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WOED- ANALYSIS: 
 
 A GRADED CLASS=BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS, 
 
 WITH 
 
 PRACTICAL EXERCISES 
 
 SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND 
 THE USE OF WORDS. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM SWINTON, A. M, 
 
 Professor of the English Language in the University of California, and Author of 
 
 " Rambles among Words," "Condensed History of the United States," 
 
 ♦• Word-Book of English Spelling," " First Lessons in Our 
 
 Country's History," etc., etc. 
 
 NEW YORK AND CHICAaO: 
 
 lYISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. 
 
 1875. 
 
JZ0^4., J^. /-^>Ui.*^. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, 
 
 By WILLIAjM SWINTON, 
 
 In the OflQlce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 
 If the study of Word- Analysis has not yet the assured and defi- 
 nite place it should by rights have in our ordinary school course, 
 we may perhaps find the reason in the lack, thus far, of text-books 
 technically constructed with a view to such simplification and gradu- 
 ation of the study as are required to meet the needs of elementary 
 instruction. There is, at least, a wide and growing realization of 
 the fact that the study of the English language is very inadequately 
 provided for in the old system, which deals but with the forms of 
 our native speech, and does not even touch its substance. The bar- 
 renness of the ancient grammatical training is too notorious for it to 
 be possible that it should long retain its usurped primacy as the sole 
 means of linguistic discipline. Formal grammar will not lose its 
 place, and should not lose its place ; but we may well believe that 
 it will undergo such a re-adjustment as the enlarged modem views 
 demand-r-at any rate, that it shall not displace other branches of 
 the study of English that are equally important and far more fruit- 
 ful. Theoretically, the study of the English language embraces 
 three departments : 
 
 1. The study of the English vocabulary — ^Word- Analysis. 
 
 2. The study of the structure of English — Mixed Grammar and 
 Composition. 
 
 3. The study of English forms — Grammar. 
 
 The Graded Word-Book has for its object to supply a practical 
 working manual treating of the Jlrst department of the study of our 
 language — namely, the study of the English vocabulary. It presents 
 three prominent points of peculiarity that distinguish it from all pre- 
 vious text-books of etymology : — 
 
 1. It is so graded that part I deals exclusively with English primi- 
 tives and their derivatives. On this head little will need to be said 
 in justification. It will probably be conceded by the majority of 
 teachers that the main obstacle to the utility of existing class-books 
 of etymology arises from the fact that they assume on the part of the* 
 pupil a knowledge of classical roots and forms which it is impossi- 
 
 M;^8929iS 
 
4 PKEFACE. 
 
 ble he should possess. The author believes that the whole logic 
 and rationale of word-formation may be amply illustrated without 
 going beyond simple English and Saxon primitives. When once 
 the real nature of the formative elements and the philosophy of 
 word-building have been mastered by the scholar, he will advance 
 with pleasure and profit to the study of Latin and Greek deriva- 
 tives. Accordingly, all classical roots are relegated to Part II. 
 
 2. The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part n presents a 
 new and important feature, to wit : the systematic analysis of the 
 structure and organism of derivative words, together with the state- 
 ment of then- primary meaning in such form that the pupil inevita- 
 bly perceives its relation with the root, and in fact malces its primary 
 meaning by the very process of analysing the word into its pilmi- 
 tive and its modifying prefix or suflSx. It presents, also, a marked 
 improvement in the method of approaching the definition — a method 
 by which the definition is seen to grow out of the primary meaning, 
 and by which the analytic faculty of the. pupil is exercised in trac- 
 ing the transition from the primary meaning to the secondary and 
 figurative meanings — thus converting what is ordinarily a matter 
 of rote into an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. 
 
 3. The third point of novelty in the method of treatment is pre- 
 sented in the copious practical exercises on the use of words. It is 
 believed this feature will readily commend itself to all practical 
 teachers; and accordingly, the author refers the schoolmaster or 
 schoolmistress to an examination of those exercises themselves. The 
 experienced instructor very well knows that his scholars may mem- 
 orize endless lists of terms and definitions without having any 
 realization of the actual living power of words. Such a realization 
 can only be gained by using the word — by turning it over in a 
 variety of ways, and by throwing upon it the side-lights of its syn- 
 onym and contrasted word. The method of thus utilizing English 
 derivatives gives a study which possesses at once simplicity and 
 fruitfulnese — the two desiderata of an instrument of elementary 
 discipline. 
 
 1^^ The prominent points in the G-radbd Word-Book are : — 
 
 1. The clear and simple method of word- analysis and definition. 
 
 2. The practical exercises in spelling, defining, and the use of 
 words in actual composition. 
 
 3. The adaptation of the manual, by its progressive character, to 
 the needs of the several grades of public and private Schools. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART L 
 
 PAGE 
 
 jri. Definitions 7 
 
 11. English Prefixes 9 
 
 ill. English Sufiaxes 13 
 
 IV. Exercises in Word-Formation 25 
 
 V. English Derivatives 28 
 
 VI. Exercises for Practice 43 
 
 VII. Derivatives from Anglo-Saxon 44 
 
 PART II. 
 
 I. Explanations 52 
 
 II. Latin Prefixes 53 
 
 III Latin Suffixes 55 
 
 IV. Latin Derivatives 57 
 
 V. Derivatives and Definitions 86 
 
 PART in 
 
 I. Greek Derivatives 95 
 
 IL The Study of Words , 107 
 
 III. English Synonyms 110 
 
 IV. Latin Words and Phrases in current use 120 
 
 V. Geographical Derivatives 123 
 
 VL Abbreviations 124 
 
WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Part I. 
 
 I.— DEFINITIONS. 
 
 1. An English primitive word, or root, is a word in its simplest 
 English form, without prefix or suffix. Give examples. Ans. Man, 
 Safe, Tell, Navigate. 
 
 Part I. of the Word- Analysis takes no note of the origin of words back 
 of the Engliah language. 'Navigate," for example, is derived from a 
 Latin root — navis a ship, and is, with reference to Latin^ a derivative word ; 
 but in Part I. it is treated as a primitive word for the reason that it occurs 
 in no simpler English form. 
 
 2. A prefix is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a 
 primitive word. Give examples. Ans. Un, fore, circum. 
 
 Join the prefix un to the beginning of the primitive word ' safe,' 
 and what word have you? Ans. Unsafe. Define it. Ans, Not 
 safe. What, then, does the prefix un mean ? Ans. It means not. 
 
 Join the prefix fore to the beginning of the primitive word * tell,' 
 and what word have you? Ans. Foretell. Define it. Ans, To 
 tell beforehand. What, then, does the prefix fore mean ? Ans. Be- 
 forehand., or previously. 
 
 Join the prefix circum to the beginning of the primitive word 
 * navigate,' and what word have you ? Ans. Circumnavigate. De- 
 fine it. Ans. To navigate or sail around the earth, or a part of it. 
 What, then, does the prefix circum mean ? Ans. Around. 
 
 3. A suffix is a significant syllable joined to the end of a primi- 
 tive word. Give examples. Ans. Ly, er, less. 
 
 Join the sufiix ly to the end of the primitive word *man,' and 
 what word have you ? Ans. Manly. Define it. Ans. Man-?zX^^, oi 
 like a man. What, then, does the suffix ly mean ? Ans. It means 
 like. What is it originally? Ans. It is a shortening of the old 
 English word lie, which signified like. 
 
 Join the sufliix er to the end of the primitive word * teach,' and 
 what word have you ? Ans. Teacher. Define it. Ans. One who 
 
8 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 teaches. What, then, does the suffix er mean ? Ans. It means one 
 who. 
 
 Join the suffix er to the end of the primitive word ' sweet,' and 
 what word have you ? Aiis, Sweeter. What does er mean in this 
 word? Ans. It means more. When does er mean more? Ans. 
 When it is joined to adjectives it means morej and it is said to 
 form the " comparative degree." 
 
 Join the suffix less to the end of the primitive word ' money,' and 
 what word have you ? A71S. Moneyless. Its meaning? Ans. With- 
 out money. What, then, does the suffix less mean ? Ans. Without, 
 
 4. A derivative word is one formed from a primitive word by 
 the addition of a prefix or suffix, or both. Grive examijles. An>s. 
 Circumnavigate, foretell, teacher, unmanly. 
 
 5. The analysis of words, or "word-analysis," is the separating 
 of derivative words into their prefixes, suffixes, and primitives. 
 
 How is word-analysis conveniently marked in this book ? Ans. 
 By putting the sign + between the root and the prefix or suffix. 
 How do you read this sign -h ? Ans. It is read plus, and is the sign 
 of addition in mathematics. 
 
 How would you write the analysis of the word ' unsafe ' ? Ans. 
 Un 4- safe. How is it read ? Ans. " Un plus safe." How would 
 you write the analysis of * manly ' ? Ans. Man + ly. Read how ? 
 " Man plus ly." How would you write the analysis of the word 
 * imhappiness ' ? A71S. Un + happy -f- ness. How read ? Ans. 
 " Un plus happy plus ness." 
 
 6. Defining is telling the meaning of words. 
 
 Wliat sign is used in this book to connect the definition of a word 
 with its analysis? Ans. The sign =. How do you read this sign? 
 Ans. It is read equal to, and is the sign of equality in mathematics. 
 How would you read Un + happy + ness = the state of leing not 
 happy ? Ans. " Un plus happy plus ness equal to, the state of being 
 not happy." 
 
 These signs will be found very convenient to use in written class-exer- 
 cises in analysis. 
 
 7. A synonym is a word that signifies the same or nearly the same 
 as another word. Can you give a synonym of * freedom ' ? Ans. 
 •Liberty.' Of 'unsafe'? Ans. insecure.' Of *tall'? Ans. 
 ^ofty.' 
 
 8. Etymology treats of the derivation or origin of words. From 
 what is ' circumnavigate ' derived ? Ans. From * navigate.' * Un- 
 happiness'? ^7i«. From * happy' 
 
ENGLISH PREFIXES. 9 
 
 IL— EJSTGLISH PREFIXES. 
 
 1^" The prefixes given in Part L are confined to those actually used in 
 forming derivatives from English primitives. 
 
 1. The Prefix a. 
 
 What doe's the prefix a mean ? Ans. It means on or in. 
 Analyze and define ashore. J.7^s. A + shore =071 the shore.* 
 Analyze and define abed. Ans, A+bed=m bed. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Analyze and define aloft ; afire ; afoot ; aground. 
 Combine and define a + sleep; a + top; a + board; a + field. 
 
 2. The Prefix be. 
 
 What does the prefix be mean? Ans. It means to maJce, 
 Analyze and define bedew. Ans. Be+dew=to mahe moist, as 
 
 with dew. 
 
 Analyze and define beware. Ans. Be + ware = to make one's self 
 
 wary or watchful. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Analyze and define befit ; becalm. Combine and define be + numb ; be + dim. 
 
 3. The Prefix co or con. 
 
 Wliat does the prefix co or con mean ? Ans. It means with or 
 together. 
 
 Analyze and define copartner. Ans. Co-i-paitner=:a partner with 
 another. 
 
 Analyze and define conjoin. Ans. Con+join=rtoj<?m one thing 
 with another — to join together. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 Combine and define co+heir ; co + worker ; co+ equal ; co + exist. 
 
 4. The Prefix dis. 
 
 What does the prefix dis mean ? Ans. It means away or not 
 Analyze and define dislike. Ans. T>w,+\\\iQ=not to like. 
 
 * To be read : "a, plus shore, eqrial to, on the shore.'' 
 1* 
 
10 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Analyze dissimilar. Ans. Di8 + similar=ai/?(*2/ ^^^^^ being simi^ 
 lar^ that is, not similar, that is, unVikQ, 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Analyze and define disagree; 'displace; displease; disobey; disbelieve. 
 Combine and define dis + sever. [Sever, to separate. ] Dis + arm. 
 Combine dis + ease. "Disease" literally means what? Ans. Away from 
 ease, that is, the presence otpain. 
 
 5. The Prefix en or em. 
 
 What does the prefix en or em mean ? Ans. It means in or on. 
 Analyze and define entrap. Ans. En + trap = to catch in a trap. 
 Analyze and define embody. Ans. Em+body=to i3lace in a 
 body, to incorporate. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define en + chain; en + wrap; en + danger; en + camp. 
 Analyze and define enqircle ; enclose ; entangle ; enshrine. 
 
 The Prefix fore. 
 
 What does the prefix fore mean ? Ans. It means he/ore, in regard 
 to time and place. 
 
 Analyze and define foretell. Ans. Fore+tell=:to tell an event 
 hefoi'e the time it occurs ; to prophesy. 
 
 Analyze and define foreground. Ans. Fore + ground = the part 
 of a picture which seems to be before, or in front of the figures. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define fore + warn ; fore + taste; fore + see; fore + noon. 
 Analyze and define forethought ; foresight ; forerunner. 
 
 7. The Prefix in or im. 
 
 What does the prefix in mean ? Ans. It means not. 
 Analyze and define insecure. Ans. In4-secure=?z(?i5 secure. In 
 tliis use of in, it means the same as un ; thus msecure=w?isafe. 
 Analyze and define impolite. Ans. Im+ polite =7zo^ polite. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Analyze and define invisible. [Visible, that may be seen."] 
 ' Considerate ' means thoughtful as to the wishes and feelings of anothei- 
 person : what would in + considerate mean ? 
 
ENGLISH PREFIXES. 11 
 
 8. The Prefix mis. 
 
 "What does the prefix mis mean? Ans. It means wrong or 
 wro7igly. 
 
 Analyze and define misconduct. A71S. Mis + conduct = wrong 
 conduct. 
 
 Analyze and define misspell. Ans. Mis + spell = to spell 
 wrongly. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define mis + judge ; mis + calculate ; mis + guide. 
 Analyze and define misplace ; mistake ; miscall ; misapply. 
 
 9. The Prefix pre. 
 
 What does the prefix pre mean ? Ans. It means before. It has 
 the same signification as what other prefix ? Ans. The prefix fore. 
 
 Analyze and define preordain. Ans, Pre + ordain = to ordain 
 before; that is, to foreordairL. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Analyze and define prefix. Ao^is. Pre + fix, a letter or syllable fixed or 
 placed before a root word. Combine and define pre + eminent; pre + judge. 
 Analyze and define premature. 
 
 10. The Prefix re. 
 
 What does the prefix re mean ? Ans. It means again or anew. 
 Analyze and define renumber. Ans. Re + number = to number 
 again. 
 
 Analyze and define renew. Ans. Re + new = to make new again. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define re + elect ; re + graft. Analyze and define reform : recon- 
 quer. 
 
 11. The Prefix super. 
 
 What does the prefix super mean ? Ans. It means above. 
 Analyze and define supernatural. Ans. Super -f natural = a^ove 
 what is natural, that is spiritual. 
 
12 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define super + human ; super + structure. 
 Analyze and define superfine ; superabundant. 
 
 12. The Prefix un. 
 
 What does the prefix un mean ? Ans, It means not, or to de- 
 prive of, or to free from. 
 
 Analyze and define unsafe. Ans. Un+safe = not safe. 
 
 Analyze and define uncrown. Ans. Un-i- crown = to deprive of 
 a crown. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define un+ taught; un + sound; un+ wholesome; un + chain. 
 Analyze and define unconmion ; unknown ; unintelligible. [Intelligible, 
 that may ov cslh he u7iderstood.'\ 
 
 ^^.-.-^ REVIEW OF ENGLISH PREFIXES. 
 
 ^ 1, A: on or in, as ashore, abed. 
 \ 2. Be : to ma^e or made, as befit. 
 
 \ 3. Co or Con: with or together, as conjoin. 
 
 \4. Dis: away or 7iot, as displease, dissimilar. 
 
 ^5. En or Em : in or on, as entrap, embody. 
 
 6. Fore : before, as foretell. 
 
 7. In or Im : not, as insecure, impolite. 
 
 8. Mis : wrong or wrongly, as misspell. 
 
 9. Pre : before, as preordain. 
 
 10. Re : again, as renumber. 
 
 11. Super: above, as supernatural. 
 
 12. Un: 7iot or to deprive of , as imsafe, uncrown. 
 
ENGLISH SUFFIXES. l? 
 
 m.— ENGLISH SUFFEXES. 
 
 nULBS OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS. 
 
 Rule I. — Final "e" followed by a Vowel. 
 
 Final ^ of a primitive word is dropped on taking a sufiix begin- 
 ning with a wwel. Example — Blame 4- able = blamable ; guide + 
 ance=guidance ; come +ing=: coming; force-hible=forcible ; ob- 
 scure + ity = obscurity. 
 
 r Exception 1.— Words ending in ge or ce usually retain the e be- 
 fore a suffix beginning with a or 6>, for the reason that c and g would 
 have the hard sound if the e were dropped. Examples — ^peace -fable 
 =peaceable ; change -f able = changeable ; courage -fous= courage- 
 ous. 
 
 Exception 2. — Words ending in oe final retain the e to preserve 
 the sound of the root; as ^OQ-hmg=slioeing ; \iOQ+mg=lioeing. 
 The e is retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded 
 with similar words, as ^mgQ-\-mg=8ingeing, to prevent its being 
 confounded with singing, . 
 
 Rule II. — Final "e" followed by a Consonant. 
 
 • Final e of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix begin- 
 ning with a consonant Examples — ^Pale-j-ness=paleness : large-i- 
 ly= largely. 
 
 Exception 1. — ^When the final e is preceded by a vowel, it is 
 sometimes omitted. Examples — Due+ly=duly; true-fly = truly ; 
 whole -f-ly= wholly. 
 
 Exception 2. — A few words ending in e drop the e before a suf- 
 fix beginning with a consonant. Examples — Judge+ment=judg- 
 ment ; lodge + ment — lodgment ; abridge + ment = abridgment. 
 
 Rule in. — Final "y" preceded by a Consonant. 
 
 Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant^ is 
 generally changed into i on the addition of a suffix. 
 
 Exception 1. — Before ing or ish^ the final y is retained to prevent 
 the doubling of the i. Example — pity-f-ing=:pitying. 
 
14 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Exception 2. — Words ending in ie and dropping the e by rule 1, 
 change the i into y to prevent the doubling of the i. Examples — 
 Die + ing = dying ; lie + ing := lying. 
 
 Exception 3. — Final y is sometimes changed into 6; as duty + 
 ous = duteous ; beauty + ous = beauteous. 
 
 Rule IV. — Final "y" preceded by a Vowel. 
 
 Final 2/ of a primitive word, when preceded by a 'oowel, should 
 not be changed into an i before a suffix. Example — Joy + less = 
 joyless. 
 
 Rule v.— Doubling, 
 
 Words of one syllable (monosyllables), and words accented on 
 the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded 
 by a single vowel, or by a vowel after qu, double their final letter 
 before an additional syllable that begins with a vowel. Examples 
 — Rob +ed= robbed; fop +ish= foppish ; squat H-er= squatter; pre- 
 fer' +ing=:preferr'ing. 
 
 Exceptions. — X final, being equivalent to Ks, is never doubled ; 
 and when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the 
 final consonant is not always doubled; as prefer' +ence=pref'erence. 
 
 Rule VI. — No Doubling. 
 
 A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single Dowel, or 
 when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single be- 
 fore an additional syllable; as, toil + ing = toiling ; cheat4-ed= 
 cheated; murmur -j-ing=murmuring. 
 
ENGLISH SUFFIXES. 15 
 
 1. — ^The Suffix able or ible. 
 
 |^° The suflBxes given in Part I. are confined to those actually used in 
 forming derivatives from English primitives. 
 
 What does the sufl&x able or ible mean? Ans. It means, 1. that 
 may or can be or is to be ; 2. worthy of. 
 
 Analyze and define tamable. Ans. Tame + able = that may or 
 can be tamed. Why is the final e dropped? Aiis. According to 
 rule I. Give it. 
 
 Analyze and define contemptible. Ans. Contempt + ible = 
 worthy of contempt ; that is, worthy to be despised. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine pay + able ; rely + able. Why is the y changed into i ? Ans. 
 According to rule III. Give it. Define ' reliable. ' Ans. That 'tnay he re- 
 lied on. 
 
 Combine and define change + able. Why is the final e of change not 
 dropped ? Ans. According to exception 1 to rule I. Give it. 
 
 2. — The Suffix age. 
 
 What does the sufiix age mean ? Ans. It means the condition of 
 being, or an allowance for., or a collection. 
 
 Analyze and define peerage. Ans. The whole collection or body 
 of 'peers. 
 
 Analyze and define wharfage. Ans. An allowance^ ioY permitting 
 goods to be landed or stored on the wharf. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define bond + age ; post + age ; fruit + age ; store + age. 
 
 3. — The Suffix al. 
 
 Wliat does the sufilx al mean? Ans. It means, 1. when com- 
 bined with a noun, relating or belonging to ; 2. combined with a 
 verb, the act of. 
 
 Analyze and define personal. Ans. Person + al = relating to a 
 person. 
 
 Analyze and define renewal. Ans, Renew + aL= the act of re 
 newinff. 
 
16 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine form + aL Ans. Formal, relating to the mere/orm of a thing. 
 
 Unite the suffix al with the verb 'peruse,' meaning to read with care, and 
 what noun have you ? Define it. Why do you drop the e in peruse ? Com- 
 bine and define remove + al ; refuse + al. 
 
 4. — The Suffix ar or ard. 
 
 What does the suffix ar or ard mean ? Ans. It means one who. 
 
 Analyze and define liar. Ans. Lie + ar = one who lies. Why do 
 you di'op the final ^ in lie ? 
 
 Analyze and define drunkard, Ans. Drunk -f ard = one who gets 
 di'unk, a habitual drinker of strong liquors. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define beg + ar. Why do you double the g in beg ? 
 Combine cow + ard. Ans. Coward, one who cows or shrinks before danger 
 or an enemy. 
 
 5. — The Suffix an or ian. 
 
 What does the suffix an or ian mean ? Ans. It means one who, 
 when it forms a noun, and belonging to, when it forms an adjective. 
 
 Analyze and define the noun Christian. Ans. Chiist + ian = one 
 who follows the religion of Christ. 
 
 Analyze and define the adjective republican. Ans. Republic + 
 an = belonging or relating to a republic. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine library + an. Why is the final y changed to i ? What part of 
 speech is 'librarian'? What does 'librarian' mean? Analyze and define 
 historian. Combine and define Mahomet -*- an ; rhetoric + ian. 
 
 6. — The Suffix ary. 
 
 What does the suffix ary mean? Ans. It means, 1. in nouns, one 
 who or that which ; 2. in adjectives, relating to. 
 
 Analyze and define missionary. Ans. Mission + ary = one who 
 does the work of a religious mission. 
 
 Analyze and define planetary. Ans. Planet + ary = relating to 
 tlie planets. 
 
ENGLISH SUFFIXES. 17 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine adverse, meaning opposed to, and the snffix axy, and what noun 
 wUl you have ? Define * adversary. ' Why do you drop the final e ? 
 Analyze and define boundary ; tributar v] 
 
 7. — The Suffix dom. 
 
 What does the suffix dom mean ? Atis. It means condition or 
 'possession. 
 
 Analyze and define wisdom. Ans. wis (old English for wise) 4- 
 dom — the condition of being wise. 
 
 Analyze and define dukedom. Ans. The possession or the estate 
 of a duTce. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 Combine and define king + dom ; martyr + dom ; free + dom 
 
 8. — The Suffix en. 
 
 What does the suffix en mean? Ans. It means, 1. in verbs, to 
 make ; 2. in adjectives, made. 
 
 Analyze and define blacken. Ans. Black + en = ^0 make black. 
 Analyze and define wooden. Ans. Wood 4- en = made of wood. 
 
 EXERCISR 
 
 Combine and define short + en ; length + en ; glad + en ; deep + en. 
 Analyze and define brazen. Atis. Brass + en = made of brass. 
 
 9. — ^The Suffix er, in Nouns. 
 
 What does the suffix er mean ? Ans. It means one wJio, or that 
 wMch. — Note. The suffixes eer, as in auctioneer, and ee, as in 
 payee, are different forms of the suffix er. 
 
 Analyze and define teacher. Ans. Teach +er — one who teaches. 
 
 Analyze and define dipper. Ans. Dip+er = that which dips up 
 water. Why do you double the final p of dip ? 
 
 EXERCISR 
 
 Combine and define curry +er. Why do you change the final y? 
 Combine and define buy +er. Why do you not change the final y .^ 
 Combine and define love + er. Why do you drop the final e? 
 Combine and define rob+er. Why do you double the final b ? 
 Analyze and define reader. Am. One xoho reads ; that in which we read. 
 
18 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 10. — The Suffix er, in Adjectives. 
 
 What does the suffix er mean when affixed to an adjective? 
 Ans. It means more. What degree of comparison is it said to form ? 
 Ans. The comparative degree. 
 
 Analyze and define greater. Ans. More great, — literally, ere or 
 before another in regard to greatness. 
 
 Analyze and define rather. Ans. There was an old English word 
 rathe^ meaning soon or early, thus Milton speaks of the " rathe prim- 
 rose," meaning the early primrose. ' Rather ' is the comparative de- 
 gree of rathe: hence 'rather' means sooner or earlier. "I would 
 rather do " so and so means the same as I would sooner do so and so. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define gentle +er. Why do yon drop the finale.^ Analyze 
 and define sounder. Combine and define pleasant + er ; profound +er. 
 
 11. — The Suffix ery. 
 
 What does the suffix ery mean ? Ans. It means — 1. The place 
 where ; 2. state of being. 
 
 Analyze and define bakery. Ans. Bake+ery = a place where 
 baking is carried on. 
 
 Analyze and define knavery. Ans. Knave -1- ery = state of leing 
 a knave. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 Combine and define brew + ery ; fish + ery. Analyze and define slavery. 
 
 12. — The Suffix ful. 
 
 What does the sufl[ix fill mean ? Ans. It means /wZ? of, marTceu 
 by, or of the nature of. From what word is it abbreviated ? Ans. 
 From the word/^Z?. 
 
 Analyze and define merciful. Ans. Mercy -h ful = full of mercy. 
 
 Analyze and define joyful. A^is. Joy + ful = of a joyous nature. 
 
 Analyze and define fearful. A7is. Fear -H ful = marled by fear. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define plenty + ful. Why do you change y into i ? 
 Combine and define hope + ful. Why do you not drop the final e ? 
 Analyze careful. Atis. Care + ful. Does this mean full of care ? Ans. No; 
 It means marked or characterized by care. 
 
ENGLISH SUFFIXES. 19 
 
 13. The Suffix £y or ify. 
 
 What does the sufl^ £y or ify mean ? Ans. To make. 
 Analyze and define beautiiy. Ans, Beauty + fy = to make beau- 
 tiful. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 Combine and define just + iff. Analyze an^ define purify. 
 
 14. The Suffix hood. 
 
 What does the suffix hood mean ? Ans. It means condition of. 
 Analyze and define widowhood. Ans. Widow+hood = the state 
 or condition of a widow. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define sister + hood; brother + hood ; priest + hood; man + hood; 
 woman + hood. 
 
 15. The Suffix ion. 
 
 What does the suffix ion mean ? Ans. The act or state of. 
 Analyze and define navigation. Ans. Navigate + ion = the act of 
 navigating or sailing. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define imitate (to copy) + ion; oppress (to crush by a heavy 
 burden) + ion. 
 Analyze and define creation ; elevation ; corruption ; animation. 
 
 16. The Suffix ish. 
 
 What does the sufl&x ish mean ? Ans. It means like or somewhat, 
 or 'belonging to. 
 
 Analyze and define boyish. Ans. Boy+ish=like a boy. 
 Analyze and define whitish. Ans. 'Wh\iQ+i^\\=somewhat white. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define clown + ish ; sweet + ish. 
 
 Combine Engle (meaning the race of the Angles who went to Britain from 
 Germany in the 5th century), and ish, and what word will you have ? 
 
 17. The Suffix ive. 
 
 What does the suflSx ive mean ? Ans. It means having the power 
 or quality. 
 
20 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Analyze and define preventive. Ans. Prevent -i-ive= having the 
 quality of preventing. 
 
 Analyze and define creative. Ans. Create + ive= having the 
 power of creating. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define act + ive ; impress +' ive ; instruct + ive ; attract + ive. 
 
 18. The Suffix ize. 
 
 What does the suffix ize mean ? Ans. It means to make. 
 Analyze and define legalize. Ans. Legal -h ize = to make legal or 
 according to law. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 Combine and define equal + ize; tranquil (calm) + ize; brutal + ize; civil + ize. 
 
 19. The Suffix kin. 
 
 What does the sufifix kin mean ? Ans. It means little or diminu- 
 tive. 
 Analyze and define lambkin. Ans. Lamb + kin=a little lamb. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Find in the dictionary the meaning of manikin, and show how the word 
 man and the sufBjx kin are in the word. 
 
 20. The Suffix less. 
 
 Wliat does the suffix less mean ? Ans. It means witJiout or freed 
 from. 
 
 Analyze fearless. Ans. Year -[-less= without fear. 
 
 Analyze and define moneyless. Ans. Money + less= without 
 money or deprived of money. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define mercy + less. Why do you change the y into i.^ 
 Combine and define pity + less. Why do you change the y into i ? 
 Analyze and define godless ; cheerless ; penniless ; thoughtless. 
 
 21. The Suffix let and ling. 
 
 What do the suffixes let and ling mean ? Ans. They mean little 
 or diminutive — the same as kin. 
 
ENGLISH SUFFIXES 21 
 
 Analyze and define plantlet. Ans. Plant + let = a small plant. 
 Analyze and define kingling. Aiis. King + lmg= a, petty king, 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define lord + ling. Analyze and define duckling. 
 
 22. The Suffix ly. 
 
 What does the snfRx ly mean ? Ans. It means li^e. From what 
 does the suflfix ly come ? Ans. It comes from lie, the old English 
 word for like. Illustrate this. Ans. ' Godly ' was formerly writ- 
 ten ' godlic,^ that is, good-liJce. 
 
 What part of speech is formed by the addition of the suffix ly ? 
 Ans. Adverbs. Is this always the case? Ans. It is always the case 
 when added to adjectives ; but when added to nouns, ly forms ad- 
 jectives. Give an example. Ans. Add the suflix ly to the noun 
 *love,' and we have the adjective 'lovely.' 
 
 Analyze and define softly. Ans. SoftH-ly=soft-Zi^^. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define brave + I7. What part of speech is it ? 
 Combine and define mother + ly. What part of speech is it ? 
 Analyze and define only. Ans. One + ly= one-like, that is, considered as 
 one, and no more. 
 
 23. The Suffix ment. 
 
 What does the suffix ment mean ? Aiis. It means the state of he- 
 ing, the act of or the thing which. 
 
 Analyze and define banishment. Ans. Banish -f- ment = the state 
 of being banislied. 
 
 Analyze and define accompaniment. Ans. Accompany + ment r= 
 that which accompanies. Why is the y changed ? 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define punish + ment ; chastise + ment. 
 
 Analyze abasement. Ans. Abase + ment = the state of being abased or 
 brought low down. 
 
 24. The Suffix ness. 
 
 What does the suffix ness mean ? Ans. It means the state or qual- 
 ity of. 
 
22 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Analyze and define littleness. Ans. Little +ness= the state of be- 
 ing little. 
 
 Analyze and define fineness. Ans. Fine+nQSs=the quality of he- 
 mg fine. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define firm + ness ; petty + ness. Why do you change the y ? 
 Analyze and define suppleness ; fierceness ; correctness ; powerlessuess. 
 Combine and define sly \- ness. Do you change the y into i ? 
 
 25. The Suffix ous. 
 
 Wliat does the sufl^x ous mean? Ans. It means Jiamng the 
 quality, or full of 
 
 Analyze and define humorous. Ans, Humor + ous = having the 
 quality of humor. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define courage + ous. Why do you not drop the e? 
 Analyze and define murderous ; mischievous. Combine plenty + ous. 
 
 26. The Suffix ship. 
 
 AVhat does the suflSx ship mean ? Ans. It means the condition 
 of being, or the place or office of. Has it anything to do with the 
 word " ship ? " Ans. No, it is related to shape. 
 
 Analyze and define friendship. Ans. Friend + ship = the condition 
 of being a friend. 
 
 Analyze and define clerkship. Ans. Clerk + ship = the office of a 
 clerk. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define apprentice + ship ; soldier + ship ; scholar + ship. 
 
 27. The Suffix y. 
 
 What does the suffix y mean ? Ans. It means abounding in, par- 
 eaking of, ov having the quality of 
 
 Analyze and define flowery. Ans, Flower + y=abounding in 
 flowers. 
 
 Analyze and define chalky. Ans, Chalk + y=:pajtaking of the 
 nature of chalk. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Combine and define dew + y; water + y; rose + y. Why do you drop the e /* 
 Analyze and define hearty ; healthy ; roomy ; knotty ; gloomy. 
 
EEVIEW OF ENGLISH SUFFIXES. 
 
 REVIEW OF ENGLISH SUFFIXES. 
 
 1. Able or ible: that may or can de, or worthy to he, as tamable^ 
 
 contemptible. 
 
 2. Age: the condition of being, or an allowance for, as peerage, 
 
 wharfage. 
 
 3. Al: 1. relating or belonging to; 2. the act of, as personal, re- 
 
 newal. 
 
 4. Ar or ard : one who, as liar, drunkard. 
 
 5. An or ian : 1. one who ; 2. belonging to, as historian, christian. 
 
 6. Ary: 1. one who, or that which; 2. relating to, as missionary, 
 
 planetary. 
 
 7. Dom : the condition of being, or the possession Df , as freedom, 
 
 dukedom. 
 
 8. En: 1. to make ; 2. made, as blacken, wooden. 
 
 9. Er: 1. one who or that which ; as preacher, dipper. 
 
 10. Er: more, as greater. 
 
 11. Ery: 1. place where ; 2. s^a^ (/ &^^;^^, as bakery, knavery. 
 
 12. Ful: full of marked by, or of the nature of, as merciful, 
 
 fearful. 
 
 1 3. Fy or Ify : to make, as purify, beautify. 
 
 14. Hood: condition of, as widowhood. 
 
 15. Ion: act or state of, as navigation, education. 
 
 16. Ish: like, somewhat, or belonging to, as boyish, whitish. 
 
 17. Ive: having the power or Quality of, as preventive, creative. 
 
 18. Ize: to make, as legalize. 
 
 19. Kin: Zi^^?^, as lambkin. 
 
 20. Less: without, or freed from, as fearless. 
 
 21. Let or ling : little, as plantlet, kingling. 
 
 22. Ly : like, as softly, lovely. 
 
 23. Ment : state of being, act of or that which, as banishment, ac- 
 
 companiment. ^ 
 
 24. Ness : state or quality of being, as littleness. 
 
 25. Ous : having the quality, as humorous. 
 
 26. Ship : condition of being, or office of, as friendship, clerkship. 
 
 27. Y : abounding in^ or partaking of, as flowery, chalky. 
 A 
 
24 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 CLASSIFICATIOlSr OF SUFFIXES. 
 1. One Who. 
 
 These Suffixes form Nouns. 
 
 An or ian European; arithmeticiano 
 
 Ar , Liar. 
 
 * Ard Coward. 
 
 Ee Payee. 
 
 Eer Auctioneer. 
 
 Er. . ^ Robber. 
 
 1st . Novelist. 
 
 Or « Actor. 
 
 2. Being or State of Being. * 
 
 These Suffixes form Nouns. 
 
 Age Peerage. 
 
 Dom Freedom. 
 
 Ion Corruption. 
 
 Ity or ty Personality, novelty. 
 
 Ment ./ Abasement. 
 
 Ness Remoteness. 
 
 Ship Friendship. 
 
 3. Relating to, or having the quality of. 
 
 These Suffixes form Adjectives. 
 
 Al .Parental. 
 
 An or ian Republican j Parisian. 
 
 Ary Planetary. 
 
 Pul HealthM. 
 
 Ive ; Preventive. 
 
 Ly Manly. 
 
 Ous Humorous. 
 
 y Flowery. 
 
 4. To Make. 
 
 These Suffixes form Verbs. 
 
 En Loosen. 
 
 Fy or ify Justify. 
 
 Ize Fertilize j legalize. 
 
EXERCISES IN WORD -FORMATION. 
 
 5. Little, diminutive. 
 
 These Suffixes form Nouns. 
 
 Ole or cule Animalcule 
 
 Let Plantlet. 
 
 Kin Lambkin. 
 
 Ling Duckling. 
 
 6. Miscellaneous. 
 
 Able or ible, that may or can, as justifiable. 
 Bry, place where, as bakery. 
 Ish, lihe or somewhat, as boyish, whitish. 
 Less, without, as artless. 
 
 IV.— EXERCISES IN WORD-FORMATION. 
 
 EXERCISE I. 
 
 The suffixes or, cr, and ist^ mean one who. They form nouns. 
 
 Which of these suffixes would you add to govern to make a noun ? Define 
 the derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to learn to make a noun ? Define the deriv- 
 ative. 
 
 Which suf&x would you add to art to make a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to profess to make a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to method to make a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to Jlute to form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to believe to form a noun ? Define th*e deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to act to form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to respect to form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to moral to form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to imitateio form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to humor to form a noun ? Define the 4eriva- 
 tive. 
 
 EXERCISE II. 
 
 The suffixes ows, ive, y, and fi^L mean having the quality of. They form 
 adjectives. 
 
 2 
 
26 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Which of the four suffixes would you add to prosper^ in order to form an 
 adjective ? Define the derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to success to form an adjective ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to vigor to form an adjective ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to contemplate to form an adjective ? Define 
 the derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to noise to form an adjective ? Define the de- 
 rivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to clamor to form an adjective ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to thought to form an adjective ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to reflect to form an adjective ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to desire to form an adjective ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which two suffixes would you add to beauty^ forming two adjectives that 
 are synonyms ? Ans. Ful and ous. Analyze beautiful. Why is the y 
 changed into i ? Analyze beauteous. Why is the y changed into e ? 
 
 EXERCISE III. 
 
 The suffix ity and the suffix ness.^ when added to adjectives, form nouns., 
 meaning the state or quality expressed by the adjective. Some adjectives 
 take the suffix ity ; others take the suffix ness. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to the adjective suave to make a ncan? De- 
 fine the derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to agile to form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to supple to form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to severe to form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to cross to form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which sufi&x would you add to resjyectable to form a noun ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to persuasive to form a noun ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Form two nouns from amiable., each meaning the state or quality of being 
 amiable. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to acid to form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to sour to form a noun ? Define the deriva- 
 tive. 
 
EXERCISES IN WORD -FORMATION. 27 
 
 EXERCISE IV 
 
 The suffixes en^ fy or ify^ and ize^ mean to make. These suffixes form 
 verbs. 
 
 Which of these suffixes would you add to sweet to form a verb meaning to 
 make sweet ? 
 
 Which of these suffiLxes would you add to vei'se to form a verb meaning to 
 make verses ? 
 
 Which of these suffixes would you add to poet to form a verb meaning to 
 make poetry ? 
 
 Which of these suffixes would you add to sati7X to form a verb meaning to 
 make a person the subject of satire ? 
 
 Which of these suffixes would you add to loose to form a verb meaning to 
 make loose ? 
 
 Which of these suffixes would you add to type to form a verb meaning to 
 make one thing the type or emblem of another ? 
 
 Which of these suffixes would you add to civil to form a verb meaning to 
 make a savage people civil ? 
 
 Which of these suffixes would you add to sign to make a verb meaning to 
 make a thing known by signs ? 
 
 Which of these suffixes would you add to red to make a verb meaning to 
 make red ? 
 
 Which suffix would you add to just to form a verb meaning to make just ? 
 
 Which suffix would you add to real to form a verb meaning to make real, to 
 • make a thing a 7'eality in one's mind ? 
 
 Which suffix would you add to quick (meaning alive) to form a verb mean- 
 ing to make alive ? 
 
 EXERCISE V. 
 
 The suffixes kin^ ling^ let^ and ule signify diminution. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to lamb to form a diminutive ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which suffiLX would you add to dicck to form a diminutive ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to /jZa;i^ to form a diminutive ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to globe to form a diminutive ? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 Which suffix would you add to lord to form a diminutive? Define the 
 derivative. 
 
 EXERCISE VI. 
 
 Polite is a synonym of civil : what suffix would you add to civil to make a 
 synonym, of polite7iess? Is, it ity ox ness ? 
 
 Glory is a synonym oifame : what suffix would you add to fame to make 
 a synonym af glorious ? 
 
 Nimble is a synonym of agile : what suffix would you add to agile to make 
 a synonym ot nimbleness ? 
 
28 WORD ANALYSIS. 
 
 Fog is a s3raonym of haze : what suffix would you add to fog to make a 
 Bynonym of hazy ? 
 
 Jolly is a synonym of merry : what suffix would you add to jolly to make 
 a synonym of merriment ? 
 
 Bury is a synonym of inter : what suffix would you add to bu7'y to make 
 a synonym of interment.^ Is it al or 7ne7it ^ 
 
 Tranquil is a synonym of calm : what suffix would you add to tranquil to 
 make a synonym of calmness ? Why do you double the I in tranquillity ? 
 
 Might is a synonym of power : what suffix would you add to might to make 
 a synonj'^m of powerful ? Is it ful or ?/ '^ 
 
 Damp is a synonym of moist : what suffix would you add to damp to make 
 a synonym of moiste^i ? 
 
 EXERCISE VII. 
 
 Black is the opposite of white : what suffix would you add to black to ex- 
 press the opposite of whiten ? 
 
 Bond is the opposite of /ree ; what suffix would you add to ho7id to express 
 the opposite of freedom, ? Is it dom or age ? 
 
 Love is the opposite of hate : what suffix would you add to love to express 
 the opposite of hater ? 
 
 Quick is the opposite of slo7V : what suffix would you add to quick to ex- 
 press the opposite of slowly ? 
 
 Bid is the opposite of 7iovel : what suffix would you add to old to express 
 the opposite of novelty l^ 
 
 Acqicit is the opposite of condemn : what suffix would you add to condemn 
 to express the opposite of acquittal ? Is it al or ation / 
 
 v.— ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 
 
 TEACH, t^., to instruct. 
 
 1. Teachable: Analysis: teach + able = that may he taught. 
 
 Definition : that has a spirit willing to be taught. 
 
 2. Teachableness: teach + able + ness= the state of being (ness) 
 
 willing to be taught. 
 
 3. Teacher: teach + er=:c>?i^ who teaches. Definition: a school- 
 
 master or schoolmistress. 
 
 4. Teaching, noun : the act or business of instructing ; instruction. 
 
 5. Untaught: 'Un + tsLught=not taught. Definition: ignorant. 
 
 ' Taught ' is the past participle of the irregular verb teach. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 [The figu7'es 7'efer to co7'responding n7imbe7's in the analysis above.] 
 (1. ^ Give a synonym of the word teachable. A7is. ' Docile. ' Would you say 
 
 of a dog that it was teachable or docile — which ? Combine and define 
 
 un + teachable. 
 (3.) Give two synonyms of ' teacher. ' A71S. 'Instructor;' 'educator.* 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 29 
 
 (4.) Write a sentence containing the word teaching as a noun. Model — 
 "Nearly all the able men in the United States were, in their younger 
 days, engaged in the profession of teaching.''^ 
 
 Obs. — Observe the distinction between teach and learn. To teach is to im-- 
 part instruction ; to learn is to receive instruction. Would it be cor- 
 rect to say, ''Mr. Dupont learnt me French " ? State the correct form. 
 
 SCHOOL, n., a place for the education of youth. 
 
 1. Scholar: School 4- ar=:o;i6 who goes to school. In forming thig 
 
 word, one of the o's is dropped. What other meaning has 
 scholar f Ans. It means, not a child who is going to school, 
 but a pei-son who has been through the schools, — hence, a 
 "learned man.'' 
 
 2. Scholarly: Scholar + ly=: in a scholar-?^^5 manner. Wliat 
 
 part of speech is ' scholarly ' ? A718. An adjective. Why ? 
 Because ly is added to a noun. (See the suffix ly, page 21.) 
 
 3. Scholarship: Scholars- ship = the state or condition of being 
 
 a scholar. Definition : learning, attainments in literature. 
 
 4. Unschooled: Un + school + ed= not schooled or taught; illit- 
 
 erate. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Give a synonym of * scholar ' in its first meaning. Ans. A pupil. 
 
 Write sentences containing the word ' scholar ' in both its meanings. 
 Model— "James Watt is said to have been a poor scholar, yet his 
 genius invented the steam engine." "Gibbon, one of the greatest 
 scholars of the 18th century, wrote the ' Decline and Fall of the Roman 
 Empire.'" 
 
 What is the opposite of ' scholar ' in the sense of learned man ? Ans. 
 An unlearned man, an ignoramus, a dunce. 
 (2. ) What is the opposite of ' scholarly ' ? An^. Untaught, unlearned 
 (3.) Write a sentence containing the words scholarship and education. 
 
 I- 
 
 HIjALTH, ??., sound state of the body. 
 
 From what root- word does ' health ' come ? Ans. It comes from 
 heal. With what words is heal connected ? Ans. With the 
 word hale, and also with whole, that is, sound. Can you give 
 a quotation from the Bible to show this? Ans. "They that 
 are whole need not the physician, but they that are sich'''' 
 
 2. Healthy: hesilth+y^^pai'tahing oi health. 
 
 3. Healthful: health + ful= of a healthy 7ifl^^?^r^. 
 
 4. Healthfully: health-f ful-f-ly= in a healthful mn^;i?j^r. 
 
aO WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 5. Hbalthfulness : health -hftil-hness= the co7l^^^^o?^ of health. 
 
 6. Healthiness : the condition of being healthy. 
 
 7. Unhealthy: un-i- health 4-y=/i^niealthy. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (2. ) Is there any distinction between healthy and healthful ? Ans. There is i 
 no distinction in meaning : we can say a healthy body or climate or ' 
 diet, and a healthful body or cUmate or diet. ^ 
 
 (3. ) Mention three synonyms of healthy and healthful. Aiis. ' Wholesome, ' 
 ' salubrious, ' ' salutary. ' 
 
 Can you give the difference in the uses of these words? An%. 
 Wholesome is particularly applied to food, as a '''■wholesome diet." 
 Salubrious is stronger than wholesome ; it means not only what keeps 
 us in health (wholesome), but what improves our health; as a ^'■salu- 
 6?'iows air." Salutary is whB,t serves to remove a disorder; thus we 
 speak of "salutary remedies." 
 Supply the proper word in each of the following sentences : "You 
 
 are relaxing yourself with the exercise of the field." "The 
 
 simplest diet is reckoned the most ." "The air of Southern 
 
 France has been long famed for its ." " Washington's punish- 
 ment of the British at Trenton taught them a lesson. ' ' 
 
 (5 & 6. ) If there is no difference between healthy and healthful^ can there be 
 any between healthiness and healthfulness .^ Aris. No. Why not? 
 Ans. Because the suffix is the same in each. 
 
 {7.) WhB,tis the 7iegative oi healthy s^ A7is. UnheaXthy. What is the 7i<?5ra- 
 tive of wholesome i Ans. t^?iwholesome. What is the negative of 
 salubrious '^ Ans. Z?isalubrious. 
 
 PAY (past part., paid), v., to defray a debt. 
 
 1. Payable: pay -f- able = that is to be paid. 
 
 2. Payer: -psLj+er—one who -pajs. 
 
 3. Payee: pay+ee=one to whom something is to be paid. 
 
 4. Payment: pay+ment=:the act of paying. 
 
 5. Prepay; -pre+psij =to iptiy heforeJiand. 
 
 6. Repay: re4-pay=:to pay (X^<^m. 
 
 7. Unpaid: un + paid =:7z<?^ paid. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Ispaij any other part of speech than a verb? Ans. It is also a noun. 
 
 Give three synonyms of 2^^y as a noun. Ans. 'Salary,' 'wages,' and 
 
 'stipend.' 
 (3.) Give a synonym of 'payment.' Ans. Defrayment. How could you 
 
 express in other language the sentence "John made payment of his 
 
 debt?" Ans. "John liquidated his debt." 
 (4. ) Combine prepay + ment, and what word have you ? Define it 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 31 
 
 (5.) Combine repay + ment, and what word have you? Define it. Is there a 
 figurative us 2 of repay i Arts. There is: we speak of "repaying a 
 kindness. " What synonym of repay is there in the sense of giving 
 hdi^ok money ? Ans. To 'reimburse.' 
 
 BOUND : to limit, or a limit. 
 
 1. Bounds : the plural of the ?iou?i bound. 
 
 2. Bounded: bound + ed=limite<^ or confined. 
 
 8. BounDx\ry: bound + ary==^^<5^^ which limits or bounds. 
 
 4. Boundless: hound + le8s= without bounds, limitless. 
 
 5. Unbounded : un + bound + ed=:not bounded, unlimited. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) Give two synonyms of bounds as a noun. Ans. Limits ; confines. 
 
 (3. ) Spell the plural of boundary. Give the rule for changing y into i. Com- 
 pose a sentence containing the word 'boundary.' Model — "The 
 boundary between Maine and the British Possessions was arranged by 
 Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton in 1842." 
 
 (4. ) How do you show that boundless and limitless are synonyms ? Ans. 
 The sufiix is the same and bounds limit. Give two corresponding ex- 
 pressions for boundless in the sentence, "Alexander's ambition was 
 boundless." Ans. " Alexander's ambition knew no bounds ; " " there 
 were no limits to Alexander's ambition." 
 Combine and define boundless + ness. 
 
 HELP, aid, ti., or to aid, 1?. 
 
 1. Helper: help-fer=(??^^ Wio helps; an assistant. 
 
 2. Helping: help + ing=aid^7i^ or assistm^. 
 
 3. Helpful: \\Q\.]i-^l\A=dbou7iding in help; of a kind that aids 
 
 or assists. 
 
 4. Helpless: \vA^ ^\<^8— without help. 
 
 5. Helplessness: help + less + ness =5^a^^ of being (ness) without 
 
 (less) help. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Give two synonyms of 'helper.' Ans. An assistant^ an aid. 
 
 (2.) Give a synonym of the adjective 'helping.' Ayis. Auxiliary. An " aux- 
 iliary verb " might be called a what kind of verb ? " Lend a help- 
 ing or an auxiliary hand " — which ? 
 
 (3. ) That which does the opposite of ' helping ' is said to do what ?- Ans. To 
 hinder, to obstruct. 
 
 (4.) Write a sentence containing the word 'helpless.' Model— "When 
 Burgoyne was surrounded at Saratoga, his army was Jielpless, and he 
 v. had to surrender. " 
 
32 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 (5.) Give a synonym of 'helplessness.' Ans. Inability. Give two words 
 ■mesaaiag the contrary oi "helplessness." Ans. Strength^ power. 
 
 PURE, adj., clean, free from mixture. 
 
 1. Pure: Pure has two meanings: 1, the literal meaning, which 
 
 is, clean or free from mixture, as '•^ pure water; " 2, the figur- 
 ative vciQfimng, which is, free from moral defilement, as a '•'•pure 
 motive." Many of its derivatives have the same two-fold 
 signification. 
 
 2. P11REL.Y: pure -fly =^pure-?^^^, in a pure manner. 
 
 3. PuRENESS : pure -f-ness= the state of being pure. 
 
 4. Purity : pure +ity= the quality of being pure. Why is the final 
 
 e dropped ? 
 
 5. Purify : Pure -I- ify =to malce pure. What does the sufl[ix fy or ify 
 
 mean ? Ans. To Tuake. 
 
 6. Impure: im-f piire=:ni?^ pure, corrupt. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) * Pure 'has two meanings. What are they? Write sentences contain- 
 ing the word in each sense. 
 
 (3&4.) What is the distinction between 'pureness' and 'purity'? A71S. 
 There is none ; we speak of pureness or purity of water, life, style, 
 etc. Write a sentence containing the word 'pureness.' Model — 
 *' The pureness of the atmosphere on the top of high mountains has 
 often been remarked " Explain what is meant by purity in the sen- 
 tence, " Addison's writings are distinguished for the purity of their 
 style." Give the opposite of 'purity.' Ans. Impurity^ foulness. 
 
 \5.) Name a noun formed from 'purify.' Ans. Purification. 
 
 (6.) Compose a sentence containing the word 'impure' in its literal, and 
 another in its figurative sense. Model — " The water of the River 
 Thames is very impure.''^ "Aaron Burr was actuated by impure 
 motives." 
 
 SAFE, ctdj., free from danger. 
 
 1. Safely: safe-fly=safe-?*^, in a safe manner. 
 
 2. Safety: ^?dQ-\-ty=t\iQ state of heing ^dde. 
 8. Unsafe: un4-safe=not safe. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Give a synonym of 'safely.' Ans. Securely. Give the negative of 
 'safely.' Ans. Unsafely. Give the opposite of ' securely. ' A71S. In^ 
 securely. We fasten the doors — how ? safely or securely ? 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 33 
 
 (2.) Give a synonym of * safety.' Ans. Security. Tell the difference be- 
 tween safety and security. Ans. In the sense of freedom from danger, 
 safety expresses much less than security : we may be safe without 
 using any particular measures ; but none can reckon on security with- 
 out great precaution. A person may be very safe on the top of a coach 
 in day-time ; but if he wish to secure himself at night from falling off, 
 he must be fastened. 
 
 (3.) Write a sentence containing the word 'unsafe.' Combine imsafe + ness. 
 
 JVDGlBj v., to hear and determine a case. 
 
 1. Judge, v,, to hear and determine a case; to form an opinion. 
 
 2. Judge; n., a civil officer clothed with authority to try and de- 
 
 termine cases ; one who has skill to decide questions. 
 
 3. Judgment : judge -f-ment= the act of judging, or the faculty of 
 
 the mind used in judging. Why is the final e of judge drop- 
 ped before the suffix ment? Am. According to Rule 11., 
 Exception 2. Give it. 
 
 4. Judgeship: judge -|- ship =the office of a judge. 
 
 5. Adjudge: ad + judge=to judge to^ that is, to determine, to de- 
 
 cide. What does the prefix ad mean ? Ans. It means to. 
 
 6. Prejudge: pre +judge= to /(^r^- judge, that is, to judge in a case 
 
 'before it is heard. 
 
 7. Re judge: re + judge=to judge again ; to reexamine, to review. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Write a sentence containing the ver& 'judge' in its two senses. Model — 
 *'God shdM judge the righteous and the wicked. " — Bible. ''On the 
 11th of October, 1493, Columbus judged from the appearance of the 
 sea, the sight of land-birds, etc. , that he would that night reach the 
 shores of Eastern Asia." 
 
 (2. ) Write a sentence containing the noun ' judge ' in its two senses. Model — 
 '"''Judge Taney [pronounced taw' ny"] was Chief Justice of the Su- 
 preme Court at the time the Dred Scott decision was given, in 1857." 
 "To be a good judge of painting requires fine taste, and long study 
 of works of art." Give a word, adopted from the French, meaning a 
 judge of objects of fine art. Ans. A connoisseur. 
 
 (3.) Write a sentence containing the word judgment in both its senses. 
 Model — "The court-martial gave judgment that Andre should be 
 hanged as a spy." "A person who entertains prejudices cannot pos- 
 sess a clear or sound judgment.''^ 
 
 (5.) Give two synonyms of the verb 'to adjudge.' Ans. To award, to bestow. 
 Write a sentence containing the word 'adjudge.' Model— " Paris 
 adjudged the golden apple to Helen, the most beautiful of her sex." 
 
 (6.) Give a noun related in meaning to the verb 'prejudge.' Ans. 'Preju- 
 dice.' Combine and define prejudge + ment. 
 
34 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 HOPE, 7^., confidence in a future event. 
 
 1. Hopeful: hope + t\il=fuU of hope. 
 
 2. Hopeless : hope hles3— without hope. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Combine and define hope 4- ful + ly ; hope + ful + ness. Give two synonyms 
 of 'hopeful.' A71S. Trustful and confident. Which is the stronger 
 word, ' hopeful ' or ' confident ' ? A7is. 'Confident.' " Robert Morris 
 was hopeful of being able to raise the government credit " : was he 
 confident that he would be able to do it ? What is the opposite of a 
 " hopeful nature " ? 
 
 (2.) Combine and define hope + less + ly ; hope + less + ness. Give a synonym of 
 'hopelessness.' Ans. Despair. Write a sentence containing the word 
 hopeless. Model — "Washington's situation at Valley Forge was 
 nearly hopeless^ yet he did not despair ; and though by no means co7c- 
 fident of independence, he kept his trust in Providence." 
 
 BLAME, to censure, or a fault. 
 
 1. Blame is both a noun and a verb. As a noun it means censure, 
 
 fault, or guilt ; as a verb, it means to censure or impute guilt 
 to one. 
 
 2. Bl AM ABLE : blame 4- able = that may he blamed, worthy of 
 
 blame. 
 8. Blameless: blame + less =101^^(9?^^ blame. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Give two synonyms of the word to 'blame.' Ans. To reprove; to re- 
 proach. What is the distinction in the meaning of these words ? A7u'i. 
 To blame and reprove are the acts of a superior ; to reproach^ that of 
 an equal. Write two sentences, the one containing ' blame ' as a verh.^ 
 the other as a noun. 
 
 (2.) What is the opposite of 'blamable'? Ans. Meritorious. Write a sen- 
 tence containing these words. Model — "It is now admitted that 
 General Greene, in place of being blamable for his retreat through the 
 Carolinas, behaved in a very meritorious manner." 
 
 (3. ) Combine and define blame + less + ness ; blame + less + ly. 
 
 JUCT, right, or lawful. 
 
 1. Just comes from a Latin w^ord which means the right or the law. 
 
 2. Justice : the quality of being just or according to the law. 
 
 3. Justify: just-fify=to make to appear right. 
 
 4. Justness : just-f ness=:the condition of being just. 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 35 
 
 5. Justly : ]\iBt-{-ly—j\ist-UJce, in a just manner. 
 
 6. Adjust: ad + just = to make a thing fit rightly to another. 
 
 7. Unjust: un-l-just=;^(?^ just. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (3.) What is the opposite of 'justice ' ? Atis. /?i justice. Give a synonym of 
 'injustice.' Ans. A wrong. 
 
 (3.) Combine and define justify + able. Why do you change the ij into i? 
 What is meant by '■'"justifiable homicide " ? 
 
 (4.) Would you speak of the justice or the jiistness of a murderer's bemg sen- 
 tenced to death ? Would you speak of the jtostness or the justice of a 
 person's observation? 
 
 (5.) Write a sentence containing the word 'justly.' Model — "Franklin 
 justly thought that lightning and electricity are the same thing. " 
 
 (6.) Combine and define re + adjust ; re + adjust + raent. 
 
 (7.) Combine and define unjust + I7. Give a synonym of 'unjust.' Atis^ 
 Wrongful. Of 'unjustly.' Ans. Wrongfullij. 
 
 KING, a sovereign. 
 
 1. King: From what is the word 'king' derived? Ans. From an 
 
 old English root connected with can and hen. The primitive 
 idea of ' king,' therefore, is one who Jceiis or knows, and who 
 can or is able to do things. 
 
 2. Kingdom: King -f-dom= the dominion of a king. Obs. — In nat- 
 
 ural history, a 'kingdom' means a division ; as, the "animal 
 'kingdom.''^ 
 
 8. Kingly: king 4- ly= king-like, in the manner of a king; hence* 
 
 splendid, noble, munificent. 
 
 4. Kingship: ki ng+ ship = the state or office of a king. 
 
 5. Kingling: king + ling = a Zi^^/e king. 
 
 KERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What is the feminine of 'king?' Give a synonym of 'king.' A71S. 
 Sovereign. Is this word a synonym of ' queen ' also ? Supply the 
 proper word : "In the latter part of the 15th century, Ferdinand and 
 Isabella were s of Spain, " 
 
 (2.) Give a synonym of 'kingdom.' Ans. Realm. Write a sentence con- 
 taining the word 'kingdom.' Write another sentence containing the 
 word 'kingdom,' in the sense in which it is used in natural history. 
 Model — "It is doubtful whether the sponge belongs to the animal or 
 the vegetable kingdom.''^' 
 
 (3.) What part of speech is 'kingly,' and why? Ans. [See suffix ly., page 
 21.] Give a synonym of 'kingly.' Ans. Royal. From what does 
 royal come ? Aiis. From the French word for king— roy or roi. 
 Combine and define king + ly + ness. 
 
36 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 (5.) Write a sentence containing the word 'kingling.' Model — "Bismarck 
 has uncrowned many of the klnglings of Germapy." Give a synonym 
 of * kingling. ' Ans. Petty prirtce. ^ 
 
 HARD, firm or solid; difficult. 
 
 1. Hakden: hard 4- en = to mahe hard. Definition: primary 
 
 meaning, to make hard ; as to Tiarden wood or steel ; second- 
 ary meaning, to make insensible or unfeeling. 
 
 2. Hardly: hard+ly=hard-Zi^^. Primary meaning, with diffi- 
 
 culty; secondary meaning, not quite, or scarcely; as, "the 
 object is so distant one can hardly see it." 
 
 3. Hardness : hard +ness= the condition of being hard. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What is the opposite of ^ hard ? ' Ans. Soft. Make a verb from ' soft, ' 
 * corresponding to harden. 
 
 (2. ) Make an adverb from ' soft ' correspond to hardly in its primary sense. 
 
 (3. ) Make a noun from ' soft ' correspond to hardness. Can we speak of 
 "hardness of hearty'''' as weU as of iron ? Would you call this the pri- 
 mary or the secondary meaning of the word ? Give two synonyms of 
 * hardness ' in its secondary sense. Aqis. Obstinacy ; obduracy. 
 
 BODY, the frame of an animal; matter. 
 
 1. Body has several meanings : 1. the frame of an animal; 2. a col- 
 
 lective mass, as a body of men ; 3. in physics, any kind of 
 matter, as a "heavy body ;^^ 4. in geometry, a solid figure; 
 5. a general collection, as a " body of laws ; " 6. an individual, 
 generally used in combination with some or no, as somebody, 
 nobody. 
 
 2. Bodily: body + ly^body-Z^^^, that is, relating to the body; cor- 
 
 poreal. 
 
 3. Embody: em+body=to put into a body. 
 
 4. Disembody: dis+em + body^to take away ((Zi«) from being m 
 
 (em) the body. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) Write sentences containing the word ' body ' in each of its six uses. 
 What words are contrasted with 'body' as applied to man? Ans. 
 Mind^ soul^ spirit. 
 
 (2.) What part of speech is ' bodily,' and why ? Why is the final y changed 
 into i ? Give a synonym of ' bodily. ' Ans. Corporeal, Give the op- 
 posite of ' corporeal. ' Ans. Spiritual. 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 37 
 
 (3. ) Give a synonym of ' embody. * A7is. Incorporate. What is the mean- 
 ing of 'embody ' in the following sentences : " The Governor ordered 
 that the militia should be embodied.'''' " Shakspeare's play of Hamlet 
 embodies profound views of human character." 
 
 (4.) What part of speech is 'disembodied,' in the expression ^'•disembodied 
 spirits'? " Write a sentence containing this word. 
 
 FRIEND, one attached by affection. 
 
 1. Friendly: friend +ly= friend- ?i^6; hence, hind, amiable. 
 
 2. Friendless: fi-iend + less ==m^AM^^ a friend. 
 
 3. Friendship: friend + ship = the «^^^6 of being a friend. 
 
 4. Befriend: be + friend = to mahe one's self the friend of another; 
 
 hence, to render a service. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) Why is * friendly ' an adjective ? A7is. [See suffix ly^ page 21. ] How 
 would you form an adverb from ' friendly ? * We might say friendlily, 
 (that is friendly + ly) ; but the phrase ''in a friendly manner " would 
 be better. 
 
 Write a sentence containing the word ' friendly. ' Model — "Roger 
 Williams was frequently able to restore friendly relations between the 
 whites and the Indians. " Give a synonym of ' friendly. ' Ans. Ami- 
 cable. 
 
 Combine and define mi + friendly. Give a synonjrm of 'unfriendly' 
 which shall be the opposite of friendly. Anji. Hostile^ inimical. Com- 
 bine and define friendly +ness. 
 
 (3.) Combine and define friendless + ness. Give a synonym of 'friendless.' 
 Ans. Forlorn. Give, a phrase meaning the opposite of 'friendless.' 
 Ans. " Having troops of friends. " 
 
 (3. ) Give a word denoting nearly the same affection as ' friendship. ' Aiis. 
 Love. Which is the stronger — 'love' or 'friendship?' Compose 
 two sentences, the one containing the noun love^ the other the noun 
 friendship. 
 
 (4.) Give two synonyms of 'befriend.' Ans. ^o favor., to benefit. Write a 
 sentence containing the word 'befriend.' Model — "In his darkest 
 hours, Columbus was greatly bep'iended by Juan Perez, Prior of the 
 Convent of La Rabida, in Spain. " • 
 
 FRUIT, the produce of trees. 
 
 1. Fruit has two meanings — the primary, and the secondary or 
 
 figm*ative. In its primary sense, it means the produce of trees 
 or other plants. In its secondary or figurative sense, it means 
 result or consequence. 
 
 2, Fruitage: fniit-i-age=fruit, collectively. 
 
38 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 3. Fruitery : trmt-i-erj=SL plccce where fruits are kept. 
 
 4. Fruiterer: fruitery + er= one who deals in fruit. Obs.— In 
 
 joining the suffix^?' to fruitery, the final y is dropped. 
 
 5. Fruitful; trmt+tul=ahou?iding in fruit; hence, abundant, 
 
 plentiful. 
 
 6. Fruitless: fruit 4- less =m^jM^^ fruit ; hence barren. 
 
 7. Fruity: frviit+j— of the nature of tvmt 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) Write two sentences, the one containing the word ' fruit ' in its primary, 
 and the other in its secondary sense. Model — " The apple is said by 
 botanists to be the perfect /rw*^." *' HYiq fruit of British oppression 
 was the war of the Revolution." 
 
 (5.) Combine and define un + fruitful; fruitful + ness r un + fruitful + ness. Sub- 
 stitute another word for ' fruitful ' in the expressions ' ' 2t, fruitful soil," 
 a ''fruitful imagination." Give a synonym of 'unfruitful.' Ans. 
 Barren. 
 
 (6. ) Combine and define fruitless + ness. What does ' fruitless ' mean in the 
 sentence " The people of Massachusetts soon found that the attempt 
 to stop Quakerism by executing Quakers was fruitless ? " 
 
 (7. ) What is the distinction between ' fruitful ' and ' fruity ? ' Ans. ' Fruit- 
 ful ' is productive of fruit ; * fruity ' is what has the nature of fruit. 
 Would you say d, fruitful or di, fruity wine — Which ? 
 
 NEW, recently produced, or known, or begun. 
 
 1. Kew. What does a *' new book" mean ? Ans. A book recently 
 
 produced. Wliat does a ^^new star'' mean? Ans. A star re- 
 cently known or discovered. What does the ''^ new year" 
 mean ? Ans. The year recently begun. 
 
 2. Newly: new + ly=new-Zi^^; hence in a recent w<a^?^?^€r. 
 
 3. Newness : new + ness = the state of being new. 
 
 4. Newish : T)ss^-\-\^—somewliat new. 
 
 5. Renew: re+new=to make new a^am ; hence, to repeat. 
 
 6. Renewal: re + new + al= the o^c^ of renewing. 
 
 7. Anew : a+new=^?^ a new form ; hence again, once more. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Compose three sentences containing the word ' new ' in each of its three 
 
 senses. Give two synonyms of ' new.' Ans. Fresh^ receiit. Give 
 
 the opposite of 'new.' Ans. Old. 
 (2.) Why is 'newly' an adverb? ui7is. Because the suffix hj is joined to an 
 
 adjective. 
 (3. ) If ' new ' means 7'ecent^ what derivative noun from ' recent ' would mean 
 
 the same as newness ? 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 39 
 
 (5.) Write a sentence containing the verb 'renew.' Model — '' The attempt 
 to found an English colony in Virginia was renev)ed in the year 
 1607." Give two synonyms of 'renew.' Ans. To repeat^ to resume. 
 
 (6. ) When the suffix al is added to a verb, what part of speech is formed ? 
 A ns. [See suffix al^ page 15. ] ' Renew ' being a verb, what part of 
 speech is 'renewal ' ? What does the " renewal of a lease " mean ? 
 
 CRUDE, raw, not mature. 
 
 1. Crude orignally means raw, not cooked. Its secondary mean- 
 
 ing is nnripe, not well formed, as ''''crude fruit," '-''crude 
 opinions." 
 
 2. Crudely: crude +ly=crude-Zi^^, in a crude or immature man- 
 
 ner. 
 
 3. Crudity: crude + ity=: the state of being crude. Obs. — The 
 
 suffix ty or ity means the state or condition of — the same as 
 nes8. 
 
 4. Crudeness : crude + ness— the state of being crude or immature. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) Write two sentences containing ' crude,' one in the sense of raw or unripe, 
 the other as applied to thoughts. What would be the opposite of 
 'crude,' as applied to opinions ? An^. Ripe. 
 
 (3 & 4.) Is there any distinction between ' crudity' and ' crudeness' ? Ans. 
 There is not : they are both formed from the word crude^ and ity=ness. 
 Write a sentence containing ' crudity ' or ' crudeness. ' Model — 
 " The poems of the old Saxon gleemen are marked by much crudity 
 of thought and expression." 
 
 TASTE, to try by the mouth («.) ; the act of tasting {n.), 
 
 1. Taste is both a mrl) and a noun. It has a variety of meanings, 
 
 both as a verb and as a noun. As a t)erl)^ its primary mean- 
 ing is to try by the mouth. Its secondary meaning is : 1, to 
 relish or enjoy, as " taste pleasure ; " 2, to experience by tast- 
 ing, as "to taste blood." • 
 
 As a noun^ its primary meaning is the act of tasting. Its 
 secondary meaning is: 1, the sense by which we perceive the 
 relish of a thing ; 2, the faculty of discerning beauty, as taste 
 in the fine arts, or in poetry ; 3, the style or manner, as a 
 poem composed in good taste. 
 
 2. Tasteful: taste 4- ful=m«r^€^ by taste. 
 
 3. Tasteless: taste 4- less = without taste. Obs. — Without taste, 
 
 both in the primary and secondary sense of taste, as a " taste- 
 less fruit," and a " tasteless style " of writing, etc. 
 
40 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 4. Tasty: taste + y^of a tasteful nature. Obs. — This word is ap- 
 
 plied both to persons and things, as a " taspy lady," a 
 " tasty dress." 
 
 5. Distaste: dis + taste =:<3^i^a2/ from tasting or relishing; hence, 
 
 dislike, 
 
 6. Foretaste: fore+taste=a tasting or experiencing lefore the 
 
 time. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Supply the lacking word in the following sentences : " Many persons do 
 
 not like the of the olive." "The sense of is given us by our 
 
 Creator to add to our enjoyment." "A for music affords great 
 
 pleasure." *' Aflfected writing is always in bad ." 
 
 (2 & 4. ) Is there any distinction between ' tasteful ' and ' tasty ' ? Arts. 
 There is very httle, if any, difference. Write a sentence containing 
 tctsteful or tasty. 
 
 (3.) Give a synonym of * tasteless' in its primary sense. Ans. Ijisipid. 
 
 (5. ) What part of speech is ' distaste ' ? Ans. A noun. Do you say a dis- 
 taste of a thing or for a thing ? Give an example of the use of this 
 word. Give a word meaning much the same as * distaste,' but stronger. 
 Ans. Disgust. ^ 
 
 (6.) Write a sentence containing the word 'foretaste.' Model — " The plea- 
 sures of virtue are d^ foretaste of heaven." 
 
 HOMS, the place in which one resides. 
 
 1. Home has two meanings : the primary meaning, which signifies 
 
 the house in which one resides ; and the secondary meaning, 
 which signifies'^one's own country. 
 
 2. Homely: home + ly=:home-?iy&^. Obs. — The primary meaning 
 
 of the word has gone out of use. "What does the word now 
 mean ? It means plain, like that which is made for domestic 
 use. It also means unhandsome. 
 
 8. Homeless: home + less =m^y^6>'z^^ a home. 
 
 4 Homeward: h.ome-\-wsird=toward'hoTJif^ 
 
 EXERCISR 
 
 (1.) Write a sentence containing the word 'home,' in both its meanings 
 (2.) Give a synonym of ' homely' in the expression a ^''homely face." Ans. 
 
 Plain. Give a word somewhat stronger than 'homely.' Ans. Ugly. 
 
 Give three words meaning the opposite of ' homely.' An^. Handsome^ 
 
 grand^ splendid. 
 (3.) Combine and define homely + ly ; homely + ness. Combine and define 
 homeless + ness. What word means belonging to home ? Ans. Domestic. 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 41 
 
 SQUAL, agreeing in quantity, degree, or nature. 
 
 1. Equality: equal +ity= the state of being equal. 
 
 2. Equalize: equal 4-ize=: to make equal. 
 
 3. Coequal: co + equals equal with (<%?) another. 
 
 4. Unequal: un+ equal =;i(?i equal. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) What is meant by equality of conditions ? Equality in mathematics ? 
 
 Equality of surface ? 
 (2.) " One poor moment can suffice 
 
 To equalize the lofty and the low." — ^Wordsworth. 
 What does equalize mean in this passage ? What is it that equalizes 
 
 the ' ' lofty and the low " ? 
 (3.) What part of speech is coequal ? If we speak of " a coequal^'''* what part 
 
 of speech is it ? 
 (4.) What is the noun that expresses the state of being unequal ? Is it un~ 
 
 equality? A /is. No • it is iTiequality. Analyze and define ' inequality. ' 
 
 BRUTE, a creature without reason. 
 
 1. Brutal : brute +al= having the quality of a brute. 
 
 2. Brutality: brute +al+ity= the state of being brutal. Defi- 
 
 nition: in a human being, insensibility to pity or shame; 
 cruelty. 
 
 3. Brutish : brute +ish== like a brute. 
 
 4. Brutalize: brute+al + ize= to make brutal. • 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Can the term 'brutal' be applied to the conduct and behavior of men? 
 Ans. Yes. Write a sentence illustrating this. Model — "The treat- 
 ment of the American patriots in the British prison-ships was exceed- 
 ingly hrutaV Explain what this means. Combine and define bru- 
 tal +ly. 
 
 (2. ) What is the quality in 15rutes that gives its meaning to the word brutal- 
 ity ? Can you name a royal governor of I^Tew England, during Colonial 
 times, who was guilty of great brutality ? Write a sentence using the 
 word. 
 
 (3. ) Can you quote a sentence from Shakespeare in which the word brutish 
 is used ? Ans. : 
 
 " O Judgment, thou art fled to brutish beasts 
 And men have lost their reason." 
 
 (4.) What is meant by saying that " ignorance and poverty tend to brutalize 
 the working-classes of the large European cities ? " 
 
42 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 HONOR, dignity, reputation, fame. 
 
 1. Honokable: honor + able = worthy of honor. Definition: 1. 
 
 Guided by high principles ; as, " an honorable man ; '• 2. Ac- 
 companied ^vith marks of honor; as, ^^ honorable burial." 
 
 2. Honorary: honor 4-ary= relating to the mere honors of a sta- 
 
 tion; possessing a title without performing services; as, an 
 honorary member of a society. 
 
 3. Dishonor,^.: dis + honor— to deprive of honor. Definition: 
 
 to disgrace. 
 
 4. Unhonored: \xn-\-\\onoY-{-QdL=not honored. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Compose a sentence containing the word horwi'able. If one man was to 
 save another's life, would you say that his conduct was honorable^ or 
 would you use a stronger word ? What word would you use ? What 
 abbreviation of honorable is sometimes used ? Arts. The abbreviation 
 Hon. How is it used? Ans. As a title or epithet, as ^'' Hon. Elijah 
 Pogram; " "The honorable the Board of Aldermen." 
 
 (2.) If we were to say that Professor Morse is an "honorary member of 
 the French Academy of Sciences," what would this mean? 
 
 (3. ) What part of speech is dishonor, besides a verb ? Ans. A noun. Com- 
 pose a sentence containing ' dishonor ' as a verb, and another having it 
 as a noun. Combine and define dishonor + able. 
 
 (4.) Quote a hne from Sir Walter Scott, containing the word unhonored. 
 Ans. "Unwept, unhonored^ and unsung." 
 
 EXPRESS, to utter, to declare. 
 
 1. Expression : express + ion = the act of uttering or declaring one's 
 
 self. Definition : utterance ; a phrase or remark. 
 
 2. Expressive: express + ive= having the quality of expressing. 
 
 Definition: 1. Serving to express ; 2. Full of expression. 
 
 3. Inexpressible: in-|-express4-ible=:not capable of being ex- 
 
 pressed. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What would expression mean in the following sentences ? "Miss Jones 
 plays with much expression.'''' "Vulgar expressions should not be 
 used." "Writing cultivates the art of expression." 
 
 (2.) What is meant by an " expr'essive face ? " What does expressive mean in 
 the sentence, "Robert wrote a letter expressive of his gratitude ?" 
 
 (3.) Write a sentence containing the word inexpressible. Model — "Robin- 
 son Crusoe felt inexpressible delight when he saw the print of a man's 
 foot in the sand." 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES. 48 
 
 VI.— EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE. 
 
 Discipline: a system of government; as "school disciplines^'* 
 "military discipline." 
 
 Combine and define discipUne+ary ; discipline-hary+an ; un+disci- 
 pline+ed. 
 
 Manage : to conduct, to govern. 
 
 Combine and define manage+able. Why is the e retained ? Man- 
 age-fer; manage+ment; un+manage+able. 
 
 Real : actually existing, true, genuine. 
 
 Combine and define real+ly ; real+ity ; real+ize. 
 
 Sincere: honest, true, genuine. 
 
 Combine and define sincere-f ity ; in-f-sincere ; in+sincere+ity. 
 
 Embarrass : to perplex, to entangle. 
 
 Combine and define embarrass-f-ment ; dis-f-embarrass-(-ment. 
 
 Imitate : to copy. 
 
 Combine and define imitate+ion ; imitate+ive. 
 
 Kation: a people distinct from others. 
 
 Combine and define nation+al; nation+al+ity. 
 
 Sceptic : a doul^ter. 
 
 Combine and define sceptic+al ; sceptic+ism. 
 
 Commerce: trade, traffic. 
 
 Combine and define cpmmerce+ial ; commerce+ial+ly 
 
 Imbecile : weak, feeble, infirm. 
 
 Combine and define imbecile-j-ity. 
 
 Self : one's own person. 
 
 Combine and define self-f-ish ; self +hood ; self +ish+ne3s ; self +i8h 
 H-ly; nn+self+ish; un-f-self+ish+ness. 
 
 Medicine : a substance that has the property of curing diseases. 
 Combine and define medicine+al ; medicine+al+ly. 
 
 Oppress : to crush by a heavy burden. 
 
 Combine and define oppress+ive ; oppress+ion. 
 
 Power: strength, capacity. 
 
 Combine and define power+ful ; power +lcss ; power+less+ness. 
 
44 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Knaye : a rascal, a scoundrel. 
 
 Combine and define knave+ery ; knave+ish. > 
 
 Dictate : to command with authority. 
 
 Combine and define dictate+or ; dictate+ion ; dictate+or+iaL 
 
 Benign : kind, inspired with good-mil. 
 
 Combine and define benign+ly ; benign+ity. 
 
 Faith: trust, confidence. 
 
 Combine and define faith+ful; faith+less; faith+ful-}-ly ; faith-f- 
 ful+ness; un+faith+ful. 
 
 Doubt : distrust, want of belief. 
 
 Combine and define doubt+er ; doubt+f ul ; doubt+less ; un+doubt 
 +ed+ly. 
 
 Invent : to bring into existence. 
 
 Combine and define invent-f-ive ; invent+ion ; inveiit+or. 
 
 DiscovEii : to bring to light. 
 
 Combine and define discover+er ; discover+able ; nn+discover-j-ed ; 
 re+discover. 
 
 Tranquil: calm, quiet. 
 
 Combine and define tranquil+ity ; tranqnil+ize. Why do you 
 double the I before ity and not double it before ize? 
 
 Covet : to desire unreasonably. 
 
 Combine and define covet-f-ous ; covet+ous-j-ness. 
 
 Busy: active, employed. * 
 
 Combine and define busy+ly ; busy+ness. 
 
 Educate : to instruct or teach. 
 
 Combine and define educate+ion ; educate+or ; un+educate+ed. 
 
 Critic : a judge of productions or performances. 
 Combine and define critic+al ; critic+ize. 
 
 / 
 
 Vn.— DERIVATIVES FROM ANGLO-SAXOK 
 
 What can you say of the Anglo-Saxon language ? Ans. It was 
 the language of the Angles and Saxons, German tribes who in the 
 5th century after Christ invaded the island of Britain, and laid 
 the basis of the Ensrlish nation. 
 
DERIVATIVES FROM ANGLO-SAXON. 45 
 
 How is the Anglo-Saxon related to English? Ans. It is the 
 foundation of the English language. Most of our common words 
 are of Anglo-Saxon origin. 
 
 CORN, the seed of certain plants. 
 
 1. Corn. What is the origin of the word 'com'? Ans, It is a 
 
 pure Anglo-Saxon word, and means a grain or seed. 
 
 2. Acorn. What is the origin of the word ' acorn ' ? Ans. It is de- 
 
 rived from cec or ac, the Saxon word for oak, and corn : so 
 that it means literally an oah-corn, or oak-seed. 
 
 3. Kernel. How is the word ' kernel ' connected with com ? Ans. 
 
 It means a corn-el or little seed. Obs. — The suffix el forms a 
 diminutive. 
 
 HEAVIj, to raise up. 
 
 1. Heaven: that which is heav^Tz or heaved up over our heads, the 
 
 sky. 
 
 Combine and define heaven +ly. . Give a synonym of 
 * heavenly.' Ans. Celestial. 
 
 2. Heavy : that which is heaved with difficulty. 
 
 Combine and define heavy H-ness. Give a synonym of 
 ' heavy.' Ans. Weighty, ponderous. The opposite of ' heavy V 
 Ans. Light, 
 
 TROW, to believe. 
 
 1. Trow. What can you say of the verb to *trow'? Ans. It 
 
 means to believe ; but the word has nearly gone out of use. 
 
 2. True : ' true ' is, originally, that which one trows or believes. 
 
 3. Truth : ' truth ' is, originally, what one troweth or believeth. 
 
 4. Troth: * troth' means belief or faith. To " plight troth" is to 
 
 solemnly pledge faith ; " plighted troth '''' =plighted faith. 
 
 WRING, to twist. 
 1. Wrong : that which is wrung or twisted from the right, 
 
 RECK, v., to heed or care for. 
 
 1. What can you say of the verb to * reck ' ? Ans. It has gone out 
 of use except in poetry. Can you give an illustra.tion of its 
 
43 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 employment? Ans. In Byron's poem of the "Dying Gladi- 
 ator," it is said : 
 
 '* He reclc'd not of the life he lost, nor prize." 
 This means that he did not heed or care for his life. 
 
 2. Reckless : reck + less=without heed or care. 
 
 Give two synonyms of ' reckless.' A?is. Heedless, careless. 
 Which is the strongest — reckless, heedless, or careless ? Ans. 
 HecMess. Give a word as strong as * reckless.' A?is. JDes^ 
 jperate. 
 
 Wliat is the opposite of ' reckless ' ? Ans. Cautious, dis- 
 creet, careful. 
 
 Combine and define reck+leS3 + ly j reck+less+ness. 
 
 3. Reckon. Explain the relation of ' reckon ' and rech Ans. To 
 
 ' reck ' is to heed or take into account : to rec'kon is also to 
 tal^e into account. 
 
 Give a synonym of * reckon.' Ans. Calculate. 
 
 What noun is formed from reckon? Ans. UecTconing. 
 Wliat is meant l^y a " ready-reckoner " ? 
 4 Rack. Explain the relation of ' reck ' and raclc. To reck is to 
 care, and what gives care strains. To rach is to strain or 
 stretch. 
 
 Give a sentence containing this word. MoDEii — " Richard 
 raclced his brains over the sum in proportion." 
 
 Wliat other part of speech is ' rack ' besides a verb ? Ans. 
 A noun. What does a raclc mean ? Ans. xVn instrument of 
 torture formerly employed to strain a confession from a pris- 
 oner. 
 
 SPELL. 
 
 1. From what does the word 'spell' come? Ans. It comes from 
 the Anglo-Saxon verb spellm?i, which meant to tell, to nar- 
 rate ; hence spelling ig the telling of the parts of words. The 
 Anglo-Saxon noun ' spell ' meant what ? Ans. A narrative 
 or report. 
 
 % Spell, n. Can you give a peculiar use of the noun ' spell ' ? 
 Ans. Milton says " Begin, begin, the mystic spell prepare." 
 What is the explanation ? Ans. In this sense ' spell ' meant 
 a magical narrative or set of words used in incantation. Wliat 
 other use is there of the word ? Ans. Among seamen, a spell 
 of work is a turn of work while a set of words or song is be- 
 ing repeated. 
 
DERIVATIVES FROM ANGLO-SAXON. 47 
 
 Can you give still another meaning ? Ans. A spell of any- 
 thing, as weather, etc., is a short space of time. 
 
 3. Gospel. Give the derivation of ' gospel.' Ans. The Saxon ad- 
 
 jective god, meaning good, and spell, a narrative=the good 
 narrative, or the "glad tidings." 
 4- Spell-bound. What does spell-bound literally mean? Ans. 
 Bound by a spell or incantation. How do you define it? 
 Ans. Completely absorbed by something which rivets the at- 
 tention. Write a sentence containing this word. Model — 
 *' Coleridge describes himself as having been spell-hound at 
 the sight of Mount Blanc." 
 
 HSATH, a barren place or moor. 
 
 Hkathen. How is the word ' heathen ' connected with the word 
 ' heath ' ? Ans. A heathen meant originally, a dweller on a 
 heath or wild. Can you explain how it took its present mean- 
 ing? Ans. When Christianity first spread thi'oughout the 
 Koman empire, in the early centuries after Christ, the new 
 religion was first accepted in the large cities : tlie dwellers in 
 the distant parts or heaths, remote from civilization, still kept 
 up the old pagan worship — hence ' heathen ' came to mean 
 the same as 'pagan.' Combine and define heathen-fish j 
 heathen 4- dom. 
 
 •^ DAY, Saxon dseg. 
 
 1. Sunday. What does 'Sunday' mean? Ans. Sunnadaeg^the 
 
 sun's day. 
 
 2. Monday. What does 'Monday' mean? Ans. Monadreg^the 
 
 moon's day. 
 3 Tuesday. What does ' Tuesday ' mean ? Ans. Tue's or Tuisco's 
 day. Tuisco, a god of the old Northern European my- 
 thology. 
 
 4. Wednesday. What does ' Wednesday ' mean ? Ans. Woden's- 
 
 dseg. Woden, a god of Northern European mythology. 
 
 5. Thursday. What does ' Thursday ' mean ? Ans. Thor's-dseg. 
 
 Thor was a god of the old northern European mythology. 
 
 6. Friday. What does ' Friday ' mean ? Ans. Friga's-dseg. Friga, 
 
 a goddess of Northern European mythology. 
 
 7. Saturday. What does ' Saturday ' mean ? Ans. Saeter or Sat- 
 
 urn's day. Saturn, a Greek god. 
 
48 / WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 8. Daisy. What does * daisy ' mean ? Ans. I)€Bgs-eje=the eye of 
 day. So called because the shape of the daisy was thought 
 to be like the sun. 
 
 HOUSE. 
 
 Husband. Explain how ' husband ' came from house. Ans. The 
 Saxon word for house was spelled hus : combining hus+ 
 band, and we have ' husband '== the band or bond of the 
 house ; that is, the head of the house. 
 
 WEAVE, to unite threads. 
 
 1. Wife. From what is * wife ' derived ? Ans. From the Saxon 
 
 verb we/an, the same word from which * weave ' comes. Its 
 original meaning ? Ans. One who weaves. 
 
 2. Woof. * Woof ' also comes from we/an, to weave, and means 
 
 the 'threads that cross the warp in weaving.\ 
 
 3. Webster. From wefan comes the Saxon or English word 
 
 ' web,' meaning anything woven ; the suffix ster means one 
 who : web + ster = one who weaves, that is, a weaver. Origin- 
 ally it meant a female who weaves. 
 
 4. Woman : vrife+man, contracted woman. The original meaning 
 
 is a female of the human or mankind. Combine and define 
 woman+ly ; woxnan-|-ish ; woman+hood. 
 
 WISE, possessing knowledge. 
 
 1. Wisdom. The Saxon word for 'wisdom' was wis +dom= wis- 
 
 dom, the possession of knowledge. 'Wis' is connected with 
 wiian, to know. 
 
 2. Wit : from the Saxon verb witan, to know. It originally meant 
 
 sense or knowledge. Thus we speak of a person having 
 " his wits about him." It now means intellectual keenness, 
 and humor. Combine and define wit + y; wit + y + ness.. 
 8. Wizakd: wise + ard=: wizard; literally, one who hiows; second- 
 ary meaning, a conjurer or sorcerer. 
 
 RED, a color. 
 
 1. Red was spelled read in old English, but sounded as we sound 
 
 red. Another form of red was rude (pronounced ruddy). 
 
 2. Reddish: Yed-\-\^\i=8omewhat ved. Why do you douV)le the 
 
 final d ? 
 
DERIVATIVES FROM ANGLO-SAXON. 49 
 
 3. Redden : red + en=to make red. Can you give a synonym of 
 ' red ' in the sense of making red with blood ? Ans. ' Incar- 
 nadine.' 
 
 4 Ruddy: from the Saxon *rude,' meaning red=of a red color. 
 Has the word as wide an application as red ? Ans. It has 
 not; it is applied chiefly to the human countenance, as 
 '''ruddy cheeks." 
 
 Combine and define red + ness ; ruddy + ness. 
 
 BURN, to consume with fire. 
 
 1, Brown : of a darkish color, as though lurnt by the sun. Can 
 
 you mention a synonym of ' brown ' ? Ans. Auburn. What 
 is the difference ? 
 
 2. Brunt : the heat of an onset. What does the " Irunt of a 
 
 battle " mean ? Ans. Where the fight is raging hot. 
 8. Brand : a piece of 'burning wood. To brand : to mark with a 
 hot iron. 
 
 Combine and define burn + er; brown +ish; brown + ness. 
 
 LONG, the opposite of short 
 
 Length. What was the Saxon word for ' long ' ? Ans. Lemj. 
 Analyze 'length.' Ans. Leng + eth= that which shows how 
 long a thing is. 
 
 STRONG, powerful. 
 
 Strength. What was the Saxon word for ' strong ' ? An^. Strang. 
 Wliat does 'strength' literally mean? Ans. That which 
 maketh strong or Strang, that which strengetJi. 
 
 MOON, the earth's satellite. 
 
 Month. From what is 'month' derived ? Ans. From monOi^ the 
 Saxon word for moon: monatli, the course or run of the 
 moon, contracted month. 
 
 BLACK, a color. 
 
 1. Black was written in Saxon blac. This word meant not only 
 
 black, but pale, wan, livid, 
 
 2. Blackness: black + ness == the quality of being black. 
 
 ?> 
 
50 WORD-ANALYSIS 
 
 3. Bleach : to make Uac or pale, by removing the color. It is ap- 
 
 plied particularly to cloth. 
 
 4. Bleak : dark, hence cheerless. This word is specially applied to 
 
 scenery, as a Meak hill or shore. A bleak wind is applied to 
 a wind blowing over a wide bleak waste. 
 
 Combine and define bleach + er ; bleak + ness ; bleak + ly. 
 
 WEND, «?., to turn or go. 
 
 Went. Explain the word 'went.' Ans. Went is called the imper- 
 fect tense of the irregular verb to go ; but it is really the 
 imperfect tense of the verb to wend. 
 
 How do you show this ? Ans. ' Went ' is wended con- 
 tracted, went. " He wended 4ii« wa^JUs the same as what ? 
 Ans. " He went his way " 
 
 GIVE, to grant. 
 
 1. If. How is the word ' if ' related to the word gwe ? Ans. It is 
 
 contracted from gif, the imperative mood of the Saxon verb 
 gifian^ to give or grant. (7i/* means give or grant. " If you 
 study you will improve" is the same as, '■^ grant that you 
 study, you will improve." 
 
 2. Gift. From the Saxon verb * gifian ' = something gwen. 
 
 ADD, to join to. 
 
 And. How is ' and ' connected with add ? Ans. * And ' is the im- 
 perative mood of the Saxon verb andan, to add. What does 
 * and ' originally mean ? Ans. It means add. '* Bread and 
 butter" is the same as "bread add butter." 
 
 SHEAR, to separate. 
 
 1. Shire means a district sheared or separated from the rest. 
 
 2. Shore is the place where the land is sheared or separated from 
 
 the water. 
 
 3. Share is a portion of anything sheared or divided off. 
 
 4. Shred is that which is sheared or shorn from the main piece. 
 
 POST, that which is placed. 
 
 * Post ' is a piece of timber placed in the ground. A military sta- 
 tion is a post, for men are placed in it. To travel post is to have 
 
DERIVATIVES FROM ANGLO-SAXON. 51 
 
 certain relays of horses placed at certain intervals, that so no delay- 
 on the road may occur. The .post-office was originally an office for 
 sending letters by post, that is, by relays of horses. To post a ledger 
 is to place or register its various items. 
 
 ONE, single. 
 
 1. Only. How is * only ' connected with * one ' ? Ans, * Only ' is 
 
 one -i-ly= one-like, that is, sole or singular. 
 
 2. Atonement. What is the composition of ' atonement ? ' Ans. 
 
 At+one + ment=the setting at one those who were at twain 
 before, namely God and man. 
 
52 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Part II. 
 
 LATIN DERIVATIVES. 
 
 I.— EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 1. It has been seen that an English primitive word is a word in 
 its simplest English form. * Educate ' is an English primitive be- 
 cause the word is in its simplest English form. ' Education,' ' edu- 
 cator,' and 'uneducated' are derivatives from 'educate.' 
 
 2. But the word ' educate ' can be traced back to a simpler form 
 in the Latin language. It comes from the Latin verb duco^ I lead 
 or draw, and tlie prefix <?, meaning forth or out. 'Educate' means, 
 therefore, to d,raw out the faculties of the mind. 
 
 3. A Latin primitive is a Latin word used to form English deriva- 
 tives. Duco is a Latin primitive. It gives us a number of English 
 derivatives, as educe, to draw out; induce, to draw in; deduce, to 
 draw down ; ductile, that may be drawn, etc. 
 
 4. We are now to study English derivations from Latin primi- 
 tives. 
 
 Obs. — To pursue this study does not require any knowledge of Latin. AH 
 that is required is to learn the meaning of single Latin words, and then an- 
 alyze the English derivatives formed from them. 
 
 5. Latin primitives will be verbs or nouns or adjectives. 
 
 In giving Latin verbs we shall give the present indicative and an- 
 other part called the supine, which corresponds nearly to the English 
 infinitive. Thus duco, I lead ; ductum, to lead. To find the real 
 root used in composition with prefixes and sufiixes to form English 
 derivatives, it is sometimes necessary to strike off one or more of the 
 final letters. Thus the roots of duco — ductum are due- and duct-. 
 Example — From (Zz^c we get such words as educate =e-i- due -fate; 
 from duct we get such derivatives as ductile- duct+ile. The root 
 used will be given in the case of each Latin primitive verb. 
 
 6. In giving Latin nouns and adjectives we shall give the nomi- 
 native case and the possessive, or, as it is called, the genitive, case ; 
 for the reason that sometimes the real root used is found in the geni- 
 tive case. Thus the Latin noun for heart is cor : genitive case, cordis 
 — root used cord-, from which we get such derivatives as cordial^ 
 concord, etc. 
 
LATIN PREFIXES. 53 
 
 Pronunciation of Latin Words. 
 
 1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or 
 diphthongs ; as, viva voce^ pronounced vi'va vo'ce. 
 
 2. C is pronounced like k before a, o, u ; and like s before e, i, ?/, and the 
 diphthongs ce and ce ; as, cado^ pronounced ka'do ; cedo^ pronounced se'do. 
 
 3. G is pronounced hard before «, o, u^ and soft like^' before e, i, ?/, ce, ce ; 
 as gusto^ in which g is pronounced as in August ; gero^ pronounced je'ro. 
 
 4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter ; as, hetu^ 
 pronounced he'ne. 
 
 5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided ; as, mille^ 
 pronounced miVle. 
 
 6. The diphthongs cb and ce are sounded like e ; as, ccedo^ pronounced ce'do. 
 
 7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first ; as, ager^ pronounced 
 a'jer. 
 
 8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in a, the a should be 
 sounded like ah ; as musa^ pronounced mu'sah. 
 
 9. T^ s, and c, before i«, ^e, ii, io, iic^ and eu^ preceded immediately by the 
 accent, in Latin words as in English, change into sh and zh ; as, fa'cio^ 
 pronounced fa'sheo ; san'cio^ pronounced san'sheo ; spa'tium^ pronounced 
 spa sheum. 
 
 - - IL— LATIN PREFIXES. 
 
 \ AB (with the forms a and abs) signifies from or away ; as avert, to 
 turn from ; absolve, to release from ; abstract, to draw from. 
 AD (with the forms a^ ac^ af, ag^ al, am, an, ap, ar, as, at) signifies 
 to ; as adhere, to stick to ; accede, to yield to ; affix, to fix 
 to ; aggression, a going to or against ; ally, to bind to ; an- 
 nex, to tie to ; append, to hang to ; arrogate, to claim to 
 one's self ; assimilate, to make like to ; attend, to stretch to. 
 Obs. — The general rule for the change of the letter d in the prefix 
 ad is that the final consonant (d) assimilates to the initial 
 consonant of the root word. See the above examples. 
 AM (with the form a7nb) signifies round or about ; as ambition, lit- 
 erally, a going round to seek votes ; amputate, to cut round. 
 ANTE (with the form anti) signifies before ; as antecedent, going 
 
 before ; anticipate, to take before. 
 CIROUM signifies round or about; as circumnavigate, to sail 
 
 round ; circumspect, looking around. 
 CON (with the forms co, cog, col, com, cor) signifies ^o^^^ or together ; 
 as concur, to run together ; coexist, to exist together ; col- 
 loquy, a speaking together ; compose, to put together ; cor- 
 roborate, to make strong together. 
 
 Obs. — The general rule for the changes of n in con is that the 
 final consonant (n) assimilates to the initial letter of the 
 root. 
 
w 
 
 54 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 CONTRA (with the forms counter, contro) signifies against ; as con- 
 tradict, to speak; against ; countermand, to order against ; 
 controvert, to turn against. 
 
 DE signifies down ovfrom; as deject, to cast down. 
 
 DIS (with the forms ^i, (^^/•) signifies : 1. asunder, 2. away; 1. divert, 
 to turn away, 2. dispel, to drive away. 
 
 EX (with the forms e, ec, ef) signifies out; exclude, emit, efflux, 
 exceed, to go out of bounds. 
 
 EXTRA signifies leyond ; extraordinary, beyond ordinary. 
 
 IN (with the forms ig, il, im, ir) signifies: 1. in, 2. on, 3. into, 4. 
 not; 1. inject, 2. impress, 3. illuminate, 4. illegal, not legal. 
 
 INTER (with the forms enter, intel) signifies 'between, among ; inter- 
 cede, to go between, entertain, intellect, that which chooses 
 among things. ^ 
 
 INTRO signifies within ; introduce, to lead in. 
 
 MIS signifiei ^?*<9^p', erroneous ; 1. misconduct, wrong conduct. 
 
 OB (with t|ie forms o, oc, of, op, os) signifies: 1. in the way, 2. 
 against, 3. out; 1. obtrude, 2. oppose, 3. obviate. 
 
 PER signifies through, thoroughly ; perambulate, to walk around. ' 
 
 POST signifies after ; postscript, something written after. 
 
 PRE signifij^fe before ; precede, to go before. 
 
 PRO (with the forms por, pur, pru) signifies: 1. for, 2. forth, 3. 
 forward; 1. pronoun, 2. profuse, 3. promote; portray, 
 pursue, prudent. 
 _PRETER signifies beyond ; preternatural, b^yendoiatural. 
 
 RE (with the form red) signifies: 1. back, 2. again; 1. repress, 2. 
 re-elect. 
 
 RETRO signifies backwards ; retrograde, to go backwards. 
 
 SE signifies : aside or apart ; secede, to go aside. 
 
 SINE (with the forms sim, sin) signifies without ; sinecure, without 
 care ; simply, without folds. 
 
 SUB (with the forms su, sue, suf sug, sum, sup, sur, sus) signifies, 
 under ; suspect, succeed, suffer, suggest, summon, support, 
 surreptitious, sustain. 
 
 SUBTER signifies under ; subterfuge, literally, a flying under. 
 
 SUPER (with the form sur) signifies : 1. above, 2. over ; 1. super- 
 natural, 2. supervise, literally, to oversee. 
 
 TRANS (with the form tra) signifies: 1. over^ 2. through, 'S. be- 
 yond ; 1. transgress, 2. transparent, 3. transalpine. 
 
^^^^- LATIN SUFFIXES. 65 
 
 j^ m.— LATm SUFFIXES. 
 
 / AC signifies of, 'belonging or relating ; cardiac, relating to the 
 / heart. 
 
 ACE OUS signifies : \.of^ 2. consisting of , S. liJce, or resembling ; 
 
 1. cetaceous, 2. foliaceous, 3. saponaceous. 
 
 AC Y signifies: 1. being, 2. state of being, 3. office of; 1. accuracy, 
 
 2. celibacy, 3. magistracy. 
 
 AGE signifies: 1. a collection of, 2. being, or state of being, 3. an 
 allowance for ; 1. foliage, 2. peerage, 3. postage. 
 
 AL signifies: 1. of belonging, relating, or pertaining t^, 2. befit- 
 ting or becoming; 1. personal, 2. maternal. 
 
 AN, or IAN, signifies: 1. one who,or the pe7'Son that, 2. of, belong- 
 ing, or pertaining to ; 1. artisan, 2. Christian. 
 
 ANCE, or ANOY (ENCE, or ENCY), signifies: 1. being, or 
 state of being, 2. ^ing\' 1. vigilance, constancy, 2. innocence, state 
 of being innocent, refulgency. • dfWtV 
 
 ANT signifies: 1. one who, or the person that, 2. Hng^; 1. assist- 
 ant, 2. abundant. 
 
 AR signifies: 1. of belonging, relating, or pertaining to, 2. ha^V)- 
 ing ; 1. circular, 2. angular. 
 
 ARY signifies : one who, or the person that, 2. of, belonging, relat- 
 ing, or pertaining to, 3. the place where, 4. the thing that ; 1. ad- 
 versary, 2. epistolary, 3. library, 4.^^ boundary. 
 
 ^ ATE signifies : 1. one who, or the person that, 2. having, being, 3. 
 to make, to give, to put, or to take ; 1. legate, 2. corporate, adequate, 
 
 3. assimilate, animate. 
 
 CLE, or CULE, signifies little, or small ; canticle, corpuscle, ani- 
 malcule. 
 
 ENT signifies: 1. one who, or the person that, 2. being, or * ing ' ; 1. 
 student, 2. equivalent, pendent. 
 
 ESCENCE signifies state of growing or becoming; conval- 
 escence. 
 
 E SCENT signifies growing or becoming ; as convalescent. 
 
 IC, or ICAL, signifies of, belonging, relating, or pertaining to ; 
 heroic, poetical. 
 
 ICE signifies: 1. the thing that, 2. the attribute of; 1. notice, 2. 
 justice. 
 
 ICS signifies: 1. the doctrine, or science of, 2. art of ; 1. ethics, 2. 
 pyrotechnics. 
 
 ID signifies: 1. b<iing, 2. 'ing,^ 3. tM thing that; 1. acrid, 2. splen- 
 did, 3 » fluid. 
 
56 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 ILE signifies: 1. belonging, relating, or pertaining to, 2. may or 
 can J)e ; 3. apt to; 1. hostile, 2. ductile, docile, agile. 
 
 INE signifies of, belonging, relating, or pertaining to ; marine. 
 
 ION signifies: 1. the act of, 2. being, or state of being, 3. ^ing\' 1. 
 probation, 2. corruption, 3. friction. 
 
 ISE, or IZB, signifies: 1. to maJce, 2. to give; 1. fertilize, 2. ' 
 d^acterize. 
 
 jTlSM signifies: 1. being, or s^a*6 ^ being, 2. o^/i idiom, 8. doctrim 
 of; 1. barbarism, 2. anglicism, 3. Mormonism. 
 
 1ST signifies on£ who, or ^A^ person that ; novelist. 
 
 ITB signifies one who, or the person that ; having, ' ing^ as Hussite, 
 definite. 
 
 ITY , or TY, signifies being, or state of being ; ability. 
 
 IVE signifies: 1. one who, 2. having power, 3. 'ing'; 1. captive, 
 2. corrective, 3. progressive. 
 
 LET signifies little, or small ; rivulet. 
 
 MENT signifies: 1. ~being, or state of being, 2. act of, 3. the thing 
 that ; 1. abasement, 2. payment, 3. inducement. 
 
 MONY signifies: 1. being, or state of being, 2. thing that ; 1. acri- 
 mony, 2. testimony. 
 
 OR signifies: 1. one who, 2. the act of, Hng^ 3. th^at which causes ; 
 1. auditor, 2. favor, 3. motor. 
 
 ORY signifies: 1. the place wliere, 2. thing that, 3. o/*, belonging, re- 
 lasting, or pertaining to, ^ing''' ; 1. armory, 2. memory, 3. consola- 
 tory, transitory. 
 
 OSE signifies /i<7? of ; jocose. 
 
 OUS signifies: l.full of, 2. consisting of, 3. belonging to, 4. ^^«^?^ 
 ^<^, 5. Hng\' 1. populous, 2. aqueous, 3. cutaneous, 4. contentious, 
 5. timorous. 
 
 TUDE, or UDE, signifies being, or state of being ; altitude, 
 quietude. 
 
 UIjE signifies little, or small ; globule. 
 
 URE signifies : 1. the thing, 2. being, or state of being, 3. act of; 
 1. picture, 2. rapture, 3. departure. 
 
-V 
 
 ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATI^. 67 
 
 IV.— ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN". 
 
 A'GO (ACTUM), to do; to drive. 
 
 Roots used : AG-- and ACT-. 
 
 1. Act, T), Analysis : formed from actum by dropping the ter- 
 
 mination urn. Definition : to do, to perform. The noun " 
 'act' is. formed in the same way. Definition: a thino- 
 done — a deed or performance. 
 
 2. Action: act4-ion=the state of acting. Definition: a thing 
 
 done or the act of doing. 
 
 3. Active: ^ct+\YQ=having the quality of acting. Definition: 
 
 busy, constantly engaged in action. 
 
 4. Actor: ^Gt+OY=one who acts. Definition: 1. one who takes 
 
 part in any thing done ; 2. a stage player. 
 
 5. Agent : ag+ent=(??ze who acts. Definition : one who acts or 
 
 transacts business for another. 
 
 6. Agile: ^g+ilQ=:apt to act. Definition: nimble, brisk. 
 
 7. Cogent : Go, meaning together, and ago, become in Latin cogo, to 
 
 drive or impel. * Cogent' is made up of cog + ent= having 
 the quality of impelling. Definition : urgent, forcible. 
 
 8. Enact : en+act— to put in act. Definition : to decree. 
 
 9. Transact: trans + act == to drive ^Ar(?w^A. Definition: to per- 
 
 form. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What two parts of speech is 'act'? Write a sentence containing ' act ' 
 as a verb ; another as a noun. Give a synonym of act. Arts. Deed. 
 From what is 'deed' derived? Ans. From the verb do — hence, liter- 
 ally, something done. Give the distinction between act and deed. 
 Ans. ' Act ' is a single action ; ' deed ' is a voluntary action. Exam- 
 ple : " The action which was praised as a good deed was but an act of 
 necessity. " 
 
 (2.) Define «(?^ion in oratory ; action in law. Combine and define in + action. 
 
 (3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity. What is the 
 negative of active ? An^. Inactive. What is the contrary of active ? 
 Ans. Passive. 
 
 (4. ) Write a sentence containing actor in each of its two senses. Model — 
 "Washington and Greene were prominent actors in the war of the 
 Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English a<?^or, was born 
 in 1716." What is the feminine of actor in the sense of stage player ? 
 
 (6.) Combine and define agile + ity. "What is the distinction between active 
 
 and agile ? Ans. Active implies readiness to act in general ; a^ile de- 
 
 3* 
 
58 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 notes a readiness to move the limbs. Give two synonyms of agile. 
 
 ji,ns. Brisk, nimble. Give the opposite of 'agile.' A7is. Sluggish, 
 
 inert. 
 (7.) Explain what is meant by a ^^ cogent argument." What would be the 
 
 contrary of a cogent argument? Ans. A weak argument. 
 (8.) Combine and define enact + ment. What is meant by the ^''enacting 
 
 clause " of a legislative bill ? Write a sentence containing the word 
 
 ' enact.' Model — " The British Parliament enacted the stamp-law in 
 
 1765." 
 (9.) Combine and define transact + ion. What noun can you make from per^ 
 
 form that is a synonym of transaction ? 
 
 Additional Derivatives from ago. 
 
 Agitate : from ago, through agito, to set in motion. Definition: 
 1. to stir violently ; 2. to disturb ; 3. to discuss. 
 
 Actual : existing in act ; real. 
 
 Actuate : to put into action. 
 
 Counteract: to act against; hence, to defeat; to frustrate. 
 
 Exact : to drive out ; hence, to enforce ; to require : also, strict ; 
 accurate. 
 
 Exigency : literally, the state of being necessary to be done ; hence, 
 pressing necessity. 
 
 ALIE'NUS, another, foreign. 
 Root used: alien-. 
 
 1. Alien: formed from alienus by dropping the termination us. 
 
 Definition : a foreigner — one owing allegiance to another 
 
 country than that in which he is living. 
 3. Alienate: alien -}-ate=to cause (c^^^e) something to be transferred 
 
 to another. Definition : 1. to transfer title or property to 
 
 another ; 2. to estrange, to withdraw. 
 3. Inalienable: in + alien +able=not (in) capable (able) of being 
 
 given to another. 
 V ■ 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) Combine and define alien + age. Can an ' alien ' be elected President of the 
 United States ? [See the Constitution, Article II., Sec. I., Clause 5].;, 
 What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is 
 changed from an alien to a citizen ? 
 
 (2.) Combine and define alienate + ion. Give a synonym of 'alienate' in ita^ 
 second nen%Q. Ans. To estrange. What is meant by say mg that " th^ 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 59 
 
 oppressive measures of the British government gradually alienated the 
 American colonies from the mother country " ? 
 (3. ) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the 
 word 'inalienable.' Ans. "We hold these truths to be self-evident : 
 that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator 
 with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and 
 the pursuit of happiness." Explain the meaning of ^^inalienable 
 rights." 
 
 A'MO, I love. AM'ICUSj a friend. 
 Roots used : am- and amic-. 
 
 1. Amiable: am(i) + able =worthy of being loved. 
 
 Obs. — The Latin adjective is amabilis, from which the English 
 derivative adjective would be amable ; but it has taken the 
 form amiable. 
 
 2. Amity: am+ity=tlie state of being a friend. Definition: 
 
 friendship ; good- will. 
 
 3. Amicable: amic-F able = disposed to be (able) a friend (amicus). 
 
 Definition : friendly ; peaceable. 
 
 4. Inimical : amicus is the Latin word for friend : inim'ictcs is the 
 
 Latin for enemy. Inimic(us)4-al=inimical, relating to an 
 enemy. 
 
 5. Amateur : This word is adopted from the French. It comes 
 
 from amo through the Latin amator, a lover. Definition : 
 one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without 
 pursuing it professionally. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) Give a synonym of <2mi^6?^. Ans. 'Lovable.* Show how they are exact 
 synonyms. Ans. The suffix is the same — able, and amo = love. 
 Write a sentence containing the word ' amiable. ' Model — ' ' The amia- 
 hie qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply regretted 
 by all Americans." What noun can you form from amiable, meaning 
 the quality of bein^ amiable ? What is the negative of amiable ? 
 Ans. 'Unamiable.' The contrary? An'i. 'Hateful.' 
 
 (3.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym ol amity. Ans. 'Friendship.' 
 State the distinction between these words. Ans. Friendship applies 
 more particularly to individuals ; amity to societies or nations. Write 
 a sentence containing the word 'amity.' Model — "The Plymouth 
 colonists in 1621 made a treaty of amity with the Indians." What is 
 the opposite of ainity ? 
 
 (3.) Give a synonym of amicable. Ans. ' Friendly.' Which is the stronger ? 
 Ans. ' Friendly. ' Why ? Ans. Frie?idly implies a positj^e feeling 
 
60 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 of regard ; amtcdble denotes merely the absence of discord. Write a 
 sentence containing the word 'amicable.' Model — "In 1871, com- 
 missioners appointed by the United States and Great Britain made an 
 amicable settlement of the Alabama difficulties." 
 
 (4. ) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective inimical i Ans. Enemy. 
 Give its origin. Ans. It comes from the Latin inimicus^ an enemy, 
 through the French ennem,i. What preposition does inim.ical take 
 after it? Ans. The preposition ^o — thus, ^'' inimical to health," ''to 
 welfare," etc. 
 
 (5. ) Explain what is meant by an amateur painter. An amateur musician. 
 
 AN'IMUS, mind, passion. ANIMA, life. 
 Root used : anim. 
 
 1. Animal. Derived from a?iima, through the Latin animal] its 
 
 literal meaning is, something having life. 
 
 2. Animalcule: animal +cule=: a minute animal. Definition: 
 
 an animal that can be seen only by the microscope. 
 
 3. Animate^.: anim + ate = to make alive. Definition: to stimu- 
 
 late or infuse courage. 
 
 4. Animosity: anim +ose+ity=;: the quality of being (ity) full of 
 
 (ose) passion. Definition : violent hatred. 
 
 5. Unanimity: un (from, unus, one) + anim -f- ity = the state of being 
 
 of one mind. Definition : agreement. 
 C. Reanimate: re + anim + ate = to make alive again..* 
 
 aXERCISB. 
 
 (1.) Write a sentence containing the word 'animal.' Model — "Modern sci- 
 ence has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction 
 between an «mm(2? and a vegetable. " 
 
 (2.) What is the plural of ' animalcule ' ? Ans. Animalcules or animalculae. 
 Write a sentence containing this word. 
 
 (3.) What other part of speech is animate besides a verb? A'lis. An adjec- 
 tive. What is the negative of the adjective 'animate ' ? Ans. 'Inani- 
 mate.' Define it. Combine and define animate + ion. Explain what is 
 meant by an " animated discussion ? Is it \.livcly discussion V " 
 
 (4. ) Give two synonyms of animosity. Ans. ' Enmity, ' ' hostility. ' 
 
 (5. ) Repeat the literal meaning of unanimity. If people are of one mind is 
 not this 'unanimity'? What is the adjective corresponding to the 
 noun ' unanimity ' ? What is the opposite of unanimity ? Ans. ' Dif- 
 ference,' 'contrariety.' Write a sentence containing the word 'uhan- 
 ' imity. ' 
 
 (6. ) Compare the verbs ' animate ' and ' reanimate ' : the first means what ? 
 Ans. To make alive. The second ? Ans. To bring to life again. Has 
 'reanimate' any other meaning? AnJi. It means to revive one's spirits 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 61 
 
 or courage. Write a sentence containing ' reanimate ' in this figurative 
 sense. Model — " The inspiring words of Lawrence : ' Don't give up 
 the ship ^ reanimated the courage of the American sailors." What 
 does '■''animated conversation" mean? 
 
 ANNUS, a year. 
 Root used : ann-. 
 
 1. Annals : from annus through annalis^ pertaining to the year. 
 
 Definition : a record of things done from year to year. 
 
 2. Annual : from annus, through amiuus, relating to a year. An- 
 
 alysis : annu + al= relating to a year. Definition: yearly 
 or performed in a year. 
 
 3. Annuity: tvoxn. annus, throu^gh the French annuite—o. sum of 
 
 money payable yearly. 
 
 4. Millennium: a Latin word formed from annus and iJiiUe^n 
 
 thousand=a thousand years. 
 
 Obs. — A word used to denote the thousand years mentioned in 
 Revelation, during which period Satan will be bound, and 
 holiness become triumphant throughout the world. 
 
 Peeennial : from the Latin adjective perennis (compounded of ^?^r 
 and annus\ meaning throughout the year ; hence, lasting ; 
 perpetual. 
 
 Jilf^^^ EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Give a synonym of annals? Ans. 'History.' What is the difference 
 between annals and history ? Ans. Annals denote a mere chronologi- 
 cal account of events from year to year; history^ in addition to a nar- 
 rative of events, inquires into the causes of events. Write a sentence 
 containing the word annals or explain the following sentence : " The 
 annals of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible state- 
 ments." 
 
 (3.) Write a sentence containing fjhe word annual. Model — "The 4th of 
 July is observed as an annual holiday, in remembrance of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence." 
 
 (4.) Write a sentence containing the word millennium. 
 
 (5.) What is the meaning of a ^'' ^( rennial plant" in botany ? .1 ns. A plant 
 continuing more than \(*kQ years. Give the contrary of perennial. 
 Ans. Fleeting, short-lived. ^ 
 
 .-^--^ ARS (ARTIS), skill. 
 
 Root used : art- . _^ 
 
 1. AiiT. Formed from artis hj dropping the termination is. Dli&FiNi- 
 TTON : 1. cunning' — tlinsi, an animal practices art in escaping 
 
62 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 from his pursuers ; 2. skill or dexterity — thus a man may be 
 said to have the art of managing his business ; 3. a system 
 of rules or a profession — as the art of building ; 4\ creative 
 genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which are called 
 the "fine arts." 
 
 2. Artist: art + ist=one who practises an art. Definition: a 
 
 person who. occupies himself with one of the fine arts. 
 
 Obs. — A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not 
 properly be so called. The French word artiste is sometimes 
 used to denote one who has great skill in some profession^ 
 even if it is not one of the fine arts ; thus a great genius in 
 cookery might be called an a7'tiste. 
 
 3. Artisan. From ars through the French artisan— one, who prac- 
 
 tises an art. Definition : one who practises one of the 
 mechanic arts ; a workman or operative. 
 
 4. Artful: art-f fulr=full of art. Definition: crafty, cunning. 
 
 5. Artless: art + less = without art. Definition: free from cun- 
 
 ning, simple, ingenuous. 
 
 6. Artifice: from ars, through the Latin artiflcium=^oYiiei\mig 
 
 made {facio, I make) by art. Definition : an artful con- 
 trivance or stratagem. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) What is the particular meaning of ' art ' in the sentence from Shaks- 
 peare, "There is no m't to read the mind's construction in the face " ? 
 
 (2. ) Write a sentence containing the word ' artist. ' Model — ' ' Bierstadt and 
 Powers are among the most distinguished American artists. " Would 
 it be proper to call a famous hair-dresser an artist ? What might he 
 be called ? Combine and define artist + ic ; artist + ic + al + ly. What is 
 the negative of artistic ? Ans. ' Inartistic. ' 
 
 (3.) What is the distinction between an artist and an artisan? 
 
 (5. ) Give a synonym of a7'tless. Ans. Ingenuous, natural. Give the opposite 
 of artless. Ans. Wily. Combine and define artless + I7 ; artless + ness. 
 
 (6.) Give a synonym of artifice, ^^s. ^Stratagem. Combine artifice + er. On 
 which syllgtble is the accent ? Does ' artificer ' mean one who practises 
 artifice ? A^is. No, it means a mechanic, an artisan. Write a sentence 
 containing the word artificer. ■ Combine and define artifice + ial ; 
 artifice + al + ity. Give the opposite of artificial. Ans. Natural. 
 
 Additional Derivatives from annus. 
 
 Annuity : a yearly income. 
 
 Annuitant : one who receives an annuity. 
 
 Anniversary : a stated day, coming round once a year. 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 63 
 
 Biennial : of two years. 
 
 Triennial , of three years. 
 
 Septennial : of seven years. 
 
 Superannuated : literally, o'oer aged ; hence, impaired by old aga 
 
 AU'DIO (AUDFTUM), to hear. 
 Roots used : audi-, and audit-. 
 
 1. Audible: audi-fble= that can be heard. 
 
 2. Audience : audi+ence=literally, the act of hearing. Its present 
 
 meaning is an assemblage of hearers, an audiiory. 
 
 3. Audit: f voxn. audit{um) =to h.QdiY a statement. Definition: to 
 
 examine accounts. 
 
 4. Auditor: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer. 
 
 Obs. — This word has a secondary meaning, namely : an ofiicer who 
 examines accounts. 
 
 5. Obedient: from ohediens^ obedient(is). the present participle of 
 
 obedio (compounded of ob towards and audio, to hear). 
 Literal sense: hearing; present meaning: complying 
 with the wishes of another. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) * Audible ' means that can be heard : what prefix would you affix to it to 
 make a word denoting what can 7iot be heard ? What is the adverb 
 from the adjective audible^ Write a sentence containing the word 
 * audible. ' 
 
 (2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving audience f 
 
 (3.) Write a sentence containing the word ' audit.' Model — '' The committee 
 which had to audit the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds." 
 How do you spell the past tense of ' audit ' ? Vt^'hy is the t not doubled ? 
 
 (5.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective 'obedient' ? What is 
 the verb corresponding to these words? Combine and define dis + obe- 
 dient. Write a sentence containing the word ' obedient. ' 
 
 BRE'VIS, short. 
 ^ • Roots used : brev- and brevi-. 
 
 1. Brevity: brev +ity= state of being short; shortness. 
 
 2. Breviary: brevi +ary= literally, that which is short. Defini- 
 
 tion : an abridgment.; a book containing the daily service of 
 the Roman Catholic church. 
 
 3. Abbreviate : ab + brevi + ate=to make a thing short : to sliorten. 
 
64 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 4. Brief, a. : from hrevis through the French href, shorts short, 
 concise. 
 
 Obs. — The noun ' brief in law means an abridgment of a client' - 
 case. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What is meant by the saying ^^ brevity is the soul of wit " ? Show how 
 ' brevity ' and ' ^shortness ' are synonyms. Ans. Br ev= short ; and ity= 
 ness; hence brevity = shortness. 
 
 (3.) What is the distinction between 'abbreviate' and 'abridge'? Ans. To 
 abbreviate is to shorten by contracting or cutting off; to abridge is to 
 shorten by condensing or compressing. Single words are abbreviated ; 
 whole works are abridged. 'Lieut.', 'Dr.', 'Esq.', are abbreviations 
 for lieutenant.^ doctor., esquire. Large histories are abridged for the 
 use of young students. Combine and define abbreviate + ion. What is 
 the abbreviation for Anno Domini '^ for Doctor of Laws ? 
 
 (4.) In what connection is the adjective brief chiefly used ? Ans. In regard 
 to language or time; as, a "6ri^ discourse," a ''^ brief period." 
 
 CA'PUT (OAP'ITIS), the head. 
 
 Root used : capit-. 
 
 1. Capital a. and n. : capit + al= relating to the Tiead ; hence chief, 
 
 principal, first in importance. Definition : as an adjective 
 it means 1. principal; 2. great, imj^ortant; 3. punishable 
 with death. As a noun it means 1. the metropolis or seat of 
 government ; 2. stock*in trade. 
 
 2. Capitation: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be 
 
 counted. Definition: 1. a numbering of persons ; 2. a tax 
 upon each head or person. 
 
 3. Decapitate: de + capit + ate— to cause the head to be taken off . 
 
 Definition : to behead. 
 
 4. Pkecipice : from prcecipitium (compounded of pra? and caput), 
 
 literally, a headlong descent. 
 
 5. Precipitate: from p?'(Bcipit(is), head ioremost Analysts: pre- 
 
 cipit + ate= (as an adjective) having the quality of headlong- 
 ness ; (as a verb) to cause one to fall head-foremost. Defi- 
 nition : 1. as a verb, to throw headlong ; to press with eager- 
 ness ; to hasten ; 2. as an adjective, headlong ; hasty. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Write a sentence containing ' capital' as an adjective. Write a sentence 
 containing capital as a noun, in the sense of cit7j. Write a sentence 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 65 
 
 containing 'capital' in the ssnse of stock. Is the capital of a State or 
 country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that State or coun- 
 try ? What is- the real characteristic of a capital ? What is the capital 
 of New York State ? What is the metropolis of New York State ? 
 
 (3. ) Combine and define decapitate + ion. Can you name an English king who 
 was decapitated ? Can you name a French king who was decapitated ? 
 
 (4) What is the meaning of 'precipice ' in the line, '' Swift down the pred- 
 pice of time it goes " ? 
 
 (5.) Combine and define precipitate + ly. Write a sentence containing the ad- 
 jective 'precipitate.' Model — "Fabius, the Roman general; is noted 
 for never having made any precipitate movements." Explain the 
 meaning of the verb precipitate in the following sentences: "At the 
 battle of Waterloo Wellington precipitated the conflict because he 
 knew Napoleon's army was divided"; "The Romans were wont to 
 precipitate criminals from the Tarpeian rock." 
 
 Additional derivatives from caput. 
 
 Cape : a ^6?<^(i-land. 
 
 Capitulate : to surrender on conditions. 
 
 Obs. — The meaning of the word arose from the fact that the stip- 
 ulations in a capitulation were drawn up under heads. 
 Captain : a head officer. 
 Chapter : a di\dsion or head of a subject. 
 RECAPrruLATE : to repeat the heads of a discourse. 
 
 OEVEBER (CELEBRIS), famous, renowned. 
 Root used : celebr-. 
 
 1. Celebrate: celebr + ate = to make famous. Definition: to 
 
 praise, to bonor by solemn rites. 
 
 2. Celebrity: celebr + ity= the state, of being famous. Defini- 
 
 tion: fame, renown. 
 
 3. Celebration: celebr + ate + ion = the act of making famous. 
 
 Definition : a distinguishing by ceremonies. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Give a synonym of ce?6'5r«^e. Atis. To 'commemorate.* Compose a sen- 
 tence containing the word 'celebrate.' Model — "The people of 
 the United States annually celebrate the birth-day of Washington, on 
 the 22d of February." Combine and define celebrate + ed. Give two 
 synonyms. Ans. 'Renowned,' 'famous.' 
 
 (2.) Write a sentence containing the word 'celebrity.' Model — "The 
 celebrity of Prof. Morse arises from his great invention, the electric 
 telegraph." Give two sjmonyms of celebrity. Ans. 'Fame,' 're- 
 
66 WORD ANALYSIS. 
 
 nown. ' Which is the stronger word — ' celebrity ' or ' renown ' ? Ajis. 
 *" Renown '. Would you speak of the celebrity of Napoleon I. or his 
 renown ? The celebrity of Shakspeare or hi&fame? 
 (3. ) Compose a sentence containing the word celebration. Model — " On the 
 4th of July, 1876, the celebratio7i of the one hundredth anniversary of 
 American Independence will take place." 
 
 A 
 
 Clevis, a citizen. 
 Root used: civ-. 
 
 1. Civic : civ-f-ic=relating to a citizen or to the afEaii's or honors 
 of a city. 
 
 Obs.— The " civic crown " in Roman times was a garland of oak- 
 leaves and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the 
 life of a citizen in battle. 
 
 2^ Civil : from cims through the Latin adjective civilis, which had 
 three meanings : 1. belonging to a citizen; 2. of the State, 
 political ; 3. polite. ' Civil ' has several minings in English. 
 What does ^^ civil government/' mean? Ani Government 
 of the State. Wt^at does " civil/ war " mean ? Ans. War 
 between tellow-citi^ens. Wliat does a " civil answer '' mean ? 
 
 8,. GjviLizEy civil + ize=-to malce (ize) a savage people into a com- 
 munity having a government or political organization. 
 Definition : to reclaim from a barbarous state. 
 
 4v Civilization: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized. 
 
 5^ Civilian: civil +ian= one whose pursuits are those of civil life 
 — not a soldier. , . 
 
 t 
 
 EXEROISE. 
 
 (1^ What is the most usual meamng of ' civil' ? Give a synonym of civil. 
 A71S. ' Polite. ' Is there any difference between ' civil ' and ' polite ' ? 
 A71S. Polite expresses more than civil .—it is possible to be civil with- 
 out being poZi^e;\ 'civility ' is contented with pleasing when the occa- 
 sion offers ; ' politei^ess ' seeks the opportunity to please. What word 
 would denote the opposite of ' civil ' in the sense of polite ? Combine 
 and define civil + 117. Do you say w^zcivility or fMcivility, to denote 
 the negative of^ ' civility ' ? Give two synonyms of uncivil. Ans. 
 'Rude,' 'boorish.' 
 
 (2.) Write a sentence containing the word civilize. Model — " All attempts 
 to civilize the Indians have proved fruitless." Give a participial ad- 
 jective from ' civilize. ' What compound word expresses half civilized ? 
 Afi^. 'Semi-civilized.' What word expresses the lowest in the scale of 
 society ? What between savage and civilized ? 
 
 'S.) Give two synonyms of civilization. Ans. 'Culture,' 'refinement.' 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 67 
 
 What is the meaning of the word 'civilization' in the sentence " The 
 ancient Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of 
 civilization'^ ? Compose a sentence of your own, using this word. 
 
 COR (CORDIS), the heart. 
 Root used : cord-. 
 
 1. Core: from c<?r=the heart. Definition: the inner part of a 
 
 thing. 
 
 2. Cordial, a.: cord + ial=having the quality of the heart. De- 
 
 finition : hearty, sincere. The noun ' cordial ' means liter- 
 ally something having the quality of acting on the heart ; 
 hence a stimulating medicine; and in a figurative sense, 
 something cheering. 
 
 3. Concord: con + cord=heartm^^ (con) heart. Definition : unity 
 
 of sentiment, harmony. 
 
 Obs. — Where heart goes with heart, there is agreement or har- 
 mony. Concord in music is harmony of sound. 
 
 4. Discord: da& + GOYdi=^iQMt away from {doByh^diXt, Definition: 
 
 disagreement, want of harmony. J^ 
 
 5. Record: from cor through recorder to remember (literally, to get 
 by heart) ; hence, to register. 
 EiAOE : from cor through the T'rench courage. Literal mean- 
 
 Tieartiness ; hence, bravery, intrepidity. 
 3bs. — The heart is accounted the seat of bravery; hence the de- 
 rivative sense of courage. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) " The quince was rotten at the core ;''"' "the preacher touched the core 
 i of the subject : " in which of these sentences is ' core ' used in its 
 literal^ in which in its figurative^ sense ? 
 
 (3.) What is the Saxon- synonym of the adjective cor <^^a!^ ? Ans. 'Hearty.' 
 Would you say a ^'•cordial laugh " or a " hearty laugh " ? What is the 
 opposite of cordial? Combine and define cordial + I7; cordial + 117. 
 Write a sentence containing the noun ' cordial ' in its figurative sense. 
 Model — " Washington's victory at Trenton was Uke a cordial to the 
 flagging spirits of the American army." 
 
 (3.) Give a synonym of i-OTicord Ans. 'Accord.' Supply the proper word : 
 "In your view of this matter, I am in (accord F or concord?) with 
 
 you." " There should be among friends." " The man who is 
 
 not moved by of sweet sounds." 
 
 (4.) What is the connection in meaning between discord in music, and dis- 
 cord among brethren ? Give a synonym of discord. Ans, ' Strife. ' 
 State the difference. Ans. * Strife ' is the stronger : where there is 
 
68 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 strife there must be discord^ but there may be disco7'd without strife l 
 discord consists most in the feeling ; strife in the outward action. 
 
 (5. ) What part of speech is record' ? When the accent is placed on the first 
 syllable (record) what part of speech does it become ? Combine and 
 define record + er ; un + record + ed. 
 
 (6.) 'Courage' is the same as having a stout what? Give a synonym 
 
 oi courage. Arts. 'Fortitude.' State the distinction. Ans. Courage 
 enables us to meet danger ; fortitude gives us strength to endure pain. 
 Would you say "the Indian shows courage when he endures torment 
 without flinching"? Would you say "the three hundred under 
 Leonidas displayed fortitude in opposing the entire Persian army"? 
 What is the contrary of courage ? Ans. ' Cowardice. ' Combine and 
 define courage + ous ; courage + ous + ly. 
 
 COR'PUS (CORPORIS), the body. 
 
 Hoot used: corpor-. !; 
 
 1. Corporal : corpor + al= relating to the hody ; as " corporal pun- 
 
 ishment," punishment of the body. 
 
 Obs. — The noun ' corporal,' ineaning a petty officer, is not derived 
 from corpus : it comes from the French caporal^ of which 
 it is a corruption. 
 
 2. Corporate: corpor + ate = made into a body. Definition: 
 
 united into a 'body or cori:>oration. 
 
 3. Incorporate: in + corpor + ate =to make into a body. Defini- 
 
 tion : 1. to form into a legal lody ; 2. to unite one substance 
 with another. ^ 
 
 ,4. Corporation: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a 
 body. Definition : a body jjolitic, authorized by law to 
 act as one person. 
 
 5. Corpulent: from corpus through corpulentus, fleshy. Defini- 
 
 tion : stout in body, fleshy. 1 
 
 6. Corpuscle: corpus + cle= a diminutive body. Definition j^a 
 
 minute particle of matter. ^ 
 
 7. Corps : [propouiiced core\ from corpus, through the French corps, 
 
 a body. Definition : 1. a body of troops ; 2. a body of 
 individuals engaged in some one profession. 
 
 8. Corpse : from corpus, through the French corps, tnc l)ody ; that 
 
 is, only the body — tlie spirit being departed. Definition : 
 the dead body of a human being. ^^ 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 69 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) Give two synonyms of corporal. Am. ' Corporeal ' and ' bodily.' What 
 is the distinction between ' corporal ' and ' corporeal ' ? Aiis. Corporal 
 means pertaining to the body ; corporeal signifies material, as opposed 
 to sjjiritual. Would you say a cor^ioral or a corporeal substance ? 
 corporal or corporeal punishment ? Would you say corporal strength 
 or bodily strength ? 
 
 (3. ) Write a sentence containing the verb ' incorporate ' in its first sense. 
 Model — "The London company which settled Virginia was incorpor- 
 ated in 1606, and received a charter from King James I." 
 
 (4. ) Write a sentence containing the word corporation. [Find out by what 
 corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sen- 
 tence about that. J . 
 
 (5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective 'corpulent,' and 
 synonymous with s^ozii?2^S8 ? Ans. 'Corpulence.' Give two synonyms 
 oi. corpulent. ^^. 'Stout,' 'lusty.' What is the distinction ? Ans. 
 Corpulent means fat ; stout and lusty denote a strong frame. 
 
 (7.) What is meant by an " army corps " ? A7is. A body of from twenty to 
 forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions. How 
 is the plural of corps spelled ? Ans. Corps. How pronounced ? Ans. 
 Cores. What is meant by the " diplomatic corp)s^'' ? 
 
 (8. ) What other form of the word ' corpse ' is used ? Ans. The form corse is 
 sometimes used in poetry ; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John 
 Moore : 
 
 "Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, fv 
 
 As his corse to the ramparts we hurried. " J^ 
 
 CRB'Di^ (CREDITUM), to believe. o 
 
 Roots used : cred- and credit-. 
 
 1. Creed: from the word credo, "I believe," at the beginning of ■ 
 the Apostles' Creed. Definition : a summary of Chiistian 
 belief. 
 
 8. Credible : cred + ible= worthy of belief. * 
 
 3. Credit: from credit(um)=belief, trust. Definition: 1. faith; 
 
 2. reputation ; 3. trust given or received. 
 
 4. Credulous : from credo through the Latin adjective credulus, 
 
 easy of belief. Analysis : credul+ous=having the quality 
 (ous) of Relieving easily. 
 
 5. Discredit : dis-h credit = to dishelieYe. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (2.) Write a sentence containing the word 'credible.' Model — "When the 
 King of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons 
 could be walked on, he declared that the statement was not credible.'' 
 
70 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 "What single word will express not credible F Combine and define 
 credible + ity. Give a synonym of credible. Ans. 'Trustworthy.' 
 State the distinction. Ans. Credible is generally applied to things, as 
 ''^credible testimony;" trustwoi^thy to persons, as "a truiitwo7'thy 
 witness." 
 (3.) What is the meaning of credit in the passage, 
 
 "John Grilpin was a citizen 
 Of credit and renown " ? 
 
 Give a sjmonym of credit. Ans. 'Trust.' What is the distinction ? 
 Ans. Trust looks forward ; credit looks back— we credit what has hap- 
 pened ; we trust what is to happen. What other part of speech is ' credit ' 
 besides a noun'i Combine and define credit + ed. Why is the t not 
 doubled ? 
 (4.) What is the meaning of credulous in the passage, 
 
 " So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud 
 Led Eve, our credulous mother " ?— Milton. 
 
 What noun corresponding to the adjective credulous will express the 
 quality of believing too easily ? What is the negative of ' credulous ' ? 
 What is the distinction between i7icr edible and incredulous ? Which 
 applies to persons ? Which to things ? 
 (5. ) To what two parts of speech does discredit belong ? Write a sentence 
 containing discredit as a noun ; another as a verb. 
 
 CRFMEN (ORrMINIS), an accusation, a crime. 
 
 Root used : crimin-. 
 
 1. Crime: from crimen through the French crime [pronounced 
 
 cream]. Definition : a violation of law. 
 
 2. Criminal: crimin + al= of the nature of a crime. Definition: 
 
 guilty of crime ; involving crime or relating to crime. 
 
 3. Kecriminate : re+crimin + ate=to give (ate) back (re) an ac- 
 
 cusation. Definition : to accuse in return. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Mention two words allied in meaning to 'crime.' Ans. Sin^ vice. Give 
 
 the meaning of each. Sin is an offence against the commands of God ; 
 ice is an offence against morality ; C7'i7ne is an offence against the law 
 
 of the land. 
 (2. ) Would you say of lying that it is criminal or sinful ? Would you say of 
 
 perjury that it is sinful or criminal ? What other part of speech is 
 
 ' criminal ' besides a noun ? 
 (3.) Explain what is meant by the verb to 'recriminate.' An^. When one 
 
 person charges another with being guilty of some offence and the latter 
 
 replies charging a like offence on the accuser. Combine and define 
 
 recriminate + ion. 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 71 
 
 CU'LPA, a blame or fault. 
 Root used : culp-. 
 
 1. Culpable: culp + able = worthy of blame. Definition: blam- 
 
 able, guilty. 
 
 2. Exculpate: ex+cul+pate=to make one free from (ex) a fault. 
 
 Definition : to clear from blame. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Which is the stronger word — culpable or guilty "i Give the opposite of 
 * culpable.' Ans. Blameless. Compose a sentence containing the 
 word culpable. Model — "General Lee was culpable in disobeying 
 the orders of Washington to march to his assistance in New Jersey." 
 Would you say of Benedict Arnold that he was culpable^ or would you 
 use a stronger word ? What is the adverb from ' culpable ' ? 
 
 (2.) Compose a sentence containing the word ^exculpate.' Model — ''Gov- 
 ernor Hull tried to exculpate himself on the occasion of his base sur- 
 render of Detroit to the British ; but he was justly dismissed from the 
 army." 
 
 OUR'RO (OUR^SUM) to run. 
 
 Roots used: curr- and curs-. 
 
 1. Current fl^.: curr+ent=runnm^. Definition: 1. passing from 
 
 person to person, as a " current report ; " 2. now in progress, 
 as the '* current month." 
 
 2. Currency: curr+ency — literal meaning, the state of passing 
 
 from person to person, as "the report obtained currency ;'''' 
 hence circulation. 
 
 Obs. — As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or 
 passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value. 
 
 8. Cursory: curs + ory=run-m/?^or passm^; hence hasty. 
 
 4. Excursion: ex + curs + ion = the act of running omt. Defint* 
 
 tion : an expedition or jaunt. 
 
 5. Incursion : in-}-curs + ion=the act of running in. Definition : 
 
 an invasion. 
 
 6. Precursor: pre + curs + or = one who runs before (^€). Defi- 
 
 nition : a forerunner. 
 
 ^ 
 
72 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What other part of speech is ' current' besides an adjective ? What is 
 now the current year ? 
 
 (2. ) Why are there two r's in ' currency ' ? Am. Because there are two in 
 the root curro. Give a synonym of ' currency ' in the sense of money. 
 Ans. The " circulating medium." What was the currency of the In- 
 dians in early times ? Compose a sentence using this word. 
 
 (3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a '^ cursory glance " at a subject, 
 what does he mean ? Combine and define cursory + ly. 
 
 (4. ) Is ' excursion ' usually employed to denote a running out or expedition in 
 a friendly or a hostile sense ? , 
 
 (5. ) Is ' incursion ' usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or 
 a hostile sense? Give a synonym. Ans. Invasion. Which implies a 
 hasty expedition ? Compose a sentence containing the word incursion. 
 Model — " The Parthians were long famed for their rapid incursions 
 into the territory of their enemies." 
 
 (6. j What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the precursor of 
 Christ ? What is the meaning of saying that black clouds are the pre- 
 cursor of a storm ? 
 
 DEX'TER, right-handed. 
 
 1. Dexterous: dexter 4-ous= having the quality of the right hand. 
 
 Definition: expert, skillful. 
 
 Obs.— The meaning of 'dexterous' is figurative, and comes from 
 the fact that the right hand is taken as the emblem of 
 skill. 
 
 2. Dexterity : * dexter + ity= the quality of right-handedness. 
 
 Definition: skill, expei-tness. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Combine and define dexterous + ly. Give the opposite of 'dexterous.' 
 Ans. 'Clumsy,' 'unskillful.' Give a synonym of dexterous. Ans. 
 'skillful.' Is there any distinction between these two words? Ans. 
 Skillful refers to a quality of the mind ; dexterous relates rather to 
 mechanical facility in doing a thing. Would you say of a lawyer that 
 he is dexterous or skillful— which ?— of a shoemaker that he is skill- 
 ful or dexterous — which ? 
 
 (2.) Form a noun from the adjective clumsy, that shall express the contrary 
 of 'dexterity.' 
 
 ^\ 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 73 
 
 DIG'NUS, worthy. 
 Root used: dign-. 
 
 1. Dignify: dign+ify=:to make of worth. DEFnaTiON: to ad- 
 
 vance to honor. 
 
 2. Dignity: dign+ity=the state of bemg of worth. Defini- 
 
 tion : behavior fitted to inspire respect. 
 
 3. Indignity: in + dign-j-ity=the act of treating a person in an un- 
 
 worthy (indignus) manner. Definition: insult, contumely. 
 
 4. Condign: con+dign=very worthy. Definition: merited, de- 
 
 served. The prefix con is here merely intensive. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb * dignify'? Ans. 
 Dignified. Give a stronger word. Ans. 'Majestic' Give a word 
 which denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. 
 Ans. 'Pompous.' 
 
 (2. ) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the 
 digni'^y of his behavior ? Compose a sentence containing this word. 
 
 (3.) Give the plural of 'indignity.' What is meant by saying that "indigni- 
 ties were heaped on " a person ? 
 
 (4. ) How is the word ' condign ' now most frequently employed ? Ans. In 
 connection with punishment; thus we speak of ''''condign punish- 
 ment" meaning richly deserved punishment. 
 
 DO'CEO (doo'tum), to teach. 
 Roots used : doc- and doct- 
 
 1. Docile: doc+ile=that may be taught; hence teachable. 
 
 2. Doctor: doct+or=one who teaches. Definition: one who has 
 
 taken the highest degree in a university authorizing him to 
 practice and teach. 
 
 3. Doctrine: from doceo through doctrina, something taught. 
 
 Definition : a principle taught as part of a system of belief. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Combine and define docile + it7. Give the opposite oi docile. Ans. 'In- 
 docile. ' Mention an animal that is very docile. Mention one remark- 
 able for its want of docility. 
 
 (3.) What is meant by a "Doctor of Medicine"? Give the abbreviation. 
 What does LL. D. mean ? Is there any period after the first L. ? Ans. 
 No, LL.D. stands for legum doctor., doctor of laws: the double L 
 marks the plural of the Latin noun. 
 4 ■ 
 
74 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 (3.) Give two synonyms of doctrine. Ans. 'Precept,' 'tenet.' What does 
 tenet literally mean? Ans. Something held — from teneo, to hold. 
 Combine and define doctrine -i-al. 
 
 DOM'INUS, a master or lord. 
 
 Root used : domin-. 
 
 1. Domikion: dorQin + ion=theact of exercising mastery. Defini- 
 tion: 1. rule; 2. a territory ruled over, 
 a. Dominant: domin+ant=relating to lordship or mastery. De- 
 finition: prevailing. 
 
 3. Domineer : from dominus, through the French dominer — literally 
 
 to '•^ lord iV^ over one. Definition: to rule with insolence. 
 
 4. Predominate: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master &6- 
 
 fore another. Definition : to be superior, to rule. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off 
 
 the cZomimo?2 of Great Britain " ? 
 (2.) What is meant by the " dominant party" ? a ''''dominant race" ? 
 (8.) Compose a sentence containing the word 'domineer.' Model — "The 
 
 blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, domineered for several years 
 
 over the New England colonies ; but his misrule came to an end in 
 
 1688 with the accession of King William." 
 (4.) "The Republicans at •pvesent predotninate in Mexico : " what does this 
 
 mean? 
 
 E'O (i'tum), to go. 
 
 Root used : it- 
 
 1. Ambition: amb (around) +it + ion=the act of going around. 
 Definition : an eager desire for superiority or power. 
 
 Obs. — This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office 
 in Rome going around to sohcit votes ; hence aspiration for 
 office, and hence, aspiration in general. 
 2.' Initial, <x. : in 4-it-{-(i)al= pertaining to the mgoing; hence, 
 marking the commencement. 
 
 3. Initiate : in4-it+(i)ate=to cause one to go in ; hence, to intro- 
 
 duce, to commence. 
 
 4. Sedition: sed (aside) +it+ion=the act of going aside; that is, 
 
 going to a separate and insurrectionary party. 
 
 5. Transit : trans+itr=a passing across. Definition : 1. the act 
 
 of passing ; 2. the line of passage ; 3. a term in astronomy. 
 
 6. Transitory: trans+it + ory=passm^ over; hence, brief , fleeting. 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 75 
 
 EXERCISE 
 
 (1.) Compose a sentence containing the word 'ambition.' Model— "Na- 
 poleon's ambition was his own greatness ; Washington's, the greatness 
 of his country." What is meant by ''military ambition " ? " political 
 ambition " ? " literary ambition" ? What adjective means possessing 
 ambition ? Combine and define un+ambitious. 
 
 (2.) What is the opposite of 'initial' ? Ans. Final, closing. What part of 
 speech is ' initial' besides an adjective ? What is meant by ' initials ? ' 
 
 (3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was initiated by 
 an attack on the British in Boston " ? Give the opposite of ' initiate ' 
 in the sense of commence. Ans. To terminate, to close. 
 
 (4.) Give a synonym of sedition. Ans. An insurrection, an outbreak. Com- 
 pose a sentence containing the word. 
 
 (5.) Explain what is meant by goods " in transit.''^ Explain what is meant 
 by the "Nicaragua ^rawsi^." When you speak of the ^^ transit of 
 Venus," you are using a term in what science ? 
 
 (6.) Give a synonym of ^?'Ci57zsi7or?/. Ans. 'Fleeting,' 'passing away.' Give 
 the opposite of transitory. Ans. 'Permanent,' 'abiding.' 
 
 Additional Derivatives from Eo. 
 
 Ambient : going around ; hence, suiTounding. 
 Exit : a going out, a departure. 
 Transient : passing across ; hence, momentary. 
 Transition : the act of passing from one condition to another. 
 Transitive : in grammar, passing over to an object. 
 Obituary (Latin obitus, decease) : relating to the decease of a 
 person. 
 
 FFNIS, an end or limit. 
 
 Root used : fin-. 
 
 1. Finite: fin4-ite=having the quality of coming to an end. 
 
 Definition : limited in quantity or degree. 
 
 2. Finish : irova. finis, through the French finir, literally, to bring 
 
 to an end ; hence, to complete. 
 
 3. Infinity: inn- fin+ity=:the state of having no limit. Defini- 
 
 tion : unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity. 
 
 4. Define : from finis through the French definer ; literally, to 
 
 bring a thing down to its liiriits, hence, to determine with 
 precisian. 
 
76 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 5. Confine; irom. finis and con; literal meaning, to bring within 
 
 limits or bounds ; hence, to restrain. 
 
 6. Affinity : af (a form of prefix ad) + fin H-ity= close agreement. 
 
 Obs. — The literal meaning seems to be the state of being joined in 
 limits ; hence, relationship. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) What is meant by saying that " the human faculties Bxe finite " ? What 
 is the opposite of 'finite'? Give a synonym of Jinite. Ans. 'Lim- 
 ited.' What participial adjective is formed from the verb to finish ? 
 A71S. ' Finished.' What is meant by b, finished gentleman^'' ? 
 
 (3.) Give a synonym of infinity. Ans. Boundlessness. "The microscope 
 reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an infinity of animal- 
 culae." What is the sense of infinity as used in this sentence? 
 
 (4.) Combine define + ite: in + define + ite. What is the analysis of a 'defini- 
 tion'? Ans. Define-f ite + ion, the act of defining or closely stating 
 the meaning of terms. Compose a sentence containing the word 
 ' define. ' 
 
 (5. ) Combine and define confine + ment. What other part of speech is ' con- 
 fine ' besides a verb ? Ans. A noun. It is used chiefly in the plural 
 number — the confines, meaning the limits. 
 
 (6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical affinity.''^ 
 
 ^ LA'PIS (lapidis), a stone. 
 
 Root used : lapid-. 
 
 1. Lapidary: lapid -hary=: one who works in stone. Definition: 
 
 one who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones. 
 
 2. Dilapidated: di+lapid+ate+ed=put into the condition of a 
 
 building in which the stones are falling apart. Definition : 
 — fallen into ruin ; decayed. 
 
 3. Dilapidation : di + lapid 4- ate+ion=:the state (of a building) in 
 
 which the stones are falling apart. Definition : demolition, 
 decay. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Use the word lapidary in b. sentence. Model — ^1. " When Queen Victoria ' 
 wanted the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous lapidary in. 
 Holland." 
 
 2. Write a sentence containing the word 'dilapidated.' Model — "At New- 
 port, Rhode Island, there stands a dilapidated mill which some writers 
 have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the 12th 
 century." If we should speak of a ''dilapidated fortune,' would the 
 word be used in its Uteral meaning or in a figurative sense ? 
 
 8. Qive two Bynonjia& of dilapidation. Ans. 'Ruin,' 'decay.' 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 77 
 
 iM^ 
 
 FLU'O (FliUXUM), to flow. 
 
 Roots used : flu- and' flux-- 
 
 1. Flux: from flux2^w= a flowing. 
 
 2. Fluent : flu +ent= having the quality of flowing. Used in refer- 
 
 ence to language it mesins flowing speech ; hence, voluble. 
 
 3. Fluid: flu + id=:flowm^; hence, anything that flows. 
 
 4. Fluency: flu + ency estate of flowing, in reference to language. 
 
 5. Affluence: af (form of ad) +flu + ence=a flowing to; hence, 
 
 an abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc. 
 
 6. Confluence: con + flu 4- ence= a flowing together. Definition: 
 
 1. the flowing together of two or more streams; 2. an assem- 
 blage, a union. 
 
 7. Influx: in + flux = a flowing in or into. 
 
 8. Superfluous: super + flu + ous=having the quality of oversow- 
 
 ing; hence, needless, excessive. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (2. ) What is meant by a, fluent speaker ? What would denote a speaker who 
 
 is the reverse of 'fluent.' 
 (3. ) Write a sentence containing the word ' fluid. ' 
 (4.) What is meant hy fluency of style ? 
 (5.) What is the ordinary use of the word affluence? An '"''affluence of 
 
 ideas," means what? 
 (6.) Compose a sentence containing the word * confluence.' Model — "New 
 
 York City stands at the confluence of two streams." 
 (8.) Canyon mention a noun corresponding to the adjective 'superfluous.' 
 
 Compose a sentence containing the word ' superfluous.' What is the 
 
 opT^osiiQot superfluous'^ Ans. 'Scanty,' 'meagre.' 
 
 GREX (GRE^GIS), a flock. 
 
 Root used: greg-. 
 
 1. Aggregate, v. : ag (form of ad) + greg + ate = to cause {ate) to be 
 
 brought into a flock ; hence, to gather, to assemble. 
 
 2. Egregious: e + greg + (i)ous=rof the nature of ((?t^5) something 
 
 chosen out of {e) the flock ; hence, remarkable. Its present 
 use is in connection with inferiority. 
 
 3. Congregate: con + greg + ate = to flock together; hence, to as- 
 
 semble. 
 
'^^ ' WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What other part of speech is aggregate besides a verb? Why is 
 
 'aggregate ' spelled a double g 'i 
 (3.) Combine and define egregious+ly. What does an "e^rrep'iows blunder" 
 
 mean ? Compose a sentence containing the word ' egregious. ' 
 (8. ) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating together V Combine and 
 
 define congregate-f-ion. 
 
 rTER (ITINBRIS), a journey. 
 Roots used : iter- and itiner-. 
 
 1. Iterate : iter + ate=to go over a journey ; hence to repeat. 
 
 2. Itinerant: itiner + ant =journey-m^ from place to place. 
 
 3. Reiterate: re + iter + ate = to go over a journey once more; 
 
 hence, to repeat again and again. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What does Milton mean in the passage, 
 
 " Nor Eve to iterate 
 Her former trespass feared " ? 
 (2. ) What other part of speech is ' itinerant ' besides an adjective ? Give a 
 synonym of ' itinerant ' as a noun. Ans. A wanderer. Explain what 
 is meant by an. " itinerant preacher." 
 (3. ) State the difference between ' iterate ' and ' reiterate. ' Ans. They mean 
 substantially the same thing: 'reiterate,' however, is intensive. 
 
 IjEX (L53'GIS), a law or rule. 
 
 Root used : leg-. 
 
 1. Legal: leg+al— relating to the law: also lawful. 
 8. Illegal : il (form of in, not) +leg+al=not legal. 
 8. Legislate: derived from legis, and latum to bring forward; 
 
 hence, literally, to bring forward laws, that is to make or 
 
 pass laws. 
 
 4. Legitimate : from lex — legis, through legitimus, lawful. Anal- 
 
 ysis : legitim (us) +ate— made lawful. Definition: in 
 accordance with established law. 
 
 5. pRiviTiEGE: derived from privus — private, and lex — legis; its 
 
 literal meaning is a law passed for the benefit of a private 
 individual. Definition : a franchise, prerogative, or right. 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 79 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Point out the different senses of 'legal' in the two expressions, "the 
 legal profession " and ''a legal right." Combine and define legal +ize. 
 
 (2.) Give a Saxon synonym of illegal. Ans. ' Unlawful.' Show that they are 
 synonyms. Ans. il(m)=un; ?<?^=law; and al=ful. Compose a sen- 
 tence containing the word 'illegal.' Combine and define illegal 4- ity. 
 
 (3. ) What noun derived from ' legislate ' means the law-making power ? 
 Combine and define legislate + ion ; legislate + ive. 
 
 (4.) Give the negative of 'legitimate.' 
 
 (5.) What is the plural of ' privilege.' Define the meaning of ' privilege ' in 
 the passage, 
 
 " He claims his privilege^ and says 'tis fit 
 Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit." 
 What is the opposite of ' privilege ' ? Ans. Restriction. 
 
 LIT'ERA, a letter. 
 Root used: liter-. 
 
 1. Literal: liter +al=relating to the letter of a thing; that is, 
 
 exact to the letter. 
 
 2. Literary: liter +ary= pertaining to letters or learning. 
 
 3. Obliterate, iJ. : ob+liter + ate=to cause letters to be rubbed 
 
 out ; hence, to rub out, in general. 
 
 4. Literature: from litera, through Uteratura=the collective 
 
 body of literary works. • ' 
 
 5. Illiterate: 11 (form of m, not) -f liter + ate = of the -nature of 
 
 one who does not know his letters. 
 
 EXERCISE^ 
 
 (1.) Define what is meant by a " literal translation." What is the opposite 
 of a 'literal' translation? Ans. A /ree translation. 
 
 (2.) What would be a synonym of a " literary man ; " would it be a "man 
 of letters ^^^ Compose a sentence containing the terms "literary so- 
 ciety." 
 
 (3.) Give a synonym of ' obliterate ' in its literal meaning. Ans. To erase. 
 If we should speak of obliterating the memory of a wrong, would the 
 word ' obliterate ' be used in its primary or its derivative sense ? 
 
 (4. ) When we speak of English literature what is meant ? Can you mention 
 a great poem in Greek literature ? Compose a sentence containing the 
 word 'literature.' 
 
 (5. ) Give a synonym of illiterate. Ans. ' Unlearned. ' What is the opposite 
 oi illiterate "? Ans. 'Learned.' 
 
80 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 MORS (MOR^TIS), death. 
 Root used ; mort- 
 
 1. Mortal: mort4-al= deadly. 
 
 2. Mortify: mort -fify= literally, to cause to die. Definition: 
 
 first, its primary meaning, as the soldier's limb began to 
 mortify ; secondly, its derivative sense, which is to JmmUe, 
 to humiliate. 
 S. Immortalize: im (form of in, not) -fmort+al+ize=to make 
 not subject to death ; hence, to perpetuate. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shiiflae off this 
 mo7'tal coil" ? Combine and define mortal + ity. What is the opposite 
 oimortal'i Ans. 'Immortal.' Give a synonym. A^is. 'Deathless.' 
 
 (3.) Repeat the two meanings of 'mortify.' What noun is derived from 
 mortify 'i An8. 'Mortification.' Has this word, also, two senses? 
 When a surgeon speaks of mortification setting in, what does he 
 mean ? What is meant by ' mortification,' when we say that the Brit- 
 ish felt great mortification at the recapture of Stony Point by General 
 Anthony Wayne ? 
 
 (3.) Compose a sentence containing the word 'immortalize.' Model — 
 "Milton immortalized hia name by the production of Paradise Lost." 
 
 NOR^MA, a rule. 
 
 Root used : norm-. 
 
 1. Normal , norm + al= according to rule. 
 
 2. Enormous: e+norm+ous=having the quality of being out of 
 
 (e) all rule ; hence, excessive, huge. 
 
 3. Enormity: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule; 
 
 hence, an excessive degree — generally used in regard to bad 
 qualities. 
 
 4. Abnormal: ab+ norm +al= having the quality of being away 
 
 from the usual rule ; hence, unnatural. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What is meant by the expression, "the normal condition of things " ? 
 What is the meaning of the term a '■'■ normal school"? Ans. Its 
 literal meaning is a school according to rnle ; its definition is a school 
 whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for imitation ; a 
 school for the education of teachers. 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 81 
 
 (2.) Give two synonyms of e/iormows. Ans. 'Immense,' * excessive.' What 
 is meant by enormotts strength ? an enormous crime ? Combine and 
 define enormous+ly, 
 
 (3.) Illustrate the double sense of the word 'enormity.' Ans. If we speak 
 of the enormity of Bacon's learning, we mean its excessive great- 
 ness; if we speak of the enormities of the French Revolution, we 
 mean its exceedingly had acts. In which sense is the word generally 
 employed "? An^. In the latter sense. 
 
 OC'ULUS, the eye. 
 
 Root used : ocul-. 
 
 1. Ocular: ocul-i-ar= relating to the eye. Definition : perceived 
 
 by the eye. 
 
 2. Oculist : ocul+ist=one who treats diseases of the eye. 
 
 3. Inoculate: im- ocul + ate = literally, to insert a bud or eye; 
 
 hence, to communicate disease by inserting infectious mat- 
 ter ; and hence, in general, to communicate. 
 
 EXERCISR 
 
 (1.) What is meant by " ocular demonstration " ? is it the kind of demonstra- 
 tion that comes by seeing with one's own eyes ? 
 
 (2. ) Point out the different senses of the word ' inoculate ' in the sentence 
 "Lady Montagu first taught Europe the Turkish custom of inoculate 
 ing for the small-pox ; " '' Thomas Jefferson was inoculated vfith. the 
 doctrines of the French political philosophers of the 18th century." 
 
 OR'DO (ORDINIS), order. 
 Root used : ordin- 
 
 1. Ordinaky : ordin4-ary=relating to the usual order of things. 
 
 2. Extraordinary: extra + ordin +ary= beyond ordinary. 
 
 3. Inordinate: in+ordin + ate=not having the quality of being 
 
 within the usual order of things ; hence, excessive. 
 
 4. Subordinate : sub -I- ordin+ ate shaving the quality of being 
 
 under the usual order ; hence, inferior, secondary. 
 
 5. Ordinance: ordin + ance=: that which is according to order; 
 
 hence, a law. 
 
 6. Insubordination: in + sub + ordin + ate H- ion = the state of {ion) 
 
 not {in) being under {sub) the usual order of things ; hence, 
 disobedience to lawful authority. 
 
82 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What is meant by " ordinary language " ? an " ordinary man " ? 
 
 (2. ) Combine and define extraordinaiy+ly. Compose a sentence using the 
 word extraordinary. Model — "Paul Morphy had an extraordina7'y 
 talent for chess. " Give a synonym of extraordina7'y. Ans. " Unusual. " 
 
 (3. ) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had inordi- 
 nate vanity ? Is ' inordinate ' used with reference to praiseworthy 
 things ? Ans. No, it is just the reverse. 
 
 (4. ) What part of speech is ' subordinate ' besides an adjective ? What is 
 meant by "a subordinate^'' ? What does suhor^dinate mean in the 
 sentence, " We must subordinate our wishes to the rules of morality " ? 
 Combine and define subordinate+ion. 
 
 (5. ) What does the expression "the Oi'dinances of the Common Council of the 
 City of New York " mean ? 
 
 (6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination." Give the 
 / opposite of * ' insubordination. " Ans. '"'■ Subordination, " " obedience. ' ' 
 
 PARS (par'tis), a part or share. 
 Root used : part-. 
 
 1. Pabt: from partes = a share. 
 
 2. Particle: part® + cle= a small part. 
 
 3. Partial : part + ial=relating to a part rather than the whole ; 
 
 hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing. 
 
 4. Party : from pars, through the French partie : a set of persons 
 
 (that is, a part of the people) engaged in one design. 
 
 5. Partisan: from pars through the French partisan— sl party 
 
 man. 
 
 6. Depart : de+part=to take one's self away from (de) one part to 
 
 another. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) What part of speech is part, besides a noun ? Write a sentence contain- 
 ing ' part' as a noun ; another as a verb. 
 
 (2. ) Point out the connection of meaning between * particle ' and ' particular.' 
 Ans. ' Particular ' means taking note of the minute parts or particles 
 of a given subject. 
 
 (3.) What is the negative of partial? Ans. impartial. Define it. 
 
 (4.) Explain what is meant by a " political ^ar^?/." 
 
 (6.) Combine and define depart-J-ure. 
 
V 
 
 ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 83 
 
 PES (PE'DIS), a foot. 
 Root used : ped- 
 
 1. Pedal: ped+al=belonging to the foot. Definition: an in- 
 
 strument made to be moved by the foot. 
 
 2. Biped: bi + ped = a two-footed animal. Bi or his, two. 
 
 3. Quadruped: quadru + ped==:a four-footai animal. Quadru, 
 
 from quatuor, four. jJ^ 
 
 4. Peddler : the literal meaning of t]0 word is a trader who 
 
 travels on foot. 
 
 5. Expedite: ex + ped-l-ite (ite, equivalent to «^g)= literally to free 
 
 the feet from entanglement ; hence, to hasten. 
 
 6. Expedition: ex + ped +ite+ ion = the act of expediting. Defini- 
 
 tion: 1. the quality of being expedite; promptness; 2. a 
 sending forth for the execution of some object of import- 
 ance. 
 
 7. Impediment : from pes — pedis, through the Latin impedimentum : 
 
 literal meaning, something which impedes or entangles the 
 feet ; hence, an obstacle, an obstruction. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (2.) Make up a sentence containing the word 'biped.' 
 
 (3.) Make up a sentence containing the word 'quadruped.' 
 
 (4.) What is the English verb from which ' peddler ' comes ? In what other 
 
 way is ' peddler ' sometimes spelled ? Ans. It is sometimes spelled 
 
 with but one d — thus, pedler. 
 (5.) " To expedite the growth of plants ; " what does that mean ? Give the 
 
 opposite of expedite. Ans. To retard. 
 (6. ) Point out the double sense of the word ' expedition ' in the following 
 
 sentences: '•^V^ith.Ynnged. expedition, swift as lightning." — Milton. 
 
 "The expedition of Cortez miserably failed." — Prescott. 
 (7.) Compose a sentence containing the word 'impediment.' What is meant 
 
 by " impediment of speech " ? Is the word here used in its literal or 
 
 its figurative sense V . 
 
 RUM'PQ, (RUPTUM), to break, 
 ot used : rupt-. 
 
 1. Rupture: rupt +ure= the act of breaking with another; that is, 
 
 a breach of friendly relations. 
 
 2. Eruption: e+rupt-i-ion=the act of breaking or bursting out. 
 
 3. Abrupt: ab+ rupt = broken off short; hence, having a sudden 
 
 termination. 
 
84 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 4. Cokrupt: cor (form of con) +rui3t= thoroughly broken up — 
 
 hence decomposed — and therefrom its figurative sense of de- 
 praved. 
 
 5. Interrupt : inter-frupt=to break in between ; hence, to hinder. 
 
 6. Bankrupt : literal meaning, one who is bank-broken, who can- 
 
 not pay his debts ; an insolvent debtor. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What other part of speech is 'rupture' besides a noun? Ans. A verb. 
 Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a noun. 
 What does the ^''rupture of a blood vessel " mean ? Is this the literal 
 sense of the vfoxd.. The ^'•rupture of friendly relations" between 
 Maine and Massachusetts ; is this its hteral or its figurative sense ? 
 
 (2. ) Compose a sentence containing the word ' eruption. ' 
 
 (3.) Combine and define abrupt+ness ; abrupt-f-ly; When we speak of an 
 '"''abrupt manner," what is meant? When we speak of an ^''abrupt 
 descent," what is meant ? 
 
 (4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles;" a *'corr2^p^ judge." 
 Combine and define corrupt+ion ; corrupt+ible ; in-f-corrupt+ible. What 
 other part of speech is ' corrupt ' besides an adjective ? What part of 
 speech is it in the sentence "evU communications corrupt good man- 
 
 TEM'PUS (TEMP' ORIS), time. 
 Root used : Temper-. 
 
 1. Temporal: tempor + al^relatingto time; hence, not everlasting. 
 
 2. Temporary: tempor+ary= lasting only for a brief time. 
 
 3. Contemporary: con-l-tempor + ary=o/^6 who (ary) lives in the 
 
 same time (tempus) witli (con) another. 
 
 4. Temperance: from tempus through the French temperance; lit- 
 
 eral meaning, the state of being well timsd as to one's habits. 
 Definition: moderation. 
 
 5. Extemporaneous: ex + temporane(us)-hous=produced at the 
 
 time. 
 
 6. Temporize: tempor-fize=todo as the times do; hence, to yield 
 
 to the current of opinion. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Give the opposite of 'temporal.' Ans. Eternal. Illustrate these two 
 words by a sentence from the Bible. Ans. *'The things which aro 
 seen are temporal ; but the things which are not seen are eternal. " 
 
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN. 85 
 
 (2.) Give the opposite of temporary. Ans. 'Permanent.' What is meant 
 by the " temporary government of a city ? " Give a synonym of tem- 
 porary. Ans. 'Transitory.' Would you say that "man is z, tempo- 
 rary being " or a " transitory being" ? 
 
 (3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word 'contemporary.' 
 Model — "Shakespeare, Lord Bacon, and Queen Elizabeth were con- 
 temporaries.'''' What adjective corresponds to the noun ' contempora- 
 ry"? Ans. 'Contemporaneous.' 
 
 (4.) State the distinction between 'temperance' and 'abstinence.' Make up 
 a sentence showing the use of the two words. 
 
 (5.) What is meant by an '•'' extemporaneo2is speech" ? 
 
 (6.) What is one who temporizes sometimes called ? Ans. A itme-server. 
 
a» WORD-ANALYSia 
 
 V. DERIVATIVES AKD DEFIOTTIOlSrS. 
 
 ^ To the Teacher : — The previous lessons illustrate the method 
 of utilizing the study of word-analysis by exercises on the use of 
 words, their synonyms, opposites, etc. In the following lessons the 
 analysis and definitions alone are given ; but it will be found prof- 
 itable to continue the same method of practical exercises illustra- 
 tive of the actual use of the words. Teachers should encourage 
 pupils, in writing model sentences, to take up facts of geography, 
 history, etc., and should discourage flat moralizings. 
 
 ^^^^■"^(-^'^ ^^'^EO^', to go, to yield. 
 Roots used : cede- and ceed-. 
 
 Accede : ac (form of ad) + cede = to go to ; hence to assent to ; to 
 yield. 
 
 Recede : re + cede=to go hack ; hence, to retreat. 
 
 Intercede: inter + cede = to go hetween^ in the way of mediating. 
 
 Concede: con + cede = to go with; that is, to unite with in opin- 
 ion; hence, to allow, to admit. 
 
 Precede : pre + cede = to go hefore, as regards time or rank. 
 
 Exceed: ex+CQQdi=to go hey ond. 
 
 Proceed: i^Yo+CQQdi:=io go forward. 
 
 Succeed : sue (fonn of «w&)+ceed=to go after or in place of ; hence, 
 to follow. Derivative sense : to prosper. 
 
 OA'PIO (CAPTUM), to take. 
 Roots used : ceive-, cept-, and ception-. 
 
 Receive: re+ceive— to take hach ; hence, to obtaki. 
 
 Conceive: con + ceive = to take within the mind; hence, to im- 
 agine, to comprehend. 
 
 Perceive: per + ceive = to take in through the sense of sight; 
 hence, to see, to discern. 
 
 Deceive : de+ ceive = to take or lead/r^m the right; hence, to mis- 
 lead. 
 
 Preconceive: pre + con + ceive = to conceive beforehand. 
 
DERIVATIVES AND DEFINITIONS. * 8T 
 
 Accept : ac + cept=to take to one's self; hence, to receive. 
 
 Intercept: inter +cept=: to take midway; hence, to stop on the 
 passage. 
 
 Precept : pre + cept= something taken hefore^ in the way of instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Except, «?.: ex + cept=to take out; to exempt. 
 
 Reception: re + ception=the act of taking; hence, a receiving. 
 
 Conception : con + ception=:the act of conceiving or apprehending ; 
 hence, an opinion, a thought. 
 
 Perception: per+ception=the act of perceiving, also something 
 perceived. 
 
 Inception : in+ception=the taking a step in a thing; hence, a be- 
 ginning. 
 
 CAE'D&i^ (caesum), to cut. 
 
 Roots used : cide- and cise-. 
 
 Decide: de-l-cide=to cut 6>j^. Derivative sense: to bring to a 
 conclusion. 
 
 Concise: con + cise = cut closely {con is here merely intensive, and is 
 best represented by closely). Derivative sense: brief, 
 short. 
 
 Excise: ex + cise = something cut out; hence, something taken out 
 as duty or tax. 
 
 Precise: pre+.cise=cut o^ in front; hence, exact, definite. 
 
 Decision: de + cise + ion = act of cutting off; hence, final judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Excision: ex + cise + ion = act of cutting (?w^. 
 
 Incision: in-t-cise-j-ion=act of cutting in. 
 
 Precision: pre+cise-i-ion=state of being precise (see literal mean- 
 ing of precise, abo'oe). 
 
 OLI'NO, to bend or incline. 
 
 Root used : cline-. 
 
 Decline: de+ cline = to bend downward; hence, to fall away; 
 
 also, to refuse. 
 Recline: re-feline— to bend back. 
 Incline: in 4- cline = to lean or bend to. 
 
88 WORD-ANALYSI^- 
 
 OLU DO, to shut, to close. 
 Root used : elude-. 
 
 Exclude: ey+ eludes to shut out; hence, to debar. 
 
 Preclude : pre + chides to close hefore a person, in the way of pre- 
 venting or hindering. 
 
 Conclude: con + elude = to close completely ; hence, to bring to an 
 end. 
 
 Include: in + elude = to shut in; hence, to embrace, to comprise. 
 
 Seclude: se-i-clude=to shut aside or away ; hence, to separate. 
 
 FA'CIO (FACTUM), to do or make. 
 
 Roots used : fact-, feet-, and ficient-. 
 
 Fact: from facti^m= something ^6>?ie. 
 
 Benefactor: bene + fact + or = one who does well; a well-doer. 
 
 Bene^ well. 
 Malefactor: male + fact + or = one who does ill. Male^ ill. 
 Satisfaction: satis + fact + ion = the act of doing enough {satis^ 
 
 enough); hence, that which satisfies. 
 Affect: af (forni of a<^) +fect=to make to; hence, to aim at or 
 
 put on. Also to make an impression (literally, to do to). 
 Effects ef (form of ex) +fect=to do out and out; hence, to accom- 
 plish. 
 Defect: de + feet— something away from, being done, that is, left 
 
 undone; hence, a lack or fault. 
 Infect: in4-fect=to make m, as a taint or poison; hence, to taint 
 
 with. 
 Perfect' id.: per + feet = to make thoroughly. Perfect, a, made 
 
 thoroughly. 
 Efficient : ef (form of ex) + ficient =having the quality of making 
 
 completely. 
 Deficient : de + ficientrr having the quality of being undone ; hence, 
 
 faulty. 
 Proficient : pro -|-ficient=: having the quality of making forward; 
 
 hence, advanced. 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 \ 
 
DERIVATIVES AND DEFINITIOJiSr-^ 89 
 
 FBR'Rfe, to bear or carry. 
 Root used: fer-. 
 
 Pkoffer : pro (with the / in fer doubled, on account of the accent 
 being on the first syllable) +f or=to bear 'before one, in the way 
 of offering ; hence, to offer. 
 
 Offer: of (formof <?&) -hfer=tobear or bring 'before ; hence to pre- 
 sent. 
 
 Suffer: suf (form of sub) +fer=ito bear up under ; hence, to en- 
 dure. 
 
 Prefer: pre4-fer=to carry in addance ; hence, to choose before. 
 
 Defer: de4-fer=to put off ; hence, to delay. 
 
 Refer: re + fer=to carry baclc^ for consultation. 
 
 Confer: con+fer=to brhig togetlier^ in the way of consultation. 
 
 Differ : dif (a form of dis) + f er=:to bear apart ; tliat is, to be un- 
 like in opinion, form or quantity. 
 
 Transfer: trans + fer:= to bear or carry o^^?* to another; hence, to 
 convey. 
 
 FUN^DO (FUSUM), to pour, to melt. 
 Root used: fuse-. 
 
 Confuse: con + fuse=to pour or mix together; hence, to disorder, 
 to make indistinct. 
 
 Diffuse : dif (f3!fm of dis) -f f use=to pour apart ; hence, to spread, 
 to disseminate. 
 
 Infuse: in4-fuse=to pour into ; hence, to instill, to inspire. 
 
 Profuse: pro+fuse=poured forth lavishly; hence, superabun- 
 dant. 
 
 Suffuse : suf (form of sub) 4-f use=to pour under a surface ; hence, 
 to overspread. 
 
 Circumfuse: circum + fuse=to pour around^ as a fluid. 
 
 GRA^DlSfe (GRESSUS), to go step by step. 
 Roots used : grade and gress-. 
 
 Degrade: de + grade=to go down^ step by step; hence, to deprive 
 of rank. 
 
 Retrograde: retro + grade = to go backwards; hence, to fall bo- 
 hind. 
 
90 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Aggkession : ag (form of ad) +gress4-ion=the act of going to or 
 
 towards, with hostile intent. 
 Digress : di + gress=:to go aside or astray from the subject. 
 Egress: e + gressrra going ot^^. 
 Ingress: inH-gress=a going in. 
 Progress: pr o+gress=: a going forward. 
 Transgress : trans4-gress=a going omr lawful limits or bounds. 
 
 Root used: ject-. 
 
 Abject: ab4-ject=cf.st atcai/; hence, low, wretched. 
 
 Deject: de+ject=to cast down; hence, to dishearten. 
 
 Eject: e+ject=rto cast out; to expel. 
 
 Project: pro + ject == to cast forward; that is, to forecast ; hence, to 
 plan, to devise. 
 
 Reject: re+ject=to cast hacJc; that is, to throw away, to refuse. 
 
 Subject'', v. : sub + ject=to cast under ; hence, to subdue, to enslave. 
 
 Object', v. : ob+ject=to throw before, or in front of; hence, to op- 
 pose. 
 
 Inject : in4-ject=to throw in ; to infuse 
 
 LE^ob^ (LECTUM), to gather, or choose. 
 Root used : lect-. 
 
 Collect : col (form of con) + lect = to gather together. 
 
 Elect : e+lect=to choose out from among a number. 
 
 Intellect : intel (form of inter) -f lect = that which chooses between 
 (inter) things. 
 
 Recollect: re-t-col + lect=to collect again (re) ideas or impres- 
 sions : hence, to remember. 
 
 Select : se4-lect=to choose apart from another. 
 
 LU'DO (LUSUM), to play. 
 
 Roots used: lude- and lus-. 
 
 Allude: al (form of ad) +lude=to play to; that is, to hint at 
 
 playfully ; hence, to refer to. 
 Delude : de-+-lude=to play off; hence, to deceive. 
 Elude : eH-lude=to play out ; hence, to escape, to avoid. 
 Prelude: pre +lude= that which comes "before the play. 
 
DERIVATIVES AND DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Interlude: inter +lude= that which comes letween the acts of a 
 
 play. 
 Allusion: al + lus+ion=act of alluding. 
 Delusion: de + 1us+ ion = act of deluding; hence, deception. 
 
 MIT'TO (MISSUM), to send. 
 
 Roots used : mit-, mise-, and miss-. 
 
 Admit: ad-l-mit=to send to, that is, to allow to enter; hence, to 
 concede. 
 
 Commit: com (form of con) +mit=to send with another; hence, to 
 deliver in charge. 
 
 Permit : per + mit = to send through; hence, to allow to pass through; 
 to allow. 
 
 Submit: sub + mit = to send or put under ; hence, to jdeld. 
 
 Remit: re + mit = to send hack ; 'also, to abate. 
 
 Intermit: intern- mit =: to send or allow to ^s^^^ "between ; hence to 
 suspend. 
 
 Surmise: sur + mise=to send under; that is, under conjecture; 
 hence, to suspect, to imagine. 
 
 Premise: pre + mise = to send or state before; that is, to state pre* 
 viously. 
 
 Pro' mise: pro + mise = literally, to send beforehand; hence, to give 
 one's word. 
 
 Remission: re + miss H- ion = the act of remitting; hence, abatement. 
 
 Intermission: inter + miss + ion = the act of intermitting; hence 
 cessation. 
 
 Emission: e + miss + ion = the act of emitting; hence, the sending 
 out. 
 
 Permission: per+miss4-ion=the act of permitting; hence, allow- 
 ance. 
 
 Commission : com (form of con) +miss + ion=the act of committing, 
 or that which is committed. 
 
 Admission: ad + miss + ion = the act of admitting or fact of en- 
 trance. 
 
 Missive: miss + ive=that which is sent; hence, a written message. 
 
 Missile : miss -h ile = that which is sent or thrown ; hence, a projectile. 
 
 MissiQNARY : miss+ion + ary=one who is sent on a religious mission. 
 
93 WORD- ANALYSIS. " 
 
 MO'VBO (MOTUM), to move. 
 Roots used: move- and mot-. 
 
 Remove: re + move = to move again; hence, to displace. 
 
 Movement: move +ment= act of moving. 
 
 Motive : mot+ive=having the power to move ; hence, an induce- 
 ment. 
 
 Emotion : e+mot+ion=:a moving out of the feelings ; hence, strong 
 feeling. 
 
 Commotion: com (form of con) +mot+ion=::a mo^dng together ; 
 hence, agitation, tumult. 
 
 Pkomotion: pro h- mot + ion = a moving forward; hence, advance- 
 ment. 
 
 Promotive: pro + mot +ive— tending to promote. 
 
 Movables: mo ve + able (with the plural s) = literally, tilings that 
 may be moved ; hence, goods. 
 
 PEL'LO. (PULSUM), to drive. 
 Roots used : pel- and puis-. 
 
 Expel: ex + pel = to drive out\ hence, to dismiss, to banish. 
 
 Impel: im (form of in) +pel=to drive into anything; hence, to 
 urge. 
 
 Compel : com (form of con) +pel=to drive together or forcibly {con 
 is intensive) ; hence, to oblige. 
 
 liEPEL: re + pel=to drive &<:i^c^. 
 
 Propel : pro + pel = to drive forward. 
 
 Dispel : dis + pel=to drive apart or away ; to disperse. 
 
 Expulsion: ex-l-puls-l-ion=:act of expelling or driving out; eject- 
 ment. 
 
 Compulsion: com+puls+ion=:act of compelling; force. 
 
 Repulsion: re h- puis + ion = act of driving back; state of being 
 diiven back. 
 
 Propulsion: pro + puis +sion= act of driving forward. 
 
 Compulsory: com + puis -hory= having the quality of compelling or 
 forcibly urging. 
 
 Repulsive: re+puls-j-ive=having the quality of repelling. 
 
A 
 
 DERIVATIVES AND DEFINITIONS. 
 
 PEN'DEO (PENSUIVG^, to hang. 
 Roots used : pend- and pens-. 
 
 Append: ap (form or ad) +pendr=to hang to-^ hence, to attach, to 
 
 subjoin. 
 Depend: de + pencl=to hang down from ; hence, to rely on. 
 Impend : im (form of in) + pend = to hang upon or overhang ; hence, 
 
 to be about to be. 
 Suspend: sus (fjovm. oi. sub) +pend=:to hang up; hence, also, to 
 
 stop, to cease. 
 Suspension : sus + pens + ion= state of being Tiung up in uncertainty. 
 Propensity : pro + j)ens + ity— condition of hanging or leaning /or- 
 
 ward towards ; hence, inclination, disposition. 
 Pendent: pend+ent=:hangm^ from above. 
 Pendulum : from pendeo through the Latin pendulus, hanging or 
 
 swinging. Definition : a body suspended so as to ST\dng 
 
 freely to and fro. 
 
 PO'N(i( (POSrrUM), to lay, put, or place. 
 Roots used : pon-, pose-, and posit- 
 
 Compose: com+pose=to put or set together ; hence, to arrange, to 
 
 bring into form and order. 
 Depose : de-hpose=to put down, that is, down from office ; hence, 
 
 to degrade ; also, to lay down testimony. 
 Interpose: inter+pose=to put hetween ; hence, to intercede. 
 Oppose: op (form of oh) +pose=to put against; hence, to resist. 
 Dispose : dis+pose=:to put apart, that is, each of a number of 
 
 thirds apart or in proper order. 
 Impose: im4-pose=to lay or put on, as a burden or tax; also, in 
 
 general, to cheat. 
 Exposp: ex+pose = to put out to view; also, to make liable. 
 Repose : re+pose=to put tack, as to rest ; hence, to lay at rest. 
 Transpose: trans+pose=:to i^wt over ; hence, to change the place 
 
 of things. 
 Propose: pro+pose=to put &^(9r6; hence, to offer for considera- 
 tion. 
 Suppose : sup (form of suh) -f- pose = to put or place under ; that is, 
 
 to put as a tasis of argument. 
 Component: com + pon-fent=putting or laying together; hence, 
 
 constituting?. 
 
01 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Deponent: cle + pon-|-ent=one who lays down testimony. 
 
 Opponent: op (form of ob) +pon + ent=one who puts himself 
 against {pb) another. 
 
 Exponent: ex+pon + ent=that which puts out to view; that is, 
 which shows or indicates. 
 
 Imposition: im (form of i?i) + posit -i-ion=act of imposing, either 
 as a tax or a trick. 
 
 Composition: com (form of con) + posit + ion = act of putting to- 
 gether ; a thing composed. 
 
 Juxtaposition: juxta+ posit +ion= act of putting side hy side; 
 hence, a placing near. 
 
 Disposition: dis + posit + ion = act of disposing; hence, arrange- 
 ment ; also frame of mind. 
 
 Preposition: pre + posit + ion = a word placed before another to 
 show its relation with some other word. 
 
 Proposition: pro + posit + ion = something put he/ore one for con- 
 sideration. 
 
 Postpone : from post, after or off, and pono ; literally to put off ; 
 that is, to delay. 
 
 Comi^osure: conn- pose +ure estate of being composed in mind; 
 hence, tranquillity. 
 
 ^ 
 
GREEK DERIVATIVES. 
 
 95 
 
 Part III. 
 
 L— GREEK DERIVATIVES. 
 ^^J^/f^tly&Ki ^OGY, a description or science. 
 
 ff [From the Greek log'os, a speech or account.] 
 
 Anthropo 
 
 Astro 
 
 Chrono 
 
 Ethno 
 
 Entomo 
 
 Geo 
 
 Mytho 
 
 Phreno 
 
 Techno 
 
 Zoo 
 
 1. Anthropology: Anthropo, irom. anthropos, man = the science of 
 
 man. Definition : the science of man as an object of natu- 
 ral history. The science of the intellectual or spiritual part 
 of man is called psychology — from psyche, the soul. 
 
 2. Astrology: Astro, from astron, the stars=the science of the 
 
 stars. 
 
 ^logy. 
 
 Obs. The word now used to denote the science of the stars is 
 astronomy {nomos, a law). Astrology was the name for As- 
 trology in its infancy, during the Middle Ages, when it was 
 supposed that future events could be foretold by reading the 
 stars. 
 
 3. Chronology: chrono, from cJironos, time=the science of time. 
 
 Definition : the science of measuring and computing time, 
 and assigning events their proper dates. 
 
 4. Ethnology : Ethno, from ethnos, a race or nation=the science of 
 
 races. Definition : the science which treats of the division 
 of men into racee, and the various characteristics of the races. 
 
96 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 5. Entomology: Entomo, from entomon, an insect^tliat part of 
 
 natural history which treats of insects. 
 
 6. Geology: geo, from ge, the earth=th3 science of the earth. De- 
 
 finition : the science which treats of the structure and mine- 
 ral constitution of the globe, the causes of its physical features 
 and its history. 
 
 7. Mythology : mytho, from mythos, a fable or myth = the science 
 
 of myths. Definition : a treatise C)n myths or a system of 
 myths. 
 
 8. Phrenology: pJireno^ from pliren, the mind =:Z^^€7•«%f» the sci- 
 
 ence of the mind. Definition : the theory that the mental 
 faculties are shown on the surface of the skull. 
 
 9. Technology : techno^ from techne, an art = that branch of knowl- 
 
 edge which treats of the useful arts. 
 
 10. Zoology: zoo^ from zoon, an animal z= that part of natural histo- 
 
 ry which treats of the classification and structure of animals, 
 in general. 
 
 GRAPHY, a wi'iting or a description. 
 
 [From the Greek graph'o, to write.] 
 
 Bio 
 
 Chiro 
 
 Geo 
 
 Litho \ graphy. 
 
 Ortho 
 
 Photo 
 
 Steno J 
 
 1. Biography: "bio^ fi-om Mos, life=a writing or account of a per- 
 
 son's life. 
 
 2. Chirography : chiro, from cheir, hand=hand- writing. 
 
 3. Geography: geo, from ge, the earths a description of the earth. 
 
 4. Lithography : litho, from lithos, a stones the art of engraving 
 
 on stone. 
 
 5. Orthography: ortTio, from orthos, right or correct =coiTect writ- 
 
 ing of words. Definition : the art of spelling. 
 
 6. Photography: photo, from phos (photos), lights: the art of pro- 
 
 ducing pictures by the action of light on chemically prepared 
 surfaces. 
 
 7. Stenography: steno, from stenos, close=the art of chse, or short- 
 
 hand writing. 
 
GREEK DERIVATIVES. 97 
 
 >r 
 
 THESIS, a putting or placing. 
 [The Greek word for putting is the'sis. ] 
 
 Anti 1 
 
 HyP« '^thesis. 
 Paren f 
 
 Syn J 
 
 1. Antithesis: anU, against; hence,: literally, a putting against. 
 
 Definition : an opposition of words or sentiments occurring 
 in the same sentence. 
 
 2. Hypothesis : liy'po^ a Greek prefix meaning under ; hence, liter- 
 
 ally, a placing under = a position assumed as the lasis of an 
 argument. 
 
 3. Parenthesis : paren, in beside — Whence, literally, a placing in 
 
 beside. Definition : a word or sentence inserted by way of 
 explanation within another sentence. 
 
 4. Synthesis : syn, Greek prefix 'signifying with or together (the 
 
 same as the Latin con) : liter.il meaning, a placing together. 
 Definition : in chemistry, tha uniting of elements to form a 
 compound ; in logic, the combination of separate elements of 
 thought into a whole. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1. ) Compose an example of an antithesis, or give any of the following : 
 "The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself. ^^ 
 " A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits." 
 *' Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull, 
 Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full." 
 (2.) Give an adjective formed from the noun 'hypothesis.' Ans. Hypothet- 
 ical. What Latin derivative corresponds literally to hypothesis ? Ans. 
 Supposition. Show this. A7is. Supposition is composed of sub=hypo 
 (under), and position (from pono, to place) = thesis, a placing. What 
 adjective from supposition would correspond to hypothetical ? Arts. 
 * Supposititious.' 
 (3. ) What are the marks of a parenthesis ? Compose a parenthetical sen- 
 tence. 
 (4.) What is the opposite of synthesis ? Ans. Anabjsis. Give the distinction, 
 Ans. Analysis is taking apart ; synthesis is putting together. What 
 adjective is derived from the noun synthesis ? Ans. Synthetical 
 5 
 
98 ^ WOKD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 AGOGfrUE, a leader or guide. 
 
 [From the Greek agogos, a leader.] 
 
 Dem ) 
 
 Ped [^g^S^e- 
 
 1. Demagogue : dem, from demos, the people. Literal meaning: a 
 
 leader of the people. Definition : a panderer to popular 
 
 prejudices. 
 i2. Pedagogue: ped, from a Greek word meaning boy. Literal 
 
 meaning: a guide of boys. Definition: 1. a teacher of 
 
 youth ; 2. a pedant. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What adjective is formed from demagogue? Ans. Demagogic or dema- 
 gogical. Define it. Compose a sentence containing the word dema- 
 gogue. Model — "Aaron Burr to gain popularity practised the arts of 
 2i, demagogue.'''' 
 
 (2.) What adjective is formed from pedagogue? Ans. Pedagogic. What 
 would the '■'' pedagogic art " mean ? Is pedagogue usually employed in 
 its first or its second sense ? Its second. In this sense would the 
 word be complimentary or not ? Give a synonym of pedagogue in its 
 literal sense. Ans. A teacher, an instructor. 
 
 ANTHROPY, man or mankind. 
 [From the Greek anthropos, a man.] 
 
 Phil 
 Mis 
 
 t anthropy. 
 
 1. Philanthkopy : phil, from pMlos, a friend or lover. Literal 
 
 meaning : a love of mankind. Definition : universal good 
 will. 
 
 2. Misanthrophy : mis, from misos, hatred. Literal meaning and 
 
 definition : hatred of mankind. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What is the noun meaning one who loves mankind? Ans. 'Philan- 
 thropist.' What does the suffix ist mean ? What is the adjective sig- 
 nifying having the quality of loving mankind ? A7is. ' Philanthropic ' 
 or ' philanthropical. ' Compose a sentence containing ' philanthrophy ' 
 or one of the allied words. Model — " John Howard, one of the most 
 fsLTnons philanthropists that ever lived, was the first person to improve, 
 the condition of prisoners." 
 
 ? 
 
GREEK DERIVATIVES. 99 
 
 (2. ) What is the opposite of philanthropist ? What is the opposite of phil- 
 anthropic ? What other form is sometimes used equivalent to misan- 
 thropist? Ans. Misanthrope. Compose a sentence containing this 
 
 word. 
 
 ARCHY, government. 
 
 [From the Greek arche, government.] 
 
 An ^ 
 
 Mon 
 
 Olig 
 
 Mon I , 
 > arcny. 
 
 Hep^tJ 
 
 1. Anarchy: an, a Greek prefix meaning want of. Literal mean- 
 
 ing : want of government. Definition : 1. a state of society 
 where there is no law ; 2. confusion in general. 
 
 2. Monarchy : mon, from monos, one. Literal meaning : the gov- 
 
 ernment of one. Definition : a government in which su- 
 preme power is held by one person. 
 
 3. OLfGARCHY : olig, from oligos, few. Literal meaning : the gov- 
 
 ernment by a few. Definition : a form of government in 
 which supreme power is held by a few. 
 
 4. Heptarchy: hept, from Jiepta, seven. Definition: a govern- 
 
 ment by seven persons. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Give the word to denote one who attempts to produce anarchy. Ans. 
 Anarchist. Compose a sentence containing the word anarchy. Model 
 — ''Many of the South American States have long been cursed by an- 
 archy.'''' 
 
 (3. ) What adjective is formed from monarchy ? An^. Monarchical. Define 
 it. Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical 
 government ? What is the ruler of a monarchy called ? 
 
 (3.) Compose a sentence containing the word oligarchy. Model — " During 
 the Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, 
 were under the rule of an oligarchy.'''' 
 
 (4. ) What can you say of the word heptarchy ? Ans. It is commonly applied 
 to England during the time when it was divided into seven kingdoms. 
 
 CRACY, government. 
 [Prom the Greek kra'tos, power, rule.] 
 Demo / 
 
 Demo / 
 
100 ^ WORD ANALYSIS. 
 
 1. Democracy: demo^ from demos, the people. Literal meaning: 
 
 the government by the people. Definition: a republic or 
 popular government. 
 
 2. Aristocracy : aristo, from wristos, the best, the nobility. Literal 
 
 meaning : a government of the best. Definition : that form 
 of government in which supreme power is with a privileged 
 order. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What adjective is formed from democracy? Arts. Democratic. Is 
 Russia at present a democracy ? Can you mention any ancient gov- 
 ernments that for a time were demo(?racies ? Ans. Greece and Rome. 
 
 (2.) What adjective is formed from aristocracy? What noun will denote 
 one who believes in aristocracy? Ana. Aristocrat. • What does 
 ' aristocrat ' ordinarily mean ? Ans. A proud or haughty person who 
 holds himself above the common people. 
 
 DOX, an opinion. 
 [From the Greek dox'a, an opinion. ] , 
 
 Hetero ) 
 
 1. Orthodox : ortho, from orthos, right. Literal meaning : correct 
 
 in opinion. Definition : sound in the received faith — op- 
 posed to heretical. 
 
 2. Heterodox : lietero, from heteros, other. Literal meaning : of 
 
 another opinion. Definition : holding opinions contrary to 
 an acknowledged standard. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What noun is formed from the adjective 'orthodox,' meaning condition 
 of being orthodox ? Ans. ' Orthodoxy. ' 
 
 (2.) What noun is formed from the adjective heterodox, meaning the same 
 as heresy? Ans. 'Heterodoxy.' A person once described the two 
 by saying that "orthodoxy is my 'doxy' and heterodoxy your 
 
 'doxy,' 
 
 GAMY, marriage. 
 
 [From the Greek ga'mos, marriage.] 
 
 Mono ) 
 
 Bi Y gamy. 
 
 Poly \ 
 
GREEK DERIVATIVES. . 101 
 
 1. Monogamy: mono, from. mo?ws, sole, single. Definition* mar- 
 
 riage to one wife only. 
 
 2. Bigamy : 1)1, from Latin Ms, double. Definition : marriage to 
 
 two wives. 
 
 3. Polygamy : poly, from polus, many ; marriage to a plurality of 
 
 wives. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What noun is formed from 'monogamy,' meaning a person who believes 
 
 in marriage to but one wife ? Ans. Monogamist. 
 (2.) What noun is formed from 'bigamy,' meaning a person who has two 
 
 wives at a time ? Ans. Bigamist. 
 (8. ) What noun means a person with a plurality of wives ? Polygamist. 
 
 Name an Asiatic country in which polygamy is practised. Name an 
 
 American section where polygamy is practised. 
 
 METER, a measure. 
 [From the Greek met'ron, a measure. ] 
 
 Thermo* 
 
 ChroSio 
 
 Dia 
 
 Anemo 
 
 Photo 
 
 Kygro 
 
 meter. 
 
 1. Thermometer: thermo, from therme, heat^Si measure of heat; 
 
 hence, an instrument for measuring temperature. 
 
 2. Chronometer : chrono, from chronos, time=a measure of time. 
 
 Definition : a portable time-keeper, constructed for greater 
 accuracy than is possessed by a watch or clock. 
 
 3. Diameter : dia, a Greek prefix signifying through ; hence, literal- 
 
 ly, a measure through. Definition : the length of a straight 
 line through the centre of an object from side to side. 
 
 4. Anemometer : anemo, from anemos, the wind = a wind measure; 
 "- an- instrument for measuring the force and velocity of the 
 
 wind. 
 
 5. Photometer : photo, from photos, lights an instrument for meas- 
 
 uring the relative intensities of light. 
 
103 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 ^ EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Give an adjective formed from Hhermometer.' A7is. Thermometric. 
 
 Compose a sentence using the word thermometer, and describing what 
 
 a thermometer usually contains. 
 (2. ) Illustrate the meaning of * chronometer ' by using it in a sentence. 
 (3. ) What adjective is formed from diameter '? Aiis. Diametrical. What 
 
 adverb is formed from diametrical V What is meant by the expression 
 
 '"''diametrically opposed" ? 
 
 NOMY, a law or science. 
 
 [From the Greek no'mos, a law.] 
 
 Astro ^ 
 
 Eco > nomy. 
 
 Gastro ) 
 
 1. AsTBONOMY : ast7*0j from asti'on, a star = the science of the stars 
 
 or heavenly bodies. 
 
 2. Economy: eco, from oihos, a house. Literal meaning: the law 
 
 or rule of a house. Definition: thrifty house-keeping; 
 thrift in general. 
 
 3. Gastronomy : gastro, from g aster, the stomach = the science of th^ 
 
 stomach ; hence, the art or science of good eating. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What science was the forerunner of astronomy? Ans. Astrology. 
 What word denotes one who is skilled in astronomy ? Form an adjec- 
 tive from astronomy. Compose a sentence containing the word as- 
 tronomy. Model — " The three great founders of astronomy are 
 Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton." 
 
 (2.) What adjective is formed from economy? Give two synonyms. Arts. 
 Thrifty, frugal. What distinguished American of last century was 
 famous for advocating economy? What does "political economy'* 
 mean?. A7is. The science of national wealth. What word denotes 
 economy carried too far ? Arts. Parsimony. 
 
 (3.) What part of speech is 'gastronomic,' and what does it mean? What 
 word denotes one who pays great attention to eating ? A gastronome 
 or gastronomer. Give a synonym. Ans. An epicurean. 
 
 y ^ s^^^ Sbe rC) vio^^nng or oboor ving. 
 
 / J [From the Greek sko'peo, to view, to observe.] 
 
 '^Z ^ Tele ) 
 
 Micro > scope. 
 Horo ) 
 
GREEK DERIVATIVES. 103 
 
 1. Telescope: tele, a Greek word meaning afar=an instrument for 
 
 viewing distant objects. 
 
 2. Microscope: mzcr^?, from wi^r(?5, smalls an instrument for view- 
 
 ing minute objects. 
 B. Horoscope : horo, from liora, an hour, and, literally, observing the 
 hour. This was a term in the old art of astrology, and meant 
 an observation of the heavens at the moment of a person's 
 birth, by which the astrologer claimed to be able to foretell 
 the events of his life. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 \,1. ) Combine and define telescope + ic. Compose a sentence using the word 
 telescope. Model — '' The largest telescope in the world is in the pos- 
 session of Lord Rosse." 
 
 (2.) Combine and define microscope + ic. What single word will denote mi- 
 croscopic animals ? Ans. Animalculee. Compose a sentence containing 
 the word microscope. Model — ''As the telescope reveals the infi- 
 nitely distant, so the microscope reveals the infinitely little." 
 
 (3.) What is meant by the sentence, "Who can cast the horoscope of the 
 United States"? 
 
 PATHY, feeling. 
 [From the Greek pa'thos, feeling, suffering. ] 
 
 Anti 
 
 A 
 
 Sym 
 
 Alio 
 
 HomeoJ 
 
 pathy. 
 
 1. Antipathy : anti, a Greek prefix meaning against ; hence, liter- 
 
 ally, a feeling against, opposition of feeling ; aversion. 
 
 2. Apathy : a, a Greek prefix meaning want of ; hence, literally, 
 
 want of feeling. 
 8. Sympathy : sym, a Greek prefix meaning with or togetlier ; hence, 
 literally, a feeling with, a fellow-feeling. 
 
 4. Allopathy: alio, from alios, other. Definition: the employ- 
 
 ment of medicines to produce effects other than those result- 
 ing from disease. 
 
 5. Homeopathy: Tiomeo, from a Greek word meaning the same. 
 
 Definition : the art of curing founded on resemblances, that 
 is, administering medicines to produce the same symptoms as 
 the disease. 
 
104 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 KXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Compose a sentence containing the word antipathy. Model — *'That 
 we sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illus- 
 trated in the lines : 
 
 ' I do not like you, Dr. Fell, 
 The reason why I cannot tell. ' " 
 
 (2.) What adjective is formed from apathy ? Ans. Apathetic. 
 
 (8.) Give a Latin synonym of the Greek word ' sympathy.' Atis. Compassion. 
 Show why they are literal synonyms. Ans. Sym=con or com, and 
 pathy= Latin patior, to feel, to suffer ; hence compassion= sympathy. 
 Give an English derivative expressing the same thing. Ans. Fellow- 
 feeling. 
 
 GON, an angle. 
 
 [From the Greek go'nia, an angle.] 
 
 Penta 
 Hexa , 
 Hepta ^^"^ 
 Poly 
 
 1. Pentagon : a figure having five sides and five angles. Pente, five. 
 
 2. Hexagon : a figure having six sides and angles. Hex, six. 
 
 3. Heptagon: a figure having seven sides and angles. Heptay 
 
 seven. 
 
 4. PoLYCK)N : a figure having many sides and angles. Pblvs, many. 
 
 GENEOUS, nature or kind. 
 [From the Greek gen'os, kind.] 
 
 Homo ) 
 
 1. Homogeneous: homo, from liomos, the same=the same kind. 
 
 Definition : consisting of similar parts or of elements of 
 like nature. 
 
 2. Hetekogeneous : Jietero, from Jietero8, other = of a different 
 
 kind. Definition : having imlike parts or qualities. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) What noun derived from homogeneous expresses the state or quality ? 
 
 Ans. Homogeneity. 
 (2.) What noun derived from heterogeneous expresses the state or quality I 
 
 Ans. Heterogeneity. 
 
GREEK DERIVATIVES. 105 
 
 AUTO, one's self. 
 [From the Greek au'tos, one's self.] 
 
 r crat. 
 Auto < graph. 
 ( maton. 
 
 1. Autocrat : crat, from a Greek word meaning a niler=one who 
 
 rules by himself. Definition : a despotic ruler. 
 
 2. Autograph : graph, from the Greek for writing = one's own hand- 
 
 writing, or one's name in one's owti writing. 
 
 3. Automaton : maton, from a Greek word to move = a seK-moving 
 
 machine. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Form an adjective from autocrat. Ans. Autocratic. . Who is the present 
 
 " autocrat of all the Russias" ? Could the Queen of England be called 
 
 an autocrat ? Why not ?• 
 (2.) Compose a sentence containing the word 'autograph.' Model — " There 
 
 are only two or three autographs of Shakspeare in existence." 
 (3. ) Form an adjective from automaton. Ans. Automatic. Illustrate by a 
 
 sentence. 
 
 PAN, all, universal. 
 [From the Greek pajs, pantos^ all] 
 
 Pan < 
 
 acea. 
 oply. 
 theism, 
 theon* 
 l^ orama. 
 
 1. Panacea : Ofcea, from a Greek word meaning to cure = a cure-all, 
 
 a universal remedy. 
 
 2. Panoply: oply, from oploii, a weapon = complete armor. 
 
 8. Pantheism: theism, from theos, God = the doctrine thsit the all, 
 the universe, is God. 
 
 4. Pantheon : a temple dedicated to all the Gods (theoi). 
 
 5. Panorama : orama, a Greek word meaning sights a complete or 
 
 entire view of some scene or country. Definition : a pic- 
 ture of a scene exhibited a part at a time by being unrolled. 
 5* 
 
106 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) "What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir 
 to" ? Compose a sentence containing the yfoxdi2)anacea. 
 
 (2.) In the following sentence is panoply used in a literal or a figurative 
 sense? "We had need to take the Christian j^a^iOp^T/, to put on the 
 whole armor of God." What adjective is formed froin panoply ? Atis. 
 Panoplied. Define it. 
 
 (3.) What word is used to denote one who believes in pantheism ? Ans. 
 ' Pantheist. ' 
 
 (4. ) Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many gods ? 
 Each divinity might have its own temple ; but what name would de- 
 signate a temple dedicated to all the gods ? 
 
 (5.) Give an adjective formed from the word panorama. Compose a sen- 
 tence using the word panorama. 
 
 EU, well or rightly. 
 [From the Greek eu, well.] 
 
 c logy. 
 
 Eu < phony.- 
 ( pepsy. 
 
 1. Eulogy : logy^ a speaking = a speaking well of one. Defini- 
 
 tion : praise ; panegyric. 
 
 2. Euphony: phony, from phone, sound = well-sounding; that is, 
 
 agreeableness of sound. 
 
 3. Eupepsy : pepsy, from pepsis, digestion=good digestion. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 (1.) Form an adjective from ' eulogy. ' Ans. Eulogistic. Define it. Composo 
 
 a sentence using the word eulogy. 
 (3.) Form an adjective from euphony. A7is. Euphonious. 
 (3.) What is the word denoting the opposite of eupepsy ? Ans. ' Dyspepsy.* 
 
 'Analyze it' (dys^ ill or difficult). Form an adjective from eupepsy. 
 
 Ans. Eupeptic. From dyspepsy. 
 
 / 
 
THE STUDY OF WORDS. 107 
 
 n.--THE STUDY OF WORDS. 
 
 Sincere : sine, without, and cei^a (Latin), wax — applied originally 
 to pure honey ; hence its derivative meaning of jjure, unadul- 
 terated, true. 
 
 Rival: twus (Latin), a stream; rivales^ dwellers on the banks of 
 the same stream ; hence its derivative meaning of competi- 
 rs, antagonists, since those who claimed the same brook 
 naturally got into rwalry. 
 
 Sierra : literally, a saw ; applied to certain mountain ranges on ac- 
 count of their ragged, indented edges ; as the '' Sierra Ne- 
 vada," or Snowy range. 
 
 Tribulation : tribulum (Latin), a threshing instrument — literally, 
 threshing or separating the wheat from the chaff ; hence its 
 metaphorical application to those trials and sufferings which 
 are designed to separate what is good in us from what is 
 worthless. 
 
 Capricious : capra (Latin), a goat^ — literally, springing from one 
 thing to another like the sudden leaps of a goat. Hence 
 fickle, uncertain. 
 
 Virtue : mr (Latin), a man — ^literally, manhood, bravery, since this 
 was the old Roman's leading idea of * virtue.' 
 
 Pagan : paganus (Latin), the inhabitant of a, pagus or village. The 
 explanation is that Christianity first spread in tho large 
 cities, while off in the obscure hamlets the inhabitants re- 
 mained long heathen. 
 
 Savage : silva (Latin), a wood — ^literally, a dweller in a wood. The 
 secondary meaning comes from the fact that those who lived 
 in the forest were considered backward in civilization. 
 
 Salary : sal (Latin), salt — literally, allowance for salt. Compare 
 the phrase "he is not worth his salV^ 
 
 Oval: ovu7n (Latin), an egg — literally, egg-shaped. 
 
 Miser : miser (Latin), wretched — literally, one who makes himself 
 miserable by his niggardliness. 
 
 Lunatic : lima (Latin), the moon — literally, moonstruck. The name 
 came from a superstitious notion that insanity was connected 
 with the influence of the moon. 
 
 Academy, a high school. From Greek Academia, a place near 
 Athens, where Plato taught philosophy. Define Academic. 
 
108 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Alphabet, a list of the letters of a language. From Greek alpha 
 and 'beta, the first two letters of tha Greek alphabet. 
 
 Arctic, northern. From Greek arctos, a bear. 
 
 Bible, the Holy Scripture. From Greek Uhlos, a book. 
 
 Botany, the science of plants. From Greek hotane, a plant. 
 
 Christ, the Messiah. From Greek christos, anointed. 
 
 Cynical surly. From Greek huon (cyon), a dog. 
 
 Galaxy, the milky way. From Greek galaf, milk. 
 
 Epheivieral, lasting but a day. From Greek hemera, a day. 
 
 Hippopotamus, the river horse. From Greek liippos, a horse, and 
 potamos, a river. 
 
 Hydrogen, one of the elements of water. From Greek Jiudor, water. 
 
 Philosophy : the study of general laws. Literally, the love of wis- 
 dom : from Greek pMlos, a lover, and sophia, wisdom. Define 
 philosopher ; philosophic. 
 
 Planet : a wandering or moving star. From Greek plane, a wander- 
 • er. De&ae planetary. 
 
 Politics : the science of government. Literally, the government of 
 a city. From Greek polis, a city. Define political. 
 
 Sarcasm : a satirical remark. From Greek sarx, flesh, and literally, 
 a tearing oif of the flesh. 
 
 Skeptic : one who doubts. From Greek slceptomai, to examine or 
 consider. 
 
 School : a j^lace of instruction. From Greek schoU, leisure. 
 
 Syntax: the construction of sentences. From Greek syntaods, ar- 
 rangement. 
 
 Tropic : tne point at which the sun appears to turn again towards 
 the equator. From Greek tropos, a turning. 
 
 Zodiac : an imaginary belt in the heavens in which the constella- 
 tions are marked by animal representations. From Greek 
 zodialcos, animal. Wp/C^^^ 
 
 Epidemic: a wide-spread disease. From Greek epi, a^sf^Jyv and 
 demos, the people. 
 
 Geometry: that branch of mathematics which treats of magni. 
 tudes. From Greek ge, the earth, and metreo, to measm*e, 
 because the science arose out of land surveying. 
 
 Metropolis : the leading city of a State or kingdom. From Greek 
 meter, mother, dindi polis, a city. 
 
 Anatomy: from Greek «^?2(5^, through, and ^<9?7?e, cutting. Dissection. 
 
 Oxygen: one of the elements. From Greek oxus, acid, and genao, 
 to produc?. 
 
THE STUDY OF WOEDS. 109 
 
 Antipodes : those who live on the opposite side of the globe. From 
 Greek anti, opposite, and podes, feet. 
 
 Nausea : disposition to vomit. Literally, sea-sickness — from Greek 
 naus, a ship. 
 
 Amphibious : from Greek ampM^ double, and Mos, life ; literally, 
 having a double life, that is, having the power of living in 
 two elements. 
 
 Calculate : from the Latin calculi, pebbles used by the ancients to 
 aid them in their mathematical computations. 
 
 Prepostekous : from the Latin prop, before, and posterus, behind ; 
 its literal sense is, putting that before which ought to be be- 
 hind, that is, putting " the cart before the horse." 
 
 Tantalize: from Tantalus, whose dreadful punishment it was to 
 be continually in sight of water, and yet never allowed a di'op 
 thereof. 
 
 Dahlia : from the proper noun Dahl, a Swede, who introduced the 
 
 cultivation of the dahlia. 
 . Guillotine : from Guillotin, the name of a French doctor who in- 
 vented that instrument of death. 
 
 Tariff : from Tarifa, a Moorish name for a fortress on a promon- 
 tory in Southern Spain, running into the Strait of Gibraltar. 
 From this fortress the Moors, while they held rule in Spain, 
 used to watch merchant-ships passing into or out of the Med- 
 iterranean Sea, and levy a tax on them : hence the meaning 
 of "tariff." 
 
 Maxim : from the Latm maximum, greatest, that is, a saying having 
 a great deal of meaning in a few words. 
 
 Curfew : from the French couwe and feu, that is, *' cover up the 
 fire." In old times, in England, whenever 
 
 " The curfew tolled the knell of parting day," 
 
 (and the bell rang regularly at eight o'clock every night) the 
 good folks quietly raked up and covered over their fires and 
 retired to bed. 
 Good-bye : the literal meaning of this salutation is, God l>e wV (or 
 with) you. 
 
110 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 m.— EXERCISES ON SYNONYMS. 
 Tame — gentle. 
 
 Tameness is produced by discipline ; gentleness belongs to the 
 natural disposition. 
 
 Would you say " the lamb is tame in its disposition " ? Give the 
 fitting word, and tell why. 
 
 Would you say *'the lion was made gentle by the rod of his 
 keeper " ? Give the fitting word, and tell why. 
 
 Invent — discover. 
 
 To invent is to produce something that did not exist before ; to 
 discover is to bring to light something that existed but was hidden. 
 
 Would you say "Morse discovered the telegraph" ? Give the fit- 
 ting word, and tell why. 
 
 Would you say " Newton invented the law of gravitation " ? Give 
 the fitting word, and tell why. 
 
 Courage — fortitude. 
 
 Courage enables us to meet danger ; fortitude gives us strength to 
 endure pain. 
 
 Would you say " the Indian shows courage when he endures the 
 torment without flinching " ? Give the fitting word, and tell why. 
 
 Would you say " the three hundred under Leonidas displayed 
 fortitude in opposing the entire Persian army" ? Give the fitting 
 word, and tell why. 
 
 Pride — vanity. 
 
 Pride makes us esteem ourselves; vanity makes us desire the 
 esteem of others. Can you imagine that a man might be too proud 
 to be vain ? 
 
 Custom — habit. 
 
 Custom refers to an action ; habit refers to a disposition formed 
 in the mind of a person. 
 
 Supply the proper words : "By the of walking in the streets, 
 
 one acquires a of idleness. 
 
EXERCISES IN SYNONYMS. Ill 
 
 Blanch — ^whiten. 
 
 To Uanch is to make white by withdrawing coloring matter ; thus 
 the cheek is Uanched with fear, that is, by the withdrawing of the 
 blood. To whiten is to cover with a white color ; as to whiten a wall. 
 
 Enough — sufficient. 
 
 Enough has reference to the amount one wishes to have ; sufficient 
 has reference to what one needs. Accordingly, * enough ' generally 
 implies more than 'sufficient.' The miser in.dij hsiVQ sufficient, but 
 he never has enough. 
 
 Genuine — authentic. 
 
 A genuine work is one written by the author whose name it bears ; 
 an authentic work is one which relates truthfully the matter of 
 which it treats. 
 
 Character — reputation. 
 
 Character means those traits that are peculiar to any person — it is 
 a positive description of something ; re'putation is what is thought 
 about one — its source is hearsay. It is possible for a man to have a 
 fair reputation who has not in reality a good character ; although 
 men of really good character 2irQ not likely to have a hoidi reputation. 
 
 Conscientious — scrupulous. 
 
 Conscientious is to scrupulous as a whole to a part. A conscientious 
 man is so altogether ; a scrupulous man may have only particular 
 scruples. The Pharisees were scrupulous without being conscien- 
 tious ; we must therefore strive to be conscientious without being 
 over scrupulous. , 
 
 Felicitate — congratulate. 
 
 ^o felicitate another is to wish him happiness, without affirming 
 that his happiness is also ours ; to congratulate implies that a person 
 is sharer in another's joy. Felicitations are a little better than com- 
 pliments ; congratulations are the expressions of genuine sympathy 
 and pleasure. 
 
113 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 Ability — c npac Ity . 
 
 Ability respects action ; capacity has reference to thought. Ability 
 always supposes something able to be done ; capacity is a mental 
 endowment, and always supposes something ready to receive or 
 hold. We say an able commander, an able statesman ; a man of a 
 capacious mind, a great capacity of thought. "The object is too 
 big for our capacity, when we would comprehend the circum- 
 ference of a world." — Addison. 
 
 Silence — ^tacitumity. 
 
 Silence expresses less than taciturnity: the silent man does not 
 speak ; the taciturn man will not speak. 
 
 Truth — veracity. 
 
 Truth belongs to the thing ; veracity to the person : the truth of 
 a story is admitted upon the veracity of the narrator. 
 
 \y Modest — bashful. 
 
 Modesty is a habit or principle of the mind ; bashfulness is a state 
 of feeling. A modest deportment is always commendable ; a bash- 
 ful disposition is not desirable Modesty is a proper distrust of 
 om*selves, bashfulness an improper distrust. A man truly modest is 
 as much so alone as when he is in company. 
 
 Excuse — pardon. 
 
 We excuse a small fault ; we pardon a great fault. We exercise 
 good nature in excusing ; we exercise generosity or tciqycj in pardon- 
 ing. Tlie violation of good manners is inexcusable in those who are 
 cultivated ; falsehood is unpardonable even in a child. 
 
 Civil — polite. 
 
 Polite expresses more than civil : it is possible to be civil without 
 being polite. - Politeness supposes civility and something more. 
 Civility is contented with pleasing when the occasion offers ; polite- 
 ness seeks the opportunity to please. L^— 
 
EXERCISES IN SYNONYMS. 113 
 
 Treasure — hoard. 
 
 The idea of laying up carefully is common to these words ; but to 
 treasure is to lay up for the sake of accumulating. We treasure up 
 the gifts of a friend ; the miser hoards up his money. 
 
 Lifeless — inanimate. 
 
 Lifeless implies the absence of life where it has once been ; inani- 
 mate, its absence where it has never been. A person is said to be 
 lifeless or dead from whom life has departed ; the material world 
 consists of objects which are by nature inanimate. 
 
 Education — instruction. 
 
 Education literally means a drawing out. It has reference to the 
 discipline and development of the faculties of the mind. Instruo 
 tion literally means a building up, that is, the storing of the mind 
 with information. A person may be instructed in many things 
 without being, after all, really educated. 
 
 Worth — value. 
 
 The worth of anything depends upon its real merit ; its valus is 
 determined by what it would bring. Worth is permanent ; value is 
 changeable. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Washington valued the sterling Vo tn I pT of Greene. 
 
 The vo^ Uf of a book is immediately depreciated by the pubUcation of a 
 better one on the same subject. 
 
 V eracity — ^truth. 
 
 Veracity regards persons ; truth regards things. Truth is ; ve- 
 racity does. We speak of the truth of history, but of the veracity 
 of the historian. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Many accounts of travellers have been rejected as fabulous till other voy- 
 ages have confirmed their ■ Uw/X. t 
 
 As hisy<»*|wft4^has never been called in question, we have no reason to 
 doubt the W^^ ^ of the assertion. 
 
114 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 To lay — to lie. >« 
 
 The confusion m the use of these verbs has arisen from the fact, 
 that the present tense of the first verb is spelt and pronounced ex- 
 actly in the same way as the past tense of the second ; the parts of 
 both verbs are as follows: — 
 
 Pres. Past. Part. 
 
 Lay laid laid 
 
 Lie lay lain 
 
 To lay is a transitive verb, and means to place down ; to lie is an 
 intransitive verb, and means to place one's self down. 
 
 ( Lay down the book == Place the book down. 
 
 1. •< I laid down the book =1 placed the book down. 
 
 ( The book was laid down =The book was placed down. 
 ( Lie down = Place yourself down. 
 
 2. -< I lay down =1 placed myself down. 
 
 ( I had lain down =1 had placed myself down. 
 
 EXERCISE. I 
 
 Europe, in the Middle Ages, t^^ — under a deep lethargy. / 
 
 Before the close of our journey a shower of rain had ) ^^ the dust. 
 He had not tu ^^-. down a quarter of an hour before the bell rang for 
 dinner. 
 
 I intend to ^ ^ ■■ in a supply of coal for the winter. 
 
 Now I ^^ - -"^ me down to sleep. 
 
 Alexander -^ '^^^ a plan for a splendid empire. 
 
 To expect — to hope. 
 
 "We expect what we think will probaby occur ; we Tiope what we 
 strongly desire to happen. We may. expect an occurrence which 
 will give us pain — we do not * hope ' for it. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 The storm raged with such violence that none of the passengers the 
 
 vessel would outlive the gale. 
 
 Every man to withdraw from the bustle of life and spend his old 
 
 age in quiet ease. 
 
 To have — to possess. 
 
 To possess is a species of having : what we have does not always 
 belong to us ; but we have entire power over what we possess. 
 
EXERCISES IN SYNONYMS. 115 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 I a small parcel at home belonging to you, which shall be sent to 
 
 your house early in the morning. 
 
 He is in all respects an excellent man, and every desired qualifi- 
 cation, 
 
 To bury — to inter. 
 
 To hury is to conceal in the earth; to inter is to put into the 
 earth with ceremony. Interring is a species of burying. A miser 
 may bury his money; those who are buried with religious cere- 
 monies are interred. Dogs are never interred, though often buried. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 The house suddenly fell in, and six of the workmen were in the 
 
 rmins. 
 
 *' The evil that men do lives after them, 
 The good is oft with their bones." 
 
 Mute — dumb. 
 
 A dumb man has not the power to speak ; a 7nute man either does 
 not choose or is not allowed to speak. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Walter Scott seemed to have an affection for every animal that be- 
 longed to him. 
 
 " Long he stood, and leaning on his staff, 
 
 His wonder witnessed with an idiot laugh." 
 
 Belief — faith. 
 
 Belief exists ; faith acts. Belief is a passive faith, and faith is 
 an active belief. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 That the world is round, was in the age of Columbus against the com- 
 mon of the learned. 
 
 '' builds a bridge across the gulf of death." 
 
 Force — strength. 
 
 Force is strength put in action. A man collects his strength to 
 strike with force. 
 
116 WOED-ANALYSIS. 
 
 \^ • EXERCISE. 
 
 The Greek mythologists represent Atlas as a man of such immense . 
 
 that he could bear the world on his shoulders. 
 
 The lightning struck the oak with such that all the branches were 
 
 stripped off. 
 
 New — novel. 
 
 What we get in exchange for the old is new ; what has never oc- 
 curred before is novel. New is opposed to old ; novels to known. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Richard's uncle made him a present of a kite. 
 
 This doctor adopts altogether a mode of treatment with his patients. 
 
 Infirm — weak. 
 
 Those who are infirm are weah ; but those who are weak are not 
 always infirm. Weakness may proceed from various causes, as sick- 
 ness, etc. ; infirmity is the weakness of old age. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Though of great age, he is a very active man ; for at a time of life when 
 most men are and ailing, he performs all the duties of life with the en- 
 ergy of youth. 
 
 At the time of the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon was from sickness 
 
 and anxiety. 
 
 A picture — a painting. 
 
 A picture is a representation of objects ; a painting is a representa- 
 tion by means of color. Color is essential to a painting, though 
 not to a picture. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Macaulay draws a lively of the state of England in the 16th century. 
 
 The art of mixing colors, as applied by the old masters in their , is 
 
 now lost to the world. 
 
 Genius — talent. 
 
 Genius creates ideas ; talent reduces to practice the ideas of others. 
 In genius the imagination is exercised ; in talent, the memory. 
 
EXERCISES IN SYNONYMS. 117 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte lived at a time favorable for the display of his mili- 
 tary . 
 
 Me^zofante had a remarkable for acquiring language. 
 
 Fruitful — fertile. 
 
 Ground which requires but little culture is fertile ; trees which 
 bear much fruit are fruitful. Aptness for cultivation is the cause 
 of fertility ; actual production is the proof of fruitf ulness. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 In many of the West India Islands, the earth is so that plants and 
 
 herbs may be said to grow almost spontaneously. 
 
 Our orchard has proved more this year than for many previous 
 
 summers. 
 
 Artist — artisan. 
 
 Artist is applied to one who practises the fine arts ; artisan to 
 one engaged in the practical arts. The musician, sculptor, and 
 painter are artists; the carpenter, the sign-painter, and the black- 
 smith are artisans, 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 The densely-populated parts of London are inhabited chiefly by laborers 
 and . 
 
 Mozart and Beethoven were the greatest musical — — the world ever pro- 
 duced. 
 
 Pleasure — happiness. 
 
 Pleasure is a temporary gratification ; happiness is a continued 
 state of enjoyment.' Pleasure is derived through the senses ; hap- 
 piness is an inward feeling. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Wealth, though it assists our , cannot procure us » 
 
 Temperance — abstinence. 
 
 Ahstinence is the power of refraining ; temperance is the power of 
 enjoying with moderation. We abstain from what is injurious 
 to our health ; we are temperate in our use of what is good for 
 
118 WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Mohammed commanded from wine and pork to his followers. 
 
 I advised him to be in eating and drinking. 
 
 Between — among. 
 
 Among is derived from on many ; between, from hy twain. The 
 former is used in speaking of a larger number; the latter, never 
 when more than two are concerned. The etymologies of these two 
 prepositions will suggest their proper use. A man is therefore be- 
 tween his friends when he has one on each side of him ; and he is 
 among his friends when he is surrounded by several. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 There is no resemblance the hieroglyphics of Egypt and the 
 
 Chinese characters. 
 The prize-money was divided equally the ship's crew. 
 
 ShaU— wiU. 
 
 ♦ 
 The following explanations will show the distinction between 
 these auxiliaries : — 
 
 I. When the sentence is affirmative, shall, in the first person, ex- 
 presses purpose or intention ; in the second and third, it commands. 
 
 Will, in the first person, promises ; in the second and third, it 
 expresses purpose. 
 
 II. When the sentence is interrogative, shall, in the first and third 
 persons, asks the permission or advice of another ; in the second, it 
 ask/the intention of another. 
 
 Will is never used properly (interrogatively) in the first person 
 singular or plural ; in the second, it inquires about the will, and in 
 the third, about the purpose of others. 
 
 The table below will more clearly explain the distinction between 
 these words. -^ 
 
 I. (Affirmatively.) 
 
 Singular. 
 
 2 f I shall go =1 intend to go. /A 
 
 ' I I will go =1 promise to go. U V 
 
 2 j You shall go =1 command you to goT^/^ 
 
 • I You will go = You intend to go. A. 
 
 g j He shall go =1 command him to go(j ] 
 
 ^" 1 He will go = He intends to go. r\J 
 
EXERCISES IN SYNONYMS. 119 
 
 Plural. 
 
 - ( We shall go = We intend to go. 
 
 I We will go = We promise to go. 
 2. As the singular. 
 
 q j They shall go =1 command them to go. 
 
 • ( They will go = They intend to go. 
 
 n. (Interrogatively.) 
 
 ^ j Shall I go ? = Do you wish me to go ? 
 
 ( Will I go ? = incorrect (never said. ) 
 
 ( Shall you go ? = Do you intend to go ? 
 
 ^- j Will you go ? = Do you ] ""^P^^ [ to go ? 
 
 ( Shall he go ? = Do you permit him to go ? 
 
 ^' \ Will he go ? = Does he [^^^H \ to go ? 
 
 Plural. 
 
 ^ j Shall we go ? = Do you | ""^P^^ | us to go ? 
 
 ( Will we go ? = incorrect (never said. ) 
 2. As the singular. 
 
 q ( Shall they go ? = Do you choose them to go ? 
 
 ^' \ Will they go ? = Do they intend to go ? 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 " He was a man, take him for all in all, 
 We ne'er look upon his like again. '* 
 
 " I not urge that private considerations ought always to give way to 
 
 the necessities of the public. " 
 
 " The law be known to-morrow to far the greatest number of those 
 
 who may be tempted to break it." 
 
 I go to Brighton to-morrow, and take an early opportunity 
 
 of calling on your friend there. 
 
 " But of the tree of knowledge of good and evil thou not eat ; for 
 
 in the day that thou eatest thereof, thou surely die.'* 
 
 >^ 
 
120 '^^{f WORD-ANALYSIS. 
 
 IV.— LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES IN CURRENT USE. 
 
 LATIN WOKDS. 
 
 Aborig^ines, the original inhabit- 
 ants of a country. 
 
 AVias, otherwise. 
 
 AIM, elsewhere. 
 
 An^glice, in English. 
 
 Ga%eat, let him be cautious. 
 
 Gonftra, on the other hand. 
 
 Dele, expunge. 
 
 EquiliVrium, equality of weight. 
 
 Er'go, therefore. • 
 
 Ex' it,* departure. 
 
 EoD-temf pore, at the time ; i. e., 
 without previous writing. 
 
 FaceHicB, witty sayings. 
 
 Fi'at, let it be done. 
 
 Fi'iiis, the end. 
 
 Gra'tis, for nothing. 
 
 Hia'tus, an opening or gap. 
 
 Imprima'tur, let it be printed. 
 
 Impri'mis, in the first place. 
 
 Impromp'tu, with promptness ; 
 
 off-hand. 
 Infterim, in the mean time. 
 Ftem, also. 
 
 Ma'nes, departed spirits. 
 Maximum, the greatest quantity. 
 Mm'imum, the least quantity. 
 Pas'sim, everywhere. 
 Quon^dam, formerly ; once. 
 Kecipe, See Lat. 47. 
 Besur'gam, I shall rise again. 
 Seria'tim, in regular order. 
 Vale ! farewell ! 
 Verba' tim, word for word. 
 Ver'sus, against, contracted m 
 Veto, I forbid it. 
 Vi'a, by the way of. 
 VideVicet, to wit, contracted viz. 
 Vi'ce, in the place of. 
 
 LATIN PHKASES. 
 
 /m5 ini^tio,^ from the beginning. 
 Ad captan'dum, for the purpose 
 
 of taking, i. e., pleasing. 
 Ad infini'tum, to an unlimited 
 
 extent. 
 ■Ad liVitum, at pleasure. 
 Ad 'oalo'rem, according to value. 
 AVma ma'ter, gentle mother. 
 A'mor pa' trice, love of country. 
 
 1 fortio'ri,^ with stronger rea- 
 ^ son. 
 
 ^A prio'ri, beforehand ; from pre- 
 vious knowledge. 
 
 A posterio'ri, afterwards; from 
 trial. 
 
 Argumen'tum ad hom'inem, an 
 argument particularly applica- 
 ble to the pei-son to whom it is 
 offered. 
 
 Bo'na fide, in*good faith. 
 
 Gacoe'ihes scrilen'di, a ridiculous 
 fondness for wiiting. 
 
 Ga'put mor'tuum, the lifeless 
 head. 
 
 Gcet'eris par'ihus, other thmgs 
 being the same. 
 
 * A verb, signrEying, 7ie {she or U) goes out. 
 t T is here sounded like sh. 
 
 \ 
 
LATIK PHRASES IN CURRENT USE. 
 
 f21 
 
 Cui* bono ? for what good ? i. e. 
 of what advantage ? or, of ad- 
 vantage to whom? 
 
 De fac'to^ in fact. 
 
 De jure, by right. 
 
 De gus^tibus non disputanf duniy 
 about matters of taste it is idle 
 to dispute. 
 
 Dei gratia, by the grace o:f God. 
 
 De no'vo, anew. 
 
 Deo wlen'te, God willing. 
 
 DramJatis perso^nce, the charac- 
 ters represented in a play. 
 
 Ec^ce\ Wmo, bshold the meOi 
 Se^^.T^., John xix. 5. 
 
 E^edihe^dra, from the chair of 
 /i^^^^^authority. 
 -^ Ex ofjVcio, by virtue of the of- 
 fice. 
 
 Ex par^te, on one side only. 
 
 Ex post fac^ to (bdidi Latin), after 
 the deed. 
 
 Oe^nius Wei, the genius of the 
 place. 
 
 Id ge^nus omfne, all that class or 
 sort. 
 
 In limfine, on the threshold ; at 
 the outset. 
 
 Inpro^pria perso^na, in his own 
 person. 
 
 In sta^tu quo, in the state in 
 which it was. 
 
 In terro^rem, as a warning. 
 
 In to^to, entirely. 
 
 In tranfsitu, on the way or pas- 
 sage. 
 
 Ip^se dix'it, literally, he himself 
 said so ; mere assertion. 
 
 Ip^so fao'to, by the fact itself. 
 
 Lap'sus linfguae, a slip of the 
 tongue. 
 
 Lex talio^nis, the law of retalia- 
 tion. 
 
 I// cum te'nens, literally, holding 
 the place ; a substitute. 
 
 Lu^sus natuWce, a sport or freak 
 
 of nature. 
 Mag'nacha/ta (karta), the great 
 
 charter. 
 Memen^to moWi, remember that 
 
 thou must die. 
 M^um et tu^um^ mine and 
 
 thine. 
 MiraVile dic^tu, strange to tell. 
 Mo^dus operan di, the manner of 
 
 oijerating. 
 MiiVtum in par'm, a great deal 
 
 in a small space. 
 Ne plus uUtra, the greatest extent 
 
 attainable ; literally, nothing 
 
 beyond. 
 Woolens w'lens, willing or not. 
 Non comfpos menftis, not in right 
 
 mind. ^wk 
 
 Non est i7iven^ms, it is not found. 
 Ostium cum dignita^te, ease with 
 
 dignity. 
 Par noV ile fra^rum, a noble pair 
 
 of brothers. 
 Pa^ri pas^su, with equal pace. 
 Pa/ticeps crim^inis, a partaker of 
 J the crime. 
 Per se, by itself. 
 Pri^ ma fa^ cie, at first view. 
 Pri^mum moVile, the first mover. 
 Pro l)ono puVlico, for the public 
 
 good. 
 Pro et con, for and against. 
 P'ofor^ma, for form's sake. 
 Pro ra'ta, in proportion. 
 Pro tem^pore (abbremated pro 
 
 tem.), for the time. 
 Quid pro quo, an equivalent. 
 Secun^dum ar^tem, according to 
 
 art or professional rule. 
 Si^ne dVe, without fixing the 
 
 day. 
 8i'ne qua non (literally, without 
 
 which it cannot be done), an in- 
 dispensable condition. 
 
 * Pronounced ley. 
 t Pronounced ek'se. 
 
1^ 
 
 WOED-AKALYSia 
 
 8uH ge-nferis (literally, of its own 
 kind), unique. 
 
 Bumf mum Wnum, the chief 
 good. 
 
 Su^um cuVque (ky'quy), to every- 
 one his due. 
 
 Tem^pusfu'git, time flies. 
 
 To^to ccello, by the breadth of the 
 sky. 
 
 Va^de mefcum (literally, come 
 with me), a guide-book. 
 
 Ve^ni, m^di, m^ci, I came, saw, 
 conquered. 
 
 Ver'hum sapienfti, a word is 
 enough to the wise. 
 
 Vi^ce ver^sa, the order being re- 
 versed. 
 
 Vi^va vo^ce, with the living voice. 
 
 ^ 
 
 v.— GEOGRAPHICAL DERIVATIVES. 
 
 Ai^'piNE, a. of or pertaining to, 
 
 or resembling the Alps. 
 An'glican, a. English. 
 An'glo-Nor'man, a. pertaining 
 
 to the English Normans. 
 An'glo-Saxon, a. pertaining to 
 
 the English Saxons. 
 Ar'abic, a. of Arabia ; 8. the 
 
 language of Arabia. 
 Asiat'ic, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Asia. 
 Babylo'nish, a. pertaining to 
 
 Babylon. 
 Bel^gic, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Belgium. 
 Brazil'ian, a. of or pertaining 
 
 to Brazil. 
 Byzan'tine, a. of or pertaining 
 
 to Byzantium, now Constan- 
 tinople. 
 Caf^frb, 8. a native of Caffraria 
 
 in Africa. 
 Caledo'nian, a. of or pertain- 
 ing to Scotland ; n. a native of 
 
 Scotland. 
 Californian, a. of or pertaining 
 
 to California. 
 Cam'brian, a. of or pertaining 
 
 to "Wales ; 8. a Welshman. 
 Cana'dian, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Canada ; n. a native of Canada. 
 Can'diote, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Candia : n. a native of Candia. 
 
 Caribbe'an, a. pertaining to the 
 
 Caribbee islands. 
 Cauca'sian, a. pertaining to 
 
 Mount Caucasus. 
 Ceylonese', 8. the natives of 
 
 Ceylon ; a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Ceylon. 
 Chil^ian, a. pertaining to Chili. 
 Chinese', of or pertaining to 
 
 China ; n. the natives of 
 
 China. 
 ClSAL^piNE, a. an epithet applied 
 
 to the countries on that side of 
 
 the Alps next to France. 
 Cop' TIC, a, pertaining to the 
 
 Copts or ancient Egyptians. 
 CoREAN, a. relating to Corea. 
 Cor'nish, a, of or pertaining to 
 
 Cornwall. 
 Cor'tes, n. the States, or assem- 
 bly of the States, of Spain and 
 
 of Portugal. 
 Cre'ole, n. one bom in the West 
 
 Indies of Spanish parents. 
 Damasce'ne, a. of or pertaining 
 
 to Daraascus. 
 Dane, n, a native of Denmark. 
 Egyp'tian, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Egypt ; n. a native of Egypt. 
 En'glish, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 England. 
 E'thiop, n, a native of Ethio- 
 pia. 
 
"^^ 
 
 /k^ 
 
 > 
 
 GE©GRAPHICAL DERIVATIVES. 
 
 123 
 
 of or pertaining 
 n, a native of 
 
 Europe' AN, a. 
 to Europe ; 
 Europe. 
 
 Fin'nish, a, of or pertaining to 
 Finland. 
 
 Flem^ish, a. pertaining to Flan- 
 ders. 
 
 Flor'entine, a. of or pertain- 
 ing to Florence; s. a native 
 of Florence. 
 
 Gal'lican, a. French. 
 
 Genoese', a, of or pertaining to 
 Genoa. 
 
 Gre'cian, a. of or pertaining to 
 Greece. 
 
 Greek, n. a native of Greece ; a, 
 of or pertaining to Greece. 
 
 Hellenic, relating to Hellas, or 
 Greece. 
 
 Hes'sian, a. of or pertaining to 
 Hesse, in Germany. 
 
 Hirer' NiAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Ireland ; n. a native of Ire- 
 land. 
 
 Hindoo', n. a native of Hindos- 
 tan. 
 
 Hindostanee', a. of or pertain- 
 ing to Hindostan. 
 
 Icelan'dic, a. of or pertaining to 
 Iceland. 
 
 I'rish, a. of or pertaining to Ire- 
 land. 
 
 Ital'ian, a. of or pertaining to 
 Italy ; n. a native of Italy. 
 
 Japanese', n. the natives of Ja- 
 pan. 
 
 Levan'tine, a. pertaining to the 
 Levant, a name given to the 
 eastern part of the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea and the countries 
 bordering on ii 
 
 Maltese', s, the natives of Malta ; 
 a. belonging to Malta. 
 
 Milanese', s. the natives of 
 Milan. 
 
 Nor' MAN, a. of or pertaining to 
 Normandy. 
 
 Norwe'gian, a. of or pertaining 
 to Norway. 
 
 Ot'toman, a. pertaining to the 
 
 Turkish empire. 
 Paris' IAN, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Paris. 
 Parsee', s. a fire- worshipper of 
 
 the East Indies. 
 Peru'vian, a. of or pertaining 
 
 to Peru. 
 Pole, s. a native of Poland. 
 Po'lish, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Poland. 
 Portuguese', a. of or pertaining 
 
 to Portugal. 
 Prussian, a. relating to Prussia ; 
 
 n. a native of Prussia. 
 Pyrene'an, a. pertaining to the 
 
 Pyrenees, mountains separating 
 
 France and Spain. 
 Savoy' ARD, s. a native of Savoy. 
 Sax' ON, a, of or pertaining to 
 
 Saxony. 
 Scotch, Scot'tish, a. of or per- 
 taining to Scotland. 
 Siamese', s. the natives of Siam. 
 Span'iard, 8. a native of Spain. 
 Span'ish, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Spain. 
 Swede, s. a native of Sweden. 
 Swiss, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Switzerland. 
 Syr'iac, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Syria. 
 Tar' tar, s, a native of Tartary. 
 Transal'pine, a. an epithet ap- 
 plied to the countries. on that 
 
 side of the Alps farthest from 
 
 France. 
 Transatlan'tic, a. an epithet 
 
 applied to the countries beyond 
 
 the Atlantic Ocean. 
 Turk, s. a native of Turkey. 
 Tyrolese', a, of or pertaining to 
 
 the Tyrol. 
 Vene'tian, a. of or pertaining 
 
 to Venice. 
 Walden'ses, b. the natives of 
 
 Vaudois in Piedmont. 
 Welsh, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Wales. 
 
<y/ 
 
 124 
 
 WOEI>-ANALYSIS. 
 
 VI.— ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 A. B. or B. A. ar'tium haccalau^- 
 
 reus, bachelor of arts. 
 A. C. an^te Ghris^tum, before 
 
 Christ. 
 A. D. an^no domfin% in the year 
 
 of our Lord. 
 Ala. Alabama. 
 
 A.. M. an^te meridfiem^ before 
 ' noon ; or, an' no mun d% in the 
 
 year of the world ; or, ar'tium 
 
 magis'ter^ master of arts. 
 Anon, anonymous. 
 Ark. Arkansas. 
 
 A. U. C. an' no ur'tis con'ditm^ in 
 the year of the city, i. e. Rome. 
 
 Bart. Caronet. 
 
 B. C. i)6f ore Christ. 
 
 B. D. I lyac^alau' reus dimnita'tis, 
 
 bachelor of divinity. 
 Capt. captain. 
 Co. company. 
 Col. colonel. 
 Com. commodore. 
 Cr. creditor. 
 Cts. cents. 
 
 Cwt. hundred weight. 
 D. C. District of Columbia. 
 t). D. divinita'tis doc' tor, doctor 
 
 of divinity. 
 Dec. December. 
 Del. Delaware. 
 Do. or Ditto, the same. 
 Dr. doctor, or debtor. 
 
 D. V. De'o volen'te, Grod willing. 
 Dwt. pennyweight. 
 
 E. g. exemfpli gra'tia, for exam- 
 ple. 
 
 Esq. esquire. 
 Feb. February. 
 Fla. Florida. 
 Fol. folio. 
 
 F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal So- 
 ciety. 
 
 Ga. Georgia. 
 
 Gen. general; Genesis. 
 
 Geo. George. 
 
 Gov. governor. 
 
 Hhd. hogshead. 
 
 H. B. M. his or her Britannie 
 
 majesty. 
 Hon. honorable, 
 la. or Ind. Indiana, 
 lb. iWdem, in the same place. 
 Id. i'dem, the same. 
 I. e. id est, that is. 
 111. Illinois. 
 
 Incog, incog' nito, unknown. 
 Inst, instant, i. e. present, at hand. 
 Jun. jun'ior, younger. 
 Ky. Kentucky. 
 La Louisiana. 
 Lat. latitude. 
 L. C. Lower Canada. 
 Lieut, lieutenant. 
 LL. D. le^gum doc' tor, doctor of 
 
 laws. 
 Lon. longitude. 
 L. S. lo'cus sigil'li, the place of 
 
 the seal. 
 M. mil'le, a thousand. 
 Maj. major. 
 Mass. Massachusetts. 
 M. C. member of Congress. 
 Md. Maryland. 
 M. D. medici'nm docftor, doctor 
 
 of medicine. 
 Me. Maine. 
 Messrs. Messieurs. 
 Mi. Mississippi. 
 Mich. Michigan. 
 Mo. Missouri. 
 
 M. P. member of parliament. 
 Mr. Mister. 
 Mrs. Mistress. 
 MS. manuscript. 
 MSS. manuscripts. 
 N". B. no'ta te'ne, mark well; i. e. 
 
 take particular notice. 
 N". C. North Carolina. 
 Nem. con. nem'ine contradicen'te^ 
 
 no one expressing dissent. 
 N". H. New Hampshire. 
 N. J. Nerw Jersey. 
 No. number. 
 
^BBEVIATIONS. 
 
 125 
 
 Nov. Kovember. 
 
 N. Y. New York. 
 
 O. Ohio. 
 
 Oct. October. 
 
 O. S. old style. 
 
 Oz. ounces. 
 
 Pa. or Penn. Pennsylvania. 
 
 P. M. post-master ; or, post mer- 
 id/iem, after noon. 
 
 P. O. post-office. 
 
 Pres. president. 
 
 Prof, professor. 
 
 P. S. post script turn (written af- 
 terwards), postscript. 
 
 Q. E. D. quod drat demonstran' - 
 dum, which was to be demon- 
 strated. 
 
 Rev. reverend ; Revelation. 
 
 R. I. Rhode Island. 
 
 S. A. South America. 
 
 S. C. South Carolina. 
 
 Sec. secretary; second. 
 
 Sen. senior; senator. 
 
 Sept. September. 
 
 St. street ; saint. 
 
 S. T. D. sanc'tm theolo^gm doc^tor^ 
 doctor of theolog}^ 
 
 Tenn. Tennessee. 
 
 Thos. Thomas. 
 
 Ult. uVtimo (men^se), the last 
 (month). 
 
 U. S. A. United States of Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 Va. Virginia. 
 
 Viz. mdeVicet, to wit. 
 
 vs. ver^sus, against. 
 
 Vt. Vermont. 
 
 Xmas, Christmas. 
 
 Yd. yard. 
 
 & et, and. 
 
 &c. et cefera, and the other 
 things, i. e. and so forth. 
 
 4to. quarto. 
 
 8vo.- octavo. 
 
 12mo. duodecimo. 
 
 ^ 
 
 The End. 
 
r3 36584 
 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 ivi289aS5 '^^^ 2 
 
 ■T 
 
 \Kf 
 
 T>e^ 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY 
 
j2Li-i^ 
 
 g-^ v./ 
 
 DnnniE Elastic S^^eel Pens. 
 
 i eclated, as i 
 
 Si-eel Pens. 
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 .r elasticity, durability and eve mess < f^ point For -- - 
 
 
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 V. Independen •, ^um' 8//^, T.871. 
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 d are elastic ainl durable to a remarkabi 
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