HN 
 
 61 
 
 L8 
 
CAR 
 I 
 
AN 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 "The Natural and Social Order 
 of the World, 
 
 AS INTEND 'ED TO PRODUCE 
 UNIVERSAL GOOD; 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE 
 
 The TAMMANY SOCIETY, 
 
 THEIR A -NN IV E R Ssjt Jl 1} , . , 
 
 -ON 
 
 The 12th of May, 
 
 FAIR a L'E BIEN C'EST LE RECEVOIR. 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE LOGAN. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 ?iinted by BENJAMIN FRANKLIN SACHS. 
 
L a 
 
An ADDRESS, 
 
 FELLOW CITIZENS, 
 
 WHILST we are prompted by a fpirit of philanthra^ 
 py to defire the general happinefs of Mankind ^ 
 found policy and jultice di&ate the neceflity of promoting,, 
 in a more efpecial manner, the profperity, the happinefs 
 and the independence of our fellow citizens. The law- 
 of Nature, as fupported by reafon, prefcribes to us this 
 courfe, as the only juft foundation of our own individual 
 happinefs or fafety. 
 
 The ancients, almoft univerfally; agreed that Man was 
 formed by Nature for fociety, and therefore obliged to ob~ 
 ferve and practice whatever tends to the good of the com 
 munity, of which he is a member. This comprehenfive 
 rule was in all ages refpe&ed, until Hobbes, and other de 
 voted flaves to Tyrants, broached the deteflable opinion,, 
 that the ftate of Nature, in refpecl to Man, is a ftate of war ^ 
 that confequently all Men are enemies to each other, and 
 that they are only to be governed by fear* This doctrine 
 has been oppofed by feveral eminent writers, and our obli-~ 
 gation to render each other every friendly afiiftaneehasbeeri' 
 eftablifhed on a more rational foundation,. Dr. Sharrack*. 
 of Oxford, in. the year 1660, publifhed a- valuable work, on* 
 the duties of Man, according to the law of Nature ; he 
 appears to be one of the firfl who attempted to fupply the 
 great defecl complained of by Lord Verularn,, that due; 
 care had not been taken to eftablifk 6me. eertam principle 
 fe a foundation f morality .**" He confideied that the end:. 
 
': V .V :':V.' c 4 ] 
 
 ^ery 'Xvcrthyv arid virtuous action is to remove imeafihefs, 
 and enjoy a ferene tranquillity. The learned and good Bifhop 
 of Cumberland, fome years afterwards, publiflied a valuable 
 treatife on the fame fubject ; in which he maintains that the 
 greateft benevolence of every rational agent towards all, 
 forms the happieft ftate of every and of all, and is neceflari- 
 ly requifite to the beft ftate to which Man can attain, and 
 therefore, the common good is the fupreme law. 
 
 The Earl of Shaftfbury confidercd the whole Univerfe 
 as one fyftem, compofed of infinite other leiTer fyftems, and 
 thefe again of others. As our folar fyftem has its fevera! 
 orbs, each of which is another fyftem of itfelf: And what 
 ever there may be in thereil, in this of ours we know there 
 are many fyftems, each made up of individuals, and every 
 of thefe of different parts, each of which may be perfect 
 in, itfelf, confidered.as a part, as a perfect eye, hand, &c. bul 
 its ufe has reference to the whole, of which it is immediately 
 a part ; that to its greater, that again tp another, and fo on 
 to the whole.. 
 
 All thofe luminous B'odies obfervable in the Heavens, how 
 ever infinite in number, or diftant, materially communicate 
 with this Globe, and it is highly probable, that all and every 
 of them contribute to the fupport and carrying on the work 
 of each other : And confequently that they all make one 
 univerfal whole fyftem ; they muft all, therefore, be exactly 
 proportioned and fitted each to the others' operations ; for 
 otherwife they muft prove definitive one tp the other, and 
 produce the u-tmoft confufioH.. 
 
 We know that the Planets within our own fyftem have 
 their projedile forces fo fuited to their gravities or attraaion, 
 as to perform their motions nearly in circles, which they do 
 
I s 1 
 
 with fuch conftancy, that all the ecKpfes of the luminaries 
 that were ever known to have happened, or that may here 
 after happen, can be calculated to an hour with the fame cer 
 tainty, as thofe of the pr^fent yean 
 
 In the animal and vegetable creation, every fpecies is fur- 
 mfhed with veffels, glands, and liquids the beft adapted tq 
 its kind and to the perfection of its exiftence ; accompanied, 
 S& the fame time, with that uninterrupted conftancy and un* 
 erring certainty, that there is.fcarqely any one fpecies of ani 
 mal or vegetable, as has ever been known with certainty to 
 have exifted on tl^is Globe, but the fame may be found at 
 this day. 
 
 Such is the wonderful; regularity of all Nature ; that even 
 the fmallefl particles of matter are fo uniform in their ope 
 rations, that the effects which they will produce under parti 
 cular circumftances are known a prior I y although thefe par* 
 tides are fo fmall that they efcape all our fenfes. A particle 
 of light, which by a variety of experiments is afcertained to 
 be matter, is fo inconceivably fmall, that Dr. Barrow gave it 
 as his opinion, that a particle of light is as much lefs than 
 a grain of fand as that grain is lefs than the whole world. 
 
 Thus, from the moft ftupendous immenfity, to the minut- 
 eft particles that can be conceived, order, proportion, fitnefs 
 and congruity in the relation and government of all things 
 univerfally prevail, and this order is eternal. Every thing 
 in the creation is found relative to a certain end, and though 
 infinitely varied among themfelves, are fo managed and com 
 bined as to confpire all to, the general defign of univerfal 
 .good. 
 
 When we confider this beautiful order, eftablifned in thq 
 phyfical world, it is impoflible to believe for a moment, that 
 
r * ] 
 
 Man, defigncd the brighteft ornament of the creation, fhoulefc 
 forever remain deflitute of moral and political knowledge, 
 the wretched object of injury and oppremon: On the con* 
 trary, God himfelf declared the perfectibility of the nature 
 of Man, when he appeared to Abram, and faid " I am the 
 Almighty God, walk before me and be thou perfect" Our 
 blefied Saviour, Jefus Chrift, confirms this doctrine in a fer* 
 mon breathing a fpirit of general philanthropy and replete 
 with the warmeft fentiments of virtue, truth and juftice. He 
 fays to his Difciples, " be ye therefore perfect, even as your 
 Father who is in Heaven is perfecl:." This opinion of the ftate. 
 of abfolute perfection and happinefs, defigned for Man in 
 this world, is not only fupported by the powerful authority of 
 the Holy Writings, but by Reafon ; which manifefts to usj, 
 that the end which God had in view with regard to his Crea* 
 tures, and particularly with refpedt to Man, was a ftate of 
 perfection and happinefs in this world^ On whatever fide, 
 we turn our eyes, we fee nothing in nature which is not go 
 verned by laws proper to its exigence, and which is not or 
 ganized in a manner to obey fuch laws ; to acquire every 
 fuccour which is agreeable to the nature of its being, or ne~ 
 ceflary to the mode of. its exiflence. Man is not neglected 
 by his Creator : The gifts which to him are particular, and 
 which give him the empire of the world, manifeft that hap- 
 pinefs and profperity are defigned for him, and an order pro 
 per to enfure him the enjoyment of them.. 
 
 However Mankind may differ, in. opinion, refpe&ing the 
 perfectibility of Human Nature, all agree in deploring its 
 niifcries. This degraded ftate of Man has been affected by 
 the Executive Magiftrates of all Countries ; who have uni. 
 iormly encroached on the liberties of the People, until fuch 
 vimcs as they filched frcm them their Sovereignty, and re- 
 
I 7 ] 
 
 duccd them to a date of wrctchednefs. Wars created "bf 
 ambitious Executives have been undertaken more to their 
 own aggrandizement and power, than for the protection of 
 their Country. The People, involved in a (late of abject 
 inifery by accumulated wrongs, and drove almoft to a date 
 of defperation, are comforted with a promife of eternal hap^ 
 pinefs, by interefted Priefts, who participate with the Go 
 vernment in the plunder of its Citizens. 
 
 To efcape from this combination of outrage and deception, 
 our anceftors fled to the Wildernefs of America ; where they 
 might enjoy their religious and political opinions without 
 infult or injury. The native Indians gave them a kind re 
 ception, and at once permitted them to partake of all the ad 
 vantages they enjoyed themfeives. Although William Penn, 
 according to the unjuftifiable cuftom of Europe, received a 
 grant from the King of England, of the territory of Penii ] 
 iylvania, of which he was declared fole proprietor 5 yet, on 
 his taking pofTeffion, a fpirit of juftice and philanthropy, 
 which in all his tranfadtions marked his conduct through life, 
 engaged him to purchafe the foil from the Natives ; by which 
 means the colony was preferved in peace, and flourished. The 
 only difficulties it had to encounter were occafioned by the 
 arbitrary regulations of the Britifh Court, which interdicted 
 our municipal regulations, obftructed our progrefs in manu 
 factures, and reftricled our commerce ; by which means fhe 
 enjoyed a monopoly of the produce of our indultry, highly 
 injurious to this Country. Roufed at length by repeated in 
 juries, Pennfylvania, united with her fifter Colonies; and 
 affifted by the blood and treafure of that brave and generous 
 People, the French, we became a free B independent Republic* 
 Having in this manner rejected the Government of Great 
 Britain, and now united with our fifter States for mutual 
 ?id ad protection, it becomes the undoubted duty of every 
 
'[ 8 ] 
 
 Citizen of the Uhited States, to give encouragement to tht 
 Mechanics, and Manufacturers of our Country , not by 
 promoting prohibitory laws againft the importation of Fa- 
 reign Fabrics, but by calling our own manufactures into ufe v 
 by which means we mall afford them the molt fubftantial en 
 couragement. 
 
 The local and phyfical advanta-ges enjoyed by the United 
 States, afford to her Citizens the means of being fupplied 
 within themfelves 'with moft articles neceffary or ufeful in 
 life. This being an undeniable fact, it becomes criminal in heY 
 Citizens not to derive all 'the advantages in their power from 
 circumftances thus placed within their reach. Civil fociety is 
 fo conftituted, that its ftateof profperity and power arifes from 
 the independence and profperity of its members, and as eve 
 ry Citizen affords his aid to fuppdrt its municipal regula 
 tions, by which the property of all 'is protected, it becomes 
 not only the duty, but the intereft, of every Individual to 
 promote the profperity and independence of his Fellow Citi 
 zens. It is computed, that the Mechanics, and Manufactu 
 rers within the United States comprehend one twentieth 
 part of our Citizens ; that the Merchants, Agents, &c. com- 
 pofe one twentieth, and that eighteen twentieths are engag 
 ed in Agriculture. Thofe Men whofe inclinations lead them 
 to Mechanic or Manufacturing occupations for a fupport, 
 and who have no defire to engage in the cares and fatigues of 
 a Country life, will confider it for their advantage, that 
 their Fellow-Citizens mould give a preference to the produce 
 of their induftry, over Foreign Manufactures. The Mer 
 chants, merely as Agents, no doubt confider, that every kind 
 of Mechanic and Manufacturing employ mould be difcou- 
 raged within the United States, as agents equally interefled 
 hi Supporting the profperity of the Foreign Manufacturer, as 
 
t 9 1 
 
 the American Farmer ; they fhould rather be confidered as 
 Citizens of the World, than Citizens of any particular Com 
 monwealth. To fend Clay to England to be returned made 
 into Bricks, Limeftone into Lime, and Wheat into Flour, 
 would not be more abfurd than the practice we have been in, 
 for many years, of exporting our Flax-Seed, Iron and 
 Furs to Europe, to be returned in a variety of Manufattur- 
 ed Articles, equally capable of being fabricated ampngft our- 
 felves. Exporting all your Raw Materials to Europe, to be 
 manufactured, would create a great degree of buftle at our 
 fea-ports j would create a great quantity of {hipping and 
 would increafe the bufinefs and wealth of the Merchants, 
 but it would certainly add nothing to the alual wealth or in 
 dependence of our Country. 
 
 The Farmers, comprehending eighteen-twentieths of the 
 People of the United States, are fo advantageoully fituated, 
 that they can manufacture, immediately from their own 
 Farms, all the Woollen and Linen Cloth necelTary in their 
 families, and at a cheaper rate than any imported ; taking 
 into confideration the fuperior quality of the Domeftic Ma 
 nufacture, for real ufe, and the time and labour beftowed 
 and faved by the family. Independent of this important 
 fa&, it is the peculiar intereft of the Farmers, that they 
 Should give every encouragement to the Mechanics, and Ma 
 nufacturers of the United States -, by which they may pro 
 cure a certain and Heady market at their own doors, for the 
 furplus produce of their induftry ; which could not be inter 
 rupted by Foreign competition, or deftroycd by the impolitic 
 meafures of our own Executive Government,or by the arbitra 
 ry laws of foreign Countries. The labour of the Citizens 
 of the United States, actually engaged in Manufactures, can* 
 to be procured at the low rate of that of the Subjects of 
 
England, cither in Europe, or in India; nor fnculd it be 
 looked for by any man who values the real independence of 
 his country. An exchange, for the mutual advantage of the 
 parties, ought to be fupported by juflice. Every manufac 
 turer fhould have fuch an equivalent for his labour as to 
 enable him to live with comfort ; to educate his children and 
 to preferve fomething for the fupport of his family in cafe of 
 unavoidable accident. This is fo far from being the cafe in 
 the Britim dominions, from whence we derive mofl of our 
 manufactures, that but a fmall number of the workmen re 
 ceive an adequate compenfation for their labour. 
 
 In rewarding their exertions or ingenuity no rule of equity 
 is a 1 tended to ; on the contrary, a combination takes place to 
 reduce the w r ages of the manufacturer to a fcanty fubfiftence. 
 From the tendered infancy they are doomed to perpetual la 
 bour, and have no time, even in childhood, for the neceiTary 
 exercife of the body, or the cultivation of the mind. Thus ' 
 the poor man, upon whofe indudry depends the fo much 
 boaded extent of Britifh manufactures is, by the force of ar 
 bitrary regulations, obliged to fuch exceffive toil, that he is re 
 duced to a mere animal exidence, having no intered in the 
 profperity of his country, or as little capable of ferving it in 
 time of danger. 
 
 In Britifh India, Mr. Bolts and Colonel Dow concur m opi 
 nion refpecting the fevere treatment the manufacturers expe 
 rience.* "The affent of the poor weaver is, in general, not 
 deemed necefTary to the bargain, for the gomadahs or agents, 
 when employed in the company's invedments, frequently 
 make them fign what they pleafe and, upon the weavers re- 
 fufing to take the money offered, it has been known that they 
 have had it tied in their girdles, and they have been fent away 
 with a flogging. A number of thofe weavers are alfo gene- 
 
 * Bolts' India Affairs, page 193 194. 
 
[ II- ] 
 
 rally regiftered in the books of the company's gomaftahs^ 
 and not permitted to work for any others, being transferred 
 from one to another, like fo many flaves, and fubjel to the 
 roguery of every fucceeding gomaftah. The winders of raw 
 filk have been treated alfo with fuch injuftice, that inftances 
 have been known of their cutting off their thumbs to prevent 
 their being forced to wind filk." By fuch horrid outrages, 
 againft the rights of millions of our fellow creatures, do we 
 become furnifhed, at fo cheap a price, with the manufactures 
 of the Britifh dominions. 
 
 The prefent gloomy appearance of our public affairs has 
 no doubt been occafioned by the Citizens of the United States 
 having too much neglected the reprefentative principles of the 
 federal government, and looking up to one man for the falva- 
 tion of our country. Similar caufes will produce fimilar ef 
 fects to the end of time. Whenever men, by the abufe of 
 that free will, given to them by the author of the univerfe for 
 their own well-being, make ufe of it to deftroy the natural 
 order of things, in the moral and phyfical world, confufion 
 and diftrefs muft be the confequence. When that highly fa 
 vored people, the Jews, fought a king to rule over them, God 
 confidered it not as an offence againft Samuel and their El 
 ders, but againft himfelf ; as manifefting a defire to follow 
 the corruptions of other nations, and to pervert the natural 
 order which he had eftablifhed for the good of the univerfe. 
 He therefore gave them a king in his wrath, who was a curfe 
 to them, as kings have been a curfe to mankind from that day 
 to the prefent time. The kingly power, after having been a 
 fcourge to Europe for ages, is now, by the light of the Ame- 
 ' rican and French revolutions, coming to -an end. It is devout 
 ly to be wjfhed, that the citizens of the United States may be 
 upon their guard not to fuffer even the appearance of kingly 
 
authority .to return amongft us to blaft the fair profpe&s of 
 our revolution. The liberty of our country muft be fupport- 
 cd on the foundation of that equality, afcertained by the laws 
 of the creation, fupported by the gofpel, which acknowledges 
 no diftin&ion of bond or free. Self-intereft may oppofe, and 
 fophiftry may cavil, but equality, in its rational acceptation, 
 as relating to civil privileges and impartial laws, gives dignity 
 to the human character and prompts it to ats worthy of its 
 origin. 
 
 Finally,republicans, let itbeourftudiouscare to vindicate 
 the rights of opprefled humanity and to remove the falfe im- 
 preflions of all unjufl diftintions. Let us cultivate the 
 principles of philanthropy, juftice and equality, which are alto 
 gether incompatible with thofe fyftems of oppreflion and 
 injuftice, which for a length of time have darkened the face 
 of the European world. 
 
 Let us not precipitately endeavour to acccmplifh that to 
 day, which the difiemination of truth will make unavoida 
 ble to-morrow : Let us not anxioufly watch for occafions and 
 events ; the afcendency of truth is independent of events. 
 Let us anxioufly refrain from violence ; force is not convic 
 tion, and is extremely unworthy of the caufe of juftice: 
 Let us admit into our bofoms neither contempt, animofity, 
 refentment nor revenge. The caufe of juftice is the caufe 
 of humanity ; its advocates fhould overflow with univerfal 
 good wilL We ihould love this caufe j for it conduces to 
 the general happinefs of mankind. We fhculd love it ; for 
 there is not a man that lives, who, in the natural and tran 
 quil progrefs of things, will not be made happier by its ap 
 proach. 
 
 E N D. 
 
M180727 te