For Dyeing Grasses, Ferns, JTTDSOFS DYES. Beautiful Effects are produced by simply Dipping in Boiling Water, For GKEEN, use JUDSON'S GASLIGHT GREEN. For CEEISE, use CERISE. 24 COLOURS. Price 6d. per BOTTLE. Free by post ; or of Chemists and Stationers generally. Address-NO. 77, SOUTHWARK STREET. LONDON. [3 SECOND-HAND MICROSCOPES By all Esteemed Makers at a Large Reduction from Original Cost. MICRO OBJECT S. An immense stock to select from. ASTRONOMICAL AND TOURISTS' TELESCOPES. FIELD AND OPERA GLASSES IN GREAT VARIETY. Ii.iyiTSTRA.TEI> CXA.TA.3L.OOXTE 3 ST-A.3VXFS. W. LAWLEY\& SON, 78, FARRINGDON ST., LONDON, E.G. ^^+ Established upwards of a Century. L 4 MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS. NEW CATALOGUE for 1SSO. 3,OOO VARIETIES, GRATIS and POST FREE. OBJECTS OF THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE PERFECTION, Illustrating the Histology of Plants and Animals, and every other branch of Microscopy. MICROSCOPES and POCKET LENSES, for the Botanist and Entomologist. ALL MATERIALS, &c., USED IX MOUNTING. E. Wheeler's EDUCATIONAL MICROSCOPES, at 3 to 5 Guineas, Are unequalled by any others for Excellence and Cheapness. [1 EDMUND WHEELER, 48r, Tollington Road, Holloway, London, N. LIVING SPECIMENS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. Studio, THOMAS BOLTON, Mieroseopist's and Naturalist's 17, ANN STREET, BIRMINGHAM. (QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ^MICROSCOPICAL ^SCIENCE, PCTOBER., 1879. Mr. Bolton' s Agency for the Supply of Microscopic (trganinms. Mr. Bolton, of 17, Ann Street, Birmingham, has supplied to me once a week, by post, during the past year, a tube containing, in a living state, new or interesting forms of Protozoa, tntomostraca, Rotifer: , PEEFACE. A HANDBOOK such as the present work must, from its very nature, be to a great extent a compilation, as no single person could possibly obtain such a mass of information by personal research. In addition to original observations made by myself and my friends, I have selected from a great variety of works those ascertained facts which will form a basis on which the intending Field Naturalist may work. Indeed, I have been guided in framing the book partly by recollections of my own wants when a beginner in Zoology without a guide, and partly by way of response to the innumerable queries which I am constantly receiving, and which I am unable to answer individually. As it is evidently impossible to comprise the whole of so vast a subject into a single volume, I have chosen the three favourite depart- ments of Entomology (restricted necessarily to the Lepidoptera), Field Botany, and Egg-collecting. I have done my best to smooth the path of the young Field Naturalist, and in this Handbook have corrected many existing errors, and given much information hitherto unpublished. In the Moths alone upwards of a thousand blanks have been filled. The plan of the book is perfectly simple. Each month in the year is taken successively, and the reader will find a complete catalogue of all the butterflies and moths which appear in it, together with the plants that are in flower, and their localities. In addition to each insect there are notes of its egg, caterpillar, and pupa, so that even if the perfect insect be not " out," as entomologists say, the reader will gather its life-history at a single glance. The food- plant of the caterpillar is also given, so that if the reader should find a caterpillar, and wish to rear it, he will only have to refer to the botanical department of the book to learn where he can find the required plant. At the end of the entomological portion of the work will be found a short chapter describing the localities which are most frequented by each species of Butterflies and Moths, and the most effective modes of taking them. Plants are arranged only according to the months in which they 2091 1 28 vi PREFACE. flower, but Insects have a twofold arrangement, firstly by months, and secondly according to the order observed by Doubleday, which I believe to be the best system extant. Birds are classed according to their accepted order, beginning with the hawk tribes, and ending with the petrels. I exclude altogether such birds as the Egyptian Vulture, the Pelican, and others, which have evidently escaped from confinement, and can no more be classed among British birds than can Parrots or Cockatoos which have flown out of window. I have, however, mentioned our regular winter visitors, even though they may not nest in this country save under exceptional circumstances. The approximate stay of each bird in England is given, together with the locality of its nest, and the average number of its eggs. I do not pretend that the work is absolutely perfect. New species of Moths, for example, are detected almost yearly, and their life-history is consequently unknown. Still, in this Handbook the reader will find all the newly-discovered Moths, together with many details of Moth-life, which are here given for the first time. Especially is this the case with the large and most troublesome group called "Pug" Moths (Eupitheda) of which little or nothing was known until the Rev. H. Harpur Crewe took them in hand. Nearly fifty species of " Pug " Moths are now catalogued, and Mr. Harpur Crewe has most kindly furnished me with the full life-history of almost every species. I am also indebted to Mr. F. Bond for valuable information respecting many of the rarer Moths. I ought also to thank Mr. W. Marshall for supplying many details of Plant and Insect life which were unknown to me, and which I could not find in any botanical or entomological work. In every case, where I was not sure of my data, I have left a blank space, so that the reader may feel certain that nothing has been stated on conjecture, and that he may depend on any information which he finds given as a fact. Should he be able to fill up any blank spaces by his own observations, I should feel greatly obliged if he will kindly communicate his discoveries to me as soon as possible. Short chapters are also given on Breeding from the egg, larva, and pupa, and where to find them. The reader will also find full details of the best modes of catching butterflies and moths, setting and preserv- ing them, together with the best methods of blowing and preserving birds' eggs, and drying and arranging plants. THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. I^TEODUCTIOE". THIS work is intended as a convenient Handbook for those who wish to study Butterflies, Mcths, Birds' eggs, and Plants, and intend to find them for themselves. It has nothing to do with mere collectors or purchasers whom I rank with crest- hunters and makers of butterfly pictures. The book is addressed to those who will go into the fields, lanes, and forests, in search of insects and nests, and who desire, not only to collect specimens, but to learn the habits of the creatures for which they seek. Now, it is absolutely impossible to be a practical insect-hunter or egg-collector without learning something of the plants on which insects feed, or the trees on which the majority of birds build. It is useless to read that certain caterpillars feed upon certain plants unless the plants can be recognised, as well as the caterpillars, and their probable localities known. Nor can the names of trees be any guide to the nests of the birds that build in them if the reader does not know an elm from an ash. I have therefore placed Zoology and Botany side by side in the present work, and made it a guide to the plants and trees as much as to the insects and nests. I have already stated in the preface that, as far as possible, the arrangement of insects and plants is by months, the former being reckoned by their period of appearance in the perfect state, and the latter by their time of flowering. In an extremely variable climate, however, such dates can only be approximate, as a mild winter and warm spring will hasten the advent both of insects and plants, while a severe winter and cold spring will retard them. The reader, however, will find that, taking one year with another, the dates here given will be tolerably correct. As the birds lay their eggs somewhere about the same time of year, and could be crowded into a very few months, the arrangement is that of their natural order, and not of seasons. It is true that several birds will rear more than one brood in the same year, but even in such cases the first brood only is mentioned, as the number of broods is dependent upon external conditions, such as the temperature of the season, the supply of food, and freedom from disturbance. 8 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. In order to compress the work within the limits of a portable Handbook, a few abbreviations have been used. Most of them are familiar to entomologists, but I will briefly explain them, so that the reader may have no trouble with them. The numbers 1 to 12 refer to the months. Fl. signifies Flowers, and R. Roots. H. stands for Hibernates ; S. for Sometimes ; B. for Beginning ; M. for Middle ; and E. for End of a month. Beauty . . E > Phigalia pilosaria - 5,6 9-12 Oak, elm. Belted Beauty . H Nysfria zonaria 5,6 6-9 Sea-reed. Early Moth < Hibernia rupica- 7 (. prarta ' 2 5 7-1 Oak, hawthorn, sloe. Spring Usher . E Winter Moth . leucophearia ( Cheimatobia bru- 7 \ mata . . $ 3 11-3 5,6 5,6 7-1 7-12 Oak, maple. COak, and many other I trees. Gem . H $ Camptogramma 7 I fluviata . $ 7 8 9 ( Spotted persicaria, < groundsel. Silky Tissue . H Scotosia dubitata . 4 6 7 Buckthorn. Red-green Carpet H Cidaria psittacata . 7,8 9 Oak, lime, apple, rose. Autumn Green 7 . 1 Oak, birch, alder, wil- do. . . . HJ .. in iiit a 1 low, poplar. Scarce Dagger. H Acronycta auricoma 6,7 7 Oak, birch, bramble. Ochreous Brown H (Leucania lithar-l 1-5 5,6 ( Plantain, chickweed, (. gyria . . f ( grasses. Dark Sword- 7 grass . . HJ Agrotis suffusa 4 5-7 - (Roots of lettuce and ( spinach. Chestnut . . H Cerastis vaccinii . 6,7 Oak, elm, willow, sallow. Dark do. . . H Red Headed do. H spadicea . { erythroce- 7 phala ) 5,6 5 ( Hawthorn, sloe, and ( honeysuckle. Low plants. Large do. . . H Dotted do. . H ( Scopelosoma so- [ 1 tellitia . . ( < Dasycamparubi-} 1 ffinea . . f 3 3 5, 6 7, 8 5-7 - (Oak. A cannibal in ( confinement. Apple, and low plants. JANUARY PLANTS. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Orange Upper- ) wing . . H j Red Sword grass H Hoporina croceago . Calocampa vetusta 4 34 5,6 4-6 7,8 8 Oak. ( Poplar, and various I plants. Common do. . H exoleta . 4 4-7 8 ( Scabious, rest-harrow, ( campion, dock. Tawny Pinion . H Xylina conformis . 3 5,6 7,8 Birch, alder. Grey Shoulder / Knot . . EU rhizolitha . - 5-7 7,8 Oak. Dark Pinion . H semibrunnea . 7 8,9 Ash and willow. Pale do. . . H petrificata . 5-7 8,9 Oak, birch, lime. Herald . . H Gonoptera libatrix - 6,7 7,8 ( Willow, sallow, and I poplar. PLANTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Shepherd's Purse . Chickweed Groundsel Red Dead-nettle . Capsella Bursa-pastoris Stellaria media Senecio vulgaris Lamium purpureum A common weed Do Do Do Annual. FEBRUARY. GENERAL HINTS. WITH February the out-door life of the field naturalist may be said to begin. As a rule, Nature ought to give visible tokens of spring; birds ought to try their voices against St. Valentine's Day; and, above all, the earth ought to be loosened from the icy chains which have held it for so long. Frozen-out pupa- diggers may therefore begin their operations. Pupa-digging, which is as needful to the entomologist as treacling, to which we shall soon refer, requires very little apparatus. The chief requisites are a strong garden trowel, plenty of pill-boxes, and cotton- wool. But more needed than all are observant eyes, sensitive fingers, and patience. As to the trowel, a common garden trowel will answer every purpose, and there is not the least use in having a flattened blade, as is often recommended. As for " diggers," whether simple or folding, they are not one bit better than ordinary trowels, and cost twice as much. Chip pill-boxes are the best, and can be purchased very cheaply either at a dealer's or from any chemist, and four dozen can be procured for a shilling. As a good many will be wanted in a pupa-digging expedition, the collector will find it advisable to have a bag or satchel in which to carry them, for even a dozen large pill-boxes make the pockets bulge in a very awkward manner. Never mind the appearance of the bag ; true entomologists ought to care nothing for appearances, and the general public has by this time become so used to them that it takes little or no notice of them. The best spots for a pupa-digger are found under solitary trees, especially oaks, poplars, and elms. Chestnuts are useless. Between the roots, at a foot or so from the tree, is the usual resting-place of the pupa. Of course, the digger should face the tree when he begins operations. He need not make a very deep hole, nor, indeed, use the trowel more than is necessary. He should put it into the ground almost perpendicularly, and then press it gradually backwards, so as to raise a tolerably large sod, which should be carefully broken to pieces between the fingers, and every particle of it subjected to the touch as well as the sight. Pupae which would otherwise escape observation can thus be distinguished from the stones and earth which they so much resemble. At first the pupa-digger must expect failures, but experience will certainly bring success in its train, and, as I said before, patience is one of the chief requisites in this branch of entomology. If any one wishes to learn beforehand what are the hopes and fears, the ambitions and disappointments of a pupa-digger, he should turn to the Rev. J. Greene's " Insect Hunter's Companion," a little book which is full of humour combined with practical instruction. It will be found a good plan to carry a piece of white linen, which can be laid on the ground, and the sods broken over it. Otherwise, pupae are apt to fall among grass or roll back into the hole, and so escape detection. A gardener's knee-cap is also useful, not to preserve the clothes, which I presume to be the worst in the ward- 16 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. robe, but to save the knee from sharp stones and sticks and wet, this last being apt to cause rheumatism. Take with you plenty of cotton-wool in a bag a wonderful amount can be com- pressed into a very small bag and as each pupa is discovered roll it loosely in a little cotton-wool and put it into a pill-box. Several pupae, according to their size* can be put into a single box, but they should be laid lightly in it ; and if the box be not full, some cotton-wool should be placed on them so as to prevent them from shaking about. I use the term pupa-digging for convenience sake, as it is so well understood, but in reality pupae may be found hidden in all kinds of places, very favourite localities being a heap of fallen leaves at the foot of a tree, the loose roots of grasses, or under the bark of trees. The half-decayed needle-like leaves of the pine are generally left to decay under the trees, and, owing to their shape and texture, form distinct layers, which can be easily lifted by hand, and the pupae which lie between them uncovered. Dead plants and shrubs, if pulled up, especially in a dry and loose soil, will often be found to have pupae clinging to them. Many caterpillars "spin up," i.e., envelop themselves with silk in all kinds of crevices, sometimes attaching extraneous substances to the silk, so as to disguise its appearance. Perhaps the most difficult of discovery is the pupa of the Puss Moth (Dicranura vinula), which spins up in the deep crevices of bark, especially that of the willow or poplar, and interweaves little chips of bark with the silk, which not only render the cocoon almost undistinguishable from the bark, but form, when dry, a covering so strong that a penknife can scarcely penetrate it. The eye can hardly detect it, but a practised finger will often do so when the eye has failed. Then there are the wood-boring species, such as those of the Goat Moth, the Wood Leopard Moth, and the various Clear-wings, all of which must be procured in the pupa state, as many of them are rarely seen on the wing. A few caterpillars may be found if the weather be fine, but they will be mentioned in connection with the next month. Having procured the pupae, what are we to do with them ? All kinds of elaborate breeding-cages are recommended, with glazed windows, wire doors, and what not. I never used anything of the kind, nor, except in the case of one or two insects, took any trouble except laying the pupae in a box on diy earth. Any box will do, provided that the lid fit closely enough to prevent the escape of the moths, and the rougher it is the better for the insects. Indeed, if the sides be smooth it will be as well to roughen them artificially, as when the moths emerge from the pupal skin they want to climb to some little height, so that they may drv their wings. The lid may open over the whole top of the box, for the moths will not fly away when it is raised. They will cling quietly to the sides or lid, and when their wings are quite dry they can be " pill-boxed " with ease. As the term " pill-boxing " will be often used, I will explain it. As a rule, moths, unlike butterflies, are taken while sitting. " Scissor-nets " are sold by dealers for this purpose, but are seldom used by practical entomologists, who invariably employ the pill-box. Nothing is simpler than the mode of using it. The lid is placed loosely on the box, which is then so held that the tip of the middle finger and half the first joint of the thumb come upon the edge, and hold the box firmly. The lid is then held by the first joint of the forefinger and the other FEBRUARY INSECTS. 17 half of the thumb-joint. It will then be found that the lid can be moved up and down with perfect ease, so as to open or close the box, the thumb acting as a hinge. The movement of opening and shutting the box will require a little practice, but it soon becomes easy, and, indeed, the box and lid seem to fit themselves to the fingers almost mechanically. If, then, a moth be sitting on a paling, which is one of the favourite resorts of moths, it can be scraped, so to speak, into the box, and secured. As a rule, it will be perfectly quiet when boxed. There are, however, a few moths which are apt to be restless and knock themselves about when captured. Such "noisy" moths, as they are called, can be at once quieted by opening the box a little way, putting a small drop of chloroform on the inside of the lid, and closing it again. A moth-collector should always have with him a tiny bottle of chloroform, tightly corked, for the benefit of noisy moths. Benzine will answer as well, but it has a strong and unpleasant smell, which is not the case with chloroform. As to the " scissor-nets," they are like the "digger" already mentioned, cane nets, bat-fowling or clap-nets, tin traps, and other paraphernalia very pretty to look at, but of no practical use. They are much on a par with the elegant appa- ratus displayed in fishing-tackle shops ; and it will always be found that in propor- tion as either the fisherman or the entomologist gains experience he abandons apparatus. Similarly, a young writer overloads his paragraphs with tropes and metaphors, and is greatly proud of a piece of superfine writing. But as he improves in literary workmanship he ceases to strain after effect, and aims at simplicity, the most difficult of objects to attain. As for plants in this most uncertain of months, there will be nothing except those plants which flower all through the year. The Snowdrop, however, may generally be obtained towards the end of the month. INSECTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Brimstone . H Goneptcryx rhamni 4 6,7 7 Buckthorn. Clouded Yellow H Colias Edusa . 9-5 6,7 8 ( Dutch clover, lucerne, I trefoils, &c. Pale do. do. . H Hyale . 5 7 8 Clover, melilot, lucerne, Comma . . H Vanessa C-album . 5&7 5&8 6&9 | Elm, willow, sloe, hop, ( nettle, and currant. Small Tortoise- > shell . . Hj urticce 4,5, & 7 5,6, & 8 6&8 Xettle. Large do. . . H polychloros 5-10 10-5,6 7 ("Elm, aspen, osier, wil- \ low, and fruit-trees. Camberwell ) Beauty . . H< Antiopa . 5 6,7 7 ("Birch, poplar, willow, I and nettle. Peacock . lo . . 4,5 6,7 7 Xettle. Red Admiral . H Atalanta . 5 6,7 7 Do. Painted Lady . H cardui 6 6-9 7-9 f Thistles, nettle.mallow, I scarlet bean. MOTHS. Humming - bird ) Hawk . . Hj Macroglossa stel- ) latarum . . ) 5 8,9 Hedge bedstraw. Small Eggar . Eriogaster lancatris 4 5-7 7-1 Hawthorn, sloe. 18 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Pale Brindled "> Beauty . . ) Phigalia pilosaria . 5,6 9-11 Oak and elm. Belted Beauty . H Aj/ssta zonaria 5,6 6-9 Sea-reed. Small Brindled } do. . . . HJ hispidaria . 5,6 6-1 Oak. Great Oak do. . E (Amphidasis pro- \ C dromaria . ( . 6,7 8-2 Oak, elm, birch, and nut. Engrailed . . E ( Tephrosia ere- \ \ puscularia . j" 8,9 10-1 ( Elm, poplar, willow, (. birch, and alder. Early Moth ( Hibernia rupica-i t praria ( 2 5 7-1 Oak, hawthorn, and sloe. Spring Usher . leucophearia 3 5,6 7-1 Oak and maple. Dotted Border . progemmaria ... 5,6 7-1 Oak, birch, and nut. March Moth . E ( Anisopteryx ) I cescularia . ) 5,6 10-1 jOak, elm, lime, haw- 's thorn, apple. Silky Tissue . H Scotosia dubitata . 4 6 7 Buckthorn. Red-green Carpet H Cidaria psittacata . 7,8 9 Oak, lime, apple, & rose. Autumn Green ( do. . . . Hf miata 8 9 }Oak, birch, poplar, wil- < low, and alder. Ochreous Brown H (Leucania lithar-\ \ gyria . . J 7 1-5 5-6 ( Plantain, chickweed, I and grasses. Dark Sword- ") graps . . HJ Agrotis svffusa 4 5-7 74 y Roots of lettuce, (. spinach, &c. Chestnut . . H Cerastis vaccinii . 6-7 Oak, elm, willow, sallow. Dark do. . . H spadicea . 5,6 ( Hawthorn, sloe, and ( honeysuckle. Red-headed do. H erythrocephala 5 Low plants. Large do. . . H ( Scopelosoma i ( satellitia . } 3 5,6 7,8 ( Oak. A cannibal in \ confinement. Dotted do. . H 1 Dasycampa rubi- ) '( ffinea . . > 3 5-7 Apple and low plants. Orange Upper- ") wing . . Hjf Hoporina croceago . 4 5,6 7,8 Oak. Olive Rustic . H Red Sword-grass H Dasypolia Templi . Calocampa vetusta . 3 3,4 4-7 4-6 8 8 Cow parsley, j Poplar and various low I plants. Common do. . H exoleta . 4 4-7 8 5 Campion, scabious,rest- l harrow, dock, &c. Tawny Pinion . H Xylina conformis . 3 5,6 7,8 Birch and alder. Grey Shoulder 7 knot . . H) rhizolitha . 5-7 7,8 Oak. Dark Pinion . H semibrunnea 7 8,9 Ash and willow. Pale do. . . H petrificata . 5-7 8,9 Oak, birch, and lime. Herald . . H Gonoptera libatrix 6,7 7,8 Poplar, willow, sallow. PLANTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Shepherd's Purse . Vernal Whitlow Grass. CapsellaS'ursa-pastoris Draba verna . A common weed Walls and dry banks Annual. Chickweed Stellaria media A common weed ,, Furze, Gorse, or Whin . L'lex Europceus Commons and thickets . Shrub. Strawberry-leaved "> Cinquefoil ) Potentilla Fragarias- ) trum / Banks and hedges . Perennial. Groundsel Senecio vulgaris A common weed Annual. Red Dead-netl le Lamium purpureum Do ,, Henbit do. Hazel amplexicaule . Coi-ylus avellana . Waste places . Woods and thickets Shrub. Snowdrop E Galanthuanivalis . Meadows and thickets . Perennial. M A E C H . GENERAL HINTS. SHOULD March bo propitious, and vegetation be tolerably forward, we may hope to find many caterpillars, and go larva hunting. Success in this pursuit requires practice and patience, just as pupa-digging does, and an expert will fill his boxes on the very ground that a novice has searched, and on which he has found nothing. Look under the leaves rather than above them, and avoid shaking the plants, for many caterpillars allow themselves to fall when alarmed, and are then so hidden among the herbage that they cannot be discovered. Advantage, however, may be taken of this habit by spreading a cloth under the branches, and then shaking them. In default of a cloth, an umbrella, opened and reversed, will be better than nothing. After dark is perhaps the best time for discovering and capturing larvae, the light of a lantern bringing out their bodies in bold contrast to the leaves on which they are feeding. This plan is doubly valuable, because there are many caterpillars which conceal themselves during the day, some even burrowing underground, and only seeking for their food at night. Great care must be taken of the caterpillars, as they will not endure rough handling, and may either die or only produce crippled moths. Different species should not be put into the same box, and, in any case, they ought to have plenty of room in the pill-boxes. Some of the hairy species are most irritating to a delicate skin, and it will be safer to get the caterpillar into the box without touching it with the fingers. Even the larva of the Tiger Moth, popularly known as the " Woolly Bear," is exceedingly irritating, but the worst of all, as far as my experience goes, are those of the pretty and common Gold-tailed Moth, the Drinker, and Oak Eggar. Feeding the larvre, when they are obtained, is really a laborious task, for the amount of food which half-grown caterpillars will consume ia almost incredible ; and it is a necessity that the food should be perfectly fresh, and, if possible, gathered daily. Fortunately, many caterpillars will feed indifferently on several plants, and if this were not the case, the task of supplying a few hundred caterpillars with food would be one man's work. When I was at college I had an average of eight or nine hundred larvae to feed, and could not have done so had I not impressed a scout to run out during his few- intervals of work, and procure food. Besides him, a regular agent used to bring food daily, and I had one or two volunteer assistants as well. Moving the larvae from the old to the new food is not very easy. As a rule. however, the food should be laid alternately on opposite sides of the breeding cage. The caterpillars will then move of their own accord to the new food. The old food and withering plants must then be carefully examined, lest any caterpillars should have " spun up " in them, and should be then burned. 20 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Very great care must be taken of the cleanliness of the feeding-cage, for the odour of decaying plants is always objectionable, and when they have been eaten by caterpillars is indescribably offensive. Elaborate cages are not needed for the breeding of caterpillars almost any box will answer the purpose, and, as so many of them burrow in the ground before they change into the pupa, there should be about a couple of inches of dry earth at the bottom of the box. In March you may begin to search palings, and, indeed, it is a good plan to keep an eye on them throughout the year, no matter what may be the month. For many moths palings have a positive fascination, and the blacker they are the better the insects seem to like them. Until the eye is trained to the task, it is exceedingly difficult to detect a moth when settled on a paling. It may seem absurd to say that a white moth on a black paling, or a black moth on a white paling, can escape detection, and yet every practical entomologist knows that such is the case. When they are seen they should be pill-boxed, and, as every moth-collector ought unceasingly to examine every paling which he passes, and always to have a nest or two of pill-boxes in his pocket, his collection will have greatly increased by the end of the season. Even more important than palings is treacling, an art which has undergone great vicissitudes. It has entirely superseded the old plan of " sugaring." Do not go to the dealers for apparatus. They will furnish all kinds of expensive paraphernalia, whereas nothing expensive need be purchased except a lantern with a strong reflector. Space being valuable, I will compress treacling into the smallest possible space. Get some of the coarsest treacle that can be obtained " green " treacle is the strongest, and golden syrup the weakest when used alone. A mixture, however, of green treacle and golden syrup, in equal parts, is the best. Also, buy a bottle of the very coarsest and newest rum, and a common painter's brush. A bottle or two of rum will last for a whole season. During the day-time look out for trees growing singly or in small patches, or on the outskirts of woods and copses. Avoid chestnuts, as in pupa-digging. Mark out a number of them if possible in a large circle and then on a warm, still, moonless night, start off for the trees in your very worst of clothes. Should there be rain, so much the better, and if you be drenched to the skin you will be none the worse, provided that you do not sit down in wet clothes. Take with you some of the treacle in a pot, or a blacking-bottle will answer admirably, put about a wine-glass full of the rum in a little bottle, have the lantern trimmed and the reflector polished, and do not forget matches. It may seem to be a useless caution, but as a season never passes without many treaclers forgetting to bring matches with them, it is really needed. Also, if you use safety matches, remember that they will only ignite on their own box. Pill-boxes and a satchel you will have, as in pupa-digging. Being arrived at the spot, light the lantern, mix the rum with the treacle, and then paint a rather long streak upon the trunk of the tree ; a couple of inches in breadth, and at least two feet in length, will answer best. Streaks have been found in practice to answer better than patches. They should not be higher than the shoulder, and the treacle should be worked well into the crevices of the bark, so that it may not drop on the ground and be wasted on the slugs, which always find MAECH GENERAL HINTS. 21 their way to a treacled tree. So do field-mice, but as they can climb the trunk it is useless to take any precautions against them. Going round the trees, and treacling them for the first time, is rather a long operation, and it will be as well to begin it before dark, so as to spare the oil in the lantern. Moreover, moths always come in greater numbers when the treacle is laid on before darkness sets in. Afterwards, a mere streak with the treacle brush will serve to freshen the scent. Should there be many trees to be treacled the blacking-bottle will not hold enough treacle, and a larger vessel must be employed. A very excellent one can be made out of an emptied mustard tin. A wire handle can be attached to it by means of a couple of holes in the sides, about an inch and a half from the top, and if the lid be carried a hole should be cut in it for the handle of the brush. Darkness will have set in by the time that you have treacled the last tree. Now take the lantern in the left hand, and a pill-box in the right, and begin your round of the trees. Direct the light of the lantern to the foot of the tree, and examine it carefully upwards. You will probably see some moths seated on the treacle and feeding greedily on it. Box them, taking care to hold the box under them, so that they may fall into it, and so proceed until you have reached the top of the treacle. If you begin at the upper end of the streak a moth may be alarmed, allow itself to fall, and so alarm others below it. When you have gone the round of the trees transfer the moths, boxes and all, to the satchel (which it will be as well to hide), take a fresh supply of empty boxes, and start again. . Some treaclers prefer to work alone, while others like to have a companion, and in that case, they take alternate choice of the captured moths. "When moths are taken on treacle they should be left in the boxes for at least twenty -four hours, or otherwise their bodies will be full of treacle, which will sooner or later make its way through the tissues and spoil the specimen. In this month the sallows will be in flower, and may be treated in much the same manner. As a rule it is useless to put treacle near flowering sallows, though there are instances where the moths have come to both baits. Both treacle and sallows should be postponed to the end of March. When the collector visits the sallows, he should, if possible, spread a white sheet under them, as the moths which frequent the flowers are apt to drop when alarmed. The umbrella, as before mentioned, will answer in default of a sheet. Careful management of the light is required with sallows, as it should only be directed on a few flowers at a time. A bull's-eye lantern is best for this purpose, as it throws a narrow bar of light, and does not cause general alarm among the sallows feeders. Botanical work will be light during the whole of this month, but it will be as well to look after those plants which are marked as being local. Very few birds will have laid their eggs, but those of the thrush and blackbird may generally be found in March. 22 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Brimstone . II Gonepteryx rhamni 4 6, 7 7 Buckthorn. Clouded Yellow H , Colias Edusa . .5-9 6, 7 g f Dutch clover, lucerne, I trefoils, &c. Pale do. do. H Hyale . . 5 7 8 Clover, melilot, lucerne. Comma . . H Vanessa C-album . 5&7 5&8 6&9 C Elm, willow, sloe, hop, I nettle, and currant. Small Tortoise- ") shell . . HJ urtictK . 4,5&75,6&8 6&8 Xettle. Large do. . . H polychloros 5s. 10 S.10&5 7 ("Elm, aspen, osier, wil- C low, and fruit-trees. Camberwell ") Beauty . . Hj Antiopa . 5 6,7 7 5" Birch, poplar, willow, (. and nettle. Peacock . . H Io . . 4,5 6,7 7 Nettle. Red Admiral . H Atalanta . 5 6,7 7 Do. Painted Lady . H cardui . i 6 6-9 7-9 ( Thistles, nettle, mal- l low, and scarlet bean. MOTHS. Small Eggar . Eriogaster lanestris 4 5-7 7-1 Hawthorn, sloe. Kentish Glory . ( Endromis versi- \ A \ color . . ; 6,7 8-3 Birch. Early Thorn . Selenia illunaria . 4&7 6&9 fi - o o f Ash, willow, oak, haw- * I thorn, and plum. Pale Brindled ) Beauty . . > Phigalia pilosaria 5,6 9-11 Oak, elm. Belted Beauty . II Nyssia zonaria 5,6 6-9 Sea-reed. Small Brindled "> Beauty . . ) hispidaria. 4 5,6 6-1 Oak. Brindled Beauty . Biston hirtaria 4 6,7 9-3 fEIm, ash, lime, and (. fruit-trees. Great Oak do. $ Amphidasis pro-~> (. dromaria . ) - 6,7 8-2 Oak, elm, birch, and nut. Engrailed . $ Tephrosia ere-") ( puscularia . j - 8,9 10-1 ("Elm, poplar, willow, (. birch, and alder. Spring Usher . f Hiber nia leuco-1 it phearia ) 3 5,6 7-1 Oak, maple. Dotted Border progemmaria 5,6 7-1 Oak, birch, and nut. March Moth . ( Anisopteryx ces- \ (. cularia . j - 5,6 10-1 ( Oak, elm, lime, haw- i thorn, and apple. Short Pug. f Eupithecia ab- ) 1 breviata . f 6,7 Oak. Shoulder Stripe \ Carpet . . Mj Antidea badiata . 3 6 7-3 Dog-rose. Streamer . . M derivata . 3,4 6 7-3 ( Dog-rose and honey- (. suckle. Many-lined ( Phibalapteryx ~) I polygrammata j Silky Tissue . H Scotosia dubitata . 4 G 7 Buckthorn. Red-green Carpet H Cidaria psittacata 6,7 9 Oak, lime, apple, rose. Autumn Green ) i _. . . Carpet. . HJI " miata ' O 9 C Oak, birch, poplar, wil- l low, and alder. Rannoch Sprawler . Petasia nubeculosa 4 5,6 Birch. Birch Prominent . ( Notodosta car- \ 1 melita . . j - 6,7 8-3 Do. Yellow-horned f Cymatophorafla- ~) \ vicornis j 6,7 9 Do. Frosted Green . rideiis 4 6,7 8 Oak. Ochreous Brown H Silver Cloud . H (Leucania lithar-\ \ gyria . . ) <, Xylomiges con- 1 I spicillaris . $ 1-5 6-8 , r y Plantain, chickweed, ' <. and grasses. on ' f Bird's-foot trefoil and ( other low plants. Dark Sword-grass H Agrotis suffusa 5-7 f Roots of lettuce, (. spinach, &c. Pearly Underwing ") . 11-1 & f Dock, plantain, and H; ., saucrctr . 7,8 (. other low plants. Pine Beauty . E Trachea piniperda 6,7 8-2 Fir and pine. MARCH PLANTS. 23 INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Pood-plants. MOTHS. Hebrew Character 1 E) f Tczniocampa \ I gothica j 4 5-8 7-3 (Oak, sallow, broom, I lilac, and dock. White Letter > Rustic . . E f leucographa 4 6,7 8-3 Plantain. Red Quaker . E rubricosa . 4 5-7 8-3 Elm and dock. Clouded Drab. E instabilis . - 5-7 8-3 5" Oak, willow, sallow, ( dock. Northern do. . E opima . 4 5-7 8-3 Willow, sallow, rose. Intermediate . E populeti 4 6,7 7-3 Poplar. Common Quaker E ,, stabilis 5-7 8-3 Oak, elm, and hawthorn. Lead - coloured > Drab . . E; gracilis 5 5-7 8-3 j Willow, sallow, and ( low plants. Blossom Under- ) wing . . Ej miniosa 4 5,6 7-2 Oak, birch, hawthorn. Twin - spotted ) Quaker . . Ej munda - 5,6 7-3 Oak, elm, and poplar. Small do. . . E cruda . - 5-7 8-3 ("Oak, sallow, nut. Acan- l nibal in confinement. Chestnut . . H Cerastis vaccinii . 6,7 _ Oak, elm, willow, sallow. Dark do. . . H spadicea . - 5,6 - f Hawthorn, sloe, and ' honeysuckle. Red-headed do. H erythrocephala 5 Low plants. Large do. do. . H ( Scopeloso ma sa- ~i 1 tellitia. . j 3 5,6 7,8 ( Oak. A cannibal in con- Dotted do. . H < Dasycampa rubi- \ 1 ginca . . $ 3 5-7 ~ Apple and low plants Orange Upper- ) wing: . . H > Hoporinacroceago . 4 5,6 7 Oak. Olive Rustic . H Dasypolia templi . 3 4-7 8 Cow parsley. Green-brindled Dot Valeria oleagina . 5,6 Sloe. Early Grey < Xylocampa litho- \ 1 rhiza . . ) - 6-8 10-2 Honeysuckle. Red Sword-grass H Calocampa vetusta 3,4 4-6 8 f Poplar and various (. plants. Common do. . H exoleta 4 4-7 8 < Campion, scabious, 1 rest-harrow, dock, &c. Tawny Pinion . H Xylina conformis . 3 5,6 7,8 Birch and alder. Grey Shoulder- ") knot . . HJ rhizolitha . - 5-7 7,8 Oak. Dark Pinion . H semibrunnea 7 8,9 Ash and willow. Pale do. . . H petrijicata . 5 5-7 8,9 Oak, birch, and lime. Orange Under- ^ wing . . E ) Brephos parthenias 6-8 9-3 Birch, beech, and oak. Light do. . . E notha . 6 Aspen and sallow. Herald . . H Gonoptera libatrix . 6,7 7,8 ( Poplar, willow, sallow, I &c. PLANTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Wood Anemone or } Windflower J Lesser Celandine Green Hellebore Stinking do. . Shepherd's Purse Rock Hutchinsia Danish Scurvy Grass Vernal Whitlow Grass Anemone nemorosa Raminculus Ficaria, Helleborus viridis . ,, fcetidus. Capsella Bursa-pastoris Hutchinsia petrcea . Cochlearia Danica . DraJba verna . Woods .... Banks, &c. Woods on chalk soil Woods .... A common weed Limestone rocks. Local Clitts and hedges near sea Walls and dry banks Perennial. Annual. THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Yellow Alpine Whit- ) low Grass . . j" Draba aizoides ( Rocks and walls near") ( Swansea . . j Perennial. Sweet Violet . Viola odorata . Woods and hedge-banks m Chickweed Stellaria media A common weed Annual. Little, or Fire-sta- 7 mened Mouse-ear j ( Cerastium semidecan- ~) \ drum 5 Waste places and walls . Furze, Gorse, or Whin. Ulex Europceus Commons and thickets . Shrub. Sloe, 'or Blackthorn ; ) Bullace, or Wild ,- Prunus communis . Woods and hedges . Small tree. Plum . . . j Strawberry - leaved ] Cinquefoil . . j f Potentilla Fragari-) 1 astrum . . j Banks and hedges . Perennial. Purple Saxifrage. . Golden do. ... Saxifraga oppositifolia $ Chrysosplenium al- "> (. ternifolium . . ) Mountain summits . Damp places. Rare. Mistletoe .... Viscum album . ( Parasitic, chiefly on ), i apple ) ,, Colt's-foot Tussilago Far far a. Clayey banks . Groundsel Senecio vulgaris A common weed Annual. Red Dead-Nettie . Lamium purpureum Do Henbitdo. amplexicaule . Waste places . Primrose .... Primula vulgaris . Woods and banks . Perennial. Mezereon Daphne Mezereum . Woods .... Shrub. Spurge-Laurel Laureola . Do Shrubby Spurge . Common Elm Euphorbia Characias . Ulmus campestris . Bushy places. Not native Woods and hedges . Perennial. Tree. Cork-barked do. . suberosa Hedges .... Dutch do. major . Do. Doubtful native Smooth do. glabra . . . Do Alder .... Alnus glut inosa Damp ground . | Purple Willow Rose do Salix purpurea , Helix Damp meadows Damp ground . ' White Poplar Populus alba . Damp woods Hoary do. ,, canescens . Aspen tremula . Damp woods Hazel Corylus avellana > Woods and thickets Shrub. Yew . . . Taxus baccata Woods on chalk soil Tree. Snake-head Iris Iris tuberosa . Not native .... Perennial. Spring Crocus. Crocus vernus . Meadows .... Small Purple do. . prcecox. Suffolk. Not native -j Golden do. ,, aureus . Meadows .... Daffodil . . . ( Narcissus Pseu do- 7 \ Narcissus . . ) Damp woods . ,, Snowdrop Galanthus nivalis . Meadows and thickets . Butcher's Broom . Ruscus aculeatus . Woods .... Two-leaved Squill . Scilla bifolia . Do. Doubtful native . ^ Yellow Gagea Gagea lutea f Damp thickets and "> <. pastures. Local. j Wood Hairy -Rush. Luzula pilosa . Woods .... Annual Meadow-grass. Poa annua Waste ground . Annual. Knappia agrostidea Sandy sea-side pastures . APRIL. GENERAL HINTS. GET up ear.y and go round palings and tree-trunks. Insects' eggs may still be found. Not much pupa-digging need be done this month, but continue to search at roots of weeds and among last year's leaves. Caterpillars are now becoming plentiful, and can be found both by night and day, as before mentioned. "Sweeping" is useful, for which a sweep-net is a necessity. The wire of the net ought to be stronger than is usually made, and should, indeed, almost deserve the name of bar rather than wire. If it be not very heavy its weight will not carry it through the herbage. The handle should be of ash, and at least five feet long. The net itself is best when made of strong brown holland, deep, and cut so as to have no corners wherein the captives can hide, and in which they are often injured or even killed. Both hands are employed with the sweep-net, and the best way is, to swing it against the herbage with a firm, but not violent sweep, so as to scrape the plants from the roots upwards. A peculiar knack is soon acquired of drawing the net towards you at the conclusion of the sweep, so as to shake the dislodged insects into it as they fall from the leaves or flowers. At first, sweeping will be a very fatiguing task, but the arms soon become accustomed to it, and then it scarcely tires them at all. Very valuable captures are often made with the sweep-net, the contents of which are always of a very miscellaneous kind. Larvae, snails, slugs, bees, beetles, and spiders, will always be there, and I once, to my astonishment, found a frog in the net. I suppose that it must have been alarmed, and taken a leap just as the net came across it. In some grass the net will be quite soaked with the cuckoo-spit, but the collector need not trouble himself about it, for it is a very clean juice, and is little more than sap which has been drawn out of the plants, and blown into bubbles. The little green creature which produces it is the larva of the common frog-hopper (Cerceris). Sallow-hunting and treacling can go on as in March, but the captures will generally begin to fall off towards the end of the month. I may mention, by the way, that about an hour or an hour and a half from dusk the moths will hardly come to treacle at all. In the present month they will become scarce about half-past nine, and not resume their visits to the treacle until half-past ten or eleven. Why this should be so I do not know, but such is the case. For many moths artificial light has a wonderful attraction. Even in the crowded streets of London we may see moths fluttering round the lighted lamps, and trying to make their way through the glass. In the suburbs, especially in the neighbourhood of woods, the moths are sure to be plentiful about the gas lamps* and may be taken in various ways. 26 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Climbing the post and pill-boxing the moths is the simplest way of catching them, but it is not every one who can climb a lamp-post. A very simple and effective mode of capturing such moths is by a " cyanide bottle." This is a small wide-necked bottle in which is a little blotting paper that has been dipped in a strong solution of cyanide of potassium. It is kept tightly corked until wanted, and it is then attached by an elastic band to the end of a long stick. When a moth is covered with it, the insect becomes stupefied, falls into the bottle, and dies. Moths may be found on the lamps in the morning, long after the gas has been extinguished, and can be captured in the same way. Now and then, a moth contrives to crawl into the lamp by means of the aperture through which the pipe passes, and those, of course, cannot be taken without climbing the lamp and opening the door. Do not let a policeman see you, for no reason less potent than half-a- crown will persuade him that you have no felonious intentions. It is a good plan to take the lamplighter into your service, and to pay him a certain sum for the moths which he can catch on the lamps. He may be safely entrusted with a cyanide bottle, provided that you renew the poison yourself every two or three days. Do not try to make him understand the difference between common and valuable moths, but let him bring you all that he can catch. He will be sure to bring a number of moths which you do not want, but never make any distinction between them in his presence, and, above all, never throw away the worthless specimens until he is out of the way. Give the man an ample supply of boxes and pins, and teach him how to use them. He should not try to set the insects, but should leave that business for yourself. Sometimes the insects will be stiff when handed over, especially if they be small, but the relaxing pan will soon restore their flexibility. Some moths are very provoking in their way of settling on lamps. Moths which cling to the glass are easily seen, but when they insist on clinging to the framework very few persons can detect them. There are some which almost invariably choose the stout framework at the bottom of the lamp, and they contrive to make themselves so invisible, that even when an experienced collector has climbed the post, he has much difficulty in distinguishing them, though his eyes are within a few inches of them. Many plants are now coming into flower, and the hardier birds will have finished their nests, and begun to lay. APRIL-INSECTS. 27 INSECTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva Pupa. Food-plants. BUTTERFLIES. ' Large White . E Pieris brassicce 5&8 6&9 7&94 f Cabbage, &c., and nas- "l turtium. Small do. . . . j rapce 5&8 6&9 -rQ_i (Turnip, cabbage, &c., ' 1 and nasturtium. Green-veined do. . napi 5&8 6&9 7&94 j Rape, and other Cruci- ( ferce. f\-~, f Anthocharis car-\ Orange-tip . . M damines _ j 5 7 74 f Lady's-smock, treacle- \ mustard. Brimstone, or Su^j Gonepteryx rhamni 4 6,7 7 Buckthorn. Clouded Yellow H Colias Edusa . 9-5 6,7 8 f Lucerne, Dutch clover, 1 trefoils, &c. Pale do. do. . H Hyale . 5 7 8 Melilot, clover, lucerne. Comma . . H Vanessa C-album . 5&7 5&8 6&9 f Elm, willow, sloe, hop, ( currant, nettle. Small Tortoise- > shell . . HJ urticce 1.5&7 5,6&8 6&8 Nettle. Large do. . . H polychloros 58.10 s.10-6,6 7 f Elm, aspen, osier, wil- "( low, and fruit-trees. Camberwell ") Beauty . .Hi Antiopa . 5 6,7 7 ( Birch, poplar, willow, ( and nettle. Peacock . . H lo . . 4,5 6, 7 7 Nettle. Red Admiral . H Atalanta. 5 6,7 7 Do. Painted Lady . H cardui 5 6-9 7-9 ( Thistles, nettle, mal- 1 low, and scarlet bean . Wood Argus . E Satyrus ^Egeria 5&8 6, 7& 9-3 4&7 Grasses. Small Copper . M j Polyommatus \ ( Phlceas . j 6&10 5-8 & 10-4 4&10 Ragwort, sorrel, dock. Holly Blue, or) Azure Blue M j Lyccena argioliis . 5&8 6&9 7&104 f Flowers of holly, buck- ( thorn, and ivy. MOTHS. Spotted Muslin E Arctia mendica 8 94 Sloe, plantain. Nut-tree Tussock . Dcmas coryli . 6, 7& s. 10 10 Beech and other trees. Small Eggar . B Eriogaster lanestris 4 5-7 7-1 Hawthorn, sloe. Small T annpt ( Lasiocampa Hid- ) toman tappet . ,\ folia . . ) - 8 - f Sallow and whortle- ( berry. Kentish Glory ( Endromis vers i- ) 1 color . . ) 4 6,7 8-3 Birch. ( Sallow, hawthorn. Emperor . Saturnia carpini . 5 8 104 < bramble, heath, sloe, I &c. Brimstone. Rumia cratcegata . 4&9 6&9-S Hawthorn, sloe. Early Thorn . Selenia illunaria . 4&7 6&9 6&9-S j Oak, ash, willow, haw- 1 thorn. Lunar do. . E lunaria . O o 84 ( Oak, elm, ash, nut, haw- "1 thorn, sloe. Purple do. . E illustraria - 6 & 9-10 7 & 114 f Oak, ash, birch, heech, ( maple. Scalloped Hazel E f Odontopera bi- ) ( dentata . j 8,9 94 ( Oak, ash, nut, sallow, ( sloe. Belted Beauty . H Nyssia zonaria 5,6 69 Sea-reed. Brindled do. . . Biston hirtaria 4 6.7 9-3 ( Elm, ash, lime, and \ fruit-trees. Great Oak do.. .\{ A %%5& I*} 6,7 8-2 Oak, elm, birch, nut. Waved Umber E ^Hemerophila ab-\ (_ r-uptaria . I 6 94 Lilac, privet, rose. Fmrrnilprl ( Tephrosia cre-l Kngrailed. . . ( pusculariaS Pale Engrailed . biundularia . 5 8,9 6-9 10-1 10-3 ( Elm, poplar, willow, ( birch, and alder. Oak, birch, &c. Birch Mocha . E Ephyra pendularia 7 84 Birch. Grey Carpet . Aleucis pictaria 7? Sloe. Barred Umber. E ( Numeria pulve- ) 1 raria . . / - 7,8 94 Sallow, nut, privet. 28 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Netted Mountain > Moth . . E) Fidonia carbonaria ! 7 8-4 Birch, sallow. Bordered White . piniaria . 6 | 8,9 10-3 Larch and Scotch fir. March Moth . (Anisopteryx ~> 5,6 10-1 _( Oak, elm, lime, haw- ( thorn, apple. Mottled Grey . . 1 \ ^trtoaria" 1 * 1 ' \ 4 6 7-3 Bedstraw. Swiss Pug (" Eu/pithecia helve- \ (. ticata . ) 6 9 9-6 Juniper. Marbled do. irriguata 6 6 7-6 Oak and sloe. Burnet do. pimpinellata 6,7 6&9 9-6 Seeds of pimpernel. Common do. . vulgata . 5 7&9 8-5 ( Willow, hawthorn, rag- "( wort, golden-rod. Brindled Brown do. dodoneata . 5 6,7 7-5 Oak. Short do. . abbreviata . 5 6,7 7-5 Do. Double Striped do. . ,, pumttata 6-8 6&? 8-6 ( Flowers of chervil, ( gorse, clematis, &c. ( Flowers of bramble, V. do. coronata 6 7,8 8-6 ; golden-rod, clematis, Seraphim . $ Lobophora hex-\ (. apterata ) 8 ( &c. Poplar, sallow. Early-striped . lobulata 4 8 j Willow, sallow, honey - j i suckle. Barred do. ,, polycommata 4,5 6 Ash, honeysuckle. Grey Juniper Carpet Thera simulata 6&10 Juniper. Garden Carpet Melanippe fluctu ata - 6&9 - J Cabbage, horse-radish, I nasturtium, &c. Shoulder-stripe do. . Anticlea badiata . 3 6 7-3 Dog-rose. Streamer . derivata . 3,4 6 7-3 j Dog-rose and honey- ( suckle. Gem . H ( Camptofjramma ) \ fluviata . ) 7 8 9 j Spotted persicaria, ( groundsel. Autumn Green ") Carpet . . H) Cidaria miata. - 8 9 j Oak, birch, poplar, wil- < low, and alder. Water do. . suffumata - 9,10 3 j Ragwort and hedge ( bedstraw. Scalloped Hook- ) tip. . . Ef f Platypteryx la- ) \ certula . ) 6 6&8,9 - Birch. Scarce Kitten . Dicranura bicuspis 8-10 10-4 Birch, beech, and alder. Rannoch Sprawler . Petasia nubeculosa 4 5,6 Birch. Chocolate Tip . Clostera curtula 4&7 5&8,9 6&9-3 Poplar, sallow. Birch Prominent . Notodonta carmelita 6,7 8-3 Birch. Great do. . . E trepida . 8 94 Oak. Lunar Marbled E chaonia . 6-8 8-4 Do. Frosted Green . Cymatophora ridens 4 6,7 8 Do. Silver Cloud . ( Xylomigfs con- \ \ spicillaris . ) - 6-8 9-3 JBirdsfoot trefoil, and other low plants. Pearly Underwing. Agrotis saucia. - 11-1 & 7,8 - Dock, plantain, and other fow plants. Pine Beauty . Trachea piniperda. 6,7 8-2 Fir and pine. Hebrew Character . Tceniocampa gothica 4 5-8 7-3 j Oak, sallow, broom, ( lilac, and dock. White Letter Rustic Red Quaker . leucographa rubncosa . 4 4 6,7 5-7 8-3 8-3 Plantain. Elm and dock. Clouded Drab . instabilis 5-7 8-3 { Oak, willow, sallow, 1 dock. Northern do. . opima . 4 5-7 8-3 Willow, sallow, rose. Intermediate . populeti 4 6,7 7-3 Poplar. Common Quaker . stabilis 5-7 8-3 Oak. elm, and hawthorn. Lead-coloured Drab gracilis 5 5-7 8-3 ( Willow, sallow, and ( low plants. Blossom Under- ) wing . . j miniosa 4 5,6 7-3 Oak, birch, hawthorn. T Ou 1 ke POttCd " mun da 5,6 7-3 Oak, elm, poplar. Small do. . cruda . 5-7 8-3 ( Oak, sallow, nut. A can- \ nibal in confinement. APRIL PLANTS. 29 INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Chestnut . H Cerastis vaccinii . 6,7 Oak, elm, willow, sallow. Dark do. . . H spadicea . - 5,6 - ( Hawthorn, sloe, and "l honeysuckle. Large do. . . H f Scopelosojntt, sa- ~> 3 5,6 7,8 f Oak. A cannibal in _ TT ( itlili'lUf . J \ confinement. Orange \^ pper- 7 winsr * H ) Hoporina croceago 4 5,6 7 Do. Olive Rustic ! H Dasypolia templi . 3 4-7 8 Cow parsley. Green-brindled Dot }'aleria oleagina . 5,6 Sloe. Angle-shades . . SfMggf*~\ - 11-4 - f Broom, and many low ( plants. Early Grey . . i -Xylocampalitho-\ _ 6-8 10-3 Honeysuckle. Red Sword-grass H Calocampa vctusta 3,4 4-6 8 ( Poplar, and various ( low plants. Common do. H j exolcta 4 4-7 8 ( Campion, scabious, "( rest-harrow, dock, &c. Tawny Pinion . H Xylina conformis . 3 5,6 7,8 Birch and alder. Grey ot Sbocld^J ^ rhizolitha . _ 5-7 7,8 Oak. Dark Pinion . H scmibrunnca 7 8,9 Ash and willow. Pale do. . . H ,, petrificata . 5 5-7 8,9 Oak, birch, and lime. Mullein . . . Cucullia verbasci . 6,7 9 Mulleins and flgworts. Chamomile Shark S chamomillce j 5,6,8.8 84 f Chamomile,audflowers ( of feverfew. Orange Underwing Brcphos partheians 6-8 9-3 Birch, beech, oak. Pale do. do. . . notha . ! 6 Aspen, sallow. Silver Y . Plusia gamma . . 4&7-9 - ] Nettle, hop, and low ( plants. Herald . . H Gonoptcra libatrix 6,7 7,8 1 Poplar, willow, sallow, 1 &c. PLANTS. Popular Name. Wood Anemone, or) Windflower . $ Pasque-flower Lesser Celandine . Wood Crowfoot . Green Hellebore . Stinking do., or Bear's- ) foot . . . J Scientific Name. Anemone nemorosa pulsatilla Ranunculus Ficaria auricomus Helleborus viridis . foetidus. Localities. Woods Perfoliate Penny Cress Thlaspi perfoliatum Shepherd's Purse . Kock Hutchinsia . Danish Scurvy Grass Vernal Whitlow Grass Yellow Alpine do. do. . Coral-root Large-flowered Bitter) Cress ) Early Winter Cress Garlic-mustard, Jack-) by - the - hedge, or [ Sauce-alone . . ) Capsella Bursa-pastoi'it Hutchinsia Petrcea Cochlearia Danica . Draba Verna . aizoides Dentaria bulbifcra . Cardamine amara . Barbarea prcecox . , Alliaria offlcinalis . Duration. . Perennial. Banks, &c. Woods Do Do /"Limestone pastures in (. Rare ... A common weed Limestone rocks. Local Cliffs and hedges near sea Walls and dry banks ( Rocks and walls near > "( Swansea . . ) Woods. Rare . ( River banks. Not com- ) "( mon ) Damp waste places . Hedges, &c. Annual. Perennial, Biennial. . I Annual. THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Wall-flower . Cheiranthus Cheiri. Walls Biennial. Hairy Violet . Viola hirta Chalk and limestone soil Perennial. Woods and hedge-banks ,, Bogs and marshy ground Dog do canina . Woods and hedge-banks ( Old walls near Nor- j Jagged Chickweed Holosteum umbellatum . ( wich and Bury St. f Annual. ( Edmunds . . ) Common do. . Stellaria media A common weed . .1 Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Cerastium vulgatum Fields and roadsides . Little, or Five-sta- > mened Mouse-ear j semidccandrum W r aste places and walls . Dove's-foot Crane's-bill Geranium molle Fields and waste places . Furze, Gorse, or Whin . Ulex Europceus Commons and thickets . Shrub. Spring Vetch . Vicia lathyroides . Dry places .... Annual. Sloe, or Blackthorn ; ) Bullace, or Wild - Prunus communis . W r oods and hedges . . Small tree. Plum . . . ) Spring Cinquefoil . Potentilla verna Dry pastures . . . Perennial. Strawberry-leaved do. . Wild Pear Frayariastrum Pyrus communis . Banks and hedges . . Woods and hedges . . Tree. Gooseberry Jtiibcs grossularia . Hedges and thickets . Shrub. Purple Saxifrage . Saxifraga opposilifolia Mountain summits . . Perennial. Golden do. ( Chryosplenium alter- \ \ nifolium . . { Damp places. Rare . Chervil, or Cow Parsley Anthriscus sylvestris . Hedge-banks ... ,, Moschatel A doxa moschatellina Woods and hedge-banks Mistletoe .... Viscum album . Parasitic, chiefly on apple Corn Salad Fedia olitoria . A common weed .' . Annual. Dandelion . . . Lcontodon Taraxacum . Do. ..... Perennial Colt's-foot Tussilago Farfara . Clayey banks ... ,, Butter-bur Petasites vulgaris . River banks and wet meadows . . " Groundsel Scnecio vulgaris A common weed . . Annual. Daisy .... Bellis percnnis Pastures . . . . Perennial. Mediterranean Heath . Erica mediterranea West of Ireland . . , Shrub. Ash .... Fraxinus excelsior . \Voods and hedgerows . i Tree. ( Thickets and woods, ) Lesser Periwinkle . Vinca minor . -, especially in the - Perennial. ( West . . . J Spring Gentian Gentiana verna Mountains. Rare . . Early Forget-me-not . Jllyosotis collina Dry fields and walls . Annual. Toothwort Lathrcca Squamaria Parasitic on tree-roots . Perennial. Ivy -leaved Speedwell . Veronica hederifolia A common weed . . Annual. Germander Chickweed agrestis . Do BuxLaumii Fields ' , Vernal Speedwell . verna Dry fields. Scarce . . Yellow Fig-wort . Scrophularia vernalis . Shady places. Local . Biennial. Yellow Bugle, or / Ground-pine . $ Ajuga Chamcepitys. Chalky fields. Local . Annual. White Dead-nettle Lamium album Hedges and waysides . ' Perennial. Red do purpureum . A common weed . . Annual. Hen bit do. amplexicaule . Waste places . . . Ground Ivy Glechoma hedci'acea Hedge-banks . . . Perennial. Primrose .... Primula vulgaris . , Woods and banks . Oxlip .... elatior Thickets and pastures . Knot-grass Polygonum aviculare . A common weed . . Annual. Crow-berry, or Crake- > berry . . . j Empetrum nigrum . ( Bogs and mountainous) . c^^v [ heaths . . . j Shrub " Mercury .... Mercurialis perennis . Woods and thickets . Perennial. Wood Spurge . $ Euphorbia amygda-1 < loides . . . j W T oods .... Box Buxus sempervirens , Chalk hills. Very local . Shrub. Spring Water Starwort Cctllitriche verna Pools Annual. Common Elm . Ulmus Campestris . Woods and hedges . . Tree. White Birch . Betula alba Woods . . . 1 M Alder .... Alnus glutinosa Damp ground Purple W T illow Salix purpurea . . ', Damp fields Green-leaved Osier ,, rubra . . . i Meadows and osier-beds APRIL PLANTS. PLANTS (continued). 31 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Crack Willow Salix fragilis . . . I Marshy ground . . Tree. Bedford do. . . . : Russelliana . . Marshy woods Rosemary -leaved do. . rosinaritiifolia . Damp ground , Little Tree do. Creeping do. . ( 'ommon Osier viminalis . . Marshes ..... Long-leaved Willow . aciiminata . . Woods . . . . , Grey Sallow . cinerea . . . Do , Great do caprea . . . Hedges and thickets . , Dark-leaved Willow nigricans . . Woods . . . , Damson-leaved do. damascena . . Scotland ..... Laurel-leaved do. . Woolly do. , lanata . . . Highlands ..... White Poplar Populus alba . . . Damp woods .... Aspen tremula . . Do , Black Poplar nigra . . Damp ground .... Beech Fagus sylvatica . . Woods ..... Oak . . . Quercus pedunculata . Woods and hedge-rows . , Ha/el Corylus avellana . . Woods and thickets . Shrub. Hornbeam Carpinus Jietulus . . Woods .... Tree. Yew . . . Tajcus baccata . . . Woods on chalk soil . Spider Orchis Ophrys aranifera . . Chalk hills. Rare . . Perennial. Snake-head Iris Iris tuberosa . . . Not native. ... Butcher's Broom . Ruscus aculeatus . . Woods .... Spring Squill . Scilla verna . . . Sea-cliffs . . . . I Two-leaved do. ,, bifolia . . . Woods. Doubtful native Star of Bethlehem 5" Oi-nithogalum umbel- \ j Meadow and pastures. ) 1 lutui/t . . . ) ( Naturalised. . J " Yellow Gagea rnnen lutrn * Damp thickets and ) I (*agealutea . . . H pastures- LocaL } Wild Tulip . Tulipa sylvestris . . Chalky fields. Local . Fritillary, or Snake's-) head Lily . . 5 Fritillaria Meleagris . Damp meadows. Scarce ,, Wood Hairy-Rush. Luzulapilosa . Woods .... Field do campestris . Heaths and dry pastures Glaucous Sedge Carex stricta . Marshes .... Vernal do. prcecox . Dry heaths and pastures Fox-tail Grass Alopecurus pratensis . Pastures .... Bulbous Meadow-grass Poa bulbosa . . Sandy ground . Annual do. annua Waste ground . . . Annual. Knappia agrostidea Sandy sea-side pastures . FERNS. Black Maidenhair) Spleenwort . . j I Asplenium Adian-~> \ tum-nigrum. . ) Shady places . . . Perennial. MAT. GENERAL HINTS. PALIVGS and tree-trunks as in April, only you must be up earlier, as the moths seldom remain on the fences after the sunbeams have touched them. Pupa-digging may be abandoned during this month, but roots of weeds and grasses must be examined. In May you may begin to beat for caterpillars as well as use the sweep-net. In April beating would be comparatively valueless, as the trees are not in full leafage, and consequently could not harbour caterpillars. Spread a sheet beneath the branches to be beaten, and do not thrash promiscuously among the leaves, but strike the branches themselves smartly, and the caterpillars will mostly be dislodged by the sudden shock. Shaking is often as good as beating, and is neater. Cut a tolerably stout forked stick, and tie it firmly to the end of a long rod. If you place the fork of the stick under the branch to be shaken, and then jerk it sharply upwards, the insects will be dislodged quite as effectually as if the branch were struck. It is as well to have four or five rods which can be tied together. But a common fishing-rod, such as can be bought for a few pence in the Lowther Arcade or any similar place, will answer admirably for shaking branches. If such a rod be used, the top joint can be removed, and the forked stick substituted for it. Grass-feeding caterpillars are now becoming plentiful, but as a rule should be taken by hand, and not by sweeping. Whatever may be the caterpillars, you must watch them carefully, lest any of the cannibal species should be among them. The havoc which cannibals will make among both caterpillars and pupae is appalling, and the collector must eject such creatures without delay. The worst of them seems to be that of the Dunbar Moth (Cosmia trapezina), but there are others, such as the Sprawler (Petasla cassinea), the Streak (Chesias spartiata), and the large Chestnut Moth (Scopelosoma satellitia), which are nearly as bad. Treacling is generally so unproductive in this month that it may be abandoned. There is, however, another mode of attracting moths which is very effective, as far as male specimens are concerned, and which is popularly called " Sembling." With all moths the males are powerfully attracted to the female, and have the power of discovering her at great distances. Some entomologists have thought that the moths possess a peculiar sense, unknown to us, by which they discover the female ; but I doubt whether this is the case, inasmuch as the males never seem to fly with the wind towards the female, but always against it. If the collector happens to breed a female Emperor, Oak-eggar, or the Vapourer, he should at once isolate her. The two last species, by the way, are summer inoths. Then let him put her in a box covered with gauze a gauze cafe is better still C 34 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. and take her out in the fields, especially if woods be near. The number of males which will come after her is astonishing, and so fearless are they when in search of the female that they have been known to crawl into a pocket in which was a box containing a female. The splendid Kentish Glory (Endromis versicolor), now scarcely ever found in Kent, is one of the sembling species, and when a collector is fortunate enough to breed a female larva, he may make tolerably sure of securing a number of males by sembling. That happy hunting-ground of entomologists, Rannoch Wood in Perthshire, is a favourite haunt of the Kentish Glory. In May the net begins its work. Outsiders seem to think that every moth and butterfly which they see in a collection is caught by the net, whereas, as I have shown, the pill-box takes many more insects than the net. Butterflies, however, are too active for the pill-box, and for them we must use the net. Much depends on the kind of net. It is as impossible to catch a swift butter- fly with a heavy clumsy net, as to hit an eight-inch bull's-eye at a thousand yards with an old flint musket. In order to enable the butterfly-hunter to make the sharp, quick stroke on which success depends, his net must be light, springy, and strong. Cane nets are just the reverse, and besides are always working them- selves loose in the Y in which they are inserted, whether it be brass or tin. The umbrella net is a great improvement on the cane net, but it is needlessly costly, and there is too much elaboration about it. True, it can be shut up and put into a case, so as to delude people into the idea that it is an umbrella, but no real entomologist ought to be ashamed of his net, or want to deceive people by making it on the semblance of an umbrella. Yet it has the advantages of lightness and strength, though not to such an extent as a net which any one with the use of his hands can make in half an hour or less with the same materials. Old umbrellas are common enough, and so are common oak walking-sticks, such as can be bought for fourpence each. Now, an umbrella has eight ribs, and with one umbrella and four sticks, four net-frames can be made. First, bind the end of the stick with fine copper wire, so as to prevent it from splitting. Then bore a hole through the stick rather more than half an inch from the end, and a corresponding hole a foot below it. Take one of the umbrella spokes, having of course removed the central swivel, bend it, and push one end through each hole, making them project about a quarter of an inch. Do the same with a second spoke, but on the opposite side, and you will have the rough framework of the net. It will not be circular, but oval, which is a very much better form. Drive little wooden wedges as firmly as possible into the holes, so as to tighten the spokes, and secure them with the fine copper wire. The strength combined with lightness of such a frame is delightful, and it is as elastic as it is strong. The net itself should be longer than is usually made. For example, a very excellent net now before me is four feet four inches in circumference, and two feet six inches in depth. The reason for this depth will presently be seen, and the net should be cut so as to have no corners. As for the material, there is nothing which can be even compared with mosquito net, which can be purchased at almost any good draper's shop. No one who has ever tried mosquito net will use anything else. It is light, so strong that it is not readily torn, and if torn can be mended on the spot even without a needle MAY GENERAL HINTS. 35 and thread. Its mesh is so large that the air has a free passage through it, and the insect when captured can be easily seen. It has also the advantage of cheapness, for the best mosquito net (and I do not recommend any but the best) is fifteen pence per yard, and the yard is two yards and a half in width. As to the " leno " which is almost invariably the material in purchased nets, it is, in my opinion, about the very worst that could have been devised, especially if it be green. Dealers always recommend the green nets because they are thought to be not so conspicuous as white nets ; but then the dealers are not, as a rule, practical entomologists. The colour of the net matters nothing, as far as capturing the insect goes, but the less colour the better, as it prevents the entomologist from seeing the insect when it is captured. Then leno is a peculiarly fragile fabric. It has no definite meshes like mosquito net, and when torn cannot be mended without much trouble. Gauze is nearly but not quite as troublesome as leno. Do not fasten the net directly upon the frame, but cover the latter loosely with stout tape, and sew the net to the tape. Otherwise the net will be worn away by the friction against the frame. In case of a new net, it will be advisable to soak it in boiling water, and rub it well between the hands as soon as the water is cool enough. This will make the net soft and pliable, a new net being mostly stiff and awkward at first. A few words must be said about the stroke, which is exactly opposite to that which is employed in sweeping. Do not strike at all, in the sense of delivering a blow, but get the net as near the insect as possible, just strike, as the angler strikes when he hooks a fish, and with a quick turn of the wrist easily learned but not to be described double ih end of the net over the ring. It will lie quite flat, the insect will be kept from fluttering by the pressure of the net, and if the handle be put under the arm, both hands will be at liberty to kill or release the creature, as the case may be. As a rule, butterfly-hunters use far more exertion than they need, just as is the case with young tennis-players. At least three-quarters of the running may be saved by understanding the ways of the insect, and there are some which are so swift and agile that no human legs can keep pace with them. Several butterflies will fly swiftly in one direction, and then, without any apparent reason, double on their track and come back again. Even if the insect should fly over a hedge or a wall, there is no reason for despairing of it, as it may probably return in a few minutes. I remember one case, where a lad saw a Camberwell Beauty in a garden near my house. He had no net with him, and it flew away. He went into the house, fetched his net, and before very long the insect came back and was caught. Avoid windy days for butterfly-hunting. The wings of the insect are so large and the body so small, that it is whirled away by every gust, and the net has no chance against it. Bright, sunny days with very little wind are the best, but we do not have many of them in the course of an ordinary summer. Dull days, how- ever, can be utilised, as the butterflies are apt to hang on the under surface of leaves and can be shaken off, while the moths lurk in the grass and can be kicked out. Even at night the butterflies may be taken as they hang upon the leaves. If there be a hedge, always keep to the leeward of it, and if the sun and wind be opposite to each other, so much the better. 36 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Look out for Clearwing Moths on leaves, especially those of the currant. They are fond of basking in the sunshine, and can be easily taken. Lamps and light will be very attractive in this month, and there is a most effective self-acting instrument called the American Moth Trap, which moths can enter, but from which they cannot, or at least do not, escape. The principle is simple enough. There is a lamp, for attracting the moths, placed in a box- Then there are plates of glass arranged diagonally, through which the lamp can be seen. The moths fly to the light, flutter along the first diagonal glass until they reach the end, when they come against another glass which lands them in the trap. They never think of flying away from the light, and are consequently secured. This trap is rather expensive, costing from thirty shillings to two guineas. The price is not excessive, as it is a complicated piece of machinery. But a friend of mine has invented a very simple moth trap, the cost of which is only five shillings, exclusive of a lamp and reflector, and which is so effective that he has found more than forty moths in it when he inspected it in the morning. It is a box, about three times as long as broad, with one end open. It lies on its side, and at the back is the lamp with its reflector. A plate of glass is fixed upright in front of the lamp, so as to keep the moths from making their way into it. At the mouth of the trap are the three diagonal plates. They are set on their edges, reach from top to bottom of the box, and are arranged thus : f The asterisk represents the lamp with the it. The line in front of it represents the plate, and the others the diagonal plates, were tried, but the third was added for \ 7 \ reflector behind upright glass Two diagonals the sake of safety. May is the very best month for bird's eggs, and if the collector will spend the time in bird-nesting which he would have employed in pupa-digging, he ought to add largely to his cabinet. INSECTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Swallowtail . E Papilio Machaon . 6 6-8 84 ( Wild carrot, fennel, and ( marsh milk-parsley. Wood White . ( Leucophasia si-\ , RS , \ napis . . |5,6&8 6&9.107&94 j Bird's-foot trefoil, and "(. tufted vetch. Blackveined do. Pieris cratcegi 6 84 D ( Hawthorn, sloe, and "( fruit trees. Large do. brassicce 5&8 6&9 7&94 ( Cabbage, &c., and nas- "( turtium. Small do. . rapce 5&8 RXrQ i itr (LA ' Turnip, cabbage, &c., i "( and nasturtium. Greenveined do. napi 5&8 6&9 v BT o-A * Rape, and other cruet* 1K j( ferce. Bath do. . . Daplidice . 5&8 6&9 7 &94 ( Weld and wild migno- 1 nette. Orange Tip ( Anthocharis car- ~> \ damines . )" 5 7 74 j Lady's-smock, treacle- \ mustard. Brimstone or Sul- ) phur . . f Gonepteryx rhamni 4 6,7 7 Buckthorn. Pearl - bordered ) Fritillary . ] _( Argynnis Euph- \ \ rosyne . > 6 74 i Dog and other violets. MAY INSECTS. 37 INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Fool-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Small Pearl - bor- ) dered Fritillary / Argynnis Selene 6 7-5 5 Dog and other violets. Greasy Fritillary . Melitoea Artemis . 6 8-4 t { Plantain, devil's - bit ( scabious. Glanville do. . Cinxia . 6 7-5 5 Narrow-leaved plantain. shrill Tortolse ^ | Vanessa polychloros 5, s. 10 s.10-5,6 - i f Elm, aspen, osier, wil- ! i low, and fruit trees. Camberwell Antiona 5 f* rj j Birch, poplar, willow, Beauty . . H f " 6, 7 7 ( and nettle. Peacock H lo . . 4, 5 6,7 7 Nettle. Red Admiral . H ,, Atalanta . 5 6.7 7 Do. Painted Lady . H cardui . 6 6-9 7-9 f Thistles, nettle, mallow ( and scarlet bean. Wall .... Satyrus Megcera . 5 & 8 6,7&9-4 4 & 7 Grasses. Small Heath . . j V pam^hSus. } 5 " 7 5, 6 & 8 4 & 7 Do. Brown Argus . . Lyccena Agestis . 5&87, & 9-4 4 & 7 , Hemlock stork's bill. Common Blue . E Alexis . 5&9 4 & 8 5 & 8 ; Bird's-foot trefoil, &c. Clifton do. . . Adonis . 5&105&7, 8 5&8 Tufted horse-shoe vetch. L ford Bm'e r ^E } " ^Isus . . 6 7-3 4 Kidney vetch. Holly or Azure do. Argiolus . 5&8 6 &9 7 & 10-4 -! F1 t 1 ^^ s ^ hoUjr> buck " Duke of Burgun-) Nenleobius Lucina . 6 7-9 8-5 iiivji 11, i r j . Primrose. dy . . . i, ) Grizzled Skipper . Syrichthus Alveolus 5 6 f Wild raspberry, brarn- \ ble, silver weed. Dingy do. . . .1 Thanaos Tages 5&8 7&9-4 5&8 Bird's-foot trefoil. Large do. . Hesperia sylvanus. 5&7 5&7 Grasses. MOTHS. Eyed Hawk . M Smerinthus ocellatus _ 8,9 9-5 ( Poplar, willow, sallow, ( apple. Poplar do. . M Lime do. . . M populi . tilice 5 8 8 9-5 9-5 Poplar, sallow, willow. Elm, lime, beech. Small Elephant do. . . . M f Choerocampa \ \ porcellus . ) - 8,9 10-5 f Bedstraws and willow ( herbs. Humming - bird Hawk . . E j Macroglossa stel- \_ 1 r ( latarum . j 8,9 - Hedge bedstraw. Broad - bordered Bee Hawk . fuciformis 6 7,8 9-5 f Scabious, honeysuckle, t bedstraw. Narrow - bordered .. bombvliformis _ 7,8 Scabious. do. ... " " Apple do. . . , 1 Sesia Myopceformis 4,5 5 ( In stems of apple, pear, t plum, hawthorn. Birch do. . .El,, culiciformis . 4 5 In birch and alder. Yellow Belted do. . -, cynipiformis . 4,5 5 In bark of oak, &c. Alder do. . . . 1 sphegiformis . 4 5 In young shoots of alder. Hornet do. . E apiformis 94 5 In stems of poplar. Livid Swift . . Hepialus lupulinus 6,7 8-5 5 In roots of dead nettle. Scarce Forester . i Procris Geryon 5 5,6 Sun Cistus. L !^ches BlaCk ^} ^olacristulalis . 5 5 Oak. Orange Footman . Lithosia aureola . 9-5 Red-necked do. . .. rubricollis 8-10 3 Lichens on larch & oak. Lichens on larch, &c. Wood Tiger . E Ruby do. . Cheloniaplantaginis Arctia fuliginosa . , 84 4&8 5 Plantain, violets, &c. , a ( Nettle, plantain, dock, *" 8 "( and grasses. Spotted Muslin . mendica Buff Ermine . . lubricipeda. 8 8 94 Sloe, plantain. 9-5 Plantain and nettle. White do. . . menthastri . - 8 ne. f Nettle, and various ( plants. Hop Dog . Orgyia pudibunda 5,6 8,9 qj j Oak, beech, nut, haw- "l thorn, hop. Fox Moth Bombyx Rubi . 9-5 Heath and bramble. ,, T ( Lasiocampa ui- > Small Lappet . . . j ^folia v . / - 8 Sallow & whortleberry. ! rSallow, hawthorn, Emperor . . . Saturnia carpini . 5 8 10-4 < bramble, heath, sloe, C &c. Little Thorn . Epione advenaria . 5, 6 8 i Dogwood and wild rose. 38 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Brimstone Rumia cratcegata . 4&9 6&9-S Hawthorn, sloe. Spotted Yellow Venilia maculata . 9 Nettle. Scorched Wing - 1 {*" f^ J - 8,9 10-5 ( Oak, beech, birch, and ( aspen. Lunar Thorn . Selenia lunaria 8 8-4 _( Oak, elm, ash, nut, "i hawthorn, sloe, &c. Purple do. illustraria . - 6&9.10 7#-ii_i 1 Oak, ash, birch, beech, ' "TH maple. Scalloped Hazel ( Odontopera bi- ) ( dentata . | - 8,9 o i f Oak, ash, nut, sallow, "( sloe. Brindled Beauty B Biston hirtaria 4,5 6,7 no J Elm, ash, lime, and "( fruit trees. Pepper J Amphidasis be- ) ( tidaria . f 8-10 10 4 j Oak, elm, birch, beech, ( alder, hawthorn. Waved Umber / Hemerophila ab- \ ( ruptaria . ) - 6 94 Lilac, privet, and rose. Ringed Beauty Boarmia cinctariu 6 9 Heath. Square Spot En->_ ( Tephrosia conso- ) 5,6 7-9 104 Oak. beech, birch. grailed . ( i nana . t Pale Engrailed biundularia 5 6-9 10-3 Oak, birch, &c. Grey Birch Small GrassEmerald punctulata . Nemoria viridata . 6 8,9 8 104 94 Birch and alder. Hawthorn, bramble. Little Emerald K ; lodis lactearia 9 10-5 Oak, birch. False Mocha . M , Evhyra vorata 9 94 Oak. Maiden's Blush M punctaria . 6 7-9 84 Do. Clay Treble-lines M trilinearia . 8-10 94 Beech. Mocha . . M omicronaria 8-10 Maple, beech. Dingy do. . . M orbicularia 8 Sallow, alder. Birch do. . pendularia . 7 84. Birch. Purple Bordered ) Gold . . / Hyria auroraria . 8-5 5,6 Plantain. Small Yellow Wave Asthena luteata 8-10 Maple. Small White do. . i candidata . 4 Hornbeam. Blomer*s do. . . Blomeraria Lace Border . . ' Acidalia ornata . 7 8,9 7s.-4 10-6 Wych elm. Marjoram, thyme. Cream Wave E remutata 84 Low plants. Common W T hite do. Cabcra pusaria 7-9 - j Oak, birch, nut, alder, 1 and sallow. Round-winged do. . rotundaria 9 Birch, sallow. Dingy White do. . exanthemaria 10 10-5 Sallow and alder. Clouded Silver . Corycia temerata . 6 7,8 94 ( Sloe, wild cherry, buck- ( thorn. SpottedPinionWave taminata . 7 ( Sallow, wild cherry, \ buckthorn. Peacock . Macaria notata 9 Sallow. Tawny-barred Angle liturata . 9 104 Larch, Scotch fir. Latticed Heath .; Strenia clathrata . 104 Lucerne, sainfoin. Brown Silver Line Panagra petraria . 5 6 Bracken. Barred Umber . Numeria pulveraria 7,8 94 Sallow, nut, .privet. G Bar . Scallop< ; d E } Scodiona Belgiaria 6,7 84 5 Heath. Moth Moumalr 1 Fidonia carbonaria 7 84 Birch, sallow. Common Heath M atomaria . 7-4 Knapweeds and trefoils. Bordered White . piniaria . 6 8,9 10-3 Larch and Scotch fir. Drab Looper . Minoa eupharbiata 7 8,9 10-5 Cypress spurge. Belle . . M Sterrha sacraria . 8 6&9 Dock, chamomile. Purple Bar . Lythria purpuraria 8? _ Dock, knotgrass. Rest Harrow E Aplasta ononaria . 4 & 9 Rest harrow. Yellow Belle M Aspilates dtraria . 5 & 8 7 & 10 8 Trefoils and wild carrot. Scorched Carpet . Ligdia adustata .5-7 5, 6, 7 94 Spindle. Clouded Border . * Lomaspilis mar- \ ( gmata - 6&9 Sallow, willow, poplar. Horse-Chestnut f {^^SeiSmSaHa 9-5 Heath. Mottled Green ) ( Larentia pectini- 8 Q (Alder and hedge bed- Carpet . . / \ taria . 8, 3 ( straw. Grass Rivulet . . Emmelesia albulata 6 8,9 104 Seeds of yellow rattle. MAY -INSECTS. 39 INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. rood-plants. MOTHS. Pretty Pinion . f Emmdesia blan- ~> \ diata . . j - 9 - Eyebright. ("Seed-capsules of blad- Netted Pug . Eupithecia venosata 5&6 7 8-5 < der campion & white C campion. Pinion Spotted do. consignata . 5,6 6 94 Oak, nut, and fruit trees. Beautiful do. . linariata 6 8 94 j Flowers of yellow toad- ] flax. Red do. . pulchellata . 6 7 9-4 Flowers of foxglove. " ( Flowers and seeds of Lime Speck do. centaureata . 5,6 8,9 9-5 J yarrow, ragwort, gol- (. den-rod, angelica, &c. Lead do. . . E ,, plumbeolata 5 7,8 7-5 j Flowers of yellow cow- 1 wheat. Dwarf do. pygmceata . 6 6,7 f. o f Flowers of greater 1 stitch wort. Swiss do. . ,, helreticata . 6 9 9-6 Juniper. Beech do. . satyrata . 5, 6 9 9-6 Scabious and bedstraws. Grey do. . ,, castigata . 5, 6 8-10 9-5 ( Heath, nettle, golden- "( rod, &c. Larch do. . ,, lariciata . 6, 7 7 9-6 Larch and spruce fir. Golden Rod do. ; ,, virgaureata. 6 8,9 9-6 Flowers of golden rod. (Flowers and seeds of White Spotted do. . ,, albipunctata 6,7 9 9-6 -; wild angelica and Spruce do. pusillata 5,6 6,7 7-5 ( cow parsley. Spruce fir. Marbled do. irriguata . 6 6 7-6 Oak and sloe. Burnet do. pimpinellata 6, 7 6&9 9-6 Seeds of pimpernels. Ash do. . . E ,, fraxinata . 8 8,9 104 Ash. Ochreous do. . indigata 5,6 7 7-5 Juniper and Scotch fir. Narrow- winged do. ,, nanata . 7 8,9 9-5 Flowers of heath. Common do. . vulgata 5 7-9 8-5 ( Willow, hawthorn, rag- 1 wort, golden-rod. Currant do. . . ! assimilata . 6,7 9,10 9-6 Hop and black currant. Brindled Brown do. j dodoneata . 5 6,7 7-5 Oak. . _ SAsh, alder, hawthorn, Mottled do. exiguata 6 9, 10 9-6 blackcurrant, sallow, &c. Double Striped do. . pumilata 6-8 6& 8-6 f Flowers of chervil, 1 gorse, clematis, &c. ( Flowers of bramble, V. do. . . coronata 6 7,8 8-6 i golden-rod, clematis, I &c. Small Seraphim Lobophora sexalata 9 10-5 Willow and sallow. Seraphim . hexapterata 8 1 Poplar, sallow. Brindle - barred ~> ,.,wf// 7 8 Q-T 1 Privet and herb Chris- Yellow . . M f : /, o t7-J "( topher. Grey Juniper Carpet Thera simulaia 6&10 Juniper. March Highflyer . Ypsipetes ruberata 6 4 Alder, sallow, bilberry. May do. . impluviata 8,9 3, 4 Sallow, alder. Purple Barred ) Carpet . . f Melanthia ocellata 6 7,8 8-5 Bedstraws. Beautiful do. . albicillata 5 8,9 9-5 j Bramble and raspberry. Bordered Chalk do. ( Melanippe pro- \ ( cellata . ) 7 8,9 10-5 i Clematis. Common do. subtristata 6 & 9 6&94 Hedge bedstraw. Silver Ground do. . montanata 6-8 10-3 4 Primrose. Bedstraw do. . galiata 7&9 S&9-4 Smooth heath bedstraw. Garden do. fluctuata . 6,7&9 s p. f Cabbage, horse-radish, ( nasturtium, &c. Streamer . A nticlea derivata . 3,4 6 ,- o ( Dog-rose and honey- \ suckle. Barberry Carpet ,, berberata. 6&9 Barberry. Flame do. ( Coremia propug- > \ nata . ) - 9 - Primrose. Red Twin-spot do. . Dark-barred Twin- ) spot do. . . j" ferrugata . unidentata . 5&8 7&9 8 ( Bedstraws, chickweed, ( and ground ivy. 4 Bedstraws. 40 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Gem . H / Camptofframma \ "l fluviata . \ 7 8 9 j Spotted persicaria, "( groundsel, &c. Oblique Striped ) Carpet . . E f j Phibalapteryx \ '( lignata . J 7&9 8&104 - White water bedstraw. Small Waved ), Umber . . ) vitalbata . - - - Clematis. Tissue Scotosia certata ._- 6,7 Barberry. Autumn Green ) Carpet . . H f Cidaria miata - 8 9 ( Oak, birch, poplar, ( willow, and alder. Broken Bar . . corylata . 6 8,9 Lime, sloe, and nut. Marbled Carpet . russata . <;* 7j&-ini 7jfc-<; (Birch, hawthorn, sal- 7 & 5 j ( low, and strawberry. Water do. ... suffumata . - 9,10 3 ( Ragwort and hedge ( bedstraw. Small Phoenix . silaceata . - 7&9 7 & 10-6 j Willow herbs, and en- ( chanter's nightshade. Phoenix ... prunata . 74 5,6 6 ( Sloe, currant, goose- V berry. Oblique Striped . Eubolia lineolata . 5&8 5,6&9 7&10-5 ellow bedstraw. Treble Barred . . Anaitis plagiata . 7&104 - ( Perforated St. John's \ wort. Chevron . Chesias obliquaria 7-9 9-1 Broom. Scalloped Hook Tip f Platypteryx la- \ \ certula . )" 6 6&s. 8,9 - Birch. Scarce do. . E sicula 5,6 Oak, birch, and lime. Pebble do. falcula . 7&10 - _( Birch, oak, poplar, "( willow, and alder. Oak do. . hamida . 6&9 Oak, birch. Beech do. . unguicula 6 7 & 9-10 Beech. Goose Egg Cilix spinula . - 5,6&7 6&7 ( Hawthorn, sloe, moiin- "( tain ash. Scarce Kitten . Common do. . Dicranura bicuspis furcula 8-10 6-9 10-5 9-5 Birch, beech, and alder. Sallow, willow, poplar. Broad Barred do. . Puss .... bifida . vinula . 6 6 7-9 7,8 9-5 8-5 Poplar. Willow, poplar, sallow. Buff Tip . Pygcera bucephala. 6 7-9 10-5 ( Lime, elm, willow, sal- "( low, oak, beech, nut. Chocolate Tip . Clostera curtula . i&7 5&8,9 6&9-3 Poplar, sallow. Small do. do. . reclusa . 7&9 Poplar, willow, sallow. Dusky Prominent . Gluphisia crenata . 8 Poplar. Pale do. . Ptilodontis palpina - 7&9 7&1M ( Willow, sallow, birch, "( poplar. ( Oak, beech, birch, Cock's Comb do. Notodonta camelina. 6&- 7&9 10-5 ( alder, aspen, maple, ( sallow, nut, &c. Maple do. . , ( Gloucestershire . ; Shepherd's Purse . Capsella Bursa-pastoris i A common weed Teesdalia. Teesdalia nudicaulis . Dry banks. Scarce. M Common Scurvy Grass Cochlearia officinalis Sea-shores .... MAY PLANTS. PLANTS (continued). 43 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. English Scurvy Grass . Danish do. do. Cochlearia A nglica Danica Sea-shores .... Cliffs and hedges near sea Annual. Vernal Whitlow Grass Draba vcrna . . Walls and dry banks ,, Speedwell-leaved do. do. muralis ( Limestone mountains. ). "( Not common . / Coral-root Dentaria bulbifera. Woods. Rare . Perennial. Large-flowered Bitter Cress . Cardamine amara . Banks of rivers, &c. H Cuckoo - flower, or Ladies' Smock . Narrow-leaved Bitter pratensis . impatiens . Meadows .... ( Damp rocks in Scot- ) j land and North of f Annual. v/ress ( England. Rare . ) Smooth Tower Mustard Turritis glabra j Banks, chiefly in Nor- ) ( folk and Suffolk . / Common Winter Cress Barbarea vulgaris . Damp waste ground Perennial. Early do. do. . ,,, prcecox . Do Biennial. Thale Cress, or Wall ) Cress . . . J Sisymbrium thalianum Dry banks and walls Annual. Garlic Mustard, Jack- ) by - the - hedge, or > Alliaria officinalis . Hedges, &c. ,, Sauce-alone . ) Hoary Shrubby Stock . Matthiola incana . . . Shore of Isle of Wight . Perennial. Wild Mustard, or \ Cherlock . . ) Sinapis arvensis . j A common weed in \ ( corn-fields, &c. . j Annual. ( Mountain rocks in ^ Hoary Rock Rose . Helianthemum canum . < Wales and North of / Perennial. ( England Hairy Violet . Viola hirta . . , Chalk and limestone soil jt Marsh do. , palustris Bogs and marshy ground Dog do , canina . W T oods and hedge-banks Pansy, or Heartsease . tricolor . Cultivated fields Annual. Red Robin, or Campion Lychnis diurna Hedges and banks . Perennial. Evening Campion . vespertina. Do >5 Annual Pearl-wort Sagina apetala Dry places .... Annual. Sea do maritime/, . f Sea-shore, and summit )_ \ of Ben Nevis . j ,, Upright Moenchia . Mcenchia erecta Sandy places Wood Starwort Stellaria nemorum . Damp woods Perennial. Chickweed media A common weed Annual. Greater Stitchwort, 1 Satin-flower, or Ad- Holostca . Hedge-banks . Perennial. der's Meat . Three-nerved Sandwort Arenaria trinervis . Moist woods Annual. Thyme-leaved do. . , serpyllifolia . Dry banks and walls , ? Spring, or Vernal do. . , verna Mountain pastures . Perennial. Alpine do. , rubella . Mountains. Very rare . ' Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Cerastium vulgatum Fields and road-sides Annual. Narrow-leaved do. , viscosum Do Perennial. Four-cleft do. . , tetandrum . Walls near sea . Annual. Common Maple Acer campestre Woods and hedges . Tree. Sycamore, or Greater ) Pseudo-platanus Do Maple f Dusky Crane's-bill Geranium phoeum . ( Woods and thickets. \ ( Rare . . . ) Perennial. Herb Robert . Robertianum Road-sides and hedges . Annual. Dove's - foot Crane's- ) bill. f molle Fields and waste places . Small-flowered do. pusillum Do. . Jagged do. dissectum Do ,, Sea Stork's-bill Erodium maritimum . ( Sandy sea-shores, and ) \ at Dartmoor. Scarce f Perennial. Wood Sorrel . Oxalis A cetosella . Woods and shady places Spindle Tree . Euonymus Europceus . Hedges, &c. Shrub. Common Buckthorn Rhamnus catharticus . W T oods and thickets Alder do Frangula Do. . . . Furze, Gorse, or Whin . Ulex Europceus Commons and thickets . ?j Green-weed, or Petty ) Whin I Genista Anglica Heaths and moors '. Hairy do. . pilosa . Heathy places. Rare , 44 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Broom .... Spotted Medick . . Cytisus scoparius . Aledicago maculata . Woods and heaths . Fields Shrub. Annual. White or Dutch > Clover, or Trefoil J Purple do. Trifolium repens . pratense . Meadows .... Do Perennial. Subterraneous Trefoil . Wood Bitter Vetch ,, subterrancum Vicia orobus . Dry banks and fields Rocky woods in North . Dry places .... Annual. Perennial. Annual. j Woods and shady ) Perennial. Bitter Vetch . Horse-shoe Vetch' . Sloe, or Blackthorn ; ) Bullace, or Wild V Plum . . . j Bird Cherry Orobus tuberosus . Hippocrepis comosa Pmnus communis . ( hedges j Woods .... Chalky banks . Woods and hedges . Do . Small tree. Wild Cherry . Red do Spring Cinquefoil . Trifld do Strawberry-leaved do. . Wood Strawberry . Raspberry Field Lady's Mantle, ) or Parsley Piert . j Burnet Rose . Wild Pear Crab Apple avium Cerasus Potentilla verna tridcntata . Fragariastrum Fragaria vesca Rubus Idceus . Alchemilla arvensis Rosa spinosissima . Pyrus communis Do Do Dry pastures Mountains. Very rare . Banks and hedges . Woods and thickets Rocky woods . A common weed Waste places . Woods and hedges . Do. . Tree. Shrub. Perennial. Shrub. Annual. Shrub. Tree. Wild Service Tree. Do ** Mountain Ash.S Quicken, Rowan, or > Fowler's Tree . j Medlar .... aucuparia . Mespilus Germanica Mountainous woods Hawthorn, White- \ thorn, or May . ) White Bryony Four-leaved All-seed . Mossy Tilloea . Red Currant . Rock do Cratcegus Oxyacantha . Bryonia dioica 1 Polycarpon tetra \ \ phyllum . j TiUcea muscosa Ribes rubrum . Thickets and hedges Hedges .... ( South coast. Not com- ) 1 mon j Sandy wastes . Woods in the North Do Perennial. Annual. Shrub. Acid Mountain do. Tasteless Mountain ) do J Gooseberry Meadow Saxifrage Rue-leaved do. Moss do Palmate do. . Broad-flowered do. spicatum alpinum grossularia , Saxifraga granulata . tridactylites muscoides . ccBspitosa platypetala . Yorkshire mountains Mountain woods Woods and thickets Meadows .... Walls and dry places Highland mountains Mountains. Do Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Ladies' Cushion Long-stalked Saxifrage Geranium-leaved do. . Opposite-leaved Gol- ) den do. f Marsh Pennywort, or )_ nypnoides . elongella pedatifida . j Chrysosplenium op- ) ( positifolium . J Do Damp rocks. Rare . Scotch mountains . Damp places Do ' White-rot . . j Wood Sanicle . Honewort Masterwort . Knotted Hedge Parsley Chervil, or Cow Parsley Common Chervil . Sweet Cicely . Alexanders Mistletoe .... Sanicula Europcea . Trinia glaberrima . Peucedanum Ostruthium Torilis nodosa . Anthriscus sylvestris . vulgaris Myrrhis odorata . Smyrnium Olusatrum . Viscum album . Woods .... Limestone rocks J Damp pastures. Doubt- /. \ ful native . . ) Fields and banks Hedge-banks . Banks and road-sides North of England . j Sea - side and waste ). 1 ground f ( Parasitic, chiefly on ) \ apple ) Annual. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Biennial. Perennial. MAY PLANTS. PLANTS (continued). 45 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Perfoliate Honeysuckle Lonicera Caprifolium . Woods. Rare . Shrub. Linncea .... J innoea Borealis . . Northern pine woods Perennial. Goosegrass, or Cleavers Galium Aparine Hedge-banks . Annual. Corn Salad Fedia olitoi'ia . A common weed n Purple Goafs-beard, ) or Salsify . . / Tragopogon porrifolius | D S3&?* do T ! " Not } Biennial. Dandelion Leontodon Taraxacum. A common weed Perennial. Mouse-ear Hawkweed . Hieracium Pilosella Dry places .... Butter-bur Petasites vulgaris . f River-banks and wet ) \ meadows . . f Groundsel Scnecio vulgaris A common weed Annual. Field Flea wort Cineraria campestris . Fields Perennial. Greater Leopard's-bane ( Doronicum plantagi- \ \ neum j ( Damp woods. Doubt- ) \ ful native . . J Daisy .... Bellis perennis Pastures .... M Golden Milfoil Achillea tomentosa ( Dry hill pastures. \ \ Scarce j Bilberry, or Whortle- ) berry j Vaccinium Myrtillus . Heaths .... Shrub. Bog Whortleberry uliginosum . Northern bogs . Cowberry Vitis Idcea . Dry heaths Black Bearberry . Arctostaphyllos alpina. Dry mountain heaths . Perennial. Red do Uva-ursi Stony heaths . Holly .... Ilex Aquifolium Woods and thickets Tree" Lesser Periwinkle . Vinca minor Thickets. Not common Perennial. Greater do. major . Hedges .... Jacob's Ladder Polemonium ccerulcum . Bushy places. Rare Lungwort Pulmonaria offlcinalis . Woods .... Narrow-leaved do . angustifolia Do. Rare Corn Gromwell Lithospermum arvense Fields -A nnual. Sea do maritimum Sandy coasts Perennial. Field Forget-me-not Myosotis arvensis . Dry places .... Annual. Early do collina Dry fields and walls Changeable do. ,. versicolor. Dry places .... Evergreen Alkanet Anchusa scmpervirens . Waste ground. Local . Perennial. Comfrev . ". . . Broom Rape . Symphytum officinale . Orobanche major . Watery places . Roots of broom and furze Tooth-wort Lathrcea Syuamaria Parasitic on tree-roots . Common Speedwell Mountain do. . Veronica officinalis montana . Dry places .... Shady woods. Scarce . " Germander do. Chamcedrys . Banks .... Ivy-leaved do. hederifolia A common weed Annual. . Germander Chickweed agrestis . Do. . Grey Speedwell polita Do. . Buxbaumii Fields Wall do arvensis . A common weed " Vernal do. verna Dry fields. Rare . Trifid do triphyllos Sandy fields. Rare Yellow Figwort . Scrophularia vernalis . Shady places. Local Biennial. Bugle .... Ajugareptans Woods .... Perennial. Yellow do., or Ground ) Pine f Chamcepitys Chalky fields. Local . Annual. Weasel-snout . Galeobdolon luteum Hedges and thickets Perennial. White Dead-nettle Lamium album Hedges and way-sides . Spotted do. maculatum . Hedge-banks. Rare " Red do Cut-leaved do. purpureum . incisum . A common weed Fields Annual. Henbit do. amplexicaule . Waste places . " Ground Ivy . Glcchoma hederacea Hedge-banks . Perennial. Large - flowered But- )_ terwort. . . ) Pinguicula grandiflora Marshes. Rare Primrose .... Primula vulgaris . Woods and banks . Cowslip . . . . veris . Meadows . Wood Pimpernel . Lysimachia nemorum . Woods . " Moneywort Nummularia ( Ditch-banksandshady ) places j" Scarlet Pimpernel . Anagallift arvensis. A common weed Annual. Wild Spinach. J Chenopodium Bonus- ) ( Henricus . / Waste places . Perennial. THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. White Goosefoot . . Chenopodium album Knot-grass . . . Polygonum aviculare . Sorrel . . . . 1 Rumex acetosa Flax-leaved Toad-flax . Thesium linophyllum . Asarabacca . . . Asarum Europceum Crowberry, or Crake- > Empetrum nigrum . . Mercury .... Mercurialis perennis . Irish Spurge . . . Euphorbia kibe-ma Wood do. ... amygdaloides Spring Water Starwort Callitriche verna . Sallow Thorn . . . Hippophae rhamnoides Sweet Gale . . . Myrica gale White Birch . . . Betula alba, Dwarf do. ... ,, nana . Smooth Willow . . Satix triandra Almond do. . . . , amygdalina . A common weed Do Annual. Perennial. Annual. Shrub. Tree. Meadows .... Chalky pastures Mountain woods. Rare Bogs Woods and thickets Thickets . Woods Pools . . . . J Sand-hills and cliffs on ) ( East coast . J Spongy bogs Woods Highland mountains \\"et woods and osier beds River-sides Do Crack do. Bedford do. White do. ... fragilis . Russdliana . alba. Marshy ground Marshy woods . Woods and wet places . Heaths .... Creeping do. . Common Osier Round-eared Sallow . Great do Green Mountain do. Dark Rock Willow Laurel-leaved do. . Tea-leaved do. Apple-leaved do. . Beech .... Spanish Chestnut . Oak Hornbeam Scotch Fir, or Pine Juniper .... Herb Paris Water Thyme Green-winged Orchis . fusca viminalis aurita . caprea . Andersoniana petrcea . laurina . radicans hastata . fag us sylvatica Thickets .... Thickets and hedges Scotch mountains . Scotland .... ; Woods .... Scotland .... Do Quercus pedunculata . C'arpinus betulus . Pinus sylvestris Juniperus communis . Paris quadrifolia . Eudorea Canadensis Orchis Morio . Woods and hedgerows . Woods .... Northern forests Hills and heathy downs Woods. Scarce Canals .... Meadows .... Do. . Shrub. Perennial Brown-winged do. Man do Monkey do. . Marsh do. Late Spider do. Spider do. Fly do Bird's Nest Narrow-leaved Helle- > borine j Red do Snake-head Iris Pheasant' s-eye Nar- ) cissus j Pale do Summer Snowdrop Lily of the Valley . Wild Hyacinth, or ) Hare-bell . . j Grape Hyacinth . Ramsons .... Star of Bethlehem . Drooping do. . Great Hairy-rush . fusca . . . Chalky hills . . . ,, militaris . . Do tephrosanthos . Do ,, latifolia . . Marshes .... ,, Ophrys arachnites . . Chalk hills. Rare . . aranifera . . Do. Do. . muscifera . . Chalk hills . . . [ ,, Listera Nidus- Avis . Parasitic on roots of beech Epipactis ensifolia . Woods. Rare ... ,. ,, rubra . . Mountain woods. Rare , Iristuberosa . . .Not native. ... ,, Narcissus poeticus . . Heaths and pastures . biflorus . . Sandy fields ... Leucojum cestivum . . Marshes .... Convallaria majalis . Hill woods .... Hyacinthus non-scriptus Woods and thickets . Muscari race.rn.oswm . Naturalised ... Allium ursinum . . Woods and hedge-banks _( Ornit hog alum umbel-) J Meadows and pas-' ( latum . / ( tures. Naturalised ) nutans . . Naturalised ... ,, Luzula sylvatica . . Woods and hills . . mlosa . . Woods Narrow-leaved do. . Fosteri Field do 1 ,. campestris Do Heaths and dry pastures n MAY PLANTS. PLANTS (continued). 47 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Sea-side Arrow-grass . Triglochin maritimum . j ^nudaV^lnore^ 11 Perennial. Cuckoo Pint, or Lords > J Hedges, banks, and ) and Ladies . . f \ thickets . . f ** Hare's-tail Cotton-grass Eriophorum vaginatum Moors , Alpine do. ... alpinum . . Mountain bogs. Rare . , Broad-leaved do. . .1 polystachion . \ Bogs t Common do. . angustifolium -Do t Creeping Sedge Carex dioica . . . Do Flea do , divisa . . . Marshes .... Great Prickly do. . , muricata . . Damp pastures . J Grev do , divulsa . . . ! Damp shady places . Smaller Panicled do. . , teretiuscula . . Bogs '^ Star-headed do. , stellulata . . Marshes .... Bog do , ctKspitosa . . Do Glaucous do. . , stricta . . . i Do j Fingered do. . , digitata. . . j Woods .... ' t Dwarf Silvery do. . , clandestina . Pendulous do. , pendula Damp woods . J Loose Pendulous do. . , strigosa. Woods .... Pendulous Wood do. . , sylvatica Damp woods . Starved do. , depauperata Dry do Dry heaths and pastures paludosa River-sides Great River do. , nparia . Do J Short-spiked Bladder do. , vesicaria Marshes .... Damp places Sweet Vernal-grass ( Anthoxanthum odo- ) "( ratum )" Pastures .... Fox-tail grass ... Alopecurus pratensis Do Floating do. do. geniculatus. Wet places " Water Whorl-grass Wood Melic-grass . Cataorosa aquatica Melica uniflora Do Shady woods . Mountain do. . nutans. . .' Mountain woods. Rare Holy-grass Hierochloe Borealis Mountain pastures . M Blue Moor-grass . Seslena ccerulea Mountains. Reed Meadow-grass Poa aquatica . Ditches .... Bulbous do. . bulbosa . Sandy ground . Annual do. annua Waste ground . Annual. Soft Brome-grass . Bromus niollis. Pastures and road-sides . FERNS. Common Polypody Polypodium vulgare . { M ro S cks, l^: damP } Perennial. Welsh do. cambrieum Shady banks . Alpine do. alpestre Scotch mountains . _ Alpine Shield Fern, or ) Holly Fern . . j Polystichum Lonchitis . {Mountain rocks, es- S pecially in Scotland > and Ireland . ) .. Maidenhair Spleen wort Black Maidenhair do. . Asplenium Trichomancs Shady rocks Adiantum-nigrum Shady places . ;; Scale Fern Ceterach officinarum . , Limestone rocks n Maidenhair . {^pSSS? Capillus '} Rocks. Local. . . Bristle Fern . Trichomanes brevisetum \ { D f^^ cks **TnHiuuL j .. Tunbridge Film Fern . j Hymenophyllum Tun- \ Damp rodjg ,, Wilson's do. . Wilsoni . . Do Moonwort Botrychium lunaria . Hill pastures. Local Adder's-tongue Ophioglossum vulgatum f Damp meadows and \ ~( pastures . . j GENERAL HINTS. As eggs may be found throughout the year, I shall not again mention them. Very little to he done with pupso ; which is perhaps fortunate, as there is so much to be done in other ways. Palings and tree-trunks as before. Butterflies are now plentiful, and so are flying moths, so that the entomologist ought never to go out unless he has his net with him. They can be met with everywhere, but as they have a special love for certain flowers, I will mention a few of their favourites. Clover, sainfoin, lucerne, and the like, are often crowded with insect visitors. So are heaths, ragwort, and thistles. The blackberry is also a favourite, but the entomologist must take care of his net. The lime is a much favoured tree, as much, I fancy, from the honey-dew which is found so plentifully on it as for the flowers. Clematis, honeysuckle, and jessamine are, of course, sought for, and so is the willow herb. Ivy I hardly need mention, inasmuch as it rivals treacle in its attractions ; and privet and the sweet-scented syringa will mostly furnish moths. The former is rather a favourite resort for some of the smaller Clearwings. Try them in the evening (not by moonlight) as well as by day, and many moths will be taken. The appearance of Noctuas on flowers is most graphically described by Mr. Newman, whose valuable work all entomologists ought to possess : "At night, Noctuas swarm in the blossoms of honeysuckles, jessamine, red valerian, and a number of other plants. It is, indeed, a beautiful sight to see the Noctuas revelling on the plant kst named. If you take a bull's-eye lantern, and then let the light fall on a party of moths feasting on the saccharine flowers of the valerian, the sight is not one soon to be forgotten. The glare of the lamp is reflected from a hundred pairs of the brightest eyes, and as these change their position in moving from flower to flower, the scene is almost magical. Sallow-bloom in the spring and ivy -bloom in the autumn are quite as attractive as valerian in the summer." Geometers are very plentiful on the wing. Sometimes you may catch an insect which looks in the dusk just like a whitish moth when flying. But, if you touch it, a most abominable odour proclaims the fact that you have caught a Lacewing. Treacling, as mentioned in the preceding months. "When describing the method of treacling, I stated that, as a rule, moths which are captured in this way ought to be left alone for four-and-twenty hours. There are, however, exceptions to every rule, and when we capture a very " noisy " moth at treacle, it must be killed at once. Two of these moths are to be found at treacle in June. They are the conspicuously pretty Peach-blossom (Thyatira bat is), and its plainer relative the Buff Arches (Thyatira derasd). These, then, must be killed as soon as they are captured, and the collector must take his chance for their future. Birds' eggs are still to be found. Many birds hatch, under favourable circum- D 50 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. stances, more than one brood, and during June we may find the late eggs of the first brood or the very early eggs of the second. As May is the best month for birds' eggs, so is June the best for plants, as the reader may see by reference to the list. Caterpillars also are very abundant in this month as in the next, which see for further particulars. INSECTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Swallow Tail . Papilio Machaon . 6 6-8 8-5 J Wild carrot, fennel, and i marsh milk-parsley. Black- veined White Picris cratcegi. 6 8-5 6 / Hawthorn, sloe, and ( fruit trees. Large do. . brassicce 5&8 6&9 7&94 Cabbage, &c., and nas- turtium. Small da . rapae 5&8 6&9 7&94 Turnip, cabbage, &c., and nasturtium. Green-veined do. . napi 5&8 6&9 7&94 Rape, and other cruci- \ ferce. Orange Tip ( Anthocharis car- \ '( damines . f 5 7 7-5 ( Lady's-smock, treacle- "( mustard. Silver-washed Fri- ) tillary . . j Argynnis Paphia . 7 8-6 6 ( Dog and other violets, ! wild raspberry, ( nettle. Dark Green do. Aglaia 7,8 8-6 6 ( Dog and other violets, \ and wild heartsease. Niobe do. . Niobe . 7,8 8-5 6 Do. do. High Brown do. Adippe 7,8 8-6 6 Do. do. Pearl Bordered do. Euphrosyne 6 7-5 4,5 Dog and other violets. Small Pearl Bor- 1 Selene . 7-5 5 Do. dered do. . ) Greasy do. Melitcea Artemis . 6 84 4 ( Plantain, devil's - bit, "( scabious. Glanville do. . Cinxia 6 7-5 5 Narrow-leaved plantain. Wood do. . Athalia . 7 8-5 6 ( Da, foxglove, wildger- "( mander. Comma . . E Vanessa C-album . 5&7 5&8 6&9 J Elm, willow, sloe, hop, ( currant, nettle. Small Tortoise- > shell . . E) urticce 4,5&7 5,6&8 6&8 Nettle. White Admiral Limenitis Sibylla . 7 8-5 6 Honeysuckle. Mountain Ringlet . Erebia Epiphron . 8-5 _ ( Annual meadow-grass, sheep's fescue-grass, ( &c. Meadow Brown Satyrus Janira 7 8-5 6 Grasses, &c. Ringlet hyperanthus 7 8-6 6 Do. Large Heath . j Ccenonymplia \ \ JJavus { 6 8-5 6 White beak rush. Small do. . Pamphilus 5 5, 6&8 4&7 Grasses. C Bramble, broom, birch. Green Hair-streak . Thecla rubi 5 7&10 84 >' greenwood, creeping ' willow. White Letter do. . W-album . 7-4 5,6 6 Wych elm, elm. Black do. . pruni . 7-3 5,6 6 Sloe. Small Copper . . - ( 'phlcea 1 } 6 & 10 5-8 & 10-4 4&10 Ragwort, dock, sorrel. Scotch Argus . . Lycczna Artaxcrxes Brown do. . . , Agestis 6 6&8 9-5 7&94 5,6 4&7 Sun cistus. Hemlock, stork's-bill. Common Blue . . ; ,, Alexis. 5&9 4&8 5&8 Bird's-t'oot trefoil, &c. Clifton do. . . Adonis . \ 10 5&7-S c o- a I Tufted horse - shoe OOC8 \\ vetch, &c. Mazarine do. . . Acis . . i Flower-heads of thrift. Little da . . . alsus . . 6 7 4 Kidney-vetch. JUNE INSECTS. 51 INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Pood-plants. BUTTERFLIES. 4 Large Blue Lyccena Arion . 6 74? Thyme. Duke of Burgundy . Nemcobius L-ucina . 6 7-9 8-5 Primrose. Spotted Skipper Hesperia paniscus . 6 9 - j Plantain and dog's-tail "( grass. Large do. . sylvanus . 7&9 5&7 5,6&8 Grasses. MOTHS. Eyed Hawk . ( Smerinthus ocel- 1 "( I at us. f 5,6 8 9-5 ( Poplar, willow, sallow, "( apple. Poplar do. populi . 5 8,9 9-5 Poplar, sallow, willow. Lime do. . tilice . 5,6 8,9 9-5 Elm, lime, beech. Privet do. . Sphinx ligustri 6,7 8,9 10-5 ( Privet, lilac, ash, lau- \ rustinus. Spotted Elephant i Deilcphila eu- ) a o ( Cypress spurge and sea do. . . . / "( phorbice \ o, sy "( spurge. Madder do. galii 8-10 Bedstraws. Small Elephant do. ( Chcerocampa >_ ( porccllus f 8,9 10-5 ( Bedstraws and willow ( herbs. Large Elephant do. elpcnor . 6,7 8,9 10-5 Do. do. Oleander do. . nerii 9 Oleander. Broad Bordered > Bee Hawk . )" ( Macroglossa fu- \ \ ciformis . ) 6 7,8 9-5 j Scabious, honeysuckle, "( bedstraw. Narrow Bordered ) do. f Apple do. . bombyliformis Sesia myopceformis 6 7,8 4,5 5 Scabious. ( In stems of apple, pear, "( plum, and hawthorn. Birch do. . cvliciformis . 4 5 In birch and alder. Willow do. formicceformis 4,5 5 In withy stems. Ruby do. . chrysidiformis - 5,6 - t In roots of dock and "( sorrel. Ichneumon do. \ ichneumoni- ) \ formis . / 6,7 - J In stems of stinking ( hellebore. Yellow Belted do. . cynipiformis . 4,5 5 In bark of oak, &c. Thrift do. . musca: formis . 7-9 5 In stems of sea thrift. Currant do. tipuliformis . 104 5 In stems of currant. Orange Tailed do. . ,, a ndreni formis Orange do. scoliceformis . 4 In birch. Alder do. . sphegiformis . 4 5 In young shoots of alder. Dusky do. asiliformis - 4 5 ( In roots of ash and "( poplar. Hornet do. apiformis 9-4 5 In stems of poplar. Fen Leopard . < Macrogaster ) "( arundinis . / 7 4 5,6 In stems of reed. (In stems of elm, ash. Wood do. . Zeuzera ^Esculi 7 8-5 6 ( horse-chestnut, pear, ( oak, &c. Goat .... Cossus ligniperda . 7 9,10 11-5 ( In trunks of oak, ash, \ elm, willow, &c. Golden Swift . E Hepialus hectus 6 8-5 6 In roots of bracken. Livid do. . lupulinus 6,7 8-5 5 In roots of dead nettle. Northern do. . velleda . 6,7 8-5 5 In roots of bracken. Ghost do. . humuli . 6,7 84 5,6 ( In roots of nettle, dead ( nettle, burdock, &c. Tinsel Liniacodes aselhts . 6,7 8,9 10-6 Oak, poplar, beech. Festoon testudo . 6 9 10-6 Oak. Green Forester Procris statices 5 6 j Sorrel, and narrow- 's leaved bitter-cress. Scarce do. geryon 5 5,6 Sun cistus. Blue-green do. . M globularice 5 6 Great knapweed. Irish Burnet . Zygatna nubigena . 6 74 5,6 Thyme. Trefoil do. trifolii 6 7-5 6 Trefoil and vetch. New Forest do. E meliloti 5 6 Do. Five Spot do. . lonicerce 6 7-5 6 Clover and grasses. Six Spot do. filipendulce 6 7-5 6 Crowfoot, trefoil, &c. Syntomis phegea . 7,8 9-5 6 t Scabious, plantain, ( dandelion. Handmaid Naclia anciUa 4,5 Lichens. Ribbon Bar A'oto cucuttatella . 5 5 Hawthorn, sloe, apple. Least Black Arches cristulalis 5 5 Oak. 52 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Scarce Dotted Bar . Nola strigula . 5 6 Oak. Small Dew Lackey. Setina irrorella 5 5,6 Ground lichens near sea. (Lichens on oaks, also Rose Wing Calligenia miniata 7 8-5 5,6 -. withered oak, alder. (. and sallow. Four-spotted Foot- >. man . . ( Lithosia mesomella - 8-5 5,6 Heath and lichens. Orange do. ,, aureola - 9-5 - J Lichens on larch and \ oak. deplana - 6 6 j Lichens on oak, beech, ( yew, and spruce fir. lurideola . 8-5 5,6 Lichens. Dun do. griscola 8-6 6 Lichens on poplar. Straw do. . stramineola - 8-6 6,7 j Lichens on oak, sloe, ( &C. Red Necked do. rubricollis . 8-10 3,4 Lichens on larch, &c. Feathered do. . Eulepia grammica - 5 j Heath, mugwort, ( fescue-grass. Cinnabar . . E ( Callimorpha Ja- > ( cobece . j - 5 Ragwort, groundsel. Scarlet Tiger . ,, dominula . 6 8-5 5,6 Houndstongue. Clouded Buff . ( Euthemonia rus- ) "( sula . . |" 6 9-5 j Plantain, dandelion. ( heath, &c. Wood Tiger ( Chelonia planta- ) ( ginis . j" 6 8-4 5 Plantain, violets, &c. Cream Spot do. ,, vulica . 7 8-5 5,6 Chickweed, furze. Ruby do. . Arctia fuliginosa . 4&8 5&8 I Nettle, plantain, dock, ( and grasses. Spotted Muslin mendica 8 9-4 Sloe, plantain. Buff Ermine . lubricipeda 8 94 Plantain and nettle. White do. . menthastri . - 8 94 J Nettle and various \ plants. Water do. . urticce . 8 104 Willow herb. Gipsy. . . E Liparis dispar 8-3 5 6 j Willow, hawthorn, ( sloe, sweet gale. Hop Dog . Orgyia pudibunda 5,6 8,9 9-4 f Oak, beech, nut, haw- ( thorn, hop. Dark Tussock . fascelina . 6 9-5 5,6 f Sallow, broom, heath, t flowers of furze, &c. Whittlesea Ermine. ccenosa 7,8 8 Reed and sedge. Scarce Vapourer . gonostigma 6,7 9-5 6 ( Oak, beech, bramble. 1 sloe, nut, &c. Nut-tree Tussock . Fox .... Demos Coruli . Bombyx rubi . 6 6,7s.lO 9-5 10 5 Beech, and other trees. Heath and bramble. Oak Eggar roboris 7,8 9-6 6,7 f Hawthorn, broom, ( bramble, heath, &c. Lappet Bordered Beauty . ( Lasiocampa ) 1 auercifolia . f Epione vespertaria 6 74 9-5 5,6 5,6 6 j Bramble, willow, sal- 1 low, sloe, &c. Nut. Little Thorn . advenaria . 5,6 8 Dogwood and wild rose. Brimstone Rumia cratcegata . 4&9 6&9-3 3-5 Hawthorn, sloe. Spotted Yellow Venilia maculata . 9 Nettle. Orange Moth . Angerona prunaria 7 10-4 5 ( Beech, sloe, sallow. \ broom, plum, &c. Pale Emerald . ( Metrocampa \ \ margaritata j 7,8 9-5 6 1 Oak, birch, beech, liorn- \ beam, &c. Barred Red Ellopia fasciaria . 7,8 94 5,6 Scotch fir. Scorched Wing B f Eurymene dolo- 1 ( braria . . t~ 6,7 8,9 10-5 I Oak, beech, birch, and ( aspen. Lilac Beauty . J Pericallia syrin- ) ( garia . . ) 6,7 9-6 6 j Lilac, privet, elder, \ honeysuckle. Lunar Thorn . B Selenia lunaria 5,6 8 84 !Oak, elm, ash, nut, hawthorn, sloe, &c. Pepper f Amphidasis be- \ ( tularia . t" 5,6 8-10 104 Oak, elm, birch, beecli, alder, hawthorn. Waved Umber B I Hemcrophila ab- ) "( ruptaria ( 5,6 6 9-4 Lilac, privet, and rose. Widower . . . ' Cleora viduaria . - JUNE INSECTS. 53 INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. ' Food-plants. MOTHS. Brussels Lace . Clear a lichenaria . 9-5 5, 6 Lichens. Mottled Beauty Boarmia repandata 7 9-4 . fi (Birch, sloe, bramble, ' 1 plum, spindle, &c. Willow do. . E rhomboidaria 7 94 - R f Oak, birch, lilac, elder, ' 1 ivy, plum, &c. Ringed do. ,, perfumaria . dnctaria 7 7 9-6 9 6 Lilac, clematis, ivy. Heath. Great Oak do. . roboraria 7 9-5 5, 6 Oak. Square Spot En- ) consortaria . 7 8 _ Do. grailed . . f Brindled White > Spot . . f ( Tephrosia exter- ) ( saria . f - 8,9 10-5 Oak, birch, beech. Grey Birch Obscure Birch . punctulata f Boletobia fuli- 1 ( ginaria . ( 6 8,9 7 104 Birch and alder. Fungi. Grass Emerald j Pseudoterpna cy- \ ( tisaria . . I - 5,6 6 ( Broom, and needle ( greenwood. Large do. . ( Geometra papi- \ \ lionaria . )" 7 10-5 6 Birch, beech, nut, &c. Small Grass do. Ncinoria viridata . 6 8 9-1 Hawthorn, bramble. Little do. . lodis lactearia 6 9 10-5 Oak, birch. Blotched do. . ( Phorodesma ba- ) "( jularia. . ( 6,7 7-5 5 Oak. Dark do. . ( Hemithea thy- (_ ( miaria. . f - 5 5,6 Oak, hawthorn. False Mocha . B Ephyra porata 9 94 Oak. Maiden's Blush ,, punctaria . 6 7-9 84 Do. Clay Treble-lines . trilinearia . 8-10 94 Beech. Mocha omicronaria 8-10 Maple, beech. Dingy do. . orbicularia. 8 Sallow, alder. Birch do. . pendularla . 7 84 Birch. Purple - bordered ) Gold . . ) Hyria auroraria . 6,7 8-5 5,6 Plantain. Small Yellow Wave Asthena luteata _ 8-10 Maple. Km all White do. . candidata . 4 5 Hornbeam. Waved Carpet. sylvata 8 Alder. Blomer's Wave Blomeraria 8,9 10-6 Wych elm. Dingy Shell . . j { E ^ eria *f- } - 8,9 10-5 Alder. Welsh Wave . . \ V ^^' C , aa ^ Hr \ 8,9 Mountain ash. Brown do. Addalia ochrata . perochrata . Tawny Red Wave . rubricata . 7 8-5 5 f Knotgrass, trefoils, les- 1 ser meadow-rue, &c. Single Dotted do. . scutidata 7 8-5 5 ( Chervil, dandelion, \ knotgrass. Treble Brown- ) spotted do. . ( bisetata 7 8-5 5 Dandelion, knotgrass. Small Bordered do. triaeminata. 6 7-5 5 Knotgrass. Allied do. . . . contiguaria . 7 8-5 5 Crowberry, knotgrass. London do. . . herbariata . 7 10-5 5 Tansy? Bone do. . . . ,, osseata . 8-1 4,5 Dandelion. Dark Cream do. . interjectaria 7 8-5 5 Do. Silky do. . . . ; holosericata 7 7-5 5 Sun cistus, knotgrass. Small Dusky do. . incanata 7 9-5 6 f Groundsel, dandelion, \ knotgrass. Ringed do. . . circellata . 7 8 Knotgrass. Lace Border . . ornata . 7 74 4,5 Marjoram, thyme, mint. Mullein Wave. . promutata . - 7,8-5 5,6 ( Creeping cinquefoil, ( yarrow, mugwort. Dotted -bordered )j straminata . Cream do. . J 7 7-5 5,6 Knotgrass. mancuniata 7 7 Do. Satin do. ... subsericeata 7 7 Do. strigaria 6 Do. Lesser Cream do. . immutata . 7 8-5 5 Do. Cream do. . . . ! ,, remutata 6 84 5 1 Low plants. THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Smoky Wave . Added ia fumata . 6,7 8-5 5 Heath. Pink do. . emutaria . 7 7-5 5,6 Couchgrass. Riband do. Plain do. . . E aversata inornata . 7 7 9-5 8-5 5 6 j Nut, primrose, goosc- I berry, wood avens, Low plants. Portland Ribbon do degeneraria 7 84 5 Knotgrass. Small Scallop . E emarginata 7 7 - ( Convolvulus and bed- ( straws. Blood Vein Timatulra amatatna 7 9-5 5,6 Dock, knotgrass. Common White ) Wave . . f Cabera pusaria - 7-9 - ( Oak, birch, nut, alder. "( and sallow. Dingy White do. . exanthemaria 10 10-5 Sallow and alder. Clouded Silver Corycia temerata . 6 7,8 9-4 f Sloe, wild cherry, * buckthorn. Spotted Pinion ) Wave . . f taminata . - 7 - f Sallow, wild cherry, 1 buckthorn. Sharp Angled Pea- ) cock . . B; Macaria alternata - 9 - Sallow, sloe. Peacock . notata . 9 Sallow. TawnyBarrcd Angle liturata . 9 104 Larch, Scotch fir. Latticed Heath Strenia clathrata . 104 5 Lucerne, sainfoin. Brown Silver Line . Panaffra petraria . 5 6 Bracken. Barred Umber Numeriapulveraria 7,8 94 Sallow, nut, privet. Grey Scalloped Bar Scodiona bclgiaria 6,7 84 5 Heath. Common Heath Fidonia atomaria . 7-5 5 Knapweeds and trefoils. Bordered White . i ,, viniaria 6 8,9 10-3 Larch and Scotch fir. Rannoch Looper . pinetaria . 7-3 4,5 5 Bilberry. Frosted Yellow conspicuata 7 8,9 9-5 Broom. Drab Looper . Minoa euphorbiata 7 '? 10-5 Cypress spurge. Black-veined . Scoria dealbata 6 9-5 5,6 Grasses. Belle .... Sterrha sacrarta . 8 6&9 Dock, chamomile. Purple Bar Lythria purpuraria 8 Dock, knotgrass. Rest Harrow . Aplasta ononaria . 4&9 Rest-harrow. Grass Wave . ( Aspilates strigil- ) \ laria, . . / 6 8-5 5 Broom, heath. Magpie, or Cur- ) j Abraxas gross u- ) 5 g ( Currant, gooseberry. rant Moth . )" ( lariata . )" ( sloe, &c. Clouded do. idmata 9 Wych elm. Scorched Carpet Ligdia adustata . 5,6 6,7 9-1 Spindle. Twin Spot do. . Larentia didymata 4,5 5 Cowslip, rough chervil. February do. . ccesiata 7 9-5 5 / Bilberry, whortleberry. Striped Twin Spot > do. . . . B)" salicata ( heath. Bedstraw. Beech Green Carpet olivata 8 104 5,6 Hedge bedstraw. Mottled Green do. . Rivulet pectinitan'a f Emmdcsia affl,- ) \ nitata . )" : 8,9 8 (Alder and hedge bed- "( straw. Seeds of campions. Small do. . alchemillata 8,9 Do. Grass do. . albulata 6 8 104 Seeds of yellow rattle. Sandy do. . decolorata . 6 7 7-5 ( Seed-capsules of white "( campion. Barred do. tceniata 8 Holly? Single Barred do. . unifasciata . 8 9,10 10-6 Wood chickweed. Heath do. . ericetata , Pretty Pinion . blandiata . 9 Eyebright. ( Seed-capsules of blad- Netted Pug . . Evpithecia venosata 5,6 7 8^ < der campion & white (. campion. Pinion-spotted do. . consignata . 5,6 6 94 Oak, nut, and fruit trees. Beautiful do. . linariata . 6 8 9-4 ( Flowers of yellow toad- "< flax. Red do. . pvlchellata 6 7 94 Flowers of foxglove. (Flowers and seeds of Lime Speck do. centaureata 5,6 8,9 9-5 J yarrow, ragwort, gol- ( den-rod, angelica, &c. Valerian do. . valerianata 5,6 7 7-5 Flower of valerian, Rufous do. subfulvata. 6, 7 9,10 9-7 1 Yarrow and ox-eye. JUNE IS SECTS. 55 INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Small Brindled Pug f Eupithecia \ \ subumbrata ) 5,6 8,9 8-5 Gentian and harebell. Lead do. . ,, plumbeolata 5 7,8 7-5 ' Flowers of yellow cow- ( wheat. Haworth's do. ,, isogrammata 5,6 7,8 8-5 Flower-buds of clematis. Dwarf do. pygmceata . 6 6,7 7-5 ( Flowers of greater ( stitchwort. Beech do. ,, satyrata 5,6 9 9-6 Scabious and bedstraws. Pauper do. Grey do. . egenaria castigata 5,6 8-10 9-4 ( Heath, nettle, golden- ( rod, &c. Triple Spotted do. . trisignata . 6,7 9 9-6 ( Flowers and seeds of i wild angelica. Larch do. . lariciata 6,7 7 9-6 Larch and spruce fir. Golden Rod do. B virgaureata 6 8,9 9-6 Flowers of golden-rod. (Flowers and seeds of White Spotted do. . albipunctata 6,7 9 9-6 < wild angelica and ( cow-parsley. Marbled do. irriguata 6 6 7-6 Oak and sloe. Ash do. fraxinata 8 8,9 94 Ash. extensaria Ochreous do. . indigata 5,6 7 7-5 Juniper and Scotch fir. Narrow Winged do. nanata 7 8,9 9-6 Flowers of heath. Plain do. . subnotata . 6,7 8,9 9-6 ( Flowers and seeds of \ goosefoot and orache. Harebell do. . campanulata 7 8,9 9-7 Harebell, &c. ( Flowers and seeds of Wormwood do. absynthiata 7 9, 10 9-7 j ragwort, mugwort. 1 golden-rod, yarrow, (, &c. Small Wormwood) do. . . . | minutata 6,7 8,9 9-7 ( Scabious, and flowers "( of heath. Slender do. tenuiata 6,7 3,4 5-7 Sallow-catkins. Brindled Brown do. dodoneata . 5 6,7 7-5 Oak. (Ash, alder, hawthorn. Mottled do. . cxiguata 6 9,10 9-6 black currant, sallow. ( &c. Large Cloaked do. togata . 6 8 9-6 ( In buds and shoots of \ spruce fir. Green do. rectangidata 7 4,5 5,6 ( Buds and flowers of "( apple and crab. Manchester do. debiliata 7 4,5 6,7 Whortleberry. Broom Scallop Small Seraphim Collix sparsata Lobop flora sexalata I 8,9 9 10-5 Great loosestrife. Willow and sallow. Brindle Barred ) Yellow . . j" viretata . 7,8 9-5 ( Privet and herb Chris- 1 topher Shaded Broad Bar Thera variata 6&8 7&3-S 8&6 Larch, Scotch fir. Marsh Highflyer . Ypsipetcs ruberata 9 4 Alder, sallow, bilberry. July do. . . E dutata . 7 10-5 6 ( Sallow, nut, alder, bil- Purple Barred ) Carpet . . ) Mdanthia ocellata 6 7,8 8-5 ( berry. Bedstraws. Beautiful do. . albicillata 5,6 8,9 8-5 Bramble and raspberry. Argent-and-Sable . Melanippe hastata 6,7 8 9-6 Birch and sweet gale. Small do. . tristata 6 8,9 11-5 Hedge bedstraw. Bordered Chalk ) Carpet . . / procellata . 7 8,9 10-5 Clematis. Sharp Angled do. . unangulata 6,7 7,8 Chickweed. Silver Ground do. . montanata 6-8 10-3 4,5 Primrose. Bedstraw Chalk do. ,, galiata 7&9 S&9-5 Smooth heath bedstraw. Royal Mantle . Anticlea sinuata 6 8, 9 10-5 Yellow bedstraw. Rosy Carpet . rubidata 6,7 8, 9 10-5 Bedstraws. Red Barred do. Coremia munitala 6 10-3 4,5 Groundsel. Flame do. propugnata 6 9 Primrose. Red Twin Spot do. ferrugata 5&8 7&9 ( Bedstraws, duckweed, ( and ground ivy. Dark Barred Twin ) unidentata _ 8 4 Bedstraws. Spot do. . ) Large do. . E guadrifasciata - 4.5.&S j Hawthorn, white dead- ( nettle, knapweeds, &c . THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. 1 Yellow Shell . ( Camptogramma \ \ bilineata . ) 4 - ( Dock, chick weed, and "( grasses. Fern .... j Phibalapteryx ) ( tersata . f - 9 Clematis. Oblique Striped ) Carpet . . f lignata . 7&9 8&949&5,6 White water bedstraw. Small Waved Umber vitalbata 7,8 6&10 Clematis. Brown Scallop Scotosia vetulata 7-3 6 6,7 Buckthorn. Buckthorn Umber . rhamnatu 5,6 6 Buckthorn, birch. Tissue certata 6,7 Barberry. Scallop Shell . Short Cloak Carpet undulata Cidaria picata 7 9,10 8 9-5 Poplar, sallow. Chickweed. Broken Bar corylata 6 8,9 Lime, sloe, and nut. Marbled Carpet russata 5&8 7&10-4 7&5 j Birch, hawthorn, sal- ( low, and strawberry. Small Phoenix silaceata . - 7&9 7&10-4 ( Willow herbs and en- "( chanter's nightshade. Phoenix prunata . 7-4 5,6 6 I Sloe, currant, and "( gooseberry. Clouded Yellow ) Moth . . f fulvata 7 5 6 Dog-rose. Spinach . ,, dotata 84 4,5 5 Black and red currant. Small Mallow . Eubolia mensuraria 6 Grasses. Lead Belle palumbaria - 5 6 ( Broom, heath, clover, V greenwood, &c. Oblique Striped lineolata 5&8 4-6 & 9 10-4 ellow bedstraw. Treble Barred Anaitis plagiata . - 7&10-4 j Perforated St. John's- ( wort. Olive Drab Lithostege griseata 6 7 Seed-pods of flixweed. Chevron . Chesias obliquaria 7-9 8-4 Broom. Chimney Sweep j Tanagra cheer o- ) ( phyllata . f 7-2 5 6 Chervil and earth nut. Scalloped Hook Tip j Platypteryx la- \ \ certula . / 6&9 6&9 - Birch. Scarce do. ,, sicula 5,6 Oak, birch, and lime. Oak do. . hamula . 6&9 Oak, birch. Beech do. unguicula 6&8 7 &9.10 Beech. Goose Egg Cilix spinula . - 5-7 6,7 f Hawthorn, sloe, moun- "( tain ash. Kitten Dicranura furcula 6 7-9 9-5 Sallow, willow, poplar. Broad Barred do. . bifida . 6 7-9 9-4 Poplar. Puss .... vinula . 6 7,8 8-5 Willow, poplar, sallow. Lobster Stauropus fagi 7 8,9 10-5 Beech, oak, birch, nut. Buff Tip . Pygcera bucephala . 5,6 7-9 10-5 ( Lime, elm, willow, sal- \ low, oak, beech, nut. Dusky Prominent . Gluphisia crenata . 8 Poplar. Pale do. . . . \Ptilodontis palpina - 7&9 10-6 ( \Villow, sallow, birch, 1 poplar. Swallow do. . Notodonta dictcea . 6&9 7&10-5 Poplar, willow, sallow. Small Swallow do. , dictceoides . 6 7-9 10-5 Birch. Iron do. . , dromedarius 6&8 7&8,9 10-5 Birch, alder, nut. Dark do. . , trilophus 7-9 Poplar and birch. Great do. . , trepida 8 94 Oak. Marbled Brown , dodonea, 6 7-9 10-5 Oak and birch. Buff Arches . E Thyatira derasa . 8,9 10-5 Bramble and hawthorn. Peach Blossom batis 8,9 10-5 Bramble and raspberry. Lesser Satin Carpet ( Cymatophoradu-} \ plaris . ) 6,7 8,9 10-5 Birch. Satin Carpet . fluctuosa . 6,7 9,10 10-5 Do. Poplar Lutestring . or. 6-8 9, 10 Poplar. Figure of 80 . ocularis 7-9 9,10 Do. Scarce Marvel de ) Jour . . E | Diphthera orion 6 7-9 10-5 Oak, birch. ("Willow, sallow, haw- Dark Dagger . Acronycta tridens . 7 8-10 10-5 < thorn, mountain ash, (. sloe, &c. Grey do. . . . psi 6,7 8,9 10-5 ( Poplar, elm, lime, haw- "( thorn, and pear. JUNE INSECTS. INSECTS (continued}. 57 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Miller Acronycta leporina 5,6 7-9 10-5 ! Birch, poplar, sallow, alder. Sycamore . aceris 7 8,9 10 Sycarnore,maple,birch, horse-chestnut, oak. Poplar Grey . ,, megaccphala. 6 6-8 94 Poplar. Streaked . ,, striffosa . 6 7-9 10-5 Hawthorn. r Alder, willow, oak, Alder. 7-9 84 lime, elm, nut, beech, C birch, &c. Coronet . ligustri . 6,7 8,9 10-5 Ash and privet. Knot Grass rumicis . 6 6-8 94 .( Bramble, plantain, ( knotgrass. rBuckbean, sallow, Light do. . menyanthidis 6 6-8 < bramble.heath, sweet (. gale, &c. Sweet-gale myricce, . 6,7 8,9 Sweet-gale, sallow, birch. Powdered Wainscot Simyra venosa 6 8,9 Reed grass. Bright Eye Lciicania conigera. 3-5 5 Grasses. Double Line . turca 2,3 4,5 Do. Ochreous Brown . ,, lithargyria . 1-5 5,6 J Plantain, chickweed, "( grasses, &c. Obscure Wainscot . obsoleta . 7 8,9 Reed. Shore do. . littoralis 7 8-5 5 Sea-reed. Striped do. pudorina 3,4 4,5 Grasses and reed. Shoulder Striped do. comma . 6 84 5,6 f Sorrel and cock's-foot ( grass. Pure do. . L-album Streaked do. . straminea . 24 5,6 Grasses and reed. Smoky do. impura . 7 104 5,6 ( Sedge and cock's-foot "( grass. Common do. . pallens . 8,9 104 5,6 Grasses. Fen do. phragmitidis 7 8-5 5,6 Reed. Pale do. . Tapinostola Bondii Coast do. . Elymi. 5 6 Sea lyme grass. Flame do. . Meliana flammea . Silky do. . Senta ulvce 94 5,6 Reed. Lineated do. Nonagria despecta Twin Spot do. . E concolor . _ Mere Wainscot HeU.ma.nni 6 Roots of reed. Clouded Dart . Bordered Brindle . Axyliaputris . Xylophasia rurea . 7 8 4 10-5 4,5 Low plants. Grasses. Light Arches . lithoxylea 5,6 6 j Roots of grass and low ( plants. Reddish Light ) Arches . . | sublustris Dark Arches . Clouded Brindle polyodon. ,, hepatica . 4,5 84 V Low plants. Chickweed, grasses, &c. Bird's Wing Bordered Gothic Dipterygia p inastri Neuria saponarice . 8,9 7,8 10-5 Dock, sorrel, &c. Campions. Feathered Ear Pachetra leucoph cect 104 5,6 Grasses. Dusky Nutmeg Mamestra abjecta . 5 6 At roots of couch grass. Nutmeg . anceps 12-2 Large do. . Dusky Brocade E albicolon . furva ~ 7,8 6 94 Orache and goosefoot. Grasses. Cabbage . . . brassicce . - 5, 6& 8,9 94 ( Cabbage, dock, goose- 1 foot, &c. Dot .... Rustic Shoulder ) Knot / persicarice Apamea basilinea . 7 8,9 8-3 4,5 Spotted persicaria, &c. ( Wheat in summer, < various plants after (. hibernation. Union Rustic . connexa . Brown Pinion . gemina . 7 84 5 Grasses. Uniform Rustic unanimis 94 4-6 Do. Double Lobed . ophiogramma Common Rustic oculea 4,5 .5-7 Grasses. Marbled Minor Miana strigUia 3,4 Do. Middle Barred do. . fasciuncula Rosy do. . literosa o76 Slender foxtail grass. 58 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. (In stems of fescue grass Cloaked Minor Miana furuncula . 4-6 5,6 < and slender foxtail ( grass. Wood do. . . E arcuosa 5 6 Turfy hair grass. Least do. . f Photedes capti- \ ( uncula . . f - - Triple Lines . j Orammesia tri- ) 4,5 5,6 Great plantain. Gold Line . Dingy Hydrillapalustris . j Acosmetia call- \ ( gitwsa . . i" 7,8 ( Plantains, and other \ low plants. Bordered Rustic j Caradrina MOT- \ \ pheus . f 7,8 9,10 5,6 f Orpine,sallow,bramble, 1 dock, teazle, &c. Powdered do. . blanda 4 5,6 Chickweed. Mottled Beauty cubicularis 8 9-4 5-7 Grasses, &c. Brown Feathered ) Rustic . . f Rusina tenebrosa . - 9-3 4-6 Violets, knotgrass, &c. Archer's Dart . E Agrotis valligera . 10-5 5,6 Roots of grasses. Shuttle Shaped do. . puta. 8 9-12 - i Dandelion, knotgrass, "i lettuce, &c. Turnip . . ,, scgetum . 6 7-4 Roots of turnip. Heart and Dart exclamationis 6 9-5 5,6 ( Roots of cabbage, tur- 1 nip, &c. Heart and Club E corticea . 6 8-4 5,6 Goosefoot. Light Feathered \ Rustic . . I ,, cincrea . 9-4 5,6 Roots of low plants. Cloud Dart ripce. . , . 8-10 6 Houndstongue on coast. True Lover's Knot . porphyrea 7 8-5 5,6 Heather. Stout Dart ravida . 4,5 6 Thistles, dandelion, &c. Dotted Rustic . pyrophila 8 Heath, grasses, &c. Broad Bordered ~) (Birch, oak, sallow, Yellow Under- [- Triphcena fimbria . 9 10-4 5-7 < "broom, primrose. wing . . ) < grasses, &c. Lesser Yellow do. . orbona . 7 8-5 5-7 ( Sallow buds, broom, 1 nettle, and low plants. Large Yellow do. . ,, pronuba 7 8-5 5-7 Dock, &c. Double Dart . Noctua augur . 7 8-5 5,6 f Sallow, hawthorn, and j low plants Flame Shoulder plecta . 6 7-4 5-7 Low plants. Setaceous Hebrew ) Character . f ,, C-nigrum 4&10 j Pea-stems, and low 1 plants. Double Square Spot triangulum. 4,5 6 Sallow, bramble. Purple Clay ,, brunnea 4,5 5,6 Sallow. Ingrailed do. . f estiva . 7 7-5 5,6 f Sallow, foxglove, j violet, &c. Confluent do. . conflua . 7 8-5 5,6 Moss campion. Barred Chestnut . Dahlii . 9-5 5,6 Low plants. Small Square Spot . rubi , 6,7 Do. Dotted Clay . baja 4,5 5,6 Do. Dingy Shears . E Orthosia upsilon . 5,6 6 Willow, poplar. Heart Moth Dicycla Oo 5,6 Oak. Marbled Shears f Dianthcecia irre- ) \ gularis . f 8 J Viper's bugloss, Span- ( ish catchfly. Tawny do. carpophaga 6 7,8 10-4 Seeds of campions. Mottled do. capsophila. 6 6-9 8-4 Campions. Lychnis capsincola . 6 7-9 8-5 Seeds of do. Campion . cucubali 6 7,8 Do. White Spotted ) Coronet . . j ,, albimacula 6 7 Do. Marbled do. . . conspersa . 7-9 Do. Scarce do. ,, compta 7 Seeds of garden pinks. Northern Grey ccesia . 6 7,8 8-5 j Bladder and sea cam- ( pions. Dwarf Shears . Barrettii . ( Flowers and seed-heads Ranunculus Hecatera dysodea . 7,8 _ < of sow-thistle and (. lettuce. Broad Barred White serena - 7,8 9-5 ( Sow-thistle and wild \ lettuce. JUNE INSECTS. 59 INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Angle Shades . ( Phlogophora me- \ \ ticulosa . | - 114 - ( Broom, and many low ( plants. ("Bracken, male fern, sal- Small do. . Euplexia lucipara . 6 8,9 < low, nettle, plantain, C &c. Green Arches . Aplecta herbida 84 5,6 ( Dock, and other low ( plants. Great Brocade occulta 4,5 6 Plantain, primrose. Grey Arches . nebulosa . 10-5 6 Birch, sallow, hawthorn. Silvery do. ,, tincta . 10-5 6 Birch and grasses. Brown do. advena 84 5,6 Various low plants. Dark Brocade . Hadcna adusta 7 7-9 4 f Sallow, hawthorn, and ( low plants. Glaucous Shears . glauca - 7,8 9-5 J Birch, sallow, bilberry, ( heath. Common do. . dentina . 5,6 Roots of dandelion. Nutmeg . chenopodii 6 7-9 10^5 Goosefoot. Orache atriplicis . - 8,9 - (Spotted persicaria, ( goosefoot, dock, &c. Dingy Brocade suasa - 7-9 j Plantain, knotgrass, 1 lettuce, &c. Bright Line oleracea . 8,9 104 j Elm, nettle, dock, cab- ( bage. Broom Moth . pisi . 8-10 10-5 Bracken, broom, &c. Pale Shouldered ) Brocade . . j thalassina 7,8 8-5 ( Sallow, broom, honey- j suckle, knotgrass, &c. Beautiful do. . contigua . 8,9 Oak, birch, nut, &c. Light do. . . ,, genistce - 7-9 - ( Broom, chickweed, \ campion, &c. Northern do. . . rectilinea . 6 8-3 - j Sallow, bramble, bil- ( berry. Striped Lychnis Cucullia lychnitis . - 7-9 9-5 / Seeds of white and ( dark mulleins. Starwort . asteris . - 8,9 9-5 ( Golden - rod, sea star- 1 wort, and China aster. Cudweed Shark gnaphalii . 6 7,8 9-5 Golden-rod. Wormwood do. absynthii . 8,9 9-5 Wormwood. Chamomile do. chamomillce - 5, 6 s. 8 7&9-3 f Chamomile and flowers 1 of feverfew. Common do. . umbratica . 6,7 7-9 9-5 Sow-thistle and lettuce. Bordered Sallow . Heliothis marginata 7,8 9-6 / Rest-harrow, henbane, ( knotgrass. Bordered Straw peltigera . 7,8 Rest-harrow, henbane. Marbled Clover Broad Bordered ) White Under- } dipsacea . Anarta melanopa . 8,9 10-5 ( Toadflax and Spanish \ catchfly. wing . . J Scotch do. do. . cordigera . 8 Bilberry, whortleberry. Beautiful do. do. myrtilli . - 7-10 s. 3, 4 - Heath. Dwarf do. do. . B Heliodes arbuti 6 6,7 _ .( Forget-me-not and field ^ chickweed. Spotted Sulphur j Agrophila sul- ) ( phuralis . ] 6-8 Small convolvulus. Four Spot . Acontia luctuosa . 6 6-8 _ Do. Rosy Marbled . Erastria venustula 8 9-5 ,( Flowers of trailing tor- "( mentil. Marbled White Spot Silver Barred . ,. fuscula . Banksia argentula. 8,9 8 9-6 Lavender grass. Grasses. Silver Hook . Hydrelia unca 6?7 7,8 Sedges. Purple Marbled . Micro, ostrina . Low plants. Small do. . . . parva . Thistle stems. paula . Spectacle . . . Abrostola urticce . 8,9 10-5 Nettle. Dark do. . . . triplasia 8,9 10-5 Nettle, hop. Burnished Brass . Plusia chrysitis 6,7 7-4 5 I Thistle, nettle, dead ( nettle, burdock. 60 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued'). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Golden Y . Plusia iota . 4-6 6 ( Honeysuckle, nettle, dead nettle, ground- ( sel. Beautiful do. . V-aureum 5 6 Nettle. Silver Y . gamma - 4-9 ( Nettle, hop, and low ( plants. Scarce do. ni . . Northern do. . Dark Gothic . interrogationis Mania typica . 7,8 5,6 94 5 Nettle. Dock and low plants. Black Neck . ( Toxocampa pas- \ ( tinum . . j - 5 - Tufted vetch. Lunar Double Stripe Mother Shipton Ophiodes lunaris . Euclidia mi 7 5 Oak. Melilot. Burnet Companion . glyphica . . 5 Clover. Small Purple Barred Phytometra cenea . 8,9 10-5 Milkwort. PLANTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Clematis, or Travel- \ ler's Joy . . J Clematis vitalba . . Limestone and chalk soil Perennial. Alpine Meadow Rue . Thalictrum alpinum . j Mountains of Scotland ) ( and Wales . . I" Lesser Meadow Rue . minus . j Limestone and chalky ) ( pastures . . j Yellow do. flavum j Banks of ditches and ) ( rivers / ,, Water Crowfoot Ranunculus aquatilis . Streams, ditches, &c. Small do. do. pantothrix Ditches .... Ivy-leaved do. nederaceus Ditches .... Great Spear wort ,, lingua Watery places. Scarce . t Lesser do. fiammula . Watery places . ( Grass-leaved Crowfoot gramineus. Dry mountain pastures . Celery-leaved do. . sceleratus . Watery places . Annual. Bulbous Buttercup bulbosus . Meadows .... Perennial. Creeping do. . ,, repens J Meadows and sides of ) 1 ditches . . )" Meadow Crowfoot acris . Meadows .... Pale Hairy Buttercup . hirsutus . 1 Meadows and waste )_ "( ground . . j Annual. Corn Crowfoot arvensis . Corn-fields Small-flowered do. parviflorus Fields and waste places . Mountain Globe-flower Trollius Europceiis j Mountains of Scotland ! 1 and Wales . . ) Perennial. Columbine Aquilegia vulgaris Woods and pastures Field Larkspur Delphinium consolida . ( Sandy and chalky > t corn-fields . . J Annual. Monk's-hood orWolf s- ) bane ... I" Aconitum Napellus River-sides. Rare . Perennial. Herb Christopher, or ) Baneberry . . / Act(ea spicata . Mountain woods. Rare Entire-leaved Peony . PcBonia corallina . / Steep Holmes Island ) ( in the Severn . ( Barberry .... Berberis vulgaris . Woods and hedges . Shrub. White Water Lily Nymphcea alba Clear water Perennial. Long Rough - headed ) Papaver argemone Corn-fields Annual. x oppy . . . ) Round do. do. hybridum Do Long Smooth-headed do. dubium . Cultivated fields Common Red do. . Rhceas Corn-fields t , Welsh do. ... Meconopsis Cambrica . ( Rocky places in Wales, ) "( Devonshire, &c. ) Perennial. Horned do. Glaucium lutcum. . Sea-shore .... Biennial. JUNE PLANTS. PLANTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Scarlet Horned Poppy . Olaucium phceniceum . f Sandy shores. Doubt- ). 1 ful native . . ) Annual. Greater Celandine Chelidonium way-its Waste places . Perennial. Climbing Corydalis Corydalis claviculata . Bushy places Annual. Yellow do. lutea Old walls. Rare Perennial. Ramping Fumitory Fumaria capreolata Hedges and corn-fields . Annual. Common do. . ojficinalis Fields and waste places ( Mountainous lime- 1 Alpine Penny Cress Thlaspi alpestre . ,\{ stone pastures in \ Perennial. ( North of England ) Shepherd's Purse . CapsellaBursa-Pastoris A common weed Annual. Teesdalia Teesdalia nudicaulis . Dry banks. Scarce w Narrow -leaved Pep- \ perwort . . ) Lepidium ruderale Waste places near sea . Hairy do. English Scurvy Grass . Smithii . Cochlearia A nglica Hedges .... Sea-shore .... Perennial. Annual. Danish do. Datiica 1 Cliffs and hedges near ), 1 sea | Great Water Radish . Armoracia amphibia . River-banks . . Perennial. Twisted Whitlow Grass Draba incana . Mountainous rocks Biennial. Rock Draba . Purple Sea Rocket ,, rupestris Cakile maritima Highland mountains Sandy sea-shores Perennial. Annual. Sea Kale Crambe maritima . Sea-coast .... Perennial. Wart Cress, or Swine's ) Cress f Senebiera Coronopus . A common weed Annual. Lesser do. didyma . Do t Narrow-leaved Bitter ) Cress j Cardamine impatiens . ( Damp rocks in North ) < of England and Scot- > ( land . j Hairy do. hirsuta A common weed Hairy Rock Cress Arabia hirsuta Walls and banks Biennial. Tower Mustard Turritis glabra . j Banks, chiefly in Nor- ) 1 folk and Suffolk j Annual. Common Winter Cress Barbarea vulgaris Damp waste ground Perennial. Early do. ,, prcecox . Do Biennial. Common Water Cress . Nasturtium officinale . Streams and ponds Perennial. Creeping Yellow do. . sylvestre . Watery places 9J Annual do. do. terrestre Do Annual. Amphibious Marsh ) amphibium Ditches and wet places . Perennial. Cress . . . ) Hedge Mustard Sisymbrium officinale . ( Waste places and road- ) "( sides ( Annual. Thale Cress or Wall ). Cress . . . . f thalianum Dry banks and walls Garlic Mustard, Jack- ) by - the - hedge, or > Alliaria officinalis Hedges, &c. Sauce-alone . j Hare's ear Treacle- ) mustard. . . j" Erysimum orientale J Coast of Essex, Sussex, ) i and Suffolk . . [ Hoary Shrubby Stock . Matthiola incana . Shore of Isle of Wight . Perennial. Great Sea Stock . sinuata . Sandy sea-shores Biennial. Common Wild Navew Brassica campestris Borders of fields Annual. Sea Cabbage . oleracea . Sea-shore .... Biennial. ( Sandy sea - shore on 'i Isle of Man do. monensis . \ North-west Coast of \ Perennial. ( Britain . . J Wild Mustard.or Cher- \ lock J Sinapis arvensis . j A common weed in ) ( cornfields, &c. . | Annual. White do. ... alba . Waste ground . f| Common do. . nigra . Do Shrubby Mignonette . Reseda fruticulosa Hedge-banks . Perennial. ( Mountain rocks in ) Hoary Rock Rose Helianthemum canum , ', Wales and North of ,- England . . ) Spotted Annual do. do. guttatum . Sandy pastures. Rare . Annual. Dog Violet Viola canina . Woods and hedge-banks Perennial. Pansy, or Heartsease . tricolor . Cultivated fields Annual. Yellow Mountain ) Violet, or Mountain ,- ,, lutca . . . Mountain pastures Perennial. Pansy ) 62 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Common Milkwort Polygala vulgaris . Heaths and dry pastures Perennial. Moss Campion Silene acaulis . Summits of mountains . Bladder do. . inflata . Corn-fields and pastures / Sea-shore, and moun- \ ( tain streams . ) English Catch fly . Anglica. Dry fields .... Annual. Variegated do. quinquevulnera . Sandy fields. Rare Nottingham do. . ,, nutans . ( Limestone and chalk ) D 1 rocks . . . ,-, Perennial. Ragged Robin Lychnis Flos-Cuculi Damp places . ' German Catchfly . viscaria . j Dry mountain rocks. ) ( Local ...../ " Red Robin, or Cam- ) pion / diurna Hedges and banks . . Mountain Campion Evening Campion . alpina ,. vespfrtinci . Clova mountains, Angus Do. ... Corn-Cockle . Agrostemma Githago . Corn-fields . . . . '' Procumbent Pearlwor Sagina procumbens A common weed . . ,, Annual do. apetala Dry places . . . Annual. Sea do maritima . ( Sea-shore, and summit ) "( of Ben Nevis . / " Spurrey . . ... Spergula arvensis . Corn-fields. ... Smooth do. ,, saginoides Highland mountains . Perennial. Wood Starwort Stellaria ncmorum Damp woods . Chickweed media A common weed Annual. Greater Stitch wort, Satin - flower, or Holostea . Hedge-banks . . . Perennial. Adder's Meat . J Lesser do. graminea Dry heathy places . . Marsh do. glauca Marshy places. Local . ,, Bog do uliginosa Do Annual. Alpine do. cerastoides Highland mountains Perennial. Many-stalked do. . scapigera ( Damp places on moun- * 1 tains . . , J Three-nerved Sandwort Arenaria trinervis Damp woods . . , j Annual. Thyme-leaved do. serpyllifolia . Dry banks and walls M Spring or Vernal do. . verna . . i Mountain pastures . Perennial. Alpine do. rubella . . ! Mountains. Very rare . Fine-leaved do. tenuifolia . Walls and sandy places . Annual. Level-topped do. . Sea do fastigiata . Scotch mountains . marina . . Sandy sea-shores " Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Gerastium vulgatum Fields and road-sides Narrow-leaved do. viscosum Do Perennial. Field Chickweed . arvense ( Gravelly and chalky ) '( fields )" Broad - leaved Moun- ) tain Chickweed . f latifolium Mountains Mossy Cyphel Cherleria sedoides . Highland mountains M Perennial Flax Linum perenne Chalky fields . Narrow-leaved do. angustifolium . ( Sandy and chalky pas- ) "( tures j Little, or Cathartic do. catharticum Dry pastures Annual. Common Mallow . Malva sylvestris / Road-sides and waste ) \ places . i" Perennial. Dwarf do. Hairy Marsh do. . Althc&a hirsuta , . Cobham, Kent H Small-leaved Lime Tree ( Tilia parvifolia . . Woods .... Tree. Hairy St. John's Wort . Hypcricum hirsutum . \ { W tt " mestone r } Perennial. Trailing do. . Common Maple ,, humifusum Acer campestre Sandy and peaty places Woods and hedges . Tree. Crimson Crane's-bill. . Geranium sanguineum ( Limestone and magne- ). p er enni-vl ( sian rocks . . t * Dusky do. phceum . ( Woods and thickets. ) ( Rare )" ,, Knotty do. nodosum 1 Hertfordshire and (_ ( Cumberland . | Wood do. ... sylvaticum . Woods and meadows . ,, Meadow do. . . . pratense Damp pastures . .1 JUNE PLANTS. 63 PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Pyrenean Crane's-bill . Geranium pyrenaicum . ( Road-sides and mea- \ "( dows. Local . ) Perennial. Herb Robert . . . Robertianum . Road-sides and hedges Annual. Shining Crane's-bill . lucidum . Walls and stony places Dove's-foot do. . . molle ' . . Fields and waste places Round-leaved do. . rotundifolium Do Small-flowered do. pusillum . Do Jagged do. dissectum Do. . Long-stalked do. . . . columbinum . \ Do. Scarce . Stork's-bill . . . Erodium cieutarium . I Fields and waste places Musk do. ... moschatum . ! Hillv pastures . Sea do maritimum . i Sandy sea-shores, and > \ at Dartmoor. Scarce )" Perennial. Wood Sorrel . . . Oxalis Acetosclla . Woods and shady places ' n Yellow do. do. . . corniculata . i Damp places in West \ \ of England. Rare ) Annual. Bladder Nut . . . Staphylea pinnata Doubtful native . . Shrub. Furze, Gorse, or Whin Ulex Euronceus Commons and thickets . Green-weed, or Petty ) Whin j Genista Anglica Heaths and moors . Broom .... Cytisus scoparius . . Woods and heaths . Rest Harrow . . . ! Ononis spinosa . . Heaths and dry commons Perennial. Black Medick, or Non- ) such )" Medicago lupulina Pastures . ... Annual. Lucerne, or Purple > Medick' . . / sativa Fields. Not native Perennial. Spotted do. ... maculata Fields .... Annual. Sickle Medick . . Medicago falcata . Do. .... Perennial. Yellow Melilot . . Mtlilotus officinalls Waste places . Annual. White or Dutch) Clover, or Trefoil ) Trifolium repens . Meadows .... Perennial. Purple do. m-atense . Do 1 Teazle-headed Trefoil . maritimum . Salt marshes . . . Annual. Rough do. . . . scabmm . Dry fields . Knotted do. . striatum . . Sandy fields Round-headed do. Subterraneous do. (jlomcratiim . subterraneum Dry pastures . Dry banks and fields Hop do Great Bird's-foot do. procumbens . Lotus major . Dry pastures . Bushy places . Perennial. Little do. do. . anyustissimus South Coast. Rare Annual. Lady's Fingers, Kid- ) iiey Vetch, or Anthyllis vulncraria . Dry pastures . Perennial. Woundwort . ) Hairy Mountain Oxy- > tropis )" Oxytropis uralcnsis ( Dry mountain pastures ) \ in Scotland . . ) Sweet Milk Vetch Wood-bitter Vetch Astragalus glycyphyllus Vicia Orobus . Woods and dry fields Rocky woods in the North " Common do. . , sativa . Fields. Doubtful native Annual. Yellow do. , lutea Sea-coast .... Perennial. Bush do Woods and shady hedges Hairy do., or Tare , hirsuta . Fields and hedges . Annual. Smooth do. do. , tetrasperma . Do s> Yellow Vetchling Lathyrus Aphaca . ( Sandy and gravelly ) ( fields. Rare . j" Crimson do. . Nissolia . Grassy places . Blue Marsh do. palustris Boggy meadows Perennial. Bitter Vetch . Orobus tuberosus . Woods .... Black do. niaer . Rocks in the Highlands Bird's-foot . . . Ornithopus perpusillus Sandy heaths . Horse-shoe Vetch . 1 Hippocrepis comosa Chalky banks . Sainfoin . . . Oiiobrychis sativa . Chalk and limestone hills Meadow-sweet . . Spircea ulmaria Damp meadows Mountain Avens . . Dryas octopetala . Mountain pastures . , C( Bennet d " r Hert> !" Gcum urbanum Hedges and thickets H Water Avens . . ! rivale ( Damp meadows and 1 ( marshes . . ( Si graL We ? d> r G ? Se " } Potentate A nscrina . Waste ground . 64 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. ljoca.ll ties. Duration. Creeping Cinquefoil Potentilla reptans . Meadows and way-sides Perennial. Hoary do. argentea ( Pastures and commons ) "( Local ) Shrubby do. . fruticosa Mountain thickets . Strawberry-flowered do. rupestris ( Rocks in Wales. Very )_ "( rare )" ,, Alpine do. alpestris Mountains .... Saw-leaved do. opaca . Do. Rare White rock do. alba Mountains. Trifiddo. tridentata . Do. Very rare . Common Tormentil Tormentilla officinalis . Woods and banks . ,, Trailing do. reptans Do Wood Strawberry . Raspberry Fragaria vesca Rubus Idceus . Woods and thickets Rocky woods . Shrub. Dewberry ccesius . ( Thickets and borders ) ( of fields . . f ,, Stone Bramble saxatilis ( Stony, mountainous \ \ places . ) Perennial. Cloudberry ,, Chamcemorus Mountain moors t , Common Lady's Mantle Alchemilla vulgaris Hilly pastures . ,, Field do arvcnsis A common weed Annual. Burnet .... Burnet Rose . Sanguisorba officinalis . Rosa spinosissima . Damp meadows Waste places . Perennial. Shrub. Soft-leaved do. mollis Mountain thickets . , Sweet-briar . rubiginosa Bushy places . Dog Rose .... canina . Hedges and bushy places f Trailing do. do. arvensis . Woods and hedges . , White Beam Tree . Pyi"us Aria . . . Mare's-tail Hippuris vulgaris . Stagnant water Perennial. White Bryony Water Blinks . Bryonia dioica Montia fontana Hedges .... Wet places. Annual. Four-leaved All-seed . ( Polycarpon tetra- \ South coast n ( phylluin . . ) Mossy Tilloaa . Tillcea mitscosa Sandy wastes . Wall Pennywort . Cotyledon Umbilicus Damp rocks and walls . Perennial. Hairy Stonecrop . Sedum villosum Danlp rocks ,, Common do., or Wall \ acre ... Walls and rocks Pepper J Rose Root Rhodiola rosea Mountains and sea-cliffs. Kidney -leaved Saxi- ) frage )" Saxifraga geum South of Ireland Do London Pride, or ) None-so-pretty . )" umbrosa Mountains. Starry Saxifrage . stdlaris. Do ,, Yellow Mountain do. . aizoides f Boggy places on ) "( mountains . . (" Meadow do. . granulata . Meadows .... Drooping do. . cernua . Mountain rocks Rue-leaved do. tridactylites . Walls and dry places Annual. Moss do tmiscoides Highland mountains Perennial. Palmate do. . ccespitosa Mountains .... ,, Hairy do. hirta Do ,, Broad-flowered do. platypetala . Do Ladies' Cushion nypnoides . Do Opposite-leaved Gol- ) den Saxifrage . f / Chrysosplenium \ ( alterni folium, . ) Damp places. Scarce . .. Marsh Pennywort, or) Whiterot . . )" Hydrocotyle vulgaris . Damp places . H Wood Sanicule Sanicula Europcea . Woods .... Wild Celery, or \ Smallage . . f Apium graveolens . Marshes .... Biennial. Parsley .... Petroselinum sativum . Old walls . i Honewort Trinia glabcrrima . Limestone rocks Perennial. Pepper Saxifrage . Spignel, Meu, or Bald \ Silaiia pratensis . . Meum Athamanticum . Damp meadows Mountain pastures . " Money ) Masterwort . ( Peiicedanum Ostru- \ \ thium i ( Damp pastures. ) '( Doubtful native f . JUNE PLANTS. PLANTS (continued). 65 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Small Hartwort . Tordylium offlcincde (Corn-fields. Doubtful) ( native . . J Annual. Great do. ,, maximum . Do. do. ... Small Bur Parsley Caucalis Daucoidcs Corn-flelds. Local . Corn-flelds ... Knotted Hedge Parsley Torilis nodosa . Fields and banks " Venus's Comb, or \ Shepherd's Needle j Scandix Pecten-Veneris A common weed Garden Chervil Yellow-seeded do. Anthriscus Cerefolium . Chcerophyllum aureum . Waste ground . Fields. Scarce. Perennial. Broad-leaved do. . aromaticum Near Guthrie, Forfar t) Sweet Cicely . Myrrhis odorata . North of England . ^ Hemlock .... C'onium maculatum Hedge-banks . Biennial. Alexanders . Smyrnium Olusatrum . ( Sea-side and waste ). ( ground J Coriander Coriandrum sativum . Fields and waste places . Annual. Cornel Tree,or Dogwood Cornus sanguinea . Hedges .... Shrub. Mountain pastures . Perennial. Elder .... Sambucus nigra Woods and hedges . Tree. Meal Tree Viburnum Lantana Hedges and thickets Shrub. Guelder Rose . Opulus . Woods .... M Perfoliate Honeysuckle Loniccra Caprifolium . Woods. Rare . ,, Common do., or Wood- ) bine . . . ) Periclymenum Do n Upright do. Xylosteum Thickets in Sussex . ' Linnoea .... Linnoea Borealis . Northern pine woods Perennial. Crosswort Galium cruciatum . Hedges and thickets n Smooth Heath Bed-) straw f saxatile Heaths .... Upright do. ,, erectum Hedges .... Rough-fruited do. saccharatum . Corn-flelds. Rare , Annual. Smooth-fruited Corn do. spurium . Forfar ,, Wall do anglicum . Walls ,, Goosegrass, or Cleavers Aparine . Hedge-banks . f _ Field Madder . Shcrardia arvensis Fields Field Woodruff . Aspcrula arvensis . Near Davenport Red Valerian . Centranthus rubra f Chalky banks and old ) ( walls ... | Perennial. Marsh do. Valeriana dioica . Damp meadows fi Great Wild do. officinalis . Damp places M Corn Salad Fedia olitoria . A common weed Annual. Lamb's Lettuce dentata . Corn-flelds M Small Scabious Scabiosa columbaria Pastures .... Perennial. Yellow Goat's Beard . Tragopogonpratensis . Do Biennial. Purple do., or Salsify . porrifolius . j Damp meadows. Not ). ( native . . . / Ox Tongue Sow Thistle . Helminthia cchioides . Soncfius oleraceus . Hedge-banks . A common weed Annual. Hawk Weed Wall ) Lettuce. . . )" Prenanthes hieracifolia Near Forfar . ... Dandelion Lcontodon Taraxacum . A common weed Perennial. Rough Hawk-bit . Mouse-ear Hawk Weed Apargia hispida . ffieracium Pilosella Dry pastures and heaths Dry places .... Orange do. do. aurantiacum Nortnern woods H Smooth Hawk's Beard . Crepis tectorum Walls and dry places Annual. Rough do. Biennis Dry pastures . Biennial. Stinking do. . Borkhausia fcetida Chalky fields . ,, Long-rooted Cat's Ear . Hypochceris radicata . Meadows .... Perennial. Dwarf Nipplewort Lapsana pusilla Sandy fields Annual. Slender-floweredThistle Carduus tenuiflorus Waste places . ,, Carline do. Carlina vulgaris . . Dry pastures . Biennial. Nodding Bur Marigold Bidens cern.ua . Ditches .... Annual. Cat's-Foot Antennaria dioica . Dry heaths Perennial. Common Cudweed f Gnaphalium Germa- ) 1 nicum . . . ) Dry ground Annual. Groundsel Senecio vulgaris A common weed M Inelegant Ragwort squalidus . Walls and waste places . ,, Great do., or Bird's \ Tongue i paludosus . Fens and ditches. Rare . Perennial. E 66 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Marsh Flea wort . Cineraria palustris Fens. Local Perennial. Field, do. .... campestris . Fields . ... Greater Leopard's Bane ( Daronicum planta- \ \ aineum . j Damp woods. Doubtful ) native ) Common do. . ., Pardalianches . Do. do. ... ( Daisy .... Betlis perennis Pastures, &c. . ( , Ox-eye do. ... j Chrysanthemum Leu- \ \ canthemum / Dry pastures . Corn Marigold segetum Corn-fields Annual. Yarrow, or Milfoil Achillea millefolium Pastures and way-sides . Perennial. Golden Milfoil tomentosa Dry hill pastures. Scarce H Black Knapweed . Centaurea terra Pastures and way-sides . Yellow Star Thistle solstitialis . Waste places . Annual. Ivy-leaved Bell-flower . Campanula hederacea . Bogs Perennial. Sheep's Scabious . Jasione montana . Dry pastures . Annual. Cranberry Oxycoccus palustris Bogs Shrub. Ling, or Heather . Calluna vulgaris . Heaths and moors . ,, Scotch Menziesia . Menziesia ccerulea . Highland moors Marsh Cistus . Andromeda poli folia , Yellow Bird's Nest Monotropa Hypopitis . j Roots of beech and 1 ( fir-trees . . j" Perennial. Privet .... Ligustrum vulgare . Hedges and thickets Shrub. Lesser Periwinkle. Vinca minor . Thickets. Scarce . Perennial. Greater do. major . Hedges H Centaury .... Erythrcea Centaurium . Dry pastures . Annual. Bog-bean, or Marsh ) Hfcnyanthes trifoliata . Bogs . . . . Perennial. Trefoil . . . )" Jacob's Ladder Polemonium ccerulcum . Bushy places . M Small Bind-weed . Convolvulus arvensis . Hedge-banks, &c. . ,, Viper Grass . Echium vulgare Dry fields .... Biennial. Cromwell Lithospermum officinale Fields and waste places . Perennial. Corn do arvense Do Annual. Creeping do. . purpuro-cceruleum Do. Scarce . Perennial. Sea do maritimum Sandy coasts . ,, Forget-me-not Myosotis palustris . Ditches .... Creeping do. . repens Damp peaty places . Field do arvensis . Dry places .... Annual. Early do collina Dry fields and walls. Changeable do. ,, versicolor . Dry places .... Alkanet .... Evergreen do. Anchusa ojficinalis sempervirens . Waste ground. Rare . Do. Local . Perennial. Bugloss .... Lycopsis arvensis . Fields Annual. Comfrey .... Symphytum officinale . Watery places . Perennial. Borage .... Borago officinalis . Waste ground . Biennial. Madwort .... Asperugo procttmbcns . Do. Rare Annual. Green-leaved Hound's \ Tongue ) Cynoglossum sylvaticum Shady places . Biennial. Deadly Nightshade, or ) Dwale ) Atropa belladonna Waste ground . . . Perennial. Woody do., or- Bitter- ) sweet )" Solanum LHdcamara . Hedges . . . Garden do. nigrum . A common weed Annual. Broom-rape . Orobanchc major . Roots of broom and furze Perennial. Ivy do Hederce . On ivy roots ,, Thyme-leaved Speed- ) well j Veronica serpyllifolia . Meadows .... H Alpine do. ... alpina Mountains. ,, Brooklime Beccabunga . Ditches .... ,, Common Speedwell officinalis Drv places .... ,, Mountain do. . montana , 1 Shady woods. Not ) "( common . . j Germander do. . Cha7)icBdrys Hairy do. hirsuta . Heaths in Ayrshire . (( Ivy-leaved do. ,, hederi/olia A common weed Annual. Germander Chickweed Do .... Grey Speedwell . . Do ., Buxbaumii , Wall do arvensis . A common weed ,, Alpine Painted Cup . Bartsia alpina . , Mountain pastures. Rare Perennial. JUNE PLANTS. PLANTS (continued]. 67 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Yellow Rattle Rhinanthus Crista-galli Meadows .... Annual. Yellow Cow Wheat Melampyrum pratense . Woods .... ,, Marsh Red Rattle, or ) Lousewort . . j" Pedicularis palustris . Marshes . . . , . Perennial. Dwarf do. sylvatica . Damp meadows and bogs Foxglove Snapdragon . Digitalis purpurea Antirrhinum majus Woods and hedge-banks Old walls. Not native . Biennial. Perennial. Iw-leaved do., or ) toad Flax . . f Linaria Oymbalaria Do. Do. ... Sharp-leaved Fluel- ) len, or Toad Flax ) Elatine Dry fields .... Annual. Common Toad Flax, or ) Butter and Eggs / vulgaris . Hedges .... Perennial. Small do. Cornish Monevwort ,, minor Sibthorpia Europcea Chalky fields. Local . Damp places. Local Annual. Perennial. White Mullein Dark do Verbascum Lychnitis . nigru?n Chalky places. Local . Hedge-banks . , Biennial. Perennial. Gipsywort Meadow Clary Lycopus Europceus Salvia pratensis . Ditches and pool-sides . Hedge-banks. Rare ' Wild do Do., and dry fields Wild Thyme . Wall Germander . Thymus Serpyllum Teucrium Cnamcedrys . Heaths and hedge-banks Old walls. Naturalised . Bugle .... Ajuga reptans . Woods .... Pyramidal do. pyramidalis Highland pastures . Mountain do. . alpina . Mountains. Rare . jj Bee Nettle Galeopsis versicolor Corn-fields. Annual. Weasel Snout Galeoodolon luteum Hedges and thickets Perennial. White Dead Nettle Lamium album Hedges and way-sides . t Spotted do. maculatum Hedge-banks. Rare (> Red do purpureum A common weed Annual. Cut-leaved do. incisum Fields Henbit do. Ground Ivy . amplexicaitle . Glechoma hederacea Waste places . Hedge-banks . Perennial. liasttird Jiiiliu ( Melittis Melissophyl- \ ( Woods in southern ) \ lum )" 1 counties . . i" " Self Heal . Prunella vulgaris . Fields .... Skull Cap Scutellaria galericulata Wet places Butterwort Pinguicula vulgaris Alpine do. alpina Mountain do. . n Pale do ,, lusitanica . Bogs. Local . Intermediate Bladder- > wort / Utricularia intermedia Water. Rare . ,, Small do minor Pools on moors Water Violet . Hottonia palustris . Clear water Bird's-eye Primrose Primula farinosa . ( Damp places on moun- ) \ tains ) ,, Sea Milkwort . Glaux maritima j Sea-shores and salt- ( marshes . . / Chick weed Winter- ) green f Trientalis Europcea Heaths. Rare . \\ ood Pimpernel . Money-wort . Lysimachia nemorum . nummularia Woods .... ( Ditch-banks and shady ) "( places j " Scarlet Pimpernel . Anagallis arvensis. A common weed Annual. Chaff Weed . Centunculus minimus . Damp places . n Brook Weed . Samolus Valerandi, . Do Perennial. Sea Thrift Anneria maritima. Sea cliffs .... Greater Plantain . Plantago major . A common weed )( Hoary do. media Chalk hills. ,, Ribwort do. . ,, lanceolata ( A common weed in ) "( pastures . . ) Sea do. . . ' . maritima Muddy sea-coasts . Buck's-horn do. coronopus Dry places .... Annual. Shore Weed . Littorella lacustris Margins of pools Perennial. Beet .... Beta maritima . Muddy sea-shores . . Wild Spinach . 1 Chenopodium Bonus \ ( Henricus ) Waste places . White Goosefoot . album . A common weed Annual. Bistort, or Snake Weed Polygonum Bistorta Damp meadows Perennial. 68 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Knotgrass Black Bindweed, or ) Climbing Buck- \ Polygonum aviculare . A common weed Do Annual. wheat J Curled Dock . Meadow do. . Sorrel . Sheep's do. Rumex crispus pratensis . acetosa ,, acetosella . Do Meadows. Rare Meadows .... Heaths .... Perennial. Mountain do. . Flax-leaved Toad Flax. Crowberry, or Crake- ) Oxyria renifomris . Thesium linophyllum . Mountains. Chalky pastures Bogs ..... Shrub. berry J Broad-leaved Spurge . Irish do Hairy do Cypress do. Petty do Wood do. Spring Water Star- ) wort / Stalked do. do. Autumnal do. do. . Roman Nettle Euphorbia, platyphylla hiberna . pilosa Cyparissias . Peplus . amygdaloides Callitriche verna . pedunculata . autumnalis . Urtica pilulifera . Fields Thickets .... Woods near Bath . Thickets. Local A common weed Woods .... Pools Do Do Waste ground . Do Annual. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Annual. Common do. . Pellitory .... Smooth Willow Sweet do. dioica . Parietaria ojficinalis . Salix triandra , pentandra War-sides and fields Old walls .... I Wet woods and osier- ) \ beds j" River-banks Perennial. Tree. Xet-leaved do. Green Mountain Sallow , reticulata , Binder so ni'cina . Scotch mountains . Do " Bilberry-leaved ^Villow , vaccinifolia . , Whortle-leaved do. Dwarf do. Scotch Fir, or Pine Dwarf Juniper Black Bryony Herb Paris Water Thyme Green-winged Orchis . Early do , myrsinites , herbacea. Pinus sylvestris Juniperus nana Tamus communis . Paris quadrifolia . Eudorea Canadensis . Orchis Morio . Do Mountains. Northern forests Mountains. Thickets .... Woods .... Canals .... Meadows .... Do Shrub. Tree. Shrub. Perennial. Dwarf Dark-winged do. Marsh do. ,, ustulata Chalky pastures Marshes .... Spotted do. Heaths .... Fragrant do. . Frog do Small White do. . Butterfly do. . Green Man do. Bee do Gjimnadenia conopsea . Habenaria viridis . albida . ~ chlorantha . Aceras anthropophora . Chalk hills. .' . Hill pastures . Mountains. Damp meadows Chalk hills. Do ';' Late Spider do. Fly do Tway Blade . Bird's Nest White Helleborine Narrow-leaved do. Red do Stinking Iris . Narrow-leaved Solo- ) mon's Seal . . / Solomon's Seal Angular do. . . Wild Hyacinth, Blue-) bell, or Harebell j" Rose-coloured Garlic . Chives .... Mountain Spiderwort . arachnites. muscifera . . ' Listera ovata . Nidus-avis Epipactis grandiflora . ensifolia ., rubra . . \ Iris fcetidissima . , \ Convallaria verticillata multiflora . , Polygonatum ( Hyacinthus non- ) \ scriptus . . f : Allium ambiguuin . Schoenoprasum. Anthericum serotinum . Do. Rare Chalk hills. Woods . . . . { f Parasitic on roots of (. '. } beech . . . ) Woods on chalk Woods. Rare . Mountain woods. Rare Pastures and thickets . ' Scottish woods . Woods .... Do. Rare . . . i Woods and thickets Not native . Meadows. Rare Welsh mountains . JUNE PLANTS. PLANTS (continued). 69 Popular Name. Scientific' Same. Localities. Duration. Turk's-cap Lily Sharp-flowered Rush . Small-jointed do. . Moss do Great Hairy Rush. Narrow-leaved do. Flowering do. Star Fruit Sea-side Arrow Grass . Ivy-leaved Duckweed . Small do. .... LUium Martagon . Juiicus acutijlorus . uliyinosus . squairosus. Luzula sj/lvatica . Fostcri Butomus umbcllatus i Actinocarpus Dama- \ ( sonium. . . f Triglochin maritimum . Lemna trisulca Woods. Not native Damp ground . Damp heaths . Hill bogs . Woods and hills Woods Ponds and slow streams Pools . Perennial Annual. Perennial. ( Salt marshes "( muddy shores Ditches and ponds Do. . and ) j Thick-leaved do. . Great do Curled Pond weed . Flat-stalked do. . Close-leaved do. . Sea Rnppia . Creeping Spike Rush . INIaiiy-stalked do. . Floating Water Rush . Hare's-tail Cotton Grass Prickly Sedge. Pa Rv Eh Eli Er Ca , gibba . , polyrhiza . 'amogeton crispus compressors ,, densus ppia maritima . ocharis palufitris multicaulis . ogiton fluitans . iopJiorum raginatum rex Davalliaiia . pulicaris incurva . arenaria intermedia . vulpina . , teretiuscida . , paniculata . , stellulata , curta . . . . , elongaia , oval is , remota . aocillaris pulla ccespitosa rigida . pauciflora . , pendula strigosa . sylvatica depauperata Miclichoferi . capiHaris limosa . rariflora Pseudo-Cyperus . atrata . pallcscens Jlava fulva extensa . distans . Do. . Ponds . Pools and ditches Ditches Ditches and pools Salt ditches Ditches and bogs Marshes . Pools . Moors . '. Bogs. Rare Bogs . Sea-shores . Sandy shores . Marshes Meadows . Bogs . Do. . Marshes Bogs ... Curved do. Soft Brown do. Great Rough do. . Smaller Panicled do. . Greater do. do . . ' Star Headed do. . White do. Elongated do. Oval do Remote-flowered do. . Axillary-clustered do. . Russet do. Marshes Do. . Damp woods . Marshes Mountain bogs . Marshes Mountains . Peaty moors Damp woods . Woods Damp do. . Dry do. Mountains . Do. . Muddy bogs Scotch mountains Damp places Mountains . Marshes Turfy bogs. Boggy meadows Marshes Do. . Dry heaths Heaths and moors Meadows. Rare Bogs and meadows Woods and pastures Roggy woods . Marshes Do Damp places . Pastures . Bog do Few-flowered do. . Pendulous do. Loose Pendulous do. . Pendulous Wood do. . Starved do. Loose-spiked Rock do. . Dwarf do. Mud do Loose-flowered do. Cyperus do. . ', Yellow do. Tawny do. Long-bracteated do. Distant-spiked do. Green-ribbed do. . | Round-headed do. j , Downy-fruited do. | , Pink-leaved do. . , Glaucous Heath do. , Smooth-beaked do. , Short-spiked Bladder) ' do { " Slender-beaked Blad- ) der do. f " Hairy do. . . . , Sweet Vernal Grass . - ( A \ pilulifcra tomentosa . . j panicea . recurva . . , Icevigata . . : vesicaria . . i ampullacea . hirta ithoxanthum odo-) atum ) 70 THE FIELD NATUKALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Mat Grass . . . Nardus stricta Fox-tail do. . . . ! Alopecurus pratensis , Floating do. do. . geniculatus . Canary do. . . . Phalaris Canariensis . Cat's-tail do. . . . Phleum pratense . Sea do. do. ... -- arena.rium Damp heaths . Pastures .... Wet places f Uncultivated places. ) "( Naturalised. . | Pastures .... Sandy shores . Damp woods . Way-sides .... Damp places Do Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Biennial. Perennial. Annual. Millet do Annual Beard do. . Wood Reed . Small do Close do Brown Bent Grass. Water Whorl do. . Alpine Hair do. Early do. ... Silver do. Milium effusum ( Polypogon monspe- ) '( liejisis . . . )" Calamagrostis Epigejos lanceolata stricta Agrostis canina Catabrosa aquatica Aira alpina . ,, prcecox . . . caryophyllea . Bogs. Rare Damp fields Wet places Mountains. Dry ground Hill pastures . . . Shady woods . Mountain do. Rare Meadows .... Hedges and way-sides . Mountains .... Ditches .... Walls and dry ground . Dry places .... Meadows . Do Waste ground . Mountains .... Ditches and pool margins Sandy shores . Downs .... Fields Wood Melic do. . Mountain do. . Soft do Oat do Blue Moor do. Reed Meadow do. Hard do Flat-stalked do. Rough do. Melica uninora ,, nutans. Holcu,s lanatus ( ATrhenatherum ave- ) \ naceum , . } Sesleria ccerulea Poa aquatica . riffida compressa trivialis . Annual do. Glaucous Meadow do. . Sweet do. annua glauca Wheat Meadow do. Quaking do. . Cock's-foot do. Single-husked Fescue) do. ... j Sheep's do. , loliacea Briza media Dactylis glomerata . Festuca uniglumis . , ovina . Sandy shores . Dry pastures Pastures .... Meadows .... Fields Meadow do. . Barren Brome do. Annual do. Smooth do. Soft do Corn do Downy Oat do. Wall Barley . Meadow do. . Sea do. .... , pratensis . Bromus sterilis , diandriis . , racemosus . , mollis. , squarrosus Avena pubescens Hordeum murinum pratense . maritimum . Triticum repens _f Brachypodium sylva- \ ( ticum j Lolium perenne Polypodium vulgare cambricum Phegopteris Dryopteris . alpestre Polystichum Lonchitis , aculeatum. Lastrea Filix-mas . Pastures .... Pastures and road-sides . Corn-fields. Rare . Chalky pastures Road-sides. Damp pastures Sea-side pastures A common weed , : .' Copses and hedge-banks. Pastures .... ( Mossy banks, damp ) ( rocks, &c. . . > Shady banks . ( Damp woods and ) \ mountains. Local ) Damp places. Local Scotch mountains . ( Mountain rocks, es- ) j pecially in Scotland - ( and Ireland . . ) Shady places . Do Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Couchgrass, or Dog ) do j False Brome do. . Darnel, or Rye do. FERNS. Common Polypody Welsh do. Mountain do., or \ Beech Fern . . t Smooth three-branchedi do., or Oak do. / Alpine do. Alpine Shield do. or\ Holly do. . ) Prickly do. Male do. . JUNE PLANTS. 71 PLANTS (continued,. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. FERNS. Crested Buckler Poly- ) pody )" Broad do. do. Lady do. . . ' . Forked Spleen wort Alternate do. . Rue-leaved do. Green do. Lastrea cristata dilatata Asplenium Filix-f JULY. GENERAL HIXTS. IT often happens that when there is most to he done there is least to he said, and that is the case with the present month. The days are long, and the collector will have enough work on his hands to occupy ever}' hour of the long summer days. Palings, tree-trunks, and light, as before. Treacling will he very productive in this month, and the collector will have his boards as full as they will hold. Should he be very much pressed for space, he will be obliged to have recourse to artificial heat, and dry the specimens by the fire. This must be very cautiously done, as, if the drying be too rapid, the wings will be warped. Do not trouble yourself about pupa?. Butterflies and day-flying moths are now abundant. Should there be access to a large oak wood you may chance to obtain one of the great prizes the Purple Emperor. For him and his wife we must lay a bait. Like many butterflies, the Purple Emperor delights in the most repulsive of substances, and nothing seems to please him so much as flesh in the last stages of decay. Generally the male, to whom alone the splendid purple plumage belongs, flies at the top of oak trees, much too high to be reached with a net. But he cannot resist the odour of decaying flesh, and a drowned cat or puppy may be advan- tageously utilised as an Emperor trap. If possible, find an open but damp spot, so that the heat and moisture may aid decomposition. When I was collecting in Bagley Wood, many years ago, a splendid pair of this butterfly was brought to me. The captor saw them drinking at a peculiarly noisome puddle, put his hat over them, and caught them both. Beating or shaking will be useful in this month. Very good moths may often be startled out of small trees by giving the trunk a violent blow with the sole of the boot. A blow with a heavy stick will produce the same effect, as the sudden jar will communicate itself to the branches as well as the trunk. Dr. Knaggs recommends a French instrument which is made on purpose. It is a long-handled mallet, with a leaden head cased in thick leather or gutta-percha. The object of the leather casing is to save the tree from injury, and to prevent the sound of the blows from being heard at a distance. Sometimes the head weighs as much as two pounds, but Dr. Knaggs prefers a rather light one. The same mode of beating will also answer for caterpillars, and Dr. Knaggs gives an account of the following very useful box. It is very difficult to put more than one or two caterpillars into a single box, as many of them are very active, and will crawl out as soon as the lid is raised. The box in question is made of a large chip pill-box. A second lid is placed on the bottom of the box, and a hole cut or punched through both of them. The hole should be on one side. It will be seen that, when the two holes correspond, a cater- pillar can be introduced into the box, but that when the pierced lid is turned, the aperture is closed. There is no space, therefore, for one of the inmates to push its 74 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. way out while another is being introduced ; and then a movement of the fingers closes the aperture. The eggs which have been collected will have hatched by this time. As rearing them is a delicate and difficult task, I shall say little about it except to mention that, in their active stages, they require the most constant care and attention, especially in changing their food. When they are very young, they must be lifted off the old food and placed on the new by means of a pointed strip of paper. And, as there are often several hundreds of a single species hatched nearly at the same time from the same brood, and each must be moved singly, the reader may picture for himself the amount of labour which these little creatures entail on their possessor. At the present moment there are in my house about 360 larvae of the Gipsy Moth (Liparis dispar] in one box. They are a fortnight old, and appear to become greedier every day. They are fed upon the mountain ash, and thrive admirably. This species, by the way, is remarkable from the fact that collectors have ceased to find it at large, as it now seems only to be procurable, like the silkworm, from eggs laid in captivity. As in June, the plants are in full bloom, and indeed it is difficult to say whether June or July is to be considered the superior in this respect. INSECTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-Plants. BUTTERFLIES. Swallow Tail . Papilio Machaon . 6 6-8 8-5 f Wild carrot, fennel, and "( marsh milk-parsley. Black- veined White Picris cratcegi . 6 8-5 6 ( Hawthorn, sloe, and ( fruit trees. Large do. . . E brassicce 5&8 6&9 7&9-4 j Cabbage, &c., and nas- ( turtium. Small do. . . E rapiB 5&8 i 6&9 7&94 f Turnip, cabbage, &c., 1 and nasturtium. Green-veined do. E napi 5&8 6&9 7&9-4 ( Rape, and other cruci- Brimstone, or Sul- ) phur . . E f Ooncpteryx rhainni 4 8,7 7 Buckthorn. Silver-washed Fri- ) tillary . . f Argynnis Paphia . 7 8-6 6 ( Dog and other violets, ( wild raspberry, nettle. Dark Green do. ,, Aglaia . 8 8-6 6 1 Dog and other violets, ( and wild heartsease. Niobe do. . Niobe 8 8-5 6 Do. do. High Brown do. Adippe . 8 8-6 6 Do. do. Wood do. . Melitcea Athalia 7 8-5 6 ( Narrow-leaved plan- \ tain, foxglove, wild ( germander. Comma Vanessa C-album . 5&7 5&8 6&9 f Elm, willow, sloe, cur- ( rant, hop, nettle. Small Tortoiseshell urticve 4, 5 & 7 5, 6 & 8 6&8 Nettle. Large do. . polychloros 58.10 s.10-5,6 7 ( Elm, aspen, osier, wil- \ low, and fruit trees. Camberwell Beauty Antiopa . 5 6,7 7 f Birch, poplar, willow, ( and nettle. Peacock . . E lo . . 4,5 6,7 7 Nettle. Painted Lady . E cardui 6 6-9 7-9 f Thistles, nettle, mal- 1 low, and scarlet bean. White Admiral B Limenitis Sibylla . 7 8-5 6 Honeysuckle. Purple Emperor . Apatura Iris . 7 8-5 6 Sallow, poplar. JULY INSECTS. 75 INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Marbled White Arge Oalatea . 7 8-5 6 Grasses. (Annual meadow-grass. Mountain Ringlet . Erebia Epiphron . 8-5 < sheep's fescue-grass, ( &c. Scotch do. Medea 8 9-5 6 Poa and other grasses. Wood Argus . E Satyrus jtEgeria . 5&8 6, 7& 9-3 4&7 Grasses. Grayling . ,, Semele . 7 8-6 6 Couch and other grasses. Meadow Brown Janira . 7 8-5 6 Grasses, &c. Gate Keeper . Tithonus 7 8-6 6 Annual meadow-grass. Ringlet Hyperanthiis 7 8-6 6 Grasses, &c. Large Heath . j Ccenonympha ) "( Davus . j" 6 8-5 6 White beak rush. Small do. . ,, Pamphilus . 5 5,6&8 4&7 Grasses. Purple Hairstreak . White Letter do. . Thecla quercus W- Album . 7-4 7-4 5,6 5,6 6 6 Oak. Wych elm, elm. Black do. . pruni . 74 5,6 6 Sloe. Brown do. betulce . 10 5,6 7 Birch, sloe. Large Copper . < Polyommatus \ \ Hippothoe i 8 8-6 7 ( Great water dock. Pro- ( bably now extinct. Small do. . Phlceas . 6&10 5-8 & 10-4 4&104 Ragwort, dock, sorrel. Silver-studded Blue Lyccena JEgon 7-2 5,6 6 Bird's-foot, broom. Chalk-hill do. . E Cory don . 9 10-6 7 Tufted horse-shoe vetch . Mazarine do. . Ads . . Flower-heads of thrift. Pearl Skipper . Hesperia comma . 8-3 6 7 j Bird's-foot, and bird's- ( foot trefoil. Small do. . linea 7 8-6 7 Grasses. Lulworth do. . M Actceon . 6 7 In wood reed. MOTHS. Death's Head Hawk Acherantia Atropos _ 9,10 9-6 Potato leaves. Spotted Elephant ) ( Deilephila eu- ) a q ( Cypress spurge and sea do. . . . | ( phorbice / O, 7 1 spurge. Madder do. galii . 8-10 _ Bedstraws. Oleander do. . Chcerocampa nerii. 9 Oleander. Ruby Clearwing . j Sesia chrysidi- \ \ formis . ) 6 J In roots of dock and j sorrel. Ichneumon do. ( ichneumoni- \ ( formis . 1 7 j In stems of stinking ( hellebore. Thrift do. . muscceformis . 7-9 5 In stems of sea-thrift. Orange do. scoliceformis . 4 In birch. Lunar Hornet do. . bembeciformis 7,8 9-5 5 ( In stems of poplar and ( sallow. ( In stems of elm, ash, Wood Leopard Zeuzera cesculi 7 8-5 6 < horse-chestnut, pear, ( oak, &c. Goat .... Cossus ligniperda . 7 9,10 11-5 j In trunks of oak, ash, ( elm, willow, &c. Orange Swift . E Hepialus sylvinus . 7 7 J At roots of sorrel and ( dock. Northern do. . velleda . 6,7 8-5 5 In roots of bracken. Tinsel Transparent Burnet Limacodes asellus . Zygcena Minos 6,7 8,9 5 10-6 6 Oak, poplar, beech. Trefoils and vetches. Scotch do. exulans . Azalea, procumbens. New Forest do. meliloti 5 6 Trefoil and vetch. Syntomis phegea 9-5 ( Scabious, plantain, 1 dandelion. Ribbon Bar Nola cucullatella . 5 5 Hawthorn, sloe, apple. Scarce Dotted do. . strigula 5 6 Oak. Scarce BlackArches ., centonalis Kentish do. . albulalis 5 6 Ash and bramble. Scarce Muslin . Nudaria senex 5,6 7 Lichens. Muslin ,, mundana 5,6 6,7 Lichens on walls. Small Dew Lackey . Setina irrorella 5 5,6 Ground lichens near sea. ( Lichens on oaks, also Rose Wing Calligenia miniata 7 8-5 5,6 K withered oak, alder, ( and sallow. 76 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Fool-plants. MOTHS. Four-spot . Lithosia mesomclla 8-5 5,6 Heath and lichens. Pearl Footman . ,, muscerda . 5,6 6,7 Lichens on sallow. Orange do. ,, aureola 9-5 ( Lichens on larch and '( oak. deplana 6 a ( Lichens on oak, beech, ( yew and spruce fir. lurideola . 8-5 5, 6 Lichens. Leaden do. molybdeola 7 7-5 6 Do. Scarce do. complatia . 7,8 8-ti 6 Lichens on sloe and fir. Dun do. griseola 8-6 6 Lichens on poplar. Straw do. . stramineola 8-6 6,7 Lichens on oak, sloe, &c. Large do. . ,, quadra 5,6 6 f Lichens on oak, beech, 1 apple. Red Necked do. rubricollis . 8-10 3,4 Lichens on larch, &c. Feathered do. . Eulepia grammica 5 5,6 ( Heath, mugwort, fes- 1 cue-grass. Grey do. . cribrum . 7 8-5 5,6 Heath, bilberry. Cinnabar . ( Callimorpha Ja- ) \ cobe.ce, . , \ 5 5,6 Ragwort, groundsel. Tiger. Chclonia caja . 7 8-6 6 ( Nettle, and many other \ plants. Brown Tail ( Liparis chri/sor- \ \ rhcea f 9-5 5-7 Hawthorn, sloe, &c. ( Sloe, hawthorn, oak, Gold do. . ,, auriflua 8 9-5 6 -, sallow, gooseberry, [ currant, &c. Satin . M salicis . 8 8-5 6 Willow, poplar, oak. Gipsy .... dispar. 8-3 4-6 7 f Willow, hawthorn, 1 sloe, sweet gale. Black Arches . monacha . 8-3 5-7 7 f Oak. birch, beech, fir, k apple. Whittlesea Ermine Orgyia ccenosa 8 eed and sedge. Scarce Vapourer gonostigma 6,7 9-5 - ( Oak, beech, bramble, "( sloe, nut, &c. Common do. . . antiqua 9-7 7-9 8,9 ( Willow, oak, rose, fruit 1 trees &c. Lackey Bombyx neustria . 7-3 5-7 7 ( Sloe, hawthorn, and ( fruit trees. Coast do. . castrensis 7-3 6,7' 7 f Sea wormwood, and "( sea-side carrot. ( Hawthorn, broom, Oak Eggar roboris 7,8 9-6 6,7 -.. bramble, heath, ( buckthorn, sloe. Northern do. . quercus . 8 9-5 6,7 Bilberry. Drinker . Odonestis potatoria 7,8 9-5 6 f Couch, sword, and \ other grasses. Swallow Tail . B j Uropteryx sam- ) ( bucata . . f 9-5 6 j Elder, ivy, holly, "( bramble. Bordered Beauty . Epione vcspertaria 7-4 5,6 6 Nut. Dark do. do. apiciaria . 84 5,6 6 I Nut, poplar, willow, "( sallow, alder. Little Thorn . Brimstone advenaria . Rumia cratcegata . 5,6 4&9 8 6&9-3 Dogwood and wild rose. Hawthorn, sloe. Orange . . . Angeronaprunaria\ 7 10-4 5 ( Beech, sloe, sallow, "( broom, plum, &c. Pale Emerald. . fJWjJ-J. } 7,8 9-5 6 f Oak, birch, beech, horn- "( beam, &c. Barred Red . . Ellopia fasciaria . 7,8 9-4 5,6 Scotch fir. Lilac Beauty . . I j Pericallia sy- \ ( ringaria . / 6,7 9-6 6 f Lilac, privet, elder, ) honeysuckle. Early Thorn . Selenia illunaria . 4&7 6&9 6&9-3 I Oak, ash, willow, haw- "( thorn. Purple do. . E illustraria , - 6 & 9-10 1 & 11-4 ( Oak, ash, birch, beech, \ maple. Scalloped Oak . E Crocallis elinguaria 8-2 5 6 ( Oak, hawthorn, sloe, 1 heath. Common Thorn E Ennomos angularia 9-4 6-8 7, 8 Oak, ash, birch, beech. Dotted Beauty . , Cleora glabraria . 5,6 6 Lichens on fir. JULY INSECTS. 77 INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva Pupa Food-plants. MOTHS. Brussels Lace . Clcora lichenaria . 9-5 5,6 Lichens. Mottled Beauty Boarmia repandata 7 9-4 5 J Birch, sloe, bramble, \ plum, spindle, &c. Willow do. . . rhomboidaria 7 94 5 ( Oak, birch, lilac, elder, ( ivy, plum, &c. perfumaria . 7 4-6 6 Lilac, clematis, ivy. Satin do. . abietaria 7 9-6 6 Larch and spruce fir. Great Oak do. . roboraria 7 9-5 5 Oak. Pale Oak do. . consortaria . 7 8 Do. (" Sun cistus, thyme, Annulet . Gnophos obscurata 7,8 9-5 6 < creeping cinquefoil, (. salad burnet. Scotch do. Dasydia obfuscata 7 9-6 7 Heath, vetches. Black Mountain ) Moth . . )" Psodos trepidaria . - - - Scarce Birch Moth . j Mniophila cine- ) 1 rama . . > 5,6 6 Lichens on walls. Grass Emerald ( Psf.udotcrpnacy- \ ~( tisaria . . f 5,6 6 ( Broom, and needle ( greenwood. Large do. . ( Oeometra papi- }_ \ lionaria J 10-5 6 Birch, beech, nut, &c. Essex do. . ,, smaragdaria 5 Clematis do. . lodis vernaria . 9-6 6 Clematis. Blotched do. . f Phorodcsma ba- \ "( jularia. . j 6,7 7-5 6 Oak. Dark do. . Hemithea thymiaria . 5 5,6 Oak, hawthorn. Maiden's Blush Ephyra punctaria . 6 7-9 84 Oak. Birch Mocha . pendularia 7 84 Birch. Purple-bordered ) Gold . . f Hyria auroraria . 8-5 5,6 Plantain. Waved Carpet Asthena sylvata . 8 Alder. Blomer's Wave Blomeraria 8,9 10-6 Wych elm. Dingy Shell ( Eupisteria hcpa- } "( rata . . f 8,9 10-5 Alder. Welsh Wave . f Vcnusia cam- ) ( bricaria . ) 8,9 - Mountain ash. Tawny Red do. AcidcUia rubricata 7 8-5 5 i Knotgrass, trefoils, les- ser meadow-rue, &c. Single Dotted do. . scutulata . 7 8-5 5 Chervil, dandelion, knotgrass. Treble Brown ) Spotted do. . f ,, bisetata 7 8-5 5 Dandelion, knotgrass. Allied do. . . . contiguaria 7 8-5 5 Crowberry, knotgrass. London do. herbariata . 7 10-5 5 Tansy (?) Pretty Wave . ,, riisticata 7 8-5 5,6 Hawthorn. Dark Cream do. interjectaria 7 8-5 5 Dandelion. Silky do. . holosericata 7 7-5 5 Sun-cistus, knotgrass. Small Dusky do. incanata 7 9-5 6 ( Groundsel, dandelion, J knotgrass. Lace Border . ,, ornata . 7 74 5,6 Marjoram, thyme, mint. Dotted Bordered ) Cream Wave f straminata . 7 7-5 5,6 Knotgrass. manmniata . 7 Do. Satin do. . subsericata 7 7 Do. Lesser Cream do . immutata . 8-5 5 Do. Sub-angled do. strigilata . 7 8-6 6 f Clematis, betony, ( woundwort, &c. Pink do. . emutaria . 7 7-5 5,6 Couchgrass. Riband do. . aver sat a 7 9-5 5 j Nut, primrose, goose- L berry, wood avens. Plain do. . ,, inornata 7 8-5 6 w plants. Portland Riband ) do. . f degeneraria 7 84 5 Knotgrass. Small Scallop ! B Blood Vein emarginata. _( Timandra ania- \ 7 7 7 9-5 5,6 ( Convolvulus and bed ( straws. Dock, knotgrass. Sharp-angled Pea- ) cock . . j" ( tana . } Macaria alternata - 9 - Sallow, sloe. 78 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Peacock f. Macaria Hturata . 9 104 Larch, Scotch fir. V. Moth . Haifa vauaria 5 6 Gooseberry, &c. Bordered Grey J Selidosema plu- \ \ maria . . j 5 6,7 Heath. Rannoch Looper . Fidonia pinetaria . 7-3 4,5 5 Bilberry. Frosted Yellow conspicuata 7 8,9 10-5 Broom. Drab Looper . Minoa euphorbiata 7 8,9 10-5 Cypress spurge. Belle .... Sterrha sacraria . 8 6&9 Dock, chaiuoiuile. Purple Bar ( Lythria purpw- \ ( raria . . j 8 Dock, knotgrass. Rest Harrow . Aplasta ononaria, . 4&9 Rest-harrow. Grass Wave . j Aspilates strigil- ) "i laria . . f 6 8-5 5 Broom, heath. Maepie.or Currant ) j Abraxas grossu- ) 5 | ( Currant, gooseberry, Moth . . / ( lariata j 1 "( sloe, &c. Clouded do. ,, ulmata. 9 Wych elm. Scorched Carpet Ligdia adustata . 5,6 6,7 9-1 Spindle. Yellow Ringed ) Carpet . . f ( Larentia rufi- \ \ cinctata ) - 5 6 Saxifrage. Striped Twin Spot ) do. . . . ( salicata . - Bedstraw. Beech Green do. . olivata . 8 10-4 5,6 Hedge bedstraw. Barred Rivulet Emmelesia tceniata . 8 Holly (?) Single Barred do. . unifasciata 8 9,10 10-6 Wood chickweed. Heath Rivulet. ericetata Pretty Pinion . blandiata . 9 Eyebright. Lime-Speck Pug . ( Eupithecia cen- ) "( taureata . { 5,6 8,9 9-5 (Flowers and seeds of < yarrow, ragwort, gol- (. den-rod, angelica.&c. Bordered Lime ) Speck do. . ) succenturiata 6 8,9 9-7 ("Seeds of yarrow, mug- wort, wormwood, va- (. lerian. Rufous do. subfulvata 6,7 9,10 9-7 Yarrow and ox-eye. Freyer's do. arceuthata . 6,7 9,10 9-7 Juniper and savine. Triple Spotted do. . trisignata . 6,7 9 9-6 ( Flowers and seeds of "( wild angelica. 8 8, 9 104 Ash. Ribbed do. constrictata . 7 8,9 8-6 Thyme. Plain do. . subfwtata 6,7 8,9 9-6 ( Flowers and seeds of "( goosefoot and orache. Harebell do. . campanulata 7 8,9 9-7 Harebell, &c. Common do. . vulgata . 5 7&9 8-5 ( Willow, hawthorn, "( golden-rod, ragwort. Large Pale do. expallidata . 7 9 9-7 Flowers of golden-rod. ( Flowers and seeds of Wormwood do absynthiata . 7 9,10 9-7 j ragwort, mugwort. ; golden-rod, yarrow, (. &c. Small Wormwood 1 do. . . . f minutata 6,7 8,9 5-7 f Scabious, and flowers "( of heath. Slender do. tenuiata. 6,7 3,4 5-7 Sallow catkins. Downy do. . E subciliata 8-4 5 5-7 Maple. Juniper do. sobrinata 7 5,6 5-7 Juniper. Double Striped do. . pumilata 6-8 6&- 8-6 ( Flowers of chervil. "( gorse, clematis, &c. Green do. . rectangulata 7 4,5 5,6 .( Buds and flowers of ( apple and crab. Manchester do. debiliata 7 4,5 6,7 Whortleberry. Pine Carpet . Therafirmata . 4,5 Larch, and Scotch fir. July Highflyer Blue Bordered > Carpet . . ( Ynsipetes elutata . ( Melanthia rubi- \ ( ginata j 7 74 10,5 5,6 6 6 ( Sallow, nut, alder, bil- "( berry. Alder. Beautiful do. . Argent and Sable . albicillata Melanippe hastata 5,6 6,7 8,9 8 8-5 9-6 Bramble and raspberry. Birch and sweet gale. Bordered Chalk ) Carpet . . j procellata . 7 8,9 10-5 Clematis. Sharp-angled do. . unangulata 6,7 7,8 Chickweed. JULY INSECTS. 79 INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Wood Carpet . . Mdanippe rivata . - 6&9 Hedge bedstraw. Common do. . . subtrislata 6&9 6&94 Do. Silver Ground do. . montanata 6-8 10-3 4,5 Primrose. Red Barred do. . Coremia munitata . 6 10-3 4,5 Groundsel. Large do. . . . 1 quadrifasciata - 4,5&8 f Hawthorn, white dead- \ nettle, knapweeds. Yellow Shell . / Camptogramma \ ( bilineata ) 4 ( Dock, chickweed, and "( grasses. Gem .... fluviata 7 8 9 J Spotted persicaria, '( groundsel. Fern .... < Ph ibalapteryx \ \ tersata j 9 Clematis. Oblique Striped '. Carpet . . f lignata 7&9 8&94 White water bedstraw. Brown Scallop B Scotosia vetulata . 7-3 6 6,7 Buckthorn. Buckthorn Umber . rhamnata 5,6 6 Buckthorn, birch. Scallop Shell . undulata . 9,10 Poplar, sallow. Short Cloak Carpet Cidaria picata 7 8 9-5 Chickweed. Beautiful Marsh do. sagittata . 7 8 10-5 Meadow rue. Dark Marbled do. . immanata 8-3 5-7 7-8 ( Birch, alder, bilberry, "( strawberry. Netted do. reticulata Phoenix . prunata . 74 5,6 6 f Sloe, currant, goose- \ berry. Agate testata 84 5 6 Birch, poplar, sallow. Clouded Spinach . populata . 84 5 6 J Poplar, sallow, bil- ( berry, whortleberry. Clouded Yellow fulvata 7 5 6 Dog-rose. Straw Spinach pyraliata 8-3 5 6 ( Hawthorn, and bed- V straws. Spinach . dotata 84 4,5 5 Black and red currant. Dark do. . Pelurga comitata . 7 8,9 10-6 Goosefoot. Small Mallow . f Eubolia mensu- > ( raria )" - 6 - Grasses. Chalk Carpet . bipunctaria 7 10-5 6 Trefoils and clovers. Oblique Striped lineolata . 5&8 5,6&9 104 Yellow bedstraw. Manchester ) Treble Barred f Carsia imbutata . 7 6 6,7 j Cranberry, whortle- ( berry. Olive Drab Chevron . Lithostege griscala . Chesias obliquaria . 6 7 7-9 84 Seed-pods of flixweed. Broom. Chimney Sweep 1 Tanagra cheer o- \ \ phyllata f 7-2 5 6 Chervil and earth-nut.1 Kitten Dicranura furcula 6 7-9 9-5 Sallow, willow, poplar. Broad Barred do. . bifida . 6 7-9 94 Poplar. Lobster Stauropus fagi 7 8,9 10-5 Beech, oak, birch, nut. Buff-tip . Pygcera buccphala . 6 7-9 10-5 t Lime, elm, willow, sal- \ low, oak, beech, nut. Chocolate Tip . Clostera curtula 4&7 5&S.9 6&9-S Poplar, sallow. Pale Prominent Small Swallow do. . Ptilodontispalpina J Notodonta dictce- ) (. aides . f 6 7&9 7-9 10-6 10-5 j Willow, sallow, birch, ( poplar. Birch. Dark do. . ,, trilophns 7-9 Poplar and birch. Buff Arches . Thy at ir a derasa . 8,9 10-5 Bramble and hawthorn. Peach Blossom batis 8,9 10-5 Bramble and raspberry. Lesser Satin Carpet f Cymatophoradu- ) "( plaris . f 6,7 8,9 10-5 Birch. Satin Carpet . fluctuosa 6,7 9,10 10-5 Do. Poplar Lutestring B i 'or . 6-8 9,10 Poplar. Marbled Green . { BruOpM ^ fcr ^ an - } 9 10-5 6 Lichens. Marbled Beauty . ! verla . 10-5 5,6 Do. Scarce Marbled ) ?, Green . . ( " *" Do. Scarce Marvel-de- ) j Diphthera ^^ . 6 7-9 10-5 Oak, birch. J * | Willow, sallow, haw- Dark Dagger . . Acronycta tridcns . 7 8-10 10-5 < thorn, mountain ash ( sloe, &c. 80 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Grey Dagger . Acronyctapsi . 6,7 8,9 10-5 J Poplar, elm, lime, haw- ( thorn, and pear. Miller leporina . 5,6 7-9 10-5 J Birch, poplar, sallow, ( alder. Sycamore . ,, aceris 7 8,9 10 f Sycamore,maple,birch, "( horse-chestnut, oak. 6 7-9 10-5 Hawthorn. Coronet . . B ligustri . 6,7 8,9 10-5 Ash and privet. Knotgrass rumicis . 6 6-8 9-4 f Bramble, plantain, ( knotgrass. Scarce Dagger auricoma 6,7 7 j Bramble, bilberry, ( birch, oak. Sweet Gale myricce . 6,7 8,9 j Sweet gale, sallow, ( birch. Bright Eye Leucania conigera . _ 3-5 5 Grasses. Double-line ,, turca 2,3 4-5 Do. Ochreous Brown . lithargyria . 1-5 5,6 f Plantain, chickweed, '( grasses, &c. Obscure Wainscot . obsolela . 7 8,9 Reed. Confluant do. . loreyi Southern do. . putrescens . 10 Grasses. Shore do. . littoralis 7 8-5 5 Sea-reed. Striped do. pudorina 3,4 4,5 Grasses and reed. Shoulder Striped ) do. / comma . 6 8-4 5,6 f Sorrel and cocksfoot ( grass. Streaked do. . straminea . 24 5,6 Grasses and reed. Smoky do. impura . 7 10-5 5,6 ( Sedge and cocksfoot "( grass. Common do. . pollens . 8,9 104 5,6 Deschampsia ccespitosa. Fen do. 7 8-5 5, 6 Reed. Pale do. . Tapinostola Bondii Coast do. . elymi . 5 6 Sea lyme grass. Silky do. . Senta ulvce 94 5,6 Reed. Lineated do. . Nonagria despecta. Nerved do. neurica . 4-6 In stems of reed. Twin Spotted do. . Golden Ear geminipuncta Hydrcecia nictitans 5,6 5,6 7 7 Do. Roots of coltsfoot, rush. Clouded Dart . Axyliaputris . 7 8 10-5 Low plants. Bordered Brindle . Xylophasia rurea . 4 4,5 Grasses. Light Arches . lithoxylca . 5,6 6 ( Roots of grass and low 1 plants. Reddish Light do. . subhistris . Dark do. . Clouded Brindle . polyodon . nepatica 4,5 84 6,7 5 Low plants. Chickweed, grasses, &c. Slender Clouded ) Brindle . . f scolopacina 5 Wood rushes, grasses. Bird's Wing . Feathered Brindle . Bordered Gothic . Dipterygiapinastri ( Aporophyla aus- ) ( tralis . . ) Neuria saponarice 10 8,9 10-4 7,8 10-5 Dock, sorrel, &c. f Annual meadow grass, "( succory. Campions. Feathered do. . E f Heliophobus po- \ | pularis . ) 4,5 6,7 Roots of grasses. Antler . . E Charceas graminis 6 7,8 Do. Feathered Ear Pachetra leitcophcea 10-4 5,6 Grasses. StrawUnderwing E Cerigo cytherea 94 Do. Exile .... Crymodes exulis . 6 6 Meadow grasses. Dusky Nutmeg Mamestra abjecta . _ 5 6 At roots of couchgrass. Nutmeg . anceps 12-2 Dusky Brocade furva 6 _ Grasses. Cabbage . brass-ices . 5,6*8,9 9-4 ( Cabbage, dock, goose- '( foot. &c. Dot .... Union Rustic . persicarice Apamea connexa . 7 8,9 Spotted pcrsicaria, &c. Brown Pinion . gemina . 7 84 5 Grasses. Uniform Rustic ,, unanimis 94 4-6 Do. Double Lobed . Crescent Rustic ,, ophiogramma fibrosa . 4,5 5-7 J In flower-stems of yel- i low flag. Common do. . oculea . 4,5 5-7 Grasses. JULY INSECTS. SI INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Marbled Minor Miana strigilis 3,4 Grasses. Middle Barred do. . fasciuncula Rosy do. . literosa s7e Slender foxtail grass. ("In stems of fescue- Cloaked do. furuncula . 4-6 5,6 j grass and slender v foxtail grass. Wood do. . Least do. arcuosa ( Photedes cap- \ 5 6 Turfy hair grass. 1 tiuncula . ) Haworth's Minor . Celcena Hawarthii. 6,7 7,8 Cotton grass. Triple Lines . ( Grammesia tri-\ \ linea . . ) 4,5 5,6 Great plantain. Gold Line Hydrilla palustris - 7,8 - f Plantains and other "'. low plants. Dingy j Acosmetia call- \ \ ffinosa . . ) - Bordered Rustic . ( Caradrina mor- \ \ pheus . j 7,8 9,10 5,6 _( Orpine, sallow, bram- ( ble, dock, teazle, &c. Dotted do. alsines 8 94 5,6 Chickweed. Powdered do. . bland a 4 5,6 Do. Mottled Beauty cubicularis 8 94 5-7 Grasses, &c. Brown Feathered ) Rustic . . ) Rusina tenebrosa . 9-3 4-6 Violets, knotgrass, &c. Archer's Dart . Agrotis valligera . 10-5 5,6 Roots of grasses. Shuttle-shaped do. . ,, puta 8 9-12 _( Dandelion, knotgrass, ( lettuce, &c. Dark Sword Grass . suffusa . 4 5-7 8 J Roots of lettuce and ( spinach. Pearly Underwing . Turnip saucia . segetum . 6 11-1 & 7,8 74 - i Plantain, dock, and "( other low plants. Roots of turnip. Crescent Dart . E lunigera . 8-10 Knotgrass. Heart and Dart exclamationis 6 9-5 5,6 ( Roots of cabbage, tur- "( nip, &c. Heart and Club corticea . 6 84 5,6 Goosefoot. Lierht Feathered ) Rustic . . )" cinerea . 9-5 5,6 Roots of low plants. Cloud Dart ripce 8-10 6 Hound's-tongue on coast. Veined do. ,, cursoria . - 5-7 7 J Sandwort, and leafy ( branched spurge. Garden do. niffricans 7 5,6 7 Plantain, clover. White Line do. tritici 6,7 7 j Roots of sandwort and (. other low plants. | Bedstraw, poppy, Eagle do. . aquilina . 5 < chickweed, cabbage. [ plantain, clover. True Lover's Knot . porphyrea 7 8-5 5,6 Heather. C Sea sandwort, chick- Portland Dart . ,, prcecox . 5-7 7 weed, and dwarf willows. Stout do. . ravida . 4,5 6 Thistles, dandelion, &c. helvetina Dotted Rustic . pyrophila s" Heath, grasses. Northern do. . . lucernea . 24 6 Dandelion, harebell. ( Sun cistus, hnwkweed. Welsh do. . . Ashworttiii . 9-5 6 -! thyme, heath, hare- ( bell, fescue-grass. Small Broad Bor-) dered Yellow ,- Underwing . ) Broad Bordered ). do. do. f Triphcena janthina fimbria . 9 8-5 104 5,6 5-7 _( Broom, chickweed, and \ low plants. ( Birch, oak, sallow, \ broom, primrose. Least Broad Bor- 1 dered do. do. )' interjecta 3,4 ( grasses, &c. Mallow, dock, grasses. Crescent do. do. subsequa 104 5-7 Low plants. Lesser do. do. . orbona . 7 8-5 5-7 ( Sallow buds, broom, ( nettle,and low plants. 82 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Large Yellow ) Underwing . j Triphcena pronuba 7 8-5 5-7 Dock, &c. Black Spotted . . Xoctua depuncta . 4,5 Sorrel. Double Dart . augur 7 8-5 5,6 f Sallow, hawthorn, and ( low plants. Flame Shoulder plecta 6 74 5-7 Low plants. Flame Jtammatra Setaceous Hebrew ) Character . " ) C-nigrum 4&10 f Pea - stems and low "i plants. Scarce Rustic . ,. ditranezium . __ 5 6 Low plants. Double Square Spot triangulum . 4,5 6 Sallow, bramble. Clay Rustic . ,, rhomboidea . 9-5 6,7 / Chickweed, sallow, ( hawthorn. Purple Clay brunnea . 4,5 5, 6 Sallow. Ingrailed Clay festiva . -7 7-5 , c if Sallow, foxglove, vio- 5 - 6 i let, &c. Confluent do. . conflua . .7 8-5 5,6 Moss campion. Barred Chestnut . Dahlii . 9-5 5,6 Low plants. Rosy Marsh subrosea . 5,6 6 Sweet gale, sallow. Small Square Spot . rubi . . . ! 6,7 Low plants. Six-striped Rustic . umbrosa . . ! 8-5 5,6 ( Dock and other low ( plants. Dotted Clay . baja . 4,5 5,6 Low plants. Scotch Rustic . ,, sobrina- . . Neglected do. . E nefflecta . 10-5 5-7 Birch, sallow, heath. Square Spot do. xanthographa 8,9 10-5 6,7 ( Plantain and many low *( plants. Mountain Drab Pachnobia alpina . Allied Rustic . Orthosia suspecta . 5 6,7 Poplar, birch. Dingy Shears . upsilon . __ 5,6 6 Willow, poplar. Olive .... Tethea subtusa 7, 8 4,5 6,7 Poplar. Small do. . . E rctusa 9 5,6 6,7 Poplar, willow, sallow. Heart Dicycla Oo 5,6 Oak. ( Oak, birch, hornbeam. Dunbar . Cosmia trapezina . 8 4-6 6,7 < &c. A cannibal in White Spotted 1 Pinion . . ) diffinis 5,6 6,7 ( confinement. Elm. Lesser Spotted do. . affinis . . ! 5 6,7 Do. Dusky Sallow . Eremobia ochroleuca 5,6 6,7 Cock's-foot grass. Marbled Shears Tawny do. f Dianthcecia irre- ) \ gularis . )" ,, carpophaga 6 8 7-9 104 j Viper's bugloss, Spa- ( nish catchfly. Seeds of campions. Mottled do. ,, capsophila . 6 6-9 8-5 Campions. Marbled Coronet . conspersa . 7-9 Seeds of do. Northern Grey ccesia . 6 7,8 8-5 Bladder, sea campions. (Flowers and seed-heads Ranunculus . B Hecatera dysodea . 7,8 ! - of sow - thistle and ( lettuce. Broad Barred ) n- ' * Sow-thistle and wild White . . Bf serena It a " "( lettuce. > ( Sallow, hawthorn, July Chi . Polia chi . 4,5 6 J hawkweed, dock, Minor Shoulder ) Knot . . B) Epunda viminalis . 8 4-6 ( lettuce, sow-thistle. 6, 7 Sallow. Angle Shades . f Phlogophora me- ) ( ticulosa . | 11-4 f Broom and many low "( plants. ( Bracken, male fern, Small do. . Euplexia ludpara . 6 8,9 \ sallow, nettle, plan- ( tain, &c. Green Arches . Aplecta herbida 8-4 5,6 j Dock and other low ( plants. Great Brocade occult a 4,5 6 Plantain, primrose. Grey Arches . ,, nebulosa . 10-5 6 Birch, sallow, hawthorn. Silvery do. tincta . 9-5 6 Birch and grasses. Brown do. . B advena 84 5,6 Various low plants. Dark Brocade . Hadena adusta 7 7-9 4 ( Sallow, hawthorn, and i low plants. JULY INSECTS. INSECTS (continued). 83 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Glaucous Shears . Hadena glauca 7,8 9-5 ( Birch, sallow, bilberry, 1 heath. Shears dentina 5,6 Roots of dandelion. Nutmeg . chenopodii 6 7-9 105 Goosefoot. Bright Line oleracea . 8,9 104 ( Elm, nettle, dock, cab- 's bage. Broom pisi . . 8-10 10-5 Bracken, broom, &c. Pale Shouldered \ Brocade . j thalassina 7,8 8-5 ( Sallow, broom, honey- 's suckle, knotgrass, &c. Beautiful do. . ,, contigua . 8,9 Oak, birch, nut, &c. Northern do. . rectilinea . 6 8-3 Sallow,bramble,bilberry. Striped Lychnis Cucullia lychnitis . 7-9 9-5 ( Seeds of white and "I dark mulleins. Starwort . asteris 8,9 9-5 ( Golden-rod, sea star- ( wort, and China aster. Wormwood Shark . dbsynthii. 8,9 9-5 Wormwood. Common do. . umbratica 6,7 7-9 9-5 Sow-thistle and lettuce. Bordered Sallow . Hdiothis marginata 7,8 9-6 ( Rest-harrow, henbane, ( knotgrass. Bordered Straw peltigera . 7,8 Rest-harrow, henbane. Marbled Clover dipsacea . 8,9 10-5 f Toadflax and Spanish \ catchfly. Beautiful Yellow )_ Underwing . )" Anarta myrtilli 7-10 s. 3,4 Heath. Spotted Sulphur . j Agrophila sul-\ ( phuralis . ) - 6-8 Small convolvulus. Four Spot Aco?itia luctuosa . 6 6-8 Do. Pale Shoulder . Solaris Rosy Marbled . Erastria venustula 8 9-5 f Flowers of trailing tor- ( mentil. Marbled White ) Spot . . j fuscula . 8,9 Lavender grass. Silver Hook Hydrelia unca 6,7 7,8 Sedges. Purple Marbled Micro, ostrina . Low plants (?) Spectacle . Abrostola urticce . 8,9 10-5 Nettle. Dark do. . triplasia 8,9 10-5 Nettle, hop. Scarce Burnished ) Brass . . j Plusia orichalcea . 6,7 Hemp agrimony. Burnished Brass . chrysitis . 6,7 74 5 ( Thistle, nettle, dead ( nettle, burdock. Gold Spangle . bractea 5,6 6 Hemp, agrimony. Golden Y. 4-6 6 j Honeysuckle, nettle, ( dead nettle, groundsel. Beautiful do. . V-aureum 5 6 ' Nettle. Silver Y. . gamma 4-9 ( Nettle, hop, and low ( plants. Northern do. . interrogationis 5,6 Nettle. Copper Underwing j Amphipyra py- \ "( ramidea , j 5,6 7,8 Oak, elm, willow, birch. Mouse tragopogonis 5,6 7,8 / Hawthorn and low ( plants. Dark Gothic . Mania typica . 7,8 94 5 Dock and low plants. Old Lady . . E 77i aura 7,8 9-5 6 Dock, chickweed, ivy. Black Neck f Toxocampa pas- \ \ tinum . ) 5 - Tufted vetch. Scarce do. craccce 6 Wood vetch. Anomalous Stilbia anomala 1,2 Grasses. Red Underwing E Catocala nupta 5-7 7,8 Willow, poplar. Light Crimson do. . promissa . 5,6 6,7 Oak. Dark Crimson do. . sponsa 8 4-6 6,7 Do. Small Purple Barred Phytometra cenea . 8,9 10-5 Milkwort. 84 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Alpine Meadow Rue . Thalictrum alpinum ( Mountains of Scotland ) pp^nnini \ ^ TTT 1 i" fd Clllllttl. ( and Wales . . ) Lesser do. do. . minus . ( Limestone and chalky ) 1 pastures . . f ,. Yellow do. do. flavum j Banks of ditches and ) ( rivers j ,, Water Crowfoot . Ranunculus aquatilis . Streams, ditches, &c. Ivy-leaved do. . hederaceus Do Great Spearwort . lingua Watery places ... Lesser do. flammula Do , Celery -leaved Crowfoot sceleratus . Do Annual. Creeping Buttercup repens ( Meadows and sides of ) \ ditches ) Perennial. Meadow Crowfoot acris . Meadows .... Pale Hairy Buttercup . hirsutus . ( Meadows and waste ) ( ground j Annual. Small-flowered Crow- ) foot j" parviflorus Fields and waste places . Mountain Globe-flower Trollius Europceus "( ^n^Wale'sf Scotland } Perennial. Columbine Aquilegia vulgaris . Woods and pastures . Field Larkspur Delphinium consolida . { ^com-R^Aa CnalKy >' Annual - Monk's - hood, or \ Wolf's-bane . J Aconitum Napellus River-sides. Rare . . Perennial. Water Lily Nymphcea alba f Clear pools and slow ) t rivers / a Yellow do. do. Nuphar lutea . Rivers and ditches . ?> Least do. do. do. . pumila Highland lakes ,, Long Rough - headed ) Poppy ) Papaver Argcmone Corn-fields. Anmial. Round do. do. hybHdum Do ' . Long Smooth-headed do. dubium . Cultivated fields M Common Red do. . Rhceas Corn-fields. 91 Opium do. ... somniferum . Waste ground . 9t Welsh do. Meconopsis Cambrica . _( Rockyplacesin Wales, )_ "( Devonshire, &c. . ) Perennial. Horned do. ... Olaucium luteum . Sea-shore . Biennial. Climbing Corydalis Corydalis claviculata . Bushy places . . . Annual. Ramping Fumitory Common do. . Fumaria capreolata . Hedges and corn-fields . offlcinalis . Fields and waste places . Penny Cress, or Mith- ) ridate Mustard . ) Thlaftni arvense - Waste ground. Not \ ^niaspti . . ( common . . j r Mountainous lime-S Alpine Penny Cress alpcstre . . < stone pastures in > Perennial. L North of England ) Shepherd's Purse . CapsellaBursa-pastoris . A common weed Annual. Broad-leaved Pepper- \ wort J Lepidium latifolium . -] Sal o a ^t arSheS and SCa " } Perennial. Field do ,, campestrc . Fields ..... Annual. Hairy do. Simthii . . Hedges .... Perennial. English Scurvy Grass . Cochlearia Anglica . Sea-shores .... Annual. Great Water Radish . Armoracia amphibia . River-banks . . . Perennial. Twisted Whitlow Grass Draba incana . . . Mountainous rocks . . Biennial. Purple Sea Rocket Cakile maritima . . Sandy sea-shores . . Annual. Wart Cress.or Swine's \ Cress / Senebiera Coronopus A common weed . . Lesser do. do. . didyma . Do. . Hairy Bitter Cress Cardamine hirsuta Do Hairy Rock Cress . Arabis hirsuta Walls and banks . . ' Biennial. Alpine do. do. petrcea. ( Rocks in Wales and ) TD,,,,.,:,,! "( Scotland j * Common Winter Cress Barbarca vulgaris . Damp waste ground . Early do. do. . prcecox . . I Do Biennial. Common Water do. Nasturtium officinale . Rivulets and ponds . . Perennial. Creeping Yellow do. . sylvestre . Watery places ... ,, Annual do. do. terrestre . Do Annual. Hedge Mustard Sisymbrium officinale JULY PLANTS. PLANTS (continued). 85 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. London Rocket Sisymbrium Iris . f Waste ground near ) \ London. . . j Annual. Flixweed . Sophia Waste places . _^ Thale Cress, or Wart ) Cress f thalianum Dry banks and walls Worm-seed Treacle- ) mustard . . f f Erysimum cheiran- ) "( thoides )" Fields and waste places . Common Wild Navew . Brassica campestris Borders of fields ,, Isle of Man Cabbage . Monensis. ("Sandy sea-shores on") < North-west coast of [ Perennial. (. Britain . ) Common Mustard . Sin'apis nigra . Waste places . Annual. Wall Rocket . Diplotaons tenuifolia . Walls, quarries, &c. Perennial. Wild Radish . f Raphanus Raphanis- ) \ trum ) A common weed Annual. Dyer's Rocket, Yellow- ) weed, or Weld . f Reseda Luteola f Do., especially on a ), 1 chalk soil . . f Biennial. Wild Mignonette . lutea . j Chalky hills and waste ) ( places )" Common Rock Rose . Helianthemum vulgare . ( Hilly pastures on chalk r "( or gravel soil . ) Perennial. Spotted Annual do. do. auttatum . Sandy pastures. Rare . Annual. Ledum-leaved do. do. . ledifolium . Sandy places. Rare M Dotted Sun Cistus . surrcjanum Chalky pastures Perennial. White do. polifolium . f Rocky hills near sea. ) ( Rare ) H Pansy, or Heartsease . Viola tricolor . Cultivated fields Annual. Yellow Mountain") Violet, or Mountain - lutea Mountain pastures . Perennial. Pansy ) Round-leaved Sundew . Drosera rotundifolia Bogs ..... Long-leaved do. long < i folia . Do ') Great do Anglica Do Common Milkwort Polygala vulgaris . Heaths and dry pastures ,, Sea Heath Frankenia Icevis f Salt marshes on East ) '( coast of England J Six-stamened Water- ) wort )" Elatine hcxandra . 1 Wet sandy places or ) "( shallow water . f Annual. Eight-stamened do. ,, Hydropiper . Do. Rare Deptford Pink Dia nthus Armeria . Waste places Proliferous do. prolifer . Gravelly pastures. Rare ,, Clove do., Carnation, ) or Clove Gilly-flower / ,, Caryophyllus Old walls . Perennial. r Limestone cliffs at") Mountain do. . ccesius Cheddar, Somerset- > L shire ) ' Maiden do. deltoides , Gravelly banks . Moss Campion Silene acaulis . Summits of mountains . Bladder do. inflata . Corn-fields and pastures Sea do maritima j Sea-shore, and moun- \ "( tain streams . f " Spanish Catchfly . Otites . ( Sandy fields in east of ) "( England . | ,, English do. Anglica. Dry fields . Annual. Nottingham do. nutans . ( Limestone and chalk ) "( rocks . . ) Perennial. Corn do conica . Sandy fields Annual. Night Flowering do. . noctiflora DO: . . . . Red Robin, or Campion Lychnis diurna Hedges and banks . Perennial. Evening Campion . vespertitia. Do Corn Cockle . Agrostemma Oithago . Corn-fields. " Procumbent Pearl- wort Sagina procumbens A common weed Sea do maritima . ( Sea-shore, and summit ) "( of Ben Nevis . ) Annual. Spurrey .... Spergula arvensis . Corn-fields. Knotted do. . nodosa Wet sandy places . . Perennial. Smooth do. saainoidcs Highland mountains Small Hairy do. subulata . Gravelly pastures . " duckweed Steliaria media A common weed Annual. 86 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Lesser Stitch wort . . Stellaria graminea 1 Dry heathy places . Perennial. Marsh do. ... glauca ! Marshy places. Local . Sea Sandwort, Sea~i Purslane, or Sea > Arenaria peploides Sandy sea-shores H Pimpernel . . ) Thyme-lea vedSandwort serpyllifolia . Dry banks and walls Annual. Norway do. . Norvegica Unst, Shetland Perennial. Spring or Vernal do. . verna Mountain pastures . Alpine do. rubella . Mountains. Very rare . Red do rubra Fields and dry places Annual. Sea do marina . Sandy sea-shores M Narrow-leaved Mouse ) Ear J Cerastium viscosum Fields and road-sides Perennial. Field Chickweed . arvense . Gravelly and chalky fields M Mountain do. . alpinum Mountains. Broad-leaved Moun- ) tain do. / latifolium . Do M Water do. aquaticum . Watery places . . f Mossy Cyphel . Cherleria sedoides . Highland mountains M Perennial Flax Linum perenne Chalky fields . M Narrow-leaved do. angustifolium . f Chalky and sandy pas- ) ( tures ( Little or Cathartic do. . ,, catharticum Dry pastures . Annual. Flax Seed Radiola millegrana Damp heaths . M Common Mallow . Malva sylvestris J Roadsides and waste ) (. places j Perennial. Do Annual. Musk do moschata f Hedges and borders of ) 1 fields 1 Perennial. Tree do Lavatera arborea . j Rocks and cliffs on sea- )_ Biennial. ( shore. Rare . f Marsh do. Althcea officlnalis . Marshes near sea . . Perennial. Hairy Marsh do. . hirsuta Cobham, Kent . AnnuaL Lime, or Linden . Small-leaved do. . Tilia Europcea parvifolia Woods .... Do Tree. Large-flowered St. \ John's-wort . . j Hypericum calycinum . Bushy places . Perennial. Tutsan .... androscemum . Woods and hedges . Shrub. Square-stalked St. ) John's-wort . . J guadrangulum Wet places Perennial. Perforated do. perforatum Woods and hedges , Imperforate do. dubium f Mountainous places. \ ( Not common . f ,, Trailing do. . humifusum J Walls and gravelly ) ( banks . . . f Mountain do. . montanum Limestone hills Narrow-leaved do. linarifolium . ( Sea-coast of Devon ) ( and Cornwall . f Hairy do. ... hirsutum . j Woods on limestone ) ( or chalk soil . j" Small do. pulchrum . Heaths and woods . Water do. elodes Bogs and peaty pools Crimson Crane's-bill Geranium sanguineum . f Limestone and mag- ) ( nesian rocks . j Wood do. sylvaticum Woods and meadows Meadow do. . pratense . Damp pastures . . Pyrenean do. . Pyrenaicum . ( Road-sides and mea- ) ( dows. Local . j Herb Robert . Robertianum . Road-sides and hedges . Annual. Shining Crane's-bill lucidum . Walls and stony places . Dove's-foot do. molle Fields and waste places . Round-leaved do. . . rotundifolium Do. . Small-flowered do. pusillum . Do Long-stalked do. . columbinum . Do. Not, common Stork's-bill Erodium cicutarium Fields and waste places . Musk do moschatum . Do r Sandy sea-shores, and") Sea do maritimum . ] at Dartmoor. Not > (. common . . ) . Perennial. JULY PLANTS. PLANTS (continued). 87 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Balsam .... ( Impoticns Noli - me - \ \ tangere . ) ("Damp shady woods) ] and stony river- > (. banks. Local . ) Annual. Tawny do. fulva . j Banks of the Wey, ) ( Surrey . .... I Yellow Wood Sorrel . Oxalis corniculata . f Damp places in west ). "(. of England. Rare j Green Weed, or Petty ) Whin f Genista Anglica Heaths and moors . Shrub. Dver's do., or Woad ) Waxen ) tinctoria . Heathy places and fields Rest Harrow . Small do Ononis spinosa reclinata Heaths and dry commons Coast of Galloway . Perennial. Annual. Black Medick, or Non- ) such f Medicago lupulina . Pastures .... Lucerne, or Purple ) Medick. . . / sativa Fields. Not native . Perennial. Sickle do. Yellow Melilot ,, fcdcata . Melilotus officinalis Fields Waste places . Annual. White do. leucantha Sandy fields ,, Bird's-foot Clover, or ^ Fenugreek . . f ( Trigonella oi~n.ith.opo- > t dioides j Dry sandy places ,. White orDutchClover, ) or Trefoil . . ) Trifolium repens . Meadows .... Perennial. Purple do. pratense Do Zigzag do. medium . j Dry pastures and ). ( bushy places . f Sulphur-coloured do. . ochroleucrum Pastures .... ,, Hare's-foot Trefoil arvense . ( Sandy places and dry ) 1 fields j" Annual. Teazle-headed do. . maritimum . Salt marshes . )t Rough do. sccib>*um. Dry fields . )t Knotted do. . striatum Sandy fields . ;> Round-headed do. glomeratum . Dry pastures . J? Starry-headed do. stcllatum Shoreham, Sussex . Strawberry do. fragiferum . Damp pastures . Perennial. Hop do. . . . procumbetis . Dry do .... Annual. Great Bird's-foot do. Lotus major Bushy places . Perennial. Common do. do. . corniculatus . Dry pastures . tj Lady's Fingers, Kid-) ney Vetch, or \Vound- - Anthyllis Vulnci'ttTitt . Do wort j Hairy Mountain Oxy- ) tropis j" Oxytropis Uralensis f Dry mountain pas- ) 1 tures in Scotland ) " Yellowish do. do. campestris Clova Mountains, Angus Sweet Milk Vetch Purple do. Astragalus glycypkyllus hypoglottis . Woods and dry fields J Chalky and gravelly ) 1 places ) " Mountain do. . alpinus Clova Mountains, Angus M Wood do. Vicia Sylvatica Mountainous woods (t Tufted do. ... Bushy places Common do. . , sativa Fields. Doubtful native Annual. Sea-coast .... Perennial. Hairy do., or Tare. , hirsuta . Fields and hedges . Annual. Do Yellow Vetchling . Lathyrus Aphaea . ( Sandy and gravelly ) 1 fields. Rare . ) ,, Meadow do. . pratensis . Grassy places . Perennial. Narrow-leaved Ever- ) lasting Pea . . j sylvestris. Woods and thickets Blue Marsh Vetchling . palustris . Boggy meadows Sea-side Everlasting ) Pea | maritimus Pebbly sea-shores . Crimson Vetchling Nissola . Grassy places Annual. Rough-podded do. hirsutus . Fields. Rare M Black Bitter Vetch Orobus niger . Rocks in the Highlands . Perennial. Bird's-foot Ornithopus perpusillus . Sandy heaths M Joint Vetch . ebracteatus . Scilly Islands Annual. Horse-shoe Vetch . ; Hippocrepis comosa Chalky banks Perennial. 88 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued]. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Sainfoin .... Meadow Sweet, or ) Queen of the Mea- - dows J Onobrychis saliva . Spircea Ulmaria . ( Chalky and limestone ) ( hills . . . )" Damp meadows Dry pastures Perennial. Mountain Avens . Common do. . Dryas octopetala . Geum urbanum Mountain pastures . Hedges and thickets j Damp meadows and > " Silver Weed, or Goose ) Grass / Creeping Cinquefoil Shrubby do. . Strawberry - flowered > do J Alpine do. Saw-leaved do. White Rock do. . Hoary do. Common Tormentil Trailing do. Procumbent Sibbaldia . Marsh Cinquefoil . Potentilla Anserina reptans . fruticosa rupestris alpestris ,, opaca alba. argentea. Tormentilla officinalis . ,. reptans Sibbaldia procumbeiis . Comarum palustre . ( marshes . . J Waste ground . Meadows and way-sides Mountain thickets . ( Rocks in Wales. Very ) 1 rare j Mountains Do. Rare Mountains. Pastures. Local . . Woods and banks . Do Highland mountains Bogs ..... ' Wood Strawberry . Bramble, or Blackberry Dewberry Stone Bramble Agrimony Common Lady's Mantle Alpine do. Field do Burnet .... Salad do. Fragaria vesca Rubus fruticosus . ccesius . saxatilis Agrimonia Eupatoria . Alchemilla vulgaris alpina . arvensis Sanguisorba officinalis . foterium sanyuisorba . Woods and thickets Common everywhere f Thickets and borders ) ( of fields. . . / _( Stony, mountainous )_ "( places | Waste ground . Hilly pastures . Mountains . A common weed Damp meadows Dry do. Shrub. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Soft-leaved Rose . Sweet Briar . Dog Rose .... Rosa mollis rubiginosa Mountain thickets . Bushy places . Hedges and bushy places Shrub. Trailing do. do. Rose Bay, or Flower- ) ing Willow . . / Great Hairy Willow-) herb . . . j Small-flowered do. arvensis . Epilobium angusti- > floi-um . . | hirsutum ,, parviflorum . Woods and hedges . Damp woods . Wet places Do Perennial. Broad-leaved do. . Square-stalked do. Narrow-leaved do. Chickweed do. Alpine do. Evening Primrose Marsh Isnardia montanum . ,, tetragonum . palustre . alsinifolium . alpinum CEnothera biennis . Isnardia palustris . j Dry banks and hilly ) ( places j" Wet places Do Mountain streams . Do Waste ground . Bogs Biennial. Annual. Enchanter's Nightshade Alpine do. do. Mare's-tail Spiked Water Milfoil . Circcea Lutetiana . alpina . Hippuris vulgaris . Myriophyllum spicatum Damp, shady places Mountainous woods Stagnant water Do Perennial. Purple Loose Strife, or ) Willow Strife . / Water Purslane . Tamarisk White Bryony Water Blinks . Rupturewort . Knot Grass Four-leaved All-seed . Wall Pennywort . Houseleek Lythrum Salicaria Peplis Portula Tamarix Gallica . Bryonia dioica . Montiafontana Herniaria glabra . Illecebrum verticillatum ( Polycarpon tetra- 1 i I phyllum . . jj Cotyledon Umbilicus . \ Sempervivum tectorum . Watery places . Do Cliffs on south coast Hedges Wet places . . . j Sandy places . . . i Bogs South coast Damp rocks and walls . Roofs and walls Annual. Shrub. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Annual. Perennial. JULY PLANTS. PLANTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Orpine, or Live-long Thick-leaved Stonecrop Sedum Telephium . ddsyphyllum . Bushy places . Rocks ..... Perennial. Mountain do. anglicum . Do " White do. Rocks and walls Hairy do. Damp rocks Tasteless do. . sexangulare ( Old walls and sandy ) 1 places. Scarce . )" Crooked do. . reflexum Walls and roofs ' Glaucous do. . glaucum Walls and dry places Welsh do. Forsterianum . Rocks Starry Saxifrage . Saxifraga stellaris Mountains. M Alpine do. ... , nivalis . Do Yellow Mountain do. . aizoides ( Boggy places on moun- ) "( tains ) ,, Drooping do. . cernua . Mountain rocks . ?j Alpine Brook do. . rivularis Damp rocks ,, Hairv do hirta Mountains .... Broad-flowered do. Ladies' Cushion . platypetala . nypnoides . Do Do Opposite-leaved Gol- ) den Saxifrage . ) Chrysosplenium oppo- ) sitifohum . . / Damp places . . . Sea Holly, or Eryngo . Eryngium maritimum . Sandy coasts . w Field Eryngo . campestre . Waste ground. Rare . Wild Celery, or Small- ) age / Apium graveolens . Marshes .... Biennial. Parsley .... Petroselinum sativum . Old walls . - Marshwort 1 Helosciadium nodi- \ \ florum . )" Ditches .... Perennial. Creeping do. . repens . Watery places . Fool's Parsley . jSZthusa Cynapium A common weed Annual. Fennel .... Fceniculum vulgar e _( Chalky fields and way- \ \ sides ( Perennial. Scottish Lovage . Ligusticum Scoticum . Northern sea-cliffs . jj Pepper Saxifrage . Spignel, Meu, or Bald )_ Money | Silaus pratensis Meum Athamanticum . Damp meadows Mountain pastures . " Wild Angelica A ngel ica sylvestris . Watery places . Sea Hog's Fennel . Peucedanum ojftcinale . Salt marshes. Rare H Milk Parsley, or Hog's ) Fennel . . . j palustre Marshes .... Masterwort . Ostruthium ( Damppastures.Doubt- ) \ ful native . . j Wild Parsnip . Pastinaca sativa . Fields and road-sides Biennial. Cow do ( Heracleum Sphondy- ) \ Hum f Fields Small Hartwort . Tordylium officinaLe (Corn-fields. Doubtful) 1 native j Annual. Great do maximum . Do. do. ... . Wild Carrot, or Bird's- }_ Daucus carota ... Fields Biennial. nest ) Sea-side do. maritima . South coast Great Bur Parsley . Caucalis latifolia . Corn-fields. Annual. Upright Hedge Parsley Torilis Anthriscus . A common weed Spreading do. infesta. Do Knotted do. nodosa Fields and banks . "Venus's Comb, or ) Shepherd's Needle j" Scandix Pecten-veneris . A common weed Rough Chervil ( Ch&rophyllum temit- ) "( lentum . . . j Hedge banks . Biennial. Prickly Samphire . Hemlock .... Echinophora spinosa . Conium maculatum Sandy coasts. Rare Hedge banks. . Perennial. Biennial. Cornish Bladder Seed . f Physospermum cor- \ ( nubiense . . ) Fields in Cornwall . Perennial. Dwarf Cornel . Cornus suecica Mountain pastures . Dwarf Elder, or Dane- \ wort ) Sambucus Ebulus . Waste ground . ,, CommonHoneysuckle, I or Woodbine . > Lonicera Periclymenum Woods .... Shrub. Wild Madder . . Rubia peregrina . Shady thickets . Perennial. 90 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Yellow Bedstraw . Oalium verum . Dry fields . Perennial. White Water do. . palustre Ditches Rough Heath do. . tVitheringii Boggy heaths . M Smooth Heath do. saxatile Heaths Rough Marsh do. . , uliginosum Wet places. Scotland. Rare Rough-fruited do. . , saccharatum . Corn-fields. Rare . Annual. Corn do Dry fields . Smooth-fruited Corn do. , spurium . Forfar " Little Mountain do. , pusillum . Limestone hills Perennial. Great Hedge do. . , Mollvgo Hedges M Wall do , Anglicum . Walls .... Annual. Cross-leaved do. . , Boreale Rocky places . Perennial. Goose Grass, or Cleavers , Aparine . Hedge banks . Annual. Field Madder . Sherardia arvensis Fields. Field Woodruff . Asperula arvensis . Near Davenport Squinancy-wort cynanchica Dry banks . Perennial. Red Valerian . Centranthus rubra . j Chalky banks and old > ( walls )" ,, Heart-leaved do. . pyrcnaica . ( Scotch woods. Doubt- ) ( ful native . . j Lamb's Lettuce Fedia dentata . Corn-fields. Annual. Fuller's Teazle Dipsacus Fullonum Waste places. Not native Biennial. Wild do sylvestris . ( Ditch banks and road- ) "( sides ) Field Scabious Scabiosa arvensis . Corn-fields and pastures Perennial. Small do. Pastures .... Yellow Goat's Beard Tragopogon pratensis . Do Biennial. Ox Tongue Helminthia cchioides . Hedge banks . Annual. Yellow Succory Picris Hieracioides Road-sides Biennial. Blue Sow-thistle . Sonchus alpimis Scottish mountains . Perennial. Marsh do. River-sides. Rare . Common do. . oleraceus . A common weed Annual. Ivy-leaved Wall Lettuce Prenanthes muralis Walls and cliffs Perennial. Hawk-weed do. hicracifolia Near Forfar Annual. Dandelion Leant odon Taraxacum . A common weed Perennial. Rough Hawk Bit . Apargia hispida . Dry pastures and heaths Hairy do. ... Thrincia hirta Gravelly commons . Mouse-ear Hawkweed . Hieracium Pilosella Dry places . Orange do. aurantiacum Northern woods Wood do. sylvaticum . Dry woods . Succory-leaved do. paludosum . Shady places Soft do molle Northern woods Shrubby do. . sabatidum . Woods Smooth Hawk's-beard . Crepis tectorum Walls and dry places Annual. Rough do. biennis . Drv pastures Biennial. Stinking do. . Borkhausia fcetida Chalky fields . Spotted Cat's-ear . Hypochceris maculata . Dry pastures Perennial. Smooth do. glabra . Do. ... Annual. Long-rooted do. radicata Meadows . Perennial. Nipple-wort . Lapsana communis A common weed Annual. Dwarf do. pusilla . Sandy fields Chicory, or Succory Cichorium Intybus . ( Chalky and dry fields | 1 and way-sides . . f Perennial. Burdock .... Arctium Lappa 1 Waste places and ) \ road-sides . . f Biennial. Musk Thistle . Carduus nutans Waste places . Annual. Welted do. acanthoides . Road-sides . Slender-flowered do. tenuiflorus Waste places . Milk do Marianus Do. ... Biennial. Spear do Ciricus lanceolatus Do. ... Marsh do. palustris . Marshes Common do ... arvensis A common weed Perennial. Woolly-headed do. eriophorus . j Limestone pastures ) "( and waste places / Dark Plume do. fieterophyllus Northern pastures . ,, Meadow Plume do. pratensis . ( Wet meadows and ) \ heaths . . . ) n Dwarf do. do. acaulis Chalk pastures . JULY PLANTS. 91 PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Carline Thistle . . Carlina vulgaris . . Dry pastures Biennial. Nodding Bur Marigold. Bidens cernua . . .: Ditches .... Annual. Common do. . . . tripartita . . Do Hemp Agrimony . . -[ E ^ n ^ Um Canna ' } Do Perennial. Tansy .... Tanacetum vulgare . 1 Fields n Cat's-foot . . . . Antennaria dioica . Dry heaths. n Jersey Cudweed . M "*8S5" '"*"*"} Dry fields . . . . Annual. Dwarf do. ... supinum . Highland mountains Perennial. Narrow-leaved do. . Gallicum . Dry fields. Rare Annual. Least do minimum . Drv ground >9 Common do. ... Oermanicum . Do jt Alpine Flea-bane . . Erigeron alpinum . Groundsel . . . Senecio vulgaris Highland mountains A common weed Perennial. Annual. Stinking do. ... viscosus Waste ground . }> Mountain do. ... sylvaticus . Dry pastures ?> Inelegant Ragwort . \ squalidus . Walls and waste places . Hoary do. . . . , tenuifolius . Banks and way-sides Perennial. Common do. . Jacobcea Dry places .... tf Marsh do. Wet places. Great do paludosus . Fens and ditches. Rare. Broad-leaved do. . ,, Saracenicus Damp meadows. Rare . Golden-rod Solidago virgaurea Woods and heaths . j> Elecampane . Inula tfelemum Damp pastures . M Marsh Flea-wort . Cineraria palustris Fens. Local M Common Leopard's- ) bane )" ( Doronicum Pardali- ) 1 anches . . . { Damp woods Daisy .... Bellis perennis Pastures .... n Ox-eye do. J Chrysanthemum leu-\ \ canthemum . / Dry meadows . Corn Marigold segetum . Corn-fields .... Annual. Feverfew Pyrethrum Parthenium Waste places . Perennial. Sea-side do. maritimum Sandy sea-shores ,, Wild Chamomile . ( Matricaria Chamo- 1 ( milla ) Corn-fields Annual. Sea do. Anthemis maritima Rocky coasts Corn do arvensis . Corn-fields Biennial. Stinking do. . Cotula . A common weed Annual. Ox-eye do. tinctoria Dry fields. Rare Biennial. Sneeze- wort, or Goose- ) wort ... j" Achillea Ptarmica . Damp pastures . Perennial. Yarrow, or Milfoil Millefolium Pastures and way-sides . t) Golden Milfoil tomentosa . Dry hill -pastures. Scarce Black Knapweed . Centaurea nigra Pastures and way-sides . ._ Corn-flower, or Blue- ) bottle JT Cyanus . Corn-fields .... Annual. Great Knapweed . Scabiosa Corn-fields and pastures. Perennial. Common Star Thistle . calcitrapa . Waste places. Local Annual. Yellow do. solstitialis . Waste places . Blue-bell, or Hare-bell . f Campanula rotundi- \ \ folia . . f Heaths and dry meadows Perennial. Spreading Bell-flower . patula Woods .... Biennial. Rampion do. . Rapunculus Banks and fields Peach-leaved do. . persicifolia Woods. Very rare . Perennial. Creeping do. . rapunmloides . Northern corn-fields Nettle-leaved do. . Trachelium Woods and hedges . ( Clustered do. . glomerata . Chalky pastures > Ivy-leaved do. hederacea . Bogs M Sheep's Scabious . Jasione montana . Dry pastures Annual. Water Lobelia Lobelia Dortmanna Mountain lakes. Perennial. Cross-leaved Heath Erica Tetralix . Heaths .... Shrub. Common do. . cinerea . Do Cornish do. vagans . Cornish heaths Fringe-leaved do. . ,, ciliaris . Do Ling, or Heather . Calluna vulgaris . Heaths and moors . Scotch Menziesia . Menziesia ccerulea . Highland moors St. Dabeoc's Heath polifolia West of Ireland Trailing Azalea . Azalea procumbens Mountains. 92 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (CM tinned). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Round-leaved Winter- ) green j Pyrola rotundifolia Damp woods. Rare Perennial. Common do. . media . Damp woods Lesser do. minor . Damp mountain woods . Serrated do. . secunda Fir woods in Scotland . Single-flowered do. uniflora . . : Damp mountain woods . w Yellow Bird's-nest. Monotropa Hypopitrys . _]' Roots of beech and fir ) ( trees . . . ) Lesser Periwinkle. Vinca minor '. . . 1 Thickets. Scarce . Gentianella Exacum fili forme . . ' Bogs. Local . Annual. Centaury. Erythrcea Centaurium . Dry pastures n Tufted do. littoralis Sea-coast .... Small Alpine Gentian . Gentiana nivalis . ( Mountain summits. ) "( Rare ) Yellow-wort . Chlora perfoliata . . ! Chalky hills . Small Bind-weed . Great do Convolvulus arvensis . i ,, Sepium Hedge-banks, &c. . Hedges and ditch-banks. Perennial. Sea do Soldanella Sandy shores. Local Viper-grass . Echium vulgare Dry fields .... Biennial. Corn Gromwell Creeping do. . Lithospermum arvense . purpuro-cceruleum Fields and waste places . Do Annual. Perennial. Forget-me-not Myosotis palustris . Ditches .... H Creeping do. . repens Damp peaty places . M Tufted do. ccespitosa. Watery places . Annual. Alpine do. alpestris . Mountains .... Perennial. Wood do. sylvatica . Shady places Field do arvensis . Dry places .... Annual. Early do collina Dry fields and walls H Changeable do. ,. versicolor. Dry places .... Alkanet .... Anchusa offlcinalis . Waste ground. Rare . Perennial. Comfrey . . . Symphytum officinale . Watery places . H Tuberous do. . tuberosum. Do. Rare Borage '. . . . Borago offlcinalis . Waste ground . Biennial. Madwort .... Asperugo procumbens . Do. Rare Annual. Hound's-tongue Green-leaved do. . Cynoglossum officinale . sylvaticum Waste ground . Shady places Biennial. Thorn-apple . Datura Stramonium j Waste ground. Not ) ( native j" Annual. Henbane .... Hyoscyamus niger . Do jj Woody Nightshade, or ) Bittersweet . . j Solanum Dulcamara . Hedges .... Perennial. Garden do. Broom Rape . nigrum . Orobanche major . A common weed Roots of broom and furze Annual. Perennial. Clove-scented do. . caryophyllacea On roots of bedstraw Red do rubra On thyme .... Tall do elatior ( On knapweeds and ) "( other plants . . [ Lesser do. minor On clover .... M Ivy do HedcrcB Ivy-roots .... Purple do. ccerulea f O'n wormwoods, mug- ) ( worts, &c. . - / ,, Spiked Speedwell . Veronica spicata . Dry meadows . AJpine do. alpina Mountains. ,, Blue Rock do. saxatUis . Do ,, Shrubby do. . fruticulosa Highland do. - Marsh do. scutellata Bogs ff Water do. Anagallis Ditches .... Brooklime Beccabunga . Do Common Speedwell offlcinalis. Dry places .... Mountain do. . montana . ( Shady woods. Not \ ( common . . j ,, Ivy-leaved do. hederifolia A common weed Annual. Germander Chickweed Of/rest is . Do t> Grey Speedwell polita Do ,, Buxbaumii . Fields Alpine Painted-cup Red Eye-bright . Bartsia alpina Odontites . Mountain pastures. Rare A common weed Perennial. Annual. Common do. . Euphrasia officinalis . Dry pastures ^ Large Yellowrattle Rhinanthus major . Corn-fields JULY PLAISTTS. PLANTS (continue^). 93 Popiilar Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Crested Cow-wheat Purple do. Yellow do. Wood do. Melampyrum cristatum arvense . pratense sylvaticum . Woods and fields Fields. Local . Woods Mountain woods. Rare. Annual. jwarsn tea name, or Louse-wort . . )" Pedicularis palustris . Marshes .... Perennial. Dwarf do. sylvatica . J Damp meadows and ) ( bogs ) Knottj- Fig-wort . Scrophularia nodosa . Woods .... H Water do. aquatica . Ditches .... Balm-leaved do. . Scorodonia ( Do. in Ireland and the \ 1 S. counties . . ) ,, Foxglove. Digitalis purpurea Woods and hedge-banks Biennial. Snapdragon . Antirrhinum majus Old walls. Not native . Perennial. Calf's-snout . Orontium Corn-fields . Annual. Ivy - leaved Snap-) v dragon, or Toad-flax j Linaria Cymbalaria Walls. Not native . Perennial. Fluellen, or Toad-flax . spuria Dry fields .... Annual. Sharp-leaved do. . Klatine Do Creeping Toad-flax repens Rocks near sea . Perennial. Common do., or Butter \ and eggs . . J vulgaris . Hedges .... Small do minor Chalky fields. Local . Annual. Mud wort .... Limosella aquatica Muddy places . Cornish Money-wort . Great Mullein Sibthorpia EuropcBd Verbascum Thapsus Damp places. Local Hedge-banks . Perennial. Biennial. Hoary do. pulverulentum ( Waste ground and ). "( hedge-banks . ) Dark do nigrum . Hedge-banks . Perennial. Moth do Blattaria Do. Rare Annual. Gipsy-wort Lycopus Europceus Ditches and pool-sides . Perennial. Wild Clary . Salvia verbenaca . ( Dry fields and hedge- ) "( banks . . . ) Sharp-leaved Mint Mentha acuti folia . Wet places. Rare . tt Corn do ,, arvensis . Corn-fields Wild Thyme . Thyinus Serpyllum Heaths and hedge-banks Marjoram Origanum vulgar e . ( Hedge - banks and ) ( bushy places . ) ,,. Germander, or Wood ) Sage ) Teucrium Scorodonia . Woods and commons . Water do. Scordium Wet meadows. Local. Wall do Chamcedrys . Old walls. Naturalised Mountain Bugle . , Black Horehound . Ajuga alpina . Ballota nigra . Mountains. Rare . Hedges and waste ground Mother-wort . Leonurus Cardiaca Hedge-banks . Dwarf Hemp-nettle Galcopsis villosa . Sandy fields Annual. Bee-nettle versicolor Corn-fields White Dead-nettle Lamium album Hedges and way-sides Perennial. Spotted do. maculatum Hedge-banks. Rare Red do purpureum A common weed Annual. Betonv .... Betonica officinalis Woods Perennial. Hedge Woundwort Stachys sylvatica . Hedge-banks . Corn do arvensis . Corn-fields Annual. Cat-mint . Nepeta Cataria Hedge-banks Perennial. Calamint .... Calamintha officinalis . Way-sides . Self-heal . Prunella vulgaris . Fields Skull-cap . Scutellaria galericulata Wet places Lesser do. minor . Do. Vervain . Verbena officinalis . Waste places . Butterwort Bladder wort . Pinguicula vulgaris Utrtcularia vulgaris . Bogs .... Stagnant water ;; Intermediate do. . intermedia Water. Rare . Small do . minor Pools on moors Bird's-eye Primrose Primula farinosa . ( Damp places on moun- > \ tains ... j Scotch do. Scotica . Northern Highlands Sea Milkwort 1 Glaux maritima . j Sea-shores and salt- ) ( marshes . . j Loosestrife Lysimachia vulgaris . Damp places . 94 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Tufted Loosetrife . Lysimachia thyrsiflora Borders of lakes. Rare Perennial. Wood Pimpernel . nemorum . Woods .... Moneywort Nummularia f Ditch-banks and ) ( shady places . j Scarlet Pimpernel Anagallis arvensis A common weed Annual. Bog do .... tenclla . Bogs. Perennial. Chaffweed Centunculus minimus . Damp places Annual. Brookweed Samolus Vcderandi Do .... Perennial. Sea Thrift Armeria marititna Sea-cliffs .... Sea Lavender Statice Limonium . Sea-coast .... Matted do. do. reticulata . Coast of Norfolk . Greater Plantain . Plantago major A common weed Hoary do. ... media Chalky hills . tt Sea do maritima Muddy sea-coasts . Buck's-horn do. Coronopus Dry places Annual. Beta maritima Muddy sea-coasts Perennial. Shrubby Goosefoot Chenopodiumfruticosum South coast. Rare . Sea do maritimum Sea-shores Annual. Wild Spinach Bonus-Henricus Waste places . Perennial. White Goosefoot . album A common weed Annual. Shrubby Orache, or ) Sea Purslane . ) Atriplex portulacoides . Sea-shores Perennial. Frosted Sea do. laciniata . Sandy do Annual. Spreading do. patula ( Dunghills and waste ) J places ... ) Narrow-leaved do. Grass-leaved do. . angustifolia . littoralis . Waste ground . Salt-marshes Marsh do. pedunculata . Marshes .... Triangular-leaved do. . deltoidea . Waste ground . Saltwort . Salsola Kali . Sea-coast .... Knawel . Scleranthus annuus Corn-fields Bistort, or Snakeweed Polygonum Bistorta Damp meadows Perennial. Alpine do. viviparum Mountain pastures . ,, Knotgrass aviculare A common weed Annual. Sea do. . maritimum . Sandy shores . Perennial. Buckwheat Fagopyrum . Fields. Naturalised Annual. Black Bindweed, or 1 Climbing Buckwheat f Convolvulus . A common weed ,. Water Persicaria, or) Water Bistort . j amphibium . Ponds and wet places . Perennial. Spotted do. Persicaria Damp ground . Annual. Pale-flowered do. . lapathifolium j Dunghills and waste ) \ ground . . . f Small Creeping Persi- ) caria j minus Wet places Great Water Dock Rumex Hydrolapathum Ditches .... Perennial. Curled Dock . crispus A common weed M Meadow do. . pratensis . Meadows. Rare Broad-leaved do. , , obtusifolius A common weed H Grainless Water do. . , aquations . Wet places Monk's Rhubarb . , alpinus Mountains (( Red-veined Dock . , sanguineus Woods and way-sides . Sharp do. , acutus . Wet places , Golden do. ... , maritimus . Marshes .... Do Sorrel .... acetosa Meadows .... t Sheep's do. acetosella . Heaths .... Mountain do. . Oxyria reniformis . Mountains . Flax-leaved Toad-flax . Thesium linophyllum . Chalky pastures , Birthwort Aristolochia Clematitis f Ruins and thickets. \ 1 Naturalised . . f Purple Spurge Sun do., or Wartweed. Euphorbia Peplis . Helioscopia. Sandy shores . A common weed Annual. Broad-leaved do. . . , platyphylla . Fields Coral do . , coralloides . Hedges in Sussex . Perennial. Leafy-branched do. , Esula . Shady woods . Cypress do. , Cyparissias Thickets. Local w Petty do , Peplus . A common weed Annual. Dwarf do. , exigua . Corn-fields JULY PLANTS. PLANTS (continued]. 95 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Caper Spurge . Spring Water Starwort Euphorbia Lathyris Catlitriche vema . Thickets .... Pools Biennial. Annual. Stalked do. do. pedunculata Do )f Autumnal do. do. . autumnalis Do Spiny-fruited Horn- \ ( Ceratophyllum de- > Do Perennial. wort f 1 mersum . . ) Roman Nettle Urtica pilidifera . Waste ground . Annual. Small do. ... Do Common do. . dioica . Way-sides and fields Perennial. Pellitory .... Parietaria officinalis . Old walls .... Hop Humulus Lupidus Hedges .... ,, Smooth Willow Salix triandra f Wet woods and osier- \ "( beds ) Tree. Net-leaved do. reticulata Scottish mountains . Water Thyme Eudorea Canadcnsis . Canals. Not native. Perennial. Frog-bit .... ( Hydrocharis Morsus \ \ Ranee . . . ) Ponds and streams . ,, Water Soldier, or ) Water Aloe . f Stratiotes aloides . Pools Pyramidal Orchis . Orchis pyramidalis Pastures .... Lizard do. ... nircina . Chalky thickets Marsh do. latifolia Marshes . Spotted do. maculata Heaths .... Fragrant do. . Gymnadenia conopsea . Chalk hills Frog do Habenaria viridis . Hill pastures . Small White do. . ,, albida . Mountains .... Green Musk do. Mountain Tway-blade. Hcrminium Monorchis Lister a Nidus-Avis Chalky pastures Mountains .Helleborine . Epipactis latifolia Woods .... Marsh do. palustris Marshy pastures White do. grandiflora . Woods on chalk soil Two-leaved Bog Orchis Liparis Loesellii . Sandy marshes M Coral-root Corallorrhiza innata . Scotland .... Lady's Slipper Cypripedium Calceolus f Northern Woods. \ 1 Very scarce. j Yellow Iris Iris Pseud-Acorus . Watery places . Stinking do. . Sand Garlic . fcetidissima Allium arenarium Pastures and thickets . Woods and pastures Mountain do. . carinatum . Pastures .... Wild do oleraceum . Fields Crow do ,, vineale Dry do Spiked Star of Beth-) lehem j ( Ornithogalum pyre- \ \ naicum . . j Pastures. Naturalised . Scottish Asphodel Tofieldia palustris. f Boggy places on )_ ( mountains . . j Bog do Great Sea Rush . Narthecium ossifragum Juncus acutus . Bogs Sandy shores . " Common do. . conglomerate . Damp ground . jt Soft do effusus . Do j Hard do Do Thread do. , filiformis . : Lake shores in North . Baltic do. ... Sandy shores . . . Sharp-flowered do. , acutifloTiis . Damp ground . Jointed do. , lamprocarpus . Wet places Small Jointed do. . , uliginosus . Damp heaths . Round-fruited do. , compressus Marshes .... Slender Spreading do. . , Gesneri Highlands .... Toad do Three-leaved do. . , bufonius , tnjidus Damp heaths . Mountain bogs . Annual. Perennial. Clustered do. . , castaneus . Do. . . . . . Moss do , squarrosus . Do Three-flowered do. , triglumis . Mountain rills . n Curved Hairy do. . Luzula arcuata j Summits of Highland \ i mountains . . j ,, Spiked do. Flowering do. spicata Butomus umbellatus High mountains Ponds and slow streams ; Star Fruit f Actinocarpus Dama- \ \ sonium . . . j I ' .. 96 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Water Plantain . Alisma Plantago . Ditches .... Perennial. Floating do. . ,, natans. Lakes. Local . Arrowhead Sagittaria sagittifolia . Ditches and pools . ,, Sea-side Arrow-grass . Triglochin maritimum . j Salt - marshes and > ( muddy shores . ) Marsh Scheuchzeria . Scheuchzeria palustris . Bogs. Rare Bull-rush, or Cat's-tail . Typha latifolia Pools Do Dwarf do. minor . Marshes. Doubtful native Branched Bur Reed . Sparganium ramosum . Ditches .... ,, Upright do. . ,, simplex Do M Floating do. . natans Lakes l( Sweet Flag . Acorus Cala?nus . River-sides Ivy-leaved Duckweed . Lemna trisulca Ditches and ponds . Annual. Broad - leaved Pond- ) weed j Potamogeton natans Pools and streams . Perennial. Plantain-leaved do. plantagineus Pools Various-leaved do. heterqphyllus Do Perfoliate do. perfofiatus . Ponds Curled do. crispus . Pools and ditches . Oblong-leaved do. . oblongus Do ' Long-stalked do. . prcelongus Pools , Flat-stalked do. . compressus . Ditches .... , Grassy do. gramineus . Do Small do pusillus Ponds and ditches . Sharp-leaved do. . acutifolius . Ditches .... Grass-wrack do. . zostercefolius . Ponds and lakes Sea Ruppia Ruppia maritima . Salt-ditches Sweet Cyperus Cyperus longus Bogs Brown do. fuscus Do. Rare . . - . Annual. Black Bog Rush . Schcenus nigricans . Bogs . . . . Perennial. Compressed do. compressus Do ,, Brown do. ,, rufus Scotch bogs Twig Rush Cladium mariscus Bogs White Beak Rush . Rhynchospora alba Do. Rare 9J Brown do. fusca Do. Do. Creeping Spike Rush . Eleocharis palustris Ditches and bogs Scaly do ccespitosa Mountains and heaths . ,, Chocolate do. . pauciftora . Moors Floating Water Rush . Elcogiton fluitans . Pools ff Bull Rush, or Great ) Club Rush . . j" Scirpus lacustris . Ditches and pools . M Least Club Rush . setaceus Watery places . ,, Savi's do Savii Bogs . . . . . ., Sea do maritimus Sea-shores . - Wood do. sylvaticus Woods . Hare's-foot Sledge . Carex leporina Highlands .... ,, Rigid do rigida . Mountains. . . ,, Straight-leaved Moun- ) tain do. . . . j aquatilis Scotch marshes Loose-spiked Rock do. Mielichoferi . Mountains. .. . ,, Dwarf do. capillaris Do. . . . M Scorched do. . ustulata Highlands .... ,. Black do. .... atrata . Mountains. ,, Short-spiked do. . speirostachya Bogs H Short Brown-spiked do. phceostachya Mountains. ,. Alpine Fox-tail Grass . Alopecurus alpinus Do. Rare Slender do. do., or) Black Bent . . / agrestis Waste ground . Annual. Bulbous do. do. bulbosus . Salt-marshes . Perennial. Floating do. do. . ,, geniculatus Wet places Canary Grass . Phalaris Canariensis . ( Uncultivated places. ). \ Naturalised . / Annual. Reed do arundinacea . Pools and ditches . Perennial. Sea Reed or Marram . f Ammophila arundi- \ ( nacea . . f Sandy shores . ,, Cat's-tail Grass Phleum pratense . Pastures .... n Mountain do. do. . alpinum . Mountains. ,, Rough do. do. asperum , Annual. JULY PLANTS. PLANTS (continued). 97 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Purple - stalked Cat's ) Tail Grass . . ) Phleum Bcehmeri . Pastures .... Perennial. Annual Beard Grass . ( Polypoffon monspeli- \ \ ensis . . } Way-sides .... Annual. Perennial do. . littoralis . Salt marshes . Perennial. Close Reed Calamagrostis stricta . Bogs. Rare Silky Bent Grass Agrostis Spica-venti Sandy fields Annual. Brown do. . canina Damp fields Perennial. Bristle-leaved do. setacea . Turfy heaths . ,, Marsh do. alba . Marshes .... ,, Turfy Hair Grass Alpine do. Aira ccespitosa alptna Pastures .... Mountains. Waved do. , flexuosa . Heaths .... Grey do , canescens Sandy fields near the sea Wood Melic Grass Melica uniflora Shady woods . Creeping Soft Grass Holcus mollis . Pastures .... ,, Crested Hair Grass Kcehleria cristata . Dry do Panick Grass . Panicum Crus-galli Fields Annual. Rough do. Setaria verticillata Do Green do. viridis Do Reed Meadow Grass . Reflexed do. . Poo. aquatica . distans Ditches .... Pastures .... Perennial. Sea do maritima Salt marshes . n Procumbent do. . procumbens Do Annual. Flat-stalked do. Alpine do. compressa III jli Illl Dry places. Mountains. Perennial. : Wavy do. laxa .... Grampians Annual do. annua Waste ground . Annual. Wood do. nemoralis Woods .... Perennial. Borrer's do. Borreri . . Salt marshes . Sweet Grass . Heath Grass . Poafluitans . Triodia decumbens. Ditches and pool margins Moors " Smaller Quaking Grass Briza minor Fields. Rare . Annual. Cock's-foot Grass . Dactyl is glomerata Fields Perennial. Dog's-tail Grass Cynosurus cristatus Pastures .... ,, Rough do. echinatus Southern sea-shores Annual. Barren Fescue Grass . Festuca brornoiden . Dry ground f _ Hard do duriuscula. Pastures .... Perennial. Giant do gigantea . Shady places . ,, Reed do ccdamaria . Damp woods ,, Spiked do. loliacea Pastures .... n Tall do elatior Damp do n Upright Brome Grass . Bromus erectus Sandy pastures ,, Hairy do asper . Woods .... Annual. Barren do. sterilis Fields n Rye do Secalinus . Do Field do arvensis . Sea-coast .... H Corn do squarrosus Corn-fields. Rare . M Wild Oat, or Haver . Avenafatua . Do ,, Bristle do. strigosa Do Narrow -leaved Oat ) Grass . . . f pratensis Dry pastures . Perennial. Alpine do. alpina . Mountains M Flat-stemmed do. . plunicidmis Do Yellow do. flavescens . Chalky fields . , Reed Arundo Phragmitcs Ditches and river-sides . Lyrne Grass . Elymus arenarius . Sandy shores . , Drooping do. . geniculatus Salt marshes . Wood Barley . Hordeum sylvaticum . Woods .... , Wall do murinum Road-sides. Annual. Meadow do. . prateitse . Damp pastures . ,, Sea do maritimum . Sea-side do. (f Crested Wheat Grass . Triticum cristatum Sea-side .... Perennial. Rushy do. junceum . Sand-dunes ,, Couch Grass, or Dog ) Grass . . . )" repens A common weed Bearded do. . caninum . Woods .... False Brome Grass ( Brachypodium sylva- \ \ ticum . . ( Copses and hedge-banks 98 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continue^,. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Heath Brome Grass ( Brachypodium pin- ) "( natum j Heaths .... Perennial. Darnel, or Rye Grass Loliuin perenne Pastures .... Annual Rye Grass linicola Fields. Rare . Annual. Bearded Darnel temulentum Do Hard Grass Lepturus incurvatus Sea-coast .... Dog's-tooth Grass . Cynodon dactylon . Sandy shores . Perennial. Hairy Finger Grass Digitaria sanguinalis . Fields. Rare . Annual. Finger Grass . humifusa Fields ,, FERNS. Common Polypody Polypodium vulgare ( Mossy banks, damp ) 1 rocks, &c. . . / Perennial. Welsh do. cambricum. Shady banks ' Mountain do., or) Beech Fern . . f Phegopteris ( Damp woods and ) 1 mountains. Local / Smooth Three-) branched do., or r Dryopteris . Damp places. Local ,, Oak Fern . . J Limestone do. calcareum . j Limestone rocks. ) ( Rare and local . / ,, Alpine do. alpestre Scotch mountains . H Rock Brakes, or ) Mountain Parsley )" Allosorus crispus . ( Stony hills. Rare and ) "( local ... I ,. Alpine Shield Fern, or ) Holly Fern . . / Polystichum Lonchitis . ( Mountain rocks, espe- ) \ cially in Scotland > I and Ireland . . j Prickly do. . aculcatum . Shady places . Marsh Buckler Fern . Lastrea pahistris . Marshes .... w Heath Shield Fern Oreopteris . Heaths . . . M Male Fern Ftlix-mas . Shady places . Crested Buckler Fern . cristata ( Boggy heaths. Rare > "< and local . . J Broad do. do. . dilatata . Wet shady places . Lady Fern ( Asplenium Filix-fce- ) \ mina . . )" Do Forked Spleenwort scptentrioncUe Rocks. Rare . ,, ( Shady rocks in Scot- ') Alternate do. . alternifolium land and Lake Dis- - ,, 1 trict. Rare . . ) Rue-leaved do. ,, Ruta-muraria Shady rocks , t Green do. viride ( Damp mountain rocks ) < in Wales and Scot- - 1 land ) Maidenhair do. Trichomanes . Shady rocks Sea do marinum. Rocks M Smooth Rock do. . fontanum j Mountain rocks. Very ) ( scarce ) ,. Lanceolate do. lanceolatum . Rocks. Local . Black Maidenhair do. . Adiantum-nigntm Shady places . pl Harts-tongue . ( Scolopendrium offici- ) ( narum . . ) Damp do. do., and walls Scale Fern Ceterach offlcinarum Limestone rocks Hard Fern Blechnum boreale . Heaths .... M Bracken, or Brakes Pteris aquilina Woods and heaths . w Maidenhair Fern . f Adiantum Capillus- ) ( Veneris . . j Rocks. Local . Brittle Bladder Fern . Oblong Woodsia . Cystopteris fragilis Woodsia Uvensis . Walls Rocks. Rare . - Alpine do. hyperborea. phur . . i Gonepteryx rhamni 4 6,7 ft Buckthorn. Clouded Yellow Colias Edusa . 9-5 6,7 8 ( Lucerne, Dutch clover, ( trefoils, &c. Pale do. do. Hyale . 5 7 8 Melilot, clover, lucerne. Queen of Spain \ Fritillary . $ Argynnis Latona . 8,9 8-5 6,7 ( Dog and sweet violets, J. wild heartsease, sain- (. foin, borage. Pearl-bordered do Euphrosyne 6 7-5 5 Dog and other violets. Small Pearl-bor- ") Selene . 6 7-5 5 Do. dered do. . J Large Tortoiseshell Vanessa poly chloros 08.10 slO-6 7 ("Elm, aspen, osier, wil- l low, and fruit-trees. Camberwell Beauty Antiopa . 5 6,7 7 | Birch, poplar, willow, C and nettle. Peacock . lo . . 4,5 6,7 7 Nettle. Red Admiral . Atalanta . 5 6,7 7 Do. Painted Lady . cardui 6 6-9 7-9 ( Thistles, nettle,mallow, ( and scarlet bean Scotch Ringlet Erebia Medea . 8 9-5 6 Poa and other grasses. Wood Argus . Satyrus &geria . 5&8 6,7,& 9-3 4&7 Grasses. Wall .... Megcera . 5&8 6,7, & 94 4&7 Do. Small Heath . < Ccenonympha ") I Pamphilus . ) 5 5,6, & 8 4&7 Do. CBramble, broom, birch. Green Hairstreak S Thecla rubi . 5 7&10 84 < greenwood, creeping (. willow. Brown do. betulce . 10 5,6 7 Birch, sloe. Large Copper . ( Polyommatus ") (. Hippothoe) 8 8-6 7 ( Great water dock (pro- (. bably now extinct). Small do. . phlceas 6&10 5,6,8 &104 4&10 Ragwort, dock, sorrel. Long-tailed Blue . Lycozna bcetica 7-9 Bladder senna. Silver-studded do. . dEgon 7-2 5,6 6 Birdsfoot broom. Brown Argus . Agestis 8 7&94 4&7 Hemlock storksbill. Common Blue . E Alexis 5&9 4&8 5&8 Birdsfoot trefoil. Clifton do. Adonis 10 5 & 7, 8 5&8 Tufted horse-shoe vetch. Chalk-hill do. . B Cory don . 9 10-6 7 Do. Holly, or Azure do. Argiolus . 5&8 6&9 7&104 C Flowers of holly, buck- (. thorn, ivy. Grizzled Skipper S Syrichthus Alveolus 5 5 / Wild raspberry, bram- (. ble, silver weed. Dingy do. . . Thanaos Tages 5&8 7&94 Birdsfoot trefoil. Large do. . Hesperia sylvanus. 7 5&7 Grasses. Pearl do. . . comma 8-3 6 7 ( Birdsfoot and birdsfoot i trefoil. Lulworth do. . Actoeon 6 7 In wood reed. MOTHS. Convolvulus Hawk Sphinx convolvuli . 7 ( Small convolvulus and I balsam. Spotted Elephant } Deilephila ~> _ _ ( Cypress spurge and sea do. . . . ) euphorbia ) 8, I spurge. Madder do. gafii 8-10 Bedstraws. Silver-striped do. . lineata . 6,7 Do. Sharp- winged do. . Chcerocampa celerio 8,9 Bedstraws. AUGUST INSECTS. 101 INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Oleander Hawk Chcerocampa nerii . 9 Oleander. Orange Swift . Hepialus sylvinus . - 7 - ("At roots of sorrel and (. dock. '< Syntomis phegea . - 9-5 (" Scabious, plantain, dan- (. delion. Scarce Muslin . . Nudaria senex 5,6 7 Lichens. Small Dew Lackey . Setina irrorella 5 5,6 ( Ground lichens near "( sea. Pearl Footman Lithosia muscerda. 5,6 6,7 Lichens on sallow. Small do. . pygmcBola 1-6 6,7 Lichens. Scarce do. caniola . 6 Birdsfoot trefoil. Straw do. . stramineola 8-6 6-7 Lichens on oak, sloe, &c. Large do. . quadra . _ 5,6 6 < Lichens on oak, beech, Crimson-speckled \ do. . . J Deiopeia pulchella . 7 ("Field forget-me-not, or I scorpion grass. Clouded Buff. {*SS3T I *. 1 6 9-5 - Heath, plantain. Ruby Tiger . Arctia fuliginosa . 4&8 5&8 ("Plantain, nettle, dock, I grasses. Brown Tail (" Liparis chrysor- ~i (. rhcea j - 9-5 5-7 Hawthorn, sloe, &c. Satin .... salicis 8 8-5 6 Willow, poplar, oak. Black Arches . monacha. 8-3 5-7 7 (Oak, birch, beech, fir, I apple. Whittlesea Ermine Orgyia coanosa 8 Reed and sedge. Scarce Vapourer . gonostigma. 6,7 9-5 - / Oak, beech, bramble, t sloe, nut. &c. Common do. . ,, antiqua 9-7 7-9 8,9 (" Willow,oak, rose, fruit- l trees, &c. Grey Eggar Trichiura cratcegi . 9-3 5,6 7 C Hawthorn, sloe, sallow, I oak, birch, plum. Lackey Bombyx neustna . 7-3 5-7 7 f Sloe, hawthorn, and (. fruit-trees. Coast do. . castrensis. 7-3 6,7 7 (" Sea wormwood and sea- l side carrot. .'Hawthorn, broom, Oak Eggar roboris 7,8 9-6 6,7 < bramble, heath, buck- (. thorn, sloe. Northern do. . quercus . 8 9-5 6,7 Bilberry. Grass Eggar . trifolii 8 9-6 7 ( Tre foils, do ver.grasses; 1 also broom and furze. Dark Bordered ~) Beauty . . ) Epione apiciaria . 84 5,6 6 ( Nut, poplar, willow, 1 sallow, aider. Brimstone. . . ! Rumia cratcegata . 4&9 6&9-S Hawthorn, sloe. Barred Red . . j Ellopia fastiaria . 7,8 9-4 5,6 Scotch fir. Lilac Beauty . . ' ( Pe L* a Vrirv- 1 I V. UU.TIU, . . J 7 9-6 6 ( Lilac, privet, elder, ( honeysuckle. Purple Thorn . Selenia illustraria. - 6&9-10 7&114 f Oak, ash, birch, beech, I maple. Scalloped Oak . Crocallis elinguaria 8-2 5 6 ( Oak, hawthorn, sloe, I heath. Canary-shouldered ") Thorn . . Ef Ennomos tiliaria . 9-5 6,7 8 Oak, birch,sallow, alder. Dusky do. . fuscantaria 9-5 6,7 8 Ash, privet. September do. . E erosaria . 9-5 6 7 Oak, birch, &c. Common do. . angularia 9-5 68 6,7 Oak, ash, birch, beech. Waved Umber .(" Hemerophtla "> <. abruptaria . ) 5,6 6 94 Lilac, privet, rose. Scotch Annulet Dasydia obfuscata. 7 9-6 7 Heath, vetches. Small Bordered ") Wave . . ) Acidalia trigemi-\ nata . ) 6 7-5 5 Knotgrass. Small Dusky do. incanata 7 9-5 6 (" Groundsel, dandelion, \ knotgrass. Lace Border . ornata . 7 74 5,6 Marjoram, thyme, mint. Mullein Wave . promutata . 7-5 5 ("Yarrow, mugwort, ( creeping cinquefoil. mancuniata . 7 Knotgrass. 102 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued.) Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. j Acidalia subseri- ) Satin Wave . . \ ceata . . f 7 7 __ Knotgrass. Small Blood-vein . imitaria 5,6 Bedstraws, sorrel. Bordered Grey ( Selidosema plu- 7 ( maria . . j - 5 6,7 Heath. Belle Sterrha sacraria . 8 6&9 Dock, chamomile. Yellow do. Aspilates citraria . 5&8 7&10 8 Trefoil, wild carrot. Straw do. . . gilvaria . 8,9 9-6 Yarrow. Magpie, or Currant {^arietta 0rossu "} 5 6 ( Currant, gooseberry, I sloe, &c. Clouded Border . { L g^ a lis mar ' } - 6&9 - Willow, sallow, aspen. Antnrniinl f Oporabia fili-\ no nnal 1 arammaria 2-4 Sallow, bilberry. Beech Green Car- ) pet . . . | Larentia olivata . ! 8 10-4 5,6 Hedge bedstraw. Pretty Pinion . (Emmelesia blan-\ I ' diata . . j - 9 - Eyebright. f Flowers and seeds of Lime-speck Pug f Eupithecia cew-7 .' * a I taureata . j &> 8,9 9-5 3 yarrow, ragwort, ) golden rod, angelica, Rufous do. Guenee's do. . subfulvata . pernotata 6,7 9 9,10 9-7 9-7? W &c. Yarrow and ox-eye. Burnet do. pimpinellata 6,7 6&9 9-6 f Seedsof pimpernels and Ochreous do. . Ribbed do. indigata constrictata . 5,6 7 7 8,9 7-5 8-6 I angelica. Juniper and Scotch fir. Thyme. Narrow-winged do. Large Pale do. Currant Pug . nanata . ,, expallidata . ,, assimilata . 7 7 6,7 8,9 9 9,10 9-6 9-7 9-6 Flowers of heath. Flowers of golden-rod. Hop, black-currant. Double-striped do. . Grey Carpet . Shaded Broad Bar . Wood Carpet . pumilata Thera simulata ,, variata Melanippe rivata . 6-8 6& 6&10 7&3-S 6&9 86 f Flowers of gorse, cher- l vil, clematis, &c. Juniper. Larch, Scotch fir. Hedge bedstraw. Garden do. fluctuata 6&9 5" Cabbage, nasturtium, Barberry do. . Anticlea berberata. 6&9 1 horse-radish, &c. Barberry. Red Twin-spot do. . Coremia ferrugata. 5&8 7&9 f Chickweed, bedstraw. I ground ivy. Dark-barred do. do. unidentata 8 4 f Bedstraw, sweet wood- Yellow Shell . f Camptogramma 7 < bilinea.ta, ( 4 l ruff. ("Dock, chickweed, and Slender-striped } $ Phibaiapieryx 7 Carpet . . f\\ lapidata $ 5,6 c. grasses. Clematis. Oblique-striped do. lignata . . 7&9 Many-lined . . polygrammata Small Waved 7 * i*. * Umber j ' " mtal bata - . 7, 8 8&94 6&10 - White water-bedstraw. Clematis. Silky Tissue . . Scotosia dubitata . 4 6 7 Buckthorn. Marbled Carpet . ', Cidaria russata . 5 & 8 f&104 7&5 f Hawthorn, birch, sal- !. low, strawberry. Dark Marbled do. . i immanata 8-3 5-7 7,8 T Birch, alder, bilberry, L strawberry. Small Phoenix ,, silaceata . _* 7&9 r& 104 \ Enchanter's night- l shade, willow-herbs. Small Mallow . (Eubolia mensu-\ (. raria ) 6 Grasses. Fortified Carpet . Oblique-striped mceniata . ; lineolata . 5 & 8 ; 5 >,6,&9 Broom. Yellow bedstraw. Treble-barred . A naitis plagiata . 7& 104 - (Perforated St. John's \ wort. Pebble Hook-tip . Oak do. . * . Platypteryx falcula 7 & 10 hamula . 6 & 9 (Birch, oak, poplar, wil- ', low, and alder. Oak, birch. Beech do. . unguicula 6 & 8 7&9.10 Beech. AUGUST INSECTS. INSECTS (continued). 103 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Goose Egg Cilix spinula . . 5,6, & 1 6&7 ("Hawthorn, sloe, moun- (. tain ash. Scarce Chocolate ~) Clostera anachoreta 1 7,8 Poplar, sallow. Tip 5 Small do. . reclusa . 7&9 _ Poplar, willow, sallow. Coxcomb Promi- | Notodonta camelina 6 7&9 7& 10-5 fOak, beech, birch,alder, \ aspen, maple, sallow, C nut, &c. Maple do. . . S Swallow do. cucullina . \ dictcea . . I 8,9 105 6&9 7&10-5 Sycamore and maple. Poplar, willow, sallow. Iron do. dromedarius 6 7&8,9 10-5 Birch, alder, and nut. Dark do. . trilophus . 7&9 Poplar and birch. Pebble do. ,, ziczac . . 6&9 7&10-5 f Poplar, willow, sallow. (. alder. Lesser Lutestring . Cyrnatophoradiluta 5, 6 7 Oak, birch. Marbled Green I Bryophila glan- ) Q I difera . ' j 10-5 6 Lichens. Marbled Beauty perla . . 10-6 6 Do. Scarce Marbled 7 Green . . J ,, algce . . - Do. ('Alder, willow, oak. Alder Acronycta alni . ! 7-9 84 < lime, elm, nut, beech, L birch, &c. Scarce Dagger. auricoma ; 6,7 7 f Bramble, bilberry. I birch, oak. Mouselet . Synia musculosa . Ochreous Brown . (Leucania lithar-) I ffvria . ) 1-5 5,6 f Plantain, chickweed. I grasses, &c. Lunar White Spot . albipuncta . . Southern Wain- ) scot. . . Bj putrescens . 10 - Grasses. Streaked do. . B straminea . 24 5,6 Grasses and reed. Common do. . B ,, pallens . . 8, 9 104 5,6 Grasses. Lineated do. Nonagria despecta. < Small do. . fulva . . 5,6 - ("In stems of reed, mea- l dow-grass, and sedge. Nerved do. neurica . . 4-6 In stems of reed. Scarce do. ., brevilinea . Twin-spotted do. . geminipuncta 5,6 7 In stems of reed. Reed do. . cannce . . 5 Reed mace. Large do. . .. lutosa . . 9 10-6 7 (" In stems of reed, below I ground. Golden Ear Hydrcecia nictitans 5,6 7 Roots of coltsfoot, rush. rln stems and roots of Butter-bur petasitis . 6,7 7,8 < butter-bur and bur- (. dock. Rosy Rustic . micacea . ! 5-7 7,8 f Sedge, and roots of I horsetail and dock. Dark Arches . ( Xylophasia poly- ~) 1 odon ) i 4,5 Low plants. Slender Clouded 7 Brindle . . j scolopacina 5 Wood rushes, grasses. Feathered Brindle . $ Aporophyla aus-\ ln <. tralis . . S\ . 104 ("Annual meadow-grass, I succory. Small Mottled > Willow . . j Laphygma exigua . 7 8,9 Plantain. Bordered Gothic . Neuria saponarice . 7,8 Campions. Feathered do. . (" Heliophobus "> 1 popularis . ) 4,5 6,7 Roots of grasses. Antler Charceas graminis. 6 7,8 Do. Straw Under- wing. Cerigo cytherea . 94 Grasses. Lesser Flounced ") Rustic . . J Luperina testacea . 3 Grass-stems. Tawny do. Dumerilii Turf do. . cespitis . 4-6 Grasses. Dusky Brocade Mameslra furva . 6 Do. Cabbage . brassicce 5,6& 8,9 94 ("Cabbage, dock, goose- l foot, &c. 104 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Brown Pinion . Apamea gemina . 7 8-5 5 Grasses. Crescent Rustic fibrosa - 4,5 5-7 ( In flower stems of yel- l low flag. Common do. . oculea _ 4,5 5-7 Grasses. Rosy Minor Miana literosa 5,6 Slender foxtail grass. Haworth's do. . Celcena HawortMi. . 6,7 7,8 Cotton grass. Dingy ( Acosmetia caligi- \ 1 nosa . . ) - - Mottled Beauty . ( Caradrina cubi- 1 I cularis . . j 8 94 5-7 Grasses, &c. Archer's Dart . Agrotis valligera . 10-5 5,6 Roots of grasses. Shuttle-shaped do. . puta 8 9-12 ( Dandelion, knotgrass, (. lettuce, &c. Dark Sword-grass . suffusa , 4 5-7 ( Roots of lettuce and I spinach. Scarce do. . . ,, fennica . Pearly Underwing . sautia . - 11-1 & 7,8 - ( Plantain, dock, and I other low plants. Common Dart . ,, segetum . 6 74 Root of turnip. Crescent do. lunigera. 8-10 Knotgrass. Heart and Dart exclamationis 6 9-5 5-6 ( Roots of cabbage, tur- l nip, &c. Veined Dart . cursoria. - 5-7 7 f Sandwort, leaf y-bran- l ched spurge. Garden do. nigricans 1 5,6 7 Plantain, clover. White Line do. B tritid - 6,7 7 j Roots of sandwort and C other low plants. ( Bedstraw, poppy, chick- Eagle do. . . B aquilina. 5 < weed, cabbage, plan- (. tain, clover. Square-spot do. White-lettered do. . obelisca . agathina 5 4,5 6,7 Yellow bedstraw. Heather. True Lover's Knot . porphyrea 7 8-5 5,6 Do. ("Sea sandwort, chick- Portland . prcecox . 5-7 7 j weed, and dwarf wil- (. lows. Stout Dart . B ravida . 4,5 6 Thistles, dandelion, &c. Dotted Rustic . B pyrophila 8 Heath, grasses. ("Sun cistus, hawkweed, Welsh do.. Ashworthii . 9-5 6 j thyme, heath, hare- (. bell, fescue-grass. Small Broad-bor- ~) dered Yellow > Underwing . ) TriphcBnajanthina - 8-5 5-7 $ Broom, chickweed, and (. low plants. Broad-bordered > do. do. . j ,, fimbria . 9 104 5-7 (Birch, oak, sallow, < broom, primrose, Least Broad-bor- 7 dered do. do. j interjecta - 3,4 ( grasses, &c. Mallow, dock, grasses. Crescent do. do. subsequa 104 5-7 Low plants. Lesser do. do. . orbona . 7 8-5 5-7 ("Sallow -buds, broom, 1 nettle, and low plants. Large do. do. . pronuba 1 8-5 5-7 Dock, &c. Autumnal Rustic E Noctua glareosa . 6 Broom, dock, sorrel. Black-spotted . depuncta . 4,5 Sorrel. Double Dart . augur 7 8-5 5,6 C Sallow, hawthorn, and I low plants. Flame Shoulder plecta 6 74 5-7 Low plants. Setaceous Hebrew ") Character . $ C-nigrum 4&10 f Pea-stems and low (. plants. Clay Rustic rhomboidea . 9-5 6,7 C Chickweed, sallow, 1 hawthorn. Purple Clay brunnea . 4,5 5,6 Sallow. Ingrailed do. . festiva 7 7-5 5,6 ( Sallow, foxglove, vio- I let, &c. 7 8-5 5, 6 Moss campion. Barred Chestnut . Dahlii . 9-5 5,6 Low plants. Small Square-spot . rubi . . . 6-7 Do. AUGUST INSECTS. 105 INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Six-striped Rustic . Noctua umbrosa . 8-5 5,6 (Dock and other low (. plants. Dotted Clay . ,, baja . . 4,5 5,6 Low plants. Scotch Rustic . ,, soorina . Neglected do. . ,, ne.gle.cta . 10-5 5-7 Birch, sallow, heath. Square-spot do. xanthographa 8,9 10-5 6,7 f Plan tain, and many low I plants. Mountain Drab Pachnobia alpina. Allied Rustic . Orthosia suspecta . 5 6,7 Poplar, birch. Flounced do. . E Anchocelis rufina , 5 Oak. Pale-headed 7 v Chestnut . 3 " pistacina - 4-6 6-8 Dock, buttercups, &c. Brown-spot Pinion . litura - 5,6 7,8 ( Oak, willow, alder, 1 meadow sweet. Orange Sallow Xanthia citrago . 5,6 8 Lime. Lemon do. cerago 4,5 8 Sallow. Pink Bar do. . silago 4-6 8 Do. Barred do. . E aurago 5,6 8 Beech. Ruddy do. gilvago 5,6 8 Wych elm. Mottled do. ferruginea - 4-6 7,8 ( Sallow, wych elm, t aspen. Centre Bar do. ( Cirrho'tidia xe- ~> 1 rampelina . j 8,9 10-7 7,8 Ash. Olive . B Tethea subtusa 7,8 4,5 6,7 Poplar. Small do. . retusa . 9 5,6 6,7 Poplar, willow, sallow. Angle-striped > Sallow . . ) Euperia fulvago . 6 7 Oak, birch. Heart Dicycla Oo 5,6 Oak. (Oak, birch, hornbeam, Dunbar Cosmia trapezina . 8 4-6 6,7 < &c. A cannibal in ( confinement. Lunar-spotted ] Pinion . . ) pyralina . 4,5 - Pear, plum. White-spotted ~) Pinion . . ) diffinis 5,6 7 Elm. Lesser-spotted do. . afflnis 5 6,7 Do. Dusky Sallow . (Eremobia ochro-\ 1 leuca . . 3 5,6 6,7 Cocksfoot grass. Mottled Shears < Dianthcecia cap-\ I sophila j 6 6-9 8-5 Campions. Lychnis . capsincola . 6 7-9 8-5 Seeds of Campions. Campion . cucubali 6 7,8 Do. C Sallow, hawthorn, July Chi . Polio, chi . 4,5 6 5 hawkweed. dock, let- C tuce, sow-thistle. Black-banded . ( xanthomista~> 1 (nigro-cincta,N) ) 6,7 7 ( Campion, harebell, vio- <. let, and sea plantain. Large Ranunculus . flavicincta 9,10 6,7 7,8 (Groundsel, chickweed, (. mint, and plum. Smoky Rustic . Epunda lutulenta . 10 104 Corn gromwell. Dusky Nutmeg nigra . - 5,6 7 f Hedge bedstraw, plan- l tain, grasses. Minor Shoulder- ~) knot. . . S ,, viminalis . 8 4-6 6,7 Sallow. Feathered RanunO culus . . ) lichenea . 10 11-7 6,7 f Ragwort and low 1 plants on coast. Miselia bimaculosa 5 Elm. Angle-shades . (Phlogophora me-) 1 ticulosa . ) 114 - (Broom and many low t plants. Great Brocade. Aplecta occulta 4,5 6 Plantain, primrose. Grey Arches . nebulosa . 10-5 6 / Birch, sallow, haw- ( thorn. Silvery do. Scarce Brocade tincta Hadena satura 9-5 6 6 7 Birch and grasses. Honeysuckle. Brindled Green protect 5,6 7 Oak. Scarce Shears . peregrina 5-7 7 fGoosefoot and prickly I saltwort. Nutmeg . chenopodii 6 7-9 Goosefoot. 106 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Shepherd's Purse . (Cloantha solida-~> 1 ginis . . $ 5,6 7 Bilberry, hawthorn. Red Sword-grass E Calocampa vetusta 3,4 4-6 8 ^Poplar and various (. plants. Common do. . E exoleta 4 47 8 f Scabious, rest-harrow, <. campion, dock. Obscure Dagger Xylina Zinckenii . 5,6 Sweet gale. Tawny Pinion . conformis . 3 5,6 7,8 Birch and alder. Bordered Straw Scarce do. do. . Heliothis peltigera armigera z 7,- 8 6,7 7,8 Rest-harrow, henbane. Wild mignonette. Scarce Four-spot . scutosa . 7 Field southernwood. Spotted Sulphur $ Agrophila sul-~) (. phuralis . ) - 6-8 - Small convolvulus. Four-spot . Acontia luctuosa . 6 6-8 Do. Spectacle . Abrostola urticce . 8,9 10-5 Nettle. Dark do. . triplasia 8,9 10-5 Nettle, hop. Scarce Burnished "> Brass . . ) Plusia orichalcea . - 6,7 - Hemp agrimony. Burnished Brass chrysitis . 6,7 74 5 f Thistle, nettle, dead (. nettle, burdock. Gold Spangle . bractea 5,6 6 Hemp agrimony. Gold Spot . festucce 5-8 7,8 Reeds, sedges, grasses. ("Honeysuckle, nettle, Golden Y . . . iota . 4-6 6 < dead nettle, ground- (. sel. Silver do. ,, gamma, , 4-9 - (Nettle, hop, and low ( plants. Scarce do. ni Northern do. . interrogation! s 5,6 Nettle. Herald . . E Gonoptera libatrix 6,7 j Poplar, willow, sallow. Copper Under- wing f Amphipyra py- ) (. ramidea ) - 5,6 7,8 Oak, elm, willow, birch. Mouse tragopogonis 5,6 7,8 ( Hawthorn and low I plants. Old Lady . Mania maura . 7,8 9-5 6 Dock, chickweed, ivy. Anomalous Stilbia anomala 1,2 Grasses. Clifden Nonpareil Red Under-wing Catocala fraxini nupta 7 5-7 8 7,8 Ash, poplar. Willow, poplar. Light Crimson do. promissa 5,6 6,7 Oak. Dark Crimson do. aponsa 8 4-6 6,7 Do. PLANTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Lesser Spearwort . Celery -leaved Crowfoot Creeping Buttercup Pale Hairy do. Small-flowered Crow-) foot f Least Yellow Water- lily. ( Opium Poppy . Horned do. Climbing Corydalis Ramping Fumitory Common do. . Ranunculus flammula sceleratus ,, repens. Localities. Duration. parviflorus Nuphar pumila Papaver somniferum . Glaucium luteum . Corydalis claviculata . Fumaria, capreolata officinalis Watery places . . . Perennial. Do Annual. { M dffi^ mdride80f } Perennia hirautus . ! { M gjS 8 an Erysimum cheiran- ~> thoides )" Fields and waste places . Great Sea Stock . Matthiola sinuata . f Sandy coasts of Corn- ) \ wall and Wales . J Biennial. Wall Rocket . Diplotaxis tenuifolia . Walls, quarries, &c. Perennial. Sand do muralis Sandy sea-shores Annual. Wild Mignonette . Reseda lutea . I Chalky hills and waste ), "(. places . . . j Biennial. Common Rock Rose . Helianthemum vulgare . J Hilly pastures on chalk \ \ or gravel soil . j Perennial. Pansy, or Heartsease . Viola tricolor . Cultivated fields Annual. Round-leaved Sundew . Drosera rotundifolia . Bogs Perennial. Long-leaved do. . longifolia . Do J( Great do. . Anglica Do Grass of Parnassus Parnassia palustris Do Common Milkwort Six-stamened Water- ) wort . . . j Polygala vulgaris . Elatine hexandra . Heaths and dry pastures. / Wet sandy places or ) ( shallow water . j Annual. Eight-stamened do. Deptford Pink Hydropiper Dianthus A rme ria . Do. Rare Waste places . - Maiden do. deltoides Gravelly banks. Perennial. Soapwort Bladder Campion . Saponaria officinalis . Sitene. inflata . Cultivated ground . Corn-fields and pastures Sea do maritima f Sea-shore and moun- ) v ( tain streams . f Red Robin, or Campion Lychnis diurna Hedges and banks . M Evening Campion . vespertina . Do Procumbent Pearlwort. Sagina procumbens A common weed Sea do , y inaritima j Sea-shore and summit ) Annual. ( of Ben Nevis . j Spurrey .... Spergula arvensis . Corn-fields . Knotted do ... nodosa Wet sandy places . Perennial. Small Hairy do. subulata . Gravelly places. Chickweed Stellaria media A common weed . . < Annual. Fringed Sandwort. Arenaria ciliata . j Limestone mountains ) i. in Ireland. Very rare/ Perennial. Norway do. . Norvegica Unst, Shetland Alpine do. rubella . Mountains. Very rare . Red do rubra Fields and dry places . : Annual. Sea do marina . Sandy sea-shores . . , Narrow-lea vedMouse- ) ear j" Cerastium viscosum Fields and road-sides Perennial. Mountain Chickweed . alpinum Mountains . . - ! Broad-leaved Moun- ) tain do. . . j latifolium . Do ,, Water do. Mossy Cyphel . . ! aquatica Cherleria sedoides . . ! "Wet places. Highland mountains Flax-seed Radiola millegrana Damp heaths . Annual. Common Mallow . Malva sylvestris j Roadsides and waste ), "/ nlnfp.s . f Perennial. 108 THE FIELD NATURALISTS HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Dwarf Mallow Malva rotundifolia / Roadsides and waste ) "( places f Annual. Musk do j Hedges and borders of ) Perennial. ( fields f Tree do Lavatera arborea . J Rocks and cliffs on ) "( sea-shore. Rare . f Biennial. Marsh do. Althaea offitinalis . Marshes near sea Perennial. Large - flowered St. ) John's wort . j Hypericum calycinum . Bushy places . Square-stalked do. Perforated do. quadrangulum . perforatum . Wet places Woods and hedges . Imperforate do. dubium ( Mountainous places. ) "( Scarce I" Trailing do. . humifusum . ( Walls and gravelly ) "( banks T Narrow-leaved do. linarifolium j Sea-coast of Devon 1 "( and Cornwall . J ,, Small do pulchrum . Heaths and woods . Water do. elodes . Bogs and peaty pools ( Meadow do. . pratense Damp pastures . Herb Robert . . Geranium Robertianum Roadsides and hedges . Annual. Shining Crane's-bill lucidum. Walls and stony places . Dove's-foot do. molle Fields and waste places . t Round-leaved do. . rotundifolium Do j Small-flowered do. pusillum Do Long-stalked do. . Stork's-bill ,, columbinum. Erodium cicutarium Do. Scarce . Waste ground . j Sea do. .... ,, maritimum j Sandy sea-shores and \ Perennial. "1 at Dartmoor. Scarce ) Balsam .... f Impatiens Noli-me- ) ( tangere . . J f Damp shady woods ) \ and stony river-banks j" Annual. Yellow Wood Sorrel . Oxalis corniculata . j Damp places in west )_ ( of England. Rare )" Dwarf Furze . Ulexnanus Heaths .... Shrub. Greenweed, or Pettv ( Whin . . . " 1 Genista Ajiglica Heaths and moors . Dyer's do., or Woad-) waxen J tinctoria . Heathy places and fields ,, Rest-harrow . Ononis spinosa Heaths and dry commons Perennial. Black Medick, or Non- ) such j" Medicago lupulina . Pastures .... Annual. Yellow Melilot Melilotus officinalis Waste places . H White orDutchClover, ) or Trefoil . . j" Trifolium repens . Meadows .... Perennial. Purple do. pratense Do ,, Zigzag do. medium. j Dry pastures and ) ( bushy places . f Sulphur do. . ochroleucum . Pastures .... ,, Hare's-foot Trefoil. arvense . ( Sandv places and dry ) \ fields . . . J Annual. Starry-headed do. stellatum Shoreham, Sussex . M Strawberry do. fragiferum . Damp pastures. Perennial. Greater Bird's-foot do. Lotus major Bushy places . H Common do. do. . corniculatus . Dry pastures lf Lady's Fingers, Kidney) Vetch, or Woundwort' Anthyllis Vulneraria . Do ,, Wood Vetch . Vida sylvatica. . .' Mountainous woods ,, Tufted do. , cracca Bushy places Yellow Vetchling . Lathyrus Aphaca . J Sandy and gravelly )_ "( fields. Rare . ) Annual. Meadow do. . pratensis Grassy places . Perennial. Narrow-leaved Ever- ) lasting Pea . . j sylvestris Woods and thickets Blue Marsh Vetchling . palustris Boggy meadows H Sea-side Everlasting ) Pea ( maritimus Pebbly sea-shores . Bird's-foot Ornithopus perpusillus. Sandy heaths . Joint Vetch . ebracteatus . Scilly Islands . Annual. Horse-shoe do. Hippocrepis comosa Chalky banks . Perennial. AUGUST PLANTS. PLANTS (continued}. 109 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Meadow Sweet, or ) Queen of the Mea- j- Spiraea Ulmaria . Damp meadows Perennial. dows ) Dropwort Filipendula Dry pastures . M Common Avens, or ) Herb Bennet . / Geum urbanum Hedges and thickets Creeping Cinquefoil Potentilla reptans . Meadows and waysides . 5> Hoary do. argentea Pastures. Local White Rock do. . uUiii Mountains. Bramble, or Blackberry Rubus fruticosus . Common everywhere Shrub. Dewberry ccesius . j Thickets and borders ) ( of fields. . . j Agrimony Agrimonia Eupatoria . Waste ground . Perennial. Common Lady's Mantle Alchemilla vulgaris Hilly pastures . Alpine do. alpina . Mountains Field do arveiisis A common weed Annual. Burnet .... Sanguisorba officinalis . Damp meadows Perennial. Salad do Poterium sanguisorba . Dry do Trailing Dog Rose Rosa arvensis . Woods and hedges . Shrub. Great Hairy Willow ) Herb j ( Epilobium angustifo- \ \ Hum . . ) Wet places. Perennial. Small-flowered do. parviflomm. Do Broad-leaved do. . ,, montanum . ( Dry banks and hilly \ \ places . . . J Square-stalked do. Narrow-leaved do. tetragonum . palustre Wet places. Do " , Evening Primrose CEnothera biennis . f Waste ground and \ \ sandy coasts . J Biennial. Enchanter's Nightshade Circcea Lutetiana . Damp shady places . Perennial. Alpine do. do. Spiked Water Milfoil . alpina . Myriophyllum spicatum Mountainous woods Stagnant water " Purple Loosestrife, or ) Willowstrife . f Lythrum Salicaria. Watery places . Hyssop-leaved Purple ) Loosestrife . . j hyssopifolia . Do. Rare Annual. Water Purslane Peplis Portula Watery places . ,, White Bryony Bryonia dioica Hedges .... Perennial. Water Blinks . Montia fontana Wet places Annual. Strapwort Corrigiola littoralis Sandy wastes. Rare Rupturewort . Herniaria glabra . Sandy places . Perennial. Four-leaved All-seed . f Polycarpon tctra- \ \ phyllum . . | South coast Annual. Wall Pennywort . Cotyledon Umbilicus Damp rocks and walls . Perennial. Glaucous Stonecrop Sedum glaucum Walls and dry places M Starry Saxifrage . Saxifraga stellaris. Mountains .... , Alpine do. . . Do Yellow Marsh do. . Hirculus Bogs " t Yellow Mountain do. . aizoides. f Boggy places on moun- )_ J tains / Drooping do. . cernua . Mountain rocks ?> Alpine Brook do. . rivularis Damp rocks Field Eryngo . Eryngium campestre . Waste ground. Rare . Water Hemlock, or ) Cowbane . . f Cicuta virosa . Ditches .... Wild Celery, or \ Smallage . f Apium graveolens '. Marshes .... Biennial. Corn Parsley Petroselinum segetum . Chalky fields . Marshwort Helosciadum nodiftorum Ditches .... Perennial. Creeping do. Fools Parsley repens j&thusa Cynapium. Watery places . A common weed Annual. Fennel .... Foenicidum vulgare ( Chalky fields and way- ). "( sides . . . ) Perennial. Mountain Stone Parsley Sesdi Libanotis Chalky hills . M Pepper Saxifrage . Silaus pratensis Damp meadows (I Samphire Orithmum niaritimum . Rocky sea-shores . M Sea Hog's Fennel . Sea-side Carrot Peucedanum officinale . Daucus maritima . Salt marshes. Rare South coast Biennial. Venus's Comb, or ) Shepherd's Needle / Scandix Pecten- Veneris. A common weed Annual. THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Yellow Bed-straw . Galium verum . Dry fields . Perennial. White Water do . palustre Ditches .... Smooth Heath do. . saxatile Heaths .... Rough Marsh do. . uliginosum Wet places Rough-fruited do. . saccharatum . Corn-fields. Rare . Annual. Little Mountain do. pusillum . Limestone hills Perennial. Great Hedge do. . Mollugo Hedges .... Goose-grass, or Cleavers Aparine . Hedge-banks Annual. Field Madder . Sherardia arvensis Fields ,, Red Valerian . Valeriana rubra / Chalky banks and old ) { walls ( Perennial. Small Teazle . Dipsacus pilosus Damp shady places . Biennial. Devil's-bit Scabious Scabiosa succisa Heaths and pastures Perennial. Small do columbaria Pastures . . . . Yellow Succory Picris Hier act aides Road-sides Biennial. Blue Sow-thistle . Sonchus alpinus Scottish mountains . Perennial. Corn do arvensis . Corn-fields .... M Common do. . oleraccus . A common weed Annual. Wild Lettuce . Lactuca virosa Hedge-banks . Biennial. Prickly do. . . ,, Scariola . Waste places . . Small do saligna Near the sea ' Ivy-leaved Wall Lettuce Prenanthes muralis Walls and cliffs Perennial. Hawk- weed do. ,, hieracifolia Near Forfar Annual. Dandelion Leontodon Taraxacum . A common weed Perennial. Hawk-bit Apargia Taraxaci . Mountains .... Autumnal do. autumnalis . Meadows .... >( Hairy do Thrincia hirta Gravelly commons . Alpine Hawk-weed Hieracium alpinum Mountains .... M Mouse-ear do. ,, Pilosella Dry places .... Orange do. aurantiacum Northern woods )r Glaucous do. . Lawsoni Mountains .... JJ Wall do murorum Dry woods and walls Wood do. sylvaticum . Dry woods . jt Succory-leaved do. paludosum . Shady places Soft do molle Northern woods ,, Shrubby Hawk-weed . sabaudum . Woods .... M Narrow-leaved do. umbellatum . Dry woods .... Smooth Hawk's-beard . Crepis tectorum Walls and dry places Annual. Spotted Cat's-ear . Smooth do. Hypochceris maculata . * glabra Dry pastures Do Perennial. Annual. Long-rooted do. radicata . Meadows .... Perennial. Nipple-wort . Lapsana communis A common weed Annual. Chicory, or Succory Cichorium Intybus . ( Chalky or dry fields ). 1 and way-sides . f Perennial. Burdock .... Arctium Lappa J Waste places and ) ( road-sides . . j" Biennial. Saw-wort. Serratula tinctoria Woods .... Perennial. Alpine Saussurea . Saussurea alpina . Damp mountain rocks . ,, Musk Thistle . Carduus nutans Waste ground . . . Annual. Spear do Cnicus lanceolatus . Do Biennial. ,, palustris Marshes .... Woolly -headed do. eriophorus . f Limestone pastures ) 1 and waste places j" Perennial. Tuberous Plume do. tuberosus . Woods .... i- Dark do. do. . heterophyllus Northern pastures . M Cotton Thistle Onopordum Acanthum . Waste places . Biennial. Nodding Bur Marigold Bidens cernua . . . , Ditches .... Annual. Common do. . ,, tripartita . Do ,, Hemp Agrimony . j Eupatortum canna- ) ( brnum . . ... J Do Perennial. Goldilocks Cotton Weed . . , Chrysocoma Linosyris . Diotis maritima Cliffs on south coast Sandy shores . . . j Tansy . Tanacetum vulgar e Fields . . Field Southernwood . Wormwood Artemisia campestris . Absinthium . Dry heaths Waste places . ;; Mugwort . vulgaris Hedge-banks . Lavender do. . ccerulescens . Sea - coast. Doubtful )_ "( native . . . j 1 AUGUST PLANTS. Ill PLANTS (continued]. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Pearly Everlasting f Antennaria marga- \ ', \ ritacea . . . ) _f Damp meadows. Not ) ( native . . . > Perennial. Jersey Cudweed . Gnaphalium luteo-album Dry fields .... Annual. Highland do. . sylvaticum. Mountains. Perennial. Dwarf do. supinum . Highland mountains Marsh do. . . : uliginosum Watery places . Annual. Narrow-leaved do. Gauicum . Dry fields. Rare M Least Cudweed ,. minimum . Dry ground Canada Flea-bane Erigeron Canadense Waste ground . Blue do acre . Dry pastures Biennial. Groundsel Senecio vulgaris . . : A common weed Annual. Stinking do. . , viscosus Waste ground . ,, Inelegant Ragwort , squalid us . Walls and waste places . Hoary do. Banks and waysides Perennial. Common do. . , Jacobcea Dry places .... Marsh do. , aquaticus . Wet places Broad-leaved do. . , Saracenicus Damp meadows. Rare . Sea Starwort, or Sea > Aster ) Aster tripolium ( Muddy sea-shores and | ( salt marshes . j Golden Rod . Elecampane . Solidago virgaurea Inula Helenium Woods and heaths . Damp pastures . Flea-bane Pulicaria dysenterica . Ditches .... Small do vulgaris . Sandy heaths . Annual. Golden Samphire . Limbarda Crithmoides. Salt marshes . PerenniaL Common Leopard's-bane j Doronicum pardali- \ Damp woods Daisy .... Bellis perennis Pastures .... Corn Marigold { Ct canthemum im ^^ } Corn-fields. Annual. Corn Feverfew Pyrethrum inodorum . Fields M Wild Chamomile . Matricaria Chamomilla Corn-fields . . . c Common do. . Anthemis nobilis . Dry pastures Perennial. Stinking do. . Cotula . A common weed Annual. Ox-eye do. tinctoria. Dry fields. Rare. . Biennial. Sneeze-wort, or Goose- ) wort . . . )" Achillea. Ptarmica . Damp pastures . PerenniaL Serrated Milfoil . ,, serrata Near Matlock, Derby Yarrow, or Milfoil millefolium Pastures and way-sides . Golden Milfoil tomentosa . Dry hill-pastures. Scarce Brown Knapweed Centaurea Jacea . Pastures .... Black do nigra Pastures and way-sides . Corn-flower, or Blue-) bottle j Cyanus . Corn-fields. Annual. Great Knapweed . Scabiosa Corn-fields and pastures Perennial. Common Star Thistle . calcitrapa . Waste places. Local Annual. Yellow do. solstitialis . Waste places . Bur-weed Xanthium strumarium Do Blue-bell, or Hare-bell . Rampion Bell-flower . Giant do Campamdarotundifolia Rapunculus . latifolia . Heaths . Banks and fields ; Shady places . Perennial. Biennial. Perennial. Creeping do. . rapunculoides. ' Northern corn-fields >; Nettle-leaved do. . Trachelium Woods and hedges . Jt Clustered do. . glomerata. Chalky pastures M Ivy-leaved do. nederacea . . Bogs ..... Corn do hybrida . Corn-fields. Annual. Rampion . Phyteuma orbiculare . Chalk hills. Local . Perennial. Spiked do. spicatum Hedges. Rare . Cross-leaved Heath Erica Tetralix. Heaths . . . . Shrub. Common do. . Do Cornish do. Cornwall heaths ' Fringe-leaved do. . Do Line:, or Heather . Calluna mdgaris . Heaths and moors . St. Dabeoc's Heath \ Menziesia polifolia West of Ireland , ll Green eaVed ^ V inter " ] Pyrola rotundifolia Damp woods. Rare Perennial. Centaury. Erythrata Centaurium . Dry pastures . Annual. Marsh Gentian, or Ca- ) lathian Violet . ] Gcntiana Pneumonantht , Wet heaths. Local. Perennial. Small Alpine do. . nivalis Mountain summits. Rare Annual. 112 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Autumn Gentian, or ) Calathian Violet j Field do. . Gentiana Amarella campestris Limestone pastures. j Hill pastures, espe- ) ( cially on chalk . f Annual. " Yellow-wort . Fringed Water Lily Chlora perfoliata . Villarsia nymphceoides . Chalky hills . Pools and slow rivers Perennial. Marsh Felwort Swertia perennis . f Mountain bogs. Doubt- ) 1 ful native . . ) a Great Bind-weed . Convolvulus Septum Hedges and ditch-banks. tf Greater Dodder C'uscuta Europcea . j Parasitic on thistles > ( and other plants . f Annual. Common do. . Epithymum f Parasitic on heath and ) } thyme j Perennial. Viper-grass . Echium vulgare Dry fields . Biennial. Creeping Gromwell ( Lithospermum pur- ) kpuro-cceruleum , f Fields and waste places . Perennial. Forget-me-not yosotis palustris . Ditches .... M Alpine do. alpestris . Mountains. M Field do arvensis . Dry places .... Annual. Early do collina Dry fields and walls Comfrey .... Symphytum offlcinale . Watery places . Perennial. Tuberous do. . tuberosum . Do. Rare ,, Borage .... Boraffo offlcinalis . Waste ground . Biennial. Thorn Apple . Datura Stramonium . Do. Not native . Annual. Woody Nightshade, or \ Bittersweet . . j Solanum Dulcamara . Hedges .... Perennial. Garden do. ,, niffrum . A common weed Annual. Clove-scented Broom- \ _( Orobanche caryophyl- \ On roots of bedstraw Perennial. rape. . . . ) Tall do ( tacca ) elatior f On knapweeds and ) t other plants . J ,, .. ffedercB . . Ivy roots .... Branched do. . rajnosa . On Hemp .... Annual. Spiked Speedwell . Veronica spicata . Dry meadows . Perennial. Alpine do. alpina Mountains. ,, Marsh do. . . . scutellata Bogs ..... Common do. . offlcinalis. Dry places .... ^ Ivy-leaved do. hederifolia A common weed Annual. Germander Chickweed agrestis . Do ,, Grey Speedwell polita Do H Buxbaumii . Fields Marsh Painted-cup Bartsia viscosa Damp meadows Red Eye-bright Odontites . A common weed ff Common do. . Euphrasia offlcinalis . Dry pastures . )( Large Yellow Rattle . Rhinanthus major . Corn-fields. )f Yellow Cow-wheat Melampyrum pratense . Woods .... Snapdragon . Antirrhinum majus Old walls. Not native . Perennial. Oalrs-snout . Orontium. Corn-fields. Scarce Annual. Ivy-leaved Snap-) dragon, or Toad-flax / Linaria Cymbalaria Walls. Not native . Perennial. Fluellen, or Toad-flax . spuria Dry fields .... Annual. Sharp-leaved do. . Elatine . Do Creeping Toad-flax ,,i repens Rocks near the sea . Perennial. Mud wort. Limosella aquatica Muddy places . Annual. Cornish Money-wort . Great Mullein Sibthorpia European, Verbascum Thapsus Damp places. Local Hedge-banks . Perennial. Biennial. Dark do niffrum Do Perennial. Large-flowered do. viryatum . Do. Rare Biennial. Moth do. . ., Blattaria . Do. Do Annual. Gipsy-wort Lycopus Europceus Ditches and pool-sides . Perennial. Wild Clary . Salvia verbenaca . ( Dry fields and hedge- ) \ banks f Horse Mint . Mentha sylvestris . Damp ground . ,, Round-leaved do. . rotundifolia Do ,, Spear do. viridis Do ,, Pepper do. ptperita . Do ,, Bergamot do. citrata Wet places. Rare . ,, Water, or Hairy do. . hirsuta Wet places ,, Sharp-leaved do. . acutifolia . Do. Rare Bushy Red do. gentilis Pools AUGUST PLANTS. PLANTS (continued). 113 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Corn Mint Mentha arvensis . Corn-flelds. Perennial. Penny Royal . Pulegium . Wet places. Naturalised. Wild Thyme . Thymus Serpyllum Heaths and hedge-banks ,, Marjoram Origanum vulgare . ( Hedge - banks and ) I bushy places . ) Germander, or Wood ) Sage ... | Teucrium Scorodonia . Woods and commons . Wall do Chamcedrys . Old walls. Naturalised. Black Horehound . Ballota nigra . Hedges and waste ground n Motherwort . Leonurus Cardiaca Hedge-banks . Red Hemp Nettle. Galeopsis Ladanum Dry fields .... Annual. Dwarf do. villosa . Sandy fields ,, Common do. . , , tetrahit , . Fields Bee Nettle . versicolor Corn-flelds " White Dead Nettle Lamium album Hedges and way-sides . Perennial. Spotted do. maculatum Hedge-banks. Rare Red do purpureum A common weed Annual. Betony .... Betonica offlcinalis Woods .... Perennial. Hedge Woundwort Stachys sylvatica : Hedge-banks . M Marsh do. palustris . Wet places ,, Downy do. germanica Fields M Corn do arvensis . Corn-fields Annual. Pale do annua Fields. Rare . Cat Mint .... Nepeta Cataria Hedge-banks . Perennial. Horehound Marrubium vulgare Waste places . Basil Thyme . Calamintha acinos Dry fields .... Annual. Calamint .... offlcinalis . Way-sides .... Perennial. Wild Basil Clinopodium vulgare . Limestone hills Skull Cap Scuteilaria galericulata Wet places J5 Lesser do. minor . Do Bladderwort . Utricularia vulgaris . Stagnant water " Intermediate do. . intermedia Water. Rare . >5 Small do. minor . Pools on moors Sow Bread Cyclamen hederifolium Woods. Local M Sea Milkwort . Glaux maritima . ( Sea-shores and salt- \ { marshes . . ) Wood Pimpernel . Lysimachia nemorum . Woods .... Scarlet do. . . . Anagallis arvensis A common weed Annual. Bog do tenella . Bogs Perennial. Brook Weed . Samolus Valerandi Watery places . Sea Thrift Armeria maritima Sea-cliffs .... tj Sea Lavender Statice Limonium . Sea-coast .... Narrow-leaved do. do. . spathulata . Do Matted do. do. reticulata . Coast of Norfolk . Greater Plantain . Plantago major A common weed . Hoary do. media . . Chalk hills Sea do .... maritijna Muddy sea-coasts . Buck's Horn do. . Coronopus . Dry places Annual. Wild Amaranth . Amaranthus Blitum . Waste places . Beet Beta maritima Muddy sea-shores . Perennial. Shruhby Goosefoot Chenopodiumfruticosum South coast Stinking do. . olidum ( Waste places and sea- ) ( coast . . . ) Annual. Round-leaved do. . polyspermum . Waste ground . Sharp-leaved do. . . ,, acutifolium . Do ... Wild Spinach ,, Bonus Henricus Do Perennial. Upright Goosefoot urbicum f Dunghills and waste ) "( ground ) Annual. Nettle-leaved do. . murale Waste ground . Maple-leaved do. . hybridum . Damp places. Local White do. ... album . ; A common weed Fig-leaved do. Oak-leaved do. ficifolium . glaucum Waste ground and fields Sandy places . Shrubby Orache, or ) Sea Purslane . } Atriplex portulacoides . Sea-shores .... Perennial. Spear-leaved do. . erecta Waste ground. Rare . Annual. Grass-leaved do. . littoralis . Salt marshes . Marsh do. pedunculata . Marshes .... ,, Triangular-leaved do . deltoidea . Waste ground . H 114 THE FIELD NATUKALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Glasswort Salicornia herbacea ( Salt marshes and ) "( muddy shores | Annual. Creeping do. . radicans Muddy sea-shores Perennial. Perennial Knawel Scleranthus perennis . Sandy fields Bistort, or Snakeweed . Polygonum Bistorta Damp meadows Knot-grass aviculare A common weed Annual. Sea do maritimum . Sandy shores . Perennial. Buckwheat Fagopyrum . Fields. Naturalised Annual. Black Bindweed, or > Climbing Buckwheat j Convolvulus . A common weed ,, Copse do. ,, dumetorum . Woods .... Water Persicaria, or ) v Water Bistort . ) amphibium . Ponds and wet places . Perennial. Spotted do. Persicaria Damp ground . Annual. Pale Flo%vered do. lapathifolium ( Dunghills and waste \ "( ground . . . . j Lax Flowered do. . mite . Waste ground . ... Small Creeping do. minus _ . Wet places Biting do. ,, Hydropiper . Do Great Water Dock Rumex Hydrolapathum Ditches .... Perennial. Curled Dock . crispus A common weed M Fiddle do. ... pulchcr Waste ground . ... ^ Golden do. maritimiis . Marshes .... Sheep's Sorrel acetosella . Heaths .... Birth wort Aristolochia CIcmatitis f Ruins and thickets. )_ ( Naturalised. . >" Annual Mercury . Mercurialis annua Waste ground . Annual. Purple Spurge Sun do., or W art-weed Euphorbia Peplis . Helioscojna Sandy shores . A common weed . Broad-leaved do. . platyphylla. Fields Sea do Paralias Sandy shores . Perennial. Portland do. . Portlandica South coast Petty do Peplus . A common weed Annual. Spring Water Starwort Callitrichc vcrna . . Pools Stalked do. do. pedunculata Do u Autumnal do. autumnalis Do. . . . . n Spiny-fruited Hornwort f Ceratophyllum de- ) \ inersum . . j Do Perennial. .Small Nettle . Urtica urens . Waste ground . Annual Common do. . dioica . Way-sides and fields Perennial. Pellitory .... Parietaria officinalis . Old walls .... Water Thyme Eudorea Canadcnsis Canals .... M Frog-bit .... ( Hydrocharis Morsus- \ \ Ranee | Ponds and streams . ,, Lizard Orchis . Orchis hircina . . Chalky thickets . . M Fragrant do. . Gymnadcnia conopsea . Chalk hills |f Creeping Goodyera Goodyera repens . Highland forests Lady's Tresses Neottia spiralis ( Chalk hills and pas- ) \ tures f Mountain Tway-blade . Listera cordata Mountains. ,, Helleborine Epipactis latifolia Woods .... ,, Purple-leaved do. . purpurata . Do ,, Bog Orchis Malaxis paludosa . Peat bogs . . . . ,, Stinking Iris . Iris fcetidissima Pastures and thickets . ,, Asparagus Great Round-headed) Garlic / Asparagus ojfficinalis . Allium Ampeloprasum Sea-shores .... ( Flat Holmes on the \ \ Severn ... 1 " Scottish Asphodel. Tofieldia palustris ( Boggy places on )_ ( mountains . . f ,, Pipewort .... Eriocaulon septangulare Mountain lakes. Rare . ,, Bog Asphodel Small Sea-Rush . Narthecium ossifragum Juncus maritimus . Bogs Salt marshes . " Black-headed Jointed > Rush . . ) nigritellus . . Wet places in Scotland . Blunt-flowered do. do. . obtusiflorvs Marshes .... ,, Hound-fruited Rush comprcssus Do ,, Toad do bufonius Damp heaths . Annual. Two-flowered do. . Three-flowered do. biylumis trialumis . Mountain rills . Do. . Perennial. AUGUST PLANTS. 115 PLANTS (continued]. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Floating Water-Plan- 1 tain | Alisma natans Lakes. Local . Perennial. Lesser do. ,, ranunculoidcs . Bogs and pools Creeping do. . repens . Pools in Wales M Arrow-head . Sagittaria sagittifolia . Ditches and pools . n Arrow-grass . Triglochin palustre Boggy meadows ,, Sea-side do. maritimum . j Salt marshes and \ '( muddy shores . J Bull-rush, or Cat's-tail . Typha latifolia Pools Floating Bur-reed Spctrgct nium natans Lakes . . . . Red Pond-weed Potamogcton rufcscens Pools ..... Shining do. lucens Do || Lanceolate do. lanceolatus Lakes Perfoliate do. . perfoliatus Ponds Long-leaved Pond- weed Horned do. ,, longifolius Zanichellia palustris . Lakes Ditches .... Annual. Grass-wrack . Zostera marina ( Shallow bays and salt > "( ditches . . . j Perennial. Sweet Cyperus Ci/perus longus Bogs , ( Twig-rush Cladium mariscus . . Do Chocolate Spike-rush . Eleocharis pauciflora . Moors . . . Least do acicularis . Wet places. )? Bull-rush, or Great ) Club-rush . . j" Scirpus lacustris . Ditches and pools . Least Club-rush . setaceus Watery places . Triangular do. triquetor River-banks . Blunt do carinatus Do f Sea do. .... maritimus Sea-shores .... Elyna caricina Moors | Straight-lea vedMoun- ) tain Sedge . . j" Car ex aquatilis Scotch marshes ,, Rock Sedge . rupestris Rocks in Scotland . M Close-headed Moun- \ tain do. f Vahlii . Rocks Short-spiked do. do. speirostachya Bogs Slender Fox-tail Grass, ) or Black Bent . )" Alopecurus agrestis Waste ground . Annual. Floating do. do. geni shell . . H; urticce 4,5&7 5,6&8 6&8 Nettle. Large do. . . H polychloros 0810 s 10-5, 6 7 ("Elm, aspen, osier, wil- (. low and fruit trees. Camberwell ") Beauty . . HJ Antiopa . 5 6,7 7 ( Birch, poplar, willow, < and nettle. Peacock . . H lo . . 4-5 6,7 7 Nettle. Red Admiral . H Atalanta . 5 6,7 7 Do. Painted Lady . H cardui 6 6-9 7-9 ( Thistles, nettle, mal- l low, and scarlet bean. Small Heath . ( Ccenonympha ") t Pamphilus . $ 5 5,6&8 4&7 Grasses. Small Copper . ( Polyommatus \ 1 Phlceas . j 6&10 5-8 & 104 4&10 Ragwort, dock, sorrel. Long-tailed Blue . JL/yccena bcetica 7-9 Bladder senna. Common do. . Alexis 5&9 4&8 5&8 Birdsfoot trefoil. MOTHS. Convolvulus Hawk Sphinx convolvuli . 7 ("Small convolvulus and I balsam. Spotted Elephant "> Deilephila Eu- \ a q f Cypress spurge and sea- do. . . . j phorbice . ) O, 9 l spurge. Silver-striped do. . lineata . 6,7 Bedstraws. Sharp-winged do. . Cheer ocampa-celerio - 8,9 Do. Oleander do. . nerii . 9 Oleander. Humming - bird ") do. . . . HJ Macroglossa stel- 7 latarum . ) 5 8,9 Hedge bedstraw. Crimson - speckled \ Footman . 5 Deiopeia pulchella . - 7 - ("Field forget-me-not, or I scorpion-grass. Vapourer . Orgyia antiqua 9-7 7-9 8,9 ( Willow, oak, rose, fruit (. trees, &c. Grey Eggar . Trichiura cratcegi . 9-3 5,6 7 ("Hawthorn, sloe, sallow, I oak, birch, plum. Brimstone Rumia cratcegata . 4&9 6&9-3 Hawthorn, sloe. Large Thorn . Ennomos alniaria . 9-5 7,8 8 ( Alder, birch, beech, I sallow. Canary - shoul- "^ dered do. . $ tiliaria 9-5 6,7 8 Oak, birch, sallow, alder. Dusky do. . fuscantaria 9-5 6,7 8 Ash, privet. September do. erosaria 9-5 6 7 Oak, birch, &c. Common do. . angularia . 9-4 6-8 6,7 Oak, ash, birch, beech. Belted Beauty . Nyssia zonaria 5,6 6-9 Sea reed. Mullein Wave . Acidalia promuta ta 7-5 5 (" Yarrow, mugwort, t creeping cinquefoil. Lesser Cream do. . immutata. 8-5 5 Knotgrass. Belle .... Sterrha sacraria . 8 6&9 Dock, chamomile. Autumnal . ( Oporabia Jili- \ \ grammaria j 9-2 24 Sallow, bilberry. Pine Carpet Thera firmata 4,5 Larch and Scotch flr. Bedstraw Chalk do. Melanippe galiata 7&9 8&94 Smooth heath bedstraw. Gem ... II ( Camptogramma > (. fluviata . j 7 8 9 (" Spotted persicaria, (. groundsel. Many-lined Silky Tissue . H ( Phibalapteryx \ \ polygrammata ) Scotosia dubitata . 4 6 7 Buckthorn. SEPTEMBER INSECTS. 119 INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Uarva. Pupa. Fool-plants. MOTHS. Parrot Carpet . H Cidaria psittacata. 7,8 9 Oak, lime, apple, rose. Autumn Green ") . . J'Oak, birch, alder. do. . . . H) tt mi&tcti . . I willow, poplar. Dark Marbled do. . immanata 8-3 5-7 7,8 ^ Birch, aider, bilberry, (. strawberry. Agate ,, tested a 8-4 5 6 Birch, poplar, sallow. Mallow Eubolia ccrvinaria 10-4 6,7 8 Mallow, hollyhock. Treble-barred . Anaitis plagiata . "&10-4 - f Perforated St. John's- (. wort. Streak Chesias spartiata . 10-4 5,6 ( Broom. S. a cannibal 1 in confinement. Scalloped Hook- > tip . . . 8S Platypteryx La-\ certula . . j 6&9 6&9 Birch. Figure of 8 ( Diloba cam leo- \ (. cevhala I 9 5,6 7,8 Hawthorn, sloe, apple. Lesser Lutestring . j { C ^?/^ m } 5,6 7 Oak, birch. Marbled Beauty B Bryophila perla 10-5 5,6 Lichens. ( Alder, willow, oak, Alder. Acronycta alni 7-9 8-4 4 lime, elm, nut, beech. (. birch, &c. Yellow Wainscot . Leucania vitellina . 10-2 Grasses. Ochreous Brown . litharffyria - 1-5 5,6 ( Plantain, chickweed, I grasses, &c. Lunar White-spot . albipuncta. Peppered Wainscot extranea . Pure do. . L-album . (In stems of reed. Small do. . Nonagria fulva 5,6 - meadow - grass, and ( sedge. Bullrush . typhce ._ 7,8 8 In stems of reed mace. Large Wainscot lutosa . 9 10-6 7 C In stems of reed below I ground. (In stems of burdock. Frosted Orange Gortyna jlavago 9 7,8 8,9 J thistles, foxglove,- ( alder, &c. Golden Ear HydfCEcia nictitans 5,6 7 Roots of coltsfoot, rush. Butter-bur petasitis - 6,7 7,8 fin stems and roots of 1 butter-bur & burdock. Rosy Rustic micncea. 5-7 7,8 ( Sedge and roots of (. horsetail and dock. Feathered Brindle . (Aporophyla aus-~) (. traits . . .$ 10 10-4 /Annual meadow-grass, I succory. Small Mottled> Willow . . 5 Laphygma exigua . 7 8-9 Plantain. Feathered Gothic . $ Heliophobus ) (. popularis ) 4,5 6,7 Roots of grasses. Beautiful do. . hispidus 11 ( Plantain, lettuce, I grasses. Antler . . B Charceas graminis. 6 7,8 Roots of grasses. Lesser Flounced \ Rustic . . 3 Luperina testacea . 3 Grass-stems. Turf Rustic ,, cespitis . 4-6 Grasses. Rosy Minor Haworth's do. . Miana literosa Celcena Haworthii . 5,6 6,7 7,8 Slender foxtail grass. Cotton grass. Mottled Beauty ( Caradnna cubi- ) 1 cularis . j 8 9-4 5-7 Grasses, &c. Shuttle - shaped > Dart . . j Agrotis puta . 8 9-12 - ( Dandelion, knotgrass, (. lettuce, &c. Dark Sword-grass H suffusa 4 5-7 - ( Roots of lettuce and 1 spinach. Pearly Underwing . saucia - 11-1 & 7,8 - ( Plantain, dock, and I other low plants. White-lettered Dart agathina . 4,5 6,7 Heather. (" Sea sandwort, chick- Portland . . . prcecox - 5-7 7 K weed, and dwarf ( willows. Autumnal Rustic . Noctua glareosa . -- 6 Broom, dock, sorrel. 120 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued}. Popular Name. j Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa Food-plants. MOTHS. Setaceous Hebrew ^ Character . B J Noctua C-nigrum . 4 & 10 : ( Pea ' stems and low Barred Chestnut . Neglected Rustic . Dahlii . neglecta I plants. 9-5_ ' Low plants. 10-5 ; Birch, sallow, heath. Square-spot do. xanthographa 8,9 10-5 6, 7 f Plantain and many low Red-line Quaker Yellow Line do. Flounced Rustic Orthosia lota . macilenta Anchocelis rufina . 10 4-6 | 7,8 4,5 6-8 5 t. plants. Willow and sallow. Birch, beech. Oak. Pale - headed ") Chestnut . j pistacina 4-6 6-8 Dock, buttercups, &c. Lunar Under- wing. ,, lunosa . 10 104 Grasses. Brown-spot Pinion . litura 5,6 7,8 ^ Oak ' - wi]1 w . alder, Chestnut . . H Cerastis vaccinii . 6,7 - t meadow-sweet. Oak, elm, willow, sallow. Dark do. . . H ,, spadicea . e f Hawthorn, sloe, and Red-headed do. H Large do. . . H erythrocephala ( Scopelosoma so- ) I tellitia . . j ! 3 5 5,6 7,8 I honeysuckle. Low plants. f Oak. A cannibal in 1 confinement Dotted do. . H f Dasycampa rubi- \ 1 ginea . . ) 3 5-7 Apple and low plants. Orange Upper- ) wing . . Hj Hoporina croceago 4 5,6 7 Oak. Orange Sallow Xanthia citrago 5,6 8 Lime. Lemon do. cerago 4, 5 g Pink Barred do. silago 4-6 8 Do. Barred do. aurago 5, 6 8 Beech. Ruddy do. gilvago 5,6 8 Wych elm. Mottled do. ferruginea 4-6 7,8 f Sallow, wych elm, Centre-bar do. (" Cirrfwedia xe- ") 1 rampelina . j 8,9 10-7 7,8 I aspen. Ash. Small Olive . Angle - striped 5 Sallow . . j Tethea retusa . Euperia fulvago . 9 5,6 6 6,7 7 Poplar, willow, sallow. Oak, birch. Dusky Sallow . B 'Eremobia ochro-\ L leuca . . > 5, 6 6,7 Cocksfoot grass. July Chi . Folia chi ... 4,5 6 C Sallow, hawthorn, < hawkweed, dock, let- ( tuce sow-thistle Black-banded . / xanthomista ) C (nigro-cincta N) j 6,7 7 f Campion, harebell, vio- l let, and sea-plantain. Large Ranunculus . flavicincta . 9. 10 6, 7 7,8 ("Groundsel, chick weed, Olive Rustic . H Smoky do. . B Dasypolia templi . Epunda lutulenta . 3 10 4-7 104 8 (. mint, and plum. Cow-parsley. Corn Gromwell. Dusky Nutmeg nigra 5, 6 7 ("Hedge bedstraw, plan- Feathered Ranun- ) culus . . j Green - Brindled ) Crescent. . J lichenea . Miselia oxyacanthce 10 11-7 5-7 6,7 8 L tain, grasses, f Ragwort, and low I plants on coast. Hawthorn, sloe. Marvel-de-jour Angle-shades . Agriopis aprilina . f Phlogophora me- ) I ticulosa ) I 6,7 114 7-9 Oak. ("Broom and many low (. plants Scarce do. . Great Brocade. Brindled Green empyrea . Aplecta occulta Jfadena protea 9,10 11-5 4,5 i 5,6 6 7 Pilewort. Plantain, primrose. Oak. Scarce Shears . peregrina . 5-7 7 ("Goosefoot and prickly (. saltwort Shepherd's Purse . (Cloantha solida-\ 1 ginis . . j 5,6 7 Bilberry, hawthorn. Red Sword-grass H Calocampa vetusta 3,4 4-6 8 (" Poplar, and various I plants, Common do. . H exoleta 4 4-7 g ("Scabious, rest-harrow Obscure Dagger Xylina zinckenii . 5,6 t campion, dock. Sweet gale. SEPTEMBER PLANTS. 121 INSECTS (eontinuecf). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Tawny Pinion H Xylina conformis . 3 5,6 7,8 Birch and alder. Grey Shoulder-) . . ,.., knot . . H j ! rhizoMha . 5-7 7,8 Oak. Dark Pinion . H semibrunnea 7 8, 9 Ash and willow. Pale do. . . H petrificata . 5 5-7 8, 9 Oak, birch, and lime. Bordered Sallow . ; { HeUot ^ at ^} 7,8 na ( Rest-harrow, henbane, I sea sand wort. Bordered Straw . peltigera . __ . 7,8 Rest-harrow, henbane. Scarce do. do. . . armigera . . 6.7 7,8 Wild mignonette. Four Spot . Acontia luctuosa . 6 6-8 Small convolvulus. Silver Y . Plusia gamma 4-9 - ( Nettle, hop, and low ( plants. Herald . . H Gonoptera libatrix 6,7 7,8 Poplar, willow, sallow. Copper Underwing ( Amphipyra py- \ \ ramidea . ) - 5,6 7,8 Oak, elm, willow, birch. Mouse ... tragopogonis 5,5 7,8 < Hawthorn and low t plants. Anomalous Stilbia anomala 1,2 Grasses. Clifden Nonpareil . Red Underwing Catoccda fraxini . nupta -- 7 5-7 8 7,8 Ash, poplar. Willow, poplar. PLANTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. ; Duration. Pheasant's Eye Adonis autumnalis Cornfields .... Annual. Pale Hairy Buttercup . Ranunculus hirsutus . j Meadows and waste ), ) ground j Shepherd's Purse . Purple Sea Rocket Capsella Bursa-pastoris Cakile maritima A common weed Sandy sea-shores W Cress reS . S ' rSWine>8 } Senebieracoronopus . A common weed Lesser do. do. diduma . Do Creeping Yellow Cress. Nasturtium sylvestre . Watery places . Perennial. Annual do. do. 1 ,, terrestre . Wall Rocket . . . 1 Diplotaxis tenuifolia . Pansy, or Heartsease . Viola tricolor . Do Annual. Walls, quarries, &c. . Perennial. Cultivated fields . . Annual. Grass of Parnassus . Parnassia valustris Bogs . . . . . Perennial. Six-stamened Water- \ wort . . . j Elatine hexandra . ( Wet sandy places and ) \ shallow water . f AnnuaL Eight-stamened do. Hydropiper Do. Rare . Soapwort. Saponaria officinalis . Cultivated ground . Perennial. Sea Campion . Silene maritima ( Sea-shore and moun- ) } tain streams . j Spurrey .... Spergula arvensis . Cornfields .... Annual. Chickweed Stellaria media A common weed {Limestone mountains) Fringed Sandwort. Arenaria ciliata . ,. in Ireland. Very - rare ) Perennial. Sea do marina . Sandy sea-shores . . | Annual. Narrow-lea vedMouse- > ear . . . f Cerastium viscosum Fields and roadsides . : Perennial. Broad-leaved Moun- J tain Chickweed . J latifolium . Mountains. Dwarf Mallow Malva rotundifolia .( Roadsides and waste \ ~l places f Annual. Tree do Lavatera arbor ea . ( Rocks and cliffs on ). Rjpnnini "( sea-coasts. Rare ) Marsh do. Althaea officinalis . Marshes near sea . . Perennial. Large - flowered St. ) John's Wort . ) Hypericum calycinum . Bushy places ... Bearded do. . barbatum . f Perthshire. Doubtful ), ( native . . -j | " 122 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued}. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Herb Robert . Geranium Robertianum Road-sides and hedges . Annual. Shining 1 Crane's-bill ,, lucidum Walls and stony places . Small-flowered do. Stork's-BiU . ,, pusillum Erodium cicutarium Fields and waste places . Do Sea do maritimum . ( Sandy sea-shores, and )_ "( at Dartmoor. Scarce f Perennial. Yellow Wood Sorrel . Oxalis corniculata j Damp places in West ) ( of England. Rare ) Annual. Dwarf Furze . Ulex nanus Heaths .... Shrub. Hairy Green weed . Genista pilosa . Heathy places . ,, Rest Harrow . Ononis spinosa j Heaths and dry com- ). ( mons . . . / Perennial. White orDutchClover, ) or Trefoil . . j Trifolium repens . Meadows .... Purple do. pratense Do ir Hare's-foot Trefoil. arvense . ( Sandy places and dry ) \ fields f Annual. Dropwort White-rock Cinquefoil . Spiroea Filipendula Potentilla alba Dry pastures . Mountains. Perennial. Burnet .... Evening Primrose . Sanguisorba officinalis . CEnothera biennis . Damp meadows Waste ground . Biennial. Strapwort Corrigiola littoralis Sandy wastes. Rare Annual. Rupture- wort . Herniaria glabra . Sandy places Perennial. Yellow Mountain > Saxifrage . . j Saxifraga aizoides. j Boggy places on ) ( mountains . . j Alpine Brook do. . rivularis Damp rocks Sea Hog's Fennel . Peucedanum ojftcinale . Salt marshes. Rare ,, Smooth Heath Bed-) straw . . . f Galium saxatile Heaths .... Small Teazle . Devil's-bit Scabious Dipsacus pilosus Scabiosa succisa Damp shady places . Heaths and pastures Biennial. Perennial. Sow Thistle . Sonchus oleraceus . A common weed Annual. Hawk-weed Wall Let- ) tuce ) Prenanthes hieracifolia Near Forfar Dandelion Leontodon Taraxacum . A common weed Perennial. Autumnal Hawk-bit . Apargia autumnalis . Meadows .... Shrubby Hawkweed . Hieracium sabaudum . Woods .... M Narrow-leaved do. umbellatum. Dry woods , Smooth Hawk's Beard . Crepis tectorum Walls and dry places Annual. Long-rooted Cat's Ear . Hypochceris radicata . Meadows .... Perennial. Chicory, or Succory . Cichorium Intybus . j Chalky and dry fields ) ( and way-sides . J Saw-wort. Serratula tinctoria Woods .... f> Nodding Bur Marigold. Bidens cernua . Ditches .... Annual. Common do. . . tripartita . Do t> Goldilocks Chrysocoma Linosyris . Cliffs on south coast Perennial. Cotton-weed . Diotis maritima Sandy shores . t> Sea Wormwood . Artemisia maritima Sea-shore .... Marsh Cudweed . Gnaphalium uliyinosum Watery places . Annual. Spikenard Conyza squarrosa . Chalky fields Biennial. Canada Flea-bane . Erigeron Canadense Waste ground . Annual. Groundsel Senetio vulgaris A common weed M Marsh Ragwort . aquaticus . Wet places Perennial. Sea Starwort, or Sea) Aster f Aster tripolium j Muddy sea-shores and \ \ salt-marshes . J Golden-rod Solidago virgaurea Woods and heaths . fl Flea-bane. Pulicaria dysentcrica . Ditches .... Small do vulgaris . Sandy heaths . Annual. Common Leopard's- ) bane ) / Doronicum Parda- ) ( lianches . . ( Damp woods . Perennial. Daisy .... Bettisperennis Pastures .... Corn Feverfew Pyrethrum inodorum . Fields Annual. Common Chamomile . Anthemis nobilis . Dry pastures . Perennial. Golden Milfoil Achillea, tomentosa . J Dry hill - pastures. ) ( Scarce f ,, Brown Knapweed Centaurea Jacea . Pastures .... Black do. ... nigra Pastures and way-sides . jt Star Thistle . Calcitrapa . Waste places. Local Annual. Yellow do. solstitialis . Waste places . SEPTEMBER PLANTS. PLANTS (contintted). 123 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Burweed .... Xanthium strumarium. Waste places . . . Annual. Blue-bell, or Hare-bell . Campanula rotundifolia Heaths .... Perennial. Acrid Lobelia . Lobelia urens . Devonshire heaths . Cross-leaved Heath Erica Tetralix. Heaths .... Shrub. Common do. . ... ,, cinerea . Do Ling, or Heather . Calluna vulgaris . Heaths and moors . St. Dabeoc's Heath Menziesia polifolia West of Ireland Strawberry Tree . Arbutus unedo South of do. ... Tree. Centaury .... Erythrcea centaurium . Dry pastures . Annual. Autumn Gentian . Gentiana Amarella Limestone pastures. Field do campestris . j Hill-pastures, espe- )_ ( cially on chalk soil f Yellow-wort . Chlora perfoliata . Chalky hills . 5J Comfrey .... Symphytum officinale . Watery places . . , Perennial. Thorn Apple . Datura Stramonium / Waste ground. Not \ ( native J Annual. Garden Nightshade Solanum nigrum . A common weed Branched Broom Rape. Orobanche ramosa . On hemp .... Perennial. Germander Chickweed Veronica agrestis . A common weed Annual. Grey Speedwell polita . . Do n ,, Buxbaumii . Fields Red Eye-bright Bartsia Odontites . A common weed " Common do. . Euphrasia officinalis . Dry pastures . n Snapdragon . Antirrhinum majus Old walls. Not native . Perennial. Ivy - leaved do., or ) Toad-flax . . ) Linaria Cymbalaria Do. do Fluellen, or Toad-flax . spuria Dry fields . . . Annual. Sharp-leaved do. . Elatine Do tj Creeping do. . repens Rocks near sea Perennial. Mudwort .... Limosella aquatica Muddy places . Annual. Cornish Moneywort . Sibthorpia Europcea Damp places. Local Perennial. Dark Mullein . Verbascum nigrum Hedge banks . Moth do Blattaria . Do. Rare . Annual. Gipsy-wort Lycopus Europc&us. Ditches and pool-sides . Perennial. Wild Clary . Salvia verbenaca . . . . j Dry fields and hedge- ]_ ( banks . . . ) ,, Horse Mint Mentha sylvestris . . Damp ground . Round-leaved do. . rotundifolia Do Spear do viridis . Do ,, Pepper do. piperita Do Bergamot do. . citrata Wet places. Rare . M Water, or Hairy do. hirsuta Wet places. Red do rubra . Do ,, Bushy Red do. gentilis Pools ,, Corn do arvensis Cornfields .... Penny-royal . JPulegium . Wet places. Naturalised Wild Thyme . Thymus Serpyllum. ( Heaths and hedge- \ "( banks . . . j Germander, or Wood ) Teucrium Scorodonia . Woods and commons t> " Sage ( Wall do Chamcedrys . Old walls. Naturalised . Red Hemp Nettle . White Dead Nettle Galeopsis Ladanum Lamium album Dry fields .... Hedges and waysides . Annual. Perennial. Spotted do. maculatum Hedge-banks. Rare ,, Red do purpureum A common weed Annual. Downy Woundwort Stachys Germanica Fields Perennial. Pale do annua Do. Rare Annual. Cat Mint .... Nepeta Cataria Hedge-banks . Perennial. Horehound Marrubium vulgare Waste places . Calamint .... C'alamintha officinalis . Way -sides .... ,, Intermediate Bladder- \ wort . . . ) Utricularia intermedia. Water. Rare . M Small do minor . Pools on moors . Jt Sow-bread Cyclamen hederifolium . Woods. Local. Scarlet Pimpernel . Anagallis arvensis. A common weed . . Annual. Beet Beta maritima Muddy sea-coasts . Perennial. Upright Goosefoot. Chenopodium urbicum . j Dunghills and waste ) ( ground ) Annual. - Clustered do. . botryoides Sandy places. Rare 124 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Nettled-leaved da White do. ... Grass-leaved Orache . Marsh do. Triangular-leaved do. . Perennial Knawel . Bistort, or Snakeweed . Knot-grass Chenopodium murale album Atriplex littoralis . pedunculata deltoidea . Scleranthus perennis folygonum Bistorta aviculare Waste ground . . A common weed Salt marshes Marshes .... Waste ground . . Sandy fields Damp meadows A common weed Sandy shores . Annual. Perennial. Annual. Buckwheat . Black Bindweed, or ) Climbing Buck- 1 wheat j Copse Buckwheat . ,, Fagopyrum Convolvulus Fields. Naturalised A common weed ' . "Woods . . . . Annual. Spotted Persicaria Small Creeping do. Biting do. .. Persicaria . minus . Hydropipcr. Damp ground . Wet places Do ',', Birthwort Purple Spurge Broad-leaved do. . Aristolochia Clematitis. Euphorbia Peplis . ,, platyphylla . ( Ruins and thickets. \ "( Naturalised. . j Sandy shores . Fields ..... Perennial. Annual. Sea do Portland do. . Petty do. Spring Water Starwort Stalked do. do. far alias Portlandica Peplus . Callitriche vema . pedunculata Sandy shores . . **? South coast . . A common weed Pools ..... Do Perennial. Annual. Autumnal do. do. . autumnalis . Do Hornwort Small Nettle . Pellitory .... Water Thyme Lady's Tresses Bog Orchis Saffron Crocus Naked-flowering do. . Autumnal Squill . Meadow Saffron . Lesser Water-Plantain Creeping do. . Least Club-rush Close-headed Moun- ) J Ceratophyllum sub- ) \ mersum . , j Urtica urens . Parietaria officinalis Eudorea Canadensis Neottia spiralis MaLaxis paludosa . Crocus sativus . - . nudiflorus . Scilla autumnalis . Colchicum autumnale . Alisma ranunculoides . repens Scirpus setaceus Carex Vahlii . Do. . . . ;. / . Waste ground . . Old walls .... Canals. Chalk hills and pastures Peat-bogs ( Saffron - Walden, ) '( Essex. Naturalised / Meadows .... Dry pastures . Meadows . . . . . Bogs and pools Pools in Wales . Watery places . Rocks . . ' . ' . ' . Perennial. Annual. Perennial. Slender Foxtail Grass, 1 or Black Bent . j Reflexed Meadow-grass Sea do Flat-stalked do. . Annual do. Rye Brome-grass . Alopecurus agrestis Poa distans ,, maritima. compressa . . annua Bromus Secalinus . Waste ground . . '. Pastures .... Salt marshes . ' . Dry places .... Waste ground . . - . Fields . . . . Annual. Perennial. Annual. Couch-grass, or Dog-) grass j Hard-grass Many-spiked Cord-grass FERNS. Common Polypody Welsh do. . Smooth three-branched] do., or Oak-fern . / Alpine do Lady-fern Forked Spleenwort Alternate do. . Rue-leaved do. Triticum repens Lepturus incurvatus Spartina alternijlora . Polypodium vulgare ,. cambricum. Dryopteris. alpestre AspleniumFilix-fcemina septentnonale . alternifolium . Ruta-muraria . A common weed Sea-coast . . . . Salt marshes . ( Mossy banks, damp )_ \ rocks, &c. . . j" Shady banks . Damp places Scotch mountains Wet shady places . Rocks. Rare . ( Shady rocks in Scot-") < land and Lake Dis- > (. trict. Rare. . ) Shady rocks Perennial, Annual Perennial. Perennial. :: ; SEPTEMBER PLANTS. PLANTS (continued}. 125 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Green Spleenwort Maidenhair do. Asplenium viride . Trichomanes ("Damp mountain rocks') < in Scotland and > (. Wales . ) Shady rocks Rocks . Do. Local Shady places Limestone rocks Rocks. Local . f Scotch mountain ) \ rocks. Rare . | Perennial. Lanceolate do. Black Maidenhair do. . Scale Fern Maidenhair Fern . Alpine Woodsia . lanceolatum ,, Adiantum-nigrum Ceterach officinarum ( Adiantum Capillus- ) \ Veneris . . j Woodsia hyperborea OCTOBEE. GENERAL HINTS. STILL keep on at palings and tree-trunks. The former are always more productive than the latter, and, indeed, I have often wondered how moths managed when there were no palings and they had nothing hut rocks or tree-trunks for resting-places. Caterpillars may yet be found at the beginning of the month, and can be taken either by sweeping or searching, as before. But their numbers will rapidly decrease, and, indeed, after the first week there is little use in spending time upon them. But, by way of recompense, the pupae are now abundant, and this is by far the best month for pupa-digging. It is true that the pupa might be left in the ground until the really cold weather, but then there are two reasons why we should dig every available spot without delay. In the first place we shall get the start of other pupa-diggers, who, by the way, increase in numbers yearly, and we shall also be able to leave our marks on the spot, which will be left to the discoverer by every pupa-digger with any sense of honour. Again, the loose earth will be a great attraction for late-fed caterpillars, and it often happens that after a spot has been thoroughly ransacked in the autumn, it will be found to possess a new set of tenants by the -winter. Not only do we get the start of human pupa-diggers, but of smaller foes, the worst of which is the mole. If the track of a mole be seen near a tree, there is no chance of finding a pupa, for the mole is a keener pupa-hunter than the best ento- mologist can be, and not a single pupa will be found. The only plan is to dig up the whole of the ground afresh, and leave it for another time. Ivy will still be in blossom, and as long as that is the case it is worth a visit, whether by day or night. Many of the Noctuse will still be about, and may be attracted by treacle provided that no ivy be near. INSECTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Brimstone, or Sul- ) phur . . HJ Gonepteryx rhamni 4 6,7 7 Buckthorn. Clouded Yellow H Colias Edusa . 9-5 6,7 8 ( Lucerne, Dutch clover, I trefoils, &c. Pale do. do. . H Hyale . 5 7 8 Melilot, clover, lucerne. Comma . . H Vanessa C-album . 5&7 5&g 6&9 ( Nettle, elm, willow, I hop, sloe, and currant. Small Tortoise- > shell . . Hj urticce . 4, 5&7 5,6&8 6&8 Nettle. 128 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Large Tortoise- ) shell . . H / Vanessa poly chloros 5,slO s. 10-5 &6 7 fElm, aspen, osier, wil- l low, and fruit trees. Camberwell ) Beauty . . Hj Antiopa . 5 6,7 7 C Birch, poplar, willow, I and nettle. Peacock . . H Io . 4,5 6,7 7 Nettle. Red Admiral . H ,, Atalanta . 5 6,7 7 Do. Painted Lady . H ,, cardui 6 6-9 7-9 (" Thistles, nettle,mallo\v, I and scarlet bean. Small Copper . B ( Polyommatus 1 1 Phlceas. . J 6&10 5-8 & 104 4&10 Ragwort, dock, sorrel. MOTHS. Death's-head Hawk A cherontia A tropos 9,10 9-6 Potato. Humming-bird > do. . . . Hj ( Macroglossa stel- ") I latarum . ) 5 8,9 Hedge bedstraw. Vapourer . . Orgyia antiqua 9-7 7-9 8,9 ( Willow, oak, rose, fruit (. trees, &c. Large Thorn . Ennomos alniaria . 9-5 7,8 8 ( Alder, birch, beech, I sallow. Feathered do. . Himera pennaria . 104 5 8,9 Oak, hawthorn. Belted Beauty . H Nyssia zonaria 5,6 6-9 Sea-reed. Belle .... Sterrha sacraria . 8 6&9 Dock, chamomile. Golden Umber (Hibernia auran-} I tiaria . ) 11-3 6,7 7-9 Oak, birch, hawthorn. Mottled do. . E defoliaria . 11-3 5 7-11 fOak, nut, sloe, haw- l thorn, elm, birch. Northern Winter > Moth . . ) Cheimatobia boreata 11-3 6 Birch. November Moth Oporabia dilntata . 11-3 5,6 7-10 Oak. Juniper Carpet Thera juniperata . 8,9 9 Juniper. Gem .... f Camptofframma ~> I fluviata . ) 7 8 9 }' Spotted persicaria, \ groundsel. Silky Tissue . Scotosia dubitata . 4 6 7 Buckthorn. Parrot Carpet . Cidaria psittacata . 7,8 9 Oak, lime, apple, rose. Autumn Green do. . miata . -- 8 9 fOak, birch, alder, wil- (. low, poplar. Mallow Eubolia cervinaria 104 6,7 8 Mallow, hollyhock. Streak . . Chesias spartiata . 104 5,6 f Broom. S. a cannibal ( in confinement. Sprawler . Petasia cassinea . 114 5,6 7-10 Oak. Plumed Prominent f Ptilophora plu- > \ migera. . ) 114 5,6 Maple, sycamore. Yellow Wainscot . Leucania vitellina . 10-2 Grasses. Ochreous Brown H lithargyria 1-5 5,6 ( Plantain, chickweed, (. grasses, &c. Pure Wainscot L-album . _ Large do. . Nonagria lutosa . 9 10-6 7 ( In stems of reed below I ground. Rosy Rustic . Hydrcecia micacea . - 5-7 7,8 f Sedge, and roots of I horsetail and dock. Feathered Brindle . (Aporophyla aus-~> (. tralis . . ) 10 104 f Annual meadow-grass, I succory. Small MottledWilO low . $ Laphygma exigua . 7 8,9 - Plantain. Mottled Beauty ( Caradrina cubi- ) 1 cularis . . ) 8 9-4 5-7 Grasses, &c. Dark Sword-grass H Agrotis svffusa 4 5-7 f Roots of lettuce and I spinach. Pearly Under-wing saucia 11-1 & 7,8 ( Plantain, dock, and I other low plants. Red Line Quaker . Orthosia lota . 10 4-6 7,8 Willow and sallow. Yellow Line do. macilenta . 4,5 6-8 Birch, beech. Flounced Rustic . Anchocelis rufina . 5 Oak. Pale-headedChestO nut . . ) pistacina - 4-6 &S Dock, buttercups, &c. Lunar Underwing . lunosa . 10 104 Grasses. OCTOBER PLANTS. 129 INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Liarva. Pupa. Food-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Chestnut . . H Cerastis vaccinii . 6,7 Oak, elm, willow, sallow. Dark do. . . H spadicea . 5,6 f Hawthorn, sloe, and I honeysuckle. Red-headed do. H erythrocephala 5 _ Low plants. Large do. . . H ( Scopelosoma sa- \ (. tellitia . . ) 3 5,6 7,8 ( Oak. A cannibal in \ confinement. Dotted do. . H ( Dasycampa rubi- ) (. ginea . . ) 3 5-7 - Apple and low plants. Orange Upper- ") wing . . . Hj Hoporina croceago 4 5,6 7 Oak. Pink Barred Sallow Xanthia silago 4-6 8 Sallow. Barred do. aurago 5,6 8 Beech. Mottled do. Olive Rustic . H Dusky Nutmeg ferruginea Dasypolia templi . Epunda nigra 3 4-6 4-7 5,6 7,8 8 7 Sallow, wych elm, aspen. Cow-parsley. (Hedge bedstraw, plan- t tain, grasses. Green-brindled " Crescent . j $Miselia oxya-\ \ canthce . ) 5-7 8 Hawthorn, sloe. Marvel-de-jour Angle-shades . Agriopis aprilina . < Phlogophora me-~> (. ticulosa . ) I 6,7 114 7-9 Oak. f Broom, and many low ( plants. Scarce do. . empyrea 9,10 11-5 Pilewort. Red Sword-grass H Calocampa vetusta 3,4 4-6 8 f Poplar, and various I plants. Common do. . II exoleta 4 4-7 8 ( Scabious, rest-harrow, 1 campion, dock. Tawny Pinion . H Xylina conformis . 3 5,6 7,8 Birch and alder. Grey Shoulder- ") knot . . H) rhizolitha . - 5-7 7,8 Oak. Dark Pinion . H semibrunnea 7 8,9 Ash and willow. Pale do. . . H petrificata . 5 5-7 8,9 Oak, birch, and lime. Silver Y . Plusia gamma - 4-9 (Nettle, hop, and low J plants. Herald . . H Gonoptera libatrix . 6,7 7,8 Poplar, willow, sallow. PLANTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Pheasant's Eye . . Adonis autumnalis Cornfields . . . . Annual. Pale Hairy Buttercup . Ranunculus hirsutus j Meadows and waste ) \ ground ) " CJVipnhorH'a PIITNIA 1 CapsMa BurStt-paS- 1 lOilCpllCl U D mioC . . "\ +nmo { LUI ly ... A common weed . . Grass of Parnassus . Parnassia palustris Bogs . . . Perennial Chickweed . . . Stellaria media A common weed . . Annual. Tree Mallow . . . Lavatera arbwea . J Rocks and cliffs on ) T>,-,,__J O I ( sea-coast. Rare. f BteanlaL Herb Robert . . . Geranium Robertianum Roadsides and hedges . Annual. Sea Stork's-bill . . Erodium maritimum . { ^^artSSSS 8 ' &nd } Perennial. Yellow Wood Sorrel . Oxalis comiculata j Damp places in West 1 AT1T11]q i ( of England . . ) Annu al. Dwarf Furze . . . Llexnanus Heaths .... Shrub. Strapwort . . . Corrigiola littoralis Sandy wastes. Rare . Annual. Y lSfrage * L untldn } Saxifraga aizoides ( Boggy places on moun- ). p prpnniR i \ tains . . . j ^ erenmal - Ivy Hedera Helix . Common everywhere . Devil's-bit Scabious . Scabiosa succisa Heaths and pastures . Sow-thistle . . . Sonchus oleraceus . A common weed . Annual. Dandelion . . . Leontodon Taraxacum . Do ..... Perennial Spikenard . ... Conyza squarrosa . , Chalky fields . . . Biennial. I 130 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. PLANTS (continued). Popular Name. Localities. Scientific Name. Duration. Groundsel Senecio vulgaris A common weed Annual. Marsh Ragwort . ., aquaticus . . ] Wet places. Perennial. Daisy .... Bellis perennis . . I Pastures .... M Golden Milfoil Achillea tomentosa. Dry hill pastures. Scarce Yellow Star-thistle Centaurea solstitialis . Waste places . Annual. Common Heath Erica cinerea . Heaths .... Shrub. Ling, or Heather . Calluna vulgaris . Heaths and moors . Strawberry-tree . Arbutus Vnedo South of Ireland Tree. Ivy - leaved Snap- \ dragon, or Toad-flax ) Linaria Cymbalaria Walls. Not native . Perennial. Cornish Money-wort . Sibthorpia Europcea Damp places. Local H Dark Mullein . Verbascum nigrum Hedge-banks . ,, Moth do Blattaria . Do. Rare Annual. Wild Clary . Salvia Verbenaca . j Dry fields and hedge- \ ( banks f Perennial. Wall Germander . Teucrium Chamcedrys . Old walls. Naturalised. Red Hemp-nettle . White Dead-nettle Galeopsis Ladanum Lamium album Dry fields .... Hedges and way-sides . Annual. Perennial. Spotted do. ... maculatum Hedge-banks. Rare Red do .... purpureum . A common weed Annual. White Goose-foot . Chenopodium album Do Grass-leaved Orache . Atriplex littoralis . Salt-marshes . Triangular-leaved do. . deltoidea . Waste ground . Perennial Knawel Sclcranthus perennis Sandy fields Perennial. Knot-grass . . Polygonum aviculare . A common weed Annual. Sea do maritimum Sandy shores . Perennial. Copse Buckwheat . dumetorum Woods . . Annual. Spotted Persicaria Persicaria . Damp ground . Broad-leaved Spurge . Petty do Euphorbia platyphylla . Peplus . Fields A common weed Spring Water Starwort Callitriche verna . Pools Stalked do. do. pedunculata Do Autumnal do. do. . autumnalis. Do Small Nettle . Urtica urens . Waste places . Pellitory .... Parietaria officinalis . Old walls .... Perennial. Water Thyme. Eudorea Canadensis Canals. Naturalised Proliferous Lady's > Tresses . . . f Neottia gemmipara Ireland , Naked-flo weringCrocus Crocus nudiflorus . Meadows . Meadow Saffron . Colchicum autumnale . Do Round - headed Club- ) Rush f Scirpus Holoschcenus . Sea-shores .... Slender Fox-tail Grass, ) or Black Bent . f Alopecurus agrestis Waste ground . Annual. Reflexed Meadow-grass Poa distans Pastures .... Perennial. Salt marshes Annual do. annua Waste ground . Annual. FERNS. Common Polypody Polypodium vulgare ( Mossy banks, damp ) "< rocks, &c. . . ( Perennial. Welsh do. cambricum Shady banks . m Forked Spleenwort f Asplcnium septen- )_ \ trionale . . ) Rocks. Rare . ,, I f Shady rocks in Scot-) ' Alternate do. . alternifolium . > land and Lake Dis- > ' trict. Rare . . 3 Rue-leaved do. Rut a-mur aria, . Shady rocks Maidenhair do. Trichomanes Do. Sea do. inarinum Rocks ..... Black Maidenhair do. Adiantum-niffrum Shady places . " Scale Fern Ceterach officinarum Limestone rocks " NOVEMBER GENERAL HINTS. Do not entirely abandon palings, and, as I mentioned in an earlier part of the book, it is always well to keep up tbe habit of looking at palings, tree-trunks, and lamps, even though no insects are likely to be found there. Eggs, of course, will be found in plenty, if sought in the right places. Some lepidopterists leave them, and only mark the spot, not wishing to trouble them- selves about keeping them during the winter. This, however, is a plan which I cannot recommend for practice, however well it may sound in theory. There are many creatures, especially the smaller birds, which are very fond of insects' eggs, and which, during a hard winter, will eat every egg which they can reach. And, as eggs occupy very little space, it is just as well to take care of them. You must not hope to identify every egg which you find. Some of the butter- flies have eggs which are so boldly marked and curiously shaped that, they cannot be mistaken. Those of butterflies are, as a rule, much more recognisable than those of moths. For example, the egg of the Peacock butterfly is melon-shaped, with eight bold, longitudinal ridges ; that of the Large White is skittle-shaped, with a multitude of similar ridges ; that of the Large Tortoiseshell is shaped like a jargonelle pear, and quite as smooth ; that of the Wood Argus looks as if a net had been stretched tightly over it ; and that of the very common Meadow-brown is spherical, and has at one end a sort of cap or crown of shelly tiles. But, although most of the moths' eggs are simply oval or spherical, some are very conspicuous. It is impossible, for example, to mistake those of the Lackey, as they are set gem-fashion round a twig, and are so firmly cemented to each other that they can be slipped off like a bracelet. Then there are the large, round, flattened eggs of the Vapourer moth, laid on the surface of the soft, silken cocoon, and bearing an almost ludicrous resemblance to Norfolk biffins ; the thatched egg- piles of the Gold-tailed moth, and so on, many of which can be recognised without difficulty. Even to the end of the month moths will come to light, and it will be as well, therefore, to keep the moth-trap in use until the frost actually sets in. After that time, it may as well be put away for the winter. As to caterpillars, none will be found except those which have gone into hibernation, and these, as mentioned in the hints for October, should be left alone. 132 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Pood-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Brimstone, or Sul-7 phur . . Hji Gonepteryx rhamni 4 6,7 7 Buckthorn. Clouded Yellow H Colias Edusa . 9-5 6,7 8 C Lucerne, Dutch clover, I trefoils, &c. Pale do. do. . H Hyale . 5 7 8 ( Melilot, clover, lucerne, I &c. Comma . . H Vanessa C-album . 5&7 5&8 6&9 f Nettle, elm, willow, I hop, sloe, and currant . Small Tortoise- 7 shell . . H3 urticce 4,5&7 5,6&8 6&8 Nettle. Large do. . . H polychloros 5,slO s.10-5,6 7 ("Elm, aspen, osier, wil- (. low, and fruit trees. Camberwell Beauty . . Hj Antiopa . 5 6,7 7 f Birch, poplar, willow, I and nettle. Peacock . . H lo. 4,5 6,7 7 Nettle. Red Admiral . H Atalanta . 5 6,7 7 Do. Painted Lady . H Cardui 6 6-9 7-9 / Thistles, nettle.mallow, ( and scarlet bean. MOTHS. Humming-bird 7 Hawk . . HJ < Macroglossa stel- 7 \ latarum . 3 5 8,9 Hedge bedstraw. December Moth Feathered Thorn . Pcecilocampa populi Himera pennaria . 11-3 104 5,6 5 8-10 8,9 Poplar, oak, ash, lime. Oak, hawthorn. Belted Beauty. H Nyssia zonaria 5,6 6-9 Sea-reed. Golden Umber (Hibernia auran-\ 1 tiaria . j 11-3 6,7 7-9 Oak, birch, hawthorn. Mottled do. defoliaria . 11-3 5 7-11 ("Oak, nut, sloe, haw- l thorn, elm, birch. Winter Moth . f Cheimatobia bru- 7 t mata . 3 11-3 5,6 7-12 ("Oak and many other I trees. Northern do. do. boreata 11-3 6 Birch. November Moth . Oporabia dilutata . 11-3 5,6 740 Oak. Gem . H f Camptofframma 7 (. fluviata . 3 7 8 9 f Spotted persicaria, \ groundsel. Silky Tissue . H Scotosia dubitata . 4 6 7 Buckthorn. Parrot Carpet . H Cidaria psittacata 7,8 9 Oak, lime, apple, rose. Autumn Green do. H miata - 8 9 yOak, birch, alder, wil- l low, poplar. Sprawler . Pctasia cassinea . 114 5,6 7-10 Oak. Plumed Prominent < Ptilophora plu- 7 \ migera . . ) 114 5,6 Maple, sycamore. Yellow Wainscot . Leucania vitellina . 10-2 _ Grasses. Ochreous Brown H lithargyria 1-5 5,6 (" Plantain, chickweed, (. grasses, &c. Dark Sword-grass H Agrotis suffusa 4 5,7 f Roots of lettuce and I spinach. Chestnut . . H Cerastis vaccinii . 6,7 Oak, elm, willow, sallow. Dark do. . . H spadicea . 5,6 f Hawthorn, sloe, and 1 honeysuckle. Red-headed do. H erythrocephala 5 Low plants. Large do. . . H ( Scopelosoma so- 7 1 tMitia . . 3 3 5,6 7,8 ( Oak. A cannibal in \ confinement. Dotted do. . H'l^^f 1 -} 3 5-7 - Apple and low plants. v/i*aiigC u ppcr~ f Ho f DO / ^it\a cfoccctoo 4 5,6 7 Oak. Olive Rustic .' H Dasypolia templi . 3 4-7 8 Cow-parsley. Red Sword-grass H Calocampa vetusta 3,4 4-6 8 f Poplar and various I plants. Common do. . H exoleta 4 4-7 8 f Scabious, rest-harrow, C campion, dock. Tawny Pinion . H Xylina conformis . 3 5,6 7,8 Birch and alder. Grey Shoulder- 7 knot . . H3 rhizolitha 5-7 7,8 Oak. Dark Pinion . H semibrunnea 7 8,9 Ash and willow. Pale do. . . H petrificata . 5 5-7 8,9 Oak, birch, and lime. Herald . . H Gonoptera libatrix. 6,7 7,8 Poplar, willow, sallow. NOVEMBER PLANTS. 133 PLANTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. MOTHS. Shepherd's Purse . Chickweed Dwarf Furze . Yellow Mountain \ Saxifrage . . / Groundsel j Capsella Bursa-pas- > "( toris j Stdlaria media Ulex nanus Saxifraga aizoides . Senecio vulgaris A common weed Do. . Heaths .... ( Boggy places on ) \ mountains . . J A common weed Annual. Shrub. Perennial. Annual. draeonor To cf P Linaria Cymbalaria . Walls. Not native . . Perennial. Moth Mullein . Wall Germander . Red Dead-nettle . Perennial Knawel . Knot-grass Sea do Petty Spurge . P T eUitory . Verbascum Blattaria . Teucrium Chamcedrys . Lamium purpureum Scleranthus perennis Polygonum aviculare . maritimum Euphorbia Peplus . Parietaria offidnalis . Banks. Rare . Old walls . A common weed Sandy fields A common weed Sandy shores . A common weed Old walls . . Annual. . Perennial. . Annual. . Perennial. . Annual. . Perennial. . Annual. . Perennial. ^C^cus " flowering r ' Crocus nudiflorus . Meadows . " Meadow Saffron . . Colchicum autumnale . Annual Meadow-grass Poa annua Do Waste ground . . Annual. DECEMBEK. GENERAL HINTS. WINTER now has its full sway, and there is hardly any work for the entomologist out of doors. Even should he try pupa-digging, his fingers will be too numbed by the cold to exercise the delicate sense of touch on which so much depends, and the wind may be expected to cool the ardour of the egg-hunter. The December moth (Pcecilocampa populi) may occasionally be seen fluttering about the Limps, and relieving our eyes with some sign of active insect life, but we can do very little in the field. In fact, as mentioned in January, the chief work of the entomologist will be restricted to his cabinets, and, if he takes proper care of his collection, he will find that he has quite enough work in hand to fill up the whole of his time in those bleak, unproductive mouths. INSECTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. BUTTERFLIES. Brimstone, or Sul-") phur . . Hj Gonepteryx rhamni 4 6,7 7 Buckthorn. Clouded Yellow H Colias Edusa . 9-5 6,7 a f Lucerne, Dutch clover, ( trefoils, &c. Pale do. do. . H Hyale . . 5 7 o ; ( Melilot, clover, lucerne, 11 &c. Comma . . H Vanessa C-album . 5&7 5&8 6&9 ("Nettle, elm, willow, t hop, sloe, and currant. Small Tortoise- ") shell . . HJ urticce 4,5&7 S.6&8 6&8 Nettle. Large do. . . H polychloros 5, s. 10 s. 10-5, 6 7 ("Elm, aspen, osier, wil- (. low, and fruit trees. Camberwell ") Beauty . . HJ ,, Antiopa . 5 6,7 7 f Birch, poplar, willow, (. and nettle. Peacock . . H lo . . 4,5 6,7 7 Nettle. Red-Admiral . H Atalanta . 5 6,7 7 Do. Painted Lady . H Cardui 6 6-9 7-9 ( Thistles, nettle.mallow, I and scarlet bean. MOTHS. Humming-bird ") Hawk . . HJ f Macroglossa stel- ") 1 latarum . j 5 8,9 Hedge bedstraw. December Moth Belted Beauty . H Pcecilocampa populi Nyssia zonana 11-3 5,6 5,6 8-10 Poplar, oak, ash, lime. 6-9 Sea-reed. Early Moth . E ( Hibernia rupica- \ 1 praria . ) 2 5 7-1 Oak, hawthorn, sloe. Mottled Umber defoliaria . 11-3 5 7-11 ("Oak, nut, sloe, haw- i thorn, elm, birch. Winter Moth . f Cheimatobia bru- ") (. inata . 5 11-3 5,6 7-12 ^Oak and many other (. trees. Northern do. do. boreata 11-3 6 Birch. November Moth B Oporabia dilutata . 11-3 5,6 7-10 Oak. re- TT i < Camptofframma \ Grem . . . H|| fl uviata . ) 7 8 9 (" Spotted persicaria, I groundsel. 136 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. INSECTS (continued). Popular Name. Scientific Name. Ova. Larva. Pupa. Food-plants. MOTHS. Silky Tissue . H Scotosia dubitata . 1 6 7 Buckthorn. Parrot Carpet . H Cidaria psittacata 7,8 9 Oak, lime, apple, rose. Autumn Green do.H miata - 8 9 f Oak, birch, alder, wil- l low, poplar. Sprawler . Petasia cassinea . 114 5,6 7-10 Oak. Ochreous Brown H (Leucania lithar-\ 1 gyria . . J - [1-5 5,6 f Plantain, chickweed, I grasses, &c. Dark Sword-grass H Agrotis suffusa 4 5-7 - (Roots of lettuce and I spinach. Chestnut . . H Cerastis vaccinii . 6,7 _ Oak, elm, willow, sallow. Dark do. . . H spadicea . - 5,6 - ( Hawthorn, sloe, and t honeysuckle. Red-headed do. H erythrocephala 5 Low plants. Large do. . . H ( Scopelosoma so- \ 1 tellitia . . j 3 5,6 7,8 f Oak. A cannibal in ( confinement. Dotted do. . H f Dasycampa rubi- \ 1 ginea . . j 3 5-7 - Apple and low plants. Orange Upper- 1 wing . . Hj Hoporina croceago 4 5,6 7 Oak. Olive Rustic . H Dasypolia templi . 3 4-7 8 Cow-parsley. Red Sword-grass H Calocampa vetusta 3,4 4-6 8 f Poplar and various I plants. Common do. . H exoleta 4 4-7 8 ( Scabious, rest-harrow, I campion, dock. Tawny Pinion . H Xylina conformis . 3 5,6 7,8 Birch and alder. Grey Shoulder- ) knot . . Hj rhizolitha . 5-7 7,8 Oak. Dark Pinion . H semibrunnea 7 8, 9 Ash and willow. Pale do. . . H Herald . . H petrrftcata . Gonoptera libatrix. 5 5-7 6,7 8,9 7,8 Oak, birch, and lime. Poplar, willow, sallow. PLANTS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Localities. Duration. Shepherd's Purse . Chickweed Groundsel Red Dead-nettle f Capsella Bursa-pas- ) 1 toris ) Stellaria media Senecio vulgaris Lamium purpiireum A common weed Do Do Do Annual. " INSECTS. LOCALITIES AND CAPTURING. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. BUTTERFLIES. Swallow Tail . Papilio Machaon . ( Fens of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, and Hunt- "( ingdonshire. Wood White . f Leucophasia si- \ \ napis . . j Woods. Flies slowly. Local. Black-veined do. . Large do. Pieris cratcegi . brassicce ( Near woods. Local. Often mistaken, when "( flying, for P. brassicce. Gardens, fields, &c. Small do. rapce Do. do. Green-veined do. . napi Do. do. Bath do. . daplidice j Has been occasionally captured in lucerne (. fields. Also in turnpike roads. Flies slowly. Orange Tip ( Anthocharis car- \ \ damines . ) Fields, lanes, woods, &c. Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni Gardens, fields, lanes, &c. Clouded Yellow . Colias Edusa . ( Lucerne and clover fields and railway banks. 1 Flies swiftly. Pale do. do., or ) Clouded Sulphur / Hyale . Lucerne and clover fields. Flies swiftly. Silver - washed ) Fritillary . j Argynnis Paphia . f Woods. Fond of settling on brambles. S. ( at jasmine fl. Dark Green do. Aglaia Woods and hillsides. Fond of fl. of thistle. Niobe do. Niobe . Hillsides. Very scarce. High Brown do. . Adippe j Woods and heaths, especially open paths in ( woods. Fond of fl. of bramble and jasmine. Queen of Spain do. Latona Clover fields, woods, &c. Very scarce. Pearl-bordered do. Euphrosyne j Woods and hedgerows. May be taken at fl. I of bugle. Small Pearl-bor- ) dered do. . ) Selene . Do. do. do. Greasy orMarsh do. Melitcea Artemis . Damp woods, marshy meadows, &c. ( Chiefly Isle of Wight ; also Folkestone, Birch- Glanville do. . Cinxia ( wood, Dartford, Stapleford, Peterborough, ( &c. Very local. Wood do. Athalia . Cleared places in woods, heaths, &c. Local. Comma . Vanessa C-album . ( Hopgrounds, woods, lanes, gardens, &c. \ May S. be taken at fl. of hemp-agrimony. ( Local. ("Gardens, roadsides, fields, &c. All the Small Tortoiseshell urticce . { butterflies of this genus are fond of fl. of ( thistle. Large do. polychloros Gardens, woods, &c. Camberwell Beauty Antiopa At rotten fruit, &c. Very scarce. Peacock . lo. Woods, lanes, fields, gardens, &c. Red Admiral . Atalanta . Gardens, lanes, fields, &c. Painted Lady cardui j Fond of clover fl. May often be taken in ( sheltered sand or gravel pits. White Admiral Limenitis Sibylla . ( Oak woods in southern counties. Fond of "( fl. of bramble. ( Oak woods. Is attracted to carrion and Purple Emperor . Apatura Iris . { puddles. A dead cat in a puddle is a good I bait. Marbled White . Arge Galatea . ( Wood clearings and meadows near woods. { Very local. Mountain Ringlet . Erebia Epiphron . Damp places on mountains. 138 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. BUTTERFLIES. Scotch do. Erebia Medea . Mountains and moors in the North. Speckled Wood . Satyrus JEgeria Woods and lanes. Wall Butterfly Megcera Lanes and fields. Grayling . ,, Semele . Hillsides, heaths, &c. Very local. Meadow Brown . janira . ( Meadows, hillsides, and roadsides. Comes to 1 fl. of bramble. Large Heath, or\ Gatekeeper . j" Tithonus J Heaths, dry fields, lanes, hedgerows, &c. I. Comes to bramble fl. Ringlet . hyperanthus (Woods, shady lanes, &c. Comes to fl. of "( bramble. Marsh do. Ccenonympha Davus Moors and marshy heaths in the North. Small Heath . Pamphilus J Heaths, meadows, downs, &c. Fond of fl. \ of bramble. Green Hairstreak . Thecla rubi Hedges, woods, &c. Purple do. yitercus Oak woods. Flies high up, round tops of trees. White Letter do. . W-album . { Woods, &c. Fond of fl. of bramble and ^( marjoram. Local. Black do. Woods. Local. Brown do. betulcB . Oak woods. Local. Large Copper Small do. j Polyommatus ) { Hippothoe f Pnlceas f Formerly in Cambridgeshire and Hnnting- "( donshire fens. Probably now extinct Common everywhere. Long-tailed Blue . Silver-studded do. Lyccena bcetica j*Egon Has been recently taken near Brighton. Heaths, commons, downs, &c. Local. Scotch Argus . Artaxerxes Not uncommon at Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh. Brown do. Agestis Hills, fields, railway banks, &c. Common Blue Alexis Fields, lanes, open spaces in woods, &c. Adonis do. Adonis Chalk downs and limestone hills. Chalk-hill do. . Cory don . Do. do. Mazarine do. . Ads . Has been taken near Leominster. Very scarce. Little, or Bedford j do. . . f Alsus . Railway banks, chalky downs, &c. Holly, or Azure do. Argiolus . Woods and hedges. Fond of holly fl. Large do. Arion. ( Dry fields, stone-quarries, &c. May be taken "( at fl. of bugle and thyme. Very local. Duke of Burgun-) dy FritiUary f Nemeobius Lucina . Woods. Fond of fl. of spurge. LocaL Grizzled Skipper . Dingy do. Syrichthus alveolus Thanaos tages Open spaces in woods, roadsides, &c. ( Hill-sides, dry banks, chalk pits, railway ( banks, &c. Chequered do. Hesperia paniscus Woods. Local. Large do. sylvanus Grassy places in woods, roadsides, &c. Silver-spotted do. . comma . Hills, &c. Local. Small do. linea Woods, fields, &c. Lulworth do. . Actceon . / Lulworth Cove, The " Burning Cliff " and "l Sidmouth, Devon. MOTHS. Eyed Hawk . ( Smerinthus ocel- \ \ lotus . ) On tree trunks and palings. Comes to light. (Tree-trunks and palings. Comes to light. Poplar do. populi . ( and may be taken commonly at street [ lamps. Lime do. . tttlCB Tree-trunks and palings. Comes to light. Death's Head do. . Acherontia atropos On palings, &c. S. comes to light. Convolvulus do. . Sphinx convolvuli . f Hovers over flowers, especially petunias, at ( dusk. S. comes to light. Privet do. ligustri _f Palings, and hovering over flowers. Is fond ( of fl. of honeysuckle. Spotted Elephant \ do.. . . j f Deilephila Eu- \ \ phorbice f On the coast. Madder do. . galii Do. S. comes to light. Silver-striped do. . lineata . ( Has been taken hovering over flowers at ( dusk. Very rare. Sharp- winged do. . f Chcerocampa ce- ) ( lerio . { Do. do. Small Elephant do. porcellus f Hovers over fl. at dusk, especially valerian \ and honeysuckle. S. comes to treacle. Large Elephant do. elpenor . Hovers over flowers at dusk. Comes to light, Oleander do. . nerii J Has only been taken two or three times in ( Great Britain. INSECTS LOCALITIES AND CAPTUEIXG. 139 Popular Name. MOTHS. Humming-bird do. Broad-bordered ^ ; Bee do. . . 1 1 Narrow- bordered > i Bee do. . . )" Apple Clearing Red-belted do. Willow do. Ruby do. . Ichneumon do. Yellow-belted do. . Thrift do. Currant do. . Orange-tailed do. . Orange do. Sphex do. Dusky do. Lunar Hornet do. . Hornet do. Reed Moth . Wood Leopard Goat Moth . Golden Swift . Livid do. Orange do. Northern do. . Ghost do. Tinsel Moth . Festoon Moth Green Forester Scarce do. Blue-green do. Transparent Bur- ) net j Irish do. . Scotch do. Trefoil do. New Forest do. Five-spot do. . Six-spot do. . Handmaid Ribbon Bar . Dotted do. Scarce Dotted do. . Scarce Black do. . Kentish do. . Scarce Muslin Muslin . . Dew Lackey . Rose Wing . Four Spotted > Footman . / Pearl do. . . Orange do. Small do. . . Scarce do. Scientific Name. Where Foond. fuciformis bombyliformis . Sesia myopceformis culiciformis formicceformis. chrysidiformis. (Flies in day and evening. Hovers over \ flowers. Comes to light. Flies in sunshine, and hovers over flowers. Do. do. ( On apple and pear trees, &c., and on ground 1 and palings near. S. comes to fl. of privet. On birch. S Flies in sunshine in or near osier beds. Sometimes sits on leaves. Flies in sunshine on S.E. coast. May be taken at fl. of Viper's Bugloss. On rushes, &c. Hovers over fl. On oak, at rest. Among sea pink, on coast ( Among currant bushes. Flies in sunshine. "( S. comes to fl. of privet. I Has been occasionally beaten from bushes, &c. I On birch trunks. On alder, and hovers over fl. Has been occasionally beaten from bushes, &c. Among sallows and osiers. On poplars. Looks very like a hornet. ( Among reeds. Emerges from the pupa, about { 10 p.m., and may then be found sitting on ( the reed-stems. j On tree-trunks and palings. Flies at dusk. ( Comes to light. On tree-trunks and palings. Flies at dusk. Flies at dusk. Comes to light. Do. do. On walls and birch trunks. Flies at dusk, in fields, &c. New Forest. Can be beaten from oak. 6 flies in sunshine. Borders of woods and in damp meadows. Grassy hill-sides. Flies in sunshine. Grassy places. Very local. ( Flies in sunshine. Rests on flowers. Very "( local Flies in sunshine. Very local. j Scotland. Very local. Has been most com- \ mqnly taken on high ground near Perth. Flies in sunshine. Ne_w Forest. Flies in sunshine. Do. Old ramparts. Very scarce. In flowery woods. On tree-trunks and palings. Do. On oak trunks. f Has been beaten from blackthorn. Very I scarce. I Has been taken among young ash-trees in j Kent Wet places. Flies. after dark. Beaten from weeds, &c., against stone walls. On coast. Beaten from trees. On tree-trunks, &c. In fens. ( High up on larch trunks. Can also be beaten "( from trees. Deal. Kent. Cliffs of Howth. Flies at dusk. Comes to light. ( ichneumoni- \ formis cympiformis muscceformis tipuliformis andreniformis scol iceformis sphegiformis asiliformis be mbecifo rm is apiformis . ( Macrogaster \ \ arundinis . ) Zeuzera <3sculi Cossus ligniperda . Hepialus hectus lupulinus sylrimis . velleda . humuli . Limacodes asdlns . testudo . Procris statices geryon . globularice. Zygcena minos . nubigena . exulans trifolii meliloti lonicerce filipendulcB. Syntomis phegea . fraclia ancilla JVbJa cucullatella . confusalis stngida . centanalis albulalis. Nudaria senex mundana Setina irrorella Calligenia miniata Litfiosia mesomella muscerda . aureola pygniceola . caniola 140 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. MOTHS. Lithosia deplana . lurideola . Can be beaten from trees. At flowers. Leaden Footman . molybdeola \ U ^ or ^ en token amon 8aUows ** * Common do. . complana . Flies at dusk. Comes to heather fl. Dun do. . griseola . At flowers. Straw do. ,, stramineola In damp places. Large do. , , / . , * Can be beaten from oak and fir. Comes to qua . -\ fl owers Red-necked do. Feathered do. rubricollis . i Flies in sunshine. Eulepia grammica . \ Heaths, &c. Grey do. . ,, cribrum Do. Crimson speckled ) do.. . . ) Deiopeia pulchella . Flies by day in stubble fields, &c. Scarce. Cinnabar Moth . ( Callimorpha Jo- ) I cofteee . J Gardens, fields, &c. Flies in sunshine. Scarlet Tiger . ,, dominula . At rest. Clouded Buff. ( Euthemonia rus- ) \ sula . ( Heaths. Wood Tiger . ( Chelonia plantar ) \ ginis . j On hills and in woods. Common do. . caja j Gardens, palings, &c., at rest. Comes to t light. Cream-spot do. villica . Comes to light. May be found on palings. Ruby do. . Arctia fuliginosa . Comes to light. Spotted Muslin mendica Do. Buff Ermine . lubricipeda j Gardens, &c. Comes to light. Can be found ( on palings. White do. menthastri. Do. do. do. Water do. urticce . Wet places. Comes to light. Brown Tail . / Liparis chry- \ ( sorrhcea | At rest. Gold Tail. . . aurifl.ua Palings, hedges, trees, &c. Satin solids . j On trunks of willows and poplars, and ( palings near. Gipsy dispar Mostly bred from the egg. Black Arches. monacha . At rest. Hop Dog, or ) Light Tussock j Orgyiapudibunda . Palings, gardens, &c. Flies about 11 p.m. Dark Tussock fascelina Heaths, &c. Whittlesea Er- ) mine . . j ccenosa . Marshes and fens. Scarce Vapourer . Common do. . gonostigma . antiqua Very local. Cream do. . / straminata Flies over heaths at dusk. Local. mancuniata Flies about hedges at night. Satin Wave . subsericeata Beaten from wild rose. strigaria . Bushes, on hills. Lesser Cream ) Wave . . j immutata . Fens, &c. Cream do. remutata . Woods. Also palings. Smoky do. fumata . \ Heaths in the North. Sub-angled do. strigilata . Folkestone. Small Blood Vein . imitaria Isle of Portland. Pink Wave . emutaria . f Salt marshes of Kent and Norfolk ; also in ( New Forest. Flies at dusk. Ribbon do. aversata . Woods, &c., and on palings. Plain do. . inomata . \ At rest on fir trunks. Flies at dusk. Portland Ribbon ) do. . . . I degeneraria At rest in Isle of Portland. Small Scallop . ,, emarginata May be beaten from bushes, &c. INSECTS LOCALITIES AND CAPTURING. 143 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. MOTHS. Blood Vein ( Timandra ama- \ ( taria . . ) ( Lanes, fields, woods, &c. Can be beaten from "( bushes during day. Conies to light. Common White ) Wave . . f Cabera pusaria ( \Voods. Can be beaten from bushes during 1 day. Round-winged \ White do. . j rotundaria . Among birch trees. Scarce. Dingy White . ,, exanthcmaria Woods. Can be beaten from bushes during day. Clouded Silver Corycia temerata . Do. do. Spotted Pinion ,, taminata . Do. do. May also be taken on palings. Grey Carpet . Alcucis pictaria At fl. of sloe. Sharp - angled ) Peacock . f Macaria alternata. Woods. Local. Peacock . notata ( Woods. Can be beaten from bushes during [ day. Also on palings. Tawny Barred \ Angle . . j liturata . Can be beaten from larch and pine. V. Moth . Halia vauaria Gardens and palings. Flies at dusk. Latticed Heath Strenia dathrata . Clover and sainfoin fields. Flies by day. Brown Silver Line Panagra petraria . Heaths, &c. Flies by day. Barred Umber [ Numerta pul- > ( veraria . j Woods. Can be beaten from bushes during day. Grey Scalloped \ Bar . . ) Scodinoa belgiaria. Heaths. Bordered Grey ( Selidosema plu- ) [ tnaria, . . ) Do. Local. Netted Mountain ) Moth . . f Fidonia carbonaria Among heather, in the North. Common Heath ) Moth . . / atomaria . Fields, woods, heaths, &c. Flies in sunshine. Bordered White . piniaria . Flies in sunshine, round fir trees. Rannoch Looper . pinetaria . Scotch heaths. Flies in sunshine. Frosted Yellow . conspicuata On broom. Only found in Suffolk. Drab Looper . Black Veined. Minoa euphorbiata Scoria dealbata Woods in the South. Flies in the sunshine. Local. Belle Sterrha sacraria . ( Has been taken at fl., at light, and at treacle. \ Also flies by day. Purple Bar f Lythria purpu- ) \ raria . . j Dry hills in the North. Flies by day. Scarce. Rest Harrow . Aplasta ononaria . Among rest-harrow. Grass Wave . ( Aspilates strigil- ) | laria . f Heaths. Yellow Belle . citraria f Among wild carrot and in clover fields, { especially near coast. Straw do. gilvaria May be beaten. Magpie, Currant,") or Gooseberry > Moth . . ) 1 Abraxas grossu- 1 \ lariata . f f Gardens, hedges, &c. Also on palings. May \ be beaten during day. Clouded Magpie . ulmata Woods, near wych elms. Can be beaten. Scorched Carpet . Ligdia adustata . Woods. Can be beaten from bushes during day. Clouded Border . ( Lomaspilis mar- ( ginata . Do. do. Horse Chestnut . $ Pachycnemia hip- ( pocastanaria Among heather. Flies after dark. Early Moth . 1 Hibernia rupi- ( Palings and tree-trunks. alings. February Carpet . ccesiata Scotland. Comes to treacle. Yellow-ringed do. . Striped Twin-spot ) do. . . . j ruficinctata . salicata . Woods in the North. f May be beaten from bushes, &c. Comes to 1 light. Beech Green dp. . olivata Woods. Mottled Green do. Rivulet . pectinitaria . f Emmelesia afflni- \ \ tata . . ) Hedges, &c. Comes to treacle. Can be beaten from bushes, &c. Small do. , alchemillata Flies at dusk about whitethorn, in fens. Grass do. . , albulata Among yellow rattle. Sandy do. , decolorata . Flies at dusk ; at fl. of white campion. Barred do. , tceniata. Lake district, &c. Single Barred do. . , unifasciata . Comes to light. Local. Heath do. , ericetata Flies by day. At fl. on heaths, &c. Pretty Pinion. , blandiata . Hills, &c. Netted Pug . Eupithecia venosata ( Palings, &c., and among campions. Nearly "( all this genus come to light. Pinion Spotted do. consignata . On trunks of apple-trees in orchards, &c. Beautiful do. . linariata Among toadflax. Red do. . pulchellata . Among foxglove. Lime-speck do. centaureata . Palings, &c. Bordered Lime- ) speck do. . J succenturiata May be beaten from hawthorn. Valerian do. . valerianata . Among valerian. Rufous do. subfulvata . At fl. Comes to light and treacled flowers. Small Brindled do. subumbrata . Cambridgeshire and Yorkshire. Guenee's do. . pernotata Scarce. Lead do. . plumbeolata . Comes to light. Ha worth's do. isogrammata f Common among clematis. May be beaten t from hedges containing that plant. Dwarf do. , pygmceata Flies in sunshine, settles on low flowers. Swiss do. . nelveticata . Among juniper, near Edinburgh, &c. Freyer's do. . Beech do. Pauper do. arceuthata . satyr ata egenaria Flies among juniper and savine. Open spaces in beech woods, f Scarce. Occurs in Buckinghamshire, and in ( the Cambridgeshire fens. Grey do. . castigata Palings, &c. Triple-spotted do. . trisignata Damp places, among wild angelica. Larch do. lariciata Among larch. Golden Rod do. . virgaureata . Among golden rod. White-spot do. Spruce do. Marbled do. . albipunctata. pusillata irriguata Damp places, among wild angelica. Among spruce. On trunks of birch and oak. Can be beaten. Burnet do. pimpinellata Among burnet saxifrage. Ash do. . jraxinata Among ash. extensaria Has been taken near HulL Ochreous do. . indigata In fir woods. Ribbed do. constrictata . ( Among wild thyme, on chalk and limestone "( downs. Rests on limestone rocks. Narrow - winged ) do .... f nanata . On heaths. Also palings. Plain do. . subnotata Banks of rivers, &c. Harebell do. . campanulata At fl. in woods. Common do. . vulgata . Palings, fec. Large Pale do. Wormwood do. expcdlidata . absynthiata . Among golden rod in Kentish woods. Common everywhere. Comes to light. SmallWormwood ) do.. . . J minutata On heaths, among heather. Currant do. . assimilata . Among hop and black currant bushes. Slender do. tenuiata. Can be beaten from sallows, &c. Downy do. subciliata Can be beaten from maple. BrindledBrown do. dodoneata Flies in sunshine. Short do. . abbreviata . Among oak. ( Common everywhere on palings, &c. May Mottled do. . exiguata < be beaten from hedges containing the food- C plants. INSECTS LOCALITIES AND CAPTURING. 145 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. MOTHS. J uniper do. . f Eupithecia sobri- ( nata . Can be beaten from juniper. May s. be found at flowers. Cloaked do. . togata . Tree-trunks. Double Striped do. pumilata Palings, &c. V. do. ... Tree-trunks and palings. Green do. rectangulata . Trunks of apple and pear trees, and on palings. Manchester do. debiliata May be beaten from grass, &c. Broom Scallop Small Seraphim . Collix spar sat a Lobophora sexalata Flies in the evening, round sallows, &c. Tree-trunks, &c. May also be beaten. Seraphim hexapterata . Woods. Brindle Barred 1 Yellow . . j viretata . ( Birch and fir trunks. May be beaten. May ( also be found on palings. Early Striped. lobulata Trunks of Scotch fir, &c. Barred do polycommata Low down among beech, &c., at night. Juniper Carpet Thera juniperata . f Comes to light. May be found on stems of 1 juniper at night. Grey do. . simulata Palings, &c. Comes to treacle. Shaded Broad Bar variata Among larch. Comes to treacle. Pine Carpet . ,, firmata Among larch. March Highflyer . Ypsipetes ruberata May be beaten from willows. May do. . impluviata Among alders at dusk. July do. . elutata ( Can be beaten in woods. Flies high and ( wildly when disturbed. Comes to light. Blue - bordered ) Carpet . . ]" f Melanthia rubi- \ \ ffinata . j Palings, &c. May be beaten. Purple Bar ocellata . Do. do. Beautiful Carpet . albicillata f Flies at dusk. May be beaten from bushes 1 during day. Argent and Sable . Melanippe hastata j May be beaten from birch and other trees ( Flies by day. Small do. tristata Can be beaten. Bordered Chalk ) Carpet . . j" procellata . Among clematis. Sharp-angled do. . unangulata May be beaten from hedges, &c. Wood do. rivata . May be beaten. Common do. . subtristata ( Palings, &c. Can be beaten from bushes, ( &c., during day. Silver Ground do. montanata f Woods. Can be beaten from bushes, &c., ( during day. Bedstraw Chalk do. galiata Do. do. Garden do. fluctuata . f Palings, tree-trunks, &c. Can be beaten dur- ( ing day. Flies at dusk. Royal Mantle Anticlea sinuata . Cambridgeshire ; and Birchwood, Kent. Rosy Carpet . rubidata . Flies at dusk. Shoulder Stripe do. badiata . f Palings, &c. Flies at dusk. Comes to light ( and s. to sallows. Streamer derivata . Palings, &c. Flies at dusk. Barberry Carpet . berberata. Among barberry. Local. Red-barred do. Coremia munitata . Can be beaten from bushes, &c., in the North. Flame do. propugnata . Woods. Red Twin-spot do. ferrugata Woods. May be beaten. Also on palings. Dark - barred ) Twin-spot do. j unidentata Palings, &c. May also be beaten from bushes. Large do. ,, quadrifasciata Do. Very local. Yellow Shell . ' Camptogramma } [ bilineata ) i May be beaten from bushes and hedges. 1 Flies at dusk. Gem. flumata . At ivy blossoms. Comes to light. Fern Moth ' Phibalapteryx \ [ tersata . ) Among clematis. Slender - striped ) Carpet . . j lapidata . At Rannoch. Oblique-striped do. lignata . Flies at dusk about open drains, &c., in damp meadows. Many Lined . polygrammata Damp meadows, &c. Local. Small Waved ) Umber . . j vitalbata. Among clematis. Silky Tissue . Scotosia dubitata . Comes to light and fl. of heather. Brown Scallop vetulata . Among buckthorn. Buckthorn Umber rhamnata Do. Comes to light. Tissue certata Palings and among barberry. J 146 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. MOTHS. Scallop Shell . Scotosia undulata . Woods. Can be beaten. Parrot Carpet Cidaria psittacata i Comes to light, and ivy blossoms. S. at ( sallows after hibernation. Autumn Green do. miata j Ivy blossoms. Comes to light. S. at sallows ( after hibernation. Short Cloak do. . picata Can be beaten from bushes, &c. Broken Bar . corylata . Woods. Beautiful Marsh ) Carpet . . j sagittata . Fens in Cambridgeshire. Marbled do. . russata Woods, &c. Comes to treacle. Dark Marbled do. . immanata J Palings, &c. May be beaten from bushes ( during day. Flies at dusk. Water do. suffwmata Flies at dusk. Small Phoenix silaceata . ( Among willow herb, &c. May be beaten \ from bushes near. Comes to fl. of heather. Netted Carpet reticulata . Lake District. Phosnix . prunata . Palings, &c. Agate testata j Tree-trunks, &c. May be beaten from bushes, I &c. Comes to fl. of heather. Clouded Spinach . populata . ( May be beaten from bushes, &c. Can be "( found on palings. Clouded Yellow ) Moth . . j fulvata Can be beaten from bushes, &c. Flies at dusk. Straw Spinach pyraliata . / Gardens and fields. Can be beaten from ( bushes, &c. Spinach . dotata j Near woods. May be beaten from bushes, ( &c. Dark do. . Pelurga comitata . Conies to light. Mallow . Eubolia cervinaria Comes to light. Small do. , mensuraria Clover fields, &c. Comes to light. Fortified Carpet . , mceniata Has been beaten from broom. Very scarce. Lead Belle , palumbaria Comes to light. Chalk Carpet . , oipunctaria On chalk and limestone soil. Oblique Striped . , lineolata On the coast. Rests on grasses, &c. Manchester ) Treble Barred ) Carsia imbutata . Manchester, and at Howth, in Ireland. Treble Barred Anaitis plagiata . Palings, &c. Olive Drab Lithostege griseata On Norfolk coast, among flixweed. Streak Chesias spartiata . Among broom. Comes to light. Chevron . obliquaria Do. do. Flies late in the evening. Chimney Sweep . ( Tanagra cncero- ) ( phyllata . ! Flies in sunshine, near woods. Scalloped Hook-tip j Platypteryx la- \ \ certula . j Can be beaten from birch. Scarce do. sicula ( Very scarce. Has been taken in Leigh ( Woods, near Bristol. Pebble do. . . falcula . Can be beaten from birch, &c. Oak do. . hamula f Palings. Can be beaten from oak. Flies in 1 the daytime. Beech do. unguicula Flies in the day time. Chinese Character Cilix spinula . Palings, &c. Comes to light. Scarce Kitten Dicranura bicuspis At rest, on alder, beech, and birch. Kitten . furcula. At rest on poplars and willows. Broad-barred ) Kitten . . j bifida . Do. Puss Moth vinula . Do. Lobster . Stauropus fagi Tree-trunks and palings. Local. Sprawler Petasia cassinea . Comes to light. Rannoch do. . nubecidosa Rannoch, on birch trunks. Buff Tip . Pygcera bucephala. Palings, tree-trunks, &c. Comes to light. Chocolate Tip Clostera curtula On trunks of poplars. Scarce do. anachoreta Scarce. Mostly found in the larval state. Small do. reclusa J On willow trunks, and may be beaten from i willow. Dusky Prominent . Oluphisia crenata . Epping, and Halton, Bucks. Very scarce. Plumed do. ( Ptilophora plu- \ migera . Woods and hedges. Pale do. . . . Ptilodontis palpina Coxcomb do. . . Notodonta camelina Comes to light. Do. Maple do. . . cucullina Among maple. INSECTS LOCALITIES AND CAPTURING. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. MOTHS. Birch do. Notodonta carmelita f Birch trunks, and palings near. Flies in the 1 sunshine. Swallow do. . dictcea . Tree-trunks, palings, &c. Small Swallow do. dictceoides . Do. do. Iron do. . dromedarius Palings. Comes to light. Dark do. . trilophus Very scarce. Pebble do. ziczac . On trunks of poplar. Great do. trepida . On oak trunks. Comes to light. Lunar Marbled chaonia On oak trunks, and paling near. Marbled Brown . dodonea Do. do. Figure of 8 ( Diloba cceruleo- \ \ cephala . ) Comes to light. Buff Arches . Thy at ir a derasa . f Flies at dusk over brambles and low plants, ( and comes to treacle. Peach Blossom batis Comes to treacle. Very shy of the lantern rays. Lesser Satin Carpet f Cymatophoradu- \ \ plaris j" May be beaten from bushes, &c. Satin ... fiuctuosa . ( May be beaten from dwarf birches. Comes 1 to treacle. Lesser Lutestring . diluta Comes to treacle. Poplar do. or At rest on aspens, &c. Comes to treacle. Figure of 80 . ocularis . Comes to treacle occasionally. Yellow Horned . flavicornis ( Palings and birch trunks and twigs. Comes 1 to light. Frosted Green ridens Tree-trunks, &c. Comes to light and treacle. Marble Green j Bryophila gland- [ \ ifera . ) Old walls. Comes to treacle. Marbled Beauty . perla Old walls and fences. Scarce Marbled \ Green . . j algcs Very scarce. Scarce Marvel de > jour . . j Diphthera Orion . On. oak trunks, &c. Comes to treacle. Local, Dark Dagger . Acronycta tridens . Tree-trunks, palings, &c. Grey do. . psi . Do. do. Miller . leporina , Tree-trunks, &c. Generally high up. Sycamore do. . ac.eris Sycamore trunks, fences, and brick walls. Poplar Grey . megacephala. Tree-trunks, and palings near poplars. Streaked . strigosa . Cambridgeshire. Alder Comes to treacle. Scarce. Coronet . ligustri . Trunks of ash trees. Knot Grass . rumicis . Walls and palings. Scarce Dagger auricoma Comes to treacle. Light Knotgrass . Sweet Gale menyanthidis myricce . Heaths, &c. Rannoch, Scotland, and at Killarney, Ireland. Powdered Wains- ) cot. . . ( Simyra venosa In the Cambridgeshire fens. Mouselet . Bright Eye . Yellow Wainscot . Synia musculosa . Leucania conigera . vitellina Very scarce. Has been taken at light. Comes to light and fl. of ragwort. Very scarce. Has been taken at treacle. Double Line . turca In grassy woods. Local. Ochreous Brown . lithargyria . Comes freely to light and treacle. Lunar White Spot albipuncta . At fl. Comes to treacle. Scarce. Peppered Wains- ) cot. . . | extranea ( At fl. of scabious, and comes to treacle. Very "( scarce. Obscure do. . obsolcta . ( In marshes, especially on banks of the "( Thames. Confluant do. . loreyi A doubtful British species. Southern do. . pvtrescens . ( Among grass, especially on the Devonshire "( coast. Shore do. . littoralis On coast sand-hi'ls. Local. Striped do. pudorina Marshes and fens. Shoulder Stripe do comma . Comes to treacle, light, and fl. Pure do. . L-album A doubtful British species. Streaked do. . straminea , Marshes and fens. At fl. of ragwort. Smoky do. impura . Comes to treacle. Common do. . pollens . Palings. Comes to treacle. Fen do. . phragmitidis Marshes and fens. Local. Pale do . Tapinostola JBondii On grass stems. Coast do. . elymi . On coast sand-hills. Flame do. Melianaflammea . Marshes and fens. Local 148 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Popular Name. MOTHS. Silky do. . Lineated do. . Small do. . Twin Spot Wains-) cot. . . J Mere do. . Nerved do. Scarce do. Twin Spotted do. . Reed do. . Bullrush . Large Wainscot . Frosted Orange . Golden Ear . Butter Bur . Rosy Rustic . Clouded Dart. Bordered Brindle . Light Arches . Reddish Light ) Arches . . f Dark Arches . Clouded Brindle . Slender Clouded ) Brindle. . j Bird's Wing . Silver Cloud . Feathered Brindle Scientific Name. Senta ulvce Nonagria despecta fulva. concolor . Hellmanni neurica . brevilinea geminipuncta . canncB typhce lutosa Gortyna flavago Hydraxia nictitans petasitis ,, micacea. Axyliaputris . Xylophasia rurea . lithoxylea . sublustris . polyodon . nepatica . scolopacina Dipterygiapinastri ( Xylomiges con- ) \ spicillaris . f Bordered Gothic . Feathered do. Beautiful do. . Antler Feathered Ear Straw Underwing Lesser Flounced ) Rustic . . j" Guenee's do. . Tawny do. Turf do. . Exile Dusky Nutmeg Nutmeg . Large do. Dusky Brocade . Cabbage Moth Dot .... Rustic Shoulder ) Knot Union Rustic . Brown Pinion Uniform Rustic Double Lobed Crescent . Common do. . Marbled Minor aus- ) ^Mottled J | Lapkygna ^ gua . Neuria saponarice f Heliophobus po- ) ( pularis , j hispidus . Charceas graminis j Pachetra leu- ) ( cophcea . f Cerigo cytherea Luperina testacea . Dumerili cespitis . Cry-modes exults . Mamestra abjecta . anceps albicolon . furva brassica. . persicarice. Apamea basilinea . connexa . gemina . unanimis ophiogramma fibrosa . ,, oculea Miana strigilis Where Found. Do. do. Flies at dusk. Marshes and fens. Flies at dusk. Cambridgeshire. Fens. Do. In wet places. j Fens, &c. Flies at dusk among reed mace. { Scarce. In wet places. Local. Fens and marshes. Do. Do. Comes to light. Is apt to fly into the flame. j Treacle, and comes to light. May be ( found over fl. and on palings. Among butter-bur. Comes to treacle and light ; and fl. of ragwort. At roots of trees, &c. Comes to treacle. Palings. Comes to treacle. Palings and tree-trunks. Comes to treacle. Do. Palings and treacle. Comes to treacle. Grassy places. Local. Palings and tree-trunks. Comes to treacle. At rest on tree-trunks. Scarce. Comes to light. Local. j Gas lamps, &c., and comes to treacle. Very ( scarce. J Palings, and comes to light. May be taken ( at fl. of viper's bugloss. j Common on grass stems at night. Comes to \ light and fl. j Local. On the ground among very short \ grass. I On commons. Flies in early morning. May i be taken at fl. of ragwort. I Among grass and at fl. Comes to light. \ Scarce. j Comes to treacle and light. Is apt to fly into ( the flame. On grass stems at night. Comes to light. Very scarce. Do. ( Comes to light. May be taken on grass \ stems at night, and at ragwort fl. A doubtful British species. Among grass. Local. ( Comes to treacle. May be found on palings t and at fl. of viper's bugloss. On the coast. ( Grassy places. Comes to light and fl. of ( ragwort. Palings, &c. Comes to light and treacle. Palings, &c. Comes to light. ( Palings. The 9 may be taken flying over ( wheat-fields. Comes to treacle. Comes to treacle. Grassy places. Comes to treacle. Marshes and fens. Comes to treacle. Do. Comes to light. Comes to treacle. Local. Palings, &c. Comes to light and treacle. Palings, &c. Flies at dusk, and comes to treacle. INSECTS LOCALITIES AND CAPTURING. 149 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where round. MOTHS. Middle-barred do. Miana fasciuncula Woods, &c. Comes to treacle. Rosy do. . literosa On coast. May be taken at fl. of ragwort. Cloaked do. . fumncula, . Flies at dusk, and comes to treacle. Wood do. arcuosa Do. do. Least do. . ( Photedcs capti- \ \ uncula . . ) Darlington. Haworth's do. Celcena Haworthii . Triple Lines . f Orammesia tri- } ( linca . . f Comes to light. Gold Line Hydrilla palustris Has been taken at light. Very scarce. Dingy ( Acosmetia califfi- ) 1 nosa . . ( Damp woods. Bordered Rustic . j Caradrina Mor- \ \ pheus . / Comes to light and treacle. Dotted do. alsines Do. Also at fl. and treacle. Powdered do. blanda Do. do. Mottled Beauty . cubicularis Comes to light and treacle. Brown Feathered \ Rustic . . ) Rusina tenebrosa . Do. Archer's Dart Shuttle-shaped do. Dark Sword Grass Agrotis valligera . puta &uffusa . Chiefly on coast. At fl. of ragwort. Comes to treacle. May be found on palings. Comes to treacle. Scarce do. ,, fennica . A doubtful British species. Pearly Underwing saucia j Comes to light and treacle. May also be \ taken on ivy blossoms. Turnip Moth . segetum . f Comes to treacle. Many of this genus may 1 be taken at the fl. of bean. Crescent Rustic . lunigera . j Comes to treacle and light, and may be ( taken at fl. of ragwort. Local. Heart and Dart exclamationis Palings, &c. Comes to treacle. Heart and Club corticea . Comes to light and treacle, and to lime blossoms. Light Feathered) Rustic . . j cinerea . Comes to light. Is apt to fly into the flame. Cloud Dart . ripce . . . On coast. Local. Veined do. . . ,, eursoria . f Coast sand-hills. Can be beaten. Comes 1 to fl. of ragwort.' Garden Dart . nigricans Comes to treacle and fl. of ragwort. White Line do. tritici ( Comes to treacle and fl. of heather and rag- l wort. Eagle do. aquilina . Do. Also on palings. Square Spot do. . obelisca . On fl. of ragwort. Comes to light. White Letter . agathina Among heath. Comes to light. True Lover's Knot porphyrea Among heath. Portland Moth prcecox . J Coast sand-hills. Comes to light and fl. of { ragwort. Stout Dart Comes to light. helvetina. A doubtful British species. Dotted Rustic . pyrophila Atfl. Local. Kidney . lucernea . Comes to treacle, flowers, and light. Welsh Rustic . Ashworthii . Local. Comes to treacle. Small Broad-bor-) dered Yellow V Underwing . ) Trip h cena jant hina ( Comes to treacle. Also at fl. May be beaten ( during day from hedges, &c. Large Broad-bor- ) dered do. . j fimbria Treacle and light. Least Broad-bor- \ dered do. . ) inlerjecta . Light, and at fl. of ragwort. Crescent do. . subsequa . f Treacle and light. Scarce. Has mostly been 1 taken in the New Forest. Lesser do. . . orbona Comes to treacle and light. Large do. . . pronuba Do. Autumnal Rustic . Noctua glareosa ( On heaths and in woods. Comes to treacle t and fl. of heather and ragwort. Black Spotted depuncta Comes to treacle. Double Dart . augur Do. Flame Shoulder . plecta Do. Flame fiammatra . f Has once been taken in Isle of Wight at \ treacle. SetaceousHebrew ) Character . J C-nigrum Comes to treacle and light. 150 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. MOTHS. Scarce Rustic Noctua ditrapezium New Forest, Birchwood, &c. Double Square ) Spot . f triangulum . Comes to light. Clay Rustic rhomboidea Comes to light and treacle. Purple Clay brunnea At treacle. Ingrailed do. f estiva At treacle and light. Confluent do. conftua Comes to treacle. Local. Barred Chestnut . Dahlii Comes to treacle and heather fl. Local. Rosy Marsh Moth subrosea Fens and marshes; comes to treacle. Very scarce. Small Square Spot rubi . At treacle and light. Six-striped Rustic . umbrosa At fl. of ragwort and comes to treacle. Dotted Clay . baja . At treacle. Scotch Rustic sobrina Rannoch. Comes to treacle. Neglected do. neglecta Treacle and fl. of heather. Square Spot do. . xanthographa (At treacle, light, flowers, &c. Flies from 1 early dusk till late at night. Pine Beauty . Mountain Drab Trachea piniperda Pachnobia alpina . On fir trunks and at sallows. Scotch mountains. Hebrew Character j Tceaiocampa ) ( gothica . j f At sallows and treacle. Also tree-trunks ( and palings. Comes to light. White Letter ) Rustic . . j ,, leucographa At sallows. Red Quaker . rubricosa . At sallows and treacle. Clouded Drab ,, instabilis . j At sallows and treacle. Also on tree-trunks i. and palings. Comes to light. Northern do. opima . At sallows. Intermediate . populeti Do. Comes to light. Common Quaker . stabilis (At sallows and treacle. Also palings and ( tree-trunks. Lead - coloured ) Drab . . f ,, gracilis At sallows and treacle. Blossom Under- > miniosa Do. wing . . ) Twin - spotted ) Quaker . . | munda Sallows, treacle, and palings and tree-trunks. Small do. cruda . Do. do. Allied Rustic . Orthosia suspecta . Comes to treacle. Local. Dingy Shears . upsiton Flies over willows. Red Line Quaker . lota At treacle and ivy blossoms. Comes to light. Yellow Line do. . macilenta . Do. Also at yew-berries. Flounced Rustic . Anchocelis ruflna . At ivy blossoms and treacle. Pale-headed 1 Chestnut . | pistacina . j Ivy - blossoms, yew - berries, and treacle. ( Comes to light. Lunar Underwing. lunosa. Do. do. Brown Spot Pinion litura . Do. do. ( Ivy blossoms and treacle. Sallows in spring Chestnut . Cerastis vaccinii . 1 after hibernation. May also be taken on Dark do. . spadicea . ( palings. Do. do. do. Red-headed do. Large do. ,, erythrocephala f Scopelosoma ) ( satellitia . f Very scarce. Has been taken at treacle. KIvy and treacle. Sallows in spring after hibernation. Comes to light. Dotted do. f Dasycampa rubi- ) \ ginea . . j K Ivy-blossoms and yew-berries. S. taken at sallows after hibernation. Orange Upperwing Hoporina croceago . ( At ivy and fl. S. taken at sallows after ( hibernation. Local. Orange Sallow Xanthia citrago f Ivy-blossoms and treacle. May be taken at 1 n. of ragwort. Comes to light. Lemon do. cerago . Do. do. do. Pink-barred do. silago . Do. do. do. Barred do. aurago Ivy-blossoms. Local. Ruddy do. gilvago At fl. and ivy. Local. Mottled do. . ferruginea Ivy-blossoms and treacle. Comes to light. Centre-barred do. . f Cirrhcedia xer- \ \ ampelina . | On ash-trunks. Comes to light. Local. Olive Tethea subtusa f Comes to light and treacle. May be taken on i the aphis juice on plum-trees. Small do. retusa . Comes to light. Local. Angle-striped > Sallow . . f Euperia fulvago . At fl. of heath. Local. INSECTS LOCALITIES AND CAPTURING. 151 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. MOTHS. Heart Moth . Dicycla Oo, 2omes to light. Local. Dunbar . Cosmia trapezina . r'alings, &c. Comes to light and treacle. Lunar - spotted \ Pinion . . ) pyralina . Comes to treacle. Local. White-spotted do. . Lesser-spotted do. . difflnis afflnis . Comes to light and treacle. Do. Dusky Sallow. Eremobia ochro- > leuca . . f At fl. ; rests on thistles, &c. Local. Marbled Shears . Dianthcecia irre-) gularis . f On tree-trunks, &c. Comes to fl. Tawny do. ,, carpophaga Among campions. Comes to fl. Mottled do. . capsophila. Comes to fl. and light. Lychnis . capsincola . Among campions. At fl. Campion . ,, cucubali Among ragged robin. Fies in sunshine. White - spotted ) Coronet . j albimacula Atfl. Marbled do. . conspersa . Do. Scarce do. compta Do. Northern Grey ccesia . Do. Dwarf Shears ,, Barrettii . i Hill of Howth, Ireland,S"and', Isle of Man. [ Comes to light. Ranunculus . Hecatcra dysodca . Palings, and at fl. of red valerian. Local. Broad -barred ) White . . j serena Palings and tree-trunks. May be taken at fl. July Chi . Polia chi . Tree-trunks. Local. Black-banded \ xanthomista \ [ (nigro-cinctaN) ) Has been taken at treacle and light. Large Ranunculus Olive Rustic . Smoky do. flavicincta Dasypolia templi . Epunda lutulenta . Palings, tree-trunks, and walls. Under stones, in hilly districts. Comes to light. At fl. of heath. Comes to treacle. Dusky Nutmeg nigra . At fl. Local. Minor Shoulder- ) knot . . ) viminalis . Among sallows, and on palings. Feathered Ra- ) nunculus . t lichenea On coast Comes to light. Green-brindled Dot Valeria oleagina . Very scarce. Miselia bimaculosa A doubtful British species. Green-brindled ) Crescent . j oxyacanthce At treacle and fl. May be found on palings. Marvel de Jour Agriopis aprilina . At treacle. Angle Shades. ( Phlogophora ) ( meticulosa ) At treacle and ivy-blossoms. Also on palings. Scarce do. ,, empyrea. At ivy-blossoms. Local. Small do. Euplexia lucipara . Tree-trunks, &c. Comes to light and treacle. Green Arches Aplecta herbida Woods. Local. Great Brocade occulta Flies in early morning. Local. Grey Arches . nebulosa . Tree-trunks and palings. Comes to treacle. Silvery do. tincta . ( Tree-trunks, palings, &c. May be taken at ( fl. of viper's bugloss. Brown do. advena At fl. Also tree-trunks and palings. Scarce Brocade Hadena satura Very scarce. Dark do. a dust a Comes to treacle. Brindled Green Glaucous Shears ,, protea. glauca On tree trunks and palings. Comes to treacle in the North. Shears . dentina Palings, &c. Scarce do. peregrina . Very scarce. Nutmeg . chenopodii . Palings, &c. Comes to light. Orache . atripticis . Comes to treacle and light. Local Dingy Brocade suasa . Palings. Comes to treacle. Bright Line . oleracea Palings, and at light and treacle. Broom Moth . pisi Comes to light. Pale Shouldered Brocade thalassina. Palings, &c. Comes to treacle. Beautiful do. . contigua . On birch trunks. Comes to treacle. Light do. . genistce Palings, &c. Comes to treacle. Northern do. . rectilinea . At rest on stones, &c., in the North. Early Grey . JXylocampa litho- ' riza Tree-trunks, palings, &c. Purple Cloud . Cloantha perspi- cillaris . Very scarce. 152 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. MOTHS. Shepherd's Purse . Red Sword-grass . Sword-grass . Obscure Dagger . Tawny Pinion Grey Shoulder- \ knot . . j Dark Pinion . Pale do. . Mullein . Water Betony Striped Lychnis . Starwort . . . Cudweed Shark . Wormwood do. Chamomile do Shark Bordered Sallow . Bordered Straw . Scarce do. do. Marbled Clover . Scarce Four-spot . Dark Yellow ) Underwing . j Scotch do. do. Beautiful do. do. . Dwarf do. do. Spotted Sulphur . Four Spot Rosy Marbled Marbled White ) Spot . . ) Silver Barred Silver Hook . Purple Barred Small do. OrangeUnderwing Light do. do. . Spectacle Dark do. . Scarce Burnished \ Brass . . / Burnished Brass Gold Spangle . Gold Spot Golden Y Beautiful do. . Silver Y . Cloantha solidaginis Calocampa vetusta exoleta Xylina zinckenii . conformis rhizolitha scmibrunnea petrificata . Cucullia verbasci . scrophularice lychnitis asteris . gnaphalii absynthii chamomillcB, . umbratica . / Hdiothis mar- \ \ ginata . J peltigera . armigera . dipsacea . scutosa Anarta melanopa . cor differ a . myrtilli Heliodes arbuti f Agrophila sul- ( phuralis Acontia luctuosa Solaris Erastria venustula fuscula . Banksia argentula Hydrelia unca Micra ostrina . parva . paula . Brephos parthenias notha Abrostola urticce, . triplasia Plusia orichalcea . chrysitis bractea . festucce . iota . V-aureum gamma . . r 1 Scarce do. Northern Silver Y Herald m . verticillata . interrogationis Gonoptera libatrix Tree-trunks, at rest, and at treacle. f Ivy-blossoms and treacle. Also at fl. S. \ taken at sallows after hibernation. Do. do. do. ( Very scarce. Has once been taken at treacle < near Erith, Kent, and occasionally else- , where. Ivy-blossoms, and on tree-trunks. Very scarce. Ivy-blossoms, and on tree-trunks. Ivy-blossoms. Do. Among mulleins and on palings. On palings. Chiefly near Arundel. Flies round flowers. Local. Flies in the evening. Local. Palings, &c. Do., and at fl. S. flies in sunshine. Comes to treacle and fl. . May be beaten from herbage. Flies over clover and lucerne fields in sun- shine, and comes to treacle. Flies in sunshine. May be taken at fl. of heather. Near Silloth. Flies by day near the food- plant. Rannoch. Flies in sunshine. Do. do. Heaths, &c. Flies in sunshine. Fields, &c. Flies in sunshine. Wet places, among small convolvulus. Very local n clover fields, &c. Flies in sunshine. Has been taken flying over flowers by day. ( Has been taken in Epping Forest. Very ( local and uncertain in its appearance. Among bramble. Comes to treacle. ( Irish bogs, and at Whittlesea Mere, Cam- ( bridgeshire, and Beachamwell, Norfolk. Marshes and fens. ( Sheltered places on coast sand-hills, in Devon- 's shire and Glamorganshire. Sheltered places on coast sand-hills. Has been taken at Freshwater, Isle of Wight. Flies in sunshine round sallows, &c. Do. Palings, &c., and at fl. Do. Flies at dusk and comes to fl. On coast. Very scarce. Has been taken at fl. Among nettles. Flies at dusk. Comes to light. Flies over flowers by day. ! Among campions, &c. Comes to treacle and fl. of heather. Among ground-ivy. May also be taken over flowers. At fl. of campions and viper's bugloss. ! Flies in sunshine. May also be taken on palings, and sometimes at treacle and light. Very scarce. Has been taken flying over flowers by day. A doubtful British species. On rocks, stumps, &c. f Palings, trees, out-houses, sheds, cellars, &c. ( S. comes to sallows after hibernation. INSECTS-LOCALITIES AND CAPTUEING. 153 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Where Found. MOTHS. Copper Underwing f Amphipyra py- \ \ ramidea . ) Comes to treacle. Mouse . . . tragopogonis Do. and light. Flies at dusk. Dark Gothic . Mania typica . f On walls, &c. Flies at dusk, and comes to "i treacle. Old Lady. . . maura . j At treacle. In out-houses, &c. Noisy when ( boxed. Black Neck . f Toxocampa pas- 1 ( tinum , f Can be beaten from bushes. LocaL Scarce do. do. craccce. Scarce. Has only been taken in Devonshire. Anomalous . Stilbia anomala At fl. of heather and ragwort. Local. Alchymist ( Catephia alchy- \ ( mista . . ) Has been taken at treacle. Clifden Nonpareil Catocala fraxini . Has been taken at treacle. Very scarce. Red Underwing . nupta ( Palings and tree-trunks. Comes to treacle ( and light. Noisy when boxed. Light Crimson do. Dark Crimson do. . promissa. sponsa . ( In New Forest and Norfolk. On tree-trunks, \ &c. Noisy when boxed. Do. do. do. Lunar Double ) Stripe . . f Ophiodes lunaris . Has been occasionally taken at light. Mother Shipton . Eudidia mi . . Flies in sunshine, and hovers over fl. Burnet Companion glyphica . Do. Small Purnle ) Barred . . ) rnyiomeira asnea . uo. BIEDS. NESTS AND EGGS. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Stay in England. Localities of Nest. Av. No. of Eggs Golden Eagle . White-tailed do. . Aquila chrysaetos . Halice'ctus albicilla All the year Do. . Mountain rocks . Do 2 2 Osprey Pandion haliceetus Do. . . . High trees or rocks . 2 Peregrine do. . Hobby Falco peregrinus . subbuteo Do. . April October. Cliffs and rocks . High trees . 2-3 2-5 Merlin, Stone Fal- \ con.or Blue Hawk j" CBsalon . All the year On the ground . 3-5 Kestrel, Wind- ) howr, or Hover- ,- tinnunculus Do. . Trees or rocks . 4 hawk . . ) Goshawk . Sparrow-hawk Kite, Glead, Gled, > or Puttock . J Astur palumbarius Accipiter Nisus . Milvus vulgaris Do. . Do. . Do. . . . High trees . Trees .... High trees . 3 4-5 2-3 Buzzard . Buteo vulgaris Do. . Do 2-4 Rough-legged do. . lagopus . Do. . Do 2-4 Honey do. Pernis apivorus Do. . Do 2 Marsh Harrier, ) Harpy, or Marsh > Hawk . . j Circus rufus . Do. . . . ( On the ground at ) ( foot of a bush / 3-4 Hen Harrier . cyaneus Do. . Do 4-5 Ash-coloured, or "j Montagu's Har- > cineraceus . Do. . . . Do 4-5 rier ) ( Generally a de- ) Long-eared Owl Otus vulgaris . Do. . . . < serted Crow's or f 4-5 ( Magpie's nest ) Short-eared do., or > Hawk Owl . ) brachyotus Do. . ( On ground, or in a ) 1 rabbit burrow ) 3 Barn do., or ) Screech Owl . f Strix flammea. Do. . . . ( Church towers, ) < dovecots, ruins, > I &c. . . . j 3-4 Tawny do., or ) Hoot Owl . J Syrnium stridula . Do. . Hollow trees 34 Red-backed do., or \ Lesser Butcher ] Bird . . j Lanius collurio Summer visitor ( High up in thick 1 1 bushes . . f 4-5 SpottedFlycatcher 1 or Bee-bird . f Muscicapa grisola. Do. . . . Almost anywhere 4-5 Pied do., or Cold-) finch . . f atricapilla Do. . Holes in trees 4-8 Dipper, Water-Ou- \ zel, or Water- - Crow . . ) Cinclus aquations . All the year f Holes in stream- ) ( banks, &c. . J 5-6 Missel Thrush, or ) Stonncock . j Turdus viscivorus . Do. . . . Trees .... 4-5 Fieldfare, or Blue- ) pilaris Winter visitor . ( Has never been ) ( known to nest in > _ DclCli j ( Great Britain ) Thrush, Throstle,) or Mavis . / musicus . All the year Bushes and hedges . 4-5 ( Has seldom been ") Redwing . iliacus Winter visitor . < known to nest in > ( Great Britain J Blackbird, Black-) Ouzel, or Amzel, V merula All the year Bushes and hedges . 4-5 or Grozel-cock j Ring Ouzel torquatus . . Summer visitor On or near the ground 3-5 156 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Stay in England. Localities of Nest. Av. No. of Eggs Hedge-sparrow, or ) Hedge Accentor f Accentor modtdaris All the year Hedges and bushes . 4-5 Robin, Redbreast, \ or Ruddock . t Erythaca rubecula . Do. . . . Almost anywhere 5-7 Redstart, or Fire- ) tail . . . j ^hcenicura ruticilla Do. . . . [ Holes in trees, ) [ walls, &c. . f 4-6 Stonechat . Saxicola rubicola . Do. . . . On or near the ground 5-6 Whinchat rubetra . Summer visitor Do. .... 5-6 Wheat-ear cenanthe . Do. . Holes in walls, &c 5-6 Grasshopper War- > bier . . J Salicaria locustella Do. . . . f Furze and other ) 1 bushes . . } 5-7 Sedge do. . phragmitis . Do. . Bushes, reeds, &c. 5-6 Reed do., or Reed ) Wren . . f arundinacca - Fastened to reeds 4-5 Nightingale . Blackcap . Philomela lyiiscinia Curruca atricapilla April August . Summer visitor Hedges and bushes . Do 4-5 4-5 Garden Warbler, \ or Pettychaps ) hortensis . Do. . Hedges and bushes . 4-6 Whitethroat, or 1 Nettle-creeper j ,, cinerea . Do. . . . Bushes and hedges . 4-5 Lesser do. sylviella . Do. . . . f Low bushes and ) \ brambles . f 4-5 Wood Warbler, ) or Wood Wren I Sylvia sibilatrix . Do. . . . {On the ground ) amongst grass or > 6 Willow Wren, or). Willow Warbler J trochilus Do. . "weeds . . ) Banks, bank-sides, &c. 5-7 Chiff-chaff, or Les- ) ser Pettychaps j Dartford Warbler . Golden - crested ) ,, hippolais f Melizophilus \ ( provincialis f Do. . . . Do. . . . (On or near the) ground on a > ( hedge-bank . j ( Almost invariably ) 1 in furze . . J 6 Wren, or Gold- V crest Rcgulus cristatus . All the year j Below the branch ) ( of a spruce flr ) 7-8 Fire-crested Regu- ) las, or Fire-crest 1 ignicapillus Do. . Do 7-8 Great Titmouse, or r Do. . f Holes in walls and ) 6-9 Tomtit . . f \ trees . . j Blue do., Blue-cap, 1 ,, cceruleus Do. . Do 6-12 or Blue-tit . f Cole do., or Cole-} mouse . . ) cuter Do. . . . Holes in trees 6-8 Marsh do. . palustris Do. . . . Old willows, &c. 5-9 Long-tailed do., or ) Bottle-tit . ) ,, candatus Do. . . . Trees and bushes (On or near the) 9-12 Bearded do. . biarmicus . Do. . K ground, near } 4-6 ( water . . ) Bohemian Wax- ) wing, or Waxen > Chatterer . ) ( Sombycilla gar- ) ( rula , . ) Winter visitor . f Does not nest in ) ( Great Britain j - Pied Wagtail, or) Dishwasher . ( MotacUla alba All the year ( Holes in banks, ) { sheds, haystacks, > ( &c. . . . j 4-5 Grey do. . boarula . Do. . . . ( On ground, near 1 ( water . . j 5-6 Ray's do. . flava Do. . ( On ground, banks, ) < and in holes in 4-6 Tree Pipit, Field) Lark, or Tree > Lark . . ) Anthus arboreua . Summer visitor ( walls near water ) ( On ground near ) ( hedges or bushes ) 5 Meadow do., or Titlark . pratensis . All the year On ground . 4-6 Rock do., or Rock petrosus . Do. . . Do 4-5 Lark Sky Lark, or Field Lark Alauda arvensis . Do. . Do 3-5 "Wood do. arborea . Do. . Do 4-5 Snow Bunting, or \ Lapland Bunting ) ! f Plectrophanes ni- ] \ valis . . J Winter visitor . ( Does not breed in 1 ( Great Britain | BIRDS-NESTS AND EGGS. 157 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Stay in England. Localities of Nest. AT. No. of Eggs Common do., or ) Corn do. . j Emberiza miliaria All the year On or near the ground 4-5 Black-headed do., ) or Water Spar- > row. . . ) schceniculus Do. ... On ground near water 4-5 Yellow Hammer } or Ammer, or > Yeorling . ) citrindla . Do. . . ' . ( Low thick bushes ) t on hedge-banks f 3-5 Cirl Bunting . cirlus . Do. . Furze, or low bushes 4-5 Chaffinch . Fringilla Ccdebs . Do. . ( Tree-forks, bushes, ) \ and hedges . f 4-5 Mountain Finch, ) or Brambling J montifringilla Winter visitor . j Does not nest in ^ ( Great Britain f _ Tree Sparrow . Passer montanus . All the year f Holes in trees and ) 1 thatch . . j 4-5 House or Common ) j rt domesticus. Do. . ( Thatch, gutters, ) ( holes, deserted > 4-6 do. . . . ) ( nests, trees, &c. ) Greenfinch, or ) Green Linnet ) f Coccothraustes ) I Ctdoris . ) Do. . . . ( Hedges, bushes, ) ( and trees . ) 4-6 Hawfinch, or Com- ) mou Grosbeak f vulgaris . Do. . Trees and bushes 4-6 Goldfinch, or) Thistle-finch . j Carduelis elegana . Do. . . . | Hedges, bushes, or ) ( tree-forks . )" 4-5 Siskin, or Aber- ) da vine . . j spinus . Winter visitor . ( Seldom nests in ^ \ Great Britain j Linnet Linota cannobina . All the year I Thorn-hedges, or ) ( furze-bushes f 4-6 Mealy Redpole Lesser or Common ) do. . . . f Mountain Linnet, ) or Twite . f canescens . linaria montium . Winter visitor . (All year.] K Winter vi- > ( sitor in S. ) All the year IDoes not breed in ) Great Britain f Bushes and stunted ) trees . . j ( On ground amongst ) -J grass, heather, > ( &c. . . . j 4-5 4-6 Bullfinch, Olph, or ) Hoop . . j Pyrrhula vulgaris Do. . . . i Thick bushes and ) trees . . ( 4-5 Common Crossbill . Loxia euroirostra . f Early winter ) ( visitor . ) Does not breed in \ Great Britain j /'Dove-cotes, ruins,"^ Starling . Sturnus vulgaris . All the year \ towers, chim- f J neys, holes in f 4-6 v. trees, &c. . J ( Cliffs, and towers, ) Chough Coracia graculus . Do. . . . -j and castles near \ ( sea ) 4-5 Raven, or Corbie . Corvus corax . Do. . . . ( Ruins, rocks, and ) ( trees . . j 4-5 Crow .... corone . Do. . Forks of large trees . 4-5 Hooded do. cornix . Do. . Rocks .... 4-5 Rook .... frugilegus . Do. . . . Trees .... 4-5 ( Holes and crevices^ Jackdaw . monedula . Do. . . . j in rocks, towers, ( ) ruins, dove-cotes, f 3-6 C. &c. . . . ) Magpie Pica caudata . Do. . . . High up in trees . 5-7 Jay .... ( Garrulus glan- ) Do. . . . Tall bushes and trees 5-6 Green Woodpecker Do. . f Holes in trees. No ) A_T \ nest . . J 4-7 Great Spotted do. . major . Do. . Do. do. . . 4-5 Lesser Spotted do. . minor . Do. . Do. do. . 4-5 Wryneck . Yunx torquilla Summer visitor Holes in trees 6-10 Creeper (Jcrthia familiaris . All the year Do 6-9 Wren, or Jenny ) Wren . )" ( Troglodytes vuL- ) 1 garis . , ( Do. . J Banks, tree-trunks, 1 ( thatch, walls, &c. / 6-10 Hoopoe Nut-hatch Upupa epops . . Sitta Europixa All the year Holes in trees 5-6 ( Nests of Hedge- ) Cuckoo, or Gowk . Cuculus canorus . April Aug. sparrow, Lark, > I Wagtail, &c. . j 158 THE FIELD NATUEALISTS HANDBOOK. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Stay in England. Localities of Nest. AT. No. of (Holes in banks of) King-fisher Alcedo ispida . All the year < streams, ponds, r 5-6 ( rivers, &c. . j Swallow . Hirundo rustica . April Oct. Eaves, chimneys, &c. 4-6 Martin . urbica Do. . . . Do 5-6 Sand do. . riparia . Mar. Sept. f Holes in banks, \ 1 sand-cliffs, &c. J 4-6 Swift. Night-jar, or Goat- ) sucker . . f Cypselus apus. j Caprimulgus Eu- \ '( ropceus . j April Aug. Summer visitor i Towers, steeples, ) "( roofs, &c. . j Hole in ground . 24 2 Ring-dove, or | Wood-pigeon ) Stock-dove Columba palumbus cenas All the year Do. . Trees and tall bushes {Trees and some- , times holes . 1 2 2 Rock-dove livia . Do. . . . Holes and crevices ) in rocks . . j" 2 Turtle-dove turtur Summer visitor Trees and bushes 2 Pheasant . f Phasianus Col- ) "( chicus . . j" All the year On ground . 10-12 Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus Do. Do. 6-12 Black Grouse . tetrix . Do. . . Do 7-10 Red do. . Lagopus Scoticus Do. Do 7-10 Ptarmigan vulgaris Do. Do 7-10 Partridge . Perdix cinerea Do. Do 10-15 Red-legged do. rufa Do. Do 10-15 Quail. . . . Coturnix vulgaris Summer visitor Do 7-10 Great Bustard . Otis tarda _( Do. Practically) "( extinct ) 2-3 Great Plover . _( (Edicnemus ere- \ \ pitans . . 1 Summer visitor Do 2 Golden Plover . J Charadrius plu- ) ( vialis . j All the year Do 4 Dotterel . morinellus . Summer visitor Do. . . . . 3 Ringed Plover. hiaticula . Do 4 Kentish do. - cantianus . Do 4 Grey Plover . Squatarola cinerea Winter visitor . f Does not breed in ) "( England . . j Lapwing, or Peewit Vanellus cristatus . All the year On ground . 4 Turnstone Strepsilas interpres Winter visitor . j Does not breed in \ ( England . . f - Sanderling Calidris arenaria . Do. . Do Oyster-catcher. J Hcematopus os- ) ( tralegus . J All the year On ground . 3-4 Heron Ardea cinerea . Do. . . . Trees and rocks . 4-5 Bittern Botaurus stellaris . Do. . On ground . 3-5 Curlew, or Whaup . Numenius arquata Do. . Do 4 ("Does not nest in~"\ Whimbrel phoeopus Winter visitor . 5 Great Britain. S. ( ; in Orkneys and t - I Shetland. . ) Red-shank Totanus calidris . Do. . Do 4 Green Sandpiper . ochropus . / Mostly a win- ) ( ter visitor f f On banks near ) ( streams . . j 4 Wood do. . glareola Do. . . . Do 4 Common do. . hypoleuca . Summer visitor Do 4 (Winter visi-) Green-shank . glottis . < tor, except > ( in Hebrides ) On ground . Avocet j Rccurvirostra ) "( avocetta . j - ( Holes in ground in ) \ marshes . . j 2 Black-tailed God wit Limosa melanura . - iOn ground in 1 marshes, &c. . f 4 Bar-tailed do. . rufa . Winter visitor . Does not breed in )_ Great Britain. | Ruff .... Machetes pugnax . April Sep. ( Fens of Lincoln- ) < shire and Cam- - 4 ( bridgeshire . ) Woodcock Scolopax rusticola . f Oct. April, ) ( mostly . | On ground . 4 Great Snipe major . . ! Winter visitor . Do BIRDS NESTS AND EGGS. 15 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Stay in England. Localities of Nest. Av. No. of Eggs (Do., Borne-^) Common do. . gallinago . 1 times re- f j maining to f Do 4 L breed . J Jack do. . gallinula . Winter visitor . f Does not breed in ) ( Great Britain. f Curlew Sandpiper . Tringa subarquata Do. . Do. .... Knot .... Canutus Do. . Do Little Stint minuta Do. . Do !Do., sorne-^) Dunlin, Stint, or) Purre . . j variabilis . times re- f maining to f On ground . 4 breed . J Purple Sandpiper . Land-rail, or Corn ) Crake . . j maritima . Crex pratensis Winter visitor . Summer visitor / Seldom breeds in ) ( Great Britain. j On ground . 7-10 Spotted Crake . porzana . Do. . Do. in marshes 7-10 Water-rail Rallus aquatints . All the year Do. do. . 6-10 Moor-hen, Water-) hen, or Gallinule )" Gallinula chloropus Do. . ( On banks near ) < water and small ,- ( islands . . j 6-8 Coot .... Fulica atra Do., generally j Edge of water or ) (. small islands . | 7-10 Grey Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus Winter visitor . J Does not breed in ) ( Great Britain. f Grey-legged Goose . Anserferus Do. . . . Do. .... Bean do. . , segctum Do. . Do Pink-footed do. , brachyrhynchus Do. Do. White-fronted do. . , albifrons . Do. Do. Bernicle do. , leucopsis . Do. Do. . . _ Brent do. . Hooper , brenta . Cygnusferus . Do. Do. Do. . . Do. Bewick's' Swan Sewickii . Do. Do. Mute do. . olor Do. Do. . . Shieldrake Tadorna vulpanser f Do., remain- \ ( Ing to breed )" f Rabbit burrows on \ ( coast . . f 8-14 Shoveller . Anas clypeata . Winter visitor . ( Seldom breeds in \ \ Great Britain. f Gadwall . ,, strepera. Do. . DO. . . . : Pintail Duck . acvta Do. . J Does not breed in ) 1 Great Britain. j Wild do., or Mai- ) lard. . . )' boschas . | Do., remains \ ( to breed j Among reeds, &c. 9-12 Garganey . yucrquedula . Do. do. . Do 8-12 Teal .... crecca Do., sometimes Marshes 8-12 Wigeon . Penelope . Winter visitor . ( Seldom breeds in ) 1 Great Britain. f Eider Duck j Somateria mal- \ ( lissima , j J Do., remain- ) ( ing to breed j" j Rocks and preci- ) ( pices on coast. ) 5 Velvet Scoter . Oidemia fusca Winter visitor . _( Does not breed in ) \ Great Britain. / Common do. . nigra Do. Do. . . Pochard . Fuligula ferina Do. Do. Scaup Duck marila . Do. Do. Tufted do. cristata . Do. Do. . . Long-tailed do. glacialis . Do. Do. Golden Eye clangula. Do. . Do. Smew Mergus ulbellus Do. . Do Red-breasted Mer- ) ganser . . j serrator . ( Do., remain- )_ ( ing to breed j" J At foot of a tree, on ) "( small islands . f 6-9 Goosander merganser Do. do. . On ground, among ) bushes,stones,&c. )" 6-7 Great Crested Grebe Podiccps cristatus . Nearly all year . In rushes, &c., \ touching water f 3-5 Red-crested do. rubricollis . Winter visitor . Does not breed in ) ( Great Britain. )" - Sclavonian do. comutus . - Do. . . . Do _ Little do., or Dab ) Chick . . / minor . f Do., remain- ) 1 ing to breed >" ( Rushes, &c., touch- ). ( ing water . ) 4-6 160 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. Popular Name. Scientific Name. Stay in England. Localities of Nest. Av. No. of Eggs Great Northern ) Diver . . f ColymJbus glaeialis Winter visitor . f Not known to breed \ \ in Great Britain )" Black-throated do. . arcticus . f Do., remain- ) ( ing to breed / On ground, near water 2 Red-throated do. . septentrionalis Do. do.. Do 2 Guillemot . Uria troile All the year j On ledges of rocks ) ( and cliffs . { 1 Bnmnich's do. Brunnichii . Winter visitor . ( Does not breed in 1 Great Britain. / Ringed do. lacrymans All the year J Ledges of rocks ) ( and cliff's . I" - Black do. . Grylle . Do. . . . j Holes and crevices ) ( in rocks and cliffs f 2 Little Auk f Mergulus mela- ) \ noleucos . ) Winter visitor . ( Does not breed in 1 ( Great Britain. / ( Holes, &c., in rocks ) Puffin Fratercula arctica. All the year < and cliffs, also > 1 ( rabbit holes . J Razor-bill . Alca tor da Do. . Cormorant j P halacr ocor ax ) ( carbo . ) Do. . . . j On ledges of preci- ) ( pices, &c. . j 4-6 Shag .... ,, cristatus . Do. . . . Do 3-5 Gannet, or Solan ) Goose . . f Sula Bassana . Do. . . . Do 1 Caspian Tern . Sterna Caspia . Winter visitor . ( Does not breed in ) ( Great Britain. / Sandwich do. . cantiaca All the year Holes in ground . 3-4 Roseate do. Dougallii . Summer visitor 2-3 Common do., or ) Sea-swallow . } hirundo All the year On ground, near water 2-3 Arctic do. . arctica . Do. . Do 2-3 Lesser do. . minuta Do. . f Holes in ground on ) 1 coast . . j 2-3 Black do. . Do. . j Marshy places, on )_ 4 ( ground . . )" ! Seoul ton Mere.S Black-headed do . Larus ridibundus . Do. . Norfolk, near ( Brigg, Lincohi- f 3 shire, &c. . J Kittiwake tridactylus Do. . . . J Ledges of preci- ). ( pices and cliffs ( 3 Common Gull . canus . Do. . J High rocks. Some- \ \ times marshes 2-3 Lesser Black- ) backed do. . j fuscus . Do. . . . ! Hollows and cre- vices in rocks 2-3 Herring do. argerdatus . Do. . . . Ledges of rocks and cliffs. 3 Great Black- ) backed do., or > Cob. . . j marinus . Do. . . . Rocky coasts 3 Common Skua f Lestris catar- \ \ rhactes . ) Do. . C Among heath and) j moss in a hilly ,- ( island. Shetlands) 2 Richardson's do. . ,, Richardsonii Do. . . . J On ground, in moor? ) ( and marshes . } 2 Fulmar Petrel . ( Procellaria gla- ) ( cialis . . / Do. . Ledges of rocks . 1 C Holes, in rocks, ] Manx Shearwater . Puffinus Anfflorum Do. . . . < mostly in unin- > 1 ( habited islands ) Storm Petrel, or ) .. Mother Carey's > Chicken . . ) {Thalassidroma ) procellaria . f Do. . Holes in cliffs, &c. . 1 KILLING, SETTING, AKD PRESERVING INSECTS. IT is, of course, necessary to kill the insects, and all entomologists desire to do so as rapidly and painlessly as possible. As regards the latter point we may make ourselves tolerably easy, for insects cannot, by reason of their nervous structure, suffer pain as if they were human beings. This is shown by the fact that they will eat and discharge other functions of life after suffering from injuries that would kill a human being on the spot. Insect?, for example, will eat greedily when the whole of their digestive organs have been removed, and every one knows how indifferent they are to the loss of a limb or two. Still, though the sense of pain is so inconsiderable, no one would wish to inflict any pain at all if it can be helped, and no real entomologist ever did so. With nearly all soft-bodied insects, such as butterflies, small-bodied moths, &c., instan- taneous death is secured by a smart pinch at the lower part of the thorax, where the legs meet. Insects have no brains, but there is a series of nervous knots, called " ganglia," running along the body, and the great mass of them is aggregated in the thorax, because they have to supply energy to the two pairs of wings and the three pairs of legs. Forceps are better than fingers for this purpose, and if the pinch be neatly made death is instantaneous. Beetles and other hard-bodied insects are best killed by being plunged into boiling water. Care must be taken that the water is boiling fiercely, and the insects should be flung sharply into it, so as to bring them below the surface. But of all the troubles to a humane entomologist, a female of one of the large- bodied moths is the worst. She flatly refuses to die before her time on any pretext whatever. Stamping on her and crushing her flat will not kill her. She may be sunk under chloroform and stupefied, the abdomen removed, emptied, and stuffed with poisoned cotton-wool. Poison may be introduced into the shell of her body, and yet she will come to life again, as far as movement is concerned. Whether life, as we understand it, be extinct or not I cannot say, but I think that the movements are only reflectively muscular, like those of an eel when cut into pieces, and having nothing to do with pain or, indeed, sensation of any kind. A piece of catgut, or a thin strip of leather, if thrown into the fire, will twist about like a scotched snake or a half -crushed worm, though of course there can be no feeling in it ; and I am inclined to think that the movements of an insect in which the nervous system has been destroyed, and from which the whole of the vital organs have been removed, and the whole of whose tissues, internal and external, have been saturated with poison, cannot betoken life, much less pain. A very little benzine applied to the under surface of the abdomen will generally kill a moth instantly, but has the disadvantage of stiffening it so that it can hardly be set. The best plan with an obstinate moth is to set it first, and then apply the benzine to the lower part of the thorax, just where the pin passes through it. K 162 THE FIELD NATURALISTS HANDBOOK. For setting the insects it will be necessary to have setting-boards and pins of various sizes, all of which can be obtained from the dealers. Gilt pins are by far the best. They cost one shilling per ounce in addition to the ordinary price, but they are more than worth it. Black pins are also sold, but I do not think much of them. The object of gilding the pins is to prevent the formation of verdigris, which destroys so many insects. Do not try to make your own setting-boards, as they will cost more than if you bought them. The tools for setting are simple and few. A pair of long-nosed pliers will be necessary, as the pins are very slender and bend if pressed on the head. Indeed, I never could see any use in a head on an entomological pin. Half-a-dozen fine needles with the heads stuck into lucifer matches will be found useful, and so will a stout darning-needle fastened into the handle of a camel's-hair brush. Stiff cards will be needed cut into strips of various lengths, together with a supply of ordinary pins. In pinning an insect be careful to put the pin exactly in the centre of the thorax. It should lean a little forwards, so that the point should come out between the second and third pairs of legs. If set quite upright, or leaning in the least backwards, the insect, when placed in the cabinet, will tilt its tail upwards, and look very awkward. In setting the insect the fine needles will be found very useful in drawing the wings into their place, and keeping them there while the braces are applied. They should be placed just under the "costal" nervure i.e., the strong nervure on the upper edge of the wing, and will leave no mark unless very carelessly handled. One brace for each pair of wings will suffice for most insects, but some of the larger hawk-moths will require a second brace on each side. They should be placed diagonally, crossing the wings so that the lower ends nearly meet below the abdomen, and the upper ends should come beyond the middle of the upper wings. The pins should n.ot be too close to the wings, lest they should be dented, and they should lean rather backwards. Write on the brace the date on which the insect was set, so that you may know when to take it off. The length of time varies according to the size of the insect, the temperature, and the state of the atmosphere, and must be left to the judgment of the setter. If you make a mistake at all make it in the right direction, and leave the insects on the setting-boards longer than is necessary. If they are taken off the boards too soon they " spring," i.e., the wings return towards the position assumed when at rest. A sprung moth is most difficult to re- set, even when relaxed, and is always liable to spring again unless the wings are fixed with cement. Ten days of ordinary weather will serve for a butterfly or a slender-made moth ; but for a large thick-bodied female moth six weeks will not be too much. The collector must therefore be prepared to provide himself with a considerable number of setting-boards. Insects take up very much more space on the board than they do in the cabinet, and if many are set equivalent space must be provided. However, with fair treatment the boards ought to last for a number of years. My parrot ate one of my setting-boards, and began upon another, but such an attack was of course abnormal. Most collectors think that when they have set, dried, and transferred their insects they have done their duty by them. I do not. All insects are liable to the attacks of various foes, of which mites, clothes-moths, grease, and mould are the worst. It KILLING, SETTING, AXD PEESERVIXG INSECTS. 163 is to keep off the living enemies that cabinets are saturated with camphor, turpentine, carbolic acid, &c., neither of which odours are agreeable. But by taking a little more trouble at first the collector need fear none of these foes, nor will his cabinets or boxes have the least evil scent. The late Charles Waterton was, I believe, the first to discover, and certainly the first to point out that none of these evil-smelling remedies are necessary, and that the poisonous arsenical soap which the professional taxidermists still insist on using ought to be abandoned as dangerous and ineffective. It will preserve the skin into which it is rubbed, but has no effect on the fur or feathers, so that the hair or plumage may be eaten by the moths, while the skin remains intact. Corrosive sublimate is his agent for rendering specimens impervious to insect and vegetable foes, and when applied according to his system 1 have found it to be infallible. Formerly it used to be a rather costly remedy, but now that methylated spirit is so cheap the cost is comparatively trifling. Pounded corrosive sublimate should be dissolved in spirits of wine, and the bottle must be repeatedly shaken, so as to ensure that none of the poison is deposited at the bottom. The proportions which Waterton used are thus given by him : " I put a good large tea-spoonful of well-pounded corrosive sublimate into a wine-bottle full of alcohol. I let it stand over night, and the next morning draw it off into a clean bottle. When I apply it to black substances and perceive that it leaves little white particles on them, I then make it weaker by adding alcohol. A black feather dipped in the solution, and then dried; -will be a very good test of the state of the solution." When your insects are quite dry dip them completely into the solution, and hold them there for a second or two. Take them out, and drain all the superfluous moisture back into the vessel. Then dry them as fast as possible in a current of air, to prevent delicate hairs and fibres from being matted together. Waving them backwards and forwards is perhaps the best plan ; and if it be done in the sunshine or in front of a hot fire the insects will be soon dry. Insects thus treated will be absolutely secure from mites, clothes-moths, or mould. This last is a kind of fungus, and as all vegetable life is destroyed by corrosive sublimate, no mould can make its appearance on an insect so treated, even though it be kept in a damp atmosphere. The most troublesome of all insects are the large-bodied moths, especially the females. I have already shown that they refuse to die or to dry like other insects, and they are equally tiresome when they are placed in the cabinet, from their liability to grease, mites, mould, and wrinkles. Judicious use of the corrosive sublimate will, however, render the collector independent of all these foes ; and though the process will occupy some time and require much patience, it will save a very great amount of anxiety, worry, and trouble in the long run. The best plan is as follows : With a pair of fine scissors separate the abdomen from the thorax, and " set " the latter as usual. Wrap several layers of tissue-paper round the abdomen so as to preserve the delicate feathering, enlarge the aperture made by the scissors, and take out all the contents. This is easily done with a pair of forceps, and a needle fixed into a handle, made red-hot, and then bent at the end into a hook. Fill the empty shell rather tightly with cotton-wool, so as to preserve the 164 THE FIELD NATURALIST'S HANDBOOK. original shape, but making it a little too large, so as to allow for the contraction of the skin as it dries. Let it remain for a fortnight or so ; dip both parts of the moth into the solution, dry them, join them with coaguline, and no one would suspect that anything had been done to the insect. It is a good plan to set one specimen in the natural attitude of repose, and if you breed an insect, to preserve the empty pupa-shell. Birds' eggs need a few words. No one ever thinks now-a-days of making a hole at each end of an egg, thus destroying the beautiful contour, but even in late years I see that a large hole at the side and a very small one at the end are recommended. Now, I see no object in the second hole, and have been accustomed to use only one, which is made in the middle of one side. Small and delicate eggs, such as those of the gold-crest, bottle-tit, &c., must be protected by having a few layers of tissue-paper rolled round them and steeped in gum. The paper can be soaked off when the egg is finished. The hole being carefully made, a needle should be introduced, and the yolk thoroughly taken up. Water should then be injected into the hole by a pointed glass tube, and when all the contents of the egg are washed out, a little of the poison should be injected in the same way. Unless this precaution be taken, the membrane, which is always left inside the egg, will become putrid, exhale a most noisome odour, and spoil the colour of the shell. When quite dry, the eggs should be fastened on stout white cardboard by a little patch of coaguline just by the hole. The egg will then appear as perfect as if it had never been touched. When eggs are " hard set," and at the same time valuable, they can be emptied by cutting out a tolerably large door, if it may be so called, and extracting the contents piecemeal. The door can then be replaced, and the egg fastened as mentioned above. I have mentioned the relaxing pan. This is useful when insects have either not been set at all, or have been badly set. It is simply a shallow pan, such as a large flower-pot saucer, with about one- third of an inch of silver sand in it. The sand should be kept damp not wet and the insects placed on the sand. A cover is laid on the top to prevent evaporation, and in twenty-four hours or so the insect will be nearly as flexible as when newly killed. As re-set insects are liable to "spring," the bases of the wings should be touched with coaguline at their junction with the under surface of the thorax. If the pins have to be changed, push the new pin well through the body, touch it with coaguline, and draw it back again. Unless this is done, the insect will be loose on the pin. Plants are preserved for the cabinet in a very simple manner. They are laid out on sheets of absorbent paper, covered with more paper, and subjected to a moderate pressure until dry. It will mostly be found necessary to change the paper more than once, and there should be always several layers of paper between the plants. Special papers and presses are made for the purpose, and, of course, are the best, but there is really no necessity for them, and common blotting-paper and a few flat boards are all that is required for practical purposes. When quite dry, the plants are laid out on sheets of stiff white paper, and fastened down by little strips of paper placed over them at intervals. This is the usual plan ; but if the collector has, as he ought to have, a delicate touch, he will be CABINETS AND STORE-BOXES. 165 able to dispense with the paper strips, and substitute minute drops of the ever-useful coaguline. Much care must be taken of the specimens, which, like insects, are very liable to the attacks of various foes. It will add much to the beauty of an herbarium if all the sheets of paper be uniform in shape and size. CABINETS AKD STORE-BOXES. UNLESS the collector have the purse of Fortunatus, or something very like it, he will before long find himself sadly incommoded in the preservation of his specimens, which, whether zoological or botanical, are fragile, and liable to the attacks of a variety of foes, such as mites, clothes-moths, dermestes, mould, &c. ; and when either of these foes has obtained admittance to the collection its extirpation is exceedingly difficult, and many specimens will be irretrievably injured. Light is almost as much to be feared as mites or moths, so much does it alter the colour, especially when it is brilliant and delicate. The plumage of birds suffers almost as much from light as does that of the Lepidoptera, and in the British Museum many of the specimens exhibited in the glass cases have entirely lost the bright colouring of the living bird, and, except by their form, are almost unrecognisable. Cabinets are undoubtedly the best storehouses, but they are horribly expensive. A cabinet, for example, which only contains the British Lepidoptera cannot have less than forty drawers, even for a few examples of each species. As the price of entomological cabinets is a guinea per drawer, the reader will see that if he intends to collect all the orders of British insects only, at least three such cabinets will be wanted. Xow, provided that each specimen has been preserved, as already recommended, the air-tight and mite-excluding drawers are not needed, all that is wanted being darkness, dryness, and stillness. For insects, the ordinary double store-boxes will be sufficient. These, covered with cloth to resemble books, cost about 8s. each i.e., just one-fifth as much as a cabinet. But if the collector will not mind taking a little trouble, he will be able to" reduce even this expense materially, Cork is the expensive part of a store-box, and if the collector has his boxes floored with any soft, well-seasoned wood, he can manage without cork. An oblong wooden drawer or box will answer well enough, but it will be necessary to have a "pricker" i.e., a darning-needle fastened into a handle wherewith to make the holes for the pins. And it will be also necessary to hold the pins (of course, with the pliers or forceps) under and not above the insects. All my store-boxes were of simple wood, and I managed well enough with it. I lay great stress upon the proper seasoning of the wood, as unseasoned wood will not only shrink, and leave ugly gaps, which admit dust, but will stain the paper and disfigure the appearance of the collection. As to the labels, do not take the trouble of writing them. Printed labels look infinitely better than written, and can be bought at so cheap a rate that it is a pity to waste useful time in writing them. Do not paste or gum the labels on to the 166 THE FIELD NATUKALIST'S HANDBOOK. drawers, as they will often have to be shifted. Pin them, hut let the pins he very short, so as not to interfere with those which belong to the insects. Lines will be absolutely necessary in order to preserve uniformity of appearance, and whether they be black, red, or blue signifies little. Ordinary pencil marks are quite sufficient if they be lightly made. You will have to rule the lines for yourself, as they will vary according to the size of the insect. Presuming that all the boxes or drawers are uniform in size, the best way is to : have a special ruler which exactly fits the interior, and then the lines will be parallel without requiring any trouble- some measurements. Some collectors are extremely fastidious, making the lines very fine, and erasing them after they have marked the pin-hole, but I do not think that the absence of lines is any great improvement. Take care not to allow either cabinets or boxes to touch the walls, especially if they be external. Even when a wall is warm and dry it will be better to allow a current of air to circulate between it and the collection. Botanical specimens, by the way, are even more liable to injury by damp than are the insects, and they should be continually inspected, and exposed to a dry atmosphere so as to air them. Of course, the drawers or store-boxes will be boldly labelled, so that any insect can be found without searching through a number of drawers. A very practical difficulty must be faced by every collector. He knows that a certain number of insects will require a certain amount of space, so that forty drawers, or twenty store-boxes, will be needed to contain the British Lepidoptera alone. If he can aiford it, the best plan is to procure the requisite drawers or boxes, rule and ticket them on the model of some first-rate collection, such as that of the British Museum, leaving blank spaces for the insects according to their size and rarity e.g., in the butterflies, a large space must be reserved for Swallow-tails, Atalantas, &c., while a very small space will do for the Large Copper. Such a plan forms a wonderful inducement to hard work to the collector, as every blank space is a standing reproach to him, and the satisfaction which he enjoys at filling it up will repay him for any amount of hard work. Still, even if he uses store-boxes instead of cabinets, and dispenses with cork, the twenty boxes cannot cost less than 8, if they be strongly made of seasoned wood. If, then, such a purchase cannot be made at once, the best plan is not to attempt any arrangement at first, but to purchase a few boxes at a time, until the requisite number have been collected. They will not need papering at first, but when the collector has succeeded in procuring his complete set of boxes he can paper and arrange them successively, being sure to begin with box No. 1. The additional seasoning of the boxes will do no harm. One advantage of proceeding in this way is, that if the collector does at last succeed in setting up a genuine cabinet, he will find that his store-boxes will not be wasted, but will be exceedingly useful as receptacles for the many duplicates which are sure to accumulate in course of time. For birds' eggs very much less care is required, any ordinary chiffonier, which can be purchased at any second-hand furniture shop, answering well enough if fitted up with sliding shelves. Any working joiner can put in the shelves, which, of course, must be set at different distances from each other, according to the size of the egg. CABINETS AND STORE-BOXES. 167 There is no necessity to have the shelves fitted with compartments, as I presume the eggs to be fixed on cardboard, as already recommended, and the cardboard to be attached to the shelves with short pins. The shelves should slide easily in grooves, which should be rather deep, as otherwise they are apt to tilt as they are drawn out, and smash the eggs. Botanical specimens can be arranged on shelves in like manner. THE END. CASSELL, PETTEB, GALPIN & Co., BELLE SAUVAQE WORKS, LONDON, E.G. SELECTIONS FROM Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co.'s Volumes, The Life of the Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone. By GEORGE BARNETT SMITH. With Two Steel Portraits. Two Vols., demy 8vo, cloth, 243. Cheap Edition, in One Vol., cloth, 53. England : Its People, Polity, and Pursuits. By T. H. S. ESCOTT. Two Vols., demy 8vo, cloth, 243. The English Army : Its Past History, Present Condition, and Future Prospects. By Major ARTHUR GRIFFITHS. Demy 8vo, cloth, 2 is. The French Revolutionary Epoch. A History of France from the Beginning of the First Revolution to the End of the Second Empire. By HENRI VAN LAUN, Author of " The History of French Literature." Two Vols., demy 8vo, 243. The King's Secret. By the Due DE BROGLIE. Being the Secret Correspondence of Louis XV. with his Diplomatic Agents, from 1752 to 1774. Two Vols., demy 8vo, cloth, 243. Russia. By D. MACKENZIE WALLACE, M.A. Cheap Edition, in One Vol., with Two Maps, 103. 6d. Library Edition, Two Vols., with Maps, 243. A Ride to Khiva. By CAPTAIN BURNABY. Cheap Edition. With Maps, 73. 6d. The Great Thirst Land. A Ride through Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal, Kalahari. By PARKER GILLMORE (" Ubique "). Cheap Edition, with Map, 73. 6d. With the Armies of the Balkans and at Gallipoli, 18/7-8. By Lieut.-Col. FIFE COOKSON. With Maps, Plans, and Illustrations. Cheap Edition, 55. Imperial England. By Professor MONTAGU BURROWS. Price 6s. Cassell, Petler, Galpin &> Co. : Ludgate Hill, London; Paris ; and New York. i 6 R 380 Selections from Cassell, Fetter, Galpin <&* Co.'s Volumes (Continued). England, Cassell's History of. With about 2,000 Illustrations. Nine Vols., cloth, 95. each. Or in library binding, 4. los. complete. United States, Cassell's History of the. With 600 Illustrations and Maps. 1,950 pages, extra crown 4to. Complete in Three Vols., cloth, i 75.; or in library binding, i los. India, Cassell's History of. With about 400 Maps, Plans, and Illustrations. Extra crown 4to, Two Vols., cloth, i8s. ; or in library binding, \. The War between France and Germany, Cassell's History of. With 500 Engravings. Two Vols. Extra crown 4to, cloth, 1 8s. ; or bound in half-calf, 303. The Russo-Turkish War, Cassell's History of. Complete in Two Volumes. With about 500 ILLUSTRATIONS. Extra crown 410, cloth, 93. each. British Battles on Land and Sea. By JAMES GRANT, Author of the " Romance of War," &c. With about 600 Illustrations. Three Vols., extra crown 410, cloth, i 73.; or in library binding, i los. Old and New London. A Narrative of its History, its People, and its Places. Complete in Six Vols., each con- taining 200 Illustrations, price 93. each ; or in library binding, the set of Six Vols., 3. The History of Protestantism. By the Rev. J. A. WYLIE, LL.D. With upwards of 600 Original Illustrations. Three Vols., extra crown 410, cloth, i 75. ; or in library binding, i los. Heroes of Britain in Peace and War. By EDWIN HODDER. With about 300 Illustrations. Two Vols., extra crown 410, cloth, 73. 6d. each. Decisive Events in History. Fourth Thousand. By THOMAS ARCHER. With Sixteen Original Illustrations. Extra fcap. 410, cloth gilt, 55. Cassell, Fetter, Galpin & 1 Co. : Ludgate Hill, London ; Paris ; and A 7 eiv York. Selections from Cassell, Fetter, Galpin &* Co.'s Volumes (Continued}. The Life and Work of St. Paul. By the Rev. F. W. FARRAR, D.D., F:R.S., Canon of Westminster, and Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. Two Vols., demy 8vo, cloth, 245.; morocco, 2 2s. The Life of Christ. By the Rev. F. W. FARRAR, D.D., F.R.S., Canon of Westminster, and Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. Illustrated Edition, With about 300 Illustrations. Extra crown 4to, cloth, gilt edges, 2 is.; calf or morocco, 2 2s. Library Edition. Two Vols., cloth, 245. ; morocco, 2 2s. THE NEW BIBLE COMMENTARY. New Testament Commentary for English Readers. Edited by C. J. ELLICOTT, D.D., Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. Three Vols., cloth, ^3 35. ; or in half- morocco, 4 145. 6d. VOL. I. contains THE FOUR GOSPELS, price i is. VOL. II. contains THE ACTS to GALAT1ANS. 1 is. VOL. III. contains the EPHESIANS to the REVELATION. i is. The Half-Guinea Illustrated Bible. Containing QCXD Original Illustrations. Crown 4to, cloth, IDS. 6d. Also in Leather bindings in great variety. The Bible Educator. Edited by the Rev. E. H. PLUMPTRE, D.D. With about 400 Illustrations and Maps. Four Vols., 6s. each ; also in Two Vcls., cloth, 2 is. ; or in library binding, \ 45. Family Prayers. Prepared by a Committee of the Upper House of Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, and published by Authority of the House. Cloth, red edges, is. Christ Bearing Witness to Himself. Being the DONNELLAN LECTURES for 18789. By the Rev. G. A. CHADWICK, D.D. Crown 8vo, cloth, 55. Some Difficulties of Belief. By the Rev. T. TEIGNMOUTH SHORE, M.A. Cloth, 6s. The Life of the World to Come, and other Subjects. By the Rev. T. TEIGNMOUTH SHORE, M.A. Clothes. The Patriarchs. By the Rev. W. HANNA, D.D., and the Rev. CANON NORRIS, B.D. 3s. 6d. Cassell, Petler, Galpin &> Co. : Ludgate ffill, London ; Paris ; and New York. Selections from Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co.'s Volumes (Continued}. Picturesque Europe. Complete in Five Vols. Each containing Thirteen Exquisite Steel Plates from Original Drawings and nearly 200 Original Illus- trations. With Descriptive Letterpress. Royal 410, cloth, gilt edges, 2 2s. ; morocco, $ 55. each. Vols. I. and II. of PICTURESQUE EUROPE contain GREAT BRITAIN and IRELAND complete. Vols. ///., IV., and V. describe the Continent. The Magazine of Art. VOLUME 11. With an Etching for Frontispiece, and about 200 Illustrations by the best Artists. Extra crown 410, cloth, gilt edges, 73. 6d. Character Sketches from Dickens. Consisting of Six fac-simile reproductions, large folio size, of Drawings by FRED BARNARD. In Portfolio, 2 is. Morocco : Its People and Places. By EDMONDO DE AMICIS. Translated by C. ROLLIN-TILTON. With about 200 Illustrations. Extra crown 4to, cloth, 2 is. American Painters. With Eighty-three Examples of their Works Engraved on Wood. By G. W. SHELDON. Demy 410, cloth, 2 is. Pleasant Spots Around Oxford. By ALFRED RIMMER. With numerous Original Woodcuts. Extra fcap. 4to, cloth gilt, 2 is. The Great Painters of Christendom, from ClMABUE to WlLKIE. By JOHN FORBES-ROBERTSON. Illustrated throughout. Royal 410, cloth elegant, gilt edges, $ 33. Illustrated Travels. Edited by H. W. BATES, Assistant-Secretary of the Royal Geo- graphical Society. Complete in Six Vols., each containing about 200 Illustrations. Cloth, 155. each ; cloth gilt, gilt edges, i8s. each. The Dore" Fine Art Volumes, Published by CASSELL, PETTER, GALPIN & Co., comprise s. d. The Dore Scripture Gallery 5 10 o The Dore Gallery . . 5 5 o The Dore Bible . . .440 Milton's Paradise Lost . 2 10 o Dante's Inferno . . 2 10 o Purgatorio and Paradise Don Quixote La Fontaine's Fables The Days of Chivalry Fairy Tales Told Again s. d. 2 IO O I IO O I 10 O o 10 6 050 Also kept in morocco bindings suitable for Presentation. Cassell, Petkr t Galpin 6 Co. : Ludgate Hill, London ; Paris ; and New York. 4 Selections from Casseli, Fetter, Gatyin r* CoSs Volumes (Continued}. The Wild White Cattle of Great Britain. An Account of their Origin, History, and Present State. By the late Rev. JOHN STORER, M.A. With Illustrations, cloth gilt, 2 is. Animal Life, Described and Illustrated. By Prof. E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.D., F.L.S. Cloth, 153. Natural History of the Ancients, Gleanings from the. By the Rev. W. HOUGHTON, M.A. Illustrated. Cloth, 73. 6d. The World of the Sea. Translated by Rev. H. MARTYN-HART, M.A. Illustrated. IDS. 6d. Transformations of Insects. By Prof. DUNCAN, F.R.S. With 240 Engravings. Cloth, 73. 6d. Cassell's New Natural History. Edited by Prof. DUNCAN, M.D., F.R.S., assisted by Eminent Writers. Illustrated throughout. Vols. I., II., and III., 93. each. The Book of the Horse. By S. SIDNEY. With Twenty-five Coloured Plates, and 100 Wood Engravings. Demy 4to, cloth, 313. 6d. ; half-morocco, 2 23. The Illustrated Book of Poultry. By L. WRIGHT. With 50 Coloured Plates, and numerous Wood Engravings. Demy 410, cloth, 313. 6d.; half-morocco, 2 2s. The Illustrated Book of Pigeons. By R. FULTON. Edited by L. WRIGHT. With Fifty Coloured Plates, and numerous Engravings. Demy 4to, cloth, 313. 6d. ; half-morocco, 2 23. Canaries and Cage-Birds, The Illustrated Book of. With Fifty-six Coloured Plates, and numerous Illustrations. Demy 4to, cloth, 355. Louis Figuier's Popular Scientific Works. New and Cheaper Editions. Containing all the Original Illustra- tions, the TEXT REVISED AND CORRECTED, price 73. 6d. each : The Human Race. Revised by ROBERT WILSON. Mammalia. Revised by Professor E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.D. The World Before the Deluge. Revised by W. H. BRISTOW, F.R.S. The Ocean World. Revised by Prof. E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.D. Reptiles and Birds. Revised by Captain PARKER GILLMORE. The Insect World. Revised by Professor DUNCAN, M.D., F.R.S. The Vegetable World. Revised by an Eminent Botanist. Cassell, Petter, Galpin c^ Co. : Ludgate Hill, London ; Paris ; and New York. 3 Selections from Cassell, Fetter, Galpin Gr* Co.'s Volumes (Continued}. The Encyclopaedic Dictionary. By ROBERT HUNTER, M.A., F.G.S., Mem. Bibl. Archaeol. Soc., &c. A New and Original Work of Reference to all the Words in the English Language, with a Full Account of their Origin, Meaning, Pronunciation, and Use. Vol. I., extra crown 4to, cloth, IDS. 6d. Library of English Literature. Edited by Prof. HENRY MORLEY. With Illustrations taken from Original MSS., &c. Each Vol. complete in itself. VOL. I. SHORTER ENGLISH POEMS. 123. 6d. VOL. II. ILLUSTRATIONS OF ENGLISH RELIGION, us. 6d. VOL. III. ENGLISH PLAYS, us. 6d. VOL. IV. SHORTER WORKS IN ENGLISH PROSE, us. 6d. Dictionary of English Literature. Being a Comprehensive Guide to English Authors and their Works. By W. DAVENPORT ADAMS. 720 pages, extra fcap. 410, cloth, 155. A First Sketch of English Literature. By Professor HENRY MORLEY. Crown 8vo, 912 pages, cloth, 73. 6d. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Giving the Derivation, Source, or Origin of 20,000 Words that have a Tale to Tell. By Rev. Dr. BREWER. Cloth, 75. 6d. The Leopold Shakspere. The Poet's Works in Chronological Order, and an Introduction by F. J. FURNIVALL. With about 400 Illustrations. Small 410, IDS. 6d. Dedicated by permission to H.R.H. PRINCE LEOPOLD. Royal Quarto Shakespeare. Edited by CHARLES and MARY COWDEN CLARKE. With 600 Illustrations by H. C. SELOUS. Three Vols., cloth gilt, 3 35. The Practical Dictionary of Mechanics. Containing 15,000 Drawings, with Comprehensive and TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION of each Subject. Three Volumes, cloth, $ 35. Sketching from Nature in Water-Colours. By AAROX PENLEY. With Illustrations in Chromo- Lithography, after Original Water-Colour Drawings. Super-royal 410, cloth, 155. Principles of Ornamental Art. By F. E. HULME, F.L.S., F.S.A., Art Master in Marlborough College. With over 400 Designs. Royal 4to, cloth, 255. Studies in Design. By CHRISTOPHER DRESSER, Ph.D., F.L.S., &c. Consisting of Sixty Original Designs. Demy folio, cloth, 3 35. Casiell, Fetter i Galpin d^ Co. : Ludgate Hi/l t London ; Paris ; and New York. 6 Selections from Cassell, Fetter, Galpin & Co.'s Volumes (Continued}. Our Own Country. An Illustrated Geographical and Historical Description of the Chief Places of Interest in Great Britain. Vol. I., with upwards of 200 Illustrations, 73. 6d. The International Portrait Gallery. Containing Portraits in Colours, executed in the best style of Chromo-Lithography, of the Distinguished Celebrities of Foreign Nations, with Biographies from authentic sources. Demy 4to, cloth gilt, i2s. 6d. The National Portrait Gallery. Complete in Four Volumes. Each containing 20 Portraits, printed in the best style of Chromo-Lithography, of our most distinguished Celebrities, with accompanying Memoirs. Demy 410, cloth gilt, I2s. 6d. each. Familiar Wild Flowers. FIRST SERIES. By F. E. HULME, F.L.S., F.S.A. With Forty Full-page Coloured Plates and Descriptive Text Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, I2s. 6d. Science for All. VOLS. I. and 1 1. Edited by Dr. ROBERT BROWN, M.A., F.L.S., &c., assisted by eminent Scientific Writers. Each containing about 350 Illustrations and Diagrams. Extra crown 4to, cloth, gs. each. The Field Naturalist's Handbook. By the Rev. J. G. WOOD and THEODORE WOOD. Demy 8vo, cloth, 55. The Races of Mankind. By ROBERT BROWN, M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.R.G.S. Complete in Four Vols., containing upwards of 500 Illustrations. Extra crown 4to, cloth gilt, 6s. per Vol. ; or Two Double Vols., i is. The Countries of the World. By ROBERT BROWN, M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.R.G.S. Vols. I., II., III., and IV., with 130 Illustrations. Extra crown 410, cloth, 75. 6d. each. The Sea : Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, and Heroism. ByF. WHYMPER. VOLS. I., II., and III., with upwards of 100 Original Illustrations. Extra crown 410, cloth, 75. 6d. each. Great Industries of Great Britain. VOLS. I. and II., each with about 130 Illustrations. Extra crown 4to, 320 pages, cloth, 75. 6d. each. Cassell, Fetter, Galpin 6 Co. : Ludgate Hill, London ; Paris ; and New York. 7 Selections from Cassell, Petter, Galpin <& Co.'s Volumes (Continued). The Family Physician. A Modern Manual of Domestic Medicine. By PHYSICIANS and SURGEONS of the Principal London Hospitals. Royal 8vo, cloth, 2is. The Domestic Dictionary. An Encyclopaedia for the Household. 1,280 pages, royal 8vo, half-roan, 153. Cassell's Household Guide. New and Revised Edition. With Illustrations on nearly every page, and COLOURED PLATES. Complete in Four Vols., 6s. each. Casseirs Dictionary of Cookery. With Numerous Engravings and Full-page Coloured Plates. Con- taining about 9,000 Recipes. 1,280 pages, royal Svo, half-roan, 153. A Year's Cookery. Giving Dishes for Breakfast, Luncheon, and Dinner for Every Day in the Year, with Practical Instructions for their Preparation. By PHILLIS BROWNE. Cloth gilt, 53. The Ladies' Physician. A Guide for Women in the Treatment of their Ailments. Cloth, 6s. A Handbook of Nursing, for the Home and for the Hospital. By CATHERINE J. WOOD. Cloth, 33. 6d. Common Sense Cookery. By A. G. PAYNE. 256 pages, extra fcap. Svo, cloth, 2s. 6d. Common Sense Housekeeping. By PHILLIS BROWNE. 256 pages, extra fcap. Svo, cloth, 2s. 6d. The Manners of Modern Society. A Comprehensive and Practical Work on the Etiquette of the Present Day. Cheap Edition. Stiff boards, is. ; cloth, is. 6d. Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co.'s Complete Catalogue, containing a List of Several Hundred Volumes, including Bibles and Religious Works, Fine Art Volumes, Children's Books, Dictionaries, Educational Works, Handbooks and Guides, History, Natural History, Household and Domestic Treatises, Science, Serials, Travels, &c. &c., sent post free on application. Cassell, Fetter, Galpin & Co. : Ludgale Hill, London ; Pan's ; and New York. 8 Books on Natural History, Botany, & Science, Published by Cassell, Fetter, Galpin & Co. Familiar Wild Flowers. FIRST SERIES. By F. E. HULME, F.L.S., F.S.A., Art Master in Marlborough College. With Forty full-page Coloured Plates, Descriptive Text, and Scientific Summary. 12s. 6d. The Insect World. From the French of Louis FIGUIER, Revised and Corrected by Professor P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B., F.R.S. With 579 Illustrations. 7s. 6d. The Transformations of Insects. By Professor P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B., F.R.S. With 240 Illustrations. 7s. 6d. Talks About Trees. A Popular Account of their Nature and Uses. By M. and E. KIRBY. Profusely Illustrated. 3s. 6d, The Vegetable World. By Louis FIGUIER. With 70 Illustra- tions. Revised and Corrected by an Eminent Botanist. 7s. 6d. Reptiles and Birds. With 307 Illustrations. From the French of Louis FIGUIER. Edited by PARKED GILLMORE. 7s. 6d, World of the Sea. Translated from the French of MOQUIN TANDON, by the Rev. H. MARTYN HART, M.A. Illustrated. 10s. 6d. The Ocean World. From the French of Louis FIGUIER. Revised and Corrected by Professor E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.D. With 435 Illustra- tions. 7s. 6d. Animal Life Described an~l Illustrated. By Prof. E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D., F.L.S. Profusely Illustrated. 15s. "A handsome volume. . . . We can honestly commend Dr. Wright's ' Animal Life ' as instructive and trustworthy ; it is, at the same time, full of interest." The Times. American Ornithology. By ALEXANDER WILSON and Prince CHARIYES LUCIEN BONAPARTE. With 95 full-page Coloured Plates, Painted from Nature. 1,500 pages, demy 8vo, bound in Roxburgh, 3 3s., in 3 vols. Natural History, Cassell's New. Edited by P. MARTIN DUNCAN, M.B. (Lond.), F.R.S., Professor of G-eology, King's College, London, assisted by Eminent Scientific Writers. Illustrated throughout. Vols. I., II., and III., price 9s. each. Pigeon Keeper, The Practical. By LEWIS WRIGHT. With numerous Illustrations. 3s. 6d. Pigeons, The Book of. By ROBERT FULTON. Edited and Arranged by LEWIS WRIGHT. Illustrated with 50 Coloured Plates and numerous Engravings on Wood. 4to, 1 11s. 6d. "* The World before the Deluge. From the French of Louis FIGUIKR. With 235 Illustrations. Newly Edited and Revised by H. W. BRISTOW, F.R.S. 7s. 6d. Science for All. VOLS. I.