REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Received JmAjX , igoo . Accession No y^djy Clms No. Digitized by tine Internet Arcinive in 2007 witii fundingfrom IVlicrosoft Corporation http://www.arcliive.org/details/aidstolatinorthoOObramricli AIDS Latin Orthography. WILHELM BRAMBACH. Crattslatctr frnm tfje (German, WITH THE AUTHOR'S SANCTION. W. GORDON McCABE, A. M., MASTER OF THE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL, PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA. y ^ OP tht; ^y ^^^LIFOB^ NEW YORK: HARPER AND BROTHERS. 1877. Copyright, 1877, BY HARPER AND BROTHERS. f?^2/^3,^7/^7^/1^r/^ ^ 0( PREFATORY NOTE. The following translation of Brambach's admira- ble Hidfsbiichlein fiir lateinische Rechtschreibtmg W\\\ I trust, prove of practical value to classical students in this country. To those whose aim it is to become accurate Latinists, the importance of the subject can scarcely be overstated. It has been held, indeed, by not a few scholars of sober judgment, that it is a matter of even greater moment than the question of Latin pronunciation; but, not to touch upon that vexed point, it would, perhaps, be truer to say that until Latin orthography is systematically and per- sistently taught in our schools and colleges, no reformation in pronunciation is likely to obtain gen- erally. The significance of the subject from a metrical and etymological point of view is too manifest to require argument. And yet it is scarcely too much to say that the whole matter is practically ignored in this country, PREFATORY NOTE. both in the actual teaching of the class-room and, with few praiseworthy exceptions, in American edi- tions of the classics. In the former, as a general rule, one form of a word is accepted in written exer- cises as being quite as good as another ; while in the latter, outside a few scholarly editions, we find a dead level of orthographic uniformity from Sallust to Tacitus. That such a state of things can long exist in a country where there are so many teachers trained in the best European universities and fully abreast of the results of Continental investigation, is not to be expected. England, the most conservative of nations in things classical, as in all other things, has re- sponded with unwonted promptness to the eloquent pleadings of Prof. Munro on the subject in his In- troduction to Lucretius, and EngHsh schoolmasters, it is said, are doing conscientious work in this direction. In Germany the subject has long been accorded in the schools that degree of painstaking attention which it so fully merits, every boy in the gymnasia being required to keep constantly at his elbow such a ready- reference table of orthography as that appended to this volume. Of the eminent scholars who, in that country, have made the matter a subject of special investigation, Fleckeisen, Wagner, Schultz, and PREFATORY NOTE. Others, Brambach stands confessedly first, his larger work piabHshed in i2>6Z {Die Neugestalttmg der latei- iiischen Orthographie in ihrem Verhdltniss zur Schule) having made him the generally recognized authority on the subject. In this Hiilfsbiichlein the student will find embodied the results of that more elabo- rate ,work as well as those of the author's subse- quent study, and it is to be hoped, in the interests of sound scholarship, that the book will be as cor- dially welcomed by teachers in America as it has been by their brethren in Germany. Immediately on the appearance of the Hiilfsbiich- lein, in 1872, the eminent classical publishers, Messrs. Teubner of Leipzig, advertised that thereafter the texts of their Latin authors for schools would be printed in accordance with its decisions. These well-known texts Q^fiir den Schiilgebrauch^''^ are used in many of our best schools and colleges, and afford valuable aid to teachers who bestow any attention upon Latin orthography. Necessarily dictionaries and grammars exert an overwhelming influence in this direction, and it is a hopeful sign that we have recently had an elementary Latin text-book (the excellent Latin Priiner by Prof. B. L. Gildersleeve, Ph. D.) in which Brambach's spelhng has been consistently followed, and that the revised edition of Andrews' Latin Lexi- VI PREFATORY NOTE. con has been intrusted to scholars who are known to be in sympathy with the great German authority. My special obligations are due to my friend, Prof. Thos. R. Price, M. A., one of the foremost of our young American scholars, not only for assistance in verification of authorities cited, but for repeated and valuable suggestions. ^ A few errors in the German original have been corrected in this translation, and the table of abbre- viations extended. The references to Vol. II. of Neue's Fonnenlehre der lateinischen Sprache have also been changed so as to conform to the new edition of that valuable wot-k, which has entirely superseded among scholars the old edition referred to in the original. W. GORDON McCABE. University School, Petersburg, Va., 1S77. T> or- TITT' r UNIVERSITY CONTENTS. • Page Prefatory Note 3 Introduction to the German Edition . . 9 Abbreviations 14 General Rules of Orthography. A. Spelling. § I. The Nature of Latin Spelling . . .15 § 2. The Latin Alphabet . . . . 15 B. Rules deducible from Phonetics. § 3. The Concurrence of two I's . . .16 §4. The Concurrence of two V's . . . 17 § 5. Diphthongs 18 § 6. Guttural Consonants .... 20 § 7. Labial Consonants 21 § 8. Dental Consonants 22 § 9. Liquid and Nasal Consonants . . '23 § 10. The Sibilant S 24 § II. X before S 24 § 12. Aspirates 25 CONTENTS. C. Rules deducible from Inflection and Deri- vation. § 13. The First Declension . . . .26 § 14. The Second Declension ... 26 § 15. The Third Declension . . . .27 § 16. The Fourth Declension ... 30 § 17. Adjectives and Numerals . . , .31 § 18. Pronouns . . . . , . 31 § 19. Verbal Inflections 33 § 20. Verbal Compounds .... 34 Orthographical Index, alphabetically arranged . 39 Ready-Reference Tables for Latin Orthogra- phy 155 INTRODUCTION TO THE GERMAN EDITION. Rules for Latin orthography have a double aim. In the first place, they seek to give the texts of authors the proper form that is based upon the his- tory of the language. In the second place, they settle the forms for modern Latinity. I. The time in which the Roman writers now read in our schools flourished, embraces a period of about two centuries (something more than from loo B. c* to 100 A. D.). At the beginning of this period, the Latin language, as is frequently evidenced by the texts of these authors, was in process of a rapid development in respect to forms. With a view to dis- tinguish the usage of these writers in the matter of pronunciation and orthography, we may divide them into three groups. To the first and oldest group belong Cicero, Caesar, and Sallust. Of these, Sallust has a marked fondness for long- * This limit is given in view of the fact that Terence is, unfor- tunately, no longer read in German schools. lO INTRODUCTION TO THE GERMAN EDITION. established forms, while Caesar lends a ready ear to the pronunciation just coming into fashion, and in so far as his philological studies allow it to seem ad- visable, forwards a general acceptance of the same through his writing. Cicero takes a middle course, by seeking not so much to carry through his own peculiar notions about the correct system of phonetic spelling, as by accepting the actually received usage in regard to pronunciation and orthography, and by making concessions to it contrary to his own con- victions. Livy, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid constitute a second group. Livy is no innovator in the matter of speUing and pronunciation. In his simple narrative he clings to the prevailing orthography of his contemporaries. But as his whole heart is with the past, he has the knack, when treating of grave and venerable matters of religion and state, of giving an antique coloring to his narrative by using words aptly selected, whether we regard the words in themselves or their archaic spelHng. The same is true of Vergil. On the other hand, Horace and Ovid, gladly turn- ing to the fresh life of the present, prefer to avail themselves of the modes of speech just coming into vogue. Horace, indeed, puts himself into a con- scious antagonism to the old-fashioned poetry of the past. To the third group belong Ouintilian, Curtius, and Tacitus. INTRODUCTION TO THE GERMAN EDITION. 1 1 These wrote in a time when the innovations which had forced their way in since Caesar's day had at- tained general recognition, and were used in writing without hesitation. Apart from the others stand Cornelius Nepos and Phaedrus, whose writings have been handed down to us in such a way as to render impossible any authori- tative judgment as to the original state of their texts. We can only remove from these texts incorrect readings, without introducing into them the pecuUar orthography of any fixed time. On the other hand, the texts of the other authors named above may be so dealt with, that the first two groups conform to the practice of the old Latin in pronunciation and spelling, which prevailed down to the time of Nero, while the third (Quintilian, Curtius, and Tacitus) belongs to the Silver Latinity in its highest development. Moreover, we are not to suppose that ancient authors undertook any critical revision of their manuscripts with an eye to orthography. So far as we can form an opinion from the originals, the ancients did not hesitate to use side by side, in the same passage, and without distinction, both of the correct forms of a word, provided that these forms still held a place in the living speech. A narrow selection of certain forms, the spelling and pronunciation of which were to be rigidly observed throughout, would, in the eyes of an author, have seemed a task fit only for some obscure literary 12 INTRODUCTION TO THE GERMAN EDITION. drudge. But, on the other hand, they were equally far from employing recklessly current and antiquated forms side by side. The bad taste of the second century after Christ first introduced this vicious habit. II. The orthography which obtained in the Silver age, when at its highest form-development (from Nero to Hadrian), may be justly regarded as the best model both for modern Latinity and for grammatical pur- poses. For, in the first place, our Latin forms have been, in point of fact, based upon this orthography by the older grammarians. The later grammarians too, in part unconsciously, have nearly all taken this stage of the development of the language as their starting-point. To think of setting up now any other period as the standard, v/ould be a useless experiment, and, in com- parison with the insignificance of the object, one involving far too much trouble. In the second place, we know of no earlier period of the Latin tongue so precise in the matter of forms as that which begins with Nero, while it evidently would not be advisable to select for our purpose any later time. In the third place, the form of the language from Nero to Ha- drian really exhibits its fullest phonetic development. In presenting the essential general rules for Latin orthography, we have in the following pages taken as our basis the model period of the language. Side by side, we have also given those deviations of the INTRODUCTION TO THE GERMAN EDITION. 1 3 older period which should be famiHar to the pupil for his reading. The greater part of this hand-book consists of an index of words, in which we have arranged, in alpha- betical order, the rules of orthography which are of most importance in schools, for written exercises, and for the reading of authors. In preparing this index, regard has been had as much as possible to practical needs. We have especially omitted, so far as feasi- ble, all references to larger grammatical works, since it is not seldom the case that the teacher has no means of verifying such references. On the other hand, pertinent citations from authors used in schools are given. By thus referring the reader to sources easy of access, we afford him the opportunity of prose- cuting his own orthographic investigations, and of keeping them vividly in his mind. ABBREVIATIONS. Cod. Vat, Verrin = Cod. Veroii. Livii = Br. = Die Neugestaltung der lateinischett Or- thographie in ihrem Verhdltniss ziir Sclnde, von WiLHELM Brambach. Leipzig (Teub- ner), 1868. Codex VaticaniiS of Cicero's Orations against Verres (Cicero, ed. Baiter, Halm, Zurich, 1854, Vol. II, I, pp. 133 sqq. 4^6 sqq. Mai, Atict. Class. II, p. 390 sqg.). T. Livii ab iirbe condita lib. Ill — IV, quae supersunt in codice Veronensi (ed. Mommsen, in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy, 1868; Phil.-Hist. CI. p. 31). Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Corpus Inscriptionum Rhenanarum. Fifty paragraphs from a HUlfsbiichlei7i fiir lateinische Rechtschreibiing^ by Alfred Fleckeisen. Leipzig (Teubner), 1861. Scavi nel bosco sacro dei fratelli Arvali .... relazione publ. da Guglielmo Henzen. Roma, 1868.* Orelli (Inscriptionum Lat. Collectio). Inscriptiones Regni Neapolitan! (ed. Momm- sen). Monumentum Ancyranum. GlossGe Placidi Grammatici (ed. Mai). Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica. * This work contains a list of Inscriptions which supplement and confirm the third section of Die Neugestaltwig der lat. Orthograpkie^ p. 307 sqq. C.I. L. C. L Rh. Fl. Henzen, Scavi Ok. LR. N. Mon . Ancyr. Placidi Gloss. P. L M. GENERAL RULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. A. SPELLING. § I. The Nature of Latin Spelling. The spelling of the Romans was phonetic (according to sound); that is, the sounds uttered in actual pronunciation were indicated by the spelling. If single sounds were varied or lost, the spelling changed in conformity with such variation, while lost sounds were no longer indicated. Etymological spelling is opposed to phonetic spelling. Etymo- logical spelling arises when those sounds which were origi- nally present in a word are still written in full, after they have undergone change, or are only faintly heard in the living pronunciation. Of this last kind is the French spelling. § 2. The Latin Alphabet. From the time of Augustus, the Romans used the follow- ing alphabet : ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTVXYZ. The two letters I and V marked a vowel as well as a consonant sound, viz. / and /, u and soft iv. The char- acter J for i {pronounced like y) is modern.. But even in antiquity, side by side with the angularly shaped V, there came into use a rounded secondary form U, employed in writings on papyrus or parchment, in painted as well as in Slink inscriptions, and, more rarely, in raised ones. This 1 6 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. secondary form likewise marked a vowel as well as a con- sonant sound. The letters Y and Z belong to foreign words, especially Greek ones. The Latin alphabet is derived immediately from the Greek. Z stood in the sixth place, but it was scarcely used at all, and in the third century b. c. disappeared. Its place was taken by G, a letter which did not originally exist, and which took its shape from C. Towards the end of the Republic, the neces- sity of writing Greek words accurately led to the adoption of Y, and to the re-admission of Z. These letters consequently came in at the end of the alphabet. In the modern forms of the Latin alphabet, I i and J j, U u and V v, are distinct. But as the character J did not come down to us from antiquity, it has, in more modern times, been generally removed from the texts of Latin authors. The smaller form/ is also to be avoided in Latin. On the other hand, the use of it to mark a vowel sign, and V to mark a consonant sign, has become far more general. We adhere to the prevailing usage, and consequently in the following pages, I or i denotes the vowel i as well as the consonantal/ (pronounced jj/). V designates the vowel tc and soft tv ; 2t is only vowel, v only consonantal. B. RULES DEDUCli^LE FROM PHONETICS. § 3. The Concurrence of two I's. In ancient times, II was written, (i) if two purely vowel /-sounds met together; (2) occasionally to mark a half vowel sound = ?;■; (3) if a consonantal / preceded a vowel I. Two purely vowel z-sounds come together : GENERAL RULES. 1 7 a. In the Genitive Singular of the Second Declension (§ 14, 2). b. In the Dative and Ablative Plural of the First Declension, and in the Nominative, Dative, and Ablative Plural of the Second Declension (§ 13. § 14, 3). c. In the Perfect Tense and in the derived forms, if a z' falls out between two z-sounds . . . -ii = ivi (§ 19, II.). 2. A half vowel sound ij arises whenever i occurs be- tween two vowels without forming a separate syllable, the i in this case being essentially a consonant. So in Aiax = Ajax^ a little^of the vowel sound was heard, and it was pronounced Aijax. The latter was also indicated in writ- ing, though not regularly, by the double I : AIIAX. Ex- amples 0/ the same kind are AIIO, GAIIVS, GRAIIVS, {is) EIIVS, MAIIA, MAIIOR, PEIIOR, POMPEIIVS, TROIIA, VVLTEIIVS. Cicero is said to have written AIIAX, Alio, MAIIA. But as this was not the general usage in spelling, ive adhere to the prevailing custom of the ancients^ and write only ONE I : Aiax, aio. Gains, Grains, eius, Maia, maior, peior, Pompeius, Troia, Vulteius. Instead of II, a lengthened I (J — i longa) was also sometimes used, a character which originally represented the vowel i long by nature. In regard to. this, as also on the double I, cf. Br. pp. 23, 184-188. We also find in Ciceronian Mss. the cus- tomary spelling with a single I, e'. g. eius, maior in Vat, Verr., De Re p., al. Cf. Ribbeck, PiUcj?i, not scribsi; absorpsi^ nupsiy niiptum^ etc. In antiquity, these rules were not always observed. We fre- quently find in inscriptions such forms as pleps, opsidio, op- TINEO, SCRIBTVS, etc. (Br. 24T -248.) II. P between M and S, M and T, When M and S or M and T collide, a /-sound is in- serted after the M. There are physiological reasons for this. The P-sound arises on opening the lips closed for the ;;2-sound, and renders easier the transition to S or T. Ac- cordingly, in Verbs whose stem ends in M, a P is inserted before the terminations si, tum^ etc., e. g. demo, detupsi, demptum ; e?no, emptiun ; stmio, sump si, stimptimi, etc. This spelling obtains universally in the case of the Verb. On the other hand, the P was generally discarded by gram- marians in the Substantive hiem,s. Br. 248-250. HiEMPS is also supported by examples {ib. 249). § 8. Dental Consonants. The two Dental Consonants, D and T, often sounded so much alike at the end of a word that they could not be distinguished. Owing to this, confusion frequently arose between D and T in spelling. The following rules are to be observed as being generally applicable : I. Verbal endings have T: e.g. inqitit, reliquit, not inqiiid, etc. GENERAL RULES. 23 2. Pronouns have D : e. g. ilhid (like aliicd)^ and quod^ quid, id, to distinguish them from the Verbs qtiity it, and the general Numeral quot. 3. Prepositions have D (ad, apicd), and Conjunctions, T [at, aut, ety iit). Sed\^ an exception to the last. The Adverb hand has the secondary form haiit, and sometimes hait. before consonants. Br. 251-254. The usage of the ancients deviates frequently from these rules. The first rule is the surest, although such forms as INQVID and the like occur. We meet more fre- quently the pronominal forms QVOT, QVIT, and QVOD (as a Numeral Adjective), and even QVODANNIS =^quotan- nis. So the Preposition and Conjunction AT = ad and at, is often not distinguished ; SET = sed is remarkably frequent both in old and in later Latin. APVT, ILLVT, ISTVT, etc., are furthermore found. § 9. Liquid and Nasal Consonants. I. Doubling of the L. After a long vowel L is frequently sharpened. There consequently arises a fluctuation in spelling between L and LL. Compare, in the alphabetical index, the words : querela, Messalla, Paullus, paulus, Pollio, mille, vilicus. Br. 257-263. IL M before Dental and Guttural Consonants. In compounds, M, regularly before Dental Consonants, frequently before Guttural, becomes N. I. Before Dental: (\dtm.) eunde7?i, eortmdem ; (quidam) quendam; (tam) taiitus ; (quam) quantus ; tantundent, identide77i. 24 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. 2. Before Guttural : cf., in the alphabetical index, cumque, quicumque ; nunquam, numquam ; quan- quam ; uterque, utrumque, and the like. Br. 263 -266. III. N before S. N sounded but feebly as a Nasal between S and a pre- ceding long vowel. It was therefore often dropped in writing. On the other hand, it was sometimes written even in cases where the word-stem originally had no N. Cf., in the alphabetical index, the words : formosus, vi- cesimus, semestris. Br. 266 -2>2. § 10. The Sibilant S. In the time of Cicero, Augustus, and the emperors im- mediately after Augustus, S was sharpened in certain words after a long vowel or a diphthong, and was accord- ingly often doubled in writing. Such words are causa, CAVSSA ; iiicusoy INCVSSO ; casus, CASSVS ; divisio, Divissio. The grammarians accepted only one S in these cases. Br. 273-276. In the case of double S in the words casus and divisio, the first S may be traced back to a D in the stem : CAD-SVS, DIVID-SIO. § II. X BEFORE S. Since X ends with an j-sound, an S preceded by X was not very audible in pronunciation. Consequently S after X was frequently dropped in writing ; e. g. exto = exsto. On the contrary, the text-books in ancient times required that this S should be written after X. Cf , in the alpha- betical index, exsanguis and the words given under it. GENERAL RULES. 25 Br. 277-280. Theoretically, there is no objection to writing XS, for the j-sound in the simple X was often expressly in- dicated by an added S ; e. g. saxsvm = saxinn. § 12. Aspirates. I. // before Vowels. Even in the time of the Republic, H before vowels at the beginning of most words sounded so faintly that it was not expressed in writing. In imperial times, this weaken- ing of the aspiration gradually extended to many words. The weakening of the H also took place in the interior of words. (Cf , in the alphabetical index, aeneus, cohors, prehendo, vehemens, and the words under H.) Br. 283-287. In the later days of the Empire, we find great confusion as to aspirated and unaspirated syllables; e. g. ABEO =habeo^ and habeo = abco {abire). IL Aspirated Consonants. Up to the second half of the second century B. c, the Latin language had no aspirated consonants. Afterwards, P, C, T, and R were aspirated, and the resulting forma- tions indicated by PH, CH, TH, and Rli. PH is confined almost entirely to foreign words : e. g. Philippics ; but also triumphiis. P is sometimes aspirated by the Romans in Greek words, even where the Attic dialect has tt. See Bosphorus, tropaeum. CH and TH are written not only in foreign, but in genuine Latin words. (See in the index, pulcher, Cethegus, Otho ; cf. ancora^ Cilo^ coclea, corona, lacrima, Orctcs, sepulcrum, ins. ) 26 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. RH is written in foreign words ; e. g. rhetor, Rhodus, Rhemts. Br. 287 -294. The spelling RH was not rigidly carried out in foreign words. See in the index Regium, (Br. 294.) C. RULES DEDUCIBLE FROM INFLECTION AND DERIVATION. Only such rules are here grouped together as apply to the use of letters either singly or in combination. Suffixes proper do not belong here. § 13. The First Declension. Words in -ia do not regularly contract -iis of the Da- tive and Ablative Plural into -is ; accordingly, double I is to be written here; e. g. tibiis, not tibis ; (via) viiSf not vis. Cf. § 3. On the other hand, contraction occurs in the poets, and some- times also in inscriptions and in prose Mss. Neue, Lat. Formenl. I, 32. § 14. The Second Declension. 1. In modern Latin, and in editing post-Augustan au- thors, the archaic endings -vos, -vo7n, -tws, -iiom, -guos, and -quom^ of the Nominative and Accusative Singular, are to be avoided. Cf. § 4. 2. Substantives in -iiiSy -turn, should have -// in the Genitive Singular : e. g. filitis^ filii; impe^'itcm, imperii; Fabius, Fabii. Before the Augustan age, the Genitives of these Substantives ended in a single I. GENERAL RULES. 27 In editing old texts we must be guided by the contemporary spelling of the particular author ; yet in post-Augustan authors, the -// is preferable in Common Nouns. Proper Nouns have clung tenaciously to the single I, but even in them // appears in poetry and in inscriptions. (Br. 188-196; 328-330.) Adjectives in -ius even before the Augustan age had -it in the Genitive. If a vowel comes before the ending -itts, the contrac- tion of the two /-sounds is usual, and is accepted by some of the ancient grammarians. We may, therefore, in this case, choose between two spellings : (a) According to the prevailing usage, a single I, e. g. Gqlus, Gai, Gaio ; Pompeius^ Ponipei, Poinpeio. (b) According to the general rule laid down by the ancients, 11, e. g. Gaii^ Pompeii^ etc. The first spelling {Gai, Po77ipei) is better. 3. Words in -iiis^ -iimi, have -// and -ia in the Nomi- native Plural, and -Us in the Dative and Ablative Plural : e. ^. films, V\\ixd\Jilti,Jiliis; studia^ studlis. But if a vowel precedes, the contraction of both /-sounds into single I is more usual ; e. g. /// Gaii, and, better, hi Gai; Gaiis, and, better, Gais ; so, Pompeii, Pompei ; Veii, Vei. See these words in the alphabetical index. De7is has in the Plural dii, diis, and di^ dis. Br. 196-198 ; 137-140. Dei, deis is archaic ; dii andfif/zjare the regular forms q^ the old text-books (e. g. Liv. Ill, 11, 6; I9> 10 ; V, 32, 9 ; 43, 7 ; 51, 3 ; 52, 17. Cod, Veron.). Di, dis, as secondary forms, are likewise proved by inscriptions. (Cf. also Liv. V, 41, 8 ; VI, 6, 6. Cod. Veron.) § 15. The Third Declension. I. Nouns whose stems end in p and ^, retain the stem sound unchanged in the Nominative Singular before the 2 8 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. : ^1^ case-ending {s) ; that is, B does not change into P, e. g. trads, not ^rajis. Cf. § 7, I. 2. Stems in -or, originally -os, have the Nominative Singular regularly in -dr ; e. g. amor, not the ante-classi- cal form, ai?ios; labor, odor, etc. Honor has frequently the secondary form honos. ^"EVE, Lat. FormeiiLI, 166-171. Br. 277. 3. Some of the e- or /-stems have double Nominative forms in -es and -is. The following Nominatives Singu- lar are regular : aedes and aedis, apes and apis, caedes, caiites, clades, fames, feles, fides zwd fidis ("string of a musical in- strument"), labes, lues, moles, mibes,paliimbes, p7'oles, piibes, riipes, saepes, sedes, striies, sitboles, tabes, vales, vekes, verves, vulpes. Neue, Lat. Formetil. I, 179 sq. ,i?>2 st/., where irregular Nomi- natives in -es are given. Br. 147-149. 4. The following words have the Accusative Singular only in -im : vis, {amussis) amiissim, bicris, czictimis, ravis, rumis, sitis, tussis. So, the names of Italian rivers in -is, and Greek words in ts, iv, have -im in the Accusative in Latin ; e. g. Tiberi?n, Lirim, Fabarim, basim, ibim, Am- phipolim, N'eapolim, etc. Neue, Z,a/. Formoil. I, i()^, 20^-212. Br. 175-179. Names of rivers not in Italy have also the Accusative in -im, e, g. Albim, Tamesim, Tigrim, Vistirgim. 5- The following have the Ablative Singular in •/.' (a) Nouns, which have the Accusative in -im. (See above, 4.) (b) Neuters in -e ; e. g. jna^r. (c) Neuters in -al and -ar ; e. g. tribimal, calcar. (d) Adjectives in -er of three endings and in -is ; Proper GENERAL RULES. 29 Names, however, in -is (e. g. Iiiveiialis) have -^, as luvenale^ Martiale, The following admit of the Ablative in -e or -/; (a) Adjectives in -as^ as Arpitias^ Raveiinas. (b) Adjectives of one ending. Hospes^ sospes^ pauper, degoier, tiher (Adjectives in -er without 'a Feminine form), have only e. (c) Comparatives (Xi^ imbres ; celer, celei'is oftener than celeres. (c) Words in -ns and -rs have -es and -is ; e. g. foiites and foittis, Participles and Adjectives in -ns^ inertes and iiiertis. (d) W^ords in -as generally have the Accusative" Plural in -esy even when the Genitive ends, or may end, in -iiun ; e. g. civitates. (e) Words in -x generally have -es; e. g. arces^felices. Specially noteworthy are : iirbes and urbis ; ires and Iris ; f hires, compUires, diXid phcris, coitipluris, Br. 149-158. Cf. Keller on " The Accusative in -is oi the Third Declension in the Augustan Poets," in the Rhc'm. Museum, XXI. 241-246. We do not find Keller's deli- cate distinctions observed by the prose Virriters, while in the case of the poets they are deduced chiefly from Horatian Mss. The Vergilian Mss. present deviations from them (RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. pp. 405-413); cf. with regard to Livy, MoMMSEN, Transact. Berlin Acad. 1868, p. 166. § 16. The Fourth Declension. The Dative and Ablative Plural have the ending -ibits; exceptions are : areubus, artubus, pa^'tiibus, specabus (sec- ondary form, specibus ?), tribubus, vertibus, vitubus (second- ary form, vitibus). These forms are to be regarded as regular, although not the only ones in use. (Br. 112- 118.) GENERAL RULES. 3 I § 17. Adjectives and Numerals. I. The ejiding -imus. From the time of Csesar on, the Superlative was formed in -itmis, though the older form in -tmms did not pass away at once. In imperial times, the latter form was no longer considered the standard one. We therefore write correctly, optimiLs, maximtis, not optutniis^ etc. Br. 107-112,315, 321. So the Ordinals, like septimtts, decimus, vicesimiis^ etc., and Adjectives, like yf/^/Z/V^^^/j", legitimiis^ are not to be written with ti in the penult. Br. 108, 315, 321. See decimus in the alphabetical index. II. Numeral Adverbs. According to the rule laid down by the old grammarians, Numeral Adverbs, if formed from Cardinals, end in -ies; on the other hand, if they come from the Indefinite Nu- meral Adjectives tot and quot^ they end in -iens. Thus : quinqiiieSy sexies, decies^ ceiities^ millies, but totiens, quotienSy 7mdtotiens, etc. This rule of the old grammarians was not, however, always followed, and cannot be absolutely binding for modern orthog- raphy. (Br. 268 sq.) Cf. Neue, Lat. Formenl. IL 171 - 175. § 18. Pronouns. I. Hlc^ Haec, Hoc, I. The Nominative Plural Feminine is usually hae ; there was likewise, up to the beginning of the Empire, a fuller form kaec. Cf. 2 (below). 32 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. 2. When hie assumes its full form, with the demonstra- tive 'Ce, we must write hice^ haece, hoce^ huiusce^ huice^ hunce, hajtce, hoce, kace, (Neuter Plural) haece. So at least in the texts of the Republic. These are the original forms, from which, after the third century b. c, arose by abbreviation the familiar Demonstrative Pronoun, hie, haee, hoc, huie, hunej hanc. As the -e in this Pronoun is the remnant of the demonstrative -ee, this latter suffix cannot properly be added to it again. But the grammarians of the Empire, taking hie as a primitive, wrote incorrectly, hicee, haeeee^ hoeee. RiTSCHL, Prooemmm bidicis Lectioiziiui (Bonn. aest. 1852), p. V. Cf. Neue, Lat. Formenl. II, 203-209, 211 sq. If the interrogative -ne is suffixed, there arises hicine, haecine, hocine; like illicine {ille-ce-ne), isticiize, nuncine {num-ce = nu7ic-7ie), tuncine, sicine {si-ee = sie-ne). (Ritschl, 0/usc. II, 556.) Cf. Neue, 1. c. 212. II. ISf Ea, Id; Idem. The Plural of the Pronoun Is is declined, ii, eorum, iis, eos, iis. Br. 323. Cf. 140 sq. The forms ei and eis in the Plural belong to the Republic, and disappear in the early days of the Empire. The contracted Plural forms idem (= iidem) and isdem {=^iisdem) were common. Br. 141, 323. Neue, Lai. Formenl. II, 198 - 202. Cf. Liv. Ill, 30, I ; 31, 2, idem = iidem ; and 57, 8 ; 68, 2 ; IV, 24, 5 ; XCI, p. 3, 2i.j isdem ^= iisdem {Codd. Veron.^ Pal.). Often in in- scriptions, isdem eo7tsulibus. GENERAL RULES. 33 § 19. Verbal Inflections. I. The Third Person Plural of the Present Te7tse. Up to the time of Augustus, the Third Person Plural of the Present Tense, third Conjugation, ended in -ont^ -ontur^ after a preceding V. Afterwards, the ending -tint came into fashion, and we therefore write vivimt^ metimnt, seqinmiiir, loquuntur. See above, § 4, § 6, II. On the other hand, we must write lociitiis^ secutics, not loquutusy seqinitus. Br. 234 sq. II. Perfects in -vi and their Derivatives, The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect in -avi^ -evi^ -ovi, as is known, lose the V in the forms which have an -r, -st, -ss in the ending, and the concurrent vowels are then contracted. Perfects in -/w, and their derivatives, also lose the V frequently, and this too before all endings, yet without regularly contracting. The following observations are to be specially noted in regard to the spelling : (a) The full forms are very commonly used in the First and Third Person Singular, and especially in the First Person Plural of the Perfect Indicative ; thus, -ivi, -ivit, -ivimus. (b) The dropping of the V is very common, if the ending has -r ; thus, -iernnf, -ierim, -ieram^ -iero. (c) The two I's usually contract before st and ss ; thus, -isti{s), -tsse, -issem ; e. g. audisii, audisse^ audissem. Exceptions : I. In Perfects in -avi, -evi, -ovi, the V is not regularly 34 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. dropped if it belongs to the stem. Yet ??ioveo admits syncope. 2. Often in peto and eo, and regularly in compounds of eo, V is dropped in the First and Third Singular of the Per- fect; thus petii, petiit, together with petivi, petivit; ii, iit, together with ivi^ ivit. Compounds of eo regularly drop the V in all endings ; e. g. adiiy adiit^ adiwms, adi- ertmt, adieram, adierim, adiero ; and contraction frequently occurs before st and ss ; e. g. adisti{s), adisse, adissem, 3. -ii and -iit usually occur in desino ; desii, desiit, also desiimus (contracted into desimiis). Numerous examples, showing in the Mss. a variation in these forms that can easily be explained, have been collected by Neue, Lat. Formenl. II, 510-549. III. The Future Passive Participle of the Third and Fourth Conjugations. The Future Passive Participle of these conjugations ends regularly in -endus. The older form -undus nevertheless occurs quite often in imperial times. If a V precedes, we must write -endus only ; e. g. metuendus^ vivendus, sequendus. On the contrary, if an I precedes, -undus frequently occurs ; e. g. facitmdus ; this last form also pre- dominates in certain legal formulae ; regularly in repetun- darum. Br. 106 sq. Neue presents examples, Lat. Formenl. II, 384-388. § 20. Verbal Compounds. I. Verbs co??tpounded with Prepositions. The grammars of the ancients lay down the rule that the final consonant of a Preposition must be assimilated GENERAL RULES. 35 to the initial consonant of a Verb, whenever the nature of the colliding consonants allows of it. Before vowels, the Preposition changes only in few instances. The chief changes of the Prepositions are : 1 . ab before vowels, before / =/, and /;, b, d, i, it, r, s. abs before c, q^ t ; and as (with the dropping oib) beforei^; e. g. asporto, a before /in afiii (see in the index absum), and be- fore m and v. azt before f in attfero, aiifiigio. ab thus does not assimilate, and, in this way, confusion is avoided with the usually assimilated compounds of the Preposition ad. 2. ad before vowels, before / =7, and h, b, d, f, m, n, q, V. ac before c; e. g. accipio ; not so well before q. ag and ad before g; e. g. agger o^ -are, from agger; adgerere; aggredior and adgi'edior. a before gjt, sp, sc, st; e. g. agnosco, aspicio, aspiro, ascendOf asto : ad may besides remain in full in these cases. ad and al before /. ad, better than an, before n, ap usually, more rarely ad (/), before/. ad and ar before r. ad and as before s. at before t. d also occurs before /; e. g. adtraho, Cic. Verr. II, 2, I, § I {Vat.), and elsewhere. 3. ^nt^htcomts a7ttimantistare,afitkipare. (Br. 180.) 4. circum may drop m before eo, ire : circwneo, circueo, 36 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. and commonly circuitus, ciratitiOy together with circumitiis^ circiimitio. e. g. Liv. IV, 56, 5, circuisse ( Veron.)^ circiimisse {Med. saec. xi, Par. 5725, Leid. I.). Concerning the old controversy whether m is to be retained, cf. Forcellini, s. v. Cic. de Re /. I, 29, 45 (Osann). Or. {I user. Lat. Coll.), 6140. 5. . com before b, m, p. con before r, d,f,g (on gn see below), z=j\ n, q, j, /, V. con and col before /; the latter usually in collegium, cor before r. CO before vowels and h (except comedo^ comes, comi- tor, cofniliicmy comitiare). The initial vowel of the Verb may disappear owing to contraction; e. g. cogo (co-ago). CO before ^n, and, after loss of g, before simple n in coneclOj com'veo, conitor, coniibiiim. On dis, di, and de, see derigo, dinosco, discribo, and dissigno in the alphabetical index. 6. ex before vowels and //, c, p, q, s, t. Except epotus, epotare. Cf. Neue, Lat. Foniienl. II, 766 sq. e before ^, d, g^ i =j, /, in, n, r, v. ef before f; e. g. efferre. In Republican times (Cicero and Sallust), and, according to Mss., even in writers of the first century after Christ, there is also a weaker secondary form of ex, caused by the loss of the sibilant, viz. : ec ; e. g. ecfero, ecfattts. Modern Latinists affect this form, but in any case ecjicere, instead of the usual efficere, is to be avoided. Cf. Neue, Lat. Formenl. II, 767 sq. 7. in before vowels, and h, c, d,f, g (except gjt), i =j, ;/, q, s, t, V. GENERAL RULES. 37 in and, more rarely, // before /. in and ir before r. im and in before ///, b^ p. im is regular, but iji occurs in reality very frequently. Especially must we write imperator, not inpera- tory and imperium and imperare are preferable. i before gn. 8. ob before vowels, before / =/, and Ji^ b, d, /, n, r, s, /, V. Opy contrary to the theory of the grammarians (above, § 7, 1,2), is. frequently written before s and t. In obsolesco, the form of the Preposition obs occurs. ob and sometimes o}?i before ;;/. oc before c. of before f. og before g, op before/. Contrary to the prevailing rule, ob also occurs before/.- e.g. obprobo. In omittOy operio\ ostendo {=^ obs-tendo), b is lost. 9. per remains regularly unchanged ; only before / may r pass over into /; e. g. pellego —periego, pellicio = perlicio ; r may also fall out in derivatives of ins and iurare. See peiurus and peiero in the alpha- betical index. 10. sub before vowels, h^ i=j\ b, d, /, ;/, j, /, v. sue before c. siif before f. sug before g. Slim and sidy before in. Slip before /. sjibp . . ., irregularly, occurs sometimes ; e. g. subpono. Cf. adt . .,obp... 38 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. sur and siih before r. sus (from stibs) m stiscipio, stcscitd, sicspendo, siistmeo, sustento, {stistollo) sustuli, stt in suspicere, stispiro. II. trans before vowels, and b, Cjf,g,py r, t, v. tran, usually before j, and always before sc. trans, and frequently tra, before i=i and 7', d, I, VI y n. Br. 294-303. With regard to Livy especially, cf. Mommsen, Transact. Berlin Acad. 1868,. p. 170 sq. II. Compounds of iacio zvith Prepositions of one Syllable. Compounds of iacio with Prepositions of one syllable should, after the change of a into /, be written with double i; e. g. abiicio. The theory of the Latin grammarians so required, but the forms with a single i largely predomi- nated in actual usage. We, therefore, are safest in writing : abicio, adicio, inicio, obicio, subicio. If the Preposition ends in a vowel, ii may be written, and thus the detrition of the sound // indicated ; e. g. coiicio, deiicio. But even after a vowel, a single i is safer and better. We write thus : coicioj deicio, eicio, proicio, reicio^ traicio. Br. 198 - 202. Neue, Lat. Formenl. II, 734, 753 sq.^ 766, and, in addition, Liv. {Cod. Veron.) Ill, 44, 6 ; 51, 12 ; IV, 12, 10 ; i3j 12; 21,4; 58, 12. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX, ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. A. a, ab, abs, Preposition. ab stands before vowels and h ; a generally before con- sonants. Before the consonants b, f, p, and v, a is usual, while ab is not rare before the remaining consonants, and especially frequent before 1, n, r, s, and consonantal i (= j ) : e. g. ab love and a love. abs, better than aps^ can only be written before te, al- though even in this case a te is usual. Examples in Neue, Lat. FormenL II, ^Zl-IM- ^^^ Cod. Veronensis now gives us more certain information as to Livy, who is fond of using ab before consonants ; e. g. ab hcnioribus, III, 65, 7 : ab legaiis and a libidiite^ ib. 26, 9 ; 44, I: ab siiis and a se, ib. 43, 6 ; 35, 2.\ et a froiite et ab tergo^ IV, 33, 10 : ab Vergiitio^ ib. 21, 9 : al. aps, it is true, is warranted phonetically, and occurs ; but it is not in accordance with the regular and generally received orthography ; e. g. aps ie^ Cod. Vat. Cic. Ver- rin. II, I, 43, § III; abs te, Cic. pro Rab. 11, 30. See above, § 7, I. On the occurrence of abs elsewhere, see Neue, 1. c. 40 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. a and ah, Interjection. Both forms are authenticated. Cf. Neue, Lat. For- 7?ienl. II, 812 sq. E. g. Hor. Carm. I, 27, 18; II, 17, 5 (Keller). Terent. Andr. Ill, 3, 11 ; Adelp. I, 2. 47 (Umpfenbach). abcido, v. abscido. Abella, not Avella. Br. 238. Or. 7167, al. Verg. Aen. VII, 740 (Ser- vius). abeo, abii, etc. See above, § 19, II. abfore, abfui, v. absum. abicio, abieci, abicere, better than abiicio. (See above, § 20, II.) abs, V. a, ab. abscido (abs-caedo), not abcido. E. g. Hor. Serm. II, 3, 303 (Holder). Cf. Ribbeck, Frol. in Ve7'g. p. 444. Cod. Ve7'on. Livii, IV, 10, 4. Corp. Ins. Gr. 1711, B, 12 (Br. 333). abscisio, not abcisio. Cornif. ad Herenn. IV, 53, 54, § ^'^, gives the correct form twice, but with the various reading, abscissio {abc-, Kayser. Cf. his Corrigenda). absens, z^. absum. absum, afui, afuturus, afore, not abfui, etc. E. g. Liv. IV, 12, 7 ; 58, 2 ; V, 4, 14, Cod. Veron. Cic. Epist. ad Fam. Cod. Med. (ed. Tur. 2, III, p. 220, 29). OsANN (p. 243) on Cic. de Re p. II, 43. Fl. 7. Neue, Lat. Forme nl. II, 742. absens, not ap sens. See above, §7, I. Cf. Br. 333. ^K\,Aiict. Class. II, p. 418 (C^?^. Vat. Cic. Verr. II, 2, 23, § 55)- ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 4 1 absumo, absumpsi, absumptum, z^. sumo. E. g. Liv. IV, 26, 5 ; V, 43, 4; VI, 2, 12. ac before consonants, except h; at que before vowels and consonants. ac (ad), before -c in compounds. See above, § 20, I, 2. Acca LarentiajZ'. Larentia. acipenser, the name of a fish, not accipenser, nor aquipenser. Hor. Serm. II, 2, 47 (Holder). aclys, aclydis, not aclis. Verg. Aen. VII, 730. Rib- beck [Prol. in Verg, p. 452 : acludes, P, 7' " 7iescio an recie^^), actuarius, not actarius. Br. 129. ad in compounds. See above, § 20, I, 2. additicius, not -tius. See above, § 6, I. adedo, adesum, better than adessum. Verg. Aen. IX, 537 (Ribbeck). adeo, adii, etc. See above, § 19, II. adgnosco, v. agnosco. adicio, better than adiicio. See above, § 20, II. adolescens, .z/. adulcscens. Adria, zi. Hadria. Adrumetum, v. Hadrumetum. adsiduus, v. assiduus. adsimulo, not adsimilo. Verg. Aen. X, 639 ; XII, 224 (Ribbeck). Cf. For- CELLiNi, sub V. advecticius, not -tius. See above, § 6, I. adversus, adversum, not the older form advorsus. Like versus. Cf. Verg. Aen. IX, 443 (Ribbeck). Cic. de Re p. (ed. Osann, p. 442). Ritschl, Opisc. II, 262. 42 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. adulescens, as a Substantive ("a youth"); not ado - lescens. Br. 82. Cic. de Re p. I, 8, 13 ; 15,23 (Osann, p. 58). Mat, AucL Class. II, p. 389. Cod. Veroit. Livii, III, 12, 8; V, 32, 8. Cf. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 2, § 5 al. adolescens, as a Participle of adolesco. adulescentia, adulescentulus, like adulescens. aedes, aedis. Nom. Sing, aedis, more rarely aedes ; Ac- cus. aedem ; Abl. aede ; Nom. Plur. aedes ; Gen. aedium ; Accus. aedes and aedis. Charisius prescribes : " hae aedes = domus ; sed aedis si dixeris, templum significas " (Br. 147 sq.). The Nominative Sing, aedis is authenticated by a Cae- sarian inscription (Br. 147) ; by the Fasti Praen. Ian. 27, Mart. 2, 19, April. 10, 28 ; by the Fast. Afttiaf. Aug. 18 (to which Garatoni, Corssen, and others refer) ; and moreover in the 4th century by Or.-Henz. 5580. Ms. examples are to be seen in Neue, Formeitl. I, 179 sq. Cf. Cic. in Verr. II, 4, 55 (§ 122 Zumpt ; Jordan). The Cod. Veron. Livii has aedis once (IV, 25, 3), but aedes twice (III, 63, 7; V, 31, 3). Accus. Plur. : aedisque poplicas, Corp. Iiisc7'. Lat. I, 551 (2d cent. B. c), and also in a Swiss inscription (4th cent. A. D.), MoMMSEN, Inscr. Helv. 10. Vergilian Mss. favor aedes (Ribbeck, Ltdex, pp. 407, 412). aedilicius, not -tius. See above, § 6, i. aedituus, not the older form aeditum.us, nor aedi- timus. Zumpt on Cic. in Verr. II, 4, 44, § 96. Gellius, XII, 10. Aedui, not Haedui. Notitia prov. et civ. Galliae [Rhein. Mtis. xxiii, 278), Caesar, al. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 43 Haedui is given in Inscript. Helv. 192 (Mommsen), but Aed-, Or. 5966, al. aedus, v. haedus. Aefula, notAesula. HermeSy I, 426. Aegaeus, a, um. k.bioXo's. So handed down in good Mss., along with aegeus, which is wrong. Cf. Hor. Carm. II, 16, 2 ; III, 29, 63 ; Epist. I, II, 16. (Keller-Holder.) But on the other hand, Aegeae and Aegiae, names of towns. M'^eia.i : " Philippus Aegiis occisus est." Nepos de Reg. 2, I. So Fleckeisen, FMol. IV, 334. Aegeae, Justin. VII, I, 10. To be distinguished from these is the form Aiyiai, the name of a town in Cilicia. Aegeas, Tac. Ann. XIII, 8 (egeas. Codex). In regard to these different names, cf. Henr. Stephani Tkes. sub. v. Myai^ Al^ia. aeiieus, aenus, more frequently than the forms ahe- neus, ahenus. Both forms, with and without the h, are authenticated in Verg. Aen. II, 470, and Geor. I, 296. Cf. too the ob- servation of Gellius, II, 3. Yet the Vergilian Mss. have, according to Ribbeck {Index y p. 423), aenus, "constanter exceptis Aen. I, 449 {Med. 2), et IV, 513 {Pierian.). ^^ Ms. tradition of Horace also favors both aeneus and aenus : vid. Keller-Holder on Carm. I, 33» II ; 35. 19 ; III, 3, 65 ; 9» 18; 16, i ; Serm. II, 3, 183; Epist. I, 1,60; II, 1,248. (So the Vossian Ms. of Ausonius; Ausonii Ep. 25, 23.) " The tablet of copper [on which were inscribed the imperial 44 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. decrees in regard to the rights of citizenship and of marriage granted to soldiers *] is invariably called in our records, up to the year 134, tabula aenea [never ahenea]." — Mommsen, Hermes^ I, 467. ahenam, Corp. Inscr. Lat, I, 196, 26 (186 B. c.) : aheneis, Augustus, in Momaji. Ancyr. I, 3 : ahene(as), Or. 5129 (a. D. 56), al. (Fl. 7.) Cf. aeneatores, Corp, Iitscr. Rh. 1783. Aenobarbus, v. Ahenobarbus. Aequiculi and Aequicoli. Verg. Aen. VII, 747, gives Aequicula gens. Corp, Ins. Lat. I, p. 564, Elog. 35, gives aequeicolus. Cf. Liv. I, 32, 5 ; X, 13, I. Aequimaelium, not Aequiinelium. Aequimelium, it is true, is given in the Mss., but that proves nothing, for they give Melius also repeatedly in place of the correct Maelius (so Cod. Veron. Liv. IV, 13, I, Melius ; but, IV, 13, 8, Maelius ; cf. IV, 14, i, 3. Quin- til. V, II, 12 ; 13, 24). The fact that Varro, Cicero, and Livy employ Aequimaelium in connection with the de- struction of the house of Maelius, supports this form of the word. Cf. Drak. on Livy, IV, 16, i. Christ on Cic. de Divin. II, 17, 39 (ed. Tur. 2, IV, p. 534, i). Becker, Rbm. Alt. I, 486. aequiperare, not aequiparare. Nepos, Them. 6, i; Ale. 11,3 (Halm). Cic. Tusc. V, 17, 49. Verg. Eel. 5, 48 (Ribbeck). Forcellini observes that there is abundant good Mss. tradition in favor of aequipero. aequus, not aecus nor aequos. See above, §6, II ; § 14, I. * See Corp. Inscr. Lai. Vol. IIL pp. 843-919 (ed. Mommsen, 1873). -Tr. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 45 aerumna, not e r u m n a . erumna belongs to the rude speech of the people (Br. 205). aesculetum, not esculetum. Hor. Carm. I, 22, 14 (Keller). aesculeus, not esculeus. Ov. Met. I. 449. z^. aesculus. Cf. aesculnieis, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 577, 2, 9. aesculus, not e s c u 1 u s . Hor. Carm. Ill, 10, 17 (Keller). Verg. Geor. II, 291 (Ribbeck). Aesernia, not Esernia. Cic. ad Att. VIII, 11, D. 2. Old corns have Aisernmo. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 20. A e s o p e u s [in the time of the Empire, Aesopius, AiVctlTTCiOS]. Quintil. V, 11, 20 : atVwTretoi's ; aesopius, Cod. A7nhros. Aesopius, Phaedr. IV, Prol., 11 (Muller). Aesquiliae, v. Esquiliae. aestimatiOjZ'. aestimo. aestimo, not the older form a e s t u m o . aestumo is used in the lex repet. (b. c. 123/2), Corp. Ins, Lat. I, 198. aestimo, Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 54, 6: cf. Ill, 63, 9. The same holds relatively in the case of aestimatio, aestumatio, and other derivatives. Both tc and i are found in Ciceronian Mss. Cf. Cic. de Re p. II, 35, 60 (Osann, p. 436). Aesula, v. Aefula. aetherius {aid^pLos)j not aethereus. Hor. Carm. I, 3, 29 (Keller). Verg. Aen. V, 518, 838; Culex, 102 (Ribbeck). 46 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Aetna, in prose, not A e t n e . The Greek form Aetne (Altvt]) occurs in good Mss. of Ovid. E. g. Met. II, 220; XV, 340 ("ut alibi saepe," N. Heinsius). aevum, not aevom. See above, § 4, § 14, i. afore, afui, afuturus, v. absum. agnosco and adgnosco. adg. Hor. Epist. I, 16, 29 (Keller). Cf. Osann (p. 297) on Cic. de Re p. Ill, 35, 47. See above, § 20, 1,2. ah, zf. a. aheneus, ahenus, v. aeneus. Ahenobarbus is the form of the Republic and earlier Empire; later, Aenobarbus. C^r/. Ins. Lat. I, 571, 1 344. Henzen, Scavi^ p. 4 sqq. Quintih VI, i, 50. Suet., Nero, i. Alaesa, Alaesus, v, Halaesa. Alamanni, not Alemanni. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 403, October 5, 10. Script. Hist. Aug. and Ammian. Rhem. Mus. ix, 304. aleum, v. alium. Alexandrea is the form of Cicero's time ; Alexandria is also correct, and probably dates from the time of the Empire. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 474. Fast. Venus, an. 724, p. 741. Hor. Carm. IV, 14, 35 (Keller). Cic. de Fin. V, 19, 54 (Madvig). Cic. ad Fam. VII, 17, i, al. Cf Osann (p. 467) on Cic. de Re publica. Cf. above, § 5, 2. Alia, V. AUia. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 47 alica, not halica. halica is ante-classical, halicarius is given by Lucilius, XV (Br. 284). Alicarnasus, v, Halicarnasus. alimentum, not alumentum. Br. 119. Cf. Cic. de Re p. I, 4, 8. Sail. Frag. Vat. I b, 4 [Hermes J V, 402). alioqui is more correct than alioquin. Br. 271. RiBBECK, Fartikelj 20. aliquotiens, better than aliquoties. Like quotiens. See above, § 17, IL alium, better than allium ("garlic "), not aleum. Br. 136, 137. Hor. Epod. 3, 3 (Keller). Cf. Plau- tus, Most. 48 (Ritschl). Corp. Ins. Lat. IV, 2070. aliunde and alicunde. OsANN (p. 410) on Cic. de Re p. VI, 25, 27, where he erroneously accepts a difference between the words in respect to derivation, a 1 1 e c , not alec, nor h a 1 e c . Hor. Serm. II, 4, 73 ; 8, 9 (Holder). AUia, AUiensis, not Alia, Aliensis. Fast, Antiat. and Aniit. Jul. 18. Cf. Verg. Aen. VII, 717 (Ribbeck). Alia, Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 39, 6,8; 53> 5; but Alliensem, ib. VI, i, 11. Alii fa e, Allifanus, notAlifae, Alifanus. Hor. Serm. II, 8, 39 (Holder). Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 299. alucinari and allucinari, better than the older form halucinari. alucinatus, Cic. de Deor. Nat. I, 27, 72 (ed. Tur. 2, p. 388, 5. Codd. Voss.m., Pal. 1519). allucinari, Cic. Ep. ad Q. fratrem, II, 9, i.^Cod. M. V, ONIVEF' 48 . LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. (where halucinari is given in the margin, according to Baiter, ed. Lips. p. Ixxi). The pronunciation with- out the h is vouched for by Gellius (ii, 3) as obtaining in his day, and the same author states that Cloatius Verus derived the word from aXi^iv (xvi, 12). alvarium (*' beehive"), not alvearium. Verg. Geor. IV, 34 (Ribbeck, Pi-oL in Verg. p. 388). ambedo, ambedi, ambesum, better than ambes- sum. Verg. Aen. V, 752 (Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 444). The latter form also is right, but not the standard one. amentum and ammentum. Cic. de Or. I, 57, § 242 (Ellendt). ammentum, Caes. Bell. Gall. V, 48, 5, Cod. A. Verg. Aen. IX, 665 (Ribbeck). amfractus,r. an fr actus. Ammon,?7. Hammon. amoenus, not a m e n u s . Hor. Carm. I, 17, i (Keller), /^jj". This form is also supported by the occurrence of the cognomen Amoenus in inscriptions. Ampsanctus, not Amsanctus. Cic. de Divin. I, 36, 79 (Christ). Verg. Aen. VII. 565 (Ribbeck). anas, anatis, not a n e s , nor a n e t i s . But in derivatives, anaticula, aneticula ; anatinus, anetinus. Br. 74, 75. Cf e. g. anaticula, Cic. de Fin. V, 15, 42, where aneticula is given in Codd. Voss. 86, Erlatig. 847. Lachmann, in Lticr, p. 16. ancora, not a n c h r a . ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 49 Marius Victorinus favors ancora (Br. 288). An- chora, according to Servius, is found in Verg. Aen. I, 169 ; VI, 4. anellus, not annellus. Hor. Serm. II, 7, 9 (Holder). anfractns, not a m f r a c t u s . Br. 264. Priscian, I, 38 (= I, p. 29, 18, Hertz). animadverto, not animadvorto. Cf. verto. The expression animum advorto is ante- classical (Br. 102). The later form is found even in Mss. of Terence (And. I, i, 129 ; IV, 4, 28). Cf Rib- beck, Frol. in Verg, p. 388. antemna and antenna. Verg. Aen. Ill, 549 (Ribbeck). Hor. Carm. I, 14, 6 (Keller). Cf. Ritschl, Opusc. II, 552, 773. Antiochea and Antiochia. Cic. ad Fam. II, 10, 2, where Antiocht'^ is the reading of the Cod. Med. Cf OsANN (p. 467 sq.) on Cic. de Re publica. Like Alexandrea. antiquus, ''old " ; anticus, " that is in front." See above, § 6, II; § 14, i. antistare ("to stand ahead of, to excel"), not ante- stare. Br. 180. Cic. de Re p. I, 18, 28 (cf Osann, p. 279). Ritschl, Opusc. II, 559. anulus, not a n nu 1 u s . Hor. Serm. II, 7, 53 (Holder). Cic. de Or. Ill, 32, § 127 (Ellendt). anularius, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 1107. Anxur, Anxurus, not Axur. 50 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Ilor. Serm. T, 5, 26 (Holder). Verg. Aen. VII, 799 (Ribbeck). Apenninus, v. Appenninus. apes and apis in the Nom. Sing. Priscian found apis in Ovid, Met. xiir, 928, but the old grammarians approve apes as the usual form (Br. 148). Appenninus, better than Apenninus. Appenn- is the reading of the Cod. Veronensis Livii, V, 33, 6. Verg. Aen. XI, 700; XII, 703 (Ribbeck). Hor. Epod. 16, 29 (Keller). apud stands as the regular form, beside aput, which also occu;'s frequently. Cf. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 11, § 48. See above, §8,3. Apuleius and Appuleius. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 573, al. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 25,§ 107. Apulia, Apulus, better than Appulia, Appulus. Hor. Carm. I, 2iZ'> 7; '^' > Serm. I, 5, 77 ; II, i, 34, 38 (Keller-Holder, I, p. 238). Sail. Cat. 27, i, al. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 299, I ; p. 573. aput, V. apud. aquosus, not aquonsus. Br. 267, 268, following Marius Victorinus. See above, § 9, III. arbor, not arbos. Br. 277, following Quintilian. See above, § 15, 2. area, not arc ha. Hor. Serm. I, 1,67 ; 8, 9 ; II, 3, 119 ; 7, 59 (Holder). arcesso and accerso. Cic. de Or. II, 27, § 117 (EllEndt). accerso. Sail. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 5 I lug. 62, 4 ; 109, 4. accerso and arcesso, Cat. 40, 6 ; 52, 24 ; 60, 4, al., together with the collateral forms follow- ing the fourth conjugation. Cf. Dietsch, Sail. II, p. 145. Nepos, Att. 21, 4 (Halm). Ribbeck, Frol. in Verg. p. 388. Hor. Epist. II, I, 228 (cf. ib. II, i, 168, and Epist. I, 5, 6; Serm. II, 3, 261. Keller-Holder). Cf. Jahrb.fiir Phil. vol. 89, p. 834, and Neue, Lat. For- 7neiil. II, 416, in regard to the collateral forms which fol- low the fourth conjugation. The form accerso is not suitable in modern Latin- ity for simple, prosaic speech. arctus, V. artus. arena, v. h arena. Areopagita and Ar iopagita ('ApeiOTraYtrT^s). Quintil. V, 9, 13 (p. 230, 15, Halm). Cic. de Off. I, 22, 75 (p. 661, 4, Baiter), al. Areus pagus and Arius pagus ("Apetos 7rd7os), better than Areopagus, Ariopagus. Cic. de Div. I, 25, 54, where Christ (p. 499, 6) writes Ariopagum ; and other passages which Nipperdey cites on Tac. Ann. II, 55. Cf. Osann (p. 92 and p. 467) on Cic. de Re p. I, 27, 43. See above, § 5, 2. ariolari, ariolus, v, hariolari, hariolus. Arretium, Arretinus, not Aretium. Sail. Cat. 36, I. Caesar, Bell. Civ. I, 11, and else- where. Forcellini, s. v. Aretium. Arruns, not Aruns. Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 33, 3, 4. Verg. Aen. XI, 759 (Ribbeck). artare, not arc tare, from artus. artus, not arctus ("narrow"). 52 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 34, 6, and elsewhere good Mss. Cf. Keller on Hor. Carm. I, 38, 7. arundo, v. harundo. aruspex, arespex, v. haruspex. as- in compounds (= abs-, and ad-s). See above, § 20, I, i, 2. assiduus and adsiduus, not asseduus. Br. 145, 296 sqq.^ 305. adsiduus in Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 25, I ; 55> 3 ; V, 50, 8 ; VI, i, 5. Cf. Osann (p. 201) on Cic. de Re p. II, 22, 40. at in compounds (ad-t). See above, § 20, I, 2. at que, z/. ac. atqui, more correct than a t q u i n . Br. 271. RiEBECK, Partikely 20. Neue, Lat. For- vienl. II, 802. attrecto and attracto. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 387 (Aen. II, 719). Cf. Priscian, VIII, 85 (= I, p. 438, Hertz). auctor, not autor, and auctoritas, not autoritas. Br. 215. aucupium, not aucipium. Br. 120 sqq. audacter, not audaciter. Quintil. I, 6, 17. Br. 202, 299. a u d e o , ausus, the usual form for a u s s u s , which lat- ter form also occurs in the time of Cicero and Augustus. Br. 275. Cf casus, causa. Ribbeck, ProL i?t Verg. p. 444. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 53 Avella, V, Abella. a V e 1 1 o , avulsus, not a v o 1 s u s . Cic. and Hor. : avolsus [De Re p. I, i, i (OsANN, p. 6). Serm. I, i, 58 (Holder)]. See above, § 4. aveo, V. haveo. Augeas (AuYe/as), better than Augias. Adjective, Augeus. Augeas in Seneca, Apocol. 7 [p. 52, 8i (ed. Berol. p. 223), Bucheler]. Plin. XVII, 6, § 50 (Sillig). Cod. Voss. Ausonii, Id. 19, 7. See above, § 5, 2. aurifex, not a u r u f e x . Br. 122. autumnus, not auctumnus. Fl. 8. Fragm, Vat. Sail. Hist. I, a. 8, in Hermes, V, 402. Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 6, 2. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 389. Hor. Carm. II, 5, ii, al. (Keller, vol. I, p. 240). avunculus, not avonculus. See above, § 4. avonculus, Corp. Ins. Lat. II, 900, 1282, II. Cf. Cic. de Re p. I, 19, 31. B. baca, better than b a c c a . Verg. Eel. X, 27, al. (Ribbeck, Frol. in Verg. p. 391). Hor. Carm. II, 6, 16 ; Epod. 8, 14 ; Epist. I, 16, 2 ; Serm. II, 3, 241 ; 4, 69 (Keller-Holder). Cic. de Leg. I, 8, 25 (Vahlen, p. 22, 9). Priscian wrote bacca, II,6(=I, p. 47, 5,Hertz). baccar (b a c c a r i s), better than b a c c h a r . Verg. Eel. IV, 19; VII, 27 (Ribbeck). 54 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. balbutio, not balbuttio. Hor. Serm. I, 3, 48 (Holder). Baliares, Baliaricus (BaXiapeis), better than Ba- leares, Balearicus. Act. Triumph. 633 (= Corp. his. Lat. I, p. 460). Or. 732. On the other hand, ib. 168 (Corssen, Atispr. IP, 346). " In Cod. Put. Livii id nomen saepius littera t quam e scriptum reperitur." — Alschefski on Liv. XXI, 21 (III, p. 88). Cf. Verg. Geor. I, 309, and Sail. lug, 105, 2, where Balear- is the reading. b all n e um, z^. balneum, ballista, better than b a 1 i s t a . ballista, Cod. Ambros. Plauti Trin. 668 (Ritschl) ; balista, ib.^ Codd. Pal., Vat, " ballistae (sed altera / ex- puncta)," Cod. Reg. {Paris. 6332, saec. IX). Cic. Tusc. II, 24, 57 (p. 270, 23, Baiter). balneum has an authorized collateral form, balineum ; so balneae, balineae. Br. 202. Cf. Plant. Merc. 126 (Ritschl). Placidi Gloss, (p. 438, Mai), baliniis. Fast. Praen. Apr. i. Cf Ritschl, Opusc. II, p. 523. balteus, balteum, not baltius, baltium. Br. 136, 137. E. g. Quintil. IX, 3, 9 (Halm). barritus, not b a r i t u s nor barditus. Keller, Neue Jahrb. fiir Phil. 1871, p. 560 sq. basilica, not bassilica. Br. 276. bassilica is plebeian : Corp. Ins. Lat. \Y^ 1779. basis, not bassis. Br. 276; like basilica. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 55 ■ ■ — — ■ batillum v* vatillum. battuo ("to strike"), not batuo. Thus, Cod. Med. Cic. Ep. Fam. IX, 22, 4. belua, not bellua. Hor. Carm. I, 12, 23, al. ; beluosus, ib. IV, 14, 47 ; Serm. II, 3, 316; 7, 70; Epist. I, i, 76 (Keller, Holder). Verg. Aen. VI, 287 (Ribbeck, al.). E. g. Plant. Trin. 952 (Ritschl). Sail. Cat. i, 2 (Dietsch). Cic. de Re p. I, 18, 30 ; II, 26, 48. Cf. Osann, p. 'ii, and Mai on Cic. pro Mil. [AiLct. Class. II, pp. 114, 388). benedicere and bene dicere. benefacere and bene facere. beneficium, better than benificium. beneficus, better than benificus. benevolentia, better than benivolentia. benevolus, better than benivolus. Both forms are authenticated. In Republican times the change beni- arose, and was retained under the Em- pire. On the other hand, the spelling bene- predomi- nates in the text-books from the first century of the Em- pire as being the regular form. Br. 179. Indices to Corp. Lis. Lat. The standard forms benevolus^ etc. are favored by Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 17, § 72 ; Osann (p. 322) on Cic. de Re p. IV, 8, 8. Cf. Ritschl, Opisc. II, 561 sq. bibliotheca and bybliotheca {^l^Xos, /3iy/3Aos). K. Keil, Rhein. Mus. xviii, 269 sq. Or. 6306 sq. Cf. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, pp. 327, 610. E. g. Cic. Ep. ad Fam. VII, 23, 2, Cod. Med.y which gives bybliotheca. bipartitus and bipertitus. Like tripaftitus. Cf depeciscor. 56 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. ■ -■ • ' — ■ • bipennis, not bipinnis, in all significations of the word. Br. 142, 143. Cf. RiBBECK, Frol. in Verg. p. 391. Hor. Carm. IV, 4, 57 (Keller). Bonifatius is the genuine form, as the old Christian in- scriptions teach. B o n i f a c i u s is mediaeval. bos, Gen. Plur. bourn, Dat. bubus, more frequently than bobus. For examples, see Neue, Lat. Formenl. 1, 287, 296. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 448. Bosphorus is the usual form in Latin Mss., instead of the Greek B6cr7ropos. Fleckeisen, Jahrh.fUr Phil, vol. 99, p. 656 sqq, ; vol. loi, p. 458. braca, not b r a c c a . Propert. IV, 4, 17 ; V, 10, 43 (L. Muller). The c was also aspirated : bracha (Br. 291). bracchium, not brachium. -cch- is better attested by Mss. than -ch- . Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 391. Hor. Carm. I, 8, 11, al. ; Serm. I, 2, 92 ; 9, 64 (Keller [vol. i, p. 241], Holder). Cf. Gruter, 266, 4. brachium is given by Cod. Vej'on. Livii, IV, 9, 14. bractea,^^. brattea. brattea, not brattia nor bract ea. Verg. Aen. VI, 209 (Ribbeck). Br. 133. Britannia, Britannicus, Britannus, not Brittann-. Brittann-, it is true, occurs in inscriptions. But a sin- gle / is the general usage, and is to be preferred, since in Horace the first syllable is short. Brittii and Bruttii. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 57 MOMMSEN, Unterital. Dialect. 252 sq. (FLECK. 8). In- dices Geogr. of the collection of Inscriptions. B r i 1 1 o , not B r i t o. Index to Corp. Ins. Rh. Brundisium, not Brundusium. Hon Serm. I, 5, 104 ; Epist. 1, 17, 52 ; 18, 20 (Keller, Holder) ; so the inscriptions. Bruttii, V. Brittii. bucca, not buccha. Hor. Serm. I, i, 21 (Holder). bucina, bucinator, "not buccina, buccinator. Fleckeisen, 8. So Mss. of Caesar, Cicero, Curtius, Tacitus, Vergil (Ribbeck, Pr^/. i^t Verg. p. 391), and Ovid. Cf. Fragm. Vat. Sail. Hist. [Hermes, V, 402), I b, II. bucula and bocula (dimin. of bo s ) . RiBBECK, Prcl. ift Verg. p. 391. bybliotheca, v. bibliotheca. c. C. is an abbreviation for Gains. This abbreviation dated from the time when as yet the Latin alphabet had no G. The full name should be written Gains, not Caius. Br. 213. caecus, not c o e c u s . Good Mss. have, besides caecus, the weakened form cecus, but not coecus. Cf. caelebs, caemim. E. g. Cic. de Re p. II, 3, 5. Hor. Carm. I, 18, 14, al. (Keller). caedes. See above, § 15, 3. caelebs, not c o e 1 e b s . 58 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Br. 242 sqq. We find in Mss. cael- and eel-. Cf. caecus^ caemim. Hor. Carm. II, 15, 4 ; III, 8, i ; Serm. II, 5, 47 ; Epist. I, I, 88 (Keller, Holder). caeles, i t i s , caelestis, caelicola, caelifer, Caelius m n s , Caelimontanus, caelum, not coeles, etc., Coelius,coeluni. This spelling is better authenticated both by inscrip- tions {/vzj-/. Amit. Sept. 17; Hermes^ I, 152, al.), and by Mss. : Cic. de Re p. I, 10, 15 ; 13, 19, 20, al. De Or. II, 29, § 128 (Ellendt). Cod. Veron. Livii III, 7, 8; 65, 2; V, 51, 7; 52, II. Vergil (Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 393). Horace (Keller, Holder, I, p. 241 ; II, p. 388). In regard to the name of the Caelius mons, cf. Tac. Ann. IV, 65 (Nipperdey). caementicius and caementum, not cementum. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 574. caenum, not coe num ("filth"). Cod. Ambros. Plauti Pers. 407 (Ritschl). Mss. give caen- and cen-. Cf caeciis^ caelebs. Hor. Serm. II, 7, 27 (Holder). Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 393. caepe (caepa), not cepe. Hor. Epist. I, 12, 21 (Keller). caerimonia and caeremonia, not cerimonia. caerim-, Cic. de Re p. II, 14, 26. caerem-, Br. 330, On cerimonia as given in Mss. [Tac. Ann. IV, 55 (p. 279, I, Nipperdey)], cf caeais, caelebs, caennin. Caeres, Caeritis, and Caeretanus. Br. 321 sq. Cod. Veronensis Livii, V, 30, 3. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 59 caesaries, not cesaries. Br. 205. Cf. Keller on Hor. Carm. I, 15, 14. caespes, not c e s p e s. RiBBECK, ProL in Verg. p. 393. Ilor. Carm. I, 19, 13 ; II, 15, 17 ; III, 8, 4 (Keller). caestus ("boxing-gloves"), not cestus. RiBBECK, ProL in Verg, p. 393. Br. 205. caetra, caetratus, better than cetra, cetratus. Mss. give caet- and cet- : e. g. Verg. Aen. VII, 732. Liv. ed. Alschefski, III, pp. 88, 751. Ribbeck, ProL in Verg, p. 393. Calendae, v. Kalendae. camara, v, camera. Camarina, v. Camerina. Camena, not C a m o e n a . Ilor. ed. Keller-Holder, I, p. 241 ; II, p. 389. Other proofs are to be found in Becker's Rom, Alterth, 1,513-515- camera, not camara. Plor. Serm. II, 3, 273. Br. 72, 75. Camerina, same as Kap^apiva in Sicily. Verg. Aen. Ill, 701 (Ribbeck). candela, not candella. Br. 259. Canopus, Canopeus, Canopius, Canopita (Kdi'w/Sos). " Cicero Canopitarum exercitum dicit, ipsi Canobon vocant." — Quint. I, 5, 13. Verg. Geor. IV, 287. Catull. 66, 58. See above, § 5, 2. Carthago and Karthago. See under Karthago. 6o LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Br. 209 sqq. On the th^ Br. 287 sqq. Corp. I7is. Lat. I, p. 575. Cf. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 18, § 75. OsANN (pp. 430-433) on Cic. de Re p. casus is preferable to the form c a s s u s . cassus occurs in the time of Cicero and of the first Emperors (Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 444), but casus is the standard form of the Empire (Br. 273 sq.). See above, § 10. C a t i n a , same as Kardj/r/. E. g. Cic. Verr. II, 2, 49, § 120 ; 75, § 185, and often. FL.9. Caucaseus and Caucasius. Both forms have Ms. authority : e. g. Verg. Eel. VI, 42 ; Geor. II, 440. Cf. Ribbeck, Frol. in Verg. All sq. Cauda, not coda. coda is plebeian (Br. 206). cavea, not cavia. Br. 117, 133. caupo, better than c p . copo belongs to the plebeian pronunciation : analo- gous are caupona and copa. caurus, not c o r u s . Verg. Geor. Ill, 356 ; Ribbeck, Pro!, in Verg. p. 436. causa is preferable to the form c a u s s a . Br. 274, 333. caussa is to be regarded in the same way as cassus. Cf. Osann (p. 20) on Cic. de Re p. I, 3, 6. causa is the spelling in the Cod. Vat. Verrin. and in Cod, Veron. Livii. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 445. See above, § 10. cautes. See above, § 15, 3. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 6 1 cautela, not cautella. Br. 260. cedrus (/ceSpos), not caedrus. Hor. Ars, 332. Cf. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. pp. 393, 385. Wrong in Placidi Gloss, p. 441 (Mai). cena, not c o e n a . Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 1 1 99. Fasti Praen. Apr. 4, and of- ten in inscriptions. Good Mss. emphatically favor cena. Fl. 10. Rhein. Mies, xxiv, 535 ; xxv, 627. Cento, cognomen of C. Claudius, son of Appius, the interrex in Livy, XXII, 34, not C e n t h o . Alschef- SKi, III, p. 471. Cf. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 71, § 286. centurio, not chenturio, Br. 282. Cerealis and Cerialis. Fl. 12. Br. 136, 324. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 437. The name of the festival is written Cerialia^ in Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 490. Cetegus, V. Cethegus. ceteri, not c a e t e r i . This spelling is attested by inscriptions [Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 575), and by Mss. (e. g. Cic. de Re p. I, 4, 7. Cod. Vero7t. Livii, III, 45, 2; 63, ii. Hor. ed. Keller-Holder, T, p. 243 ; II, p. 391). Fl. 12. ceteroqui, not ceteroquin. Ribbeck, Partikel, 19. Cethegus, not Cetegus. Cetegus is ante-Ciceronian. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 339. Br. 287. Cf. Hor. Epist. II, 2, 117 ; Ars, 50 (Keller). cetra, cetratus, v. caetra. 62 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. charta, chartinacius, not cart-. Br. 288, 219. Hor. Carm. IV, 8, 21 ; 9, 31 (Keller). cheragra and chiragra {x^ipdypa). Hor. Epist. I, I, 31 ; Serm. II, 7, 15, where Keller and Holder have adopted cheragra in the text. See above, § 5, 2. Chile and Cilo. Br. 291. chorda, not c r d a . Hor. Serm. I, 3, 8; Ars, 348, 356 (Keller-Holder). Circei, Circeis, better than C i r c e i i , See above, § 14, 3. circinus, not cercinus {kIpklvos). Br. 142 sq. circumeo and cir cueo, circumitus and cir- cuitus, circumitio and circuitk). See above, § 20, I, 4. cithara, not cithera,citera. Br. 75- clades, not clad is in Nom. Sing. Br. 146, 149. See above, § 15, 3. clatri, not c 1 a t h r i . Keller, Jahrb.fur Phil. vol. 103, p. 559. claudo, clausi, clausum, not the vulgar forms clodo, elude, etc. Cf. Verg. Aen. VI, 734 (Ribbeck). claustrum, claustra, not clestrum. Like caupo, claudo, plaustrum. clipeus, better than cl u p e u s . Br. 121, 321. clipeus, Ins. Reg. Neap. 5250, towards the end of the first century after Christ, clupeus in ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 6^ Momt7ti. Ancyr. VI, 20. Corp. Ins. Lat. II, 1263, 1286. Cf. RiBBECK, Prol, in Verg. p. 450. Hor. Carm. I, 28, II (Keller). cloaca, not c 1 u a c a . cluaca is the rarer form (Br. 81). Clytemestra = KXvTaLfxvrjcrTpa. In Latin the n fell out, and the second syllable was pronounced short. Fl. 13. Quintil. II, 17,4; III, 10, 4 Jr/^^. Clytae- mestra, B.j Clytemestra, A., ''^ et sic fere iidem deinceps,''^ says Halm, who puts Clytaem- in his text. Cf Quin- til. Ill, 6, 53. Rhein. Mus., xxiv, 494. Clitemestra, Au- son. Epit. Her. i [Cod. Vossian.). RiTSCHL, Opusc. II, 517. Cn. = Gnaeus. As C. = Gains. C nidus and Gnidus. Cnosus, Cnosius,and Gnosus, Gnosius, not Cnossus. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. pp. 444, 392. Gn- is the read- ing in Hor. Carm. I, 15, 17; 30, i, al. (Keller). L. MtJLLER, De re metr. p. 316. CO (con) in compounds. See above, § 20, I, 5. coclea, better than cochlea. Br. 290 sq. ; cf. 133 sq. Sail. lug. 93, 2 (Dietsch) ; Hor. Serm. II, 4, 59, where good Mss. favor coclea (Holder, II, p. 146.) coemo, coemi, coeraptum, not coemtum; v. emo. coerceo more usual than the older form coherceo, which is likewise correct. Keller on Hor. Carm. I, 10, 18 ; II, 18, 38 ; 19, 19; 64 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Epod. 9, 35. Cf. Sail. lug. 9i> 7 ; ioo> 5 (Dietsch). Stem HERC, as in herctum, erctum. ' cohors, not coors, cors, chors. Br. 285, 286. Cf. Hor. Serm. I, 7, 23. coicio, better than coiicio, conicio. Br. 199 sqq. 300, 334. See above, § 20, II. Coici-, Cod. Veron. Livii, VI, 2, 10. col-1 in compounds. See above, § 20, I, 5. coluber, not c o 1 o b e r . The latter is plebeian (Br. 85). columna, not c ol o m n a . Like coluber (Br. Z-^), com in compounds. See above, § 20, I, 5. comedo, like adedo. comissari and comisari, /cw^ca^w. Br. 275. Keller on Hor. Carm. IV, i, 11. comi- santium. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 29, 5. commendati cius , commenticius. See above, § 6, i. comminus, not c o m i n u s (opposite of e m i n u s ). RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 393. Fl. 13. E. g. Caes. Bell. Civ. I, 58 (p. 46, 2, DUBNER). CO mo, compsi, comptum. See above, § 7, II. comprehendo, better than comprendo. Br. 286. con in compounds. See above, § 20, I, 5. condicio, not conditio. Fl. 14. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 394. Hor. Carm. I, I, 12 ; III, 5, 14 (Keller). Cic. de Re p. I, 4, 7. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 65 Cod, Veron. Livii, V, 4, i ; 32, 5. Cic. Cod. Vat. Verrin. II, I, 52, § 137 ; 54, § J42. De Re p. I, 4, 7, al. conecto, not c o n n e c 1 . conexio, conexus, not connexio, etc. Fl. 14. RiTSCHL, Opusc. II, 449. Br. 302. See above, § 20, I, 5. conicio, v. coicio. conitor, not connitor. coniveo, not conniveo. Like conecto. coniunx, better than c o n i u x . Br. 270 sq. Cf. RiBBECK, Frol. in Verg. p. 434. consecro, better than consacro. Br. 319. Cf. ib. 77. contemno, contempsi, contemptum, contemptor, not contemsi, contemtum. See above, § 7, II. Cf. temno. E. g. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 57, 3 ; 67, 4, 5 ; VI, 2, 4, 9. contio, not c o n c i . Cic. de Re p. I, 4, 7 (Osann, p. 21 sq.) \ de Or. I, 9, § 35 (Ellendt). Cod. Vat. Verrin. (ed. 2, Tur. II, i, p. 449.; p. 166, 25). Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 19, 4; 27, 2, al. Fl. 14. controversia, not the older form controvorsia. E. g. Cod. Vat. Verrin. II, i, 48, § 125. Cf. versus. conubium, not c o n n u b i u m . Br. 328. Like conecto. conventicius, not conventitius. Cic. de Re p. Ill, 35, 48. See above, § 6, I. convicium, not convitium. Br. Rhein. Miis.fiir Phil, XXIV, 538. 66 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. coquere, better than quoquere. coquus, not quoquus, cocus. Br. 232 sg. Cf. Holder on Hor. Serm. II, i, 74; 2, 41. See above, § 6, II ; § 14, i. cothurnus, v, coturnus. cottidie and cotidie, not quotidie. Br. 236, 237, 331. cottidie belongs not only to the refined, but also to the plebeian speech {Corp. Ins. Lat. IV, 1939). Cf. Mai on Cic pro Scauro, Auct. CI. II. p. 306; ib. 26, 173. OsANN (p. 475) on Cic. de Re p. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 12, 7; 51, 11. coturnix, not cocturnix. cocturnix is plebeian. Caper appears to have pre- ferred cuturnix (Br. 87). coturnus and cothurnus {Kodopvos), not cuturnus. coturnus is the form in Hor. Carm. II, i, 12; Serm. I, 5, 64 ; Ars, 80, 280 (Keller-Holder). Or. 6187. / and t/i, in Vergil. Eel. VII, 32; VIII, 10; Georg. II, 8 ; Aen. I, 337. Ribbeck, Fro/, in Verg. p. 424. Quintil. X, i, 68. On cuturnus, cf Hor. Serm. I, 5, 64 (Holder).' crebresco, not c r e b e s c o. ZuMPT on Cic. Divin. in Caec. 4, 12. Cf. percrebresco. cucuUus ('* cuckoo ") and cuculus. //, in Hor. Serm. I, 7, 31 (Holder), cuculus, Plaut. Trin. 245 (Ritschl). cuculus, Philomela, 35. cuUeus, cuUeum, not culeus, culeum. Nepos, Eum. 8, 7. Only the Cod. R[omani collegii), ed. Halm, gives culeos ; the same attests the // in Cic. pro Sex. Roscio, 11, 30 (p. 38, 15, ed. Tur.). Cf Fl. 15. Placidi Gloss, s. v. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 67 cum, not quum, is to be written for both the Conjunc- tion and Preposition. Br. 223 sqq. {index). So in Mss. E. g. Cod, Veron. Livii. Cf. Cic. de Re p. (ed. 2 Tur. p. 760,4 — DU RiEu). RiBBECK, Prol. in Ve7'g. p. 442 sq., 449. See above, § '6, II. Cumae, in prose, not Cymae, Cume. Cic. ad Fam. VIII, i, 2. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 25, 4. Cumas is the reading in Hor. Epist. I, 15, 11. Verg. Aen. VI, 2 (where Ribbeck reads Cymarum). Rib- beck, Prol. in Verg. p. 453. Br. 203. cumba, better than cymba, not cimba. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 452. Hor. Carm. II, 3, 28 (Keller). Quintil. XII, 10, 37 (Halm). cuminum = kvixlvov. Br. 203. cumque (= et cum), not c u n q u e . Br. 265. Cf. Hor. (ed. Keller-Holder, I, p. 246), Serm. I, 4, 66. cuppes, cuppedo, cuppedia(e), better than cupes, etc. Plant. Trin. 239 (Ritschl). cuppedinarii, Ter. Eun. II, 2, 25 (Umpfenbach). Cf. Varro, L. L.,V, § 146. cupressus = Kvtrdptao-osj not cypressus. Br. 203. Hor. (ed. Keller-Holder, I, p. 246). Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg, pp. 395, 453. Cic. de Leg. I, 5, 15. cur, not q u o r . quor is ante-classical. Br. 225, 228 sq. custodela, not custodel^a. Br. 260. Cybebe and Cybele, Kv^Tfj^r} znd Ku^iXrj, 68 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Cybebe, Verg. Aen. X, 220. Cybele, Ciris, 166 (Rib- beck). Ov. Fasti, IV, 249, 363. Cf. Cybelus, Verg. Aen. Ill, III; XI, 768. cycneus, kukvclos, v. cycnus. cy onus, /ci^/c^'os, better than c y g n u s . cycn-, RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 392. Cf. the name Cycnus, Corp. Ins. Lat, IV, 2508. cygn-, Hor. Carm. IV, 2, 25 ; 3, 20 (Keller). Dahae, not Daae (name of a people). Verg. Aen. VIII, 728. Liv. XXXV, 48 ; XXXVII, 38 ; 40. Tac. Ann. II, 3. Dal mat a and D elm at a. Dalmatia and Delmatia, Dalmaticus and Delmaticus. Br. 75. E. g. Hor. Carm. II, i, 16 (Keller). Dam a, a proper name, not Damma. On the con- trary, damma, as a common noun. See below. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 577. Hor. Serm. I, 6, 38 ; II, 5, 18, loi ; 7, 54 (Holder). Damaratus and Demaratus (Aa/^dparos, Arjfxdpa- ros). Cic. Tusc. V, 37, 109 ; de Re p. II, 19, 34. (Cf. OsANN on latter, p. 192.) Demaratus, in the Oration of Claudius (I, 12, Nipperdey). damma, not d a m a . RiBBECK, Prol. in V^rg. p. 430. Cf. Quintil. IX, 3, 6 (damae, Halm ; damae, A. ; dame, G. M.). Hor. Carm. I, 2, 12 (Keller). Cf. Dama. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 69 damno and damnum, not dampno, dampnum. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 577. Dampn- is a frequent error in the Mss., traceable to the plebeian pronunciation of the word. E. g. Hor» Serm. I, 2, 52 (Holder). Danuvius, not Danubius. Fl. 15. Br. 239, 332. Hor. Carm. IV, 15, 21 (Keller). Dareus, better than the later form Darius. Dareus in Cicero [see Otto and Osann (p. 467, sq.) • on Cic. de Re p.] ; in Livy, IX, 17, 16 (Weissenborn) ; in Curtius (Hedicke). Darius is the reading of the Codices Cornelii Nepotis, but Dareus, Editio Ultraiect, (Halm). Cf. above, § 5, 2. D e c e 1 e a , better than D e c e 1 i a . Nep. Ale. 4, 7 (Halm), where the Cod. Monacensis^ saec. XV, gives Deceliam. See above, § 5, 2. decima and decuma (" the tenth "). decuma is the older form, used in the time of Cicero and Augustus (cf. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 577. Cod. Vati- canits Verrinarum, II, 3, 24, § 59. Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 23, 8). It also occurs in Quintilian's time (Br. 321). In Quintilian, however, VIII, 5, 19, we have the reading decimas. decimanus and decumanus. Like decima. The Cod. Vat. Verrin. often reads decu- manus ; e. g. II, 2, 13, where the Cod. Lagoni. 42, reads decimanus. Cf. decumates, Tac. Ger. 29. decimio, -are, and decumare. decimus, as common Ordinal, not the older d e c u m u s . Like decima. See above, § 17, i. decumam, Verg. 70 -LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Geor. I, 284. Aen. IX, 155 (Ribbeck). Tac. Ann. Ill, 21 ; cf. ib. XIV, 44 (Nipperdey). defatigatio and defetigatio, defatigo and defetigo. Br. 78. Fl. 15. d e f r a u d , better than d e f r u d . Cf. fraus. deicio, better than d e i i c i o . See above, § 20, II. Hor. Serm. I, 6, 39, where deicere is a word of three syllables. Nepos, Ale. 3, 2 (Halm). delectus, v, dilectus. delenio, -ire, not delinio. E. g. Hor. Carm. Ill, i, 43 (Keller). deliratio, deliro, delirus, not d e 1 e r a t i , etc. Br. 142, sq. Delmatia, v. Dalmatia. demo, dempsi, demptum. Br. 248. See above, § 7, II. Hor. Carm. II, 5, 14 (Keller). Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 10, 6. denuntio, v. nun tic. depeciscor (depectus) and depaciscor (depactus) ; the first form with the Participle depectus is preferable. Br. 78. Halm on Cic. pro S. Roscio, 38, no (p. 59, 23, ed. 2, Tur.). Cf. Fl. 16. deprehendo and deprendo. Br. 286. Quintil. IX, 4, 59. Cf. IX, i, 17. Cic. de Or. II, 68, § 275 (Ellendt). deprendo, Hor. derigo, "to lay straight," " to bring in a particular line, or direction " : ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 71 dirigo, " to move or place in different directions, in dif- ferent lines." in derectum ("straight forward"), Livy, XXII, 47, 3. aciem derigere, Liv. XXI, 47, 8; XXII, 45, 4 (Als- CHEFSKi). Naves in pugnam, ib. XXII, 19, 8, al. Cf. Vitruv. VII, 3. Henzen, Scavi, p. 53 sqq. dirigere per orbem, Mommsen quoted by Henzen, p. 56. describe is to be distinguished from discribo, which see further on. designatio, designator, designo, v. dis- sign-. desum,deest, deeram, deero, not dest, deram, dero. dero occurs, as is attested by (i) its being pronounced as a word of two syllables in the poets, (2) by the Tabula Malacitana^ (Br. 325), and elsewhere. Mss. exam- ples of dest, dero, etc. are given by Ritschl on Suet. Vit, Terent. p. 528, and by Ribbeck, FroL in Verg. p. 414. But in writing, the correct form deero was also retained, independently of the pronunciation. Cf. the Ms. readings of Hor. Serm. I, 9,56; II, i, 17; 2, 98 (Holder). Cic. de Leg. I, i, 2 ; 4, 14. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 34, T,\,1, 13. detrecto and detracto. Cf. Priscian, VIII, 85 (Hertz, I, p. 438). Ribbeck, i^rol. in Verg. p. 387. detracto, Fragm. Vat. Sail. I, a. 14 [Hermes^ V, 402). deversorium, better than the older form d e v r s o - rium; not diver sorium. " devertit qui a via vel ratione deflexit. Tamen cum * Corp. Ins. Lat. Vol. II {Inscriptio7ies Hispaniae)^ 1964. 72 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. devertit dicatur, diversorium magis quam deversorium usus obtinuit. Ergo utrumque usu et ratione dicimus." Placidi Gloss, p. 453 (Mai). Osann (p. 442) on Cic. de Re p. deversorium, Hor. Epist. I, 15, 10 (Keller), al. Cf. BiJCHELER, Jahrh.fur Phil. vol. Z'], p. 782. deus, Plur. dii, diis, and di, dis ; not dei, dels. Br. 137, 140 ; see above, § 14, 3, Mss. give di : e.g. Cic. de Re p. I, 13, 19. ^ Hor. Serm. II, 3, 123. dexter, dextera, dexterum, and dextra, dextrum. In prose of Quintilian's time, the syncopated forms dextra and dextrum are preferred. Older authors vary. It is to be observed, however, that dextera used as a substantive is of frequent occurrence. Plautus has only the full form (Ritschl, Opusc. II, 673). The usage of individual authors is given by Neue, Lat. Formenl. II, 5-7- Diana, not Deana. Deana is plebeian : e. g. Cor. Ins. Rh. p. 380. dicio, not d i t i o . Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 578. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 8, 2 ; V, 27, 13. Fl. 16. RiBBECK, ProL in Verg, p. 414. dignosco, v. dinosco. dilectus, not delectus ("a military levy "). Cod. Veron, Livii, III,' 20, 2, 3, al. 1. dimidius, not demidius. Br. 141. dinosco, better than dignosco. Hor. Epist. I, 15, 29 ; II, 2, 44 (Keller). Quintil. XI. 3, 18, 31 (Halm). The older form dignosco is fa- vored by Osann (p. 297) on Cic. de Re p. IH, 35, 47. discidium, not dissidium. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 73 Madvig, Excurs. on Cic. de Fin. I, 13, 44. Fl. 16. discribo (" to distribute within certain limits," " to divide") must be distinguished from describe (''to copy/' "to make a rough sketch," " to describe"). BiJCHELER discusses the distinction admirably in the Rhein. Mus. Xlll, 598. Jahrb.fiir Phil. vol. 87, p. 782. Cf. Cic. de Re p. 1, 46, 70 (Osann, pp. 146, 512). Cic. de Leg. Ill, 5, 12 (Vahlen, p. 136). discriptio and descriptio, corresponding to di- scribo and describe, disicio, better than disiicie. See above, § 20, II. dissicio, Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 414. dissaepio, not dissepie . Cic. de Re p. IV, 4, 4. Cf. saepio. dissidium, z/. discidium. dissignatio ("disposition," " arrangement") must be dis- tinguished from designatio (" designation," •' sketch "). Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 206, 94, 104. Cf. dissigno. dissignator (" one who orders or regulates," e. g. " an undertaker at funerals"; "an usher in the theatre"), not designator. Hor. Epist. I, 7, 6 (Keller). Fl. 16. Corp, Ins. Lat. IV, 768. Cf. ib. 597. dissigno, -are ("to arrange," "to contrive," "to plot"), must be distinguished from d e s i g n a r e ("to mark out," "designate"). E. g. Hor. Epist. T, 5, 16 (Keller). Fl. 16. Cf. dissignatio, dissignator. distinguo, not distingo. Br. 127 sq^ Cf. Keller on Hor. Carm. II, 5, n. 74 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. ditiOjZ'. dicio. divisio, not divissio. See above, § lo. Like casus, causa. Br. 273 sq. [d i V u s ] sub divum, sub divo and sub dium, sub dio. Keller on Hor. Carm. I, 18, 13. See above, § 4. dolium, not d o 1 e u m . doleum is plebeian [Corp. Ins. Lat. T, p. 359). Br. 136. dorsum, not d s s u m . -rs- is the usual form. Br. 272. Cf. Ritsciil, Opitsc. II, 544, Rem. drachma, not drachuma nor d r a g m a . drachuma is ante-classical ; perhaps, however, it oc- curs, Cic. Ep. ad Fam., where the Cod. Med. reads dracchum. Baiter (ed. Lips.) reads drachumum. Cf. BiJCHELER, Rhein. Mus. xi, 515. .drachm-, Cic. pro Flacco, 15, 34. RiTSCHL, Opusc, II, 483. dragma occurs in Mss. E. g. Hor. Serm. II, 7, 43 (Holder). Cic. pro Flacco, (1. c.) Cod. Salisburg. Plant, Trin. 425, Cod. F., where good Mss. read -chitm- and 'chjn-, Duilius and Duillius, not the old form Duelius, Duellius. DvIlivs, Aci. Triumph, anni 494 [Corp. Ins, Lat. I, p. 458). Duillius, Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 64, 4, al. On the forms Duelius, Duellius, see Mai on Cic. de Re p. I, I, I. OsANN (p. 429) on Cic. de Re p. dumetum and dummetum, dumosus and dummosus. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 414. dumetum, Hor. Carm. Ill, 4, 63 ; 29, 23 (Keller). ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 75 duxntaxat, not duntaxat. OsANN (p. 220) on Cic. de Re p. II, 32, 56. dupondius and (later) dipondius. " dupondius a duobus ponderibus." Varro, de L. L., V, 169. dipundiumis plebeian. Corp. Ins. Lat. IV, 1679. Cf. Petron. 14, 58 (Bucheler). Rhein. Mtis. xi, 149 (SCHMITZ). Dyrrachini {= Lvpp(x.xr\voi)y better than Dyrra- cheni. Cic. ad Att. Ill, 22, 4 (Baiter, p. xxvi). E. e, V. ex. ebenus,^'. hebenus. ebur, not e b o r . Br. 84. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 437. eculeus, better than equuleus. ecul-, Cod. Put. Colbert. Livii, XXIII, 21 (extr.) (Al- SCHEFSKI, III, p. 776). eculeus, as a wooden rack, in Cic. pro Mil. 21, 57. edera, z^. hedera. e d o , esum, better than e s s u m . Cf. Neue, Lai. Formenl. II, 566. edyllium and idyllium. See above, § 5, 2. ei (Interjection), not hei. Verg. Aen. XI, 57. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 421. eia,z/. heia. eicio, better than e i i c i o . V,^. 199-202. See above, § 20, II. 76 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. elegans, not eligans. ' Br. 144. elephas, not elephans. Br. 267. Hor. Epist. II, I, 196. (Keller prefers elleborus, better than helleborus. Hor. Serm. II, 3, 82; Epist. II, 2, 137 (Holder- Keller). Verg. Georg. Ill, 451 (Ribbeck). hell-, Plant. Ps. 1 185 (Ritschl). eluo, eluari, eluatio, v. helluo, etc. e m o , e m i , emptum, not e m t u m . Br. 248. See above, § 7, II. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 579. In Mss. ; e. g. Cod. Veroiu Livii, IV, 13, 9. emptio, not emtio. Cf. emo. Br. 332. emptor, not e m t o r . Cf. emo. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 579. Br. 331 sq. Hor. Carm. Ill, 6, 32 (Keller). epistula ( = einaTokr]), not epistola. This is the midoubted spelling in inscriptions and old Mss. (Fl. 17). The word has undergone the Latin mnlaut of into u. That Cicero must have written epistola is a false inference of Corssen's, who has al- lowed himself to be misled by the Zurich edition of Cice- ro's Letters (1845). The older Codex Mediceus of the eleventh century, which alone can come into considera- tion in this matter, gives both forms, epistula and epis- tola (Baiter, ed. Lips. IX, p. vi. Cf. the titles of the "Books'' : epistola I, 2 ; but, on the other hand, epis- tula 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II, 13, 14, 15, 16). It follows from this that the late-Latin form epistola was not able to supplant, even in the comparatively recent Codex- Medi- ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 77 ceits^ the genuine form epistula, which is also well at- tested by inscriptions. Cf. Sail. lug. 71, 4, 5 (Dietsch). Mai, Attd. Class. II, p. 389. RiTSCHL, Opcsc. II, 493, Rem. On the other hand epistolicus (= iirio-ToXiKos) has remained a foreign word, while epistula became naturalized in the lan- guage. equus, not ecus nor equos. See above, § 6, II ; § 14, i. era, z'. erus. ercisco, z'. hercisco. eres, v. heres. erilis, not herilis, z'. erus. Erinys, not E r i n n y s . Verg. Aen. II, 337, 573 J VII, 447 (Ribbeck). eru3 {" the master of the house "), era (" the mistress of the house "), Adject, erilis, not herus, etc. RiTSCHL, 0/iisc. II, 409. This spelling is favored also by the readings in Hon (Carm. II, 18, 32 ; III, 27, 63— Keller; cf. Holder, II, p. 404) and in Cic. (Mat, Atid. Class, I, p. 383). Eutyches as quoted in Cassiodor. p. 2313, 9, 19. Esquiliae, Esquilinus, not Exquiliae, orAes- quiliae. The form Esqu- is rendered certain by the names of the tribes in inscriptions. Or. 3091 (cf Fast. Consul. ann. 304, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 426 ; II, where we find esquilinus). The form Exqu- is founded on the gram- matical theory in Varro (L. L., V, 49), and Verrius (cf. Fast. Praen. Mart. 2, which gives exquilils. Cod, Veron. 78 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Livii, III, ^'], II; 68,2. Mommsen, Transact. Berlin Acad. 1S6S, p. 172). Aesquil- [Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 66, 5, and Horatian Mss., Serm. I, 8, 14 ; II, 6, 33 (Holder). Cf. Epod. 5, 100; 17, 58 (Keller)] is founded on the confusion of ae and e and on the derivation of aesculus. Cf. Varro, /. C. (MtfLLER). etiamnum, not etiannum. RiBBECK, Frol. in Verg. p. 430. evan, evans, evias, evius, evoe, v. euhan, etc. Euandcr and Euandrus, Et'aj/Spo?, not Evan- der. Verg. Aen. VIII, 100, al. (Ribbeck). Hor. Serm. I, 3, 91 (Holder, L. Muller). euhan, €\}h> (ei^d^), not evan, and better than euan. euhan, Verg. Aen. VI, 517 (Ribbeck). Ovid. Met. IV, 15 (euham. Cod. Goth, i); but euan in Priscian, VI, 29 (Hertz, I, p. 220). Lachmann in Lucr. p. 309. euhans, not evans. Verg. Aen. VI, 517 [euhanthis. Cod. Med.\ (Ribbeck). Euhias, not Evias. Hor. Carm. Ill, 25, 9 (Keller). Euhius, not Evius. Hor. Carm. I, 18, 9; II, 11, 17 (Keller). Cic. pro Flacco, 25, 60. Cf. Lachmann in Lticr.^. 309. euhoe, ^vbi, not evoe. Lachmann in Lucr. p. 309. Hor. Carm. II, 19, 5, 7 (Keller). ex before vowels and 7i ; e and ex before consonants. In many expressions, only one form of the Preposition is usual before consonants : e. g. e re publica, " for the ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 79 good of the state " ; e regione, " opposite " ; e natura, " according to nature " ; and extempore, " instantaneous- ly " ; ex sententia, " according to one's wish " ; ex sena- tus consulto ; ex lege, and, if an adjective follows, e lege (for instance, e lege Rupilia) ; ex parte, "partly" ; ex professo, " avowedly," " intentionally " ; ex Ponto ; ex me (te, se) ; ex meo, tuo ; ex and e suo. Neue ['Lat. Fonnenl. II, 756 - 770) has collected these and many other examples. examen, not exagmen (exacmen), "a swarm." RiBBECK, ProL in Verg. p. 420. exedo, exedi, exesum, not e x e s s u m . RiBBECK, ProL i7t Verg. p. 445. exedra and exhedra. There is Ms. authority for both forms. Cf. Cic. de Or. 111,5, §17 (exedra, Baiter, ed. Tun, and Ellendt) ; de Y'm. V, 2, 4 (exhedr-. Baiter) ; de Deor. Nat. I, 6, 15 (exedr-, Baiter, ed. Tur., while the Tauchnitz edition reads exhedr-). In Quintil. XI, 2, 20, Halm reads exe- dris, but traces of the h are still visible in the Ms. In Vitruv. V, 11, 2, Rose-Muller reads exedra twice, but the Mss. give sometimes one form, sometimes the other, exsedra occurs in Or. 3283. exedrium and exhedrium. Like exedra. exhadria is found in Cod. Med. Cic. Ep. ad P^am. VII, 23, 3. exim and ex in. RiTSCHL, OpltSC. II, 455, 459. e x i m o , exemptum, not e x e m t u m . Like emo. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 579. Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 51, 4. existimatio, better than existumatio. 8o LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. existumatio is archaic, yet it occurs in Ciceronian Mss. E. g. Cod. Vat. Verrin. Ill, 83, 192. Cf. aestumo. existi- matio is found in Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 15, i Br. 5, iii. existimo, like existimatio. existumas, along with existimas, in Cic. de Deor. Nat. II, 29, 73. existimet, in de Re p. I, 20, 23. Exquiliae, Exquilinus, v. Esquiliae. ex-s-, e. g. exsanguis, better than exanguis. Both forms are correct, but the rule is, as laid down by the grammarians and sanctioned by frequent usage, that the 5 is to be retained in compounds made up of ex and a word commencing with s. Thus, exsaevio, exscensio, exscindo, exscribo, exsculpo, exseco, exsecror, exsequiae, exsequor, exsicco, exsilio, exsilium, exsisto, exsolvo, ex- somnis, exsors, exspecto, exspes, exspiro, exspolio, ex- spuo, exsterno, exstimulo, exstinguo, exstirpo, exsto, ex- struo, exsudo, exsul, exsulto, exsupero,exsurgo, exsuscito, etc., with their derivatives. Br. 278-280, 333. Cf. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, i, § 2, exstiterunt ; I, 39, § 177, exsilhmty exsulo. OsANN (p. 18) on Cic. de Re p. I, 3, 6. RiBBECK, i';-^/. in Ve7'g, p. 445 sq. F. faenerator, faeneratrix, not f e n - . faenero, not f e n e r o. Cf. faenus. faenile, not f e n 11 e (foenile). Verg. Georg. Ill, 321 (Ribbeck). faeniseca, faenisex, faenisicia, faenisicium, not foeniseca, etc. Cf. faenum. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. faenum, not the plebeian collateral form fenum; foe- num is incorrect. Hor. Serm. I, 4, 34 (Holder). Sofaenarius, faenisex, faenisicia, fae- nisicium, not the plebeian collateral form fen-. Corp, Ins. Lat. I, pp. 580, 358 [Menol. lun. 12, 13). CoRSSEN, Ausspr. P, 327. Br. 205. faenus, faenoris, better than f e n u s ; not f o e n u s . Br. 103 sq, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 284 ; Elog. xxiii (Corssen, Ausspr. P, 327). Dietsch on Sail. Cat. 33, 2. Hor. Epod. 2, 4, (ii (fenore, fenerator) ; Epist. I, i, 80 ; Ars, 421 (Keller). fames, not famis, in the Nom. Sing. Br. 147, 149. See above, § 15, 3. farcio, farsi, fartum, not farctum, farsum. Cic. in Verr. 11,5, 11, § 27 (Zumpt). fartor, Hor. Serm. II, 3, 229 (Holder). Februarius, not Febrarius. Br. 130. fecunditas, • fecundo, fecundus, not foecunditas, etc. Hor. Carm. Ill, 6, 17; 23, 6; Serm. II, 3, 287, al. (Keller-Holder). Corssen quotes examples from inscriptions, Ausspr. P, 326. Cf. Gellius, XVI, 12. feles. See above, § 15, 3. femina, not f e m i n a . Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 580. femur, not fern or. Br. 84, 85, Rem. 82 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. fenerator, feneratrix, fenero, v. faenus. f enile, v. faenil e. feniseca, fenisex, fenisicia, fenisicium, V. faenum. fenum v. faenum. fenus, V. faenus. feria, not fere a. Br. 133. ferveo, not f e r b e . Br. 239. fetialis, not fecialis. Cic. de Re p. II, 17, 31. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 58, i. Cf. FORCELLINI s. V. JaJirh.fur Phil. vol. 77, p. 348. fetidus, feteo, fetor, better than f o et -. Lachmann in Lucr. p. 271. foet- is the reading in Cic. in Pis. 6, 13 ; 10, 22. fetus, Substantive and Participle, not foetus. Stem like fecundus. E. g. Hor. Carm. Ill, 27, 4 ; IV, 5, 27; Carm. Saec. 31 (Keller). ficticius, not fictitius. See above, § 6, I. fides and fidis (" string of a musical instrument"). Neue, Lat. FormenL I, i^9 sq. Br. 146, 149. See above, § 15, 3- filix ("fern"), not felix, filex. ■ Br. 141. finitimus, better than finitumus. finitumus is the older form, but nevertheless kept its place in the time of the Empire. E. g. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 12, 9 ; together with finitimus, IV, 7, 12. Cf. ib. 17, 6. See above, § 17, I. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. S^ f lag ell um, not fragellum. Br. 258. flu V id us and fluidus. RiBBECK, Fro/, zn Verg, p. 448. foecunditas, foecundus, and derivatives, z/. fe- cundus. foedus, -a, -um, and foedus, foederis, not f e d u s . Br. 207. Cf. Keller on Hor. Carm. Ill, 5, 15 ; 6, 4 ; 24, 23. Cod. Vero7i. Livii, III, 18, 10 ; 44, i ; and 22,4. foenerator, foeneratrix, foenero,z'. fae- nus. foenile, foenisex, and kindred formations, z'. f a e - num. foenum, v. faenum. foenus, z'. faenus. foetus, V. fetus. Forensia and Foresia. Foresia is Ciceronian (Br. 268). formica, not f u r m i c a . Br. 85. formidulosus, better than formidolosus. In Hor. Carm. II, 17, 18, Epod. 5, 55, Keller writes formidulosus. This is an old-Latin form : e. g. in Plant. Ps. 824 (Ritschl), Terent. Eun. IV, 6, 18 (Umpfenbach). Cf. Sallust, ed. Dietsch, II, p. 220. But it is probable that later, formidolosus, perhaps in consequence of the simi- larity of sound with formido, became of frequent occur- rence also. Cf. Cic. in Verr. II, 5, i, § i. Cic. pro 84 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Cluent. 3, 7 ; in Pis. 24, 58. Tac. Ann. I, 62, and other passages quoted in Corssen's Aiisspr, IP, 145. formosus, not formonsus. The older form formonsus was dropped from the gram- mars in imperial times. (Br. 268 ; see above, § 9, III.) Cf. RiBBECK, Prol, in Verg. p. 434. Ritschl, Opisc. II, 715. f orsan, forsitaii, not -am. On the occurrence of forsam, forsitam, see Ritschl, Opzisc. II, 570. fraus, fraudis, not frudis, etc. RiBBECK, Frol. in Verg. p. 420. Cf. besides, Aen. IV, 675. frenum, not f r a e n u m . According to settled and trustworthy tradition. frondosus, like formosus. frons, not fros nor frus. RiBBECK, Prol. i7t Verg. p. 420. That Pliny the Elder preferred fros is apparently a peculiarity of his (Br. 267). frustum, not f r u s t r u m . The recommendation to the contrary, laid down for our guidance, in the Appendix Probi (Br. 272), is based upon the incorrect spelling of Mss. Cf Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 4^3. Hor. Serm. II, 6, 86 (Holder). furvus, not the archaic form f o r v u s . Keller on Hor. Carm. II, 13, 21. fusus, not fussus. Like ausus, casus, causa (Br. 275). futtilis, better than f u t i 1 i s . Verg. Aen. XI, 339 ; XII, 740 (Ribbeck). Cf Ter. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 85 Andr. Ill, 5, 3 (Umpfenbach), where the Cod. Basilic. reads futili. c. gaesum, not g e s u m (yato-os, 7a?(rov). Verg. Aen. VIII, 662. Caes. B. G. Ill, 4, al. Gaetuli and Getuli. Br. 330. Cf. Sail. lug. 18, al (Dietsch, II, p. 223). Hor. Carm. I, 23, 10 ; II, 20, 15 ; III, 20, 2 (Keller). Gaius, Gai, better than Gaii. See above, § 14, 2 (a) and 3. Gai, e. g. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 21, 7. See C. gallinacius or gallinaceus, not gallinatius. Br. 219 ; see above, § 6, 1. E. g. Cic. pro Mur. 29, 61 (gallinacium, Monac, 15743 ; gallinarium, Monac. 68). garrulus, not garulus. Br. 272. Cf. Hor. Epist. I, 18, 69 (Keller). Genava (" Geneva"), not Geneva. Caes. B. G. I, 6, 3. Brambach, RJiein. Miis. xxiii, 8. MoMMSEN, Inscr. Helvet. %t^^ 84. genetivus, not genitivus. The weight of Ms. authority favors emphatically gene- tivus for the name of the case, as has already been ob- served by Lachmann [in Liccr. p. 15 sq.). The proper name Genitivos, which Corssen (IP, 297) cites (Or. 5749 ; 189 A. D.), has arisen from the well-known um- laut e-i^ and can prove nothing for the name of the case. Cf. genetrix (genitor). genetrix, not genitrix. Fasti Pine. Sept. 26, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 298 ; ib. n. S6 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. 1008 ; IV, 3072. Cf. II, 3270. Hor. wSerm. II, 3, 133 (Holder). Lachmann hz Liter, p. 15. Hubner, Jahrb. fiir Phil. vol. 77, p. 358 ; vol. 79, p. 437. Fl. 17. Rib- beck, Prol. in Verg, p. 420. The masculine is genitor. genitivus, v. genetivus. genitor, v. genetrix. gentilicius, not gentilitius. Br. 219. See above, § 6, I. Getuli, V. Gaetuli. gilvus, not gilbus. Br. 239. girus, V. gyrus, glaeba, better than g 1 e b a . Hor. Carm. HI, 6, 39 ; Epod. 16, 55 ; Epist. I, 14, 39 (Keller). Ribbeck, ProU in Vei-g. p. 414. Aen. VII, 747. glis, not glir. Br. 277. gloriosus, like f o r m o s u s. See above, § 9, III. Gnaeus. See Cn. gnarus, more frequent than narus. See narus. gnatus C'son") and gnat a ("daughter"), for the more modern natus, nata, were still employed in the dac- tylic poetry of the Augustan age. Ribbeck, ProL- in Verg. p. 420. Hor. ed. Keller- Holder, II, pp. 411, 431. In the time of Cicero, natus, as a Participle from nas- cor, was already of frequent occurrence {Corp. Ins. Lat. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 87 I, p. 587. Cf. OsANN (p. 297 srj.) on Cic. de Re p. in, 35, 47. Gracchus, not G r a c c u s . Br. 282 s(/.t 290. Grains, Grai. See above, § 3, 2 ; § 14, 3. gratiis and gratis. In Plautus and Terence, used only as a word of three syllables (RiTSCHL, Oj>usc. II, 603 ; Bentley on Ter. Ad. IV, 7, 26) ; in classical times, as a word of three and of two syllables. Zumpt on Cic. in Verr. II, 4, 9, § 19. Cf. ingratis. grunnio, not g r u n d i o . Br. 271. gutus, not g u 1 1 u s . ^ Hor. Serm. I, 6, 118 (Holder). gyrus (yvpos), not girus. Br. 126. H. Hadria, Hadriacus, Hadrianus, Hadriaticus, not Adr-. Hor. (ed. Keller-Holder, I, p. 257 ; II, p. 412). Verg. Aen. XI, 405 (Ribbeck). Hadrumetum, Hadrumetinus , not Adr-. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 200, 79. Sail. lug. 19, i. Nepos, Hann. 6, 3, 4. haedilia and haedus, not hoedus, aedus, edus. aedus is a collateral form, but not classical ; edus is rus- tic. Quintil. I, 5, 20. Br. 205, 282, 284. Cf. Ribbeck, LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Prol. in Verg. p. 422. Hor. Carm. I, 4, 12; 17, 9, al. (Keller, vol. I, p. 257). Halaesa,not Halesa, Alesa, Alaesa. Halesa, Cic. Verr. II, 2, 7, § 19; 65, § 156; 3, 6, § 13 (Zumpt), 83, 192, al. Cf. Halaesus. Halaesus, not Halesus. Verg. Aen. VII, 724 ; X, 352 ; 411 sqq. (Ribbeck). halica, v. alica. Halicarnasus and Alicarnasus, with a single s. The unaspirated form is supported by tradition. E. g. in Cic. Tusc. Ill, 31, 75. Nepos, Lys. 3, 5. Tac. Ann. IV, 55. halucinor,-ari,z/. alucinor. Hamilcar (= 'A/^t'A^as), not A m i 1 c a r . Like Hanni- bal. Ham men, better than A m m n . Verg. Aen. IV, 198 (Ribbeck). Cf. Prol. in Verg. p. 421. Nepos, Lys. 3, 2. Hannibal (= 'Ai/W/3as), not Annibal. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 18, § 75, al. H a n n (= "Kvvwv)^ not Anno. Like Hannibal. harena, better than arena, which form is, however, also ancient. Br. 284, 288, 314. E. g. Hor. Carm. I, 28, i, 23; Epist. I, I, 6, al. (Keller). Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 422. Cic. de Re p. I, 17, 29. harenosus, better than arenosus or harenon- sus. Cf. harena. Br. 267. E. g. Sail. lug. 48, 3 ; 79, 3, where the h is not retained throughout in Mss. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 89 hariola, hariolatio, hariolus, and ariola, ariolatio, ariolus. hariolor and ariolor. Cic. de Div. I, 31, 66 (har- and ar-) ; 58, 132 (har-) (Christ). Plant. Mil. 692 ; M©st. 571, ar- (Ritschl). harundo, better than arundo. RiBBECK, ProL in Verg. p. 422. haruspex, better than aruspex, arespex. Br. 123. Cf. ib. 283, 314. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 421. Hasdruba^(= 'Ao-5poi^/3as), like Hannibal. E. g. Hor. Carm. IV, 4, 38, 72. haud and haut. The first form is the usual one in ancient grammars. Br. 252. On haut, see Dietsch on Sallust, II, p. 227. Before consonants, hau is also used. Br. 253. See above, § 8 (Fl. 18. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 581). Rib- beck, Prol. in Verg. pp. 397, 425. Hor. Epod. i, 32 (Keller) ; Serm. II, i, 39 (Holder) ; cf. their Index (II, p. 412). Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 57, 7 ; 64, i ; IV, 12, 8, etc. haveo and aveo ; the first is the pronunciation accord- ing to Quintilian (I, 6, 21). Br. 284. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 1072 ; IV, p. 239. Corp. Ins. Rh. 1153. Hor. Serm. I, i, 94; 4,87; II, 4, i ; 6, 99 (Holder). hebenus, better than ebenus {^^euos and ^(3€vos). E. g. Verg. Georg. II, 117 (Ribbeck, Pro/, in Verg. p. 421). Ovid. Met. XI, 610. Mss. vary between the two forms. So also in Pliny, where Sillig writes hebe- nus. On e^evosy see T/ies. Gr. (ed. Dindorf). 90 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. hedera, better than edera. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. pp. 421, 422, 385. Hor. Carm. I, I, 29, al. ; Epist. I, 3, 25 (Keller). Or. 6140. Festus Pauli, however, has edera under E (p. 82, MiJLLER). heia (Interjection) and eia. Verg. Aen. IV, 569 (Ribbeck, Pi-ol. in Verg. p. 421). Hor. Serm. I, i, 18 ; II, 6, 23 (Holder), ela, Cod. Vos. Auson., Ephem. {Parecbasis 1). heiulo, heiulatio, not e i u 1 - . Hor. Epod. ID, 17 (Keller). Eutyches, p. 2312, 10. Cf. Varro, L. L., VII, 103. Heliopolis and Heliupolis ('HXioi^TroXis). Cic. de Deor. Nat. Ill, 21, 54. Neue, Lat. Formenl. I, 131. Cf. Br. 177* helleboruSjT/. elleborus. helluo, helluatio, helluor (better than heluor) and elluor; the latter form is more modern, but belongs at latest to the sec- ond century after Christ. hell- is supported by tradition in Cic. de ProVin. Con- sul. 6, 14; in Pis. 10, 22; pro Sest. 52, iii ; de Fin. Ill, 2, 7; heluato, Ribbeck, in Verg. Catalect. 5, 11. elluari had already in the time of Gellius long existed (II, 3), but first came into very general use after the time of Augustus, for Festus Pauli says : heluo *' ab eluendo, cui aspiratur, ut aviditas magis exprobretur " (MuLLER, p. 99). Cf Rhein. Mus. viii, 296. Helotae, v. Hilotae. helus, V. holus. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. . 9 1 Henna, not Enna, in Sicily. Corp, Ins, Lat. I, 520 (Mommsen). Cic. Verr. II, 2, 65, § 156 (ZUMPT) ; 3, 83, § 192, al. Heraclea, and (later) Heraclia, name of several towns. See above, § 5, 2. Cf. Cic. Verrin. II, 2, 50, § 125, where the Cod. Vat. gives Ileracleae ; pro Archia, 4, 6 sqq. But Heraclienses is given by Codd. Gemblac. (= JBrtiXy 5352), Erfurt. y SchoL^ Anibros. Mai " ubi- que," Baiter on Cic. pro Arch. (ed. 2 Tur. p. 788, 14). Verr. II, 2, 50, § 125 (Zumpt). Cf. ik II, 5, 33, § 86 ; and the names Heraclius, Cod. Vat. Verrin., together with Heracleus, Codd. Lagom. 29 (and 42), B. (Paris, 7776) ; e. g. Verrin. II, 2, 14, § 35 ; 27, § 65 (Zumpt), al. herbosus, like formosus. Br. 268; see above, § 9, III. hercisco and ercisco. Br. 283. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 56, § 237. Fes- tus Pauli has the word under E (p. 82, Muller). here ('* yesterday") belongs to the age of Quintilian ; Augustus wrote heri. Holder on Hor. Serm. II, 8, 2. Cf Luc. Muller, De Re Metr. 334. Neue, Lat. FormenL II, 685. hereditas, like h. e r e s . heres, not eras. The latter form also occurs in antiquity, but the spell- ing is less correct. Br. 283, 314. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 581, and often in inscriptions. Also in Mss. ; e. g. Cod. Vat. Verrin. II, i, 42, § 107; 43, § no, al. here- ditas, ib. herus, v. erus. 92 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Hiber , Hiber es , Hiberia, Hiberus, not lb er us, etc. Fragm. Palat. Liv. XCI, p. 4, a^ gives Hiberum amnem. — RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 421. Hor. Carm. I, 29, 15 ; II, 20, 20 ; IV, 5, 28 ; 14, 50 ; Epod. 4, 3 ; 5, 21 (Keller) ; Serm. 11,8, 46 (Holder). Moimm. Ancyr. V, 53 ; Corp. Ins. Rh. 484. Corp. Ins. Lat. II, 2660, b, al. hice. See above, § 18, I. hiems, better than h i e m p s . The last, though physiologically correct and to be met with in classical authors, was discarded by the grammar of the Empire. Br. 249. See above, § 7, II. Cf. Keller on Hor. Carm. I, 4. i ; Epod. 2, 52. Hilotae (= el'Xwrat) and Ilotae. Nepos, Pausan. 3, 6 (Halm). Liv. XXXIV, 27, 9. See above, § 5, 2. hircus, not ircus or hirquus. Br. 284. The form ircus likewise occurs, but was re- garded as archaic in Quintilian's time (Br. 282). Cf. Hor. Serm. 1, 2, 27 ; 4, 92 ; Ars, 220 (Holder-Keller). RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 443. Hirpini, not Irpini. Liv. XXII, 61, II, al. (Alschefski). Hispallus, not Hispalus. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 39. H i s t e r (= "lo-rpos), better than I s t e r . RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 421. Nepos, Milt. 3, i (Halm). H i s t r i a , better than I s t r i a . ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 93 Corp. Ins. Lat. II, 2643 '■> other examples may be found in CoRSSEN, Ausspr. F,p. 106. holitor, holitorium, v. li o 1 u s . holus, better than olus ; not the archaic h elu s . Br. 102. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 421. Hon (ed. Keller-Holder, II, p. 413). Cf. HoHtor, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 1057 ; holitorium, Fast. Vail. Aug. i (ib. p. 320). Henzen, Scavi, p. 86. honor and hones. Cf. Br. 277. See above, § 15, 2. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 581. Hor. (ed. Keller-Holder, II, p. 413). El- len dt on Cic. de Or. I, 54, § 232. Osann on Cic. de Re p. I, 34, 53. Cic. in Verr. II, 3, 16, § 43 (Zumpt). Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 50, 7, honosque. hor a, not era. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 422. hordeum, not o r d e u m , and not hordium. * E. g. Verg. Eel. V, 36. Quintil. I, 5, 16. The Rustic Calendar, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 359, Jul., Nov. Vel. Lon- gus, 2238, 45. Scaur. 2250, 39 ; 2258, 45 ; " notatur ordeum," Eutyches, p. 2313, 33 (CoRSSEN, Atisspr. V', pp. 100, 107). hortus, not o r t u s . Br. 283. humerus, v. umerus. humidusjz^. umidus. humo,- are, and humus, not u m o , u m u s . Corp. hts. Lat I, 1418. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 422. Hor. Carm. Ill, 2, 24; Ars, no, al. (Keller, vol. I, p. 259). 94 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. humor, v. umor. H y a c i n t h u s , hydra, Hylas, Hyllus, hymenaeus, Hymettus, hymnus , Hy p n o s , and the rest of Greek words beginning with u, retain the initial h. Br. 284 sq. I. i is both a vowel and a consonant. See above, § 2. iacio in compounds. See above, §20, II. iamdudum, not iandudum. Cic. de Re p. II, 40, 67 (cf. Osann, p. 236). Rib- beck, Prol. in Verg. p. 430. Cf. Jahrb.fiir Phil, vol. 89, p. 834. IberuSjZ/. Hiberus. idcirco and iccirco. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 26, § 118; 50, § 216; idcirco, Cod. Vat. Verrin. II, 2, 24, § 59. Hor. Serm. 1, 4, 45 ; Epist. I, I, 29, al. (Holder-Keller). idem. See above, § 18, II. identidem. See above, § 9, II. idyllium, v. edyllium. iecur, notice or, iocur; regular Genitive, iecoris (collateral forms, iociiieris, iecineris, iocinoris). Br. 105. Cf. RiBBECK, Prol in Verg. p. 437. Ritschl, Opusc. II, 443. Neue, Lat. Formenl. I, 581. Her da, not Hilerda. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 95 Coi'p. Ins, Lat. II, p. 752. Hor. Epist. I, 20, 13 (Keller). ilico, not i 1 1 i c o . Sail. lug. 108, 2 (DiETSCH). Cf. RiTSCHL on Plautus, Trin. 608. lUyrii, Ulyricu^, not H i 1 1 y r - . Br. 314. Acta Triumph..i2XiXi, 526, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 458 ; II, p. 752, al. Inlyrico, Fast. Antiat. Aug. 3 {Corp. Ins, Lat. I, p. 328) is probably a mistake of the stone-mason. Ilotae, V. Hilotae. imb-, not inb-, in compounds. See above, § 20, I, 7. imbecillus, not imbecillis. Madvig on Cic. de Fin. V, 24, 71. i m m - , not i n m - , in compounds. See above, § 20, 1, 7. immo, not i m o . OsANN on Cic. de Re p. VI, 14, 14. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 63, § 256. E. g. Hor. Serm. I, 3, 20 (Holder). Ribbeck, Par- tikel, 6. imp-, not i n p - , in compounds. See above, § 20, 1, 7. inclitus and inclutus, not inclytus. Ribbeck, Frol. in Verg. p. 452. Hor. Serm. II, 3, 197, inclitum (Holder). Cf. linter. incoho and (not so good) inchoo, not i n c o . Br. 291, 293. OsANN (p. Ill) on Cic. de Re p. I, 35, 55. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 122. Hor. Carm. I, 4, 15 (Keller). incolumis, not incolomis. E. g. Hor. Serm. I, 4, 98, 119 .(Holder). Tac. Ann. I, 18, al. C,6 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. increbresco, not increbesco, v. percrebresco. Hor. Serm. II, 5, 93 (Holder). incusare, not incussare. Cf. causa and see above, § 10. RiBBECK, Pro/, in Verg, p. 445. indutiae, not induciae. Fl. 19. Cod. VWon. Livii, IV, 35, 2 ; V, 32, 5. infitiae, infitiatio, infitiator, infitior, not infic- . Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 25, § 105 ; e. g. Quintil. XII, 10, 74 (Halm). ingratis and ingratiis. ingratis. Cod. Vat. Cic. in Verr. II, 4, 9, § 19 ; ingratiis, Cic. pro Tullio, § 5 (Beier, p. 12). Codd. Nepotis, Them. 4, 4 (except M., which gives ingrati), w^here Halm reads ingratiis. Cf. Ritschl, Opusc. II, 603. Neue, Lat. Formenl. II, 672. inicio, better than iniicio. See above, § 20, II. inl-, better than ill-, in compounds. See above, § 20, 1,7. in primis, inprimis, imprimis. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 40, § 184; III, 5, § 17; and vol. II, p. 214. Cic. de Re p. I, 15, 23. Corp. Ins. Lat, II, 1282, 9. inr- and irr - in compounds, e. g. inriguus, irriguus. See above, § 20, I, 7. i n s u m o , insumpsi, like sumo, intellegentia, not intelligentia. Cic. de Re p. IV, i, i (Osann, p. 312). intellego, not intelligo. Br. 145. Fl. 19. Cf. Dietsch on Sail., vol. II, p. 248. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 97 Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 3, § 12, al. Hor. Epist. I, 9, I (Keller). intemptatug, cf. tento, tempto. Hor. Carm. I, 5, 13 ; Ars, 285 (Keller). interemptio, not interemtio. Cf. interimo. interimo, interemi, interemptum, not interemo, i n t e r e m t u m . Br. 305. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 416. Holder on Hor. Serm. II, 3, 131. See emo. internecio, better than internicio. internecio, Sail. Ep. Potnpei ad Sen. 9. Cic. ad Att. 11,20,3. Liv. IX, 26, 3, al. Curt. IV, 11, 18 (He- dicke). Priscian, IV, 8 (Hertz, I, p. 122, 3). interni- cio, Nepos, Eum. 3. Cf. Tac. Ann. II, 21. intibus, intibum ( " succory "), not intub-, intyb-. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 176. i n t i m u s , not the archaic i n t u m u s . Br. 108, III. See above, § 17, I: inverto, not i n v o r t o . Cf. verto. invorto, Verg. Georg. I, 65 (Ribbeck, ProL in Verg. p. 436). Cf. the examples in Hor. (ed. Keller- Holder, I, p. 263 ; II, p. 419). inunguo, like unguo,notinungo. Hor. Epist. I, I, 29 (Keller). ircus, V. hircus. Irpini, 27. Hirpini. is (declinable). See above, § 18, II. Ister, Istria, v. Hister, Histria. iucundus, not i o c u n du s . Cic. Verr. II, i, 43, § 112 {Cod. Vat). Cic. de Fin. II, 98 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. 4, 14. OsANN (p. 7) on Cic. de Re p. I, i, i. Sail. lug. 85, 41 (Dietsch). Ribbeck, P7'oL in Verg. p. 437. Hor. (ed. Holder-Keller, I, p. 263 ; II, p. 420). Corp. Ins, Lat, I, pp. 1008, 1038, and frequently. ludaea, not I u d e a . Br. 330. iugulus, not iuglus. Br. 130. iuniperus, not iunipirus. Br. 142. Cf. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 427. luppiter, better than I u p i t e r . Hor. (ed. Holder-Keller, I, 'p. 263 ; II, p. 420). Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 19, 10 ; 61, 5 ; V, 50, 4. Cf. Corssen, Ausspr. P, p. 211. i u s , Dative i u r i ; but in the formula iure dicundo, the Dative, as late as the Empire, still kept the old end- ing e, along with which juri dicundo is also found. Br. 325. Neue, Lat. Formenl. I, 193. iuventus, not iventus. Analogous to iuvare. See above, § 4. iventus, Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 65, 5. K. K is an abbreviation for Kaput, " Capital," or " Kaput legis"; forKaeso; forKalendae; for Kalum- nia. For several other abbreviations, not generally used, see Br. 212, 210. Cf. Ribbeck, Prol. i7t Vej'g. p. 429. Hor. (ed. Holder-Keller, II, p. 421). Cod. Vat. Ver- rin. II, I, 42, § 109. Fasti in the Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 301 sqq. " ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 99 Kaeso and Caeso, v. K. Caeso, Cod. Verou. Livii, III, 11, 6,9, al. Kalendae, better than Calendae. Br. 211. Calendae, Fast. Praen. Ian. i, 2, 14. In abbreviating, K simply is to be employed (not Kal., which first becomes frequent after the time of Commo- dus). Cf. Cod. Veron. Livii, VI, I, 11 ; for the contrary, see ib. 12 ; V, 9, I. kalumnia, instead of calumnia, may be written in legal expressions. Br. 208 sqq. Kaput may be written, when signifying "capital" and *' chapter " (or " paragraph "). Br. 212. The old commentator on Cic. pro Sextio writes " kapite puniendos " (Mai, And. Class. II, 144). Karthago and Carthago. See above, Carthago. Br. 211. OsANN (p. 430-432) on Cic. de Rep. L. labes. See above, § 15, 3. labor, lapsus, not 1 a b s u s . Br. 243, 248. Cf. RifiBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 390. lac and lacte, not 1 a c t . Br. 256. Cf. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 430. RiTSCHL, Oplisc. II, 570 sqq. lacrima, not lacruma, lachrima, lachryma. Br. 118. Cf Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 34, § 157. Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 7, 11 ; VI, 3, 5. Ribbeck, Prol. i7t Verg. p. 450. Hor. (ed. Holder-Keller, I, p. 264 ; II, p. 421). LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. lacuna, not 1 u c u n a . On the occurrence of the umlauted form luc-, cf. Rib- beck, Prol. in Verg. p. 430. lagoena and lagona, not 1 a g e n a . Hor. Serm. II, 8, 41, 81 ; Epist. II, 2, 134 (Holder- Keller). Fl. 20. yahrb.fiir Phil. vol. 93, p. 12. lamina, syncopated lamna, and lammina. E. g. Ov. Met. V, 173 ; XII, 488. Hor. Carm. II, 2, 2. lammina, Verg. Georg. I, 143 (Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 430). lancea, not 1 a n c i a . Br. 133. lanterna, better than 1 a t e rn a . BucHELER and Schmitz, Rhein. Mus. xviir, 393 ; XIX, 301. Laodicea, Aao5i/ceta. See above, § 5, 2. E. g. Cic. Ep. Earn. XII, 15, 7. A c c a Larentia, not Laurentia. Fast. Praejt. Dec. 23 (= Corp. Ins. Lat. I, pp. 307, 319, 409). Becker-Marquardt, R'dm. Alt. IV, 408. lateralis, not lateraris. Br. 257. laterculus, better than latericulus. latericulus, Caes. B. Civ. II, 9 (Dubner, II, p. 75, 4). laterculus was used as early as Plautus (Poen. I, 2, 115). latericius, not lateritius.. See above, § 6, i. lave, lautus, better than lotus. Br. 206 ; e.g. Hor. Serm. II, 3, 282 (Holder). lauretum and loretum. The latter form occurs in Fast. Vail. Aug. 13. lautumiae, not latomiae. For citations in regard to the Roman Lautumiae, see ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Becker, Rdm. Alt. I, pp. 262-269. Cf. Jahrb. fur Phil. vol. 91, p. 229. legitimus, not the more ancient legitumus. Br. 108, 315. See above, § 17, 1, leper and 1 e p s j the first form is preferable. Br. 45, 277. See above, § 15, 2. letum, not 1 e t h u m . E. g. Hor. Carm. I, 3, 33 (Keller) ; Serm. IT, 6, 95 (Holder). See/<^. vol. I, p. 265. levis, not lae vis. E. g. Hor. Carm. I, 2, 38; 17, 12, al. (Keller, vol. I, p. 264). libet, libens, not the older forms lubet, lubens. Br. 118. Cf Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 73, § 295. OsANN (p. 36) on Cic. de Re p. I, 9, 14. Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 51, 2, libenter. For examples from Horace, see ed. Keller-Holder, II, p. 423. libido, not lubi do; like libet. Br. 83, 108 sq., 118. E. g. Hor. Serm. I, 2, 33, al. (Holder, II, p. 423). Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 44, i, al. lilium, not lileum. Br. 136, 194. lingo, not linguo. Corp. Ins. Laf. IV, p. 243. linter and lunter, not 1 y n t e r . BiJCHELER, Rkein. Mus., xr, 297. Fl. 20. Br. 124, 126. Hor. Serm. I, 5, 20; Epist. I, 18, 61 (Holder- Keller). linteum, not 1 i n t i u m . Br. 136. LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Liris. See above, § 15, 4. lis is the prevailing form of classical times, but we may still employ the old form (stlis, not sclis) in the judicial phrase " stlitibus iudicandis." Cf. Br. 214. littera, better than 1 i t e r a . Cic. de Re p. I, 9, 14. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 56, 13. Fragin. Pal. y^Cl,^. 2,(1. Corp. Ins. Lai.\N,\%(^\. (Cf ib. I, p. 584.) Henzen, Scavi, pp. 65, 28 ; 70, 23 ; 75, 66 ; and besides in inscriptions. Cf. Rhein. Mtcs. vili, 229. litterula, like littera. Hor. Epist. II, 2, 7 (Keller). litus, not 1 i 1 1 u s . Cic. de Re p. I, 17, 29 (Qsann, p. 69). Verg. Aen. Ill, 75 (Ribbeck). Hor. Serm. II, 3, 205 (Holder). Quint. XII, 10, 19 (Halm). Hubner, Jahrb. fi'ir Phil. vol. 77, p. 363. locusta and lucusta. I0C-, Varro, L. L., VII, 39. Mss. vary between the two forms ; e. g. in Pliny, where Sillig writes locusta. The female poisoner of the first century is called Locusta in Tac. Ann. XII, 66; XIII, 15; luvenal, 1,^1, Pith., Cod. Vind. 107 (luc-, Schol. Paris. 7900). Lucusta in Sueton., Ner. 33 (Roth). Aou/coOcrra, Dio, Epit. LXIV, 3.4. loquela, not loquella. Br. 259. Cf Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 429. 1 o q u r , loquuntur, locutus. See above, § 6, II ; § 19, I. lubet, z'. libet. lubido, V. libido. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. I03 lucusta, V. locusta. lues, not luis. Br. 147. See above, § 15, 3. lunter, lynter, v. linter. M. maereo, not moereo. Cf. maeror, maestus. Cic. de Re p. II, 37, d^ (Osann, p. 233). Hor. Carm. II, 4, 16; Epist. I, 14, 7, al. (Keller, I, p. 267). maeror, not moeror. Hor. Ars, no (Keller). Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 1202. Mae si us, not Mesius. Br. 205. maestitia, not moestitia, v. maestus. Liv. Ill, 43, 7 [Cod. Veron.). maestus, not m o e s t u s . Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 43, 7. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 47, § 195. Hor. Carm. II, i, 13 ; 3, 5 ; Serm. I, 2, 3; 5» 93; Ars, 105 (Keller- Holder). magno opere and magnopere. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 35, § 164; II, 77, § 310. Osann (p. 34) on Cic.de Re p. I, 8, 13. Maia, not M a i i a . Maiia, it is true, is based upon the pronunciation and occurs often enough, but the grammar discarded it. Br. 184 sq. See above, § 3, 2. malacisso, same as fxaXaKi^u). Br. 281. maledictum and male dictum, maledicus, better than malidicus. I04 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. maleficus, better than malificus. male volentia, better than malivolentia. malevolus, better than malivolus. The grammarians preferred the first form with -le-. Cf. beneficus, benevolus. Br. 179. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 17, § 72. RiTSCHL, Optisc. II, 562 sq. mali- volentia, Sail. Cat. 3, 2 ; 12, i. Cf. malificia, ib. 52, 4 ; lug. 31, 28; malificus, lug. 17, 6 (Dietsch). male, malle, not mallo. Br. 262. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 429. m a n c e p s , mancipis, not the more ancient m a n c u - pis. So mancipium, not mancupium. Br. 122 sq. mancup-, however, is Augustan ; Keller on Ilor. Epist. I, 6, 39 ; II, 2, 159. Cf Serm. II, 7, 3 (Holder). On the other hand, mancipiorum, Sail. lug. 44, 5 (Dietsch). manibiae and manubiae. Br. 109, 119 sqq. manifestiis, not the archaic manufestus. Verg. Aen. Ill, 151 (Ribbeck). manufestus in Sal- lust ; e. g. lug. 33, 4 (Dietsch, and cf. vol. II, p. 269). manipretium and manupretium, together with manua pretium. Br. Ill, Rem. (Marius Victorinus, ed. Keil, pp. 10, 25). manupr-, Cic. in Pis. 24, 57. Cf Cic. in Verr. II, I, 56, § 147, where the Cod. Vat. gives manispraetium. manubiae, v. manibiae. manupretium, ^'. manipretium. Marcomani and (later) Marcomanni. -mani, Caes. B. G. I, 51. Tac. Ann. II, 46, al. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 1 05 Moniim, Ajicyr. VI, 3. -manni, Fast. Pkilocali^ lul. 30 (= Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 346). Script. Hist. Aug., in many places. Analogous to Alamanhi. maritimus, not maritumus. Br. 109. See above, § 17, I. marmor, not the very rare m a r m u r ; Genitive, mar- moris. Br. 84. Marsyas, not Marsuas. Br. 204. Masinissa and Massinissa. Masin-, Cic. de Re p. VI, 9, 9 ; cf. on the passage, OSANN, p. 360. Sail. lug. $, al (Dietsch). Mas-, Silius, XVI, 117. Mass-, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 200, 81. materia and materies; in the Plural, better to de- cline according to First Declension. Br. 76. On the Sing., see Ellendt on Cic. de Or. T, 3, § 10. Mauretania, not Mauritania. Sail. Cat. 21, 3 (Dietsch). In inscriptions, e. g. Corp. Ins. Lat. II, 1120 ; Corp. Ins. Rh. 163. maximus, not maxumus. Br. 108 sqq.y 321. See above, § 17, i. Megalensia and Megalesia. Br. 268. Megalensia, Fast. Praen.^ Apr. 4. membranacius and membranaceus,iiotmem- branatius. Br. 219. See above, § 6, I. mens or, not mesor. Br. 267. mercennarius, not mercenarius. Io6 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Hor. Serm. II, 6, ii ; Epist. I, 7, 67 (Holder- Keller). Cf. Cod. Verofi. Livii, V, 4, 8. Quintil. XII, I, 25. For the opiDOsite, Cod. Vat. Verrin, II, i, 43, § III (ed. Tur. II, l, pp. 163, 449.; cf. ib. 5, 21, § 54, p. 397). Fl. 20. Messalla, better than M e s s a 1 a . Keller on Hor. Ars, 371. Cf. Serm. I, 10, 85 and 6, 42 (Holder). M e 1 1 u s and M e 1 1 i u s , not Metus, Metius (name of the Alban, cf. Liv. I, 23 sq.). • Merros, Dionys. Cf. RiTSCHL on Quint. I, 5, 12 in Rheiit. Mils, xxii, 602. Verg. Aen. VIII, 642 (Ribbeck). Mezentius, not Mezzentius. Br. 281 sq. Cf. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg, p. 453. mille, Plur. milia, better than mi Hi a. Br. 260 sq. 332. Cod. Veroii. Livii, HI, 13, 8 ; 20, 7, al. ; V, 32, 3. Fragjji. Pal. XCI, p. 2, b. millia, milli- arius also occur, and are supported by inscriptions as well as by Mss. Cf. Ribbeck, Frol. in Verg. p. 429. Hor. (ed. Holder-Keller, II, p. 428). milliarium, Fast. Fi^aen. Apr. 25 ; Fast. Amit. lun. 24. millies and milies, better than milliens, miliens. Br. 269. See above, § 17, H. miliens. Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 4, 13. m i n i m u s , not m i n u m u s . Br. 109, III. See above, § 17, I. mis ceo, mixtus, better than mist us. -xt-, Hor. (ed. Keller-Holder). Verg. Aen. VII, 661 (Ribbeck). Sail. lug. 57, 5.. Cic. Tusc. V, 15, 45- Cf. admixtis, Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 57, 9. permixtus, Verg. Aen. X, 238, where the Veronian palimpsest reads permis(tus). ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. I 07 moles. See above, § 15, 3. monumentum and monimentum. The first form is the more usual. Br. 108, 119. OSANN (p. 181) on Cic. de Re p. II, 14, 26. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 10, 6 (monum-). Rib- beck, Prol, in Verg. p. 450. Hor. Carm. I, 2, 15 ; III, 30, I (Keller) ; Serm. I, 8, 13 (Holder). Mucius, not Mutius. On the bad spelling (with the t) of Mss., see Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 23, § 105 ; 25, § 113. Cf. the Register of Names of the Corp. Ins. Lat. mucus and muccus. Catull. 23, 17. muccus, Plaut. Most. 1109 (Ritschl). mulctrum, not m u 1 1 r um . Hor. Epod. 16, 49 (Keller). multa, not m u 1 c t a . Corp. Ins, Lat. I, p. 586. Cf. OsANN (p. 171 sq.) on Cic. de Re p. II, 9, 16. multatieius. See above, § 6, I. multo, -are, not m u 1 c t o. Cod. Verofi. Livii, III, d"], 5* multotiens, better than multoties. Br. 269. See above, § 17, II. mundities, munditia, not mundicies,-cia. Hor. Carm. I, 5, 5 ; Epist. II, i, 159 (Kei^ler). Br. 218. murena, not m u r a e n a . Hor. Serm. II, 8, 42 (Holder). murra is the Latin form for fivppa, not my rrha. E. g. Verg. Aen. XII, 100 (Ribbeck). So murreus, Hor. Carm. Ill, 14, 22 (Keller). Fluor-spar is also called murra, not myrrha, murrha. Io8 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. murreus, z'. murra. murtetum and myrtetum. Ilor. EiDist. I, 15, 5 (Keller). Cf. Verg. Georg. II, 112 (Ribbeck). myrrha, myrrheus, v. murra. myrteus, v, myrtus. myrtum, not m u r t u m . Br. 204. Cf. Verg. Georg. I, 306 (Ribbeck). myrtus, not murtus; so, myrteus. In the Augustan age, the genuine Latin spelling murt- was in a measure supplanted by the Greekish myrtus {ii.vpTO'i)^ without the former being altogether discarded. Cf. Verg. Aen. VI, 443 (Ribbeck), and Prol. in Verg. P- 453- N. n a e , v. n e . naenia, v. nenia. namque, not n a n q u e . Br. 265. E. g. Ilor. Serm. I, 3, 36 (Holder), al. Cf. Corp. Ins. Lat. II, 1293, 5. nanciscor, nactus, better than n a n c t u s . Br. 270. Cic. de Re p. I, 9, 14; 10, 16 (Osann, p. 43). Cod. Veron. Livii, HI, 64, 6. nanctus, Fragm. Vat, Sail III b, 10 {Hermes, V, 404). Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 434. Hor. Carm. Ill, 11, 41 ; Epist. I, 15, 38 (Keller). narratio, narrare, not naratio, narare. Br. 272. Cf. Osann (p. 26) on Cic. de Re p. I, 4, 8. narus and (oftener) gnarus. Cicero, Or. 47, 158, regards narus as the true form. In Ciceronian Mss., gnarus is found. E. g. Cic. Or. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. IO9 4, 14. Brut. 64, 228. Cf. OsANN (p. 297 sq.) on Cic. de Re p. Ill, 35, 47. Br. 272. natus, z'. gnatus. naviter, v. navus. nausea and nausia. Keller on Hor. Epod. 9, 35. navus, better than the older form gnavus. Hor. Epist. I, I, 24 ; 6, 20 ; 18, 90 (Keller). Osann (p. 298) on Cic. de Re p. Ill, 35, 47. ne, particle of affirmation, not n a e . Lambinus, as early as his day, observed : " omnes libri veteres habent hanc particulam sine diphthongo scrip- tarn." — Cic. ed. Tur. (2d), II, 2, p. 1173 (Baiter). neglegentia, not negligentia; neglego, not negligo; neglego better than nec- lego. Br. 145, 214. Fl. 19. Osann (p. 312) on Cic. de Re p. IV, I, I. Cod. Veron, Livii, IV, 12, 7 ; 22, 4 ; V, 8, 2; 46, 3; 5i» 4,7- negotior, negotiator, not negocior; negotium, not negocium; like otium. E. g. Cod. P'eron. Livii, III, 44, 5; 51, 10; V,_8, 3. Cic. de Re p. I, 18, 30. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 587. nemorensis, better than nemoresis. Br. 332. nenia, not naenia. Hor. Carm. II, I, 38; 20, 21 ; III, 28, 16 ; Epod. 17, 29 ; Epist. I, I, 63 (Keller). Cic. de Leg. II, 64, 62. nequiquam, better than nequicquam (which is also cor- rect). RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 436. Hor. Carm. I, 3, 21 ; LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. 15, 13 and 16, where Keller writes nequiquam. Cf. Serm. II, 7, 27; Epist. I, 3, 32 (Holder-Keller). Sail. Cat. 20, 2, nequiquam (Dietsch; cf. also vol. II, p. 284). Cod. Veron. Livii has nequiquam, IV, 25, 8 ; 55, 5, 8; 56, 10; V, 6, 10; 7, 3 ; but necquic(quam), IV, 12, 3 ; 25, 9. Cf. Neue, Lat. Formeiil. II, 642 sq. RiTSCHL, Neue Plant. Exeter se, I, 57 sq. ningo, not n i n g u 0. Br. 129. niter, nisus and nixus. Priscian considers nisus as regular, but allows nixus also in X, 48 (Hertz, I, p. 537 ; cf. IX, 18, I, p. 461). Diomedes insists on nisus ; " sed veteres (e. g. Vergilius) immutantes nixus declinant." He distinguishes between enisus, " to strive," and enixus, " to bear," " to bring forth" (as children, etc.). nixus, e. g. Cic. in Verr. II> 5> 33. § 86, = Quintil. IX, 4, 104. Verg. Aen, X, 736; XII, 398. The substantive has likewise both forms; nisus, Cic. de Deor. Nat. II, 45, 117; nixus, Verg. Georg. IV, 199. -x- and -s-, Aen. Ill, ^il (Rib- beck). nomisma, not numisma (pofjitafjLa). Hor. Epist. II, I, 234 (Keller). nongenti, not noncenti. Br. 214. nonnunquam, like n u n q u a m . n s c o , not the archaic g n o s c o . novendialis and novemdialis. Keller on Hor. Epod. 17, 48. Novensides and Novensiles. Br. 250 sq. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. novicius. See above, § 6, I. nubes, not nub is in the Nom. Sing. Br. 147, 149. See above, § 15, 3. n u b o , nupsi, nuptum. Br. 243, 247. See above, § 7, I, 3. nummus, not n u m u s . Hor. Serm. I, i, 67, 73, 96; 2, 133, al. (Holder, II, p. 434). Cod. Vat, Verrin. II, i, 52, § 137. Fl. 21. nuncius, v. nuntius. nunquam and numquam. Both forms were used ; the first was preferred in the grammar of the Empire. Br. 264 sq. Cf. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 4, § 13. The Cod. Vat. Cic. de Re p. has numquam (see Osann, p. 141); also the Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 63, 9. Hor. ed. Holder-Keller, I, p. 274 ; II, p. 434. nunquis, numquis (like nunquam), or num quia . Br. 265. E. g. Hor. Serm. I, 2, 69 ; 4, 136 ; 9, 6 (Holder). nuntio, not nuncio, nuntius, not n u n c i u s ^ Cic. de Re p. I, 10, 15. Cod. Veron-. Livii, 111,38, 4. Hor. Carm. I, 10, 6, al. (Keller). Fl. 21. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 587. o. obedio, v. oboedio. o b e d o , obesus, better than o b e s s u s . The last form is found in Vergilian . Mss. (Ribbeck, LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Prol. in Verg. p. 445). Cf. Hor. Epod. 12, 3 ; Epist. I, 15, 40 (Keller). obicio, better than o b i i c i o . See above, § 20, II. obliquus. See above, § 4. oboedio, not o b e d i o . Cic. de Re p. Ill, 19, 41 (Osann, p. 291). Sail. Cat. I, I (Dietsch). Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 26, 12 ; V, 3, 8. Fl. 22. obp-, V. oppeto. obscenus, better than obscaenus; not obscoenus. The original form was obscaenus ; it is derived from ob(s) and caenum ("filth"), "obscenus ab obs et canendo vel caeno vel dTrd rov kolvov, unde inquino " (Priscian, IX, 54 = Hertz, I, p. 489). The Varronian derivative, obscaena (de L. L., VII, 96), also favors the ae. But the weakening of ^^ into ^ occurred in obscae- nus as in caenum, and in the former word this took place earlier and was more general (see caefium, above). Rhehi. Mus. I, 445 (new series). Horatian Mss. invariably have obscenus. Epod. 5, 98 ; Serm. I, 2, 26 ; 8, 5 ; Epist. II, I, 127 (Keller-Holder). So, Verg. Georg. I, 470 ; Aen. IV, 455 (Ribbeck). Tac. Ann. XV, 37. Cf. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 59, § 242. obscurus, not opscurus. See above, § 7, I, 2. observe, like obscurus. obses, like obscurus. opses, Br. 331. obsideo, like obscurus. opsideo, Br. 305, Rem. obsidio, V. obsideo. opsidio, Br. 305, Rem. and 331. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. I I3 obsonium and opsonium (dfcoviov). obsonare (-ari) and opsonari {oxj/iove'ip). Hor. Serm. I, 2, 9 ; II, 2, 41 ; 7, 106 (Holder, who prefers obs-). obstipesco, obstipui, better than obstupesco. obstip-, RiBBECK, Fro/, iit Verg. pp. 451, 390 (Aen. II, 774 ; V, 404). There is manuscript authority for / and ti in Cic. de Div. II, 23, 50, where obstup- is given by Codd. Voss. 86; Vindob'. 182 (corrected reading), ob- stup-, Cic. ad Att. V, 21, 7. obsto, not p s t o . Br. 244, 296. See above, § 7, I, 2. obtempero, not optempero. Br. 295 sq., 333. See above, § 7, 1, 2. opt-. Cod, Vat. Verrin. II, i, 47, § 124. obtineo, not o p t i n e o. Br. 247. See above, § 7, I, 2 (cf. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 588). odiosus, not odiossus. Br. 275. Cf. formosus, and see above, § 9, III. odor, not odos. Cf. Br. 109. f f e r o , obtuli, not p t u 1 i . See above, § 7, I, 2. olitor, z^. holitor. olus, V. holus. onero (''to load "), not honero; like onus, onus- tus. Hor. Serm. I, 10, 10; Epist. I, 18, 46 (Holder- Keller). onus, not h o n u s ; like o n u s t u s . Hor. Carm. I, 9, 2 ; Serm. I, 6, 99, 106 ; 9, 21, al. 114 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. (Keller- Holder). Cf. Cod. Vat. Verrin. II, 2, 55, § 138. Gellius, II, 3. onustus, not honustus. Verg. Aen. 1,289 (Ribbeck, Z*;-^/. in Verg. p. 421). Hor. Serm. I, i, 47; II, 2, "j^ \ Epist. I, 7, 18 (Holder- Keller). Cf. onus. opilio, better than u p i 1 i o . Br. 86 S(J, Cf. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 437. oppeto, oppono, and compounds of like kind, not obp-. See above, § 20, I, 8. p t i m u s , not the more ancient p t u m u s . Br. 108, 116, 321. Orcus, not O r c h u s . Br. 288, 292. Cf. Hor. Carm. I, 28, 10, al. (Keller, vol. I, p. 275). ordeum, v» hordeum. orichalcum ("yellow copper"), not aurichalcum. Verg. Aen. XII, Z']. Hor. Ars, 202. Cicero wrote orichalcum (De Off. Ill, 23, 92). Plautus (Mil. 660, Ps. 688, ed. Ritschl) and late Latinists have the form auri- chalcum with a play upon aurum. Cf. OSANN (p. 279) on Cic. de Re p. Ill, 19, 29. ostium, not o s t e u m . Br. 136. Otho, not Oto. Br. 287, 290. Hor. Epod. 4, 16 (Keller). otiari, like o t i u m . Hor. Serm. I, 6, 128 (Holder). Cf. otium. otiosus, ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. II5 otium, not ocium, ociosus. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 30, i ; 31, i, al. Cic. de Re p. I, I, I ; 4, 7, al. Hor. (ed. Keller-Holder, I, p. 275, al.). Fl. 23. paedor, paedidus, better than p e d - . Fleckeisen, Jahrb.fur Phil. vol. 83, p. 574. paelex, better than p e 1 e x ; not p e 1 1 e x . Hor. Carm. IH, 10, 15 ; 27, 66. Epod. 3, 13 ; 5, 70 (Keller). Quintil. IH, 10, 6 (Halm). Cf. Br. 205 sq.^ 263. paelicatus, Cic. pro Scauro, 6 ( Cod. Ambros.^ Auct. Class. II, 292). Fl. 23. Paeligni, not P e li g n i . Hor. Carm. Ill, 19, 8 ; Epod. 17, 60 (Keller). Halm on Cic. in Vatin. ed. 2, Tur. II, 2, p. 999. Cf. Br. 206. Fl. 24. yahrb.fiir Phil. vol. 85, p. no. paene, not p e n e nor p o e n e . Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 1009. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. 1, 3, § 10. Cic. de Re p. I, 4, 7 ; 7, 12 ; 15, 23 ; II, 20, 35 (OsANN, p. 193). Hor. Carm. II, 13, 2i al. ; Serm. I, 2, loi ; 5, 72 ; Epist. I, 10, 3 al. (Holder-Keller). paenitet, not poenitet. OsANN (p. 302) on Cic. de Re p. Ill, 35, 47. Mai on Cic. pro Tullio, 7 {Auct, Class. II, p. 338). Hor. Carm. Ill, 24, 50 ; Epod. II, 8 (Keller) ; Serm. I, 2, T] ; 6, 89 (Holder), pen-, Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 67, 5 ; IV, 58, 10 ; V, 27, 14. paenula, not p e n u 1 a . Hor. Epist. I, II, 18 (Keller). Fl. 24. Cf. Br. 205 sq. Il6 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. paenulatus, paenularius, like paenula. p a e t u s , not p e t u s . Hor. Serm. I, 3, 45 (Holder). So also the proper name, e. g. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 258. Palilia, v. Parilia. pallium, not p a 1 1 e u m . Br. 136 sq.^ 193 sq. palumbes, better than p a 1 u m b i s in the Nomin. Sing. Br. 147, 148. See above, § 15, 3. pando, pandi, passum, not p a n s u m . Br. 268. E. g. Hor. Serm. I, 8, 24 (Holder). PanhormuSjPanhormitani, better than P a n r - mus. Schneider, Gramm. I, 192. Cic. in Verr. II, 2, 26, § 63 (Zumpt) ; 49, § 120 al. Parilia and Palilia. The first form was preferred in the grammar of the Empire. Br. 258. Parnasus, Parnasius, not Parnass-. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 444. parricida, parricidium, better than the old form p a r i - cida, paricidum; not patricid-. -rr-, Hor. Carm. Ill, 29, 8 (Keller). Cic. pro Mil. 7, 17 ; pro S. Rose. 25, 70 ; in Verr. II, 5, 66, § 169 ; pro Sest. 52, III, al. Quintil. VII, 2, 2, Prisoian, I, 33 (= Hertz, I, p. 26), explicitly attests the rr. The form paricida is archaic ; cf. Festus Pauli, s. v. parricifdi) quaestores (MtJLLER, p. 221). paricida, Sail. Cat. 14, 3 ; 31, 8; 51, 25 ; 52, 31 ; Hist. II, 41, 3 (Dietsch). Cf. Or. 5497-. parvulus, not parvolus. See above, § 4. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. II7 patricius, not patritius. Br. 218 sq. See above, § 6, 1, paulatim, like p a u 1 u s . RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg, p. 429. Ilor. Epist. II, I, 46 ; 2, 164 (Keller). paulisper, like paulus. Paullus and (less good) Paulus (proper name). Br. 262, 332. Cf. Hor. Carm. I, 12, 38 ; IV, i, 10 (Keller). paululum, like paulus. paulus was preferred in the grammars to paullus, which is also theoretically correct. Br. 262. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 429. Hor. (ed. Holder-Keller, I, p. 277 ; II, p. 439). Cic.de Or. I. 14, § 61 ; 22, § 99 ; II, 34, § 150 al. (Ellendt). Cod. Vat. Verrin. II, i, 46, § 120. The Cod, Veron. Livii has paulus. pedetentim and pedetemptim. Analogous to tentare, temptare. Cf. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 21, § 97. Cornif. ad Herenn. I, 6, 9 (Kayser, p. 10, i). Quintil. V, 7, 20 (Halm). pedisequus, not pedissequus. Br. 95. Cic. de Or. I, 55, § 236 (Ellendt). peiero, better than peiuro, not p e r i u r o. Hor. Serm. II, 3, 127 (Holder) ; cf. peiero, e. g. Carm. II, 8, i (Keller). On periero, see y^/;r^. ///> Phil. vol. 91, p. 227. peiurus, v. periurus. pelex,pellex,z/. paelex. Peligni, v, Paeligni. Il8 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. penarius (from penus), not pinarius. Br. 141. pene, v. paene. "pennas avium ('feathers, wings'), pinnas muro- rum ('pinnacles, battlements ') dicimus." This dictum of the old grammar we have to retain, although the distinction is neither etymologically sound, nor is it always practically true. Cf. bipennis. Quintil. I, 4, 12. Br. 142 sq. RiBBECK, Frol, iji Verg. p. 441 sq. ; particularly, Aen. VI, 15. pinna is preferred by Keller, Hor. Epist. I, 20, 21 ; II, 2, 50 ; and in Carm. II, 2, 7 al. (vol. I, p. 278.). Corp. Ins, Lat. I, 1463. penula, v. paenula. penuriarnot paenuria. Hor. Serm. I, i, 98 (Holder). Momwi. Aiicyr. I, 33. paenuria. Sail. lug. 48, 4 (Cod. Par. Sorb. 500 ; Dietsch, vol. II, p. 298). percontatio and percontator, not percunctatio. See percontor. Cic. de Or. II, 80, § 327 (Ellendt). Hor. Epist. I, 18, 69 (Keller). percontor, better than percunctor. Cic. de Or. I, 21, § 97 al. (Ellendt). Sail. Cat. 40, 2 (Dietsch). Hor. Serm. 1,6, 112, al.( Holder, vol. II, p. 440). (per)cunctatus, Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 32,. 8. RJiein. Mus. VIII, 226. percrebresco, not percrebesco. Cod. Vat. Cic. Verr. II, 2, 23, § 56 (after Halm, 2d ed. Tur. II, i, p. 454). Cf. Zumpt on Cic. Divin. 4, 12. p e r e d , peresus, better than peressus. Like adedo, obedo. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. II9 peregre and peregri ; the latter only in the signification, " abroad." RiBBECK, Partikely p. 2. Bucheler, Rhein. Mus. XV, 444. perennis, not peremnis. Cicde Re p. VI, 23, 25 (Osann, p. 406). periuro, v. peiero. periurus and peiurus. Hor. Carm. I. 35, 26; III, 3, 27; 11, 34; 24, 59 (Keller) ; Serm. II, 3, 164; 5, 15 (Holder). Rhehi. Mus. XXI, 588. perlego, not pell ego nor pelligo. Assimilation occurs, so too does the umlaut (pelligo), but we must regard perlego as the regular form of im- perial times. Br. 145: Cf Verg. Aen. VI, 34 (Rib- beck). Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 589. perluceo, not pelluc-. Like perlego. psrnicies, not pernities, nor pernecies. Cf. Sail. Cat. 18, 7 (Dietsch). Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 25,4. Hor. Carm. II, 13, 4; III, 5, 16; Serm. I, 4, 130; Epist. I, 15,31 (Holder-Keller). pertaesus, not pertisus. E. g. Livy, III, 67, 7 {Cod. Veron.). pessimus, not the more ancient pessumus. Br. 118. petorritum, not petoritum. Hor. Serm. I, 6, 104; Epist. II, i, 192 (Holder- Keller). Cf. Jahrb.fiir Phil. vol. 93, p. 167. Phraates, Phrates, and Phrahates. Phraates, Hor. Epist. I, 12,27 (Keller). Phrahates, Carm. II, 2, 17 [ib.). Phrates, Moniim. Ancyr. LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. pigneraticius, not -itius. Br. 219. See above, § 6, 1, pignus, Gen. pignoris and pigneris. Br. 104. Cf. Cic. de Or. Ill, i, § 4 (Ellendt). pig- nora Augustus, Momim. Aiicyr. VI, 5. pilleus, pilleiim, not pileus, pileum. Fl. 25. Cf. pilleolus. pilleolus, not pileolus. Hor. Epist. I, 13, 15 (Keller). Cf. pilleus. pinna, v. penna. plans or, better than plosor. Hor. Epist. II, 2, 130. The reading varies in the Ars, 154 (Keller). plaustrum, not plostrnm. Br. 206. Cic. in Verr. I, 20, 53 (Zumpt). Cod. Veron, Livii, V, 40, 9. plostra, Hor. Serm. I, 6, 42 (Holder, in loc). Co7'p. Ins. Lat. I, p. 590. plebeius, Gen. plebei, better than plebeii; Nom. Plur. plebei, Dat. and Abl, plebeis, better than ple- beii, plebeiis. E. g. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 25, 11 ; 56, 3 ; V, 2, 13. See above, § 14, 2. plebes, collateral form of p 1 e b s , not p 1 e b i s in the Nom. Sing. Br. 147, 148. E. g. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 18, 11. plebs, not p 1 e p s . Br. 242, 246, 331. Cf. Hor. Epist. I, i, 59 (Keller). Cod. Veron. Livii reads plebs, HI, 21, 4 ; 29, 8 al ; pleps, IV, 7,8; 54,8. poenio,7/. pnnire. poenitet, v. paenitet. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. polenta, not pule nt a. Br. 82. PoUio, better than Polio. Br. 260. Cf. RiBBECK, ProL in Verg. p. 429. Hor. Carm. IT, i, 14 (Keller) ; Serm. I, 10, 42, 85 (Holder). Polycletus and Polyclitus. Otto as quoted by Osann (p. 467 sq.) on Cic. de Re p. See above, § 5, 2. pomeridianus, v, postmeridianus. pomerium, not pomoerium. Br. 330. Cf. RiTSCHL, Opiisc. II, 551 Rem. Cod, Veron. Livii, V, 52, 15. Pomptinus, not Pontinus. Cic. de Or. II, 71, § 290 (Ellendt). Cf. the names of the tribes in inscriptions. pontifex, not the older form pontufex. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 590. Poplicola, V. Publicola. Porcius, not Portius. Corp. Ins, Lat. I, p. 590. See above, § 6, I. porphyreticus, not purpureticus. Br. 204. The latter is formed after the analogy of the common word purpura = irop 56 ; cf. Mai, And. Class. II, p. 416 ; ZuMPT, in Verr. p. 981. Fl. 26. reicio, better than r e i i c i o . See above, § 20, II. E. g. Cod, Vat. Verrin. II, 2, 24, § 59 ; 25, § 61. (Mai, Auct. Class. II, p. 458.) Br. 201, Rem. religio, not relligio. Cic. de Re p. I, 2, 2 ; 15, 23, 24. Cod, Vat. Verrin. II, I, 46, § 120. Cod, Veron. Livii, V, 50, i, 7 ; 51, 4; 52, 10 al. Cf. ib. V, 40, 10. Luc. Muller, De re metr, p. 361. religiosus, like religio. relinquo, Third Pers. Plur. relinquunt, not relin- cunt, or relinquont. See above, § 6, II j § 19, I. relincunt. Cod, Veron, Livii, III, d-i^^ 4. reliquiae, better than relliquiae. Cf. reliquus. Corp. Lis. Lat. I, 1009, 1016 ; relliquiae, ib. 105 1. Cf. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 430 (Aen. I, 30). Luc. Muller, De re metr. p. 361. reliquus, not rellicuus, relicuus. Corp. Ins, Lat. I, 206, 151 ; IV, 1668. Tab, Malac. d^. Cic. de Re p. I, 4, 7; II, 11, 12. Sail. Fragm, Vat. Hist. I a, 12. Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 6, 15 ; 40, I ; Fragm, Pal. XCI, 2 b. reliqus, Fragm. Vat. Cic. pro Rab. i (Mai, Auct. Class. II, p. 370). relicus, Fragifi. Med. Cic. pro Flacco, 11 (Mai, ib. p. 8). Fragm. Taur. Ep. ad Fam. VI, 9, 2. Cod, Veron. Livii, III, 21, I. Cf. Lachmann, i7t Liter, p. 305. renuntio,z/. nuntio. 132 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. r e p e 1 1 o , reppuli, not r e p u 1 i . r e p e r i o , repperi, not r e p e r i . Like refero, rettuli. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 25, § 100. Luc. MiJLLER, De re mefr.^. 361. Cf. repperies in Cod. Vat Verrin. II, i, 42, § 109. reprehendo and reprendo. Br. 286. Cf. Cod. Vat. Verrin. II, I, 42, § 108. Cic. de Re p. IV, 5, 5 (Osann). Examples from Horace, ed. Keller-Holder, II, p. 453. res publica, not to be written together res pub- lic a. Cf. Osann (p. 14) on Cic. de Re p. I, 3, 4. The special meaning " state " requires no distinction in the way of writing the word. r e s e s , not r e s i s in the Nom. Sing. Br. 147, restinguo, not restingo. E. g. Hor. Serm. I, 5, 76 (Holder). retracto, not retrecto. RiBBECK, Frol. in Verg. p. 387. reverter, not revortor; like verto. Rhegium, v. Regium. rhombus, not rombus. Hor. Epod. 2, 50 (Keller) ; Serm. I, 2, 116; II, 2, 42, 48, 49, 95 ; 8, 30 (Holder). Riphaei, not Ripaei. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. pp. 424, 425. robigo, not r u b i g o . Br. 85 sq. Hor. Carm. Ill, 23, 7 (Keller) ; Serm. II, I, 43 (Holder). ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. I33 robur, roboris, not r o b or . Br. 84 ; cf. ib. 4, 45. Ribbeck, ProL in Verg, p. 437 sq. rotundus, not the collateral form rutundus. rutundus arose through regular vowel change, but was probably peculiar to the prevailing plebeian speech. It is found, e. g. in the Codd. Paris. 7900* Emmer., Hor. Epist. I, 100 ; Monac. 14685, Hor. Ars. 323 ; Voss. 84, Vindob. 189 (prim, man.), Cic. de Deor. Nat. II, 46, 117. Cf. Lachmann, in Lucr. 96. rupes; see above, § 15, 3. rursum, rursiis, not rusus, russus. Br. 273, 332. Cf. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 444 sq. Hor. Serm. I, 3, 28 ; II, 3, 268 al. (Holder). Ritschl, Optisc. II, 262 sq.^ 544. s. saeculum, not s e c u 1 u m . Fl. 27. In Mss., e. g. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 20, 5. Cic. de Re p. II, 10, 18 ; de Leg. I, 6, 19, and often. saepes, not s e p e s . Fl. 28. Ms. authority in Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 446. Cod. Veron. Livii, VI, 2, 10, ii. Cf. saepio, and see above, § 15, 3. saepio, saepsi, saeptum, not s e p - . Fl. 28. In regard to Ms. authority, cf. Osann (p. %Z, where his decision is wrong) on Cic. de Rep. I, 26, 41. Cic. de Or. I, 9, § 36 ; 32, § 142 (Ellendt). Sail. Hist. I, 41, 15 (Dietsch). Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 19, 10 ; 44, 4 ; VI, 2, 9. Tac. Ann. XIV, 44. Examples from inscriptions in Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 594. 134 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. saeta, not seta. saetosus, not s e t o s u s . E. g. Hor. Epod. 17, 15 (Keller). Cf. Ribbeck, P^'ol. in Verg. p. 414. saevio, not s ev i o . saevitia, not s e v i t i a . saevus, not s e v u s . Br. 204. Sev- is also found in manuscripts. Cf. Hor. Serm. I, 4, 49 al. (Holder). Tac. Ann. XIV, 45. Sallentini, better than Salentini. Verg. Aen. IH, 400 (Ribbeck). Cic. pro S. Rose. 46, 133 and elsewhere. Sallustius, not Salustius. In inscriptions, e. g. CorJ>. Ins. Lat. IV, p. 252. sanguinolentus and sanguinulentus. Sanguinol-, Cornificius ad Her. IV, 39, 51. Ovid. Her. 3, 50 al.; together with sanguinul-, Ov. Fast. IV, 844 al. Examples in Corssen, Ansspr. 11^, 145. sarcio, sarsi, sartum ; not sarsum. Br. 276. Sardanapallus, better than Sardanapalus. Cic. Tusc. V, 35, loi (Baiter). Cf. Osann (pp. 305, 510) on Cic. de Re p. sario, better than s a r r i o. Fleckeisen, Jahrb.fur Phil. vol. 97, p. 212. sarisa, better than sarissa; so o-dpicra, together with (TOLpLo-a, in T/ies. Gr. (ed. Dindorf) s. v. adpia-o-a. FoRCELLiNi was the first to suggest the spelling sa- risa. satrapea, better than the later form sa^trapia {crarpa- ireia). See above, § 5, 2. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 135 Curtius, V, 6, 44, where Mutzell decides for satrapea (I, p. 394, = Hedicke, p. 75, 31). satura and the later form satira, not satyr a. satura, in Hor. Serm. II, i, i ; 6, 17 (Holder). Cf. Quint. IX, 2, 36; 3, 9; X, I, 93, 95, where Halm reads satura. luvenal, i, 30. scabillum and scap ilium. Br. 241. scaena, not seen a ((Ticr}vr}). Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 594. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 387. Hor. (ed. Holder-Keller, II, p. 456). El- 1^ lendt decides incorrectly on Cic. de Or. II, 46, § 193. scaenicus, like scaena. sceptrum, not scaeptrum {a-KTJirrpov). E. g. Verg. Aen. IX, 9. CorJ>. Ins. Lat, IV, 1939. Cf Br. 205. • scida, not scheda (crxtS??). Br. 291. scribo, scripsi, scriptum, not scribsi, scrib- t um. See above, § 7, I, 3. scribti, e. g. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 8, 4. scripulum, not scriptulum. Br. 256. sebum, not sevum. Br. 239. secius,^. setius. sed, not set. Br. 253 sq. Cf Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 11, § 48. OsANN (p. 15) on Cic. de Re p. 1,3,4- Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 38, 4 ; IV, 22, 3 ; 27, 4, al. Cf IV, 23, 3 ; V, 136 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. 32, 7. RiBBECK, Prol. m Verg. p. 398. Hor. Serm. I, i, 27, al. (Holder). s e d e s , not s e d i s in the Nom. Sing. Br. 146- 149. See above, § 15, 3. seiunx, not seiux. Br. 270. Seleucea and (more modern) Seleucia. Otto as quoted in Osann (p. 468) on Cic. de Re p. See above, § 5,* 2. semestris, not semenstris. Like trimestris. E. g. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 206, 92, 102. semesus and semessus. Verg. Aen. Ill, 244 (Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 445). Hor. Serm. I, 3, 81 ; II, 6, 85 (Holder). semustus, better than semiustus. Verg. Aen. Ill, 578 ; V, 697 ; XI, 200 (Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 446). sepulcrum, better than sepulchrum. Br. 288 sq. Cf. Cic. de Or. I, 34, § 157 (Ellendt). De Leg. II, 24, 61 (Vahlen, pp. 119- 124). Ribbeck, Prol. in Ve7g. p. 424. Holder and Keller write ch in Hor. (vol. I, p. 289 ; II, p. 457). Corp. Ins. Lat. I, P- 595. s e q u o r , Third Pers. Plur. Pres. Indie, sequuntur; Perf. secutus. Not sequontur, sequutus, or secuntur. The latter form is frequent in good Mss. ; e. g. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 30, I. Hor. Serm. I, 6, 108, al. (Holder). See above, § 6, II ; § 19, 1, servus, not servos (see above, § 4; § 14, i). sescenti, not sexcenti. sesc-, Momtm. Ancyr. I, 19 ; III, 25 ; Cod. Vat. Cic. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 137 de Re p. I, 37, 58 (ed. Osann, p. 119). Cf. Mai, Auct, Class, II, p. 389. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 62, 8. Ritschl, Opusc. II, 657. setdus, not s e c i u s . Fl. 28. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 446. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 595. sibilare,not sifilare. Br. 240. E. g. Hor. Serm. I, i, d^ (Holder). sibilus, not sifilus; v. sibilare. simulacrum, not simulachrum. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 34, § 157. singillatim, not singulatim. singillatim only is general, at least in standard writers. Fleckeisen (29) cites in proof, Cic. in Caec. Div. 15, 20 (cf. ZuMPT, p. 36). Cic. Verr. II, 3, 20, § 53 ; 42, § 100 al. Siren, not Seren (Zeipifjv). Br. 142. Cf. Hor. Serm., II, 3, 14 ; Epist. I, 2, 23 (Holder-Keller) . sobrius, not sobreus, nor sober. Br. 136, 85 s^. E. g. Hor. ^erm. II, 3, 5 (Holder). sodalicius. See above, § 6, I. solacium, not solatium. E. g. Coi/. Veron. Livii, V, 51, i. Fl. 30. Ribbeck, Frol. in Verg. p. 446. Corp. Ins. Lat. II, 1094, 12. sole a, not soli a. Br. 133. Cf. Hor. Serm. I, 3, 128 al. (Holder). solium, not s oleum. Br. 136 sq. sollemnis, not sollennis, nor sollempnis. Sail. Cat. 22, 2 (Dietsch). Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 138 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. 29, 5 ; V, 50, 7 ; 52, II. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 285, xxiv. Verg. Aen. XII, 193 (Ribbeck). Hor. Carm. IV, 11. 17; Epist. I, I, loi ; 18, 49; II, I, 103 (Keller). Henzen, Scavi^ p. 65. soUers, not s*o 1 e r s . SalL lug. 96, I (DiETSCH). Hor. Carm. IV, 8, 8 ; Ars, 407 (Keller). soUertia, notsolertia. Like sollers. E. g. Sail. lug. 7, 7 (Dietsch). sollicito, soUicitudo, not solicit-. E. g. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 20, 8, al. Corp. Lis. Lat. I, 1008. somnulentus, better than somnolentus, is attested by Mss. of Appuleius and Solinus (Corssen, Aiisspr. IP, 146). Cf. sanguinolentus, vinolentus, formi- dulosus. sonipes, not sonupes. Br. III. spatior, not s p a c i r . spatium, not s p a c i u m . E. g. Corp. I7ts. Lat.^ I, 1220. spondeus and spondius. Quint. I, 10, 32 ; IX, 4, 97, 98, 102 (Halm). stellio, not stelio nor stillio. Br. 260. Cf. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 429. stillicidium, not stilicidium. Lachmann, whose view is erroneous, gives citations, i7t Lucr. p. 33. stillio, V. stellio. stilus, not stylus. E. g. Hor. Serm. T, 10, 72 ; II, i, 39 (Holder). ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 1 39 stlata (stlatarius), not sclata. Br. 214. stlis, V. lis. strues. See above, § 15, 3. stuppa, stuppeus, not stupa nor stippa. Verg. Aen. V, 682 (Ribbeck, Pi-ol in Verg, p. 451), al. suadela, not suadella. Br. 259 sq. Cf. Hon Epist. I, 6, 38 (Keller). subditicius. See above, § 6, I. s u b e o , subii, etc. See above, § 19, II. subf-, z/. suff. subicio, better than subiicio. See above, § 20, II ; cf. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 42, § 189. submerge and summer go. subministro and sumministro. submitto and summit to. submoveo and summoveo. submuto and summuto. See above, § 20, I, 10. Cic. Or. § 158. Cf. ih. § 93. Ribbeck, ProL in Verg. p. 389. suboles, not subolis, or soboles. Br. 147. See above, § 15, 3. Hor. Carm. Ill, 13, 8 ; IV, 3, 14 ; Carm. Saec. 17 (Keller). Cic. Tusc. II, 10, 23 (Baiter, ed. Tur.). subrogo and surrogo. subr-. Cod, Veron. Livii, III, 19, i, 2. See above, § 20, I, 10. subsici vus, not subsecivus. Cic. de Leg. I, 3, 9 ; 4, 13 al. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 200, 66 (supsicivo). I40 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. subsidium, not supsidium. See above, § 7, I, 2. E. g. Cod, Vero7t. Livii, III, 12, 4. Fast. Praen. Apr. 24. subtemen, and subtegmen. The first is the usual form. Verg. Aen. Ill, 483 (Ribbeck). Hor. Epod. 13, 15 (Keller). Corp. hts. Lat. IV. 1507 ; Add. p. 208. subter. See above, § 7, I, 2. subtilis, not suptilis. Hor. Serm. II, 7, loi ; Epist. II, i, 242 ; cf. Serm. II, 8, 38 (Holder-Keller). Cic. de Leg. I, 4, 13 al. subtilitas, not suptilitas. supt-, Cic. de Re p. I, 10, 16. succedo, succinctus, and like compounds. See above, § 20, I, 10. Cf. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 389. succenseo, v. suscenseo. sucus, not s u c c u s . Ellendt on Cic. de Or. II, 21, § 88 ; 22, § 93. Hor. Carm. Ill, 3, 35 ; 27, 54 (Keller). Suebi, Suebicus, not Suev-. Br. 332. Monum. Ancyr. VI, 3. suffer o, sufficio, suffodio, and like compounds, not s u b f - . See above, § 20, I, 10. Sulpicius, not Sulpitius. Cf. Cic. de Or. II, 23, § 96 sq. (Ellendt). See above, §6,1. sulpur and sulphur, not sulfur. ^ sulpur is supported by the better Ms. tradition in ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 141 Vergil (RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 424), Hor. Epist. I, IS, 7 (Xeller). Cf. Sail. lug. 57, 5 (Dietsch). Quin- til. I, 6, 22 ; XII, 10, 76 (Halm). sumo, sumpsi, sumptum. Br. 248 sqq., 332. Cf. OsANN (p. 181 sq.) on Cic. de Re p. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 54, 8. Hor. (ed. Holder and Keller, I, p. 292 ; II, p. 463). Feriale Cum., Corp. Ins,Lat. I, p. 310. sumptus, not sumtus, v. sumo. E. g. Cod. Vero7i. Livii, V, 4, 5. siipellex, not suppellex. superiacio, not superiicio. Cf. Verg. Aen. XI, 625. s u p - p , not s u b p - . For instance, suppedito, not subpedito. See above, § 20, I, 10; e. g. Cic. de Leg. II, 27, ^"j, where the Cod. B. give -hp-, supplex, supplico, not s u p 1 - . supplicium, not s u p 1 i c i u m . E. g. Monum. Attcyr. V, 3 ; Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 19, 6. suppono, supporfo, supprimo, and like compounds; see above, sup-p and § 20, I, 10. Cf. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 389. Suria, v. Syria, sursum, sursus, not susum, susus. Br. 273. On the ending, cf. Ritschl, Opusc. II, 262. suscenseo, better than succenseo. Cic. Tusc. I, 41, § 99. Ter. Phorm. II, 3, 14. Plaut. Trin. 1164 (Ritschl). 142 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. suspicio, better than suspitio; the latter is probably an independent parallel formation from suspic{i)tio. suspitio occurs in good Mss. along with suspicio, and since the length of the second syllable did not favor a direct derivation from suspicor, I formerly, with Fleck- EISEN and others, put down the form suspitio as alone correct {Rheiii. Mtis. xxiv, 539). Yet suspicio is so well attested from a time in which the confusion of ci and ti before vowels had not yet gained ground, that either suspitio is incorrect, or two independent formations have arisen ; the first one direct from the ^-stem SPIC, and the other from the supine stem SPIC-T. Cf. Haupt in Hermes y IV, 147. syllaba, not s i 1 1 a b a . Br. 126. Hor. Ars, 251 (Keller). synod us and synhodus. Without h in Ammian XV, 7, 7 ; XXI, 16, 18. h arises as in Euodus, Euhodus, Euhemerus. Cf Panhor- mus. Syracosius, not Syracusius, Supaicoo-ios ; but Syraciisanus. Cic. de Or. Ill, 34, § 139 (Ellendt) ; cf ib, II, 13, §57. Syria and Suria. Both forms belong to the first century of the Empire. The form with y came in after the Augustan age, but did not entirely displace the form with u. For modern Latin writing, Syria is to be recommended as the more correct form. T. tabes, not tab is in the Nom. Sing. Br. 147. See above, § 15, 3. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 1 43 taeter, not t e t e r ; nor yet taetrus, tetrus. Cic. de Re p. II, 26, 48; III, 33,. 45 ; cf. Osann (p. 95) on ib. I, 29, 45. Sail. Cat. 52, 13. Hor. Carm. Ill, II, 19 (Keller); Serm. I, 2, 33; 3, 107; 4, 60 (Holder). Br. 86. tanquam and tamquam. Br. 332, 263-265. Cf. Cic. de Re p. (ed. Osann, p. 141 sqq.). Cod. Veron. Livii reads tanquam, IV, 15, 2 ; tamquam. III, 21, 5 ; IV, 58, 10. Hor. (ed. Holder and Keller, II, p. 464). tanto opere and tantopere. Like magno opere. tantundem, not tantumdem. Br. 265. Hor. Serm. II, 4, 91 (Holder). Cf. the same on Serm. I, i, 52, 56 ; 3, 115 ; II, 3, 237. Tarracina, not Terracina. Sail. Cat. 46, 3. Cic. de Or. II, 59, § 240 (Ellendt). Cf. RiTSCHL, Opusc. II, 540. tegmen and tegimen ; the latter in the Nom. and Accus. Sing. Quint. IX, 4, 4. Tac. Ann. II, 21. On tegimen, tegumen, cf. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 451. temno, not tempno, Perf. tempsi. Br. 248. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 441. Hor. Serm. I, I, 116; II, 2, 38 (Holder). temper! (" timely "), comparative temperius, not t e m- pori, temporius. RiTSCHL in Suet. Vit. Terentii, 507-509 [Opisc. II, 257)- tentare and temptare. Br. 249. Cic. de Or. I, 21, § 97 (Ellendt). Cod. Vat. Verrin. reads tempt-, II, 2, 24, § 59. Cic. de Re p. II, 12, 144 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. 23 (OSANN, p. 178). Sail. (DiETSCH, II, p. 378). Cod. Veron Livii, V, 24, 2. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 441. Hor. (ed. Holder and Keller, I, p. 293 ; II. p. 464). Teresias and Tiresias, Teipeatas. Hor. Serm. II, 5, i (Holder, who writes Ter-). See above, § 5, 2. tergeo (tergo), ter si, tersum, not ter turn. Br. 276. tesqua, not tesca. Hor. Epist. 1. 14, 19 (Keller). teter, z/. taeter. Thalia, better than Thalea. Thalea was the form until the Augustan age ; Thalia came in during the first century after Christ. Cf. above, §5,2. thesaurus, not thensaurus. thensaurus is the more ancient form. Br. 266. Cf Sail. lug. 10, 4; 37, 4; 75, I (Dietsch, who reads thens-). Ribbeck, jPro/. hi Verg. p. 434. Hor. Carm. Ill, 24, 2 (Keller) ; Serm. II, 6, 11 (Holder). Thrax and Thraex. Fl. 30. Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 387. So Thraca, Thraeca, Thracius, Thraecius ; Thraessa, Hor. Carm. Ill, 9, 9 (Keller). thus, v» tus. Thyias, not Thy as. Verg. Aen. IV, 302 (Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 428). Hor. Carm. II, 19, 9; III, 15, 10 (Keller). thynnus (^i^wos), not thunnus . Hor. Serm. II, 5, 44 (Holder). tinea, not tinia. Br. 133. Cf Hor. Epist. I, 20, 12 (Keller). ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 1 45 tingo, not t i n g u o . Br. 129. Cf. RiBBECK, ProL in Verg, p. 448. Hor. Carm. II, 14, 27 ; III, 23, 13 ; IV, ^2,23 (Keller, who writes tinguere). tisanarium, not ptisanarium, in Hor. Serm. II, 3, 155 (Holder). Jahrb. fiir Phil, vol. 93, p. 244. tolerabilis, not tulerabilis; tolero, not tulero. Br. 83. Tolomaeus, v* Ptolomaeus. tondeo, totondi, tonsum, not 1 s u m . Br. 268. torpedo, not turpido. Br. 83, 145. Cf. OsANN (p. 10) on Cic. de Re p. 1, 2, 2. totiens, better than t o t i e s . Br. 269 ; see above, § 17, II. Cf. Cic. de Or. II, 30, § 130 ; 32, § 137 (Ellendt). Cic. Divin. in Caec. 14, 45 (Zumpt). Sail. lug. 106, 3 ^Dietsch). Cod. Veron. Livii reads totiens. III, 67, 5. Ribbeck, ProL iii Verg, p. 434. Hor. Carm. Saec. 23 ; Serm. II, 3, 194 ; 7, 70 ; Epist. I, I, 6 (Holder-Keller). trabs, not traps. Br. 243, 246. See above, § 15, i. traiectus, not transiectus. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 34, 7. tralaticius, not tralatitius. See above, § 6, I. transicio and traicio, better than traiicio. See above, § 20, I, 11 ; II. Liv. XXI, 47 extr. transmitto and tramitto. See above, § 20, I, 11. tramitto is the reading in Cic. de Re p. I, 3, 6. 146 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. transnare and tranare. See above, § 20, I, it. Hor. Serm. II, i, 8 (Holder). Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 33, n. transversus, not transvorsus. Like versus. The older form transvorsus is the read- ing, in Hor., Ars, 447 (Keller). Trasumennus, Tarsumennus, and Trasimen- n u s are forms better attested than Trasumenus, Trasimenus. RiTSCHL in Rhein, Mus. xxii, 603 - 605 {Optcsc. II, 528, 540). Halm writes Trasumenus in Nepos, Han- nibal 4, 3. treceni, not triceni (=" three hundred each "). Br. 214. Momim. Ancyr. Ill, 7. Cf. Hor. Carm. II, 14, 5 (Keller). tres, Accusative tres and tris. See above, § 15, 7- Cf Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 54, 4, S'; 55j 3' The Nominative tris is also found. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 56, 2. Cf. ib. 59, 2. tribunicius, not tribunitius. Br. 218. See above, § 6, I. triceni = " thirty each." Cf. t r 6 c e n i . tricesimus and trigesimus ; not-ensimus. Neue, Lat. Formenl. II, 163. Cf. vicesimus. trimestris, not trimenstris. - ens-, in the rustic calendar, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 358. Cf, semestris. tripartitus and trip-ertitus. Liv. XXIII, 16, 8 (Alschefski). triumpho, triumphus, not triumpo, triumpus. Br. 282, 287. Examples are to be found in Hor.,ed. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. I47 Keller and Holder, I, p. 295. Cod. Veron, Livii, III, 63,8,9, II, al. tropaeum and trophaeum. Fleckeisen, Jahrb.fiir Phil. vol. loi, p. 458 sq. tro- paea, according to Keller, is the reading in Hor. Carm. II, 9, 19, of the Cod. Paris.^ A I, Bern, tropea, Cod. Paris. 0. •^. ir. ; trophea in other places, A 2. Cf. Tac. Ann. XV, 18, i, where Cod. Med. reads tropea. tundo, tutudi, tunsum and tusum. Br. 268. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 435 ; on tussus, cf. ib. p. 445. turma, not torma. Br. 85. E. g. Hor. Epist. II, i, 190 (Keller). tus, better than thus. Br. 293. Cf. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. pp. 122, 421. Hor. Carm. I, 19, 14, al. ; Serm. I, 5, 99 ; Epist. I, 14, 23 ; II, I, 269 (Holder-Keller). Henzen, Scavi^ p. 37 sqq. tutela, not tutella. Br. 259. Cic. de Or. I, 39, § 180 (Ellendt) ; cf. ib. II, 46, § 193. Hor. Serm. II, 3, 218 ; Epist. I., 103 ; Carm. II, 17, 23, al. (Holder-Keller). On the letters V, U, u, v, see above, § 2. vacatio ("exemption," "immunity''), not vocatio. Br. 71, sq. Cf. RiBBECK, Prol. in Verg. p. 451. E. g. Cic. de Deor. Nat. I, 20, 53 (Baiter, p. 383, ed. Tur.). vacuus, not v o c u u s . Br. 71, 319 sq. Cf. Hor. (Keller-Holder, I, p. 296 ; II, p. 468). 148 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. valetudo, not valitudo. Hor. vSerm. II, 2, 88 ; Epist. I, 4, 10, (Holder- Keller). Monum. Ancyr, II, 19. Valetudo dea, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 472. vapor, not V apes. See above, § 15, 2. vates, not v a t i s in the Nom. Sing. Br. 147 sqq. See above, § 15, 3. vatillum, not bat ilium. Hor. Serm. I, 5, 36 (Holder). ubicumque, better than ubicunque. Hor. Serm. I, 2, 62 ; Epist. I, 3, 34, and often ( Keller-Holder). vehemens, better than v e m e n s , not v e e li e m s . Br. 285 sq. Cf. ib. 283. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 21, 3, aL Cf. ib. 19, 4. On veemens, cf. Hor. Epist. II, 2, 28, 120 (Keller). vehes. See above, § 15, 3. Vei, Veiorum, Veis, better than Veil, Veils. See above, § 14, 3. Veis is the reading, Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 4, 10 ; 46, 4 ; VI, 4, 5, Cf. beis, ib. V, 4, I ; 52, 10. Veiis, ib. V, 5, lo. velut, not V e 1 u d . Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 34, 7 ; V, 28, 3, al. Hor. Serm. I, 6, 66 ; II, I, 30 (Holder). venalicius, venalis, not v a e n - . venum do and venundo. E. g. SalL lug. 91, 7. Cf. above, § 9, II. venum eo, veneo, not v a e n - . E. g. Sail. lug. 28, I, and often. Corp. Lis. Lat I, p. 598. Vergiliae, not Virgiliae, like Vergilius. Fast. Venus. Mai. 7, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 301. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. I 49 Vergilius is the name of the poet, and is to be so written in Latin. RlTSCHL, OpUSC. II, 779 sqq, Verginius, not Virginius. RlTSCHL, Opiisc. II, 780. E. g. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, II, 12, al. verres. See above, § 15, 3. verrucosus, not verrucossus. Br. 268. versus (versum), not the older vorsus. Br. ioi sqq. Cf. verto. vorsus, vorsum in Sallust. The Participle versis occurs in Cod, Veron. Livii, III, 43, 6, al. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 598. vertex, not the older vortex. Br. ioi sq. Cf. RiBBECK, Prol. in Ver^. p- 436 sq. Hor. Serm. I, 8, 6; Epist. II, 2, 4 (Holder-Keller, and vol. I, p. 297). Cf. verto. verto, not vorto,like versus. Sallust has vorto. OsANN (p. 442) on Cic. de Re p. For examples from Horace, see in Holder and Keller, I, p. 297 ; II, p. 470. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 58, 8, al. vespere and vesperi. Cic. ad Att. XI, 12, i ; VII, 4, 2. These and other examples are to be found in Neue, Lat. Fori?ieftl. II, 672. vester, not the older v s t e r . Br. ioi sqq. So too the writers of the Augustan age. voster in Sallust. veto, -are, not the older and plebeian vot ar e. Cf. Hor. Serm. I, 10, 56 (Holder). 150 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Veturia and Voturia. Br. ioi. Cf. Veturius, Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 8, 2. Co7'p. Ins. Laf. 1, p. 598. vicesimus, more usual than vigesimus; not v i c e n - simus. See above, § 9, III. vicensimum is the reading of Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 4, 12. Cf. Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 598. Neue, Lat. FormenL II, 163. victim a, not the older victuma. Cf. Fast. Praen. Ian. 17, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 312. Henzen, Scavi, pp. 5, i^"]. villous, not villicus; but villa. Sail. lug. 85, 39. Cic. de Re p. I, 38, 59 ; V, 3, 5 (OsANN, p. 122). Cf. Mai on Cic. pro Tullio, 7 [Auct. Class. II, 338). Hor. Epist. I, 14, i, 15; II, 2, 160 (Keller). Corp. Ins. Lat. I, 1305. vinculum and vinclum. Ellendt on Cic. de Or. I, 45, § 194. Osann on Cic. de Re p. I, 3, 5. vinea, better than v i n i a . Br. 133-135, 321. vinea in Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 5, 6 ; 7, 2, al. Cf. the rustic calendar, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 358, Febr. 11 ; Mart. 11 ; Dec. 12. vinolentus, and, perhaps better, vinulentus. So vin - olentia and vinulentia. Like sanguinolentus ; cf. formidulosus. virectum, not v i r e t u m . Verg. Aen. VI, 638 (Ribbeck). Virgiliae, Virgilius, v. Vergiliae, Vergi- lius. Virginius, v. Verginius. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 151 vivo, vivunt, not v i v o n t . See above, § 4 ; § 19, 1, ulcus, not h ulcus. E. g. Verg. Georg. Ill, 454. The aspirated form was based upon the analogy of eX/cos (Forcellini, s. v.) Ulixes, not Ulysses. Br. 79. Cf. Hor. (ed. Holder and Keller, vol. I, p. 299 ; II, p. 472.) Cic. de Leg. I, i, 2 (Vahlen). Cornificius, I, 1 1, 18, and often (Kayser). umbilicus, not imbilicus. Br. 123. umerus, not humerus. Fl. 31. Cf. Ribbeck, Frol. in Verg. p. 421. Hor. Serm. I, 5, 90, al. (Holder, vol. I, p. 299 ; II, p. 472-) umidus, not h u m i d u s . Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 421. Hor. Epod. 12, 10 (Keller). Corssen, Ansspr. P, p. 545. uraor, not humor. Verg. Georg. I, 43, al. Hor. Carm. I, 12, 29 ; 13, 6 (Keller). Cf umidus. ungueii, unguentum, unguis, not ungen, ungentum, ungis. Br. 128 sq. ; p. X. Cf e. g. Hor. Serm. II, 3, 228 (Holder); Ars, 375 (Keller, and vol. I, p. 299). Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 599. Henzen, Scavi^ p. 70. unguo, u n X i , and ungo. Br. 127-129. Cf Ribbeck, Prol. in Verg. p. 448. Hor., ed. Holder-Keller, II, p. 473. universus, like adversus. unquam and umquam, like n u n q u a m . Cf Cic. de Or. I, 4, § 13 (Ellendt). Cic. de Re p. 152 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. (OsANN, p. 141). umquam occurs in the Cod. Vat.Ntr- rin., and often in the Cod. Veroit. Livii ; together with unquam, Liv. Ill, 12, 3. Ribeeck, Frol. in Vei'g. p. 431. IIor.,ed. Holder-Keller, I, p. 299 ; II, p. 473. vocuus, V. vacuus. volaemus, a, um (volaema pira), not v clem us. Verg. Georg. II, 88 (Ribbeck). Volcanus, not V u 1 c an u s . Br. 320. Hor. Carm. I, 4, 8 ; III, 4, 59 (Keller). Cf. Fast. Vall.yPinc. Aug. 23 ; Fast. Venus. Mai 23, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 298 sqq. Henzen, Scavi^ p. 87. volgus, V, vulgus. volnus, V. vulnus. vole, vult , vult is. According to § 4, § 19, above. E. g. vultis in Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 21, 4 ; 67, 7. volpes, V. vulpes. Volsci, Volscus, better than V u 1 s c i . In Cod. Veron. Livii, the prevailing form is Volsc-, yet Vulsc- is the reading, III, 57, 8 ; 67, 11. Cf. Sail. Hist. Ill, 37 (DiETSCH, II, p. 72). Br. 320. So Volsiniensis, better than Vulsiniensis. Voltumna, better than Vultumna. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 23, 5 ; VI, 2, 2. voltur, V. vultur. Volturnus, better than Vulturnus. Volturnus was the form of the beginning of the Em- pire ; cf. Fast. Pine, Pigh., Vail., Aug. 27, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 298 sqq. voltus, V. vultus. voluntas, not volumtas. ORTHOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 1 53 On volumtas, see Mai on Cic. Verrin. II, i, 47, § 124 (= And. Class. II, p. 398). versus, V. versus, vortex, z'. vertex. V o r t o , z'. V e r 1 . Vortumnus, better than Vertumnus. Vortumnus was the form of the first years of the Empire. Cf. Hor. Serm. "11, 7, 14 ; Epist. I, 20, i, (Holder-Keller). Fast. Vall^ Amit., Aug. 13, Corp. Ins. Lat. I, p. 320 sqq. voster,z/. vester. V o t u r i a , v, V e t u r i a . upilio, V. opilio. urbs, not urps. Br. 242, 246 ; see above, § 15, i. Cf Osann (p. 164 cf p. 241) on Cic. de Re p. II, 5, 10. urbs. Cod. Veron. Livii, III, 68, 3. urgeo, not urgueo. Br. 127, 129. urgueo is found in old Mss. (cf Mai on Comment, in Cic. pro Mil. = Auct. Class, II, p. loi), together with urgeo (Ribbeck, ProL in Verg. p. 448. Cod. Veron. Livii, V, 4, 10 ; on the contrary, IV, 33, 10). Cf Hor. Serm. II, 3, 30 (Holder-Keller ; other ex- amples in the same, vol. II, p. 474). utcumque, better than utcunque. Like ubicumque. utrimque, not utrinque. Cod. Veron. Livii, IV, 26, 3, 12 ; 27, 4. Hor. Serm. I, 9, 77; Epist. 1, 18, 9 (Holder-Keller). Cf Ritschl, Opusc. II, 457. utrobique, not utrubique. 154 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. utrubique, in Cic. de Re p. Ill, 35, 48. Cf. Hor. Epist. I, 6, 10 (Keller). utrumque, not utrunque. Br. 265. Cf. Hor. (ed. Holder-Keller, I, p. 300; H, p. 474). uvidus, not huvidus. Ribbeck, Prol. i7t Verg, p. 421. Vulcanus, v. Volcanus. vulgus, not volgus. Br. 88, 100. See above, § 4. volgus is, however, to be found in Cicero ; e. g. de Re p. I, 5, 9. vulnus, not V o 1 n u s (like vulgus). E. g. Cod. Verojt. Livii, IV, 58, 13. vulpes, not v ol p e s , like vulgus. See above, § 15,3. Vulsci, V. Volsci. Vultumna, v. Voltumna. vultur, not v o 1 1 u r , like vulgus. Vulturnus, v. Volturnus. vultus, not voltus, like vulgus. Y. Yacinthus, Yllus, ymenaeus, Ymettus, ymnos, Ypnos, v. Hy-, z. Zmyrna, better than Smyrna.. Cic. de Re p. I, 8, 13 (Zm- the original reading ; Sm- the corrected reading) ; Osann on p. 34 (cf. Creuzer, p. 40). Hor. Epist. I, ir, 3 (Keller). READY-RBPERENCB TABLES FOR LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. Latin words, which occur frequently in the lower and middle classes of the Gymnasia, and which are often incorrectly written, are here alphabetically arranged according to their proper spelling. a and ah, Interjection. abiciO; abieci, abiectum, abicere, better than abiicere. absum, afui, afuturus, afore. ac before consonants, except h ; atque before vowels and consonants. adicere, like abicio. adsimulare. adulescens, Substantive, "the youth"; adolescens, Participle of adolesce, aedis, better than aedes in Nom. Sing, aeneus, aenus and aheneus, ahenus. aequiperare. aesculus. agnoscere and adgnoscere. alucinari and allucinari, better than halucinari, hallu- cinari. ancora. antenna and antemna. aAtiquus, " old " ; anticus, " that is in front." anulus. Apulia, Apulus. arena, see harena. 156 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. artus, " narrow," not arctus. arundo, see harundo. auctor. autumnus. baca. ballista. belua. bos, Gen. Plur. bourn, Dat. bubus, better than bobus. braca, not bracca. bracchium, not brachium. Brundisium. bucina. caelebs. caelum. caementum. caenum, *' filth," not coenum. caerimonia and caeremonia. caespes. caestus, " boxing-gloves." caetra. causa, not caussa. cena, not coena. ceteri. clipeus, not clupeus, clypeus. coclea, better than cochlea. coercere, better than cohercere. coicio, conieci, coniectum, coicere, better than coniicere. comissari and comisari. comminus, not cominus. como, compsi, comptum. READY-REFERENCE TABLES. 157 comprehendere, better than comprendera. condicio. conectere. coniti. conivere. coniunx. contemno, contempsi, contemptum. contio. conubium. convicium. cottidie and cotidie, not quotidie. crebrescere. cuUeus, culleum. cum, Preposition and Conjunction. cumba, not cymba. cumque = et cum, and in compounds, like quicumque. cupressus. cycnus. damma, not dama. defatigo and defetigo. deicio, deieci, deiectum, deicere, better than deiicere. delenire, not delinire. demo, dempsi, demptum. depecisci and depacisci. deprehendere and deprendere. derigere, " to lay straight," " to place in a particular direc- tion ^' ; dirigere, " to move or place in different direc- tions.'' describere, " to copy," " to describe " ; discribere, " to divide." designare, " to mark out " ; dissignare, " to arrange," " to contrive." 158 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. detrectare and detractare. deversorium. deus, Plur. dii, diis and di, dis. dicio. dilectus, '* military levy/' dinosco, better than dignosco. dirigere, see derigere. discidium, not dissidium. discribere, see describere. dissignare, see designare. eculeus, better than equuleus. ei, not hei, Interjection. eicio, eieci, eiectum, eicere, better than eiicio. emo, emi, emptum. epistula. erus, era, erilis, not herus, etc. exsilium, exsul, exsto, and the like. faenum, " hay/' not foenum. faenus, " usury/' not foenus. farcio, far si, fartum. fecundus. fetialis. not fecialis. fetus, not foetus. fides and fidis, " string of musical instrument." foenum, foenus, see faenum, faenus. foetus, see fetus. formidulosus. genetivus. genetrix. READY-REFERENCE TABLES 1 59 genitor. glaeba, better than gleba. Hadria. haedus, not hoedus. halucinari, see alucinari. harena, better than arena. hariolari. harundo, better than arundo. haud and haut ; hau also before consonants. haveo and aveo. hedera, better than edera. helluari and elluari. here and heri, " yesterday." hice, haece, hoce (strengthened form of hie, haec, hoc), not hicce, etc. ; compounded with the interrogative ne, hicine, etc. hiems. holus, better than olus. ilico. immo. inclitus and inclutus. incoho, better than inchoo. indutiae. inicere, like abicio. intellegere. internecio, better than internicio. is, Plural ii, iis. luppiter. Karthago and Carthago. LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. lagoena and lagona. lanterna. lautumiae. lautus, better than lotus. letum, not lethum. levis, not laevis. lib'et, libido, not lubet, etc. linter and lunter. littera, better than litera. litus; not littus. maereo. maestus. manibiae and manubiae. mercennarius. mille, Plur. milia. mixtus, better than mistus. multa, not mulcta, " a fine." mundities, not mundicies. murena, not muraena. murra, not myrrha. myrtum, myrtus. nanciscor, nactus, better than nanctus. ne, affirmative particle, not nae. neglegere. negotium. nenia, not naenia. nequiquam, better than nequicquam. nummus. nunquam and numquam. nuntiare, nuntius. READY-REFERENCE TABLES. l6l obicere, like abicio. oboedire. obscenus. obstipesco, better than obstupesco. olus, see holus. otium. paene. paenitet. paenula. Parnasus. parricida, parricidium. paulus, paulatim, paulisper. peierare. peiurus and periurus. '''■ pennas avium, pinnas murorum dicimus." penuria. percontari. percrebrescere. pernicies. petorritum. pignus, pignoris and pigneris. pilleus, pilleum. plaustrum, not plostrum. pomerium, not pomoerium. praesaepis, praesaepia. prehendo and prendo. pretium. pro, not proh, Interjection, proelium. proicio, proieci, proiectum, proicere, better than proii- cere. 1 62 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. promo, prompsi, promptum. promunturium. protinus. pulcher. qustdriduum. quamquam and quanquam. quattuor. quicumque, better than quicunque. quisquam, quicquam. quisquis, quidquid. quotidie, see cottidie. quotiens. quum, see cum. raeda. recido, reccidi. redemptor. refero,rettuli. reicere, like deicio. religio. reliquus. repello, reppuli, repulsum. reperio, repperi, repertum. saeculum. saepire. saevire, saevus. satira and satura. satrapea. scaena, not scena. READY-REFERENCE TABLES. 1 63 sapulcrum. sescenti. setius, not secius. singillatim, not singulatim. solacium. soUemnis. sellers. spatium. stilus. subicere, like abicio. suboles. subsicivus. sucus. sulpur and sulphur. sumo, sumpsi, sumptum. supellex. supplex. supplicium. suscensere. suspicio, better thau suspitio. syllaba. taeter. tanquam and tamquam. tantundem. tegmen and tegimen in the Nom. and Accus., tsgm- bet- ter in the remaining cases. temper!, temperius. tentare and temptare. thesaurus, tingere. totiens. 164 LATIN ORTHOGRAPHY. transicio, transieci, transiectum, transicere, and trai- cio, traieci, traiectum, traicere, better than traiicere. treceni, "300 each/' triceni, " 30 each." tropaeum and trophaeum. tus. ubicumque, better than ubicunque. vehemens, better than vemens. venum do and venundo. venum eo and veneo. vespere and vesperi. vilicus. umerus, not humerus. umor, umidus. unguere, unguentum. unquam and umquam. urgeo, not urgueo. utrimque, not utrinque. vulgus, not volgus ; so vulnus, vulpes, vultur, vultus. Abbreviations : C.=Gaius. Cn.= Gnaeus. K.= Kalen- dae. Adjectives in -icius, e. g. tribunicius, not -itius. Declension of Nouns in -aius, -eius : (i) Gen. Sing, -aii, -ell, usually contracted into -ai, -ei ; (2) Norn., Dat., and Abl. Plur. -aii, -ails, -eii, eiis, also usually con- tracted into -ai, -ais, -ei, -eis. READY-REFERENCE TABLES. 1 65 The forms in -aii, -aiis, -eii, eiis are in accordance with the general rule of the Second Declension, but it is better to contract them as did the ancients usually ; e. g. Gains, Gai, Gaio ; Pompeius, Pompsi, Pompeio ; Plural, Pom- pei, Pompeis ; Vei, Veis. THE END. ^ or- THir ^K^ UNIVERSttY HARPER'S • GREEK AND LATIN TEXTS. 18mo, Paper, 50 cts. a Vol. ; Cloth, 75 cts. a Vol. C^SAR. C. Julii Caesaris Commentarii de Belle Gallico. Recog- novit Geo. Long, M.A. SALLUST. C. Sallasti Crispi Catilina et Jugurtha. Recoguovit Geo. Lo:ng, M.A. VERGILIUS. Piibli Vergili Maronis Opera. Ex Eecensione J. CoNiNGTON, A.M., Linguae et Litterarum Latinarum apud Ox- ouieuses rrofessoris. CICERONIS ORATIONES. M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes Selectee XIV. Recoguovit Reinuoldub Klotz. Editio altera emenda- tior. CICERO DE SENECTUTE ET DE AMICITIA. M. Tullii Cice^ ronis Cato Major sive de Senectnte, Laelius sive de Amicitia, et Epistolae Selectse. Receusuit Geo. Long, M.A. HORATIUS. Quinti Horatii Flacci Opera Omnia. Ex Receusione A. J. Maclean E. LUCRETIUS. T. Lucreti Cari de Rerum Natura Libri Sex. Re- cognovit Hdgo a. I. Muneo, M.A. XENOPHON. Xenophontis Anabasis. Recensuit J. F. Maomi- cuael, A.B. HERODOTUS. Recensuit Joskphits "Williams Blakf.sley, S.T.B. Coll. ss. Trin. apud Cautabr. quondam Socius. 2 vols. THUCYDIDES. Recensuit Joannes Gulielmtjs Donalpson, S.T.P Coll. ss. Trin. apud Cantabr. quondam Socius. 2 vols. ^SCIIYLUS. Ex Novissima Recensione Frederici A. Paley. Ac- cessit Verborum quae praecipue notauda sunt et Nomiuum In- dex. SOPHOCLES. Ex Novissima Recensione Gulielmi Dinporfii. EURIPIDES. Ex Recensione Freperioi A. Palet. Accessit Ver- borum et Nominum Index. 3 vols. Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. 6 j^~ Either of the above volumes sent by mail, postage prepaid, to any part of the U. S. or Canada, on receipt of the Price, HARPER'S NEW CLASSICAL LIBRARY. The want of a Series of Literal Translations of the Greek and Latin authors who are usually studied in the American course of Aca- demic, Classical, and Collegiate education has been long felt by the most uitelligent and assiduous classical teachers. That they are capable of being abused by the indolent and unfaithful pupil is no plea against their utility when employed in their legitimate place. A translation of an ancient writer into English, as perfectly literal as is permitted by the idioms of the respective languages, affords an invaluable aid to the in- structor in the accomphshment of his arduous task. If executed with fidelity and skill, it saves much time and labor in the consultation of dic- tionaries, and embodies the best results of philological acumen and re- search in the shortest possible space. Pages of learned commentary are thus concentrated in the rendering of a single word. The works which have been issued are reprints from " Bohn's Class- ical Library," brought out uniform with the English edition, and com- prise faithful translations of the principal Greek and Latin Classics. This New Classical Library has received a cordial welcome from the whole corps of American classical teachers. The important uses of such works in their daily vocations are too obvious to require discussion. Nor is the interest of the series confined to teachers alone. Every reads ing man, though destitute of a knowledge of the ancient languages, feel- a laudable curiosity to form an acquaintance with the incomparable mod- els of literary art which they have preserved.^ In the literal translations with which he is furnished by the present series he will find the informa- tion that he seeks, enabling him to comprehend current classical allusions with facility, to become familiar with the true spirit of the ancients, and to share in conversation and studies which presuppose a knowledge of Greek and Roman antiquity. The following volumes are now ready. lamo, Cloth, $i 50 per volume. CESAR. VIRGIL. SALLUST. HORACE. CICERO'S ORATIONS. CICERO'S OFFICES, &c. CICERO ON ORATORY AND ORATORS. TACITUS. 2 Vols. TERENCE. LIVY. 2 Vols. TUVENAL. XENOPHON. HOMER'S IL-IAD. HOMER'S ODYSSEY. HERODOTUS. DEMOSTHENES. 2 Vols. THUCYDIDES. vESCHYLUS. SOPHOCLES. EURIPIDES. 2 Vols. PLATO. [Select Dialogues.] ^^^Afty vohime of the New Classical Library sent by jnail, postage paid, on receipt of the price. RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT TO— i#> 202 Main Library LOAN PERIOD 1 HOME USE 2 3 4 5 6 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 1 -month loans may be renewed by calling 642-3405 6-monrh loans may be recharged by bringing books to Circulation Desk Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW TCrr RETD 'fiSri 3 1982 U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES YB 00414 CD4S112MS1