\ k^ GIFT OF Digitized by the Internet Af-cinive in 2007 with: funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/easylatinforsighOOdoogrich EASY LATIN FOR SIGHT READING FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS SELECTIONS FROM Ritchie's Fabulae Faciles, Lhomond's Urbis Romae Viri Inlustres, and Gellius' Noctes Atticae EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION, MODELS FOR WRITTEN LESSONS, IDIOMS, AND ANNOTATIONS B. L. D'OOGE Michigan State Normal School GINN & COMPANY BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON /- 1 Copyright, 1897 By B. L. D'OOGE ALL RIGHTS RESBRVBD III.5 tgfte jatftengum JPregg GINN & COMPANY • PRO- PRIETORS • BOSTON • U.S.A. D7 IS'97 PREFACE./^/?//!/ This little book is put forth with the hope that it will lead to more sight reading in secondary schools. While theoretically all agree that nothing is more helpful and inspiring, practically but few give it the attention it de- serves. When sight reading is made to mean loose guess- ing and inexact interpretation of Latin as a refuge from hard study and scholarly habits, nothing can be urged in its defense ; but properly understood as a method by which one may be safely and surely led to read and understand Latin as Latin, to take in its thoughts easily in the order in which they are presented, with no conscious appeal to English, we must all acknowledge its primary importance. Poor results in the study of Latin are largely due to mis- directed energy. Students learn much about the language, but do not learn the language itself. They get the form, but not the substance. While no language can be learned with- out knowing its grammar and syntax, the amount of such knowledge that is necessary to one who seeks only the mean- ing of the text is much smaller than is often supposed; and however valuable close grammatical analysis may be for other purposes, it may, and no doubt often does, seriously impede progress towards rapid reading and intelligent appre- ciation. The man who parsed Milton's "Paradise Lost" iv PREFACE. from beginning to end can hardly have felt the poet's inspi- ration, whatever he may have learned of formal grammar. Students can never really enter the field of Latin literature nor read it widely and appreciatively who cannot understand it as it is written, without change of order and without formal translation. We translate far too much, we read the original far too little. Students should be taught to read, and to understand as they read, without translation, from the very beginning. The aim from the outset should be to learn to read Latin. This is not so difficult as it seems, and pupils in secondary schools can with proper instruction acquire considerable facility in this direction. Many of us have felt the lack of just the right kind of reading-matter for beginners to grapple with. The ancients did not write for babes and sucklings, and the Latin offered for translation at sight is mostly meat too strong for young beginners. Latin that is too hard is worse than useless, and leads to nothing but discouragement and self-deprecia- tion. Students must feel that they can conquer and are conquering from day to day. It has seemed to me that for a well-graded series of selections for secondary schools nothing better can be found than Ritchie's Fabulae Faciles, Lhomond's Urbis Romae Viri Inlustres, and Gellius' Nodes Atticae, The selections have accordingly been made from these three sources. The Fabulae Faciles may be used to advantage during the latter half of the first year and the first part of the second; the selections from Viri Romae come next in difficulty, and then those from Gellius. It has been my purpose to afford sufficient and suitable material for the entire preparatory course. It is hoped that, far from being an added burden to students already overworked, the PREFACE. V use of this book will greatly facilitate the progress through the required work. From considerable experience with classes in sight reading and from the experience and publications of others, I have compiled and formulated in a few introductory pages some hints and suggestions that I have found most useful, practi- cally, in teaching the art of reading Latin. These are fol- lowed by a few models for written lessons, which will be of some use in fixing the foregoing suggestions. In these I have followed, in the main, the method which Prof. W. G. Hale describes in his well-known pamphlet, "The Art of Reading Latin." While Professor Hale's method is admir- able in many respects, it is possible for less skillful teachers to overdo the science to the detriment of the art, />., to per- plex the mind with unnecessary questions as to possible or probable constructions that only delay the successful prog- ress of the interpretation. I do not, therefore, think it well to continue such close analysis by written work, after the fundamental principles of Latin order and syntax have been well mastered. The text of the selections from Vi7'i Romae is that of Holzer's tenth edition (Stuttgart, 1889); Hertz (Leipsic, 1886) has been followed in those from Gellius. For the material from Fabulae Faciles, I am indebted to Mr. F. Ritchie, of Seven Oaks, England, who kindly placed his excellent little book at my disposal. Barring a few simpli- fications, and some modifications in orthography and punc- tuation, the texts have been followed without variation. As authority for quantities the last edition (1895) of Lewis' Elementary Latin Dictionary has been followed, as the most widely adopted, if not in all cases the best standard. vi PREFACE, The notes consist in the main of synonyms, antonyms, and Latin paraphrases and definitions. In these the words used are such as are common in Caesar, Cicero, and Vergil, the aim being to increase the student's vocabulary and thereby his ability to read those authors. English transla- tions are given only where no happy and easy Latin equiva- lent suggested itself. It is suggested that teachers make frequent use of the selections for oral reading. Our methods of teaching are apt to neglect the ear, a most powerful instrument in the interpretation of thought, and to train the eye only. Often good students will fail to understand the simplest Latin when it is read to them. These selections will be found of about the right difficulty for this important discipline. Full and grateful acknowledgment is made to all who have added to the value of these pages by their publications in this field. Many helpful suggestions have been drawn from these sources. Special thanks are due to Dr. John Tetlow, head-master of the Boston Girls' High and Latin Schools, for many valuable criticisms ; and to Principal A. R. Crittenden, of the Ypsilanti High School, and to Miss Helen B. Muir, assistant in ancient languages in this institution, for assistance in reading the proof. November 20, 1896. B. L. D'OOGE, Michigan State Normal School. CONTENTS. PAGB Introduction . . i Models for Written Lessons 15 Common Latin Idioms 20 Selections from Ritchie's Fabulae Faciles ... 25 I. Perseus 25 II. Hercules . . . 32 Selections from Lhomond's Viri Romae .... 64 I. Marcus Atilius Regulus 64 II. PuBLius Cornelius Scipio Africanus ... 69 III. Marcus Porcius Cato 88 IV. Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus 97 Selections from Gellius' Noctes Atticae .... 106 NO. no. The reply of Fabricius to the Samnite ambassadors . 108 111. Why Socrates put up with his quarrelsome wife, and what Varro says about the duty of husbands . . 109 112. The Sibylline books no 113. Who Papirius Praetextatus was, and why he was so called 112 114. The epitaphs of Naevius, Plautus, and Pacuvius . .114 115. Socrates' endurance and temperance . . . • ' 1 5 116. What divinity causes the earthquake . . . • n? 117. Shaving among the Romans 119 118. A famous letter written to King Pyrrhus by the Roman consuls 120 119. Sudden death caused by. excessive joy .... 122 120. Why Fabricius favored Rufinus, an avaricious man, for the consulship 123 viii CONTENTS. NO. PAGE 121. Alexander's horse, Bucephalas 124 122. How Hannibal mocked Antiochus 126 123. How the mute son of Croesus regained the power of speech . . 127 124. A story about Polus, the actor 129 125. The sanctity of an oath among the Romans . . .130 126. Some famous ancient libraries 132 127. A letter of King Philip to Aristotle . . . '133 128. The largest rivers of the ancient world . . . • 134 129. Why the Greeks and Romans wear the ring on next to the smallest finger of the left hand . . . -135 130. A story about the Romans and the Carthaginians . . 136 131. The response of Romulus about the use of wine . -137 132. A memorable reconciliation between two distinguished men . . 137 133. A conversation between Pacuvius and Accius . -139 134. The strange death of Milo, the athlete . . . .140 135. A marvelous prediction of the battle of Pharsalia . .141 136. Mithradates and Ennius as linguists . . . .142 137. That it is worse to be coldly praised than to be too harshly criticised 142 138. The number of Niobe's children 143 Pronouncing Vocabulary of Greek and Latin Proper Names 144 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. Perseus and the Head of Medusa 25 Hercules 32 Roman in Toga Praetexta 64 The Acropolis of Athens ......* 106 EASY LATIN FOR SIGHT READING. INTRODUCTION. I. What is Sight Reading? By sight reading is meant the ability to read and un- derstand Latin in the order in which it stands, without formal translation and without slavish dependence upon grammar and dictionary. If a translation be required, it should come as a subsequent exercise in English after the thought of the Latin is already clear. Sight reading does not mean inexact and rapid skimming over of a Latin text. In acquiring the power to read at sight, we proceed at first slowly, afterwards with greater speed, to an exact and accurate comprehension of the language. IL What are the Difficulties? The difficulties are not so great as is usually supposed. Constant practice and persistent effort along right meth- ods together with a thorough knowledge of the essentials of Latin grammar are all that is required. The three chief obstacles that hinder the student's progress through a Latin sentence are his deficient vocabulary, his unfa- miliarity with the constructions, and the unusual order of the words and clauses. 2 £ASV LATIN FOR SIGHT READING, III. Consideration of the Difficulties: A, Vocabulary. The vocabulary actually necessary for reading ordinary Latin is not discouragingly large. A certain amount is, however, indispensable. To build up a good vocabulary words should be memorized systematically. The follow- ing hints may be found helpful : a. Learn as soon as possible the meanings of the prep- ositions, conjunctions, pronominal adverbs, and numerals. These recur very frequently and can neither be guessed nor omitted. b. Learn the force of the principal prefixes and suf- fixes, and the most important rules for word formation (H. pp. 152-178; A. pp. 140-162). Master all that is essential, omitting exceptions and minor points. c. Memorize new words as you meet them, beginning with the first or root meaning of words in their simplest forms, e.g., learn dtico before you try to remember con- duco. Knowing the root meaning and the force of prefix or suffix, you will be easily led, without using a dictionary, to the meanings of derivatives and compounds. d. In inferring the meaning of a prepositional com- pound, try the root meaning before you try to add the force of the preposition. Many prepositional compounds fail to show the force of the preposition in translation, e.g., adiuvo differs but little from iuvo, and indigeo from egeo. Often the particular force of a compound is made clear by the context. e. English derivatives, if used in the proper way, may afford valuable aid in inferring meanings. A derivative INTRODUCTION. 3 is, however, always open to suspicion, and should not be trusted in most cases beyond a mere suggestion. In the case of a new verb, the perfect participle will often suggest some English derivative that will give the help desired, e,g,, subtractus through English subtract may suggest the proper translation for subtraho. /. Have a try at every word before you consult the dictionary ; but when you are compelled to do this, look up the word in question so thoroughly that you will not need to do so again. Students waste an incalculable amount of time in looking up the same word a score of times. B, Syntax. Happily the days are past when students were made to swallow Latin grammar in toto before being allowed to use any of it in practice. The victims of formal culture so called have been many. The new teaching of Latin differs radically from the old in that it seeks to apply grammatical knowledge as fast as it is acquired and that it excludes all non-essentials. In the study of syntax practical utility is the aim of instruction. It should be learned as it is needed. Much that the grammar con- . tains is never needed by students in secondary schools. Many greatly overestimate the amount of syntax that is indispensable to correct and facile interpretation, and in trying to learn too much fail to learn the little well. The essential little must be as well known as the English alphabet. By practice, great facility can be acquired in recogniz- ing and even anticipating constructions. Many of them 4 £ASy LATIN FOR SIGHT READING, are preceded or accompanied by invariable signs that are soon learned, if attention be called to them. Alertness of mind and a little common sense, assisted by the con- text, often lead one to the correct interpretation without any special thought of the construction. To know the name of a construction is no help in itself to the correct interpretation. The more we read and the more easily we do so, the less we consider constructions as such, though, of course, we of necessity give the proper force to each case and mood in interpreting the thought. Construing is, therefore, not an end in itself, but should be merely the means to the end, namely, the interpreta- tion of the Latin. When overdone and perfunctory, as it often is, it retards rather than assists a pupil's progress in reading Latin. Some special hints on construction are given later on under a separate heading. C, Order of Words. The difficulty that appears most formidable to begin- ners is the strangeness of the Latin order. Perfect familiarity with the Roman ways of constructing sen- tences is, however, an absolute essential to easy reading. The strangeness of the order is often more apparent than real. Examples of the periodic structure and of inverted order are not uncommon in English and are readily understood, e.g.^ "Whom ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you." " Up from the meadows rich with com, Clear in the cool September morn, The clustered towers of Frederick stand." INTRODUCTION. 5 One reason, and perhaps the principal one, why we find sentences such as these so difficult in Latin is that we try to get the Latin thought in fragments by reading and translating bits of the sentence at a time, instead of reading it all straight through and thus getting the complete thought in one effort of the mind as we do in English. A peculiarity of Latin style that is often conspicuous, and one that is of great assistance in interpretation, is that the thoughts generally move by antitheses. These contrasts are carefully marked by the order of the words and by particles. By noticing these, you can anticipate the course of the thought. The following brief summary of important points on order and style may be found helpful : a. To read a language the words must be taken exactly as they come. b. Read a sentence straight through before you try to translate any of it. As you read, carry along in thought the meanings of the words, whether vague or definite to your mind, and their probable office, so far as the prog- ress of the sentence enables you to do so. Keep the mind expectant until the close of the sentence settles all doubtful points. Try to grasp the meaning of the sen- tence as a whole. If you do not succeed the first time, read it again and again until you think you get the thought. c. Latin aims to keep the same subject throughout a complex sentence. When the subject is changed, that fact is usually made plain by inserting it or a pronoun referring to it. 6 EASY LATIN- FOR SIGHT READING. d. The first word in a sentence is always conspicuous in interest and importance. Very often it is a noun, pro- noun, or phrase referring to the preceding sentence or to some part of it : Id cum frustra saepe f ecisset, etc. Here id refers to what has been described in the foregoing sentence. e. The most important word or combination of words is often taken out from a subordinate introductory sentence and placed at the very beginning before the connective introducing that sentence. This order is especially common with cum clauses of time and cause. The word or phrase thus made emphatic is often such as has been described in d above : Latinus dum ad Tiberim descendit, sacerdos bovem immolavit. In quem postquam omnium ora conversa sunt, ad JTnum omnes Scipionem in Hispania proconsulem esse iusserunt. Quae res cum iuveni Pompeio cenanti ntintiata esset, etc. /. When a word serves as the common subject or object of both a principal and subordinate clause, it stands before them both. The same is true, if the same word is subject of the principal clause and object (direct or indirect) of the subordinate clause. Likewise if the subject of the subordinate clause is the object (direct or indirect) of the principal clause. (Cf. Menge's Repeti- torium, 543.) Ancns, priusquam eis bellum indiceret, legatum misit, Ancus, before he declared war against them^ sent an ambassador. INTRODUCTION. 7 MsLsinissSbm qui egregie rem Romanam adiuverat aurea corona donavit, Masinissa^ who had con- spicuously assisted the Roman expedition^ he gave a golden crown. g, Latin makes use of many words, commonly pronouns and pronominal adverbs, to point forward to a following explanatory sentence. We are thus led to anticipate and prepare ourselves for what is to come. Watch for these signs and make the most of them. They are very help- ful. Forte its, incidit ut eo ipso tempore Hasdnibal ad eimdem portum appelleret, perchance it so happened that at that very time Hasdrubal landed at the same harbor. Tam longe aberam ut eum non viderem, / was so far away that I did not see him. Here iia and iam point forward to the following ut clauses. h. A modifying clause or phrase is usually put before the thing modified, hence a clause of characteristic some- times precedes the thing characterized : TJnde agger comportSirl posset, nihU erat reli- quum, there was nothing left from which a mound could be constructed. /. Words strongly contrasted are often put next to each other. When the subject and object are thus placed, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them until we come to the verb. With a verb taking two accusatives, the subject often stands between them : Me Albani ducem creaverunt, the Albans elected me general. 8 EASY LATIN FOR SIGHT READING. J. Quidem always marks an antithesis, expressed or understood. Do not always translate it by indeed, which often means nothing at all. It is often untranslatable, though its influence is always felt : Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati profuit quam Romulus, he waged no war, to be sure, but he was of no less service to the state than Romulus, k. The antecedent of a relative pronoun often follows it, and often it is not expressed at all : Cum in insidias venissent qui locus Furculae Caudi. nae vocabatur, etc., when they had come to the am- bush, a place which was called the Caudine Forks. Pomp>eius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, pri- mum ex Africa, iterum ex Eurdpa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit, for Pompey triumphed first over Africa, second over Europe, and third over Asia, (a thing) which had happened to no one before, Misit (sc. eos) qui sibi consulatum deposcerent, he sent (men) to demand the consulship for himself I, Adjectives that precede nouns are emphatic, unless they are numeral adjectives or adjectives expressing quantity. m. An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or other ad- verb, and regularly precedes the word it modifies. n. Cum often stands between an adjective and noun. INTRODUCTION. 9 IV. Notes on Individual Words and Construc- tions. 1. Latin expresses loosely by means of participles all sorts of relations that are expressed in English by sub- ordinate clauses. The particular relation must be deter- mined by the context. 2. Expect to find many more cases of apposition than in English. An appositive often takes the place of: a. A temporal clause. Cicero puer Arpini vixit, Cicero^ when he was a boy^ lived at Arpinum. b. A concessive clause. Labieno legato milites non parent, the soldiers do not obey Labienus, although he is lieutenant. c. A relative clause. Elxtemus timor, maximum concordiae vinculimi, etc., fear without^ which is the strongest bond of union. 3. Clauses capable of being used as the subject or the object of a verb are : I. Infinitive Clauses, or Indicative Clauses with quod in statements of fact. II. Indirect Questions. III. Purpose Clauses. IV. Result Clauses. 4. Cum is either a preposition or a conjunction. The following word will usually determine its character. If that be a noun in the ablative case, cum is a preposition. 10 EASY LATIN FOR SIGHT READING. Sometimes, however, a modifying genitive stands between cum and its object. If cum be a conjunction, it may be a mere connective, correlative with a following tum, or it may introduce a subordinate clause and mean since^ although, or when. If it introduces a subordinate clause and means since or although, it is followed by the sub- junctive. If it means when, the following mood will be indicative, in case the tense be present or future ; if the tense be past, the mood will probably be sub- junctive. 5. Dum, donee, and quoad, in the sense of while or as long as, take the indicative mood. In the sense of until, when expressing /^^;^(7^^, doubt, ox futurity, they take the subjunctive. 6. Antequam and priusquam, when referring to an anticipated or intended act which may or may not occur, take the subjunctive. When they refer to the actual occurrence of an event as a point beyond or back of which the main event took place, they take the indicative : Priusquam dimicarent, milites hortatus est, he ha- rangued the soldiers before they fought. Haec non intellexit antequam Grenavam pervenit, he did not perceive this before he arrived at Geneva. 7. Quin has the following principal uses : , ^ . . , , . , r ^- Interrogative, why not? I. Principal clauses, with , ^ u x- - ^ j , . ,. . \ b. Corroborative, indeed^ the indicative. .7 ^ L nay, verity, etc. QuIn. II. Subordinate clauses, ( Used after negative sen- with the subjunctive. I tences to express result. INTRODUCTION, 11 8. Ut has the following principal uses : UtJ As conjunctive ad verb, with the indica- . tive. II. As conjunction, with the subjunctive. Time, when, as soon as. 'a. Interrogative, how? in what way? Manner. \ b. Relative, as, for example, just as, since, considering. Concessive, although. Purpose, that, in order that, in order that not (after verbs of fearing). Result, so that, that. As a relative adverb ut is often followed by a noun in apposition, or by an adjective. 9. Et has three uses: (i) as connecting two words or expressions, a7id; (2) as the first of two et's, both . . . and; (3) as bearing upon a single word, also^ too, even. 10. Adeo in its commonest use means to such a degree^ and is followed by an ut clause of result. 11. Dubito, in the sense of doubt^ and dubium pre- ceded by a negative, are usually followed by quin and the subjunctive. In the sense of hesitate dubito is regu- larly followed by the infinitive. 12. A pluperfect subjunctive is equal to a future per- fect indicative from a past point of view. 13. Keep in mind: a. That the gerund is a verbal noun, and may there- fore stand either alone or with an object. 12 £ASV LATIN FOR SIGHT READING, b. That the gerundive is a participle used adjectively, agreeing with a substantive in gender, number, and case. c. That the gerundive with its substantive may be used for any gerund with a substantive. d. That the gerund with a direct object is commonly used only in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. In other cases the gerundive is preferred. 14. Distinguish between plus, amplius, potius, and magis. plus refers to quantity. amplius refers to extent of time or space. potius expresses preference, and excludes the second of two things compared. magis expresses degree. 15. Predicate adjectives may be followed by the dative, by the objective genitive, or by the ablative of specifica- tion to complete their meaning : Hoc hosti optimum erat, tkts was best for the enemy. Avidus ISLUdis erat, he was eager for praise. Claudus altero pede est, he is lame in one foot. 16. The cases. I . The Nominative. An introductory noun in the nominative case is the subject of a verb either main or subordinate. 2. The Genitive, a. In general the genitive of a noun may be possessive, subjective, objective, partitive, or in apposition with some other genitive. If modified by an adjective, it may be descriptive genitive. INTRODUCTION. ^ 13 b. The genitive of a pronoun will be either possessive, subjective, objective, partitive, or belong to some noun as an adjective. c. The genitive of an adjective expressing size or quan- tity may agree with a noun or may express the value of something. d. The Latin genitive is used to express that to which the action of a noun or an adjective is done (objective), as well as that from which it springs (subjective). e. Nouns expressing activity of the mind or heart are usually followed by : (i) The objective genitive of a noun. (2) The objective genitive of a gerund or of a ger- undive agreeing with a noun. 3. The Dative, a. The dative of any word may designate the person or thing indirectly concerned in an act or state expressed by a noun, adjective, verb, or a group of words. b. The dative of the name of a person, or of a word referring to a person, may have the general sense of the dative case, or may designate the apparent agent or the possessor. c. Words denoting persons deprived of a thing are often put in the dative, the Latin regarding the act as done to the persons. d. If a form that may be either dative or ablative be the name of a person or refer to a person, it is more likely to be a dative than an ablative, since personal relations are denoted more frequently by the former than by the latter. 14 EASY LATIN FOR SIGHT READING. 4. The Accusative, a. The name of a town or domus or rus, in the accusa- tive without a preposition, probably designates the object to which motion is directed. b. The name of a person, or a word referring to per- sons, in the accusative case without a preposition, must be either the object of a verb, the subject or predicate of an infinitive, or in apposition with one of these. c. As accusatives of specification are found most com- monly : the relative quod; the interrogative quid; hoc and id with aetatis or temporis ; partem, vicem, and genus with omne or a pronoun. d. Accusatives of time and space are naturally limited to such nouns as can convey such ideas, e.g.^ pedes, menses, etc. e. Cognate accusatives are possible only for nouns that repeat in substantive form the meaning of a verb, e.g.^ vita, somnium, etc.; and for neuter pronouns and adjec- tives. 5. The Ablative, a. The ablative case includes three ideas from which all its constructions flow, viz, : the starting point (the true ablative, /r^;«), the means (the instrumental, by)^ and the place (the locative, in), b. Nearly all ablatives can be absolute, or can depend on a comparative or on a special word like dignus or utor. The meaning of the word is a great help in suggesting the correct construction. INTRODUCTION. 15 r. The ablative without a preposition, referring to a person, must be ablative absolute, ablative dependent on a comparative or some special word like dignus or utor, or ablative of source with some word like genitus, ortus, or natus. d. The ablative of a word referring to time naturally expresses the time when. MODELS FOR WRITTEN LESSONS. To THE Teacher. The following exercises are intended to fix more firmly in mind the preceding principles of order and syntax. They should be used at convenient intervals and without previous announcement or preparation. The passage for translation should be written on the board, and each ques- tion should be answered as it occurs before the pupil goes farther. Do not write more of the sentence than precedes the respective questions until they are answered. Teachers may find it profitable to prepare additional exercises on the models here presented. I. Virgines Sabinorum rapiuntur. Multi^ convenere^ studi5^ videndae* novae urbis, maxime Sabini cum^ liberis et^ coniugibus. Ubi spectaculi tempus venit eoque'' conversae mentes cum oculis erant, tum signo^ dato^ iuvenes Roman! discurrunt^^, virgines rapiunt". 16 EASY LATIN FOR SIGHT READING, 1. What may be said of the first word in a sentence? 2. What tense ? Give the other form. 3. What are the possible cases and constructions ? What constructions may follow studio? (See IV, 16, 2, ^.) 4. Is this a gerund or a gerundive ? 5. What are the possible uses and meanings of cum? 6. What are the uses of et ? 7. eoque :=et in eum locum- 8. Possible cases and constructions ? 9. Construction? What relations may be expressed by participles ? 10. What is the force of the prefix dis- ? 1 1 . Translate. II. De virtute Reguli. Primo bello Punico^ Regulus, dux R5manus captus 2? Poenis, de captivis commutandis^ Romam missus est. Is, cum Carthagine^ abiret, iuravit^ se eo^ rediturum nisi sui Gives condiciones fecissent^ At ille in senatu captivos^ non esse commutandos declaravit : deinde, cum propin- qui^ et amici retinere conarentur, ex urbe decessit, quia ad supplicium redire maluit quam fidem hosti datam fallere^^^ 1 . What is the probable construction of this phrase ? 2. What constructions follow a or ab ? 3. commuto, cf. English commute ^^ exchange, 4. Probable construction ? 5. What kind of a clause may now be expected ? 6. eo = in eum lociun. 7. What is the force of this tense ? (See IV, 12.) INTRODUCTION, 17 8. What are the possible constructions? (See IV, i6, 4, b:) g. propinqui == cognati, sangiiine coniuncti I o . f allere = violare. 1 1 . Translate. III. Criidelitate virgo sp5nsum suum amittit. Galli, qui audaciam maximi^ aestimabant^, ferarum cer- taminibus^ multum delectabantur. Aliquando rex cum magna catefva^ nobilium mulierumque clararum ludos* sollemnes aspiciebat. Quaedam ex his, quae sponsi^ for- titudinem temptare voluit, aureum torquem^ deiecit in^ mediam harenam, qua leo ingens cum duobus tigribus certamen acerrimum agebat. "Tu quidemV inquit, **si quid in te residet amoris erga me, torquem mihi^^ e feris eripe." Statim iuvenis his verbis accensus in harenam se praecipitavit ; saltu^^ alacri torquem rapuit ; tiitus cum praemio rediit. Tum ille, dum^^ omnes factum plaudunt, cum risu ad pedes virginis crudelis torquem proiecit. " Tu quidem," inquit, " meam vitam minimi^^ habuisti ; ego tuum am5rem^^"^^ 1 . What are the possible cases and constructions ? 2. What does this word show as to the construction of maxim i? (See IV, i6, 2, c) 3. Possible constructions ? 4. caterva = multitudine. 5. Probable construction.'* 6. Translate 0/ her lover, 7. Translate necklace, 8. What case will follow t 18 EASV LATIN FOR SIGHT READING, 9. What is the force of this word? (See III, C, /.) 10. What kind of a dative may this be ? (See IV, 16, 3, <^.) 11. saltu, with a leap. 12. What are the meanings of this word, and what construc- tions may follow it ? 13. Compare maxim i above. 14. Sc. minimi habeo. habeo in this idiom equals aestimo in sense. 15. Translate the whole. IV. • Hannibalis duels astutia. Hannibal, dux^ classis Punicae, e navi quae iam capie- batur, in scapham^ saltu se demittens^ Romanorum manus effugit. Veritus"* autem ne in patria classis^ amissae poe- nas daret, civium odium astutia avertit ; nam ex ilia infe- lici pugna, priusquam^ cladis nuntius domum'' ^, quen- dam ex amicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam^ curiam intravit, "Consulit," inquit, "vos^^ Hannibal, cum dux Romanorum magnis copiis maritimis instructis advenerit, num^^ cum eo confligere debeat." Acclamavit universus senatus non esse dubium^^ quin^^ confligi oporteret^'*. Turn ille "Conflixit,'^ inquit, "et superatus est." Ita non potuerunt factum^^ damnare quod ipsi fieri debuisse iudi- caverant.^^ 1. What force may the appositive have? (See IV, 2.) 2. Will the verb in this sentence be one denoting rest or motion ? 3. What is the force of the prefix de- ? 4. What construction will follow ? INTRODUCTION. 19 5. What variety of genitive may this word be ? 6. What moods follow this word ? 7. What construction ? 8. Supply a suitable verb in the proper mood and tense. 9. Account for the position of qui. (See III, C, d, and/.) I o. consulit vos = asks your advice, 1 1 . num = whether. What construction will follow ? Name the different kinds of substantive clauses. (See IV, 3.) 12. What construction will follow? (See IV, 11.) 13. Name the meanings and uses of quin. (See IV, 7.) 14. confligi oporteret ^ pugnandum esset. 15. What part of speech ? 16. Translate. V. Mors Servi TuUi, Romanorum regis sexti. Qua re audita^ Servius^ dum^ ad* curiam contendit, iussu^ Tarquini per gradus delectus^ et domum'^ refugiens interfectus est. Tullia* carpent5^ vecta in^^ Forum pro- peravit et coniugem^^ e^^ curia evocatum^^ prima regem ^* ; cuius iussu cum^^ e turba ac tumultu decessisset^® domumque rediret, viso patris corpore^'' mulionem^^ cunc- tantem et frena inhibentem super ipsum corpus^^ carpen- tum agere '^. Unde^^ vicus^ ille sceleratus dictus est. Servius Tullius regnavit annos^^ quattuor et quadra- ginta^. 1. Why is this phrase placed first? (See III, C, ^.) 2. What is the construction of Servius ? 3. Meanings and following constructions? 4. What are the meanings of ad, and what kind of a verb will the sentence contain ? 20 EASY LATIN FOR SIGHT READING. 5. Construction ? 6. per gradus delectus = was thrown down the steps, ' 7. Case and probable construction? (See IV, 16,4, a.) 8. Tullia filia regis erat. 9. Translate carriage^ abl. of means. 10. What cases follow in, and what are its most usual meanings ? 1 1 . Case and probable construction ? 12. What case will follow? 13. What is the force of the prefix e-? 14. What verb can you suggest to govern regem and coniugem and complete the sentence ? 15. To whom does cuius iussu refer, and why does it pre- cede cum? (See III, C, ^.) 16. Construction? 1 7. Construction ? 18*. Translate the driver. 19. Translate right over the very body, 20. Supply a suitable verb. 21 . unde = qua ex causa. 22. vicus = pars urbis. 23. Probable construction ? 24. Translate. COMMON LATIN IDIOMS. The following idioms occur so frequently that it will be of much subsequent advantage and a great saving of time for the student to memorize them thoroughly early in his course. ad iinum, to a man. aequo animo, contentedly^ resignedly^ patiently. aere alieno premi, to be heavily in debt. INTRODUCTION. 21 agere gratias, to thank, alius aliam in partem, one in one direction^ another in another. amico aliquo uti, to be on terms of intimacy with some one. animo tenus commoveri, to be moved to the heart. anmim quartum agens, in his fourth year. annos quattuor natus, at the age of four. ante annos, before the legal age. apud regem, at the court of the king. bellum inferre, to make war upon. bene hdihet, it is well. bono animo esse, to be well disposed. bonum animmn habere, to be of good courage. capitis damnatus, convicted of a capital crime ^ sentenced to death. causam dicere or agere, to state a case, to plead a case. certior fieri, to be informed. certiorem facer e, to inform. consilia inire, to make plans. consulere alicui, to look out for the interest of some one. consulere aliquem, to consult some one, to ask advice of some one. dare operam, to see to, give attention to, take pains. diem dicere or edicere, to appoint a tifne, name a day. dum haec genmtur, while this was going on. eo magis, all the more. extrema hieme, at the end of winter. ex re publica, to the best interests of the state. gerere magistratum, to hold an office. gratias agere, to thank. gratiam habere, to be grateful. gratiam or gratias referre, to return a favor. 22 EASY LATIN FOR SIGHT READING. gratum facere, to do a favor, idem qui, the same as. idem sentire, to have the same opinion, in dies, every day^ daily. in dubium vocari, to be called in question. in fugam dare, to put to flight, in gratiam redire, to be reconciled. in matrimonium ducere, to marry. in perpetuum, forever. inter cenam, at table. ius dicere, to pronounce judgment. longum est, it would take long^ it would be tedious. mandare litteris, to commit to writing. memoria tenere, to remember. moleste ferre, to take it ill^ to be grieved. multum valere, to be very influential. navem conscendere, to embark. novae res, a revolution. novus homo, an upstart^ a parvenu^ a self made man. orationem habere, to make a speech. operam dare, to see to., to take pains. opus est, it is necessary. placuit senatui, the senate decided. plurimum posse, to be most powerful, to be most influential. prae se ferens, showing, exhibiting. praeclare se habere, to be admirable. pro amico habere, to regard as a friend. pro contione, before the assembly, or in an address. quae cum ita sint, since this is true, under these circum- stances, this being the case. quam primum, as soon as possible. INTRODUCTION. 23 rationem reddere, to render an account^ to give an explana- tion, res gestae, exploits, deeds, salutem dicere, to salute, to greet. satis constat, // is well established. se conferre, betake oneself, go. se gerere, conduct oneself, act. sententia stat, it is resolved, they resolve. stipendium merere, to perform military service, terga vertere, to retreat. unus atque alter, one or two. venlam dare, to pardon. ventum est, he or she came, he or she has come^ they came, they have come. vereor ne, / fear that. vereor ut, / fear that not. vitam agere, to live. ABBREVIATIONS. ace, accusative. act., active. abl., ablative. adj., adjective. adv., adverb. ant., antonym, a word of opposite meaning, cf., confer^ compare, dat., dative. e.g., exempli gratia^ for instance. Eng., English, gen., genitive. i.e., id est, that is. ind. disc, indirect discourse. lit, literally. n., number or note. nom., nominative. obj., object. or., simplified order. par., paraphrase. pred., predicate. sc, scilicet, supply. subj., subjunctive, or subject. syn., synonym. v., vide, see. voc, vocative. N. B. A superior figure placed after a word refers to that word alone. A superior figure placed before a word refers to two or more of the following words. PERSEUS AND THE HEAD OF MEDUSA. FABULAE FACILES. PERSEUS. Acrisius, an ancient king of Argos^ had been warned by an oracle that he would perish by the hand of his grandson. On discovering^ therefore^ that his daughter Danae had given birth to a son^ Acrisius endeavored to escape his fate by casting both mother and child adrift on the sea. They were saved, however, by the help of Jupiter ; and Perseus, the child, grew up at the court of Polydectes, king of SerJphos, an island in the Aegean Sea. On reaching manhood, Perseus was sent by Polydectes to fetch the head of Medusa, one of the Gorgons. This dangerous task he accomplished with the help of Apollo and Minerva, and on his way home he rescued Androm- eda {daughter of Cepheus) from a sea monster. Perseus then married Andromeda, aud lived some time in the country of Cepheus. At length, however, he returned to Seriphos, and turned Polydectes to stone by showing him the Gorgon's head; he then went to the court of Acrisius, who fled in terror at the news of his grandson's return. The oracle was duly fulfilled^ for Acrisius was accidentally killed by a quoit thrown by Perseus. 1. Perseus infans cum matre in area inclusus est. Haec narrantur a poetis de Perseo. Perseus filius erat lovis, maximi deorum : avus eius Acrisius appellatus est. Acrisius volebat Perseum nepotem suum necare^ ; nam propter oraculum puerum timebat. Comprehendit^ igitur Perseum, adhuc infantem, et cum matre ^in area lignea inclusit. Tum arcam ipsam in mare coniecit. Danae, I. occtderCy interficere. 2. cepit^ corripuiU 3. in a wooden box. 26 FABULAE FA GILES. Persei mater, magnopere^ territa est : tempestas enim magna mare turbabat. Perseus autem in sinu^ matris dormiebatl I. valdiy vehe7nenter, 2. gremio. 3. somnum capiebat. 2. Area ad insulam Seriphum appulsa, Perseus materque 5 a rege benigne except! sunt. Itippiter tamen haec omnia vidit et filium suum servare constituit. Fecit igitur mare tranquillum, et arcdm ad insulam Seriphum perduxit. Huius insulae Polydectes tum rex erat. Postquam area ad litus^ appulsa est, 10 Danae ^in harena quietem capiebat. Post breve tempus a piscatore'^ quodam reperta est*, et ad domum regis Polydectis adducta est. lUe matrem et puerum benigne excepit, et sedem^ tutam in finibus suis dedit. At Danae hoc donum libenter accepit, et pro tanto beneficio regi 15 %ratias egit. 1. lltus est terra adiacens mart. 4. inventa est^ deprehensa est. 2. Par. /;/ lit ore dormiebat. 5. domum. 3. Jisherman. 6. See idioms. 3. Hex dimisit Ferseum. Perseus igitur^ multos annos ibi habitabat, et cum matre sua Vitam agebat beatam^ At Polydectes Danaen ma- gnopere amabat, atque eam *in matrimonium ducere vole- 20 bat. Hoc tamen cdnsilium Perse5 minime gratum^ erat. 1. itaque. 3- filtcem, laetam. 2. See idioms. 4- See idioms. 5. acceptumy iitcundum, placitum. PERSEUS. 27 Polydectes igitur Perseum dimittere constituit. Turn iuvenem ad se vocavit et haec^ dixit : " Turpe^ est vitam banc ignavam^ agere ; ^iamdudum tu adulescens es. Quousque^ hie manebis ? Tempus est arma capere et virtutem praestare^. Hinc abi et caput Medusae mihi refer." 1 . as follows. 4. You have already for some 2. Ant. honestumy pulchrum, time been a man. decon m. - 5. ad quod tempus. 3. y^ffiusam^ lentam. Ant. 6. ostendere, exhibere^ pro- strenuam, for tern. bare. 4. Perseus profectus tandem Medusam invenit. Perseus, ubi haec audivit, ex insula discessit, et post- quam ad continentem venit, Medusam quaesivit. Diu -»-f friistra quaerebat ; nam que naturam loci ignorabat. Tan- 10 dem^ApoUo et Minerva viam demonstraverunt. Primum ad Graias, sorores Medusae, pervenit. Ab his Halaria et galeam magicam accepit. Apollo autem et Minerva %1- cem et speculum dederunt. Tum postquam talaria pedi- bus induif^, in aera^ ascendit. Diu per aera volabat : 15 tandem tamen ad eum locum venit ubi Medusa cum ceteris^ Gorgonibus habitabat. Gorgones autem mon- stra erant specie^ horribili: capita enim earum squamis'^ omnin o contecta^ sunt: manus etiam ex aere^factae sunt. 1. sandals and a magic helmet. 5. reliquis^ aliis. 2. a curved dagger and a mir- 6. aspectu. ror. 7. scales. 3. induxity silmpsit. 8. tecta, operta, vestita. 4. ace. case of der^ cf. Eng.air. 9. abl. of aes = brass. f; 28 FABULAE FACILES. 5. Caput Gorgonis. Res erat difficillima abscidere caput Gorgonis ; eius enim conspectu homines in saxum^ vertebantur. Propter banc causam Minerva speculum e! dederat. Perseus igi- 5 tur tergum^ vertit, et in speculum inspiciebat : hoc modo ad locum venit ubi Medusa dormiebat. Tum falce sua caput eius uno ictu abscidit. Ceterae Gorgones statim e somno excitatae sunt, et, ubi rem viderunt, ira commotae sunt. Arma rapuerunt, et Perseum occidere^ volebant ; 10 ille autem, dum fugit, galeam magicam induit, et, ubi hoc fecit, statim e conspectu earum evasit*. 1. lapidem. 3. inter ficere. 2. Ant. faciem^ voltutn. 4. exiit^ aufugit, evoldvit. 6. Perseus in fines Aethiopum venit. Post haec Perseus in fines Aethiopum venit : ibi Cepheus quidam illo tempore regnabat. Hie Neptunum, 15 maris deum, olim^ offenderat : Neptunus autem monstrum saevissimum^ miserat. Hoc cottidie e mari veniebat et homines devorabat. Ob banc causam pavor^ animos omnium occupaverat. Cepheus igitur oraculum dei Ammonis c5nsuluit atque a deo iussus est filiam mon- 20 str5 tradere. (Eius autem filia, n5mine Andromeda, virg5 formosissima* erat.) Cepheus, ubi haec audivit, magnum dolorem^ percepit. Volebat tamen cives suos e tanto periculo extrahere ; atque ob eam causam constituit imperata^ Amm5nis facere. 1. aliquandd, quondam. 4. pulcherrima. 2. crudelissimuniy immdnissimum. 5. maerorem, luctum. 3. tint or. 6. iussa. PERSEUS. 29 7. Monstnim et Andromeda. Turn rex Miem certam dixit et omnia paravit Ubi ea dies venit, Andromeda ad litus deducta est et in con- spectu omnium ad rupem adligata^ (est). Omnes fatum eius deplorabant nee lacrimas tenebant. At subito, dum 5 monstrum exspectant, Perseus accurrit ; et, ubi lacrimas vidit, causam doloris quaerit. Illi rem totam exp5nunt^ et puellam demonstrant. ^Dum haec geruntur, fremitus* terribilis auditur ; simul monstrum horribili specie pro- cul conspicitur^. Eius conspectus timorem maximum lo omnibus iniecit''. At monstrum magna celeritate ad litus contendit^, iamque ad locum appropinquabat^ ubi puella stabat. ' * 1. See idioms. 6. videtur. 2. vincta, constricta, 7. immisit. 3. ndrrant. 8. mdturdvit^ proper dvit. 4. See idioms. 9. accedebat. 5. strepitus, sonitus. 8. Servat Andromedam Perseus. At Perseus, ubi haec vidit, gladium^ suum rapuit^; et, 15 postquam talaria induit, in aera sublatus est^ Tum desu- per^ in monstrum impetum subito* fecit, et gladio suo collum eius graviter volneravit. Monstrum, ubi sen sit volnus, fremitum horribilem edidit^ et sine mora totum corpus sub aquam immersit. Perseus, dum circum litus 20 volat, r editum eius exspectabat ; mare autem interea^ 1. ferrum^ ensem. 4. e loco superior e. 2. cepit. 5- repente^ celeriter. 3. From tolld ; se erexit^ sur- 6. emisit. rexit. 7' interim. 30 FABULAE FA GILES. undique^ sanguine inficiturl Post breve tempus, belua" rursus* caput sustulit'^ ; mox^ tamen a Perseo ictu gravi- ore volnerata est. Turn iterum se sub '^undas mersit neque postea visa est. 1. ex omnt parte. 5. From tollo, syn. erexit. 2. tingituvy imbuitur. 6. post breve tempus , sine 3. monstrum. mora. 4. iterum. 7. aquas. 5 9. Rex Perseo Andromedam in matrimonium dedit. Perseus, postquam in litus descendit, primum talaria exuit^ ; turn ad rupem venit ubi Andromeda vincta^ erat. Ea autem omnem spem salutis deposuerat^, et, ubi Per- seus adiit, terr5re paene exanimata* est. Ille vincula 10 statim^ solvit, et puellam patri reddidit. Cepheus ob hanc rem maximo gaudid affectus est : meritas ^gratias pro tanto beneficio Perse5 rettulit ; praeterea Androme- dam ipsam ei in matrimonium dedit. Ille libenter^ hoc donum accepit, et puellam uxorem duxit. Paucos annos 1 5 cum uxore sua in ea regione habitabat, et in magno honore erat apud omnes Aethiopes. Magnopere tamen cupiebat^ matrem suam rursus videre. Tandem^ igitur cum uxore e regno Cephei discessit^^. 1. Ant. induit. 6. See idioms. 2. adligdtay constricta. 7. alacriter. 3. abieceratj dimtserat. 8. volebat. 4. mortua. 9. deniqite, ad extremum. 5. cdnfestim' K^- 32 FABULAE FA GILES. rat. Multi ex omnibus urbibus Graeciae ad ludos conve- nerunt : ipse Perseus inter ali5s certamen^ discorum^ iniit. At, dum discum conicit, avum suum casu occidit ; Acri- sius enim inter spectatores eius certaminis forte stabat. I. contentionem. 2. of the discus or quoits. II. HERCULES. 5 Hercules^ a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength^ was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant^ he strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength ; and, on reaching manhood, succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the oppression of the Minyae. In a fit of madness, sent upon him by Juno, he slew his own children, and, on consulting the Delphic oracle as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, and during the twelve years of his ser- vitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused, unintentiojtally, by his wife Deianira. Hercules had shot with his poisoned arrows a Gentaur named Nessus, who had insulted Deianira. Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Deianira, and told her it would act as a charm to secure her husband'' s love. Some time after, Deianira, wishing to try the charm, soaked one of her hus- band's garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and, after suj^ering terrible tormejtts, died, or was carried off by his father Jupiter. 12. Hercules infans. Hercules, Alcmenae filius, 5lim in Graecia habitabat. Hie dicitur omnium hominum validissimus fuisse. At luno, regina deorum, Alcmenam oderat^ et Herculem I. Ant. amdbat. HERCULES. HERCULES. 33 adhuc infantem necare^ voluit. Misit igitur duo ser- pentes saevissimos : hi, media nocte, in cubiculum^ Alc- menae venerunt ubi Hercules cum fratre suo dormiebat. Non tamen in cunis^, sed in scuto'* magno cubabant^. Serpentes iam appropinquaverant^ et scutum movebant ; 5 itaque pueri e somno excitati sunt. 1. cf. p. 25, 1. 4. 3. cradle. 5. iacebant. 2. room. 4. shield. 6. accesserant. 13. Hercules et serpentes. Iphicles, frater Herculis, magna voce exclamavit ; at Hercules ipse, puer fortissimus\ haudquaquam^ territus est. Parvis manibus serpentes statim prehendit^, et colla 10 eorum magna vi compressit. Tali modo serpentes a puero interfecti* sunt. Alcmena autem, mater puerorum, clamorem audiverat, et maritum^ suum e somno excitave- rat. Ille lumen accendit, et gladium suum rapuit^; tum ad pueros properabat'', sed, ubi ad locum venit, rem miram 15 vidit : Hercules enim ridebat et serpentes mortu5s mon- strabat^. 1. Ant. tgndvissimus. ^ 5. coniugefti^ virutn. 2. minime omuium, omnino non. 6. prekendit, cepit. 3. cepit ^ rapuit. 7. mdtiirdbat^ contendebat. 4. necdtt. 8. ostendebat^ exhibuit, 14. Hercules musicam discit. Hercules a puero corpus suum diligenter exercebat: magnam partem diei in palaestra^ consumebat: didicit^ 20 \. gymnasium. 2. Perfect of ^/Vr J. 34 FABULAE FACILES. etiam arcum intendere et tela conicere^ His exercita- tionibus vires^ eius confirmatae sunt. In mtisica etiam a Lino Centauro erudiebatur^ : (Centauri autem equ! erant, sed caput hominis habebant) ; huic tamen arti 5 minus diligenter studebat. Hie Linus Herculem 5lim culpabat*, quod parum^ studiosus erat ; tum puer iratus citharam^ subito rapuit, et summis viribus caput magistri infelicis'' percussit^. Hie ictu prostratus est, et ^paulo post ^^e vita excessit, neque quisquam postea id officium 10 suscipere voluit. 1. iacere^ impeller e. 6. lyram. 2. powers. 7. miseri. 3. docebdtur, inform dbdtur. 8. valde verberdvit. 4. vituperdbat. 9. soon after. 5. Ant. nimis. 10. mortuus est. 15. Hercules vincula et mortem effugit. De Hercule haec etiam inter alia narrantur. Olim, dum iter facit, in fines Aegyptiorum venit ; ibi rex qui- dam, nomine Busiris, illo tempore regnabat ; hie autem, .15 vir crudelissimus, homines Hmmolare consueverat : Her- culem igitur corripuit et in vincula coniecit. Tum nun- tios dimisit et Miem sacrificio edixit. Mox ea dies appe- tivit^ et omnia rite'* parata sunt. Manus Herculis catenis^ ferreis vinctae^ sunt et ''mola salsa in caput eius inspersa 20 est. (Mos enim erat apud antiques salem et far^ capiti- 1. sacrificdre solebat. 5. vinculTs. 2. See idioms. 6. adligdtae. 3. adfuit. 7. salted meal. 4. bene^ recte^ ex more. 8. molam. HERCULES. 35 bus victimarum imponere.) lam victima ad aram^ stabat ; iam sacerdos cultrum sumpserat^. Subito tamen Hercules magno conatu vincula perrupit^ : turn ictu sacerdotem prostravit ; altero'* regem ipsum occidit. 1. altdria. 3. cf. Eng. rupture, 2. ceperat, prehenderat. 4. abl. of means, sc. tctii. 16. Hercules legatis Minyanim iniuriam facit. 5 Hercules, iam adulescens, urbem Thebas incolebat. Rex Thebarum, vir ignavus\ Creon appellatus est. Minyae, gens bellicosissima, Thebanis finitimi^ erant. Legati autem a Minyis ad Thebanos quotannis mitte- bantur: hi Thebas veniebant et centum boves postula- 10 bant^. Thebani enim olim a Minyis superati erant ; tributa igitur regi Minyarum quotannis pendebant^ At Hercules cives su5s hoc stipendio liberare constituit : legatos igitur comprehendit atque aures eorum abscidit^. Legati autem apud omnes gentes sacri habentur^. 15 1. Ant. fortis. 4. solvebant, remittebant. 2. proximi, victnT. 5. amputdvit, resecuit. 3. poscebant^ fldgitdbant. 6. iudicantury exTstimantur. 17. Bellum in Minyas. Erginus, rex Minyarum, ob haec vehementer iratus est, et cum omnibus copiis in fines Thebanorum contendit^ Cre5n adventum eius per explorat®res cognovit; ipse tamen pugnare noluit, nam magno timore affectus est; 20 Thebani igitur Herculem imperatorem^ creaverunt. Ille nuntios in omnes partes dimisit et copias c oegi t^ ; tum I. mdturdvity proper dvit, 2. ducem. 3. conlegit. 36 FABULAE FACILE S. proximo die cum magno exercitu profectus est. Locum idoneum^ delegit et aciem instruxit ; turn Thebani e superiore loco impetum in hostes fecerunt. Illi autem impetum sustinere non potuerunt; itaque acies hostium 5 pulsa^ est atque in fugam conversa. I. upturn f commodum. 2. cf. Eng. repulse. 18. Hercules demens liberos suos occidit. Post hoc proelium Hercules copias suas ad urbem reduxit. Omnes Thebani propter victoriam maxime gaudebant^ Creon autem magnis honoribus Herculem 10 decoravit, atque filiam suam ei in matrimonium dedit. Hercules cum uxore sua Vitam beatam agebat ; sed post paucos annos subito^ in furorem incidit atque liberos suos ipse sua manu occidit. Post breve tempus ad sanitatem reductus est et propter hoc facinus^ magno dolore affectus 15 est ; mox ex urbe effugit et in silvas se recepit. Nolebant enim cives sermonem cum eo habere. 1. laetdbantur. 3. repente. 2. See idioms. 4. fldgitiuniy scelus. 19. Hercules ad oraculum Delphiciun it. Hercules magnopere^ cupiebat tantum scelus expiare. Constituit igitur ad 5raculum Delphicum ire ; hoc enim 20 oraculum erat omnium celeberrimum. Ibi templum erat Apollinis, plurimis donis ornatum ; hoc in templo sedebat femina quaedam, nomine Pythia, et consilium dabat eis qui ad oraculum veniebant. Haec autem femina ab ipso I. valdej vehementer. HERCULES. 37 Apolline docebatur\ et voluntatem dei hominibus enunti- abat^. Hercules igitur, qui Apollinem praecipue colebat^, liQc venit. Turn rem totam exposuit neque scelus cela- vit^ 1. erudiebdtur^ histituebdtur. 3. venerdbdtur. 2. nuntidbat^ dicebat. 4. reticuit^ texit. 20. Kesponsum oraculL e Ubi Hercules finem fecit, Pythia diu conticebat^ ; tan- dem^ tamen iussit eum ad urbem Tiryntha^ ire, et Eury- sthei regis omnia imperata'* facere. Hercules, ubi haec audivit, ad urbem illam contendit et Eurystheo regi se in servitiitem tradidit. Duodecim annos in servitute Eury- 10 sthei tenebatur et duodecim labores quos ille imperaverat, confecit ; hoc enim uno^ 1^9^^ tantum scelus expiari potuit. De his laboribus plurima a poetis scripta sunt. Multa tamen, quae poetae narrant, vix credibilia sunt. 1. nihil dicebat. 3. Tiryns, a city in Argolis. 2. Par. post longam moraniy 4. iHssa. dent que, ad extremum. 5. alone, 21. Labor primus : Hercules Nemaeum leonem occidit. 1 5 Primum ab Eurystheo iussus est Hercules leonem occi- dere, qui ill5 tempore vallem Nemaeam ^reddebat infes- tam. In silvas igitur quas leo incolebat, statim se con- tulitl Mox feram^ vidit et arcum quem secum attulerat*, intendit^ : eius tamen pellem^ quae densissima erat, trai- 20 1. YdiX.faciebat plenam pericult. 4. gesserat. 2. From confero. See idioms. 5. cf. Eng. tension. 3. animal saevum. 6. cf . Eng. pelty peltry. 38 FABULAE FA GILES. cere^ non potuit. Turn clava^ magna quam semper gere- bat, leonem percussit^ : frustra tamen, neque enim hoc modo eum occidere potuit. Turn demum* collum mon- stri brachiis^ suis complexus est, et fauces^ eius summis 5 viribus compressit. Hoc modo leo brevi tempore exani- matus est ; nulla enim respirandi facultas ei dabatur. Tum Hercules cadaver ad oppidum in umeris rettulit ; et pellem, quam detraxerat, postea pro veste gerebat. Omnes autem qui eam regionem incolebant ubi famam 10 de morte leonis acceperunt"^, vehementer gaudebant^ et Herculem magno honore habebant. 1. trdnsftgere. 5. arms. 2. club. 6. jaws. 3. cf. p. 34, 1. 8. 7. audwermtt. 4. tandem. 8. cf. p. 36, 1. 9. 22. Labor secundus : Hercules Hydrami Lemaeam occidit. Post haec iussus est ab Eurysthe5 Hydram necare : haec autem monstrum erat cui novem erant capita. Her- 15 cules igitur cum amico lolao profectus est ad paludem Lernaeam quam Hydra incolebat. Mox^ monstrum inve- nit, et, quamquani res erat magni periculi, collum eius laeva^ prehendir; Tum dextra^ capita novem abscidere'*. coepit ; quotiens^ tamen hoc fecerat, nova capita exorie- 20 bantur^ Diu frustra laborabat, tandem h oc CQn atQil£sik- tit'' ; constituit deinde arbores succidere et ignem accen- dere. Hoc celeriter fecit, et, postquam ligna ignem 1. The Hydra was a huge 4. cf. p. 35, 1. 14. serpent having nine heads. 5. as often as. 2. cf. p. 30, 1. 2. 6. ndscebantur. 3. so. manic. 7. abstinuit. HERCULES. 39 comprehenderunt, ^face ardente colla adussit unde^ capita exoriebantur. Non tamen sine magno labore haec fecit ; venit enim auxilio Hydrae cancer^ ingens, qui, dum Her- cules capita abscidit, crura eius mordebat^ Postquam monstrum tali modo interfecit, sagittas suas sanguine eius imbuit^ itaque mortiferas reddidit^. 1. with a blazing brand he 4. volnerdbaty laedebat. scorched the necks. 5. tinxit, madefecit. 2. ex quibus. 6. effecit. 3. crab. 23. Labor tertius : Hercules cervximi incredibili celeritate capit. Postquam Eurysthe5 caedes Hydrae nuntiata est, ma- gnus timor animum eius occupavit. lussit igitur Herculem 10 cervum quendam ad se referre, noluit enim virum tantae audaciae in urbe retinere. Hie autem cervus (cuius cornua aurea fuisse traduntur^) incredibili fuit celeritate. Hercules igitur primum vestigia^ eius in silvis animad- vertit ; deinde, ubi cervum ipsum vidit, summis viribus 15 currere coepit. Usque ad vesperum currebat neque noc- turnum tempus* sibi ad quietem relinquebat. Frustra tamen, nullo enim modo ^praedam consequi poterat. Tandem, postquam totum annum cucurrerat^ (ita tradi- tur'') cervum cursu exanimatum^ cepit et vivum ad Eury- 20 stheum rettulit. 1. stag. 5. Par. ad cervum pervenire. 2. dicuntur. 6. Pluperf. of curro. 3. tracks. ' 7. ndrrdtur. 4. oh), oi relinquebat. 8. defessuntt cdn/ectum. 40 FABULAE FA GILES, 24. Labor quartus : Hercules et aper^ Erymanthius. Post haec iussus est Hercules aprum quendam capere qui illo tempore agros Erymanthios vastabat, et incolas^ huius regionis magnopere terrebat. Hercules rem su- 5 scepit et in Arcadiam profectus est. Postquam in silvam paulum progressus est, apro occurrit^ ; ille autem, ^simul atque Herculem vidit, statim refugit, et, timore perterri- tus, in altam fossam se proiecit. Hercules igitur laque- um^ quem attulerat, i niecit ; et summa cum difficultate 10 aprum e fossa extraxit. Ille, etsi multum reluctabatur^, nullo mod5 se liberare potuit ; et '^ab Hercule ad Eury- stheum vivus relatus est. 1. wild boar. 6. cf. Eng. reluctant. 2. cf. incolebat^ p. 37, 1. 1 8. 7. cf. the last sentence of the 3. obviam iit. previous passage, of which this 4. ubi prtmum. is the passive form. 5- noose. 25. Hercules ad regionem Centaurorum pervenit. De quarto labore, quem supra narravimus, haec etiam 15 traduntur^ Hercules, dum iter in Arcadiam facit, ad eam regionem venit quam Centauri incolebant. Mox, quod nox iam appetebat^, ad antrum^ devertit in quo Cen- taurus quidam, nomine Pholus, habitabat. Ille Herculem benigne excepit et cenam* paravit. At 20 Hercules, postquam cenavit^, vinum a Pholo postulavit. Erat autem in antro magna amphora^ vino Optimo repleta'', I. cf. p. 39, 1. 19. 3. cave. 5. cenam sUmpsit. 2. appropinqudbat. 4. cibum. 7. plena. 6. wine jar. HERCULES. 41 quam Centauri ibi deposuerant. Pholus igitur hoc vinum dare nolebat, quod reliquos Centauros timebat^ ; nullum tamen vinum praeter hoc in antro habebat. " Hoc vinum," inquit, " mihi commissum est^. Si igitur hoc dabo, Centauri me interficient." Hercules tamen eum 5 inrisit^ et ipse cyathum^ vini ex amphora hausit. 1. metuebat. 3. derisit. cf. Eng. deride, ridicule, 2. manddtum est. 4. poculum. 26. Proelium cum Centaiiris. ^Simul atque amphora ^aperta est, odor iucundissimus undique diffusus est ; vinum enim suavissimum^ erat. Centauri notum* odorem senserunt et omnes ad locum 10 convenerunt. Ubi ad antrum pervenerunt, magnopere irati sunt quod Herculem bibentem^ viderunt Tum arma rapuerunt et Pholum interficere volebant. Hercules tamen in aditu^ antri constitit et impetum eorum fortissime sustinebat. 15 ^Faces ardentes in eos coniecit, multos etiam sagittis suis volneravit. Hae autem sagittae eaedem erant quae sanguine Hydrae ^olim imbutae erant. Omnes igitur quos ille sagittis volneraverat, veneno^ statim ^^absumpti sunt : reliqui autem, ubi hoc viderunt, "terga verterunt 20 et fuga salutem petierunt. 1. cf. p. 40, 1. 6. 6. ostio, limine. 2. Ant. clausa est. 7. cf. p. 39, 1. i. 3. dulcissimum. 8. Par. quondafn tinctae erant. 4. Ant. ignotum. 9. cf. Eng. venom. 5. cf. Eng. imbibe. 10. abldti sunt, i.e. necdti sunt. II. See idioms. 42 FABULAE FA GILES. 27. Mors Pholi. Postquam reliqui fugerunt, Pholus ex antrd egressus^ est et corpora spectabat eorum qui sagittis interfecti erant. Magnopere autem miratus est quod tarn levi^ vol- 5 nere exanimati erant^, et causam eius rei quaerebat. Adiit igitur locum ubi cadaver cuiusdam Centauri iace- bat, et sagittam e volnere traxit. Haec tamen, sive casu sive consilio deorum, e manibus eius lapsa est et pedem leviter volneravit. Ille extemplo* dolorem gravem per 10 omnia membra sensit et post breve tempus vi veneni exanimatus est. Mox Hercules, qui reliquos Centauros secutus erat, ad antrum rediit et magno cum dolore Pho- lum mortuum vidit. Multis cum lacrimis corpus amici ad sepulturam dedit ; tum, postquam alterum cyathum^ 15 vini hausit, ^somno se dedit. 1. cf. Eng. egress. 4. statim. 2. parvo. 5. cf. p. 41, 1. 6. 3. occtsi erant. 6. quievit^ dormlvit. 28. Labor quintus : Hercules stabulum Augeae^ purgat. Deinde Eurystheus Herculi laborem hunc graviorem imposuit. Augeas quidam, qui illo tempore regnum in Elide obtinebat, tria milia boum habebat. Hi in stabulo 20 ingentis^ magnitudinis includebantur ; stabulum autem inluvie^ ac squalore obsitum* erat, neque enim ad hoc tempus umquam purgatum erat. Hoc iussus est Hercu- les intra spatium unius diei purgare. Ille, etsi res erat I. Augeas, king of Elis. His 2. mdximae. stables had not been cleaned for 3. filth. thirty years. 4. squdlidum. HERCULES. 43 multae operae, negotium suscepit. Primum magno labore fossam duodeviginti pedum fecit, per quam flumi- nis aquam de montibus ad murum stabuli perduxit. Turn, postquam murum perrupit^ aquam in stabulum immisit et tali modo, contra opinionem omnium, opus confecit^. 5 I. p erf regit. 2. per fecit. 29. Labor sextus : aves Stymphali. Post paucos dies Hercules ad oppidum Stymphalum iter fecit, imperaverat enim ei Eurystheus ut aves Stym- phalides necaret. Hae aves ^rostra aenea habebant et carne^ hominum vescebantur^ lUe, postquam ad locum 10 pervenit, lacum vidit ; in hoc autem lacu, qui n5n procul erat ex oppido, aves habitabant. ^Nulla tamen dabatur appropinquandi facultas, lacus enim non ex aqua sed e limo^ constitit ; Hercules igitur neque pedibus neque lintre^ progredi potuit. 1 5 lUe, cum magnam partem diei frustra consumpsisset, hoc conatu destitit et ad Volcanum'' se contulit, ut auxi- lium ex e5 peteret. Volcanus (qui ab fabris^ maxime colebatur), crepundia^ quae ipse ex aere^^ fabricatus erat, Herculi dedit. His^^ Hercules ta m dirum crepitum^ 20 fecit ut aves perterritae avolarent ; ille autem, dum avo- lant, magnum numerum eorum sagittis transfixit. 1. beaks of brass. 6. cymbdy ndvt. 2. From card, cf. Eng. carnal. 7. Vulcan, the god of fire and The abl. is governed by vesce- metal-working. bantur. 8. artificibus. 3. edebant. 9. a rattle. 4. Par. non tamen appropin- 10. cf. p. 27, 1. 18. qudre poterat. 1 1 . Refers to crepundia. 5. mud, 12. sonitum, strepitum. 44 FABULAE FA GILES, 30. Labor septimus : Hercules taurum ex Creta refert. Turn imperavit Herculi Eurystheus ut taurum quendam ferocissimum^ ex insula Creta vivum ref arret. Ille igitur ^navem conscendit et, cum ventus idoneus^ esset, statim 5 solvit^ Cum tamen insulae iam appropinquaret, tanta tempestas subito coorta est ut navis cursum tenere non posset. Tantus autem timor animos nautarum occupavit ut paene omnem spem salutis deponerent^ Hercules, tamen, etsi navigandi imperitus^ erat, haudquaquam^ ter- lo ritus est. Post breve tempus summa tranquillitas consecuta est, et nautae, qui se ex timore iam receperant, navem inco- lumem^ ad terram perduxerunt. Hercules e navi egres- sus est et, cum ad regem Cretae venisset, causam veni- 15 endi docuit. Deinde, postquam omnia parata sunt, ad eam regionem contendit quam taurus vastabat. Mox taurum vidit et, quamquam res erat magni periculi, cor- nua eius prehendit^. Tum, cum ingenti labore mon- strum ad navem traxisset, cum praeda in Graeciam rediit. 1. saevissimum. 5. dTmitterent^ abicerent. 2. See idioms. 6. tgndrus, 3. aptus,f commoduSf secundus. 7. nequdquam^ minime om- 4. Lit. he loosed f referring to ntum, non otnntnd, casting off the ropes before 8. salvam^ integrant, sailing. 9. manibus cepit. 31. Labor octavus : Hercules et equi Diomedis. Postquam ex insula Creta rediit, Hercules ab Eury- stheo in Thraciam missus est ut equos Diomedis reduce- HERCULES, 45 ret. Hi equi ^carne hominum vescebantur ; Diomedes autem, vir crudelissimus, els proiciebat peregrines^ om- nes qui in earn regionem venerant. Hercules igitur magna celeritate in Thraciam contendit et ab Diomede postulavit ut equi sibi traderentur. Cum tamen ille hoc 5 facere nollet, Hercules, ira commotus, regem interfecit et cadaver eius equis pr5ici iussit. Ita mira rerum commutati5 facta est : is enim qui antea multos cum cruciatii^ necaverat, ipse eodem sup- plicio necatus est. Cum haec nuntiata essent, omnes 10 qui earn regionem incolebant^, maxima laetitia affecti sunt et Herculi meritam ^gratiam referebant. Non modo maximis honoribus et praemiis eum decoraverunt, sed orabant^ etiam ut regnum ipse susciperet''. Ille tamen hoc facere n5lebat, et, cum ad mare rediisset, navem occu- 15 pavit®. Ubi omnia ad navigandum parata sunt, equos in navem collocavit^; deinde, ^^cum idoneam tempestatem nactus esset, sine mora e portu solvit, et ^^paulo post equos in litus^ Argolicum exposuit. 1. cf. 29, n. 2. 8. conscendit, 2. Ant. cvves. 9. posuit, 3. tormentoy summd dolore, 10. Par. cum ventus idoneus 4. cf. p. 37, 1. 18. esset, cf. p. 44, 1. 4. 5. See idioms. \\. post breve tempus, 6. rogdbant, 12. cf. 2, n. i. 7. occupdret. 32. Labor nonus: Hercules iubetur balteum^ Hippol3rtes, 20 Amazonum reginae, obtinere. Gens Amazonum dicitur omnino ex mulieribus consti- tisse^. Hae summam scientiam rei militaris habebant I. cf. Eng. belt. 2. fuisse. 46 FABULAE FA GILES. et tantam virtutem praebebant^ ut cum viris proelium committere auderent^. Hippolyte, Amazonum regina, balteum habuit celeberrimum quem Mars ei dederat. Admeta autem, Eurysthei filia, famam de hoc balteo 5 acceperat et eum possidere vehementer cupiebat. Eury- stheus igitur Herculi mandavit^ ut *copias cogeret et bel- lum Amazonibus inferret. Ille nuntios in omnes partes dimisit et, cum magna multitude convenisset, eos delegit^ qui maximum usum in re militari habebant. 1. exhibebant. 3. imperdvit. 2. Not audtrent. cf. auddx, 4. Par. mtlites conligeret, auddcia. 5. cf. Eng. delegate. 10 33. Hippol3rte balteum dare non volt. His viris Hercules persuasit, postquam causam itineris exposuit, ut secum iter facerent. Tum cum eis quibus persuaserat ^navem conscendit, et, cum ventus idoneus esset, post paucos dies ad ostium fliiminis Thermodontis 15 appulit^. Postquam in fines Amazonum venit, nuntium ad Hippolytam misit qui causam veniendi doceret et bal- teum posceret. Ipsa Hippolyte balteum tradere^ volebat, quod* de Herculis virtute famam acceperat ; reliquae* tamen Amazones ei^ persuaserunt ut negaret. At Her- 20 cules, cum haec nuntiata essent, belli fortunam temptare constituit. Proximo igitur die, cum copias eduxisset, locum id5- neum delegit et hostes ad pugnam evocavit. Amazones 1. cf. p. 44, 1. 4. 4. quia^ quoniam. 2. appropinqudvit, 5. ceterae. 3. dare* 6. i.e. Hippolyte. HERCULES. 47 quoque copias suas ex castris eduxerunt et ^non magno intervallo aciem instruxerunt. I. propCy ndn procul. 34. Proeliiim cum Amazonibus. Palus^ erat non magna inter duo exercitus ; neutri tamen initium transeundi facere volebant. Tandem Her- 5 cules signum dedit et, ubi paludem transiit, proelium commisit. Amazones impetum virorum fortissime sustinuerunt et contra opinionem omnium tantam virtutem praestiterunt^ ut multos eorum occiderint, multos etiam in fugam con- ^o iecerint^ Viri enim novo genere pugnae perturbabantur, nee solitam* virtutem praestabant. Hercules autem, cum haec videret, de suis fortunis desperare coepit. Milites igitur vehementer cohortatus est ut pristinae^ virtutis memoriam retinerent, neu^ ''tantum dedecus admitterent, ^ 5 hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent; quibus verbis animos omnium ita erexit^ ut multi, etiam qui volneribus confecti^ essent, proelium sine mora redintegrarent^^. 1. aqua stdgndns. 7. Par. tantam infdmiam fer- 2. exhibuerunty ostenderunt, rent. 3. dederint. 8. excitdvit. 4. adsuetam. 9. debilitdtt^ Tnfirmu 5. cf. Eng. pristine. 10. renovdrent^ 6. neu = et ne. 35. Amazones vincuntur. Diu et acriter pugnatum est^ ; tandem tamen ad solis 20 I. ///^« J in the passive voice translate it literally: here, M