
 
 Moderate breeze, . . 6 ... .133 
 
 Brisk breeze, . . . . 18 . . . . 1.21 
 
 Good breeze, . . . . 22 . ' . . 2.85 
 
 Brisk gale, ...... 30 .... 4.42 
 
 High wind, .... 45 .... 9.96 
 
 Yery high wind, ... 60 .... 17.71 
 
 Storm, ...... 70-90 . . . 30.49 
 
 Hurricane, . . ; . . 100 or more 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 109 
 
 The velocity of the wind in a gale is often 
 as high as forty or sixty miles per hour, 
 with a pressure on the sails equal to fourteen or 
 twenty pounds per foot. It is necessary there 
 should be a governor attached to every wind mill, 
 to regulate the speed of the mill-stones. A 
 description of the governor, which is the same as 
 recommended for steam and water mills, will be 
 found in a subsequent part of this work. It is 
 placed in a position a short distance from the mill 
 spindle, and driven with a strap and pulleys from 
 the mill spindle. A rod of iron runs through the 
 end of the bridge-tree, which hangs on the steel- 
 yard beam, so that when the governor balls rise 
 or fall, they raise or lower the running stone. It 
 is necessary to have them work correctly, so that 
 when the stones are set correctly to do their work, 
 they will not vary in their grinding as the wind 
 varies. The feeding shoe requires to be made 
 lengthy, and the damsel made to strike the shoe" 
 properly, so that the feed may be regulated as 
 the speed varies. 
 
 In building a wind mill, I would recommmend 
 those having the self-acting sails. These sails are 
 made nearly similar to the others, except the can- 
 vas covering, which is of small boards, and some- 
 what similar to window blinds. The wind, there- 
 fore, regulates them by acting on a governor, which 
 regulates the sails as the wind varies, by opening 
 or shutting the blinds or wind-boards, as these 
 10 
 
110 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 boards are made so that when there is too much 
 wind they will open and let it pass through them ; 
 or, if there is not so much wind, they will shut so 
 that none can pass through. 
 
 There should be machinery attached for turning 
 the cap or roof round, so that the sails will always 
 be at right angles to the wind. On the spindle 
 a director is placed an endless screw, working 
 in a wheel which turns a shaft having a pinion 
 fixed at the other end of it. This pinion works 
 into the segment wheel, or cogs, round the 
 segment. The director is a small wheel, placed 
 behind the mill, so that the wind acts on it to 
 keep the sails properly in the wind. It is neces- 
 sary for the mill-stones to be of a large diameter 
 in a wind mill, in consequence of the wind being 
 irregular, as they will grind a larger quantity of 
 grain; besides, when the wind is blowing hard, 
 the mill is more easily stopped by lowering the 
 stone and giving it more feed. The best sized 
 mill-stone that I would recommend is five feet. 
 
 . The wind mill is used to advantage on the bank 
 of a large lake, or near the sea, the wind being 
 more certain. In most parts of Europe, it is one 
 of the principal mills for manufacturing flour; 
 and I believe on large prairies they would answer 
 a good purpose if properly built. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. Ill 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR BAKING. 
 
 This branch, though not properly belonging to 
 the milling business, is often connected with it, 
 and when the mill is in a suitable place, is profit- 
 able in the highest degree to the mill owner 
 consuming 'his own flour, saving the expense of 
 shipping, commission, etc., thereby taking less 
 capital. These considerations have induced me 
 to offer these few remarks on the subject, in the 
 hope that it may prove beneficial. 
 f In the. first place, I shall give the receipt for 
 making yeast, as used by most bakers in this 
 country, and called hop yeast. Boil five gallons 
 of water and ten ounces of hops together from ten 
 to fifteen minutes ; put six pounds of flour in a 
 tub, to which add as much of the boiling liquor 
 as will be necessary to make into a thick paste. 
 When the remainder of the liquor is perfectly 
 cool, add it, together with a gallon of stock yeast, 
 to the paste, when the whole will be ready for 
 use. 
 
 Secondly : A receipt for making another kind 
 of yeast, sometimes used, and called malt yeast : 
 Boil ten ounces of hops in five gallons of water, 
 from ten to fifteen minutes ; pour the same into a 
 tub. "When cooled to seventy degrees, Fahrenheit 
 thermometer, add a half peck of malt; stir the 
 whole up well, and cover it until nearly cool; 
 
112 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 when add three quarts of old yeast, to make it 
 ferment. 
 
 And thirdly : The quantities and best manner 
 of mixing the different, ingredients necessary to 
 make good bread, viz : to make the fermentation, 
 say for ten buckets of flour, take five gallons of 
 potatoes well boiled and mashed in a tub, with 
 one bucket of water, (in summer this water should 
 be about milk warm in winter, much warmer 
 'in all cases this must be governed by the weather,) 
 six pounds of flour and five quarts of yeast ; stir 
 the whole up well, and cover it up until it rises. 
 It is better to work the same as soon as it does 
 rise and commences falling again ; otherwise, the 
 bread will not be so good. The time of rising, 
 however, varies much ; sometimes it will rise in 
 eight hours, at other times it will take much 
 longer. Again, to make the sponge: Take two 
 and one half buckets of the above ferment, and 
 two and one half buckets of water, milk warm, 
 run the whole through a sieve into a trough, and 
 make it into light dough, with flour for sponge. 
 When this sponge has risen and commenced fall- 
 ing, add five pounds of salt and five buckets of 
 water ; break the sponge well in the water, and 
 stir up sufficient flour to make a stiff dough, 
 cover it up until it rises sufficiently ; it is then fit 
 for being weighed off and put into the tins for 
 baking. Let it stand in the tins until it rises, 
 when it should be placed in the oven. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 113 
 
 EECEIPT FOR MAKING BABBITT METAL, ETC. 
 
 Take eight pounds of block tin, two pounds of 
 antimony, one pound of copper; (a larger or 
 smaller quantity can be used ; taking care, how- 
 ever, to use the same proportions of each, as here 
 given;) these to be melted and mixed together 
 over a hot fire. If the metal be too hard it may 
 be softened by adding some lead. I have no 
 doubt but this metal can be bought for less than 
 you can make it ; but you seldom can get any to 
 purchase but what is of an inferior quality ; in 
 fact I would not recommend it. If made according 
 to the receipt given above, I can recommend it as 
 one of the best alloys that can be used for ma- 
 chinery running fast, it being of an oily nature, 
 and not likely to heat, the friction being less than 
 with any other alloy or metal. Journals will run 
 on it, making two thousand revolutions per minute 
 without heating. When making it, it is better to 
 make a quantity that will last some time ; for as it 
 is wanted it can be melted over again. 
 
 CEMENT. 
 
 Cement for joining flanges of iron, cylinders or 
 pipes, to withstand the action of boiling water or 
 steam. Great inconvenience is felt by the work- 
 men for want of a durable cement. The following 
 I think will answer : boiled linseed oil, litharge, 
 10* 
 
114 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 and white lead, mixed up to a proper consistence, 
 and applied to each side of a piece of flannel, 
 linen, or pasteboard, and then placed between the 
 pieces before they are brought home or jointed. 
 
 Cement for the joints of a steam engine is made 
 as follows: take of sal ammoniac, two ounces; 
 sublimated sulphur, one ounce, and cast-iron 
 filings or turnings, one pound; mix them in a 
 mortar, and keep the powder dry. When it is to 
 be used, mix it with twenty times its quantity of 
 clean iron filings or turnings, and grind the whole 
 well in a mortar ; then wet it with water until it 
 becomes of a convenient consistence, when it is to 
 be applied to the joint. After a short time it 
 becomes as hard and strong as any other part of 
 the metal. Another way is with a mixture of white 
 paint with red lead spread on canvass or woolen 
 cloth, and placed between the joints ; this is best 
 where the joints have often to be separateed. 
 
 SOLDERS. 
 
 For soldering lead pipes, etc., melt one part of 
 block tin, according to the quantity wanted ; and 
 when in a state of fusion add two parts of lead. 
 If a small quantity of this when melted, is poured 
 out upon the table, there will if it be* good, arise 
 little bright stars upon it. Eosin should be used 
 with this solder. 
 
 To make solder for tin, take four parts of 
 
AND ENGINEER'S. GUIDE. 115 
 
 pewter, one of tin, one of bismuth, melt them 
 together, and run them into thin slips. Kosin is 
 used with this when soldering. 
 
 For soldering iron: some good tough brass, 
 with a little borax cement for stopping up holes 
 in wood ; melt in a pan one pound of rosin ; when 
 melted, add one fourth of a pound of pitch, and 
 two ounces of shellac ; while these are boiling, add 
 brick dust, until by dropping a little on a cold 
 stone, you think it hard enough. In winter it is 
 sometimes necessary to add a little tallow. 
 
 To stop up the joints or large holes in the mill- 
 stones: this is done with alum, melted, mixing 
 burr sand with it. If the hole is large, put some 
 pieces of burr mill-stones in it first, and pour in 
 melted alum. I would recommend if there are 
 any large holes or soft rotten places in the mill- 
 stone, to cut them out and fix or fit pieces of burr 
 blocks in to correspond with the temper and quality 
 of the stone. These pieces of block should be 
 cut exactly to fit, that there may be small joints, 
 and fastened with plaster of Paris. These holes 
 should be cut at least four inches deep ; there is 
 then no danger of them getting loose. It often 
 occurs- that the blocks put in a mill-stone are 
 uneven some being hard, others soft. When 
 this is the case they are difficult to keep in the 
 face. When there are one or two uneven blocks 
 in a mill-stone, I would recommend that they 
 should be taken out, and other blocks put in their 
 
116 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 places, of the same texture as the remainder of the 
 stones. This is easy to accomplish, and the stones 
 made even and to work well. Mill-stones are 
 often condemned as worthless, when one block re- 
 moved would remedy the difficulty. 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 Showing the product of a "bushel of wheat of different weights and qualities, as 
 ascertained from experiments in grinding parcels. 
 
 
 
 S) 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 J> 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 n 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 g 
 
 5? 
 
 <H 
 
 
 ? 
 
 g 
 
 .JQ 
 
 OD 
 
 "o 
 
 OB'S 
 
 
 
 QUALITY OF THE QEAIN. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 O4 
 
 
 So.S 
 
 Cw 
 
 
 s 
 
 O) 
 
 3 
 
 J3 
 
 ^s 
 
 S ^jn 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 <0 
 
 QQ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 00 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 LBS. 
 
 LBS. 
 
 LBS. 
 
 LBS. 
 
 LBS. 
 
 LBS. 
 
 LBS. 
 
 
 61 
 
 43 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 61 
 
 White wheat, clean. 
 
 60 
 
 42 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 60 
 
 Do. do. do. 
 
 60 
 
 39 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 60 
 
 Red wheat, not well cleaned. 
 
 55 
 53 
 
 38 
 35 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 53 
 
 White wheat, very clean. 
 Red wheat, well cleaned. 
 Do. with some cockles and 
 
 57 
 51 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 8 
 6 
 
 57 
 51 
 
 light grains. 
 Do. very clean. 
 
 I have given in the foregoing table the quantity 
 of extra superfine flour that can be made out of 
 a^ bushel of wheat. In grinding wheat for ex- 
 portation, the custom is to take as much flour out 
 of it as possible, provided it passes inspection ; in 
 this case there is more flour made out of the 
 bushel than laid down in the table, the flour not 
 being so good. If, however, a complete separation 
 of the skin of the wheat from the flour could be 
 effected, and the flour be reduced to a sufficient 
 degree of fineness, you may allow two pounds of 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 117 
 
 
 
 flour more to the bushel than is laid down in the 
 table. When the wheat that is to be ground is 
 damp and soft, it is impossible to make as much 
 flour out ofthe same quantity as you could out 
 of dry wheat ; the bran will be thicker, as the 
 flour will adhere to it. The flour will appear 
 whiter, but will not keep so long, nor make as 
 good bread ; and when kept long will sour in the 
 barrel, and often will have small worms in it. To 
 make a barrel of extra superfine flour, it requires 
 nearly five bushels of good wheat, without putting 
 in the middlings. It may be made out of a little 
 less when the stones are in a true and even face ; 
 and often (as I before remarked), when for ex- 
 portation, is made from four and one half bushels, 
 and sometimes from less. There is, however, a 
 great difference in wheat; the skin of some is 
 thick and hard others soft and thin; this will 
 show when separated from the flour. "We are 
 certain that the bran will not make good flour ; 
 therefore, when wheat is thin skinned, it will pro- 
 duce the most flour. Often the inside of wheat 
 will be of a dark color, which will not yield as 
 white flour; therefore, great care is required in 
 the purchasing of wheat, if good flour is wanted. 
 In my experience millers will run on extremes 
 in grinding different grades of flour ; some setting 
 the mill-stones too high, others too close; the 
 middle way between the two I would prefer. 
 When ground too close for making a yield, as it 
 
118 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 
 
 is termed, the yield will be deficient; the flour 
 being heated and sticking to the offal, so that the 
 machinery will not cleanse it, besides making 
 more middlings they being of a *soft, greasy 
 nature, and will not feed, choking up the eye of the 
 stone, and giving the miller extra trouble. "When 
 ground too high it bolts too free, making the flour 
 too specky. I know it is very difficult to persuade 
 most millers to alter their mode of grinding, in 
 the way they have been accustomed to ; still, I 
 think, a few plain hints to a great many will not 
 be amiss. 
 
 I would recommend when grinding wheat for 
 private families to grind, it a little higher than for 
 shipping or for the baker ; as the greatest com- 
 plaint I always found with private families was, 
 its not rising when made into bread. We all 
 know the baker works the flour into bread quite 
 different from private families. 
 
 By his process he can make almost any flour 
 rise when manufactured into bread. 
 
 The different varieties of wheat require to be 
 considered in the profits of millers, as the yield 
 of flour of each is as the different samples. That 
 sample of wheat which weighs heaviest does not 
 always make the most flour, as is also sometimes 
 the case with the first crop raised on new ground, 
 of which when ground the offal will be thick and 
 heavier than that raised on old ground. My ex- 
 perience of most of the wheat called Mediter- 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE.' 119 
 
 ranean is that it weighs as much as most sam- 
 ples. I believe, however, that most of it is not 
 profitable for the miller to purchase, for the reason 
 the quantity or quality cannot be made. It is of a 
 coarse, hard nature, difficult to grind ; it always 
 bolts too free; the flour becomes too specky; 
 besides, the inside of the wheat is of a dark color, 
 and making an extra brand of flour is almost im- 
 possible. I have seen some good Mediterranean, 
 but they are few, and would not recommend any 
 for making a choice brand of flour 
 
 OF SAW MILLS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. 
 
 These being often attached to the grist and 
 flouring mill, it is requisite some mention should 
 be made of them. Not having much experience 
 in this branch of business myself, I have consulted 
 with several practical millwrights and sawyers, 
 and the information I have gained from them, I 
 here subjoin for the benefit of others. 
 
 Supposing the mill built and ready for work 
 before the sawyers enter upon their duties. The 
 mill should be supplied with all the necessary 
 tools to work with, namely : a cart hook, for 
 rolling on the logs ; two iron cross bars, to move 
 the log on the carraige ; two axes ; a saw set ; 
 two small dogs, to hold the plank in its place 
 while sawing; one dozen of sixteen inch saw 
 files, and a chest of tools to repair the mill when 
 
120 THE MILLEE, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 required. The sawyer, before starting the mill, 
 should prove every part, to see that it is set true 
 and in its proper place. First prove and make 
 the fender-post plumb every way ; the fender-post 
 is where the saw gate works in. It is better to 
 have iron slides on the fender-post ; these to be 
 about three or four feet in length, and to be fast- 
 ened on the fender-post for the jaws of the gate to 
 work in, and set true and even ; the jaws to work 
 even on the slides, and screwed sufficiently fast to 
 keep the gate or saw steady. The head-block, on 
 which the log is to lie, on level, put the saw in 
 the middle of the gate, measuring from the out- 
 side ; set it by the gate, and not with the plumb- 
 line, with the teeth at the top of saw projecting 
 three quarters of an inch farther forward than "at 
 the bottom, as this will give the saw liberty to 
 rise without cutting, the log-room to push forward 
 as it rises. The saw is fastened in the gate by two 
 irons in the form of staples, the uppermost one 
 having nuts and screws on the top of the gate. 
 The saw is stretched tightly by these screws, 
 which should be nearer the teeth than the back of 
 the saw, that it may be stiffest there. To prove 
 that the saw is hung true, run the carriage forward, 
 so that the saw will strike the head block ; stick 
 up a nail there, run it back its full length, stand 
 behind the saw, set it exact to the mark again, set it 
 in motion, hold a tool close to one side of it, and ob- 
 serve whether it touches equally the whole length 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 121 
 
 of the stroke; if not, it should be altered, or the 
 lumber will not be square cut. 
 
 The length of the saw that is generally used is 
 seven and a half feet and seven inches wide, when 
 new. There are, however, other various sizes made, 
 but I would not recommend one less than seven 
 and a half feet, for the reason that it will cut a 
 larger quantity of timber and larger logs. The 
 sharpening or setting of the saw -is done as follows : 
 The teeth should be kept straight, and not suffered 
 so wear hollow ; this is done with a true, straight 
 edge. When the points of the teeth are made 
 straight, they should be cut of equal, size and 
 depth ; to "do which, lay the straight edge on the 
 blade of the sa,w, and make a plain mark on the 
 blade with a cold chisel, even with the straight 
 edge, the whole length of the saw, and cut out 
 each tooth to be of the same size and length (they 
 should be from one and a half to two inches long, 
 to enable them to clear themselves in the log); 
 this is done with a sharp, cold chisel, the saw 
 lying on a blacksmith's anvil. Then set the teeth 
 a little wider than the blade, to prevent it binding 
 in the log ; commence with the uppermost tooth, 
 and with the set bind it a little to one side, missing 
 every alternate tooth, the length of the saw ; these 
 are to be set to the same side. You then set the 
 remaining missed teeth to the opposite side, the 
 same distance as the first. 
 
 They next want to be filed even and sharp. 
 11 
 
122 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 In doing this, the wider part of the teeth should 
 be made to slope up a little, the teeth made sharp ; 
 the outer corners of each tooth should be a little 
 the longest. It is a bad practice to file the under 
 side of the teeth level or drooping down ; when 
 this is done, the saw never runs so steadily, and is 
 apt to wood too much. The crank, to do good 
 work, should be fourteen inches from the centre 
 of the neck to the centre of the rest or handle, 
 which is five inches long to the key -hole, and two 
 and a half or two inches thick; this should run, 
 when the mill is at full speed, one hundred and 
 thirty revolutions per minute. The mill should 
 be so that it will stop its sawing when within three 
 inches of being through the log; and arranged by 
 the machinery to draw the carriage with the log 
 back, that it may be ready for the saw again with- 
 out losing time. One word of caution is, not to 
 make the pitman too tight on the crank ; in fact, 
 no part of the mill that is moving should be tight- 
 ened too much ; just sufficient that it will not 
 change its position when running, and work easy. 
 NOTE. As the muley saw is used to some ex- 
 tent, when fast sawing is required, it requires a 
 good sawyer to manage it, as there is more danger 
 of bending or breaking the saw, on account of its 
 speed, if not properly managed. This saw can be 
 run much faster, as the gate is dispensed with, and 
 is run generally at a speed of two hundred and 
 upwards per minute. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 123 
 
 THE CIRCULAR SAW. 
 
 These require a sawyer who has some expe- 
 rience, to manage them, otherwise they will not be 
 profitable. I find it difficult to lay down any. one 
 principle for his guidance. They mostly run ver- 
 tically, having various kinds of wood to saw ; their 
 sizes being different, they all should be run with 
 straps or belts; the speed, also, varies from two 
 hundred and fifty to fifteen hundred revolutions 
 per minute ; this depends upon the diameter of the 
 saw, and the thickness of the timber it has to cut. 
 They cannot be recommended for sawing large 
 logs or hard timber, as the saw often breaks, or 
 becomes heated and is spoiled. 
 
 The shaft .the saw is hung on should have one 
 fourth inch play at the end, and be levelled true ; 
 the saw made fast and perpendicular; in fact, 
 every part should be fitted to work easy. The 
 sharpening of the saw is done nearly as the others ; 
 the teeth are kept their proper length and depth 
 by running the saw backward, and holding a piece 
 of grind-stone near them ; or by describing a circle 
 from the centre to the point of the teeth, and filing 
 off the points ; then describe one more circle the 
 depth you want the teeth, and file them their 
 proper depth. Set every alternate tooth a little on 
 one side, and the remaining teeth to the opposite 
 side. The saw, when running at a great speed and 
 
124: THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 cutting hard timber, should have water poured on 
 it to keep it from- heating. If suffered to run long, 
 after it gets hot, the temper will be taken out of 
 it, and render it useless. 
 
 It necessarily occurs that every journal, and 
 where there is any friction, should have oil ap- 
 plied, to keep it from heating ; it will also require 
 less power and do better work. 
 
 EULES FOR CALCULATING THE SPEED THE STONES 
 
 AND OTHER PIECES OR PARTS OF THE MA- 
 CHINERY RUN AT. 
 
 The fundamental principles on which are 
 founded all rules for calculating the motion pro- 
 duced by a combination of wheels, and for calcu- 
 lating the number of cogs to be put in them to 
 produce the motion that is required, is to com- 
 mence with the first moving power, which is 
 either an engine or water-wheel. If, therefore, 
 the revolutions the first moving wheel makes in a 
 minute be multiplied by the number of cogs in all 
 the driving wheels successively, and the product 
 noted, and . the revolutions of the last leading 
 wheel be multiplied by the number "of cogs in all 
 the leading wheels successively, and the product 
 noted, these products will be equal in all possible 
 cases. From these we can calculate the number 
 of revolutions any part of the machinery makes in 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 125 
 
 a minute. My intentions are to lay down simple 
 rules, so that the millers of limited education may 
 calculate the speed of any part of the machinery 
 of the mill. 
 
 EULE FlEST. 
 
 To find the motion of the mill-stone, the revolu- 
 tions of the engine or water-wheel (we will call 
 the first moving power), and the cogs in the wheel 
 being given. 
 
 Multiply the revolutions of the engine or water- 
 wheel per minute, by the number of cogs in all the 
 driving-wheels successively, and note down the 
 product. Then multiply the number of cogs or 
 rounds in all the leading wheels successively, and 
 note the product; then divide the first product by 
 the last, and the quotient is the number of revolu- 
 tions of the stone per minute. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Giving the number of revolutions of the first 
 moving power, viz. : the engine or water-wheel 
 per minute. 48 
 
 No. of cogs in the master cog-wheel, 56 
 
 288 
 240 
 
 2688 
 11* 
 
126 THE MILLEB, MILLWBIGHT 
 
 Amount brought over, 2688 
 
 No. cogs in spur or counter cog-wheel 99 
 
 24192 
 24192 
 
 266112 
 
 Multiply the leading wheels, viz.: the number 
 of cogs in the first leading wheel (48) by the 
 number of cogs in the next, the pinion (32). 
 
 48 
 32 
 
 "96" 
 144 
 
 1536 
 
 Divide the first quotient (266112) by the last 
 (1536). 
 
 1536)266112(173 
 1536 
 11251 
 10752 
 
 4992 
 
 4608 
 
 384 
 
 Thus the stones make 173 revolutions per 
 minute. 
 
 KULE SECOND. 
 
 To find the speed the bolts run at, you first cal- 
 culate the number of revolutions the upright shaft 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 127 
 
 makes per minute; it is made from the first 
 mover (engine or water-wheel) ; it runs, per 
 minute, 48 
 
 No. of cogs in the master cog-wheel, 56 
 
 No. of cogs in first leading wheel, 48)2688(56 
 
 240 
 
 288 
 
 288 
 
 00 
 
 The upright shaft runs, therefore, 56 revolu- 
 tions per minute. Then multiply the number of 
 cogs in the driving-wheel on the shaft, which is 
 40, by that of the upright shaft, 56, the quotient 
 is 2240 ; which, divided by the number of cogs in 
 the leader, 72, gives the number of revolutions 
 the bolts make per minute, 31. 
 
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE. 
 
 Given the first mover (the engine or water- 
 wheel) ; its revolutions per minute are . 35 
 
 No. of cogs in master-wheel 66=2310 
 
 Divided by the number of cogs that is in the 
 wheel that is in the upright shaft, a leader, 37, 
 gives the revolutions of the upright shaft 62 per 
 minute. This, again multiplied by the number of 
 
128 THE MILLER; MILLWRIGHT 
 
 cogs in the spur-wheel, 95, gives 5890 ; which, 
 divided by the number of cogs in leader or pinion, 
 36, gives the number of revolutions of the stone 
 per minute 163. 
 
 The upright shaft runs, per minute, 62 revolu- 
 tions ; number of cogs that is in the wheel on the 
 upright shaft, 37 ; multiplied, gives 2294, and 
 divided by 74, the number of cogs in the wheel 
 that drives the bolt, a leader, gives 31, the number 
 of revolutions the bolts make per minute. 
 
 NOTE. If any of the wheels be for straps or 
 drums and pulleys, or are moved thereby, take 
 the 'diameter of each drum, etc., in inches and 
 parts, and multiply and divide the same as with 
 cogs. 
 
 .KULE THIRD. 
 
 To find the speed the smut mills make per 
 minute. 
 
 First, the upright shaft runs, per minute, 56 
 No. of cogs in the driving-wheel, 73 
 
 168" 
 392 
 
 4088 
 
 Which, divided by the number of cogs in the 
 leader, 35, gives the number of revolutions the 
 shaft makes per minute, which is 116 
 
 The smut mill is driven by a belt; take ; ) 72 
 therefore, the diameter of the drum or V 232 
 pulley, in inches, a driver. ) 812 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 129 
 
 Divide this quotient by the diameter of ^j 
 the leading pulley, which is 14 inches, I 0050 
 and it gives the number of revolutions j 
 of the smut mill, 596 per minute. . J 
 
 ANOTHER EXAMPLE. 
 
 The upright shaft moves, .per minute, 62, X 
 the number of cogs in the wheel on the upright 
 shaft, 37 (both drivers), the .quotient is 2294; 
 which, divided by the number of cogs in the 
 wheel that is on the- lying shaft (a leader), 35, 
 gives the number of revolutions of the lying 
 shaft ; it runs 65 per minute ; this number, multi- 
 plied by 47, the number of cogs in the wheel of 
 the lying shaft, gives the quotient, -3055, which, 
 divided by 27, the number of cogs on the wheel 
 in the upright shaft, gives the number of revolu- 
 tions of the upright shaft that drives the smut 
 mill, 113 ; which, multiplied by the diameter of 
 the drum on the upright shaft, 48, gives a quotient 
 of 5424; this, divided by the diameter of the 
 drum (or leader), which is 18 inches, gives' the 
 revolutions of the smut mill, per minute, 301. 
 
 It is not necessary to mention any other parts 
 of the machinery, as the calculations can be made 
 from the examples given. There is no regular 
 criterion as to size of wheels, number of cogs, &c., 
 to suit in all situations. I consider I have given 
 
130 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 sufficient to enable the miller to make his own 
 calculations to suit circumstances, and to judge 
 when any deficiency exists in the machinery, and 
 correct it accordingly. 
 
 Yery often, in building a new mill, the mill- 
 wright will miss his calculations on the first 
 moves, the engine or water-wheel not running the 
 speed it was calculated for. If this should ever 
 be the case, and the machinery not run its proper 
 speed, then the miller can find out where the 
 deficiency is, and make the alterations required. 
 
 To FIND THE QUANTITY, IN BUSHELS, A HOPPER 
 WILL CONTAIN. 
 
 Rule. Multiply the length at the top by the 
 breadth, and that product by one third the depth ; 
 measuring to the point, divide the last product by 
 the contents of a bushel in inches, and the quo- 
 tient will be the same answer required. 
 
 TABLE OF DRY MEASURE. 
 
 33.6 solid inches in one pint. 
 
 268.8 " 'gallon. 
 
 537.6 " " peck. 
 
 2150.4 " " bushel. 
 
 Example. How many bushels in a hopper 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 131 
 
 forty- two inches square at the. top and twenty- 
 four inches deep. 
 
 According, to rule 42 x 42 x 8 H- 2150.4. 
 Thus: 42 1764 
 
 42 8 2150.4)14112.0(6.56 
 
 ~^4 and ilm 129024 
 
 168 1209.6_ 56 
 
 1764 and 2150.4"~100 
 
 And we have for an answer 6.56 bushels. 
 
 SPOUTS THE NECESSITY OF MAKING 
 
 I think it necessary to notice this matter in this 
 work, as I have often experienced a great deal of 
 trouble in different mills from the spouts being 
 made too small and confined. I believe many 
 other millers can make the like assertion. Spouts 
 should invariably be made of sufficient size that 
 they will not be stopped with pieces of straw or 
 other small substances, and should have sufficient 
 slant that there will be no difficulty in their running. 
 
 Often the spouts are put in contracted parts of 
 the mill ; whenever this is the case, there should 
 be a slide put in at the top, sufficiently large to 
 put the hand in, or left open at the top, so that if 
 they stop running they may be altered. When 
 the spouts are contracted, or you cannot get slant 
 enough, then it is best to use ft tin one, as flour or 
 meal will run much better than on wood. The 
 
132 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 spouts- from the mill-stones particularly should be 
 as large as can conveniently be put in, to give air 
 round the stone, as it will help to keep them cool. 
 I believe if the meal could be run into the con- 
 veyor, or elevator, that the stones would require 
 less power to drive them, if there were three large 
 spouts to eacft pair of stones, as the stones, having 
 to drive the meal round the hoop before it can 
 leave the spout, are apt to both heat the meal 
 and take more power. . 
 
 TO LAY OFF ANY REQUIRED ANGLE. 
 
 ONE FOURTH OF A CIRCLE. 
 
 Base line. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 133 
 
 By this angle any degree may be taken near 
 enough for any angle mentioned in this work, by 
 applying the side of a bevel to the base- line, and 
 setting the blade to any angle required. I have 
 thought it necessary, for the benefit of others, to 
 give this cut of angles, as I have mentioned in 
 this work of the angles of different degrees. I 
 have made inquiry, and find by most mechanics 
 that they work by guessing, without knowing 
 whether they are right or wrong. As every one 
 may understand it, I give, above examples from 
 ten to ninety degrees. It is generally known by 
 mechanics that an angle of forty-five degrees is a 
 mitre. 
 
 I know there are some mechanics that have a 
 case of instruments. To such this will not be of 
 any great benefit ; but generally the workmen are 
 without them. To such I hope this will prove 
 beneficial. 
 
 OF MASONRY. 
 
 Masonry is the preparing and combining of 
 stones so as to properly touch, indent, or lie on 
 each other, and become masses of walling and 
 arching for the purpose of building. In stone 
 walling, the bedding joints ought each to be laid 
 horizontally when the top of the wall is to termi- 
 nate so. In building bridges and fence walls upon 
 inclined surfaces, the bedding joints ought to 
 12 
 
THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 follow the general direction of the work. A wall 
 which consists of unhewn stone is called a rubble 
 wall, whether mortar is used or not. This species 
 of work is of two kinds, coursed and uncoursed. 
 In the former, the stones are gauged or dressed 
 by the chisel or hammer, and the masonry laid in 
 horizontal courses, -but not always confined to the 
 same thickness. The uncoursed is formed by 
 laying the stones as they come to hand, without 
 any previous gauging, dressing, or assorting. 
 Walls, columns, blocks of stone or marble, &c., 
 are measured by the cubic foot ; and pavements, 
 slabs, chimney-pieces, &., are measured by the 
 superficial or square foot. Cubic or solid measure 
 is used for the materials and square, or superficial 
 measure for the workmanship. In the solid 
 measure, the true length, breadth, and thickness 
 are taken and multiplied continually together. 
 In the square measure, there must be taken the 
 length and breadth of every part of the projection 
 which is seen. 
 
 OF ARTIFICER'S WORK. 
 
 Artificers compute the contents of their work 
 by several different measures, namely : 
 
 1. Grlazier's and mason's work is by the foot. 
 
 2. Painting, plastering, paving, &c., by the yard. 
 
 3. Partitioning, flooring, roofing, &., by the foot. 
 
 4. Brickwork, by the 1,000 or cubic foot. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 135 
 
 BRICKLAYER'S WORK. 
 
 Brickwork is estimated at the rate of a brick 
 and a half thick, so that if a wall be more or less 
 than this standard thickness, it must be reduced 
 to it as follows. 
 
 Rule. Multiply the superficial contents, of the 
 wall \>y the number of half bricks in the thickness, 
 and one half of the product will be the contents 
 required. 
 
 BRICKS AND LATHS- DIMENSIONS. 
 
 15 common bricks ta a cubic ft. of 9 in. wall, laid. 
 221 12 " " 
 
 30 " " " 16 " " 
 
 37} " " " 20 " " 
 
 Laths are from one ta one and a half inches wide 
 by four feet long, and are usually set half an inch 
 apart, and a bundle should contain one hundred. 
 
 Example. How many bricks will it require to 
 build a house 30 feet square, 20 feet high, and 
 12 inches thick, above which is a triangular gable 
 risifig 12 feet and 9 inches thick. 
 
136 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 Thus: 30 x 6 + 30 x 6 x 15 and 30 + 30 
 + 28 -{- 28 x 20 x 22J. 
 
 360 30 
 
 -1 fr bricks to 9 r> A 
 
 -13 inch thick. 0V 
 
 30x6 is 180 1800 116 
 
 30 x 6 is 180 360. 20 high. 
 
 and 232 
 
 Then 2320 
 
 22 J bricks in a 12 inch wall. 
 4640 
 
 4640 5400 
 
 1160 52200 
 
 52200 bricks added to 5400 bricks = 57600 the answer. 
 
 Example 2. How many brioks are required 
 to build a mill house 60 feet long, 40 feet wide ; 
 40 feet high, and 12 inches thick. 
 
 Thus 60 + 60 + 40 + 40 X 40 X 22 J = the answer. 
 
 60 120 160 200 
 
 120 ~T60 "200 8000~ and 800 
 
 22j 
 
 16000 
 16000 
 4000 
 
 180000 answer. 
 
 TIMBER MEASURE. 
 
 Timber is chiefly estimated- by the square or 
 superficial foot of 144 inches, or cubic foot of 1728 
 inches, the calculation of^ which is performed by 
 
AND ENGINEEK'S GUIDE. 137 
 
 duodecimals ; that is, the foot and inch is divided 
 into twelve parts or divisions, thus:. 
 
 12 fourths make 1 third. 
 
 12 thirds " 1 second. 
 
 12 seconds " . . 1 inch. 
 
 12 inches " 1 foot. 
 
 And the several values are 
 
 Feet, multiplied by feet, gives feet. 
 
 Feet, multiplied by inches, gives inches. 
 
 Feet, multiplied by seconds, gives seconds. 
 
 Inches, multiplied by inches, gives seconds. 
 
 Inches, multiplied by seconds, gives thirds. 
 
 Seconds, multiplied by seconds, gives fourths. 
 
 And so forth. 
 
 Rule 1. Place the multiplier under the multi- 
 plicand, feet under feet, inches under inches, 
 seconds under seconds, and so forth. 
 
 Rule 2. Multiply each denomination of the 
 length, by the feet of the breadth, beginning at the 
 lowest, and place each product under that denom- 
 ination of the multiplicand from which it arises, 
 always carrying one for every twelve. 
 
 Rule 3. Multiply by the inches, and set each 
 product one place toward the right hand. 
 
 Rule 4. Then multiply by the seconds, .and 
 set each other product one place further to the 
 right. 
 
 Thus prove in like manner with all the other 
 denominations, and the sum will be the content. 
 
 Example 1. Eequire the superficial contents of 
 1.2* 
 
138 THE MILLEK, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 a board 12 feet 6 inches long and 1 foot 5J 
 wide. 
 
 F. I. S. 
 
 According to rule. 12 6 
 multiplied by 156 
 
 12 6 and we have for the 
 526 answer, 18 feet, 2 
 6 3 inches, and 9 sec. 
 18 2 9 
 
 The. solid content of timber is found by multi- 
 plying the length of the tree or log by the square 
 of the J girth. 
 
 JSfcarap/e. Kequire the contents of a tree in 
 cubic feet, whose girth in the middle is 84 inches, 
 and length 25 feet 6 inches. Thus, of girth 84 
 is 21, which is equal to 1 foot 9 inches, which is 
 to be squared thus. 
 
 F. I. 
 1 9 
 1 9_ 
 
 1 9 
 139 
 
 309 
 
 Then by 'rule the length must be multiplied by 
 the quotient of square of J girth. 
 
 Thus: F. I. S. T. And we have for the 
 25- 6 answer, 78 ft., 1 in., 
 
 3 9 1 sec., and 1 third. 
 
 :; . . 76~6~ 
 
 1716 
 78 1 1 6 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 139 
 
 Sa 
 
 Length 
 in feet. 
 
 bO bO bO H- ' h- 1 
 
 to >_i O CO. CO >-* 
 GO COl CJ* 
 
 GOCOGOGOGOGOGOGOGOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOl 
 
 
 
 l 'COGO 
 
 ui-jo 
 
 O ^ tO M CO -I 
 
 tCOCCiJSCOH-'CO-^CntOI-'CO-auiCOO^ 
 bO h-i O O CO CO -J OS-Ui ^WtOtCI-'OColtO 
 
 CO 
 
 -JGOCOh- 'OOOOOlO^lCO 
 
 I 'OCOCOOOi^bOl 'OCO. COCOUi^CO 
 
 COGOCOCC i-i 
 
140 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 3 
 
 int-OCOmaOOCOOQOO 
 r-l)-HO 
 
 Or-iirq 
 
 3 
 
 00000000 
 t-T^^iookOC^asco 
 t-coososoi < 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 000000000000000 
 
 OiOOiOO>OOiOOiOOn 
 
 iOOO<><Ot~t-GOaDOsOSO 
 
 O5|rHOst^ocO' igst^ioM 
 O2 
 
 OOr>-^C<l 
 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 141 
 
 To find the amount of lumber any log will 
 make, first find the length of the log in the first or 
 left-hand column. Then, on the top of the page, 
 to the right, find the diameter, and under the 
 same will be found the quantity of lumber your 
 log will make. Calculated -for any length log, 
 from 10 to 25 feet, and for any diameter from 12 
 to 44 inches. 
 
 OF THE WEDGE. 
 
 The wedge is an inclined plane ; the form of it 
 and the power applied to it, will be the resistance 
 to be overcome, as the thickness of the wedge is 
 to the length. It is a useful mechanical power, 
 and in some purposes, excels all the rest ; because 
 with it we can effect, what we cannot do with any 
 other in the same time. Its. power may be com- 
 puted in the following manner : 
 
 We will suppose the wedge to be twelve inches 
 long, and two inches thick at the upper end, and 
 tapering to a sharp edge at the other. The power 
 to hold it in is as one to twelve resistance ; that is, 
 twelve resistance pressing on each side of the 
 wedge; for if struck with a mallet, the whole 
 power or force added to the whole force- of the 
 power in the stroke, is communicated to the 
 wedge the time it continues to move. The effect 
 is as the square of the velocity with which the 
 
142 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 mallet strikes, multiplied into its weight. Thus, 
 suppose a mallet weighing ten pounds, strike with 
 five velocity, the effective momentum is two hun- 
 dred and fifty ; but if it strike with double the 
 force, or rather velocity, then the momentum is 
 one thousand; if the force of each stroke, except 
 what may b$ destroyed by the friction of the 
 wedge, is added until the sum of these forces 
 amounts to more than the resistance of the body 
 to be split, it must open ; if the wedge does not 
 move when struck, the whole force is destroyed 
 by the friction; the less the inclination of the 
 sides of the wedge, the greater the resistance we 
 overcome, because it will be easier moved by the 
 stroke. 
 
 OF PUMPS. 
 
 I . think it is requisite to mention the common 
 pump for drawing water. All pumps should be 
 so constructed as to work with equal ease, in 
 raising water to . any given height above the 
 surface of the well. Pumps are chiefly designated 
 by the names of force and lifting pumps. Lifting 
 plimps are applied to wells ,etc., where the height 
 of the bucket from the surface of the water should 
 not exceed thirty feet. The movable valve should 
 be cased with leather, which springs outward, -and 
 fits the tube, so that neither air nor water can pass 
 by it. The handle of the pump is a lever, in-- 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 143 
 
 creasing the power used six times the distance or 
 length of the handle ; between the pin on which 
 it moves and the top of the pump-rod ; to which it 
 is fixed, should "be nearly one fifth part of the 
 length ; when the lever is worked, the valve opens 
 as it descends, letting the air or water pass through 
 it ;. as it again ascends the valve shuts, and the water, 
 which is above the bucket is raised. There would 
 be a vacuum between the valves, but the weight 
 of the air presses on the surface of the water in 
 the well, forcing it up through the lowermost 
 valve ; this fills the space between the buckets ; 
 as the valve descends the lowermost valve shuts, 
 and prevents the water from descending again. 
 But if the upper valve be set more than thirty 
 feet above the surface of the water in the well, the 
 pump cannot be made to draw, because the pres- 
 sure of the atmosphere will not cause the water to 
 rise more than thirty -two feet. The distance be- 
 tween the valve in the first one and the surface 
 of the water in the well, should never exceed 
 twenty-four feet, or .from some imperfection of 
 workmanship, or other causes, the pump will lose 
 water, and will cease to act. 
 
 NOTE. Hot liquor pumps, or any pumps em- 
 ployed in raising any fluid where steam is gen- 
 erated, require to be placed in the fluid as low as 
 the bottom of it, on account of the steam filling 
 the pipes, and acting as a counterpoise to the 
 atmosphere ; and the diameter of the pipes to and 
 
144: THE MILLER, MILLWEIGHT 
 
 from the pump, ought not to be less than two 
 thirds of the pump's diameter. 
 
 THE SCREW. 
 
 The screw may be denominated a circular- in- 
 clined plane, which is denominated the thread, 
 fastened around the cylinder. It consists essen- 
 tially of two parts, called the internal screw and 
 the external screw. In a single turn of the 
 screw the circumference of the cylinder is equal 
 to the base of the inclined plane, and the distance 
 between the threads is equal to its heighth. The 
 power is generally applied to. the screw by. means 
 of a lever, which describes the circumference of a 
 circle at each turn of the screw. The screw is 
 evidently of great use, both for pressure and rais- 
 ing great weights. If the distance of the thread 
 be half an inch, and the lever fifteen inches, and 
 the power applied be ten pounds, then the power 
 will describe a circle of ninety-four inches, whilst 
 the weight raises half an inch. Then as half 
 an inch is to ninety-four, so is ten pounds to 
 one thousand eight hundred and eighty pounds, 
 the weight the engine would raise with ten pounds 
 power. But this is with no friction on the screw. 
 We know the friction to be great, but have no 
 means to give an accurate calculation. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 145 
 
 The following table shows the power of man or 
 horse as applied to machinery. 
 
 APPLICATIONS OF THE POWER. 
 
 As. Avr. at 
 he rate of 
 220 feet per 
 minute. 
 
 ibs. Avr. at the 
 ate of one foot 
 >er minute. 
 
 A man is supposed to be 
 
 
 
 capable of lifting or car- 
 
 27273 
 
 or 6 000 
 
 A man is supposed to*be 
 
 Z-i i 9*4 I t-r 
 
 \JL \J)\J\J\s 
 
 capable of turning the 
 
 
 
 winch of a crane with a 
 
 
 
 force equal to - - 
 
 2.8.637 
 
 " 6,300 
 
 When the united efforts of 
 
 
 
 two men are applied to 
 
 
 
 the winch of a crane, the 
 
 
 
 handles being at right- 
 
 
 
 angles, each man exerts 
 
 
 
 a force equal to - - * - 
 
 33.499 
 
 " 7,350 
 
 A man is supposed to ex- 
 
 
 
 ert a power in pumping 
 
 
 
 equal to - - - - - - 
 
 17.335 
 
 " 3,814 
 
 In ringing in, man exerts a 
 
 
 
 force equal to - - - - 
 
 38.955 
 
 " 8,570 
 
 And in rowing .... 
 
 40.955 
 
 " 9,010 
 
 The power of a horse is 
 
 
 
 en n Q 1 ir\ - 
 
 1 ^0 
 
 QQ 000 
 
 
 J.C'v/ 
 
 OO \J\J\J 
 
 MEASURE OF SOLIDITY. 
 
 7.22 cubic inches make 1 gill. 
 
 28.88 " I pint. 
 
 57.76 " " 1 quart. 
 
 231.04 " " 1 gallon. 
 
 13 
 
146 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 NOTE. By the statute of the State of New 
 York, the gallon of dry measure shall contain ten 
 pounds of pure water at its maximum density ; the 
 bushel, eighty pounds. These measures have this 
 great advantage. The common pump, or spring 
 water, fresh drawn, is sufficiently near the standard 
 density to be employed in regulating them, in all 
 cases, where scientific Accuracy is not required. 
 
 EULES FOR CALCULATING LIQUIDS. 
 
 To find the number of United States gallons 
 contained in any square or rectangular cistern, 
 multiply the contents in cubic feet, and then multi- 
 ply the product by 1728, the number of cubic 
 inches in a cubic foot, and divide the result by 
 231, the number of cubic inches in a gallon. 
 
 Example. How many gallons in a cistern 
 which is ten feet long, five feet wide, and four feet 
 deep. By rule : 10 x 5 x 4 x 1728-^-231. 
 Thus 10 
 _5 
 
 50 1728 . 231)345600(1496.24 
 
 4 200 231 
 
 200 and 345600 and. 1146 
 
 924 
 "2220 
 2079 
 
 1410 
 1386 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 147 
 
 A TABLE 
 
 Showing the capacity of Cisterns, Wells, etc., -in Ale Gallons and Hogsheads, in 
 proportion to their Diameters and Depths. 
 
 Capacity in 
 gallons. 
 
 Capacity in Hhds, Ale Measure, 63 Gallons. 
 
 Dia. in 
 
 inches 
 
 Depth 
 
 1 FT. 
 
 FT. 
 
 6. 
 
 FT. 
 
 7. 
 
 FT. 
 
 8. 
 
 FT. 
 
 9. 
 
 FT. 
 10. 
 
 FT. 
 11. 
 
 FT. 
 12. 
 
 FT. 
 13. 
 
 FT. 
 14. 
 
 3 
 
 43.3 
 
 4.1 
 
 4.8 
 
 5.5 
 
 6.2 
 
 6.8 
 
 7.5 
 
 8.2 
 
 9. 
 
 9.6 
 
 3^ 
 
 59. 
 
 5.6 
 
 6.5 
 
 7.4 
 
 8A 
 
 9.3 
 
 10.3 
 
 11.1 
 
 12.1 
 
 13.1 
 
 4 
 
 77.6 
 
 7.4 
 
 8.6 
 
 9.8 
 
 11.1 
 
 12.2 
 
 13.5 
 
 14.8 
 
 16. 
 
 17.2 
 
 4 ^ 
 
 97.5 
 
 9.3 
 
 10.8 
 
 12.4 
 
 13.9 
 
 15.5 
 
 17. 
 
 18.6 
 
 20.1 
 
 21.6 
 
 5 
 
 120.3 
 
 11.1 
 
 13.3 
 
 14.8 
 
 17.2 
 
 19.1 
 
 21. 
 
 22.2 
 
 24.4 
 
 26.7 
 
 5^ 
 
 145.5 
 
 13.8 
 
 16.1 
 
 18.4 
 
 20.8 
 
 23,1 
 
 25.4 
 
 27.6 
 
 29.9 
 
 32.3 
 
 6 
 
 173.2 
 
 16.5 
 
 19.2 
 
 22. 
 
 24.7 
 
 27.5 
 
 32. 
 
 33. 
 
 35.7 
 
 38.4 
 
 6% 
 
 203.3 
 
 19.3 
 
 22.6 
 
 25.7 
 
 29. 
 
 32.2 
 
 35.5 
 
 38.6 
 
 41.9 
 
 45.1 
 
 7 
 
 235.8 
 
 22.4 
 
 26.2 
 
 29.8 
 
 33.7 
 
 37.4 
 
 41.1 
 
 44.8 
 
 48.6 
 
 52.4 
 
 7^ 
 
 270.7 
 
 25.8 
 
 30. 
 
 34.4 
 
 38.6 
 
 42.9 
 
 47.2 
 
 51.6 
 
 55.5 
 
 60.1 
 
 8 
 
 308. 
 
 29.3 
 
 34.2 
 
 39. 
 
 44. 
 
 48.9 
 
 53.8 
 
 58.6 
 
 63.8 
 
 68.4 
 
 %y z 
 
 347.7 
 
 33. 
 
 38.6 
 
 44. 
 
 49.6 
 
 55.2 
 
 60.7 
 
 66. 
 
 71.6 
 
 77.2 
 
 9 
 
 390. 
 
 37.1 
 
 43.3 
 
 49.4 
 
 55.7 
 
 61.9 
 
 68.1 
 
 74.2 
 
 80.4 
 
 86.6 
 
 9% 
 
 434.3 
 
 41.3 
 
 48.2 
 
 55. 
 
 62. 
 
 68.9 
 
 75.8 
 
 82.6 
 
 89.5 
 
 96.5 
 
 10 
 
 481. 
 
 45.8 
 
 53.4 
 
 61. 
 
 68.7 
 
 76.4 
 
 84. 
 
 91.6 
 
 99. 
 
 106.9 
 
 11 
 
 583.3 
 
 55.5 
 
 64.8 
 
 74. 
 
 83.3 
 
 92.6 
 
 101.8 
 
 111. 
 
 120.3 
 
 129.6 
 
 12 
 
 693. 
 
 66. 
 
 77. 
 
 88. 
 
 99. 
 
 110. 
 
 121. 
 
 132. 
 
 143. 
 
 154. 
 
 EXPLANATION. 
 
 Find the diameter in feet on the left hand of the 
 column of the table; then move to the right on 
 the same line till you come under the depth in 
 feet, and you will have the answer sought for in 
 hogsheads. Thus, if the capacity of a cistern be 
 required whose diameter is 5J feet, and depth 12 
 feet, we find opposite 5} and directly under 12, on 
 the same line, 22'2, which is the answer. 
 
 NOTE. The above table will be found useful 
 and very convenient in the construction of public 
 reservoirs, as well as private cisterns, as it will 
 enable any one at a glance to determine the di- 
 mensions in depth and diameter, to hold a given 
 
148 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 number of hogsheads. For a private dwelling, 
 the capacity should not be less than seven feet 
 diameter by eight or nine feet deep. In the con- 
 struction of reservoirs for the supply of tenders 
 on railroads, the height should be double that of 
 the diameter, in order to obtain a head of water, 
 and thus save time in replenishing the tenders. 
 
 The preceding table was computed in English 
 ale gallons, although in New York but one stand- 
 ard measure for all liquids exists. 
 
 STEEL OF THE VARIOUS DEGREES OF HEAT 
 REQUIRED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL. 
 
 They are termed by the smith as the 'black 
 heat, the red, or cherry heat, the bright red, or 
 bright cherry red, the white, and the welding 
 heat. The first named is the lowest heat ; it is 
 not visible in daylight, but shines in the dark 
 with a brown color. The second is in daylight a 
 blood-red crimson. The third, a yellowish red, 
 gives the scales or hammer slag on the iron a 
 black appearance. A white heat is that which 
 the scales and iron appear of the same color. 
 Steel does not bear the same degree of heat as 
 iron without injury. The finest cast steel will 
 hardly sustain a bright red heat without falling to 
 pieces, rendering it imprudent to heat it higher 
 than a middling or cherry red heat. Although 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 149 
 
 sensitive to heat, steel will bear much more forg- 
 ing than iron, if not previously injured by too 
 great a heat. In forging steel, no heavy tools, or 
 at least no heavy sledge, should be used. Open 
 fires are not adapted to heating steel, because a 
 great deal of air passes through them unburnt, 
 which in passing over the hot steel deprives ifc to 
 some extent of its carbon. The fires require a 
 roof or arch of fire-brick, in order to secure the 
 proper compression of the air; or the roof may 
 easily be formed of the coal itself. When damp, 
 if slack coal is thrown on the fire in a layer of 
 two or three inches thick, it will cake together, 
 and, after the loose coal below it is burnt, it will 
 form a hollow fire like a bake oven, the cake 
 roof reflecting an immense heat upon the material 
 below it. In heating steel, particular attention 
 should be paid to the purity of the coal, and to 
 its freedom from sulphur. Fine coal, wet, is less 
 injurious to steel than coarse dry coal of the same 
 quality. The hardening of cast steel is to heat 
 the steel to not more than a^brown or cherry red 
 heat; beyond that point it burns and becomes' 
 brittle in hardening. The usual method is to 
 heat the steel to a 'certain point, and then very 
 suddenly plunge it into cold water, tempering it 
 afterward. Good steel is silver white, and when 
 tempered properly will scratch pane glass, or a 
 file. In hardening steel, the hardness is derived 
 not so much from the degree of heat to which the 
 13* 
 
150 THE MILLER; MILLWRIGHT 
 
 metal is subjected as to the degree of cold of the 
 cooling fluid, and the manner in which the cool- 
 ing is performed. 
 
 Steel must be heated to a certain degree to 
 assume its greatest hardness ; if heated below that 
 point, it will not become hard, no matter what 
 kind of cooling fluid you employ. If the proper 
 degree of heat be obtained, it is in your power to 
 make the steel more or less hard, by choosing 
 more or less cold water, or other fluids, for chilling 
 it. Pure well water, taken fresh from the well, is 
 the best element to cool it in ; and it should be re- 
 newed at each operation. Hard well or spring 
 water is preferable to that of a softer quality, and 
 should be obtained if possible. Steel treated in 
 this way assumes its greatest degree of hardness, 
 and may afterward be tempered to any extent. 
 The manner of cooling is of importance. If hot 
 steel is held quietly in cold water, it will not 
 become so hard as may be desirable, because the 
 steam formed on the hot surface will prevent its 
 rapid cooling. It should be moved backward or 
 forward, or up and down, in the water, which 
 greatly increases the hardness. For hardening 
 large objects, ft current or fall of water is indispen- 
 sable. The surest method is to impart to the steel, 
 in the operation of hardening, the greatest degree 
 of hardness of which it is susceptible, and temper 
 it afterward. If the steel is hotter, and the water 
 colder, it will assume a greater degree of hardness, 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 151 
 
 or become brittle. By the same degree of heat in 
 the steel, water, with ice or snow in it, will make 
 the steel harder than water alone. Steel, heated 
 to its highest point, and plunged in the coldest 
 medium, becomes what is termed glass-hard, that 
 is, it will scratch glass; but- it is usually very 
 brittle. If hot steel is thrown to the bottom of a 
 vessel of cold water, it does not assume a high 
 degree of hardness ; but if a rapid motion is given 
 to it, it speedily becomes hard, and the hardness 
 increases with the rapidity of the motion. A 
 well forged and polished rod of sound steel, if 
 suspended by one end, and struck by any hard 
 substance, emits a sonorous, silvery tone. There 
 is no comparison between the sound of iron with 
 steel. 
 
 COMPOSITION FOR WELDING CAST STEEL. 
 
 Take of borax ten parts ; of sal ammonia, one 
 part ; grind or pound them roughly together ; then 
 fuse them in a metal pot over a clear fire, taking 
 care to continue the heat until all spume has dis- 
 appeared from the surface. When the liquid 
 appears clear, the composition is ready to be 
 poured out to cool and concrete ; afterward being 
 ground to a fine powder, it is ready for use. 
 
 To use this composition, the steel to be welded 
 is raised to a heat which may be expressed as a 
 bright yellow ; it is then dipped among the weld- 
 
152 THE MILLER, MILLWEIGHT 
 
 ing powder, and again placed in the fire, until it 
 attains the same degree of heat as before ; it is 
 then ready for hammering. 
 
 BISECTIONS FOB MAKING AND SHAKPENING MlLL 
 
 PICKS. 
 
 It is one of the most difficult things a miller has 
 to contend with, to find a smith who can make 
 and sharpen a mill pick, and temper it to carry 
 a sharp edge that will crack hard burr mill-stones, 
 from not knowing the nature of cast-steel. Often 
 the millers have to send their picks a long dis- 
 tance to be sharpened. Under these circum- 
 stances, I have thought it right to give some in- 
 structions, which, if correctly followed, will enable 
 the miller to sharpen his own picks ; or, he may 
 teach the smith in what way to temper or sharpen 
 them. It is impossible to do their work well if 
 the picks be not well hammered, and of the 
 correct temper ; they will be brittle, and fly on the 
 edge, or they will be soft, and batter up, and will 
 not cut. If the steel is heated too much, it will, 
 when being used in picks, crumble on the edge ; 
 it is therefore necessary you should be particular 
 in choosing good steel, for when the steel is bad, 
 the picks will riot be of any essential use to you. 
 
 The working of cast-steel picks, so that they 
 will keep a sharp, even edge, whilst working on a 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 153 
 
 hard mill-stone, is done as follows : The steel or 
 picks should be heated with charcoal or coke ; if 
 they are not to be found, the fire should be made 
 of cinders, as fresh coal will, in general, have too 
 much sulphur, which will make the steel too 
 brittle and gotten. In commencing to make new 
 picks, you first cut the steel off its proper length 
 for each pick. Great care should be taken to 
 insure to all parts a uniform temperature. Let it 
 be heated to a blood-red heat. The operation of 
 heating and hammering must be repeated until 
 it is made the shape, length,. and size -required; 
 but do not leave the marks of the hammer on it 
 when finished. Then comes the hammering, 
 which should be done as follows : You heat one 
 of the ends of the pick until it becomes of a cherry 
 red. The work should be moved to and fro, to 
 expose all parts alike to the fire; then lay it even 
 and straight on the anvil, and commence hammer- 
 ing it quick and hard, using a small hammer. 
 Finish the edge of the pick first (making it a little 
 narrower, as when it is finished the sides will be 
 of an even width), as these edges must not be 
 touched after you commence hammering the sides. 
 If one stroke of the hammer is made on the edge 
 after, it will open the pores in the edge ; the pick 
 will crumble there, and will not cut. Dip the 
 hammer in some clean water when working the 
 end ; this helps to close the pores as you hammer, 
 and makes the steel more tough. If the edge of 
 
154: THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 the pick is not straight, it should be cut off. The 
 edge, when it is finished, is left nearly a sixteenth 
 of an inch thick, to prevent it from being burnt 
 through in heating again for tempering. 
 
 After both ends of the pick have been made, as 
 above described, they are ready for tempering, to 
 do which the fire should be carefully attended to. 
 By referring to the article on steel, you will find 
 an accurate description of the fire necessary for 
 tempering, together with several other little scraps 
 of much-needed information here, which the tem- 
 pering and making of picks, as well as other 
 articles of steel manufacture, require. The pick 
 1 should have sufficient time to heat or soak, moving 
 it to and fro in the fire, that all parts may be 
 heated alike. Watch it closely until it becomes 
 of a cherry red color (if heated too much, it will 
 fly, and if not enough, it will be soft), and when 
 it is of the heat required, the end should be dipped ' 
 in a bucket of clean water, about an inch from the 
 point ; take it out immediately, and hold it until 
 it becomes of a white color. Work the other end 
 of the pick in the same manner, keeping the end 
 that is tempered at the same time cool by pouring 
 water on it. Take particular care that no grease 
 or oil is in the water you temper with, as grease 
 spoils the picks. Thus, by a little practice, you 
 can make picks that will do good work. 
 
 Another principle in tempering picks, is by 
 mixing shavings of leather in the fire, to keep the 
 
155 
 
 edges from cracking. When brittle substances 
 crack in hardening, it is from the outside con- 
 tracting, thus becoming too small to contain the 
 interior parts. To save the edges from shrinking 
 or cracking by hardening, a good way is to draw 
 the edges of the pick through yeast or beer 
 grounds, or any other sticky substance, and then 
 through a little common salt and animal's hoofs 
 roasted and pounded. This applies a little carbon 
 to the outside, and renders thf steel harder, and 
 less disposed to crack ; it also prevents the edge 
 from being injured from the fire. 
 
 I have always found the greatest difficulty from 
 the smith not hammering the picks sufficiently, so 
 as to close the pores and make them tough. The 
 following is a receipt that was handed me, but 
 one which I have never tried : 
 
 A COMPOSITION FOR TEMPERING CAST STEEL MlLL 
 PICKS. 
 
 To three gallons of rain water, add three ounces 
 of spirits of nitre, three ounces of hartshorn, three 
 ounces of white vitriol, three ounces of sal ammonise, 
 three" of alum, and six- ounces of salt, with two 
 handfuls of the parings of horse's hoof. The steel to 
 be heated a dark cherry red. A large jug of this 
 preparation should be kept corked tight, that it 
 will not evaporate nor lose its strength. 
 
156 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 GOVERNORS FOR FLOURING MILLS. 
 
 Milling should be carried on in the most profit- 
 able way possible. This is by making the best 
 flour and yield ; that is, to take out all the flour 
 there is in the wheat. 
 
 I have thought proper, in this work, to intro- 
 duce the governor to steam and water flouring 
 mills. Every one must acknowledge that, when 
 attached to the stones of a wind mill, they regulate 
 their grinding evenly. When the stones are set 
 properly they will not vary ; the wind may blow 
 hard or soft, the governor raising or lowering 
 the stone as the wind may blow. 
 
 I have never seen the governor for regulating 
 the mill-stones in a steam or water mill ; but I feel 
 convinced these governors will be used in general, 
 both in steam and water mills, at an early day. 
 I feel confident that, if the governor is properly 
 put up, it will pay for itself in a very short time. 
 Every miller knows that there is a great loss in the 
 yield of flour in stopping and starting the mill, as 
 there is seldom but one miller to attend to setting 
 the stones. There must then be, of necessity, a 
 great loss before the stones are set properly, losing 
 considerable wheat that is partly ground, which 
 goes into the offal. 
 
 . I believe the governor can be so arranged in a 
 mill that it will not interfere or disarrange any of 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 157 
 
 the other machinery of the mill, as they may be 
 driven by a pulley from the "upright shaft or the 
 spindle of the mill-stones, and it requires but little 
 power to drive them. They are made similar to. 
 the governor of a steam engine. Sometimes, in a 
 wind mill, they have four balls attached ; to others 
 only two are attached. I prefer using them with 
 two balls. The pulley may be placed on the hor- 
 izontal shaft, above the balls or below them, to 
 suit. I give this cut as a model, and the principle 
 on which the efficacy of it depends is easily- ex- 
 plained. (See figure 10.) 
 
 The heavy balls B B are attached to metal rods 
 A A, which work on pivots C C, with shoulders 
 that project into the upright axis D D, and be- 
 come attached to a rod, which works freely within 
 the. upright axis D D. Now, by the revolution of 
 the axis D D, the balls B B acquire an obvious 
 tendency to fly off from the axis, and this tendency 
 is stopped or resisted by the weight of the balls, 
 so that when the axis is revolving with a certain 
 velocity, the balls will remain suspended. It fol- 
 lows that, when the balls diverge from the axis, 
 the shoulders of the arms A A will operate upon 
 a pivot C C. The balance beam E is made with 
 a crook in it, so that the balls will not interfere 
 with it when running. At the end next the 
 collar C are two prongs fitting in this collar ; the 
 straight part is made of steel, the' same as a steel- 
 yard beam, only the notches are fine on the top 
 14 
 
158 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 and bottom, as seen in E.. A rod of iron G- is 
 made fast to a beam I at one end, the other end 
 with a mortice for the balance beam to go through ; 
 this mortice is made of the best of steel, to fit on 
 one of the notches, so that you can move it to any 
 part necessary to take off the leverage or add to 
 it. You then have a rod of iron, one end fixed to 
 the end of the bridge-tree K, the other end with a 
 mortice, which should be made of steel. The 
 balance-beam E to go through, hanging on one of 
 the- notches at the top. This can be altered to 
 give more or less leverage to regulate the stone 
 when grinding. Silent feeders will act with the 
 governor ; for when the mill runs slow they will 
 give less speed, the governor raising the stones in 
 exact proportion to their speed. These balls 
 should make forty revolutions or thereabouts per 
 minute, and their circumference, for three run of 
 stones, should be eighteen or twenty inches. 
 
 THE GOVERNOR OR EEGULATOR. 
 
 The length of -pendulums given to find the 
 number of revolutions per minute. 
 
 Rule. Divide 375 by the square root of the 
 pendulum length, and J the quotient will be the 
 velocity required. . 
 
 Example. What number of revolutions per 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. . 159 
 
 minute ought a governor to make, whose pendu- 
 lums are 25 inches long ? 
 
 Thus : The square root of 25 is 5. 
 
 Then, according to rule, divide 375 by 5, which 
 is 75, the quotient; 'but the rule requires the an- 
 swer to be one half the quotient 75, which is 37J, 
 the number .of revolutions per minute. 
 
 The revolutions of the governor given, to find 
 the length of the pendulums. 
 
 Rule. Divide 375 by twice the number of 
 revolutions given, and the square of the quotient 
 will be the answer. 
 
 Example. When the velocity of the governor 
 is 37 J revolutions per minute, what ought to be 
 the length of the pendulums? 
 
 Thus : Twice the number of revolutions 37 J is 
 75. Then, according to rule, divide 375 by 75, 
 and we have the quotient 5 ; which, squared, 
 gives 25 the answer or the length of the pen- 
 dulums. 
 
 THE PULLEY. 
 
 A pulley is a mechanical assistant, by which a 
 great deal of power is obtained in a small com- 
 pass ; but more in accommodating the direction of 
 power to that of resistance, as by pulling down- 
 ward we are able to draw a weight upward. 
 The advantage gained being twice the number of 
 
160 . THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 moveable pulleys. As pulleys are very simple, 
 this* may be ascertained as follows: 
 
 Rule. To find the weight that may be raised 
 by a given number of pulleys, fixed or stationary, 
 multiply the power by twice the number of 
 moveable pulleys, and the answer is the weight 
 the power equals. 
 
 A single pulley may be so constructed that the 
 weight will be as three times the power, where 
 more than one rope is used. In a range of 
 pulleys where the ends of one rope are fastened to 
 the support and power, and the ends of the other 
 to the lower and upper blocks, the weight is to 
 the 'power as 4 is to 1. The principal objection 
 to this, is the loss of power by friction of the 
 pulleys. 
 
 Example. Find the weight that a power of 175 
 pounds will raise by a block and tackle, the 
 bottom or moveable block consisting of four 
 pulleys. Thu's : 
 
 Multiply, as in rule, the power 175 by twice the 
 number of moveable pulleys, 4, which is 8. 
 
 8 times 175 is J.400, the answer. 
 
 Example 2. What weight will be balanced by 
 a power of 125 pounds, attached to a cord passing 
 over 5 moveable pulleys. Thus : 
 
 Multiply, as in rule, the power 125 by twice the 
 number of moveable pulleys, 5, which is 80. 
 
 10 times 125 is 1250, the answer. 
 
 The simple pulley consists of a single wheel with 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 161 
 
 its cord, to one end of which is attached the weight, 
 and to the other the power. No great mechanical 
 advantage is gained by it, the weight being equal 
 to the power. When a number of wheels are 
 used, the whole are called a system of pulleys. In 
 this case, it is explained that the weight is divided 
 among the strings. To find the weight that may 
 be balanced by a given power, or to find the 
 power necessary to support a given weight : 
 
 Rule. Multiply the power by twice the num- 
 ber of moveable pulleys, and the answer is the 
 weight ; or divide the weight given by twice the 
 number of- moveable pulleys, and the answer will 
 be the power. 
 
 Example 3. What power, applied to a rope 
 passing over a single moveable pulley, will bal- 
 ance a weight of 700 pounds. 
 
 Thus : Divide, as in rule, the weight 700 pounds 
 by twice the number of moveable pulleys, 1, 
 which is 2. 
 
 700, divided by 2, is 350, the answer. 
 
 OF THE VELOCITY OF WHEELS, PULLEYS, 
 
 DKUMS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 When wheels are applied to communicate mo- 
 tion from one part of a machine to another, their 
 teeth act alternately on each other ; consequently, 
 
 if one wheel contains 60 teeth, and another 20 
 14* 
 
162 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 teeth, the one containing 20 teeth will make 3 
 revolutions while the other makes but 1. And if 
 drums or pulleys are taken in place of wheels, the 
 effect will be the same ; because their circumfer- 
 ences, describing equal spaces, render their revolu- 
 tions unequal; from this the rule is derived, 
 namely : 
 
 Multiply the velocity of- the driver by the 
 number of teeth it contains, and divide by the 
 velocity of the driven. The quotient will be the 
 number of teeth it ought to contain. Or, multiply 
 the velocity of the driver by its diameter, and 
 divide by the velocity of the driven. The 
 quotient will be the diameter of the driven. 
 
 Example 4. If a wheel that contains 75 teeth 
 makes 16 revolutions per minute, require the 
 number of teeth in another, to work into and make 
 24 revolutions in the same time. 
 
 According to rule, you multiply 16 by 75, and 
 divide the product, which is 1200, by 24, and you 
 have the answer) 50 teeth. 
 
 Example 5. Suppose a drum, 30 inches in 
 diameter, to make 20 revolutions in a minute, re- 
 quire the diameter of another to make 60 revolu- 
 tions in the same time. 
 
 According to rule, you multiply 20 by 30, and 
 divide the product, which is 600, by 60, and you 
 have for the answer 10 inches. 
 
 Example 6. A wheel 64 inches in diameter, 
 and making 42 revolutions per minute, is to give 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 163 
 
 motion to a shaft at the rate of 77 revolutions in 
 the same time ; find the diameter of a wheel suita- 
 ble for that purpose. 
 
 According to rule, multiply 42 by 64, and 
 divide the product, which is 2688, by 77, and you 
 have for the answer 35 inches nearly. 
 
 77)2688(3415 
 231 
 378 
 308 70 
 
 Example 7. Suppose a pulley 32 inches in 
 diameter to make 26 revolutions, find the diameter 
 of another to make 12 revolutions in the same 
 time. 
 
 According to rule, 26 x 32 -r- 12 = 69J 
 
 26 and 12)832 This will be seen to be 69J 
 
 ^2_ -69A = 1. 
 
 832 
 
 Example 8. Find the number of revolutions 
 per minute made by a wheel or pulley 20 inches 
 in diameter, when driven by another 48 inches in 
 diameter, and making 45 revolutions in the same 
 time. 
 
 According to rule, 48 x 45 -r- 20 = 108. 
 That is, 48 multiplied by 45 2160, divided 
 by 20)2160 gives the answer, 108 revolutions. 
 
 A leather belt should have a velocity of about 
 1300 feet per minute, and not more than 1800 
 feet, or it will not last long. If the lightning 
 
164 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 pulley is used too strong, it increases friction in 
 the gudgeons of the shaft, and prematurely de- 
 stroys the belt. 
 
 ON FKICTION. 
 
 We have considered the action and effect of 
 the mechanical powers, giving the mathematical 
 theory. 
 
 If there were no such thing as friction, or rub- 
 bing of parts upon each other, machinery would 
 have greater power ; but it is allowed that nearly 
 one fourth of the effect of machinery is destroyed 
 by it. One professor of science writes that friction 
 does not increase with the increase of rubbing 
 power or surfaces ; or, in other words, however the 
 magnitude of the surface of contact may vary, the 
 friction will remain the same, so long as the pres- 
 sure is unchanged. As the friction of one surface 
 moving upon another is in exact proportion to the 
 pressure with which the surfaces are verged 
 together. 
 
 "Where no unguent is interposed, the friction of 
 any two surfaces, whether at rest or at motion, is 
 doubly the same as when they are pressed perpen- 
 dicularly together. That is, where unguents are 
 interposed, the friction depends upon the nature 
 of the unguents, or upon the supply. For when 
 wood on wood, wood on metal, or metal on wood, 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE, 165 
 
 the unguents should be of hog's lard and olive oil. 
 Tallow as an unguent, where metals run on metals, 
 is not recommended ; it causing more friction than 
 hog's lard. The best kind of metals for journal 
 bearings is brass and cast-iron, as they produce 
 the least friction without any unguent. 
 
 BELTING FRICTION. 
 
 The friction by belting on pulleys is forty-seven 
 for greased leather, when run on wood drums or 
 pulleys ; fifty for dry leather on wood ; thirty- 
 eight for oiled leather on cast-iron pulleys, and 
 . twenty -eight for dry leather on cast-iron pulleys. 
 
 I believe the cast-iron pulley to be far superior 
 to wood, not only for the friction being less than 
 wood, but its durability ; and I think them less 
 expensive. The face required to be turned off 
 evenly and true. 
 
 I believe the reason pulleys are often made of 
 wood is that some of the millwrights are not expert 
 in the calculation of machinery ; for, when made 
 of wood, they can add or diminish the circumfer- 
 ence, so as to run their proper speed. This cannot 
 be done with the iron pulley. If their speed is in 
 any way deficient, they must be replaced with new 
 ones, causing heavy expense to the mill owner. 
 I would say never to employ any one to build a 
 new mill, except he is good at calculating the 
 speed the machinery should run at. 
 
166 THE MILLEE, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 ON THE STRENGTH OF DIFFERENT BODIES. 
 
 The strength of a body is that power which it 
 exerts in opposing any force acting in a perpen- 
 dicular direction to its length, as in the case of 
 beams,- levers, and so forth ; for the principles of 
 which observe the following: The strength of 
 beams, and so forth, is invariably as their length, 
 and directly as their breadth, and square of their 
 depth. And if cylindrical, as the cubes of their 
 diameter. Thus, if a beam six. feet long, two 
 inches broad, and four inches deep, will carry 
 2000 pounds, another beam, twelve feet long, two 
 inches broad, and four inches deep, will only carry 
 1000 pounds, being twice the length. 
 
 Again, if a beam six feet long, two inches 
 broad, and four inches deep, can support a weight 
 of 2000 pounds, another beam of the same mate- 
 rial, six feet long, four inches broad, and four inches 
 deep, will support double that weight, being 
 doubly as their breadth. But a beam of that same 
 material, six feet long, two inches broadband eight 
 inches deep, will support a weight of 8000 pounds, 
 being as the square of their depth. From experi- 
 ments made to find the strength of variqus bodies 
 of iron and wood, we will commence with one 
 inch square, and one round bar of each, one foot 
 long and loaded in the middle, which is nearly as 
 follows, in pounds avoirdupois, as seen in the fol- 
 lowing table : 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 167 
 
 TABLE. 
 
 American Woods. 
 
 Names of bodies. 
 
 Square bar. 
 
 One third. 
 
 Round bar. 
 
 One third. 
 
 Oak - - - 
 Ash - - - 
 
 700 
 800. 
 
 233 
 266 
 
 530 
 
 635 
 
 . 177 
 212 
 
 Elm 
 
 569 
 
 189 
 
 447 
 
 149 
 
 Pitch Pine - 
 
 810 
 
 270 
 
 613 
 
 204 
 
 Pine - - - 
 
 566 
 
 189 
 
 437 
 
 146 
 
 Cast-iron 
 
 2580 
 
 860 
 
 2026 
 
 675 
 
 Wrought-iron 
 
 4013 
 
 1338 
 
 3152 
 
 1050 
 
 To find the strength of any beam, supported in 
 the middle and loaded at both ends ; or, supported 
 at each end and loaded in the middle. Also, 
 when the weight is between the middle "and the 
 ends. Likewise, when fixed at one end and loaded 
 at the other. 
 
 Rule 1. Multiply the strength of an inch 
 square bar 1 foot long, as in the table, by the 
 breadth and square of the depth in inches, and 
 divide the product by the length in feet; the 
 quotient will be the weight in pounds avoirdupois. 
 
 Example 1. What weight will break a beam 
 of oak 4 inches broad, 8 inches deep, and 20 feet 
 long between the supports ? 
 
 According to rule, multiply the strength of an 
 oak bar, 700 pounds, by the breadth, 4 inches, 
 and multiply the product by the square of the 
 depth, 8 inches, and divide by the length between 
 the supports, 20 feet. 
 
168 THE MILLEK, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 Thus : 700 x 4 x 8 3 -r- 20 . : 700 
 
 _4 
 
 2800 
 8 
 
 22400 
 8 
 
 20)179200 
 ~8960 
 
 Tlien we liave for an answer, 8960 pounds 
 avoirdupois. 
 
 NOTE. Again, when a beam is fixed at one end 
 and loaded at the other, it will only bear J of the 
 weight as when supported at both ends and 
 loaded in the middle. 
 
 Example 2. What is the weight requisite to 
 break a pine beam 6 inches broad, 9 inches deep, 
 and projecting twelve feet from the wall ? 
 
 According to rule, multiply the strength of a 
 pine bar, 566 pounds, by the breadth, 6 inches, 
 and then multiply the product by the square of 
 the depth, 9 inches, and divide by the length 
 from the wall. 
 
 Thus: 566 x 6 x 9 2 -f- 12 ... 566 
 
 _6 
 
 3396 
 9 
 
 30564 
 . 9 
 
 12)275076 
 22923 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 169 
 
 And we have for answer, 22923 pounds avoir- 
 dupois. But, as note says, when loaded from the 
 wall it will only bear J- as much. We must divide 
 22923 by 4, and the answer, 4)22923, will be the 
 weight required. 57391 
 
 Note. The same rule applies, as well, to beams 
 of a cylindrical form, with this exception, that the 
 strength of a round bar is, as in the table, multi- 
 plied by the cube of the diameter, in place of the 
 breadth and square of the depth. 
 
 Example 3. Eequire the ultimate transverse 
 strength of a solid cast iron cylinder, 12 feet long 
 and 5 inches in diameter. 
 
 According to rule, multiply the strength of .a 
 cast-iron bar (round), 2026, by the cube of the 
 diameter, 5 inches, and divide by the length of 
 the cylinder, 12 feet. 
 
 Thus: 2026 x 5 3 -^- 12 ; .... 2026 
 
 5 
 
 10130 
 5 
 
 50650 
 5 
 
 12)253250 
 
 21104 T T 
 
 And we have for the answer, 21104 pounds 
 avoirdupois as the weight requisite. 
 
 15 
 
170 
 
 THE MILLEK, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 FALLING BODIES. 
 
 Bodies descending freely by their gravity, in 
 vacuo, or in a non-resisting medium, are subject 
 to the following laws. Gravitating bodies attract 
 each other with forces varying inversely as the 
 squares of their distances. 
 
 Their velocity is always in proportion to the 
 time of their fall, and the times are as the square 
 root of the distance fallen. It has been ascertained 
 by experiment, that a body falling freely from rest 
 will descend 16J feet in the first second of time, 
 and will then have acquired a velocity which, 
 being continued uniformly, will carry it* through 
 32J feet in the next second, and so on, in propor- 
 tion to its fall. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Of falling bodies in motion, supposed in vacuo. 
 
 p. 3 
 
 |J}i 
 
 PS 
 
 HI 
 
 lift 
 
 ' i-9) 
 
 II 
 
 Hal 
 
 'S I bb 
 || || 
 
 III! 
 
 tiff! 
 
 f*- DO te o> =2 
 
 l 
 
 8.1 
 
 .125 
 
 .25 
 
 4. 
 
 2 
 
 11.4 
 
 . 25 
 
 1.01 
 
 8.1 
 
 3 
 
 14. 
 
 . 5 
 
 4.05 
 
 16.2 
 
 4 
 
 15.2 
 
 . 75 
 
 9.11 
 
 24.3 
 
 5 
 
 18. 
 
 1. 
 
 16. 2 
 
 32.4 
 
 6 
 
 19.84 
 
 2. 
 
 64. 8 
 
 64.8 
 
 7 
 
 21.43 
 
 3. 
 
 145. 8 
 
 97.2 
 
 8 
 
 22.8 
 
 4.. 
 
 259. 2 
 
 129.6 
 
 9 
 
 24.3 
 
 5. 
 
 305. 
 
 162. 
 
 10 
 
 25.54 
 
 6. 
 
 583. 2 
 
 194.4 
 
.AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 171 
 
 OF THE DIFFERENT GEARINGS FOR PROPELLING 
 MACHINERY. 
 
 A cog-wheel is the name for any wheel which 
 has a number of teeth round its circumference. 
 Wheels consist of a round piece of wood, iron, or 
 other metal, which revolves on an axis. The 
 wheel is one of the principal mechanical powers, 
 and has an important place in machinery.- The 
 centre of a wheel is like the fulcrum of a lever, 
 and a simple action nearly transfers the force on 
 one side to the other side. 
 
 The wheel and axle is a kind of lever, which has 
 a continued motion about its fulcrum or centre of 
 motion, where the power acts at the circumference 
 of the wheel, whose radius may be round one arm 
 of the lever, the length of the other arm being the 
 radius of the axle on which the weight acts. If 
 the power acts at the end of a handspike fixed in 
 the rim of the wheel, then this increases the lever- 
 age of the power by the handspike. 
 
 The wheel and axle consist of a wheel having a 
 cylindrical axis passing through its centre. The 
 power is applied to the circumference of the wheel, 
 and the weight to the circumference of the axle ; 
 for the wheel and axle being nothing else but a 
 lever so constructed as to have a continued mo- 
 tion, since the velocity of any body on a^ever 
 depends upon its distance from the fulcrum. If 
 
172 THE MILLEK, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 wheels can be so constructed as to diminish. their 
 velocity, then there will be power gained. 
 
 Of all the modes of communicating motion, that 
 most extensively used is the employment of wheel 
 work, which is capable of varying its direction 
 and velocity without any limit. Wheels are made 
 to act sometimes by simple contact with each 
 other; sometimes by the intervention of cords, 
 straps, or chains passing over them. 
 
 Wheels are denominated, spur, crown, or bevel, 
 according to the direction or position of the teeth. 
 Where the teeth of a wheel are made of the same 
 material, and formed of the same piece, as the cir- 
 cumference of the wheel, they are then called 
 teeth ; when they are made of wood, or some 
 other material, and fixed in the circumference of 
 the wheel, they are called cogs ; in a pinion, they 
 are often called leaves, and in a trundle, stares. 
 
 Two wheels, acting upon one another in the 
 same plane, are called spur gears ; when they act 
 at an angle they are called bevel gears. If the 
 teeth are perpendicular to the axis of the wheel ; 
 and in the direction of its radii, it is called a spur- 
 wheel; if the teeth are parallel to the axis of the 
 wheel, and, therefore, perpendicular to its frame, 
 it is called a crown-wheel. Two spur-wheels, or 
 a spur-wheel and pinion which work in one an- 
 other, are always in the same plane, and have their 
 axis parallel ; but when a spur and crown are in 
 connection, their plane and axle are at right angles. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 Wh'en the teeth are oblique to the plane or axis, 
 it is called a beveled wheel, the use of which is to 
 produce a rotary motion round another which is 
 oblique to it. 
 
 Teeth of wheels and pinions require great care 
 and judgment in their formation, so that they 
 neither clog the machinery with unnecessary fric- 
 tion, nor act so irregularly as to produce any irregu- 
 larity in the motion,, and a consequent wearing of 
 one part before another. The. teeth of one wheel 
 should press in a direction perpendicular to the 
 radius of the wheel which it drives. As many 
 teeth as possible should be in contact at the same 
 time, so as to distribute the strain amongst them. 
 By these means the teeth will be diminished 
 during the action of one tooth on another. The 
 direction of the pressure should remain the same, 
 so that the effect may be uniform. The surface of 
 the teeth, in working, should not rub one against 
 the other, and should suffer no jolt, either at the 
 commencement or termination of mutual contact. 
 The breadth of the teeth should, in all cases, be 
 four times their thickness. 
 
 The spur-wheel, in principle, is that of two 
 cylinders rolling on each other, with the shaft or 
 axis truly parallel. Here the touching parts of the 
 cogs move with equal velocity, and have but little 
 friction. If these wheels are fitted with wood, the 
 cogs should be fitted to fill the mortices, and 
 made strong, or they will assuredly give by the 
 
174 THE MILLER, MI LLWIilGHT 
 
 stress of the work, and will cause those cogs that 
 are coming into gear to touch the others too soon, 
 and rub hard at entering. It is better for cogs to 
 rub hard when they are coming out of gear than 
 when coming in, as they then work with the grain 
 of the wood ; whereas, at entering, they work 
 against it, and will wear much faster. 
 
 The cogs can be made as wide as is required, 
 and their bearings may be large, that they will 
 not cut, but polish each other and wear smooth. 
 
 A pinion is a small wheel which has, in general, 
 a small number of teeth. When two wheels are 
 mated together, the smaller is called the pinion or 
 wallower. 
 
 The shafts cannot loe changed from their first 
 position in any of the wheels without detriment. 
 When running, the pitch circle of these wheels 
 should always meet exactly, and be rounded at 
 the points. 
 
 When building a mill, it is bad economy to use 
 wheels of too small diameter or too light; this 
 should be carefully avoided." Knowing the pres- 
 sure of the teeth, you should not reduce the 
 diameter of the wheel below a certain measure. 
 
 THE CROWN OR FACE GEARING. The prin- 
 ciple of this gearing is that of two cylinders rolling 
 with the side of one on the end of the other, their 
 axles being at right angles. The greater the 
 bearing and the less the diameter of the wheels, 
 the greater will be the friction, because the touch- 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 175 
 
 ing parts move with different velocities ; therefore 
 the friction will be great. Their cogs standing 
 parallel to each other, moving them a little out of, 
 or in, gear, does not alter the pitch of the bearing 
 parts of the cogs, and they will run smoother than 
 other gearing when their centres get out of place. 
 If the bearing of the cogs be small, and the stress 
 so great that they, cut one another, they will wear 
 exceedingly fast ; but if it be large and the stress 
 light, that they only polish one another, they will 
 last a long time. 
 
 The principle upon which the bevel gears act is 
 as that of two cones rolling on the surface of each 
 other, their vertices meeting in a point, where the 
 cogs of touching surface move with equal velocity 
 in every part of the cones ; therefore, there is but 
 little friction. These cones are indented or fluted 
 with teeth, diverging from the vertex to the base, 
 become bevel gear, the teeth being smallest at the 
 point of the vertex of the cone. These wheels are 
 often cast, and require, before they are run, that 
 the teeth be made to their size and pitch, that they 
 will work easy. These cogs may be given almost 
 any width of bearing, as they will then wear a 
 long time. By these wheels the shafts may be. set 
 in almost any direction desired to produce the 
 necessary movements. They require to be kept 
 of the right depth in gear, so that the pitch circles 
 meet constantly, else they will not run smoothly. 
 . I would recommend, when building a mill, to 
 
176 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 have all the wheels of an equal diameter, or as 
 near as you possibly can, so as to get up the re- 
 quired speed. Large wheels working in small 
 ones require a greater power to drive them, on 
 account of friction. 
 
 The pinion for driving the mill-stones should 
 be of a large diameter ; I believe nearly one half 
 the diameter of the spur-wheel. By so doing, the 
 stones will run better, as well as all the machinery, 
 without trembling, and will take less power. 
 
 It is common with millwrights to put in small 
 wheels for driving the bolts ; when this is done to 
 a bolting chest, any one may know that it takes 
 more power to drive them, as the leverage is small ; 
 the power acting on the shaft or fulcrum. 
 
 I believe these wheels should be of nearly the 
 same diameter as the bolts ; this will give them 
 leverage, and save a great deal of power to drive 
 them. ; In some large wheels, I would recommend 
 one of the wheels to be filled with wooden cogs ; 
 they generally running better, and not so liable to 
 break, and causing less tremor in the machinery. 
 
 It is always admitted by mechanics that double- 
 gearing diminishes power by the increased resist- 
 ance to motion, as that of friction ; as the more 
 machinery used for a given purpose, the more it 
 tends to complication, and the increasing power 
 causing agent friction. It should be admitted, 
 also, that less power can be obtained by two en- 
 gines than by one, while the velocity of the body 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 177 
 
 moved remains the same ; and machinery requiring 
 a different velocity, where the driving power is the 
 same (as is the case in flouring mills, the motion 
 being as varied as the different useful machines 
 required in the manufacture of grain). Every 
 part of the machinery should be as near as possi- 
 ble to the first moving power ; thus producing a 
 constant tendency to equilibrium in all machines 
 requiring a great velocity, as the greater the dis- 
 tance from the first moving power, the greater the 
 resistance to motion, 
 
 After the foregoing remarks, it will be natural 
 that I offer some hints to* instruct the miller, or 
 others, how to fasten or hang a wheel so as to 
 work correctly. Whenever it becomes loose on 
 the axis, or requires altering, we are confident that 
 all the machinery will feel the effects of the mo- 
 tion when the wheel is hung untrue. If it can 
 conveniently be done with a small wheel, the shaft 
 should be taken down, and two pieces of wood cut 
 out in the middle of the piece, in the form of a 
 half circle, to correspond with the gudgeons one 
 of these pieces to be nailed to the top of a trestle, 
 the other pieces to be nailed to one more trestle ; 
 the gudgeons of the shaft to be laid in them and 
 the shaft secured so that it will not move endwise; 
 put the wheel to its proper place on the shaft, and 
 nail a board on the trestles ; if the shaft has four 
 sides, stick a wedge in each, to hold the wheel in 
 its position ; then number the four quarters of the 
 
178 THE MILLEE, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 wheel, sucli as one, two, three, four ; turn the 
 wheel so that one of the numbers is even with the 
 top of the board ; lay a straight strip of wood, one 
 edge even with the quarter mark say No. 1 
 to correspond with the edge of the tooth at the 
 outside of the rim of the: wheel; make a point 
 mark on the board ; then turn the wheel to the 
 opposite quarter mark, No. 3, marking the edge of 
 the slip on the board the same as the first. 
 
 You then perceive which wedge or key wants 
 altering. Turn the wheel to the two other quarter 
 marks,. 2 and 4, and alter the keys until the four 
 marks meet in one point. Nail a piece of board 
 near the front end of the cogs with the slip of 
 wood, one edge being even with the length of the 
 cog, and at its quarter mark. Mark on the board 
 in the same way. First, these four marks should 
 be made to correspond ; this is done by altering 
 the keys, being careful not to drive the keys too 
 hard, until the wheel is perfectly true, The keys 
 or wedges should be of iron, and filed so that they 
 will have a true bearing their whole length when 
 finished. 
 
 The pulley or driver is worked and made true 
 the same as cog-wheels. It is best to have the 
 pulleys made of iron, though they are in general 
 made of wood. Their speed may be altered by 
 enlarging or diminishing their circumferences, and 
 they should always be made a little rounding in 
 the middle of the circumference, to keep the strap 
 
AND 'ENGINEER'S GUIDE.- 179 
 
 from slipping. By the use of straps or belts, 
 machinery may be made to run in almost any 
 direction, from a horizontal shaft to a perpendicu- 
 lar one ; this is by the strap being changed from 
 its position by a tightening pulley, set at an angle, 
 so as to lead the strap from the driving pulley to 
 the leading one. 
 
 I would recommend the shaft to be made round, 
 of iron, and the wheels to be bored out and hung 
 true- at the foundry, having one key to fasten them. 
 When correctly done, if they become loose they 
 are easily fastened and put to their proper place, 
 without varying from their first position. 
 
 ON MATCHING WHEELS TO MAKE THE COGS 
 WEAR EVEN. 
 
 Great care should be taken in matching or 
 coupling the wheels of a mill, that their number 
 of coggs be not such that the same cogs will often 
 meet ; because, if two soft ones meet often, they 
 will both wear away faster than the rest, and de- 
 stroy the regularity of the pitch ; whereas, if they 
 are continually changing, they will wear regularly, 
 even if they be at first a little irregular. 
 
 For finding how often wheels will revolve be- 
 fore the cogs meet again, take the following : 
 
 Rule. 1. Divide the number of cogs in the 
 greater wheel by the number of cogs in the lesser 
 
180 THE MILLER, MILLWKIGHT 
 
 wheel; and if there be no remainder the same cogs 
 will meet once every revolution of the great 
 wheel. 
 
 2. If there be a remainder, divide the number 
 of cogs in the lesser wheel by the said remainder ; 
 and if it divide them equally, the quotient shows 
 how ^ften the great wheel will revolve before the 
 same cogs meet. 
 
 3. But if it will not divide , equally, then the 
 great wheel will revolve as often as there are cogs 
 in the small wheel, and the small wheel as often- as 
 there are cogs in the large wheel, before the same 
 cogs meet. They never can be made to change 
 more frequently than this. 
 
 Example. Wheels of 17 and 13 cogs. Ee- 
 quired, how often each will revolve before the 
 same cogs meet again. 
 
 Thus: 13)17(1 
 13 
 
 T)13(3 
 12 
 
 ~T 
 
 Great wheel 13, and small wheel 17, revolutions. 
 Answer. 
 
 Proof. Large wheel turning has four more 
 cogs than the small wheel ; therefore, 
 
 1 time round is equal to 1 round, 4 cogs. 
 
 2 times " " 2 rounds, 8 
 
 3 " " " 3 " 12 " 
 4. 5 3 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 181 
 
 5 times round is equal to 6 rounds, 4 cogs. 
 
 6 " " " 7 " 11 u 
 17 u t< u 9 " 2 u 
 
 8 " '" " 10 " 6 " 
 
 9 " " " 11 " 10 " 
 
 10 " " " 13 " 1 " 
 
 11 " " 14 " 5 " 
 
 12 " " " 15 " 9 " 
 
 13 " " " 17 " 13 " 
 Thus, you see, the large wheel revolves 13, 
 
 while the small one revolves 17 times before the 
 same cogs meet again. 
 
 OF STEAM AND THE STEAM ENGINE. 
 
 Steam, as a power for propelling machinery, is 
 one of the best and most useful now in use. I be- 
 lieve it to be, in some instances, better than water ; 
 for they can be built almost in any situation where 
 there is plenty of fuel to be obtained ; besides, they 
 may be run with nearly the same expense ; that is, 
 'he breaking and repairing of dams, raising and 
 ailing of the water in the streams, and so forth, 
 causing the stoppage oJ^he mill, and great loss of 
 time. This is not the case with the steam mills, 
 which can run nearly all the time. 
 
 The following sized engine is sufficient to drive 
 2 run of 4 feet mill-stones : 
 
 One cylinder, 12 inch bore, length of stroke 3i 
 16 
 
182 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 feet, to be supplied with steam from 2 boilers 
 double flues 40 inches in diameter and 30 feet 
 long. Boilers and engines of thi| size will drive 
 2 run of stones, with all the necessary machinery 
 for flouring and custom work ; and a mill of this 
 size, when properly constructed, will grind from 
 100 to 130 barrels of flour per day. 
 
 Steam, as applicable at present to the steam en- 
 gine, is highly rarefied water, the particles of 
 which are expanded by the absorption of caloric. 
 
 Water rises in vapors at all temperatures, but 
 is confined to the surface of the fluid acted upon 
 until it has attained 212 Fahrenheit, called the 
 boiling point ; at that heat steam ascends through 
 it, presenting its elevation to a higher temperature 
 by carrying the heat off in a latent form. 
 
 The latent heat of steam at the common pressure 
 of the atmosphere, according to accurate experi- 
 ments, is found to be 1000 ; and that the sensible 
 or thernometric heat = 212. Now 212 32 
 =180, and 1000 + 180 = 1180; therefore, 
 steam at 212 is highly rarefied water, containing 
 1180 of heat ; hence, to find the latent heat of 
 steam at any other temperature, subtract the sen- 
 sible heat from 1180, and $LQ difference + 32 = 
 the latent heat. 
 
 Example. Kequire the latent heat of steam 
 whose sensible heat is 224 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 183 
 
 Thus: 1180 224 + 32 = 
 224 956 
 
 956 and '"988 The answer 988 
 latent heat. 
 
 One cubic inch of water produces about 1700 
 inches of steam-, at 212, or the common pressure 
 of the atmosphere ; but the boiling point varies 
 considerably, according to the pressure of the sur- 
 face on the fluid, and of course materially affects 
 the density of the vapor produced; thus, in a 
 vacuum, water boils at about 90 ; under common 
 pressure, at 212 ; and when pressed with a col- 
 umn of mercury 5 inches in height, will not boil 
 until heated to 217 ; each inch of the mercury 
 producing, by its pressure, a rise of about 1 in 
 the thermometer. 
 
 OF ENGINES THEIR MANAGEMENT, ETC. 
 
 It frequently occurs that men take charge of 
 engines without having much practical experi- 
 ence; therefore, I think it requisite to mention, in 
 this work, a few plain rules for their guidance, 
 hoping they may derive benefit from them. 
 
 Take out the piston, that there may be room to 
 line the shaft of the fly-wheel and cylinder. First 
 make the fly-wheel shaft in Hne with the centre of 
 the upright shaft. It should then be levelled 
 true, which is done as follows : fit a piece of board 
 
184 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 in the cylinder-head where the piston works. 
 With the compass find the centre and mark it. 
 Make one for the other end of the cylinder, as fol- 
 lows : take two pieces of board of sufficient length, 
 three inches wide, and one inch thick, placed 
 straight and even ; lay them over each other, 
 making a cross, each to be cut and joined in the 
 middle, and made fast. With the compass, one 
 end in the centre, strike them off the same size 
 that the circle of the inside of the cylinder is, 
 fitting tightly; this is to fit in the end of the 
 cylinder. Then make holes in the centres ; these 
 should be larger than the line. Drive a piece of 
 iron in the floor, and fasten one end of the line, 
 which should be in the centre of the hole ; the 
 other end should go through the cylinder and its 
 centre. You then fit pieces of wood, even and 
 true, in the collar on the wrist of the crank; 
 divide it correctly, and find the centre, making a 
 circular mark round the centre ; this should be 
 correctly done. Then nail a strip of wood near 
 the end of the cylinder timbers and to them. 
 Hold one end of the line to correspond with the 
 centre of the wrist. Drive a nail in the slip of 
 wood to fasten the line to, which must be well 
 tightened, and even with the centre of the wrist. 
 
 The fly-wheel shaft must be set true by this 
 line in the following manner : turn the crank until 
 it is even and level with the cylinder timbers, to 
 be under the line and near to it. If tne centre on 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 185 
 
 the wrist does not correspond with the centre on 
 the line, mark the difference on the collar or 
 wrist : turn the crank to the opposite point, which 
 will be above and near the line. If this centre 
 does not correspond, mark the difference in the 
 same way. Turn the crank up perpendicularly ; 
 prove this by a plumb-bob. Hold the line even 
 with the centre mark of the collar, the bob point- 
 ing to the line. If it points on one side, you mark 
 the difference on the collar. Turn the crank to 
 the opposite point ; hold the line again even with 
 the cylinder line ; if the bob points on one side of 
 the collar centre, mark the difference on it. You 
 then, from these marks, see which way the shaft 
 needs moving to make it true, having each centre 
 of the journal or collar corresponding with the 
 cylinder line, and you can, by wedging, make it 
 perfectly accurate. To line the cylinder is as fol- 
 lows : with the compass find the centre in the end 
 of the fly-wheel shaft, the one nearest the crank ; 
 make a plain mark there ; the line being through 
 the cylinder, the other end is stretched and made 
 fast the same as the first line, only that it must 
 correspond with the centre of the fly-wheel shaft. 
 The crank or wrist should be at the centre part 
 of the line, at the farthest extremity from the 
 cylinder. The line should correspond and be near 
 the centre on the collar or wrist, it being opposite 
 and even with the centre of the shaft. If the 
 cylinder is out of line, it may be seen by the line 
 
186 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 bearing on one side of the centre holes in the 
 cylinder. It is brought correct by moving the 
 cylinder until the line is in the centre of the holes, 
 not bearing on them in any way, and true, with 
 the centre mark on the wrist and opposite the 
 centre of the fly-wheel shaft. 
 
 To set the slides' so as to make them work easy, 
 these should be set by the T head and its jaws or 
 slides. This is done by cutting a piece of wood 
 the same width t"hat the jaws are apart ; plane it 
 straight and smooth, three inches wide and one 
 inch thick ; cut a square notch in each end half 
 the thickness of the slides, and the same width the 
 slides should be. The proper width is found by 
 measuring the breadth of the T head. Find the 
 exact centre between the notches which are at the 
 bottom of the slip of wood; make a square mark 
 there ; set this slip on the slides, the centre mark 
 on the middle of the line ; move the slides close to 
 the side of the notch ; change the slip to different 
 parts of the slides. When the line and centre on 
 the slip correspond, lay the level across each, 
 making them true and out of wind ; they should 
 then be screwed fast. ; ... 
 
 The jaws should work even on the T head, and 
 the same on the slides. These are set and altered 
 by putttng in and taking out the packing which 
 is mostly leather setting the cam true, to prevent 
 the engine from back-lashing or vibrating. . First^ 
 the steam -valve should be set true, as follows 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 187 
 
 turn the fly-wheel slowly until the piston is at the 
 extreme end of the cylinder ; measure the opening 
 in the steam chest ; then turn the fly-wheel until 
 the piston is at the other extreme end of the 
 cylinder ; measure the opening ; alter the cam until 
 the openings are equal. To prove if the cam is 
 true, nail a piece of board on the floor near the 
 outside of the rim of the fly-wheel ; turn the engine 
 slowly until the valve in the steam chest is at the 
 extreme end this may be seen by watching it ; 
 mark the rim of the fly-wheel even with the top 
 of the board ; turn the engine the same way, until 
 the side valve is at the other end of the steam 
 chest, marking the rim as before ; then divide the 
 space between these two marks and the dividing 
 point, to correspond with the top of the board, 
 and set the cams by them. 
 
 Give the cam about one fourth of an inch lead. 
 When the above is correctly done, it will take off 
 the vibration, and make the engine run well. 
 
 To pack the cylinder or .piston, plait some pack- 
 ing yarn sufficiently tight that it will need driving. 
 If cotton rope is convenient, I would recommend 
 one coil put in first, driving it to fit tight ; then 
 fill the remainder of the chamber of the piston 
 with the plated yarn, driving it tight and full, 
 leaving room for the nuts to go on the bolts; 
 screw the nuts evenly and alike until they are fsflst. 
 The packing should be well soaked in beeswax 
 and tallow before using it. 
 
188 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 I would recommend metallic packing as the 
 best for the cylinder of an engine, as it is more 
 durable and less expensive when in use. It will 
 save the packing, and, also, a great deal of labor. 
 
 The journals of the crank and the T head re- 
 quire close watching. If they are loose in the 
 boxes, or too tight, they will run badly ; thus, if 
 tightened too much, they will heat and wear out 
 the brass runners; if they are not sufficiently 
 tight, there is danger of the keys flying out and 
 breaking the engine. 
 
 All the valves belonging to the engine should be 
 ground in with emory, to keep them from losing 
 either steam or water. Care should be taken of 
 them, as they will wear. When you find them 
 leak, they should be ground over again. If suf- 
 fered to remain long, when leaking steam, there 
 may be new ones wanted. 
 
 The best kind of packing for the rest of the 
 joints is metallic vulcanized rubber, commonly 
 called rubber packing. This is prepared so that 
 300 Fahrenheit will not affect it. . No other sub- 
 stance has so much elasticity which stands so high 
 a degree of heat, or which may be used about all 
 parts of the machinery, as this packing, where 
 packing is necessary, namely : cylinder heads, 
 mantrole plates, piston rods, steam chests, steam 
 joints, stuffing boxes, etc. The common way 
 that the joints were made used to be with lead. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE.. 189 
 
 I do not think it necessary to explain this manner, 
 as it will soon be out of use. 
 
 The boilers require to be often cleaned out, and 
 care should be taken to remove the scales and 
 mud from adhering to the inside ; otherwise, if the 
 scales are suffered to remain, the boiler will burn 
 and want repairing. It is necessary to try the 
 gauge-cocks often, to see if there is sufficient water 
 in the boilers. There is great danger in running 
 after the water is below the lowermost gauge- 
 cock. The flues should be kept cleanly swept. 
 
 PREVENTION OF INCRUSTATION IN STEAM 
 BOILERS. 
 
 All water contains a greater or less amount of 
 soluble substance. In evaporating a portion of 
 the water, a part of this substance is precipitated, 
 and forms a covering in the interior of the boiler, 
 which adheres to the metal. I believe a universal 
 remedy does not exist. Charcoal is recommended 
 as the most useful. The charcoal should be made 
 of hard wood, broken into lumps, of a quarter to 
 a half an inch in size. The fine dust should be 
 sifted out and thrown away. The quantity of coal 
 is in proportion to the water the boiler evaporates, 
 and in proportion to the amount of impurities 
 contained in the water. It has a greater affinity 
 for any thing that causes the scales or incrustation. 
 
190 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 Two bushels of coal will protect a boiler of thirty 
 horse power for three weeks, when running ; after 
 which the old coal should be removed and a fresh 
 supply charged. By these means a boiler may 
 be kept free from the sediment adhering to it. 
 
 Another method of preventing incrustation in 
 steam boilers is that of adding a very small quan- 
 tity of muriate of ammonia to the water, which 
 will have the effect of softening and disintegrating 
 the carbonate of lime and other substances de- 
 posited by the water during its evaporation. The 
 metal, whether copper or iron, has been found, by 
 experiments, to be unaffected by the action of the 
 salt. The quantity used for this purpose is one 
 pound of muriate of ammonia for every 1500 or 
 2000 gallons evaporated. 
 
 Another method which is often used, is the in- 
 troduction of potatoes and other vegetable sub- 
 stances, , which will, in a great degree, prevent 
 incrustation on the bottom and sides of a steam 
 boiler; and animal substances, such as refuse 
 skins, will accomplish it still more effectually. 
 
 DOUBLE ENGINES. 
 
 As fuel is one of the principal expenses in run- 
 ning steam mills, it necessarily occurs that every 
 owner of a steam mill wishes to manufacture with 
 as little fuel as he possibly can. This cannot be 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 191 
 
 when there is a double engine to drive machinery ; 
 for experience teaches me that a double engine 
 takes nearly one third more steam than the single 
 engine, to do the same amount of work. Some 
 millwrights put them into mills, thinking them to 
 "he a steadier power. I can say, by experience, 
 that a single engine, properly fitted up, with a 
 large diameter fly-wheel, will far excel any double 
 engine I ever saw run, and will not be as difficult 
 to keep in working order. Besides, it will save a 
 great deal of fuel. I have seen a great many 
 double engines removed, and single ones put in 
 their place ; if they were of any advantage, this 
 would most certainly not be the case. A good 
 experienced millwright will not recommend them. 
 If he does, I would naturally think he knows but 
 little of the action of steam or steam mills. 
 
 THE FLY-WHEEL 
 
 Is generally made, throughout the country, five to 
 seven times as large in its diameter as the stroke 
 of the engine. The weight of this wheel is vari- 
 able, and depends on the speed of the engine, and 
 the manner in which the steam works ; it is also 
 regulated by the purpose for which the engine is 
 intended. 
 
 To find the weight of the rim or ring of a fly- 
 wheel for an engine. 
 
192 THE MILLEE, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 Rule. Multiply the constant number, 1368, by 
 the given number of horse power that the engine 
 is equal to, and divide the product by the diameter 
 of the wheel in feet, multiplied by the number of 
 revolutions per minute, and the quotient is the 
 weight of the ring in hundred weights or nearly. 
 
 Example. Eequire the weight of the rim of a 
 fly-wheel proper for an engine of 20 horse power; 
 the wheel to be 16 feet in diameter, and making 
 21 revolutions per minute. 
 
 Thus: 1368 x 20 -f- 16 x 21. According to 
 rule. 
 
 1368 16 336)27360(81.42 
 
 20 21^ 2688 
 
 27360 by 336 ~l80~ 
 
 336 
 
 144 nearly J, say 42. 
 
 And we have for an answer, 81 hundred weights 
 and T 4 ^, or nearly; which, reduced to pounds, 
 gives us 9114 pounds. For, in table, there are 112 
 pounds to the hundred weight. 
 
 Thus: 112 pounds 
 81 
 
 "112 
 896 
 
 9072 
 Add _ 42 pounds. 
 
 9114 " 
 
 I have taken for example a 16 feet fly-wheel, 
 weighing 9114 pounds, as many mills are so con- 
 
ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 193 
 
 structed that a larger fly-wheel in diameter cannot 
 be used, as the room is insufficient. We will sup- 
 pose this fly-wheel, weighing 9114 pounds, to regu- 
 late an engine necessary for a mill of that capacity, 
 to run two pair of four feet diameter mill-stones. 
 The verge of the fly-wheel should have greater 
 velocity than the verge of the mill-stone, from the 
 fact of its being the leader. r If it should be neces- 
 sary to put an extra run of stone into the mill, it 
 naturally occurs that it then requires a heavier 
 rim to the fly-wheel. 
 
 Having made my calculations for an extra run 
 of stone, I believe the weight of the rim of the fly- 
 wheel ought to be in proportion to the running 
 stone. We will suppose the running stone to 
 weigh 1600 pounds ; this should be added to 9114, 
 which would make the fly-wheel weigh 10714 
 pounds for three run of mill-stones. I believe this 
 will answer for any diameter fly-wheel, when an 
 extra run of stones is required. Fly-wheels should 
 be of as large diameter as you possibly can find 
 room for ; especially, when the motion of the 
 engine is too slow to overcome the back-lash, so 
 termed. They should always be the leader. If 
 the verge of the fly-wheel does not out-travel the 
 verge of the stone, it causes back-lash, making t-he 
 husk frame tremble, and the machinery run badly. 
 Eeason will tell any one that when the verge of 
 the mill-stone tiutruns the verge of the fly-wheel, 
 
 the stones are checked up, when the crank is at its 
 17 
 
194 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 dead point, until the fly-wheel catches up, and this 
 is at every revolution of the crank. I would not 
 have written so much about the fly-wheel, but for 
 this reason. I have seen, in my travels, many 
 mills that have run badly, solely on account of the 
 diameter of the wheel being too small to allow it 
 to outrun the mill-stones. 
 
 To make the engine do good work and run 
 evenly, the fly-wheel should be properly balanced. 
 This is done by weighing, as follows : the first 
 wheel the leader should be taken out of gear, 
 the caps taken off the journals and oiled. Divide 
 the circumference of the rim of the fly-wheel into 
 feet, making a plain mark with a sharp punch at 
 each foot ; chalk each with its number of feet, and 
 then fasten a chain above, and at the outer side of 
 the circumference of the fly-wheel, and hang a 
 pair of steelyards to this chain. Then, with a 
 string hitched to the rim of the fly-wheel, and 
 having one of the punched marks corresponding 
 with a stationary point near the rim, you move 
 the weight on the steelyards until it moves the 
 fly-wheel ; mark on paper such weight. Continue 
 thus weighing every two feet, marking the differ- 
 ent weights. When it is all weighed, you will 
 perceive the lighter parts, which deficiency can be 
 remedied by filling with lead. When the fly is 
 thus correctly balanced, the engine, having no 
 back-lash, will run better. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 195 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Of circumferences and areas of circles, in feet. Suitable for fly-wTieels, etc., etc. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam. 
 
 Circum. 
 
 Area. 
 
 6 
 
 18.849 
 
 28.274 
 
 15 
 
 47.124 
 
 176.715 
 
 24 
 
 75.398 
 
 452.390 
 
 7 
 
 21.991 
 
 38.484 
 
 16 
 
 50-265 
 
 201.062 
 
 25 
 
 78.540 
 
 490.875 
 
 8 
 
 25.132 
 
 50.265 
 
 17 . 
 
 53.407 
 
 226.980 
 
 26 
 
 81.681 
 
 530.930 
 
 9 
 
 28.274 
 
 63.617 
 
 18 
 
 56.548 
 
 254-469 
 
 27 
 
 84.823 
 
 572.556 
 
 10 
 
 31416 
 
 78.540 
 
 19 
 
 59.090 
 
 283.529 
 
 28 .' 
 
 87.964 
 
 615.753 
 
 11 
 
 34.557 
 
 95.033 
 
 20 
 
 62.832 
 
 314.160 
 
 29 
 
 91.106 
 
 660.521 
 
 12 
 
 37.699 
 
 113.097 
 
 21 
 
 65.793 
 
 346.361 
 
 30 
 
 94.248 
 
 706.860 
 
 13 
 
 40.840 
 
 132.732 
 
 22 
 
 69,115 
 
 380.133 
 
 31 
 
 97.389 
 
 754.769 
 
 14 
 
 43.982 
 
 153.938 
 
 23 
 
 72.256 
 
 415.476 
 
 32 
 
 100.531 
 
 804.249 
 
 A circle is a figure bounded by a curved line, 
 called the circumference, every part of which is 
 equally distant from a point within called the 
 centre. The diameter is a straight line passing 
 through the centre, and terminated both ways "by 
 the circumference. 
 
 Rule. To find the circumference of any given 
 diameter, multiply the given diameter by 22, and 
 divide by 7. 
 
 Example. Find the circumference of a wheel 
 18 feet in diameter. According to rule, 18 X 22 -r- 7. 
 
 Thus: 18 
 
 22 - 
 
 36 
 36 
 
 396 and 7)396 Feet. Parts. 
 
 56 $ = 56. 548, which is 
 the answer. Or an example of 18 inches gives the 
 same answer. 
 
196 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 TO CALCULATE THE EFFECTS OF A LEVER AND 
 WEIGHT UPON THE SAFETY- VALVE OF A 
 STEAM BOILER, ETC. 
 
 The lever, in all cases, is supposed to be made, 
 finished, and balanced by a known weight or 
 weights on the short end, making that point where 
 it rests, or is attached to the valve, the centre of 
 motion. Then that weight; added to the weight of 
 the lever, is the effective weight upon the valve, 
 independent of any other additional weight. 
 
 Thus: 
 
 There are three different ways that it may be 
 required to calculate the levers. 
 
 Way 1 . When a certain pressure may be required 
 upon the valve, the distance of the weight upon 
 the lever, and distance of the valve from the centre 
 of motion given, to find what weight will be - re- 
 quired upon the lever at that distance. 
 
 I will also give three different rules, to corres- 
 pond with the aforesaid different ways. 
 
 Rule 1. From 'the required pressure on the 
 valve, in pounds, subtract the weight of the valve, 
 plus the effective weight of the lever ; then mul- 
 tiply the remainder by the distance between the 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 197 
 
 fulcrum and the valve ; divide the product by the 
 distance between the fulcrum and weight, and the 
 quotient is the weight in pounds, required to be 
 placed upon the lever at that distance. 
 
 I will also give three examples, to illustrate the 
 three ways and rules. 
 
 Example 1. Suppose the lever A B (as in cut) 
 to be twenty -four inches (24) in length, and the 
 valve C placed five inches (5) from the centre of 
 motion A, what weight must be placed upon the 
 lever, twenty inches (20) from A, to equal 80 
 pounds ; on the valve C, the weight of the lever 
 being 2 pounds ; the weight D, which balances the 
 lever, 4J pounds, and the weight of the valve 3 
 pounds. According to rule, 80 3 -f- 6.5 x 5 
 -f-20. 
 Thus : 3 + 6.5 = 9.5 then 80. 70.5 20)352.5 
 
 3 9.5 then .5 then 
 
 70.5 352.5 
 
 In the division, we have /$ remaining, which is 
 equal to ffo. And we have for the answer 17 
 pounds, 625 thousandths of a pound. 
 
 Way 2. When a certain pressure upon the 
 valve is required, the weight upon the levej- and 
 distance of valve from the centre of motion given, 
 to find where that weight must be placed. 
 
 Rule 2. From the required weight upon the 
 
 valve, in pounds, subtract the weight of the valve, 
 
 plus .the effective weight of the lever ; multiply 
 
 the remainder by the distance between the fulcrum 
 
 17* 
 
198 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 and the valve ; divide the product by the weight 
 in pounds upon the lever, and the quotient is the 
 distance, in inches, from the fulcrum that the 
 weight must be placed. 
 
 Example 2. Suppose, as in the last example, 
 the weight upon the lever equals 17.625 pounds, it 
 is required at what distance from A the weight 
 must be placed to equal 80 pounds at C. According 
 to rule, 80 3 + 6.5 x 5 ~- 17.625. 
 
 Thus : 3 + 6.5=9.5 then 80. Ibs. 70.5 
 
 3. 9.5 then .5 17.625(352-500 
 
 And we have for the answer, 20 inches. 
 
 Way 3. When the distance of weight, distance 
 of valve from the centre of motion, and weight 
 upon the lever are given, to find what pressure is 
 upon that valve. 
 
 Rule 3. Multiply the weight in pounds, upon 
 the lever, by the distance, in inches, to the fulcrum ; 
 divide t^e product by the distance between the 
 fulcrum and the valve, and the quotient, plus the 
 weight of the valve and effective weight of the 
 lever, will equal the weight upon the valve, in 
 pounds. 
 
 Example 3. Suppose, as before, that a weight 
 of 17,625 pounds is placed upon the lever, 20 
 inches from A, require the pressure at C ; the dis- 
 tance from the centre of motion being 5 inches, 
 and the effective weight of the lever, at that point, 
 equals 6 J pounds; also, the weight of the valve 3 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 199 
 
 pounds. According to rule, 17.625 x 20 5 + 
 3 + 6.5. 
 Thus: 17.625 
 
 20 then 5)352.500 70.5 
 
 352.500 70.5 then 3. 
 
 6.5 
 
 80.0 Ibs, the ans. 
 
 NOTE. It is generally supposed by mechanics 
 that there is a pressure of atmospheric air of 14 
 pounds on the square inch. Therefore, as there 
 can be no air in the boiler, this pressure must be 
 on the top of the valve, which I have not accounted 
 for in my calculations. 
 
 OF THE SIDE VALVE. 
 
 The lead of the valve (as it is termed by en- 
 gineers) is a certain distance that the extremity of 
 the eccentric must be in advance of the crank, so 
 that the valve may be open, as required, when the 
 piston is at the top or bottom of the cylinder, for 
 this reason : .at the return of the stroke, the steam 
 in the cylinder may be of or nearly an equal 
 density with the steam in the boiler ; consequently, 
 the nearer that the length of the aperture is to the 
 area of the cylinder, the less lead is required. 
 
 Rule. Multiply the square of the cylinder's 
 diameter, in inches, by .002, and divide the pro- 
 duct by the length of the aperture, also in inches ; 
 
200 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 the quotient will be the width that the valve must 
 be open when the piston is exactly at the top or 
 bottom of the cylinder. 
 
 Example. Let a cylinder be 30 inches in diam- 
 eter, with an aperture 12 inches long. 
 
 Thus : SO 2 x .002 -4- 12 = .15 parts of an inch 
 for 'the aperture to be open at the return of the 
 stroke. 
 
 Suppose a cylinder 48 inches in diameter, with 
 an aperture 16 inches long, and another 24 inches 
 in diameter, with an aperture 8 inches long ; it is 
 evident that, although both apertures bear the 
 same proportion to the diameter of the cylinder, 
 and both valves move the same distance, the 48 
 inch cylinder would be twice as long in filling with 
 steam as that of the 24 inch would be ; for a cylinder 
 twice the diameter is four times the area. Proof, 
 48 2 -T- 16, and the product, divided by 24 2 -f- 8 = 
 2 times, or twice as long. 48 16)2304(144 
 
 48 16 
 
 384 "TOT 
 
 192 and 64 
 
 24 2304 64 
 
 24 8)576(72 
 
 "96" 56 72)144(2 times, the ans. 
 48 and 1 then 144 
 
 then 576 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 201 
 
 BOILERS. 
 
 The form of boilers lias undergone frequent 
 alterations since the first application of s1^|m. 
 
 I find a great many are now using boilers with 
 five or more flues in them. These will do for 
 locomotives, or when there is not sufficient room ; 
 or not space enough for land engines. 
 
 I would not recommend any one, having suffi- 
 cient room, to use boilers with more than two or 
 three flues ; for if there are more, the mill owner 
 will regret it, after using them awhile. First, 
 their cost, is considerably more. Second, their 
 durability is less. And thirdly, the increased 
 danger of explosion by the collapsing of the flues. 
 I believe, when the engineers have not been used 
 to boilers having a number of flues in them, there 
 is great danger of a collapse, as the foam these 
 flues cause often deceives him ; for, by trying the 
 gauge-cock, the foarn leads him to believe that there 
 is plenty of water in the boiler, often causing an 
 explosion. 
 
 I would much rather have two short boilers 
 than one long one, on account of having more fire 
 surface ; it being always necessary to have as much 
 fire surface as possible, to make the best use of the 
 fuel ; as the hotter the furnace is kept, the less fuel 
 it takes to do the same amount of work. Besides, 
 when there is a large furnace it gives the fireman 
 
202 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 a better chance to keep the steam regular; for 
 when cleaning out one part of the furnace ; he can 
 keep a hot fire in the other, so that the steam will 
 remain regular. 
 
 This^nnot be done with one long, five or six 
 .flued, boiler; as when the great, bars have to be 
 cleaned, the steam is gone, causing a loss of time 
 and great trouble. 
 
 A boiler 30 feet long and 3 feet in diameter, 
 will afford 30 x 3 x 3.14 -r- 2 = 141.30 square 
 feet of surface, or steam for 14 horse-power, if 10 
 feet are assumed for one horse-power. 
 
 In setting a boiler, you should make arrange- 
 ments in the furnace to carry on combustion under 
 the highest possible heat. This requires good 
 non-conductors of heat, such as brick, with which 
 to surround the fire. If these bricks are of a 
 white color, the combustion is more perfect than if 
 of a dark color. The roof, as well as the sides, of 
 the furnace should be of white fire-brick, if you 
 would secure a good combustion. A good brick 
 roof over the fire, and between it and the boiler, 
 better secures a perfect combustion than any other. 
 
 It is of advantage to have the grate surface 
 rather too large than too small. For each horse- 
 power of the engine there ought to be at least one 
 square foot of grate. If there are three square 
 feet to each horse power it will be better. The 
 spaces may be narrower between the bars for wood 
 and pure coal than for impure and sulphurous 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 203 
 
 coal, as the clinkers adhere to the grate bars, and 
 diminish the access of fresh air. 
 
 The firing should be attended to, so that the 
 most steam can be made out of the least fuel. The 
 bars should be eighteen or twenty inches below 
 the boiler or crown of the furnace. The fire 
 should be kept thin and open, and supplied 
 sparingly and frequently, to allow the air to enter 
 between the bars, for the better combustion of the 
 inflammable gases. The bars should slope down- 
 ward toward the back part, about half an inch to 
 the foot. The ash pit under the fire should be 
 often cleaned out and not suffered to accumulate ; 
 otherwise it will stop the draft and burn out the 
 bars, taking more fuel. 
 
 Thus, the gases produced in the furnace are 
 led under the boiler, and are frequently returned 
 in a pipe or pipes which pass through the boiler. 
 Chambers are generally used, or partitions between 
 the walls. These partitions should be about six 
 or seven feet apart, made nearly up to the boiler. 
 As the smoke or heat passes over these bridges it 
 will pass into these chambers ; by so doing they 
 will save considerable fuel, the heat not escaping 
 up the chimney. The chambers under the boiler 
 are of great effect in forcing the air into a turbu- 
 lent mixing motion, and induce its contact with 
 the boiler. Gas at rest, or moving in a close 
 column, conducts heat poorly ; but if in a disturbed 
 condition, it is a very efficient conductor. 
 
204 THE MILLEK, MILLWKIGHT 
 
 CHIMNEYS. 
 
 This is a subject that cannot be fully treated 
 upon, as their locations are very different. I shall 
 give a few plain hints on this subject, as follows : 
 the first object of a chimney is to produce a draft; 
 that is, a current of fresh, dry, atmospheric air 
 through the coals in the grate. This draft is pro- 
 duced by the specific gravity of the air inside and 
 outside of the chimney. The atmospheric air oat- 
 side, if not as variable as the gases inside, is still 
 subject to continual changes in composition,, 
 density, and motion. Moisture, temperature, and 
 currents of air cause a disturbance in the current 
 motion in a chimney. 
 
 The walls of a chimney should be made thick 
 and tight, and painted white inside, as it is then a 
 non-conductor of heat. 
 
 There is one object which requires very par- 
 ticular attention, and which must be of a certain 
 size to produce the best effect; and that is, the 
 flue leading from the boiler to the chimney. 
 
 A great many mills are built with a deficiency 
 in the height of the chimneys. I have seen several 
 that were too low, having but a small draft. If 
 they were built higher they might have sufficient 
 draft. Every chimney should be built several 
 feet above the top of the mill-house, so that there 
 is no obstruction to break the air from the top of 
 the chimney. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 205 
 
 It often occurs that steam mills are built in 
 cities, and there is no room to blow the dirt and 
 chaff outside from tl| smut-mill ; without annoying 
 the neighbors. When this is the ' case, you can, 
 through a trough or pipe, blow it into the ash-pit, 
 under the grate-bars. Besides, when the draft is 
 insufficient, it will remedy the draft considerably. 
 
 EXPLOSION OF BOILERS. 
 
 Explosion has been assigned to a variety of 
 causes. The most of the explosions occur when 
 the boiler has been at rest, and the generation of 
 steam is sudden ; or may happen when the capacity 
 of a boiler for evaporation is tasked beyond its 
 limits ; the causes of explosion are, in both cases, 
 about the same. In the former, it is the steam at 
 rest during the interval of stoppage ; in the latter, 
 it is the highly urged fire. If the accumulated 
 heat in the metal is the cause of explosion, we 
 should prevent that accumulation, which is done 
 by not overloading the boiler. When the engine 
 is at rest, it is best to let a small portion of steam 
 escape ; this will keep the steam and water in the 
 Boiler in motion, and avert the danger arising 
 from a state of rest. 
 
 The explosion mostly occurs when the water is 
 low in the boiler ; the cold water coming in con- 
 tact with the iron when nearly red hot. If the 
 
 18 
 
206 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 steam and water are at rest, the metal surface is 
 covered with a layer of. steam at rest, which may 
 extend below the surface of ^the water. In case 
 the engine is not at work, the safety-valve should 
 be opened ; not for the purpose of reducing pres- 
 sure; but to produce motion. 
 
 ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF MILL-DAMS. 
 
 Mill-dams entail a heavy expense in keeping 
 them in repair, when not constructed properly, or 
 when poor materials are used. In building dams, 
 some builders prefer stone, some frame or log, and 
 others clay and brush. I will give a few plain 
 Lints for building mill-dams. I feel fully satisfied 
 this might have been treated upon by more expe- 
 rienced mechanics than myself. As no work that 
 I have seen has treated upon mill-darns plainly, I 
 will give a few plain hints, which I hope may 
 prove beneficial. When building a dam, you 
 should select the most suitable place. If you can, 
 conveniently, place it across the stream, near a 
 rock bluff, so that the ends of the dam may run 
 into the bluff. This will prevent the water from 
 running by at the ends of the dam. 
 
 In building a mill-dam, great care should be 
 taken to have it built strong. If this is not so, 
 they are breaking up often, entailing a heavy ex- 
 pense for years ; disheartening the owner, and often 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 207 
 
 proving his ruin. I have seen several dams broken 
 or washed away by heavy floods when the mill 
 has been running ; stopping the mill for a long 
 time, and costing nearly as much work in repair- 
 ing as building a new one. 
 
 EOCK-DAM. 
 
 A rock-dam I believe to be the best in use, if 
 there is sufficient rock near for building materials, 
 and with a rock bottom to the stream. In build- 
 ing a rock-dam, if the bottom of the stream is not 
 composed of rock, you should dig a trench in the 
 bottom, deep enough, so that the water cannot 
 undermine it. This should be the same as if you 
 were building the foundation of a large building. 
 The wall to be built should be of a small, circular 
 form, so that the back of the circle should be at 
 the front, or next to the body of water, which may, 
 by its pressure, tighten it. 
 
 To secure the water from breaking or leaking 
 through at the ends of the dam, dig a ditch deeper 
 than the bottom of the river; then fill this with 
 small pieces of rock, and pour in cement. This 
 cement is made of hydraulic cement, and is made 
 of one of hydraulic to five of pure sand. TD his 
 may be made in a tub and poured in ; this will 
 stop all the crevices, so that the water will not 
 break through. 
 
208 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 By building a rock-dam, if properly managed, 
 it will be. perfectly tight. I would recommend 
 you to use as large rock as you conveniently can 
 move ; building this wall from four to six feet 
 thick, according to the length of the dam, with 
 jams or buttresses every place where they are 
 needed to strengthen it. I would make true 
 joints to these rocks, especially on the ends, so 
 that they may join closely together. When you 
 have the outside walls laid in cement, for every 
 layer fill the middle up with pieces of small rock, 
 pouring in your grout, so that there may not be a 
 crevice but what is filled. If there is any small 
 crevice or small hole left open, the water will 
 break through, wearing it larger and larger. If 
 the stream is wide and large, affording a great 
 body of water, it is necessary to build the dam in 
 two sections, which should be divided by a waste- 
 way, necessary for the waste or surplus water to 
 run over to keep the head in its proper place or 
 height. Let -each section, next to where the water 
 is to be run over, be abutments, built to strengthen 
 the dam. The last layer of rock, on the top of 
 where the waste water runs over, should project 
 five or six inches over the back of the dam ; so 
 that the water will not undermine the dam. This 
 last layer should be of large rocks, and jointed true ; 
 then laid in hydraulic cement, in proportion of one 
 of cement to three of sand. When the dam is built, 
 the front should be filled up with coarse gravel or 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 209 
 
 clay ; this is best done with teams, as the more it 
 is tramped the more durable it will become. 
 
 The gate for letting the water into the mill-race 
 should be nearly six feet, more or less ; this de- 
 pends on the amount of water necessary. This 
 gate should be made of two or two and a half inch 
 plank ; the joints to be perfect, or even-fitted, so 
 that the water cannot run through. As the pres- 
 sure is great, the bottom of the race, where this 
 stone wall is built, should be secured with plank, 
 to prevent the water from running underneath the 
 gate. I would not recommend any mill to be 
 built close to the stream of water, for this* reason : 
 they are in danger of being carried away by 
 heavy floods. Besides, by digging a race, you can 
 build them where they are easy to be got at, 
 giving better roads, with plenty of room. 
 
 FRAME DAMS. 
 
 I now give a few plain hints on frame dams, as 
 there are many situations where the stone dam 
 cannot conveniently be built ; besides, in many 
 places the frame dam will be built cheaper than 
 the rock dam. In building a frame dam, com- 
 mence with a good foundation; laying the first 
 sills in the bottom, of sufficient depth. These sills 
 should be made of large, square timbers, that will 
 last in the water without rotting. The bottom 
 18* 
 
210 THE MILLEK, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 made secure, so that the water cannot undermine 
 or leak through. I have always found the musk- 
 rat the most troublesome of any thing there is to 
 contend with, as they will destroy almost any race 
 or dam, if not properly secured. They are the 
 miller's worst enemy, and should be every one de- 
 stroyed. "When you commence building a frame 
 dam, where there is a soft foundation, the bottom 
 should first be made level ; then dig trenches for 
 the mud-sills, about seven or eight feet apart, 
 which are laid lengthwise of the stream, and some 
 9 ten or twelve feet long. Into these first sills other 
 sills should be framed, and put crosswise of the 
 stream, some six or eight feet apart, to reach as far 
 across the stream as necessary. Then two outside 
 sills should be piled down with two-inch plank, 
 driven down to a depth of four or five feet, If 
 this can be done conveniently, they are to be 
 jointed as closely as possible. It would be better to 
 line with some stuff about three fourths or one 
 inch thick. Then, with posts their proper length 7 
 about twelve or fourteen inches square, which 
 should be framed into the uppermost sills, in both 
 sides, and all the way across the dam, from bank 
 to bank, at a distance of six feet apart. Then, 
 with braces to each post, to extend two thirds of 
 the length of the post, where they should be joined 
 together with a lock, instead of a mortise and 
 tenon, with an iron bolt of one or one and a 
 quarter .inches in diameter, going through both, 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 211 
 
 and tightened with a screw and nut. "When 
 mortises and tenons are used, they often become 
 rotten and useless in a few years. These braces 
 should be set at an angle of about fifty or sixty 
 degrees, with the other end mortised into the mud- 
 sill. These braces require to be of about eight to six 
 inches, and as long as you find necessary. Being 
 covered with the dirt, it will not decay for a long 
 time, as the air is excluded. These posts should 
 be capped from one to another, plate fashion. 
 The posts should be lined with two or two and a 
 half inch plank on the inside, and pinned to the 
 post, and should, in the middle, be filled with dirt. 
 If the stream is wide, and affords a good deal of 
 water, I would recommend the dam to be built in 
 two sections, which should be divided by a waste- 
 way for the surplus water, which should be in the 
 centre of the dam. and sufficient for all the waste 
 water to run over. Let each section of the dam 
 form an abutment next to the waste-way ; placing 
 cells or sills four feet apart, the length of the 
 waste- way ; in each of these sills posts should be 
 framed, with a brace for the sides. These rows of 
 posts, standing across the dam, will form the 
 sectional abutments ; the middle one may be con- 
 structed by being lengthwise of the stream, with 
 short braces, so that they will not be in the way 
 of drift-wood passing down the stream 5 it being 
 necessary for strong pieces for a bridge. Then 
 cover the sills with an apron of two -inch plank 
 
212 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 joined perfectly straight, to extend thirty or forty 
 feet below the dam, to prevent the undermining of 
 the dam. The planks which are used for the 
 purpose of lining the posts, which form the abut- 
 ments of each section of each dam, and the ends 
 of the waste-way, should be truly pointed, so as to 
 prevent any leakage. The dam being built, the 
 dirt should be filled in with teams, as the more it 
 is tramped the better. Clay or coarse gravel is 
 the best. Then place your gates on the upper side 
 of the waste-way, the size that is necessary to a 
 level with low-water mark ; which gates are not 
 to be raised, except in times of high- water, as the 
 proper height of the mill-pond should be regulated 
 by boards placed over the gate for the desired 
 head, as the water should be allowed to pass at all 
 times freely over them. Flumes are built from 
 the race to the water-wheel for an overshot, breast 
 or other kind. First, you place two large sills for 
 the outside of the flume for its bearing ; then cut 
 notches in them, about fifteen or eighteen inches 
 apart ; have square timber, six or seven inches 
 for the bottom, made straight and out of wind. 
 Then set posts the length you require, about seven 
 by four inches. These are to be mortised in the 
 sills, and should all be set evenly, so that the plank 
 will fit them all alike. These planks should be 
 from two to two and a half inches thick, and free 
 from knots or cracks. These are to be planed and 
 jointed, so that they will not leak ; then fit them 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 213 
 
 closely and spike them down ; commencing with 
 the bottom first. When finished, plank the sides 
 in the same way. The sides to the flume should 
 be so high that the water cannot run over the top. 
 It will be requisite to dig a trench in front of the 
 flume, longer than the race, and some two feet 
 wide. This is to be deep enough, so that the 
 water cannot run under the flume, or its sides. 
 Fill this trench with tjrick, laid in hydraulic 
 cement, or with rock broken up and put in. Then 
 pour in grout, hydraulic, and sand. In all cases, 
 you require the hydraulic cement to be of the best 
 quality, and the first class, as there is a great deal 
 used that is worthless. 
 
 There should be a gate in front of the flume, to 
 be placed so that the water may be entirely shut 
 out of the flume. This is entirely necessary when 
 any repairs are required. Some small distance 
 from the gate it is best to place a rack, to prevent 
 the trash from lodging, or going to the water- 
 wheel ; for, by so doing, it will often save a great 
 expense. To strengthen the dam, if you think 
 necessary, two-inch plank may be used in lining 
 the front side of the dam, long enough to reach 
 from the bottom of the stream (on an inclined 
 plane, and next to the body of water) to the top 
 of the dam, and filled up nearly to the top of 
 the dam with clay or gravel, well trampled 
 down. 
 
 I think it necessary to have all dams built with 
 
214 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 a small circle to them; tlie back of the circle 
 always being next to the body of water. It 
 tightens them by the pressure of water against 
 them, they are not so liable to leak, and are con- 
 siderably stronger. 
 
 BRUSH OR LOG DAM. 
 
 In small, muddy streams, these dams are very 
 often used. I believe the proper way, and 
 cheapest, when the bottom of the stream is of a 
 soft texture, is, take a flat-boat where you want to 
 fix your dam ; and drive piles the whole length of 
 the stream, about three or four feet apart, as deep 
 as you can. Take young oak saplings, pointed 
 at the end, for the purpose. If you -can, con- 
 struct a regular pile-driver, similar to those in use 
 for making trestle-work on the railroads. 
 
 This weight may be pulled up with horses, in- 
 stead of an engine. When you have finished 
 driving piles, make some boxes or troughs of two 
 or three-inch plank, about three feet wide, and as 
 long as the plank is. Sink these in the water, the 
 length of the dam, close to the piles, by loading 
 them with rock, until they are at the bottom of 
 the stream, filling in the front part of the dam with 
 dirt and brush nearly to the height you want it. 
 I believe this will be a permanent dam, and will 
 last a long time. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 215 
 
 Some dams are made with loose rocks, logs, etc. ; 
 but I think them not worth much. Therefore, I 
 will say but little respecting them ; only, when 
 there is a small break in the dam or race, I never 
 found any thing better than cutting up some 
 willows and brush, putting that in the break, with 
 straw and dirt, and ramming it down with clay ; it 
 is better than dirt. -* 
 
 GATES. 
 
 The form of a gate can never be too simple, as 
 complicated constructions should be avoided, as 
 gates are liable to be obstructed, in time of floods, 
 by drift-wood, ice, etc., etc. ; and if there is much 
 machinery about it, vexations, detentions, and often 
 serious damages arise from it. Gates made of oak, 
 simply in the form of square boards, fitting well 
 in their seats, are the cheapest and most practical 
 form of gates. If they can be permanently sub- 
 merged, their utility is still increased. Cast-iron 
 gates, no matter how well constructed, are gen- 
 erally .too heavy to be manageable; and, besides, 
 are liable to break. 
 
 We will suppose a sliding gate to be made of 
 oak plank, two inches thick, three feet wide, and 
 three feet high, when made with its centre five 
 feet below water. How much force is required to 
 lift the gate ? The weight of the gate is equal to 
 
216 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 one and a half cubic feet of oak wood ; it is to be 
 always submerged in water, and its weight is 
 nearly equal to the displaced water. The pressure 
 of the water upon its centre is 60 ; this, multiplied 
 by 5, then by 3, and then by 3, gives the weight. 
 Thus: 60 x 5 = 300 x 3 = 900 x 3 = 2700 
 pounds, the answer. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF WATER-WHEELS. 
 
 In water-wheels, the motion is generally ob- 
 tained from the water by obstructions in its 
 progress, or by moveable buckets being placed in 
 its descent, and is one of the steadiest and best 
 powers for propelling machinery. Water-wheels 
 have various denominations, according to the 
 manner in which they are f constructed, such as the 
 overshot, breast, and other water-wheels. 
 
 In the ov^shot wheel, the water acts on the 
 wheel by its weight ; it is delivered from the spout 
 as high on the wheel as possible, that it may con- 
 tinue to press the buckets the longer down. The 
 overshot wheel is also the most advantageous ; as, 
 from the same quantity of water, it gives a greater 
 power. But they cannot be always used, the fall 
 being too small ; in which case, recourse is had to 
 the breast wheel. The overshot wheel is furnished 
 with buckets, so constructed that they shall retain 
 as much as possible of the water, from the time 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 217 
 
 they receive it, until they arrive at the lowest 
 point, where each bucket should be emptied; 
 since, if any , water be carried by the buckets in 
 their ascent, it will just be so much unnecessary 
 weight that the wheel has to lift. It should hang 
 clear of the tail water ; otherwise, the water will 
 be drawn back under it. The head should be, 
 generally, about three feet; it will then spout one 
 third faster than the wheel moves. The shute 
 should have three inches fall, and be made so that 
 the -water will run in the centre of the wheel; 
 also pieces of wood or leather nailed on the slide, 
 to keep the water from being wasted on the slides 
 or runs of the wheels. 
 
 The proper motion of the wheel should be 
 from three to four feet per second for all diameters 
 of wheels. If these wheels are run too fast, there 
 is a great loss of .power, not having the full weight 
 of the water. There should be a penstock or 
 sluice to regulate the quantity of water and pre- 
 vent waste ; since, if the water was permitted to 
 flow too rapidly, and splash out of the buckets 
 instead of filling them, it would run down over 
 the surface of the wheel without producing its 
 proper effect. To prevent this, the water is 
 seldom permitted to run on to the wheel in a 
 stream of more than from half an inch to an inch 
 in thickness; and when well regulated, there, is 
 scarcely a drop of water ineffectually wasted. 
 The overshot- wheel, therefore, acts by the gravity 
 19 
 
218 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 or weight of the water contained in the buckets, 
 for nearly one third of its circumference. If the 
 dimensions, quantity of water, and height of fall 
 be the same, the overshot whe'el will produce 
 double the effect of any other wheel. As the 
 overshot-wheel depends entirely on the weight of 
 water which falls into the buckets, these latter 
 should be as capacious as they conveniently can 
 be made ; not only that they contain as much 
 water as possible, but allow ample room for the 
 discharge of the air that will be thrown into them 
 by the water, as well as by the ready discharge of 
 that water when done with. 
 
 Great attention should be paid to mills, in their 
 construction, to have the size of the water-wheel 
 proportioned to the velocity of the stream and 
 speed of the work it is required to perform ; and 
 this may always be accomplished, without waste 
 or difference of power, by using a wider wheel of 
 smaller diameter, when rapid speed is required; 
 or a narrow wheel of great diameter, where this is 
 not essential. In every case, the full power of the 
 stream should be taken advantage of, in the first 
 case, in constructing a mill ; because it is a trouble- 
 some and expensive operation to increase the 
 power of a mill when once built, and power is 
 always valuable. 
 
 The wheel should be kept equally balanced, 
 otherwise the power is not so steady. To effect 
 this, when the mill is stopped for a time, the 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 219 
 
 machinery should be taken out of gear, and a 
 small quantity of water, let on the wheel to keep 
 it moving, which will keep it equally wet all over, 
 and not (as it is called) lopsided, and in balance. 
 
 The water should spout into the buckets as soon 
 as they have passed the perpendicular centre of 
 the shaft. There should always be placed a rack 
 or grating in the shute, to prevent pieces of timber 
 or wood from running on the wheel, breaking out 
 the buckets, or doing it any other damage. This 
 rack needs to be often cleaned, as the weeds or 
 other substances collecting will prevent the water 
 running to the wheel, thereby stopping the mill, 
 or making the power irregular. The miller, 
 therefore, should occasionally examine the wheel, 
 to see if any of the buckets or floats are broken or 
 loose ; if so, they should be repaired immediately ; 
 for if they be permitted to run when breaking, 
 they often entail a heavy expense. The gudgeons 
 should be kept from heating by laying pieces of 
 bacon on them ; if that will not effect it, run a 
 small quantity of. water on them. 
 
 When building a water-mill, I would recom- 
 mend a shaft that is made of iron, as they are 
 more durable and cheaper in. the end than those 
 made of wood. In most of the cities where 
 steamboats are built or repaired, these shafts 
 are found, and, by a little alteration, will an- 
 swer for the water-wheel shaft ; they mostly hav- 
 ing the flanges on them, which may be moved 
 
220 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 to suit. The arms may be fitted in for the rims 
 to rest on. I think one other great advantage is, 
 in the winter the ice will not adhere to them, sav- 
 ing a great deal of labor, even if you should have 
 a new shaft (of iron). I believe the expense will 
 not be more than a wooden shaft. 
 
 In lining the water-wheels, whether overshot, 
 breast, or undershot, care should be taken to have 
 the joints of boards or planks made perfectly 
 straight and closely fitted, so that the water cannot 
 leak through these joints ; if it does, in the winter 
 the ice will accumulate inside the water-wheel, 
 causing a great deal of trouble, and making the 
 wheel run badly, it being lopsided. 
 
 OF NON-ELASTICITY AND FLUIDITY IN IMPIN- 
 GING BODIES. 
 
 Water, falling 4 feet, and striking a horizontal 
 plane with 16 feet 2 inches velocity, will cast some 
 few drops to the distance of 9 feet, allowing 1 
 foot to be lost by friction, etc., which we suppose 
 take their direction at an angle of 45 degrees; 
 because a body, projected at an angle of 45 de- 
 grees, has the greatest possible horizontal range. 
 A body, falling 4 feet, its acquired velocity, 16- 
 feet 2 inches, at 45 degrees, will reach 16 feet hor- 
 izontal range, or 4 times the distance of the fall. 
 By this rule, J of 10 feet, equal to 2.5 feet, is the 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 221 
 
 fall that will produce the velocity necessary to this 
 effect. On an undershot water-wheel, the water 
 can be of no further service in propelling it, after 
 the first impulse. It should escape freely after 
 the first stroke. 
 
 MOTION OF OVERSHOT WHEELS. 
 
 I find, by different mechanics, the circumference 
 of overshot wheels, geared to mill-stones, grinding 
 to the best advantage, should move 550 feet in a 
 minute ; and that of the stones, 1375 feet in the 
 same time. That is, while the wheel moves 12, 
 the stones move 30 feet, or in the proportion of 2 
 to 5. 
 
 Then, to find how often the wheel we propose 
 to make will revolve in a minute, take the follow- 
 ing rule. First find the circumference of the 
 wheel by multiplying the diameter of the wheel 
 by 22, and divide the product by 7. Thus : sup- 
 pose the diameter to be 16 feet ; then 16, mul- 
 tiplied by 22, gives 352 ; which, divided by 7, 
 gives 50 for the circumference. And to find the 
 number of revolutions, we divide 550 by 50 f 
 which gives us 11 revolutions. 
 
 Thus : 16 x 22 ~- 7, and 550 -r- 50| = answer. 
 22 
 
 32 
 32 then 7)352 and then 50)550 
 
 352 ~50| "IT 
 
222 THE MILLER, MILLWKIGHT 
 
 And we have for the answer 11 revolutions. In 
 dividing 550 by 50^, we have dropped the | ; it 
 being too small. 
 
 2. To find the revolutions of the stone per 
 minute. 
 
 Suppose the stone to be 4J feet, which is 54 
 inches. Then, 54, multiplied by 22, gives 1188 ; 
 which, divided by 7, gives 169f, say 170 inches 
 for the circumference. And to find the number 
 of revolutions, we divide 1375 feet; or, rather, 
 16500 inches by 170, which gives us 97 revolu- 
 tions. 
 
 Thus: 54 x 22 -r- 7, and 1375 x 12 -f- 170 = 
 97, answer. 
 54 
 22 
 108 1375 
 
 108 7)1188 12 
 
 1188 then 169f, or 170; then 16500 and 
 
 170)16500(9.7 
 1530 
 
 1200 
 1190 
 
 10 And we have for the 
 answer 97 revolutions. 
 
 THE BREAST WHEEL. 
 
 The breast- wheel is by far the most common, 
 and may be considered a mean between the over- 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 223 
 
 shot and undershot wheels. In this, the water, 
 instead of passing over the top of the wheel, or 
 entirely beneath it, is delivered about half way up 
 it, or rather, below the level of the axis ; and the 
 race or brick- work upon which the water descends, 
 is built in a circular form, having the same com- 
 mon centre as the wheel itself, so as to make it 
 parallel with the exterior edges of the float-boards, 
 or extreme circumference of the wheel. These 
 float-boards are made to fit as accurately as possi- 
 ble, without contact, into the circular hollow of 
 the brick-work, so no water can escape past the 
 wheel without producing its proportionate effect. 
 Breast- wheels differ but little in their structure or 
 action from the overshot, excepting that the water 
 passes under, instead of over them ; and they must 
 be wider in proportion, as their fall is less prac- 
 ticable. Millwrights agree that there should be 
 from six to ten feet fall, and a sufficient quantity 
 of water. 
 
 The breast wheel, as I said before, is nearly 
 allied to the overshot ; for, notwithstanding it has 
 only float-boards instead of buckets, yet, as the 
 mill course is made concentric to the outside of 
 the wheel, and is not only there, but at the two 
 sides, made as close as convenient, so as to pre- 
 vent the escape of water as effectually as possible, 
 the spaces between one float-board and another 
 become a bucket for the time being, and retain 
 the water ; and thus the breast wheel is not only 
 
224 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 impelled by the weight of water, but by its impetus 
 or momentum also. For the w.ater should be con- 
 fined, so as to be incapable of splashing or being 
 lost, and its moving force, consequently, exerted 
 to the greatest advantage. Yet, with all this ap- 
 parent advantage, the breast wheel is, in effect, 
 vastly inferior to the overshot wheel ; not only on 
 account of the smaller height at which the water 
 is supplied, but from the waste with which (how- 
 ever particular) it is always attended. In practice, 
 it is found that the breast wheel consumes about 
 double the quantity of water that the overshot 
 wheel does, to do the same quantity of work, when 
 other things are alike; viz. : the diameter and 
 breadth of the wheel, number of float-boards, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 In order to permit any of the water-wheels to 
 work with freedom, and to the greatest advantage, 
 it is absolutely necessary that the tail- water, as it 
 is called, or that which is discharged from the 
 bottom of the wheel, after it has produced its 
 effect, should have uninterrupted passage to run 
 away ; for when it accumulates, and forms a re- 
 sistance to the float-boards, it must stop the 
 velocity and power of the wheel ; sometimes, in- 
 deed, to so great an extent as to prevent it from 
 working altogether. The simplest and most 
 effective mode of removing this great incon- 
 venience is by forming two drains or tunnels 
 through the masonry, one on each side of the 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 225 
 
 water-wheel, so as to permit a portion of water to 
 flow down into the tail qr lower stream, imme- 
 diately in front of the wheel. Each of these 
 drains is furnished with a sluice-gate at the upper 
 end, by which the quantity of water can be regu- 
 lated at pleasure, or the whole be shut off when- 
 ever water happens to be scarce. When the 
 stream is high, these two gates can be drawn; the 
 water drives the tail- water before it, and forms a 
 basin or hollow space in which the wheel can 
 work free from interruption. This applies to all 
 kinds of wheels, when there is backwater to 
 overcome. 
 
 OVERSHOT OE BREAST WHEELS. 
 
 The following table shows the required length 
 of overshot or breast wheels, on falls from ten to 
 thirty feet, to drive from one to four run of four 
 and a half feet stones, with all the necessary 
 machinery, for a merchant flouring mill. The 
 column marked " fall " shows the number of feet 
 fall on the breast wheel, or the diameter of the 
 overshot. 
 
226 
 
 THE MILLEB, MILLWKIGHT 
 
 
 Number of run of stones. 
 
 Rule. Multiply the 
 number of runs required 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 by the length, as stated in 
 
 OJ 
 
 1 
 
 
 s 
 
 w 
 
 the table. 
 
 1-s 
 
 "3 
 
 J' 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 Mxample.Wh&t should 
 
 Is 
 
 3 "5 
 
 Si 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 the. length of either a 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 breast or an overshot- 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 & 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 wheel be, to drive 3 run 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 of stones on a fall of 24 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 feet ? Look at 24 feet, 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 33/ 
 
 
 
 
 and opposite we have 3 
 
 20 
 21 
 
 3^ 
 
 
 
 
 feet /or 1 run; which, 
 
 22 
 23 
 
 f* 
 
 
 
 
 multiplied by 3, gives 9 
 
 24 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 feet. 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 l?f 
 
 
 
 
 The same quantity of 
 
 28 
 29 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 water* used on the com- 
 
 30 
 
 2 l 
 
 
 
 
 bination reaction wheel 
 
 
 will suit the overshot and breast, beginning at 10 
 
 feet. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 227 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Of the number of inches of water necessary to drive one, run of stones, with all 
 the requisite machinery for grist and saw mills, which will be found conve- 
 nient for aU practical purposes. Under heads of water from four to 
 thirty feet. 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 ' 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 XI 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 
 fe 
 
 1 
 
 p 
 
 1 
 
 ft 
 
 A 
 k 
 
 1 
 
 
 fe 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 (4 
 
 % 
 | 
 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 |1 
 
 *3 *"" 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 "S 
 
 c 
 
 tl 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 a. 2 
 
 02 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a. a 
 
 JZ 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 400 
 
 558 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 80 
 
 95 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 35 
 
 43 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 300 
 
 363 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 70 
 
 83 
 
 
 " 
 
 23 
 
 32 
 
 39 
 
 " 
 
 
 6 
 
 250 
 
 311 
 
 cc 
 
 
 15 
 
 62 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 37 
 
 " 
 
 
 7 
 
 200 
 
 245 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 57 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 160 
 
 190 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 51 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 < 
 
 
 9 
 
 130 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 47 
 
 57 
 
 
 " 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 31 
 
 M 
 
 
 10 
 
 112 
 
 137 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 44 
 
 52 
 
 
 " 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 102 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 41 
 
 48 
 
 
 " 
 
 29 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 " 
 
 
 12 
 
 89 
 
 107 
 
 " 
 
 
 21 
 
 37 
 
 45 
 
 
 " 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 " 
 
 
 NOTE. A horse power is considered equal to 
 
 33,000 pounds raised one foot high The 
 
 same quantity of water that is here used for a four 
 foot stone, is sufficient for one saw. And where a 
 greater number of either saws or stones are re- 
 quired, you should double the quantity in propor- 
 tion to the number, as in the case of four run of 
 stones. You require four wheels, with the same 
 number of inches, for each size, as per table. But, 
 in all cases, for merchant flouring mills, you re- 
 quire an extra wheel, which all the machinery 
 should be attached to, with about one half the 
 power, as calculated for one run of four and a 
 half feet stones 
 
228 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Containing the weight of columns of water, each one foot in length, and of various 
 diameters, in pounds Avoirdupois. 
 
 1 Diameter 
 in inches. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 |8 
 
 rQ 
 
 l!a 
 
 Weight. 
 
 1 Diameter 
 in inches. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Diameter 
 in inches. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Din meter 
 in inches. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 
 3.0672 
 5.4540 
 8.5212 
 12.2712 
 16.7028 
 21.8172 
 27.6120 
 34.0884 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 
 41.2476 
 49.0884 
 57.6108 
 66.8148 
 76.7004 
 87.2688 
 98.5176 
 110.4492 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 123.0624 
 136.3562 
 150.2376 
 164.9928 
 180.3324 
 196.3548 
 213.0598 
 230.4444 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 
 248.5116 
 267.2616 
 286.6920 
 306.8052 
 327.6000 
 349.0764 
 371.2344 
 394.0740 
 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 
 40 
 41 
 50 
 
 417.5952 
 441.7992 
 466.6990 
 492.2637 
 518.4132 
 545.4445 
 573.0577 
 799.2426 
 
 THE UNDERSHOT WHEEL. 
 
 The undershot wheel differs from all others in 
 principle, as the water loses all its force by the 
 first stroke against the floats, and the time this 
 force is spending is in the proportion to the differ- 
 ence of the velocity of the wheel and the water, 
 and the distance of the floats. As these wheels do 
 not require much fall in the stream of water; all 
 that is wanted is a rapid progressive motion in 
 it ; and as it acts chiefly by the momentum of the 
 water, its positive weight being scarcely called 
 into action/ it is fit to be used where there is a 
 profusion of water always in motion. The under- 
 shot-wheel does its maximum quantity of work, 
 when its circumference moves with between one 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 229 
 
 half and one third the velocity of the stream that 
 drives it. Other wheels have the weight of the 
 water after the force of the head is spent, and will 
 continue to move ; but an undershot wheel stops 
 as soon as the head is spent. If the motion be too 
 swift, the load or resistance it will overcome will 
 be less, and the effects lessened also. The mill 
 should, therefore, be so arranged in its machinery, 
 that when the mill-stones run their proper speed, 
 the water-wheel will not run too fast, as they will 
 not then receive the full force of the water ; nor 
 too slow, so as to lose power by its rebounding 
 and dashing over the floats. 
 
 The wheels, moving by the stroke of the water 
 alone, are only half as powerful as other wheels 
 that are moved by the stroke of water and its 
 gravity combined. The undershot wheel ought, 
 therefore, only to be used where there is but little 
 fall and a great quantity of water. When the 
 head of the water is great, if the gate is made of 
 the usual form that is, wide and shallow the 
 friction will be great. Therefore, the wheel should 
 be narrow, and the aperture of the gate of a square 
 form, in order to avoid the friction and loss in a 
 wheel ; especially if it does not run closely to the 
 sheeting. The float-boards should be so con- 
 structed as to rise perpendicularly from the water ; 
 not more than one half of them should ever be 
 below the surface, and from three to five should. 
 20 
 
230 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 be immersed at once, according to the magnitude 
 of the wheel. 
 
 In adjusting the proportions of the internal 
 wheels by which the machinery is propelled, it is 
 necessary, in order to obtain the greatest power, 
 to limit the speed of the rim of the water-wheel, 
 so that it shall not be more than from four to five 
 feet per second. The head should be from two to 
 four feet above the aperture through which the 
 water flows into the buckets, or against the floats 
 of a water-wheel. 
 
 TUB WHEELS. 
 
 The tub wheel is a horizontal water-wheel, that 
 is acted on by the stroke of the water altogether. 
 The shaft is perpendicular, often carrying the mill- 
 stone on top of it, serving the place of a spindle. 
 The lower end of this shaft is set in a step fixed in 
 a bridge-tree, by which the stone is raised or 
 lowered. The water is shot on to the upper side of 
 the wheel, in the f6rm of a tangent with its cir- 
 cumference. This wheel runs in a hoop similar- 
 to the hoop that is round the mill-stone, projecting 
 so far above the wheel as to prevent the water 
 from shooting over the wheel, and whirls it about 
 until it strikes the buckets. As the water is shot 
 on in a deep, narrow column say ten inches 
 wide and eighteen inches deep, with seven or 
 
231 
 
 eight feet head for a four and a half feet pair of 
 stones the whole of this water cannot enter the 
 buckets until a part has passed half way round the 
 wheel, so that there are nearly half the buckets 
 struck at once, The buckets are set obliquely, so 
 that the water may strike them at right angles. 
 As soon as it strikes, it escapes under the wheel 
 in every direction. There should be one gate put 
 on the outside of the penstock or shute, which 
 should be clrawn open that the shute of the water 
 is full, and the quantity of water regulated by a 
 gate inside of the shute, near the wheel, as the 
 pressure of the whole weight of the head will then 
 be on the wheel. 
 
 These wheels cannot be recommended, in con- 
 sequence of the water not acting to advantage on 
 them, even when constructed in the best possible 
 manner. If the head be low, it is difficult to get 
 a sufficient quantity of water to act on them, so as 
 to drive them with sufficient power. There are 
 some advantages in their first cost and simplicity, 
 beside not having any cogs or rounds to keep in 
 order ; their moving parts are few, and have but 
 little friction ; the step -gudgeon runs under water, 
 and, when fixed will not get out of order in a long 
 time. The tub wheel should not be used where 
 the water fails in dry weather ; it is only suited to 
 those streams where the water runs to waste the 
 whole year; otherwise, they are useless in the 
 season when they are most needed. 
 
232 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 THE FLUTTER WHEELS. 
 
 The flutter wheels are mostly used for propel- 
 ling the saw in saw mills, as their construction is 
 very simple ; in fact, one of the least expensive 
 water-wheels that can be made. When the water 
 is plenty, and the fall above six feet, flutter wheels 
 may be used for saw mills ; but should the water 
 be scarce, and the head of water insufficient to give 
 flutter-wheels the requisite motion, high wheels, 
 double-geared, will be found necessary. Flutter 
 wheels may be adapted to any head above six 
 feet, by making them low and wide when the head 
 is small, and high and narrow when there is A 
 high head, so as to have from 120 to 130 revolu- 
 tions or strokes of the saw per minute. 
 
 When the fall is about six feet, the diameter of 
 the wheel should be about two feet eight inches, 
 the width seven or eight feet ; the greater the fall, 
 the larger the diameter, with a smaller width. 
 There should always be a full head, to give it a 
 lively motion ; otherwise, the mill will run heavy. 
 The opening in the gates should be from three to 
 four inches, that the water may give the required 
 power. The wheel should have a sufficient 
 quantity of buckets or floats ; these are fastened on 
 with keys, so that they will drive inward when 
 any thing gets under them, and not break. These 
 wheels require to be made heavy, to regulate the 
 motion, and work more powerfully. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 233 
 
 THE LAWS OF MOTION AND BEST. 
 
 1. Every body in a state of rest will remain so. 
 Every body in motion will continue to move in a 
 right line, until a change is effected by the agency 
 of some mechanical force. 
 
 2. The change from rest to motion, and from 
 motion to rest, is always proportional to the force 
 producing thpse changes. 
 
 3. Action and reaction are always equal, and 
 in directions contrary to each other ; or when two 
 bodies act upon each other, the forces are always 
 equal, and directed toward contrary parts. 
 
 4. A horizontal shaft, we will say eight feet 
 in length, more or less, takes more power to drive 
 a given weight, when this weight is attached to 
 the farther end from the driving power, than if 
 closer to said power. The retardition, in this case, 
 is proportioned to the density of the air; and the 
 rotary motion is the consequence of the force of 
 gravity, which is always drawing it toward the 
 earth. 
 
 POWER OF GRAVITY, PERCUSSION, OR IMPULSE, 
 WITH THE EEACTION ATTACHMENT 
 
 It is admitted by mechanics that a water-wheel, 
 constructed to receive the water, with this com- 
 bination for driving machinery, is nearly as 
 20* 
 
234 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 effective as the overshot wheel ; it is generally 
 known that, if it were possible to gear the overshot 
 wheel into the pinion that drives the mill-stone, it 
 would have double the power of any other wheel, 
 nearly. We know, without double-gearing, the 
 motion would not be sufficient for the mill-stone ; 
 this is quite the reverse with the combination 
 wheels. One of these wheels, about four feet in 
 diameter, under a head of water twelve feet head 
 and fall, will drive a run of stones fcflir and a half 
 feet in diameter, giving the stones a motion of 168 
 revolutions per minute ; or it may give as many 
 more as required, by altering the size of the wheel. 
 
 It is acknowledged by millwrights that a fluid 
 reacts back against the penstock with the same 
 force that it issues against the obstacle it strikes. 
 Reaction water-wheels are of a numerous family, 
 and of different degrees. I believe the Barkers 
 wheel is one of the first. Scientific works acknow- 
 ledge that action and reaction are equal, or that 
 the power of water by reaction was equal to its 
 effective power by gravity and percussion. Some 
 of these wheels will run, when there is high 
 water, by giving a larger run of water; or, in 
 other words, a larger opening in the gate, as is 
 properly termed a full gate. 
 
 Often the wheel will not start, the impulse 
 from the head not being sufficient to create the 
 slightest motion, the buckets of the wheel being 
 immersed in back-water. By turning the wheel 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 235 
 
 a few feet, and helping ft to clear itself sufficiently, 
 and from the combination of percussion or impulse 
 from the head, and reaction from the bottom, 
 momentary, it will do the same amount of work, 
 only using more water. The advantages of the 
 combination wheel are, the durability, and amount 
 of capital saved by the difference of cost between 
 them and the overshot wheels. I believe the over- 
 shot wheel will cost one half more, counting the 
 gearing up to the stone pinion, than the combina- 
 tion wheel. Beside, the combination wheel is 
 more - durable, being mostly made of iron. The 
 manner in which the combination wheel is placed, 
 protects it from frost. 
 
 It is a well known fact, that water-wheels that 
 are made of cast-iron are a most 'essential improve- 
 ment, inasmuch as the resistance from friction is 
 one third^ less than wood, beside its durability; 
 and where the wheels are protected by racks, 
 placed in or near the flumes to keep out all 
 obstructions, they will last a long time. 
 
 .The chief objection to a common overshot wheel 
 is its great size and formidable cost ; to which may 
 be added the loss of power consequent upon the 
 friction of the gearing requisite for bringing up the 
 speed of the prime mover to the velocity indispen- 
 sable to most ordinary mechanical operations. 
 These objections do not apply to this species of 
 water power, as the machine requires or occupies 
 but a small space in comparison with a water- 
 
236 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 wheel of the same power. Its speed is high, and 
 the expense of its construction greatly inferior to 
 that of any other effectual mechanism we are now 
 acquainted with for deriving a rotary motion from 
 a head of water. 
 
 Their great merit is their simplicity and dura- 
 bility ; and where there is a plentiful supply of 
 water, they are, in many cases, preferable to any 
 other wheel. In back-water, they will undoubt- 
 edly operate better than any other. There will 
 be no sensible loss from their wading, but only 
 from the diminution of the effective head. In 
 eight feet fall, for example, if there be four feet of 
 back-water, the remaining four feet will produce 
 nearly or quite the full effect. 
 
 These wheels may "be applied either on a hori- 
 zontal or vertical shaft, and either singly or in 
 pairs, according to circumstances, as they are 
 numerous. I will not include all of them; for a 
 head of four feet, the area or orifice should never 
 be permitted to fall short of three times the num- 
 ber of square inches which can be delivered by all 
 the openings of the floats. The penstock or gate- 
 way should be sufficiently large to admit freely the 
 same proportionate quantity of water through 
 every part of its section ; about three times of the 
 orifice of the cistern-head and the wheel. 
 
 For a greater head, these openings should be 
 proportionately increased, as a good many have 
 made failures for not paying attention to these 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 237 
 
 principles. Whenever it is practicable, the limit 
 which has been given should be exceeded; but 
 never can be diminished without loss of power. 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Of the velocities of the combination reaction water-wheel per minute, from heads 
 of from four to thirty feet, calculated at the maximum point of effect, or what 
 is generally called the "working point;" being one third less than the greatest 
 velocity for wlieels of the following size. 
 
 
 DIAMETER IN FEET AND INCHES. 
 
 2 
 
 2^ 
 
 3 
 
 3^ 
 
 4 
 
 VA 
 
 5 
 
 5Y 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 1 A 
 
 7 
 
 7Y 2 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 122 
 
 98 
 
 81 
 
 70 
 
 61 
 
 54 
 
 49 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 137 
 
 109 
 
 91 
 
 78 
 
 68 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 49 
 
 45 
 
 42 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 149 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 
 85 
 
 75 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 46 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 160 
 
 129 
 
 107 
 
 92 
 
 81 
 
 71 
 
 64 
 
 58 
 
 53 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 43 
 
 40 
 
 8 
 
 173 
 
 138 
 
 115 
 
 98 
 
 86 
 
 76 
 
 69 
 
 62 
 
 57 
 
 53 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 43 
 
 9 
 
 384 
 
 147 
 
 122 
 
 105 
 
 92 
 
 81 
 
 73 
 
 66 
 
 61 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 49 
 
 46 
 
 10 
 
 194 
 
 154 
 
 128 
 
 110 
 
 97 
 
 86 
 
 77 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 59 
 
 55 
 
 51 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 203 
 
 162 
 
 135 
 
 115 
 
 101 
 
 90 
 
 81 
 
 73 
 
 67 
 
 62 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 212 
 
 169 
 
 141 
 
 121 
 
 106 
 
 94 
 
 84 
 
 77 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 60 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 13 
 
 220 
 
 176 
 
 147 
 
 126 
 
 110 
 
 98 
 
 88 
 
 80 
 
 73 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 59 
 
 55 
 
 14 
 
 229 
 
 183 
 
 153 
 
 131 
 
 114 
 
 102 
 
 91 
 
 83 
 
 76 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 61 
 
 57 
 
 15 
 
 237 
 
 189 
 
 158 
 
 135 
 
 118 
 
 105 
 
 94 
 
 86 
 
 79 
 
 72 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 59 
 
 16 
 
 245 
 
 196 
 
 163 
 
 140 
 
 122 
 
 109 
 
 98 
 
 89 
 
 81 
 
 75 
 
 70 
 
 65 
 
 61 
 
 17 
 
 252 
 
 201 
 
 168 
 
 144 
 
 126 
 
 112 
 
 100 
 
 91 
 
 84 
 
 77 
 
 72 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 18 
 
 260 
 
 207 
 
 173 
 
 148 
 
 130 
 
 115 
 
 103 
 
 94 
 
 86 
 
 80 
 
 74 
 
 69 
 
 65 
 
 19 
 
 266 
 
 213 
 
 177 
 
 152 
 
 133 
 
 118 
 
 106 
 
 97 
 
 88 
 
 82 
 
 76 
 
 71 
 
 66 
 
 20 
 
 274 
 
 219 
 
 182 
 
 156 
 
 137 
 
 121 
 
 109 
 
 100 
 
 91 
 
 84 
 
 78 
 
 73 
 
 68 
 
 21 
 
 281 
 
 224 
 
 187 
 
 160 
 
 140 
 
 124 
 
 112 
 
 102 
 
 93 
 
 86 
 
 80 
 
 75 
 
 70 
 
 22 
 
 288 
 
 229 
 
 191 
 
 164 
 
 143 
 
 127 
 
 114 
 
 105 
 
 95 
 
 88 
 
 82 
 
 76 
 
 
 23 
 
 294 
 
 234 
 
 195 
 
 167 
 
 146 
 
 131 
 
 117 
 
 107 
 
 97 
 
 90 
 
 84 
 
 78 
 
 73 
 
 24 
 
 300 
 
 239 
 
 199 
 
 170 
 
 149 
 
 133 
 
 119 
 
 109 
 
 99 
 
 92 
 
 85 
 
 79 
 
 74 
 
 25 
 
 307 
 
 245 
 
 204 
 
 175 
 
 153 
 
 136 
 
 121 
 
 111 
 
 102 
 
 94 
 
 87 
 
 81 
 
 76 
 
 26 
 
 313 
 
 249 
 
 208 
 
 178 
 
 156 
 
 138 
 
 124 
 
 113 
 
 104 
 
 96 
 
 89 
 
 83 
 
 78 
 
 27 
 
 318 
 
 254 
 
 212 
 
 182 
 
 159 
 
 141 
 
 127 
 
 116 
 
 106 
 
 98 
 
 91 
 
 85 
 
 80 
 
 28 
 
 324 
 
 259 
 
 216 
 
 185 
 
 162 
 
 144 
 
 129 
 
 118 
 
 108 
 
 100 
 
 92 
 
 86 
 
 81 
 
 29 
 
 330 
 
 263 
 
 219 
 
 188 
 
 164 
 
 146 
 
 131 
 
 120 
 
 110 
 
 101 
 
 94 
 
 88 
 
 82 
 
 30 
 
 335 
 
 268 
 
 223 
 
 191 
 
 167 
 
 149 
 
 134 
 
 123 
 
 112 
 
 103 
 
 95 
 
 89 
 
 84 
 
238 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 TABLE, 
 
 To reckon the Price of Wheat from Thirty Cents to 
 Two Dollars per Bushel. 
 
 For the convenience of Millers I subjoin the 
 following Tables. The Prices will be found at 
 the top of the page, and in the columns headed 
 " Value of Bushels" and "Value of Pounds," and 
 directly opposite the number of Bushels and 
 Pounds in the left hand column will be found the 
 value in Dollars, Cents and Mills of one Bushel, 
 or one Pound, up to one hundred Bushels, or 
 one hundred Pounds. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 239 
 
 *>!?: 
 
 R 
 
 P-& 
 
 AT 31 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 32 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 33 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 34 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 talue per 
 Pound. 
 
 Falue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 falue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 i'alue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts, 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 i 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 66 
 
 1 1 
 
 68 
 
 1 1 
 
 3 
 
 93 
 
 1 5 
 
 96 
 
 1 6 
 
 99 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 02 
 
 1 7 
 
 4 
 
 1 24 
 
 2 
 
 1 28 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 32 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 36 
 
 2 2 
 
 5 
 
 . 1 55 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 60 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 65 
 
 2 7 
 
 1 70 
 
 2 8 
 
 6 
 
 1 86 
 
 3 1 
 
 1 92 
 
 3 2 
 
 1 98 
 
 3 3 
 
 2 04 
 
 3 4 
 
 7 
 
 2 17 
 
 ' 3 6 
 
 2 24 
 
 3 7 
 
 2 31 
 
 3 8 
 
 2 38 
 
 3 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 48 
 
 4 1 
 
 2 56 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 64 
 
 4 4 
 
 2 72 
 
 4 5 
 
 9 
 
 2 79 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 88 
 
 4 8 
 
 2 97 
 
 4 9 
 
 3 06 
 
 5 1 
 
 10 
 
 3 10 
 
 5 1 
 
 3 20 
 
 5 3 
 
 3 30 
 
 5 5 
 
 3 40 
 
 5 6 
 
 11 
 
 3 41 
 
 5 6 
 
 3 52 
 
 5 8 
 
 3 63 
 
 6 
 
 3 74 
 
 6 2 
 
 12 
 
 3 72 
 
 6 2 
 
 3 84 
 
 6 4 
 
 3 96 
 
 6 6 
 
 4 08 
 
 6 8 
 
 13 
 
 4 03 
 
 6 7 
 
 4 16 
 
 6 9 
 
 4 29 
 
 7 1 
 
 4 42 
 
 7 3 
 
 14 
 
 4 34 
 
 72 
 
 4 48 
 
 7 4 
 
 4 62 
 
 7 7 
 
 4 76 
 
 7 9 
 
 15 
 
 4 65 
 
 7 7 
 
 4 80 
 
 8 
 
 4 95 
 
 8 2 
 
 5 10 
 
 8 5 
 
 16 
 
 4 96 
 
 8 2 
 
 5 12 
 
 8 5 
 
 5 28 
 
 8 8 
 
 5 44 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 .5 27 
 
 8 7 
 
 5 44 
 
 9 
 
 5 61 
 
 9 3 
 
 5'78 
 
 9 6 
 
 18 
 
 5 58 
 
 9 3 
 
 5 76 
 
 9 6 
 
 5 94 
 
 9 9 
 
 6 12 
 
 10 2 
 
 19 
 
 5 89 
 
 9 8 
 
 6 08 
 
 10 1 
 
 6 27 
 
 10 4 
 
 6 46 
 
 10 7 
 
 20 
 
 6 20 
 
 10 3 
 
 6 40 
 
 10 6 
 
 6 60 
 
 11 
 
 6 80 
 
 11 3 
 
 21 
 
 6 51 
 
 10 8 
 
 6 72 
 
 11 2 
 
 6 93 
 
 11 5 
 
 7 14 
 
 11 9 
 
 22 
 
 6 82 
 
 11 3 
 
 7 04 
 
 11 7 
 
 7 26 
 
 12 1 
 
 7 48 
 
 12 4 
 
 23 
 
 7 13 
 
 11 8 
 
 7 36 
 
 12 2 
 
 7 59 
 
 12 6 
 
 7 82 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 7 44 
 
 12 4 
 
 7 68 
 
 12 8 
 
 7 92 
 
 13 2 
 
 8 16 
 
 13 6 
 
 25 
 
 7 75 
 
 12 9 
 
 8 00 
 
 13 3 
 
 8 25 
 
 13 7 
 
 8 50 
 
 14 1 
 
 26 
 
 8 06 
 
 13 4 
 
 8 32 
 
 13 8 
 
 8 58 
 
 14 3 
 
 8 84 
 
 14 7 
 
 27 
 
 8 37 
 
 13 9 
 
 8 64 
 
 14 4 
 
 8 91 
 
 14 8. 
 
 9 18 
 
 15 3 
 
 28 
 
 8 68 
 
 14 4 
 
 8 96 
 
 14 9 
 
 9 24 
 
 15 4 
 
 9 52 
 
 15 8 
 
 29 
 
 8 99 
 
 14 9 
 
 9 28 
 
 15 4 
 
 9 57 
 
 15 9 
 
 9 86 
 
 16 4 
 
 30 
 
 9 30 
 
 15 5 
 
 9 60 
 
 16 
 
 9 90 
 
 16 5 
 
 10 20 
 
 17 
 
 40 
 
 12 40 
 
 20 6 
 
 12 80 
 
 21 3 
 
 13 20 
 
 22 
 
 13 60 
 
 22 6 
 
 50 
 
 15 50 
 
 25 8 
 
 16 00 
 
 26 6 
 
 16 50 
 
 27 5 
 
 17 00 
 
 28 3 
 
 100 
 
 31 00 
 
 51 6 
 
 32 00 
 
 53 3 
 
 33 00 
 
 55 
 
 34 00 
 
 56 6 
 
240 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 P-& 
 
 AT 35 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 36 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 37 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 38 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Valae per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Milk 
 
 Dolls. Cts 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 i 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 70 
 
 1 1 
 
 72 
 
 1 2 
 
 74 
 
 1 2 
 
 76 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 05 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 08 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 11 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 14 
 
 1 9 
 
 4 
 
 1 40 
 
 2 3 
 
 1 44 
 
 2 4 
 
 1 48 
 
 2 4 
 
 1 52 
 
 2 5 
 
 5 
 
 1 75 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 80 
 
 3 
 
 1 85 
 
 3 
 
 1 90 
 
 3 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 5 
 
 2 16 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 22 
 
 3 7 
 
 2 28 
 
 3 8 
 
 7 
 
 2 45 
 
 4 
 
 2 52 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 59 
 
 4 3 
 
 2 66 
 
 4 4 
 
 8 
 
 2 80 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 88 
 
 4 8 
 
 2 96 
 
 4 9 
 
 3 04 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 3 15 
 
 5 2 
 
 3 24 
 
 5 4 
 
 3 33 
 
 5 5 
 
 3 42 
 
 5 7 
 
 10 
 
 3 50 
 
 5 8 
 
 3 60 
 
 6 
 
 3 70 
 
 6 1 
 
 3 80 
 
 6 3 
 
 11 
 
 3 85 
 
 6 4 
 
 3 96 
 
 6 6 
 
 4 07 
 
 6 7 
 
 4 18 
 
 6 9 
 
 12 
 
 4 20 
 
 7 
 
 4 32 
 
 7 2 
 
 4 44 
 
 7 4 
 
 4 56 
 
 7 6 
 
 13 
 
 4 55 
 
 7 5 
 
 4 68 
 
 7 8 
 
 4 81 
 
 8 
 
 4 94 
 
 8 2 
 
 14 
 
 4 90 
 
 8 1 
 
 5 04 
 
 8 4 
 
 5 18 
 
 8 6 
 
 5 32 
 
 8 8 
 
 15 
 
 5 25 
 
 8 7 
 
 5 40 
 
 9 
 
 5 55 
 
 9 2 
 
 5 70 
 
 9 5 
 
 16 
 
 5 60 
 
 9 3 
 
 5 76 
 
 9 6 
 
 5 92 
 
 9 8 
 
 6 08 
 
 10 1 
 
 17 
 
 5 95 
 
 9 9 
 
 6 12 
 
 10 2 
 
 6 29 
 
 10 4 
 
 6 46 
 
 10 7 
 
 18 
 
 6 30 
 
 10 5 
 
 6 48 
 
 10 8 
 
 6 66 
 
 11 1 
 
 6 84 
 
 11 4 
 
 19 
 
 6 65 
 
 11 
 
 6 84 
 
 11 4 
 
 7 03 
 
 11 7 
 
 7 22 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 7 00 
 
 11 6 
 
 7 20 
 
 12 
 
 7 40 
 
 12 3 
 
 7 60 
 
 12 6 
 
 21 
 
 7 35 
 
 12 2 
 
 7 56 
 
 12 6 
 
 7 77 
 
 12 9 
 
 7 98 
 
 13 3 
 
 22 
 
 7 70 
 
 12 8 
 
 7 92 
 
 13 2 
 
 8 14 
 
 13 5 
 
 8 36 
 
 13 9 
 
 23 
 
 8 05 
 
 13 4 
 
 8 28 
 
 13 8 
 
 8 51 
 
 14 1 
 
 8 74 
 
 14 5 
 
 24 
 
 8 40 
 
 14 
 
 8 64 
 
 14 4 
 
 8 88 
 
 14 8 
 
 9 12 
 
 15 2 
 
 25 
 
 8 75 
 
 14 5 
 
 9 00 
 
 15 
 
 9 25 
 
 15 4 
 
 9 50 
 
 15 8 
 
 26 
 
 9 10 
 
 15 1 
 
 9 36 
 
 15 6 
 
 9 62 
 
 16 
 
 9 88 
 
 16 4 
 
 27 
 
 9 45 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 72 
 
 16 2 
 
 9 99 
 
 16 6 
 
 10 26 
 
 17 1 
 
 28 
 
 9 80 
 
 16 3 
 
 10 08 
 
 16 8 
 
 10 36 
 
 17 2 
 
 10 64 
 
 17 7 
 
 29 
 
 10 15 
 
 16 9 
 
 10 44 
 
 17 4 
 
 10 73 
 
 17 8 
 
 11 02 
 
 18 3 
 
 30 
 
 10 50 
 
 17 5 
 
 10 80 
 
 18 
 
 11 10 
 
 18 5 
 
 11 40 
 
 19 
 
 40 
 
 14 00 
 
 23 3 
 
 14 40 
 
 24 
 
 14 80 
 
 24 6 
 
 15 20 
 
 25 3 
 
 50 
 
 17 50 
 
 29 1 
 
 18 00 
 
 30 
 
 18 50 
 
 30 8 
 
 19 00 
 
 31 6 
 
 100 
 
 35 00 
 
 58 3 
 
 36 00 
 
 60 
 
 37 00 
 
 61 6 
 
 38 00 
 
 63 3 
 
AND ENGINEEB'S GUIDE. 
 
 241 
 
 it 
 
 hjfco 
 
 II 
 
 e-2L 
 2 oo 
 
 AT 39 "CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 40 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 41 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 42 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound, 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills.- 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 6 
 
 ' 42 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 78 
 
 1 3 
 
 80 
 
 1 3 
 
 82 
 
 1 3 
 
 84 
 
 1 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 17 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 20 
 
 2 
 
 1 23 
 
 2 
 
 1 26 
 
 2 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 56 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 60 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 64 
 
 2 7 
 
 1 68 
 
 2 8 
 
 5 
 
 1 95 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 00 
 
 3 3 
 
 2 05 
 
 34 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 34 
 
 3 9 
 
 2 40 
 
 4 
 
 2 46 
 
 4 1 
 
 2 52 
 
 4 2 
 
 7 
 
 2 73 
 
 4 5 
 
 2 80 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 87 
 
 4 7 
 
 2 94 
 
 4 9 
 
 8 
 
 3 12 
 
 5 2 
 
 3 20 
 
 5 3 
 
 3 28 
 
 5 4 
 
 3 36 
 
 5 6 
 
 9 
 
 3 51 
 
 5 8 
 
 3 60 
 
 6 
 
 .3 69 
 
 6 1 
 
 3 78 
 
 6 3 
 
 10 
 
 3 90 
 
 6 5 
 
 4 00 
 
 6 6 
 
 4 10 
 
 6 8 
 
 4 20 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 4 29 
 
 7 1 
 
 4 40 
 
 7 3 
 
 4 51 
 
 7 5 
 
 4 62 
 
 7 7 
 
 12 
 
 4 68 
 
 7 8 
 
 4 80 
 
 8 
 
 4 92 
 
 8 2 
 
 5 04 
 
 8 4 
 
 13 
 
 5 07 
 
 8 4 
 
 5 20 
 
 8 6 
 
 5 33 
 
 8 8 
 
 5 46 
 
 9 1 
 
 14 
 
 5 46 
 
 9 1 
 
 5 60 
 
 9 3 
 
 5 74 
 
 9 5 
 
 5 88 
 
 9 8 
 
 15 
 
 5 85 
 
 9 7 
 
 6 00 
 
 10 
 
 6 15 
 
 10 2 
 
 6 30 
 
 10 5 
 
 16 
 
 6 24 
 
 10 4 
 
 6 40 
 
 10 6 
 
 6 56 
 
 10 9 
 
 6 72 
 
 11 2 
 
 17 
 
 6 63 
 
 11 
 
 6 80 
 
 11 3 
 
 6 97 
 
 ri 6 
 
 7 14 
 
 11 9 
 
 18 
 
 7 02 
 
 11 7 
 
 7 20 
 
 12 
 
 7 38 
 
 12 3 
 
 7 56 
 
 12 6 
 
 19 
 
 7 41 
 
 12 3 
 
 7 60 
 
 12 6 
 
 7 79 
 
 12 9 
 
 7 98 
 
 13 3 
 
 20 
 
 7 80 
 
 13 
 
 8 00 
 
 13 3 
 
 8 20 
 
 13 6 
 
 8 40 
 
 14'0 
 
 21 
 
 8 19 
 
 13 6 
 
 8 40 
 
 14 
 
 8 61 
 
 14 3 
 
 8 82 
 
 14 7 
 
 22 
 
 8 58 
 
 14 3 
 
 8 80 
 
 14 6 
 
 9 02 
 
 15 
 
 9 24 
 
 15 4 
 
 23 
 
 8 97 
 
 14 9 
 
 9 20 
 
 15 3 
 
 9 43 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 66 
 
 16 1 
 
 24 
 
 9 36 
 
 15 6 
 
 9 60 
 
 16 
 
 9 84 
 
 16 4 
 
 10 08 
 
 16 8 
 
 25 
 
 9 75 
 
 16 2 
 
 10 00 
 
 16 6 
 
 10 25 
 
 17 
 
 10 50 
 
 17 5 
 
 26 
 
 10 14 
 
 16 9 
 
 10 40 
 
 17 3 
 
 10 6 
 
 17 7 
 
 10 92 
 
 18 2 
 
 27 
 
 10 53 
 
 17 5 
 
 10 80 
 
 18 
 
 11 07 
 
 18 4 
 
 11 34 
 
 18 9 
 
 28 
 
 10 92 
 
 18 2 
 
 11 20 
 
 18 6 
 
 11 48 
 
 19 1 
 
 11 76 
 
 19 6 
 
 29 
 
 11 31 
 
 18 8 
 
 11 60 
 
 19 3 
 
 11 89 
 
 19 8 
 
 12 18 
 
 20 3 
 
 30 
 
 11 70 
 
 19 5 
 
 12 00 
 
 20 
 
 12 30 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 15 60 
 
 26 
 
 16 00 
 
 26 6 
 
 16 40 
 
 27 3 
 
 16 80 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 19 50 
 
 32 5 
 
 20 00 
 
 33 3 
 
 20 50 
 
 34 1 
 
 21 00 
 
 35 
 
 100 
 
 39 00 
 
 65 
 
 40 00 
 
 66 6 
 
 41 00 
 
 68 3 
 
 42 00 
 
 70 
 
 21 
 
242 
 
 THE M1LLER ; MILLWRIGHT 
 
 No. of Bushels 
 ancf Pounds, 
 
 AT 43 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 44 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 45 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL'. 
 
 AT 46 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 BusJiel. 
 
 Wiie per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts.iills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 7 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 45 
 
 7 
 
 46 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 86 
 
 1 4 
 
 88 
 
 1 4 
 
 90 
 
 1 5 
 
 92 
 
 1 5 
 
 3 
 
 1 29 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 32 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 35 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 38 
 
 2 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 72 
 
 2 8 
 
 1 76 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 80 
 
 3 
 
 1 84 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 15 
 
 3 5 
 
 2 20 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 25 
 
 37 
 
 2 30 
 
 3 8 
 
 6 
 
 2 58 
 
 43 
 
 2 64 
 
 4 4 
 
 2 TO 
 
 4 5 
 
 2 76 
 
 4 6 
 
 7 
 
 3 01 
 
 5 
 
 3 08 
 
 5 1 
 
 3 15 
 
 5 2 
 
 3 22 
 
 5 3 
 
 8 
 
 3 44 
 
 5 7 
 
 3 52 
 
 5 8 
 
 3 60 
 
 6 
 
 3 68 
 
 6 1 
 
 9 
 
 3 87 
 
 6 4 
 
 3 96 
 
 6 6 
 
 4 05 
 
 6 7 
 
 4 H 
 
 6 1) 
 
 10 
 
 4 30 
 
 7 1 
 
 4 40 
 
 7 3 
 
 4 50 
 
 7 5 
 
 4 60 
 
 7 6 
 
 11 
 
 4 73 
 
 ' 7 8 
 
 4 84 
 
 8 
 
 4 95 
 
 8 2 
 
 5 06 
 
 8 4 
 
 12 
 
 5 16 
 
 8 6 
 
 5 28 
 
 8 8 
 
 5 40 
 
 9 
 
 5 52 
 
 9 2 
 
 13 
 
 5 59 
 
 9 3 
 
 5 72 
 
 9 5 
 
 5 85 
 
 9 7 
 
 5 98 
 
 9 9 
 
 14 
 
 6 02 
 
 10 
 
 6 16 
 
 10 2 
 
 6 30 
 
 10 5 
 
 6 44 
 
 10 7 
 
 15 
 
 6 45 
 
 10 7 
 
 6 60 
 
 11 
 
 6 75 
 
 11 2 
 
 6 90 
 
 11 5 
 
 16 
 
 6 88 
 
 11 4 
 
 7 04 
 
 11 7 
 
 7 20 
 
 12 
 
 7 36 
 
 12 2 
 
 17 
 
 7 31 
 
 12 1 
 
 7 48 
 
 12 4 
 
 7 65 
 
 12 7 
 
 7 82 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 7 74 
 
 12 9 
 
 7 92 
 
 13 2 
 
 8 10 
 
 13 5 
 
 8 28 
 
 13 8 
 
 19 
 
 8 17 
 
 13 6 
 
 8 36 
 
 13 9 
 
 8 55 
 
 14 2 
 
 8 74 
 
 14 5 
 
 20 
 
 8 60 
 
 14 3 
 
 8 80 
 
 14 6 
 
 9 00 
 
 15 
 
 9 20 
 
 15 3 
 
 21 
 
 9 03 
 
 15 
 
 9 24 
 
 15 4 
 
 9 45 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 66 
 
 16 1 
 
 22 
 
 9 46 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 60 
 
 16 1 
 
 9 90 
 
 16 5 
 
 10 12 
 
 16 8 
 
 23 
 
 9 89 
 
 16 5 
 
 10 12 
 
 16 8 
 
 10 35 
 
 17 2 
 
 10 58 
 
 17 6 
 
 24 
 
 10 32 
 
 17 2 
 
 10 56 
 
 17 6 
 
 10 80 
 
 18 
 
 11 04 
 
 18 4 
 
 25 
 
 10 75 
 
 17 9 
 
 11 00 
 
 18 3 
 
 11 25 
 
 18 7 
 
 11 50 
 
 19-1 
 
 26 
 
 11 18 
 
 18 6 
 
 11 44 
 
 19 
 
 11 70 
 
 19 5 
 
 11 96 
 
 19 9 
 
 27 
 
 11 61 
 
 19 3 
 
 11 88 
 
 19 8 
 
 12 15 
 
 20 2 
 
 12 42 
 
 20 7 
 
 28 
 
 12 04 
 
 20 
 
 12 32 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 12 88 
 
 21 4 
 
 29 
 
 12 47 
 
 20 7 
 
 12 76 
 
 21 2 
 
 13.05 
 
 21 7 
 
 13 34 
 
 22 2 
 
 30 
 
 12 90 
 
 21 5 
 
 13 20 
 
 22 
 
 13 50 
 
 22 5 
 
 13 80 
 
 23 
 
 40 
 
 17 20 
 
 28 6 
 
 17 60 
 
 29 3 
 
 18 00 
 
 30 
 
 18 40 
 
 30 6 
 
 50 
 
 21 50 
 
 35 8 
 
 22 00 
 
 36 6 
 
 22 50 
 
 37 5 
 
 23 00 
 
 38 3 
 
 100 
 
 43 00 
 
 71 6 
 
 44 00 
 
 73 3 
 
 45 00 
 
 75 
 
 46 00 
 
 76 6 
 
AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 
 
 243 
 
 g? 1 
 0.0, 
 
 ^to 
 
 g 
 
 C! Cr' 
 frg. 
 
 AT 47 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 48 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 49 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 50 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 i Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts." Milk j Doll's. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Milk 
 
 1 
 
 47 
 
 . 7 
 
 48 
 
 8 
 
 49 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 94 
 
 1 5 
 
 96 
 
 1 6 
 
 . 98 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 00 
 
 1 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 41 
 
 2 3 
 
 1 44 
 
 2 4 
 
 1 47 
 
 2 4 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 88 
 
 3 1 
 
 1 92 
 
 3 2 
 
 1 96 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 00 
 
 3 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 35 
 
 3 9 
 
 2 40 
 
 4 
 
 2 45 
 
 4 
 
 2 50 
 
 4 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 82 
 
 4 7 
 
 2 88 
 
 4 8 
 
 2 94 
 
 4 9 
 
 3 00 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 3 29 
 
 5 4 
 
 3 36 
 
 5 6 
 
 3 43 
 
 5 7 
 
 3 50 
 
 5 8 
 
 8 
 
 3 76 
 
 6 2 
 
 3 84 
 
 6 4 
 
 3 92 
 
 6 5 
 
 4 00 
 
 6 6 
 
 9 
 
 4 23 
 
 7 
 
 4 32 
 
 7 2 
 
 4 41 
 
 7 3 
 
 4 50 
 
 7 5 
 
 10 
 
 4 70 
 
 7 8 
 
 4 80 
 
 8 
 
 4 90 
 
 8 1 
 
 5 00 
 
 8 3 
 
 11. 
 
 5 17 
 
 8 6 
 
 5 28 
 
 8 8 
 
 5 39 
 
 8 9 
 
 5 50 
 
 9 1 
 
 12 
 
 5 64 
 
 9 4 
 
 5 76 
 
 9 6 
 
 5 88 
 
 9 8 
 
 6 00 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 6 11 
 
 10 1 
 
 6 24 
 
 10 4 
 
 6 37 
 
 10 6 
 
 6 50 
 
 10 8 
 
 14 
 
 6 58 
 
 10 9 
 
 6 72 
 
 11 2 
 
 6 86 
 
 11 4 
 
 7 00 
 
 11 6 
 
 15 
 
 7 05 
 
 11 7 
 
 7 20 
 
 12 
 
 7 35 
 
 12 2 
 
 7 50 
 
 12 5 
 
 16 
 
 7 52 
 
 12 5 
 
 7 68 
 
 12 8 
 
 7 84 
 
 13 
 
 8 00 
 
 13 3 
 
 17 
 
 7 99 
 
 13 3 
 
 8 16 
 
 13 6 
 
 8 33 
 
 13 8 
 
 8 50 
 
 14 1 
 
 18 
 
 8 46 
 
 14 1 
 
 8 64 
 
 14 4 
 
 8 82 
 
 14 7 
 
 9 00 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 8 93 
 
 14 8 
 
 9 12 
 
 15 2 
 
 9 31 
 
 15 5 
 
 9 50 
 
 15 8 
 
 20 
 
 9 40 
 
 15 6 
 
 9 60 
 
 16 
 
 9 80 
 
 16 3 
 
 10 00 
 
 16 6 
 
 21 
 
 9 87 
 
 16 4 
 
 10 08 
 
 16 8 
 
 10 29 
 
 17 1 
 
 10 50 
 
 17 5 
 
 22 
 
 10 34 
 
 17 2 
 
 10 56 
 
 17 6 
 
 1.0 78 
 
 17 9 
 
 11 00 
 
 18 3 
 
 " 23 
 
 10 81 
 
 18 
 
 11 04 
 
 18 4 
 
 11 27 
 
 18 7 
 
 11 50 
 
 19 1 
 
 24 
 
 11 28 
 
 18 8 
 
 11 52 
 
 19 2 
 
 11 76 
 
 19 6 
 
 12 00 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 11 75 
 
 19 5 
 
 12 00 
 
 20 
 
 12 25 
 
 20 4 
 
 12 50 
 
 20 8 
 
 26 
 
 12 22 
 
 20 3 
 
 12 48 
 
 20 8 
 
 12 74 
 
 21 2 
 
 13 00 
 
 2L 6 
 
 27 
 
 12 69 
 
 21 1 
 
 12 96 
 
 21 6 
 
 13 23 
 
 22 
 
 13 50 
 
 22 5 
 
 28 
 
 13 16 
 
 21 9 
 
 13 44 
 
 22 4 
 
 13 72 
 
 22 8 
 
 14 00 
 
 23 3 
 
 29 
 
 13 63 
 
 - 22 7 
 
 13 92 
 
 23 2 
 
 14 21 
 
 23 6 
 
 14 50 
 
 24 1 
 
 30 
 
 14 10 
 
 23 5 
 
 14 40 
 
 24 
 
 14 70 
 
 24 5 
 
 15 00 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 18 80 
 
 31 3 
 
 19 20 
 
 32 
 
 19 60 
 
 32 6 
 
 20 00 
 
 33 3 
 
 50 
 
 23 50 
 
 39 1 
 
 24 00 
 
 40 
 
 24 50 
 
 40 8 
 
 25.00 
 
 41 6 
 
 100 
 
 47 00 
 
 78 3- 
 
 48 00 
 
 80 
 
 49 00 
 
 81 6 
 
 50 00 
 
 83 3 
 
244 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 fl 
 
 hJW 
 s ST" 
 
 AT 51 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 52 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 53 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 54 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 i 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 52 
 
 8 
 
 53- 
 
 8 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1 02 
 
 17 
 
 1 04 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 06 
 
 1*7 
 
 '1 08 
 
 1 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 53 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 56 
 
 2 6- 
 
 1 59 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 62 
 
 2 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 04 
 
 3 4 
 
 2 08 
 
 3 4 
 
 2 12 
 
 3 5 
 
 2 16 
 
 3 6 
 
 5 
 
 2 55 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 60 
 
 4 3 
 
 2 65 
 
 4 4 
 
 2 70 
 
 4 5 
 
 6 
 
 3 06 
 
 5 1 
 
 3 12 
 
 5 2 
 
 3 18 
 
 5 3 
 
 3 24 
 
 5 4 
 
 7 
 
 3 57 
 
 59 
 
 3 64 
 
 6-0 
 
 -3 71 
 
 6 1 
 
 3 78 
 
 6 3 
 
 8 
 
 4 08 
 
 6 8 
 
 4 16 
 
 6 9 
 
 4 24 
 
 7 
 
 4 32 
 
 7 2 
 
 9 
 
 4 59 
 
 7 6 
 
 4 68 
 
 7 8" 
 
 4 77 
 
 7 9 
 
 4 86 
 
 8 1 
 
 10 
 
 5 10 
 
 '8 5 
 
 5 20 
 
 8 6 
 
 5 30 
 
 8 8 
 
 5 40 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 5 61 
 
 9 3 
 
 5 72 
 
 9 5 
 
 5 83 
 
 9 7 
 
 5 94 
 
 9 9 
 
 12 
 
 6 12 
 
 10 2 
 
 6 24 
 
 10 4 
 
 6 36 
 
 10 6 
 
 6 48 
 
 10 8 
 
 13 
 
 6 63 
 
 11 
 
 6 76 
 
 11 2 
 
 6 89 
 
 11 4 
 
 . 7 02 
 
 11 7 
 
 14 
 
 7 14 
 
 11 9 
 
 7 28 
 
 12 1 
 
 7 42 
 
 12 4 
 
 7 56 
 
 12 6 
 
 15 
 
 7 65 
 
 12 7 
 
 7 80 
 
 13 
 
 7 95 
 
 13 2 
 
 8 10 
 
 13 5 
 
 16 
 
 8 16 
 
 13 6 
 
 8 32 
 
 13 8' 
 
 8 48 
 
 14 1 
 
 8 64 
 
 14 4 . 
 
 17 
 
 8 67 
 
 14 4 
 
 8 84 
 
 14 7 
 
 9 01 
 
 15 
 
 9 18 
 
 15 3 
 
 18 
 
 9 18 
 
 15 3 
 
 9 36 
 
 15 6 
 
 9 54 
 
 15 9 
 
 9 72 
 
 16 2 
 
 19 
 
 9 69 
 
 16 1 
 
 9 88 
 
 16 4 
 
 10 07 
 
 16 7 
 
 10 26 
 
 17 1 
 
 20 
 
 10 20 
 
 17 
 
 10 40 
 
 17 3 
 
 10 60 
 
 17 6 
 
 10 80 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 10- 71 
 
 17 8 
 
 10 92 
 
 18 2 
 
 11 13 
 
 18 5 
 
 11 34 
 
 18 9 
 
 22 
 
 11 22 
 
 18 7 
 
 11 44 
 
 19 
 
 11 66 
 
 19 4 
 
 11 88 
 
 19 8 
 
 23 
 
 11 73 
 
 19 5 
 
 11 96 
 
 19 9 
 
 12 19 
 
 20 3 
 
 12 42 
 
 20 7 
 
 24 
 
 12 24 
 
 20 4 
 
 12 48 
 
 20 8 
 
 12 72 
 
 21 2 
 
 12 96 
 
 21 6 
 
 25 
 
 12 75 
 
 21 2 
 
 13 00 
 
 21 6 
 
 13 25 
 
 22 
 
 13 50 
 
 22 5 
 
 26 
 
 13 26 
 
 22 1 
 
 13 52 
 
 22 5 
 
 13 78 
 
 22 9 
 
 14 04 
 
 23 4 
 
 27 
 
 13 77 
 
 22 9 
 
 14' 04 
 
 23 4 
 
 14 31 
 
 23 8 
 
 14 58 
 
 24 3 
 
 28 
 
 14 28 
 
 23 8 
 
 14 56 
 
 24 2 
 
 14 84 
 
 24 7 
 
 15 12 
 
 25 2 
 
 29 
 
 14 79 
 
 24 6 
 
 15 08 
 
 25 1 
 
 15 37 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 66 
 
 26 1 
 
 30 
 
 15 30 
 
 25 5 
 
 15 60 
 
 26 
 
 15 90 
 
 26 5 
 
 16 20 
 
 27 
 
 40 
 
 20 40 
 
 34 
 
 20 80 
 
 34 6 
 
 21 20 
 
 35 3 
 
 21 60 
 
 36 
 
 50 
 
 25 50 
 
 42 5 
 
 26 00 
 
 43 3 
 
 26 50 
 
 44 1 
 
 27 00 
 
 45 
 
 100 
 
 51 00 
 
 85 
 
 52 00 
 
 86 6 
 
 53 00 
 
 88 3 
 
 54 00 
 
 90 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 245 
 
 g 
 
 p- 
 
 &CD 
 
 5 wT 
 
 AT 55 CENTS 
 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 56 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 51 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 58 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Valije per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value pei- 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 folue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 55 
 
 9 
 
 56 
 
 9 
 
 57 
 
 9 
 
 -58 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 12 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 14 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 16 
 
 1 9 
 
 3 
 
 1 65 
 
 2 7 
 
 1 68 
 
 2 & 
 
 1 71 
 
 2 8 
 
 1 74 
 
 2 9 
 
 4 
 
 2 20 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 24 
 
 3 7 
 
 2 28 
 
 3 8 
 
 2 32 
 
 3 8 
 
 5 
 
 2 75 
 
 4 5 
 
 2 80 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 85 
 
 4 7 
 
 2 90 
 
 4 8 
 
 6 
 
 3 30 
 
 5 5 
 
 3 36 
 
 5 6 
 
 3 42 
 
 5 7 
 
 3 48 
 
 5 8 
 
 7 
 
 3 85 
 
 6 4 
 
 3 92 
 
 6 5 
 
 3 99 
 
 6 6 
 
 4 06 
 
 6 7 
 
 8 
 
 4 40 
 
 7 3 
 
 4 48 
 
 7 4 
 
 4 56 
 
 7 6 
 
 4 64 
 
 7 7 
 
 9 
 
 4 95 
 
 8 2 
 
 5 04 
 
 8 4 
 
 5 13 
 
 8 5 
 
 5 22 
 
 8 7 
 
 10 
 
 5 50 
 
 9 1 
 
 5 60 
 
 93 
 
 5 70 
 
 9 5 
 
 5 80 
 
 9 6 
 
 11 
 
 6 05 
 
 10 
 
 6 16 
 
 10 2 
 
 6 27 
 
 10 4 
 
 6 38 
 
 10 6 
 
 12 
 
 6 60 
 
 11 
 
 6 72 
 
 11 2 
 
 6 84 
 
 11 4 
 
 6 96 
 
 11 6 
 
 13 
 
 7 15 
 
 11 9 
 
 7 28 
 
 12 1 
 
 7 41 
 
 12 3 
 
 7 54 
 
 12 5 
 
 14 
 
 7 70 
 
 12 9 
 
 7 84 
 
 13 
 
 7 98 
 
 13 3 
 
 8 12 
 
 13 5 
 
 15 
 
 8 25 
 
 13 7 
 
 8 40 
 
 14 
 
 8 55 
 
 14 2 
 
 8 70 
 
 14 5 
 
 16 
 
 8 80 
 
 14 6 
 
 8 96 
 
 14 9 
 
 9 12 
 
 15 2 
 
 9 28 
 
 15 4 
 
 17 
 
 9 35 
 
 15 5 
 
 9 52 
 
 15 8 
 
 9 69 
 
 16 1 
 
 9 86 
 
 16 4 
 
 18 
 
 9 90 
 
 16 5 
 
 10 08 
 
 16 8 
 
 10 26 
 
 17 1 
 
 10 44 
 
 17 4 
 
 19 
 
 10 45 
 
 17 4 
 
 10 64 
 
 17 7 
 
 10 83 
 
 18 0. 
 
 11 02 
 
 18 3 
 
 20 
 
 11 00 
 
 18 3 
 
 11 20 
 
 18 6 
 
 11 40 
 
 19 
 
 11 60 
 
 19 3 
 
 21 
 
 11 55 
 
 19 2 
 
 11 76 
 
 19 6 
 
 11 97 
 
 19 9 
 
 12 18 
 
 20 3 
 
 22 
 
 12 '10 
 
 20 1 
 
 12 32 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 54 
 
 20 9 
 
 12 76 
 
 21 2 
 
 23 
 
 12 65 
 
 21 
 
 12 88 
 
 21 4 
 
 13 11 
 
 21 8 
 
 13 34 
 
 22 2 
 
 24 
 
 13 20 
 
 22- 
 
 13 44 
 
 22 4 
 
 13 68 
 
 22 8 
 
 13 92 
 
 23 2 
 
 25 
 
 13 75 
 
 22 9 
 
 14 00 
 
 23 3 
 
 14 25 
 
 23 7 
 
 14 50 
 
 24 1 
 
 26 
 
 14 30 
 
 23 8 
 
 14 56 
 
 24 2 
 
 14 82 
 
 24 7 
 
 15 08 
 
 25 1 
 
 27 
 
 14 85 
 
 '24 7 
 
 15 12 
 
 25 2 
 
 15 39 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 66 
 
 26 1 
 
 28 
 
 15 40 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 68 
 
 26 1 
 
 15 96 
 
 26 6 
 
 16 24 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 15 95 
 
 26 5 
 
 16 24 
 
 27 
 
 16 53 
 
 27 5 
 
 16 82 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 16 50 
 
 27 5 
 
 16 80 
 
 28 
 
 17 10 
 
 28 5 
 
 17 40 
 
 29 
 
 40 
 
 22 00 
 
 36 6 
 
 22 40 
 
 37 3 
 
 22 80 
 
 38 
 
 23 20 
 
 38 6 
 
 50 
 
 27 50 
 
 . 45 8 
 
 28 00 
 
 46 6 
 
 28 50 
 
 47 5 
 
 29 00 
 
 48 3 
 
 100 
 
 55 00 
 
 91 6 
 
 56 00 
 
 93 3 
 
 57 00 
 
 95 
 
 58 00 
 
 96 6 
 
 2T 
 
246 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 ir 
 
 H 1 
 H 
 
 AT 59 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 60 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT -61 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 62 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 59 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 62 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 18' 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 20 
 
 2 
 
 1 22 
 
 2 
 
 1 24 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 77 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 80 
 
 3 
 
 1 83 
 
 3 
 
 1 86 
 
 3 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 36 
 
 3 9 
 
 2 40 
 
 4 
 
 2 44 
 
 4 
 
 2 48 
 
 4 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 95 
 
 4 9 
 
 3 00 
 
 5 
 
 3 05 
 
 5 
 
 3 10 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 3 54 
 
 5 9 
 
 3 60 
 
 6 
 
 3 66 
 
 6 1 
 
 3 72 
 
 6 2 
 
 7 
 
 4 13 
 
 6 8 
 
 4 20 
 
 7 
 
 4 27 
 
 7 1 
 
 4 34 
 
 7 2 
 
 8 
 
 4 72 
 
 7 8 
 
 4 80 
 
 8 
 
 4 88 
 
 8 1 
 
 4 96 
 
 8 2 
 
 9 
 
 5 31 
 
 8 8 
 
 5 40 
 
 9 
 
 5 49 
 
 9 1 
 
 5 58 
 
 9 3 
 
 10 
 
 5 90 
 
 9 8 
 
 6 00 
 
 10 
 
 6 10 
 
 10 1 
 
 6 20 
 
 10 3 
 
 11 
 
 6 49 
 
 10 8 
 
 6 60 
 
 11 
 
 6 71 
 
 11 1 
 
 6 82 
 
 11 3 
 
 12 
 
 7 08 
 
 11 8 
 
 7 20 
 
 12 
 
 7 32 
 
 12 2 
 
 7 44 
 
 12 4 
 
 13 
 
 7 67 
 
 12 7 
 
 7 80 
 
 13 
 
 7 93 
 
 13 2 
 
 8 06 
 
 13 4 
 
 14 
 
 8 26 
 
 13 7 
 
 8 40 
 
 14 
 
 8 54 
 
 14 2 
 
 8 68 
 
 "14 4 
 
 15 
 
 8 85 
 
 14 7 
 
 9 00 
 
 15 
 
 9 15 
 
 15 2 
 
 9 30 
 
 15 5 
 
 16 
 
 9 44 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 60 
 
 16 
 
 9 76 
 
 16 2 
 
 9 92 
 
 16 5 
 
 17 
 
 10 03 
 
 16 7 
 
 10 20 
 
 17 
 
 10 37 
 
 17 2 
 
 10 54 
 
 17 5 
 
 18 
 
 10*62 
 
 17 7 
 
 10 80 
 
 18 
 
 10 98 
 
 18 3 
 
 11 16 
 
 18 6 
 
 19 
 
 11 21 
 
 18 6 
 
 11 40 
 
 19 
 
 11 59 
 
 19 3 
 
 11 78 
 
 19 6 
 
 20 
 
 11 80 
 
 19 6 
 
 12 00 
 
 20 
 
 12 20 
 
 20 3 
 
 12 40 
 
 20 6 
 
 21 
 
 12 39 
 
 20 6 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 12 81 
 
 21 3 
 
 13 02 
 
 21 7 
 
 22 
 
 12 98 
 
 21 6 
 
 13 20 
 
 22 
 
 13 42 
 
 22 3 
 
 13 64. 
 
 22 7 
 
 23 
 
 13 57 
 
 22 6 
 
 13 80 
 
 23 
 
 14 03 
 
 23 4 
 
 14 26 
 
 23 7 
 
 24 
 
 14 16 
 
 23 6 
 
 14 40 
 
 24 
 
 14 64 
 
 24 4 
 
 14 88 
 
 24 8 
 
 25 
 
 14 75 
 
 24 5 
 
 15 00 
 
 25 
 
 15 25 
 
 25 4 
 
 15 50 
 
 25 8 
 
 26 
 
 15 34 
 
 25 5 
 
 15 60 
 
 26 
 
 15 86 
 
 26 4 
 
 16 12 
 
 26 8 
 
 27 
 
 15 93 
 
 26 5 
 
 16 20 
 
 27 
 
 16 47 
 
 27 4 
 
 16 74 
 
 27 9 
 
 28 
 
 16 52 
 
 27 5 
 
 16 80 
 
 28 
 
 17 08 
 
 28 4 
 
 17 36 
 
 28 9 
 
 29 
 
 17 11 
 
 28 5 
 
 17 40 
 
 29 
 
 17 69 
 
 29 4 
 
 17 98 
 
 29 9 
 
 30 
 
 17 70 
 
 29 5 
 
 18 00" 
 
 30 
 
 18 30 
 
 30 5 
 
 18 60 
 
 31 
 
 40 
 
 23 60 
 
 39 3 
 
 24 00 
 
 40 
 
 24 40 
 
 40 6 
 
 24 80 
 
 41 3 
 
 50 
 
 29 50 
 
 49 1 
 
 30 00 
 
 50 
 
 30 50 
 
 50 8 
 
 31 00 
 
 51 6 
 
 10Q 
 
 59 00 
 
 98 3 
 
 60 00 
 
 100 
 
 61 00 
 
 101 6 
 
 62 00 
 
 103 3 
 
AND ENGINEEK'S GUIDE. 
 
 .247 
 
 II 
 
 32 
 
 & & 
 
 fir 
 
 AT 63 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 64 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 65 CENTS 
 PER BISHEL. 
 
 AT 66 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. . 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 66 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 26 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 28 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 30. 
 
 2 1 
 
 1 32 
 
 2 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 89 
 
 3 1 
 
 1 92 
 
 3 2 
 
 1 95 
 
 3 2 
 
 1 98 
 
 3 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 52 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 56 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 60 
 
 4 3 
 
 2 64 
 
 4 4 
 
 5 
 
 3 15 
 
 5 2 
 
 3 20 
 
 5 3 
 
 3 25 
 
 5 4 
 
 3 30 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 
 
 3 78 
 
 6 3 
 
 3 84 
 
 6 4 
 
 3 90 
 
 6 5 
 
 3 96 
 
 6 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 41 
 
 7 3 
 
 4 48 
 
 7 4 
 
 4 55 
 
 7 5 
 
 4 62 
 
 7 7 
 
 8 
 
 5 04 
 
 8 4 
 
 5 12 
 
 8 5 
 
 5 20 
 
 8 6 
 
 5 28 
 
 8 8 
 
 9 
 
 5 67 
 
 9 4 
 
 5 76 
 
 96 
 
 5 85 
 
 9 7 
 
 5 94 
 
 9 9 
 
 10 
 
 6 30 
 
 10 5 
 
 6 40 
 
 10 6 
 
 6 50 
 
 10 8 
 
 6 60 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 6 93 
 
 11 5 
 
 7 04 
 
 11 7 
 
 7 15 
 
 11 9 
 
 7 26 
 
 12 1 
 
 12 
 
 7 56 
 
 12 6 
 
 7 68 
 
 12 8 
 
 7 80 
 
 13 
 
 7 92 
 
 13 2 
 
 13 
 
 8 19 
 
 13 6 
 
 8 32 
 
 13 8 
 
 8 45 
 
 14 
 
 8 58 
 
 14 3 
 
 14 
 
 8 82 
 
 14 7 
 
 8 96 
 
 14 9 
 
 9 10 
 
 15 1 
 
 9 24 
 
 15 4 
 
 15 
 
 9 94 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 60 
 
 16 
 
 9 75 
 
 16 2 
 
 9 90 
 
 16 5 
 
 16 
 
 10 08 
 
 16 8 
 
 10 24 
 
 17 
 
 10 40 
 
 17 3 
 
 10 56 
 
 17 6 
 
 17 
 
 10 71 
 
 17 8 
 
 10 88 
 
 18 1 
 
 11 05 
 
 18 4 
 
 11 22 
 
 18 7 
 
 18 
 
 11 34 
 
 18 9 
 
 11 52 
 
 19 2 
 
 11 70 
 
 19 5 
 
 11 88 
 
 19 8 
 
 19 
 
 11 97 
 
 19 9 
 
 12 16 
 
 20 2 
 
 12 35 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 54 
 
 20 9 
 
 20 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 12 80 
 
 21 3 
 
 13 00 
 
 21 6 
 
 13 20 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 13 23 
 
 22 
 
 13 44 
 
 22 4 
 
 13 65 
 
 22 7 
 
 13 86 
 
 23 1 
 
 22 
 
 13 86 
 
 23 1 
 
 14 08 
 
 23 4 
 
 14 30 
 
 23 8 
 
 14 52 
 
 24 2 
 
 23 
 
 14 49 
 
 24 2 
 
 14 72 
 
 24 5 
 
 14 95 
 
 24 9 
 
 15 18 
 
 25 3 
 
 24 
 
 15 12 
 
 25 2 
 
 15 36 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 60 
 
 26 
 
 15 84 
 
 26 4 
 
 25 
 
 15 75 
 
 26 2 
 
 16 00 
 
 26 6 
 
 16 25 
 
 27 
 
 16 50 
 
 27 5 
 
 26 
 
 16 38 
 
 27 3 
 
 16 6.4 
 
 27 7 
 
 16 90 
 
 28 1 
 
 17 16 
 
 28 6 
 
 27 
 
 17 01 
 
 28 3 
 
 17 28 
 
 28 8 
 
 17 55 
 
 29 2 
 
 17 82 
 
 29 7 
 
 28 
 
 17 64 
 
 29 4 
 
 17 92 
 
 29 8 
 
 18 20 
 
 30 3 
 
 18 48 
 
 30 8 
 
 29 
 
 18 27 
 
 30 4 
 
 18 56 
 
 30 9 
 
 18 85 
 
 31 4 
 
 19 14 
 
 31 9 
 
 30 
 
 18 90 
 
 31 5 
 
 19 20 
 
 32 
 
 19 50 
 
 32 5 
 
 19 80 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 25 20 
 
 42 
 
 25 60 
 
 42 6 
 
 26 00 
 
 43 3 
 
 26 40 
 
 44 
 
 50 
 
 31 50 
 
 52 5 
 
 32 00 
 
 53 3 
 
 32 50 
 
 54 1 
 
 33 00 
 
 55 
 
 100 
 
 63 00 
 
 105 
 
 64 00 
 
 106 6 
 
 65 00 
 
 108 3 
 
 66 00 
 
 110 
 
248 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 No.ofBnshels 
 1 and Pounds. 
 
 AT 67 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 68 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 69 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 70 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Busfcel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value -per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts.' Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 1 1 
 
 68 
 
 1 1 
 
 69 
 
 1 1 
 
 70 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 34 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 36 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 38 
 
 2 3 
 
 1 40 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 01 
 
 3 3 
 
 2 04 
 
 3 4 
 
 2 07 
 
 3 4 
 
 2 10 
 
 3 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 68 
 
 4 4 
 
 2 72 
 
 4 5 
 
 2 76 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 80 
 
 4 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 35 
 
 5 5 
 
 3 40 
 
 5 6 
 
 3 45 
 
 5 7 
 
 3 50 
 
 5 8 
 
 .6 
 
 4 02 
 
 6 7 
 
 4 08 
 
 6 8 
 
 4 14 
 
 6 9 
 
 4 20 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 4 69 
 
 7 8 
 
 4 76 
 
 7 9 
 
 4 83 
 
 8 
 
 4 90 
 
 8 1 
 
 8 
 
 5 36 
 
 8 9 
 
 5 44 
 
 9 
 
 5 52 
 
 9 2 
 
 5 60 
 
 9 3 
 
 9 
 
 6 03 
 
 10 
 
 6 12 
 
 10 2 
 
 6 21 
 
 10 3 
 
 6 30 
 
 10 5 
 
 10 
 
 6 70 
 
 11 1 
 
 6 80 
 
 11 3 
 
 6 90 
 
 11 5 
 
 7 00 
 
 11 6 
 
 11 
 
 7 37 
 
 12 2 
 
 7 48 
 
 12 4 
 
 7 59 
 
 12 6 
 
 7 70 
 
 12 8 
 
 12 
 
 8 04 
 
 13 4 
 
 8 16 
 
 13 6 
 
 8 28 
 
 13 8 
 
 8 40 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 8 71 
 
 14 5 
 
 8 84 
 
 14 7 
 
 8 97 
 
 14 9 
 
 9 10 
 
 15 1 
 
 14 
 
 9 38 
 
 15 6 
 
 9 52 
 
 15 8 
 
 9 66 
 
 16 1 
 
 9 80 
 
 16 3 
 
 15 
 
 10 05 
 
 16 7 
 
 10 20 
 
 17 
 
 10 35 
 
 17 2 
 
 10 50 
 
 17 5 
 
 16 
 
 10 72 
 
 17 8 
 
 10 88 
 
 18 1 
 
 11 04 
 
 18 4 
 
 11 20 
 
 18 6 
 
 17 
 
 11 39 
 
 18 9 
 
 11 56 
 
 19 2 
 
 11 73 
 
 19 5 
 
 11 90 
 
 19 8 
 
 18 
 
 12 06 
 
 20 1 
 
 12 24 
 
 20 4 
 
 12 42 
 
 20 7 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 12 73 
 
 21 2 
 
 12 92 
 
 '2L 5 
 
 13 11 
 
 21 8 
 
 13 30 
 
 22 1 
 
 20 
 
 13 40 
 
 22 3 
 
 13 60 
 
 22 6 
 
 13 80 
 
 23 
 
 14 00 
 
 23 3 
 
 21 
 
 14 07 
 
 23 4 
 
 14 28 
 
 23 8 
 
 14 49 
 
 24 1 
 
 14 70 
 
 245 
 
 22 
 
 14 74 
 
 24 5 
 
 14 96 
 
 24 9 
 
 15 18 
 
 25 3 
 
 15 40 
 
 25 6 
 
 23 
 
 15 41 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 64 
 
 26 
 
 15 87 
 
 26 4 
 
 16 10 
 
 26 8 
 
 24 
 
 16 08 
 
 26 8 
 
 16 32 
 
 27 2 
 
 16 56 
 
 27 6 
 
 16 80 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 16 75 
 
 27 9 
 
 17 00 
 
 28 3 
 
 17 25 
 
 28 7 
 
 17 50 
 
 29 1 
 
 26 
 
 17 42 
 
 29 
 
 17 68 
 
 29 5 
 
 17 94 
 
 29 8 
 
 18 20 
 
 30 3 
 
 27 
 
 18 09 
 
 30 1 
 
 18 36 
 
 30 6 
 
 18 63 
 
 31 
 
 18 90 
 
 31 5 
 
 28 
 
 18 76 
 
 31 2 
 
 19 04 
 
 31 7 
 
 19 32 
 
 32 2 
 
 19 60 
 
 32 6 
 
 29- 
 
 19 43 
 
 32 3 
 
 19 72 
 
 32 9 
 
 20 01 
 
 33 3 
 
 20 30 
 
 33 8 
 
 30 
 
 20 10 
 
 33 5 
 
 20 40 
 
 34 
 
 20 70 
 
 34 5 
 
 21 00 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 26 80 
 
 44 6 
 
 27 20 
 
 45 3 
 
 27 60 
 
 46 
 
 28 00 
 
 46 6 
 
 50 
 
 33 50 
 
 55 8 
 
 34 00 
 
 56 6 
 
 34 50 
 
 57 3 
 
 35 00 
 
 58 3 
 
 100 
 
 67 00 
 
 111 6 
 
 68 00 
 
 113 3 
 
 69 00 
 
 115 
 
 70 00 
 
 116 6 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 249 
 
 No. of Bushels 
 | and .Pounds, 
 
 AT 71 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 72 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 73 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 74 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 'alue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 lvalue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 , Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 71 
 
 1 1 
 
 72 
 
 1 2 
 
 73 
 
 1 2 
 
 74 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 42 
 
 2 3 
 
 1 44 
 
 .24 
 
 1 46 
 
 2 4 
 
 1 48 
 
 2 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 13 
 
 3 5 
 
 2 16 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 19 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 22 
 
 3 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 84 
 
 4 7 
 
 2 88 
 
 4 8 
 
 2 92 
 
 4 8 
 
 2 96 
 
 4 9 
 
 5 
 
 3 55 
 
 5 9 
 
 3 60 
 
 6 
 
 3 65 
 
 6 
 
 3 70 
 
 6 1 
 
 G 
 
 4 26 
 
 7 1 
 
 4 32 
 
 7 2 
 
 4 38 
 
 7 3 
 
 4 44 
 
 7 4 
 
 7 
 
 4 97 
 
 8 2 
 
 5 04 
 
 8 4 
 
 5 11 
 
 8 5 
 
 5 18 
 
 8 6 
 
 8 
 
 5 68 
 
 9 4 
 
 5 76 
 
 9 6 
 
 5 84 
 
 97 
 
 5 92 
 
 9 8 
 
 9 
 
 6 39 
 
 10 6 
 
 6 48 
 
 10 8 
 
 6 57 
 
 10 9 
 
 6 66 
 
 11 1 
 
 10 
 
 7 10 
 
 11 8 
 
 7 20 
 
 12 
 
 7 30 
 
 12 1 
 
 7 40 
 
 12 3 
 
 11 
 
 7 81 
 
 13 
 
 7 92 
 
 13 2 
 
 8 03 
 
 13 3 
 
 8 14 
 
 13 5 
 
 12 
 
 8 52 
 
 14 2 
 
 8 64 
 
 14 4 
 
 8 76 
 
 14 6 
 
 8 88 
 
 . 14 8 
 
 13 
 
 9 23 
 
 15 3 
 
 9 36 
 
 15 6 
 
 9 49 
 
 15 8 
 
 9 62 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 9 94 
 
 16 5 
 
 10 08 
 
 16 8 
 
 1.0 22 
 
 17 
 
 10 36 
 
 17 2 
 
 15 
 
 10 65 
 
 17 7 
 
 10 80 
 
 18 
 
 10 95 
 
 18 2 
 
 11 10 
 
 18 5 
 
 16 
 
 11 36 
 
 18 9 
 
 11 52 
 
 19 2 
 
 11 68 
 
 19 4 
 
 11 84 
 
 19 7 
 
 17 
 
 12 07 
 
 20 1 
 
 12 24 
 
 20 4 
 
 12 41 
 
 20 8 
 
 12 58 
 
 20 9 
 
 18 
 
 12 78 
 
 21 3 
 
 12 96 
 
 21 6 
 
 13 14 
 
 .21 9 
 
 13 32 
 
 22 2 
 
 19 
 
 13 49 
 
 22 4 
 
 13 68 
 
 22 8 
 
 13 87 
 
 23 1 
 
 14 06 
 
 23 4 
 
 20 
 
 14 20 
 
 23 6 
 
 14 40 
 
 24 
 
 14 60 
 
 24 3 
 
 14 80 
 
 24 6 
 
 21 
 
 14 91 
 
 24 8 
 
 15 12 
 
 25 2 
 
 15 33 
 
 25 5 
 
 15 54 
 
 25 9 
 
 22 
 
 15 62 
 
 26 
 
 15 84 
 
 26 4 
 
 16 06 
 
 26 7 
 
 16 28 
 
 27 1 
 
 23 
 
 16 33 
 
 27 2 
 
 16 56 
 
 27 6 
 
 16 79 
 
 27 9 
 
 17 02 
 
 28 3 
 
 24 
 
 17 04 
 
 28 4 
 
 17 28 
 
 *28 8 
 
 17 52 
 
 29 2 
 
 .17 76 
 
 29 6 
 
 25 
 
 17 75 
 
 29 5 
 
 18 00 
 
 30 
 
 18 25 
 
 30 4 
 
 18 50 
 
 30 8 
 
 26 
 
 18 46 
 
 30 7 
 
 18 72 
 
 31 2 
 
 18 98 
 
 31 6 
 
 19 24 
 
 32 
 
 27 
 
 19 17 
 
 31 9 
 
 19 44 
 
 32 4 
 
 19 71 
 
 32 8 
 
 19 98 
 
 33 3 
 
 28 
 
 19 88 
 
 33 1 
 
 20 16 
 
 33 6 
 
 20 44 
 
 34 
 
 20 72 
 
 34 5 
 
 29 
 
 20 59 
 
 34 3 
 
 20 88 
 
 34 8 
 
 21 17 
 
 35 2 
 
 21 46 
 
 35 7 
 
 30 
 
 21 30 
 
 35 5 
 
 21 60 
 
 36 
 
 21 90 
 
 36 5 
 
 22 20 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 28 40 
 
 47 3 
 
 28 80 
 
 48 
 
 29 20 
 
 48 6 
 
 29 60 
 
 49 3 
 
 50 
 
 35 50 
 
 59 1 
 
 36 00 
 
 60 
 
 36 50 
 
 60 8 
 
 37 00 
 
 61 6 
 
 100 
 
 71 00 
 
 118 3 
 
 72 00 
 
 120 
 
 73 00 
 
 121 6 
 
 74 00 
 
 123 3 
 
250 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 II 
 
 hJtd 
 g 
 
 & 
 
 P-S- 
 
 AT 75 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 76 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 77 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 78 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value pei- 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 1 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 75 
 
 1 2 
 
 76 
 
 1 2 
 
 77 
 
 1 2 
 
 , 78 
 
 1 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 52 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 54 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 56 
 
 2 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 25 
 
 3 7 
 
 2 28 
 
 3 8 
 
 2 31 
 
 3 8 
 
 2 34 
 
 3 9 
 
 '4 
 
 3 00 
 
 5 
 
 3 04 
 
 5 
 
 3 08 
 
 5 1 
 
 3 12 
 
 5 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 75 
 
 6 2 
 
 3 80 
 
 6 3 
 
 3 85 
 
 6 4 
 
 3 90 
 
 6 5 
 
 6 
 
 4 50 
 
 7 5 
 
 4 56 
 
 7 6 
 
 4 62 
 
 7 7 
 
 4 68 
 
 7 8 
 
 7 
 
 5 25 
 
 8 7 
 
 5 32 
 
 8 8 
 
 5 39 
 
 8 9 
 
 5 46 
 
 9 1 
 
 8 
 
 6 00 
 
 10 
 
 6 08 
 
 10 1 
 
 6 16 
 
 10 2 
 
 6 24 
 
 10 4 
 
 9 
 
 6 75 
 
 11 2 
 
 6 84 
 
 11 4 
 
 6 93 
 
 11 5 
 
 7 02 
 
 11 7 
 
 10 
 
 7 50 
 
 12 5 
 
 7 60 
 
 12 6 
 
 7 70 
 
 12 8 
 
 7 80 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 8'25 
 
 13 7 
 
 8 36 
 
 13 9 
 
 8 47 
 
 14 1 
 
 8 58 
 
 14 3 
 
 12 
 
 9 00 
 
 15 
 
 9 12 
 
 15 2 
 
 9 24 
 
 15 4 
 
 9 36 
 
 15 6 
 
 13 
 
 9 75 
 
 16 2 
 
 9 88 
 
 16 4 
 
 10 01 
 
 16 6 
 
 10 14 
 
 16 9 
 
 14 
 
 10 50 
 
 17 5 
 
 10 64 
 
 17 7 
 
 10 78 
 
 17 9 
 
 10 92 
 
 18 2 
 
 15 
 
 11 25 
 
 18 7 
 
 11 40 
 
 19 
 
 11 55 
 
 19 2 
 
 11 70 
 
 19 5 
 
 16 
 
 12 00 
 
 20 
 
 12 16 
 
 20 2 
 
 12 32 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 48 
 
 20 8 
 
 17 
 
 12 75 
 
 21 2 
 
 12 92 
 
 21 5 
 
 13 09 
 
 21 8 
 
 13 26 
 
 22 1 
 
 18 
 
 13 50 
 
 22 5 
 
 13 68 
 
 22 8 
 
 13 86 
 
 23 1 
 
 14 04 
 
 23 4 
 
 19 
 
 14 25 
 
 23 7 
 
 14 44 
 
 24 
 
 14 63 
 
 24 3 
 
 14 82 
 
 24 7 
 
 20 
 
 15 00 
 
 25 
 
 15 20 
 
 25 3 
 
 15 40 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 60 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 
 15 75 
 
 26 2 
 
 15' 96 
 
 26 6 
 
 16 17 
 
 26 9 
 
 16 38 
 
 27 3 
 
 22 
 
 16 50 
 
 27 5 
 
 16 72 
 
 27 8 
 
 16 94 
 
 28 2 
 
 17 16 
 
 28 6 
 
 23 
 
 17 25 
 
 28 7 
 
 17 48 
 
 29 1 
 
 17 71 
 
 . 29 5 
 
 17 94 
 
 29 9 
 
 24 
 
 18 00 
 
 ' 30 
 
 18 24 
 
 30 4 
 
 18 48 
 
 30 8 
 
 18 72 
 
 31 2 
 
 25 
 
 18 75 
 
 31 2 
 
 19 00 
 
 31 6 
 
 19 25 
 
 32 
 
 19 50 
 
 32 5 
 
 26 
 
 19 50 
 
 32 5 
 
 19 76 
 
 32 9 
 
 20 02 
 
 33 3 
 
 20 28 
 
 33 8 
 
 27 
 
 20 25 
 
 33 7 
 
 20 52 
 
 34 2 
 
 20 79 
 
 34 6 
 
 21 06 
 
 35 1 
 
 28 
 
 21 00 
 
 35 
 
 21 28 
 
 35 4 
 
 21 56 
 
 35 9 
 
 21 84 
 
 36 4 
 
 29 
 
 21 75 
 
 36 2 
 
 22 04 
 
 36 7 
 
 22 33 
 
 37 2 
 
 22 62 
 
 37 7 
 
 30 
 
 22 50 
 
 ' 37 5 
 
 22 80 
 
 38 
 
 23 10 
 
 38 5 
 
 23 40 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 30 00 
 
 50 
 
 30 40 
 
 50 6 
 
 30 80 
 
 51 3 
 
 31 20 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 37 50 
 
 62 5 
 
 38 00 
 
 63 3 
 
 38 50 
 
 64 1 
 
 39 00 
 
 65 
 
 100 
 
 75 00 
 
 125 
 
 76 00' 
 
 126 6 
 
 77 00 
 
 128 3 
 
 78 00 
 
 130 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 251 
 
 it 
 
 >-dfco 
 
 
 C3 P" 
 CL.&J 
 
 AT 79 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 80 CENTS 
 - PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 81 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 82 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 /alue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 falue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 79 
 
 1 3 
 
 80 
 
 1 3 
 
 81 
 
 1 3 
 
 82 
 
 1 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 58 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 60 
 
 2 6 
 
 1 62 
 
 2 7 
 
 1 64 
 
 2 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 37 
 
 3 9 
 
 2 40 
 
 4 
 
 2 43 
 
 4 
 
 2 46 
 
 4 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 16 
 
 5 2 
 
 3 20 
 
 5 3 
 
 3 24 
 
 5 4 
 
 3 28 
 
 5 4 
 
 5' 
 
 3 95 
 
 6 5 
 
 4 00 
 
 6 6 
 
 4 05 
 
 6 7 
 
 4 10 
 
 6 8 
 
 6 
 
 4 74 
 
 7 9 
 
 4 80 
 
 8*0 
 
 4 86 
 
 8 1 
 
 4 92 
 
 8 2 
 
 7 
 
 5 53 
 
 9 2 
 
 5 60 
 
 9 3 
 
 5 67 
 
 9 4 
 
 5 74 
 
 9 5 
 
 8 
 
 6 32 
 
 10 5 
 
 6 40 
 
 10 6 
 
 6 48 
 
 10 8 
 
 6 56 
 
 10 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 11 
 
 11 8 
 
 7 20 
 
 12 
 
 7 29 
 
 12 1 
 
 . 7 38 
 
 12 3 
 
 10 
 
 7 90 
 
 13 1 
 
 8 00 
 
 13 3 
 
 8 10 
 
 13 5 
 
 8 20 
 
 13 6 
 
 11 
 
 8 69 
 
 14 4 
 
 8 80 
 
 14 6 
 
 .8 91 
 
 14 8 
 
 '9 02 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 9 48 
 
 15 8 
 
 9 60 
 
 16 
 
 9 72 
 
 16 2 
 
 9 84 
 
 16 4 
 
 13 
 
 10 27 
 
 17 1 
 
 10 40 
 
 17 3 
 
 10 53 
 
 17 5 
 
 10 66 
 
 17 7 
 
 14 
 
 11 06 
 
 18 4 
 
 H 20 
 
 18 6 
 
 11 34 
 
 18 9 
 
 11 48 
 
 19 1! 
 
 15 
 
 11 85 
 
 19 7 
 
 12 00 
 
 20 
 
 12 15 
 
 20 2 
 
 12 30 
 
 20 5.1 
 
 16. 
 
 12 64 
 
 21 
 
 12 80 
 
 21 3 
 
 12 96 
 
 21 6 
 
 13 12 
 
 21 8 
 
 17 
 
 13 43 
 
 22 3 
 
 13 60 
 
 22 6 
 
 13 77. 
 
 22 9 
 
 13 94 
 
 23 2 
 
 18 
 
 14 22 
 
 23 7 
 
 14 40 
 
 24 
 
 14 58 
 
 24 3 
 
 14 76 
 
 24 6 
 
 19 
 
 15 01 
 
 25 
 
 15 20 
 
 25 3 
 
 15 39 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 58 
 
 25 9| 
 
 20 
 
 lf> .80 
 
 26 3 
 
 16 00 
 
 26 6 
 
 16 20 
 
 27' 
 
 16 40 
 
 23 3 
 
 21 
 
 16 59 
 
 27 6 
 
 16 80 
 
 28 
 
 17 01 
 
 28 3 
 
 17 22 
 
 28 7 
 
 22 
 
 17 38 
 
 28 9 
 
 17 60 
 
 29 3 
 
 17 82 
 
 29 7 
 
 18 04 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 18 17 
 
 30 2 
 
 18 40 
 
 30 6 
 
 18 63 
 
 31 
 
 18 86 
 
 31 4 
 
 24 
 
 18 96 
 
 31 6 
 
 19 20 
 
 32 
 
 19 44 
 
 32 4 
 
 19 68 
 
 32 8 
 
 25 
 
 19 75 
 
 32 9 
 
 20 00 
 
 33 3 
 
 20 25 
 
 33 4 
 
 20 50 
 
 34 1 
 
 26 
 
 20 54 
 
 34 2 
 
 20 80 
 
 34 6 
 
 21 06 
 
 35 1 
 
 21 32 
 
 .35 5 
 
 27 
 
 21 33 
 
 35 5 
 
 21 60 
 
 36 
 
 21 87 
 
 36 4 
 
 22 14 
 
 36 9 
 
 28 
 
 22 12 
 
 36 8 
 
 22 40 
 
 37 3 
 
 22 68 
 
 37 8 
 
 22 96 
 
 38 2 
 
 29 
 
 22 91 
 
 38 1 
 
 23 20 
 
 38 6 
 
 23 49 
 
 39 1 
 
 23 78 
 
 39 6 
 
 30 
 
 23 70 
 
 39 5 
 
 24 00 
 
 40 
 
 24 30 
 
 40 5 
 
 24 60 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 31 60 
 
 52 6 
 
 32 00 
 
 53 3 
 
 32 40 
 
 54 
 
 32 80 
 
 54 6 
 
 50 
 
 39 50 
 
 65 8 
 
 40 00 
 
 66 6 
 
 40 50 
 
 67 5 
 
 41 00 
 
 68 3 
 
 100 
 
 79 00 
 
 131 6 
 
 80 00 
 
 133 3 
 
 81 00 
 
 135 
 
 82 00 
 
 136 6 
 
252 
 
 THE MILLER ; MILLWRIGHT 
 
 No, of Bushels 
 and Pounds, 
 
 AT 83 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 84 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 85 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 86 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 falue per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 folue per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Milk 
 
 1 
 
 83 
 
 1 3 
 
 84 
 
 1 4' 
 
 .85 
 
 1 4 
 
 86 
 
 1 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 66 
 
 2 7 
 
 1 68 
 
 2 8 
 
 1 70 
 
 2 8 
 
 1 72 
 
 2 8 
 
 3 
 
 2 49 
 
 4 1 
 
 2 52 
 
 4 2 
 
 2 55 
 
 4 2 
 
 .2 58 
 
 4 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 32 
 
 5 5 
 
 3 36 
 
 .5 6 
 
 3 40 
 
 5 G 
 
 3 44 
 
 5 7 
 
 5 
 
 4 15 
 
 6 9 
 
 4 20 
 
 7 
 
 4 25 
 
 7 
 
 4 30 
 
 7 1 
 
 6 
 
 4 98 
 
 8 3 
 
 5 04 
 
 8.4 
 
 5 10 
 
 8 5 
 
 5 16 
 
 8 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 81 
 
 9 6 
 
 5 88 
 
 9 8 
 
 5 95 
 
 9 9 
 
 6 02 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 64 
 
 11 
 
 6 72 
 
 11 2 
 
 6 80 
 
 11 3 
 
 6 88 
 
 11 4 
 
 9 
 
 7 47- 
 
 12 '4 
 
 7 56 
 
 12 6 
 
 7 65 
 
 12 7 
 
 7 74 
 
 12 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 30 
 
 13 8 
 
 8 40 
 
 14 
 
 8 50 
 
 14 1 
 
 8 60 
 
 14 3 
 
 11 
 
 9 13 
 
 15 2 
 
 9 24 
 
 15 4 
 
 9 35 
 
 15 5 
 
 9 46 
 
 15 7 
 
 12 
 
 9 96 
 
 16 6 
 
 10 08 
 
 16 8 
 
 10 20 
 
 17 
 
 10 32 
 
 17 2 
 
 13 
 
 10 79 
 
 17 9 
 
 10 92 
 
 18 2 
 
 11 05 
 
 18 4 
 
 11 18 
 
 18 6 
 
 14 
 
 11 62 
 
 19 3 
 
 11 76' 
 
 19 6 
 
 11 90 
 
 19 8 
 
 12 04 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 12 45 
 
 20 7 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 12 75 
 
 21 2 
 
 12 90 
 
 21 5 
 
 16 
 
 13 28 
 
 22 1 
 
 13 44 
 
 22 4 
 
 13 60 
 
 22 6 
 
 13 76 
 
 22 9 
 
 17 
 
 14 11 
 
 23 6 
 
 14 28 
 
 23 8 
 
 14 45 
 
 24 
 
 14 62 
 
 24 3 
 
 18 
 
 14 94 
 
 24 9 
 
 15 12 
 
 25 2 
 
 15-30 
 
 25 5 
 
 15 48 
 
 '25 8 
 
 19 
 
 15 77 
 
 26 2 
 
 15 96 
 
 26 6 
 
 16 15 
 
 26 9 
 
 16 34 
 
 27 2 
 
 20 
 
 16 60 
 
 27 6 
 
 16 80 
 
 28 
 
 17 00 
 
 28 3 
 
 17 20 
 
 28 6 
 
 21 
 
 17 43 
 
 29 
 
 17 64 
 
 29 4 
 
 17 85 
 
 29 7 
 
 18 06 
 
 30 1 
 
 22 
 
 18 26 
 
 30 4 
 
 18 48 
 
 30 8 
 
 18 70 
 
 31 1 
 
 18 92 
 
 31 5 
 
 23 
 
 19 09 
 
 31 8 
 
 19 32 
 
 32 2 
 
 19 55 
 
 32 5 
 
 19 78 
 
 32 9 
 
 24 
 
 19 92 
 
 33 2 
 
 20 16 
 
 33 6 
 
 20 40 
 
 34 
 
 20 64 
 
 34 4 
 
 25 
 
 20 75 
 
 34 5 
 
 21 00 
 
 35 
 
 21 25 
 
 35 4 
 
 21 50 
 
 35 8 
 
 26 
 
 21 58 
 
 35 9 
 
 21 84 
 
 36 4 
 
 22 10 
 
 36 8 
 
 22 36 
 
 37 2 
 
 27 
 
 22 41 
 
 37 3 
 
 22 68 
 
 37 8 
 
 22 95 
 
 38 2 
 
 23 22 
 
 38 7 
 
 28 
 
 23 24 
 
 38 7 
 
 23 52 
 
 39 2 
 
 23 80 
 
 39 6 
 
 24 08 
 
 40 1 
 
 29 
 
 24 07 
 
 40 1 
 
 24 36 
 
 40 6 
 
 24 65 
 
 41 
 
 24 94 
 
 41 5 
 
 30 
 
 24 90 
 
 41 5 
 
 25 20 
 
 42 
 
 25 50 
 
 42 5 
 
 25 88 
 
 43 1 
 
 40 
 
 33 20 
 
 65 3 
 
 33 60 
 
 56 
 
 34 00 
 
 56 6 
 
 34 40 
 
 57 3 
 
 50 
 
 41 50 
 
 69 1 
 
 42 00 
 
 70 
 
 42 50 
 
 70 8 
 
 43 00 
 
 71 6 
 
 (100 
 
 83 00 
 
 138 3 
 
 84 00 
 
 140 
 
 85 00 
 
 141 6 
 
 86 00 
 
 143 3 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 253 
 
 SzJ 
 
 Ik 
 
 *"dtd 
 
 11 
 fS- 
 
 AT 87 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 88 CENTS 
 PER 'BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 89 CENTS 
 PER BUSflEL 
 
 AT 90 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 87 
 
 1 4 
 
 88 
 
 1 4 
 
 '89 
 
 1 4" 
 
 90 
 
 1 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 74 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 76 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 78 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 80 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 61 
 
 4 3 
 
 2 64 
 
 4 4 
 
 2 67 
 
 4 4 
 
 2 70 
 
 4 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 48 
 
 5 8 
 
 3 52 
 
 5 8 
 
 3 56 
 
 5 9 
 
 3 60 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 35 
 
 7 2 
 
 4 40 
 
 7 3 
 
 4 45 
 
 7 4 
 
 4 50 
 
 7 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 22 
 
 8 7 
 
 5 28 
 
 8 8 
 
 5 34 
 
 8 9 
 
 5 40 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 09 
 
 10 1 
 
 6 16 
 
 10 2 
 
 .6 .2.3 
 
 10 3 
 
 6 30 
 
 10 5 
 
 8 
 
 6 96 
 
 11 6 
 
 7 04 
 
 ' 11 7 
 
 7-12 
 
 11 8 
 
 7 20 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 7 83 
 
 13 
 
 7 92 
 
 13 2 
 
 8 01 
 
 13 3 
 
 8 10 
 
 13 5 
 
 1Q 
 
 8 70 
 
 14 5 
 
 8 80 
 
 14 6 
 
 8 90 
 
 14 8 
 
 9 00 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 9 57 
 
 15 9 
 
 9 68 
 
 16 1' 
 
 9 79 
 
 16 3 
 
 9 90 
 
 16 5 
 
 12 
 
 10 44 
 
 17 4 
 
 10 56 
 
 17 6 
 
 10 68 
 
 17 8 
 
 10 80 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 11 31 
 
 18 8 
 
 11 44 
 
 19 
 
 11 57 
 
 19 2 
 
 11 70 
 
 19 5 
 
 14 
 
 12 18 
 
 20 3 
 
 12 32 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 46 
 
 20 7 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 13 05 
 
 21 7 
 
 13 20 
 
 22 
 
 13 35 
 
 22 2 
 
 13 50 
 
 22 5 
 
 16 
 
 13 92 
 
 23 2 
 
 14 08 
 
 23 4 
 
 14 24 
 
 23 7 
 
 14 40 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 14 79 
 
 24 6 
 
 14 96 
 
 24 9 
 
 15 13 
 
 25 2 
 
 15 30 
 
 25 5 
 
 18 
 
 15 66 
 
 26 1 
 
 15 84 
 
 26 4 
 
 16 02 
 
 26 7 
 
 16 20 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 
 16 53 
 
 27 5 
 
 16 72 
 
 27 8 
 
 16 91 
 
 28 1 
 
 17 10 
 
 28 5 
 
 20 
 
 17 40 
 
 29 
 
 17 60 
 
 29 3 
 
 17 80 
 
 29 6 
 
 18 00 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 18 27' 
 
 30 6 
 
 18 48 
 
 30 8 
 
 18 69 
 
 31 1 
 
 18 90 
 
 31 5 
 
 22 
 
 19 14 
 
 31 9 
 
 19 36 
 
 32 2 
 
 19 58 
 
 32 6 
 
 19 80 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 20 01 
 
 33 3 
 
 20 24 
 
 33 7 
 
 20 47 
 
 34 1 
 
 20 70 
 
 34 5 
 
 24 
 
 20 88 
 
 34 8 
 
 21 12 
 
 35 2 
 
 21 36 
 
 35 6 
 
 21 60 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 21 75 
 
 36 2 
 
 22 00 
 
 36 6 
 
 22 25 
 
 37 
 
 22 50 
 
 37 5 
 
 26 
 
 22 62 
 
 37 7 
 
 22 88 
 
 38 1 
 
 23 14 
 
 ^8 5 
 
 23 40 
 
 39 
 
 27 
 
 23 49 
 
 39 1 
 
 23 76 
 
 39 6 
 
 24 03 
 
 40 
 
 24 30 
 
 40 5 
 
 28 
 
 24 36 
 
 40 6 
 
 24 64 
 
 41 
 
 24 92 
 
 41 5 
 
 25 20 
 
 42 
 
 29 
 
 25 23 
 
 42 
 
 25 52 
 
 42 5 
 
 25 81 
 
 43 
 
 26 10 
 
 43 5 
 
 30 
 
 26 10 
 
 43 5 
 
 26 40 
 
 44 
 
 26 70 
 
 44 5 
 
 27 00 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 34 80 
 
 58 
 
 35 20 
 
 58 6 
 
 35 60 
 
 59 3 
 
 36 00 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 43 50 
 
 72 5 
 
 44 00 
 
 73 3 
 
 44 50 
 
 74 1 
 
 45 00 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 87 00 
 
 145 
 
 88 00 
 
 146 6 
 
 89 00 
 
 148 3 
 
 90 00 
 
 150 
 
 22 
 
254 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 No, of Bushels 
 and Pounds. 
 
 AT 91 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 92 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 93 CENTS 
 PEft BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 94 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 91 
 
 1 5 
 
 92 
 
 .1 5 
 
 93 
 
 1 5 
 
 94 
 
 1 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 82 
 
 3 
 
 1 84 
 
 3 
 
 1 86 
 
 3 1 
 
 1 88 
 
 3 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 73 
 
 4 5 
 
 2 76 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 79 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 82 
 
 4 7 
 
 4 
 
 3 64 
 
 6 
 
 3 68 
 
 6 1 
 
 3 72 
 
 6 2 
 
 3 76 
 
 6 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 55 
 
 7 5 
 
 4 60 
 
 7 6 
 
 4 65 
 
 7 7 
 
 4 70 
 
 7 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 46 
 
 9 1 
 
 5 52 
 
 9 2 
 
 5 58 
 
 9 3 
 
 5 64 
 
 9 4 
 
 7 
 
 6 37 
 
 10 6 
 
 6 44 
 
 10 7 
 
 6 51 
 
 10 8 
 
 6 58 
 
 10 9 
 
 8 
 
 7-28 
 
 12 1 
 
 7 36 
 
 12 2 
 
 7 44 
 
 12 4 
 
 7 52 
 
 12 5 
 
 9 
 
 8 19 
 
 13 6 
 
 8 28 
 
 13 8 
 
 8 37 
 
 13 9 
 
 8 46 
 
 14 1 
 
 10 
 
 9 10 
 
 15 1 
 
 9 20 
 
 15 3 
 
 9 30 
 
 15 5 
 
 9 40 
 
 15 6 
 
 11 
 
 10 01 
 
 16 6 
 
 10 12 
 
 16 8 
 
 10 23 
 
 17 
 
 10 34 
 
 17 2 
 
 12 
 
 10 92 
 
 18 2 
 
 11 04 
 
 18 4 
 
 11 16 
 
 18 6 
 
 11 28 
 
 18 8 
 
 13 
 
 11 83 
 
 19 7 
 
 11 96 
 
 19 9 
 
 12 09 
 
 20 1 
 
 12 22 
 
 20 3 
 
 14 
 
 12 74 
 
 21 2 
 
 12 88- 
 
 21 4 
 
 13 02 
 
 21 7 
 
 13 16 
 
 21 9 
 
 15 
 
 13 65 
 
 22 7 
 
 13 80 
 
 23 
 
 13 95 
 
 23 2 
 
 14 10 
 
 23 5 
 
 16 
 
 14 56 
 
 24 2 
 
 14 72 
 
 24 5 
 
 14 88 
 
 24 8 
 
 15 04 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 15 47 
 
 25 7 
 
 15 64 
 
 ' 26 '0 
 
 15 81 
 
 26 3 
 
 15 98 
 
 26 6 
 
 18 
 
 16 38 
 
 27 3 
 
 16 56 
 
 27 6 
 
 16 74 
 
 27 9 
 
 16 92 
 
 28 2 
 
 19 
 
 17 29 
 
 28 8 
 
 17 48 
 
 29 1 
 
 17 67 
 
 29 4 
 
 17 86 
 
 .29.7 
 
 20 
 
 18 20 
 
 30 3 
 
 18 40 
 
 30 6 
 
 18 60 
 
 31 
 
 18 80 
 
 31 1 
 
 21 
 
 19 11 
 
 31 8 
 
 19-32 
 
 32 2 
 
 19 53 
 
 32 5 
 
 19 74 
 
 32 9 
 
 22 
 
 20 02 
 
 33 3 
 
 20 24 
 
 33 7 
 
 20 46 
 
 34 1 
 
 20 68 
 
 34 4 
 
 23 
 
 20 93 
 
 34 8 
 
 21 16 
 
 35 2 
 
 21 39 
 
 35 6 
 
 21 62 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 21 84 
 
 36 4 
 
 22 08 
 
 36 8 
 
 22 32 
 
 37 2 
 
 22 56 
 
 37 6 
 
 25 
 
 22 75 
 
 37 9 
 
 23 00 
 
 38 3 
 
 23 25 
 
 38 7 
 
 23 50 
 
 39 1 
 
 26 
 
 23 66 
 
 39 4 
 
 23 92 
 
 39 8 
 
 24 18 
 
 40 3 
 
 24 44- 
 
 40 7 
 
 27 
 
 24 57 
 
 40 9 
 
 24 84 
 
 41 4 
 
 25 11 
 
 41 8 
 
 25 38 
 
 42 3 
 
 .28 
 
 25 48 
 
 42 4 
 
 25 76 
 
 42 9 
 
 26 04 
 
 43 4 
 
 26 32 
 
 43 8 
 
 29 
 
 26 39 
 
 43 9 
 
 26 68 
 
 44 4 
 
 26 97 
 
 44 9 
 
 27 26 
 
 45 4 
 
 30 
 
 27 30 
 
 45 5 
 
 27 60 
 
 46 
 
 27 90 
 
 46 5 
 
 28 20 
 
 47 
 
 40 
 
 36 40 
 
 60 6 
 
 36 80 
 
 61 3 
 
 37 20 
 
 62 
 
 37 60 
 
 62 6 
 
 50 
 
 45 50 
 
 75 8 
 
 46 00 
 
 76 6 
 
 46 50 
 
 77 5 
 
 47 00 
 
 78 3 
 
 100 
 
 91 00 
 
 151 6 
 
 92 00 
 
 153 3 
 
 93 00 
 
 155 
 
 94 00 ! 156 6 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 255 
 
 1 No. of Bushels 
 1 and Pounds, 
 
 AT 95 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 96 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 97 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 98 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL." 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pouad. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts, Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 95 
 
 1 5 
 
 96 
 
 1 6 
 
 97! 
 
 1 6 
 
 98 
 
 \ 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 90 
 
 3 1 
 
 1 92 
 
 3 2 
 
 1 94 
 
 3 2 
 
 1 96 
 
 3 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 85 
 
 4 7 
 
 2 88 
 
 4 8 
 
 2 91 
 
 4 8 
 
 2 94 
 
 4 9 
 
 4 
 
 3 80 
 
 6 3 
 
 3 84 
 
 6 4 
 
 3 88 
 
 6 4 
 
 3 92 
 
 6 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 75 
 
 7 9 
 
 4 80 
 
 8 
 
 4 85 
 
 8 
 
 4 90 
 
 8 1 
 
 6 
 
 5-70 
 
 9 5 
 
 5 76 
 
 9 6 
 
 5 82 
 
 9 7 
 
 5 88 
 
 9 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 65 
 
 11 
 
 6 72 
 
 11 2 
 
 6 79 
 
 11 3 
 
 6 86 
 
 11 4 
 
 8 
 
 7 60 
 
 12 6 
 
 7 68 
 
 12 8 
 
 7 76 
 
 12 9 
 
 7 84 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 8 55 
 
 14 2 
 
 8 64 
 
 14 4 
 
 . 8 73 
 
 14 5 
 
 8 82 
 
 14 7 
 
 10 
 
 9 50 
 
 15 8 
 
 9 60 
 
 16 
 
 9 70 
 
 16 1 
 
 9 80 
 
 16 3 
 
 11 
 
 10 45 
 
 17 4 
 
 10 56 
 
 17 6 
 
 10 67 
 
 17 7 
 
 10 78 
 
 17 9 
 
 12 
 
 11 40 
 
 19 
 
 11 52 
 
 19 2 
 
 11 64 
 
 19 4 
 
 11 76 
 
 19 6 
 
 13 
 
 12 35 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 48 
 
 20 8 
 
 12 61 
 
 21 
 
 12 74 
 
 21 2 
 
 14 
 
 13 30 
 
 22 1 
 
 13 44 
 
 22 4 
 
 13 58 
 
 22 6 
 
 13 72 
 
 22 8 
 
 15 
 
 14 25 
 
 23 7 
 
 14 40 
 
 24 
 
 14 55 
 
 24 2 
 
 14 70 
 
 24 5 
 
 16 
 
 15 20 
 
 25 3 
 
 15 36 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 52 
 
 25 8 
 
 15 68 
 
 26 1 
 
 17 
 
 16 15 
 
 26 4 
 
 16 32 
 
 27 2 
 
 16 49 
 
 27 4 
 
 16 66 
 
 27 7 
 
 18 
 
 17 10 
 
 28 5 
 
 17 28 
 
 28 8 
 
 17 46 
 
 29 1 
 
 17 64 
 
 29 4 
 
 19 
 
 18 05 
 
 34 
 
 18 24 
 
 30 4 
 
 18 43 
 
 30 7 
 
 18 62 
 
 31 
 
 '20 
 
 19 00 
 
 31 6 
 
 19 20 
 
 32 
 
 19 40 
 
 32 3 
 
 19 60 
 
 32 6 
 
 21 
 
 19 95 
 
 33 2 
 
 20 16 
 
 33 6 
 
 20 37 
 
 33 9 
 
 20 58 
 
 34 3 
 
 22 
 
 20 90 
 
 34 8 
 
 21 22 
 
 35 2 
 
 21 34 
 
 35 5 
 
 21 56 
 
 35 9 
 
 23 
 
 21 85 
 
 36 4' 
 
 22 08 
 
 36 8 
 
 22 31 
 
 37 1 
 
 22 54 
 
 37 5 
 
 24 
 
 22 80 
 
 38 
 
 23 04 
 
 38 4 
 
 23 28 
 
 38 8 
 
 23 52 
 
 39 2 
 
 25 
 
 23 75 
 
 39 5 
 
 24 00 
 
 4u 
 
 24 25 
 
 40 4 
 
 24 50 
 
 40 8 
 
 26 
 
 24 70 
 
 41 1 
 
 24 96 
 
 41 6 
 
 25 22 
 
 42 
 
 25 48 
 
 42 4 
 
 27 
 
 25 65 
 
 42 7 
 
 25 92 
 
 43 2 
 
 26 19 
 
 43 6 
 
 26 46 
 
 44 1 
 
 28 
 
 26 60 
 
 44 3 
 
 26 88 
 
 44 8 
 
 27 16 
 
 45 2 
 
 27 44 
 
 45 7 
 
 29 
 
 27 55 
 
 45 9 
 
 27 84 
 
 46 4 
 
 28 13 
 
 46 8 
 
 28 42 
 
 47 3 
 
 30 
 
 28 50 
 
 47 5 
 
 28 80 
 
 48 
 
 29 10 
 
 48 5 
 
 29 40 
 
 49 
 
 40 
 
 38 00 
 
 63 3 
 
 38 40 
 
 
 38 80 
 
 64 6 
 
 39 20 
 
 65 3 
 
 50 
 
 47 50 
 
 79 1 
 
 48 00 
 
 80 
 
 48 50 
 
 80 8 
 
 49 00 
 
 81 6 
 
 100 
 
 95 00 
 
 158 3 
 
 96 00 
 
 160.0. 
 
 97 00 
 
 161 6 
 
 98 00 
 
 163 3 
 
256 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 g r 
 
 5-S, 
 
 ?r 
 
 11" 
 
 S ^ 
 
 AT 99 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 100 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 101 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 102 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 falue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 folue per 
 Pound. 
 
 falue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 99 
 
 1 6 
 
 100 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 01 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 02 
 
 1 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 98 
 
 33 
 
 2 00 
 
 33 
 
 202 
 
 33 
 
 2 '04 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 2 97 
 
 4 9 
 
 300 
 
 50 
 
 303 
 
 50 
 
 3 06 
 
 5 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 96 
 
 66 
 
 4 00 
 
 66 
 
 404 
 
 6 7 
 
 408 
 
 68 
 
 5 
 
 4 95 
 
 8 2 
 
 500 
 
 83 
 
 505 
 
 84 
 
 5 10 
 
 85 
 
 6 
 
 5 94 
 
 9 9 
 
 6 00 
 
 10 
 
 6 06 
 
 101 
 
 6 12 
 
 102 
 
 7 
 
 6 93 
 
 11 5 
 
 7 00 
 
 11 6 
 
 707 
 
 11 7. 
 
 7 14 
 
 11 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 92 
 
 132 
 
 8 00 
 
 13 3 
 
 8 08 
 
 134 
 
 8 16 
 
 13 6 
 
 9 
 
 8 91 
 
 148 
 
 9 00 
 
 15 
 
 90(5 
 
 15 1 
 
 918 
 
 153 
 
 10 
 
 9 90 
 
 16 5 
 
 1000 
 
 16 6 
 
 10 10 
 
 168 
 
 10 20 
 
 170 
 
 11 
 
 10 89 
 
 181 
 
 11 00 
 
 183 
 
 11 11 
 
 18 5 
 
 11 22 
 
 18 7 
 
 12 
 
 1188 
 
 198 
 
 12-00 
 
 200 
 
 1212 
 
 20 2 
 
 12 24 
 
 204 
 
 13 
 
 1287 
 
 214 
 
 1300 
 
 216 
 
 13 13 
 
 21 8 
 
 13 26 
 
 22 1 
 
 14 
 
 1886 
 
 231 
 
 1400 
 
 233. 
 
 1414 
 
 23 5 
 
 1428 
 
 238 
 
 15 
 
 1485 
 
 24 T 
 
 1500 
 
 250 
 
 1515 
 
 252 
 
 15 30 
 
 255 
 
 16 
 
 15 84 
 
 264 
 
 16 00 
 
 26 6 
 
 16 16 
 
 26 9 
 
 1632 
 
 27 2 
 
 17 
 
 16 83 
 
 28 
 
 1700 
 
 283 
 
 1717 
 
 286 
 
 17 34 
 
 28 9 
 
 18 
 
 17-82 
 
 297 
 
 18 00 
 
 30 
 
 18 18 
 
 30 3 
 
 18 36 
 
 30 6 
 
 19 
 
 18 81 
 
 313 
 
 1900 
 
 31 6 
 
 19 19 
 
 31 1) 
 
 1938 
 
 323 
 
 20 
 
 1980 
 
 33 JO 
 
 20 00 
 
 333 
 
 20 20 
 
 33 6 
 
 2040 
 
 340 
 
 21 
 
 20 79 
 
 346 
 
 2100 
 
 35 
 
 2121 
 
 35 3 
 
 2142 
 
 .357 
 
 22 
 
 2178 
 
 36 3 
 
 22 00 
 
 36 6 
 
 22 22 
 
 370 
 
 22 44 
 
 37 4 
 
 23 
 
 2277 
 
 37 9 
 
 23 00 
 
 38 3 
 
 2323 
 
 387 
 
 2346 
 
 39 1 
 
 24 
 
 23 76 
 
 396 
 
 2400 
 
 400 
 
 2424 
 
 404 
 
 2448 
 
 40 8 
 
 25 
 
 2475 
 
 41 2 
 
 25 00 
 
 41 6 
 
 25 25 
 
 42 
 
 2550 
 
 42 5 
 
 . 26 
 
 25 74 
 
 42 9 
 
 2600 
 
 433 
 
 2626 
 
 437 
 
 26-52 
 
 442 
 
 27 
 
 26 73 
 
 445 
 
 27 00 
 
 450 
 
 27 27 
 
 454 
 
 27 54 
 
 45 9 
 
 28 
 
 27 72 
 
 46 2 
 
 '28 00 
 
 46 6 
 
 2828 
 
 471 
 
 28 56 
 
 476 
 
 29 
 
 28 71 
 
 47 8 
 
 29 00 
 
 48 3 
 
 2929 
 
 48 8 
 
 29 58 
 
 49 3 
 
 30 
 
 29 70 
 
 49 5 
 
 30 00 
 
 50 
 
 30 30 
 
 50 5 
 
 30 60 
 
 51 
 
 40 
 
 39 60 
 
 66 
 
 40 00 
 
 66 6 
 
 4040 
 
 673 
 
 4080 
 
 680 
 
 50 
 
 4950 
 
 825 
 
 50 00 
 
 833 
 
 .5050 
 
 841 
 
 51 00 
 
 85 
 
 100 
 
 99 00 
 
 165 
 
 10000 
 
 166 6 
 
 101 00 
 
 168 3 
 
 102 OOi 170 
 
AND ENGAGER'S GUIDE. 
 
 257 
 
 No, of Bushels) 
 and Pounds.! 
 
 AT 103 CENTS ' 
 PER Bl'SHEL. 
 
 AT 104 CENTS 
 PER Bl'SHEL. 
 
 AT 105 CENTS 
 .PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 106 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls, (to. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 103 
 
 17 
 
 1 04 
 
 1 7 
 
 1 05 
 
 17 
 
 106 
 
 1 7 
 
 2 
 
 206 
 
 34 
 
 208 
 
 34 
 
 2 10 
 
 35 
 
 2 12 
 
 3 5 
 
 3 
 
 309 
 
 51 
 
 3 12 
 
 52 
 
 315 
 
 52 
 
 318 
 
 5 3 
 
 4 
 
 412 
 
 68 
 
 416 
 
 69 
 
 420 
 
 70 
 
 424 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 515 
 
 85 
 
 520 
 
 8 6 
 
 5 25 
 
 87 
 
 5 30 
 
 88 
 
 6 
 
 6'18 
 
 103 
 
 624 
 
 104 
 
 630 
 
 105 
 
 636 
 
 10 6 
 
 7 
 
 721 
 
 120 
 
 728 
 
 12 1 
 
 7 35 
 
 12 2 
 
 7 42 
 
 12 3 
 
 8 
 
 824 
 
 13 7 
 
 832 
 
 138 
 
 8 40 
 
 14 
 
 848 
 
 141 
 
 9 
 
 9 27 
 
 15 4 
 
 936 
 
 15 6 
 
 945 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 54 
 
 15 9 
 
 10 
 
 1030 
 
 17 1 
 
 1040 
 
 17 3 
 
 10 50 
 
 175 
 
 10 60 
 
 17 6 
 
 11 
 
 11 33 
 
 188 
 
 11 44 
 
 19 
 
 11 55 
 
 19 2 
 
 11 66 
 
 194 
 
 12 
 
 12 36 
 
 20 6 
 
 1248 
 
 208 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 12 72 
 
 21 2 
 
 13 
 
 1339 
 
 223 
 
 13 52 
 
 225 
 
 13 65 
 
 22 7 
 
 13 78 
 
 22 9 
 
 14 
 
 1442 
 
 240 
 
 1456 
 
 242 
 
 1470 
 
 245 
 
 1484 
 
 247 
 
 15 
 
 15 45 
 
 25 7 
 
 15 60 
 
 260 
 
 15 75 
 
 26 2 
 
 15 90 
 
 265 
 
 16 
 
 1648 
 
 274 
 
 16 64 
 
 277 
 
 16 80 
 
 280 
 
 16 96 
 
 28 2 
 
 17 
 
 17 51 
 
 29 1 
 
 17 68 
 
 - 294 
 
 17 85 
 
 29 7 
 
 . 18 02 
 
 300 
 
 18 
 
 18 54 
 
 30 9 
 
 1872 
 
 30 7 
 
 18 90 
 
 315 
 
 19 08 
 
 31 8 
 
 19 
 
 1957 
 
 32 7 
 
 19 76 
 
 32 9 
 
 19 95 
 
 332 
 
 20 14 
 
 33 5 
 
 20 
 
 20 60 
 
 343 
 
 20 80 
 
 346 
 
 21 00 
 
 35 
 
 21 20 
 
 353 
 
 21 
 
 21 63 
 
 36 
 
 21 84 
 
 36 4 
 
 22 05 
 
 367 
 
 2226 
 
 37 1 
 
 22 
 
 22 66 
 
 37 7 
 
 2288 
 
 381 
 
 2310 
 
 385 
 
 23 32 
 
 388 
 
 23 
 
 2369 
 
 394 
 
 23 92 
 
 398 
 
 24 15 
 
 40 2 
 
 2438 
 
 40 6 
 
 24 
 
 2472 
 
 41 2 
 
 24 96 
 
 41 6 
 
 25 20 
 
 420 
 
 25 44 
 
 42 4 
 
 25 
 
 25 75 
 
 42 9 
 
 26 00 
 
 433 
 
 26 25 
 
 437 
 
 26 50 
 
 441 
 
 26 
 
 26 78 
 
 446 
 
 27 04 
 
 45 
 
 27 30 
 
 45 5 
 
 2756 
 
 459 
 
 27 
 
 27 81 
 
 46 3 
 
 2808 
 
 46 8 
 
 2835 
 
 47 2 
 
 28 62 
 
 47 7 
 
 28 
 
 2884 
 
 48 
 
 2912 
 
 48' 5 
 
 . 2940 
 
 490 
 
 2968 
 
 49 4 
 
 29 
 
 2987 
 
 49 7 
 
 30 16 
 
 502 
 
 3045 
 
 50 7 
 
 3074 
 
 512 
 
 30 
 
 30 90 
 
 51 5 
 
 3120 
 
 52 
 
 31 50 
 
 52 5 
 
 31 80 
 
 .53 
 
 40 
 
 4120 
 
 686 
 
 41 60 
 
 69 3 
 
 42 00 
 
 70 
 
 4240 
 
 70 6 
 
 50 
 
 51 50 
 
 85 8 
 
 52 00 
 
 866 
 
 52 50 
 
 87 5 
 
 5300 
 
 ' 883 
 
 100 
 
 103 00 
 
 171 7 
 
 10400 
 
 1733 
 
 105 00 
 
 175 
 
 106 00 
 
 176 6 
 
 22* 
 
258 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWKIGIIT 
 
 No. of Bushels 
 and Pounds. 
 
 AT 107 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 108 TENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 109 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 110 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Valne per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 1 07 
 
 1 7 
 
 108 
 
 18 
 
 1 09 
 
 18 
 
 110 
 
 1 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 14 
 
 35 
 
 2 16 
 
 3 6 
 
 2 18 
 
 36 
 
 220 
 
 3 6 
 
 3 
 
 321 
 
 53 
 
 324 
 
 54 
 
 3 27 
 
 54 
 
 3 30 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 428 
 
 7 1 
 
 432 
 
 7 2 
 
 436 
 
 7 2 
 
 440 
 
 7 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 35 
 
 98 
 
 540 
 
 90 
 
 5 45 
 
 90 
 
 5 50 
 
 91 
 
 6 
 
 642 
 
 107 
 
 648 
 
 108 
 
 6 54 
 
 10 9 
 
 6 60 
 
 110 
 
 7 
 
 749 
 
 12 4 
 
 7 56 
 
 ' 12 6 
 
 7 63 
 
 12 7 
 
 7 70 
 
 12 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 56 
 
 142 
 
 8 64 
 
 144 
 
 872 
 
 145 
 
 880 
 
 14 6 
 
 9 
 
 963 
 
 16 
 
 972 
 
 162 
 
 9 81 
 
 16 3 
 
 9 90 
 
 16 5 
 
 10 
 
 1070 
 
 17 8 
 
 10 80 
 
 18 
 
 10 90 
 
 181 
 
 11 00 
 
 18 3 
 
 11 
 
 11 77 
 
 196 
 
 11 88 
 
 19 8 
 
 11 99 
 
 19 9 
 
 12 10 
 
 201 
 
 12 
 
 1284 
 
 21 4 
 
 12 96 
 
 21 6 
 
 1308 
 
 21 8 
 
 1320 
 
 220 
 
 13 
 
 1391 
 
 23 1 
 
 1404 
 
 234 
 
 1417 
 
 23 6 
 
 14 30 
 
 23 8 
 
 14 
 
 1498 
 
 249 
 
 15 12 
 
 25 2 
 
 15 26 
 
 254 
 
 1540 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 
 
 16 05 
 
 26 7 
 
 1620 
 
 270 
 
 1635 
 
 27 2 
 
 16 50 
 
 27 5 
 
 16 
 
 17 12 
 
 28 5 
 
 17 28 
 
 ' 288 
 
 1744 
 
 290 
 
 17 60 
 
 29 3 
 
 17 
 
 1819 
 
 303 
 
 1836 
 
 30 6 
 
 18 53 
 
 30 8 
 
 18-70 
 
 31 1 
 
 18 
 
 19 26 
 
 321 
 
 1944 
 
 324 
 
 1962 
 
 32 7 
 
 19 80 
 
 330 
 
 19 
 
 2033 
 
 338 
 
 20 52 
 
 342 
 
 20 71 
 
 345 
 
 20 90 
 
 348 
 
 20 
 
 2140 
 
 356 
 
 2160 
 
 36 
 
 21 80 
 
 36 3 
 
 2200 
 
 36 6 
 
 21 
 
 22 47 
 
 374 
 
 22 68 
 
 378 
 
 2289 
 
 38 1 
 
 2310 
 
 385 
 
 22 
 
 2354 
 
 392 
 
 2376 
 
 39 6 
 
 23 98 
 
 399 
 
 2420 
 
 40 3 
 
 23 
 
 2461 
 
 410 
 
 2484 
 
 414 
 
 2507 
 
 417 
 
 2530 
 
 421 
 
 24 
 
 2568 
 
 428 
 
 25 92 
 
 43 2 
 
 26 16 
 
 43 6 
 
 2640 
 
 440 
 
 25 
 
 26.75 
 
 44 5 
 
 2700 
 
 45 
 
 27 25 
 
 454 
 
 27 50 
 
 45 8 
 
 26 
 
 27 82 
 
 463 
 
 28 08 
 
 46 8 
 
 2834 
 
 472 
 
 2860 
 
 47 6 
 
 27 
 
 28 89 
 
 481 
 
 29 16 
 
 48 6 
 
 29 43 
 
 49 
 
 2970 
 
 49 5 
 
 28 
 
 29 96 
 
 49.9 
 
 3024 
 
 504 
 
 30 52 
 
 508 
 
 30 80 
 
 51 3 
 
 29 
 
 3103 
 
 517 
 
 3132 
 
 52 2 
 
 31 61 
 
 526 
 
 31 90 
 
 531 
 
 30 
 
 32 10 
 
 535 
 
 32 40 
 
 540 
 
 32*70 
 
 545 
 
 33 00 
 
 55 
 
 40 
 
 42 80 
 
 71 3 
 
 43 20 
 
 82 
 
 43 60 
 
 72 6 
 
 4400 
 
 733 
 
 50 
 
 5350 
 
 891 
 
 5400 
 
 900 
 
 5450 
 
 90 8 
 
 55 00 
 
 91 6 
 
 100 
 
 107 00 
 
 1783 
 
 10800 
 
 1800 
 
 10900 
 
 181 6 
 
 110 00 
 
 1833 
 
A.ND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 259 
 
 No. of Bushels 
 and Pounds, 
 
 AT 111 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 112 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 113 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 114 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 I'alue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 'alue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 'alue per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 1 11 
 
 18 
 
 112 
 
 1 8 
 
 1 13 
 
 18 
 
 1 14 
 
 1 9 
 
 2 
 
 222 
 
 37 
 
 224 
 
 37 
 
 226 
 
 37 
 
 228 
 
 3 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 33 
 
 55 
 
 3 36 
 
 56 
 
 3 39 
 
 56 
 
 342 
 
 5 7 
 
 4 
 
 444 
 
 7 4 
 
 448 
 
 74 
 
 452 
 
 7 5 
 
 456 
 
 76 
 
 5 
 
 555 
 
 9 2 
 
 560 
 
 9 3 
 
 5 65 
 
 94 
 
 5 70 
 
 9 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 66 
 
 .111 
 
 672 
 
 112 
 
 6 78 
 
 113 
 
 6 84 
 
 11 4 
 
 7 
 
 7 77 
 
 12 9 
 
 784 
 
 130 
 
 791 
 
 131" 
 
 7 98 
 
 13 3 
 
 8 
 
 888 
 
 143 
 
 8 96 
 
 149 
 
 904 
 
 15 
 
 912 
 
 15 2 
 
 9 
 
 9 99 
 
 166 
 
 10 08 
 
 168 
 
 10 17 
 
 16 9 
 
 10 26 
 
 171 
 
 10 
 
 11 10 
 
 18 5 
 
 .11 20 
 
 18 6 
 
 1130 
 
 188 
 
 11 40 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 12 21 
 
 20 3 
 
 12 32 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 43 
 
 207 
 
 12 54 
 
 20 9 
 
 12 
 
 1332 
 
 22 2 
 
 1344 
 
 22 4 
 
 13 56 
 
 22 6 
 
 13 68 
 
 228 
 
 13 
 
 1443 
 
 240 
 
 1456 
 
 242 
 
 1469 
 
 244 
 
 1482 
 
 24 7 
 
 14 
 
 15 54 
 
 25 9 
 
 15 68 
 
 26 1 
 
 15 82 
 
 26 3 
 
 15 96 
 
 26 6 
 
 15 
 
 1665 
 
 27 7 
 
 16 80 
 
 28 
 
 16 5 
 
 28 2 
 
 17 10 
 
 28 5 
 
 16 
 
 17 76 
 
 296 
 
 17 92 
 
 298 
 
 1808 
 
 30 1 
 
 1824 
 
 30 4 
 
 17 
 
 18 87 
 
 31 4 
 
 19 04 
 
 31 7 
 
 19 21 
 
 32 
 
 19 38 
 
 32 3 
 
 18 
 
 19 98 
 
 33 3 
 
 2016 
 
 336 
 
 2034 
 
 339 
 
 2052 
 
 34 2 
 
 19 
 
 21 09 
 
 351 
 
 21 28 
 
 35 4 
 
 21 47 
 
 357 
 
 21 66 
 
 36 1 
 
 20 
 
 22 20 
 
 37 
 
 22 40 
 
 37 3 
 
 22 60 
 
 376 
 
 22 80 
 
 380 
 
 21 
 
 23 31 
 
 38.8 
 
 2352 
 
 392 
 
 2373 
 
 39 5 
 
 23 94 
 
 39 9 
 
 22 
 
 2442 
 
 40 7 
 
 2464 
 
 41 
 
 2486 
 
 414 
 
 25 08 
 
 418 
 
 23 
 
 25 53 
 
 42 5 
 
 25 76 
 
 42 9 
 
 25 99 
 
 43 3 
 
 26 22 
 
 437 
 
 24 
 
 26 64 
 
 444 
 
 2688 
 
 448 
 
 27 12 
 
 452 
 
 27 36 
 
 45 6 
 
 25 
 
 27 75 
 
 * 46 2 
 
 28 00 
 
 46 6 
 
 28 25 
 
 47 
 
 2850 
 
 47 5 
 
 26 
 
 28 86 
 
 481 
 
 29 12 
 
 48 5 
 
 29 38 
 
 48 9 
 
 29 64 
 
 49 4 
 
 27 
 
 29 97 
 
 49 9 
 
 3024 
 
 504 
 
 3051 
 
 50 8 
 
 3078 
 
 51 3 
 
 28 
 
 3108 
 
 51 8 
 
 31 36 
 
 522 
 
 31 64 
 
 527 
 
 31 92 
 
 532 
 
 29 
 
 32 19 
 
 53 6 
 
 32 48 
 
 54 1 
 
 32 77 
 
 54 6 
 
 3306 
 
 55 1 
 
 30 
 
 33 30 
 
 55 5 
 
 3360 
 
 560 
 
 33 90 
 
 565 
 
 . 34 20 
 
 57 
 
 40 
 
 4440 
 
 740 
 
 4480 
 
 74 6 
 
 45 20 
 
 75 3 
 
 45 60 
 
 76 
 
 50 
 
 55 50 
 
 92 5 
 
 56 00 
 
 93 3 
 
 56 50 
 
 941 
 
 5700 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 111 00 
 
 1850 
 
 112 00 
 
 1866 
 
 11300 
 
 188 3 
 
 11400 
 
 1900 
 
260 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 SzJ 
 
 s ? 
 
 3, 
 
 HCW 
 
 AT 115 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 116 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 117 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 118 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 ig 
 
 s & 
 
 Value per 
 
 Value pei- 
 
 Value per 
 
 Value per 
 
 Value per 
 
 Valus per 
 
 Value per Value per 
 
 %% 
 
 Bushel. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 Bushel. 
 
 Pound, 
 
 Bushel. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 Bushel. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 i 
 
 1 15 
 
 1 9 
 
 116 
 
 1 9 
 
 1 17 
 
 1 9 
 
 118 
 
 1 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 30 
 
 38 
 
 2 32 
 
 3,8 
 
 2 34 
 
 39 
 
 236 
 
 39 
 
 3 
 
 345 
 
 5 7 
 
 348 
 
 58 
 
 351 
 
 58 
 
 354 
 
 5 9 
 
 4 
 
 460 
 
 7 6 
 
 4 64 
 
 7 7 
 
 468 
 
 78 
 
 472 
 
 78 
 
 5 
 
 5 75 
 
 95 
 
 '580 
 
 *96 
 
 585 
 
 97 
 
 5 90 
 
 98 
 
 6 
 
 6 90 
 
 115 
 
 696 
 
 116 
 
 702 
 
 117 
 
 7 08 
 
 11 8 
 
 7 
 
 805 
 
 134 
 
 812 
 
 13 5 
 
 819 
 
 136 
 
 826 
 
 137 
 
 8 
 
 9 20 
 
 153 
 
 928 
 
 154 
 
 9 36 
 
 156 
 
 9 44 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 35 
 
 17 2 
 
 1044 
 
 174 
 
 10 53 
 
 175 
 
 10 62 
 
 17 7 
 
 10 
 
 11 50 
 
 191 
 
 11 60 
 
 19 3 
 
 1170 
 
 195 
 
 1180 
 
 196 
 
 11 
 
 12 65 
 
 21 
 
 12 76 
 
 212 
 
 12 87 
 
 214 
 
 12 98 
 
 21 6 
 
 12 
 
 13 80 
 
 23 
 
 13 92 
 
 23 2 
 
 1404 
 
 234 
 
 1416 
 
 23 6 
 
 13 
 
 1495 
 
 249 
 
 1508 
 
 251 
 
 1521 
 
 253 
 
 15 34 
 
 25 5 
 
 14 
 
 16 10 
 
 26 8 
 
 1624 
 
 270 
 
 16 38 
 
 27 3 
 
 16 52 
 
 275 
 
 15 
 
 1725 
 
 28 7 
 
 17 4J) 
 
 290 
 
 1755 
 
 292 
 
 1770 
 
 295 
 
 16 
 
 1840 
 
 30 6 
 
 1856 
 
 30 9 
 
 18 72 
 
 31 2 
 
 18 88 
 
 31 4 
 
 17 
 
 19 55 
 
 32 5 
 
 19 72 
 
 32 8 
 
 19 89 
 
 33 1 
 
 2006 
 
 334 
 
 18 
 
 2070 
 
 345 
 
 20 88 
 
 348 
 
 21 06 
 
 351 
 
 2124 
 
 354 
 
 19 
 
 2185 
 
 364 
 
 2204 
 
 367 
 
 22 23 
 
 37 
 
 22 42 
 
 37 3 
 
 20 
 
 23 00 
 
 38 3 
 
 23 20 
 
 38 6 
 
 2340 
 
 390 
 
 23 60 
 
 393 
 
 21 
 
 2415 
 
 402 
 
 2436 
 
 406 
 
 2457 
 
 40 9 
 
 2478 
 
 41 3 
 
 22 
 
 25 30 
 
 42 1 
 
 25 52 
 
 42 5 
 
 25 74 
 
 42 9 
 
 25 96 
 
 43 2 
 
 23 
 
 2645 
 
 440 
 
 26 68 
 
 444 
 
 26 91 
 
 448 
 
 27 14 
 
 452 
 
 - 24 
 
 27 60 
 
 460 
 
 2784 
 
 464 
 
 28 08 
 
 46 8 
 
 28 32 
 
 47 2 
 
 25 
 
 28 75 
 
 47 9 
 
 2900 
 
 48 3 
 
 2924 
 
 48 7 
 
 2950 
 
 49 1 
 
 26 
 
 29 90 
 
 49 8 
 
 30 16 
 
 502 
 
 3042 
 
 507 
 
 30 68 
 
 511 
 
 27 
 
 3105 
 
 51 7 
 
 3132 
 
 522 
 
 3159 
 
 52 6 
 
 31 86 
 
 53 1 
 
 28 
 
 32 20 
 
 53 6 
 
 32 48 
 
 541 
 
 32 76 
 
 54 6 
 
 3304 
 
 550 
 
 29 
 
 33 35 
 
 55 5 
 
 33 64 
 
 56 
 
 3393 
 
 56 6 
 
 3422 
 
 570 
 
 30 
 
 3450 
 
 575 
 
 3480 
 
 580 
 
 3510 
 
 58 5 
 
 3540 
 
 59 
 
 40 
 
 46 00 
 
 76 6 
 
 4640 
 
 77 3 
 
 46 80 
 
 ' 78 
 
 47 20 
 
 78 6 
 
 50 
 
 57 50 
 
 95 8 
 
 58 00 
 
 96 6 
 
 5850 
 
 975 
 
 5900 
 
 983 
 
 100 
 
 115 00 
 
 191 6 
 
 11600 
 
 1933 
 
 117 00 
 
 195 
 
 118 00 
 
 196 6 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 261 
 
 No, of Bushels 
 and Pounds. 
 
 AT 119 CENTS' 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 120 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 121 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 122 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound, 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Milk 
 
 1 
 
 1 19 
 
 1 9 
 
 120 
 
 2 
 
 121 
 
 20 
 
 1 22 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 238 
 
 39 
 
 2 40 
 
 40 
 
 242 
 
 40 
 
 244 
 
 "40 
 
 3 
 
 357 
 
 5 9 
 
 3 60 
 
 60 
 
 3 63 
 
 6 0- 
 
 3 66 
 
 6 1 
 
 4 
 
 476 
 
 7 9 
 
 480 
 
 8 
 
 484 
 
 80 
 
 488 
 
 81 
 
 5 
 
 595 
 
 99 
 
 6 00 
 
 100 
 
 6 05 
 
 100 
 
 610 
 
 10 1 
 
 6 
 
 714 
 
 11 9 
 
 720 
 
 120 
 
 726 
 
 121 
 
 7 32 
 
 12 2 
 
 7 
 
 833 
 
 138 
 
 840 
 
 140 
 
 847 
 
 141 
 
 854 
 
 142 
 
 8 
 
 952 
 
 158 
 
 960 
 
 160 
 
 9 68 
 
 16 1 
 
 9 76 
 
 16 2 
 
 9 
 
 1071 
 
 IT 8 
 
 1080 
 
 180 
 
 1089 
 
 181, 
 
 1098 
 
 183 
 
 10 
 
 11 90 
 
 198 
 
 12 00 
 
 20 
 
 12 10 
 
 201 
 
 12 20 
 
 203 
 
 11 
 
 1309 
 
 218 
 
 1320 
 
 22 
 
 13 31 
 
 22 1 
 
 1342 
 
 22 3 
 
 12 
 
 1428 
 
 23 8 
 
 1440 
 
 240 
 
 1452 
 
 242 
 
 1464 
 
 "244 
 
 13 
 
 15 47 
 
 25 7 
 
 15 60 
 
 260 
 
 15 73 
 
 26 2 
 
 15 86 
 
 26 4 
 
 14 
 
 16 66 
 
 277 
 
 1680 
 
 280 
 
 16-94 
 
 28 2 
 
 17 08' 
 
 284 
 
 15 
 
 1785 
 
 297 
 
 1800 
 
 30 
 
 1815 
 
 30 2 
 
 1830 
 
 30 5 
 
 16 
 
 1904 
 
 31 7 
 
 19 20 
 
 32 
 
 19 36 
 
 32 2 
 
 19 52 
 
 325 
 
 17 
 
 2023 
 
 337 
 
 2040 
 
 340 
 
 20 57 
 
 342 
 
 2074 
 
 345 
 
 18 
 
 2142 
 
 35 7 
 
 21 60 
 
 36 
 
 21 78 
 
 36 3 
 
 21 96 
 
 36 6 
 
 ra 
 
 22 61 
 
 37 6 
 
 22 80 
 
 38 
 
 22 99 
 
 383 
 
 23 18 
 
 38 6 
 
 20 
 
 23 80 
 
 396 
 
 2400 
 
 400 
 
 2420 
 
 40 3 
 
 2440 
 
 40 6 
 
 21 
 
 2499 
 
 416 
 
 25 20 
 
 42 
 
 25 4L 
 
 42 3 
 
 25 62 
 
 42 7 
 
 22 
 
 26 18 
 
 43 6 
 
 26 40 
 
 440 
 
 26 62 
 
 443 
 
 26 84 
 
 447 
 
 23 
 
 27 37 
 
 45 6 
 
 27 60 
 
 460 
 
 27 83 
 
 46 3 
 
 28 06 
 
 467 
 
 24 
 
 28 56 
 
 47 6 
 
 28 80 
 
 48 
 
 29 04 
 
 484 
 
 29 28 
 
 488 
 
 25 
 
 2975 
 
 49 5 
 
 30 Off 
 
 500 
 
 30 25 
 
 504 
 
 3050 
 
 50 8 
 
 26 
 
 3094 
 
 515 
 
 3120 
 
 52 
 
 3146 
 
 52 4 
 
 3172 
 
 528 
 
 27 
 
 32 13 
 
 535 
 
 32 40 
 
 540 
 
 32 67 
 
 544 
 
 32 94 
 
 54 9 
 
 28 
 
 33 32 
 
 55 5 
 
 3360 
 
 560 
 
 3388 
 
 56 4 
 
 3416 
 
 56 9 
 
 29 
 
 3451 
 
 57 5 
 
 3480 
 
 58 
 
 35 09 
 
 584 
 
 3538 
 
 58 9 
 
 30 
 
 35 70 
 
 59 5 
 
 -36 00 
 
 600 
 
 36 30 
 
 60 5 
 
 36 60 
 
 61 
 
 40 
 
 47 60 
 
 79 3 
 
 4800 
 
 800 
 
 4840 
 
 806 
 
 4880 
 
 81 3 
 
 50 
 
 5950 
 
 99 1 
 
 60 00 
 
 1000 
 
 6050 
 
 1008 
 
 61 00 
 
 101 6 
 
 100 
 
 11900 
 
 198 3 
 
 12000 
 
 200 
 
 12100 
 
 201 6 
 
 122 00 
 
 203 3 
 
262 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 II 
 
 3$ 
 g 
 P-S- 
 
 AT 123 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 124 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 125 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 126 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 123 
 
 20 
 
 124 
 
 20 
 
 125 
 
 20 
 
 126 
 
 2 1 
 
 2 
 
 246 
 
 41 
 
 248 
 
 41 
 
 2 50 
 
 41 
 
 2 52 
 
 4 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 69 
 
 61 
 
 372 
 
 62 
 
 375 
 
 62 
 
 378 
 
 6 3 
 
 4 
 
 492 
 
 82 
 
 4 96 
 
 82 
 
 5 00 
 
 83 
 
 504 
 
 84 
 
 5 
 
 6 15 
 
 10 2 
 
 620 
 
 103 
 
 625 
 
 104 
 
 6 30 
 
 10 5 
 
 6 
 
 738 
 
 123 
 
 744 
 
 12 4 
 
 7 50 
 
 125 
 
 7 56 
 
 12 6 
 
 7 
 
 861 
 
 143 
 
 868 
 
 144 
 
 875 
 
 145 
 
 8 82 
 
 147 
 
 8 
 
 9 84 
 
 164 
 
 9 92 
 
 16 5 
 
 10 00 
 
 16 6 
 
 1008 
 
 168 
 
 9 
 
 11 07 
 
 184. 
 
 11 16 
 
 18 6 
 
 11 25 
 
 187 
 
 11 34 
 
 189 
 
 10 
 
 12 30 
 
 20 5 
 
 1240 
 
 206 
 
 1250 
 
 20 8 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 13 53 
 
 225 
 
 13 64 
 
 22 7 
 
 13 75 
 
 22 9 
 
 1386 
 
 231 
 
 12 
 
 '1476 
 
 24 6 
 
 1488 
 
 248 
 
 1500 
 
 250 
 
 15 12 
 
 25 2 
 
 13 
 
 15 99 
 
 26 6 
 
 1612 
 
 268 
 
 16 25 
 
 27 
 
 16 38 
 
 27 3 
 
 14 
 
 1722 
 
 28-7 
 
 17 36 
 
 28.9 
 
 17 50 
 
 291 
 
 17 64 
 
 294 
 
 15 
 
 1845 
 
 307 
 
 1860 
 
 31 
 
 18 75 
 
 312 
 
 18 90 
 
 31 5 
 
 16 
 
 19.68 
 
 328 
 
 1984 
 
 331 
 
 20 00 
 
 33 3 
 
 2016 
 
 336 
 
 IT 
 
 20 91 
 
 348 
 
 21 08 
 
 35 1 
 
 2125 
 
 35 4 
 
 2142 
 
 35 7 
 
 18 
 
 22 14 
 
 369 
 
 2232 
 
 372 
 
 2250 
 
 37 5 
 
 22 68 
 
 378 
 
 19 
 
 2337 
 
 38 9 
 
 23 56 
 
 392 
 
 23 75 
 
 39 5 
 
 2394 
 
 399 
 
 20 
 
 2460 
 
 410 
 
 2480 
 
 413 
 
 2500 
 
 416 
 
 2520 
 
 42 
 
 21 
 
 2583 
 
 430 
 
 2604 
 
 434 
 
 26 25 
 
 437 
 
 2546 
 
 441 
 
 22 
 
 27 06 
 
 45 1 
 
 27 28 
 
 454 
 
 27 50 
 
 45 8 
 
 27 72 
 
 46 2 
 
 23 
 
 28 29 
 
 471 
 
 2852 
 
 47 5 
 
 28 75 
 
 47 9 
 
 28 98 
 
 483 
 
 24 
 
 2952 
 
 49 2 
 
 29 76 
 
 49 6 
 
 30 00 
 
 50 
 
 3024 
 
 504 
 
 25 
 
 30 75 
 
 51 3 
 
 31 00 
 
 51 6 
 
 3125 
 
 520 
 
 31 50 
 
 52 5- 
 
 26 
 
 31 98 
 
 533 
 
 3224 
 
 53 7 
 
 32 50 
 
 541 
 
 32 76 
 
 546 
 
 27 
 
 3321 
 
 55 3 
 
 3348 
 
 55 8 
 
 33 75 
 
 562 
 
 3402 
 
 567 
 
 28 
 
 3444 
 
 574 
 
 34 72 
 
 578 
 
 3500 
 
 583 
 
 35 28 
 
 58 8 
 
 29 
 
 35 67 
 
 594 
 
 35 96 
 
 599 
 
 36 25 
 
 60 4 
 
 3664 
 
 60 9 
 
 30 
 
 36 90 
 
 615 
 
 3720 
 
 62 
 
 37 50 
 
 62 5 
 
 37 
 
 630 
 
 40 
 
 4920 
 
 82 
 
 49 60 
 
 82 6 
 
 50 00 
 
 833 
 
 5040 
 
 t' 
 
 50 
 
 61 50 
 
 102 5 
 
 6200 
 
 1033 
 
 62 50 
 
 1041 
 
 6300 
 
 105 i. 
 
 100 
 
 12300 
 
 205 
 
 12400 
 
 206 6 
 
 125 00 
 
 2083 
 
 12600 
 
 210 '. 
 
AND ENGINEER'S" GUIDE. 
 
 263 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 II 
 
 AT 127 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 128 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 129 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 130 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 1 27 
 
 21 
 
 1 28 
 
 2 1 
 
 129 
 
 2 1 
 
 130 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 254 
 
 42 
 
 2 56 
 
 42 
 
 2 58 
 
 4 3 
 
 2 60 
 
 4 3 
 
 3 
 
 381 
 
 6 3 
 
 384 
 
 64 
 
 387 
 
 64 
 
 390 
 
 65 
 
 4 
 
 5 OS 
 
 84 
 
 5-12 
 
 85 
 
 5 16 
 
 8 6 
 
 5 20 
 
 8 6 
 
 5- 
 
 35 
 
 105 
 
 640 
 
 10 6 
 
 645 
 
 107 
 
 650 
 
 10 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 62 
 
 12 7 
 
 7 68 
 
 128 
 
 7 74 
 
 129 
 
 780 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 889 
 
 148 
 
 8 96 
 
 149 
 
 9 03 
 
 15 a 
 
 9 10 
 
 151 
 
 8 
 
 10 16 
 
 169 
 
 1024 
 
 17 
 
 .10 32 
 
 172 
 
 1040 
 
 17 3 
 
 9 
 
 1143 
 
 190 
 
 11 52 
 
 192 
 
 1161 
 
 193 
 
 11 70 
 
 195 
 
 10 
 
 12 70 
 
 21 1 
 
 12 80 
 
 21 3 
 
 12 90 
 
 21 5 
 
 13 00 
 
 21 6 
 
 11 
 
 13 97 
 
 232 
 
 1408 
 
 234 
 
 1419 
 
 23 6 
 
 1430 
 
 238 
 
 12 
 
 15 24 
 
 254 
 
 1536 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 48 
 
 . 258 
 
 15 60 
 
 260 
 
 13 
 
 16 51 
 
 275 
 
 16 64 
 
 277 
 
 16 77 
 
 27 9 
 
 16 90 
 
 28 1 
 
 14 
 
 1778 
 
 296 
 
 17 92 
 
 29 8 
 
 1806 
 
 301 
 
 1820 
 
 303 
 
 15 
 
 19 05 
 
 31 7 
 
 9 20 
 
 320 
 
 1935 
 
 322 
 
 19 50 
 
 32 5 
 
 16 
 
 20 32 
 
 33 8 
 
 048 
 
 341 
 
 20 64 
 
 344 
 
 2080 
 
 346 
 
 17 
 
 2159 
 
 35 9 
 
 1 76 
 
 36 2 
 
 21 93 
 
 365 
 
 22 10 
 
 368 
 
 18* 
 
 22 86 
 
 381 
 
 304 
 
 384 
 
 23 22 
 
 387 
 
 2340 
 
 390 
 
 19 
 
 2413 
 
 402 
 
 4 32 
 
 40 5 
 
 2451 
 
 40 8 
 
 2470 
 
 41 1 
 
 20 
 
 2540 
 
 42 .3 
 
 560 
 
 42 6 
 
 25 80 
 
 43 
 
 26 00 
 
 433 
 
 21 
 
 26 67 
 
 444 
 
 6 88 
 
 448 
 
 27 09 
 
 451 
 
 27 30 
 
 45 5 
 
 22 
 
 27 94 
 
 465 
 
 8 16 
 
 46 9 
 
 28 38 
 
 473 
 
 2860 
 
 476 
 
 23 
 
 2921 
 
 486 
 
 944 
 
 490 
 
 29 67 
 
 494 
 
 29 90 
 
 498 
 
 24 
 
 3048 
 
 50 8 
 
 72 
 
 512 
 
 ^ 30 96 
 
 51 6 
 
 31 20 
 
 52 
 
 25 
 
 31 75 
 
 52 9 
 
 200 
 
 53 3 
 
 3225 
 
 53 7 
 
 32 50 
 
 541 
 
 26 
 
 3302 
 
 550 
 
 328 
 
 554 
 
 3354 
 
 55 9 
 
 3380 
 
 56 3 
 
 27 
 
 3429 
 
 57 1 
 
 4 56 
 
 57 6 
 
 3483 
 
 58 
 
 35 10 
 
 58 5 
 
 28 
 
 35 56 
 
 592 
 
 584 
 
 597 
 
 36 12 
 
 602 
 
 36 40 
 
 60 6 
 
 29 
 
 3683 
 
 613 
 
 712 
 
 618 
 
 37 41 
 
 62 3 
 
 3770 
 
 62 8 
 
 30 
 
 38 10 
 
 63 5 
 
 840 
 
 640 
 
 38 70 
 
 645 
 
 3900 
 
 650 
 
 40 
 
 5080 
 
 846 
 
 120 
 
 853 
 
 51 60 
 
 860 
 
 52 00 
 
 86 6 
 
 50 
 
 63 50 
 
 105 8 
 
 400 
 
 106 6 
 
 64 50 
 
 107 5 
 
 65 00 
 
 108 3 
 
 100 
 
 127 00 
 
 211 6 
 
 800 
 
 2133 
 
 12900 
 
 2150 
 
 13000 
 
 2166 
 
264 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 p^ 
 
 IT} fad 
 
 II 
 
 AT 131 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 132 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 133 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 134 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 /alue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 uilue per 
 Pound. 
 
 r'alue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 1 31 
 
 2 1 
 
 132 
 
 2-2 
 
 1 33 
 
 22 
 
 1 34 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 262 
 
 4 3. 
 
 2 64 
 
 44 
 
 2 66 
 
 44 
 
 2 68 
 
 44 
 
 3 
 
 3 93 
 
 6 5 
 
 396 
 
 66 
 
 3 99 
 
 66 
 
 402 
 
 6 7 
 
 4 
 
 5 24 
 
 8 7 
 
 528 
 
 8-8 
 
 5 32 
 
 88 
 
 5 36 
 
 8 9 
 
 5 
 
 655 
 
 10 9 
 
 6 60 
 
 110 
 
 665 
 
 11 
 
 6 70 
 
 11 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 86 
 
 131 
 
 7 92 
 
 132 
 
 '7 98 
 
 133 
 
 8 04 
 
 134 
 
 7 
 
 917 
 
 152 
 
 924 
 
 15 4 
 
 931 
 
 15 5 
 
 9 38 
 
 156 
 
 8 
 
 1048 
 
 174 
 
 1056 
 
 17 6 
 
 1064 
 
 17 7 
 
 10 72 
 
 17 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 79 
 
 196 
 
 11 88 
 
 19 8 
 
 11 97 
 
 19 9 
 
 1206 
 
 201 
 
 10 
 
 1310 
 
 218 
 
 1320 
 
 220 
 
 13 30 
 
 22 1 
 
 1340 
 
 22 3 
 
 11 
 
 1441 
 
 24 
 
 1452 
 
 242 
 
 1463 
 
 243 
 
 1474 
 
 245 
 
 12 
 
 15 72 
 
 26 2 
 
 15 84 
 
 264 
 
 15 96 
 
 26 6 
 
 16 08 
 
 268 
 
 13 
 
 17 03 
 
 283 
 
 17 16 
 
 28 6 
 
 17 29 
 
 288 
 
 1742 
 
 29 
 
 14 
 
 18 34 
 
 30 5 
 
 1848 
 
 30 8 
 
 1862 
 
 31 
 
 1876 
 
 312 
 
 15 
 
 1965 
 
 32 7 
 
 1980 
 
 330 
 
 19 95 
 
 332 
 
 20 10 
 
 33 5 
 
 16 
 
 20 96 
 
 34 9 
 
 2112 
 
 35 2 
 
 21 28 
 
 354 
 
 .21 44 
 
 35 7 
 
 17 
 
 2227 
 
 371 
 
 22 44 
 
 374 
 
 22 61 
 
 37 6 
 
 22 78 
 
 37 9 
 
 18 
 
 2358 
 
 39 3 
 
 2376 
 
 396 
 
 2394 
 
 39 9 
 
 24 12 
 
 4"02 
 
 19 
 
 2489 
 
 414 
 
 25 08 
 
 41 8 
 
 25 27 
 
 42 1 
 
 2546 
 
 424 
 
 20 
 
 2620 
 
 436 
 
 2640 
 
 440 
 
 2660 
 
 443 
 
 26 80 
 
 44 6 
 
 21 
 
 27 51 
 
 458 
 
 2772 
 
 46 2 
 
 2793 
 
 465 
 
 2814 
 
 46 9 
 
 22 
 
 2882 
 
 480 
 
 2904 
 
 484 
 
 29 26 
 
 48 7 
 
 2948 
 
 491 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 30 13 
 31 44 
 
 502 
 524 
 
 30 36 
 31 68 
 
 50 6 
 52 8 
 
 3059 
 31 92 
 
 %50 1) 
 ^32 
 
 30 82 
 32 16 
 
 51 3 
 53 6 
 
 25 
 
 32 75 
 
 545 
 
 33 00 
 
 550 
 
 3325 
 
 554 
 
 3350 
 
 558 
 
 26 
 
 3406 
 
 56 7 
 
 -3432 
 
 57 2 
 
 3458 
 
 57 6 
 
 3484 
 
 58 
 
 27 
 
 35 37 
 
 58 9 
 
 35 64 
 
 594 
 
 35 91 
 
 598 
 
 36 18 
 
 603 
 
 28 
 
 36 68 
 
 611 
 
 "36 96 
 
 616 
 
 37 24 
 
 620 
 
 37 52 
 
 62 5 
 
 29 
 
 37 99 
 
 63 3 
 
 38 28 
 
 63 8 
 
 3857 
 
 642 
 
 38 86 
 
 64 7 
 
 30 
 
 3930 
 
 65.5 
 
 39 60 
 
 660 
 
 39 90 
 
 66 5 
 
 4020 
 
 670 
 
 40 
 
 5240 
 
 87-3 
 
 5280 
 
 880 
 
 5320 
 
 686 
 
 53 60 
 
 89 3 
 
 50 
 
 65 50 
 
 109 1 
 
 66 Otf 
 
 110 
 
 66 50 
 
 1108 
 
 6700 
 
 111 6 
 
 100 
 
 13100 
 
 2183 
 
 132 00 
 
 2200 
 
 133 00 
 
 221 6 
 
 13400 
 
 2233 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 265 
 
 fe{ 
 s ? 
 S-s, 
 
 Hdbd 
 
 g 
 P er- 
 
 p-l- 
 
 AT 135 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 136 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 137 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 138 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Poiyid. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts'. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 1 35 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 36 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 37 
 
 2 2 
 
 138 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 70 
 
 45 
 
 2 72 
 
 45 
 
 2 74 
 
 4 5 
 
 2 76 
 
 46 
 
 3 
 
 405 
 
 6 7 
 
 408 
 
 68 
 
 411 
 
 68 
 
 4 14 
 
 6 9 
 
 4 
 
 540 
 
 90 
 
 544 
 
 90 
 
 548 
 
 91 
 
 5 52 
 
 92 
 
 5 
 
 6 75 
 
 112 
 
 6 80 
 
 113 
 
 6 85 
 
 114 
 
 6 90 
 
 11 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 10 
 
 13 5 
 
 8 16 
 
 136 
 
 8 22 
 
 137 
 
 828 
 
 138 
 
 7 
 
 945 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 52 
 
 15 8 
 
 959 
 
 15 9 
 
 966 
 
 161 
 
 8 
 
 1080 
 
 18 
 
 10 88 
 
 181 
 
 10 96 
 
 182 
 
 1104 
 
 184 
 
 9 
 
 12 15 
 
 202 
 
 1224 
 
 204 
 
 12 33 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 42 
 
 20 7 
 
 10 
 
 1350 
 
 22 5 
 
 13 60 
 
 22 6 
 
 13 70 
 
 22 8 
 
 13 80 
 
 230 
 
 11 
 
 1485 
 
 24 7 
 
 14 96 
 
 24 9 
 
 15 07 
 
 25'1 
 
 15 18 
 
 253 
 
 12 
 
 16 20 
 
 270 
 
 16 32 
 
 272 
 
 16 44 
 
 274 
 
 1656 
 
 276 
 
 13 
 
 17 55 
 
 29 2 
 
 17 68 
 
 294 
 
 17 81 
 
 296 
 
 17 94 
 
 29 9 
 
 14 
 
 18 90 
 
 315 
 
 19 04 
 
 31 7 
 
 1918 
 
 319 
 
 19 32 
 
 322 
 
 15 
 
 20 25 
 
 33 7 
 
 20 40 
 
 340* 
 
 20 55 
 
 342 
 
 20 70 
 
 345 
 
 16 
 
 21 60 
 
 360 
 
 21 76 
 
 362 
 
 21 92 
 
 36 5 
 
 2208 
 
 36 8 
 
 17 
 
 22 95 
 
 38 2 
 
 2312 
 
 38 5 
 
 23 29 
 
 388 
 
 23 46 
 
 39 1 
 
 18 
 
 2430 
 
 405 
 
 2448 
 
 408 
 
 2466 
 
 41 1 
 
 2484 
 
 414 
 
 19 
 
 25 65 
 
 42 7 
 
 2584 
 
 43 
 
 26 03 
 
 433 
 
 26 22 
 
 437 
 
 20 
 
 27 00 
 
 45 
 
 2720 
 
 453 
 
 2740 
 
 45 6 
 
 27 60 
 
 46 
 
 21 
 
 2835 
 
 472 
 
 28 56 
 
 47 6 
 
 28 77 
 
 47 9 
 
 28 98 
 
 48 3 
 
 22 
 
 2970 
 
 49 5 
 
 29 92 
 
 49 8 
 
 30 14 
 
 502 
 
 3036 
 
 50 6 
 
 23 
 
 31 05 
 
 51 7 
 
 3128 
 
 521 
 
 3151 
 
 52 5 
 
 31 74 
 
 52 9 
 
 24 
 
 32 40 
 
 540 
 
 32 64 
 
 544 
 
 32 88 
 
 548 
 
 3312 
 
 552 
 
 25 
 
 3375 
 
 562 
 
 3400 
 
 56 6 
 
 3425 
 
 57 
 
 3450 
 
 57 5 
 
 26 
 
 35 10 
 
 58 5 
 
 35 36 
 
 58 9 
 
 35 62 
 
 593 
 
 3588 
 
 598 
 
 27 
 
 3645 
 
 60 7 
 
 3672 
 
 61 2 
 
 36 99 
 
 61 6 
 
 37 26 
 
 62 1 
 
 28 
 
 37 80 
 
 630 
 
 38 08 
 
 634 
 
 3836 
 
 63 9 
 
 3864 
 
 644 
 
 29 
 
 3915 
 
 652 
 
 3944 
 
 65 7 
 
 3973 
 
 66 2 
 
 40 02 
 
 66 7 
 
 30 
 
 40 50 
 
 67 5 
 
 40 80 
 
 68 
 
 41 10 
 
 685 
 
 4140 
 
 690 
 
 40 
 
 5400 
 
 900' 
 
 5440 
 
 906 
 
 5480 
 
 91 3 
 
 55 20 
 
 92 
 
 50 
 
 6750 
 
 112 5 
 
 68 00 
 
 113 3 
 
 68 50 
 
 1141 
 
 6900 
 
 115 
 
 100 
 
 135 00 
 
 2250 
 
 136 00 
 
 2266 
 
 137 00 
 
 228 3 
 
 13800 
 
 2300 
 
 23 
 
266 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 No. of bushel* 
 and PoTinrh. 
 
 IT 139 CE.XT8 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 140 CEST8 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 141 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 142 CEBITS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per Value per 
 Pound. Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Va-lue per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value pei- 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 1 39 
 
 2 3 
 
 140 
 
 2 3 
 
 141 
 
 2 3 
 
 1 42 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 78 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 80 
 
 4 6 
 
 2 82 
 
 4 7 
 
 2 84 
 
 4 7 
 
 3 
 
 4 17 
 
 6 9 
 
 420 
 
 7 
 
 423 
 
 7 
 
 426 
 
 71 
 
 4 
 
 5 56 
 
 9 2 
 
 5 60 
 
 9 3 
 
 5 64 
 
 94 
 
 568 
 
 9 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 95 
 
 11 5 
 
 7 00 
 
 11 6 
 
 7 05 
 
 11 7 
 
 710 
 
 118 
 
 6 
 
 834 
 
 13 9 
 
 8 40 
 
 140 
 
 8 46 
 
 141 
 
 .852 
 
 142 
 
 7 
 
 9 73 
 
 162 
 
 9 80 
 
 163 
 
 9 87 
 
 164 
 
 9 94 
 
 165 
 
 , 8 
 
 11 12 
 
 18 5 
 
 11 20 
 
 18 6 
 
 11 28 
 
 188 
 
 11 36 
 
 18 9 
 
 9 
 
 12 51 
 
 208 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 .12 69 
 
 21 1 
 
 12 78 
 
 21 3 
 
 10 
 
 13 90 
 
 23 1 
 
 14 00 
 
 23 3 
 
 14 10 
 
 235 
 
 1420 
 
 23 6 
 
 11 
 
 15 29 
 
 254 
 
 1540 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 51 
 
 25 8 
 
 15 62 
 
 260 
 
 ~12 
 
 1668 
 
 27 8 
 
 16 80 
 
 28 
 
 16 92 
 
 28 2 
 
 1704 
 
 28 4 
 
 13 
 
 18 07 
 
 301 
 
 1820 
 
 303 
 
 18 53 
 
 30 8 
 
 1846 
 
 307 
 
 14 
 
 1946 
 
 32 4 
 
 1960 
 
 32 6 
 
 19 74 
 
 32 9 
 
 19 88 
 
 33 1 
 
 15 
 
 20 85 
 
 34 7 
 
 2100 
 
 350 
 
 21 15 
 
 35 2 
 
 21 30 
 
 . 35 5 
 
 16. 
 
 22 24 
 
 37 
 
 2240 
 
 37 3 
 
 22 56 
 
 376 
 
 22 72 
 
 378 
 
 17 
 
 23 63 
 
 393 
 
 2380 
 
 39 6 
 
 .23 97 
 
 39 9 
 
 2414 
 
 40 2 
 
 18 
 
 2502 
 
 41 7 
 
 2520 
 
 42 
 
 25 38 
 
 42 3 
 
 25 56 
 
 42 6 
 
 19 
 
 2641 
 
 440 
 
 2660 
 
 443 
 
 26 79 
 
 44 6 
 
 26 98 
 
 44 9 
 
 20 
 
 27 80 
 
 46 3 
 
 2800 
 
 46 6 
 
 28 20 
 
 47 
 
 2840 
 
 473 
 
 21 
 
 2919 
 
 486 
 
 2940 
 
 490 
 
 2961 
 
 4$ 3 
 
 2982 
 
 49 7 
 
 22 
 
 30 58 
 
 50 9 
 
 30 80 
 
 51 3 
 
 31 02 
 
 51 7 
 
 31 24 
 
 52 
 
 23 
 
 31 97 
 
 532 
 
 3220 
 
 536 
 
 3243 
 
 540 
 
 32 66 
 
 544 
 
 24 
 
 33 36 
 
 55 6 
 
 33 60 
 
 56 
 
 33 84 
 
 564 
 
 3408 
 
 56 8 
 
 25 
 
 34 75 
 
 57 9 
 
 3500 
 
 583 
 
 35 25 
 
 587 
 
 3550 
 
 591 
 
 26 
 
 36 14 
 
 60 2 
 
 36 40 
 
 60 6 
 
 36 66' 
 
 61 1 
 
 36 92 
 
 61 5 
 
 27 
 
 3753 
 
 62 5 
 
 37 80 
 
 630 
 
 38 07 
 
 634 
 
 38 34 
 
 639 
 
 28 
 
 38 92 
 
 648 
 
 3920 
 
 65 3 
 
 39 48 
 
 65 8 
 
 39 76 
 
 66 2 
 
 29 
 
 40 31 
 
 67 1 
 
 40 60 
 
 67 6 
 
 40 89 
 
 68 1 
 
 41 18 
 
 686 
 
 30 
 
 41 70 
 
 69 5 
 
 4200 
 
 70 
 
 42 30 
 
 705 
 
 42 60 
 
 710 
 
 40 
 
 55 60 
 
 92 6 
 
 56 00 
 
 93 3 
 
 56 40 
 
 940 
 
 56 80 
 
 946 
 
 50 
 
 6950 
 
 1158 
 
 7000 
 
 116 6 
 
 70 50 
 
 117 5 
 
 71 00 
 
 1183 
 
 100 
 
 139 00 
 
 231 6 
 
 140 00 
 
 233 3 
 
 141 00 
 
 235 
 
 142 00 
 
 236 6 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 267 
 
 II 
 
 AT 143 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL- 
 
 AT 144 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 145 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 146 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 1 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Valu; per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value ''per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 143 
 
 23 
 
 144 
 
 24 
 
 1 45 
 
 24 
 
 146 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 86 
 
 4 7 
 
 2 88 
 
 48 
 
 2 90 
 
 48 
 
 2 92 
 
 48 
 
 3 
 
 429 
 
 71 
 
 432 
 
 7 2 
 
 435 
 
 72 
 
 438 
 
 73 
 
 4 
 
 572 
 
 9 5 
 
 5 76 
 
 9 6' 
 
 5 80 
 
 96 
 
 5 84 
 
 97 
 
 5 
 
 715 
 
 11 9 
 
 720 
 
 120 
 
 7 25 
 
 12 
 
 7 30 
 
 12 1 
 
 6 
 
 858 
 
 ' 143 
 
 8 64 
 
 144 
 
 ' 870 
 
 145 
 
 876 
 
 146 
 
 7 
 
 1001 
 
 16 6 
 
 1008 
 
 16 8 
 
 10 15 
 
 16 9 
 
 10 22 
 
 170 
 
 8 
 
 11 44 
 
 190 
 
 1152 
 
 192 
 
 11 60 
 
 193 
 
 11 68 
 
 194 
 
 9 
 
 1287 
 
 214 
 
 12 96 
 
 216' 
 
 1305 
 
 21 7 
 
 1314 
 
 21 9 
 
 10 
 
 ' 1430 
 
 238 
 
 1440 
 
 240 
 
 1450 
 
 24 1 
 
 1460 
 
 243 
 
 11 
 
 15 73 
 
 262 
 
 15 84 
 
 264 
 
 15 95 
 
 265 
 
 1606 
 
 26 7 
 
 12 
 
 1716 
 
 286 
 
 17 28 
 
 288 
 
 1740 
 
 29 
 
 1752 
 
 292 
 
 13 
 
 1859 
 
 30 9 
 
 18 72 
 
 31 2 
 
 18 85 
 
 31 4 
 
 18 98 
 
 31 6 
 
 14 
 
 20 02 
 
 333 
 
 20 16 
 
 33 6 
 
 20 30 
 
 33 8 
 
 2044 
 
 340 
 
 15 
 
 21 45 
 
 35 7 
 
 21 60 
 
 36 
 
 21 75 
 
 36 2 
 
 21 90 
 
 365 
 
 16 
 
 ^2 88 
 
 381 
 
 2304 
 
 384 
 
 23 20 
 
 386 
 
 2336 
 
 38 9 
 
 17 
 
 ^431 
 
 40 5 
 
 2448 
 
 40 8 
 
 24 65 
 
 41 
 
 2482 
 
 413 
 
 18 
 
 25 74 
 
 42 9 
 
 25 92 
 
 432 
 
 26 10 
 
 43 5 
 
 26 28 
 
 43 8 
 
 19 
 
 27 17 
 
 45 2 
 
 27 36 
 
 45 6 
 
 27 55 
 
 45 9 
 
 2774 
 
 46 2 
 
 20 
 
 28 60 
 
 47 6 
 
 2880 
 
 48 
 
 2900 
 
 48 3 
 
 29 20 
 
 48 6 
 
 21 
 
 30 03 
 
 500 
 
 30 24 
 
 504 
 
 30 45 
 
 50 7 
 
 30 66 
 
 51 1 
 
 22 
 
 3145 
 
 52 4 
 
 31 68 
 
 52 8 
 
 31 90 
 
 531 
 
 32 12 
 
 535 
 
 23 
 
 3289 
 
 548 
 
 3312 
 
 552 
 
 33 35 
 
 55 5 
 
 33 58 
 
 55 9 
 
 24 
 
 3432 
 
 572 
 
 34 56 
 
 576 
 
 34 80 
 
 580 
 
 35 04 
 
 58 4 
 
 25 
 
 35 75 
 
 59 5 
 
 36 00 
 
 '600 
 
 36 25 
 
 60-4 
 
 3650 
 
 608 
 
 26 
 
 37 18 
 
 61 9 
 
 37 44 
 
 624 
 
 37-70 
 
 628 
 
 37 95 
 
 63 2 
 
 27 
 
 38 61 
 
 64 3 
 
 38 88 
 
 648 
 
 3915 
 
 652 
 
 3942 
 
 657 
 
 28 
 
 40 04 
 
 667 
 
 40 32 
 
 672 
 
 40 60 
 
 67 6 
 
 40 88 
 
 68 1 
 
 29 
 
 4147 
 
 69 1 
 
 41 76 
 
 69 6 
 
 42 05 
 
 700 
 
 42 34 
 
 70 5 
 
 30 
 
 42 90 
 
 71 5 
 
 43 20 
 
 72 
 
 43 50 
 
 72 5 
 
 43 80 
 
 730 
 
 40 
 
 5720 
 
 95 3 
 
 57 60 
 
 960 
 
 58 '00 
 
 96-6 
 
 5840 
 
 973 
 
 50 
 
 71 50 
 
 119 1 
 
 72 00 
 
 120 
 
 72 50 
 
 120 8 
 
 7300 
 
 121 6 
 
 100 
 
 14300 
 
 2383 
 
 14400 
 
 2400 
 
 145 00 
 
 241 6 
 
 146 00 
 
 2433 
 
268 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 l 
 
 hdbo 
 
 II 
 
 AT 147 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 148 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 149 CENTS lAT 150 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL PER BUSHEL 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. ' 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value, per 
 Pi>und. 
 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cta. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 147 
 
 24 
 
 148 
 
 2 4 
 
 1 49 
 
 24 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 91 
 
 4 9 
 
 2 96 
 
 4 9 
 
 2 98 
 
 4 9 
 
 3 00 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 441 
 
 73 
 
 4 44 
 
 7 4 
 
 447 
 
 74 
 
 4 50 
 
 7 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 88 
 
 98 
 
 5 92 
 
 9-8 
 
 ' 5 96 
 
 9 9 
 
 6 00 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 7 35 
 
 12 2 
 
 7 40 
 
 12 3 
 
 745 
 
 12 4 
 
 7 50 
 
 12 5 . 
 
 6 
 
 882 
 
 147 
 
 888 
 
 148 
 
 8 94 
 
 14 9 
 
 9 00 
 
 150 
 
 7 
 
 10 29 
 
 17 1 
 
 10 36 
 
 17 2 
 
 1043 
 
 17 3 
 
 1050 
 
 175 
 
 a 
 
 11 76 
 
 19 6 
 
 11 84 
 
 19 7 
 
 11 92 
 
 198 
 
 12 00 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 13 23 
 
 22 
 
 1332 
 
 222 
 
 1341 
 
 22.3 
 
 1350 
 
 22 5 
 
 10 
 
 14 70 
 
 245 
 
 14 80 
 
 246 
 
 1490 
 
 248 
 
 15 00 
 
 250 
 
 11 
 
 16 17 
 
 26 9 
 
 1628 
 
 27 1 
 
 16 39 
 
 27 3 
 
 1650 
 
 27 5 
 
 12 
 
 17 64 
 
 29 4 
 
 17 76 
 
 29 6 
 
 1788 
 
 298 
 
 18 00 
 
 300 
 
 13 
 
 1911 
 
 31 8 
 
 19 24 
 
 32 
 
 19 37 
 
 322 
 
 1950) 325 
 
 14 
 
 20 58 
 
 34 3 
 
 20 72 
 
 345 
 
 20 86 
 
 34 7 
 
 21 00 35 
 
 15 
 
 22 05 
 
 367 
 
 22 20 
 
 37 
 
 22 35 
 
 372 
 
 22 50 37 5 
 
 16 
 
 2352 
 
 39 2 
 
 23 68 
 
 394 
 
 23 84 
 
 39 7 
 
 24 00 1 40 
 
 17 
 
 2499 
 
 41 6 
 
 25 16 
 
 41 9 
 
 25 33 
 
 42 2 
 
 25 50042 5 
 
 18 
 
 2646 
 
 441 
 
 26 64 
 
 444 
 
 2682 
 
 44 7 
 
 27 00 
 
 450 
 
 19 
 
 27 93 
 
 46 5 
 
 28 12 
 
 46 8 
 
 28 31 
 
 471 
 
 28 50 
 
 475 
 
 20 
 
 29 40 
 
 490 
 
 2960 
 
 49 3 
 
 29 80 
 
 49 6 
 
 3000 
 
 50 
 
 21 
 
 30 87 
 
 51 4 
 
 31 08 
 
 518 
 
 3129 
 
 52 1 
 
 31 50 
 
 52 5 
 
 22 
 
 32 34 
 
 539 
 
 32 56 
 
 542 
 
 32 78 
 
 546 
 
 3300 
 
 550 
 
 23 
 
 3381 
 
 56 3 
 
 3404 
 
 56 7 
 
 3427 
 
 57 1 
 
 3450 
 
 57 5 
 
 24 
 
 35 28 
 
 588 
 
 35 52 
 
 59 2 
 
 35 76 
 
 596 
 
 36 00 
 
 600 
 
 25 
 
 36 75 
 
 61 2 
 
 37 00 
 
 61 6 
 
 3725 
 
 62 
 
 37 50 
 
 62 5 
 
 26 
 
 38 22 
 
 63 7 
 
 38 48 
 
 641 
 
 38 74 
 
 645 
 
 39 00 
 
 65 
 
 27 
 
 3969 
 
 66 1 
 
 39 96 
 
 66 6 
 
 40 23 
 
 67 
 
 4050 
 
 67 5 
 
 28 
 
 4116 
 
 68 6 
 
 41 44 
 
 69 
 
 41 72 
 
 69 5 
 
 42 00 
 
 70 
 
 29 
 
 42 63 
 
 71 
 
 42 92 
 
 71 5 
 
 4321 
 
 720 
 
 4350 
 
 72 5 
 
 30 
 
 4410 
 
 735 
 
 4440 
 
 740 
 
 44 70 
 
 745 
 
 45 00 
 
 75 
 
 40 
 
 58 80 
 
 98 
 
 59 20 
 
 986 
 
 59 60 
 
 99 3 
 
 6000 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 73 50 
 
 122 5 
 
 7400 
 
 123 3 
 
 74 50 
 
 1241 
 
 75 00 
 
 125 0. 
 
 100 
 
 147 00 
 
 245 
 
 14800 
 
 246 6 
 
 14900 
 
 218 3 
 
 15000 
 
 250 
 
AND EXGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 269 
 
 No. of Bushels 
 and Pounds. 
 
 iT 151 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL- 
 
 AT 152 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 153 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 154 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per! 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per: 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 falue per 
 Pound. 
 
 falue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Ck 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 1 51 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 52 
 
 2*5 
 
 1 53 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 54 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 302 
 
 50 
 
 304 
 
 50 
 
 306 
 
 ' 51 
 
 308 
 
 51 
 
 3 
 
 453 
 
 7 5 
 
 456 
 
 7 6 
 
 459 
 
 7 6 
 
 462 
 
 7 7 
 
 4 
 
 604 
 
 10 
 
 6 08 
 
 101 
 
 6 12 
 
 10 2 
 
 6 16 
 
 10 2 
 
 5 
 
 755 
 
 125 
 
 7 60 
 
 12 6 
 
 7 65 
 
 12 7 
 
 7 70 
 
 128 
 
 6 
 
 906 
 
 151 
 
 912 
 
 152 
 
 918 
 
 153 
 
 924 
 
 154 
 
 7 
 
 1057 
 
 176 
 
 1064 
 
 177 
 
 1071 
 
 178 
 
 1078 
 
 179 
 
 8 
 
 12 08 
 
 201 
 
 1216 
 
 202 
 
 1224 
 
 204 
 
 12 32 
 
 20 5 
 
 9 
 
 1359 
 
 22 6 
 
 13 68 
 
 22 8 
 
 13 77 
 
 22 9 
 
 13 86 
 
 231 
 
 10 
 
 1510 
 
 25 1 
 
 1520 
 
 253 
 
 15 30 
 
 255 
 
 1540 
 
 25 6 
 
 11 
 
 1661 
 
 276 
 
 1672 
 
 278 
 
 16 83 
 
 280 
 
 16 94 
 
 282 
 
 12 
 
 1812 
 
 30 2 
 
 1824 
 
 304 
 
 1836 
 
 30 6 
 
 1848 
 
 308 
 
 13 
 
 1963 
 
 32 7 
 
 1976 
 
 32 9 
 
 19 89 
 
 331 
 
 20 02 
 
 33 3 
 
 14 
 
 21 14 
 
 352 
 
 2128 
 
 35 4 
 
 2142 
 
 35 7 
 
 2156 
 
 359 
 
 15 
 
 2265 
 
 377 
 
 22 80 
 
 380 
 
 22 95 
 
 382 
 
 2310 
 
 385 
 
 16 
 
 2416 
 
 402 
 
 2432 
 
 40 5 
 
 2448 
 
 40 8 
 
 2464 
 
 410 
 
 17 
 
 2567 
 
 42 7 
 
 2584 
 
 430 
 
 26 01 
 
 433 
 
 26 18 
 
 436 
 
 18 
 
 27 18 
 
 45 3 
 
 27 36 
 
 45 6 
 
 27 54 
 
 45 9 
 
 2772 
 
 462 
 
 19 
 
 28 69 
 
 478 
 
 2888 
 
 481 
 
 2907 
 
 484 
 
 2926 
 
 487 
 
 20 
 
 3020 
 
 50 3 
 
 3040 
 
 50 6 
 
 30 60 
 
 510 
 
 3080 
 
 51 3 
 
 21 
 
 3171 
 
 52 8 
 
 3192 
 
 532 
 
 32 13 
 
 53 5 
 
 32 34 
 
 539 
 
 22 
 
 3322 
 
 553 
 
 3344 
 
 557 
 
 33 66 
 
 561 
 
 3388 
 
 564 
 
 23 
 
 3473 
 
 57 8 
 
 34 96 
 
 58 2 
 
 35 19 
 
 58 6 
 
 3542 
 
 590 
 
 24 
 
 36 24 
 
 604 
 
 3648 
 
 608 
 
 3672 
 
 61 2 
 
 36 96 
 
 616 
 
 25 
 
 37 75 
 
 62 9 
 
 38 00 
 
 63 3 
 
 38 25 
 
 637 
 
 38 50 
 
 641 
 
 26 
 
 3926 
 
 65 4 
 
 3952 
 
 658 
 
 39 78 
 
 66 3 
 
 40 04 
 
 667 
 
 27 
 
 40 77 
 
 67 9 
 
 41 04 
 
 684 
 
 4131 
 
 688 
 
 4158 
 
 69 3 
 
 28 
 
 4228 
 
 704 
 
 42 56 
 
 70 9 
 
 42 84 
 
 714 
 
 43 12 
 
 71 8 
 
 29 
 
 43 79 
 
 72 9 
 
 4408 
 
 734 
 
 44 37 
 
 739 
 
 4466 
 
 744 
 
 30 
 
 45 30 
 
 75 5 
 
 45 60 
 
 760 
 
 45 90 
 
 7.6 5 
 
 46 20 
 
 770 
 
 40 
 
 6040 
 
 1006 
 
 60 80 
 
 1013 
 
 6120 
 
 1020 
 
 61 60 
 
 1026 
 
 50 
 
 75 50 
 
 125 8 
 
 76 00 
 
 126 6 
 
 76 50 
 
 127 5 
 
 77 00 
 
 128 3 
 
 100 
 
 15100 
 
 2516 
 
 15200 
 
 253 3 
 
 15300 
 
 2550 
 
 154 00 
 
 2566 
 
 23* 
 
270 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 if 
 
 -Obo 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 rl 
 
 AT 155 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 156 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 157 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 158 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 i'alue per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dlls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 i 
 
 155 
 
 2 5 
 
 1 56 
 
 2 6 
 
 157 
 
 26 
 
 1 58 
 
 2 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 10 
 
 5 1 
 
 3 12 
 
 52 
 
 314 
 
 52 
 
 316 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 465 
 
 7 7 
 
 468 
 
 7 8 
 
 471 
 
 7 8 
 
 474 
 
 7 9 
 
 4 
 
 620 
 
 10-3 
 
 6 24 
 
 104 
 
 628 
 
 104 
 
 6 32 
 
 105 
 
 5 
 
 -7 75 
 
 12 9 
 
 7 80 
 
 13 
 
 7 85 
 
 130 
 
 7 90 
 
 131 
 
 6 
 
 930 
 
 15 5 
 
 9 36 
 
 15 6 
 
 942 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 48 
 
 15 "8 
 
 7 
 
 10 85 
 
 18 
 
 10 92 
 
 18 2 
 
 10 99 
 
 183 
 
 1106 
 
 184 
 
 8 
 
 1240 
 
 20 6 
 
 1248 
 
 208 
 
 12 56 
 
 20 9 
 
 1264 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 13 95 
 
 232 
 
 1404 
 
 234 
 
 14 13 
 
 335 
 
 14 22 
 
 237 
 
 10 
 
 15 50 
 
 25 8 
 
 15 ea 
 
 260 
 
 15 70 
 
 261 
 
 15 80 
 
 26 3 
 
 11 
 
 1705 
 
 284 
 
 17 16 
 
 286 
 
 1727 
 
 28 7 
 
 17 38 
 
 289 
 
 12 
 
 18 60 
 
 31 
 
 18 72 
 
 312 
 
 18 84 
 
 314 
 
 18 96 
 
 31 6 
 
 13 
 
 20 15 
 
 33 5 
 
 2028 
 
 33 8 
 
 2041 
 
 340 
 
 2054 
 
 342 
 
 14 
 
 21 70 
 
 36 1 
 
 21 84 
 
 36 4 
 
 2198 
 
 366 
 
 22 12 
 
 368 
 
 15 
 
 2325 
 
 387 
 
 2340 
 
 390 
 
 23 55 
 
 392 
 
 2370 
 
 39 5 
 
 16 
 
 2480 
 
 41 3 
 
 24 96 
 
 41 6 
 
 2512 
 
 41 8 
 
 2528 
 
 42 1 
 
 17 
 
 26 35 
 
 439 
 
 26 52 
 
 442 
 
 26 69 
 
 444 
 
 26 86 
 
 447 
 
 18 
 
 27 90 
 
 46 5 
 
 2808 
 
 46 8 
 
 28 26 
 
 47 1 
 
 2844 
 
 474 
 
 19 
 
 2945 
 
 49 
 
 29 64 
 
 49 4 
 
 2983 
 
 497 
 
 3002 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 31 00 
 
 516 
 
 3120 
 
 520 
 
 3140 
 
 52 3 
 
 3160 
 
 52 6 
 
 21 
 
 32 55 
 
 542 
 
 3276 
 
 546 
 
 32 97 
 
 54 9 
 
 3318 
 
 55 3 
 
 22 
 
 34 10 
 
 568 
 
 '34 32 
 
 572 
 
 3454 
 
 575 
 
 3476 
 
 57 9 
 
 23 
 
 35 65 
 
 594 
 
 3588 
 
 59 8 
 
 36 11 
 
 601 
 
 3634 
 
 60 5 
 
 24 
 
 37 20 
 
 620 
 
 37 44 
 
 62 4 
 
 37 68 
 
 628 
 
 37 92 
 
 632 
 
 25 
 
 38 75 
 
 645 
 
 39 00 
 
 65 
 
 39 25 
 
 - 654 
 
 3950 
 
 65 8 
 
 26 
 
 40 30 
 
 67 1 
 
 40 56 
 
 67 6 
 
 4082 
 
 680 
 
 4108 
 
 684 
 
 27 
 
 41 85 
 
 69 7 
 
 42 12 
 
 702 
 
 42 39 
 
 706 
 
 42 66 
 
 71 1 
 
 28 
 
 4340 
 
 72 3 
 
 4368 
 
 72 8 
 
 43 96 
 
 732 
 
 4424 
 
 73 7 
 
 29 
 
 44 95 
 
 749 
 
 45 24 
 
 754 
 
 45 53 
 
 758 
 
 4582 
 
 76 3 
 
 30 
 
 46 50 
 
 77 5 
 
 46 80 
 
 780 
 
 47 10 
 
 785 
 
 47 40 
 
 790 
 
 40 
 
 62 00 
 
 1033 
 
 62 40 
 
 1040 
 
 62 80 
 
 104 6 
 
 63 20 
 
 105 3 
 
 50 
 
 77 50 
 
 129 1 
 
 78 00 
 
 1300 
 
 7850 
 
 1308 
 
 7900 
 
 131 6 
 
 100 
 
 155 00 
 
 2583 
 
 15600 
 
 2600 
 
 157 00 
 
 261 6 
 
 158 00 
 
 263 3 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 271 
 
 % 
 
 if 
 
 y p- 1 
 
 f"^ 
 
 AT 159 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 Al W CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 161 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 162 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 1 59 
 
 26 
 
 160 
 
 2 6 
 
 161 
 
 2 6 
 
 162 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 318 
 
 5 3 
 
 320 
 
 53 
 
 322 
 
 53 
 
 324 
 
 54 
 
 3 
 
 477 
 
 79 
 
 480 
 
 80 
 
 483 
 
 80 
 
 486 
 
 81 
 
 4 
 
 6 36 
 
 10 6 
 
 640 
 
 106 
 
 6 44 
 
 107 
 
 648 
 
 10 8 
 
 5 
 
 795 
 
 132 
 
 8 00 
 
 133 
 
 805 
 
 134 
 
 810 
 
 135 
 
 6 
 
 954 
 
 15 9 
 
 960 
 
 160 
 
 966 
 
 16 1 
 
 972 
 
 162 
 
 7 
 
 11 18 
 
 185 
 
 1120 
 
 186 
 
 11 27 
 
 187 
 
 11 34 
 
 18 9 
 
 8 
 
 1272 
 
 212 
 
 12 80 
 
 21 3 
 
 1288 
 
 214 
 
 12 96 
 
 21 6 
 
 9 
 
 1431 
 
 23 8 
 
 1440 
 
 240 
 
 1449 
 
 241 
 
 1458 
 
 24 3 
 
 10 
 
 15 90 
 
 265 
 
 16 00 
 
 26 6 
 
 16 10 
 
 268 
 
 1620 
 
 270 
 
 11 
 
 1749 
 
 29 1 
 
 17 60 
 
 29 3 
 
 17 71 
 
 29 5 
 
 17 82 
 
 297 
 
 12 
 
 19 08 
 
 31 8 
 
 1920 
 
 320 
 
 1932 
 
 32 2 
 
 19 44 
 
 324 
 
 13 
 
 20 67 
 
 34.4 
 
 20 80 
 
 346 
 
 20 93 
 
 348 
 
 2106 
 
 351 
 
 14 
 
 2226 
 
 371 
 
 22 40 
 
 37 3 
 
 22 54 
 
 37 5 
 
 22 68 
 
 37 8 
 
 15 
 
 23 85 
 
 39 7 
 
 2400 
 
 400 
 
 2415 
 
 402 
 
 2430 
 
 405 
 
 16 
 
 2544 
 
 424 
 
 25 60 
 
 42 6 
 
 2576 
 
 42 9 
 
 25 92 
 
 43 2 
 
 17 
 
 2703 
 
 45 
 
 2720 
 
 453 
 
 2737 
 
 45 6 
 
 27 54 
 
 45 9 
 
 18 
 
 28 62 
 
 47 7 
 
 28 80 
 
 480 
 
 28 98 
 
 48 3 
 
 2916 
 
 48 6 
 
 19 
 
 3021 
 
 503 
 
 3040 
 
 50 6 
 
 3059 
 
 50 9 
 
 30 78 
 
 513 
 
 20 
 
 31 80 
 
 53 
 
 32 00 
 
 533 
 
 32 20 
 
 536 
 
 3240 
 
 540 
 
 21 
 
 33 39 
 
 556 
 
 33 60 
 
 560 
 
 3381 
 
 56 3 
 
 3402 
 
 56 7 
 
 22 
 
 3498 
 
 -> 3 
 
 3520 
 
 586 
 
 3542 
 
 590 
 
 35 64 
 
 594 
 
 23 
 
 36 57 
 
 60 9 
 
 36 80 
 
 61 3 
 
 37 03 
 
 617 
 
 37 26 
 
 62 1 
 
 24 
 
 3816 
 
 636 
 
 3840 
 
 640 
 
 3834 
 
 644 
 
 38 88 
 
 648 
 
 25 
 
 39 75 
 
 66 2 
 
 4000 
 
 666 
 
 40 25 
 
 67 
 
 4050 
 
 67 5 
 
 26 
 
 41 34 
 
 689 
 
 41 60 
 
 69 3 
 
 4186 
 
 697 
 
 4212 
 
 70 2 
 
 27 
 
 4293 
 
 715 
 
 4320 
 
 720 
 
 4347 
 
 724 
 
 43 74 
 
 72 9 
 
 28 
 
 4452 
 
 742 
 
 4480 
 
 746 
 
 4508 
 
 751 
 
 4536 
 
 756 
 
 29 
 
 46 11 
 
 768 
 
 4640 
 
 773 
 
 46 69 
 
 778 
 
 46 98 
 
 78 3 
 
 30 
 
 47 70 
 
 795 
 
 4800 
 
 800 
 
 48 30 
 
 80 5 
 
 4860 
 
 81 
 
 40 
 
 63 60 
 
 106 
 
 6400 
 
 106 6 
 
 6440 
 
 1073 
 
 6480 
 
 108 
 
 50 
 
 7950- 
 
 1325 
 
 8000 
 
 1333 
 
 80 50 
 
 1341 
 
 81 00 
 
 1350 
 
 LOO 
 
 159 00 265 
 
 16000 
 
 266 6 
 
 161 00 
 
 268 3 
 
 162 00 
 
 2700 
 
272 
 
 THE MILLER; MILLWRIGHT 
 
 fe! 
 II 
 fl 
 
 AT 163 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 164 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 16fr CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 166 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 163 
 
 2 7 
 
 1 64 
 
 2' 7 
 
 1 65 
 
 2 7 
 
 1 66 
 
 2 7 
 
 2 
 
 326 
 
 54 
 
 328 
 
 5 4 
 
 330 
 
 55 
 
 332 
 
 55 
 
 3 
 
 4 89 
 
 8 1 
 
 492 
 
 82 
 
 4 95 
 
 82 
 
 498 
 
 8 3 
 
 4 
 
 652 
 
 108 
 
 6 56 
 
 10 9 
 
 660 
 
 11 
 
 664 
 
 110 
 
 5 
 
 8 15 
 
 135 
 
 820 
 
 136 
 
 8 25 
 
 13 7 
 
 830 
 
 138 
 
 6 
 
 978 
 
 16 3 
 
 9 84 
 
 164 
 
 990 
 
 16 5 
 
 996 
 
 16 6 
 
 7 
 
 1141 
 
 190 
 
 1148 
 
 191 
 
 1155 
 
 192 
 
 11 62 
 
 193 
 
 8 
 
 13 04 
 
 21 7 
 
 13 12 
 
 21 8 
 
 13 20 
 
 22 
 
 13 28 
 
 22 1 
 
 9 
 
 14 67 
 
 244 
 
 1476 
 
 246 
 
 1485 
 
 247 
 
 14 94 
 
 249 
 
 10 
 
 16 30 
 
 271 
 
 16 40 
 
 273 
 
 16 50 
 
 275 
 
 16 60 
 
 276 
 
 11 
 
 1793 
 
 29 8 
 
 18 04 
 
 30 
 
 1815 
 
 30 2 
 
 1826 
 
 304 
 
 12 
 
 1956 
 
 32 6 
 
 1968 
 
 32 8 
 
 19 80 
 
 330 
 
 19 92 
 
 332 
 
 13 
 
 21 19 
 
 35 3 
 
 2132 
 
 355 
 
 21 45 
 
 35 7 
 
 21 58 
 
 35 9 
 
 14 
 
 2282 
 
 38 
 
 22 96 
 
 38 2 
 
 2310 
 
 38,5 
 
 23 24 
 
 38 7 
 
 15 
 
 2445 
 
 407 
 
 2460 
 
 41 
 
 24 75 
 
 412 
 
 24 90 
 
 415 
 
 16 
 
 26 08 
 
 434 
 
 2624 
 
 43 7 
 
 2640 
 
 440 
 
 26 56 
 
 442 
 
 17 
 
 27 71 
 
 46 1 
 
 27 88 
 
 46 4 
 
 2805 
 
 467 
 
 2822 
 
 470 
 
 18 
 
 '29 34 
 
 ' 489 
 
 29 52 
 
 492 
 
 29 70 
 
 49 5 
 
 29 88 
 
 49 8 
 
 19 
 
 30 97 
 
 516 
 
 31 16 
 
 51 9 
 
 31 35 
 
 52 2 
 
 31 54 
 
 52 5 
 
 20 
 
 32 60 
 
 543 
 
 32 80 
 
 546 
 
 33 00 
 
 55 
 
 3320 
 
 553 
 
 21 
 
 3423 
 
 570 
 
 3444 
 
 574 
 
 34 65 
 
 57 7 
 
 3486 
 
 58 1 
 
 22 
 
 35 86 
 
 597 
 
 36 08 
 
 60 1 
 
 3630 
 
 60 % 
 
 3652 
 
 608 
 
 23 
 
 37 49 
 
 624 
 
 37 72 
 
 62 8 
 
 37 95 
 
 63 2 
 
 38 18 
 
 63 6 
 
 24 
 
 39 12 
 
 65 2 
 
 39 36 
 
 65 6 
 
 3960 
 
 660 
 
 3984 
 
 664 
 
 25 
 
 4075 
 
 67 9 
 
 4100 
 
 683 
 
 41 25 
 
 68 7 
 
 41 50 
 
 691 
 
 26 
 
 42 38 
 
 706 
 
 42 64 
 
 710 
 
 42-90 
 
 71 5 
 
 43 16 
 
 71 9 
 
 27 
 
 4401 
 
 73 3 
 
 44 28 
 
 738 
 
 4455 
 
 742 
 
 4482 
 
 747 
 
 28 
 
 45 64 
 
 76 
 
 45 92 
 
 765 
 
 46 20 
 
 770 
 
 46 48 
 
 774 
 
 29 
 
 47 27 
 
 . 787 
 
 47 56 
 
 79 2 
 
 47 85 
 
 79 7 
 
 48 14 
 
 80 2 
 
 30 
 
 48 90 
 
 81 5 
 
 49 20 
 
 820 
 
 49 50 
 
 825 
 
 4980 
 
 830 
 
 40 
 
 6520 
 
 108 6 
 
 65 60 
 
 1093 
 
 66 00 
 
 110 
 
 66 40 
 
 110 6 
 
 50 
 
 81 50 
 
 135 8 
 
 82 00 
 
 136 6 
 
 82 50 
 
 137 5 
 
 83 00 
 
 1383 
 
 100 
 
 16300 
 
 271 6 
 
 16400 
 
 2733 
 
 16500 
 
 2750 
 
 166 00 
 
 276.6 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 273 
 
 No. of Bushels 
 and Pounds, 
 
 IT 167 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 168 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 169 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 170 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts.. Mills. 
 
 Dolk Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 167 
 
 2 7 
 
 1 68 
 
 28 
 
 169 
 
 2 8 
 
 1 70 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 334 
 
 55 
 
 3 36 
 
 5 6 
 
 338 
 
 5 6 
 
 340 
 
 5 6 
 
 3 
 
 5 01 
 
 83 
 
 504 
 
 84 
 
 507 
 
 84 
 
 610 
 
 8 5 
 
 4 
 
 6&8 
 
 11 1 
 
 6 72 
 
 112 
 
 676 
 
 112 
 
 6 80 
 
 113 
 
 5 
 
 835 
 
 13 9 
 
 840 
 
 140 
 
 845 
 
 140 
 
 850 
 
 141 
 
 6 
 
 10 02 
 
 16 7 
 
 10 08 
 
 16 8 
 
 10 14 
 
 16 9 
 
 1020 
 
 170 
 
 7 
 
 11 69 
 
 194 
 
 1176 
 
 196 
 
 1183 
 
 19 7 
 
 11 90 
 
 198 
 
 8 
 
 13 36 
 
 222 
 
 1344 
 
 22 4 
 
 13 52 
 
 22 5 
 
 1360 
 
 22 6 
 
 9 
 
 15 03 
 
 250 
 
 15 12 
 
 252 
 
 15 21 
 
 25 3 
 
 15 30 
 
 .25 5 
 
 10 
 
 16 70 
 
 27 8 
 
 1680 
 
 280 
 
 16 90 
 
 281 
 
 1700 
 
 283 
 
 11 
 
 1837 
 
 30 6 
 
 1848 
 
 30 8 
 
 18 59 
 
 30 9 
 
 1870 
 
 31 1 
 
 12 
 
 2004 
 
 334 
 
 20 16 
 
 33 6 
 
 20 28 
 
 338 
 
 2040 
 
 34.0 
 
 13 
 
 21 71 
 
 361 
 
 2184 
 
 364 
 
 2197 
 
 366 
 
 22 10 
 
 368 
 
 14 
 
 2338 
 
 .38 9 
 
 2352 
 
 39 2 
 
 23 66 
 
 394 
 
 23 80 
 
 39 6 
 
 15 
 
 25 05 
 
 417 
 
 25 20 
 
 420 
 
 25 35 
 
 422 
 
 25 50 
 
 42 5 
 
 16 
 
 26 72 
 
 44 5 
 
 2688 
 
 448 
 
 27 04 
 
 45 
 
 2720 
 
 45 3 
 
 17 
 
 2839 
 
 473 
 
 28 56 
 
 47 6* 
 
 28 73 
 
 478 
 
 28 90 
 
 481 
 
 18 
 
 30 06 
 
 50 1 
 
 30 24 
 
 504 
 
 30 42 
 
 50 7 
 
 30 60 
 
 510 
 
 19 
 
 31 73 
 
 52 8 
 
 3192 
 
 532 
 
 32 11 
 
 53 5 
 
 32 30 
 
 53 8 
 
 20 
 
 33 40 
 
 55 6 
 
 33 60 
 
 56 
 
 3380 
 
 563 
 
 3400 
 
 566 
 
 21 
 
 35 07 
 
 58 4 
 
 35 28 
 
 588 
 
 3549 
 
 59 1 
 
 35 70 
 
 59 5 
 
 22 
 
 36 74 
 
 61 2 
 
 3696 
 
 61 6 
 
 37 18 
 
 61 9 
 
 37 40 
 
 62 3 
 
 23 
 
 38 41 
 
 640 
 
 38 64 
 
 644 
 
 38 87 
 
 647 
 
 39 10 
 
 651 
 
 24 
 
 40 08 
 
 66 8 
 
 40 32 
 
 672 
 
 40 56 
 
 67 6 
 
 40 80 
 
 68 
 
 25 
 
 41 75 
 
 69 5 
 
 4200 
 
 70 
 
 42 25 
 
 70 4 
 
 42 50 
 
 708 
 
 26 
 
 4342 
 
 72 3 
 
 43 68 
 
 728 
 
 43 94 
 
 732 
 
 44 20 
 
 736 
 
 27 
 
 4509 
 
 75 1 
 
 45 36 
 
 756 
 
 45 63 
 
 76 
 
 45 90 
 
 76 5 
 
 28 
 
 46 76 
 
 77 9 
 
 4704 
 
 78 4 
 
 47 32 
 
 788 
 
 47 60 
 
 793 
 
 29 
 
 4843 
 
 807 
 
 48 72 
 
 812 
 
 49 01 
 
 81 6 
 
 49 30 
 
 82 1 
 
 30 
 
 5010 
 
 835 
 
 5040 
 
 840 
 
 50 70 
 
 845 
 
 51 00 
 
 850 
 
 40 
 
 66 80 
 
 1113 
 
 67 20 
 
 112 
 
 67 60 
 
 112 6 
 
 6800 
 
 1133 
 
 50 
 
 8350 
 
 139 1 
 
 8400 
 
 1400 
 
 8450 
 
 1408 
 
 85 00 
 
 141 6 
 
 100 
 
 167 00 
 
 2783 
 
 16800 
 
 2800 
 
 169 00 
 
 281 6 
 
 170 00 
 
 283 3 
 
274: 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 g r 
 
 S-s, 
 
 r 
 ig 
 
 AT 171 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 172 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 173 CENTS 
 PER. BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 174 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 i'alue pei- 
 Pound. 
 
 falue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 I'alue per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 i 
 
 171 
 
 28 
 
 1 72 
 
 28 
 
 1 73 
 
 28 
 
 1 74 
 
 2 9 
 
 . 2 
 
 342 
 
 57 
 
 344 
 
 57 
 
 346 
 
 5 7 
 
 348 
 
 5 8 
 
 3 
 
 5 13 
 
 85 
 
 5 16 
 
 86 
 
 5 19 
 
 8 6 
 
 5 22 
 
 8 7 
 
 4 
 
 684 
 
 114 
 
 688 
 
 114 
 
 6 92 
 
 11 5 
 
 6 96 
 
 11 7 
 
 5 
 
 8 55. 
 
 142 
 
 8 60 
 
 143 
 
 865 
 
 144 
 
 8 70 
 
 145 
 
 6 
 
 1026 
 
 171 
 
 1032 
 
 172 
 
 10 38 
 
 173 
 
 1044 
 
 174 
 
 7 
 
 11 97 
 
 19 9 
 
 12 04 
 
 20 
 
 12 11 
 
 20 1 
 
 12 18 
 
 20 3 
 
 8 
 
 13 68 
 
 228 
 
 1376 
 
 22 9 
 
 13 84 
 
 230 
 
 13 92 
 
 232 
 
 9 
 
 15 39 
 
 25 6 
 
 15 48 
 
 25 8 
 
 15 57 
 
 25 9 
 
 15 66 
 
 261 
 
 10 
 
 17 10 
 
 28 5 
 
 1720 
 
 28 6 
 
 17 30 
 
 288 
 
 1740 
 
 290 
 
 11 
 
 18 81 
 
 31 3 
 
 18 92 
 
 31 5 
 
 19 03 
 
 3L7 
 
 19.14 
 
 319 
 
 12 
 
 2052 
 
 342 
 
 2064 
 
 344 
 
 2076 
 
 346 
 
 2088 
 
 348 
 
 13 
 
 22 23 
 
 37 
 
 22 36 
 
 37 2 
 
 22 49 
 
 37 4 
 
 22 62 
 
 377 
 
 14 
 
 23 94 
 
 39 9 
 
 2408 
 
 40 1 
 
 2422 
 
 40 3 
 
 2436 
 
 40 6 
 
 15 
 
 25 65 
 
 42 7 
 
 25 80 
 
 43 
 
 25 95 
 
 432 
 
 26 10 
 
 43 5 
 
 16 
 
 2736 
 
 45 6 
 
 27 52 
 
 45 8 
 
 2768 
 
 46 1 
 
 27 84 
 
 464 
 
 17 
 
 29 07 
 
 484 
 
 2924 
 
 48 7 
 
 2941 
 
 49 
 
 29 58 
 
 49 3 
 
 18 
 
 3078 
 
 51 3 
 
 3096 
 
 51 6 
 
 31 14 
 
 51 9 
 
 31 32 
 
 52 2 
 
 19 
 
 3249 
 
 541 
 
 32 68 
 
 544 
 
 32.87 
 
 547 
 
 33 06 
 
 551 
 
 20 
 
 3420 
 
 570 
 
 3440 
 
 57 3 
 
 34 60 
 
 57 6 
 
 3480 
 
 58 
 
 21 
 
 35 91 
 
 59 8 
 
 36 12 
 
 60 2 
 
 36 33 
 
 605 
 
 36 54 
 
 60 9 
 
 22 
 
 37 62 
 
 62 7 
 
 3784 
 
 63 
 
 38 06 
 
 ' 634 
 
 3828 
 
 63 8 
 
 23 
 
 39 33 
 
 65 5 
 
 3956 
 
 65 9 
 
 39 79 
 
 663 
 
 40 02 
 
 66 7 
 
 24 
 
 41 04 
 
 684 
 
 4128 
 
 688- 
 
 41 52 
 
 69 2 
 
 41 76 
 
 696 
 
 25 
 
 '42 75 
 
 712 
 
 4300 
 
 716 
 
 43 25 
 
 720 
 
 43 50 
 
 725 
 
 26 
 
 4446 
 
 741 
 
 4472 
 
 745 
 
 44 98 
 
 749 
 
 45 24 
 
 754 
 
 27 
 
 46 17 
 
 76 9 
 
 4644 
 
 774 
 
 46 71 
 
 778 
 
 46 98 
 
 78 3 
 
 28 
 
 47 88 
 
 798 
 
 4816 
 
 80 2 
 
 4844 
 
 80 7 
 
 48 72 
 
 812 
 
 29 
 
 49 59 
 
 82 6 
 
 49 88 
 
 83 1 
 
 50 17 
 
 836 
 
 5046 
 
 841 
 
 3ft 
 
 51 30 
 
 85 5 
 
 51 60 
 
 86 
 
 51 90 
 
 86 5 
 
 52 20 
 
 87 
 
 40 
 
 6840 
 
 1140 
 
 6880 
 
 1146 
 
 6920 
 
 115 3 
 
 69 60 
 
 1160 
 
 50 
 
 85 50 142 5 
 
 86 00 
 
 143 3 
 
 86 50 
 
 1441 
 
 8700 
 
 145 
 
 100 
 
 171 001 285 
 
 17200 
 
 2866 
 
 17300 
 
 2883 
 
 17400 
 
 2900 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 275 
 
 B? 
 
 AT 175 CENTS ' 
 
 AT 176 CENTS 
 
 AT 177 CENTS 
 
 AT 178 CENTS 
 
 %*, 
 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 f 
 
 3 CT 1 
 
 Value per 
 
 Value pei 
 
 Value per 
 
 Value per 
 
 Value per 
 
 Value per 
 
 Value per 
 
 Value per 
 
 g-g] 
 
 Bushel. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 Bushel. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 Bushel. 
 
 Pound. 
 
 BusheL 
 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 I 
 
 1 75 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 76 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 7.7 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 78 
 
 2 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 50 
 
 5 8 
 
 352 
 
 58 
 
 3 54 
 
 5 9 
 
 356 
 
 5 9 
 
 3 
 
 525 
 
 8 7 
 
 5 28 
 
 8 8 
 
 5 31 
 
 88 
 
 5 34 
 
 89 
 
 4 
 
 7 00 
 
 11 6 
 
 704 
 
 11 7 
 
 7 08 
 
 118 
 
 7 12 
 
 118 
 
 5 
 
 8 75 
 
 145 
 
 8 80 
 
 146 
 
 8 85 
 
 147 
 
 8 90 
 
 148 
 
 6 
 
 1050 
 
 175 
 
 10 56 
 
 17 6 
 
 10 62 
 
 17 7 
 
 1068 
 
 178 
 
 7 
 
 1225 
 
 204 
 
 12 32 
 
 20 5 
 
 12 39 
 
 206 
 
 12 46 
 
 20 7 
 
 8 
 
 1400 
 
 233 
 
 1408 
 
 23 4 
 
 14 16 
 
 . 23 6 
 
 1424 
 
 237 
 
 9 
 
 . 15 75 
 
 26 2 
 
 1584 
 
 264 
 
 15 93 
 
 265 
 
 1602 
 
 26 7 
 
 10 
 
 1750 
 
 29 1 
 
 17 60 
 
 293 
 
 17 70 
 
 29 5 
 
 17 80 
 
 29 6 
 
 11 
 
 19 25 
 
 32 
 
 19 36 
 
 32 2 
 
 19 47 
 
 324 
 
 1958 
 
 32 6 
 
 .12 
 
 21 00 
 
 35 D 
 
 21 12 
 
 35 2 
 
 2124 
 
 354 
 
 21 36 
 
 35 6 
 
 13 
 
 22 75 
 
 37 9 
 
 22 88 
 
 38 1 
 
 2301 
 
 38 3 
 
 23 14 
 
 385 
 
 - 14 
 
 2450 
 
 40 8 
 
 2464 
 
 410 
 
 24 78 
 
 41 3 
 
 24 92 
 
 41 5 
 
 15 
 
 2625 
 
 437 
 
 26 40 
 
 440 
 
 2655 
 
 442 
 
 26 70 
 
 445 
 
 16 
 
 28 00 
 
 46 6 
 
 2816 
 
 46 9 
 
 2832 
 
 47 2 
 
 2848 
 
 47 4 
 
 17 
 
 2975 
 
 49 5 
 
 29 92 
 
 498 
 
 30 09 
 
 50 1 
 
 30 26 
 
 50 4 
 
 18 
 
 3150 
 
 525 
 
 31 68 
 
 52 8 
 
 31 86 
 
 531 
 
 3204 
 
 534 
 
 19 
 
 33 25 
 
 55 4 
 
 3344 
 
 55 7 
 
 3363 
 
 56 
 
 33 82 
 
 56 3 
 
 20 
 
 3500 
 
 58 3 
 
 35 20 
 
 58 6 
 
 35 40 
 
 59 
 
 35 60 
 
 59 3 
 
 21 
 
 36 75 
 
 612 
 
 36 96 
 
 61 5 
 
 37 17 
 
 61 9 
 
 37 38 
 
 62 3 
 
 22 
 
 3850 
 
 641 
 
 38 72 
 
 64 5 
 
 38 94 
 
 64 9 
 
 39 16 
 
 652 
 
 23 
 
 40 25 
 
 67 
 
 40 48 
 
 67 4 
 
 40 71 
 
 67 8 
 
 40 94 
 
 682 
 
 24 
 
 42 00 
 
 70 
 
 42 24 
 
 704 
 
 4248 
 
 70 8 
 
 42 72 
 
 71 2 
 
 25 
 
 43 75 
 
 72 9 
 
 44 00 
 
 73 3 
 
 4425 
 
 737 
 
 4450 
 
 741 
 
 26 
 
 45 50 
 
 75 8 
 
 45 76 
 
 762 
 
 46 02 
 
 767 
 
 46 28 
 
 77 1 
 
 27 
 
 47 25 
 
 787 
 
 47 52 
 
 79 2 
 
 47 79 
 
 796 
 
 4806 
 
 801 
 
 28 
 
 49 00 
 
 81 6 
 
 4928 
 
 82 1 
 
 4956 
 
 82 6 
 
 4984 
 
 83 
 
 29 
 
 50 75 
 
 845 
 
 51 04 
 
 85 
 
 51 33 
 
 85 5 
 
 51 62 
 
 86 
 
 ,30 
 
 52 50 
 
 875 
 
 5280 
 
 880 
 
 53 10 
 
 885 
 
 5340 
 
 890 
 
 40 
 
 70 00 
 
 116 6 
 
 7040 
 
 117 3 
 
 70 80 
 
 118 
 
 71 20 
 
 1186 
 
 50 
 
 87 50 
 
 1458 
 
 88 00 
 
 "146 6 
 
 8850 
 
 147 5 
 
 8900 
 
 148 3 
 
 100 
 
 175 00 
 
 291 6 
 
 176 00 
 
 293 3 
 
 17700 
 
 295 
 
 178 00 
 
 2966 
 
276 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 !zj- 
 II 
 
 II 
 Pt 
 
 AT 179 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 180 CENTS 
 * PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 181 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 182 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per, 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 179 
 
 2 9 
 
 1 80 
 
 3 
 
 1 81 
 
 30 
 
 182 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 58 
 
 59 
 
 3 60 
 
 60 
 
 3 62 
 
 6 
 
 3 64 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 537 
 
 8 9 
 
 5 40 
 
 90 
 
 543 
 
 9 
 
 5 46 
 
 9 1 
 
 4 
 
 716 
 
 11 9 
 
 7 20 
 
 12 
 
 7 24 
 
 120 
 
 728 
 
 12 1 
 
 5 
 
 895 
 
 149 
 
 900 
 
 15 
 
 905 
 
 15 
 
 9 10 
 
 151 
 
 6 
 
 10 74 
 
 17 9 
 
 10 80 
 
 18 
 
 10 86 
 
 181 
 
 1092 
 
 182 
 
 . 7 
 
 12 53 
 
 20 8 
 
 12 60 
 
 21 
 
 12 67 
 
 21 1 
 
 12 74 
 
 21 2 
 
 8 
 
 14 32 
 
 238 
 
 1440 
 
 240 
 
 1448 
 
 241 
 
 1456 
 
 242 
 
 9 
 
 1611 
 
 26 8 
 
 16 20 
 
 27 
 
 16 29 
 
 27 1 
 
 1638 
 
 27 3 
 
 10 
 
 17 90 
 
 298 
 
 18 00 
 
 300 
 
 18 10 
 
 30 1 
 
 18 20 
 
 303 
 
 11 
 
 1969 
 
 32 8 
 
 19 80 
 
 330 
 
 19 91 
 
 33 1 
 
 2002 
 
 33 3 
 
 12 
 
 2148 
 
 35 8 
 
 21 60 
 
 36 
 
 21 72 
 
 36 2 
 
 21 84 
 
 364 
 
 13 
 
 2327 
 
 387 
 
 2340 
 
 390 
 
 2353 
 
 39 2 
 
 23 66 
 
 394 
 
 14 
 
 2506 
 
 41 7 
 
 25 20 
 
 42 
 
 25 34 
 
 42 2 
 
 25 48 
 
 424 
 
 15 
 
 26 85 
 
 44 7 
 
 27 00 
 
 45 
 
 27 15 
 
 45 2 
 
 27 30 
 
 45 5 
 
 16 
 
 28 64 
 
 477 
 
 28 80 
 
 480 
 
 28 96 
 
 48 2 
 
 29 12 
 
 48 5 
 
 17 
 
 3043 
 
 50 7 
 
 30 60 
 
 51 
 
 30 77 
 
 51 2 
 
 30 94 
 
 51 5 
 
 18 
 
 32 22 
 
 5>3 7 
 
 32 40 
 
 540 
 
 32 58 
 
 543 
 
 32 76 
 
 546 
 
 19 
 
 3401 
 
 566 
 
 3420 
 
 57 
 
 34 39 
 
 573 
 
 34 58 
 
 57 6 
 
 20 
 
 35 80 
 
 59 6 
 
 36 00 
 
 60 
 
 36 20 
 
 60 3 
 
 3640 
 
 606 
 
 21 
 
 37 59 
 
 62 6 
 
 3780 
 
 63 
 
 38 01 
 
 63 3 
 
 38 22 
 
 63 7 
 
 22 
 
 3938 
 
 656 
 
 39 60 
 
 66 
 
 39 82 
 
 66 3 
 
 40 04 
 
 66 7 
 
 23 
 
 41 17 
 
 68 6 
 
 41 40 
 
 69 
 
 41 63 
 
 69 3 
 
 41 86 
 
 69 7 
 
 24 
 
 42 96 
 
 716 
 
 4320 
 
 720 
 
 4344 
 
 724 
 
 43 68 
 
 72 8 
 
 25 
 
 44 75 
 
 7.45 
 
 45 00 
 
 75 
 
 45 25 
 
 754 
 
 45 50 
 
 758 
 
 26 
 
 46 54 
 
 77 5 
 
 46 80 
 
 780 
 
 4706 
 
 784 
 
 4732 
 
 78 8. 
 
 27 
 
 48 33 
 
 805 
 
 48 60 
 
 81 
 
 4887 
 
 81 4 
 
 49 14 
 
 819 
 
 28 
 
 5012 
 
 83 5 
 
 50 40 
 
 840 
 
 50 68 
 
 844 
 
 50 96 
 
 849 
 
 29 
 
 51 91 
 
 86 5 
 
 52 20 
 
 870 
 
 52 49 
 
 874 
 
 52 78 
 
 87 9 
 
 30 
 
 53 70 
 
 89 5 
 
 5400 
 
 90 
 
 5430 
 
 90 5 
 
 5460 
 
 91 
 
 40 
 
 71 60 
 
 1193 
 
 7200 
 
 120 
 
 72 40 
 
 120 6 
 
 728.0 
 
 121 3 
 
 50 
 
 89 50 
 
 149 1 
 
 90 00 
 
 150 
 
 90 50 
 
 150 8 
 
 91 00 
 
 151 6 
 
 100 
 
 179 00 
 
 298 3 
 
 180 00 
 
 300 
 
 18100 
 
 301 6 
 
 182 00 
 
 3033 
 
AND ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 277 
 
 t* 
 
 II 
 
 *? 
 
 II 
 
 AT 183 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 184 CENTS 
 .PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 185 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 186 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls: Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 183 
 
 30 
 
 184 
 
 30 
 
 185 
 
 30 
 
 186 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 366 
 
 6 1 
 
 3 68 
 
 61 
 
 370 
 
 61 
 
 3 72 
 
 62 
 
 3 
 
 5 49 
 
 91 
 
 5 52 
 
 92 
 
 5 55 
 
 92 
 
 558 
 
 93 
 
 4 
 
 732 
 
 122 
 
 736 
 
 12 2 
 
 740 
 
 12 3 
 
 744 
 
 124 
 
 5 
 
 915 
 
 152 
 
 920 
 
 153 
 
 925 
 
 154 
 
 9 30 
 
 15 5 
 
 6 
 
 10 98 
 
 18 3 
 
 11 04 
 
 184 
 
 11 10 
 
 18 5 
 
 11 16 
 
 18 6 
 
 7 
 
 12 81 
 
 213 
 
 1288 
 
 214 
 
 1295 
 
 215 
 
 1302 
 
 21 7 
 
 8 
 
 1464 
 
 244 
 
 1472 
 
 245 
 
 1480 
 
 246 
 
 1488 
 
 248 
 
 9 
 
 1647 
 
 274 
 
 16 56 
 
 27 6 
 
 16 65 
 
 277 
 
 16 74 
 
 27 9 
 
 10 
 
 18 30 
 
 305 
 
 1840 
 
 306 
 
 1850 
 
 308 
 
 1860 
 
 31 
 
 11 
 
 20 13 
 
 335 
 
 2024 
 
 337 
 
 2035 
 
 33 9 
 
 2046 
 
 341 
 
 12 
 
 21 96 
 
 366 
 
 2208 
 
 36 8 
 
 22 20 
 
 370 
 
 22 32 
 
 37 2 
 
 13 
 
 2379 
 
 39 6 
 
 23 92 
 
 39 8 
 
 2405 
 
 400 
 
 2418 
 
 403 
 
 14 
 
 25 62 
 
 427 
 
 25 76 
 
 429 
 
 25 90 
 
 431 
 
 26 04 
 
 434 
 
 15 
 
 2745 
 
 457 
 
 2760 
 
 460 
 
 2775 
 
 46 2 
 
 27 90 
 
 46 5 
 
 16 
 
 2928 
 
 488 
 
 2944 
 
 49 
 
 2960 
 
 49 3 
 
 2976 
 
 496 
 
 17 
 
 31 11 
 
 51 8 
 
 3128 
 
 52 1 
 
 3145 
 
 524 
 
 3162 
 
 52 7 
 
 18 
 
 32 94 
 
 549 
 
 3312 
 
 552 
 
 33 30 
 
 55 5 
 
 3348 
 
 55 8 
 
 19 
 
 3477 
 
 579 
 
 3496 
 
 58 2 
 
 3515 
 
 58 5. 
 
 3534 
 
 589 
 
 20 
 
 3660 
 
 61 
 
 36 80 
 
 61 3 
 
 3700 
 
 61 6 
 
 3720 
 
 62*0 
 
 21 
 
 3843 
 
 640 
 
 38 64 
 
 644 
 
 3885 
 
 647 
 
 3906 
 
 65 1 
 
 22 
 
 4026 
 
 67 1 
 
 4048 
 
 674 
 
 40 70 
 
 678 
 
 4092 
 
 682 
 
 23 
 
 4209 
 
 701 
 
 42 32 
 
 70 '5 
 
 42 55 
 
 70 9 
 
 42 78 
 
 713 
 
 24 
 
 4392 
 
 732 
 
 4416 
 
 73 6 
 
 4440 
 
 740 
 
 4464 
 
 744 
 
 25 
 
 45 75 
 
 76 2 
 
 4600 
 
 766 
 
 4625 
 
 770 
 
 46 50 
 
 775 
 
 26 
 
 ,47 58 
 
 79 3 
 
 ,4784 
 
 797 
 
 48 10 
 
 80 1 
 
 4836 
 
 806 
 
 27 
 
 4941 
 
 823 
 
 49 68 
 
 82 8 
 
 4995 
 
 832 
 
 5022 
 
 837 
 
 28 
 
 5124 
 
 854 
 
 51 52 
 
 858 
 
 51 80 
 
 863 
 
 52 08 
 
 86 8 
 
 29 
 
 5307 
 
 884* 
 
 5336 
 
 889 
 
 53 65 
 
 894 
 
 53 94 
 
 899 
 
 30 
 
 5490 
 
 91 5 
 
 55 20 
 
 92 
 
 55 50 
 
 92 5 
 
 5588 
 
 931 
 
 40 
 
 7320 
 
 122 
 
 73 60 
 
 122 6 
 
 7400 
 
 1233 
 
 7440 
 
 1240 
 
 50 
 
 91 50 
 
 152 5 
 
 9200 
 
 1533 
 
 92 50 
 
 1541 
 
 9300 
 
 155 
 
 100 
 
 18300 
 
 3050 
 
 18400 
 
 306 6 
 
 18500 
 
 3083 
 
 18600 
 
 3100 
 
 24 
 
278 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 No, of Bushels 
 1 and Pounds. 
 
 AT 181 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 188 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 189 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 190 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 187 
 
 31 
 
 188 
 
 31 
 
 *189 
 
 31 
 
 1 90 
 
 3 1 
 
 2 
 
 374 
 
 62 
 
 376 
 
 62 
 
 378 
 
 63 
 
 380 
 
 63 
 
 3 
 
 .5.61 
 
 93 
 
 564 
 
 94 
 
 567 
 
 94 
 
 5 70 
 
 95 
 
 4 
 
 748 
 
 124 
 
 752 
 
 125 
 
 7 56 
 
 12 6 
 
 760 
 
 12 6 
 
 5 
 
 9 35 
 
 155 
 
 940 
 
 15 6 
 
 945 
 
 15 7 
 
 9 50 
 
 158 
 
 6 
 
 11 22 
 
 187 
 
 1128 
 
 188 
 
 11 34 
 
 189 
 
 11 40 
 
 190 
 
 7' 
 
 1309 
 
 218 
 
 1316 
 
 21 9 
 
 1323 
 
 220 
 
 1330 
 
 221 
 
 8 
 
 1496 
 
 24 9 
 
 1504 
 
 25 
 
 1512 
 
 25 2 
 
 15 20 
 
 25 3 
 
 9 
 
 1683 
 
 28 
 
 1692 
 
 282 
 
 17 01 
 
 283 
 
 17 10 
 
 28 5 
 
 10' 
 
 18 70 
 
 311 
 
 18 80 
 
 313 
 
 18 90 
 
 31 5 
 
 1900 
 
 31 6 
 
 11 
 
 20 57 
 
 342 
 
 20 68 
 
 34.4 
 
 20 79 
 
 346 
 
 20 90 
 
 348 
 
 12 
 
 22 44 
 
 374 
 
 22 56 
 
 37 6 
 
 22 68 
 
 378 
 
 22 80 
 
 380 
 
 13 
 
 2431 
 
 405 
 
 2444 
 
 407 
 
 2457 
 
 409 
 
 24 70 
 
 411 
 
 14 
 
 26 18 
 
 436 
 
 26 32 
 
 438 
 
 2646 
 
 441 
 
 26 60 
 
 443 
 
 15 
 
 2805 
 
 46 7 
 
 2820 
 
 47 
 
 28 35 
 
 47 2 
 
 2850 
 
 47 5 
 
 16 
 
 2992 
 
 498 
 
 3008 
 
 501 
 
 3024 
 
 504 
 
 3040 
 
 506 
 
 17 
 
 31 79 
 
 52 9 
 
 31 96 
 
 532 
 
 3213 
 
 53 5 
 
 32 30 
 
 53 8 
 
 18 
 
 33 66 
 
 56 1 
 
 3384 
 
 564 
 
 3402 
 
 56 7 
 
 3420 
 
 57 
 
 19 
 
 35 53 
 
 592 
 
 35 72 
 
 595 
 
 35 91 
 
 598 
 
 36 10 
 
 601 
 
 20 
 
 3740 
 
 62 3 
 
 3760 
 
 62 6 
 
 3780 
 
 630 
 
 3800 
 
 633 
 
 21 
 
 39 27 
 
 654 
 
 3948 
 
 65 8 
 
 39 69 
 
 66 1 
 
 39 90 
 
 66 5 
 
 22 
 
 41 14 
 
 68 5 
 
 4136 
 
 68 9 
 
 41 58 
 
 693 
 
 41 80 
 
 69 6 
 
 23 
 
 4301 
 
 716 
 
 4324 
 
 720 
 
 4347 
 
 72 4 
 
 4370 
 
 728 
 
 24 
 
 4488 
 
 748 
 
 45 12 
 
 752 
 
 45 36 
 
 75 6 
 
 45 60 
 
 76 
 
 25 
 
 46 75 
 
 77 9 
 
 47-00 
 
 783 
 
 47 25 
 
 '78 7 
 
 47 50 
 
 791 
 
 26 
 
 4862 
 
 810 
 
 4888 
 
 814 
 
 4914 
 
 81 9 
 
 4940 
 
 82 3 
 
 27 
 
 5049 
 
 841 
 
 50 76 
 
 846 
 
 5103 
 
 850 
 
 51 30 
 
 855 
 
 28 
 
 52 36 
 
 87 2 
 
 52 64 
 
 87 7 
 
 52 92 
 
 88 2 
 
 53 20 
 
 88 6 
 
 29 
 
 5423 
 
 90 3 
 
 54 52 
 
 908 
 
 5481 
 
 913 
 
 55 10 
 
 91 8 
 
 30 
 
 5610 
 
 935 
 
 5640 
 
 940 
 
 .56 70 
 
 945 
 
 57 00 
 
 95 
 
 40 
 
 7480 
 
 1246 
 
 75 20 
 
 125 3 
 
 75 60 
 
 1260 
 
 7600 
 
 1266 
 
 50 
 
 93 50 
 
 155 8 
 
 9400 
 
 156 6 
 
 9450 
 
 157 5 
 
 95 00 
 
 158 3 
 
 100 
 
 18700 
 
 3116 
 
 18800 
 
 313 3 
 
 18900 
 
 315 
 
 19000 
 
 316 6 
 
AXD ENGINEER'S GUIDE. 
 
 279 
 
 it 
 
 n 
 
 AT 191 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 192 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 193 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 AT 194 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value pe 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value pe 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value pe 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts 
 
 Cts. Mills 
 
 Dolls. Cts 
 
 Cts. Mills 
 
 Dolls. Cts 
 
 Cts. Mills 
 
 Dolls. Cts 
 
 Cts. Milk 
 
 1 
 
 1 91 
 
 31 
 
 1 92 
 
 32 
 
 193 
 
 32 
 
 1 94 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 
 
 383 
 
 63 
 
 384 
 
 64 
 
 386 
 
 6 4 
 
 388 
 
 64 
 
 3 
 
 5 73 
 
 95 
 
 5 76 
 
 96 
 
 5 79 
 
 96 
 
 5 82 
 
 97 
 
 4 
 
 7 64 
 
 12 7 
 
 768 
 
 128 
 
 772 
 
 128 
 
 7 76 
 
 12 9 
 
 5 
 
 955 
 
 159 
 
 960 
 
 16 
 
 9 65 
 
 16 
 
 970 
 
 161 
 
 6 
 
 1146 
 
 19 1 
 
 11 52 
 
 192 
 
 11 58 
 
 193 
 
 11 64 
 
 194 
 
 7 
 
 1337 
 
 222 
 
 1344 
 
 224 
 
 1351 
 
 22 5 
 
 1358 
 
 226 
 
 8 
 
 15 28 
 
 254 
 
 15 36 
 
 25 6 
 
 1544 
 
 25 7 
 
 1552 
 
 258 
 
 .9 
 
 1719 
 
 286 
 
 1728 
 
 28-8 
 
 1737 
 
 28 9 
 
 1746 
 
 29 1 
 
 10 
 
 19 10 
 
 318 
 
 1920 
 
 32 
 
 19 30 
 
 32 1 
 
 1940 
 
 32 3 
 
 11 
 
 21 01 
 
 35 
 
 21 12 
 
 352 
 
 21 23 
 
 35 3 
 
 21 34 
 
 35 5 
 
 12 
 
 22 92 
 
 382 
 
 23-04 
 
 384 
 
 2316 
 
 38'6 
 
 2328 
 
 38 8 
 
 13 
 
 2483 
 
 413 
 
 2496 
 
 41 6 
 
 25 09 
 
 41 8 
 
 2522 
 
 420 
 
 14 
 
 26 74 
 
 445 
 
 26 88 
 
 448 
 
 2702 
 
 45 tf 
 
 2716 
 
 45 2 
 
 15 
 
 28 65 
 
 47 7 
 
 2880 
 
 480 
 
 2895 
 
 48 2 
 
 2910 
 
 48 5 
 
 16 
 
 30 56 
 
 50 9 
 
 30 72 
 
 51 2 
 
 30 88 
 
 514 
 
 31 04 
 
 51 7 
 
 17 
 
 3247 
 
 54 1 
 
 32 64 
 
 544 
 
 3281 
 
 546 
 
 32 98 
 
 549 
 
 18 
 
 3438 
 
 573 
 
 34 56 
 
 576 
 
 34 74 
 
 57 9 
 
 3492 
 
 f>$2 
 
 19 
 
 36 29 
 
 604 
 
 3648 
 
 608 
 
 36 67 
 
 61 1 
 
 36 86 
 
 (j| 4 
 
 20 
 
 3820 
 
 636 
 
 3840 
 
 640 
 
 3860 
 
 643 
 
 3880 
 
 646 
 
 21 
 
 4011 
 
 668 
 
 4032 
 
 672 
 
 40 53 
 
 67 5 
 
 4074 
 
 679 
 
 22 
 
 42 02 
 
 70 
 
 42 24 
 
 704 
 
 42 46 
 
 70 7 
 
 42 68 
 
 711 
 
 23 
 
 4393 
 
 732 
 
 4416 
 
 73 6 
 
 4439 
 
 73 9 
 
 4462 
 
 743 
 
 24 
 
 4584 
 
 764 
 
 4608 
 
 768 
 
 46 32 
 
 77 2 
 
 46 56 
 
 776 
 
 25 
 
 47 75 
 
 79 5 
 
 48 00 
 
 800 
 
 4825 
 
 804 
 
 48 50 
 
 808 
 
 26 
 
 49 66 
 
 82 7 
 
 4992 
 
 832 
 
 50 18 
 
 83 6 
 
 5044 
 
 840 
 
 27 
 
 51 57 
 
 85*9 
 
 5184 
 
 864 
 
 52 11 
 
 866 
 
 52 38 
 
 873 
 
 28 
 
 5348 
 
 89 1 
 
 53 76 
 
 896 
 
 5404 
 
 900 
 
 5432 
 
 90 5 
 
 29 
 
 5539 
 
 923 
 
 5568 
 
 928 
 
 55 97 
 
 93 2 
 
 5626 
 
 937 
 
 30 
 
 5730 
 
 95 5 
 
 57 60 
 
 96 
 
 5790 
 
 96 5 
 
 58 20 
 
 '970 
 
 40 
 
 7640 
 
 1273 
 
 76 80 
 
 1280 
 
 77 20 
 
 1286 
 
 77 60 
 
 1293 
 
 50 
 
 95 50 
 
 159 1 
 
 9600 
 
 1600 
 
 96 50 
 
 1608 
 
 9700 
 
 1616 
 
 100 
 
 191 00 
 
 318 3 
 
 192 00 
 
 3200 
 
 19300 
 
 321 6 
 
 19400 
 
 323 3 
 
280 
 
 THE MILLER, MILLWRIGHT 
 
 tej 
 
 hdbd 
 2 ^ 
 
 ll 
 
 iT 195 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 196 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 197 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 198 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 r alue per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 'alue per 
 Pound. 
 
 falue per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 ^alue per Value per 
 Bushel. 1 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 1 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 Dolls. Cts. Cts. Mills. 
 
 1 
 
 1 95 
 
 32 
 
 1 96 
 
 32 
 
 1 97 
 
 32 
 
 1 98 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 3 90 
 
 6 5 
 
 3 92 
 
 65 
 
 3 94 
 
 6 5 
 
 3 96 
 
 6 6 
 
 3 
 
 585 
 
 97 
 
 5 88 
 
 98 
 
 5 91 
 
 98 
 
 5 94 
 
 9 9 
 
 4 
 
 7 80 
 
 130 
 
 784 
 
 130 
 
 7 88 
 
 131 
 
 7 92 
 
 132 
 
 5 
 
 9 75 
 
 16 2 
 
 980 
 
 16 3 
 
 9 85 
 
 16 4 
 
 9 90 
 
 16 5 
 
 6 
 
 11 70 
 
 195 
 
 11 76 
 
 19 6 
 
 11 82 
 
 19 7 
 
 11 88 
 
 19 8 
 
 7 
 
 13 65 
 
 22 7 
 
 13 72 
 
 22 8 
 
 13 79 
 
 22 9 
 
 1386 
 
 231 
 
 8 
 
 15 60 
 
 26 
 
 15 68 
 
 26 1 
 
 15 76 
 
 262 
 
 15 84 
 
 264 
 
 9 
 
 17 55 
 
 292 
 
 17 64 
 
 294 
 
 1773 
 
 295 
 
 1782 
 
 29 7 
 
 10 
 
 19 50 
 
 32 5 
 
 19 60 
 
 32 6 
 
 19 7-0 
 
 32 8 
 
 1980 
 
 330 
 
 11 
 
 2145 
 
 35 7 
 
 21 56 
 
 35 9- 
 
 21 67 
 
 361 
 
 21 78 
 
 36 3 
 
 12 
 
 2340 
 
 390 
 
 2352 
 
 39 2 
 
 2364 
 
 394 
 
 23 76 
 
 396 
 
 13 
 
 2535 
 
 42 2 
 
 2548 
 
 42 4 
 
 25 61 
 
 42 6. 
 
 25 74 
 
 42 9 
 
 14 
 
 27 30 
 
 45 5 
 
 27 44 
 
 45 7 
 
 27 58 
 
 45 9 
 
 27 72 
 
 472 
 
 15 
 
 29 25 
 
 48-7 
 
 .2940 
 
 49 
 
 29 55 
 
 492 
 
 29 70 
 
 49 5 
 
 16 
 
 31 20 
 
 520 
 
 31 36 
 
 52 2 
 
 31 52 
 
 ' 525 
 
 3168 
 
 52 8 
 
 1 
 
 33 15 
 3510 
 37 05 
 
 552 
 
 585 
 61 7 
 
 33 32 
 
 3528 
 37 24 
 
 555 
 
 588 
 62 
 
 3349 
 3546 
 3743 
 
 558 
 591 
 62 3 
 
 33 66 
 35 64 
 37 62 
 
 56 1 
 594 
 627 
 
 20 
 
 3900 
 
 650 
 
 39 20 
 
 653 
 
 3940 
 
 656 
 
 39 60 
 
 660 
 
 21 
 
 40 95 
 
 682 
 
 4116 
 
 686 
 
 41 37 
 
 68 9 
 
 41 58 
 
 69 3 
 
 22 
 
 42 90 
 
 715 
 
 43 12 
 
 71 8 
 
 43 34 
 
 722 
 
 4356 
 
 72 6 
 
 23 
 
 4485 
 
 747 
 
 4508 
 
 751 
 
 45 31 
 
 75.5 
 
 45 54 
 
 75 9 
 
 24 
 
 46 80 
 
 780 
 
 47 04 
 
 7'84 
 
 4728 
 
 788 
 
 4752 
 
 792 
 
 25 
 
 4875 
 
 81 2 
 
 4900 
 
 81 6 
 
 49 25 
 
 820 
 
 49 50 
 
 82 5 
 
 26 
 
 50 70 
 
 845 
 
 5096 
 
 849 
 
 51 22 
 
 853 
 
 51 4g 
 
 85 8 
 
 27 
 
 52 65 
 
 877 
 
 52 92 
 
 88 2 
 
 5319 
 
 886 
 
 5346 
 
 89 1 
 
 28 
 
 5460 
 
 91 
 
 5488 
 
 914 
 
 55 16 
 
 919 
 
 5544 
 
 924 
 
 29 
 
 5655 
 
 942 
 
 56 84 
 
 94 7 
 
 5713 
 
 952 
 
 5742 
 
 957 
 
 30 
 
 58 50 
 
 975 
 
 5880 
 
 98 
 
 59 10 
 
 98 5 
 
 5940 
 
 99 
 
 40 
 
 7800 
 
 130 
 
 7840 
 
 130 6 
 
 7880 
 
 131 3 
 
 7920 
 
 132 
 
 50 
 
 9750 
 
 162 5 
 
 98 00 
 
 1633 
 
 98 50 
 
 1641 
 
 9900 
 
 1650 
 
 100 
 
 195 00 
 
 3250 
 
 196 00 
 
 326 6 
 
 197 00 
 
 328 3 
 
 198 00 
 
 330 
 
AND ENGINEERS GUIDE. 
 
 281 
 
 No. of Bushels 
 and Pounds. 
 
 AT 199 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL. 
 
 AT 200 CENTS 
 PER BUSHEL 
 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 Value per 
 Bushel. 
 
 Value per 
 Pound. 
 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Milk 
 
 Dolls. Cts. 
 
 Cts. Mills. 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 99 
 
 3 3 
 
 2 00 
 
 33 
 
 
 2 
 
 398 
 
 ,66 
 
 400 
 
 66 
 
 
 3 
 
 597 
 
 9 9 
 
 6.00 
 
 100 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 96 
 
 132 
 
 8 00 
 
 133 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 95 
 
 16 5 
 
 1000 
 
 166 
 
 
 6 
 
 11 94 
 
 19 9 
 
 1200 
 
 200 
 
 
 7 
 
 1393 
 
 232 
 
 1400 
 
 23 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 1592 
 
 265 
 
 16 00 
 
 26 6 
 
 
 9 
 
 17 91 
 
 298 
 
 1800 
 
 30 
 
 
 10 
 
 19 90 
 
 33 1 
 
 2000 
 
 33 3 
 
 
 11 
 
 21 89 
 
 36 4 
 
 22 00 
 
 36 6 
 
 
 12 
 
 2388 
 
 39 8 
 
 2400 
 
 400 
 
 v~\ 
 
 13 
 
 2587 
 
 43 1 
 
 26 00 
 
 433 
 
 
 14 
 
 27 86 
 
 464 
 
 28 00 
 
 46 6 
 
 
 15 
 
 29 85 
 
 49 7 
 
 3000 
 
 500 
 
 
 16 
 
 3184 
 
 530 
 
 32 00 
 
 533 
 
 
 17 
 
 3383 
 
 56 3 
 
 3400 
 
 56 6 
 
 
 18 
 
 35 82 
 
 597 
 
 36 00 
 
 60 
 
 
 19 
 
 37 81 
 
 63 
 
 3800 
 
 63 3 
 
 
 20 
 
 39 80 
 
 66 3 
 
 4000 
 
 66 6 
 
 
 21 
 
 41 79 
 
 69 6 
 
 42 00 
 
 70 
 
 
 22 
 
 43 78 
 
 72 9 
 
 4400 
 
 733 
 
 . 
 
 23 
 
 45 77 
 
 762 
 
 46 00 
 
 766 
 
 
 24 
 
 47 76 
 
 79 6 
 
 48 00 
 
 80 
 
 
 25 
 
 49 75 
 
 82 9 
 
 50 00 
 
 83 3 
 
 
 26 
 
 51 74 
 
 86 2 
 
 52 00 
 
 866 
 
 
 27 
 
 53 73 
 
 89 5 
 
 54 00 
 
 900 
 
 
 28 
 
 5572 
 
 92 8 
 
 5600 
 
 93 3 
 
 
 29 
 
 57 71 
 
 96 1 
 
 5800 
 
 96 6 
 
 
 30 
 
 59 70 
 
 99 5 
 
 60 00 
 
 100 
 
 
 40 
 
 79 60 
 
 132 6 
 
 80 00 
 
 133 3 
 
 
 50 
 
 99 50 
 
 165 8 
 
 100 00 
 
 166 6 
 
 
 100 
 
 199 00 
 
 331 6 
 
 200 00 
 
 333 3 
 
 
 24* 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Alterations, in machinery 46 
 
 American woods, table of. 167 
 
 Angle, to lay off any required 132 
 
 Artificers' work 134 
 
 Avoirdupois weight 15 
 
 Babbitt metal 113 
 
 Back of the running stone, turn- 
 ing 40 
 
 Back, to fit a new, on a stone that 
 
 has been running 55 
 
 Baking, instructions for Ill 
 
 Balance of millstone 22 
 
 Balance ryne 49 
 
 Balance ryne and driver 31, 33 
 
 Balancing the stone 40 
 
 Barley 91 
 
 Barreling flour .'. 85 
 
 Barrel of flour, weight of. 187 
 
 Beams and joists of mill-house..... 103 
 
 Bed stone, setting the 37 
 
 Belting friction ..165 
 
 Board measure, table of saw logs 
 
 reduced to 139 
 
 Boilers 201 
 
 Boilers, cleaning 189 
 
 Bolting reels and cloths 64 
 
 Boxes for ends of driver 49 
 
 Boxes for the driver 33 
 
 Branding of flour 87 
 
 Breast wheel 222 
 
 Bricklayers'work 135 
 
 Bricks and laths, dimensions of.... 135 
 Bridge or tram the spindle, direc- 
 tions how to 39 
 
 Brush or log dam 214 
 
 Buckwheat, sifting of. 85 
 
 Bushel, table showing the num- 
 ber of pounds of various articles 
 which constitute, in different 
 
 States 88 
 
 Bush, fastening the, in the bed 
 stone ; 37 
 
 Cast steel, composition for welding 151 
 
 Cement 113 
 
 Characters used 13 
 
 Chimneys 204 
 
 Ch .'-inir of the stones in grind- 
 ing middlings 78 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Circular saw 123 
 
 Circumferences and areas of cir- 
 cles suitable for fly-wheels, etc.. 195 
 Cisterns, wells, etc., table of capa- 
 city of. 147 
 
 Cleaning wheat 68 
 
 Cogs 174 
 
 Cogs, best kind of timber for 100 
 
 Cogs, best time for seasoning and 
 
 cutting 99 
 
 Cogs, importance of dividing 
 
 evenly 101 
 
 Cogs in a steam mill 50 
 
 Cogs, matching wheels to make 
 
 wear even 179 
 
 Columns of water, table of weight 
 
 of 228 
 
 Combination reaction water- 
 wheel, table of velocities of. 237 
 
 Composition for tempering mill 
 
 picks 155 
 
 Composition for welding cast steel. 151 
 
 Construction of mill-dams 206 
 
 Conveyor ti 61 
 
 Corn meal, sifting of. 84 
 
 Crank 185 
 
 Crown or face gearing 174 
 
 Cutting in furrows 26 
 
 Cylinder 185 
 
 Dams, construction of. 206 
 
 Decimal fractions 17 
 
 Decimals, division of. 19 
 
 Decimals, multiplication of. 18 
 
 Decimals, subtraction of. 17 
 
 Definitions of words used 14 
 
 Distillation 93 
 
 Division of decimals 19 
 
 Double engines 190 
 
 Draft and dress of millstones 53 
 
 Draft and dress of millstones, au- 
 thor's experience on 54 
 
 Draft of furrows 26 
 
 Draughting and planning mills, 
 
 importance of. 96 
 
 Dressing and sharpening mill- 
 stones when dull 42 
 
 Dressing of new millstones 23 
 
 Dry measure 16 
 
 Duty of the miller 89 
 
 (283) 
 
284 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Elevator 59 
 
 Engines, and their management... 183 
 
 Engines, double 190 
 
 Explanation of characters used.... 13 
 
 Explosion of boilers 205 
 
 Eye of the stone, rounding 40 
 
 Eyes of millstones 21 
 
 Face gearing 174 
 
 Face of millstone, making straight. 23 
 
 Falling bodies 170 
 
 Falling bodies, table of. 170 
 
 Fan, suction 70 
 
 First moving power in a steam 
 
 mill 50 
 
 Flour barrels ,86 
 
 Flour packing '85 
 
 Flutter wheels 232 
 
 Fly-wheel 183,191 
 
 Fly-wheels, table of circumfer- 
 ences and areas of circles suit- 
 able for.. 195 
 
 Fractions, decimal 17 
 
 Frame dam in two sections 211 
 
 Frame dams 209 
 
 Framing, importance of strength 
 
 in 102 
 
 Framing of mill work 102 
 
 Friction 164 
 
 Furrows, laying out their draft, 
 and cutting them in 26 
 
 Garlic, directions for grinding 
 
 wheat containing 76 
 
 Gate for mill-race 209 
 
 Gates 215 
 
 Gearings for propelling ma- 
 chinery 171 
 
 Governor or regulator 158 
 
 Governors for flouring mills 156 
 
 Grain separator 70 
 
 Grinding middlings 78 
 
 Grinding off the lumps of new 
 
 stones 40 
 
 Grinding wheat 72 
 
 Grinding wheat with garlic 
 amongst it 76 
 
 Heat, effect of too great in grind- 
 
 ing wheat 73 
 
 Holes for balance ryne and driver.. 31 
 
 Holes in millstones', to stop up 115 
 
 Hopper boy 61 
 
 Hopper, to find the quantity it will 
 
 hold 130 
 
 Horse-power 221 
 
 Horse-power, table of. 145 
 
 Husk frame 
 
 Impinging bodies, non-elasticity 
 and fluidity of. 220 
 
 Inches of water necessary to drive 
 cue ruu of stones, table of. 227 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Incrustation in steam boilers, 
 
 prevention of. 189 
 
 [nspecting flour 64 
 
 Irons of the mill 47 
 
 Journals of crank 188 
 
 Laths and bricks, dimensions of... 135 
 
 Laws of motion and rest 233 
 
 Laying off and cutting the holes 
 for the balance ryne and driver.. 31 
 
 Laying out furrows 26 
 
 Lever and weight upon the safety- 
 valve, to calculate the effects of.. 196 
 
 Liquid measure 16 
 
 Liquids, rules of calculating 146 
 
 Log dam 214 
 
 Long measure 16 
 
 Lumps of new stones, directions 
 for grinding off. 40 
 
 Machinery, rules for calculating 
 
 speed of. 124 
 
 Management of saw-mills 119 
 
 Man power, table of. 145 
 
 Masonry 133 
 
 Matching wheels to make the 
 
 cogs wear even 179 
 
 Measure of solidity 145 
 
 Measures and weights 15 
 
 Middlings, directions for grinding.. 78 
 
 Middlings, reels for bolting 80 
 
 Mill, the irons 47 
 
 Mill-dams, construction of. 206 
 
 Miller, duty of. 89 
 
 Mill-house, height of. 103 
 
 Mill picks, composition for tem- 
 pering 155 
 
 Mill picks, directions for making 
 
 and sharpening 152 
 
 Millstone, balance of. 22 
 
 Millstone, making face straight... 23 
 Millstones, dressing and sharpen- 
 ing when dull 42 
 
 Millstones, dressing of. 23 
 
 Millstones, eyes of. 2L 
 
 Millstones, selection of. 20 
 
 Millstones, " taking out of wind".. 24 
 
 Mill work, framing 102 
 
 Motion and rest, laws of. 233 
 
 Motion of overshot wheels 221 
 
 Muleysaw 122 
 
 Multiplication of decimals 18 
 
 New back, to fit on a stone that 
 has been running 55 
 
 Non-elasticity and fluidity of im- 
 pinging bodies 220 
 
 Overshot and breast wheels.length 
 of on falls of tea to thirty feet... 225 
 
 Overshot wheels 216 
 
 Overshot wheels, motion of. 221 
 
INDEX. 
 
 285 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Packing, best kind of. 188 
 
 Packing cylinder or piston 187 
 
 Packing flour 85 
 
 Pearl barley, or pot barley 91 
 
 Planning and draughting of mills.. 96 
 
 Plate 4, description of. 51 
 
 Pinion 49,174 
 
 Piston 183 
 
 Pot, or pearl barley 91 
 
 Power of gravity, percussion, or 
 impulse, with the reaction at- 
 tachment 233 
 
 Power of man or horse, as applied 
 
 to.machinery, table of. 145 
 
 Prevention of incrustation in 
 
 steam boilers 189 
 
 Principle upon which the mill- 
 stones work 51 
 
 Pulley 159 
 
 Pumps 142 
 
 Quantity a hopper will hold, to 
 find 130 
 
 Reaction attachment, power of 
 gravity, percussion, or impulse, 
 
 with 233 
 
 Reels..' 71 
 
 Reels for bolting the middlings.... 80 
 
 Rock dam 207 
 
 Rounding the eye of the stouft 40 
 
 Rim or ring of a fly-wheel, to find 
 the weight 191 
 
 Safety-valve, to calculate the ef- 
 fect of a lever and weight upon.. 196 
 
 Sails of windmills 105 
 
 Sails of windmills, velocity of. 106 
 
 Saw, circular 123 
 
 Saw logs reduced to board meas- 
 ure, table 139 
 
 Saw-mills 119 
 
 Saw-mills, tools for 119 
 
 Saw, muley 122 
 
 Saws of saw-milla 120, 121 
 
 Screens 70 
 
 Screw 144 
 
 Seasoning and cutting cogs 99 
 
 Selection of millstones 20 
 
 Self-acting sailsof windmills 109 
 
 Separator 70 
 
 Setting the bed stone, and fasten- 
 ing the bush therein 37 
 
 Shaft for saw 123 
 
 Shafts in mill 49 
 
 Sharpening millstones 42 
 
 Slides, to set 186 
 
 Slide |ve 199 
 
 fcfnuill mill grinding different 
 kinds of grain, instructions for... 81 
 
 Smut mill 69 
 
 Solder for iron 115 
 
 Solder for lead pipe 114 
 
 Solder for tin 114 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Solders 114 
 
 Solidity, measure of. 145 
 
 Solid measure 16 
 
 Speed of stones and machinery ..124-130 
 Spindle, directions to bridge or 
 
 tram 39 
 
 Spindle for* steam mill 48 
 
 Spindle for water-mill 48 
 
 Spouts 131 
 
 Spur, crown, and bevel wheels 172 
 
 Spur gears 172 
 
 Spur wheel 173 
 
 Staff, use of in dressing millstones.. 23 
 
 Steam and the steam engine 181 
 
 Steam mill, cogs in 50 
 
 Steam mill, first moving power in.. 50 
 
 Steam mills, wheels of. 50 
 
 Steel 148 
 
 Steel composition for welding 151 
 
 Steel, degrees of heat required in 
 
 manufacture of. 148 
 
 Stone, balancing 40 
 
 Stones for grinding 77 
 
 Stones for small mill 82 
 
 Stones, necessity of dressing often.. 75 
 Stones, rules for calculating speed 
 
 of.... .-. ?......... 124 
 
 Strength of different bodies 166 
 
 Subtraction of decimals..... 17 
 
 Suction fan 70 
 
 Superficial measure 16 
 
 Sweating of wheat and flour 86 
 
 Tables to reckon price of wheat 
 from thirty cents to two dollars 
 
 per bushel .238-281 
 
 Tail-water 224 
 
 Teeth of saws 122 
 
 Teeth of wheels 173 
 
 Tempering mill picks, composition 155 
 
 Timber measure 136 
 
 Tub wheels 230 
 
 Turning the back of the running 
 stone 40 
 
 Undershot wheels 228 
 
 United States weights and meas- 
 ures 15 
 
 Untrue face of stones, effect of in 
 grinding wheat 74 
 
 Upright shaft in steam mill 51 
 
 Valves 188, 199 
 
 Velocities of the combination reac- 
 tion water-wheel, table of. 237 
 
 Velocity of wheels, pulleys, drums, 
 
 etc 161 
 
 Velocity of wind 108 
 
 Velocity to be taken into account 
 in draft and dress of millstones.. 55 
 
 Water, table of inches of necessary 
 to drive one run of stones 227 
 
286 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Water-wheels 216 
 
 Wedge 141 
 
 Weight of columns of water, table 
 
 of 228 
 
 Weights and measures 15 
 
 Welding cast steel, composition 
 
 for 151 
 
 Wells, cisterns, etc., table of, ca- 
 pacity of. 147 
 
 Wheat containing garlic 76 
 
 Wheat, different varieties of, profit 
 
 of., 
 
 118 
 
 Wheat, directions for cleaning 
 
 Wheat for private families, grind- 
 ing 118 
 
 Wheat, instructions for grinding.. 72 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Wheat, table showing the product 
 of a bushel of different weights 
 
 and qualities 116 
 
 Wheel and axle 171 
 
 Wheels, breast 222, 225 
 
 Wheels, combination reaction 237 
 
 Wheels, fastening and hanging.... 177 
 
 Wheels, flutter 232 
 
 Wheels, overshot 216, 221, 225 
 
 Wheels, pulleys, drums, etc., ve- 
 locity 161 
 
 Wheels, tub 230 
 
 Wheels, undershot 228 
 
 Windmills 104 
 
 Woods, American, table of. 167 
 
 Words used 14 
 
PLATE I. 
 
 SCALE OF HALF AN INCH TO THE FOOT. 
 
 e. The eye of the Stone. 
 
 a. The Circle Line pitched into six equal parts. 
 666. The three Beds for taking the Stone out of wind. 
 
PLATE II. 
 
 a a. The Balance Ryne. 
 6 b. The Driver Boxes. 
 c c cc. The Centre Lines. 
 
 e. The Eye of the Stone. 
 
PLATE III. 
 
 THE BED STONE. 
 

PLATE IY. 
 
 THE TRANSPARENCY. 
 
'^5f$V 
 
 ^ vr *CT T TT 1? T* *** T TT TT 
 
 gll I V Ex^ '4 i i 
 
PLATE V. 
 
 THE RUNNING STONE. 
 

PLATE VI. 
 
 TO RUN AGAINST THE SUN. 
 
PLATE VII. 
 
 a 
 
 a a. The Balance Ryne. 
 
 o. The Centre of the Stone. 
 s s. The Mill Stone. 
 
PLATE VIII. 
 
 s s. The Mill Stone, 
 a. The Balance Ryne. 
 b b. The Driver and Boxes. 
 p. The Spindle. 
 J. The Tram. 
 /. The Quill. 
 
PLATE IX. 
 
 n 
 
 SUCTION FAN. 
 

STOUT, MILLS TEMPLE, 
 
 LUDLOW ST., DAYTON, OHIO, 
 Four squares South of the Union Passenger Depot, 
 
 PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
 
 m (P* 1 
 
 9 fr- I 
 
 I 
 
 AND ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF 
 
 MILL MACHINERY AND GENERAL MILL FURNISHING GOODS, 
 
 These Wheels arid Cases possess important features in the application 
 f water, which no other wheels do. There are six or more graduated 
 lutes on these wheels, depending 1 on the diameter. Each gate and shute 
 s cast in one piece, and moves horizontally the shute being hinged at the 
 oint near the inside of the case or point of depletion. Thus, as the gate 
 
 opened or closed, the shutes move with the gates. Behind the shute is a 
 uarcl, which is cast between the upper and lower plates of the case. This 
 nurd relieves the gate from the hydrostatic pressure of the head ; conse- 
 uently, the gates are easily opened and closed by means of a ring and 
 
 vers. operated by a segment and pinion. The gate rod. on which the 
 inion is placed passes up through the husk or floor, with a hand-wheel 
 n the upper end for the purpose of operating the gates. 
 
 Whether the gates are fully or partially opened, the shutes are always 
 djusted to suit the amount of water admitted through the gates. There- 
 >re, the wheel will produce as high a per cent, of power with a half as 
 ith a full gate. 
 
 These Wheels are made strong and durable, give a high per cent, of 
 ower, and are guaranteed to give full satisfaction. All parts of Wheels 
 nd Cases are well fitted the shutes are ground off smooth, and when 
 ley leave the shop are ready to set in a penstock, requiring but a small 
 mount of labor to set them up. which any intelligent mechanic can do 
 ith the assistance of printed directions, which will be found in our 
 rinted Circulars. We are making eleven sizes, from 12 to f>6 inches dinrn- 
 ter, producing from one to three hundred and fifty horse-power, according 
 ) the diameter of the wheel and height of fall under which they are 
 
 aced. Orders filled promptly. We will be pleased to send by mail to 
 lose interested, a descriptive Catalogue of Water-Wheels, Mill Ma- 
 linery. etc. 
 
 We will prosecute parties who infringe our rights in the use or raarm- 
 
 ture of our Ring and Levers, Case Guards, Knuckle Joints, Graduated 
 
 mtes, or claims on Water-Wheels. 
 
 The author believes this Turbine Wheel one of the best now in use. It 
 as been thoroughly tested by Messrs. Sohl & Co., at their Mills. Indiaiia- 
 Dlis, Indiana, with the Leffeil Wlteel the Dayton Wheel taking consid- 
 ably less water to do the same amount of work. 
 
 1 
 
This Governor has many advantages over most, and many distinct fea 
 tures over all regulators of the steam-engine now in use, as regards bot. : 
 action and durability. The leading advantages in this Governor are ser ; 
 sitiveness without oscillation, absence of lost motion produced by weai 
 and the facility of changing the speed of the engine, without change o 
 
 2 
 
GARDNER'S COMPENSATION GOVERNOR. 
 
 belts and without stopping the engine, and involving a very small amount 
 of friction. Additional improvements have lately been added, by which 
 the steam is shut off automatically in case of any accident stopping the 
 rotary motion of the engine, or stopping the governor belt. 
 
 In this Governor the valve stem and governor stem are entirely de- 
 tached; the valve is closed by the centrifugal force extended by the balls 
 on the revolving arms, and opened by the gravitation of the adjustable 
 ' ball on the lever working over a fulcrum. There is a constant pressure of 
 gravitation operating against the varying pressure of the centrifugal 
 force. This pressure is received on a steel toe working in a taleon cup, 
 ; dispensing with all inside joints and connections, and as the pressure is 
 constant on all the bearing surfaces there is never any lost motion to take 
 up, the motion of the centrifugal balls being conveyed direct to the valve. 
 
 The speed of the engine is varied by moving the adjustable weight so as 
 to give a greater or less resistance to the centrifugal power. 
 
 In this arrangement, it will be seen that a large amount of centrifugal 
 force is developed without the necessity of carrying heavy balls (these 
 balls are hollow and light), and also gives an increased speed to the 
 Governor ; and as the gravitation of the centrifugal balls is not requisite 
 to the opening of the valve, it overcomes the difficulty noticed in most 
 Governors of the inclination of the balls to revolve in the same plane, and 
 when the motion decreases the balls seem to hang and then fall sluggishly, 
 allowing the engine to drop considerably below the speed, before the valve 
 is opened to admit sufficient steam. The valve is tubular, balanced per- 
 fectly, and free from friction, having a parallel opening and a very short 
 travel. 
 
 These Governors have now been in use for the last four years, and are 
 fast coming into general use. They are well made and neatly designed. 
 
 This Governor is the invention of Robt. N. Gardner, and was patented 
 August 14th, 1860, and is manufactured by 
 
 GAEDNER & ROBERTSON, 
 
 of Quincy, Illinois, and 
 
 HOFF & FOUNTAINS, 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 3 
 
THE UNDERSIGNED BEG LEAVE TO CALL YOUR! 
 ATTENTION TO THEIR 
 
 EXCELSIOR BOLT DUSTER! 1 
 
 Patented February 12th, 1861. 
 
 Fig. 1 represents the Machine with half of lower casing removed. Fig.; 
 2 is a face view of the brush head B, and tempering wheel C. Fig. 3 is a; 
 face view of the cloth wheel. Fig. 4 is a section of the cloth wheel. The ; 
 brush head B hangs upon the lighter screws E E, and is composed of 15 
 brushes, screwed on to an iron frame, with intermediate spaces between, 
 to admit the arm of the tempering wheel 0, which wheel also regulates 
 
EXCELSIOR BOLT DUSTER. 
 
 JTi'g.3. 
 
 tb depth of the furrows, and the elasticity or stiffness of the brushes. 
 The disk screen or cloth wheel, Fig. 3, is an iron wheel, provided on itvS 
 under side with fan blades, and to its upper side the cloth frames are at- 
 tached by screw bolts ; the cloth wheel is keyed on to the shaft and re- 
 volves within and above the air chamber F, and also beneath the stationary 
 brush head B. The air chamber F has an opening on its under side, near 
 the periphery, to which is attached the Flour spout G. Hence it is obvious 
 that the evolution of the fans on the cloth wheel in the air chamber, must 
 necessarily produce a blast at the spout G, and a downward suction 
 through the meshes of the cloth, to supply the vacuum in the air chamber 
 E, created by the blast at G. 
 
 The principle upon which the machine acts is as follows : The Bran 
 runs in the eye of the Machine ; from there it passes through the eye of 
 the stationary brush head B, on to the centre of the revolving cloth wheel 
 D, the centrifugal force of which gradually forwards it outward to the 
 periphery, where it is discharged at the bran spout II. The upper bnvn 
 
 5 
 
EXCELSIOR BOLT DUSTER. 
 
 spout returns into the eye of the lower duster, where the same operation 
 is repeated. The surfaces of the cloth and brush are perfectly level and 
 true, the bran in passing between the two is equally distributed over the 
 cloth wheel, and at the same time is thoroughly scoured by the brushes. 
 The fine particles of flour, as fast as they become detached from the bran 
 are taken through the cloth, by the suction, into the air chamber F, and 
 are discharged at spout G. 
 
 This Machine is nearly all constructed of iron, is very simple in its 
 operation, takes but little power to run it, and is very durable. The 
 brushes in this Machine are so protected by the tempering wheel 0, that 
 there is not any perceivable wear in several months' constant use. The< 
 cloth used in these Machines is a very superior article, and is manufactured 
 expressly for our use. 
 
 The principal advantages claimed for this Machine over all others are as 
 follows : First, we can make a better article of Flour from the bran or; 
 offal, than can be produced by any other machine. Second, we get a muck 
 larger quantity of flour, consequently better yields. Third, the machine, 
 while in motion, can be graduated by the miller, with the lighter screws, 
 to take out more or less. Fourth, there is no need of any duster reels, 
 and very little return cloth ; consequently, where these machines are used 
 there is a great saving in machinery, power, and room. Fifth, it makes 
 but few middlings, and what there is are clean and sharp for re-grinding. 
 To parties engaged in manufacturing high grades of flour these machines 
 are expressly adapted, as there is no difficulty in making yields, without 
 reducing the quality. 
 
 Parties using these Machines frequently run their yields down to four 
 bushels to the barrel. The saving to millers with this Machine is from ten 
 to fifteen pounds of wheat per barrel. Satisfactory evidence and reference 
 given of this fact. 
 
 The price of our Machine, capacity for Cleaning the offal from 200 bar- 
 rels per day, is $450. A competent man will be sent with the Machine to 
 see that it is put up in good order. Machines are guaranteed to do all we 
 represent, or NO PAY. 
 
 For further information, address 
 
 CLARK, ELTING & CO., 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y. Box 711. 
 
 CLARK, ELTING & CO., 
 
 214 Columbia St., Cincinnati, 0. 
 6 
 

 J-. 
 
 CENTRIFUGAL FEEDING DOUBLE SUCTION 
 SEPARATOR & SMUTTER COMBINED. 
 
 Manufactured by the Inventor, at No, 169 West Second St., Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 and also by A, K, Halteman, Oarondelet Av, & Carrol St., j3t, Louis, Mo, 
 
 This Machine was awarded the First Premium at the Fifth and Last 
 Great Annual State and National Fair, held in St. Louis, Mo., in September, 
 1860 ; and also at the Ohio State Fair, held in Cleveland, 1863. 
 
 A. J. Yandegrift is the inventor of the application of a Kevolving Plate, 
 
CENTRIFUGAL FEEDING SEPARATOR AND SHUTTER. 
 
 for the purpose of spreading grain horizontally in a thin sheet across the 
 refreshing current of air in the flues to Suction Separators, which was 
 patented by him in June, 1858. This arrangement, for feeding grain in 
 air flues properly constructed for the purpose, renders the separation 
 of the impurities from grain as perfect as it can possibly be done, on the 
 principle of taking advantage of the difference in relative specific gravity, 
 which is generally conceded to be the proper one. 
 
 The above Cut represents a perspective view of Vandegrift 's Centrifugal 
 Feeding Separator and Smutter Combined, as improved and patented by 
 him, in July, 1860. When combined, as represented by the Cut, thia 
 Machine is so constructed, that the grain being spouted in at the top, 
 passes down through a feed tube which encircles the shaft on to a revolving 
 plate which, by its rotary motion, throws the grain off' across the suction 
 current in such a manner, spreading it through all parts of the flue alike, 
 that the smut balls and all other impurities lighter than the grain itself, 
 are floated out in the most perfect manner before the grain enters the 
 scouring operator, which is also of a very superior construction, the cutxi 
 side case being composed of alternate sections of open, free tempered, old 
 stock French burr, and heavy perforated sheet-iron, which is so arranged, 
 that as fast as the dust and fibrous coating is detached from the grain, it 
 is ejected through the perforations in the sheet-iron sections of the case 
 on either side into spaces properly arranged for the purpose, and is drawn 
 away by the full force of the fan and is blown out of the mill-house, the 
 grain passing thence into another flue, where it is subjected to another 
 strong suction current, and passes away from the Machine in complete 
 order for grinding, the offal being divested of all dust, being also re-sepa- 
 rated and graded as it passes from the Machine, renders it capable of 
 being set in any part of the mill most convenient, there being no dust 
 accumulating about it. This Machine was first introduced by the inventor 
 into the Flouring Mills in the city of St. Louis, during the summer of 
 1858, the first Machine being put up in the Saxony Mills, for Messrs. 
 Leonhardt & Schuricht, which they have now been running five years, 
 having cleaned nine hundred and fifty thousand bushels of wheat through 
 it. The total expense of repairs on this Machine has been $13.10, and it 
 is now in good order, and capable of cleaning one hundred bushels per 
 hour, in the most perfect manner. This Machine has been very generally 
 adopted by the first-class Mills in the city of St. Louis arid surrounding 
 country. It is used by the following Mills in the city : 
 
 Saxony Mills. St. George Mills. Phoenix Mills. 
 
 Star Mills. Park Mill*. Planter's Mills. 
 
 O'Fallou Mills. Empire Mills. Atlantic Mills. 
 
 The manufacturers build six different sizes of this Machine, with capa- 
 cities ranging from 15 bushels to 150 bushels per hour they also build 
 various sizes of Centrifugal Feeding Suction Separators, without the 
 Scouring Operators, to order. The inventor is now being very successful , 
 in introducing these Machines into Flouring Mills, and also his Separators, 
 of very large size, to run in connection with Shipping Elevators, in the' 
 city of Cincinnati and surrounding country. 
 
 Persons interested can obtain Circulars, containing full particulars, by 
 calling on, or addressing 
 
 A. J. VANDEGRIFT, 
 
 No. 169 W. Second St., Cincinnati, 0., or 
 A. K. HALTEMAN, 
 
 Carondelet Av. and Carrol St., St. Louis, Mo. 
 8 
 
CORN SHELLER & CLEANER. 
 
 READING'S PATENT. 
 
 THIS MACHINE HAS TAKEN THE FIRST PREMIUM AT TWENTY DIFFERENT FAIRS. 
 
 In fact at every Fair at which it has been exhibited. It is warranted in 
 every point superior to any other Sheller now in use. It is very simple in 
 its construction, and also very durable ; has not a cog wheel about it. One 
 advantage it has over other Power Shellers is in the permanency, size, and 
 durability of the teeth, being very large and made solid in the Cylinder. 
 This machine, unlike all other Shellers, does not shell against a rest, but en- 
 tirely by friction ; the Cylinder is not nearer the case than four inches in 
 any position, consequently if a stone, piece of iron, or any hard substance 
 gets into the machine when running it does not injure it, but presses it in 
 among the cobs, and passes out with them without any injury to the ma- 
 chine. We build three sizes, as follows : 
 
 No. 1 Plain Sheller, capacity 1,500 to 2,500 bushels 
 per day. 
 
 No. 2 Sheller and Cleaner, capacity 600 to 1000 bush- 
 els per day, 4 Horse-Power. 
 
 No. 3 Plain Sheller, capacity 50O to 800 bushels per 
 day, 4 Horse-Power. 
 
 Our No. 1 is best adapted to distillery rise, being built extra heavy and 
 strong. Our Sheller and Cleaner fans, riddles and cleans the corn ready 
 
 9 
 
PREMIUM POWER CORN SHELLER AND CLEANER. 
 
 for market. Below we give a .few certificates from persons who are now 
 using our Shelters; we can give a large number equally as strong as the 
 following if required. For further information address the manufacturers, 
 they being prepared to fill orders for all kinds of Agricultural Implements 
 and Machinery ; also, dealers in all kinds of Field and other Seed, Fruit 
 and ornamental Trees, etc., etc. 
 
 J. WILDER & CO., 
 
 Manufacturers and Dealers, 230 Walnut St., Cincinnati, 0. 
 
 Cincinnati, August 21, 1860. 
 MESSRS. J. WILDER & CO., 
 
 GENTS : We have been using one of the No. 2 Reading Patent Corn Shellers 
 with Cleaner attached, and we believe it the best machine in use ; it is simple, durable, 
 and performs its work satisfactorily, both in Shelling and Cleaning. 
 Respectfully, yours, 
 
 THOMAS & GEORGE FOX, 
 Starch Manufacturers, Lockland, Ohio. Office 61 Walnut St. 
 
 Camp Washington Starch Factory, August TO, 1860. 
 MESSRS. J. WILDER & CO., 
 
 GENTS : In reply to your inquiry would say that I am highly pleased with the 
 working of the Sheller and Cleaner I got of you. You need have no fears in warrant- 
 ing the machine to work to the entire satisfaction of every one. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 MCDONALD & BRO. 
 
 Cincinnati, August 18, 1860. 
 MESSRS. J. WILDER & CO,, 
 
 GENTS : Having heretofore used various approved kinds of Power Corn Shellers, 
 all of which failed to meet our entire satisfaction j we, at your solicitation, tried and t 
 thoroughly tested your extra heavy No. 1 Reading Sheller, and have no hesitancy in 
 eaying that we think it far superior in every respect to any now in use. 
 
 M. DODSWOTTH, 
 A. H. SMITH & CO., 
 GEORGE COON, 
 
 Distillers, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 6- ADVERTISEMENTS of MILL MACHINERY, which meet 
 the approbation of the AUTHOR, will be inserted here by the 
 PUBLISHER, at $20 per page. Address 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 Industrial Publisher 406 Walfiut St., Philadelphia. 
 10 
 
ractical 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 HENRY CAREY BAIRD, 
 
 INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHER, 
 
 JNTo. -3LOG T*T / 1 M. ia. t t r o o t 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 tf" Any of the following Books will be sent by mail, free 
 of postage, at the publication price. Catalogues furnished 
 on application. 
 
 American Miller and Millwright's Assistant: 
 
 A new and thoroughly revised Edition, with additional 
 Engravings. By WILLIAM CARTER HUGHES. In one vol- 
 ume, 12 mo., ? $1.25 
 
 Armengaud, Amoroux, and Johnson, 
 
 THE PRACTICAL DRAUGHTSMAN'S BOOK OF INDUS- 
 TRIAL DESIGN, and Machinist's and Engineer's Drawing 
 Companion ; forming a complete course of Mechanical 
 Engineering and Architectural Drawing. From the French 
 of M. Armengaud the elder, Prof, of Design in the Con- 
 servatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and MM. Armen- 
 gaud the younger, and Amouroux, Civil Engineers. Re- 
 written and arranged, with additional matter and plates, 
 selections from and examples of the most useful and 
 generally employed mechanism of the day. By William 
 Johnson, Assoc. Inst. C. E., Editor of "The Practical 
 Mechanic's Journal." Illustrated by fifty folio steel 
 plates and fifty wood-cuts. A new edition, 4to.,... $10.00 
 
 Among the contents are : Linear Drauring, Definitions and Problems* 
 Plate I. Applications, Designs for inlfid Pavements, Ceilings and 
 Balconies, Plate II. Sweeps, Sections aj d Mouldings, Plate III. Ele 
 mentary Gothic Forms and Rosette*, Plate IV. Ovals, Ellipses, 
 
PRACTICAL A2STX) SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. 
 
 Parabolas and Volutes, Plate V. Rules and Practical Data. Study 0" 
 Projections, Elementary Principles, Plate VI. Of Prisms and other 
 Solids, Plate VII. Rules and Practical Data. On Coloring Sections, with 
 Appl ci/wms Conventional Colors, Composition or Mixture of Colors, 
 Plate X. Continuation of the Study of Projections Use of sections de- 
 tails of machinery, Plate XI. Simple applications spindles, shafts, 
 couplings, wooden patterns, Plate XII. Method of constructing a 
 wooden model or pattern of a coupling, Elementary applications- 
 rails and chairs for railways, Plate XIII. Rules and Practical Do/ri 
 Strength of material, Resistance to compression or crushing force, 
 Tensional Resistance, Resistance to flexure, Resistance to torsion, 
 Friction of surfaces in contact. 
 
 THK INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES, WITH Ar- 
 PLICATIONS. The Intersection of Cylinders and Cones., Plate XIV. The. 
 Delineation and Development of Helices, Screws &nd Serpentines, Plate 
 
 XV. Application of the helix the construction of a staircase, Plate 
 
 XVI. The Intersection of surfaces applications to stop-cocks, Plate 
 
 XVII. Rules and Practical Data Steam, Unity of heat, Heating surface, 
 Calculation of the dimensions of boilers, Dimensions of firegrates, 
 Chimneys, Safety-valves. 
 
 THK STUDY AND CONSTRUCTION OF TOOTHED GEAR. Involute, cy- 
 cloid, and epicycloid, Plates XVIII. and XIX. Involute, Fig. 1, Plate 
 
 XVIII. Cycloid, Fig. 2, Plate XVIII. External epicycloid, described 
 by a circle foiling about a fixed circle inside it, Fig. 3, Plate XIX. 
 Internal epicycloid, Fig. 2, Plate XIX. Delineation of a rack and 
 pinion in gear, Fig. 4, Plate XVIII. Gearing of a worm with a worm- 
 wheel, Figs. 6 and 6, Plate XVIII. Cylindrical or Spur Gearing, Plate 
 
 XIX. Practical delineation of a couple of Spur-wheels, Plate XX. 
 The Delineation and Construction of Wooden Patterns for Toothed Wheels, 
 Plate XXI. Rules and Practical DataToothed, gearing, Angular and 
 circumferential velocity of wheels, Dimensions of gearing, Thickness 
 of the teeth, Pitch of the teeth, Dimensions of the web, Number and 
 dimensions of the arms, wooden patterns. 
 
 CONTINUATION OF THE STUDY OF TOOTHED GEAR. Design for a 
 pair of bevel-wheels in gear, Plate XXII. Construction of wooden 
 patterns for a pair of bevel-wheels, Plate XXIII. Involute and 
 Helical Teeth, Plate XXIV. Contrivances for obtaining Differential 
 Movements The delineation of eccentrics and cams, Plate XXV. Rules 
 and Practical Data Mechanical work of effect, The simple machines, 
 Centre of gravity, On estimating the power of prime movers, Calcu- 
 lation for the brake, The fall of bodies, Momentum, Central forces. 
 
 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF SHADOWS. Shadows of Prisms, Pyra- 
 mids and Cylinders, Plate XXVI. Principles of Shading, Plate XXVII. 
 Continuation of the Study of Shadows, Plate XXVIII. Tuscan Order 
 Plate XXIX. Rules and Practical Data Pumps, Hydrostatic principles, 
 Forcing pumps, Lifting and forcing pumps, The Hydrostatic press, 
 Hydrostatical calculations and data discharge of water through dif- 
 ferent orifices, Gaging of a water-course of uniform section and fall, 
 Velocity of the bottom of water-courses, Calculation of the discharge 
 of water through rectangular orifices of narrow edges, Calculation of 
 the discharge of water through overshot outlets, To determine the 
 width of an overshot outlet, To determine the depth of the outlet, 
 Outlet with a spout or duct. 
 
 APPLICATION OF SHADOWS TO TOOTHED GEAR, Plate XXX. Ap- 
 plication of Shadows to Screws, Plate XXXI. Application of Shadoivs to 
 a Boiler and its Furnace, Plate XXXII. Shading in Black Shading in 
 Colors, Plate XXXIII. 
 
 THE CUTTING AND SHAPING OF MASONRY, Plate XXXIV. Rul.ei 
 and Practical Data Hydraulic motors, Undershot water wheels, with 
 plane floats and a circular channel, Width, Diameter, Velocity, Num- 
 ber and capacity of the buckets, Useful effect of the water wheel. 
 Overshot water wheels. Water wheels with radial floats, Water wheel 
 With curved buckets, Turbines. Remarks on Machine Tools. 
 2 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 THE STUDY OF MACHINERY AND SKETCHING. Various applications 
 and combinations: The Sketching of Machinery, Plates XXXV. and 
 XXXVI. Drilling Machine; Motire Machines; Water wheels, Con- 
 etruction and setting up of water wheels, Delineation of water wheels, 
 Design for a water wheel, Sketch of a water wheel ; Omrshot Water 
 Wheels. 'Water Pumps, Plate XXXVII. Steam Motors; High-pressure 
 expansive steam engine, Plates XXXVIII., XXXIX. and XL. Details 
 of Construction ; Movements of the Distribution and Expansion halves; 
 Rules and Practical Data Steam engines : Low-pressure condensing 
 engines without expansion valve, Diameter of piston, Velocities. 
 Steam pipes and passages, Air-pump and condenser, Cold-water and 
 feed-pumps, High-pressure expansive engines, Medium pressure con- 
 densing and expansive steam engine, Conical pendulum or centrifugal 
 governor. 
 
 OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS. Application of rules to the delineation of 
 an oscillating cylinder, Plate XLI. 
 
 PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE. Principles and applications, Plate XLII. 
 
 TRUE PERSPECTIVE. Elementary principles, Plate XLIII. Appli- 
 cationsflour mill driven by belts, Plates XLIV. and XLV. Descrip- 
 tion of the mill, Representation of the mill in perspective, Notes of 
 recent improvements in flour mills, Schiele's mill, Mullin's " ring mill- 
 stone," Barnett's millstone, Hastie's arrangement for driving millr,, 
 Currie's improvements in millstones ; Rules and Practical Data Work 
 performed by various machines, Flour mills, Saw mills, Veneer-sawing 
 machines, Circular saws. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF FINISHED DRAWINGS OF MACHINERY. Plate A, 
 Balance water-meter ; Plate B, Engineer's shaping machine ; Plate 
 C D E, Express locomotive engine ; Plate F., Wood planing machine ; 
 Plate G, Washing machine for piece goods ; Plate H, power loom : 
 Plate I, Duplex steam boiler ; Plate J, Direct-acting marine engines. 
 
 DRAWING INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Blinn, A Practical Workshop Companion 
 for Tin, Sheet-Iron, arid Copper-Plate 
 Workers : 
 
 Containing Rules for Describing various kinds ot Patterns 
 used by Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copper-Plate Workers ; 
 Practical Geometry; Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids ; 
 Tables of the Weights of Metals, Lead Pipe, etc. ; Tables 
 of Areas and Circumferences of Circles ; Japans, Varnishes, 
 Lackers, Cements, Compositions, etc. etc. By Leroy J. 
 Bliun. With numerous Illustrations. 12mo $2.50 
 
 Beans, A Treatise on Railroad Curves and the 
 Location of Railroads, 
 
 By E. W. Beans, C. E. 12mo. (In press.) 
 
 Bishop, A History of American Manufactures, 
 
 . From 1608 to 1860; exhibiting the Origin and Growth 
 of the Principal Mechanic Arts and Manufactures, from 
 the Earliest Colonial Period to the Present Time ; with a 
 
 3 
 
PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Notice of the Important Inventions, Tariffs, and the Re- 
 sults of each Decennial Census. By J. Leander Bishop, 
 M. D, : to which is added Notes on the Principal Manu- 
 facturing Centres and Remarkable Manufactories. By 
 Edward Young and Edwin T. Freedley. In two vols., 
 8vo.... $6.00 
 
 Bookbinding : A Manual of the Art of Book 
 binding, 
 
 Containing full instructions in the different branches of 
 Forwarding, Gilding and Finishing. Also, the Art of 
 Marbling Book-edges and Paper. By James B. Nicholson. 
 Illustrated. 12mo., cloth,.. $2.25 
 
 CONTENTS Sketch of the Progress of Bookbinding, Sheet- 
 work, Forwarding the Edges, Marbling, Gilding the Edges, Covering, 
 Half Binding, Blank Binding, Boarding, Cloth-work, Ornamental Art, 
 Finishing, Taste and Design, Styles, Gilding, Illuminated Binding. 
 Blind Tooling, Antique, Coloring, Marbling, Uniform Colors, Gold 
 MarMing, Landscapes, etc., Inlaid Ornaments, Harmony of Colors. 
 Pasting Down, etc., Stamp or Press-work, Restoring the Bindings of 
 Old Books, Supplying imperfections in Old Books, Hints to Book Col- 
 lectors, Technical Lessons. 
 
 Booth and Morfit, The Encyclopedia of 
 Chemistry, Practical and Theoretical i 
 
 Embracing its application to the Arts, Metallurgy, Mine- 
 ralogy, Geology, Medicine, and Pharmacy, By JAMES C. 
 BOOTH, Melter and Refiner in the United States Mint ; 
 Professor of Applied Chemistry in the Franklin Institute, 
 etc.; assisted by CAMPBELL MORFIT, author of "Chemical 
 Manipulations," etc. 7th Edition. Complete in one 
 volume, royal octavo, 978 pages, with numerous wood 
 
 cuts and other illustrations, $5.00 
 
 From the very large number of articles in this volume, it is entirely 
 Impossible to give a list of the Contents, but attention may be called, 
 to some among the more elaborate, such as Affinity, Alcoholometry, 
 Ammonium, Analysis, Antimony, Arseni^, Blowpipes, Cyanogen, Dis- 
 tillation, Electricity, Ethyl, Fermentation, Iron, Lead and Water. 
 
 Brewer; (The Complete Practical,} 
 
 Or Plain, Concise, and Accurate Instructions in the Art 
 of Brewing Beer, Ale, Porter, etc., etc., and the Process 
 ^f Making all the Small Beers. By M. LAFAYETTE BYRN, 
 
 M. D. With Illustrations. 12mo $1.25 
 
 *Many an old brewer will find in this book valuable hints and sug- 
 4 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 gestions worthy of consideration, and the novice can post himself up 
 In his trade in all its parts.'? Artisan. 
 
 Builder's Pocket Companion i 
 
 Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying, and 
 Architecture ; with Practical Rules and Instructions con- 
 nected with the subject. By A. C. SMEA.TON, Civil Engi- 
 neer, etc. In one volume, 12mo., $1.25 
 
 CONTENTS. The Builder, Carpenter, Joiner, Mason, Plasterer, 
 Plumber, Painter, Smith, Practical Geometry, Surveyor, Cohesive 
 Strength of Bodies, Architect. 
 
 " It gives, in a small space, the most thorough directions to the 
 builder, from the laying of a brick, or the felling of a tree, up to the 
 most elaborate production of ornamental architecture. It is scientific, 
 without being obscure and unintelligible ; and every house-carpenter, 
 master, journeyman, or apprentice, should have a copy at hand 
 always." Evening Bulletin. 
 
 Byrne, The Handbook for the Artisan, Me- 
 chanic, and Engineer, 
 
 Containing Instructions in Grinding and Sharpening of 
 Cutting Tools, Figuration of Materials by Abrasion, Lapi- 
 dary Work, Gem and Glass Engraving, Varnishing and 
 Lackering, Abrasive Processes, etc., etc. By Oliver 
 .JByrne. Illustrated with 11 large plates and 185 cuts. 
 8vo., cloth, $5.00 
 
 CONTENTS. Grinding Cutting Tools on the Ordinary Grind- 
 stone ; Sharpening Cutting Toojs on the Oilstone ; Setting Razors ; 
 Sharpening Cutting Tools with Artificial Grinders ; Production of Plane 
 Surfaces' by Abrasion ; Production of Cylindrical Surfaces by Abra- 
 sion ; Production of Conical Surfaces by Abrasion ; Production of 
 Spherical Surfaces by Abrasion ; Glass Cutting ; Lapidary Work ; 
 Setting, Cutting, and Polishing Flat and Rounded Works; Cutting 
 Faucets ; Lapidary Apparatus for Amateurs ; Gem and Glass Engrav- 
 ing ; Seal and Gem Engraving ; Cameo Cutting ; Glass Engraving, 
 Varnishing, and Lackering ; General Remarks upon Abrasive Pro- 
 cesses ; Dictionary of Apparatus ; Materials and Processes for Grinding 
 and Polishing commonly employed in the Mechanical and Useful Arts. 
 
 Byrne, The Practical Metal- worker's Assist- 
 ant, 
 
 For Tin-plate Workers, Braziers, Coppersmiths, Zinc- 
 plate Ornrmenters and Workers, Wire Workers, White- 
 smiths, Blacksmiths, Bell Hangers, Jewellers, Silver and 
 Gold Smiths, Electrotypers, and all other Workers in 
 Alloys and Metals. Edited by OLIVER BYRNE. Complete 
 
 in one volume, octavo, $7.00 
 
 It treats of Casting, Founding, and Forging; of Tongs and othn 
 Tools; Degrees of Heat and Management, of Fires; Welding o/ 
 
 5 
 
PKACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Heading and Swage Tools ; of Punches and Anvils ; of Hardening ai>4 
 Tempering; of Malleable Iron Castings, Case Hardening, Wrought 
 and Cast Iron; the Management and Manipulation of Metals and 
 Alloys, Melting and Mixing ; the Management of Furnaces, Casting 
 and Founding with Metallic Moulds, Joining and Working Sheet Metal ; 
 Peculiarities of the different Tools employed ; Processes dependent on 
 the ductility of Metals ; Wire Drawing, Drawing Metal Tubes, Solder- 
 Ing ; The use of the Blowpipe, and every other known Metal "Worker's 
 
 Byrne, The Practical Model Calculator, 
 
 For the Engineer, Machinist, Manufacturer of Engine 
 Work, Naval Architect, Miner, and Millwright. By 
 OLIVER BYKNE, Compiler and Editor of the Dictionary of 
 Machines, Mechanics, Engine Work and Engineering, and 
 Author of various Mathematical and Mechanical Works. 
 Illustrated by numerous engravings. Complete in one 
 large volume, octavo, of nearly six hundred pages,. .$4.50 
 
 The principal objects of this work are : to establish model calcula- 
 tions to guide practical men and students ; to illustrate every practical 
 rule and principle by numerical calculations, systematically arranged ; 
 to give information and data indispensable to those for whom it is in- 
 tended, thus surpassing in value any other book of its character ; to 
 economize the labor of the practical man, and to render his every-day 
 calculations easy and comprehensive. It will be found to be one of 
 the most complete and valuable practical books ever published. 
 
 Cabinetmaker's and Upholsterer's Companion, 
 
 Comprising the Rudiments and Principles of Cabinet- 
 making and Upholstery, with Familiar Instructions, il- 
 lustrated by Examples for attaining a proficiency in the 
 Art of Drawing, as applicable to Cabinet Work ; the 
 processes of Veneering, Inlaying, and Buhl Work ; the 
 Art of Dyeing and Staining Wood, Bone, Tortoise Shell, 
 etc. Directions for Lackering, Japanning, and Varnish- 
 ing ; to make French Polish ; to prepare the best Glues, 
 Cements, and Compositions, and a number of Receipts 
 particularly useful for Workmen generally. By J. STOKES. 
 In one volume, 12mo. With Illustrations, $1.25 
 
 " A large amount of practical information, of great service to all 
 concerned in those branches of business." 
 
 Campin. 1 Practical Treatise on Mechanical 
 Engineering; 
 
 Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging, 
 Tools, Workshop Machinery, Mechanical Manipulation, 
 Manufacture of Steam Engines, etc. etc. With an Appen- 
 dix on the Analysis of Iron and Iron Ores. By Francis 
 Campin, C. E. To which are added, Observations on th 
 6 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENBY CAKEY BAIKD 
 
 ' ' ' 
 
 Construction of Steam Boilers and remarks upon Furnaces 
 used for Smoke Prevention ; with a Chapter on Explosions; 
 By R. Armstrong, C. E., and John Bourne. Rules for Cal- 
 culating the Change Wheels for Screws on a Turning Lathe v 
 and for a Wheel-cutting Machine. By J. La Nicca. Man- 
 agement of Steel, including Forging, Hardening, Temper- 
 ing, Annealing, Shrinking, and Expansion. And the Case- 
 hardening of Iron. By GK Ede. 8vo. Illustrated with 29 
 plates and 100 wood engravings. 8vo $6.-00 
 
 Colburn, The Locomotive Engine ; 
 
 Including a Description of its Structure, Rules for Esti- 
 mating its Capabilities, and Practical Observations on its 
 Construction and Management. By ZERAH COLBURN. Il- 
 lustrated. A new edition. 12mo, $1.25 
 
 " It is the most practical and generally useful work on the Steam 
 Engine that we have seen." Boston Traveler." 
 
 Daguerreotypist and Photographer's Companion, 
 
 12mo., cloth, $1.25 
 
 Distiller (The Complete Practical), 
 
 By M. LAFAYETTE BYRN, M.D. With Illustrations. 12mo. 
 
 $1.25 
 
 "So simplified, that it is adapted not only to the use of extensive 
 Distillers, but for every farmer, or others who may want to engage iu 
 Distilling." Banner of the Union. 
 
 Dussauce, Practical Treatise 
 
 ON THE FABRICATION OF MATCHES, GUN COTTON, AND FULMI- 
 NATING POWDERS. By Prof. H. Dussauce. 12mo.,....$3.00 
 CONTENTS. Phosphorus. History of Phosphorus; Physical 
 Properties ; Chemical Properties ; Natural State ; Preparation of 
 White Phosphorus ; Amorphous Phosphorus, and Benoxide of Lead. 
 Matches. Preparation of Wooden Matches; Matches inflammable by 
 rubbing, without noise ; Common Lucifer Matches : Matches without* 
 Phosphorus ; Candle Matches ; Matches with Amorphous Phospho- 
 rus ; Matches and Rubbers without Phosphorus. Gun Cotton. Proper- 
 ties ; Preparation ; Paper Powder ; use of Cotton and Paper Powders 
 for Fulminating Primers, etc.; Preparation of Fulminating Primers, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Dassauce, Chemical Receipt Book: 
 
 A General Formulary for the Fabrication of Leading 
 Chemicals, and their Application to the Arts, Manufac- 
 tures, Metallurgy, and Agriculture. By Prof. H. Bus- 
 sauce. (/ press.) 
 
PKACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. 
 
 
 
 DYEING, CALICO PRINTING, COLOKS, COTTON SPIN- 
 NING, AND WOOLEN MANUFACTURE, 
 
 Baird, The American Cotton Spinner, and 
 Manager's and Carder's Guide: 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Cotton Spinning ; giving the Di- 
 mensions and Speed of Machinery, Draught and Twist 
 Calculations, etc.; with Notices of recent Improvements : 
 together with Rules and Examples for making changes 
 in the sizes and numbers of Roving and Yarn. Com- 
 pile 1 from the papers of the late Robert H. Baird. 
 12mo $1.25 
 
 Capron De Dole, Dussauce, Blues and Car- 
 mines of Indigo; 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Fabrication of every Commer 
 cial Product derived from Indigo. By Felicien Capron 
 de Dole. Translated, with important additions, by Pro- 
 fessor H. Dussauce. 12mo $2.50 
 
 Chemistry Applied to Dyeing, 
 
 By James Napier, F. C. S. Illustrated. 12mo $2.50 
 
 CONTENTS. General Properties of Matter. Heat, Light, Ele- 
 ments of Matter, Chemical Affinity. Non-Metallic Substances. Oxygen., 
 Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Sulphur, Selenium, Phosphorus, Iodine, 
 Bromine, Fluorine, Silicum, Boron, Carbon. Metallic Substances. 
 General Properties of Metals, Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Soap, 
 Barium. Strontium, Calcium, Magnesium, Alminum, Manganese, Iron, 
 Cobalt, Nickel, Zinc, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Bismuth, Tin, Titanium, 
 Chromium, Vanadium, Tungstenum or Wolfram, Molybdenum, Tella- 
 rium, Arsenic, Antimony, Uranium, Cerium, Mercury, Silver, Goid, 
 Platinum, Palladium, Iridium, Osmium, Rhodium, Lanthanium. Mor- 
 dants. Red Spirits, Barwood Spirits, Plumb Spirits, Yellow Spirits, 
 Nitrate of Iron, Acetate of Alumina > Black Iron Liquor, Iron and Tin 
 for Royal Blues, Acetate of Copper. Vegetable Matters used in Dyeing. 
 Galls, Sumach, Catechu, Indigo, Logwood, Brazil-woods, Sandal-wood, 
 Barwood, Camwood, Fustic, Young Fustic, Bark or Quercitron, Fla- 
 vine, Weld or Wold, Turmeric, Persian Berries, Safflower, Madder, 
 Munjeet, Annota, Alkanet Root, Archil. Proposed New Vegetable 
 Dyes. Sooranjee, Carajuru, Wongshy, Aloes, Pittacal, Barbary Root. 
 Animal Matters used in Dyeing. Cochineal, Lake or Lac, Kerms. 
 
 This will be found one of the most valuable books on the subject of 
 dyeing, ever published in this country. 
 
 Dussauce, Treatise on the Coloring Matters 
 Derived from Coal Tar; 
 
 Their Practical Application in Dyeing Cotton, Wool, and 
 
 8 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BATED. 
 
 m . n 
 
 Silk ; the Principles of the Art of Dyeing and of the Dis- 
 tillation of Coal Tar; with a Description of the mast Im- 
 portant New Dyes now in use. By Professor H. Dus- 
 sauce, Chemist. 12mo : $2.50 
 
 CON TENTS. Historical Notice of the Art of Dyeing Chemical 
 Principles of the Art of Dyeing Preliminary Preparation of Stuffs 
 Mordants Dyeing On the Coloring Matters produced by Coal Tar- 
 Distillation of Coal Tar History of Aniline Properties of Aniline- 
 Preparation of Aniline directly from Coal Tar Artificial Preparation 
 of Aniline Preparation of Benzole Properties of Benzole Prepara- 
 tion of Nitro-Benzole Transformation of Nitro-Benzole into Aniline, 
 by means of Sulphide of Ammonium ; by Nascent Hydrogen ; by Ace- 
 tate of Iron ; and by Arsenite of Potash Properties of the Bi-Nitro- 
 Beuzole Aniline Purple Violine Roseine Emeraldine Bleu de 
 Paris Futschine, or Magenta Coloring Matters obtained by other 
 bases from Coal Tar Nitroso-Phenyline Di Nitro-Aniline Nitro- 
 Phenyline Picric Acid Rosolic Acid Quinoline Napthaline Colors 
 Chloroxynaphthalic and Perchloroxynapthalic Acids Carminaph- 
 tha Ninaphyialamine Nitrosonaphthaline Naphthamein Tar Red 
 Azuline Application of Coal Tar Colors to the Art of Dyeing and 
 Calico Printing Action of Light on Coloring Matters from Coal Tar 
 Latest Improvements in the Art of Dyeing Chrysammic Acid Mo- 
 lybdic and Picric Acids Extract of Madder Theory of the Fixation 
 of Coloring Matters in Dyeing and Printing Principles of the Action 
 of the most important Mordants Aluminous Mordants Ferruginous 
 Mordants Stanniferous Mordants Artificial Alizarin Metallic Hy- 
 posulphites as Mordants Dyer's Soap Preparation of Indigo for Dye- 
 ing and Printing Relative Value of Indigo Chinese Green Murexide. 
 
 Dyer and Color-maker's Companion: 
 
 Containing upwards of two hundr.ed Receipts for making 
 Colors, on the most approved principles, for all the 
 various styles and fabrics now in existence ; with the 
 Scouring Process, and plain Directions for Preparing, 
 Washing-ofl', and Finishing the Goods. Second edition. 
 In one volume, 12mo . $1.25 
 
 French Dyer, (The) : 
 
 Comprising the Art of Dyeing in Woolen, Silk, Cotton, 
 etc., etc. By M. M. Riffault, Vernaud, De Fonteuelle, 
 Thillaye, and Mallepeyre. (In press.) 
 
 Love, The Art of Dyeing, Cleaning, Sconring, 
 and Finishing, 
 
 ON THE MOST APPROVED ENGLISH AND FRENCH METHODS ; 
 being Practical Instructions in Dyeing Silks, Woolens 
 and Cottons, Feathers, Chips, Straw, etc.> Scouring and. 
 Cleaning Bed and Window Curtains, Carpets, Rugs, etc., 
 French and English Cleaning, any Color or Fabric of 
 Silk, Satin, or Damask. By Thomas Love, a working 
 
 Dyer and Scourer. In one volume, 12ino $3.00 
 
 9 
 
PBACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 O'Neill, Chemistry of Calico Printing, Dye 
 ing, and Bleaching ; 
 
 Including Silken, Woolen, and Mixed Goods ; Practical 
 and Theoretical. By Charles O'Neill. (In press.) 
 
 O'Neill, A Dictionary of Calico Printing and 
 Dyeing, 
 
 By Charles O'Neill. (In press.) 
 
 Scott, The Practical Cotton-spinner and Man* 
 ufacturer ; 
 
 OR, THE MANAGER AND OVERLOOKER'S COMPANION. This 
 work contains a Comprehensive System of Calculations 
 for Mill Gearing and Machinery,, from the first Moving 
 Power, through the different processes of Carding, Draw- 
 ing, Slabbing, Roving, Spinning, -and Weaving, adapted 
 to- American Machinery, Practice and Usages. Compen- 
 dious Tables of Yarns and Reeds are added. Illustrated 
 by. large Working-Drawings of the most approved Ameri- 
 can Cotton Machinery. Complete in one volume, oc- 
 tavo $5.00 
 
 This edition of Scott's Cotton-Spinner, by Oliver Byrne, is designed 
 for the American Operative. It will be found intensely practical, and 
 will be of the greatest possible value to the Manager, Overseer, and 
 Workman. 
 
 . 
 
 Sellers, The Color-mixer, 
 
 By John Sellers, an Experienced Practical Workman. 
 To which is added a CATECHISM OF CHEMISTRY. In one 
 volume, 12mo... .* $2.50 
 
 Smith, The Dyer's Instructor; 
 
 Comprising Practical Instructions in the Art of Dyeing 
 Silk, Cotton, Wool and Worsted, and Woolen Goods, as 
 Single and Two-colored Damasks, Moreens, Camlets, 
 Lastings, Shot Cobourgs, Silk Striped Orleans, Plain Or- 
 leans, from White and Colored Warps, Merinos, Woolens, 
 Yarns, etc.; containing nearly eight hundred* Receipts. 
 To which is added a Treatise on tive Art of Padding, and 
 the Printing of Silk Warps, Skeins and Handkerchiefs, 
 and the various Mordants and Colors for the different 
 10 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY C A.REY BAIRD. 
 
 styles of such work. By David Smith, Pattern Dyer. 
 A new edition, in one volume, 12mo... $3.00 
 
 CONTENTS. Wool Dyeing, 60 receipts Cotton Dyeing, 68 re- 
 ceipts Silk Dyeing, 60 receipts Woolen Yarn Dyeing, 69 receipts 
 Worsted Yarn Dyeing, 61 receipts Woolen Dyeing, 62 receipts Da- 
 mask Dyeing, 40 receipts Moreen Dyeing, 38 receipts Two-Colored 
 Damask Dyeing, 21 receipts Camlet Dyeing, 23 receipts Lasting Dye- 
 ing, 23 receipts Shot Cobourg Dyeing, 18 receipts Silk Striped Or- 
 leans, from Black, White, and Colored Warps, 23 receipts Colored 
 Orleans, from Black Warps, 15 receipts Colored Orleans and Co- 
 bourgs, from White Warps, 27 receipts Colored Merinos, 41 receipts 
 Woolen Shawl Dyeing, 16 receipts Padding, 42 receipts Silk Warp, 
 Skein, and Handkerchief Printing, 62 receipts Nature and Use of Dye- 
 wares, including Alum, Annotta, Archil, Ammonia, Argol, Super 
 Argol, Camwood, Catechu, Cochineal, Chrome, or Bichromate of Pot- 
 ash, Cudbear, Chemic, or Sulphate <K Indigo, French Berry, or Persian 
 Berry, Fustic or Young Fustic, Galls, Indigo, Kermes or Lac Dye, 
 Logwood, Madder, Nitric Acid or Aqua Fortis, Nitrates, Oxalic Tin, 
 Peachwood, Prussiate of Potash, Quercitron Bark, Safflower, Saun- 
 ders or Red Sandal, Sapan-Wood, Sumach,*Tunneric, Examination of 
 Water by Tests, etc., etc. 
 
 [Ilrich, Dussauce, A Complete Treatise 
 
 ON THE ART OF DYEING COTTON AND^OOL, AS PRACTISED IN 
 PARIS, ROUEN, MULHOUSE AND GERMANY. From the French 
 of M. Louis Ulrich, a Practical Dyer in the principal 
 Manufactories of Paris, Rouen, Mulhouse, etc., etc. ; to 
 which are added the most important Receipts for Dyeing 
 Wool, as practised in the Manufacture Irnperiale dea 
 Grobelins, Paris. By Professor H. Dussauce. 12mo..$3 00 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Rouen Dyes, 106 Receipts. 
 
 Alsace " 235 " 
 
 German " 109 " 
 
 Mulhouse " 72 " 
 
 Parisiau " 66 " 
 
 Gobelins " 100 " 
 In all nearly 700 Receipts. 
 
 Easton, A Practical Treatise on Street or 
 Horse-power Railways; 
 
 Their Location, Construction and Management; with 
 general Plans and Rules for their Organization and Ope- 
 ration ; together with Examinations as to their Compara- 
 
 11 
 
PBA.CTICAL AHT> SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 tive Advantages over the Omnibus System, and Inquiries 
 as to their Value for Investment ; including Copies of 
 Municipal Ordinances relating thereto. By Alexander 
 Easton, C. E. Illustrated by twenty-three plates, -8vo., 
 cloth $2.00 
 
 Examinations of Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, 
 etc,, 
 
 As to their Purity and Adulterations. By C. H. Peirce, 
 M. D. 12mo., cloth.... $2.50 
 
 Fisher's Photogenic Manipulation, 
 
 16mo., cloth ,,...w. 62 
 
 Gas and Ventilation; 
 
 A Practical Treatise on aa aai Ventilation. By E. E 
 Perkins. 12mo., cloth .$1.00 
 
 Gilbart, A Practical Treatise on Banking, 
 
 By James William Gilbart, F. R. S. A new enlarged and 
 improved edition. Edited by J. Smith Romans, editor 
 of " Banker's Magazine." To which is added " Money," 
 by H. C. Carey. 8vo $3.50 
 
 Gregory's Mathematics for Practical Men; 
 
 Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Me- 
 chanics and Civil Engineers. 8vo., plates, cloth. ..$2.25 
 
 flardwich, A Manual of Photographic Chem- 
 istry ; 
 
 Including the practice of the Collodion Process. By J. 
 F. Hardwich. (In press.) 
 
 Hay, The Interior Decorator; 
 
 The Laws of Harmonious Coloring adapted to Interior 
 Decorations ; with a Practical Treatise on House Paint- 
 ing. By D. R. Hay, House Painter and Decorator. Il- 
 lustrated by a Diagram of the Primary, Secondary <ind 
 Tertiary Colors. 12mo. * (In press.) 
 12 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENBY CABEY BAIBD. 
 
 Inventor's Guide Patent Office and Patent 
 Laws : 
 
 Or, a Guide to Inventors, and a Book of Reference fur 
 Judges, Lawyers, Magistrates, and others. By J. G. 
 Moore. 12mo.., cloth i $1.25 
 
 Jervis, Railway Property, A Treatise 
 
 ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OP RAILWAYS ; de- 
 signed to afford useful knowledge,- in the popular style, 
 to the holders of this class of property ; as well as Rail- 
 way Managers, Officers and Agents. .By John B. Jervis, 
 late Chief Engineer of the Hudson River Railroad, Cro- 
 ton Aqueduct, etc. One volume, 12mO., cloth $2.00 
 
 CONTENTS. Preface Introduction. Construction. Introduc- 
 toryLand and Land Damages Location of Line Method of Business 
 Grading Bridges and Culverts Road Crossings Ballasting Track- 
 Cross Sleepers Chairs and Spikes Rails Station Buildings Loco- 
 motives, Coaches and Cars. Operating. Introductory Freight Pas- 
 sengers Engine Drivers Repairs to Track Repairs of Machinery 
 Civil Engineer Superintendent Supplies of Material Receipts Dis- 
 bursements Statistics Running Trains Compfetition Financial 
 Management General Remarks. 
 
 Johnson, The Coal Trade of British America; 
 
 With Researches on the Characters and Practical Values 
 of American and Foreign Coals. By Walter R. Johnson, 
 
 Civil and Mining Engineer and Chemist. 8vo $2.00 
 
 This volume contains the results of the experiments made for the 
 Navy Department, upon which their Coal contracts are now based. 
 
 Johnston, Instructions for the Analysis of 
 Soils, Limestones and Manures, 
 
 By J. F?W. Johnston. 12mo 38 
 
 Larkin, The Practical Brass and Iron Found 
 er's Guide; 
 
 A Concise Treatise on the Art of Brass Founding, Moul \- 
 ing, etc. By James Larkin. 12mo., cloth $1.25 
 
 Leslie's (Miss) Complete Cookery; 
 
 Directions for Gookery in its Various Branches. By Miss 
 Leslie. 58th thousand. Thoroughly revised ; with the 
 addition of New Receipts. In one volume, 12mo., half 
 
 hound, or in sheep $1.25 
 
 13 
 
PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Leslie's (Miss) Ladies' House Book; 
 
 A Manual of Domestic Economy. 20th revised edition. 
 12mo., sheep $1.25 
 
 Leslie's (Miss) Two Hundred Receipts in 
 French Cookery, 
 
 Cloth, 12mo 25 
 
 Lieber, Assayer's Guide; 
 
 Or, Practical Directions to Assayers, Miners and Smelters, 
 for the Tests and Assays, by Heat and by Wet Processes, 
 of the Ores of all the principal Metals, and of Gold and 
 Silver Coins and Alloys. By Oscar M. Lieber, late Geolo- 
 gist to the State of Mississippi. 12mo. With illustra- 
 tions $1.25 
 
 " Among the indispensable works for this purpose, is this little 
 guide. ' ' Artizan. 
 
 Lowig, Principles of Organic and Physiologi- 
 cal Chemistry, 
 
 By Dr. Carl Lowig, Doctor of Medicine and Philosophy; 
 Ordinary Professor of Chemistry in the University of 
 Zurich ; Author of " Chemie des Organischen Verbindun 
 gen." Translated by Daniel Breed, M. D., of the U. S. 
 Patent Office ; late of the Laboratory of Liebig and Lowig. 
 8vo., sheep $3.50 
 
 Marble Worker's Manual; 
 
 Containing Practical Information respecting Marbles in 
 general, their Cutting, Working and Polishing, Veneer- 
 ing, etc., etc. 12mo., cloth ,....$1.25 
 
 Miles, A Plain Treatise on Horse-shoeing, 
 
 With Illustrations. By William Miles, Author of "The 
 Horse's Foot." $1.00 
 
 14 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 Main & Brown, The Marine Steam-Engine, 
 
 By Thomas J. Main, F.R. Ast.S. Mathematical Professor 
 at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, and Thomas 
 Brown, Assoc. Inst. C. E. Chief Engineer R. N. attached 
 to the Royal Naval College. Authors of " Questions Con- 
 nected with the Marine Steam-Engine," and the "Indi- 
 cator and Dynamometer. ' ' With Numerous Illustrations. 
 
 In one Volume, 8vo $5.00 
 
 CONTENTS. Introductory Chapter, The Boiler, The Engine, Get- 
 ting up Steam, Duties to Machinery when under Steam, Duties to En- 
 gine, &c., on arriving in harbor, Miscellaneous, Appendix. 
 
 Main & Brown, Questions on Subjects Con- 
 nected with the Marine-Steam Engine, 
 
 And Examination Papers ; with Hints for their Solution. 
 By Thomas J. Main, Professor of Mathematics Royal Naval 
 College, and Thomas Brown, Chief Engineer R. N. 12mo., 
 cloth $1.50 
 
 Main & Brown, The Indicator and Dynamo- 
 meter, 
 
 With their Practical Applications to the Steam Engine. 
 By Thomas J. Main and Thomas Brown. With Illustra- 
 tions. 8vo., cloth $1.50 
 
 it, A Treatise on Chemistry 
 
 APPLIED TO THE MANUFACTURE OF SOAP AND CANDLES ; being 
 a Thorough Exposition, in all^heir Minutiae, of the prin- 
 ciples and Practice of the Trade, based upon the most 
 recent Discoveries in Science and Art. By Campbell 
 Morfit, Professor of Analytical and Applied Chemistry in 
 the University of Maryland. A new and improved edi- 
 tion. Illustrated with 260 Engravings on Wood. Com- 
 plete in one volume, large 8vo $7.50 
 
 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. The History of the Art and its Rela- 
 tions to Science II. Chemical Combination III. Alkalies and Alka- 
 line Earths IV. Alkalimentary V. Acids VI. Origin and. Composi- 
 tion of Fatty Matters VII. Saponifiable Fats Vegetable Fats A ni- 
 mal Fats Waxes VIII. Action of Heat and Mineral Acids of Fatty 
 Matters IX. Volatile or Essential OiFs, and Resins X The Proxi- 
 mate Principles of Fats Their Composition and Properties Basio 
 Constituents of. Fats XI. Theory of Saponifieation XII. Utensils 
 Requisite for a Soap Factory XIII. Preparatory Manipulations in 
 the Process of Making Soap Preparation of the Lyes XIV. Hard 
 
PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Soaps XV. Soft Soaps XVI. Soaps by the Cold Process XVII. Sill 
 cated Soaps-r-XVIII. Toilet Soaps XIX. Patent Soaps XX. Fraud 
 and Adulterations in- the Manufacture of Soap XXI. Candles XXII. 
 Illumination XXIII. Philosophy of Flame XXIV. Raw Material 
 for Candles Purification and Bleaching of Suet XXV. Wicks XXVI. 
 Dipped Candles XXVII. Moulded Candles XXVIII. Stearin Candles 
 XXIX. Stearic Acid Candles" Star" or " Adamantine" Candles 
 Saponification by Lame Saponification by Lime and Sulphurous Acid 
 Saponification by Sulphuric Acid Saponification by the combined 
 action of Heat, Pressure and Steam XXX. Spermaceti Candles 
 XXXI. Wax Candles XXXII. Composite Candles XXXIII. Paraffin 
 XXXIV. Patent Candles XXXV. Hydrometers and Thermometers. 
 
 Mortimer, Pyrotechnist's Companion; 
 
 Or, a Familiar System of Fire-works. By GL W. Morti- 
 mer. Illustrated by numerous Engravings. 12mo$1.25 
 
 Napier, Manual of Electro-Metallurgy; 
 
 Including tlie Application of the Art to Manufacturing 
 Processes. By Jame Napier. From the second London 
 edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrated by Engrav- 
 ings, la one volume, I2mo $1.50 
 
 Napier's Electro-Metallurgy is generally regarded as the very best 
 JPractical Treaties on the Subject in the English Language. 
 
 CONTENTS. History of the Art of Electro-Metallurgy Descrip- 
 tion of Galvanic Batteries, and their respective Peculiarities Elec- 
 trotype Processes Miscellaneous Applications of the Process of Coat- 
 ing with Copper Bronzing Decomposition of Metals upon one 
 JUiother Electro-Plating Electro-Gilding Results of Experiments 
 on the Deposition of other Metals as Coatings, Theoretical Observa- 
 tions. 
 
 Morris's Hand-book for Locomotive Engineers 
 and % Machinists ; 
 
 Comprising the Calculations for Constructing Locomo- 
 tives, Manner of settingValves, etc., etc. By Septimus 
 Norris, Civil and Mechanical Engineer. In one volume, 
 12uio., with Illustrations $2.00 
 
 * With pleasure do we meet with such a work as Messrs. Norris 
 Mrtd Baird have given us." Artizan. 
 
 M In this work he has given us what are called 'the secrets of the 
 busineas,' in the rules to construct locomotives, in order that the mil- 
 lion should be learned in all things." Scientific American. 
 
 Nystrom, A Treatise on Screw-Propellers and 
 their Steam-Engines; 
 
 With Practical Rules and Examples by .which to Calcu- 
 late and Construct the same for any description of Ves- 
 sels. By J. W. Nystrom. Illustrated by Over thirty 
 large Working Drawings, flkone volume, octavo. ,.$6.00 
 16 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 . !! II .." - - ' ' '- ' 
 
 Overman, The Manufacture of Iron in all its 
 Various Branches; 
 
 To which is added an Essay on the Manufacture of Steel. 
 By Frederick Overman, Mining Engineer. With one 
 hundred and fifty Wood Engravings. Third edition. In 
 one volume, octavo, five hundred pages $7.50, 
 
 " We have now to announce the appearance of another valuable 
 work on the subject, which, in our humble opinion, supplies any defi- 
 ciency which late improvements and discoveries may have caused, 
 from the lapse of time since the date of ' Mushet' and ' Schrivenbr.' 
 It is the production of one of our Trans- Atlantic brethren, Mr. Fred- 
 erick Overman, Mining Engineer ; and we do not hesitate to set it 
 fiown as a work of great importance to all connected with the iron In- 
 terests ; one which, while it is sufficiently technological fully to ex- 
 plain chemical analysis, and the various -phenomena of iron under 
 different circumstances, to the satisfaction of the most fastidious, is 
 written in that clear and comprehensive style as to be available to the 
 capacity of the humblest mind, and consequently will be of much ad- 
 vantage to those works where the proprietors may see the desirability 
 of placing it in the hands of their operatives." London Mining 
 Journal. 
 
 Painter, Gilder and Varnished s Companion; 
 
 Containing Rules and Regulations in every thing relating 
 to the Arts of Painting, Gilding, Varnishing and Glass 
 Staining; with numerous useful and valuable Receipts.; 
 Tests for the detection of Adulterations in Oils and 
 Colors ; and a statement of the Diseases and Accidents to 
 which Painters, Gilders and Varnishers are particularly 
 liable, with the simplest methods of Prevention and 
 Remedy. Eighth* edition. To which are added Complete 
 Instructions in Graining, Marbling, Sign Writing, and 
 Gilding on Glass. 12mo., cloth $1.25 
 
 Paper-Hanger's (The) Companion; 
 
 In which the Practical Operations of the Trade are sys- 
 tematically laid down ; with copious Directions Prepara- 
 tory to Papering ; Preventions against the effect of Damp 
 in Walls ; the various Cements and Pastes adapted to 
 the several purposes of the Trade ; Observations and Di- 
 rections for the Panelling and Ornamenting of Rooms, 
 etc., etc. By James Arrows-mith. In one volume 
 12mo , $1.25 
 
 Practical (The) Surveyor's Guide; 
 
 Containing the necessary information to make any per 
 son of common capacity a finished Land Surveyor,- with- 
 
 * 17 
 
PBACTICAL AMD SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 out the aid of a Teacher. By Andrew Duncan, Land 
 Surveyor and Civil Engineer. 12mo.. $1.25 
 
 Having had an experience as a Practical Surveyor, etc., of thirty 
 years, it is believed that the author of this volume possesses a thorough 
 knowledge of the wants of the profession ; and never having met with 
 any work sufficiently concise and instructive in the several details 
 necessary for the proper qualification of the Surveyor, it has been hia 
 object to supply that want. Among other important matters in the 
 book, will be found the following : 
 
 Instructions in levelling and profiling, with a new and speedy plan 
 of setting grades on rail and plank roads the method of inflecting 
 curves the description and design of a new instrument, whereby dis- 
 tances are found at once, without any calculation a new method of 
 surveying any tract of land by measuring one line through it a geo- 
 metrical method of correcting surveys taken with the compass, to fit 
 them for calculation a short method of finding the angles from the 
 courses, and vice versa the method of surveying with the compass 
 through any mine or iron works, and to correct the deflections of the 
 needle by attraction description of an instrument by the help of 
 which any one may measure a map by inspection,*without calculation 
 a new and short method of calculation, wherein fewer figures are 
 used the method of correcting the diurnal variation of the needle 
 various methods of plotting and embellishing maps the most cor- 
 rect method of laying off plots with the pole, etc. description of a 
 new compass contrived by the author, etc., etc. 
 
 Railroad Engineer's Pocket Companion for the 
 Field, 
 
 * By W. Griswold. 12mo., tucks : $1.25 
 
 Regnanlt, Elements of Chemistry, 
 
 By M. V. Regnault. Translated from the French by T. 
 Forrest Betton, M.D., and edited, with notes, by James 
 C. Booth, Melter and Refiner U. S. Mint, and V^illiam L. 
 Faber, Metallurgist and Mining Engineer. Illustrated by 
 nearly 700 wood engravings. Comprising nearly 1,,500 
 pages. In two volumes, 8vo., cloth $10 00 
 
 Rural Chemistry; 
 
 An Elementary Introduction to the Study of the Science, 
 in its relation to Agriculture and the Arts of Life. By 
 Edward Solly, Professor of Chemistry in the Horticul- 
 tural Society of London. From the third improved Lon- 
 don edition. 12mo $1.50 
 
 Shunk, A Practical Treatise . 
 
 ON RAILWAY CURVES, AND LOCATION FOR YOUNG ENGINEERS. 
 By Wm. F. Shunk, Civil Engineer. 12mo $1.00 
 
 Strength and Other Properties of Metals; 
 
 Reports of Experiments on the Strength and other Pro- 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 
 perties of Metals for Cannon. With a Description of the 
 Machines for Testing Metals, and of the Classification of 
 Cannon in service. By Officers of the Ordnance Depart- 
 ment TJ. S. Army. By authority of the Secretary of 
 War. Illustrated by 25 large steel plates. In one vol- 
 ume, quarto $10.01 
 
 The best Treatise on Cast-iron extant. 
 
 Tables Showing the Weight 
 
 OP ROUND, SQUARE AND FLAT BAR IRON, STEEL, etc., by 
 Measurement. Cloth 50 
 
 Taylor, Statistics of Coal; 
 
 Including Mineral Bituminous Substances employed in 
 Arts and Manufactures ; with their Geographical, Geo- 
 logical and Commercial Distribution, and Amount of Pro- 
 duction and Consumption on the American Continent. 
 With Incidental Statistics of the Iron Manufacture. By 
 R. C. Taylor. Second edition, revised by S. S. Halde- 
 man. Illustrated by five Maps and many Wood Engrav- 
 ings. 8vo., cloth ..$6.00 
 
 Templeton, The Practical Examinator on 
 Steam and the Steam Engine ; 
 
 With Instructive References relative thereto, arranged 
 for the use of Engineers, Students, and others. By Wm. 
 Templeton, Engineer. 12mo ;..... $1.25 
 
 This work was originally written for the author's private use. He 
 was prevailed upon by various Engineers, who had seen the notes, to ' 
 consent to its publication, from their eager expression of belief that 
 It would be equally useful to them as it had been to himself. 
 
 Tin and Sheet Iron Worker's Instructor; 
 
 Comprising complete Descriptions of the necessary Pat 
 terns and Machinery, and the Processes of Calculating 
 Dimensions, Cutting, Joining, Raising, Soldering, etc. 
 etc. With numerous Illustrations $2.50 
 
 Treatise (A) on a Box of Instruments, 
 
 And the Slide Rule ; with the Theory of Trigonometry 
 and Logarithms, including Practical Geometry, Survey 
 ing, Measuring of Timber, Cask and Malt Gauging, 
 
 19 
 
PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 
 Heights and Distances. By Thomas Kentish. In one 
 volume, 12mo $1.25 
 
 A volume of inestimable value to Engineers, Gaugers, Students, and 
 others. 
 
 Turiilmll, The Electro-Magnetic Telegraph; 
 
 With an Historical Account of its Rise, Progress, and 
 Present Condition. Also, Practical Suggestions in regard 
 to Insulation and Protection from the Effects of Light- 
 ning. Together with an Appendix containing several 
 important Telegraphic Devices and Laws. By Lawrence 
 Turnbull, M. D., Lecturer on Technical Chemistry at the 
 Franklin Institute. Second edition. Revised and im- 
 proved. Illustrated by numerous Engravings. 8vo..$2.50 
 
 Turner's (The) Companion; 
 
 Containing Instruction in Concentric, Elliptic and Eccen- 
 tric Turning ; also various Steel Plates of Chucks, Tools 
 and Instruments ; and Directions for Using the Eccentric 
 Cutter, Drill, Vertical Cutter and Rest ; with Patterns 
 and Instructions for working them. 12mo., cloth.. $1.25 
 
 Weatherley (Henry), Treatise on the Art of 
 Boiling Sugar, Crystallizing, Lozenge 
 making, Comfits, Gum Goods, 
 
 12mo '..... $2.0C 
 
 Williams, On Heat and Steam; 
 
 Embracing New Views of Vaporization, Condensation, 
 and Expansion. By Charles Wye Williams. Illustrated. 
 8vo $3.50 
 
 SOCIAL SCIENCE. 
 
 THE WORKS OP HENRY C. CAREY. 
 
 " I challenge the production from among the writers on political 
 economy of a more learned, philosophical, and convincing speculator 
 on that theme, than my distinguished fellow-citizen, Henry C. Carey. 
 The works he has published in support of the protective policy, are 
 remarkable for profound research, extensive range of inquiry, rare 
 logical acumen, and a consummate knowledge of history." Speech of 
 Hon. Edward Joy Morris, in the House of Representatives of the United 
 States, February 2, 1859. 
 20 
 
PUBLISHED BY HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 
 THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 
 
 " Henry C. Carey, the best known and ablest economist of North 
 America. ***** In Europe he is principally known by hia 
 striking and original attacks, based upon the peculiar advantages of 
 American experience, on some of the principal doctrines, especially 
 Malthus' ' Theory of Population' and Ricardo's teachings. His views 
 have been largely adopted and thoroughly discussed in Europe." 
 " The German Political Lexicon." Edited by Bluntschli and Brater. Leivsic, 
 1858. 
 
 " We believe that your labors mark an era in the science of political 
 economy. To your researches and lucid arguments are we indebted 
 for the explosion of the absurdities of Malthus, Say, and Ricardo, in 
 regard to the inability of the earth to meet the demands of a growing 
 population. American industry owes you a debt which cannot be re- 
 paid, and which it will ever be proud to acknowledge. From a Letter 
 of Hon. George W. Soranton, M. C., Hon. William Jessup, and over sixty 
 influential citizens of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, to Henry C. Carey, 
 April 3, 1859. 
 
 Financial Crises; 
 
 Their Causes and Effects. 8vo., paper 25 
 
 French and American Tariffs, 
 
 Compared in a Series of Letters addressed to Mons. M. 
 Chevalier. 8vo., paper 25 
 
 Harmony (The) of Interests; 
 
 Agricultural, Manufacturing and Commercial. 8vo., 
 
 paper. ...f. 75 
 
 Cloth ....$1.50 
 
 " We can safely recommend this remarkable work to all who wislt 
 to investigate the causes of the progress or decline of industrial com- 
 munities." Blackwood's Magazine. 
 
 Letters to the President of the United States, 
 
 8vo., Paper 50 
 
 Miscellaneous Works; 
 
 Comprising "Harmony of Interests," "Money," "Let- 
 ters to the President," "French and American Tariffs," 
 and "Financial Crises." One volume, 8vo ...$3.00 
 
 Money; A Lecture 
 
 Before the New York Geographical and Statistical So- 
 ciety. 8vo., paper .-. 25 
 
PKACTICAIi AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 
 
 Past (The), the Present, and the Future, 
 
 8vo $2.50 
 
 12mo $1.50 
 
 " Full of important facts bearing on topics that are now agitating 
 all Europe. * * * These quotations will only whet the appetite 
 of the scientific reader to devour the whole work. It is a book full of 
 valuable information." Economist. 
 
 " Decidedly a book to be read by all who take an interest in the pro- 
 gress of social science." Spectator. 
 
 "A Southern man myself, never given to tariff doctrines, I confess to 
 have been convinced by his reasoning, and, thank Heaven, have not 
 now to learn the difference between dogged obstinacy and consistency. 
 ' Ye gods, give us but light !' should be the motto of every inquirer 
 after truth, but for far different and better purposes than that which 
 prompted the exclamation." The late John S. Skinner. 
 
 " A volume of extensive information, deep thought, high intelli- 
 gence, and moreover of material utility." London Morning Advertiser. 
 
 " Emanating from an active intellect, remarkable for distinct views 
 and sincere convictions." Britannia. 
 
 " ' The Past, Present, and Future,' is a vast summary of progressive 
 
 Ehilosophy, wherein he demonstrates the benefit of political economy 
 a the onward progress of mankind, which, ruled and directed by over- 
 whelming influences of an exterior nature, advances little by little, 
 until these exterior influences are rendered subservient in their turn, 
 to increase as much as possible the extent of their wealth and riches." 
 Dictionnaire Universel des Contemporains. Par G. Vapereau. Paris. 
 1858. 
 
 Principles of* Social Science, 
 
 Three volumes, 8vo., clotli .". ...... .....$10.00 
 
 CONTENTS. Volume I. Of Science and its Methods Of Man, 
 the Subject of Social Science Of Increase in the Numbers of Mankind 
 Of the Occupation of the Earth Of Value Of Wealth Of the For- 
 mation of Society Of Appropriation Of Changep of Matter in Place 
 Of M hanical and Chemical Changes in the Forms of Matter. Vol- 
 ume II. Of Vital Changes in the Form of Matter Of the Instrument 
 of Assoc.ation. Volume III. Of Production and Consumption Of 
 Accumulation Of Circulation Of Distribution Of Concentration 
 and Centralization Of Competition Of Population Of Food and- 
 Population Of Colonization Of the Malthusian Theory Of Com- 
 merceOf the Societary Organization Of Social Science. 
 
 " I have no -desire here to reproach Mr. Malthus with the extreme 
 lightness of his scientific baggage. In his day, biology, animal and 
 vegetable chemistry, the relations of the various portions of the hu- 
 man organism, etc. etc., had made but little progress, and it is to the 
 General ignorance in reference to these questions that we must, as I 
 hink, look for explanation of the fact that he should, with so much 
 confidence, in reference to so very grave a subject, have ventured to 
 suggest a formula so arbitrary in its character, and one whose hollow- 
 ness becomes now so clearly manifest. Mr. Carey's advantage over 
 him, both as to facts and logic, is certainly due in great part to the 
 
 Erogress that has since been made in all. the sciences connected with 
 .fr; but then, how admirably has he profited of them ! How entirely 
 is <ae au courant of all these branches of knowledge which, whether 
 
PUBLISHED BY HEITBY CAKE'S BAIRD. 
 THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 
 
 directly of indirectly, bear upon his subject ! With what skill does he 
 ask of each and every of them all that it can be ma.de to furnish, 
 whether of facts or arguments ! With what elevated views, and 
 what amplitude of means, does he go forward in his work ! Abov 
 all, how thorough in his scientific caution ! Accumulating inductions, 
 and presenting for consideration facts the most undoubted and proba 
 bilities of the highest kind, he yet affirms nothing, contenting himself 
 with showing that his opponent had no good reason for affirming the 
 nature of the progression, nor the time of duplication, nor the gene- 
 ralization which takes the facts of an individual case and deduces 
 from them a law for every race, every climate, every civilization, 
 every condition, moral or physical, permanent and transient, 
 healthy or unhealthy, of the various populations of the many coun- 
 tries of the world. Then, having reduced the theory to the level of a 
 mere hypothesis, he crushes it to atoms under the weiakt of facts." 
 M. De Fontenay in the "Journal des Economistes." Paris, T&piember, 1862. 
 
 " This book is so abundantly full of notices, facts, comparisons, cal- 
 culations, and arguments, that too much would be lost by laying a 
 part of it before the eye of the reader. The work is vast and severe 
 in its conception anxl aim, and is far removed from the common run 
 of the books on similar subjects." 11 Mondo Letterario, Turin. 
 
 " In political economy, America is represented by one of the 
 strongest and most original writers of the age, Henry C. Carey, of 
 Philadelphia. * * * * * ****** 
 
 " His theory of Rents is regarded as a complete demonstration that 
 the popular views derived from Ricardo are erroneous ; and on the 
 subject of Protection, he is generally confessed to be the master- 
 thinker of his country." Westminster Review. 
 
 " Both in America and on the Continent, Mr. Henry Carey has ac- 
 quired a great name as a political economist. ***** 
 
 " His refutation of Malthus and Ricardo we consider most triumph- 
 ant." -London Critic. 
 
 " Mr. Carey began his publication of Principles twenty years ago ; 
 he is certainly a mature and deliberate writer. More than this, he is 
 readable : his pages swarm with illustrative facts and with American 
 instances. ************ 
 
 " We are in great charity with books which, like Mr. Carey's,- theo- 
 rize with excessive boldness, when the author, as does Mr. Carey, 
 possesses information and reasoning power." London Athenaum. 
 
 " Those who would fight against the insatiate greed and unscrupu- 
 lous misrepresentations of the Manchester school, which we 'have fre- 
 quently exposed, without any of their organs having ever dared to 
 make reply, will find in this and Mr. Carey's other works an immense 
 store of arms and ammunition. ******** 
 
 :< An author who has, among the political economists of Germany 
 and France, numerous readers, is worth attentive perusal in Eng- 
 land." London Statesman. 
 
 " Of all the varied answers to the old cry of human nature, ' Who 
 will show us any good ?' none are more sententious than Mr. Carey's. 
 He says to Kings, Presidents, and People, ' Keep the nation at work) 
 and the greater the variety of employments the better.' H*e is seek- 
 ing and elucidating the great radical laws of matter as regards man. 
 He is at once the apostle and evangelist of temporal righteousness." 
 National Intelligencer. 
 
 " A work which we believe to be the greatest ever written by an 
 American, and one which will in future ages be pointed out as the 
 most successful effort of its time to form the great scientia scientiarum." 
 Philadelphia Evening Bulletin. 
 
 23 
 
-fmACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, 
 THE WORKS OF HENRY C. CAREY. 
 
 The Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign ; 
 
 Why it Exists, and How it may be Extinguished. 12mo., 
 cloth , $1.50 
 
 CONTENTS. The Wide Extent of Slavery Of Slavery in the 
 British Colonies Of Slavery in the United States Of Emancipation 
 in the British Colonies How Man passes from Poverty and Slavery 
 toward Wealth and Freedom How Wealth tends to Increase How 
 Labor acquires Value and Man becomes Free How Man passes from 
 Wealth and Freedom toward Poverty and Slavery How Slavery 
 grew, and How it is now maintained in the West Indies How Slavery 
 grew, and is maintained in the United States How Slavery grows in 
 Portugal andjfcTurkey How Slavery grows in India How Slavery 
 grows in IreT&nd and Scotland How Slavery grows in England- 
 How oan Slavery be extinguished] How Freedom grows in Northern 
 Germany How Freedom grows in Russia Hov^ Freedom grows in 
 Penmark How Freedom grows in Spain and Belgium Of the Duty 
 of the People of the United States Of the Duty of the People of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 " As a philosophical writer, Mr. Carey is remarkable for the union 
 of comprehensive generalizations with a copious induction of facts. 
 His research of principles never leads him to the neglect of details , 
 nor is his accumulation of instances ever at the expense of universal 
 truth. He is, doubtless, intent on the investigation of laws, as the 
 appropriate aim of science, but no passion for theory seduces him 
 Into the region of pure speculation. His mind is no less historical 
 than philosophical, and had he not ch.osen the severer branch in 
 which his studies have borne such excellent fruit, he would have 
 attained an eminent rank among the historians from whom the litera- 
 ture of our country has received such signal illustration." New York 
 Tribune. 
 
 French Politico-Economic Controversy, 
 
 Between the Supporters of the Doctrines of CARET and 
 of those of RICARDO and MALTHUS. By MM. De Fontenay, 
 Dupuit, Baudrillart, and others. Translated from the 
 "Journal des Economistes," 1862-63. (In press.) 
 
 Protection of Home Lahor and Home Produc- 
 tions 
 
 Necessary to the Prosperity of the American Farmer 
 By H. C. Baird. Paper '19 
 
 Smith, A Manual of Political Economy, 
 
 By E. Peshine Smith. 12mo., cloth $1.25 
 
 24 . 
 

 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 IL 10 1916 
 
 INTERUBRARY LOAN 
 
 21875 
 
 DEC 
 
 UNIV. OF 
 
 CAUF., BERK. 
 
 30m-l,'15 
 
YB 15243 
 
m 
 
 ! 1 i 
 
 "^8 
 
 Wtl