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ENGLISH 
 POLITICAL -^^ CONSTITUTIONAL 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 -iq 
 
 1 tiiiiiain 
 
 1600 - 1900 
 
 Svllabua 
 
 0/ a Course of Lectures delivered at Cornell University ^ 
 July-August^ ig02 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD 
 
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 f UN5Vt 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 
 ITHACA, 1902 
 
ENGLISH 
 POLITICAL -- CONSTITUTIONAL 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 1600= 1900 
 
 Spllabue 
 
 Of a Course of Lectures delivered at Cornell University ^ 
 fuly- August^ I go 2 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 
 ITHACA, 1902 
 
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 The Co-operative Press, 114 Austin St. 
 Cambridge 
 
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 ENGLISH POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Overthrow of the Rotal Prerogative and the 
 Establishment of Responsible Government, 1603-1760. 
 
 Sect. I. The Beginnings of the Puritan Revolution under 
 James I, 1603-25. 
 
 I. The outlook at the commencement of the reign (Gardiner, 
 Puritan Revolution^ 1-12 ; Green, III, ch. I). 
 
 1. Pacific tendencies. 
 
 a. In England: reaction after the Armada (1688). 
 
 h. On the Continent : Peace between Spain and 
 France at Vervins, 1598 ; condition of the 
 Netherlands ; state of Germany. 
 
 c. Decline of Cartwright Presbyterianism. 
 
 2. State of religious parties. 
 
 a. Puritanism and its significance (see Green; also 
 
 Goodwin, Pilgrim Republic). 
 
 b. Rise of Arminianism. 
 
 II. Accession of James I. 
 
 1. James' descent and claim to the throne. 
 
 2. Character of James : physically and intellectually a 
 
 contrast to the Tudors (Green, III, 55 ff). 
 
 3. Influence of James' experience in Scotland ; influence 
 
 of Knox ; Andrew Melville ; James and the Kirk. 
 
 4. Pedantry of James (Green, III, 55 ff.) 
 
 III. James and the Puritans. 
 
 1. The Hampton Court Conference, Jan. 1604 (Gee and 
 Hardy, 512). 
 a. Its purpose: the " Millenarv Petition" (Lee, 
 338-41 ; Gee and Hardy, 508). 
 
 239435 
 
b. Proceedings : conduct of the King. 
 
 c. Results. 
 
 2. Attitude of the first Parliament, March, 1604. 
 
 3. The new canons adopted by Convocation, 1604. 
 
 4. Character of Archbishop Abbot, 1610. 
 
 IV. Janoes and the Catholics. 
 
 1. What the Catholics hoped ; James' promises. 
 
 2. How far persecuted and repressed under James; ban- 
 
 ishment of priests, 1604. 
 
 3. The Gunpowder Plot, 1604-1605. 
 
 V. James and his first two Parliaments. 
 
 1. Parliament of 1604-1611. 
 
 a. The religious question (see above). 
 
 b. The question of union with Scotland : the Post 
 
 JSTati, 1607. 
 
 c. The new impositions and the proposed '* Great 
 
 Contract " ; decision of the Court of Ex- 
 chequer ; the Bate's case ; dissolution of 
 Parliament, 1611. 
 
 d. Bacon's advice. 
 
 2. The case of Prohibitions, 1607 (Adams and Stephens, 
 
 332-4). 
 8. The " Addled Parliament," 1614. 
 
 a. Members. 
 
 b. Conduct and dissolution. 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Source Materials : Adams and Stephens, 326 ff. ; Lee, 335 ff. ; Gee and 
 Hardy, 508 ff. ; Colby, 177 ff. ; Calendar of State Papers (James 1), I-lII; 
 Gardiner's Parliamentary Debates in 1610 : in Camden Society, 1862 ; Wil- 
 liams' Court and Times of James /, vol. 1; Goodman's Court of King James 
 J, vol. II (original letters); Harleian Miscellany^ III, 5-34 (Gunpowder 
 Plot) ; Rennet's Complete History, V, VI. 
 
 Secondary Authorities: Gardiner, Puritan Bevolution, 1-20; lb., Stti- 
 dent's History ^11^ 481 ff. ; lb., History of England., I, II; Ranke, Hist, of 
 Englana^ I ; Neal, Puritans^ I, 227 ff. ; Green, III, chaps, i-iii ; Hallam, I, 283 ft'. ; 
 Hume, IV, 378 ff. ; Lingard, VII, 1 ff. ; Wakeman, The Church and Puritans, 
 62 ff. ; Fisher, Christian Church, 394 ft".; Fisher, Beformation, 433 ft'.; Haus- 
 s,GY, Beformation, 603 ff. ; Gooch, English Democratic Ideas., 59 ff. ; Taylor, 
 II, 210 ff". ; Bayne, Chief Actors, 27 ff". ; Cordery and Phillpotts, Jung^ and 
 Commonwealth^ 1 ft". ; Ailiin, 3Iemoirs of the Court of King James 7, vol. 1 ; 
 Jesse, Memoirs., I, 1-316 ; Vaughan, Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty. I, 74 
 ff. ; lb., History of Eng. under the House of Stuart, I, ff. ; Harris, Hist. Account 
 of the Life and Times of James I; and the works of Gerard, Jardine, and Gar- 
 diner on the Gunpowder Plot. 
 
VI. James and Lis favorites (Gardiner, Puritan Revolution^ 25 
 ff. ; lb. ^ Spanish Marriage^ l^\id^^^\m). ^ ^ 
 
 1. Danger of the Policy; in effect, as in the rel^n of 
 
 Edward II, the curia was arrayed against the camera 
 (see Stubbs, on Gaveston and the Despensers). 
 
 2. Rise and character of Robert Carr, 1613-16 ; made 
 
 Viscount Rochester, then Earl of Somerset; bis 
 connection with the Spanish Marriage project (Gar- 
 diner, Spanish Marriage^ I, 15-29) ; he distributes 
 the royal patronage ; the murder of Sir Thomas 
 Overbury and Somerset's fall. 
 
 3. Rise and character of George Villiers ; made Viscount 
 
 Villiers, then Earl, Marquis, Duke of Buckingham. 
 
 VII. James and the Spanish Marriage (Gardiner, Spanish Mar- 
 riage; Ib.t Puritan Revolution^ 23-44). 
 
 1. Significance of James' alliance with Spain ; effect of 
 
 the contrast to Elizabeth's policy ; effect on Puritans. 
 
 2. Relation nf the alliance to the Thirty Years' War : was 
 
 James' peace policy wise ? His vacillation ; loss 
 of the Palatinate. 
 
 3. Project to marry Prince Henry to the Infanta Anna, 
 
 1604, and to the Infanta Maria, 1611 (Gardiner, 
 Spanish Marriage^ I, 6-7) ; coolness with Spain, 
 1612. 
 
 4. Renewal of negotiations, 1617; motives of James; the 
 
 demands of Spain (Gardiner, Spanish Marriage, I, 
 29-30); the journey to Madrid, 1623 (Gardiner, 
 Puritan Revolution, 39-44). 
 
 5. Diplomacy of the marriage ; character and ability of 
 
 Digby ; of Sarmiento, made Count of Gondomar; 
 of Lerma, Spanish minister. 
 
 VIII. James and the Constitution (Hallam, I, chap. vi). 
 
 1. Idea of his own prerogative (Gardiner, Puritan Revo- 
 
 lution., 27-8) ; Cowell's Interpreter (Hallam, I, 
 320-1). 
 
 2. The clergy teach passive obedienec ; the Articuli cleri 
 
 1605 (Hallam, I, 317-20). 
 
 3. The fall of Chief Justice Coke (Hallam, I, 329-31, 
 
 337-43). 
 
 4. Expedients for raising money : benevolences, sale of 
 
 peerages, of monopolies and licenses ; sale of new 
 title of Baronet; distraint of knighthood; 
 impositions. 
 
5. Revival of impeachments: that of Mompesson and 
 
 others; of Bacon; of Middlesex; punishment of 
 Floyd (Hallara, I, 353 ff.) 
 
 6. James and his last two Parliaments, 1621-4. 
 
 REFEllENCES. 
 
 Source Materials : Adams and Stephens, 334 ff. ; Lee, 341 ff. ; Prothero, 
 250 ff.; Calendar of State Papers (James I), III-IV; Cobbett's Parliamen- 
 tary History, Williams' Court and Times of James I, vols. I, II; Gardi- 
 ner's Notes of the Debates in the House of Lords, 1621 : in Camden Soci- 
 ety, 1870; Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons, 1620-21 (Ox- 
 ford, 1766) ; Gardiner's translation of Francisco de Jesu's El hecho de los 
 tratados del matrimonio : in Camden Society^ 1869 ; various papers in 
 Harleian Miscellany, III, IV; Rushworth, Hist. Collections!, 1-164; Devon, 
 Issues of the Exchequer. 
 
 Secondary Authorities: Gardiner, Puritan Bevolution, 20-44; lb.. Stu- 
 dents' History, II, S6~odl; lb., SjMuish Ma7'7iage,l,Il; or the same in lb., 
 History of England, 111, IV; Seeley, Growth oj British Policy, I, 263 ff . ; Hal- 
 lam, chap, vi; Green, III, 81-121 ; Hume, IV, 425 ff. ; Lingard, VII, 1^7 ft*. ; 
 Goldwin Smith, United Kingdom, I, AO^ fl.; Bright, II, 581 ff. ; Smith, Hist. 
 Par., I, 359; Gneist, Const. History, II, 232 ff. ; Carlyle, Historical Sketches 
 of Notable Persons; Aikin, Memoirs, II; the works of Jesse and Vaughan 
 as above cited. 
 
 Sect. II. Charles I. and His First Three Parliaments, 
 
 1625-1629. 
 
 I. Accession of Charles. 
 
 1. His character compared with that of James I ; his rela- 
 
 tion to Buckingham. 
 
 2. How embarrassed by his compact with France and 
 
 others. 
 
 a. Promises of money. 
 
 b. Promises of toleration for Catholics. 
 
 II. The first parliament, 1625. 
 
 1. The question of a subsidy: only 140,000 pounds 
 
 granted. 
 
 2. Commons express lack of confidence in Buckingham : 
 
 dissolution. 
 
 III. Interval between first and second parliaments, 1625-6. 
 
 1. The Cadiz fiasco, 1625. 
 
 2. Ships loaned to France. 
 
 3. People suspect Buckingham of trying to involve Eng- 
 
 land in war with France. 
 
 4. King makes the leaders of the Commons sheritt's. 
 
IV. The second Parliament, 1626. ~^ 
 
 1. Leadership of John Eliot; character; his theory oi the 
 
 supremacy of the Commons. 
 
 2. Impeachment of Buckingham. 
 
 a. Eight articles of impeachment. 
 
 b. King's message interdicting impeachment : dis- 
 
 regarded. 
 
 3. Imprisonmet of Eliot and Digges ; Commons resent the 
 
 violation of privilege ; King releases the prisoners. 
 
 4. Imprisonment of the Earl of Bristol in violation of the 
 
 Lords' privilege (Hallam, I, 371-3). 
 
 V. The second interval, 1626-7. 
 
 1. War with France; failure of the expedition to Rh^ 
 
 (Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 55-57). 
 
 2. The "free gift" and the "forced loan," 1626. 
 
 a. Imprisonment of men who refused the loan ; 
 
 impressment of others for the navy. 
 
 b. The " Five knights " case before the King's bench 
 
 (Hallam, I, 375-79; Gardiner, Documents^ 
 pp. xxii-iii ; /6., Revolution^ 57). 
 
 c. Billeting soldiers and martial law. 
 
 VI. The Third Parliament, 1628-9. 
 
 1. The first session, 1628. 
 
 a. The Petition of Right : text (Adams and 
 
 Stephens, 339-42 ; Gardiner, Documents^ 1-5; 
 Creasy, 291 ff.) ; the debate (in Creasy, 286 
 ff.); the King's assent; importance of the 
 statute. 
 
 b. The King's bad faith shown in his conference 
 
 with the judges (Hallam, I, 382-4). 
 
 c. The Remonstrance against Tonnage and Pound- 
 
 age (Gardiner, Documents^ 5-7; Gardiner, 
 Puritan Revolution^ 61-3). 
 
 d. King's speech at the prorogation, June 26, 1628 
 
 (Gardiner, Documents, 8-9). 
 
 2. Interval between the sessions. 
 
 a. Assassination of Buckingham, August 23, 1628. 
 
 b. The question of imposts : Petition of Right 
 
 vs. the Bate's case precedent. 
 
 c. Religious difficulties ; cases of Montagu and 
 
 Manwarring ; rise of High Church principles; 
 Sabbath observance; Arminian controversy 
 (Hallam, 386 ft'.) 
 
 d. The King's Declaration (Gardiner, Documents^ 
 
 9-11). 
 
8 
 
 3. The second session. 
 
 a. Rolle's privilege ; position of Pym. 
 
 h. Discussion of religious innovations ; resolutions 
 of the sub-committee of the Commons (Gar- 
 diner, Documents^ 11-16). 
 
 c. Breach with the King ; the Three Resolutions, 
 
 1629 (Gardiner, Documents^ 16-17). 
 
 d. King's Declaration showing cause of the dissolu- 
 
 tion of Third Parliament (Gardiner, Docu- 
 ments^ 17-31). 
 VII. Statesmanship of Eliot, Pym, and Wentworth compared. 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Source Materials: Gardiner, Documents^ pp. xxi-xxvii, 1-31 ; Adams and 
 Stephens, 339-46; Lee, 348-52 (Petition of Right); Calendar of State Pa- 
 pers (ChSirles I), I-III; Rushworth, Collections, I, 165-691; Statutes of the 
 Realm, V; Gardiner's Notes of the Debates in the House of Lords, 1624 and 
 1626 : in Camden Society, 1879 ; his Debates in the House of Commons^ 1625 : 
 in Camden Society^ n.s., 6, 1873 ; his Documents Illustrating the Impeach- 
 meyit of the Duke of JBuckingham in 1626 ; in Camden Society, n.s., 45, 
 1889 ; Williams' Court and Times of Charles I; Wliitelock's Memorials, 1- 
 14; Harleian Miscellany, XII, 50-72. 
 
 Secondary Authorities : Gardiner, Puritan Bevolution, 48-71; 76., Stu- 
 dents' History, II ; Ih., Buckingham, I, II ; or the same in 76., Hist, of Eng- 
 land, V, VI; Forster, Eliot; Ranke, History of England, I; Gold win Smith, 
 United'Kingdom,\,'^QS&., ^eoYey, Growth of British Policy, I, 330 ff. ; Hal- 
 lam, I, chap, vii; Creasy, Constitution, 280 ff. ; Green, III, chap, v; Hume, v, 
 1 ff. ; Lingard, VII, 283 ff. ; Ransome, Constitution, 138 ff. ; Taylor, II, 253 ff. ; 
 Bayne, Chief Actors, 103 ff. (Henrietta and Buckingham), 149 ff. (Charles I) ; 
 Cordery and Phillpotts, King and Commonwealth, 29 ff. ; Guizot, Eitg. Revolu- 
 tion, 79 ff. ; Harris, Hist. Account of the Life and Writings of Charles /; Jesse, 
 Memoirs, I, 317 ff. ; II, 1-122 ; Aiken, Memoirs of the Court of King Charles 7; 
 Vaughan, Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty, I, 350 ff. ; lb.. Hist, of England 
 under the House of Stuart, 1,204 ff . ; Chancellor, Life of Charles I (1600- 
 1625) ; Neal, Puritans, I, 278 ff. ; Masson, Life of Milton, I. 
 
 Sect. III. The Reign of Thorough : Unparliamentary 
 Government, 1629-1640. 
 
 I. Four years of preparation, 1629-1633. 
 
 1. Was Charles justifiable in the attempt to rule without 
 Parliament; his proclamation. 
 
 a. Charles' idea of his prerogative and of his con- 
 
 stitutional powers (Gardiner, Puritan Revo- 
 lutioii, 71-3). 
 
 b. Narrowness and intolerance of the Parliament of 
 
 1628-9. 
 
2. The ministers of Charles. 
 
 a. Treasurer Weston : character and policy ;~ex^ 
 
 pedients to raise money. 
 
 b. Laud, bishop of London : his character ; Star 
 
 Chamber sentences ; his ecclesiastical changes. 
 
 c. Wentworth, president of the Council of the 
 
 North ; his ideal of government. 
 
 3. Types of Anglican clergy. 
 
 a. George Herbert (Gardiner, Puritan Revolution^ 
 
 79). 
 h. Richard Sibbes (Gardiner, 80-1). 
 
 4. Prosecutions of Eliot, Holies, Valentine, and others for 
 
 conduct in Parliament. 
 a. The question of freedom of speech in Parliament 
 
 (Hallam, I, 412.415). 
 h. Death of Sir John Eliot (Forster, Eliot, II; 
 
 Gardiner, Puritan Eevolutio7i, 70-1 ; Hallam, 
 
 1,415). 
 c. The Act of 1667 (Hallam, I, 416). 
 
 II. Seven years of Thorough, 1634-1640. 
 
 1. Administration of Archbishop Laud. 
 
 a. Policy and character. 
 
 b. The renewal of the " Declaration of Sports," 
 
 1633 (see Gardiner, Documents, 31-5). 
 
 c. The Communion Table (Gardiner, Documents, 
 
 35-7, Act of the Privy Council). 
 
 d. Laud's use of ceremonial (Hume, IV, chap. 32). 
 
 e. Sentence of Prynne, 1634; his " Histriomastix." 
 /. The metropolitical visitation, 1634. 
 
 2. Civil administration. 
 
 a. Forest Courts (Hallam, I, 503; Gardiner, PuiH- 
 
 tan Revolution, 90). 
 
 b. Monopolies, etc. 
 
 c. Ship money (Rush worth, II, 252 ff.) 
 
 1. The first levy: the writ (in Gardiner, 
 
 Documents, 37-9). 
 
 2. The second and third levies. Consulta- 
 
 tion of the judges (Gardiner. Docu- 
 ments, 40 ). 
 
 3. Hampden's case : speeches of St. John 
 
 and Berkeley (Gardin^r^ Documents, 
 41-54). 
 
 3. Punishment of Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton, 1637 
 
 (Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 94-5; (Milton's 
 Lycidas (Gau'diner, Puritan Revolution, 96). 
 
10 
 
 4. Wentworth's Reign of Thorough as Lord Deputy in' 
 
 Ireland, 1634-7 (Gardiner, Documents, 97-102). 
 
 5. Resistance in Scotland, 1637-1640. 
 
 a. Why James established Episcopacy in Scotland. 
 
 b. The New Prayer Book, 1637. 
 
 c. The four tables (Committees) take control. 
 
 d. The Covenant signed, 1638 (Gardiner, Docu- 
 
 ments, 54-64). 
 
 e. Hamilton in Scotland : Episcopacy abolished by 
 
 Glasgow Assembly, 1638. 
 /. The First Bishops' War, 1639. 
 g. The English Short Parliament, 1640 ; influence 
 
 of Wentworth (Earl of Strafford). 
 h. The Second Bishops' War, 1640. 
 i. A Great Council summoned : advice of the Peers 
 (see Gardiner, Documents, 64-6). 
 III. Summary of abuses and illegal acts of the period, 1629-40 
 (Hallam, I, chap. viii). 
 
 1. Expedients to raise money. 
 
 a. Tonnage and poundage. 
 
 6. Monopolies; the soap monopoly(Hallam, I, 420). 
 
 c. Comoulsory knighthood. 
 
 d. Forest laws, etc. 
 
 e. Ship money. 
 
 2. Proclamations. 
 
 3. Star Chamber sentences (Taswell-Langmead, 581-4; 
 
 Hallam). 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Source Materials: Gardiner's Documents^ 31-G6; Adams and Stephens, 
 347-50; Lee, 352-7 (ship-money) ; TXw^\\\\OYi\\, Collections, 11, 111; Thurloe, 
 State Papers, 1,1 f!L.; Calendar of State /'rt/^rj (Charles I), III-XVI ; Gardi- 
 ner's Notes on the Judgment delivered by Sir George Croke in the case of ship- 
 money : in Camden Society, Misc , vol. VII, 1875; lb.. Documents relating to 
 the Proceedings against William Prynne in 1GS4: and 1637; in Camden Society, 
 n. S., vol. 18, 1877 ; lb., Report of Cases in the Courts of Star Chamber and High 
 Commission: in Camden Society, n. s., vol. 39, 1886; lb., Hamilton Papers, 
 1-103: in Camden Society , Xi. s., vol.27, 1880; Whitelock's Memorials, 14-33; 
 Green's Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria; Wallington's Historical Notices; 
 Baillie, Letters, 1, 1-288; May, Long Par., 27 ff. 
 
 Secondary Authorities : Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 71-110; Lb., Students 
 History, II, 514 ft'. ; Jb., Hist, of England, VII-IX ; Ranke, Hist, of England, 
 II, 1-212; Hume, v.; Rogers, Hist. Gleanings (Laud); Gneist, Hist. Parlia- 
 ment, 252 ft". ; Smith, LList. Parliament, I, 387 ff. ; Ransome, Constitution, 149 
 flf. ; Green, III, MS ft". ; Jesse, Memoirs, II, 123 ff. ; Bayne, Chief Actors, 57 
 tf. (Laud and Stroitbrd) ; Cordery and Vhillpotts, ICing^ and Commonwealth, 
 51ft.; Guizot, Eng. Revolution, 34-85; Vaughan, Memorials, I, 445 ft". ; Mas- 
 son, Milton, 'I, II; Neal, Puritans, I, 297 ft'. ; and the works of Bright, Lin- 
 gard, and Taylor. 
 
11 
 
 Sect. IV. The First Work of the Long Parliament, _ 
 1640-1642. 
 
 I. The restoration of the constitution (Hallam, I, 498-506; Gar- 
 diner, Puritan Revolution^ 110 ff. ; Gardiner, Documents^ 67 ff.) 
 
 1. Character and composition of the Parliament. 
 
 2. The Triennial Act, February 15, 1641 (Gardiner, 
 
 Documents, 74-84; Adams and Stephens, 350-9). 
 a. Provisions. 
 h. Constitutional significance. 
 
 3. The Impit#)y.ment Act, February 18, 1641-:^ Gardiner, 
 
 Documents^ 164-6; Hallam, I, 503). 
 
 4. Tonnage and Poundage Act, June 22, 1641. 
 
 5. Act for abolition of the Star Chamber, July 5, 1641 
 
 (Gardiner, Documents, 106-12; Adams and 
 Stephens, 363-6). 
 
 a. Jurisdiction ot Star Chamber and Council taken 
 away. 
 
 h. Jurisdiction of Council of North and other extra- 
 ordinary courts abolished. 
 
 c. The council may still examine and commit ; but 
 under right of writ of habeas corpus. 
 
 6. Court of High Commission abolished, July 5, 1641 
 
 {Gf2i.Ydi\uQ\\ Documents, 112-115; Adams and Ste- 
 phens, 366-9). 
 
 7. Act for limitation of forests, August 7, 1641 (Gardiner, 
 
 Documents, 117-21). 
 
 8. Act prohibiting knighthood fees, August 10, 1641 (Lee, 
 
 355 ; Gardiner, Documents, 121-2). 
 
 9. Act declaring ship-money illegal and judgment against 
 
 Hampden declared null, August 17, 1641 (Gardi- 
 ner, Documents, 115-17; Adams and Stephens, 
 369-71). 
 
 10. Real significance of the series of great statutes 
 
 enumerated (Hallam, I, 504-6). 
 
 II. The trial and punishment of Strafford (Hallam, I, 507-14; 
 Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 111-113; lb.. Documents, 85-7). 
 
 1. The procedure by impeachment: was it justified? 
 
 Alleged conduct of Vane? Position of Pym ? 
 
 2. The procedure by bill of attainder. 
 
 3. Was Strafford's punishment just? 
 
 III. Act against dissolving the Long Parliament, May 11, 1641,^ 
 made parliamentary despotism possible (Gardiner, Documents, 
 
 87-8). 
 
12 
 
 IV. The attack on the bishops. 
 
 1. The "Root and Branch Petition," December 11, 1640 
 
 (Gardiner, Documents^ 67-73) . 
 
 2. ii'irst bill against the bishops fails in the Lords, July 
 
 1-3, 1641 (Gardiner, Documents, 94-100; Gar- 
 diner, Puritan Revolution, 116). 
 
 3. The " Root and Branch Bill " in the Commons. 
 
 4. Falkland, Hyde, and the moderate church party : its 
 
 weakness ; the King's failure to support the party 
 (Gardiner, Puritan Hevolution, 116-118). 
 
 V. The Grand Remonstrance, December 1, 1641. 
 
 1. Effect of the King's visit to Scotland, and of the Irish 
 
 insurrection (Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 
 119-20). 
 
 2. Spirit of the Remonstrance : the debate. 
 
 3. Provisions of the Remonstrance (Gardiner, Documents, 
 
 127-154; Adams and Stephens, 376-80. 
 
 4. Reception of King on return from Scotland by people 
 
 of London. 
 
 5. Impeachment and attempted arrest of the Five Mem- 
 
 bers (Gardiner, Documents, 158-63. 
 
 6. The Commons in the Guildhall ; King leaves Whitehall 
 
 (January 10, 1642). 
 
 7. The Clerical Disabilities Act, February 13, 1642; 
 
 and the struggle for the command of the militia 
 (Gardiner, Documents, 163-4, 166-8, 169 ff.). 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Source Materials : Gardiner's Documents, 67 ff. ; Adams and Stephens, 
 350-83; Lee, 355 flf. ; Colby, 188 fi'. ; Calendar of State Papers (Charles I), xvi- 
 xvii ; Johnson's Fairfax Correspondence : A/emorials of the Reign of Charles I ; 
 Gardiner's Hamilton Papers, 103 If.; W\\\l&\oc\Cs Afetnorials, 33 fl". ; Rush- 
 worth's Collections, III, 1084: ff. ; lb., Tryal of Strafford ; May, History of the Long 
 Parliament, 70 ff. ; Bruce' S Notes of the Treaty . . at Kipon : in Camden Society, 
 1869; lb., Verney Papers: Azotes of Proceedings in the Long Parliament: in 
 Camden Society, 31, 1874; Clarendon, Great Rebellion; Harleian Miscellafiy, 
 IV ; Thurloe, State Papers, I ; Knowler's Strafforde' s Letters and Dispatches ; 
 Baillie's Letters, I. II. 
 
 Secondary Authorities: Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 110-24; lb.. Stu- 
 dent's History, 11,529-36; lb.. Hist, of England, IX, X; Hallam, I, chap, ix ; 
 Smith, Three English Statesmen, 1-51 (Fym) ; Rogers, Gleanings, 67-127 (Laud); 
 Forster, Arrest of the Five Members; lb., Grand Remonstrance ; Green, III, 
 102-216; Hume, V, chaps. 54-5; Gneist, Constitution, 11, 221-56; lb.. Hist. 
 Parliament, 220 ff. ; Cordery and Phiilpotts, King and Commonwealth, 82 ff. ; 
 Guizot, Eng. Revolution, 86-161; Vaughan, Hist, of England under the House 
 •of Stuart, 1,314 ff. ; Neal, Puritans, I, 350 ff. ; Masson, Milton, II; and the 
 works of Taylor, Lingard, Creasy, and Ranke. 
 
13 
 
 Sect. V. The Civil War and the Fall of the Monarchy, 
 
 1642-1649. 
 
 I. Beginning of the Civil War. 
 
 1. Conservatism of ttie Commons and of their leader, Pym. 
 
 a. As to uniformity of belief. 
 h. As to institutions. 
 
 2. War begins : King's standard set up at Nottingham, 
 
 Aug. 22, 1642; elements of the King's army; 
 Powick Bridge, Sept. 22 ; Edgehill, ^t. 23 ; in- 
 competency of Essex. 
 
 3. Royalist successes : defence ot London, Nov. 13. 
 
 4. Propositions presented to the King at Oxford, Feb. 1, 
 
 1643 (Gardiner, Documents, 182-186): compare 
 with the " Nineteen Propositions " of June 1, 1642 
 (Gardiner, Documents^ 170-175). 
 
 5. Rise of Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 a. Origin and character. 
 
 h. His regiment of " Ironsides." 
 
 6. Campaign of 1643. 
 
 a. Royalist successes in the South. 
 
 b. Death of Hampden at Chalgrove Field, June 24, 
 
 1643 (Green, III, 220-5). 
 
 c. First battle of Newbuijj indecisive : death of 
 
 Falkland. ^ 
 
 II. Presbyterians and Independents. 
 
 1. The Westminster Assembly, 1643. 
 
 2. The " Solemn League and Covenant," Sept. 25, 1643 
 
 (Gardiner, Documents, 187-90 ; Green, III, 226-8). 
 a. Arose in need of Scotch alliance. 
 h. Determines ultimate adoption of Presbyterian- 
 ism by Parliament, 
 c. Fanaticism of the Puritans. 
 
 3. Death of Pym, December 6, 1643. 
 
 4. Execution of Laud, January 10, 1644 (Rogers', Glean- 
 
 ings, 121-7). 
 
 5. Rise of the Independents (Green, III, 234 ff. ; Gooch, 
 
 chaps. I, II, III). 
 
 a. Principles of the Separatists. 
 
 h. The propagation of sects (Masson's Life of 
 Milton) ; rise of the doctrine of toleration 
 of " Liberty of conscience " (Gooch). 
 
 c. Bigotry of the Presbyterians ; death of Chilling- 
 worth and conduct of Cheynell (Gardiner, 
 Revolution, 134-5). 
 
14 
 
 III. The great battles and end of the first Civil War. 
 
 1. Independency in the army. 
 
 a. The " Eastern Association" formed by Hamp- 
 
 den (Green, III); placed under Manchester, 
 1643 ; progress of Cromwell. 
 
 b. Marston Moor, July 2, 1644 (Carlyle's Letters 
 
 of Cromicelly I, 149-152) : a victory for the 
 Independents (Gardiner, Revolution^ 139). 
 
 2. The *' new model " and the '' self-denying ordinance" 
 
 (Carlyle's Letters^ I, 153-8; Gardiner, Revolution^ 
 140-2; lb., Documeiits, 205-6). 
 
 3. Suspension of the self-denying ordinance in favor of 
 
 Cromwell. 
 
 4. Montrose overruns Scotland. 
 
 5. Battle of Naseby, June, 1645 (Carlyle's Letters^ I, 
 
 165-170). 
 
 6. Montrose beaten a Philiphaugh, September 13, 1645. 
 
 7. War ends with surrender of Raglan Castle, Aug., 1646. 
 
 IV. Struggle between the army and parliament, 1645-1649 
 (Green, III, ch. X). 
 
 1. The King puts himself in the hands of the Scots; they 
 
 take him to Newcastle, May, 1646. 
 
 2. The Puritan army ; sects ; religious feeling ; Crom- 
 
 well's toleration (Gardiner, Revolution^ 144-5). 
 
 3. The Parliament's propositions made to the King, July, 
 
 1645 (Gardiner, Docmnents, 208-222; lb., Revo- 
 lution, 145-6) ; the King's answers (Docmnents, 
 223-232). 
 
 4. The King put in the hands of Parliamentary commis- 
 
 sioners, Jan. 30, 1647 ; and is kept at Holmby 
 House until June 4, when he is brought to the 
 army and conducted to Newmarket (Gardiner, 
 Revolution, 146-7). 
 
 5. The eleven Presbyterian members of the House ex- 
 
 cluded by the army (Carlyle's Letters, I, 206-223). 
 
 6. Proposals of the army to the King, August 1, 1647 
 
 (Gardiner, Documents, 232-241). 
 
 7. Flight of King to Isle of Wight, November 11, 
 
 1647; he intrigues with the Scots for an invasion 
 of England (Gardiner, Docuraents, 259-264). 
 
 8. The second Civil War: insurrections in Eng;land, 1648 ; 
 
 the Scots defeated at Preston, August 17, 1648. 
 
 9. The army Eemonstrance, November 20, 1648 : the 
 
 King to be brought to justice. 
 
 10. Pride's Purge, December 6, 1648. 
 
15 
 
 11. The trial and execution of the King (Green, III, 
 258-63 ; Gardiner, Documents, 268-290, lb., G'mat- 
 Clvil War. 
 
 KEFERENCES. 
 
 Source Materials: Gardiner's Documents, 182-290; Adams and Stephens, 
 383 ff, ; Lee, 348-72, 364-6 (charge against the King) ; Rushworth, Collections, 
 IV (547 ff.)-VII; Calendar of State Papers (Charles I), xviii-xxii; Claren- 
 don, Great Rebellion^ I, II ; Carlyle's Letters and Speeches of Cromwell, I ; 
 QBxy^S Memorials of the Great Civil War,, 1646-52; Bell's Fairfax Correspon- 
 dence: MejHorials of the Civil War; WdiYnev'^ Nicholas Papers [lQA:\-bQ) : in 
 Ca??iden Society, n. s., vols. 40 (1886), 50 (1892), 57 (1897) ; Guthry's Memoir?; 
 Whitelock's Meviorials,, 57-385 ; May, Long Parliament, 58 fi'. ; Thnrloe, State 
 Papers, I; Ludlow's Memoirs-, Nalson's Collections-, Shaw's Phmdered Minis- 
 ters' Accounts: in Record Society,, 28 (1893), 34 (1897); Stanning's Royalist 
 Composition Papers: in Record Society, 24 (1891), 26 (1892), 29 (1894), 36 
 (1898); Green's Cal. of Procds. of Committee for Advance of Money;. 164:2-56 ; 
 lb., Cal. of Procds. o/ Committee for Coi?ipoundifig, 1643-1660. 
 
 Secondary Authorities : Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 125-153; lb.. Stu- 
 dent's History, II, 532-60; Ih., Hist, of England, X; lb.. Great Civil War, I-IV ; 
 Ranke, 7¥z>/. of England, II; Green, III, 217-63; B^o^m^x, Sir Henry Vane, 
 137 ff.; Smith, Hist. Parliament, I, 416 ff. ; Hume, V, 227 ff, ; Bright, II, 658 
 ff; Lingard, VIII; Bayne, Chief Actors, 249 ff. (Vane), 389 ff. (Cromwell), 
 437 ff. (Clarendon); Cordery and Phillpotts, King and Commonwealth, 123 ff.; 
 (jm-LoX, Eng. Revolution, 161-436; Neal, Puritans, I, 409 tf . ; Masson, Milton, 
 II-IV; and especially Markham's Great Lord Faijfax. 
 
 Sect. VI. The Interregnum, 1649-1660. 
 A. Tlie CommonwealtJi, 1649-1653 {Dec. 16). 
 
 I. Results of the execution of Charles. 
 
 1. Was his execution legal ? Was it politically justifiable ? 
 
 Was it politically expedient? 
 
 2. Was there just cause for deposition, if not for 
 
 execution ? 
 
 3. Charles' view of his own authority. 
 
 4. Was the overthrow of the monarchy historically 
 
 justifiable ? 
 
 II. Establishment of the commonwealth. 
 
 1. Council of State (of 41 members) created by ordinance, 
 
 February 13, 1649 (Gardiner, Documents, 290-3). 
 
 2. Office of Kiii^ abolished, March 17, 1649 (Gardiner, 
 
 Documents, 294-6). 
 
 3. House of Lords abolished, March 19, 1649 (Gardiner, 
 
 Documents, 296-7). 
 
 4. Commonwealth established by ordinance. May 19, 1649 
 
 (Gardiner, Documents, 297"). 
 
16 
 
 III. History of the commonwealth. 
 
 1. Cromweira conquest of Ireland, 1649-1652. 
 
 a. Origin of the war; state of Ireland (Carlyle, I, 
 
 374-80). 
 
 b. Alliance of Royalists and native Roman 
 
 Catholics. 
 
 c. Massacres of Drogheda (Aug. 15, 1649) and 
 
 Wexford : criticism of Cromwell's conduct 
 (see the letters in Carlyle, I, 380-392). 
 
 d. Confiscation of the three provinces (Gardiner, 
 
 Bev., 156-7; Carlyle, I, 426-9). 
 
 2. Charles II and Scotland. 
 
 a. Dunbar, Sept. 3, 1650 (Carlyle, I, 457-476). 
 
 b. Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651 : Cromwell's " Crown- 
 
 ing mercy." 
 
 c. Charles escapes to France. 
 
 3. Dissolution of the Long Parliament. 
 
 a. The revolutionary force was spent : ideas and 
 
 ideals of Cromwell and other leaders (Gardi- 
 ner, Revolution^ 159-61). 
 
 b. Scheme of Parliament for a new Parliament. 
 
 c. The Act of Navigation (1651) ; and the Dutch 
 
 war, 1652 (Green, III, 275-7). 
 
 d. Corruption in Parliament. 
 
 e. Dissolution, April 20, 1653; Declaration of the 
 
 Lord General and the Council, April 22, 1653 
 (Gardiner, Documents, 308-315; see Carlyle, 
 
 4. The Assembly of 140 nominees (" Barebone's Parlia- 
 
 ment."). 
 
 a. Cromwell's speech (Carlyle, II, 33 ff). 
 
 b. Conduct of the assembly. 
 
 c. Its resignation, Dec. 11, 1653. 
 
 B. The Protectorate, 1653-1660. 
 
 I. General character of the instrument of government (Gardiner, 
 Documents, 314-325, Ivi-lxii). 
 
 1. " First" written English constitution; its remarkably 
 
 enlightened provisions (Gardiner, Documents, 
 166-8; Adams and Stephens, 407-16). 
 
 2. Provisions for toleration and civil liberty. 
 
 II. Oliver's nine months of government before the meeting of 
 Parliament. 
 
17 
 
 III. Oliver's first Parliament, Sept. 3, 1654, to Jan. 22, 1655._ 
 
 1. Composition. 
 
 2. The Parliament questions the instrument. 
 
 3. It is purged by Cromwell of recalcitrant members. 
 
 4. Dissolution, Jan. 22, 1655. 
 
 IV. The ten major-generals, 1655-1657. 
 
 1. Toleration by force. 
 
 2. Pendruddock's Rising ; the Royalists foot the bill. 
 
 3. Episcopalianism suppressed, Nov. 27, 1655. 
 
 4. Massacre in Piedmont and the quarrel with Spain. 
 
 V. Oliver's second Parliament, Sept. 17, 1656, to Jan. 20, 1658. 
 
 1. Oliver's opening speech (Carlyle, II, 218 ff). 
 
 2. Exclusion of menibers. 
 
 3. The "Petition and Advice" (Gardiner, Documeyits^ 
 
 Ixiii, 334-345) ; inauguration of the Protector, 
 June 26, 1655 (Green, III, 299-300). 
 
 4. Oliver refuses title of king: Did he wish it? Why 
 
 did he refuse it? (Green, III, 298-9 ; Carlyle, H, 
 267 £f.). 
 
 VI. Last days of Oliver. 
 
 1. He sees that his system is doomed. 
 
 2. Greatness of his foreign policy. 
 
 3. Death, Sept. 3, 1658.^' 
 
 VII. The Restoration. 
 
 1. Richard Cromwell, Protector; disliked by the army. 
 
 2. The Third Parliament dissolved, April 22, 1659. 
 
 3. Long Parliament recalled. 
 
 4. Intervention of Monk. 
 
 5. The " Rump " dissolved, March'16, 1660. 
 
 6. The Declaration of Breda, April 4, 1660 (Gardiner, 
 
 Documents^ 351-2). 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Source Materials: Gardine'', Documents, 291 ff. ; Adams and Stephens, 
 394 ff.:; Lee, 373-93; Calendar of State Papers^ 1649-60; Carlyle's Letters and 
 Speeches of Croinivell\ Stainer, Speeches of Cromzuell \ Burton, Diary (1656-9) ; 
 Clarendon, Great Rebellion ; Thurloe, State Papers ; Firth's Clarke Papers 
 (1647-60); Warner's Nicholas Papers (161:1-56); Whitelock's Memorials, 
 385 ff. 
 
 Secondary Authorities: Gardiner, Puritan Revolution., 154 ff. ; lb., Studenfs 
 History, II, 561 ff. ; lb., Commonwealth and Protectorate; Green, III, 264 ff. ; 
 Hallam, II, cliap. x; Taylor, II, 340 ff.; Guizot, George Monk; Jb., Richard 
 Cromwell and the Restoration; Jesse, Memoirs, II, 235 ft. ; Bayne, Chief Actors., 
 249 ff., 389 ft". ; Bisset, History of the Commonwealth ; Ranke Hist, of England., 
 II-III ; Godwin, History of the Commonwealth; Vanghan, The Protectorate 
 of Oliver Cromwell (contains original letters of Thurloe, Lockhart, Pell, 
 
18 
 
 etc.); Traill, Social Efiglatid, IV., chaps. 13-14; Neal, Puritans, I, II; Mas- 
 son, J//7/<7«, IV, V; IsldiV^Cieu^ Later Puritans ; ^tViCa, Cromwelliana; Prender- 
 gast, T/ie Cromwellian Settlement in Ireland', Murphy, Crofmvell in Ireland. 
 See also Iiiderwick, /;?^t'r;Y^;n/w ; Jenks, Constitutional Experiments ; Goldwin 
 Smith, United Kingdom^ I, 572 ft". ; QiOQOh, Democratic Ideas; the histories of 
 Hume, Bright, Lingard, Taswell-Langmead; and the literature of Cromwell 
 mentioned in sec. YIII and the " select Bibliography." 
 
 Sect. VII. The Constitutional Experiments of the Common- 
 wealth AND the Protectorate, 1649_1660. 
 
 I. Relative importance of the period. 
 
 1. First general result : assumption by Parliament of the 
 
 business of government. 
 
 2. Second general result: " The birth of modern political 
 
 thouorht" (Jenks, 5). 
 8. Third general result : the subjects or prototypes of 
 future reforms established. 
 
 II. Remnants of the old constitution in 1649. 
 
 1. Nominally the Commons remained : number of mem- 
 bers (Jenks, 9). 
 2 Parts destroyed. 
 
 a. Kingship and royal council ; the Star Chamber ; 
 High Commission; Council of the North; of 
 Wales. 
 h. The county lord lieutenants. 
 
 3. Justices ; uncertain powers. 
 
 4. Sheriffs appointed by the House; municipalities con- 
 
 trolled by same. 
 
 5. The revolution not essentially a social revolution. 
 
 III. The Republic, 1649-1653 : rule of parliament. 
 
 1. Rule by committees. 
 
 2. Dignity and power of Parliament; its pedantry. 
 
 3. The army as a constitutional organ : (a) Council of 
 
 officers (b) Assembly of Adjutators ; (c) various 
 functions (Jenks, 16-17). 
 4 *' Nascent" organism (Jenks, 18-19). 
 
 5. Plans for reconstruction. 
 
 a. "Agreement of the people" or Army Plan 
 
 (Gardiner, Documents, 270 ff. ; Jenks, 25). 
 h. Plan of the Congregations, 
 c. Plan of Parliament. 
 
 6. The Council of State of 41 : rule by sub-committees. 
 
 7. Attitude of Parliament toward the army. 
 
19 
 
 8. Parliamentary corruption (Jenks, 45 ff.). 
 
 9. Insincerity of Parliament : intentionally prolongs its 
 
 power. 
 
 10. Failure ot Parliament in finance and foreign affairs. 
 IV. The Protectorate, 1653-1660. 
 
 1. Cromwell, Captain-General : bis first council eight 
 
 officers and four civilians). 
 
 2. The assembly of Nominees or " Little Parliament," 
 
 July 4, Dec. 11, 1653. 
 a. How summoned ? 
 5. Character, 
 c. Conduct : dissolution. 
 
 3. The Instrument of Government ( germ in the Army Plan.) 
 
 a. Significance of, as a written constitution. 
 
 b. Executive : a Lord Protector and a council of 
 
 13-21: Protector with suspensive veto and to 
 be chosen by the Council. 
 
 c. Parliament: (1) 400 members ; (2) 30 members 
 
 each from Scotland and Ireland; (3) borough 
 representation reformed. 
 
 d. Fixed revenue. 
 
 4. The First Protectorate Parliament, 1654-5. 
 
 5. The Majors-General, 1655, and the " decimation tax" ; 
 
 Cromwell's intention? (Jenks, 98 ff.) 
 
 6. The Second Protectorate Parliament, 1656-7 : the 
 
 '' Petition and Advice," 1657. 
 
 7. Views of the Republicans seen in Vane's Healing 
 
 Question (1656). See Jenks, 104. 
 V- General results of legislative experiments (Inderwick, chaps. 
 i-ii. 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 See preceding syllabus ; and espeoially the works of Jenks, Inderwick, 
 and Goocli. For the legislation of the period, consult Scobell's Acts and 
 Ordinances. 
 
 Sect. VIII. The Place of Oliver Cromwell in the 
 History of Intellectual Progress. 
 
 He is the product of the age, of ethical and social evolution ; 
 hence his mission is two-fold. 
 
 1 . To restore to Englishmen the right of constitutional and 
 social liberty ; and to point the way to its fuller 
 realization. 
 
20 
 
 a. Results of the Tudor policy. 
 h. Results of the Stuart policy. 
 
 c. Relation of the State and church before and 
 after the Protestant Revolution compared. 
 2. To prepare the way for the full recognition of liberty 
 of conscience. 
 
 a. The mediaeval idea : The Pope as head of the 
 
 Universal Church ; the disastrous effect of 
 appeal to authority in spiritual matters ; psy- 
 chological helplessness of medineval man ; need 
 of a material crutch for faith ; hence image- 
 worship, maiiolatry, and adoration of saints. 
 
 b. Luther touches the triple crown of the Pope ; 
 
 significance of the Reformation. 
 
 c. The King-Pope ; the new idea of church and state. 
 
 d. Divine prerogative of kings : the new crutch for 
 
 faith ; Filmer's philosophy of the divine 
 prerogative. 
 
 e. Cromwell touches the dual crown of the King- 
 
 Pope. 
 
 II. The Riddle of Cromwell's character : The two Paradoxes. 
 
 1. The religious. 
 
 a. His Puritanism ; influence of Hebraism ; the be- 
 lief in a Providence imminent m the world 
 (Carlyle, I, 437-8, 447-8). 
 
 6. His independency ; practical toleration ; his nar- 
 rowness the product of survival and environ- 
 ment. 
 
 2. The political. 
 
 a. His political conservatism. 
 h. His political liberalism. 
 
 III. How Cromwell solves his own riddle : his life reveals a great 
 soul earnestly striving to find a righteous solution of the tremen- 
 dous cases of conscience which the times and the nation laid 
 upon him. 
 
 1. The problems of the civil war and King's execution. 
 
 2. Problem of the conduct of the righteous warrior. 
 
 a. His military dispatches : Marston Moor (Carlyle), 
 I, 150); Naseby (Carl>le, I, 168-9); Dunbar 
 (Carlyle, I, 471) ; Worcester (Carlyle, I, 554). 
 
 6. The punishment of Ireland : Drogheda (Carlyle). 
 
 c. The treatment of Scotland (Carlyle, I, 558 ff.). 
 
 d. Treatment of insurrectionists ; of the Levelers 
 
 (see Smith, in Three English Statesmen). 
 
21 
 
 3. Problem of the couduct of the righteous statesmen^ ~ 
 
 a. Expulsion of the Long Parliament ; of subsequent 
 
 Parliaments ; he comprehended the nature of 
 a revolution. 
 
 b. Intolerance to Catholics and Anglicans ; the 
 
 practical reasons? 
 
 c. Question of acceptance of Crown : why might he 
 
 justly desire it? 
 
 IV. Practical results of Cromwell's work. 
 
 1. Legal reforms. 
 
 2. Constitutional reforms. 
 
 3. Religious reforms. 
 
 4. Foreign policy : Cromwell supersedes Gustavus Adol- 
 
 phus as head of European Protestantism (see 
 Smith). 
 
 5. Social and economic policy. 
 
 V. Estimate of his place in history ; comparison with Napoleon ; 
 with Ceesar ; with Washington. 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Gardiner, CromwelVs Place in History (London, 1897) ; lb., Oliver Crom- 
 well (London, Paris, and New York, 1899); Morley, Oliver Cromwell; Smith, 
 in Three Eng. Statesmen, 54-144; Baldock, Cromrvell as a Soldier; Bischoffshau- 
 sen, Die Potitik des Protectors Oliver Cromwell; Broscli, Cromwell^ die tks^ Pur- Ua-uJ. 
 itanische Revolution ; Firtli, Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans iit 
 England; Harrison, Oliver Cromwell; Picton, Oliver Cromwell ; The Man and 
 his Mission; Roosevelt, Oliver Cromtvell. See also Carlyle's Letters and 
 Speeches of Cromwell; Stainer's Speeches; the works of Green, Hallara, 
 Gooch, Jenks, Inderwick; and the Cromwell literature mentioned in the 
 " Select Bibliography." 
 
 Sect. IX. The Restoration and the Reign of Charles II, 
 
 1660-1685. 
 
 I. General significance of the Restoration. 
 
 1. The work of the Revolution did not perish. 
 
 a. Puritanism was not extinct; but it had 'Maid 
 down the sword" (Green, III, 321). 
 
 6. Explanation of the wild enthusiasm with which 
 the Restoration was hailed. 
 
 c. Three great results of the Puritan Re\olution 
 (Creasy, chap, xvi, pp. 268 ff.). 
 
 2. Characteristics of the age : the beginning of modern 
 
 England. 
 
22 
 
 a. Social revolution ; vice and immorality of the 
 period : Hamilton's Memoirs of Grammont 
 (Green, III, 327 ff.). 
 
 h. Scientific awakening ; the Royal Society. 
 
 c. The new rationalism ; latitudiuarian philosophy ; 
 rising skepticism ; political philosophy. 
 
 II. Charles II and his policy (Green, III, 336 ff. ; Gardiner, 
 Puritan Revolution^ 197). 
 
 1. His character; his vices and levity; religions sym- 
 
 pathies. 
 
 2. His domestic policy ; dissolution of the Union ; desire 
 
 for a standing army ; views as to his prerogative. 
 
 3. His foreign policy; relations with France. 
 
 4. His first ministry ; character of Clarendon ; of Ashley 
 
 Cooper (Green, III, 350 ff., 35-8). 
 
 III. Beginning of the reign : Work of the Convention (Hallam, II, 
 68 ff. ; Green, III, 351 ff.) 
 
 1. Act of Indemnity and the exclusion of the regicides. 
 
 2. Restoration of crown, church, and Royalist lands. 
 
 3. Abolition of military tenures; excise substituted (Hal- 
 
 lam, II, 76-8). 
 
 4. Clergy restored to their benefices ; case of the Presby- 
 
 terians. 
 
 5. Dissolution of the Convention Parliament ; theory of the 
 
 lawyers. 
 
 IV. The first work of the Cavalier or Long Parliament of the 
 Restoration, 1661-1679. 
 
 1. Composition of the parliament. 
 
 2. Condemnation of Vane (Hallam, II, 88-91). 
 
 3. King's prerogatives restored. 
 
 4. The Corporations Act and the doctrine of " non-resist- 
 
 ance," 1661 (Adams and Stephens, 425-7). 
 
 5. Repeal of the Triennial Act. 
 
 6. Star Chamber not restored. 
 
 7. Act of Uniformity and the ejection of non-conformist 
 
 clergy 1662; "Dissenters" supersede "non- 
 conformists." 
 
 8. Charles and the Catholics ; his declaration of indul- 
 
 gence, 1662-3 (Hallam, II, 164 ff.). 
 
 9. The Conventicles Act, 1664 (Adams and Stephens, 
 
 431-3). 
 
 10. The Five Mile Act, 1665 (Adams and Stephens, 
 
 433-4). 
 
23 
 
 V. Rise of Parliamentary opposition. ~" 
 
 1. Parliamentary view of the constitution; control of 
 
 finance. 
 
 2. War with the Dutch, 1664-7: rise of the "court" and 
 
 " country" parties; the latter demands control of 
 expenditures ; its relation to the Dissenters. 
 
 3. Clarendon's policy and his fall, 1667 : causes? 
 
 4. The rise and fall of the "Cabal " ministry, 1667-1673 
 
 (Hallam, II, 134 ff.\ 
 
 5. Administration of Danby, 1673-1678 : Impeachment 
 
 (Hallam, 154-178). 
 
 VI. The Question of Toleration. 
 
 1. Why Charles adopted the policy of toleration ; he wished 
 
 to include the Catholics. 
 
 2. The Triple Alliance, 1668: England, Sweden, and 
 
 Dutch Netherlands vs. France. 
 8. The secret treaty of Dover, 1670: Charles bought by 
 Louis XIV ; Charles to declare war against Dutch 
 and confess himself a Catholic. 
 
 4. Declaration of Indulgence, 1672; withdrawn, 1673; 
 
 conduct of Dissenters (Adams and Stephens, 
 434-6; Cobbett's Par. Hist., IV, 515). 
 
 5. The Test Act, 1673 : Duke of York excluded from office 
 
 (Adams and Stephens, 436-9). 
 
 VII. Last days of Charles, 1678-1685 (see Macaulay). 
 
 1. The Popish Plot, 1678 (Hallam, II, 176-183; Ma- 
 
 caulay, I, 216 ff.). 
 
 2. The new Parliament: "Petitioners and Abhorrers ; " 
 
 the session at Oxford; impeachments (Hallam, II, 
 194-204) ; rise of " Whig " and " Tory." 
 
 3. Forfeiture of the Borough charters, 1683-5. 
 
 4. Projects of Russell and Sidney ; their trial (Hallam, II, 
 
 208 ff. ; Macaulay). 
 
 5. Death of Charles. 
 
 VIII. Constitutional questions (Hallam, II, 221 ff.) 
 
 1. Rights of juries maintained : the Bushnell case (Creasy, 
 
 272-3; Hallam, II, 228 ff.) 
 
 2. The Habeas Corpus Act (Text in Creasy, 270-1, Adams 
 
 and Stephens, 440-8 ; Lee, 400-8 ; see Blackstone, 
 III, 137). 
 
 3. Other questions (see Hallam). 
 
24 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Source Materials : Adams and Stephens, 425 ff. ; Lee, 394-413; Caleiidar 
 of State Papers {Charles II), 10(50-73, 14 vols.; Statutes of the Realm-, How- 
 ell's 6"/^/^ Trials; Somers, Tracts; Boscobel Tracts; Harlcian Miicellany,\ll; 
 Grey, Debates of the House of Commons, 16G7-94 ; Cobbett, Parliafiientary His- 
 tory; ^'kXuqj , Diary of the Times of Charles II; Jusserand's A French Ambas- 
 sador at the Court of Charles II; Luttrell, State Affair's, 1678-1714; Hamilton, 
 Memoirs of Count Grammont ; the diaries of Pepys, Evelyn, and Reresby ; 
 Elwood's History ; Kennefs Register. 
 
 Secondary Authorities : Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 190-205 ; lb.. Stu- 
 dent's History, II, 568 ff. ; Hale, Fall of the Stuarts, 1 ff. ; Airy, The Eng. Res- 
 toration ajtd louis XIV; Adams, The Merry Monarch: Macaulay, I, ch. ii; 
 Green, III, 321 ff.; Creasy, chap, xvi; Hallara, II, 08-265; Taylor, II, 358 
 ff. ; Hosmer, Sir Henry Vane, 480 ff. ; Ranke, Hist, of England, III, IV; Stern, 
 Milton ujid seine Zeit ; Masson, Life of Milton, VI; Seeley, Growth of British 
 Policy, II; Traill, Social England, IV; Jesse, Memoirs. II, 395 ff., Ill, 1-416; 
 Vaughan, Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty, II, 272 ff. ; lb., Hist, of England un- 
 der the House of Stuart, II, 571 ff. ; Harris, Historical Account of the Life of 
 Charles II ; Stricliland, Li%)es of the last four Princesses of the Royal House of 
 Stuart; Jameson, Memoirs of the Beauties of the Court of Charles II ; Cunning- 
 ham, The Story of N'ell Gwyn ; Fornerou, Louise de Kcroualle. 
 
 Sect. X. The Revolution of 1688. 
 
 I. The Constitution under James II, 1685-1688. 
 
 1. Character aud intellect of the king: his religious and 
 
 political tendencies. 
 
 2. Monmouth's rising ; the Bloody Circuit of Jeffries. 
 
 3. Dispensations by non-obstante confirmed by the judges ; 
 
 other abuses (mentioned in Bill of Rights). 
 
 4. Declaration of indulgence, 1687 (Adams and Stephens, 
 
 451-4). 
 
 5. The new High Commission, 1686. 
 
 6. The doctrine of non-resistance. 
 
 7. Attack on the liberties of Magdalen College, Oxford. 
 
 8. June 10, 1688, birth of a son to James: immediate 
 
 cause of the revolution. 
 
 II. The Revolution of 1688-9. 
 
 1. How the revolution was brought about; the question 
 
 of the title of William. 
 
 2. Descent, character, and ability of William. 
 
 3. First mutiny Act, 1689 (Adams and Stephens, 457-8). 
 
 4. Toleration Act, May 24, 1689 (Adams and Stephens 
 
 459-62). 
 
 5. Bill of Rights, Dec. 16, 1789 (Adams and Stephens, 
 
 462-9; Lee, 424-31). 
 
 I 
 
25 
 
 a. Statement of grievances. 
 
 h. Demand for the redress of the same. 
 
 c. Provisions for present and future succession. 
 
 6. Tirennial Act, Dec. 22, 1694 (Adams and Stephens, 
 
 471). 
 
 7. Act of settlement, June 12, 1901 (Adams and Stephens, 
 
 475-90; Lee, 431-6). 
 
 a. Provision for succession. 
 
 b. Other provisions. 
 
 8. Important constitutional results of William's reign; 
 
 rise of the cabinet and of ministerial responsibility. 
 
 IlEFERENCES. 
 
 Source Materials : Adams and Stephens ; Lee, 417-42 ; Calendar of State 
 Papers (Will, and Mary), 1689-92, 3 vols. ; Somers, Tracts ; State Tracts; 
 Luttrell, State Affairs, 1678-1714 ; Howell, State Trials ; Statutes of the Realm ; 
 Duckett, Penal Laws and Test Act; Dalrymple's Memoirs ; D'Avaux's Dis- 
 patches; Carstares' State Papers and Letters ; Shrewsbury Correspondence. 
 
 Secondary Authorities: Hale, Fall of the Stuarts ; Green, IV, 6 ff. ; Macau- 
 lay, ^/>^. ^/ i^'w^Azwa' ; Ranke, Hist, of England, IV; Creasy, 274-302; Tay- 
 lor, II; Hallam, II, 266 tt". ; Gneist, Bist. Parliament; lb., Constitution, II, 
 305 ft'.; Klopp, Der Fall des Hauses Stuart und die Succession des Hauses Hanno- 
 ver; Head, The Fallen Stuarts ; Mackintosh, 'History of the Revolution . . 
 1688 ; Vaughan, Memorials of the Stuart Dynasty., II, 478 ff. 
 
 Sect. XI. The Age of Anne. 
 
 I. Marlborough and the War of the " Spanish Succession." 
 
 II. The Union with Scotland. 
 
 III. Social Life. 
 
 IV. Literature and Thought. 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Adams and Stephens, 479-83 (Act of Union, 1707), 483-5 (Place Act, 
 1707), 485-7 (Riot Act, 1715); Lee, 445-55 (Act of Union); Coxe, Memoirs of 
 Marlboi'ouo-h ; Morris. Ag-e of Anne ; Burton, Reign of Anne ; Wyon, History 
 vf Great Britain during the Reign of Queen Anne; Makinnon, The Union of 
 England and Scotland ; Wolseley, Li/e of fohn Churchill: Thompson, Me- 
 moirs of Sarah Duchess of Marlborough ; Collins, Bolingbrook and Voltaire ; 
 lives of Bolin<^broke, by Brosch, Harrop, Hassall, and Macknight; Green 
 IV; Lecky, England in the Eiohteenth Century ; Ashton,[Social Life in the Reig7t 
 /fAnne; and the works of Oldmixon and Boyer. 
 
26 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The Development of Parliamentary and Cabinet Govern- 
 ment, 1760-1902 
 
 Sect. 1. General Characteristics of the Reign of George 
 
 III, 1760-1820. 
 
 I. Character and education of George III. 
 
 1. Personal traits (see Thackeray's Four Georges) ; his in- 
 
 tellect. 
 
 2. Bias given by his education; influence of his mother; 
 
 of Bute. 
 
 3. His policy and character as compared with the first two 
 
 Georges. 
 
 4. Increase of the influence of the crown as the mark of 
 
 his reign ; what progress had already been made 
 (see May, I, 15 ft.). 
 
 II. The state of parliamentary representation : at the beginning of 
 the reign the House of Commons did not represent the people. 
 
 1. Because dominated by the Whig oligarchy (Green, IV, 
 
 124, 210 ff., passim). 
 a. Walpole ministry, 1721-1741 : character and 
 
 policy of Walpole. 
 h. Ministry of Cartaret (Lord Granville), 1741-1744. 
 
 c. Henry Pelham, 1744-1754. 
 
 d. Duke of Newcastle, 1754-1756 (brother of H. 
 
 Pelham). 
 
 e. William Pitt, 1756-1761 : Newcastle at head of 
 
 treasury ; popularity of Pitt ; his policy ; his 
 oratory ; elements of his greatness. 
 
 2. Because of its composition. 
 
 a. Restrictions on the electoral franchise. 
 6. Borough representation. 
 
 1. Creation of parliamentary boroughs by 
 
 royal charter in reign of Charles II 
 (see May). 
 
 2. *' Pocket," "nomination," and "rotten 
 
 boroughs " ; sale of seats controlled 
 by peers. 
 
 3. Officiai influence in large towns. 
 
 4. Disfranchisement of large cities. 
 
 I 
 
27 
 
 c. Conservative control of county representation. 
 
 d. Condition of Scotcli and Irish representation. 
 
 e. Dishonest trial of election petitions : The Gren- 
 
 ville Act; the present law (see May). 
 
 III. How George III secured control of the House of Commons. 
 
 1. By sale of seats ; the "Nabobs." 
 
 2. By the distribution of ofllces, civil, military, and judi- 
 
 cial ; history of acts restricting. 
 
 3. By distribution of pensions : legal and secret pensions ; 
 
 restrictive legislation (see Creasy and May). 
 
 4. By direct bribery, under Bute, Grenville, Rockingham, 
 
 and North (see May). 
 
 5. By public loans and by lotteries. 
 
 IV. How George III subdivided the Whig factions and asserted 
 the right both to reign and govern, 1760-1770. 
 
 1. Theory of government. 
 
 a. Meaning of ministerial responsibility; of the 
 
 maxim, " The king should have no politics, 
 can do no wrong." 
 
 b. Danger of the doctrine asserted by George III. 
 
 2. The succession of Whig ministries or factions. 
 
 a. Last days of the Pitt ministry, 1760-1 ; two-fold 
 
 cause of the fall. 
 
 b. Bute ministry, 1762-3 : character of Bute ; signifi- 
 
 cance of his being a Scot (see Letters of 
 Junius). 
 
 c. Grenville, 1763-1765: character; the stamp act. 
 cl. Rockingham, 1765-1766 : leader of main branch 
 
 of the Whigs. 
 e. Chatham, 1766-8. 
 
 1. Attempts to form a ministry, 1763, 1765 : 
 why did he fail? 
 
 2. On what principle was the ministry 
 
 formed, 1766? 
 
 3. He retires, 1767; Grafton remains acting 
 
 premier. 
 
 4. Pitt and the American war. 
 
 /. Lord North, 1770-1782: the king triumphant; 
 character and intellect of North. 
 
 GENERAL REFEREXCES FOR THE AGE OF GEORGE III. 
 
 Source Materials : Adams and Stepheriis, 492 ff. ; Calendar of Home Office 
 Papers, 1760-75, 3 vols.; Cobbetl's Parliamentary History; Hansard's Debates ; 
 Woodfall, Letters of Junius ; Walpole, Memoirs of the Court of George II ; lb.. 
 
28 
 
 Memoirs of the Coui-t of George III \ Letters; Hervey, Memoirs; Russell, Me- 
 morials and Correspondence of Charles fames Fox ; Wilkes, North Bi'iton; 
 Donne's Correspondence between George III and Lord N'orth ; Statutes of the 
 Realm ; and the other materials mentioned in the " Select Bibliography." 
 
 Secondary Anthorities : Mahon, Hi storv of England {Xl\2>-^^)\ M2i^^Qy, Hist.of 
 England during the Reign of George III; Adolphus, Historv of England (1760- 
 1820); Lecky, England in the iStli Centiirv, III, 1-288; May, Constitutional His- 
 tory, I, 15 ft'., 263-5 {parliamentary representation) ; Green, lY, 137 ft'., 156 
 ft., 166 ft'., 176 ft". (Pitt), 11)7 ft'. (George III and America), 213 (George III and 
 Parliament); Hosraer, Anglo-Saxon Liberty, chap, xiii; Trevelyan, American 
 Revolution ; lb., Early History of Charles James Fox; Rnssell, Life and limes of 
 . . Fox ; Stanhope, Life of . . William Pitt ; Fitzgerald, Life and Times of 
 fohn Wilkes; y^2i\tQ, Life of the Duke of Welli?igton : Goldwin Smith, United 
 Kingdom, II, 195 ft'.; Earle, English Premiers Jrom Sir Robert Walpole to Robert 
 Peel ; Adams, Eng. Party Leaders and Eng. Parties from Walpole to Peel. 
 
 Sect. II. The Relations of the Parliament to the Crown, 
 THE Law, and the People (May, I, cli. vii., 364-463). 
 
 I. The struggle with Wilkes : abuse of parliamentary privilege 
 and violation of liberty of the subject. 
 
 I. Parliament of 1763-1768. 
 
 a. The alleged libel in " North Briton," No. 45. 
 
 General character of the "North Briton." 
 h. "General warrants": arrest of Wilkes and the 
 
 printers (May, II, 245 ff., HI ff.) ; general 
 
 search warrants declared illegal (May, II, 
 
 249-252). 
 
 c. Illegal proceedings in the Commons ; proceedings 
 
 in the King's Bench : Wilkes outlawed and 
 absconds ; he is expelled from the House ; 
 actions for damage (May, II, 247-9; I, 364 
 
 ff.) 
 
 d. Proceedings in the Lords : The Essay on Woman 
 
 and the Veni Creator ; the Droit Le Roy (May, 
 I, 369; II, 111). 
 2. Parliament of 1768-1774. 
 
 a. Imprisonment by King's Bench, 1768, for out- 
 lawry and libel. 
 
 b- Elected for Middlesex : his expulsion ; grounds 
 of; rights of constituents violated (May, I, 
 370-1). 
 
 c. Wilkes thrice reelected ; the case of seating Col. 
 
 Lutrell (May, I, 374-5). 
 
 d. Efforts to reverse proceedings of the Commons ; 
 
 position of Chatham ; of Grenville, Rocking- 
 ham, and others. 
 
29 
 
 II. The struggle for publication of debates. 
 
 1. The privilege of excludiug strangers ; origin and relaxa- 
 
 tion of the right (May, I, 384 ff.) 
 
 2. Exclusions, 1770 (May, I, 386-88); contest between 
 
 the Houses. 
 
 3. Contest of the Commons with the printers, 1771. 
 
 a. Progress of reporting and publication of debates. 
 
 b. Misrepresentations of reporters (May, I, 392-4). 
 
 c. Complaints against Thompson and Wheble, 1771 ; 
 
 against others. 
 
 d. Struggle with the Mayor and aldermen of London. 
 
 e. Liberty of reporting established ; present state of 
 
 the law. 
 /. Publication of division lists. 
 
 III. Publication of parliamentary reports and papers. 
 
 1. Publication of statistical and financial reports. 
 
 2. Publication of other documents. 
 TV. Petitions to Parliament. 
 
 1. The practice in the Middle Ages. 
 
 2. Petitions to the Long Parliament. 
 
 3. Practice after restoration ; petitions restrained by statute 
 
 (May, I, 411). 
 
 4. Petitions, 1688-1779 : httle use of. 
 
 5. Origin of modern system, 1779; the Gordon petitions 
 
 and riots. 
 
 6. Petitions for Parliamentary reform and abolition of 
 
 slave trade, 1782 ; the practice to 1824. 
 
 7. Increase of number of petitions since 1824. 
 
 8. 1839 : Debates on presentation of petitions forbidden 
 
 by statute (May, I, 417). 
 
 V. Pledges of members. 
 
 1. Rise of the practice. 
 
 2. The importance of the principle involved. 
 
 VI. Privileges abandoned. 
 
 1. Those of servants, 1770. 
 
 2. Immunity of members and servants from distress of 
 
 goods and civil suits abandoned, 1772. 
 
 3. Kneeling of prisoners at the bar abandoned, 1772. 
 
 4. Privilege and the courts. 
 
 a. The Burdett case, 1810. 
 
 b. The Hansard cases, 1836 fif. ; question of right 
 
 of Parliament to publish papers affecting 
 character. 
 
 c. The act of 3 and 4 Victoria (May, I, 426-7). 
 
 d. The case of Howard vs. Gosset. 
 
30 
 
 REFEKENCES. 
 
 Adams and Stephens, 492-3 (decisions on general warrants ; Howell, 
 State Trials^ vol. XIX, pp, 1026-7, 1067); May, I,' II (as cited) ; Taylor, II; 
 Green, IV, 220 8'.; 243 fl'. ; Palgrave's House of Commons, 111 ft',; liogers, 
 Historical Cleajiings, 131-185; Taswell-Langmead, 771 ft".; E an some, 222 ft'. ; 
 Lecky, III, 76 ft'., 139 ft'.; Bright, III, 1043 ft'.; Woodfall's Junius, I, 257 ff. 
 (letter to George III); Wilkes, AWth Briton, I. 263-272 (No. 45); Fitzger- 
 ald, Life and Times of John Wilkes. 
 
 Sect. III. The Struggle for Reform of Parliamentary 
 Representation, 1766-1885. 
 
 I. Social and political conditions at the beginning of the agitation 
 for reform (May, I, 310-312). 
 
 1. Social degradation. 
 
 2. Political corruption. 
 
 3. " How popular principles were kept alive." 
 
 II. Suggestions and unsuccessful attempts for reform, 1766-1830. 
 
 1. Criticisms and suggestions of Chatham, 1766, 1770 
 
 (Walpole, Memoirs, IV, 58). 
 
 2. Scheme of Wilkes, 1776 : its enlightened principles. 
 
 3. Duke of Richmond's Measure, 1780: rejected without 
 
 division : popular demands and petitions. 
 
 4. Pitt's schemes. 
 
 a. His motion for a committee of inquiry, 1782. 
 
 b. His three resolutions, 1783 (May, I, 315 ff.). 
 
 c. Favors the Yorkshire petition, 1784. 
 
 d. His Bill, 1885 : its objectionable features. 
 
 5. Flood's motion, 1790. 
 
 6. Plans of the "Friends of the People" headed by Grey 
 
 and Erskine, 1792-1797 (May, I, 319-321). 
 a. Grey's notice, 1792. 
 h. His mr.tions of 1793, 1797. 
 
 7. Burdett's scheme, 1809 : electoral districts, franchise to 
 
 be vested in male taxpayers; in 1818 he pro- 
 poses universal male suffrage, ballot, equal election 
 districts, etc. 
 
 8. Lord John Russell's measures. 
 
 a. 1820, three resolutions (May, I, 324). 
 
 h. The Grampound disfranchisement bill, 1820, 
 
 1821 (Adams and Stephens, 507-8). 
 c. Motions of 1821, 1822-3, 1826. 
 
 9. Blaudford's motion, 1829-1830. 
 
31 
 
 III. The Reform act of 1832 (Adams and Stephens, 514-26). 
 
 1. Immediate causes of the final struggle. 
 
 a. Leicester and Northampton cases, 1826-7. 
 
 b. Penryn and East Retford cases, 1826-8 ; weak 
 
 policy of opposition. 
 
 c. Attempts to enfranchise Leeds, Birmingham, and 
 
 Manchester, 1830: why resisted? 
 
 d. Death of George IV ; deposition of Charles X of 
 
 France. 
 
 2. Duke of Wellington's ministry; his foolish declaration 
 
 cause of fall. 
 
 3. Lord Grey's ministry : cause of dissolution'of Parliament ? 
 
 4. Debates on the three successive Reform Bills (see 
 
 Molesworth, McCarthy, Heaton, and AYalpole, as 
 cited below). 
 
 5. Provisions of Act of 1832 ; as to counties, as to 
 
 boroughs. 
 
 6. Reform Acts for Ireland and Scotland (May, I, 340). 
 
 IV. Reform agitations and measures, 1832-1867 (May, I, 340-363 ; 
 Heaton, 133 ff.). 
 
 V. Reform bill of 1867, 1884, 1885 (Wilson, State, 396-8; May, 
 II, 586 ff ; Heaton, 133 ff. ; McCarthy, Our Own Times, II, 
 219 ff. ; Adarns and Stephens, 553-5). 
 
 VI. The ballot law, 1872: previous mode of election, its evils: 
 significance of the change (Adams and Stephens, 540-3). 
 
 REFEFENCES. 
 
 U&nssird's £>el?afc's ; Lee, 519-29 ; Gre}', TAe Reform Act of i8t^2 ; Moles- 
 worth, Hist, of the Reform, Bill, 1832; Cox," History of the Reform Bills of 18H6 
 ttnd 1867; May, I, 310-G3; II, 579 ff . ; Wilsoii, State, 396-8; Taylor, II; 
 Fonblanqne, chap, v; Green, IV, 246 ff., 287, 292: McCarthy, Epoch of Re- 
 form, 'iQ-^^; lb., Own Times, I, 58-9. 60, 180, II, 219 ff. ; Molesworth, ^/>/. 
 Eng., I, 1-229; Walpole, Hist. Eng., Ill, chap, xi ; lb., Electorate ajid Legisla- 
 ture, chap, iii; Heaton, Three Reforms; Knight, England, VIII, 70 ff. ; Bright, 
 England, IV, 1415-32 ; Gneist, Hist Par^. 887 fii ; Martineau, Hist, of the 
 Peace, II, 413 ff. ; Boutmy, 202 ff. ; Amos, 18, 33, 38, 107, 464 ; Grey, Pari. 
 Gov't and Reform ; Taswell-Langraead, 759 ff. ; Smith, Hist. Pari., II, 449 ff.; 
 Goklwin Smith, United Kingdom, II, 341 ff. ; Ward, Reign of Victoria, I, 25 
 ft.; McCarthy, Story of the People of England in the Nineteenth Centurv ; Wal- 
 pole, Life of Lord John Russell ; Reid, Lord John Rtissell : Dunckley, Lord 
 Melbourne; IVIyers, Lord Althort). See also tlie various works by Torrens and 
 Lucy ; and the biographies of Peel, Derby, Disraeli, and Gladstone. 
 
32 
 
 Sect. IV. The Stkuggle for Religious and Civil Liberty. 
 
 I. Origin and history of Civic and Religious disabilities, to 1760 
 (May, II, ch. xiii, pp. 291-313. See also preceding syllabi 
 and references). 
 
 1. Establishment of the Reformed church in England. 
 
 a. Policy of Elizabeth : oaths of Supremacy and 
 
 Comformity ; civil disabilities. 
 
 b. Rise of non-conformity. 
 
 c. Catholic faith associated with treason. 
 
 d. Close connection of the church with the state. 
 
 2. The Scotch Reformed Church; anomalous position of 
 
 the Irish Protestant Church; reform forced upon 
 Ireland. 
 
 3. State of religious liberty under James I and Charles I. 
 
 4. Restrictive legislation of the Restoration period ; perse- 
 
 cutions. 
 
 a. Corporation Act. 
 
 b. Five Mile Act. 
 
 c. Conventicle Act. 
 
 d. Test Acts, 1765, 1773 (sacrament and renuncia- 
 
 tion of transubstautiation for temporal office : 
 Hallam, II, 151). 
 
 5. Toleration Act, 1689. 
 
 a. Does not repeal statutes exacting uniformity. 
 
 b. Relieves dissenting ministers from various penal- 
 
 ties (May, II, 305). 
 
 c. Requires subscription to Thirty-nine Articles, 
 
 except 4. 
 
 d. Quakers indulged. 
 
 e. No toleration for Unitarians or Catholics ; Act of 
 
 1760 against Catholics (May, II, 306). 
 
 6. Oath of Abjuration, 13 W. I. (Hallam, II, 403). 
 
 7. Cruel laws against Catholics of Ireland ; and those of 
 
 England, 1700-1760. 
 
 8. How Dissenters evaded the laws. 
 
 a. " Occasional Conformity." 
 
 b. " Acts of Indemnity" (May, II, 308). 
 
 9. State of the church and religion at the accession of 
 
 George III ; influence of Wesley and Whitefield ; 
 revival of old dissenting sects ; state of Irish and 
 Scotch churches. 
 
33 
 
 Sect. V. The Struggle for Religious And Civil Liberty 
 
 ( Continued) . 
 
 I. Progress of Agitation and Legislation, 1810-1820 (May, II, 
 ch. xiii). 
 
 1. Why the Regent disappointed the hope of reformers. 
 
 2. Relief to Protestant dissenting ministers, 1812; and to 
 
 Unitarians, 1813. 
 
 3. Various efforts to relieve Catholics ; work of Grattan, 
 
 Canning, and Plunkett. 
 
 4. Relief of naval and military officers in England, 1813- 
 
 1817 (May, II, 356). 
 
 5. Failure to relieve from declaration against transubstan- 
 
 tiation, 1819. Death of Grattan, 1820. 
 
 II. The reign of George IV, 1820-1830 : Emancipation secured. 
 
 1. Roman Catholic Peers Bill rejected, 1822. 
 
 2. Ineffectual attempts to amend the marriage laws, 1819- 
 
 1827. 
 
 3. Death of Canning, 1827. 
 
 4. The final struggle, 1828-9. 
 
 a. Relief of Dissenters by repeal of the Corporations 
 and Test Acts, 1828. 
 
 1. Position of the Wellington ministry. 
 
 2. Liberality of the English bishops. 
 
 3. Bigotry of certain lay peers. 
 
 4. Substance of the act ; significance of the 
 
 declaration : "On the true faith of a 
 Christian." 
 6. Emancipation of the Catholics, 1829 (Adams and 
 Stephens, 510-13; Lee, 497-518). 
 
 1. Influence of the (Clare) election of O'Con- 
 
 nell, 1824 (May, II, 371). 
 
 2. Influence of the " Catholic Association." 
 
 3. Opposition of the King and Bishops. 
 
 4. The three measures carried. 
 
 a. Abolition of the association. 
 
 b. Emancipation. 
 
 c. Reform of Irish franchise. 
 
 III. Removal of Jewish disabilities. 
 
 1. Nature of Jewish disabilities (May, II, 383). 
 
 2. Grant's motions, 1830-1834 (May, II, 383-386). 
 
 3. 1839 : admitted to oath. 
 
 4. 1845 : admitted to corporations. 
 
 5. Admission to Parliament. 
 
 a. Case of Baron Rothschild, 1849-50. 
 
34 
 
 b. Case of Mr. Solomons, 1851. 
 
 c. Attempt to admit by declaration, 1857. 
 
 d. Disabilities Act passed, 1858 (Adams and 
 Stephens, 531-2). 
 
 IV. The struorgle for the abolution of compulsory tithes 
 (McCarthy, Epoch of Eeform, ch. viii ; May, II. 402 ff., 598). 
 
 1. The struggle, 1832-3 (see McCarthy) : the questions of 
 
 the appropriation of surplus revenue and com- 
 mutation. 
 
 2. The Braintree cases, 1837-1853 (see May). 
 
 3. Compulsory rates abolished, 1868 (May, II, 598). 
 
 V. Irish Church disestablished, 1869. 
 
 1. History of the Church in England (May, II, 444-459). 
 
 2. Maynooth College established. 
 
 3. Disestablishment of the Church, 1869. 
 
 Sect. VI. The Struggle for Economic Emancipation. 
 A. Belief of the Working Classes. ' 
 
 I. Legislation relating to work in Mines (Ward's Victoria^ I, 
 58-9, II, 49-50, 63-5; Molesworth, II, 83-4; McCarthy's Epoch 
 0/ i?e/or7M, 93-98 ; Walpole, IV, 372; especially Hodder's Life 
 of Shaftesbury, I, 137-139, 413-51, II, 356, III, 386-7, passim). 
 
 1. Child-jobbing for mines and factories (Hodder, I, 137-9 ; 
 
 Molesworth, II, 84). 
 
 2. Horrible state of children and women in mines (Hodder, 
 
 I, 413 ff. ; Walpole, IV, 372-3). The work of the 
 Earl of Shaftesbury. 
 
 3. The Commission of Inquiry, 1840 ; its report. 
 
 4. The Mines and Collieries Bill, 1842 (Hodder, I, 429 ff.) 
 
 a. Speech of Shaftesbury. 
 
 b. Opposition of Cobden ; relation of the mines and 
 
 factory agitation to the Chartist and Corn 
 Law movements. 
 
 c. Indifference of Lords (Hodder, I, 429-30). 
 
 d. Substance of the Act (Ward, II, 64; Moles- 
 
 worth, II, 84-5; McCarthy, 96-7): employ- 
 ment of girls and women under ground pro- 
 hibited; and that of boys under ten years. 
 
 e. Later acts (Ward, II, 64-5). 
 
 II. Factory Legislation (Ward, I, 57 ff. ; II, 53 ff. ; McCarthy, 
 93 ff.; Walpole, IV, 356-63; Hodder, I, 131-169, 451 ff., and 
 index at Factory Legislation; May, II, 567). 
 
35 
 
 1. Relation of the old paternal and restrictive systems to 
 
 the new doctrine of state socialism. 
 
 2. Degraded condition and general distress of the English 
 
 working classes (Ward, II, 47-53 ; Walpole, IV, 
 358-364; Hodder, I, 130 ff.)- 
 
 3. Horrors of the factory system (Hodder, I, 139) ; the 
 
 abuse of apprenticeship; hosiery trade (Ward). 
 
 4. Early legislation (Ward, II, 50-4; Hodder, I, 141 ff.). 
 
 a. The first Sir Robert Peel's Act, 1802, for relief 
 
 of apprentices (Hodder, I, 14). 
 
 b. Peel's Act, 1819 ; use of children under nine 
 
 prohibited ; young persons under s'xteen 
 limited to twelve hours. 
 
 c. Hobhouse's Act, 1825. 
 
 5. General movement for short hours and reform, 1830 
 
 (Ward, II, 53 ff. ; Hodder, I, 143 ff., II, 188 ft\). 
 a. Richard Castler's letter to the Leeds' Mercury^ 
 
 1830; work of Sadler. 
 h. The Ten-hour Bill, 1831-3 (work of Shaftesbury). 
 
 c. The Poor Law Conspiracy. 
 
 d. Ten Hours Act passed, 1847 (Hodder, II, 188 
 
 ff.). 
 III. Relief of the chimney sweeps : Shaftesbury's work (see Hod- 
 der, index). 
 
 B. The Corn Laivs and the Struggle for their Abolition 
 
 McCarthy's ^j90cA, 175-193; McCarthy's Own Times, I, chap. XIV; Moles- 
 worth, II, 178-251, 112 £E. ; Walpole, IV,i392-G; Martineau, index; May, II, 183, 
 572-3, 81, 239; Bright, IV; Knight, VIII; Muller, Fol. Hist., index; Fyffe, 
 Modern Europe, index; Bisset, Anti-Corn Law Struggle. 
 
 I. Origin and development of restrictive legislation to 1838. 
 
 1. Tha law of 1815. 
 
 a. Based on that of 1770. 
 
 b. Substance : Practically forbids importation of 
 
 foreign wheat until home price shall reach 80s. 
 the quarter (8 bu.). 
 
 c. Land owner's measure and hostile to trade. 
 
 d. Results : price sinks to 45 s. : causes (Walpole, 
 
 IV, 392, note 1). 
 
 2. Law of 1822 : imports forbidden until price reaches 
 
 70s. 
 
 3. The law of 1828. 
 
 a. The sliding scale : this is the Tory plan as 
 
 opposed to the policy of fixed import rates of 
 Russell and the Whigs. 
 
 b. Results (Walpole, IV, 394). 
 
36 
 
 II. The Corn Laws and victory. 
 
 1. The effect on economic legislation of the Reform Act of 
 
 1832. 
 
 2. Hume's motion lost, 1834; motion for repeal of the corn 
 
 laws lost, 1837 : signs of a change of sentiment. 
 
 3. Origin of the League. 
 
 a. The London Association of 1836. 
 
 b. The Manchester Association of 1838 ; rise of 
 
 Cobden and Bright ; work of Villiers ; the 
 League formed. 
 
 c. The industrial depression of 1837-1842 ; high 
 
 prices of grain ; distress (Walpole, IV, 362 ; 
 Wright's lieport on Industrial Depressions ; 
 McCarthy's Epoch^ 178-9). 
 
 d. Work of the League ; circulars, lectures, and 
 
 meetings; "taxed" and "untaxed" loaves 
 (Walpole, IV, 397j; growing minorities for 
 Villiers' motions. 
 
 4. The Whig ministry of Melbourne superseded by the 
 
 Conservative ministry of Sir Robert Peel, 18.41-6. 
 a. Anomaly of Peel's position ; his gradual conver- 
 sion to free trade (McCarthy's Epoch, 185). 
 6. Continued struggle to 1845. 
 
 c. The Irish Potato Famine, 1845, and its effect 
 
 (McCarthy's Epoch^ 180; McCarthy's Ow7i 
 Tiones, ch. 17; MolesworUi, II, 205). 
 
 d. The measure carried, 1846. 
 
 e. The rise of Disraeli ; his speech against Peel 
 
 marks his leadership of Tory protectionist 
 party (see McCarthy's Ow7i Times). 
 
 5. Repeal of sugar duties and navigation laws, 1846-1849 
 
 (Molesworth, II, 157 ff. ; McCarthy's EpocJi, 
 189 ff.). 
 
 C. The Struggle for the Peop}le's Charter {Chartism), 1837-1848. 
 (Molesworth, II, chap. V ff., 252 ff. ; McCarthy's Epoch, 193-208 ; Mc- 
 Carthy's Owji Times, I, 84-103, II, 9-38, chap. 18; Walpole, IV, 379-92; Mar- 
 tineau, index; Bright, III, IV; Knight, VIII ; l^y fie, Modern Europe, index: 
 Muller, Pol. Nist.^ index ; Gammage, The Chartist Movement. 
 
 I. Origin of the Movement. 
 
 1. Dissatisfaction of the laboring classes with the Reform 
 
 Act of 1832 ; Russell's declaration that reform was 
 closed. 
 
 2. Early agitation for the Chartist principles : Paine, Tooke, 
 
 Grey (Walpole, IV, 380-1); Burdett, Cobbett, 
 Hunt, and others, 1817-1832. 
 
37 
 
 3. Distress causes a revival of the movement in 1837-8. 
 
 a. The name given b}^ O'Connell. 
 
 b. The Birmingham meeting. 
 
 c. The Six Points : ballot, universal suffrage (man- 
 
 hood suffrage), annual parliaments, abolition 
 of property qualification for members of Par- 
 liament, payment of members, electoral 
 districts. 
 
 II. History of the Movement, 1837-1841. 
 
 1. 1838: monster meetings; proposed suppression; Rus- 
 
 sell defends (Walpole, IV, 182-3). 
 
 2. Attorney- General Campbell's funeral oration, 1839 (see 
 
 McCarthy). 
 
 3. Meeting of 200,000 at Kersal Moor. 
 
 a. Incendiary speeches of Stephens ("Walpole, IV, 
 
 383-4). 
 
 b. Arrest, trial, and conviction of Stephens. 
 
 c. Petitions presented by Fielden and Lord Stanhope 
 
 to Parliament. 
 
 4. Leaders: Feargus O'Connor; Lovett, Secretary of 
 
 Workingmen's Association; Vincent, a com- 
 positor; Ernest Jones, on Northern Star 
 (Walpole, IV, 384). 
 
 5. The National Convention in London ; petition rejected 
 
 by the Commons : causes riots. 
 
 6. Riots in Birmingham, 1841 ; the city sacked ; police and 
 
 army strengthened ; Vincent and Lovett sentenced ; 
 other measures and convictions. 
 
 7. Frost and the march on Newport, in South Wales, 1841. 
 
 a. Failure of the attack. 
 
 b. Trial of Frost and others. 
 
 III. The second movement, 1848. 
 
 1. The year of revolution, 1848. 
 
 2. The Chartist Convention in London. 
 
 3. Meeting on Kennington Common, April 10, 1848; the 
 
 petition to Parliament (McCarthy's Own Times^ II, 
 16). 
 
 4. Collapse of the movement. 
 
 5. Coincidence of Chartism with the " Young Ireland" 
 
 movement (see McCarthy's two works). 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 In addition to the literature above cited, Hansard's Debates, the Statutes, 
 and the " Bills Public." " Reports," and other materials comprised in the Brit- 
 ish Documents (" Blue Books") are in constant requisition. See also the docu- 
 ments contained in Lee, 530-41; and consult Rogers, Public Addresses of John 
 Bright; Vince, John Bright; Apjohn, Richard Gobdm and the Free Traders', 
 Schwabe, Reminiscencs of Richard Cobden; Traill, Social England, VI. 
 
38 
 
 Sect. VII. The Elements of Cabinet-Parliamentary 
 Government. 
 
 I. General Principles (Traill, Central Government^ 1-2.) 
 
 1. Meaning of Parliamentary, cabinet, and monarchical 
 
 government respectively. 
 
 2. Inter-relation of monarchy, ministry, and Parliament. 
 
 a. Before 1688: king governed; since 1688, he is 
 "irresponsible" and "can do no wrong;" 
 but for a time controlled foreign and military 
 affairs. 
 
 &. Ministers have seats in Parliament, belong to the 
 party of the majority in Commons, and are 
 responsible. This principle was recognized, 
 1696; formally declared (by Lord Rochester), 
 1711. 
 
 II. Development of the Cabinet (Traill, Central Government^ chap. 
 
 ii). 
 
 1. The cabinet is in theory practically a committee of the 
 
 privy council, and as a cabinet is not known to the 
 law. (But see Anson, as cited). 
 a. Rise of the Privy Council and its original im- 
 portance. 
 6. Attempt of Lord Clarendon (under Charles II) 
 to revive the Privy Council : four committees 
 constituted ; that for foreign affairs absorbs 
 nearly all functions. 
 
 c. Attempt of Sir W. Temple to revive it, 1679 : to 
 
 consist of thirty members ; Temple gives it up 
 and forms an inner council (Anson, II). 
 
 d. Privy Council exists : 
 
 1. As a legislative body under authority of 
 
 Parliament. 
 
 2. As an administrative body, but acts in 
 
 certain committees (to be mentioned 
 later). 
 
 3. Frivy Council, as a body, may not meet, 
 
 except under presidency of the sover- 
 eign. 
 
 2. Difference between the " ministry" and the " cabinet." 
 
 3. Stages in the growth of the cabinet (Traill, 24). 
 
 a. Before Charles I, it was an irregular camarilla : 
 no authoritative position separate from the 
 Privy Council. 
 
39 
 
 h. Under Charles I and Charles II, it was called 
 "cabinet;" without recognized status. 
 
 c. From William III to ca. 1783, it was the de 
 
 facto, not the cle Jure ^ executive; but regarded 
 with jealousy. 
 
 d. In the nineteenth century, it attains full devel- 
 
 opment, resting on the following principles 
 (Traill, 24-5). 
 
 1. Cabinet consisting of members of Parlia- 
 
 ment. 
 
 2. Of ministers of same political views, chosen 
 
 from the party of majority in the \ 
 Commons. 
 
 3. Ministers to prosecute a concerted policy. 
 
 4. Under common responsibility. 
 
 5. Under common subordination to one chief, 
 
 the Premier. 
 
 III. Composition of the cabinet and ministry. 
 
 1. The appointment of the cabinet ^^ Wilson, State, 383 ff. ; 
 
 Anson, II, 122). 
 
 2. The Prime Minister or Premier ; slow evolution of the 
 
 office (Traill, 21-3; Anson, II, 116-122). 
 
 a. Relation to his colleagues. 
 
 b. Relation to the crown. 
 
 3. Members of the cabinet (20 in number, 1902: States- 
 
 mail's year hook^ 9-11). 
 a. Prime Minister and Lord Privy Seal. 
 h. Lord Chancellor. 
 
 c. Lord President of the Council. 
 
 d. First Lord of the Treasury. 
 
 e. Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 
 /. The five Secretaries of State : for Home Affairs, 
 Foreign Affairs, Colonies, India, and War. 
 
 g. First Lord of Admiralty. 
 
 li. President of Board of Trade, President of the 
 Board of Agriculture, Chief Secretary for Ire- 
 land, President of Local Government Board, 
 Secretary for Scotland. 
 
 i. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Chancellor of 
 Ireland, First Commissioner of Works, Post- 
 master General. 
 
 4. Rule as to re-election of a member of the Commons who 
 
 enters the cabinet? How may a member resign? 
 The " Chiltern Hundreds." 
 
40 
 
 5. When must a ministry resign? Wliat is the effect of 
 
 resignation on Parliament? 
 
 6. Theory of united responsibility; of individual responsi- 
 
 bility. 
 
 7. Rules of Procedure in cabinet deliberations. 
 
 8. Initiative of the cabinet in legislation. 
 
 IV. The Administrative department. 
 
 1. The five great "offices" of State (Wilson, 387-8; 
 
 Traill, 55-162; Anson, II, 137 ff.). 
 
 2. The Treasury (Wilson, 389-90; Traill, 31-54; Anson, 
 
 II, 161). 
 
 a. Evolution of the Department. 
 
 b. Relation of Chancellor of the Exchequer and the 
 
 First Lord of the Treasury. 
 
 c. Subordinate to the Treasury is the office of Public 
 
 Works. 
 
 3. The Admiralty Board or Naval Office. 
 
 a. A commission of six members. 
 
 b. Composed of the First Lord and five Junior Lords 
 
 of the Admiralty. 
 
 4. The Board of Trade. 
 
 a. In form a committee of the Privy Council. 
 
 b. Composed of a President who possesses practi- 
 
 cally all the powers and of certain members 
 ex q^cio (Wilson, 388). 
 
 c. Functions : oversees commercial affairs ; super- 
 
 intends state railways ; inspects passenger and 
 merchant vessels ; is the Statistical Bureau of 
 the Kingdom, etc. 
 
 5. Local Government Board : practically the English De- 
 
 partment of the Interior (Wilson, 389). 
 
 a. In form a committee of the Privy Council. 
 
 b. Composed, like Board of Trade, of a President 
 
 and members ex officio with same relative 
 powers. 
 
 c. Functions. 
 
 1. General. 
 
 2. Special ; includes post-office and telegraph 
 
 (Wilson, 389). 
 
 6. Departments of the Privy Council. 
 
 a. The Educational Department. 
 
 b. The Agricultural Department. 
 
41 
 
 REFERENCES. 
 
 Traill, Central Government, chaps. I, II; Macaulay, 1,232; "Wilson's xS^a^^, 
 378 ff. ; Fonblanque, How we are Governed, Letter VI; Hallam, II, 393-9; Es- 
 cott, 372-3; Gneist, Constitutional If istory, inde-x.; lb.. Hist, of Parliament; Tas- 
 well-Langmead, 696-715; Amos, Fifty Years of Eng. Const., 266 ff. ; Anson, Law 
 and Custom of the Const., II. 95-132; Bagehot, Const. Hist.; Bryce, Am. Common- 
 wealth, I ; Allard, Parliamentary Elections ; Clifford, Private Bill Legislation; 
 Torrens, History of Cabinets; lb., Reform of Procedure in Parliament; Ewald, The 
 Crown and Its Advisers; May, Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings, and 
 Usage of Parliament; Macdonagh, The Hook of Parliament; Lewis, Essays on 
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 Government; Cox, Institutions of the English Government. 
 
42 
 
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 * Lack of eipace prevents anything like a complete list, especially for the nineteenth 
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43 
 
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45 
 
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46 
 
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