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CERTAIN 
 
 ANTIQUITIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 BY 
 
 CLARENCE B. MOORE. 
 
 REPRINT FROM THE JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL 
 
 SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, VOLUME XI. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 1900. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 P. C. STOCKHAUSEN, 
 
 53-55 N. 7th St , 
 
 1900. 
 
}V 
 
 FLORIDA COAST 
 
 CUARW/ITER HARBOR TO SAK*St>TA 
 Seal* in miles 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 i H ^y 
 
 UN IV 
 
 BY CLARENCE B. MOORE. 
 
 During the past eight years we have made certain investigations of aboriginal 
 remains in the southern United States with the aid of a large flat-bottomed stenmer 
 containing a corps of assistants and numbers of trained men to dig. The results 
 of these investigations have been embodied in reports appearing in the Journal of 
 the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where the collections made by 
 us during our work are deposited. 
 
 Several years ago we explored the mounds bordering the Florida east-coast, 
 following the footsteps of Mr. Andrew E. Douglass, of the Museum of Natural His 
 tory, New York, finding, as he did, but little of comparative interest in the mounds 
 of that section. 2 
 
 A certain amount of investigation of the aboriginal remains of the west coast 
 of Florida has been made by Mr. S. T. Walker, the results appearing in the reports 
 of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, I). C., for the years 1879 and 1883. 
 
 The data obtained by Mr. Walker, while of interest, were not of a nature 1 to 
 encourage farther arclnvological work on the west coast, and had it not been for 
 the remarkable discoveries made in the muck on the upper end of the island 
 of Marco, almost the northernmost key 3 of the Ten Thousand Islands, which 
 border the Florida west-coast along the counties of Lee and Monroe, it is not likely 
 a visit would have been made by us to the Florida west-coast. But when the mag 
 nificent collection, mainly of objects of wood, was shown us by Mr. Frank Hamil 
 ton Cushing, and we had studied his brilliant preliminary report, 4 we resolved to 
 visit the west coast of Florida, and did so during about three and one-half months 
 of the winter of 1900, to make a reconnoissance, as it w r ere, to determine whether 
 or not a series of seasons could profitably be spent by us in making a thorough 
 examination of what might prove to be so rich a field. 
 
 1 " Certain Sand Moniuls of the St. Johns River, Florida." Parts I and If, Journ. A. N. S. P., 
 Vol. X, 1894. 
 
 "Certain Sand Mounds of Duval County, Florida. Two Mounds on Murphy Island, Florida. 
 Certain Sand Mounds of the Ocklawaha River, Florida." Journ. A. N. S. P., Vol. X, 1895. 
 
 "Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Georgia Coast." Journ. A. N. S. P., Vol. XI, 1897. 
 
 "Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Coast of South Carolina. Certain Aboriginal Mounds of 
 the Savannah River. Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Altaniaha River." Journ. A. N. S. P., Vol. 
 XI, 1898. 
 
 "Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Alabama River." Journ. A. N. S. P., Vol. XI, 1899. 
 
 2 " Additional Mounds of Duval and Clay Counties, Florida. Mound Investigation on the 
 East coast of Florida. Certain Florida Coast Mounds North of the St. Johns River." [Privately 
 printed.] 
 
 * An island, from the Spanish cmjo. 
 
 * " Exploration of Ancient Key-dweller Remains on the Gulf Coast of Florida." Proceedings 
 of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XXV, No. 153. 
 
 1 15645 
 
352 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 During the summer of 1899, G. W. Rossignol, formerly captain of our steamer, 
 and thoroughly familiar with aboriginal remains, accompanied by a companion 
 knowing the territory, made a journey along the coast from Anclote Key on the 
 north to the Caloosahatchee river on the south, including the shores of Tampa Bay. 
 Great numbers of mounds and shell heaps were located by him and the addresses 
 of the owners secured, from nearly all of whom we obtained in advance permission 
 to investigate, so that our labors were greatly expedited. Never before had we set 
 out so thoroughly prepared for work and never did our efforts meet with so little 
 success. 
 
 Our journey extended from near Clearwater Harbor on the north to Tampa. 
 Bay, and to such mounds on the Bay as seemed of most interest, including parts of 
 the Ala-fin, the Little Manatee and the Manatee, rivers ; through Sarasot.a Bay ; 
 down Pine Island Sound, including some of the keys described by Mr. Cushing ; 
 part of the Caloosahatchee river; Estero Bay with Mound Island; Key Marco; 
 and the Ten Thousand Islands to the Chatham river, not far from the North-west 
 Cape. 
 
 FOUR MILE BAYOU, HILLSBORO COUNTY. 
 
 Four Mile Bayou was the northernmost point on the coast visited by us. 
 
 On the east side of Four Mile Bayou, beginning at a small bayou that connects 
 with the greater one, is a ridge of shell, 040 paces in length, running parallel with 
 the water and only a few yards back from high water mark. The ridge, which 
 runs N. by W. and S. by E., has been cut into to a certain extent by the removal 
 of shell for use on streets of the town of Clearwater Harbor. The section exposed 
 showed no artifacts other than a few bits of pottery with the check stamp. One 
 hundred yards from the northern end the ridge is 64 feet across and 5 feet high. 
 T\vo hundred yards farther along its altitude is 3 feet 7 inches; its breadth, 76 feet. 
 Five hundred yards from the northern extremity it is 79 feet across and 4 feet 10 
 inches high. The southern end, for the last 150 feet, has a breadth of 50 feet and 
 is 8 feet 6 inches high. 
 
 On the east side of Four Mile Bayou, on the property of Mr. J. F. Girard. 
 living near by, is a mound 4 feet high and 58 feet across the base. This mound 
 had a top layer of shell and black loam 1.5 feet thick. Next came about 1 foot of 
 yellow sand and finally a layer of shell and loam about 1 foot 4 inches in thickness. 
 A central excavation and lateral trenching indicated this mound to be of a domi 
 ciliary character. 
 
 About 300 yards in a northerly direction from Mr. Girard s place, in woods, 
 on property belonging to Mr. George T. Chamberlain, of Tampa, is a mound 
 thickly covered with scrub growth, having an irregular basal outline. Excava 
 tions, whence came material for the mound, are near its base, and it person 
 standing at the bottom of one of these would form an incorrect idea as to the 
 height of the mound, which, measured froTn the western side, apparently from the 
 
 1 To owners of mounds who so readily and so cordially granted us permission to dig, we wish to 
 tender our warm thanks. 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 353 
 
 general level, is 18 feet. The diameter of the mound north and south is 150 feet; 
 east and west, 116 feet. The summit plateau is CO feet by 28 feet. 
 
 Considerable digging led us to believe the mound to be of irregular local layers 
 of shell and sand, covered with sand which, at the summit plateau, is about 3 feet 
 in thickness. A few burials closely flexed were met with, none at a greater depth 
 than 3 feet. While there was not sufficient digging to enable us to determine posi 
 tively, it is our belief that this mound is of a domiciliary character with superficial 
 burials. 
 
 About 150 yards N. N. W. from the mound just described, also on the property 
 of Mr. Chamberlain, is another mound, the N. E. slope of which has been eaten 
 away by a small stream. 
 
 Excavations made previous to our visit, and the great section laid bare by the 
 stream, showed no presence of shell or indication of interments. 
 
 
 FIG. 1. Plan of mounds and causeways, Point Maximo. 
 
 Disston City and New Cadiz are on the mainland n few miles south of Big 
 Bayou. Small sand mounds on properties belonging to Mr. Martin Campos and 
 Mrs. R. Barnett, yielded neither human remains nor artifacts. 
 
 POIXT MAXIMO, HII.I.SBOHO COUXTV. 
 
 Following the coast line down we come to Point Maximo. About half a mile 
 in an easterly direction inland are several very interesting aboriginal works on the 
 
 45 JOURX. A. X. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
354 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 property of Mr. R. Strada, of St. Petersburg, Fla., who refused permission to dig. 
 Thickly covered by palmettoes, is a mound marked A on the plan (Fig. 1), appar 
 ently of sand and shell, now having a small frame cabin on the summit. This 
 mound, which is referred to by Mr. S. T. Walker, 1 nearly circular as to outline of 
 base, has a diameter at base of a little over 100 feet: The height is 10 feet above 
 the general level. 
 
 From the southern side of the mound a broad ridge of shell (B) connects the 
 mound with another ridge (C) running parallel to the water. The remainder of 
 the base is surrounded by an excavation from 1 to 2 feet in depth below the general 
 level, though seemingly much deeper when looked down upon from ridges adjacent 
 to the mound. In a westerly direction from the mound is a curious ridge (D), 700 
 feet long, running in a northeast by easterly and southwest by westerly direction, 
 with a maximum height of 6 feet 9 inches and a maximum breadth of 70 feet. This 
 causeway does not seem to be a deposit of shell, formed during aboriginal occupa 
 tion, but rather built for a purpose, as parts of it are of shell and sand mingled ; 
 parts, shell and sand side by side ; parts, all sand. Beginning near the northeastern 
 terminus of the ridge another causeway (E), mainly of sand, extends about 250 
 feet in a southerly direction where it turns to the east, having approached at this 
 point within 50 feet of the ridge (C), which leaves the southern side of the mound. 
 The area enclosed between these ridges is about 1 foot 3 inches below the general 
 level, and doubtless furnished material for the causeways. 
 
 Beginning with, and nearly at right angles to, the shell ridges (C) fronting the 
 water, about 500 feet in a westerly direction from the principal mound, two embank 
 ments (F, G) extend in a northerly direction about 500 feet, terminating at a mound 
 of sand (II) about 3 feet 6 inches above the general level and 55 feet across the 
 base, approximately. The embankments converge from 131 feet between them 
 where they leave the shell ridge to 17 feet where they join the mound. 
 
 The westernmost causeway is well defined ; is of sand, where excavations were. 
 made ; is from 35 feet to 53 feet in breadth and 1 foot G inches in height. The 
 eastern embankment is less well marked and merges, on the other side, with the 
 surrounding country. Two excavations of moderate size Avere made in the sand 
 mound; one without result; the other yielding human remains, badly decayed, 
 just below the surface. 
 
 The space included between the ridges varies from 2 feet 8 inches to 1 foot in 
 depth, and has somewhat the appearance of a canal. Presumably the remoA*al of 
 material for the ridges is responsible for the depression. 
 
 In the territory back of Point Maximo are other embankments of considerable 
 size Avhich were not investigated by us through refusal of permission by the owner. 
 Numerous small shell ridges not included in the plan lie to the east of mound A 
 back of shell ridge C. 
 
 Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 404. 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 355 
 
 MOUND ox PINE KEY, HILLSBORO COUNTY. 
 
 Pine Key is one of the islands at the entrance to Tampa Ray. The mound 
 described by Mr. Walker, is on the southernmost portion of Pine Key, which is 
 divided into two parts by a small bayou. The mound, which ifc most difficult to 
 find, being surrounded by trees and scrub growth, is about 300 yards in an E. S. E. 
 direction from the southern end of a sheet of water called the Duck Pond, or about 
 50 yards in an easterly direction from a tongue, or continuation extending beyond 
 the end of the lake. The tongue, itself apparently of artificial origin, is connected 
 with the mound by a canal of irregular breadth, nowhere exceeding 58 feet, which, 
 leaving the tongue at right angles, goes directly to the mound. The canal, at the 
 present time, is not over 2 feet 3 inches in depth, though banks on either side make 
 it appear considerably more. 
 
 The mound, which is very irregular, varies from 60 feet to 85 feet in diameter 
 of base and is about 6 feet in height, taken from the general level. Deep depres 
 sions near parts of the base show whence the material for the mound was derived. 
 
 A number of small and shallow excavations were apparent. 
 
 Seven of our men dug 3.5 hours on parts of the mound previously undisturbed. 
 The mound is made of unstratified white sand. Burials were met with at six points 
 from 1 foot below the surface to 6 feet in depth. These burials were closely Hexed 
 in a manner to be described more particularly in our account of a mound on the 
 Little Manatee river. With one burial were a number of massive beads of shell. 
 With others were bits of earthenware vessels having incised and punctate decoration. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR POINT PINELOS, HILLSBORO COUXTV. 
 
 Point Pinelos is the southernmost extremity of the peninsula which bounds 
 Tampa Bay on the west. On the property of Mr. Win. B. Henderson, of Tampa, 
 about three-quarters of a mile in from Point Pinelos, following a course N. W. by 
 W., is an oblong mound with rounded corners, extending longitudinally almost due 
 east and west. Its major diameter of base is 155 feet; its minor diameter, 47 feet. 
 The summit plateau is 105 feet in length and 30 feet across at the center. Each 
 extremity of the plateau is 19 feet across. Mr. S. T. Walker (Smithsonian Report, 
 1879, p. 407) gives this mound as No. 10 on his list, and gives the height as 25 
 feet. The exact altitude above the surrounding level is 16 feet 6 inches, and above 
 the mass of sand which surrounds the base, 12 feet 6 inches. From the summit 
 plateau to undisturbed sand at the base of the mound is a depth of 17 feet. 
 The sides of the mound are precipitous, ascending at an angle of 30 degrees. 
 
 A graded way extends from the exact center of the southern side of the 
 summit plateau almost due south, a distance of 112 feet. This causeway, made of 
 sand with a sprinkling of shell, is 34 feet broad at its union with the mound and 
 23 feet across, 12 feet from its terminus. 
 
 The labor of seven men working five hours on a trench beginning 46 feet from 
 the western end of the north side of the mound indicated the mound to be of 
 
35G CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 irregular layers of sand and of shell, the exterior being of sand. Several bits of 
 rude, undecorated ware, one fragmentary bone piercing implement, a bit of chert 
 lance-head were the only relics met with. 
 
 One hundred and thirty feet N. from the eastern end of the mound is an exca 
 vation of circular outline, Ul feet in diameter and G feet 7 inches deep, from which 
 sand for the mound was taken. Another excavation 94 feet by 78 feet, similar in 
 character and of the same depth, lies 125 feet E. S. E. from the eastern end of the 
 mound. 
 
 A number of low sand mounds in the neighborhood of the one described gave 
 no feature of interest. 
 
 There are several low mounds near St. Petersburg, which have been dug into. 
 In addition, in the town, on the property of Mr. J. A. Armistead, of St. Petersburg, 
 who granted permission to investigate, are two mounds in a field. One is conical, 
 of shell and very steep ; the other, of sand, has a rather unpromising appearance. 
 
 At the northern extremity of old Tampa Bay, near Safety Harbor, permission 
 to dig was refused. 
 
 Near Tampa are two mounds which have been dug through by treasure 
 seekers, it is said. 
 
 Mouxns ox ALAFIA RIVER, HIIJ.SHOKO COUNTY. 
 
 The Alafia river runs into Hillsboro Bay, a part of Tampa Bay. 
 
 Riverview is a small settlement about 5 miles up the Alafia river. About 1 
 mile farther up on the opposite side of the river, somewhat back from the landing, 
 is an unstratified sand mound where considerable digging was without result. 
 
 About one-half mile above the mouth of the river is Shell Blutt , the property 
 of Mr. R. E. (libson, in whose orange grove is a low, irregularly shaped sand 
 mound about 2 feet in height, witli a diameter of 55 feet at present time. Owing 
 to presence of orange trees, trenching only was attempted. A considerable number 
 of burials were met with, flexed and lying on the left side as a rule. No artifacts 
 were with the remains. 
 
 Mill Point is less than one-half mile above the mouth of the Alafia river, on 
 the right-hand side going down. At this point are a number of aboriginal works 
 which are shown on the accompanying plan (Fig. 2). Investigation was made by 
 us with the consent of Mr. W. B. Henderson, of Tampa, to whom we are indebted, 
 in addition, for kindness shown us in other ways. 
 
 Along the banks of the river are shell ridges (A) with a maximum height of 
 8 feet. In rear of these ridges are shell fields and other ridges running back, not 
 shown on the plan. Parallel with the water of a sort of bay to the east of the 
 point, is a steep ridge of sand (B) terminating abruptly at either end, containing 
 local layers of shell. A certain amount of investigation in this ridge, which is 148 
 feet long, about 62 feet wide at the base and somewhat over 11 feet high, gave no 
 indication of interments. A roadway about 30 feet wide at its central part slopes 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 357 
 
 upwards and joins the ridge about at right angles, near the center of the western 
 side. The length of this roadway from its beginning to the mid-line of the ridge is 
 82 feet. Oft the northern end of the ridge is a depression (C) with sloping sides, 
 having a maximum depth of 4.5 feet, a maximum breadth of 56 feet and 90 feet in 
 length. From this depression doubtless came material for the ridge. A short dis 
 tance west of the ridge is a mound (D) very much spread out, which, apparently, 
 has been under cultivation in earlier times. Its basal dimensions are 80 feet by 08 
 feet; its height, 4.5 feet. Various excavations showed it to be of white sand with 
 a certain intermixture of loam, and local layers of shell. A lew fragments of 
 human bones lav near the surface. 
 
 ,-S- 
 
 FIG. 2. Plan of mounds and causeways near Mill Point. 
 
 Several hundred yards from this mound, in a northerly direction, in pine 
 woods, on property of Mr. L. (I. Newman, of Tampa, is a sand mound (E) about 3 
 feet in height. Considerable digging showed it to be domiciliary. A similar mound 
 (F) but a short distance from the other yielded no result. Depressions around 
 these mounds are shown in broken lines. 
 
 Bullfrog creek is a tributary of the Alafia river. On this creek was formerly 
 a shell heap of considerable size. It is referred to by Mr. Walker in his list of 
 shell heaps of Tampa Bay and its location given on a plan. This mound has since 
 been largely demolished to furnish shells for the streets of Tampa, and its destruc 
 tion was watched with interest by many. We are informed on all sides that no 
 
358 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 object of interest was met with during the work, and as this so closely agrees with 
 our experience of the shell heaps of the west coast, we are inclined to accept it. 
 
 MOUND NEAR LITTLE MANATEE RIVEK, HJLLSHORO COUNTY. 
 
 On the north side of the Little Manatee river, about 1.5 miles up, is the resi 
 dence of Mrs. Cordelia Hoey, on the summit of a great aboriginal shell heap, possi 
 bly one of those seen by DeSoto and his men. A short distance in a northerly 
 direction from the house is a mound thickly covered with scrub, into which a small 
 trench had been dug prior to our visit. The mound, irregularly circular and rather 
 rugged as to its surface, has a base diameter of about 58 feet, a height of 6 feet. 
 From the southwest side of the mound an aboriginal canal, almost straight, runs a 
 distance of 238 feet to the water. Leaving the mound the canal is 64 feet across, 
 converging to a width of 36 feet at its union with the water. The canal, in com 
 mon with the field through which it runs, has been under cultivation, and conse 
 quently is irregular as to sides and bottom. The maximum depth is now 3 feet 3 
 inches, though, according to Mr. Hoey, twenty years ago, when first he came to the 
 place, the sides were steeper and the canal about 2 feet deeper, so that high tides 
 entered the field until a dam was placed across the mouth of the canal. 
 
 Beginning in the marginal part of the northeast side of the mound, a trench 
 35 feet across at the beginning was run 29 feet in to the center of the mound, where 
 the trench had converged to a width of 9 feet. The mound was of pure white 
 sand, unstratified. At the very outset burials were encountered. In all. 112 
 burials were met with, classing as such human remains with which the cranium 
 was present and omitting a limited number of bones found loose in the mound. 
 These burials were in a much greater state of flexion than we have usually seen in 
 our mound work. The prevailing form of interment was a squatting position, the 
 feet on a level with the pelvis, the legs against the thighs and these drawn up 
 against the body. The upper arms were against the sides with the forearms some 
 times raised parallel to the upper arms and sometimes on the chest, reaching to the 
 neck. The head was bent over and forced down between the thighs, sometimes to 
 the pelvis. Certain skeletons lay on the side with the same general arrangement of 
 the extremities and the skull pressed over against the knees. So compact were these 
 bundles of bones, which were not the bunched burial so often met with, where sepa 
 rate bones, not in order, are loosely piled in a heap, that we believe the skeletons in 
 this mound, perhaps denuded of flesh, but held together by ligaments, were envel 
 oped in wrapping of some sort and tightly bound with cord or sinew. One of these 
 bundles of the average size was 23 inches long and about 26 inches in circumference. 
 
 The crania were so decayed and so injured by roots of palmetto scrub which 
 covered the mound, that none was preserved. 
 
 In connection with human bones lying loose in the mound, and with probable 
 denudation of flesh from the skeletons prior to interment, the reader will recall that 
 it was near Tampa that DeSoto rescued Juan Ortiz, a member of a former Spanish 
 expedition, who was found guarding from wild beasts, dead bodies of aborigines, 
 exposed for a period prior to interment. 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 359 
 
 Under two crania was sand made pink by admixture of hematite. With, or in 
 the immediate vicinity of, burials were : a shell drinking cup; a well-made bead of 
 shell ; a number of blue glass beads and two bits of lookingglass ; a spear-head of 
 chert; a large flake of the same material, doubtless used as a 
 knife; a pebble hammer; a smoothing stone, apparently of 
 lime rock ; a fossil shark s tooth over 4 inches in length, 
 considerably worked at the base, probably for halting; 1 a 
 polished pendant of stone, minus a portion of the base ; a 
 stone pendant, badly broken ; a pendant, probably of fine 
 grained sandstone, 2 representing the head of a bird, of 
 which, unfortunately, most of the .bill is wanting (Fig. 3). 
 Pendants in the form of birds have frequently rewarded our 
 search in southern mounds. In a mound near Tavares, Lake 
 County, Florida, we found a bird amulet of igneous rock, tin- 
 head of which was wanting. 3 We have seen, described and 
 near Lutie ManltJriver. figured, 4 a beautiful pendant representing the head of a duck, 
 which came from the Turkey creek mound, among a cache of 
 
 other pendants, and is now in possession of Andrew E. Douglass, Esq., of the 
 American Museum of Natural History, New York. 
 
 Throughout the mound were sherds mostly plain, though some bore incised, 
 and some punctate, markings. One had stamped decoration. 
 
 About 400 yards E. by N. from the mound just described, in pine woods, is a 
 mound 3 feet high and 72 feet in diameter, the property of Mr. J. A. Darcey, living 
 nearby. A central excavation yielded neither burials nor artifacts. 
 
 INDIAN HILL, HILLSHOKO COUNTY. 
 
 About 3 miles down Tampa Bay from the mouth of the Little Manatee river 
 is an island known as Indian Hill, probably eight acres in extent, almost covered 
 by an aboriginal deposit of shells, including oyster, clam, conch (Fulgur), cockle 
 (Cardium], Pecten, S trombus gigas, Strombus pugilis, Fasciolaria gigantea, Fas- 
 ciolaria tulipa. Part of the shell deposit is made of irregular mounds and ridges. 
 At one extremity, however, the deposit rises steeply, forming a great heap seemingly 
 composed of three mounds with depressions between. The circumference of base is 
 423 paces. The largest of these heaps has a height of 30 feet above the surrounding 
 shell deposit and 30 feet 7 inches above water level. We believe, after personal 
 inspection of the majority of Florida shell heaps and careful inquiry as to the rest, 
 
 1 A shark s tooth similarly treated, was found liy us in a mound on Ossabaw Island, Georgia, 
 and is described in our " Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Georgia Coast." 
 
 Theodore D. Rand, Esq., of the Academy of Natural Sciences, has kindly identified all rocks 
 referred to in this Report. As we have not furnished Mr. Rand with sections of the specimens, the 
 determinations are not considered final by him. 
 
 3 " Certain Hand Mounds of the Ocklawaha River, Fla.," Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. I hila., Vol. X. 
 
 1 "A Cache of Pendent Ornaments," p. 190, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. XI. 
 
360 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 that the shell deposit at Indian Hill exceeds in height any in the State, though 
 considerably greater altitudes for other sites have been given by writers who base 
 their assertions upon estimate. In Fig. 4 we give a photograph showing the great 
 deposit at Indian Hill, extending completely across the background of the picture, 
 with the house of the owner of the island, Mr. F. B. Walker, occupying the west 
 ernmost extremity of the heap. Unfortunately, it is beyond the power of the 
 camera to show the slope or comparative height of mounds owing to undue promi 
 nence given to the foreground. 
 
 Close to the great shell heap is another, also of shell, very symmetrical, with 
 upward slope of 28 degrees, in places. This mound, shown in the photograph in 
 front of the greater heap, oblong with rounded comers, extends 76 feet in a N. K. 
 and S. W. direction. Its minor diameter is 55 feet ; its height above the general 
 level of the surrounding shell is 12 feet 4 inches. At the S. W. end of the mound 
 a trench was run in from the margin 21 feet, converging from 41 feet at the begin 
 ning to 20 feet at the end. The mound was built of layers of small oyster shells 
 and strata of crushed shell and blackened debris. During the excavation, human 
 remains were met with at seventeen points and in other places while caving the 
 sides of the excavation at the end. No remains lay at a depth greater than 4 feet, 
 while the majority were just beneath the surface. With three exceptions the 
 burials consisted of parts of disarranged skeletons. Two skeletons lay much flexed, 
 on the side ; the other, face down and partly flexed. No artifacts were with the 
 remains. 
 
 At one end of this mound lay numbers of small shells (Strombus pugilis) with 
 two perforations for a handle, in the body whorl below the periphery and much 
 chipped and worn at the beak. These and similar shells, lying here and there over 
 the entire deposit, had doubtless served as hammers, probably to open shell-fish 
 for food. 
 
 In a southerly direction, along the east shore of Tampa Bay, is Terraceia 
 Island, Manatee Co. On this island (see map), on the property of Mr. L. W. 
 Johnson, is a low irregular mound, in which were found a few flexed burials 
 without artifacts. 
 
 About 150 yards N. N. W from this mound is a shell deposit, with the usual 
 ridge leading to it. 
 
 On property of Dr. L. R. Warren, of Braidentown, Florida, not far from the 
 other remains on Terraceia Island, is a large oblong mound running north and 
 south, with the usual graded way leading to it. 
 
 Up the Manatee river, Manatee Co., near Erie P. 0., are three small mounds, 
 on properties belonging to Messrs. L. P. PVy and Louis Brubacher, in which were 
 found only a few scattered bones. 
 
 On the southern extremity of Cow Point Island, Sarasota Bay, Manatee Co., 
 on -property of Mr. C. W. Thigpen, are an aboriginal shell deposit and two low 
 burial mounds, in which were present closely flexed burials without artifacts. 
 
362 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 Near the shore of Sarasota Bay, on property of Mr. J. II. Gillespie, of Sara 
 sota, are three low sand mounds, much dug into previous to our visit, in which we 
 found practically nothing. 
 
 Near Snell s Bayou, Manatee Co., in sight of the water, is a mound on property 
 of Mrs. F. E. Brooks, of Birmingham, Michigan, whose winter home is near the 
 mound. The mound, of brown sand, is 109 feet across the base and 10 feet in 
 height. A central trench was Avithout result. 
 
 About one-half mile in a southerly direction from Sarasota, Manatee Co., a few 
 yards from the water, in oak and palmetto scrub, is a mound on the property of Mr. 
 Adolph Zakezcwski, of Philadelphia, Pa. The mound is 20 feet high with some 
 what irregular basal outline, and about 130 feet across. Considerable digging done 
 previous to our visit showed no trace of human remains along the sections, nor were 
 our excavations more successful. The mound, which is probably of a domiciliary 
 character, seems to be of gray sand without shell. 
 
 MOUND ON PINE ISLAND, LEE COUNTY. 
 
 Southward from Charlotte Harbor is Pine Island Sound in which is Pine 
 Island. About three miles down, on the eastern side of the island, is a small key 
 supposed to be about three acres in extent. This island rises in places to a con 
 siderable height owing to an aboriginal deposit of shells, whence its name, Indian 
 Old Field. 
 
 About three-quarters of a mile in a W. N. W. direction from Indian Old Field, 
 on Pine Island, is a mound a trifle over 5 feet in height and GO feet across the base. 
 It is situate away from the mainland proper, on what is known as a sandspit, 
 territory not usually covered by tides but subject to overflow during unusually high 
 ones. It seems curious for aborigines to have chosen such a spot for a place of 
 interment when solid ground in abundance was so near at hand. 
 
 4 The mound, on property of the late J. H. Kreamer, Esq., of Philadelphia, Pa., 
 was but partly investigated by us. A trench, 28 feet across at the beginning, was 
 started at the northeast side of the mound where wash of tides had carried away a 
 portion, leaving an abrupt section. The trench, converging to 24 feet at the end, 
 was carried in a distance of 20 feet. The mound, unstratified, was of gray sand. 
 At the base and below, where were a number of burials, the sand was black from 
 admixture of loam. At the beginning of the excavation were numbers of frag 
 ments of pottery, belonging to different vessels, placed thickly together. Nearby 
 were several shell drinking cups and a number of conch-shells. 
 
 Interments met with at thirty-eight points, consisted of burials loosely flexed 
 and others closely drawn together like those we have described from the mound on 
 Little Manatee river. There were also several masses of disconnected bones and 
 skeletons disturbed by burials made afterward, though probably by the same tribe. 
 
 With the burials were three "celts" of iron or steel; glass beads, on three 
 occasions ; two tubular sheet silver beads with overlapping edges ; one kite-shaped 
 pendant of thin sheet silver, decorated with a repousse cross (Fig. 5) ; a handsome 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 363 
 
 lance-head of hornstone, 4 inches long; a lance-head of chert; two arrowheads of 
 chalcedony ; a tooth of a fossil shark, perforated for use as a pendant. With the 
 basal burials and with the sub-basal ones, some of which were 0.5 feet beneath the 
 
 surface, were no artifacts. The burials on and 
 below the base, in every case but three, were 
 closely flexed, while the flexion in the body of the 
 mound was loose in character. The burials with 
 European objects, however, were not intrusive, but 
 belonged to the period when the part of the mound 
 in which they were was made. 
 
 At the northern end of Pine Island Sound are 
 several islands, among which Mondongo and Joseft a 
 were visited by us. These islands, though thickly 
 FIG 5 Pendant of silver. Mound on covered with aboriginal deposits of shell, are not of 
 
 the pile-dweller type, since the islands are of sand, 
 
 a number of feet in height, on which the debris of aboriginal meals has been 
 thrown. Though Mr. F. P. Roach, owner of Josetfa Island, placed it at our dis 
 position, we had by this time done so much fruitless digging into the shell of the 
 west coast that we did not feel justified in taking time from what we believed to be 
 a richer district farther south. 
 
 JOSSELYX KEY, LEE COUNTY. 
 
 Josselyn Key, in Pine Island Sound, off the northwestern end of Pine Island, 
 has been described by Mr. Gushing. There is a large shell deposit on the island 
 with courts, canals, mounds and platforms. We made a number of excavations in 
 the muck of various courts and canals, finding absolutely nothing. 
 
 DEMOKEY KEY, LEE COUXTY. 
 
 This island lies about two and one-third miles S. S. E. from Josselyn Key. 
 Here our men made numerous excavations in the muck, finding it from 1 to 3 feet 
 in depth. Nothing was obtained beyond several bits of coarse earthenware. 
 
 Mr. dishing has described Demorey Key with considerable detail, and it was 
 there he found the " truncated pyramid" with the wall of conch-shells described by 
 him, 1 and shown in Plate XXIX and, in elevation with the rest of the key, in 
 Plate XXVIII. Mr. Gushing says : " The most remarkable feature of this key was 
 a flat, elongated bench, or truncated pyramid, that crowned the middle elevation. 
 I discovered this merely by accident. In order to gain a general idea of the key, 
 which was almost as much overgrown with luxuriant and forbidding vegetation as 
 had been the wilder key first explored, I climbed high up among the skinny and 
 crooked limbs of a gigantic gumbo limbo that grew directly from the inner edge of 
 
 1 Op. cit., pp. 10 and 11. 
 
364 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 this elevation. Luckily, great festoons of tough vines clung to the lower limbs of 
 this tree, for in shifting my position, I slipped and fell, and was caught by these 
 vines, to the salvation of my bones, probably, since by the force of the fall some of 
 the vines were torn away, revealing the inner side of this platform and the fact that 
 it was almost vertically faced up with conch-shells ; their larger, truncated and 
 spiral ends, laid outward and in courses so regular, that the effect was of a mural 
 mosaic of volutes. I hastily tore away more of the vines, and found that this 
 faced-up edge of the platform extended many feet in either direction from the old 
 gumbo limbo. I may say here, that on occasion of two later visits I cleared the 
 facade of this primitive example of shell architecture still more ; was enabled, 
 indeed, when I last visited the place since I was then accompanied by a consider 
 able force of workmen to entirely expose its inner side and its southern end. 
 Thus was revealed even more completely than is shown in Plate XXIX a 
 parallelogramic and level platform, some three and a half feet high and twelve 
 yards in width, by nearly thrice as many in length. It was approached from the 
 inner side by a graded way that led obliquely along the curved ascent up from the 
 mangrove swamp, to a little step-like, subsidiary platform half as high and some 
 twelve feet square, which joined it at right-angles, just beyond the point shown at 
 the extreme right of the picture here given. The top of this lesser step, and the 
 approaches to either side of it, were paved with very large, uniform-sized clam 
 shells, laid convex sides upward, and as closely and regularly as tiles. The lower 
 or southern end of the main platform was rounded at the corners, and rounded also 
 on either side of the sunken ascent midway, in which the longer of the graded 
 ways I have described terminated. Contemplating the regularity of this work, its 
 central position and its evident importance, as indicated by the several graded 
 ways leading to it from distant points, I could not doubt that it had formed the 
 foundation of an imposing temple-structure, .and this idea was further carried out 
 by the presence at its northern end of two small, but quite prominent altar-like 
 mounds." 
 
 Although Mr. Gushing seems carefully to have looked into this matter, we 
 believe him to be mistaken in attributing an aboriginal origin to this wall of conch-, 
 shells. 
 
 We four times visited Demorey Key with a force of men to dig. 
 
 The elongated bench described by Mr. Gushing is a portion of an ordinary 
 aboriginal shell ridge, which seemed to us to have been somewhat ilattened to 
 serve as a site for .a modern house and garden. In fact, we are informed by 
 " Johnny " Smith, Mr. Gushing s guide, that at the time of his visit to Demorey 
 Key, a house, partly in ruins, occupied a portion of this level space just by the 
 little platform. When we first visited the key (March, 1900), we saw a frame 
 house which must have occupied the site of the older one. This house also had 
 been removed when last we stopped at the key. 
 
 The wall of conch-shells, shown in our plan (Fig. 6) by the solid line A to B, 
 does not surround a parallelogram, but extends about 100 feet only on the inner, or 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 305 
 
 eastern side, where it distinctly leaves the straight line to go around a gumbo limbo 
 tree, as shown at C. This alone we think sufficient to prove the comparatively 
 modern origin of the wall. At the southeastern corner it circles about a lemon 
 tree at D and comes to an end. There is no sign of a wall in the southwestern 
 corner, there being there only a loose heap of large shells, mostly conchs. Such 
 
 Sit of 
 HUM. 
 
 
 Scalt in let t 
 i . 
 
 FIG. 6. Plan of shell ridge and wall of eoncli-shells, Demorey Key. 
 
 heaps are very frequently met with on the shell islands which have been cultivated, 
 since the large shells interfere with the hoe and the plow. At Chokoloskee, in the 
 Ten Thousand Islands, great piles and ridges of these shells, collected within the 
 last few years, are to be seen. At Josselyn Key are similar heaps of shells thrown 
 loosely together, which Robert Allen, the captain of our steamer, informed us he 
 
366 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 had seen in process of collection by Josselyn, the former owner of the key. 
 Several such piles are in close proximity to the leveled space at Demorey Key. 
 
 There is no defined outline of a parallelogram save along the wall, the other 
 portions being the simple, gradual slope of an ordinary shell ridge. 
 
 The wall itself seemed to us to have been built by some settler in the present 
 century, primarily to serve as a sort of retaining wall to keep in place great num 
 bers of conchs which lie loosely behind the wall, and thus when loam was superim 
 posed, to broaden his vegetable garden. The slope of the shell heap on the 
 inner side is much steeper than on the outer side where it was not necessary to 
 build a wall. 
 
 We removed portions of the shell wall at various places and dug into the mass 
 of material beyond at the level of the base, finding glass, iron and earthenware, 
 one bit with a glaze. 
 
 We examined also the subsidiary platform referred to by Mr. Gushing and 
 shown on our plan at E. The pavement of large clam shells, the convex side 
 upward, described by him, no longer remained, though here and there were clam 
 shells mostly with the convex side upturned. Young Smith, a brother of Mr. 
 Cushing s guide, informed us that he had lived upon Demorey Key after Mr. Cush- 
 ing s visit, and had displaced many of these shells. Digging into the platform we 
 discovered it to be made of loose conchs with a certain amount of undisturbed, 
 black loam on top, in all a little over one foot in thickness. Just below this loam, 
 and over the conch-shells, was a large fireplace leading us to suppose that the plat 
 form had been built for use as a kitchen. Beneath was the black surface loam of 
 the shell heap. One foot down, among the conch-shells of the platform, and just 
 above the black loam of the original surface, under the fireplace, we found a num 
 ber of large pieces of glass showing marks of fire. 
 
 MOUND ISLAND, LEE COUNTY. 
 
 Mound Island, or Johnson s Key, as it is also called, is in Estero Bay, about 
 seven miles in a straight line in a southeasterly direction from Punta Rassa, and 
 may be reached by a sheltered way behind islands, or from the Gulf through Carlos 
 Pass. 1 Mound Island, where w r e were courteously received by Mrs. F. M. Johnson 
 in the absence of her husband, the owner, is, in our opinion, the most typical of all 
 the Key-dwellers islands. We were informed by Mrs. Johnson that its area is 
 about 140 acres. A survey we have seen makes it about 128 acres in extent. In 
 addition to a general shell deposit over most of the island, and numerous graded 
 ways, courts, small canals and at least one hooked-shaped breakwater at the mouth 
 of a canal, a great canal, still admitting water in the highest tides, running nearly 
 N. E. and S. W., bisects the island. Beginning in the northeastern portion of the 
 island, this highway for canoes, a little farther on, passes the burial mound of the 
 island, and at about two-thirds of its length goes between embankments of shell, 
 
 1 Government Chart, No. 174, shows Little ami Big Carlos Pass. They are now united. 
 Mound Island lies nearly two miles in an easterly direction from the Pass. 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 367 
 
 at places over 20 feet in height, having on its left the great precipitous shell-heap 
 which gives the island its name. In Fig. 7 we show a representation of this mound 
 with part of the main, or dividing, canal, sketched from an elevation to the north. 
 
 Mr. Cashing, in his brilliant preliminary report (page 19 et sfg.), speaks of 
 Mound Island at some length. At the foot of page 19 he says, " It consisted of a 
 long series of enormous elevations crowned by imposing mounds that readied an 
 average altitude of over GO feet." Mr. dishing here has given an estimate as the 
 actual height, and we feel impelled to call attention to this since we have repeatedly 
 gone on record that no shell deposit of Florida reaches a height of 40 feet. In 
 point of fact the principal mound of Mound Island is 31 feet above sea level at 
 half tide, and 30 feet, 2.5 inches in height if measured from the general level at the 
 base. These measurements were made and repeated with a theodolite, and we 
 believe them to be accurate. Different stages of tide might modify the first meas 
 urement by a foot or two either way. 
 
 FIG. 7. Principal mound with portion of main canal. Mound Island. 
 
 Persistent excavations were made by us in the muck of the canals and courts 
 at Mound Island, which was sometimes 3 or 4 feet in depth, resulting in the dis 
 covery of a few bits of earthenware only and a handsome implement wrought from 
 a conch-shell, unfortunately without a handle. The result of our work was a bitter 
 disappointment to us, as we had gone to Mound Island fully prepared with a band 
 of diggers and with a portable pump to keep down the water while engaged in the 
 muck. 
 
 The burial mound in the northeastern part of the island, to which we have 
 referred, lies in a mangrove swamp. It is 65 feet across the base and about 11 feet 
 in height. It is composed of sand and loamy material with a certain admixture of 
 shell. We dug into this mound to a certain extent, finding nothing of particular 
 interest. Many relics, however, mostly of European origin, have come from it. 
 
FLORIDA COAST 
 
 FROM LITTLE MARCO Is TO CHATHAM RIVER 
 
 1900 
 
 Walsons, 
 
 V\_J 
 
 << Y c 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 309 
 
 Some of these, we believe, have been presented to the Museum of Science and Art 
 of the University of Pennsylvania by Mr. Joseph Willcox. 
 
 \ 
 LITTLE MAIJCO ISLAND, LEE COUXTV. 
 
 The Ten Thousand Islands, whose name is not conferred in a poetical way, 
 but probably falls short in describing the number, beginning with Little Marco 
 Island in the north, thickly fringe the coast line of part of the counties of Lee and 
 Monroe to the Northwest Cape, a distance of about seventy miles, in a straight line. 
 
 These keys, formed by oyster bars, sand and the roots of the mangrove tree, 
 are from a few feet to a number of miles in area, and are, as a rule, just above the 
 level of the sea. But an insignificant proportion of these islands have been utilized 
 by the Key-dwellers. 
 
 All published maps of this part of Florida are grossly inaccurate in respect to 
 the Ten Thousand Islands, locating key settlements on the mainland, reversing 
 their positions and/ the/ like, while Government charts skip most of the islands, the 
 task being too difficult to cope with. 
 
 The map given by us, mainly taken from the Government chart, shows, as it 
 does, below Key Marco, only the outlines of the outer tier of islands, and, in addi 
 tion, indicates the location of the shell islands visited by us. These islands do not 
 lie in open water, but are enclosed in a labyrinth of other keys. 
 
 On the eastern side of Little Marco Island is a shell settlement with the usual 
 ridges and mounds of moderate size. 
 
 / 
 
 i MARCO, LEE COUXTY. 
 
 Marco, on the northernmost end of Key Marco, by far^the most important of 
 the Ten Thousand Islands (see map), is where Mr. Cushing made his marvelous 
 collection of objects of wood and of shell in the muck at the bottom of a small 
 triangular court, enclosed between ridges of shell. 
 
 All the territory in and around Marco, including its canals, its courts and its 
 mounds of shell, was cordially placed at our disposition by W. D. Collier, Esq., 
 of Marco, the owner, and investigation was made by us in the muck of courts in 
 the immediate vicinity of the one so advantageously explored by Mr. Cushing. 
 Absolutely nothing rewarded our efforts. 
 
 From Mr. (i. E. Cuthbert. of Marco, we obtained a collection of objects 
 ploughed up during cultivation, among which were many rather rude "sinkers" 
 of shell and others somewhat resembling them, but too carefully made to have 
 served for other than ornamental purposes. In Fig. 8 are shown selected speci 
 mens of this kind from the Ten Thousand Islands, including Marco; Goodland 
 Point, Key Marco ; and Chokoloskee Key. 
 
 In the Marco collection are four shell discs. One, with two perforations, is 
 evidently a gorget ; one is imperforate ; one has a small central perforation, while 
 the remaining one has a much larger hole in the middle. All these are shown in 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 48 JOURX. A. X. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
FIG. 8. Ornaments of shell. Ten Thousand Islands. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN 1 ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 371 
 
 There were also a number of rude sinkers of coralline limestone and one, 
 globular in shape, of coral. 
 
 A curious type found among the Florida keys, consisting of oblong strips of 
 shell, is represented by four specimens in the Marco collection. These objects 
 
 FIG. 9. Discs of shell, Key Marco. (Full size.) 
 
 might seem to be unfinished were it not that the margins are carefully worked, and 
 some show a high polish as from use. 
 
 A neatly-made chisel, probably of argillyte, 3.4 inches in length, is polished 
 and has a circular section. On one end is a bevelled cutting edge; on the other, a 
 blunt point. 
 
 CiOODLAXD PoiXT, MARCO ISLAXD, LEE COUXTV. 
 
 Goodland Point, about six miles farther down the east side of Marco Island, on 
 its southeastern extremity, has a great expanse of shell deposit which was put at 
 
372 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 our service by Mr. Samuel Pettit, the owner. In the mangroves, about one-half 
 mile from the landing, are a number of low, irregular undulations, which seem to 
 have served as places of burial for the aboriginal settlement. Considerable previous 
 digging had been attempted. An imperfect examination indicated that parts of 
 disjointed skeletons had been buried just below a shell deposit, and subsequently 
 about one foot of loam had been piled above. 
 
 FIG. 10. Disc and "sinkers" of limestone. Goodland Point. (Full size.) 
 
 With a femur, a tibia, fragments of a fibula, parts of a radius, were four arrow 
 heads, or knives, of chert. 
 
 One small mound had twelve shell drinking cups just beneath the surface. 
 Though the mound was less than half demolished by us, over twenty of these cups 
 were met with. 
 
 From the sons of Mr. Pettit we got a considerable collection of objects found 
 during cultivation of the place, including several beautiful shell pendants ; many 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 373 
 
 t 
 
 * "" " 
 
 
 
 
 
 FIGS. 12, 13. Objects of shell. Goodland Point. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 11. "Celt" of shell. Goodlaud Point. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 14. Object of shell. Goodland Point. 
 (Full size.) 
 
374 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 rude "sinkers" of shell and of coralline limestone; a perforated disc of soft lime 
 stone which, with some typical stone "sinkers," is shown in Fig. 10; a beautiful 
 and perfect "celt" of shell, wrought from the lip of Strombus gigas, about 7.5 
 inches long, of a type not found out of Florida in the United States, but present 
 in certain West India islands (Fig. 11); two smaller "celts" of shell; three 
 narrow, oblong strips carefully cut from the body whorl of a large marine univalve, 
 of the type we have referred to as found at Marco, two of which are shown in 
 Figs. 12, 18 ; a shorter and wider oblong section of shell, much polished (Fig. 14) ; 
 two centrally perforated discs of shell shown in Figs. 15, 16; a scoop-shaped 
 object of shell with rough incised decoration (Fig. 17); another, spoon-shaped, 
 also of shell (Fig. 18) ; a chisel of igneous rock, with bevelled cutting edge, 
 similar in type to the one from Marco, though somewhat larger. 
 
 " 
 
 . 
 
 V- 
 
 FIGS. 15, 16. Discs of shell. Goodland Point. (Full size.) 
 
 One of the most interesting features of this collection is a beautifully wrought 
 implement, probably of claystone, of a type not found in the National Museum, we 
 are informed by Professor Holmes. At one end is a carefully made bevelled cutting- 
 edge ; the other end originally tapered to a fine point. This specimen, Mr. Pettit s 
 son informed us, was found intact by him, but having been allowed to fall, it broke 
 into a number of pieces. These pieces, with the exception of a small fragment 
 from the pointed end, which he had lost, have been put together by us. The 
 present length is 13.12 inches, though the reproduction makes it a little greater ; 
 the maximum diameter is .56 of an inch (Fig. 19). 
 
 With the objects of shell and of stone obtained by us at Goodland Point were 
 two earthenware heads of birds, one probably representing a turkey head (Fig. 20) ; 
 the other, the head of a predatory bird, perhaps an eagle (Fig. 21). 
 
 These heads, which doubtless served as handles of vessels, are interesting, owing 
 to the section whence they came, .since no such heads were met with by us else- 
 

 \ 
 I 
 
 
 FIG. 17. Object of shell. Goudland Point. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 
 FIG. 18. Object of shell, (modhiml Point. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 19. Rave implement of clarstone 
 Good land Point. (Full size.) 
 
376 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 where on the southwestern coast of Florida, or, we think, have been described by 
 others as coining from there. 
 
 The heads show considerable excellence of design and workmanship, and far 
 exceed, in these respects, any bird-head handles met with by us in other parts of 
 Florida, with one exception. 
 
 Mr. S. T. Walker, in the Smithsonian Report for the year 1888, describes and 
 figures certain earthenware bird-heads from Florida, but these came from the 
 extreme northwestern coast of that State, not far from the Alabama line, and, 
 moreover, are of little artistic excellence. 
 
 In the mound at Ginn s Grove, St. Johns river, Orange County, we found a 
 beautifully painted and incised head of a predatory bird, 1 which Professor Holmes 
 describes in his " Earthenware of Florida." 2 
 
 FIG. 20. Earthenware head of turkey. 
 Goodland Point. (Full size.) 
 
 Fio. 21. Earthenware head of predatory bird. 
 Goofllaud Point. (Full size.) 
 
 Elsewhere on the St. Johns we have found bird-head handles of vessels, but 
 these others were rude in character. 
 
 It is interesting to note a groove cut around the base of the neck of the 
 predatory bird, showing that, after the separation from the vessel, the head was 
 used as a pendant. 
 
 Blue Hill, on Horr s Island, about one mile S. W. from Goodland Point, has a 
 
 1 " Certain Sand Mounds of the St. Johns river, Florida." Part I, p. 87. Plate XV, Fig. 4. 
 
 2 Page 124, Journ. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., Vol. X. 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 377 
 
 considerable aboriginal shell deposit and a sand mound about 6 feet in height, which 
 has been thoroughly dug through. 
 
 Caximbas Hill is a wind formation on the southwestern part of Marco Island. 
 Nearby is a considerable shell deposit. 
 
 Proceeding in a southerly direction among the Ten Thousand Islands, we 
 visited Gomez Old Place on a small nameless key reached from the Gulf through 
 a pass about two miles east of Coon Key, and continuing in about one mile in a 
 northerly direction. The key, at present writing (1900), is uninhabited. It covers 
 probably about 30 acres of interesting shell deposit, partly surrounding a basin that 
 tills with the rising tide. 
 
 Dismal Key, Lee County, lies about 2 miles north of Horse Key, an outside 
 island about 5 miles E. S. E. from Coon Key Pass, which is the southern entrance 
 to Murco. This unsurveyed key has a great shell deposit with the usual mounds 
 and the like. 
 
 Fikahatchce Key, Lee County, unsurveyed, perhaps 150 acres in extent, can 
 be reached by an inland passage at high tide, or from the Gulf through a nameless 
 pass and continuing in among the islands for from three to four miles. In any 
 event, a pilot is requisite. On this island is an extensive shell deposit. A family 
 living on the key occupies a house partly built upon piles. 
 
 Russell s Key may be reached from the Gulf by entering the islands about 
 three miles above Sandfly Pass and continuing in among the keys another three 
 miles. This key, which has large aboriginal shell deposits, perhaps 60 acres in 
 extent, is occupied by Mr. J. W. Russell and Mr. M. M. Gaston with their families. 
 
 Wiggins Key on Sandfly Pass, 1 about one mile from the Gulf, on the right- 
 hand side going out, has extensive shell deposits and two small burial mounds of 
 sand and shell which have been much dug into. Our excavations, made with per 
 mission of Mr. J. Wiggins, the owner, were unrewarded. 
 
 This place is shown on maps as in the northern limits of the county of Monroe, 
 but at the present time this territory, extending south below Chokoloskee Key, 
 is claimed by Lee County, and, it is said, probably will be obtained by it. 
 
 CHOKOLOSKEE KEY, MONROE COUNTY. 
 
 This island lies in the lower part of Chokoloskee Bay, a sheet of water back 
 of the maze of islands bordering the Gulf. 
 
 The island is unsurveyed. It is roughly circular and is said to be somewhat 
 
 1 See Government Chart, No. 173. 
 48 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
-" ; - .>*^i" ""V^-v 
 
 
 
 
 f* * 
 - " J-. 
 
 
 FIG. 22. Unidentified object of limestone. Cliokoloskee 
 Key. (Full size.) 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 .; 
 
 . 
 
 FIGS. 23, 24. "Sinkers" of coral. Cliokoloskee Key. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 27. "Sinker" of limestone. Cliokoloskee Key. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 25. Canine of liear, used as pendant. 
 Cliokoloskee Key. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 28. Net "sinker" of shell. Cliokoloskee Key. (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 26. Implement of argillytc. Chokoloskee Key. 
 (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 379 
 
 It is almost entirely covered with great .shell 
 
 over one-half mile in diameter, 
 deposits, including lofty peaks, graded ways, canals and the like. Rising from the 
 mangrove swamp at the edge of the northern part of the island, is a mound of 
 shell of abrupt ascent, a fraction over 27 feet in height, if measured from the level 
 of low water. Running in from the southern section of the island are two graded 
 ways enclosing a canal. These ways terminate in mounds facing each other. The 
 easternmost mound, slightly the higher, on its western side, where it rises from the 
 canal, has a slope of thirty-three degrees. Its height above the level of the bottom 
 of the canal is 18 feet 4 inches, and 22 feet 4 inches above low water level. From 
 Mr. McKinney, postmaster at Chokoloskee, and from others, we obtained an inter 
 esting collection of artifacts, including shell pendants ; shell " sinkers ;" two shell 
 "celts;" a shell disc; a small "celt" of decomposed rock; a handsomely made 
 heart-shaped object of limestone, with perforation, which seems too carefully 
 wrought for use as a "sinker" and too large for a pendant (Fig. 22); two "sinkers" 
 of coral (Figs. 23, 24) ; a pendant made from a canine tooth of a large bear, probably 
 
 FIG. 29. Net "sinker" of clam shell. Turner s river. (Full size.) 
 
 Ursus floridanus, grooved for suspension (Fig. 25) ; a very rare type of implement, 
 probably of argillyte, perhaps used as a piercer (Fig. 20) ; a net "sinker" of coralline 
 limestone (Fig. 27) ; a net "sinker" of the shells of the reef-building mollusc, Ver- 
 micularia nigricam, Dall l (Fig. 28). 
 
 We have found on the keys a number of perforated "sinkers" of this material, 
 but all others were of irregular outline, unworked as to the margin. 
 
 Near the mouth of Turner s river, which enters Chokoloskee Bay in an 
 easterly direction from the key and not far from it, is a considerable shell deposit 
 
 1 Identified by Professor Pilsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences. 
 
380 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 where we found, among other objects, a sinker made from a clam-shell (Fig. 29). 
 It is interesting to recall that Mr. Gushing found in the muck at Marco " chipped 
 and notched fragments of heavy clam shells" in place on fishing nets. 
 
 WATSON S, MONROE COUNTY. 
 
 About four miles up Chatham river is a series of shell fields owned by Mr. 
 Watson who resides on the place. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 It is our belief, judging from the results of our work along the Florida west- 
 coast, that archaeological opportunities offered there are more for the surveyor than 
 for the excavator. And the surveyor must have a care, while introducing into his 
 plans all visible remains of the aborigines, not to idealize, and thus on his plans 
 show more than is present on the various sites. 
 
 We believe Mr. dishing s discoveries at Marco were an isolated case, and in 
 fact, Mr. Gushing has so expressed himself to us. Perhaps a hurricane crushed in, 
 at that particular spot, a group of dwellings, including a temple or sacerdotal house. 
 Continuous digging in the muck of keys might reveal scattered objects, accidental 
 losses, whose specific gravity caused them to sink when falling into the water. 
 This would not be the case with objects wholly of wood as were the majority 
 of those found by Mr. Gushing at Marco. 
 
 We are not prepared to believe that aboriginal objects of wood, some artisti 
 cally carved, were confined, as to their use in Florida, to the keys of the southwest 
 coast. The kitchen-middens of Europe show the preservative quality of mud for 
 wood, and we, therefore, think that wooden objects were found at Marco, because 
 they lay in a better medium for preservation, and not because they were in use only 
 along the southwest coast. We know the Florida Indians of other parts of the 
 State used wood. Ribault s French Huguenots (1564) saw in use "a little vessel 
 of wood" 1 near the mouth of the St. Johns, Avhere we opened two great Indian 
 mounds. In the famous mound at Mt. Royal, farther up the river, which we believe 
 to be the place near the lake visited by some of the Frenchmen, where lived a 
 great king, we found a long pin, or skewer, of wood, parts of which, preserved by 
 a coating of sheet copper, were beautifully carved. 2 
 
 We think, therefore, it not unlikely that the sand mounds of Florida contained 
 a store of objects carved in wood, which have long since disappeared through decay. 
 
 CERTAIN SHELL IMPLEMENTS OF THE SOUTHWEST COAST OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Florida may be called the home of the shell implement in this country, for no 
 other State has such an extent of sub-tropical sea coast where shells abound, and in 
 no other State is such a need created through absence of stone. 
 
 1 " Historical Collections of Louisiana and Florida," p. 229. 
 
 2 "Certain Sand Mounds of the St. Johns river." Part II, Fig. 15, p. 142, Journ. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila., Vol. X. 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 381 
 
 While implements of shell are fairly numerous throughout the State, they are 
 in most profuse abundance along the southwest coast, especially the keys of the 
 Ten Thousand Islands. The great majority of these implements are marine uni 
 valves perforated to receive a handle. Many have beaks ground down almost to a 
 cutting edge, while other shells, in use as hammers, have blunter beaks. It is of 
 this form of implement, that is to say, a shell used with a handle, as a hammer, a 
 chisel, a hoe, a gouge, an adze or the like, that we propose to speak. On Key 
 Marco, Chokoloskee Key and other places the great abundance of conchs (Fulgur] 
 and " horse conchs " (Fasciolarta) is a positive detriment to cultivation and great 
 heaps of these shells, as we have previously stated, are often collected by the 
 inhabitants before agricultural work is attempted. Among these shells a fair per 
 centage had been used as implements, broken and thrown aside in aboriginal 
 times, while a few, presumably lost, are still fairly perfect. 
 
 Aperture. 
 
 J/tou/der. d/)ff/e 
 or 
 
 Body Mior/. 
 
 Cana/- - V- _ 
 
 " 1 Beet A- 
 
 FIG. 30. Nomenclature of parts of marine univalve. 
 
 Before going into the matter of these shell implements, it may be well to show 
 a representation of a marine univalve with the names applied to its various parts 
 (Fig. 30), which we have borrowed from a book by Professor Pilsbry, of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, to whom, with Mr. Joseph Willcox, 
 also of the Academy, we are indebted for much information as to Florida shells. 
 
 We shall now describe a representative selection from the shell implements 
 collected by us from the surface of the keys of the southwest coast of Florida. 
 All are shown full size in the illustrations. 
 
382 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 
 FIG. 31. Shell implement. Goodlaml Point. (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 383 
 
 Fig. 31 is a massive conch (Fiilgur pcrversnm], with two round, carefully 
 made holes to allow the handle to run diagonally to the right of the columella. 1 
 The beak is carefully ground almost to a straight edge which would he at an acute 
 angle with a handle. The body whorl has been cut off several inches back. A 
 
 FIG. 32. Shell Implement Chokoloskee Key. (Full size.) 
 
 small rudely made hole above the periphery, not shown in the reproduction, 
 probably has no connection with the tool as such, as great numbers of conch shells 
 not used as implements have similar holes presumably made to sever the muscle of 
 the fish and facilitate its removal from the shell. This specimen came from Good- 
 land Point. 
 
 1 The column or axis of the shell. 
 
384 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 Fig. 32 shows a stout Fulgur perverstim from Chokoloskee Key. It is beauti 
 fully wrought, the two holes being round 1 and carefully cut to allow a handle to 
 pass to the right of the columella in a way that would bring the sharp cutting edge 
 
 
 FIG. 33. Shell implement. Chokoloskee Key. (Full size.) 
 
 at the beak at right angles to a handle. The body whorl has been cut several 
 inches back. There is a small rude hole above the periphery of the kind we have 
 referred to. This implement would serve admirably as a gouge. 
 
 1 A part of the axis showing to the left of the farther hole takes away from the circular appear 
 ance in the reproduction. 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 385 
 
 Fig. 33 is of a lighter Fulgur perversum, also from Chokoloskee Key. Two 
 round holes would allow a handle to pass through the shell to the right of the axis, 
 
 
 FIG. 34. Shell implement. Gomllaml Point. (Full size.) 
 
 at an angle to the ground beak. A large round additional opening is present, 
 perhaps made to allow a firmer lashing of the handle to the axis. A considerable 
 portion of the body whorl has been removed. 
 
 49 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XI. 
 
386 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 Fig. 34 is a representation of a heavy Fulgur perversum from Goodland Point. 
 Part of the body whorl has been removed, as in other specimens, perhaps to facili 
 tate balance, certainly to obviate the necessity of making a second hole through 
 the overlapping whorl. A small rude hole is above the periphery. Two round 
 
 \ . 
 
 V: > 
 
 X 
 
 . I . 
 
 FIG. 35. Shell implement. Goodlautl Point. (Full size.) 
 
 perforations have permitted a handle to pass through to the right of the axis, 
 bringing the cutting edge, which is carefully ground from the inside, at an angle 
 to the handle. A third hole to the left of the axis was probably for additional 
 attachment of the handle. This implement was presumably a gouge. 
 
 In Fig. 35 we have a Fulgur perversum from Goodland Point, showing a modi 
 fication of the two preceding types. Round and carefully made holes would bring 
 a handle to the right of the column, at an angle to the gouge-shaped cutting edge, 
 but, in place of an additional hole for thongs to pass through to lash the handle to 
 the axis, the upper part of the shell, including the spire, has been removed. This 
 is a common type along the west coast. 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 387 
 
 , 
 
 
 FIG. 36. Shell implement. Mound Island. (Full Size.) 
 
388 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 A massive Fulgur perversum is shown in Fig. 36, which, unlike the other 
 shells described, did not come from the surface but lay, one foot down, in the muck 
 in the main canal at Mound Island, Estero Bay. In this specimen are present the 
 small hole above the shoulder and the partial removal of the body whorl from the 
 edge back. A deep notch allowed a handle to pass to the left of the axis through 
 a round hole in the back of the shell. The massive beak is ground to a straight 
 cutting edge, which would be at a slight angle to a handle. 
 
 Flu. 37. Shell implement. Mound Island. (Full size.) 
 
 Fig. 37 shows a Fulgur pcrversum, also from Mound Island, with considerable 
 portions removed and in all respects similar to a specimen previously described save 
 that, in place of the double perforation allowing a handle to pass to the right of the 
 axis, the handle, resting in a notch, would pass to the left of the axis through a 
 circular hole on the farther side. 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 389 
 
 
 FIG. 38. Shell implement. Chokoloskee Key. (Full size.) 
 
 The implement shown in Fig. 38, a Fulgur perversum from Chokoloskee Key, 
 is a variant in that, though deeply notched at the edge of the whorl, the hole at 
 the other side of the shell is not in line to permit the passage of a handle. It is 
 possible the handle abutted against the interior of the shell and was lashed to the 
 axis through the perforation. 
 
390 -CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 7 
 
 
 Fio. 39. Shell implement. Chokoloskee Key. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 Fio. 40. Shell Implement. Goodland Point. 
 
 (Full size.) 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 391 
 
 Fig. 39 shows a Fulgur perversum with notch and single perforation. So 
 much of the shell has been removed that the colnmella is exposed. The beak is 
 rounded. This implement, which is from Chokoloskee Key, was probably used as 
 a hammer. 
 
 Fig. 40 gives a type frequently met with on the west coast, namely, the upper 
 portion of a Fasciolaria gigantea containing two holes for a handle, with the long 
 axis extending from it, rounded at the beak by use as a hammer. This specimen 
 comes from Goodland Point. 
 
 . 
 
 Flo. 42. Shell implement. 
 Fikaliatclive Kcv. (Full size 
 
 FIG. 41. Shell implement. Chokoloskee Key. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 Fig. 41, from Chokoloskee Key, shows a Fasciolaria gigantea with some 
 what more of the shell, containing two perforations for a handle and a third to 
 allow a firmer attachment to the axis. Much of the beak has disappeared, probably 
 through use has a hammer. This type also is frequently met with on the west 
 coast. 
 
 Fig. 42 represents a small and light Fn Iff ur perversum from Fikahatchee Key, 
 with notch opposite the perforation. The beak is ground for use. A series of small 
 round holes encircles the shell above the shoulder. This specimen, which is 
 slightly foreshortened in the reproduction, is unique in our experience. 
 
392 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 
 FIG. 43. Shell implement. Fikahatchee .Key. 
 (Full size.) 
 
 FIG. 44. Shell implement. Goodland Point. (Full size.) 
 
 v *w *-. 
 
 FIG. 45. Shell implement. 
 Russell s Key. (Full size.) 
 
 Fig. 43, a Fulgnr pcrversnm from Fikahatchee Key, 
 with much of the shell removed, is greatly worn and 
 rounded at the beak. Presumably in its use a handle 
 was dispensed with. 
 
 Fig. 44, a Strombus gigas, is the same type of imple 
 ment as the preceding. It came from Goodland Point. 
 
 Fig. 45 is a Strombns pugilis from Russell s Key, 
 with two holes to permit a handle to pass through to the 
 left of the axis. The beak is much chipped. In all proba 
 bility, this little shell was used as a hammer to open 
 shell-fish, and is of the kind we found in such quantities 
 at Indian Hill. 
 
CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 393 
 
 It will be noted that the typo of implement of which we write, on the west 
 coast of Florida was almost universally made from Fulgur perversum^ or Fasci- 
 olaria gigantea. 
 
 Fulgur carica, on the average, is a much stouter shell than Fulgur perversum, 
 and was very generally in use on the east coast and on the St. Johns river for the 
 helved implements under consideration. On the west coast Fulgur carica is not 
 found, so that the aborigines of these parts were compelled to look to Fasciolaria 
 and heaviest forms of Fnlgur perversum, which, however, as our illustrations show, 
 were often amply sufficient. Fasciolaria gigantea is of rare occurrence on the east 
 coast, and we have never seen these implements made from it there. 
 
 Irrespective of the shell in use, there are other points of divergence between 
 these implements from the west coast on one hand and from the east coast and 
 from the St. Johns river on the other. 
 
 On the east coast and on the St. Johns the shells, practically without excep 
 tion, have holes for the handles rudely made, knocked out, apparently. On the 
 other hand, openings for the helves in the shells of the west coast are frequently 
 round and carefully made, as may be seen by reference to the illustrations, though 
 at times, perforations on the west coast are rude also. 
 
 A type found only on the west coast, we believe, show r s the removal of a 
 large portion of the shell on one side, as is shown in certain of the illustrations. 
 Implements of this type were found by Mr. Gushing in the muck at Marco with 
 wooden handles in place. 2 
 
 Another feature peculiar to the west coast is the cutting of a notch into the 
 margin of the aperture opposite a perforation in the body whorl, as shown in cer 
 tain of our illustrations, the notch taking the place of a second perforation. We 
 have seen this notch on the St. Johns river but once or twice, where it was present 
 on a Fulgnr perversum with a carefully wrought hole. The shell was associated 
 with columelUe of Fasciolaria, all probably an importation from the west coast. 
 
 It is but comparatively recently that the uses of these implements wrought 
 from entire shells have been looked into with attention. 
 
 Professor Rau figured and described 3 them as war clubs. 
 
 In the American Naturalist (August, 1893, p. 720, et seq.} we combatted this 
 view on the grounds that many of the shells were too small to be formidable ; that 
 the size of the holes often gave evidence of handles too slender to sustain a heavy 
 shock ; that the beaks of the shells frequently showed much chipping and wear, 
 which would not be the case if kept for use in battle. We pointed out, also, that 
 the acute angle at which the heavy shells themselves were sometimes placed on the 
 handles on the east coast would indicate employment as hoes rather than use as 
 war clubs. 
 
 1 Fulgur perversum, if held facing the observer, has its opening to the left, while Fulgur carica, 
 held in the same position, has its opening to the right. 
 
 2 Op. cit., p. 40. 
 
 5 Smithsonian Report, 1879, p. 222. 
 
394 CERTAIN ANTIQUITIES OF THE FLORIDA WEST-COAST. 
 
 As we have stated, Mr. Cashing found at Marco these shell tools with handles 
 in place. On some were remains of thongs that bound them. Mr. Gushing men 
 tions various uses for which these tools have served. 
 
 While a few of the heaviest varieties of these implements may have seen 
 service as war clubs, it is evident that their use was widely diverse. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Wilson of the United States National Museum, Washington, I). C., 
 is now engaged upon an investigation of righthandedness and lefthandedness among 
 the aborigines, and to aid him in his research is examining aboriginal implements 
 which may furnish indications bearing upon the question. In furtherance of this 
 we have furnished Doctor Wilson with over seventy implements of the type we 
 have just described, about thirty of which have been retained permanently by the 
 National Museum. The remainder have been sent to the Museum of Natural 
 History, New York, and to the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass. The shells 
 figured in this Report with others and with the collections made by us on the west 
 coast of Florida, are at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where 
 may be seen the result of our labors in various southern States. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Alafia River, mounds on, 350. 
 
 Bird-heads of earthenware, 374. 
 Blue Hill, 376. 
 Bullfrog Creek, 357. 
 
 Canal, aboriginal, 358. 
 Caximbas Hill, 377. 
 " Celt " of stone, 379. 
 " Celts " of shell, 374, 371*. 
 Chisel of stone, 371, 374. 
 Chokoloskee Key, 377. 
 Conclusions, 380. 
 Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 351, 
 363, 364, 367, 369, 380, 393. 
 
 Demorey Key, 363. 
 Disc of limestone, 374. 
 Discs of shell, 369, 374, 371>. 
 Dismal Key, 377. 
 Drinking cups of shell, 372. 
 
 Extent of our investigations, 352. 
 
 Fikahatchee Key, 377. 
 Flexed burials, 355, 356, 358, 
 360, 362. 
 
 Four-mile Bayou, 352. 
 
 Gomez Old Place, 377. 
 Goodland Point, 371. 
 
 Heart-shaped object of limestone, 
 
 379. 
 Hematite, sand dyed with, 359. 
 
 Implement, unique, of stone, 374. 
 Implements of shell, 380. 
 Indian Hill, 359. 
 
 Josselyn Key, 363. 
 
 Little Manatee River, mound 
 
 near, 358. 
 Little Marco Island, 369. 
 
 Marco, 351, 369. 
 Mill Point, 356. 
 Modern relics, 359, 362. 
 Mound Island, 366. 
 
 Net " sinkers," 379. 
 Ortiz, Juan, 358. 
 
 Pendant, bear s tooth, 379. 
 Pendant, fossil shark s tooth, 303. 
 Pendants, bird-head, 359. 
 Pendants of shell, 369, 372, 379. 
 Piercer of stone, 379. 
 Piue Island, mound on, 362. 
 Pine Key, 355. 
 Point Maximo, 353. 
 Point Pinelos, 355. 
 
 Russell s Key, 377. 
 
 Scoop-shaped object of shell, 374. 
 Shark s tooth, fossil, 359. 
 Shell implements, 380. 
 Silver, pendant of, 362. 
 "Sinker," clam shell, 380. 
 "Sinkers," 371, 374, 379. 
 Spoon-shaped object of shell, 374. 
 
 Turner s River, 379. 
 
 Walker, S. T., his explorations, 
 
 351, 354, 355, 357, 376. 
 Watson s, 380. 
 Wiggin s Key, 377. 
 

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