UC-NRLF 1 ilL'S *B MIS 3flb ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY, i r K S I Q N E O V O K acaijej'tEo, school , a: A ., Y fi^M Oi- CLASSICAL A^^'^ SACKED GEOGRAPHY, ENGR/^i^'i.' ':^ iNCIENT VARIOU VTEia-:S'l iiVl. ..xVl'] •'- KJM-.INS. TaGETH^i; WITH ^s ANCIENT ATLAS, CONTAIMNO MAPS ILLUSTUATIXG THE WORK. BY S. AUGUSTUS MF^CKELL. PIITLAPELPII PI J.MSIIED BY K II. JiU'l ^^;\v vouxr fhelt>on, bl .kkm... 1859. c / dr Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2008 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcli ive.org/details/ancientgeograpliyOOmitcricli MITCHELL'S A.NCIENT GEOGRAPHY. DESIGNED FOR ACADEMIES, SCHOOLS, AND FAMILIES. A SYSTEM OF CLASSICAL AND SACRED GEOGRAPHY, EMBELLISHED WITH INGRAVINGS OF REMARKABLE EVENTS, VIEWS OF ANCIENT CITIES AND VARIOUS INTERESTING ANTIQUE REMAINS TOGETHER AVITn AN ANCIENT ATLAS, CONTAINING MAPS ILLUSTRATING THE WORK BY S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER .V; CO. NEW YORK: SHELDON & CO. 1859. fj^'f'/ Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL, m tho clerk's ofT.ce of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. PREFACE. The extensive patronage bestowed on MiTcnEi.i.'s Primary Geography and School Gkography and Atlas, determined the Publishers of those works, some time since, to complete the Scries of which they form the introductory and secondary divisions, by the publication of a High School Geography and Atlas, comprehending a summary of Modern and ^Vneicnt Gcograpliy. The following work constitutes the Ancient or second division of the pub- lication proposed, and will be found to correspond, in stjile and general mode of arrangement, with those portions of the series already issued. It embraces two distinct sections ; one consisting of Classical, and the other of Sacred Geography: together with an Atlas, specially compiled to agree with and elucidate the Text. The chief object aimed at, in its composition, has been to arrange, in a progressive and distinct manner, a concise account of the countries and nations of antiquity, such as may readily be under, stood by the more advanced pupils in our schools and academics, and also by private students. The book and the maps are adapted to each other, and are designed to be used in connection througliout. Questions, to be an- swered from the Text and the Atlas, have been inserted, on the plan of those to be found in the other books of the series ; but teachers need not restrict themselves to the questions given, and may dispense with them or not, at their discretion. To peruse the Sacred Scriptures or any portion of early history intelli- gently, some knowledge of ancient geography is an indispensable requisite. Without such knowledge, indeed, tlie perusal of history is comparatively worthless. Every inquiring student, therefore, in reading of Jerusalem, Tyre, Rome, or Athens, would wish to ascertain tlic situation of those re- nowned cities, and also to give locations to the mountains, rivers, and lakes described by ancient authors ; as well as to understand the relative positions of the countries noted in early times, and the modern political divisions which occupy the same regions of the earth. To such individuals, a wlII- digcsted system of ancient geograpliy, with maps specially compiled to illustrate the text, will lurnish the desired information, as well as atlord a *und of profitable and pleasing instruction. The treatise on Sacred Geography, being confined to a description of the Holy Land, and the other countries mentioned in the Old and New Testaments, is of less extent than the one wliich precedes it ; in several instances, also, the descriptions of various countries given in the first division have been repeated in the last. This is rendered in some measure neces- sary, by the fact tliat the regions described by the Hebrew writers were viewed under dilTerent circumstances, and, for the most part, at an earlier period of time than by the Greeks and Romans ; and that the names of countries, rivers, cities, &c. are seldom found to coincide, in the statemenla of the Scriptural aiid those of classical authors. Altliough strictly geographical in its general plan, it has been thought not inappropriate to introduce into the work, occasionaJly, such historical vi PREFACE. incidents, connected with the subject-matter, as will serve to render the local details more interesting ; and it is believed that an examination of the various quotations from Holy Writ will suggest to pupils a frequent reference, for further elucidation, to that sacred volume. A correct knowledge of the region so long inhabited by the descendants of Abraham, and consecrated by tlie residence of the Saviour of men, is one of the most interesting objects of geographical research, and has excited the attention of various learned individuals in recent, as well as in former times ; whilst a comparison of the ancient and modern condition of many countries in the East, exhibits such evidence of the truth of Divine revelation^ as largely to strengthen the faith of the believer. It will be seen that tlie present state of Nineveh, Babylon, and Thebes, as well as of otlier capitals once renowned, abundantly confirms the predictions of the ancient pro- phets of Israel. Perhaps few studies are so deserving of attention, as that of the geography, history, and constitution of the ancient and chosen people of God. From them have proceeded those purer ideas of religion, which distinguish the Christian above the other nations of the earth. The philosophers of Greece and Rome were the instructors of the ancient and modern world, in art, Bcience, and literature ; but the poets and prophets of Israel have enriched other nations with that knowledge which refers to God, salvation, and eter- nal life. The Maps of the Ancient Atlas have been carefully executed ; and some pains have been taken in their compilation, after arranging the political divisions according to the most approved authorities, to avoid crowding them with the names of obscure and unimportant places, and ratlierto select the cities, towns, &c. distinguislied as the scene of some well-known event, or the birth-place of some noted individual. Especially, have the words been engraved in a clear and distinct letter, so that they may be read with facility. Attached to the Atlas is an Index, alphabetically arranged, designed as a table of reference to the names in the Maps, by which pupils and others may find without difiiculty on which Map the country, city, river, &,c. sought for is represented, as also the corresponding modern name, where Euch exists. In the Chronological Table, placed at the end of the book, the dates of all the noted events, as well as of the births or deatlis of distinguished characters mentioned in the text, may be found. To this Table various Questions are appended, calculated to impress more strongly upon the mind the more important dates and circumstances. It is not expected tliat teachers will require pupils to commit to memory all the dates, &c. that are attached to tliis table; but whether it be adopted or not as a subject of regular study, it will probably, in either case, be found convenient and useful as a matter af reference. Philadelphia, January, 1845k CONTENTS CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1. Introduction — Early Mari- time Discoveries, &c 9 2. Figure of the Earth, &c.. . 11 3. The World; Asia 12 4. Asia Minor 14 5. Mysia, Lydia, Caria 15 6. Greek Colonies — /Eolia, Io- nia and Doris; Lycia ... 18 7. Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Pon- tus 20 8. Famphylia, Pisidia, Cili- cia 22 9. Phrygia, Cappadocia, Gala- tia 24 10. Syria 26 11. Palmyra; Cyprus 29 12. Phffinicia 31 13. Arabia 34 14. Armenia, Mesopotamia ... 36 15. Assyria 38 IG. Babylonia or Chaldaea 40 17. Colohis, Iberia, Albania, Media 43 18. Persia 44 13. Susiana, Carmania, Gedro- sia, Aria or Ariana 51 20. Partiiia, Hyrcania, Bactria- na, Sogdiana 46 21. Asiatic Sarmatia, Scythia, Seriea 49 22. India, Sinarum Regio .... 53 23. Africa, iEthiopia 56 24. .33gyptus or Egypt 59 Lesson Ft^ 25. Egypt, continued 63 26. Mauritania, Numidia 64 27. Africa Proper, Libya 66 28. Libya Interior, iEthiopia or Ethiopia Interior 70 29. Europe 72 30. Thrace or Thracia, Macedo- nia 74 31. Greece or Hellas 77 32. Greece, continued — Thes- saly 80 33. Epirus, Hellas or Greece Proper, Acarnania,iEtolia, Loerii 82 34. Phocis, Doris, Boeotia, Me- garis 35. Attica 36. The Peloponnesus, Achaia, Sicyonia, Corinthia 37. Argolis, Laconia 38. Elis, Messenia, Arcadia . . . 39. The Greek Islands 93 40. The Greek Islands, conti- nued 101 41. Italia or Italy, Gallia Cisal- pina 103 42. Gallia Cisalpina, continued. 106 43. Italy Proper, Etruria, Um. bria, Sabini 109 44. Picenum, Samnium, Cam- pania 119 45. Latium 114 Lutium, continued 117 {-) 46, CONTENTS. Lesson Fage 47. Magna GrsBcia — Apulia, Calabria, Lucania, Brut- tia 123 4a ItaJan Islands 120 49. Hispania 125 50. Gaul or Gallia 128 51. British Islands 130 52. Caledonia, Hibernia 133 53. Scandinavia, Germa- nia 135 Lesson Psgi 54. Helvetia, Vindelicia, Rhse- tia, Noricum, Pannonia, • Illyricum or Illyria 13& 55. McEsia, Dacia, Sarmatia, Hyperborean Regions .... 140 56. The Barbarous Nations which destroyed tlie Ro- man Empire 143 57. The Barbarous Nations con- tinued 145 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. Lesson 1 Introduction 147 2 Settlement ofthe Earth after the Flood 149 3 Origin of the Israelites, &c 151 4. Journeyings of the Israelites through the Wilderness. . 154 5. The Land of Canaan, &.c. . 156 G. Kingdoms of Israel (ScJudah 158 7. Physical Geography of Pa- lestine, Position, Extent, Mountains 161 8. Physical Geography of Pa- lestine, continMetZ — Rivers, Lakes, &c 164 9. Physical Geography of Pa- lestine, continued — Plains and Valleys, Climate, Agriculture, &c 1 G7 10. The Twelve Tribes, with tlie Towns noted in Old Tes- tament times 1G9 1. The Twelve Tribes, conti- nued 172 12. The Tribe of Judah, with the Towns noted in Old Testament times 174 13. Galilee and Samaria, willi Fag* the Towns noted in New Testament times 176 14. Judea and Pcraea, with the Towns noted in New Tes- tament Times 178 15. Land of the Philistines, Tyre and Sidon, Syria, Padan Aram 181 16. Arabia, including Amalek, Ammon, Moab, Edom, Mi- dian, the Land of Ur, tfcc. 184 17. Egypt, Ethiopia, &c 187 18. Tlie East, Shinar or Baby- lon, Asshur or Assyria. . . 190 19. Elam, Media, Tarshish and Ophir, &c. 192 20. Asia, the Seven Churches, &c 195 21. Greece, Italy, &c 197 22. Geography illustrating our Saviour's Ministry 200 33. Geography illustrating our Saviour's Ministry, con- tinued 202 24. Geography illustrating tlie First Settlement of the Church 204 Chronology Chronological Table 207 2aa ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. rNTRODUCTION. EARLY MARITIME DISCOVERIES, «&c. 1. Ancient Geography is a description of the earth and "ta inhaLitants, extending from the time of the earliest credible accounts that have reached us, to the downfall of the Roman Em- pire. It comprises Classical and Sacred Geography. The former is derived from the \vritings of the Greeks and Romans, or Clas- sical authors ; and the latter from the scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. 3. The most noted of the ancient nations with whose writings the moderns are acquainted, are the Jews, the Greeks, and the Romans ; these nations flourished at different periods of time, and their knowledge of the earth was various. • 3. The early Jews or Israelites loiew httle heyond the land of Egypt, and the regions that lie between the Mediterranean Sea and the banks of the Euphrates. The Phoenicians or Tyrians and Sidonians, from the extent of their voyages, excelled the Jev,^ in their knowledge of the earth, and they Avere the first navigators who carried maritime discovery to any considerable extent. 4. As early as the year 1000 B.C. these people had explored the whole of the Mediterranean, as well as the Black Sea, and had settled colonies on their shores ; afterwards they sailed through tlie straits of Hercules, and extended their voyages along the west- ern coast of both Europe and Africa ; and a party of them in the service of Pharaoh-Necho,king of Egypt, is said to have circum- navigated the last-mentioned division of the earth. 5. The Carthaginians, a people descended from the Phceniciana, were also famous for maritime enterprise. Hanno, one of their naval commanders, ostablisned colonies on the west coast of Africa beyond the pillars of Hercules, and sailed as far south, it ia QrjESTioN 1. What is ancient geography 7 What does it comprise, &.C, 1 2 What is said of the most noted ancient nations ? 3. Of tlie early Jews T Tlie Phoenicians, &c. ? 4. What is related of these people ? 5. Of the (9) 10 iNTRODtJCT.ION, thought, as the coast of Guinea.* Hamirco, another Carthaginian, sailed northward taBri-'airi. ! ' 6. By the ' conquests ' ot Alexander the Great, the Greeks became famiUar with the northern parts of India, and the adjacent regions; and Near' chus, the admiral of Alexander, by his voyage from the river Indus to the Euphrates, first opened to the view of his countrymen the shores of the Indian Ocean. 7. Nearly about the same time, Pyth'eas, a Massilian Greek sailed from Ga'des to Thu'Ie, the most northern country known to the ancients, and supposed to have been either Iceland or Norway. The Ru'beas promontory, the farthest point he reached, is probably the North Cape of Europe. The Thu'le of the Romans, the Main- land of Shetland, was not discovered until long after Pyth'eas, by Agric'ola, a Roman governor of Britain. 8. The Romans, during the progress of their conquests, explored the various countries subjected to their power ; and in the time of CsBsar, a general survey of the Empire was '"ommenced, which required twenty-five years for its completion. This gi'eat work, though not executed with the precision of modern science, wuti the most extensive of the land ever undertaken, and furnished to the geographers of that time, a mass of information far exceeding that of any previous period. 9. The oldest geographical records are in the Bible ; these are confined principally to a description of the land of Israel, and the adjacent regions, and to the divisions of Canaan among the twelve tribes. Next in antiquity, are the Greek poems of Homer and Hes'iod, the works of Herod'otns, Aristotle, Eratos'thenes, Strabo, and some others. 10. The earliest regular geographies extant, are those of Strabo and Pomponius Mela ; the former is vnritten in Greek, and the other in Latin. These works were succeeded by that of Ptolemy of Alexandria, the most extensive geography of ancient limes, and also the first in which places are described according to their latitude and longitude. Tliis treatise, until the time of Columbus, a period of more than 1300 years, was considered the highest authority in all matters connected with the description of the earth. Carthaginians ? Of Hanno ? Of Hamilco ? G. With what did the Greek become acquainted by the conquests of Alexander? What is said of Near- chus ? 7. Of Pytheas ? 8. Of the IJonums ? What occurred in tlie time of Cffisar ? 9. What is said of the cidest gfeographical records? The mst in antiquity? 10. The earliest re<^ul:>r geographies? What succeeded these works? How long was it considered the highest authority ? * The extent of Hanno's voyage has been the subject of much learned discussion: its terminating point, according to tlie opinion o*"t]irce diflerent inahriduals, may be seen in Map No. i. INTRODUCTION. H FIGURE OF THE EARTH, &c, 1. The ancients were, for the most part, ignorant of the real fiirure of the earth ; and supposed it to be a vast plain, surrounded by an ocean of unknown extent. Beneath the earth were the fabled regions of Elysium or Paradise, and Tar'tarus, or the place of punishment for the wicked. Above the whole, rose the great arch of the heavens, wliich was supposed to rest on the summits of the highest mountains. 2. The Sun, Moon, and Stars, were imagined to rise from, and set beneath, the waves of the Sea ; and it was said that those who lived in the remote west, could hear at evening, the noise made by the Sun dipping into the ocean, as if that luminary had been a mass of heated metal. 3. Being ignorant of America, as well as of one half the east- ern continent, the ancients generally imagined the world to be smaller than it really is ; a few geographers however, aware that the countries then known covered but a small part of the earth's surface, supposed that other regions might exist, separated from the rest by a great extent of ocean. 4. Accordingly several authors, both Greek and Roman, have described a large island called Atlantis, which lay far to the west in the Atlantic Ocean. Beyond it was a continent of still greater extent. This island was said to have been at length submerged in the sea, and nothing further was ever knowm of it, or the adjacent region. From tliis account it is supposed that the ancients had some knowledge of the western continent, and the subject has given rise to various learned discussions. 5. The maps of the ancients are very erroneous in their repre- sentations, even of several well-lmown countries : thus, l^tolemy exhibits Italy as lying for the most part due east and west, and the Pyrenees as extending nearly north and south. By some, the Caspian Sea was supposed to connect with the northern ocean, Britain to be in shape like a triangle, and Sweden and Norway to be a group of islands. 6. For want of a proper mode of making astronomical observa« Mens, the latitudes and longitudes of places calculated in ancient '"imos, were generally inaccurate. Ptolemy in his maps exhibits Q. 1. What did tlic ancients suppose the earth to be? What regfions were beneath the earth 7 What rose above the whole ? 2. Wliat is said of tlie Sun, Moon, and Stars? 3. Of what were the ancients ig-norant? What did they imagine the world to be ? What did some geograplicrs conceive T What have some authors described ? 5. What is said of the maps of the ancients ? 6. Of their latitudes and longitudes ? AVliat errors do Ptolo- 12 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. an crroT of 15° of longitude between Marseilles and Antioch; and 40° in placing the mouths of the Ganges ; and in many other instances his east and west distances are exaggerated 7. The maps now called ancient, are more strictly modem ; the natural features of the earth being represented on them, as known at the present day ; to these, the ancient names have been affixed by D'Anville and other learned men ; and in consequence they present an approximation much nearer the truth than those of tha Greeks and Romans. 8. In this process, it has been found difficult to determine ahvays the precise parts of the globe referred to by ancient writers ; and hence there are various contested points in ancient geography, among which the position of the countries called Ser'ica, Sina'rum Regio, Agyzim'ba and Ultima Thu'le, in classical ; and Tarshish and Opliir in sacred geography, are not yet ascertained. 9. The ideas of the ancients respecting the inhabitants of distant regions were often fanciful and erroneous ; among such were the fables related of the Pygmies, a race of diminutive men, who were supposed to reside in various remote parts of the earth ; and also of the Blemmyes, a people without heads, and whose eyes and mouths were in their breasts. 10. Other fabulous races Avere, the Cinunerians, who were said to five in utter darkness ; the Cyclops, with but one eye, which was placed in the middle of their foreheads ; the Cynoce- phah, a nation with heads resembhng those of dogs ; the Hyper- boreans, Avho were exempt from disease, decay, and even death ; and the Amazons, a nation of female warriors, who destroyed their male, but preserved alive their female children. THE WORLD, ETC. 1. The world, as knoA\Ti in the days of Ptolemy, extended from the Atlantic coasts of Europe and Africa, to the shores of Cochin China. On the west, it stretched from the banks of the Niger northward to Sweden and Nonvay ; and on the east, from the In dian Ocean northward to the Ahay mountains. 2. This area was included -within a space averaging 120° of Ion" gitude, and 45° of latitude, being about one half the land surface my'e maps exhibit? 7. What is said of the maps now called ancient? 8. What is found difficult to determine ? Name the Contested points, 9. Re- Inte the ideas of the ancients respecting the inhabitants of distant regions. What other fabulous races were there ? Q. 1. Describe the world as known in the days of Ptolemy. 2. What did this area comprise ? 3. What is said of the three great divisiona 7 ASIA. 13 of the eastern continent, and extending around the globe a third part of its circumforcnce. 3. As eaily as the time of Herod'otus, the three great divisions of Europe, Asia, and Africa or Libya, Avere recognised, and with nearly the j^resent hues of separation. The river Nile was for a time considered to divide Asia Irom Africa, but at length the bound- ary of the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez was adopted. ASIA. 4. The Greeks divided Asia into Upper and Lower Asia : the latter comprised only that part of Asia Minor which lay westward of the river Halys. The Romans separated it into Hither Asia, or Asia this side the Taurus ; and Farther Asia, or Asia beyond the Taurus. Hither Asia was also called Asia Proconsula'ris, because it was governed by a Proconsul. 5. The name of Asia was first applied to a small district in Lydia, on the coast of the iEge'an Sea ; and was derived, according to the Lydians, from Asius, one of their early kings ; but, according to the Greeks, from Asia, one of the Ocean'ides, or marine goddesses. G. The iEolians, lonians, and Dorians, settled at an early period in the Lydian districts of Asia ; and being said by their Greek countrymen to have emigrated to Asia, the name was in time gradually extended to the whole region now bearing that name. 7. Asia, south of the great central ridge of mountains, has been from re- mote times a populous region. It was tlie first scat of civilization, and of tliose great monarchies, which, absorbing into one vast empire a number of contiguous states, openly aimed at universal dominion. Of these empires, th» Assyrian was the earliest and most enduring. It was established on the banks of the Euphrates, 4000 years ago ; and was succeeded by tlie Babylo- nian, the Persian, and the Parthian empires ; and in subsequent times, bj those of the Caliphs, of Gcngis Khan, and of Tamerlane. 8. The ancients were but partially acquainted with Asia. They were ignorant of at least one-half of it, as known at present. The Greeks had a knowledge of its western and central districts, as far as the Indus, and probably for some distance beyond that river. Afterwards, the Romans be came familiar, to some extent, with Hindoostan, Thibet, and Aiiam ; and they were acquainted, by report, witli Ser'ica and the country of the Sinoe, regions which they imagined were placed at the farthest extremity of the earth. 9. The Euphrates and Tigris, tlie Rha, tlic Oxus, the laxar'tes, the Indus, tlie Ganges, and the great streams of India, beyond the latter river, as well as the Bautisus,or lloangllo of China, were probably known to Ptolemy; bui of the remaining rivers of Asia he was no doubt wholly ignorant. 4. How did the Greeks divide Asia? The Romans? 5. What is said of tlic name of Asia? 6. The iEolians, «St,c. ? • 7. What is said of Asia south of the central ridge of mountains ? Of the Assyrian Empire ? fUe other empires ? 8. Wliat degree of knowledge did tlie ancients pos- 2 14 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 10. The Taurus, Cau'casus, Oron'tes, Paropami'sus, Ima'us, Emo'di, Hy. IK'rl)orean or Riphean, and Ottorocorras, were the chief Asiatic ranges of mountains known in ancient times ; the Emo'di, now tlie Himmaleh moun. tains, are the higiiest on the globe, but the Greek and Roman geographera were ignorant of that fact. IL The cliief ancient divisions of Asia were, Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, Armenia, Assyria, Babylonia, Media, Persia, Aria, Gedrosia, Scythia, India, Ser'ica, and Sina'rum Re'gio, or country of the Sinae. Map No. 1. — Point out the divisions mentioned in the text. The rivera. Their respective lengths. The mountains. Their heiglits. Tlie jEge'r.ii Sea. Euxine Sea. Palus or Lake Moeolis. Erythrcan Sea. Gulf of fi:e Ganges. Magnum Sinus or Great Bay. Permulicus Gulf Taprobana Island, labadii Island. Maniolaj Islands. BonaB Fortune Islands. Daden IsLind. Angustia; Dirae. Avalites Gulf What are the modern names of all the foregoing rivers, mountains, «Soc. ?* ASIA MINOR. 1. Asia Minor is a large peninsula, which foniis the most western division of Asia. It comprises that portion of the conti- nent that is bounded on the north, south, and west by the EiLxine, Mediterranean and .^ge'an Seas, and on the east by the Euphrates river. Anato'ha, or Nato'Ha, which signifies the East, is the mo- dem name of Asia Minor. 2. The term Asia IVIinor was not adopted until about the com- mencement of the fourth century of our era, and was at first used to designate the western districts only ; but in process of time it came to be appHed to the whole region now known by that name. 3. Few countries present such a diversity of soil and climate. The western provinces were remarkable for their genial temperature and their fertility ; while the mountainous districts were in general sterile and but thinly inhabit, ed, and some parts of Lydia, Phrygia,and Galatia, were almost deserted, from the barrenness of the soil, which bore numerous traces of volcanic action. 4. The inhabitants formed many different nations, whose bound- aries and divisions varied with their political revolutions. About 700 B. C. CrcEsus, the celebrated Lydian Icing, conquered a large portion of Asia Minor; and it afterwards formed successively an important division of the empires of Cyrus, of Alexander, and of Rome. Dur- ing the middle ages it belonged to the Saracens, afterwards to the Tui-ks, and for several centuries past has formed the finest portion of their empire. sessofAsia? The Greeks? The Romans 7 9. Mention the rivers. The mountains. 10. The chief ancient divisions. Questions. — 1. Describe Asia Minor. What did it comprise ? 2. AVlicn Wi;s the term adopted, &c. ? 3. What is said of the soil and climale ? Moiintainous districts, &,c. ? 4. Of the inhabitants ? Croesus, &,c. ? Of 'The pupil will consult the Index of correspjuding ancient and modcru naiacs ASIA MINOR. 15 5. Civilization commenced at an early age in Asia IMiiior ; ita commerce was extensive and llourisliing ; it contained many opu- lent cities, Avhose temples, palaces, and other public buildings, were among the most splendid ever reared. G. At an early period the Plioenicians founded colonies on the Bouthern siiorcs of this repfion, wliile in a later aire the Greeks established themselves on tlie coasts of tlie ^Ege'an Sea. The language and literature of the latter V.CTC extensively cultivated, and the fame of their philosophers, poets, and artists, has descended to our own times. 7. The principal divisions were, Mys'ia, Lyd'ia and Ca'r'a, in the west ; Bithyn'ia, Paphlagonia and Pon'tus, in the north ; Lyc'ia, Pi- sid'ia and Pamphyl'ia, and Cihc'ia, in the south ; and Phr}^g'ia, G^ la'tia and Cappado'cia, in the interior. 8. The chief mountains were thcTau'rus and Anti-Tau'rus, which retain with us their ancient names; Mount Cragus was the residence of the fabled chimera ; Ida was noted as the mountain where Paris adjudged to Venus the prize of beauty ; Sip'ylus as the residence of Ni'obe; Tmo'lus was famous for its vineyards ; and Cyto'rus for its boxwood. Several mountains hero, besides others in Greece and Cyprus, bore the name of Olympus. 9. The largest rivers were the Ha'lys, the Sanga'rius and the Mcean'der; the latter was remarkable for its windings, hence the word meander. The Hermus, and its tributary tlie Pacto'lus, were famous for the gold contained in their sands ; the Grani'cus, the Eurym'cdon and the Scy'lax, for the battles fought on their banks ; and the Thermo'don as the stream on which the warlike Amazons once resided. Phryg'ia and Pisid'ia contained a number of small salt lakes, which still exist and furnish large quantities of salt. 10. The islands which lie along the western coast, were settled at an early period by emigrants from Greece, and are usually described with tliat country. The largest were Lesbos, Chios, Samos, Cos,and Rhodes. In the prosperous times of Greece, these islands were populous, well cultivated, and noted for their commerce. Map No. 2. — What sea bounds Asia Minor on the north ? E. On the south ? M. On the west ? ^. What rivers on the cast ? E. O. What straits and sea separate it from Thrace? H. B. P. What group of islands lie on the south-west ? S. ^V^hat island lies south ? C. Wliich promontory or cape extends farthest north ? A. Which farthest south ? A. Farthest west ? L. Point out the Taurus and the other mountains mentioned in the tcxL The rivers. The islands. What countries lie east and south-east of Asia Minor ? A. M. S. Mention the heights of mountains. Lengths of rivers, &,c MYS'IA. 1 . Mys'ia was the westernmost division of Asia Minor. The countr}^ on the Propontis was once a part of Phrygia, and v.-as what Empires did it afterwards form a division ? S. What is said of civili- ration? Commerce? Of the Phoenicians and Greeks? 7. Name the prin- cipal divisions. Name the chief mountams. The largest rivers. What did Phrygia and Pisidia contain ? 10. What is said of tlic islands ? CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. called Phrygia Minor. At an early period the Mys'ians were a brave and warlike people ; but they became in time so degenerate that " Mysorum Ultimus" was a term proverbially used to denote a cowardly and mean-spirited person. The kingdom of Tro'as, or Troy, and part of the Greek colony of iEolia. were included in JVIys'ia. 2. Troy, or Il'ium, was the principal city of Tro'as. During the eign of Priam, its last king, a Greek army of 100,000 men under Agamemnon, captured and destroyed it after a siege of ten years, lfS4, B.C. This siege, one of the most memorable of ancien) times, has been immortalized both by Hf)mor and Yiroii. Achilles dragging the dead body of Hector around the walls of Troy 3. During its progress, Achilles, the bravest of the Greeks, slew Hector, a ' iioted Trojan chief, in single combat. The dead body of the latter was barbarously dragged by the victor around the walls of the city. Troy stood between the rivers Sim'ois and Scaman'der, not far from their junction; in the vicinity were Moimt Ida and the Sigaj'um Promontory or Cape. Near the latter many contests took place between the Greeks and Trojans. Subse- quently New Il'ium was built nearer the sea, but it never rose to distinction. 4. In the southern part of Mys'ia was the city of Per'gamus, once the capital of a kingdom of the same name. It was celebrated for its great library, and as the birth-place of Galen, tlic noted pliysician. Aby'dos was famous for the bridge of boats built by Xerxes across the Hellespont; it was the residence of Leander, the lover of Hero, wlio lived in Sestos, on the opposite shore. The former often swam the Hellespont to visit his mis tress, and returned the same night. 5. Thebe, or Thebes, Lamp'sacus, Miletop'olis and Cyz'icus, were all places of note. The latter sustained a memorable siege by Mithrida'tes, wiiieh was at last raised by Lucullus. In the vicinity was the river Grani'cus, where Q. 1, What was Mysia, ? Wliat is said of the country on the Propontia? Of the Mysians ? What were included in Mysia? 2. What is said of Troy ? 3. What occurred during the siege ? Describe the situation of Troy, &c. 7 4. What is said of Pergi^mus? Abydos? 5, Tlicbes? Lamp ASIA MINOR. 17 Alexander the Great gained liis first victory over the Persians. Dardaims gave tlic modern name UardancUcs to the Hellespont; and from the cclcbrati.d marble of the island Proconnesus,Mar'rnora,tl)C modern name of the Propontin is derived. Adrainyttium, Assos, and Alexandria Troas, aro mentioned in llie Acts of the Apostles; the last is there termed Troas only. 6. Lydia, called more anciently Maeonia, iay south of Mys'ia*. was once an important kingdom, and its power imder Crcesus, the proverbially rich king, extended over more than half of Asia Minor. His court was an asylum of learning ; and ^sop among others Hved under his patronage. 7. The Lydians were the first people who coined money ; they were at one time the most wealthy, and also became the most luxurious and efleminate nation in Asia. The Greek colony of Ionia was included partly in Lydia, and partly in Caria. 8. Sardis, the ancient capital of Lydia, was famous for the numerous sieges it sustained, during one of which it was taken by Cyrus. This city, TJiyati'ra, and Philade![)hia, were seats of three of tlie seven churches of Asia. Magnesia ad Sip'ylum, at the foot of Mount Sip'ylus, was noted for the defeat of Anti'ochus the Great by Scipio. Metrop'olis and Arom'ata were towns in Lydia. At Magnesia, on the Meander, hence called Magnesia ad Mcandrum, Themis'tocles died. At Thymbra, Croesus was defeated by Cyrus. CARIA. 9. Caria lay southward of Lydia ; it was a fruitful country, and abounded particularly in figs. The inhabitants were consi- dered barbarous and despicable by the Greeks, and the name of Carian was synonymous with that of slave. Doris and part of Ionia were included in Caria. Boodrooin, 10. Ilalicarnas'sus was the most important city in Caria, and was lor « Uine at the head of tlie Dorian league. It was famous for the splendid mausoleum built by Artcmis'ia, queen of Caria, for her husband Mauso'his, from which all si)lcndid tombs were afterwards called IMausole'a. It was accounted one of the seven wonders of the world. Here Herodotus, Diony- Bacus, &c. 7 Dardamus, (See. ? Adramyttium? 6. Describe Lydia, AVhal is said of the Lydians? 7. Sardis and the other cities ? 8. Describe Caria. The inhabitants. 10. What is said of Die IlalicJiraaseuB ? Of the town? ' 2* B 18 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Bius Halicarnas'sus, and Heracli'tus, were born. Boodroom, a small Turh ish tov\Ti, stands on the site of Halicarnas'sus ; various ruins of the. ancient city are still to be seen. Antioch, Aphrodis'ias, Mylas'sa, Stratonice'a and Iiiibrua were Carian towns. Map No. 2. — ^What strait separates Mysia from Thrace ? H. What se^ hes on the north? P. What rivers are in Mysia? C. G. .iE. H. What mountains? L What islands lie west? L. T. When did the siege of Troy occur?' Of Cyzicus F The battle on the Granicus ? What rive divides Lydia and Caria? M. What oilier rivers are in Lydia ? II. P= O What mountains? S. T. M. What islands lie on the coast? P C. I. S. What islands lie west and south of Caria ? P. C. A. A. C, N. C. R. Map No. 3. — Point out Sigceum Promontory or Cape. Troy. New Ilium. The Scamander River. The Simois River. Mount Ida. MounV Gargara. Tenedos Island. GREEK COLONIES. 1. jEolia, Ionia and Doris were Greek colonies in Mysia, Lydia and Caria, whose settlement was commenced about 60 years after the destruction of Troy. The inhabitants became in time, espe- cially the lonians, distinguished for elegance of taste, and love of the arts and sciences, and were the teachers and examples of the European Greeks. 2. Homer, the greatest of poeta, was an Ionian ; he was born, according to tradition, near Smyrna ; six other cities, however, contested with tliat place the honour of having given him birth. Apel'les and Parrlia'sius, cele- brated painters; Tha'lcs and Pythag'oras, famous philosophers ; and Hip poc'rates, a noted physician, were albo lonians. jEOLIA. 3. JEolia was the earliest colony ; it formed a confederation at first of twelve cities ; but, Smyrna having been treacherously wrested from it by the lonians, the number was in the time of Herod'otus reduced to eleven. 4. Mityle'ne, in ijeebos, was the head of the confederacy; the latter was one of the finest islands in the ^ge'an Sea ; it was famous for its wino and the beauty of its women ; it was also the birth-place of Sappho and Pit'tucus. CumsB, Pit'ane, Phocse'a and Elce'a, were noted .fflolian cities on the conti nent. IONIA, 5. Ionia comprised twelve confederate cities, of which Ephesiis Smjmaa and Mile'tus, were the most renowned. The first con- Q. 1. What IS said of jEolia, Ionia, and Doris ? Of their settlement 7 What did the inhabitants become ? 2. What is said of Homer ? Apellca. &c. ? 3. Of iEolia ? 4. Mitylene and other towns ? 5. Of Ionia ? 6 A 9 1 A MINOJC. 19 luiiied the celobraled temple of Uiana, which occupied 200 years in building. ^ ^^^^^fem. .=.„ ^ilo of Miletus. 6. Smyrna was one of the richest cities of Asia Minor, and is the only one of them that is now flourisliing and important. Mile'tus was reckoned next to Tyre and Cartilage for its extensive commerce, and numerous colo- nics, whicli amounted, according to some, to 80 in number. Tliere Tha'les, Anaximan'dcr and Cadmus, the liistorian, were born. The ruin of this splendid city is now so complete, that its very site can hardly be recognised. 7. Er'ythraj was the residence of one of the Sibyls, Clazom'cne was the birth-place of Anaxag'oras, Samos of Pythag'oras, and Te'os ofAnac'reon. Col'ophon was famous for the valour of its cavalry, which usually decided tlie battle in favour of the side on which it fought ; hence the proverb " Colo phonem addere," to put a fmish to anything. At the foot of Mount Myc'ale, a great victory was gained by the Greeks over the Persians, on the samo day that the army of Xerxes was defeated at Plats'a in Bceo'tia. D GUIS. 8. The Dorian confederacy consisted at first of six, and after wards (Hahcamassus having been excluded) of five cities, and was therefore afterwards called the Pentap'ohs, or the five cities. The confederate cities Avere Cnidus, Cos,Carni'ra, lal'ysus and Lmdus. The three last were on the Island of Rhodes. 9. Cnidus contained a temple of the Cnidian Venus, which was famous for a beautiful marble statue of the goddes's by Praxit'elcs. It was the birth- place of Eudox'us and Agathar'cides, Theopompus and some other noted men. Rhodes, tlie capital of the island of Rhodes, was renowned for its commerce, and also for the brazen statue of Apollo, called the Colossus, which was 100 feet high, and bestrode tlic entrance of the harbour. Tlie republic of Rhodes was in early times an important naval power, and planted colonies in Sicily, Italy and Spain. Cos, on the island of tlic same name, contained a noted temple dedicated to Esculapius, Apel'lcs and Ilippoc'ralea ere natives of tliis island. L YCI A. 10. Lycia took its name from Lycus, the son of Pandion, who settled there. It was the smallest province of Asia Minor; but it was at the same time, in proportion to its extent, one of the richest and Smyrna, &c. ? 7. Erylhraj, &.c. ? 8. Describe Doris. Mention the con- f'w'era^ ciUes. &. What is said of Cnidus ^ Who were natives I Describe 20 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. >Mon populous. It Avas noted for its fine cedar trees, wliich almost equalled those of Lebanon. 11. The inhabitants were skilful archers, and were at one time distinguished for their sobriety and love of justice ; but, about the end of the Roman Republic, many individuals became pirates. On the coast is Mount Chmax, or the ladder ; it is so steep to- wards the sea, that the soldiers of Alexander, in passing it, in their inarch into Pamphyha, waded more than half a day waist-deep in water. 12. Xanthus is distinguished for its obstinate resistance against Brutus ; the latter set fire to the^city ; but the inhabitants, rather than submit to the Romans, rushed into the riames, and only 150 were rescued. Pat'ara was famous for its oracle ; licre Apollo is said to have resided one-half the year, and the otlier half at Delphi. Telmis'sus was noted for its soothsayers. Myra, Lim'yra and Phase'lis were important towns. The latter was at one time a haunt of pirates; it was taken by Secvihas Isauricus. Map No. 2. — Point out the iEolian towns mentioned in the text. The Ionian. The Dorian. On what river is Elaja ? C. Smj,'sna ? M. Ephesus ? C. Near what river is Mycale Mountain ? M. In what year was the battle fought there ? What mountains divide Lycia and Pamphylia ? S. Wliat mountains in the south-east ? C. In the south-west ? C. In the interior ? A What islands near the coast ? C. C. What Cape ? S. What Gull'? G. BITHYN'IA. 1. Bithyn'ia was an extensive province which lay on the Pro- pontis and the Euxine sea. It was settled at an early period by two Thracian tribes, the Thyni and the Bithy'ni. The kingdom which they established underwent various changes of fortune, and was at length bequeathed by Nicomedius, its last king, to the Romans, B. C. 75. 2. Nicome'dia, once the capital of Bithyn'ia, was a large and handsome city ; it was for a time the residence of the Roman emperors Diocletian and Constantiiie. Nicaea, or Nice, once also the capital of Bithj'n'ia, was noted AS the scat of the first general council of the church, held A. D. 325, which drew up the Nicene Creed. It was the birth-place of Ilippar'chus tl* astronomer. 3. Ilcracle'a, called Heracle'a Pon'tica, from its situation on the Pon. tiis Euxi'nus was a Greek colony, famous for its ships, its libraries ai d ita rich temples. Cha.ce'don was called, by way of derision, the city of the Rhodes. The Republic, &c. 10. Describe Lycia. 11. What were the inhabitants, &c. ? What is said of Mount Climax ? 12. For what is Xan- *b'}9 disting-uishcd ? Mention the other towns. l^. I, t>*iseribe Bithvnia. Its settlements. The kingdom, &c «. What ie Bttid of iMitoniedia ? Niccca? 3. Ileraclea? 4. Prusa? Li. ASIA MINOR. 21 blind, because its founders neglected the more advantageous situation of Bv- la/itiam, on tiio opposite shore : here a general council of tlic cliurch wiis huld. 4. At Prusa ad Olympum, so called because it stood at tiie the base of Mount Olympus, Hannibal, tlie celebrated Carthaginian general, poisoned himself to avoid falling into the hands of the Romans ; and at Libys'sa ho was buried. At Chrysop'olis, the Emperor Licin'ius was finally defeated by Constantino the Great, in a naval engagement. Tium, Bithynium, Prusa od Hyp'piura, As'tacus, Drep'anmn, Cius, and Apamc'a were important towns, PAPHLAGONIA. 5. Paphlagonia, the most northern division of Asia Minor, was noted for the numbers of its horses and cattle ; the mules were famous as early as the days of Homer, and llie sheep furnished wool of the finest quality. Under the Byzantine emperors, the eastern parts of tliis region and the western of Pontus were formed into a district called Hel'eno-Pontus, m honour of the mother of the Emperor Constantine. G. Sino'pe, originally a fllilesian colony, was an important city, with an extensive commerce. It possessed at one time a considerable territory, and planted a number of colonies along the coast. Tlie Tunny-fisheries in the vicinity aiforded a lucrative branch of trade. Sino'pe was tlie birth-place of Mithrida'tes the Great, and also of Diog'enes, the Cynic philosopher. 7. Pompciop'olis was founded by Pompey in honour of a victory gained over Mithridates the Great. At Armene part of the Ten Thousand landed, on their voyage from Coty'ora. The inliabitants of this place are said to have built a wall aroimd their city to keep out tlie cold, which circumstance gave rise to a proverb used to denote egregious folly. Amas'tris, Cyto'rum and Ti- mc'na were towns of note on the coast. Antoniop'olis andSora were in the 8. Pontus, so named because it lay on the Pontus Euxi'nus, or Euxine Sea, was once a part of Cappadocia ; but became after- wards a separate kingdom, Avhich existed for 200 years. Under Mithridates VI., sumamed the Great, Pontus attained power and distinction, and carried on a long and fierce struggle with the Romans, but was at last annexed to their empire. 9. The eastern districts wcie barren and rugged, but the western were rich and fruitful. The latter abounded in produce of every kind, and furnished the finest flocks and herds. Mines of iron and salt were numcfc ous. Pontus comprised three provinces, viz., Pontus Galat'icus, Pontus Poiek moni'acus, and Pontus Cappadocius. 10. The chief cities were Amase'a, the birth-place of Strabo, the Greek geographer ; Coma'na Pon'tica, which contained the celebrated temples of byssa? Chrysopolis ? The other towns? 5. Describe Paphlagonia. What district was formed under the Byzantine Emperors ? 6. What is said ofSinope? 7. Pompeiopolis? Armene? The other towns ? 8. What is Pontus? What was it once ? What did Pontus attain undci Mithridates VI. 7 9, What is said of tlic eastern and western districts? lO. Describe 22 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Lclk'na and Venus; Tlicmiscy'ra, fabled as the residence at one time of the Amazcns; Cer'asus, from whence tlie cherry was first taken to Rome, arrd thence propagated over Europe ; Trape'zus, the first friendly city reached by the Ten Thousand on their famous retreat ; and Coty'ora, where part cf their number embarked for Arme'ne. Not far from Trape'zus is Mount Teches, from the summit of which they first saw the Euxine Sea. 11. AtZe'la, Lucullus gained a victory over Mithridates ; afterwards CEesar gained one over Phar'naces, which he announced to the Roman senate in hi» oilebrated letter containing- only three words — Veni, Vidi, Vici ; / caine, I sa tr, / conquered. Ami'sus, Polemo'nium, Trip'olis, ffin oe, Eupato'ria, Phazc'moi , <>aziu'ra, Eer'isa and Neo-CiEsare'a were towns in Pontus. Map No. 2. — What strait separates Bithynia and Thrace? T. What rivers and mountains separate Bithynia from Paphlagonia ? P. O. Wlial mountains from Galatia ? O. What islands lie on the coast? C. T. T. What lakes in the interior ? A.A. What rivers flow into the Euxine Sea ? S.H.B.F. What mountains lie between Paphlagonia and Galatia? O. When did Pom- pey gain his victory over Mithridates ? What river separates Paplilagonia from Pontus ? H. What rivers in Pontus flow into the Euxine Sea ? I. T, S. C. T. O. Point out the towns mentioned in the text that are in Bithynia, Paphlagonia, and Pontus. In what year were battles fought at Zela? PAMPHYLIA AND PISIDIA. 1 . Pamphylia and Pisidia were two districts, which were usually reckoned as one province ; the first extended along the sea-coast, and the other lay in the interior ; the latter was a rugged and elevated region, inhabited by a bold and spirited race of moun taineers, who resisted for centuries all attempts to subdue them. 2. Perga was the chief town of Pamphylia ; it contained a magnificent temple of Diana, Atta'lia, Olbia and Side were towns on the coast ; Aspen- dus was on the Eurym'edon river ; near this place tlie Persians were defeated by Cimon, the Athenian general, first in a naval engagement, and then on the land ; both in the same day. Sclgse, Antiochi'a or Antioch in Pisidia, so called to distinguish it from other towns of the same name, and Baris, were imoortant towns. 3. Isaura Vetus was the ancient capital of Isauria, a district which lay partly in Pisidia and partly in Cilicia ; the inhabitants were fierce and rapa- cious robbers. The Roman general Publius Servilius obtained the surname of laiu'ricus for having conquered them during the Mithridatic war. 4. A new city, Isaura Nova, was built after the destruction of the ancieii ons, a short distance from the site it occupied. It was here tliat the pirate Trebellianus proclaimed himself Emperor of Rome, A. D. 2G4, but was soon afterwards defeated and slain. the chief cities. II. What occurred at Zela, &c.? Mention the otl-sr towns in Pontus. Q. 1. Describe Pamphylia and Pisidia. 2. What is aaid of Perga ? Atta- lia ? What occurred on the river Eurymedon ? 3. What is said of Isaura Vetus, &c,? Of Publius Servilius ? 4. Of the new city ? What occurred ASIA Ml N Oil. 5. Cilicia comprised two divisions, viz., Cilicia Trachea, oi the nigjred, from bein;^ mountainous ; and Cilicia Campes'tris_ the IctcI On the northern frontier of the latter there is a nar- row pass in tlie Taurus mountains, called by ihs ancients PyLe CilicioG, through which the armies of Cyrus the younger and Alex- ander the Great marched in their progress to the East; the Pylie Syria? was a similar pass which led into Syria. 0. The Cilicians were for a long period a maritime people ; they furnished numerous fleets to the Persian monarchs, and many of Ihem became noted pirates. In the latter days of the Roman Republic, these marauders kept the neighbouring coasts in a state of constant alarm; they were, however, fmally subdued by Pomney. Cydnus. 7. Tarsus, the capital of Cilicia, was the birtli-place of St. Paul, and a seat of learning so fiinious as almost to rival Athens and Alexandria. The Cydnus river, which flows past the city, was noted for the coldness of its waters; it was therefore neari/ fatal to A.lexander on his bathing in it when in a state of perspiration. On this stream, Cleopa'tra made the celebrated voyage when on her way to attend the summons of Antony, which is so gorgeously described by authors. 8. At Issus, Alexander defeated Dari'us, and gained his second great vie t)iy over the Persians; more than five centuries afterwards, this place waa a^fiin the scene of a fierce contest, which occurred between the rival Roman Emperors. Scve'rus and Niger. At Anclii'alc, Sardanapa'lus, the lastof the Assyrian Kings, is supposed to have been interred. This monarch is said tc liuve built Anchi'ale and Tarsus in one day. Cor'ycus was noted for ile Biiperior saffron. tlicre ? 5. Describe Cilicia. Its diviFions. Tlie Pylae Cilicia, &c. 6. What were the Cilicians, &.C. ? 7. What is said of Tardus? The Cydnus river T Wiip.t occurred at L^sus? At Anchialc, &c.? 9. Wiiat is said of Coraccsiuni ami the other towns ? 24 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 9. Corace'sium was a famous Btrong-liold of the Cilician pirates ; it was taken by Pompey B. C. G7. AtScli'nus, the emperor Trajan died. Anemu'- rium was tlie southernmost town in Asia Minor. Soli, or Pompeiop'ohs, was at first a Greek colony ; the inhabitants of which lost the purity of their native tongue ; hence an incorrect expression is termed a solecism. This, however, is by some derived from Soli in the island of Cyprus. Among tlie other towns were Laer'tcs, Seleu'cia Trachea, Arsin'oe, Philadelpliia, Antio- hi'aadCragum,Homon'ada,Ad'ana, Mopsues'tia', Mallos and Gcrmamc'io. Map No. 2.— What Gulf south of Pamphylia ? P. What mountains in the ntcrior ? T. What rivers ? C. E. What Lake in Pisidia ? C. At what time were two battles fought on the Eurymedon ? Point out the towns mentioned in the text. What sea bounds Cilicia on the south? C. What Gulf in the south-east? I. What mountains in the north? T. On the east? A. Name tlie chief rivers. C. L. C. S, P. Point out the Pylas Cilicia and Syriaj PylfB. Point out the chief towns. At wbat time were the battles fought for which Issus is noted ? How manv years elapsed between the first and last? PHRYGIA. 1. Phrygia was one of the largest provinces of Asia Minor. It once comprised Greater and Lesser Phrygia, as well as a large part of Galatia ; Lesser Phrygia lay along the Propontis, and was attached to Mvsia. The Katakekau'mene, or burnt country, was a parched and barren region that lay partly in Phrygia and partly in Lydia. It was subject to volcanic action, and had been more than once desolated by earthquakes. Lycao'nia, a rugged district in the south-east, abounded in sheep. 2. The Phrygians were among the first settlers of Asia Minor They were civiHzed at an early period, were skilful in mining ana agriculture, and were noted for their dancing, music, and needle work. 3. Gordius, one of theii: early kings, is said to have tied the knot whicb Alexander tried to unloose. Midas, another king, received of Bacchus the power to turn every thing he touched into gold ; but, finding that his xcry food was converted to the precious metal, and that he was starving in th» midst of wealth, he prayed to the god to resume the useless gift. ^*;. , ■ -.c^;§^ «£.VT3" Ruins of the Race ( . m^t v i riadium at Laodicea. 4. At Ipsus, a great battle was fought between the surviving generals of Alexander the Great, in which Antig'onus was defeated and slain. A O. L Describe Phrygia. What did it once comprise? What is *idi' of the Katakekaumene ? Of Lycaonia ? 2. Of the Phrygians 7 3. Ot ASIA MINOR. 25 tlierap'olis were some noted iiot baths, Laodicc'a was tlie seat of one of tlte seven cliurchcs of Asia; it was oiice a splendid city, but is now in ruins^ To the pcoi)lc of Colos'sa;, St. Paul wrote one of liis epistles. Near Syn'nada, the lapis Synnad'icus, a beautiful kind of white marble, with red spots, was procured; slabs and columns of it were frequently transported as far as Rome. Ancy'ra Phrygia;, Apame'a Cibo'tis, Laodice'a Combusta, Cib'yra, Ico'nium, Derbe and Lystra, were all towns of note ; tlie last two were visitod by St Paul. C APP ADOCI A. 5. Cappadocia was the largest division of Asia Minor, and was at one time an important kingdom. Armenia Minor and Pontua were both attached to it, but the latter became aftenvards inde- pendent. Catao'nia was a district in the south-eastern part of the province. It was noted for the abundance of its minerals, as well as for its fine breed of horses. T). The inhabitants were faithless and destitute of moral recti- tude. They were one of the three nations of ba^ character in- cluded in the old Greek proverb, " Tria kappa kakista ;" beware of the three k's, i. e., Kappadocia, Kilicia and Krete. The peo- ple of the districts contiguous to Pontus and Galatia were called Lenco-Syri (White Syrians,) because they resembled the inhabit- ants of Syria, and spoke their language ; but were of lighter comr plexion. 7. Maz'aca, the ancient capitcl of Cappadocia, was called Caesare'a by the Romans, with the addition of ad Argae'um to designate its position at the base of Mount Argce'us. This mountain was represented to be the highest in Asia Minor; from its summit, both the Euxine and Mediterranean seas might (it was said) be seen. Coma'na Cappadocice was famed for its templa of Diana, which was plundered of its wealth by Antony. 8. Arehela'is was a Roman colony ; Molite'nc and Sat'ala were the chief towns in Armenia Minor. Cabi'ra and Nicop'olis were noted for the battlea fought there between 3Iithrida'tcs and tlie Romans. Nazian'zus and Nyssa were the birth-places respectively of the two Gregories, noted fathers of tlie Christian Church in tlie fourth century. Ty'ana, Podan'dus, Sala'bria, Ca- dy'na and Cybis'tra, were towns in Cappadocia. GALATIA. 9. Galatia was one of the interior provinces of Asia Minor ; and was once included partly in Phrj^gia and partly in Cappadocia, It was settled by, and received its name from, those Gauls who, under the command of Brennus, invaded and were driven from Greece, 278 B. C. They comprised three tribes ; the Tectos'ages, the To- hstoboi'i, and the Trocmi. Though independent of each other, these tribes were usually united in a confederacy for mutual defence. Gordius ? Of Midas ? 4. What occurred at Ipsus ? Mention what is said of the other towns. 5. Describe Cappadocia. Cataonia, &c. 6. The in- habitants. 7. What is said of Mazaca ? Mt. Argaeus 7 8. Arehelais and tlic other town<» ? 9. Describe Galatia. Its settlement, &c. What tribei 3 28 CLASSICALGEOGKAPHV, Alexander cutting the Gordian Knot. # 10. Ancy'ra, the chief town of the Tectos'ages, was remarkable for a pecu- liar breed of goats, and is celebrated to the present day for its fabrics made from their long and silky hair. At Gordium, Alexander the Great cut the famous Gordian knot with his sword when he found tliat he was unable fairly to unloose it. According to ancient prediction, whoever untied this knot was to become master of Asia. 11. Pessi'nus, the capital of the Tolistoboi'i, was celebrated for the wor- ship of Cyb'ele, the mother of the gods. Ta'vium was the capital of the Trocmi. Gangra was the residence of King Deiot'arus, the friend of Ci- cero, in favour of whom he delivered an oration in the senate. Amo'rium, RosoJogi'acum, Eccob'riga and Germa, were important towns. At Dadasta'na the emperor Jovian was unexpectedly found dead in his bed. Map No. 2.— What rivers have their rise in Phrygia ? T. H. M. What mountains are there ? P. D. What hills ? L. Lake ? T. Point out the chief towns. When was the battle of Ipsus fought? Point out the Kata- kaukemene. I.ycaonia. The chief rivers in Cappadocia. H. S. M. The principal mountains. T. A. A. What districts in the south? C. In the east ? A. What people in the north ? L. Point out the chief towns. When were battles fought at Cabira and Nicopolis ? What mountains lie between Galatia and Phrygia ? A. What mountains west of thfa Halys ? M. What lake in the centre ? Point out the chief towns. The tribes 10 SYRIA. 1. Syria extends north and south along the easternmost coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and eastward from its shores to the Euphrates river and Arabia Deserta. By the Greeks, it was con- did they comprise? 10. What is said of Ancyra? 11. Of Pessixu^s ? Tavium and the other towns ? Q. 1. How does Syria extend? What did the Greeks consider it to in. SYRIA. 27 sidered tc include Palestine and Plioenicia ; but the Jews always regarded those countries as distinct and independent.* 2. Tlie chief divisions in ancient times were Syria Proper and Ccele-Syria, (Syria in the vale, from being situated among the val- leys of the Lib'anus.) In the north was the district of Comage'ne, wliich was governed by its own kings until the time of Vespasian. 3. A considerable part of the country is occupied by the Syrian dcsertt which is a continuation of, and is similar in every respect to, the great desert of Arabia. The principal mountains are tlie Ama'nus, Ca'sius, and Lib'anus and Anti-Lib'anus : the two last are called Lebanon iu Scripture; their sum- mits are capped with perpetual snow. They were lonjr noted for their splen- did forests of cedar trees, of which only a few small groves remain. The principal rivers arc tlie Euphrates, the Orontes, and tlie Leontes. 4. Among the smaller rivers, the Elcu'therus was noted in early times for a monstrous dragon reported to inhabit its banks, within whose jaws there was room enough for a mounted horseman. The waters of the Sab'- batum were said to cease flowing on the Sabbath-day ; hence its name. Those of the Ado'nis were in the rainy season tinged with the ocherous sub- stances from the mountains ; whence the fabulous tradition that the river flowed with blood at the anniversary of the death of Ado'nis, who was killed by a wild boar on its banks, 5. The Syrians belonged to a A\adely extended race, which included the people of Assyria, Armenia, Babylonia, Cappadocia and Mesopotamia ; all of whom were originally the same in language and manners. The name is supposed to have been abridged from Assyria, or derived from Sur, the early appellation dude? 2. Name the chief divisions. 3. What is said of the Syrian desert ? Of the principal mountau)^? What is said of Libanus and Anti-Libanus ? Of the principal rivers ' 4. The Eleutherus ? The Sabbatum ? The Ado- ms ? 5. What is said of the Syrians ? Of the name, &,c. ? G. Of Syria? • The description of Palestine is reserved for Sacred Geography. CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. of Tyre The terms Syria and AssjTia are sufficiently defined in geography, but are often indiscriminately used in history 6. Syria was attached at an early period to the Assyrian empire, and aftenvards to that of Persia, to which power it remained sub- ject until the conquest by Alexander the Great. On the division of that monarch's empire, Syria fell to the share of Seleucus Nica'- tor, one of his generals. 7. Seleucus assumed the title of king of Syria, and subjected to his swa all the countries from the J^ge'an Sea to India and the laxar'tes. This prince encouraged letters, and restored to Athens the books and monuments of art that had been carried off by Xerxes. He was the father and benefactor of his people, and was eminent for his courage, prudence and humanity. 8. The Seleu'eidtE, or successors of Seleu'cus, governed the country for more than 200 years, when the last sovereign, Anti'ochus Asiat'icus, was de- throned by Pompey : Syria then became a Roman province, and remained in that state until it was conquered by the Saracens, A. D. 612. Modern Antioch. 9. A«mong the most noted cities of Syria was An'tioch, or Antiochi'a, sn». named ad Oron'tem, from the Oron'tes river on which it stood. This place, for extent, beauty, and population, was at one time esteemed the third city in the world, and was called the Queen of the East. It is now a poor and ill built Turkish town of 11,000 or 12,000 inhabitants. Near to Antioch was the celebrated grove called Daphne, where Venus was worshipped with great licentiousness. 10. Chal'ybon was situated on the river Chalcis, the fish of which were held sacred by the Syrians, who would allow no one to destroy them. Pin- denis'sus was besieged and captured by Cicero, B. C. 51, when he was pro- consul of Cilicia. Samos'ata was the capital of Comage'ne ; here the poet Lucian was born. At Sochos, Dari'us lay for some time with his army, pre. vious to the battle of Issus. 11. Hierap'olis was celebrated for a temple of Venus, which was so rich, tliatCrassus,whcn lie plundsrcd it in his Parthian expedition, occupied several days in weiijn.ng the troisure. At Zeugma was a noted bridge of boats over the Euphrates, and here the Roman armies generally crossed the river. 7. Seleucus ? What did this prince do ? What is his character ? 8. What is said of the Selcucidce ? 9. Describe Antioch. 10. Chalybon, &o 11. Hieropolis, &c. 12. Emesa, &c. 13. Damascus. Heliopohs. PALMYRA. 29 Apame'a,on the Orcn'tes, was, in the time of Selcu'cus, a great military depot, where 500 war-elephants were kept. 12. Em'esa was famous for its temple of the Sun ; Heliogal/alus, one of its priests, was made emperor of Rome by the Roman soldiery, when only 14 years of age. Zcno'bia was defeated at this place by Aure'lian, A. D. 273. At Tliap'sacus was a noted ford over the Euphra'tes, where three great armies crossed at ditfercnt times, viz.: that of Cyrus the younger, B. C. 601 ; tliat tf Darius, B.C. 332 ; and that of Alexander tlie Great, B.C. 331. 13. Damas'cus, called the Eye of the East, was the capital of Coele-Syr'ia, ■a well as of tlie kingdom of Damas'cus ; it is still an important city, and is situated in a delightful and fertile territory. Tlie Turks and Arabs believe it to have been the original Paradise, and tljat it has not its equal on earth. Here Deme'trius Nica'tor was defeated by Alexander Zebi'na. Heliop'olis, now Ba'albec', is famous for a splendid temple of the Sun, the ruins of which still remain, and show its former magnificence. Map No. 5. — What sea bounds Syr'ia on the west ? What river on the east ? Wliat country in the north ? A. M. On the south ? A. P. On the north-east? M. On the south-east? A. D. What country extends along the coast from Mount Carmel toAr'adus? P. What inland sea in the south ? Wliat river flows into it ? What country extends along the Jor. dan ? What district south of Palestine ? I. What desert between the (iron'tes and the Euplira'tes rivers ? What islands on the coast ? M. A- M'lp of Northern and Central Syr'ia. — What district lies in the North T C. In the south? C. S. East? P. What country west of Coele Syr'ia? P. What rivers flow into the Mediterranean Sea ? Into lakes ? What moun- tains between Syr'ia and Asia Minor ? Between tlie Oron'tes river and the Mediterranean Sea? C. East of Phoenic'ia? Point out the cities men- tioned in tlie text When were battles fought at Antioch ? Emesa ? Da- mascus ? PALMY'RA. 1. PaljiVra was once a splendid city, and formed, for a short time, the capital of an important state. It was situated in the Pahnyre'ne, a district and oasis in the centre of the Syrian desert, ar-d rather more than midway between the Mediterranean Sea and the Euphra'tes river. 2. Tad'mor in the wilderness, mentioned in Holy Writ as hav- ing been founded by Solomon, and PaJmy'ra, are the same ; and both names are derived from the palm trees with wliich the city was surrounded. Though for a long time in ruins, the remains of its splendid temples and palaces still command admiration. 3. This city was from a remote period a great emporium of commerce between eastern and western Asia. It was an impor- tant place at the time whenTra'jan subjected the whole province Q. 1. What is said of Palm/ra ? Where was it situated 7 2. What is said of Tad'mor ? Of its remains ? 3. VVhat was this city ? What occurred 3* 30 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY h\ his power. It then became allied to Rome as a free State, and was greatly favoured by A'drian and the Antoni'nes. 4. In the reign of Gallie'nus, the Roman senate conferred on Odena'tus, king of Palmy'ra, as a reward for his services to the empire, the command of the eastern provinces, which, owing in a great measure, k is believed, to tlit skiJl and prudence of his queen Zeno'bia, he defended with talent and success. 5. On the death of her husband, Zeno'bia, under the title of queen of tlie East, assumed the sovereignty of the provinces which he had governed. Aure'lian, when he became emperor, considered Zeno'bia as an usurper; ha therefore declared war against her, twice defeated her armies, captured Pal- my'ra, and took her prisoner. To preserve her life, she ungenerously laid the blame of the war, it is said, on her learned secretary Longi'nus, who was in consequence put to death. 6. The conquered queen was taken to Rome, and led through the city in a triumphal procession, fettered with chains of gold. A residence was then assigned to her at Ti'bur, in the vicinity of Rome, and her children were treated with great respect by the emperor. Zeno'bia is described as an accomplished and iiigh-mindcd princess ; she spoke several languages, and was well versed in the learnmg of that period. Ruins of Palmy'ra. 7. Palmy'ra gradually declined after its capture by Aure'lian, and was subsequently taken by the Saracens ; it then remained forgotten and unknown until about the middle of the 18th century, when it was discovered by two English travellers. There still exist a great number of beautiful columns, ruins of temples and palaces, all admirably wrought of marble ; while tlic ground is everywhere strewn with the wrecks of the splendid structures of the ancient city. The neighbouring Arabs now call it Tad'mor, its ancienl Hebrew name. _ 8. Cy'prus is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, excep Sicily and Sardinia. It was famous for the variety and abundance of its products, and its delightful climate. Wine, oil, wheat, and in the time of Tra'jan ? 4. In the reign of Gallie'nus ? What is said of Zeno'bia ? 5. What took place on the death of her husband ? How did Aure'lian treat her when he became emperor ? 6. What occurred when she was taken to Rome ? Where did she reside ? Describe Zeno'bia. 7. Wliat is said of Palmy'ra? When was it discovered, &c.? What still exists ? What do the Arabs call it ? 8. Describe Cy'prus. For what was it famous? PH CENT CI A. 31 honey, were and are still its chief staples. The ranne of Mount Olym'pus extends through the whole length of the island. 9. Tlic women were models of beauty. Tlie wliole island was sacred to Venus ; hence she was called Cyp'ria, or the Cyp'rian goddess. The pcopio were sensual and dissipated, yet literature and the arts flourished to soma extent. 10. The first Inhabitants of Cy'prus are unknown; the Phoenic'ians at an early period establislicd colonies in the island ; afterwards it was sucees. •ivoly concjuered by tiie Egyptians, the Persians, the Greeks, the Ptol'emiea, and the Romans. After the division of the Roinan territories, Cy'prus corw tinued subject to the Eastern empire, and was ruled by its own governors of royal blood ; of wliom Comnenus I. made himself independent, and his family sat upon the throne till A. D. 1191, when Richard Coeur de Lioa rewarded the family of Lusignan with the sceptre. 11. Sal'amis, the most important town in Cy'prus, was destroyed by an eartliquake in the time of Constantino ; but was rebuilt by his order, and called, after him, Constan'tia. Cit'ium was the birth-place of Zeno and ApoUonius ; there Ci'mon, the celebrated Athenian general, died. 12. Pa'plios is said to have been founded on the spot where Venus landed when she rose from the sea. The splendid temple in which she was wor- shipped contained 100 altars, which smoked daily with a profusion of fran- kincense; and though exposed to the open air, they were never, it is said, wetted by tlie rain. Sol'oe, or So'li, was an Athenian colony ; the term sole- cism is by some derived from tliis place, but by others from So'li in Cilicia. Cerin'ia was an early Phoenic'ian colony ; Am'athus and Cu'rium were both noted towns. Map No. 5. — Point out Palmyra. What river lies cast of it 7 E. What river west ? O. What town lies west ? What town lies east ? What important city northwest? What southeast? Which is tiie nearest town on the Euphrates ? Map No, 2. — What is the length of Cyprus from east to west? What \3 its extent from north to south in miles? In stadia? IIow many miles is ( 'yprus from the nearest part of Syria ? Of Asia Minor ? Of Crete ? Of Kliodes ? What is tiie name of its northern cape or promontorium ? Itj southern ? Eastern ? Western ? PHCENIC'IA. 1. Phcemc'ia, the country of the Sido'nians and Tyr'ians, or Phoenic'ians, consisted of a narrow strip of territory, which lay between Mount Lib'anus and the Mediterranean Sea; and ex- tended along the coast of Syr'ia from JMount Carmel to the Island of Ar'adus. What were its chief staples ? What range extends through its land ? 9. What is said of the women ? Of the people? 10. Tlie first inhabitants, &c. ? What occurred after the division of the Roman territories? II. What issaid of Salamis? Citium? 12. Paphos? Soloe or Soli 7 And liia gther towns ? B2 CLAFSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 2. The Phccnic'ians were settled on the coast of Palestine long before the arrival o''' the Israelites. The maritime position of their country, and its abundance of timber, led them at an early period to sliip-building, then to navigation and commercial pur- suits. They also practised various arts, and excelled in usefui and beautiful manufactures, so that fabrics of a superior quality received the epithet Sido'nian, from Si'don the oldest city. 3. They were the first who used rudders and sails, and steered tlieir ships at night by the stars. They invented arithmetic, and, according to the Greeks, the letters of the alpliabet originated with Cadmus, a Phcenic'ian. These people also discovered the mode of making glass ; and tlieir famous purple dye, derived from a species of shell first found on tlieir coasts, was higlily prized and produced them great wealth. 4. Their commerce was extended far and wide by the establishment of colonies in various quarters, of which Carthage, Utiea, and Gades, were the most important. Tlie latter, now Cadiz, on the southern coast of Spain, was their principal settlement beyond the straits of Hercules, or Gibraltar! 5. The Phoenic'ians obtained gold and silver from Spain, tin from Britain, amber from the Baltic, and brass and iron from the shores of the Black Sea ; they traded overland with various interior countries of Asia and Africa, and it is believed they sailed to India by the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. 6. Phoenic'ia formed a confederation of cities, of which, in their most flourishing period, from the year 1000 to 600 B. C, Tyre was the ruling power. Tyre and Si'don were each governed by their own kings, of whom the best known are Hi'ram, the friend of David and Solomon, and Pygma'lion, the brother of Di'do. The language of the Phcenic'ians was similar to the Hebrew. In their reL'gious worsliip, the horrid rite of human sacrifice was practised. Saide, anciently Sidon. 7. Si'don was the oldest city of Phoenic'ia, and one of the earliest places Q. 1. Describe Phoenicia. 2. Previous to what event were the Phoenicians settled on the coast of Palestine? What is said of the coimtry, &c. ? VV hat did the Plioenicians practise ? 3. What were they the first to use 7 What did they invent, &c.? What did they discover ? 4 What is said of their commerce ? Tlieir most important colonies ? Tlie principal set- tlement beyond the Straits of Hercules ? 5. What did they obtain from Spam ? From Britain ? From the Baltic ? From the Black Sea ? What is said af the overland trade 7 6. What did Phoenicia form ? What u said of the kings ? 7. Describe Sidon. P II GE N 1 C i A 33 In the world that carried on an extensive commerce. It was captured by Artaxer'xes O'chus, king of Persia. During tlie siege, the inhabitants, in despair, set fire to their houses, and 40,000 of them i>erished in the flamca. Si'don never recovered its former rank. In the time of the Crusades, it was a place of some note. It is now called Saide, and is a town of 5000 oi 6300 inhabitants. A few huge stones, the remains of the gigantic mol« are the only renmants of the old eity. 8. Tyre was built by the Sldo'nians, and became the rival of Si'don, as well as the chief city of Phoenic'ia. It rose to be the greatest commercial emporium of antiquity before the time of Carthage. It was founded on the main-land, but after its destruction by Nebuchadnez'zar, King of Baby. Ion, a second city was built on a small rocky island, half a mile from tlte shore ; but tlie latter never attained the importanc; of the first Tyre. The old city was rebuilt and was called Pala3 Tyre. In the days of Pliny, the two cities were estimated to be 19 miles in circuit. 9. Alexander the Great, 331 B. C, took Tyre after a siege of eight months, during which time his army constructed a mole, or causeway, to the island, and was thus enabled to conquer the place. Tyre recovered from its second capture, attained once more considerable distinction, and was made a free eity by the Romans. During the Crusades it was the principal port and rendezvous of the Crusaders ; since that period it has gradually declined until now nothing is left but ruins, among which standa the small fishing village of Sour. Tlie Ruir.d of Aradus, now Ruad. 10. Ar'adus, on a small island of the same name, was an important and wealthy city ; the houses, according to Strabo, wete higher and contained more otories than those of Rome. Tliis island is now a mere rock, covered with tlie remains of its departed grandeur. Trip'olis was built by the people of Tyre, Si'don and Ar'adus, as a place of general assembly for tlieir deputies ; it formed three towns, each enclosed by its own walls. 11 . Byb'lus was celebrated for the worship of Ado'nis. Bcry'tus became B Roman colony under the name of Felix Julia ; its schools for the study of jurisprudence and the fine arts, were noted. Sarep'ta was distinguished 8. Describe Tyre. Who destroyed it ? What is said of the second city 7 9. Of Alexander the Great? Of tlie subsequent condition of Tyre? llL Dtoticribe Aradus. Tripolis. 11. Byblus and the other towns. , C 3-1 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. for its wine ; it was the place whence Jupiter is said to have carried awa^ Euro'pa to Cre'te. Ac'cho, or Ptolema'is, is renowned for the sieges it has sustained. Near it was the little river Be'les, where the mode of making glass was discovered. Map No. 5. — What sea lies west of Phosnicia ? M. What island lies north-west ? C. What mountain lies at the southern extremity of Phoeni* ea? C. Map of Northern and Central Syria. — Point out the principal river of PlicEiiicia. E. S. A. L. What mountains lie east of Phoenicia ? L. A. L. What division of Syria lay east of Tyre and Sidon ? C. Name the towns on the coast, beginning with Tyre.. What island lies at the northern es- trcmity of Phoenicia ? A. What town lay east of Aradus ? A. 13 ARA'BIA. 1. Ara'bia is remarkable for preserving its name and boundaries unchanged for thousands of years. The ancient geographers described it as containing three great divisions, viz ; Arabia Petrse'a (the rocky), Arabia Felix (the fruitful, or happy), and Arabia De- serta (the desert, or barren) : but this arrangement is more fanciful than real, and has never corresponded with the actual pohtical divisions of the country at any period. Arabian Caravan. V. The greater part of Ara'bia has always been inhabited by nomadio plundering tribes, whom the Greeks called Ar'abes Sccni'tic. The inhabit- an.»s of the coast, on th& other hand, were diftercnt in their habits, and Q. 1. For what is Arabia remarkable 7 How did the ancient geographers describe it? Wliat is said of tliis arrangement? 2. Wliat is said of tha chief part of Arabia 1 Of the inhabitants on the coast, &,c. ? The cara- ARABIA. 85 had probably a diflcrent origin ; llicy supplied the nations on the Ehores of tlie Mediterranean Sea witli the rich products of the east, and so uncliangc, able is the aspect of civilization iu tliat part of A«ia, that the caravans then employed, scarcely differed in any particular Ironi those wliich now traverse the desert. 3. Ara'bia Petroe'a comprised the north-western part of Ara'bia. Mount Si'nui, Mount Ho'reb and Mount Ilor, wore the principal mountains. Tho Nahathaj'i, one of the principal tribes, were the E'domitcs of Scripture. Idume'a was a part of their territory ; Pet'ra, their capital, is rcniarkabld for tlic singularity of its situation. It has been, for centuries, destitute of inhabitants, and its very site was unknosvn for a thousand years, but was. recently discovered. 4. This place is about half way between the Red Sea and Pal'estine ; it comprises a small circular basin, enclosed on all sides by rocks 500 or 600 feet high, to whieli there is but one narrow entrance. The inner face of this barrier is excavated into temples, tombs and other structures, most of which are entire ; wliile tlie interior area, that was occupied by the city, is a mere mass of ruins. Pet'ra signifies a rock, and gave name to Ara'bia Petra3'a. 5. Ara'bia Felix lay along the shores o£ the Arabian Gulf and the Erythraean Sea. It has long been famous as the land of incense, spices and perfumes ; but it is now believed that the rich products in which its merchants traded were, for the most part, obtained from India and Africa. 6. The district of Sabae'i, or She'ba, was renowned for the enterprise and wealth of its inliabitants. Gold and silver were so abundant, that conmion utensils were made of those metals ; and the temples and houses were often profusely ornamented with tlie same costly materials. Maria'ba, a noted commercial city, was the capital. 7. Ara'bia Deserta comprised the interior of the country. It consisted, as its name imports, of sandy deserts, destitute of water in many places for an extent of several daj's' journey ; but in others, as in the region now called Nedjed, or the country of the Wahabees,it is known to contain some fertile and populous districts. 8. The Sacali'ta;, or Sacliali'tse, dwelt eastward of the Sa'boe ; they traded chiefly in frankincense. Ara'bia Felix, Oma'num and Mos'cha, were im- portant sea-ports on the shores of tlie Arabian Sua, as were also Eziongaber, ^Ela'na, Lcucc-come, Jamnia, Badia-Rcgia and Occ'lis, on those of the Red Sea ; at the latter port, ships that were destined for India took in their last supplies of water for the voyage. 9. At Ger'ra, or Ger'rha, on the Persian Gulf, the walls and towers are Baid to have been constructed of rock-salt. The island of Da'den, or Ty'loa (now Bahrein), was, in ancient times, as it is at the present day, the cliief •eat of the pearl-fishery. lathrippa and Macor'aba, now Medina, and Mecca, have both been noted cities since the days of Mahomet. 10. Arabia was never conquered by any foreign nation ; Alexander tho vans of the present age ? 3. What did Arabia Petrasa comprise, &c. What is said of the Nabatha;i ? Of Pcfra ? 4. Describe its situation, &.c. What docs Potraj'a signify 7 5. Mention the situation of Arabia Feliz. For what has it been long famous, &,c. ? 6. What is said of the district of Saba;i, or Shcba ? 7 Describe Arabia Deserta. 8. What is said of tho SacalittE, or Suchalitse ? Mention the towns. 9. What is said of Gcrra 7 36 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Great, and subsequently the Romans, in the time of Augustus, made exten- sive inroads into the interior; but, for want of water, were obliged to retrace their steps. The chief part of Ara'bia Petraj'a was conquered by Trajan, A. D. 107. A Roman legion was, for a time, stationed at Bostra, where the Emperor Philip, surnamed Arabus, was born. 11. During the 7th century, Ara'bia acquired, under the sway of Maho met and the Caliphs, a new and formidable character ; vast territories wera conquered, and an empire was established equalling in power and exten tl e greatest states of antiquity. Though for a time averse to polite letters the Arabs or Saracens became, during the ninth century, the most civilized and learned people in the world. Their vast empire no longer exists, but the influence of their institutions continues to be felt ; and the language, lito- rature and religion of Arabia, is still revered over large portions of the East Map No. 1.— What gulf or sea bounds Arabia on the west ? On the east 7 What sea on the south-east ? What strait separated Arabia from Ethiopia ? A. D. What gulf on the south-west ? A. What towns lay on the Arabtan Gulf? On the Erythraean Sea?/ The Persian Gulf? In the interior ?. Map No. 5.— Where is Arabia Petraea ? Mount Sinai ? Mount Horeb ? Mount Hor ? Idumca ? Desert of Paran ? Petra ? Ezipngaber, or Bere- oice ? iElana ? Leuce-come ? ARME'NIA. 1. Arme'nia is an interior region, and lies to the south-east of the Euxine Sea. It is an elevated countiy, and is traversed by lofty mountains, nearly all whose summits are covered with snow ; hence the chmate is cool, and the winters are often severe. Noah and his Family leaving the Ark. 8. Ararat is the loftiest and most noted mountain in Arme'nia. On i^e T!ie Island of Daden? lathrippa, &c. ? 10. What is stated of Arabia? Of Alexander the Great? The Romans, &c. ? 11. What occured during tht Beventh century ? What is said of the Arabs, or Saracens ? Q. 1 Describe Armenia, 2. What is said of Mount Ararat ? Of Uie ARMENIA. 37 Bummit the ark is supposed to have rested, and from its base Noali and nis sons set forth to replenish tlic earth. The Eiiphra'tcs, Ti'gris, and Arax'cs rivers take tlicir rise in tiiis region. Tiio Aisis'sa and Lyelini'tis, now the Van, and liie Er'ivan, are tiie principal lakes. The water of tlio first is brackisli, and unfit for use. 3. The Arme'nians were originally the same people as the Syri- ans ; they are one of the oldest nations in the world, and have maintained themselves as a distinct race, with a limited degree of cultivation, from the time of the Assyrian empire. The Greeks and Romans had but an indifferent opinion of these peojile ; they beheved them to be destitute of patriotism, and indifierent to hberty or poUtical freedom. 4. Thougli sometimes under tlic rule of its native princes, Arme'nia was subjected by turns to the Assyr'ians, the Mcdcs, the Persians, the Greeks, and the Sj'r'ians. On the overthrow of Anti'ochus the Great by Seip'io, 187 B. C., the country was divided into Arme'nia Major and Minor ; the latter lay west of the Euphrates river. Aflcr many contests with the Purthians, Tra'jan, about 106 A. D., annexed Armenia Major to the Koman empire, Subsequently it became independent, and was governed by its own kings until the time of the Saracen invasion ; since that period n has often changed masters. It is now divided between the Turks, Persians, and Ru3 slans. 5. Artax'ata, Am'ida and Tigranoccr'ta, were the cliicf towns in Arme' • nia ; the first named was once the capital. Am'ida, now Diar'bekir, was strongly fortified, and the walls built by the Romans still serve to protect the town. Tigranoccr'ta was founded by Tigra'nes, King of Arme'nia ; it was a beautiful and wealthy city, and was peopled chiefly by Greeks, forci bly carried thither from Asia Minor. In its vicinity LueuI'lus defeated Ti- gra'nes, when the city surrendered to the Romans. Vast riches fell into the hands of tlie captors. Naxua'na, Artcmi'ta, Ar'zcn, Arsamos'ata and TJico- dosiop'olis were towns in Arme'nia. MESOPOTA'MIA. G. Mksopota'mia lay between the Euphrates and Tigris, and derived its name, which signifies between the rivers, from that cir- cumstance. The modern inhabitants call it Al Jezira, the island. It was once regarded as a part of Syria, and one of its scripture names is A'ram Nahara'im, or SjTia of the rivers. 7 The northern part of the country comprised the districts of Osroe'ne and Mygdo'nia. This division was rich in grain, frxiit and pasturage, and was often called iNIesopota'mia Felix. TYa southern division was flat and sandy ; its inliabitants were chiefly Euphrates River, Sec. ? The Arsissa Lake, &c.? 3. What is said of tiie Armenians ? What opinion had the Greeks and Romans of these people ? 4. To what power was Armenia subjected ? When was it divided, &e. ? What occurred in the time of Trajan ? Subsequently, &c. ? 5. Wiiat is said of Artaxata, Scc.l What is said of Tigranoccrta? Wiiat occnnd in its vicinity ? Name the other towns. C>. Desci-iljo Mesopotamia. How was it once regarded ^ 7. What is said of the nortiiern part j)f tiic country 4 88 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHV. wandering Arabs. The ostrich and the wild ass were once fcand here, but "those animals have long since disappeared. 8 From remote times, Mesopotamia nearly always constituted a portion of the adjacent great empires. Tlic Romans seized it during the Milhn- dat'ic war, and Tra'jan formed it into a Roman province. It was ollen Uie scene of warlike operations between the Romans and the Partluans ; alter- wards between the former and the new Persians. It finally lell into the power of the latter, and then successively into that of the Saracens and the Turks. 9 Edes'sa, Circe'sium and Nis'ibis were the most important towns m Mesopota'mia ; the last named was long a noted fortress, and when ceded by the Romans to the Persians, the former attempted in vain to recover it. At Resaina, the Persians were defeated by Gordian. Batnce, or Batnaj Seru gi, was noted for a great annual fair, held for the sale of Indian commodities. 10. Car'rha;, the Haran of scripture, was the place whence Abraham de- parted for Canaan. In its vicinity, Cras'sus the triumvir was defeated and taken prisoner by the Parthians, who put him to death by pouring, m deri- sion of his avarice, melted gold down his throat. Ur was the first residence of Abraham ; in the time of the Romans it was an important citadel in which the army of Julian took refuge after his defeat. 11 Sinffa'ra, Cffi'ne, Bir'tha and Apamea were important towns. At Sincra'ra, Sapor gave the Romans a signal defeat. Hatrah was an impreg- nabte fortress situated in a fertile oasis, surrounded by a desert: it resisted the attacks of both Tra'jan and Seve'rus. On the Euphrates, below the junction of the Chabo'ras, was the to mb of the younger Gordian. Map No. 5.— What countries bounded Armenia on the north ? C. \ On the south ■? '■■ On the west ? What rivers rise in Armenia ? E. T. A. W liat mountains formed part of the soutliern boundary? What mountains tra- versed the interior?;' Which is the principal mountain ? \V Inch are the principal lakes ? Point out the towns mentioned in the text. What river bounds Mesopotamia on the east? On the west? What mountains on the north? What river flows into the Euphrates ? What towns lay on the Euphrates ? On the Tigris ? , What towns between those rivers ? When were battles fought near CarrhtD,- at Resaina, ani Singara t ASSYRIA. 1 Assyr'ia was one of the first settled countries in the world. It became also the seat of one of the earliest established monar- chies, and hence it was intimately connected with the ongm ol government, arts, and civihzation. 2. It lay bet^veen Armenia, Mesopota'mia, Me'dia, and Per'sia The southern division? 8. What was Mesopotamia from remote times | What is said of the Romans? Of what was it often the scene ? What occurred finallv ? 9. Describe Edessa, &c. Resaina, &c 10. Carrns. What took l7acc in its vicinity ? What is said of Ur ? 11. Smgara ana the other towns ? „ „ t^ •, -, •. Q, 1. What was Assyria ? What did it become ? 2. Describe its situa ASSYRIA. 39 and extended aloncf the left bank of the Ti'g^ris river. Eastrvnrd rose the Za'gros Mountains, which formed its boundary in that direction. In the north were the Cardu'chi, a people fierce and barbarous, hke their descendants, the modern Koords, and from whom this country is now called Koordistan . 3. It was tlie original country of the Assyrians, but tlicir empire rose in time to such importance as to include Mesopota'mia, Babylon, or Chaldffi\ Armenia, Media, Asia Minor, and Col'chis. Tlie inliabitants of Assyria, as well as those of the three first named territories, belonged to one race, and were similar to the Syrians ; they all spoke dialects of the same tongue, and tiieir manners and customs were originally alike. 4. The Assyrian government, like that of all other eastern monarchies, was thoroughly despotic. Tlic king's will was the law, and no code existed to restrict his judgments. lie was the head of the religious as well as tlie political power of the state, and claimed divine worship as if he had been a deity. Ilis palace was crowded with as many wives and concubines as he chose to collect, who were placed under the charge of eunuchs, an unfor- tunate race first brought into use in Assyria. 5. The accounts that have reached us of the origin and growth of the Assyrian empire, are obscure and discrepant. According to scripture, it was founded either by Assh'ur orbyNim'rod ; but, according to the classical writers, Ni'nus or Be'lus, the son of Nim'rod, established th? empire, about the yea.- 2051) B. C. He is the first great warrior and conqueror on record, and established his power over a large portion of western and southern Asia. His queen and successor, Scniir'amis, continued iiis career of vie- tory, and extended the bounds of tlie empire as far as Ethio'pia and Lib'ya. G. The Assyrian monarchy flourished for a period of 1240 years. Sar. danapa'lus, the last sovereign, neglected the duties of government, lived entirely, it is said, among his women and eunuchs, and dressed and painted himself like them. Arba'ces, governor of Media, and Belesis, governor of Babylon, despising the cfTominacy of their sovereign, conspired against and besieged him in his capital ; when, finding that he could no longer resist their power, Sardanapa'lus set fire to his palace and perished in the flames. 7. A second Assyrian empire was now formed, and soon became a pow- erful state. The Modes and Babylonians again yielded to its supremacy ; but about the year 700, B. C, the first under Cyax'ares, and the other under Nabopolas'sar, rose a second time, besieged and took Ni'nus and utterly destroyed it Assyria was now reduced to the rank of a Median province, and Babylon in a short time became a powerfiil kingdom. Cyrus, 559 years B, C, having attained the sovereignty of Media and Persia, conquered Babylon, which, with Assyria, he annexed to his vast empire. 8. The city of Ni'nus (the Nin'eveh of scripture) lay on the eastern bank of the Ti'gris. It was one of the great capitals of antiquity, and is described, by some writers, to have been 48, and by others GO miles in circumference. tion. What is said of the Carduchi ? 3. Of the Assyrians and their cm- pire? Of tlie inhabitants of Assyria? 4. What was tlie character of the Assyrian government ? What is said of tlic king ? What was he ? Wliat did he claim ? 5. What is said of tlie origin, (fcc, of the Assyrian empire ? Of its founders? What is the character oV Belus ? What is said of Semi- ramis ? 6. How long did the Assyrian empire flourish ? Describe Sar- danapalus. Describe the conspiracy formed against him. 7. What is said of the second Assyrian empire ? Of Cyaxares and Nabopolassar ? Of Assyria? Babylon? Cyrus? 8. Describe Ninus. f(. What opinion did its •0 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Its walls were built of brick, 100 feet higb, and so wide that tliree chariota could run abreast on their summit; and tliey were further secured by 1600 loily towers. 9. Tlie inhabitants considered the city to be imprcofuable ; tliey relied on an old prediction, that it could never be taken until the river became its enemy. But this at last occurred, for, during the last siege, the Ti'gris over- flowed its banks and undermined a portion of its walls, when tlie city was captured, after a siege of tliree years. Ni'nus continued to be the seat of government, and gradually regained its former importance ; but, on the Bubversion of the second empire, its stately walls and palaces were levelled with the dust, and the whole reduced to a mass of ruins. Battle of Arbela. 10. East of Ni'nus were Arbe'la and Gaugame'la ; on a vast plain between tJiose towns, Alexander the Great gained tlie decisive victory which made him master of the Persian empire, usually called the battle of Arbe'la. Some distance below Ni'nus lay Sume're, near to which the Emperor Julian "was killed, A. D. 363, in a contest witli the Persians. Lower down tlie river was O'pis, or Antioclii'a ; to this place Ncar'chus brouglit his fleet by order of Alexander, after tlie completion of his voyage from India. Map No. a. — Wliat river formed the western boundary of Assyria? What moumsins'' What country lay north? 'South? East? West? Wliat rivers flowed into the Tigris? What cities lay on the east side of the Tigris ? On the Zabus Major f Zabus Minor ? At what time was a battle loaght between those towns ? What nation occupied the northern part of Assyria ? What route is marked in the map on the cast side of tlie "Tigris? 10 BABYLONIA, OR CHALD^A. 1. Babylonia, or Chaldj^a, was the seat of one of the grea cmpii-es of antiquity. It comprised a rich, level territory, wliich mliabitants entertain ? What occurred during the first siege ? State tlia subsequent fate of Ninus. 10. What towns lay east of Ninus ? VvHiat noted event took place tlicrc ? At Sumcre ? What is stated of Opis ? Q. 1, WJiat was Babylonia, or Chaldeoa? What did it comprise, &-c- BADYLONIA, ORCHALDiEA. 41 lay on both sides of the river Euphrates. The country was for tilizcd by the annual overflow of that stream, in the same manner that Egypt is by that of the Nile. 2. The land was well cultivated, and the products were im- mense. Numerous canals conveyed the waters of the river, and irrigated the soil in every quarter. The buildings were con- structed of brick, and bitumen was used instead of mortar. 3. Babylonia formed a province of tlic Assyrian empire until tlie fall of Ki'nus, wlicn it became an independent State. Tiie most noted of its kings was Ncbucliadnez'zar ; his dominions eonijirised Bibylonia, Mesopotamia and Syria, including Pliccnicir. and tiie kingdom of Judah. Belshaz'zar, liis grandson, and the last Babylonian monarch, was subdued by Cyrus, B. C. 538, and liis kingdom was added to the Persian empire. 4. Tlie Babylonians were a partially civilized nation 2000 years B. C. Twelve hundred years later, the Clialdncans, or Kasdini, eitlier conquered or became incorporated with them, Tiic i)riests were renowned for their skill in astronomy and astrology ; commerce and manufactures were en- couraged, and great wealth was acquired. Marriages were usually made by purchase, and the sick were exposed in the streets to receive tlie advice of the passers-by. 5. The religion of the Babylonians was Sabianism, or the worship of the sun, moon, and stars. Their supreme deity was Ba'al, or Bel, aad was sup- posed to personify the sun. Mylit'ta was the principal female divinity; her worship was gross and licentious. Cruelty and obscenity were the most marked attributes of Babylonian as well as of Assyrian idolatry. Human victims were sacrificed, and tlie most obscene practices enjoined as a reli- gious duty. 6. Babylon, the capital, stood on both sides of the Euphrates river ; it was the first city that was founded after the flood, and was one of tlie most magnificent of ancient times. It was GO miles in circuit, with \valls 200 cubits high and 50 thick, and a hundred gates of brass. Among its most renowned structures, were the temple of Be'lus and the Hanging Gardens. The former, originally, it is believed, the tower of Ba'bel, was an eighth of a mile in diameter at the base, and GOO feet high : it consisted of eight sto- ries, gradually diminishing as they ascended ; a sloping terrace on tlie outside of tlie building served as a means of ascent and descent. 7. The Babylonians having provoked a war with the Medes and Persians, Cyrus laid siege to the capital, but the citizens, confiding in the strength of their walls, laughed their enemies to scorn. At length, during a grand festival, when the besieged probably relaxed their wonted vigilance, Cyrus diverted the waters of the Eupliratcs into an artificial channel, marched his troops by night through tlie dricd-up bed of the river into the city, and overcame all opposition. 2. What is said of the land ? Products 7 Canals, &c, ? 3. What did Babj'lonia form? What is said of Nebuchadnezzar? What did his domi- nions comprise ? 4. What is said of the Babylonians? The Chaldajans ? The Priests, <&,c. ? 5. Describe the religion of tlie Babylonians. What is said of Mylitta? Of Babylonian and Assyrian idolatry ? 6. Describe the city of Babylon. Describe its chief structures. 7. With whom did the Babylonians provoke a war ? What then occurred ? 8. What is stated ol 4* 42 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Capture of Babylon by Cyrus. 8. Babylon, being neglected by the Persian monarchs, was falling rapidly to decay, whSn Alexander the Great resolved to restore its splendour and to make it his capital, but his death put an end to the project. Five hun- dred years afterwards, it was entirely deserted, and the space enclosed by its walls was used as a hunting park by tlie kings and nobles of Persia. In later times, its very site was forgotten for more tlian a thousand years, but it has been recently recognised. Some huge, shapeless mounds of brick and rubbish alone remain to mark the spot once occupied by tliis vast metropolis. 9. At Cunax'a, Cyrus the younger was defeated and slain by his brother Artaxerx'es; from hence his Greek auxiliaries, under the command of Xen'ophon, commenced the famous retreat of tlie Ten Thousand, Though surrounded by an adverse force of 900,000 men, this heroic band forced their way through hostile nations, until they reached a friendly region. The extent of the retreat from Cunax'a to Trape'zus, where danger ceased, was about 1100 miles, but the whole expedition included a march of 3500 miles, and lasted 15 months. 10. Eorsip'pa was noted for its manufactures of linen ; the inhabitants ate flic flesh of bats, and preserved them smoke-dried. Seleu'cia was founded by Seleu'cus Nica'tor, and became the capital of his kingdom ; at one period its population amounted to GOO, 000. The ruins of this city, and that of Ctes'iphon, on the opposite bank, are called by the Arabs Al Modain, the two cities. Is, or ^iop'olis, supplied the bitumen used as a cement in building. On a lake south-west of Babylon, was Alexandria, or Hi'ra. Sora and Apame'a were towns in the southern part of Babylonia ; the latter stood at tlie junction of the Euphrates and Ti'griy rivers. Map No. 5. — What country lay east of Babylonia, or ChaldiEa? What country lay west ? Nortli-west ? What cities lay on the Euphrates River ? >V'hat city on the Tigris ? At the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris ? At what period was a battle fought at Cunaxa 7. When did the siege of Babylon occur ? What river bounds Babylon on the north-east i: What river flows tliroujrh it ? Babylon ? What did Alexander resolve to do ? What was the condition of Babylon 500 years afterwards? In later times? What alone remain 1 J). What occurred at Cunaxa? What is said of the Greek auxiliaries? Describe the retreat. 10. What is said of Borsij-pa ? Seleucia ? Ctcai phon ? Is, or jEiopolis, and the other towns ? COLCHIS, IBERIA, AND ALB AN 1 A. 43 COL'CHIS, IBE'RIA, AND ALBA'NIA. 1. These countries lay contiguous to each other, and occupied t!ie narrowest part of the region extending from the head of the Euxine, or Black Sea, eastward to the Caspian Sea. The Cau- casus are the most elevated mountains in this part of Asia; their sunuTuts are constantly covered with snow, and they can be crossed only by two passes, called by the ancients Cauca'sioe Py'Iae (Cau- ca'sian Gates), and Alba'nia^ Py'ke (Alba'nian Gates). 2. Col'chis is fainons for the voyage of the Ar'gonauts to its shores, in search ot' the golden Heece. This cxpcdilion sailed, in tlie ship Ar'go, from Greece, about liie year 1300 B.C. It consisted of 50 noted individuals, under the command of Ja'son. Tlie precise object of the voyage cannot now be determined, but it was probably undertaken for the purpose of trad- ing in gold, a metal which the inhabitants of Col'chis obtained, to some extent, by placing shcei)skins in the shallow parts of the rivers, where the wool became filled with the golden particles washed down from the mountains. 3. The chief rivers were tlie Pha'sis and the Ba'thys ; from the former tlie birds called pheasants were first brougiit. The Colchians were a frugal and industrious pcoi)lc, and were supposed to have been originally Egyp- tians. Dioscu'rias, Pha'sis and Cy'ta, v.-erc the chief towns. Mede'a, the noted sorceress, was born at Cy'ta. At JEa. tlie golden fleece was kept ; it was fabled to be guarded by a dragon that never slept, and fierce bulls that breathed fire. 4. Ibe'ria separated Col'chis from Alba'nia. It was watered by the Cy'rus and its branches. Zalis'sa, and Harmoz'ica, wei'e the chief towns ; Ibe'ria was invaded by Pompey, who defeated the inhabitants in a sanguinary battle. 5. Alba'nia lay along the west coast of the Caspian Sea. Cabal'aoa, Alba'na, Seta'ra, and Camech'ia were the principal towns. The southern part of Alba'nia was a rich, fertile country, and its climate was highly eulogized. It was invaded by Pompey, and afterwards by Trajan. ME'DIA. 6. Me'dia included the upper part of Per'sia ; it extended east- ward from Armenia to Asia, and was bounded on the north bv the Caspian Sea. It was for the most part a fertile and well-inhabited n^gion, and was famous for its fine breed of horses. 7. The Medes comprised, at first, six distinct tribes. Dej'oces. Q. 1. Describe the situation of Colciiis, Iberia and Albanii. 1 ne Cau- casus Mountains, &lc. 2. For what is Colehis famous ? What is said of the Argonautic expedition? The precise object of the voyage ? How was gold procured in Colchis ? 3. What is said of the rivers ? The Colcliians 7 Phasis and Cyta? 3Iedea? What was kept at -'Ea ? 4. Describe Iberia. 5. Albania. 6. Media. 7. What is said of the Medes ? 8. Of Astyatres 7 44 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. their earliest king, collected them into villages, and brought tho nation to submit to established laws. They were long subject to Assyria, but at length unitmg Avith the Babylonians, they over- threw the Assyrian empire. They then became a conquering nation, subdued E'lam, or Persia, and extended their dominions westward to the River Ha'lys. 8. Asty'ages was the last king of Me'dia. Manda'ne, his^ daugliter, th wife of Camby'ses, a Persian nobleman, was the motlier of Cy'rus. Ac cording to some, the latter was educated at the Median court, and after- wards reigned jointly with his uncle Cyax'ares ; but, according to others, he was an object of hatred lo Asty'ages, and on attaining manliood raised an army, conquered the dominions of his grandfather, and became king of both Me'dia and Per'sia, B. C. 559. 9. On the union of the Medes and Persians, the latter adopted the higher civilization and more elegant costume of the former, and the Median Ian- guage became tlie polite tongue. The northern division of Media was called, after Alexander's time, Atropate'ne, from Atrop'ates, a governor who rendered himself independent. His posterity continued to reign alter him until conquered by the Parthians. 10. Eebat'ana, the capital of Media, contained a strongly fortified citadel surrounded by seven walls, which were each of a different colour. It became the summer residence of tlie Persian, and afterwards of the Par- thian monarchs. Here Parme'nio was put to death by order of Alexander. And here, too, Hephoes'tion, another of his favourites, died. 11. Ga'za and Ve'ra were tlie capitals of Atropate'ne. In the former Cy'rus deposited tiie riches captured from Croj'sus ; it stood near Lake Spauto, the waters of which were botli salt and bitter, and destitute of fisli. West of the lake stood Tliebar'mai, the reputed birthplace of Zoroas'ter. 12. On the shores of the Caspian dwelt the Caspia'ni, or Cas'pii, a people from wliom that sea, previously called the Mare Ilyrca'num, received ita name. They were of Scyth'ian origin, and, it is said, starved to death such of their nation as had attained the age of 70 years. Map No. 5. — ^What sea bounded Colchis on the west ? What country on the north ? On the south ? East ? Wliat towns lay on the coast ? In the interior ? What mountains bound Iberia on the nortli ? What country «outli? East? What river flowed through Iberia? Wi;at sea bounded \lbania on the east ? What country north ? West '! "What towns lay on -he coast ? In the interior ? PERSIA. 1. Fer'sia, or Per'sis, was the original country of the Persian*, ;nd gave name to one of the great empires of antiquity. It lay «orth-east of the Persian Gulf, and was surrounded by Me'dia, ). What occurred on the union of the Medes and Persians ? What is said of the northern division? 10. Ecbatana ? 11. Gaza and Vera? 12. The Caspian! ? Q. 1 What is said of Persia 7 IIow was it situated ? What kind of PERSIA. 45 Susia'na and Carma'nia. It is a region consisting of rugged nriouniains and sandy deserts, interspersed with fertile and well- watered vallej's. 2. Under their early monarchs, the Persians were a hardy and brave people ; but they became luyurious and effeminate, so that a mere handful of Greeks, inspired with the heroic courage of freemen, was more than a mtiich for the myriads who fought at Alar'athon, Platae'a, and Sal'amis. 3. Tlic Ma'gi, or Ma'g-ians, were tlie priests of the Medes and Persians. Zoroas'tcr was tlio founder, or, according to some, the reformer of tlieir reli- gion. TJie sun as well as fire was worshipped, as an emblem of the Deity, and the sacred fire in tiieir temples was kept constantly burning. Statues and images were forbidden ; hence tlic Persians always destroyed the idols of tlic nations whom they conquered. 4. The ma'gi believed in a Supreme Being, and they taught that the uni- erso is governed by Oronias'des, the g'-v wqa conquered by the Saracens. Ruins of Perbepulis. 10. Persep'olis, the chief city, is said to have been 95 miles in length, but has been long in ruins ; it contained t!ic splendid pdlace of tlic Persian monarchs, whicJi was set on fire by Alexander, at the instigation of his mistress. The ruins now called Chilminar', or the forty columns, are sup- posed to be the remains of this edifice. Pasar'gadfc, the ancient capital of the empire, was the favourite residence of Cy'rus, who was buried here. The sovereigns of Persia were afterwards crowned in this city, and a part of the ceremony of coronation was to put on the regalia which had been worn by Cy'rus. Map No. 1. — What gulf bounded Persia on the south-west ? What coun- try lay on the north ? On the east ? On the west ? Point out Persepolis. PasargadfB. Aspadana. Point out Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, Armenia, Colchis, Iberia, Albania, Assyria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Media, Susiana, Carmania, Gedrosia, Arachosia, Drangiana, Aria, Margiana, Parthia, Hyr- cania, Bactriana and Sogdiana : these countries, with Persia Proper and parts of Scythia and Etliiopia, formed, in the reign of Darius Hystaspes, 520 B. C, the Persian empire. SUSIA'NA, CARMA'NIA, GEDRO'SIA, ETC. 1, Susia'na lay east of Baby'oma, and was separated from it by the river Ti'gris ; eastward \\ as Persia Proper, and southward Alexander ? What is said of the P:. rthians ? 9. Of the new state ? How did Artaxerxes govern ? By what n;ime were his successors called? What name did several of this line bear ? What is stated of them ? 10. Describfl Peroeoolis. Pasargadce. What is said of the sovereigns of Persia ? (J A R M A N I A — G E D R O S I A . 47 (he Persian Gulf. It was an important province of the Persian t-in]>iiv, and coiilain^-d the districts of Elyma'is and Cis'sia. The modern name, Khu^i^tan', is merely a corruption of the ancient term. 2. Tlio Clioas'pes and Gj-n'dcs were its chief rivers ; they were both tribu- taries oftiie 'I'i'gris. The waters of the former were esteemed so excellent, that the Persian king^s drank no other, and supplies of it were carried with thc-m, in silver vessels, on their journeys. Su'sa or Shu'shan, the city of lilies, was built on the Choas'pes river, and was a wealthy city; it was williout walls, but the citadel called the Memno'nia was a place of great strength. Su'sa was one of the winter residences of the Persian monarchs. Alcxan- der the Great found in it 5U,000 talents of uncoined gold, besides silvt^- and jewels of great value. carma'nia. 3. Carma'nia was a province of the Persian empire, which lay- between Persia Proper and Gedro'sia. It corresponded nearly with the modern province of Kerman, to wliich it has communicated its name. The northern districts were dry and sandy, while the southern were noted for their fertihty, producing corn and wine in abundance. The grapes were particularly excellent ; bunches being sometimes met with two feet long. 4. The inhabitants were called the Carma'ni, and were similar to the Per- sians. Carma'na, the capital, was some distance in the interior. Its name is now Kerman. Ilarmo'zia was on the sea-coast. In the thirteenth cen- tury, when tiie Moguls invaded Carma'nia, the inhabitants retired to the little island Tyri'nc, to which they gave the name of their town. In mora recent times, it was distinguished for its commerce, and under the name of Ormus, its wealth became proverbial. GEDRO SIA. 5. Gedro'sia lay weshvard of the river Indus. It is now called Beloochistan'. It is a region composed of arid mountains and sandy plains. In traversing its deserts, the annies of Semir'amia and Cyrus were nearly destioyed ; and the soldiers of Alexander's army suflered intensely by the heat of the chmate and the want of water. G. Fish and tnrtles are still plentiful on its shores, and form nearly the sole food of the people. The ancient inhabitants were called by the Grceka Iclithyoph'agi, or eaters of fish, and Chelanoph'agi, or eaters of turtlea. Their dwellings, owing to the scarcity of wood, were constructed of the bones of fish and the shells of turtles. Near'cbus, the admiral of Alexander the Great, sailed along the coast of this region in his celebrated voyage from India to the Euphra'tes. Q. 1. Describe Susiana. 2. What is said of the modern name ? Of tno chief rivers? Describe Susa. What was it ? What did Alexander find in it? 3. Describe Carmania. 4. What is said of the inhabitants? Of tne capital? Ilarmozia? 5. Describe Gedrosia. What occurred in traversing its deserts 7 G. What are still plentiful, &c. ? What did the Greeks call CLASSICAL GEOGUAPHy. a'ria, or aria'na. 7. A'ru, or Aria'na, lay north of Gedro'sia and east of Media. It occupied the whole of what is now Afghanistan', as well as a portion of Independent Tartary. The chief divisions were, Mar- gia'na in the north, A'ria and Drangia'na in the centre, and Aracho'sia in the south. 8. The whole region was for a time a part of tlie Persian' empire, subse- quently of the Grcco-Bac'trian kingdom, and afterwards it belonged to the Parthians. Tlie inhabitants were called the A'rii. The Mcdes were origi- nally the same people. The Etyman'der was the jirincipal river, and the lalve A'ria, into wiiicli it flowed, was the largest lake. The Paropami'sus mountains extended from cast to west tlirough the country. 9. Margia'na. — Margia'na lay on the north side of the Paropami'sus mountains. Though surrounded by deserts, it was a populous and fertile country. The vines grew so large that two men could scarcely grasp one stem, and the clusters of grapes attained a great size. TJie Romans who were taken prisoners at the defeat of Crassus were sent hither. Many of them intermarried with the inliabitants, and hence were unwilling to return to Rome when sent for by Augustus. The capital, Antiochi'a Margia'na, was built by Antiochus L where Alexandria, an older cit}', had stood. 10. A'ria. — The province of A'ria gave name to the whole region. It lay south of Margia'na ; it was a fertile and populous district, and was noted for the excellence of its wine, which, it was said, would keep for three gene- rations. A'ria was tlie chief town. 11. Drangia'na lay eastward of A'ria. The inhabitants comprised several tribes, one of whom, tlie Agrias'pe, was called by Cyrus Ever'getse (Bene factors), because they saved many of his soldiers irom perishing in tl)e desert. These people formed a little republic, and were greatly superior in manners and customs to tlie surrounding barbarians : hence Alexander con- ferred several privileges upon them. Agrias'pe was tlieir principal city. 12. Prophtha'sia, where Alexander caused Philo'tus, the son of Parme'- nio, to be put to death, was the chief town of a tribe called the Zarangts'i. The Paropamis'ada3 were a barbarous people, who lived among the Paropa- mi'sus mountains. From one of their tribes, the Cabol'ittE, the modern name Cabul is derived. The Parthians called the province of Aracho'sia India Alba, or White India, because the inhabitants, wJio were of white complex- ion, had been at one time the subjects of an Indian monarch. Map No. 1. — Point out Susiana, Carmania, Gedrosia, Aria, Margiana, Drangiana, Arachosia. What gulf lay south of Susiana ? What sea lay the people? What is said of their dwellings? Of Nearchns ? 7. De- scribe Aria or Ariana. What were its chief divisions ? 8. Of v.'hat was the whole a part? What is said of the inhabitants ? Of the Etymandcr ? Lake Aria ? Paropamisus mountains ? 9. Describe Margiana. What is said of the vines? Of the Romans? The capital, <.tc. ? 10. Describe' Aria. 11. Drangiana. What is said of the Agriaspo ? Wliat did these people form, &c. ? 12. What occurred at Prophthasia ? What is said of the Paropamisadae, &c. ? Of Arachosia ? PART II I A, IIVRCANIA, ETC. 49 south of Cartnania and Gedrosia? E. What river separated Arachosia and Drungiana ? Into wliat lake did the Etymandcr river flow ?, Wliat river l.'ounded Gedrosia and Aracliosia on the east ? " What mountains lay north of Draiigiana? What river separated Margiana from Soj^diana ? Point out Susa, Ilarmozia, Pura, Aria. Wliat connnandcr sailed along- the coasts ot^ Gedrosia and Carniania ? At what lime was his voyage peribrmcd ? liow many years is it sinee that period? Map No. 5. — What river hounded Susiana on the west? What rivers flowed into the Tig^ris in Susiana ? What country lay west of Susiana? What city lay on the Tigris ? 20 PAR'THIA, HYRCA'NIA, BACTRIA'NA, ETC 1. Par'tiiia was at first a province in the northeast of Persia, and bordering on Scyth'ia ; it subsequently became the centre of an important empire, which, at the height of its power, B. C. 40, extended from the river Euphrates to the Ox'us, and from the Caspian to the Arabian Sea. Hecatom'pylos was the first capital, but afterwards Ctes'iphon became the winter, and Ecbat'ana the summer residenoe of the Parthian monarchy. 2. The Par'thians were a hardy and warhke race, and were originally of Scyth'ian origin. They fought only on horseback, and discharged their arrows with unerring precision even when on full gallop, and with equal skill whether advancing or retreat- ing ; so that their flight was often as dangerous as their attack. 3. They were subject successively to the Persians, the Macedonians, and the Syrians ; the tyranny of the latter prompted the Partliians, under the command of Arsa'ccs, to rise against them : they drove out the Syrians, and established their independence. Arsa'ces then became king, and subjected to his arms, first Persia, and subsequently some of the adjacent States. His successors continued his career of victory, and tlius established the Par'thian empire, which existed for almost 500 years. The race of princes who sue ceedcd Arsa'ccs were called, from him, the Arsae'ida;. 4. The Romans had frequent contests with the Par'tliians, but never could gain any permanent advantage over them. Cras'sus, the colleague of Cse'sar and Pompcy, was defeated with great loss in IMcsopotamia. Phraa'tes, one of the Par'tliian kings, to obtain the favour of Augustus, restored the Roman standards and other trophies which had been taken, on the defeat of Cras'sus, Tra'jan subsequently conquered a portion of Par'thia,but it was soon retaken. 5. The constant wars which the Par'thians waged with the Romans, Q. 1. Describe Parthia. Its extent. Hecatompylos, (fee. 2. Describe the Parthians. Their mode of fighting. 3. To whom were they subject ? To wliat did the tyranny of the Syrians prompt them ? What then occurred 7 What is said of Arsaccs? What were his successors called? 4. Wliat is said of the Romans ? Of Crassus 7 Of Phraatcs ? 5. What was the cflcct of the constant wars ? What was Artabanus ? What occurred ID tUB 5 D 50 CLASSICAL Gi5 GRAPH Y. gradually weakened their power and produced internal dissension. Arta- ba'nus was tlie last king. In his time Artaxerx'es, a commander in his service, overthrew tiie government, and founded the second Persian empire, which existed, under his successors tiie Sassan'idee, until the time of the Saracens. hyrca'nia. 6. Hyrca'nia was once an extensive country, but became gra riuiilly restricted in dimensions; it lay on the southeast coast of tiie Caspian, and from it the latter received its early name, Hyr- ca num, or Hyrca'nian Sea. 7. This country was noted for its tigers and serpents ; the soutliern part was fertile in vines, figs, and olives. The inhabitants were of Scyth'ian origin, and similar to the Parthians : they had at one time kings of their crwn, but were conquered by tlie Par'thians, and became a province of their empire. Zadracar'ta, or Hyrca'nia, was the capitaL BACT RI a'n A. 8. Bactria'na, or Bac'tria, lay on the northern side of the Paropami'sus Mountains. It corresponded to that part of Inde- pendent Tartary now called Koondooz. On account of its favour- able position and its fertility, it became at an early period a civilized and important kingdom. 9. It was conquered by Cyrus, and subsequently by Alexander the Great On his decease, it became a province of the Syrian kingdom of Seleucus Nicator. Dioda'tus, the Greek governor of Bac'tria, threw off his allegiance, 254 B. C, to Anti'ochus II., king of Syria, and founded the Greco-Bac'trian kingdom. His successors extended their dominions to the Ganges and the frontiers of China. About the year 140 B. C, Bactria'na was subdued by the Par'thians, since which time it has been almost unknown, and it is not de- termined whether any traces of its Grecian origin remain. 10. Bac'tra, the capital, was an ancient and important city ; here Alex- ander the Great, in a fit of frenzy, murdered his friend Cli'tus, for having ventured to prefer the actions of Piiilip totliose of his son. Near to Bac'tra was Cari'atffi, where the philosopher Callis'thenes was put to death by Alex- ander, for refusing to pay him divine honours. sogdia'na. 11. Sogdia'na lay between the Ox'us and laxartes rivers, and is now included in Bokhara or Bucharia : it was a fine, fertile region, and was famous for the excellence of its fruits. In remote lime ? 6. Describe Hyrcania. 7. For what was it noted ? What is said of the southern par. ? Of the inhabitants ? What city was the capital 7 8. Describe Bactriana. Wliat did it become, &:.c. ? 9. By whom was it con- quered, &.C. ? What is said of Diodatus ? What kingdom did he found? Wliat is said of his successors? Of the extent of their dominions? At what tune and by whom was Bactriana subdued ? 10. Describe Bactra. Wliat occurred there? At Cariatm ? 11. Describe Sogdiana. To whom was it ■ubject, &,c. ? 12. What is said of Maracanda ? Nautaca ? ASIATIC S ARM ATI A 51 agvs it was by turns subject to the Assyrians, the Medes, the Per- sians and the Macedonians. It belonged to the Greco-Bac'ti-iaa kingdom, and afterwards to the Parthians. 12. Maracan'dtu, now Sam'arcand, was the capital; it is situated in a dis- trict so fertile and beautiful, that tlie Arabs considered it one of the three paradises of the cast. It was llie metropolis of Tani'erlane's vast empire. In the vicinity was Nau'taca, where Bes'sus, the Persian satrap of Bactria' na, who beliaved so traitorously to Dari'us, was taken and put to death by order of Alexander. Cyrop'olis was built by Cyrus, to mark the utmost limits of his conquests in this quarter. Near it was Alexandria, or AlexiLiw dria Ultima, the most remote city founded by Alexander the Great. Map No. 1. — What country lay east of Parthia? What country lay west? South? A- North? S. Point out Hyrcania, Persia, Carniania, Media, Aria, Gedrosia, Arachosia, Drangiana, Mar^iana, B.ictriana, and Sofjdiana. These ditlerent countries with Parthia Proper formed tlie Par- thian empire. What mountains bounded Bactriana on the south ? What river on the north? Wliat river bounded Sojrdiana on tlie south? On tho north?/ What towns lay on the laxartes river? Point out Ilecatompylos. Bactra. Maracanda. Tlie Oxus and laxartes rivers flow into the Aral Sea. This body of water is supposed to have been unknown to the ancients, a« no account is found of it in any ancient author. ASIAT'IC SARMA'TIA. 1. Asiat'ic Sarma'tia lay north of the Cau'casus Mountains ; it extended from the Eux'ine Sea and the Pa'lus Maeo'tis to the Cas' • pian Sea ; on the north were the rivers Rha and Tan'ais. The interior of the country was but little known, the inhabitants wor« rude and barbarous, yet the Milesians settled commercial colonies on its shores as early as 700 B, C. 2. Tiie principal tribes were the MfEo'tte, Ala'ni, Sir'aces and Acluv'u The latter were noted pirates. The Sir'aces were probably the progenitors of the modern Circassians. Phanago'ria and Tan'ais were the principal Greek colonies; the latter was a great emporium of trade with the Scylh'i- ans. The Ani'azons, when they left Pontus, settled in the country near the mouth and on both sides of the river Rha, aller which their names disap- pear from history. S C Y T H ' I A . 3. In remote times, Scyth'ia extended over the whole of North- em Europe and Asia, but the name of the European division was subsequently changed to Sarma'tia, and the western hmits of the Asiatic portion were restricted to the river Rha and the Cas'pian Sea, 4. Scyth'ia comprised two great divisir.ns, separated from each other by the Ima'us Mountains, viz., Scyth'ia Intra Ima'um, and Q. 1. Describe the position of Asiatic Sarraatia. What is said of the interior ? Of the Milesians ? 2. Mention the principal tribes. What is said of the Alani and tho Siraces? Of Phanagoria, &,c. ? Of the Ama- tons ? 3, What is said of Scytliia ? What did it comprific 7 4. What did 52 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Scyth'ia Extra Ima'um, or Scytliia within, and Scyth'ia beyond Imaus. The first included a part of Independent Tartaiy, and the other Little Bucha'ria, Soonga'ria, JMongo'lia and Thibet'. 5. Tlie Scyth'ians were divided into many different tribes, the chief part of whom led a roving life, and were similar in almost every respect to their descendants, the wandering Tartars of modern times. They were inured to hardship and fatigue, were skilful horsemen and expert in the use of the bow 6. The chief tribes in Western Scyth'ia were the Am'azons, Aor'sii,Noros'sii Cachas'srp, Aspis'ii, An'nibi,Choras'mii, Barca'nii, Massag'etEe,&c, In East ern Scyth'ia were the Sa'caj, ChauranED'i, Cha'tha-Scy'tha', Ottorocor'rse,»fcc.; the latter were noted for the salubrity of their climate, the fertility of their soil, and their supposed exemption from nearly all the evils of humanity. The foregoing tribes arc only a portion of those met with in ancient aiv tliors: hardly anytliing is known of them but their names. 7. The Massag'ctfB and the Sa'ccB were among the most important of the Scythian tribes. Tom'yris, a queen of the former, according to some au- tliors, defeated the forces of Cyrus, who was killed in the battle, which occurred in the vicinity of the Caucasus Mountains. Some of the Scyth'ian tribes became in time engaged in the caravan trade carried on between the commercial nations of Europe and Western Asia, with the people of Scr'ica, Turris Lapid'ea, or the Stone Tower, now Tashkent, was a noted station for merchants in the country of the Massag'etoe. Indo Scyth'ia, which lay east of Bactria'na, corresponded for the most part with Little Thibet'. No particulars of its inhabitants arc known, except that they consisted partly of Indian and partly of Scyth'ian tribes. ser'i c a. 8. Ser'ica, the country of the Se'res, lay east of Scyth'ia : it was one of the most remote regions known to the ancients, and is be- lieved to correspond with Northern China. It was the first part of the earth in which silk was produced. Se'ra was the capital :' some suppose that it stood on the spot now occupied by Pekiu, but its position is a matter of doubt. 9. The people of India traded at an early period with Scr'ica, and from Ihem the Greeks and Romans acquired their earliest knowledge of that region, and first received its productions. Silk was carried to Rome in tlie time of Augustus ; it was eagerly bought by the rich, and for a long time it sold for its weight in gold. The licentious Heliogab'alus was the first Roman who wore a dress wholly of silk; it was mentioned by the authors of the time as an instance of almost criminal prodigality. 10. In the reign of Justin'ian, A. D. 592, two Persian monks brought Bome eggs of the silk-worm from the East to Constantinople ; from that time the art of producing and manufacturing silk was gradually introduced those divisions include ? 5. How were the Scythians divided ? Tr ,,Aom were they similar? To what were they inured? 6. I\Icntion t\,j chief tribes in Western Scytliia. In Eastern Seythia ? What is said of the Otto- rocorrte? 7. Of the Massagetfc and Sacaj ? Of Tomyris ? In what did some of the Scythian tribes engage ? What is said of Turris Lapidca ? Of Indo Scytliia ? 8. Describe Seriea. What was first produced there ? What is said of the capital ? 9. Of the people of India? When was silk first brought to Rome, &.c. ? What is said of Hciiogabalus ? 10. Whai t INDIA. 03 into various European countries. The Greeks called the silk-worm Ser: hence the term Sc'res for tlie people, and Scr'ica for the country, were deiived; tlicse names, however, were unknown to the inhabitants. 11. Scr'ica is described to liavc been fruitful and well cultivated, and the people as quiet, peaceable and industrious, precisely such as the Chinese now are. One of the latest Roman writers mentions a great wall which encircled the country of tlie Se'rcs, and which, tliere is no doubt, is the same that is now called the Great Wall of China. 12. The Issed'ones dwelt on the western limits of Scr'ica; they traded ia tiie silks and other productions of the Se'res, and transmitted them wcst^ ward to Europe. Their town.s were Isse'don Scy th'ia, and Isse'don Scr'ica ; the former was on the OEch'ardcs river, the same probably as the Cash'gar. Northward were the Abii, a people highly commended by the ancients for their justness. Some autliors place this nation on the banks of the River Tan'ais. Still more remote were the fabulous Hippophagi and Anthro- pophagi. • Map No. 5. — What sea bounded Asiatic Sarmatia on the east? On the west ? South-west ? What rivers on the nortli ? What range of moun- tains in tlic south ? What rivers flowed into the Euxine Sea ? The Cas- pian ? The Tanais River ? Point out the rivers mentioned in tiie text The towns. Map No. 1. — Point out the river Rha. The Daix. The laxartes. The ffichardcs. The Indus. Point out the Imaus Mountains. The Ottoro- corrae. The Annibi. The Hyperborean or Riphcan. Point out the tribes mentioned in tlie text. Point out Serica. On what river did it lay ? Point out Sera. The Isscdoncs. Isscdon Serica. Issedon Scythia. Point out the Abii. 22 INDIA. I. India has been from the earliest times a renoumed country, and has with the western nations always borne the same name. It lay eastward of the river Indus and the Erj-thra^'an sea, and comprised two great divisions : viz., India intra and India extra Gan'gem, India within and India beyond the Ganges. The same divisions are still recognised by geographers, but are unknown to the inhabitants. 2. The ancients regarded India as the richest and most fertile region in the East, and its spices, precious stones, and manufactures were highly prized. In Alexander's time it contained a hundred different nations ; tlie inhabitants v/ere divided into seven castes, though now there are but four. The Brachma'nes, or Gymnosophis'tae, were the philosophers and priests, and were the same as the Bramins of our day. occurred in the reign of Justinian ? What tlicn took place? What did the Greeks call the silk-worm, &c. ? 11. How is Serica described ? What is mfniii led by a Roman writer? 12. What is said of the Issedones T Of their tcR-ns ? Of the Abii, &.c. ? Q. 1. What is said of India? Describe its position. Its divisions. 2. How did tiie ancients regard this region ? What did it contain in Alexan- 5* {,4 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. INDIA INTRA GAN'GEM. 3. India intra Gan'gem, India within the Ganges, or Hithei India, corresponds to Hindostan. Its chief rivers are the Indus and the Ganges ; westward lay the Erythra3'an Sea, and eastward the Ganget'icus Si'nus, or Gulf of the Ganges : on the north were the Emo'di, and along the western coast the Bet'tigo Mountains. 4. The southern part of this region was called Dachinab'ades : hence ths modern term Deccan, or the south. Lari'ce was a district southward of the Indus : still furtlier south was Cotton'ara, a district noted for its pepper. North of the Dyarda'nes or Burrampoo'ter, in what is now Tiiibet', the tribes called Indapra'thjE and tli£ Iberin'gse resided ; but nothing more than their names are known. 5. Baryg'aza, Muzi'ris and Bar'ace, or Nelcyn'da, were towns famous for their trade by sea with Egypt. This trade commenced in the time of Augustus. The ships proceeded from Bereni'ce, and My'os Hor'mos, on the Red Sea, to Oce'lis, a great emporium in Southern Arabia, from whence they sailed by the S. W. monsoon to India, and then returned to Bereni'ce in about a year after their departure. 6. On the Ganges stood Palib'othra, a large and populous city, the capi- tal of tlie Pra'sii and Gangar'idse. Oze'ne, Plith'ana and Tag'ara, were cities in the interior, noted for their extensive commerce. A number of other cities, both on the coast and in the interior, are mentioned by ancient authors, but of which nothing can now be recognised. 7. Until the invasion of Alexander the Great, the Greeks knew India only by report. Long previous to that tim.e, however, Semir'amis, and tlieri Sesos'tris, penetrated tJiither, and subsequently, Cyrus and Dari'us Hystas'- pes carried their arms beyond the Indus. Alexander's inroad only extended to the Hyph'asis river, from the banks of which stream he descended to the Indus, and the sea, and then marched westward across the desert of Ge- dro'sia to Babylon. 8. Near the Hydas'pes river Alexander vanquished Po'rus, an Indian monarch, and took liim prisoner. The latter was wounded in tJie contest : on being asked by liis conqueror how he would be treated, he replied v.-ith dignity, " Like a king." Alexander, pleased with his deportment, restored his kingdom, and the two princes became firm friends. Seleu'cus Nica'tor •acxt invaded India, and was the first Greek who advanced to the Ganges. dern time ? How were the inhabitants divided ? 3. What is said of India intsa Gangcm? Mention its chief rivers. Its position. Its moimtains. 4. The southern part, &lc. 5. What is said of B^rygaza and other cities 7 The trade to Egypt ? 6. Wiiat capital stood on the Ganges ? What otlier cities are named, &c.. 1 7. What did the Greeks know of India previous to Alexander's invasion? What is said of Semiramis ? Sesostris? Cyrus, &LC. ? Describe Alexander's inroad. His subsequent course. 8. What occurred on the Hydaspcs river ? What is said of Porus ? His reply to Alexander? What tlicn occurred? What is said of' Seleucus Nicator? SINARUM REGIO. 55 Torus and Alexander. Tlic Romans never readied this region as conquerors, being excluded by Uic Partliiajis, but their commerce, carried on through Egypt and Arabia, was very extensive. 9. Taprob'ana was a rich and fertile island; the inhabitants were said to attain to a great age. In the centre was Mount Malea, now Adam's Peak. Sindocan'do, Arubin'gara, and Corclii were among the chief towns. The latter was famed in ancient times for its pearl fishery. It is now called CuUatoor, and still retains its ancient fame. INDIA EXTRA GAN'GEM. 10. India extra Gan'gem, India beyond the Gan'ges, or Farther India, corresponds to Birmah, Siam, Anam, and Malacca. Its great rivers were the Dyarda'nes, Sabar'acus, Se'rus and Coti'aris, or Se'nus. The interior was supposed to be rich in different metals ; hence the names of Au'rea regio, Argen'tea regio, and Chalci'tis regio, or the regions of Gold, Silver, and Copper, were applied to various inland districts. 11. The Aurea Chersone'sus' is now Malaya, or IMalacca. Its southern ca])e was Magnum Promontorium,ori\Ia]pi Colon, near to which was Zaba, a noted emporium ; eastward was the Si'nus IMagnus. or Great Ray ; westward, tiie Perimu'licus Sinus, or Gulf, separated the Aurea Chersone'sus from laba'- dii, an island, supposed to be Sumatra; northward were the Mani'olaj and I'ontE Fortu'nae islands : the former was said to attract and hold fast all ships built with iron nails. SINA'Rmi REGIO. 12. SixA'utTM Regio, or country of the Since, or Thinae, was, with Serica, the most eastern country known to the ancients. It is The Romans ? 9. What is said of Taprobana ? The chief towns ? What was Colchi famed for. 10. Describe India extra Gangcm. The interior, 0.C 11. Describe Aurea Chersoncsus. Wliat lay eastward? West- ward? Northward? ' 12. What is said of Sinarum Regio? Of the prin. yS CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. supposed to correspond to Central and Southern China, and Cochin China. The Seman-thinse, Ura-thinse, and An-thinae were the only tribes known. 13. Tlie inhabitants, like the Chinese, rigidly excluded foreigners from their country, yet they traded with the neighbouring nations, and furnished them with the Malobathrum ; an article the precise nature of which has not been recognised in modern times. Thinas, Cattigarra, and Sinaruni Metrop'olis, were cities in this region. Map No. 1. — Point out the Indus. The Ganges. Dyardanes. Sahara- cus. Cotiaris. Namadus. Goaris. Chaberis. What streams flow into the Erythraean sea ? Into the Gulf of the Ganges, or Gangetuni Sinus ? Into the Magnus Sinus ? Point out the Hydaspes. Acesines. Hydraotes. Hyphasis. These five rivers water the country now called the Punjab. The Hyphasis was the eastern limits of Alexander's conquests. On its banks he built twelve great altars to perpetuate the boundary of his career. Point out the cities named in the text. The district of Larice. Cottonara. Da- chinabades. The Prasii. The Gangaridoe. The Aurea Regio. Argeru tea Regio. Chalcitis Regio. The Aurea Chersonesus. Ibadii island. Manioloe Is. Bona; Fortunae Is. Point out the Sinae or Thinse, and the Barras. AFRICA. 1. Af'rica was, next to Asia, the earliest settled portion of the globe. Its inhabitants were the descendants of Ham, the son of Noah ; and though it became the seat of some of the most civil- ized and improved States of ancient times, it is now the least known and the most barbarous part of the earth. 2. The term Af'rica is derived from the Romans. It was at first the name of the fertile district in which Car'thage stood, but was at length applied to the whole region. It is a Phoenician word, and signifies ears of com. The coast south of Greece, now Bar'ca, was in early times termed Lib'ya, by the Greeks, but finally they called the whole of Af'rica by the same name. 3. The ancient geographers supposed that Africa was much smaller than Europe, and most of them believed it to be a penin- sula, situated altogether on the north side of the equator. Ptolemy lepresented it as of greater extent ; but rejecting the idea that it was surrounded by the sea, he erroneously imagined that its east- ern coast extended so as to join that of Asia. The inland regions cipal tribes? 13. Of the inhabitants ? Tlieir trade ? Name the principal cities. Q. 1. What is said of Africa ? Of the inhabitants, «fec. ? From wliom was the term derived ? Wliat further is said of it. Of the coast south of Greece ? 3. What was the opinion of the ancient geographers ? How did AFRICA. 57 were supposed by the ancients to be unfit for the habitation of civihzed man, from the heat of the chmate and the number of its ferocious animals. 4. The Atlas were tlic principal African mountains known in ancient times. They were thoug-Jit to be so high that the heavens were fabled to rest on them ; hence, in the Greek mythology these mountains were per- sonified by Atlas, a gigantic Titan, wlio, on being conquered by Jupiteij was condemned to bear the vault of heaven on his shoul(!<;rs. At the sup» jvjscd sources of the Nile arc the Lu'na) Monies, or Mountains of tlie Moon and in the interior were others mentioned by Ptol'emy. 5. The ancients regarded the Nile not only as the largest river in Africa, but as the largest in the world. Like the moderns, they were ignorant of its source, and believed that it could not be discovered ; hence they made use of the proverb, " Nili caput quaerere," to denote an impossible under- taking. 6. The Gir and the Nigir or Niger were rivers in this region, supposed to be the same as the Jol'iba and the Djyr or Misselad. The Bag'radas is noted as the sttcam on whose banks Reg'ulus and Jiis army were encountered by an Destruction of the Great Serpent of tlie Bagratlas. enormous serpent, which they killed with stones thrown from their military engines. The Dar'adus and Bambo'tus or Sta'chir, are probably the same as tlic Senegal and Gambia. The Trito'nis, Col'oe, Nigri'tes, Lib'ya and Cho- loni'des, were the chief African lakes known to the ancient geographers. 7. The cliief divisions of Ancient Africa were, Ethio'pia, Egypt, Lib'ya, Africa Proper, Numid'ia, Maurita'nia, Gaitu'lia, Phaza'nia, Aza'nia, or Bar- ba'ria, and Zingis. Ptolemy represent it, 9cc.l What is said of the inland regions? 4. Of the Atlas Mo.u.tiiins? How were thoy personified ? Wliat otiicr mountains are mentniiieii ? 5. IIow did the ancients regard the Nile? WJiat is sriid of its soiree? fi. Of the Gir and the Nigir? The Bagradcs? The Vw rudus, &c. ? The chief lakes ? 7. Name tlie chief divisions. CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. iETHIO'PIA OR ETHIO'PIA. 8. Ethio'pia was an extensive division of Africa, which com- prised Ethio'pia sub Eg}"pto and Ethio'pia Interior. The foimer is now Nu'bia and Abyssin'ia. In remote times it was a populous and civilized country. Egypt was not only conquered from hence, but is believed to have derived, also, the original of those arts and institutions which have rendered her name so celebrated. 9. It contained tlie kin^ doms of Mer'oc and Aux'uine, the capitals of wliich wera cities of the same names. Nap'ata and Sir'bitum wera towns of note in Mer'oe; Adu'lis, in Auxu'iiie, a port on llie Red Sea, was famous for its trade in ivory. The city of Aux'ume, now Axum, AncieDt Obelisk at Aium, 80 feet high. still cxlsts, and is remarkable for its antiquities. In the great square, alone, there are forty ancient ob'elisks, one of which is eighty feet high. 10. The kingdom of Mer'oe comprised the peninsula situated between tlie Astab'orus and As'tapus rivers and the Nile. It is called an island by ancient writers, and is said to become so still during the rainy season. The political power was vested in the priests, who were a sacred caste. They chose the sovereign out of their own order, and could put him to death, in the name of their gods, at their pleasure. 11. Like those of Egypt, their temples, obelisks, and other public build- ings, were all on a gigantic scale, though tliey do not display in their con- struction so high a degree of skill as the former. About the time of our Saviour a new State arose on the ruins of Mer'oe, one of the sovereigns of which was the Queen Can'dacc, mentioned in the New Testament. Her capital was Nap'ata, on the Nile. 12. Among the rude tribes in this part of Africa, some lived on locusts, and some on the flesh of elephants and ostriches ; the last two were called Elephantoph'agi,and Struthoph'agi. Tlie Troglod'ytes, a race of rude shep- herds, dwelt in caves. The Blem'myes were fabled to be without heads, and to have their eyes and mouths in their breasts. The Pj'g'mies were a nation of dwarfs, who warred with the cranes, and went to battle mounted on the backs of goats and rams. Recent travellers in this part of Africa state, that the inhabitants report a nation of diminutive stature as still resident in the interior. 13. The Macro'bii (long-lived), one of the most noted Ethiopian nttions, reuidcd south of Mer'oe. These people are described as a handsome and 8. What is said of Ethiopia ? Of Ethiopia sub Egypto? What was it in remote times? 9. What did it contain? What is said of the capitals? Of the other towns ? Of Auxume ? 10. Describe the kingdom of Meroe ? What is said of the political power? 11. Of the temples, «fcc. ? What occurred about the time of our Saviour ? 12. Describe the mode of life pursued by the rude tribes, &c. 13. What is said of the Macrobii? Wliat age was not uncommon ? Of Cambyses ? EGYPT. 59 vigorous race : they elected tlie tallest among' them to be king. The age of one Jiiuuircd and twenty years, and even upwards, was not uncommon among them ; hence their name. Gold was so ahiindant, that fetters for prisoners were made, it is said, of that metal. Cainhy'scs, when in Egypt, marched with a large army for the purpose of invading the Maiffo'bii, but wus obliged to return long before he arrived at their country. Map No. 1. — Point out Mauritania, Numidia, and the other divisions. Wliat ocean lay west of Africa ? What lay north? What lay east of Etiiiopia ? East of Barbaria and Zingis ? What straits separated Africa from Europe ? From Asia ? Point out the rivers Nile, Nigir, Gir, Daradus, liambotus, Alassitliolus, Astaborus, and Astapus. Into what river do tho two last liow ? Point out the lakes Tritonis, Nigrites, Libya, Cliclonides, and Coloe. Point out the Atlas mountains, — Lunae, Maste, Mandrus, Thala, and Caplias. What islands lay on the west coast? Where did Harmo's voyage terminate, according to Gossclin ? According to Rennell? Accord- ing to Bougainville ? Point out Ethiopia. Meroe. Auxume. The cities of^ Napata. Meroe. Sirbitum. Adulis. Auxume. The Troglodytes. The Macrobii. ^ ^GYPTUS, OR EGYPT. Portico of llie Temple of Denderah, 1. Egypt, m ancient times, was one of the most noted coimtries m the world, and became celebrated at a very' early period. In the days of Abraham, it was a well-governed and important State. In the" time of Moses, the Eg^^ptians were renowned for their learning, and from them the Greelcs derived nearly all the ele- ments of their knowledge. 2. Egj'-pt occupies the narrow valley of the Nile for a distance of GOO miles southward from the sea. On the north is the Medi- terranean ; south, lay Ethiopia ; east, the Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea ; west, Libya and the Great Desert. Its most important fea- ture was the river Nile, whose annual inundations fertilized the country instead of rain. 3. The Romans regarded Egypt as tlie chief granary of their empire, and Q. 1. What is said of Egypt? What was it in the days of Abraham ? In the days of Moses ? 2. Describe tiic position of Egypt. What is its CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. lliey obtained vast supplies of the necessaries of life from it. It has beea also called the gift of the Nile, and the inhabitants, in gratitude for the benefits derived trcm that streanj, otiered sacrifices to, and adored it, as the tutelar deity of Uie country. 4. The effluents of the Nile enclosed the chief part of Lower Egypt, and formed it into a region shaped like the Greek letter Del'ta; hence it is called the Del'ta, and all districts similarly situated have received tlie same name as, the Del'ta of the Mississippi, the Del'ta of tlie Gan'ges, &,c. Th-; waters of the Nile flowed into the sea by seven mouths, which are now aL filled up except two. 5. The ancient Egyptians were divided into different castes or orders, com- prising priests, warriors, agriculturists, merchants, mariners, artisans, and shepherds. / Tlie priests were the ruling order, and monopolized all the jfower of the State. Tlicy were noted for their learning, which tliey con- cealed from the common people. The warrior caste, to which the royal family belonged, was, next to tiiat of the priests, the most honourable. 6. Besides directing the religious affairs of the nation, the priests acted as astronomers, judges, soothsayers, physicians, and architects.-;' Tlieir hiero- glyph'ic characters formed tlie first kind of writing, and preceded alpha- betic letters. The religion and government of Egypt were intimately blended •- there were prescribed forms and ceremonies for every important action, which even the sovereign durst not violate or neglect. 7. The priests adopted the doctrine of the transmigra'tion of the soul, while the belief that it will continue as long as the body endures, obtained with the people; whence the care displayed in the preservation of embalmed bodies, or mummies, and the vast expense of excavating tombs in the solid rock. The Egyptians were grossly idolatrous. In addition to Osi'ris and I'sis, their chief deities, which represented the sun and moon, they worshipped tlie river Nile, as well as oxen, dogs, cats, crocodiles, serpents, birds of various kinds, and even plants and flowers. 8. At an early period, the Egyptians attained to great perfection in the arts. Their woven fabrics were highly prized ; they excelled in pottery, in dyeing, in the working of metals, and in the manu- facture of paper, which they made from the fibres of the papyrus plant. Their architecture was grand and imposing, and their pyramids, temples, obelisks, and other structures, are the most gigantic ever reared. Papyrus Plant. most important feature ? 3. How did the Romans regard Egypt ? What has it also been called ? 4. What is said of the efiluents of the Nile ? Of its mouths ? 5 How were the ancient Egyptians divided ? What is said of the priests ? Of the warrior caste ? 6. Besides their religious duties, to wliat else did the priests attend? What is said of their hieroglyphics? Of tlie religion and government? 7. What did the prit-sls adopt? What obtained with the people ? What resulted from this belief? What did tlie Egyptians worship ? 8. AVliat is said of the perfection attained by tlie EGYPT. 61 9. The Egyptians were the first who organized a regular army, and intro- duced an exact system of discipline. Their most important force was tiieir war-chariots, of which they employed vast numbers in their military opera, lions. They excelled in arciicry : the bow was the national weajjon ; and Uie children of the warrior caste were from childhood instructed in its use. 10. Mizraini, or I\Iencs,the second son of Ham, established the Egyptian monarcliy, 4U00 years ago. Osyman'dyas, Mcc'ris, and .Sesos'tris, were among the earliest renowned monarclis. Many of the Egyptian kings bore the name of Pha'raoh. Sesos'tris was a great concjueror, and subdued nearly all Asia as far as India and Bactria'na, and lie either introduced navigation and commerce into Egypt, or greatly encouraged those branches of industry. Pha'roah Ne'cho, at a later period, also patronized navigation and commerce, and was tiie first tliat attempted to cut a canal from the Mcditerra'nean to the Red Sea. » 11. About the year 1600 B.C., the Hyk'sos, a shepherd nation from Ara- bia, conquered Egypt. Subsequently, it fell under the dominion of the Ethio'pians, and then of the Persians, whose government was so oppressive, that the invasion of Alexander the Great was liailed as a national deliver- ance. On the division of the Maccdo'nian Empire, the Ptol'emics com- mcnced their reign ; these enlightened princes encouraged learning, and every kind of public improvement. The last sovereign of their race, tlie celebrated Cleopa'tra, committed suicide B. C. 30. Egypt then became a Roman province, and so remained for G70 years, when it was conquered by the Saracens. 12. Ancient Egypt was divided into three great sections : viz., Lower Egypt, the Theb'ais or Upper Egypt, and the Heptan'omis. The whole comprised fifty-three nomes or provinces. The Heptanomis lay between Upper and Lower Egypt, and derived its name from the seven nomcs into which it was divided. In its most prosperous times Egypt is supposed to have contained eight million inhabitants, and twenty tliousand cities and towns. Map No. 5. — What sea bounded Egypt on the north ? Wliat gulf or sea on the cast? AVhat desert lay on the west? Wliat country lay north, on tJic opposite side of the Mediterranean Sea ? What country lay on the opposite side of the Arabian Gulf? What lakes were in Egypt ? Wliat region bounded Lower Egypt on the west ? On the east ? What desert lay on the cast ? • Point out the Greater Oasis. The Western Oasis. TJie Lesser Oasis. These Oases were fertile spots in the Libyan Desert, that were considered to belong to Egypt. They were all inhabited. The Roman* at one time sent convicts tliither. 62 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 25 EGYPT.>-f CONTINUED.] 1. The most noted cities in Egypt were Thebes, Mem'phls and Alexandria. The first was a magnificent city, and Avas called Hecatom'pylos, from its hundred gates. Its temples, obelisks, statues, &c., were all of gigantic size. The population was pro- bably the greatest of any city that ever existed. Historians state that 700,000 men could be equipped for war at one time, besides which, 200 armed chariots could be sent from each gate. Thebes was destroyed by the Persians almost 2400 years ago. Its ruins still cover a space of twenty-seven miles in circumference. 2. Mem'phis, once the capital of Egypt, was a splendid city, and stood on nearly the same ground now occupied by Cairo. It was taken and plun- dered by Camby'ses about the same time that Thebes was captured, and has long since disappeared. Babylon, called the Egyptian Babylon, stood not far from Mem'phis. The inliabitants were Babylonians, brought hither by tlie Persians when they were masters of Egypt. 3. The well-known Pyramids and Sphinx were in the vicinity of Mem'phis. The former are about sixty in number. The largest is from 480 to 500 feet in height, and covers an area of 570,000 square feet. The Arabs call them Gebel Pharoan, (PJiaroah's Mountains). Near the base of the largest pyra- mid is tlie Sphinx, a gigantic image representing the body of a lion, with a human head. All ^except the head and neck is now co- vered with sand. The whole figure The Egyptian Sphinx; is 125 feet long, and GO feet high. 4. Alexandria was . founded by Alexander the Great. It was long a renowned city, and continued to be a great emporium until within the last three hundred and fifty years. Its population once amounted to 600,000. It was the capital of the Ptol'emies. Ilere they collected the noted library of 700,000 volumes, whicli was afterwards destroyed by the Saracens. The celebrated Pha'ros, or light-house, stood on a small island near the city. It is said to have been 500 feet high. It was accounted one of the wonders of the world. 5. Cano'pus, near Alexandria, was noted for a Temple of Sera'pis. Close Q. 1. Which were the most noted cities in Egypt? What was said of Thebes? Of its temples, statues, &-c.? Of its population? What is stated by historians? When was Thebes destroyed? 2. Describe Memphis. Babylon. 3. The Pyramids. What do the Arabs call them ? Describe the Sphinx. 4. What is said of Alexandria? Of what race of princes was it tlie capital ? What is said of the Pharos ? 5. What is said of Cano EGYPT. 6» to it was Nicop'olis, built by Augustus in honour of his victory over Aii. Ihony ; and in sight of tliis place, 1800 years altcrwards, the bailie of the Nile was fought between the English and French. Some oilier noted towns in Lower Egypt were Ueroop'olis, the residence of the siiepherd kings; Sais, at one time the capital of Egypt ; lleliop'olis, tlio On or Beth'sheinesh of Scripture, famous lor its Temple of the Sun. Pelu'sium, the birth-place of tlie geographer Ptol'cmy, was so strongly fortified that it was considered the key of Egypt. 6. Arsin'oe, or Crocodilop'olis, lay near Lake Moeris. This lake was dug, it is said, by order of Moeris, an ancient monarch, to receive the surfilus waters of the Nile during its inundations. Near tJie lake was tlie famous labyrinth. It contained 3000 chambers, one half of which lay above ground and the other half below. In the latter the kings and the sacred crocodiles were buried. 7. At Ilcracle'a, or Ileracleap'olis ]\Iagna, the ichneumon was worsliippcci, because it destroyed the asp, a venomous kind of serpent, as well as the eggs of the crocodile. Antin'oe received its name from Antin'ous, the favourite ot' the Emj)cror Adrian, who drowned himself here, from a superstitious bdicf, tlien not uncommon, that such a sacrifice would prolong liis patron's life. The emperor, gratified at this instance of devotion, not only built a temple to the memory of Ajitin'ous, but ordered tliat he should be worship ped throughout the empire. 8. At Lycop'olis the people worshipped the wolf, because a number of tliose animals had once repelled an Ethiopian invasion. Antoeop'olis waa once an important city. Its ruins are highly interesting. Ptolema'is, aftea Ruins of AntEopolis. the fall of Thebes, became the chief city in Upper Egypt. Ten'tyra, now Dcn'derah, contains the best preserved ancient temple in Egypt. A pari of the ceiling, on which was a representation of the Zodiac, was cut out and taken to Paris. The ancient inhabitants were often attacked by those iif Ombos, because the former destroyed the crocodile, while the latter won. shipped it. 9. Cop'tos was noted for its extensive commerce. A road led hence lo Bereni'ce, by which the merchandise of India was transported to the Nile. pus? Nicopolis? Of the other towns in Lower Egypt ? 6. What is said ofArsinoe? Lake Moeris? The Labyrinth? 7. What is said of Hera clea 7 Antinoe? 8. Of Lycopolis? Ptolcmais? Tentyra? Of its ancient inha- bitants? 9. WhatissaidofCoptos? Latopolis? Ombos? 10. What is said of Syene 7 What did the ancient geographers imagine respecting Syene ? 64 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Latop'olis was named from the fish latos, wliich was caught here abun- dantly. At Ombos the crocodile was worshippad with great veneration. Bereni'ce and Myos Ilormos were sea-ports on the Arabian Gulf, noted for their commerce with India. 10. Sye'ne, now Assouan', is still the frontier town of Egypt. It yras regarded by the Komans as one of the keys of their empire. The ancient geographers imagined that it lay directly under the northern tropic; but it is now known to be more than half a degree of latitude to the north. Above f ye'ne were the islands of Elephan'tine and Phi'lae. The latter contained :.^!^.,^,„;r.^^.„_„_ ...-i^- Cataracts of the Nile. s-'ine beautiful temples. Near to Phi'laj was the first cataract of the Nile. Its height must have been greatly exaggerated by the ancients, as it is now only a rapid, up which small boats may with some exertion be drawn. Map No. 5. — In what part of Egypt was Thebes ? Memphis? Alexan- dria? In what district was the Delta? The Pyramids ? The islands of Philas and Elephantine? What cities were in Lower Egypt ? In the Ilepta- nomis?. In the Thcbais? What town stood at the liead of the Arabian Gulf? '1 What towns stood on its western shores l- MAURITA'NIA AND NUMID'IA. 1 Maurita'nia, Numid'ia, and Africa Proper, now con>prise the region called Barbary. It extends along the coast for more than 1200 miles. On the north is the Mediterranean Sea ; south, the Atlas Momitains ; eastward, the Syr'tis Major, and westward the Atlantic Ocean. 2. The Atlas range extends throttghout the country, from east to west. The name is by some derived from Atlas, a Maurita'- nian king and astronomer, who made his observations on the heavens from their summits ; but by others from Atlas, one of the gigantic Titans. They gave name to the Atlantic Ocean, which washed the whole of the western coast of the world, as known to the ancients. What is now known to be the flict? AVhat islands lay above Sycne? What is said of the first cataract ? Q. 1. What did Mauritania, Numidia, &c., comprise ? What is said of the whole region? 2. Of the Atlas range? From whom is the name MAURITANIA. 65 3. Under the Carthagin'ians and the Romans, tliis rccfion was disiin- guislied for prosperity, population, and wealtli. It was one of tlic chief granaries of Rome, and was second only to Egypt in fertility. Tiie Roman writers called it the soul of the rejjublic, and the jewel of the empire. Many of tiic wealthy citizens had splendid palaces and country-houses on its shores. Corn, wine, and oil were the principal productions. Many wild beasts were sent hence to Rome to be exhibited in its amphitheatres. 4. Maurita'ma was named from its first inhabitants, the Mau'ri. It included the whole of wliat is now Alire'ria, and part of Moroc'co. At first, it extended only to tiie river I\Ioroch:ith, but it afterwards included a large part of Numid'ia, and was divided into Maurita'nia Cajsarien'sis in tho east, and Maurita'nia Tingita'na in the we.st. Subsequently, Maurita'nia Sitifen'sis was detached from the former. 5. The chief cities in INIaurita'nia Tingita'na were Sa'la, Lix'us, Zi'lis, Tin'gis, Ab'yla and Ru'sadir. Ad Mercu'rios was the most soutliern Romun station. Lix'us was an important city, and carried on a considerable trade with Ga'des. In its vicinity, the giant Antae'us is said to have been overcome by Hercules. Tin'gis was the capital, and gave its name to the province it became a Roman colony. 6. Ab'yla was the most northern town : near it was IVIoiuit Ab'yla, whic> stood opposite to Cal'pe, a high rock on the European side of the Straits ol Hercules, now Gibraltar. These eminences were called the Pillars of Her cules, or the Columns, because when Hercules, as it is fabled, tore asunder tlic isthmus wliieh separated the Atlantic from tiie Mcditerra'nean, h« erected them on either side of the Strait, as a memorial of his labour. 7. In Maurita'nia Cffisarien'sis were Si'ga, Mi'na, Carten'na, and Ccesare'a besides other towns of minor importance. Siga was the capital of Sy'phax the king of the Masacsyl'ii, before he removed his court to Cirta. Ca^sare'a, called at first lol, was a Plicenic'ian colony. It was the residence of Boc'- chus, and afterwards the capital of Juba's kingdom. The latter prince enlarged and beautified it, ani changed its name to Caesare'a, in gratitude to his benefactor, Augustus. 8. Sit'ifis, which gave name to the province of Maurita'nia Sitifen'sis, was situated in a rich, fertile district. Sal'da;, Coba and Igil'gilis were towns on the coast. The latter was an Niiportant sea-port, and kept up a constant communication with the city ot' Massil'ia, in Gaid. Southward of Sit'ifis, was the Sali'nte Nubonensis, a salt morass, now called the Shott. It received many small streams from the neighbouring mountains. 9. NuiMId'ia lay eastward of Maurita'nia. Previous to the Roman conquest, it -was occupied by two distinct nations ; the Massy'li in the east, and the Masassyl'ii in the west. The river A-mp'sagus separated these territories, and the Molochath wa.s at derived? To what did these mountains give name ? 3. For what was tliit coimtry distinguislicd under the Carthaginians, &c. ? What did the Roman writers call it? What were its chief productions ? From whom was Mau- ritania named? What did it include? What is said of its extent? Ita divisions ? 5. Name the chief cities in IMauritania Tingitana. What is said of Lixus? The giant AnttKus? G. What is said of Abyla, &.c.? Of the I'lUars of Hercules ? 7. Name the towns in IMauritania Cajsaricnsis. What is said yf Siga? 8. Of Sitifia? Of Igilgilis, &.C.1 9, What is 6* E 66 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. one time its western boundary. The first were the subjects of Masinis'sa, and the other of Sy'phax. The connection of these monarchs with the Romans, about the year 200 B. C, has pre- served their names to the present time. 10. The Numid'ians were a brave and active race, accustomed to endure fatigue and hardship. They rode fearless!}', witliout either saddle or bridle, and often made nijSfht attacks on tiicir enemies. During- the Second Punic War, they annoyed the Romans incessantly. Some autliors believe tliat file Numid'ians were the descendants of the Canaanites, who left their country at the time it was invaded by Joshua. n. Cirta was the metropolis of Nuniid'ia, and the residence of Sy'phax, Masinis'sa, and their successors, amongst whom Micip'sa contributed most to its improvement by inviting a number of Greek colonists to settle in it. In the reign of Constantine, it was nearly destroyed in a rebellion ; but that omperor caused the city to be rebuilt, and tiieu named it after himself, which name it still retains. 12. Hip'po-Re'gius and Cullu were towns on the coast. The first became the Episcopal See of St. Augustine. Tagas'te, Tib'ilis, Mas'cula, Ba'gai and Tabu'dis were in the interior. Tagas'te was the birth-place of St. Augustine. Tabu'dis was an emporium for the interior trade of Africa. It lay on the river Sabus, or Zabus, which flowed into a lake at the base of the Atlas Mountains. Map No. 5. — What sea bounded Mauritania and Numidia on the north 7' What countries on the south ? What countries boimded Numidia on tlie east l,». What ocean bounded Mauritania on the west?-/! What rivers flowed from the Atlas Mountains into the Atlantic Ocean ? Into the Mediterra- nean Sea ? Wliat river separated I\Iauritania Coesariensis and Mauritania Sitifensis ? What river separated Mauritania and Numidia ? A. What river formed the southern boundary of Numidia? What mountains formed the southern boundary of Mauritania ? What strait separated Mauritania fi-om Spain ? What cities lay on tlic coast of Mauritania ? In the interior 7 What cities lay on the coast of Numidia ? In the interior 7 AFRICA PROPER. 1 Africa Pt^oPER, or Carthage, lay eastward of Numid'ia, and nhnost within sight of Sicily. It comprised three provinces: Zeugita'nia, Byza'cium and Tripolita na. The latter occupied tlx? nodcrn territory of Tripoli, and the first two what is now Tunis. said of Numidia ? What river separated the two nations? 10. Descri!)e tlie Nuniidians. What did they do during the Second Punic War? What do some authors believe? 11. Wliat is said of Cirta? What occurred during the reign of Constantino ? 12. What is said of Hippo Regius, and the other towns 7 Q. 1. What ia said of Africa Proper ? What did it comprise 7 2. Whep AFRICA PROPER. 67 2. Carthage, the chief city of this region, was founded 878 B. C, by Dido, a Tyrian princess, wlio can>e hitiicr with a colony of Phojniciane. At one time it was twenty-three miles in circumference, and had 700,000 inhabitants. It was for more than seven hundred years the capital of the republic of Carthage, which became a great commercial and maritime power, and planted colonies all along the coasts of Northern Africa, and also in Spain, Sicily, Corsica, anci Sardinia. Its mariners navigated all parts of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the western shores of Africa and Europe. 3. The Carthaginians carried on three sanguinary wars with the Romans, which arc called Punic Wars. They were at last conquered by that people. The capital was destroyed, B. C. 146, and the country was Destruction of Carthage.* reduced to the rank of a Roman province. The people of Carthage, like their progenitors, the Phncnicians, worshipped the sun, and offered up human sacrifices in their temples. Han'nibal, Hamil'car, Han'no, and As'drubal, arc the most celebrated Carthagin'ians whose names have reached our times. 4. The other cities were Tu'nes, now Tunis, where Rcgulus was defeated , Utica, where Cato committed suicide ; Zama, where Han'nibal was defeated b3^Scipio; Thap'sus, where CiEsar gained a celebrated victory. Clyp'ea, oi' As'pis, served as a stronghold to Rcgulus in the first Punic War. It was built on a promontory shaped like a shield ; hence its name, which signifies was Carthage founded ? What is said of its extent and inhabitants ? How long was it the capital? What is said of the republic of Carthage? Its colo lonies? Itsmariners? 3. What wars did the Carthaginians carry on? What was the result ? The fate of the capital? Of tlic country? What is said of tho people 7 Of Hannibal, Sec. ? 4. What is said of Utica ? Of the other * In the foreground of the encraving i3 seen Scipio, the conqueror of Carthage, and fiis chief officers. Kneeling before them is Asdr^fal, the Carthaginian commamlcr, who had gone over to the Romans, and is soliciting llieir clemency. The wife t<( Asdruba!, indignant at his cowardice, upbraids him in the most bitter terms. She thou kills her two sons, and throwing herself with them into the burning temple, perisliw* in the Hames. 68 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. a shield — the one in Greek and the other in Latin. Hadrume'tum, on the coast, and Capsa, in the interior, were considerable towns. From Turris Ilannib'alis, Hannibal set sail for Asia, when banished from Carthage. 5 Tripolita'na received its name from its three chief cities : viz. Sabrata, (Ea and Leptis Magna. The latter was the birth-place of the Emperor Severus. The soil in some parts was extremely fertile, but generally it was barren and sandy. Eastward was the Syr'tis Major, noted for its numer:)U3 shipwrecks. The country on its shores was called Syr'tibus Regio. 6. In the interior of this region dwelt the Lotoph'agi, a race who lived on the berries of the lotus. This fruit, if eaten by strangers, would, it is said, make them forget their native country. Here, also, were the Nasa- mo'nes and the Psyl'li. The former resided for a time on the coast, and robbed and sold as slaves all shipwrecked persons. They were at length driven by the Romans into the interior. The Psyl'li were noted for their skill in charming serpents and curing their bite. LIB'YA. 7. Lib'ya was the Greek name for the whole of Africa ; but was generally used to denote that part of it which lay immediately south of Greece. It comprised the provinces of Cyrena'ica and Marmar'ica, which lay on the coast, and the oases of Au'gila and Ammon, in the desert. The modern name is Bar'ca? This region was sometimes called Maritime Lib'ya, to distinguish it from Interior Lib'ya. 8. Cyrena'ica, so named from Cyre'ne, its chief city, was founded by a colony of Greeks, 630 B. C, and became an important and flourishing State In its most prosperous days, it contained the five cities of Cyre'ne, Apollo'- nia, Ptolema'is, Barce, and Bereni'ce, whence it was called Pentap'olis, (the five cities.) There were other towns of less note j one of which, on the coast, was Darnis, now Derne. 9. The country was remarkably fertile, and abounded in corn, wine, and oil. Its fruits were of superior quality. Its horses were the finest in the world, and often gained prizes in the Grecian games. The most noted pro- duction was the gum Silphium, which is supposed to have been assafietidiu It was made a State monopoly, and was exported to all tiic neighbouring countries, At Rome it was considered, weight for weight, equal in value to silver 10. Cyre'ne gave birth to some eminent men, amongst whom were Eratos - thenes, Callim'achus, Aristip'pus, and others. It was also famous for a sect of philosophers ; hence called Cyrenaic. This city has been long in ruins: A part of these consist of the Necrop'olis, or city of the dead, extending for towns? 5. What is said of Tripolitana? Where was Severus born? What is said of the soil ? Of the Syrtis Major ? 6. Of the Lotophagi ? The Nasamonies and the Psylli ? 7. What is said of Libya? Wliat did it comprise? 8. What is said^f Cyrenaica? By what people, and when, was it founded ? What did it contain? 9. In what did the country abound ? What was its most noted production, &c.? 10. What is said of Gyrene? LIBYA. Tlie Necropolis of Cyrene. a mile and a half along tlic brow of a hill which overlooks the surrounding country. 11. Maumar'ica is a barren, sandy region, which lay west of Egypt. Tlie inhabitants were the Marmar'idaj, a race of Nomad'ic barbarians, wlio were famed as swift runners, and for curing the bite of the most venomous ser- pents. 12. South of Cyrena'ica and Marmar'ica lay the oases of Au'gila and Amnion. Tlie first is still, as it was in the days of Ilerod'otus, fertile in dates. Animon, or Ammoni'aca Regie was famous for its Temple of Jupiter wliicli was celebrated among all civilized nations. It was visited by Alex- ander the Great previous to his eastern expedition, when the priests pro- nounced him to be the son of Jupiter. This district was once governed by its own kings ; but in the time of Alexander, the supreme power was in the liands of a chief priest It is now called Siwah, and has been repeatedly visited in recent times. Map No. 5. — Point out Zeugitania. Byzacium. Tripolitana. What country lay west of tlie two first-named provinces? What sea lay north and east? What sea lay north of Tripolitana ? A. What river flowed through Zeugitania ? What lakes lay south of Byzacium ? What island lay east ? C. What promontory or cape lay nearest to Sicily ? II. What island lay north of Tripolitana ? M. Here, in the town of Glrba, the Em- peror Vibius Gallus was born. What river bounded Tripolitana on the east ? What towns lay on the coast of Africa Proper ? In the interior ? When was the battle of Zania fought ?. The battle of Thapsus ? . What eulf separates Tripolitana and Cyrenaica? Where is Libya ? Cyrenaica? Marmarica ? What sea lies north of these regions ^/^>, Where are the cities Of its ruins? 11. Describe Marmarica. Its inhabitants. 12. What lay boutli of Cyrenaica and Marmarica ? What is said of Augila ? Of Am mon I By whom was its temple visited ? What is said of its government i 70 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Ironi which Cyrenaica derived its name ? Point out* the PhilenoiaB Aroo. The river Lathon. The Paliurus. The Cyrenei mountains. Bajcolicus mountains. Bascisi mountains. Tlie oasis of Augila. Of Amraon. ■^ 28 LIB'YA INTERIOR. 1. Lib'ya Interior included Gcetu'lia, nearly all the Grq,a Desert, and the countries now called Soudan and Senegam'bia Some contend that the ancients knew nothing of this region beyond the northern edge of the desert, while others believe that they were as accurately acquainted with it as the moderns were, pre- vious to the time when Park made his discoveries. 2. G^tu'lia, now the Belcd el Jerid, or Land of Dates, is a dry and almost desert country, partially watered by streams that descend from the Atlas. The people of tliis region were a roving, unsettled race, and com- prised several ditfercnt tribes, of which some occupied the oases of the Great Desert, and some were intermingled with the Ethio'pians, further to the south. One of the most important tribes was the Dar'a; Gsetulia. 3. Piiaza'nia (now Fezzan) is an inland country, or oasis, surround;:d by deserts. The inhabitants were called Garaman'tes. They fouglit in war- chariots ; and were a terror to the neighbouring tribes from their cruelty and oppression. For a long period tliey were allies of tlie Carthaginians, and carried on an extensive trade with the interior regions, similar to tlie caravan trade of our times. The chief town of Phaza'nia was Gar'ama. It is now called Germa. Its ruins have been visited by recent travellers. 4. The Great Desert was called Deserta Lib'ya Interioris (Interior Lib'yan Desert), and also the Great Lib'yan Desert. It was often compared to a leopard's skin, from the oases scattered, like spots, over its surface. It is doubtful whether tiie ancients were acquainted with the full extent of the desert ; but they had a knowledge of the northern and eastern oases, and probably of some of the most available routes across it to the southward. 5. On the sea-coast were the Cana'rii, Autol'oles and Peror'si, rude tribes, Q. 1. What did Libya Interior include ? What do some contend ? What do others believe ? 2. Describe Gajtulia. The people. 3. Describe Pha- zania. What is said of the inhabitants ? Their trade ? 4. What is said of the Great Desert ? What is doubtful ? Of what had tlie ancients a knowledge? 5. Name the tribes who lived on the coast. What is said of * The Phileno'rum ArK were two altars, which stood on the eastern hounds of tne Carthaginian Republic, and were erected from a circumstance thus related. by ancient authors. In a dispute between Carthage and Oyre'ne respectinir territorial limits, it was acreed that two individuals should start from the capital of eacli country at the same lime, and that the future boundarv should be established wherever they micht meet. The Carthaginians chose two brothers, named Phile'ni, who used such dilicenca in their journey that they had advanced far within the territory of the Cyrene before Ihey met the rival party. The Cyreneans were so enraged at their progress, that they gave them the choice, either of recommencing their journey, or of being buried alivn on the spot. They chose; the latter alternative; and their country, in admiration o-f their patriotic devotion, and to commemorate the event, erected tliose altars over tlieir remains. ETHIOPIA INTERIOR. 71 •f which nothing is known but the names. The countries immediately south of tlie Great Desert, now called Soudan' and Senegambia, were inha- bited by the Nigri'tffi, Merano-Ga;tu'li, Leu'co-iEtlii'opcs, Hcspc'rii-iElhi-'opes, and Culi'tte. The chief rivers were tlic Gir and tlio Nigir. Tlieir position and identity have excited much learned discussion ; but it is now generally believed that tliey arc the same as the Joliba,and Djyr or Misselad, of Sou dan. Pliny and Ptolemy both describe the Nigir, in particular, as a great river like the Nile, overflowing and fertilizing tiie country in the same man- n( 1, and with animals and productions of the same kind in its waters and on its bunks. G. The principal lakes of Interior Lib'ya were, the Nigri'tes, Cheloni'des ar.d Lib'ya. The latter is supposed to be Lake 'Pehad. Various towns ara mentioned by Ptolemy, but none of them can now be recognised. Nigi'ra- Melropoiis, Gira-Metropolis, Is'cheri, Tagama, and Thuppae, are some of tliose named. 7. The Mandrus, Caphas, and Thala, were mountains supposed to form a portion of tlie great chain that is now known to extend across Africa from east to west. That part in winch the Nile was sujjposed to rise, was called by Ptolemy the Lu'niB Montes (Mountains of the Moon), and the name is still retained. 8. The Fortuna't^ Insul^f;, or Fortunate Islands, now the Canaries, derived their names from their delightful climate, and the abundance of tlieir fine fruits, and other products. The ancients described them in the most exaggerated terms, and believed them to be the islands of the blessed, or Elysium. Centu'ria lay nearest the African coast ; Cana'ria was noted for its large dogs, and Purpu'riao for its purple dye. Niva'ria is now Tene- rilTe. Its lofty peak is always covered with snow ; hence the name of the island. Ili'ero, or Fcrro, was the most western of these islands. The ancient geographers ciiose it as the first meridian. They reckoned tiicir longitude from it ; and it is still occasionally used for that purpose. Further south, was the island of Ccr'ne. Here Ilanno, in his celebrated voyage of disco- very, planted a Carthaginian colony ; it was long held by that people as a commercial depot. iETIIlOTIA, OR, ETHIO'PIA INTERIOR. 9. Etiiio'pia Interior was the most remote part of Africa kno^^•n to the ancients. The inhabitants were called iEthi'opes Anthropoph'acfi. They were a race of cannibals. Here some geographers place Agj-zymba ; a country of which nothing more is known than that it was reported to be the southern limits of a Roman expedition. Others suppose it to be the country now called Ag'ades, or Agdass, an oasis on the Southern edge of the Desert. 10. AzANiA, or Barbaria, and Zingis, now A'jan and Zanguebar', were tiiu countries south of the Great Desert ? Of the chief rivers ? What if now generally believed ? What do Pliny and Ptolemy both describe ? 6 What is said of the lakes ? The towns ? 7. Wliat is said of tlie mour\ tains ? 8. From what did tiie Fortunate Islands derive their name ? ilov did the ancients describe them? What is said of Centuria? CanariaT PurpuricB? Nivaria? Ferro? Cerne? 9. What is said of Ethiopia Interior < Of the inhabitants ? Of Agyzymba ? 10. What is said of Azania ana CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. countries lying on the Indian Ocean, vaguely known to the anclentai Several ports on their shores were frequented by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, for commercial purposes. Cape Prasum was the most distant point known in this quarter ; from wlience the land was erroneously believed to extend eastward until it joined the coast of India. 11. Cinnamomif'era Regio, or Aromatoph'orus Regie, was an. interior district, fertile in myrrh, frankincense, and spices. It bears the same pro- ductions at tlie present day, and is known as the country of the Somauli The principal tribe was tlie Sal'athae. Avali'tcs, the chief town, gave name to the great bay which extends hence to the coast of Arabia. Map No. 1. — Point out Gsetulia. Phazania. Agyzymba. The Great Libyan Desert. The Gfetuli Darse. Garamantes. Nasamones. Nobatoe. Canarii. Autololes. Perorsi. Nigritae. Melano Gffituli. Ilcsperii iEthi- opes. Calitae. Where is the Daradus river ? The Bambotus. The Mas- eitholus. The Nigir. The Gir. The Nile. Where is the Nigrites Lake ? Lake Libya. Chelonides Lake. Point out ^Ethiopia Interior. Cinnamo- mifera Regio. Barbaria, or Azania. Zingis. Point out tlie iEtliiopes An- thropophagi. Salathce. Where was Aromata Pr. ? Tabae Pr. ? Prasum Pr. ? Dioscoridis Is.? Menuthias Is.? Tlie full name of this island la Eitenediom-menoulhesais ; but is usually contracted into Menuthias. 29 EUROPE. 1. Europe is the smallest, and it was also the last settled, of the great divisions of the eastern continent. The name, which was at first applied to a small district in Thrace, is supposed by some to have signified Avhite, from the light complexion of the inhabitants, and by others the west, because the whole region lay west of the first-settled parts of the earth. According to the mythology of the poets, the term was derived from Europa, the daughter of a PhcEnician king, whom Jupiter, influenced by love, tarried off, under the shape of a bull, across the sea, to Crete. 2. The ancients were acquainted with only the one half of Europe. Scandina'via they supposed to be a group of islands lying in the Coda'nus Sinus, or Bahic Sea. The unexplored northern and north-eastern regions they assigned to the fabled Hyperbo'reans. The countries bordering on the Euxine, or Black Sea, were in early times considered to be a part of bcyihia but they were subsequently included in Sarmatia. 3. Of the first settlement of tliis region, nothing now can be ascertained. Zingis? Of Cape Prasum. 11. Describe Ginnamomifcra Regio, &c. Th& principal tribe, &c. Q. 1. What is said of Europe? Of the name? From wliat was the term derived? 2. What knowledge had the ancients of Europe? Of Scandinavia ? What is said of the northern and north-eastern regions ? D£ the country bordering on the Euiine ? 3. What were the Celts ? What EUROPE. 73 riie Celts were amonor tlie earliest known inhabitants. Amonjr these people tJic nobles possessed great power and influence, and they formed a national assembly for the discussion of pul)lic afTairs, but tlie lower class were regarduil almost ;:-s slaves. Few of them tilled the ground; tlie greater part subsisted on the produce of their flocks and herds, or by Jiunting. 4. The priests were called Druids : they were also the poets, philosophers, and teachers of the Celts ; and their authority in the State was almost unlimited. They taught the immortality of the soul, its transmigration tJirough different bodies, and likewise the nature and properties of natural productions. The Druids worshipped in the open air. Some of their tem- ples, which were merely circles of very large, rough stones set up on end, still exist, as at Stonehengc, in the south of England, and at Stennes, in tlie Orkney islands. 5. The Druids regarded the oak as a sacred tree, and planted thick groves of it around their dwellings ; but the misletoe, a parasitical plant, which grows on various trees, was, when found growing on an oak, considered by them the holiest object in nature, and was held in peculiar veneration. The religious worship of these people was cruel and barbarous. They offered human sacrifices to tiieir gods, and predicted future events from the manner in which the blood flowed from tlie victims. 6. The Celts were divided into numerous tribes. Some of them painted and tattooed themselves, and some were cannibals. They were a people of gigantic size, and great bodily strength ; with yellow or reddish hair, and bright blue eyes. In battle, they were fierce and impetuous, but were des- titute of military order and discipline. In the progress of Roman conquest, nearly all the tribes of this race were finally subdued and civilized. Tlie language of the Celts still exists in the Gaelic, the Irish, the Welsh, and tlie Basque, which are all dialects of the same original tongue. 7. The Greeks were the most distinguished of the European nations. They became eminent for their genius, love of liberty, and heroism. The fine arts, painting, poetry, and architecture, reached among them a degree of excellence which they have not since attained; and in each the finest •models for imitation were lefl, which has served to form the basis of modern tiisJe and knowledge. The language of the Greeks is the most perfect ever spoken; it comprehends the finest productions of the human mind, and is he most copious, flexible, and harmonious in existence. 8. Subsequently, the Romans rose to power and distinction : they subdued IS said of the nobles? Of the lower class, &c. ? 4. What is said of the priests, or Druids ? WJiat did they teach ? Describe their temples. 5. What is said of the oak ? Of the misletoe ? Of the religious worship of these people? 6. How were the Celts divided? Describe their appearance. Their conduct in battle, &.c. What occurred during the progress of Roman conquest 7 What is said of the language ? 7. What is the character of the Greeks? What is said of the fine arts, &,c.? Of the Greek language? S Whau is said of the Romans ? What occurred in process of time 7 7 74 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. the divided Greeks, and transplanted their learning and refinement to the Italian soil. In process of time, the whole of Central and Southern Europe, froiii the Atlantic Ocean to the Euxine Sea, was annexed to the dominions of Rome. Agriculture was then introduced and encouraged, and Nourishing cities were founded among tribes once fierce and barbarous. Tlic Christian religion, also, as it spread its benignant doctrines over European countries, became a powerful instrument in their civilization. 9. But with the decay of the empire, occasioned chiefly by its separation tnto Eastern and Western, a great change was produced. The barbarian nations, no longer held in check by the discipline and valour •f the legions, poured in from the north and the east, and ravaged all parts of the empire with fire and sword. The people were everywhere enslaved or exterminated, the cities were laid waste; the monuments of art levelled with the dust; and the civilization and policy of Rome were replaced by barbarism and ignorance. 10. The chief divisions of Europe, in ancient times, were Greece; Italy; Hispania, or Spain ; Gaul, or Gallia ; the- British Isles ; Germa'nia, or Ger- many; Scandina'via ; Da'cia; Moe'sia, and Illyr'icuni. Many of the rivers and mountains retain their ancient names, with some slight alteration. The principal are the Rha, Tan'ais, Borys'thenes, Ister, or Danu'bius, Pa'dus, Rhod'anus, Ibe'rus, Tagus, Du'rius, Li'gcr, Seq'uana, Tam'esis, Sabri'na, Rhe'nus, Albis, Via'drus, and Vis'tula. The mountains are the Pyrenees, Ilip'ula, Maria'nus, Canta'brian, Alpes, or Alps, Apenni'nus, or Apennines, Car'pates, Hse'mus, Sevo, and Hyperbo'rean, or Riphe'an mountains. Also, the volcanoes JEtna and Vesuvius. Map No. 1. — Point out the countries named in the text. The chief rivers. The lengths in miles. The chief mountains. Their heights in feet. The rivers, &c., that are not on Map No. 1 will be found on Map No. 5. What ocean lay west of Europe ? What sea on tlie south ? WJiat strait separated Europe from Africa? ■ What sea lay between Italy and Illyricum, or Illyria? Between Greece and Asia Minor? East of Mccsia?' ^71lat sea or lake lay north-east of the Chersonesus Taurica ? P. M. What sea lay north of Germany ? North-west of Nerigonia ? North of Spain ? THRACE, OR THRA'CIA. 1. Thrace, or Thra'cia, extended westward from the Euxine sea to the river Nestus, and southward from the Has'mus moun- tains to the Propon'tis and the iEge'an sea. It was a wild, rugged region, and was once considered to include all the countries that lay north of Greece. It was therefore represented as the residence of Boreas. Thrace was conquered by Pliilip of Macedon, and continued to be governed by his descendants until the time of the What then followed ? What is said of the Christian religion ? Of the decay of the empire ? What is said of the barbarian nations ? What did they do ? 9. What occurred to the people ? TJie cities, &c. ? By wliat wore the civilization and policy of Rome replaced? 10. Name the chief divisions of Europe. Tlie principal rivers. The principal mountains, Q. 1. Descrioc the position of Thrace. What was its character, &.c. ? THRACE. 75 Roman conquest It was then, for the first time, considered to bo a part of Greece. 2. Colonies were settled, at an early period, on different parts of the sea- coast, by the Greeks, and tlic country was found to contain rich nieadowa and corn-lands. It abounded in mines, and its horses rivalled tliose of Tliessaly. The principal mountains were the Haj'nius and the Rhod'ope. The latter was the reputed birtli-phicc of Mars. The Ilc'brus was the largest river. On its banks Or'phuus is said to have wandered, and to have played with such delightful melody, that the wild beasts listened to him, und the trees and mouiitains moved in cadence to his music. 3. Among the cities of Thrace was Abde'ra, notorious for the stupidity of its inhabitants. It gave birth, however, to Democ'ritus, the laughing philosopher, and also to Protag'oras, noted in Athens for his eloquence. Near it was the residence of Diome'des, king of the Bis'tones, who fed his horses on human flesh, and was slain by Hercules. At Sestos, on the Hel- lespont, Xerxes placed the bridge of boats over which his vast army passed on their march to Greece. Here, also, Lean'der was drowned, in swimming to the opposite town of Aby'dos to visit Hero, his mistress. 4. Byzan'tium, a Greek colony, was built at the entrance of the Thracian Bosphorus. It was called Chrysoc'eras (the Golden Horn), from the beauty of its situation. The Emperor Constantine made it the capital of the Roman empire, under the name of Constantinople. At iE'gos Pot'amos, the Athenian fleet was defeated by Lysan'der, a Spartan, From the vicinity of Heracle'a, on the Propon'tis, a wall, forty-eight miles in length, was built to tlie Euxine eea, by the Emperor Anastasius, to guard the capital from the attacks of the barbarians. It was called Macron Tichos (the Great Wall), 5. Philippop'olis was named after Philip, the father of Alexander, Adrian- op'olis and Trajanop'olis, on the same stream, and Nicop'olis, on the Nestus, have all retained their ancient names. At Adrianop'oUs, Valens was routed by the Goths, A, D. 378. This was the severest defeat experienced by the Romans since the time of Can'na;. On the coast of the Euxine were Apol- lo'nia and Salmydes'sus. The first was noted for its temple, containing a colossal statue of Apollo. It was carried to Rome by Lucul'lus, Salmydes'- sus was noted for shipwrecks. The adjacent coast was reckoned dangerous to mariners, and was called Salmydessuni-Littus, MACEDO'NIA. 6. Macedon, or Macedo'nia, was the kingdom of Philip and Alexander, It lay west of Thrace, and on the south side of the HcE'inus mountains. It was for the most part a rough, woody region, the chief riches of which consisted in mines of gold and What is said of its conquest? 2, Of its settlement by the Greeks? In what did it abound ? What is said of its horses ? Name the principal mountains. What is said of the rivers ? Of Orpheus ? 3. For what was Abdera notorious ? To whom did it give birth ? What is said of Diome- des ? Of Sestos ? 4. Of Byzantium ? /Egos Potamos ? What extended from the Propontis to the Euxine Sea ? 5. What is said of Philippopolis, &.C. ? What took place at Adrianopolis ? What is said of Apollonia and Salmydessus ? 6. What was Macedon ? Describe its positicn. Ita clio* 76 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. silver; but, on the coasts, wine, oil, and fruits were produced in abundance. 7. The limits of this country varied at different times : At first its west- ern boundary was the Canalo'vii, or Pindus mountains ; but, subsequently, »t was extended to the Adriatic sea, and included the southern part of Illyr'- icum. It was for a long time hardly considered a part of Greece, and, until the days of Philip, was regarded as of little importance. That wily princa having added Thrace, Epi'rus, and TJiessaly to his domains, took advantag of the domestic commotions of the Greek States, and, in the battle of Cheer one'a, B. C. 338, brought them all under his control. 8. His son Alexander afterwards subdued a large part of Asia; and, by an uninterrupted series of victories, for ten successive years, became master of half the world. After his deatli, his vast empire was divided ; Macedo- nia was soon restricted to its ancient limits, and, after a time, lost its supremacy over Greece. At length, Per'seus, the last of Philip's descend, ants, having taken up arms against Rome, was totally defeated by Pau'lus ^mil'ius ; and tlie Romans took possession of the country. 9. The principal mountains in Macedonia were the HEe'mus, Canalo'- vii, Cis'sus, and Cambu'nii. The largest rivers were the Dri'lo, Ao'us, Haliac'mon, Ax'ius, and Stry'mon. In the south-east, was Mount A'thos, now famous for its monasteries. Xerxes caused a canal to be cut across the narrowest part of the peninsula, on which the mountain stood, and sailed through it with his fleet to Tiiessaly. This work, it is said, can still be traced. 10. The chief towns of Macedonia were Edes'sa, the first capital, and Pel'la, the capital, and native place, both of Philip and of Alexander the Great. Berse'a, a very ancient city, is mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. Thessaloni'ca was tlie capital of the Roman province of Macedonia. Here Cicero lived when he was banished from Rome. To the inhabitants St Paul wrote two of his epistles. This city was once called Tlierraa, and gave its name to the Thcrina'ic, the gulf on which h stood. Potidas'a, or Cassan'dria, Olyn'thus and Amphip'olis, were noted in the wars waged be- tween Pliihp and the Athenians. Singus gave name to the Singit'ic, and Toro'ne to the Torona'ic gulf. 11. Pyd'na was noted for the final defeat of the Macedonians by the Romans. Philip'pi was named after king Philip. Here Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Antony and Augustus. Apollo'nia was famous for its schools; here Augustus was educated. Dyrrach'ium, previously called Epi- dani'nus, was tlie common landing-place from Brundu'sium, on the opposite side of the Adriat'ic sea. 12. At Metho'ne, wliich Pliilip had besieged, he lost his right eye by an arrow, sliot from the walls by Aster, a skilful archer. On the arrow was tliis inscription — " To Philip's right eye." Philip caused the arrow to bo shot back into the town, witli these words attached to it : " If Phihp talies Metho'ne, Aster shall be put to death ;" which was accordingly done on tlio racter, &c. 7. What is said of its limits ? Of Philip ? Of Alexander ? What occurred after his dentli ? What is said of Perseus ? 9. Mention tlie principal mountains. Tlio lai^rest rivers. What is said of Mount Athos? Of Xerxes ? 10. What is said of Edessa? Of Pella? Beraia ? Thessalonica ? 11. What is said of Pydna? Dyrrachium? Brundu- eium? 12. What occurred to Philip at Methone? What, then, did Philip da 7 What is said of Stagyra ? GREECE. 77 rurrender of the city. Stagy'ra was the birth-place of Ar'istotle ; hence called the Stagy'ritc. lie was a noted philosopher, and the tutor of Alex- ander the Great Map No. 5. — What seas lay south of Thrace? What mountains lay north ? What river bounded Thrace on the west ? What n)ouMtains lay in the south ? Point out Abdcra. Byzantium. Heraclea. Apollonia. Saliny- dessus. Adrianopolis. Philippopolis. What mountains separated Macedonia from Mossia ? What river separated it from Ulyrieum ? What river from Epirus ? What river from Thrace? What sea bounded Macedonia on the west ? On the south ? Point out Philippi. Neapolis. Amphipolis. ApoU Ionia ? Dyrrachium. Map No. 2. — Point out the Thracian Bosphorus. The Hellespont. The Macron Tiehos. Scstos. Doriscus. Here Xerxes numbered his vast host after the passag^c of the Hellespont. When were battles fought at J2gos Potamos and Adrianopolis ? Map No. 3. — Point out the Thermaic gulf. The Strymonic. Singitiu. Toronaic. Point out Mount Athos. Canalovii mountains. Cambunii mountains. Cissus mountains. Point out Pella. Thcssalonica. Stagyra Methone. Fydna. Potidaea, or Cassandria. Olyntlms. + —31 — GREECE, OR HELLAS. 1. Greece, or Hellas, the country of the Greeks, was the chief seat of learning and refinement at a period when nearly all other European countries were involved in gross barbarism. Though the most celebrated region of ancient times, it was of very moderate extent ; ana did not, excluding the more distant islands, exceed in area half the State of Pennsylvania. 2. It comprised a peninsula wholly bounded by the sea, except on the north, where Macedo'nia separated it from the rest of Europe. Eastward, was the ^ge'an ; westward, the lo'nian ; and south-eastward the Myrto'an sea. On the north, were the Cara- bu'nii, the Tu'maius, and the Acro-Cerau'nii mountains. In almost every quarter, the surface consists of rugged mountains, interspersed with valleys, some of wiiich are rich and fertile. The gulfs and harbours are numerous, and mdent the coast on all sides, affording every facility for navigation. The climate is mild and pleasant, but varies, to some extent, as mountain, plain, or valley predo- minate. .3. In its infant state, Greece was inhabited by naked savages, scarcely superior to the beasts of tlic ibiest, living on herbs and roots, and sheltering ihemselves in caves and hollow trees. The first improvement in their con- Q. 1. What is said of Greece ? Of its extent ? 2. What did it comprise, &c. ? What is said of its bounds? What mountains lay on the north? What is said of its surface ? Of the gulfs, &c. ? Of the climate ? 3. What is said of Greece in its infant state ? What was the first improvement in 7* 78 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. dii'on was the exchange of their ancient food for the more wholesome acorn. Tliey then built themselves huts, and covered their bodies with the skins ot animals. 4. The inhabitants were at lengtli gradually formed into little States; and were governed for the most part by petty princes, whose rule was often des- potic. To this period, called the heroic age, belong the exploits of Hercules, The'seus, Mi'nos, and otlicr heroes, exalted into dcmi-gods for the zeal with which they redressed and punished oppression. Until the Trojan war ihe Greeks had no common bond of union, and hardly considered themselves aa one people. That event brought together the warriors of the difTerent States — made them known to each other, and laid the foundation of their national greatness. 5. Subsequently, the desperate contests of the Greeks with the great monarchs of Persia served to unite them more closely; and the splendid victories of Mar'athon, Sal'amis, and Platte'a, raised the national enthusiasm to the highest pitch. Greece then took the lead among tlie nations of the earth ; and, though often wasted by internal dissensions, she added to her military renown that of carrying eloquence and the arts to a perfection before unknown. 6. Under Alexander the Great, the power and dominion of the Greeks were extended to the most remote regions then known ; and, for a time, the laws, the learning, and the language of Greece prevailed from Egypt to India. The conquest by Rome put an end to tJic political existence of Greece ; but the latter subdued in a measure even her conquerors. Her fame in arts and eloquence remained undiminished, and the greatest of the Romans, and all who aspired to learning, came to study in her schools. 7. The Turkish, or Ottoman invasion finally extinguished in Greece everything that remained of her ancient greatness. The Greeks were sub- jected to the most grievous oppression, and were reduced, for almost four centuries, to a condition little short of slavery. At length, partly through tlieir own exertions, and partly througli the assistance of the great European powers, this interesting people is now independent. 8. The earliest known inhabitants of Greece were the Pelas'gians, wlio founded the kingdom of Sic'yori about the time of Abraham. Two centuries later, they founded Ar'gos. They were a widely spread people, and migra- tory in their habits ; hence the Athe'nians called them " storks." About the year 1400 B. C, these people were expelled by the Helle'nes, who afterwards became so eminent for their genius, learning, and taste. From tliem the country was called Hel'las. Tlie terms Greece, and Greeks, are of Roman origin, and have been generally adopted in modern times. They were derived from the Grae'ci, a small tribe in Epi'rus ; the first with whom tlie Romans became acquainted. the condition of the inhabitants? What did they then do? 4. Into wha were they gradually formed ? What is said of the government ? What ' said of Hercules, &.c. ? Of the Trojan war ? What was the effect of that event ? 5. What occurred subsequently ? What raised the national entliu- siasm ? What then occurred? What did Greece add to her military renown ? G. What took place under Alexander, &c.? What is said of the conquest by Rome ? 7. Of the Turkish invasion ? What was then the condition of the Greeks ? What at length occurred ? 8. What is said of the Felasgians? What did they found ? What is said of tlicir habils? What did the Athenians call them ? When and by what people were tliey expelled ? What is said of the Hellenes ? Of the terms Greece and Greeks ? GREECE. 79 !). TIic Hclle'ncB were divided into four l!E. 14. In the territory of the latter is the famous pass of Thcrmop'yloj, which, in its nanowest part, is only twenty-five feet wide. Here three hundred Spar- tans, under Leon'idas, repulsed, for three days, the vast army of Xerxes, esti- mated at two ruillions of men. On the same ground, the Greeks afterwards contended against the Gauls ; and the Romans, under the Corjsul Acil iua, Jaere defeated the army of Anti'ochus. Mar;) A'b. 3.— What bounds Epirus on the north? South? East? West? Point out the rivers mentioned in the text. What rivers flowed into the What occurred on the decline of Athens and Sparta? 11. Name the chief towns. \2. What did tlic Locrii, or Locrians, comprise? What is said of the Locrii Ozolre ? 13. Of their principal city ? What is said of the two other tribes ? Their chief towns ? 14. Describe the pass of Thermopylau Wliat occurred there? What afterwards took place ? GKEECE. 85. for.ian BCa? The Gulf of Arta? What islands lay west of Eplrus ? What towns lay on tlic coast? In the interior? What sea west of Acarnania? Soutli of yEtolia ? Wliat fjulf south of Western liocris ? What mountains east of Acarnania ? North of .l',tolia ? Wliat rivers in Acarnania? In ^litolia '! In Western Locris V ^Vhat islands lay v, est ol' Acarnania ? Wlien did tlic battle of Acliuni occur ? In what gulf was it fought?, ^Wlien was the battle of 'I'hcrniopylte fought? L.^ ^L'l.y 34 PHO'CIS, DO'RIS, BCEO'TIA, &c. 1. Pho'cis lay near the centre of Greece Proper, and north of the Gulf of Corinth. The inhabitants subsisted chiefly by agri- culture, and were distinguished for their bravery. Tlie Pho'cian, or Sacred "Wars, -which proved so disastrous to Grecian liberty, originated with these people. They lasted ten years, and were terminated by the battle of Chccrone'a ; a victory wliich enabled Philip of jNlac'edon to control the affairs of Greece. 2. Delp'hi, the chief city of Pho'- cis, was situated at tlie base of Mount Parnas'sus. Here Apollo killed the serpent Py'thon ; in honour of which exploit, the Pyth'- ian Games were celebrated every fifth year. It was famous for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated amongst all tlie ancient nations. Here the Ampliictyon'ic (.'ouncil met to deliberate on the atlairs of the nation. Del'plii was considered to be the umbilicus^ or centre of Grtccc, and also of the ancient world. 3. Cir'rha was the port of Del'- plii. Antic'yra was noted for its liollebore, the great remedy for madness among the ancients : hence it was said of a person l;u bouring under insanity, "Let him go to Antic'yra." Tlie same, how- ever, was also said of Antic'yra in Delphi. Thessaly. Lita3'a and Elate'a were towns on the Cephis sus river. 4. Mount Parnas'sus was one of the most noted mountains of Greece It had two summits ; the one consecrated to Apollo and the muses, and the other to Bacchus. On it was the celebrated Casta'lian fountain ; the waters of which were fabled to inspire those who drank them with the true spirit of poetry. Q, 1. Describe Phocis. Wliat is said of tiio inhabitants? Of the 1 hociar. or Sacred Wars? 2. Describe Delplii. What is said of Apollo? Fur what was Delphi famous? What is said of the Anipliictyonic Council ? 3. OfCirrha and the other towns? 4. Describe Mount Parnassus. Wliat is 8 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 5. Do'ris was a small, interior State, which lay between ^toha and Pho'cis, and at the base of Mount CE'ta. It was called Te- trap'olis, from its four cities. (i. The Do'rians were one of the chief branches of the Hollen'ic race, Though limited in numbers, they sent various colonies to Italy, Sicily, and Asia Minor. The Dor'ic order of architecture, and the Dor'ic style of music, were derived from hence, as well as the Dor'ic, one of the principal dialecta of the Greek tongue. B(E0'tI A. 7. BfEo'xiA lay between the Gulf of Corinth and the Euri'pus. It was the most fertile district in Greece. The inhabitants were a vigorous and athletic race ; but were considered by the more sprightly Athe'nians as dull in intellect. — Yet Hes'iod, Pindar, Corin'na, and Plu'tarch, were natives of BcBo'tia. 8. In early times, it comprised several small States. About the year 1640 B. C, Cadmus, the Phocnic'ian, founded the city of Thebes. Atler the death of Xan'thian, its last kin^, the adjacent cities were formed into a republic, of whicli Thebes took the lead, and was raised, by the talents of Epaminon'das and Pelop'idas, to the rank of the roost powerful Grecian States. 9. The city of Thebes was named after the celebrated Egyptian Thebes. It was long without walls ; but was at length fortified, and had seven gates, — from which it was called Heptap'ylos. It was the birth-place of Epami- non'das, Pelo])'idas,and Pindar. It revolted from Alexander, previous to his eastern expedition, when he captured and demolislicd it ; sparing nothing but the house and family of Pindar, from admiration of the poet. •10. Orcliom'cnus was, at an early period, celebrated for its wealth ; it was called the City of the Graces, from a temple consecrated to them. Clicerone'a was the birth-place of Plu'tarcli, and the scene of a noted victory gained by Philip over the Atlie'nians and IBcEo'tians. Here, also, Archcla'us, the gene- ral of Mithrida'tes, was vanquished by Sylla, B. C. 86. At Coronas'a, tlie Thebans were defeated by tlic Spartans. 11. Platse'a was memorable for the defeat of the Persians by the Greeks, on the same day that the battle of Myc'ale in lo'nia was fought. At Leuc' tra, the Spartans were beaten by tlic Thebans under Epaminon'das ; tliis victory put an end to the Spartan rule in Greece, after it had continued near 500 years. Thes'piae was sacred to the muses ; tlie inhabitants were the only people in Boeo'tia who refused the tender of earth and water to Xcixea as a token of submission. Ascra was the birth-place of Hes'iod. said of the Castalian Fountain ? 5. What is said of Doris ? What was it called ? 6. What were the Dorians ? To what countries did they send colonies, &c.? 7. Describe Bosotia. What is said of the inhabitants? What individuals were Boeotians ? 8. What did Beeotia comprise in early times? What is said of Cadmus? What occurred after the death of Xanthian ? What is said of Epaminondas and Pelopidas ? 9. Dcscrilie the city of Tlicbcs ? Who were natives of it? What did Alexander do? 10. Describe Ori;homenus. What is said ofChtEronca? 11. Of Plattua? GRLECE. 87 V2. At Au'lis tlio Greek fleet were detained, previous to tlic sicfjc of Troy oy contrary winds. De'liuni was noted for the defeat of the Athenians hy the BoBo'tians : it was in tiiis battle tliat Soe'rates saved the life of Xcn'ophoii. Tan'aorra was the birthplace of the [wctcss Corin'na : it was famed for its breed of fightin/r.cocks: the Athenians were here worsted by the Spartans, prior to tlie Pcloponnc'sian war. This'bc was noted for its abundance of wild f .gcons. meg'aris. 13. Meg'aris lay between At'tica and Corin'thia. It was long attached to Athens ; but was at length taken by a Peloponne'sian army, and was then obliged to side with Sparta. Though pos- sessing but an inconsiderable force, the rivalry of the larger States enabled the Megare'ans to hve long in peace. 14. Mcg'ara, the chief city, was nearly equidistant from Corinth and Athen.s, and possessed, at one time, considerable splendour. The Megar'ic school of philosophy was founded liere by Eu'clid, a disciple of Soe'rates, v\lio, when the Athenians had forbidden the Megare'ans, on pain of dcatli, to enter their city, travelled thither by night, disguised in women's clothes, iJiat lie might attend the lectures of his master. Map No. 3. — Point out Doris. Pliocis. Boeotia. Megaris. What mountains north of Doris? North of Phocis ? What gulf south of Phooia and liffiotia ? What strait east of Bajotia ? What gulf south of Megaris ? Point out Mount Parnassus. Mount Helicon. Mount Citha^ron. Mount Parnes. Which is the highest of the first three ? On what river is Orclio- menus ? Chteronea ? Tanagra ? On what strait is Delium ? Aulis ? Anthedon ? When were battles fought at Chasronca ? Corona) ? Leuctra ? Platcea ? Tanagre f Delium ? AT'TICA. 1. At'tica was the easternmost district of Hel'Ias, or Greece Proper : it was hardly equal in dimensions to a moderate-sized county, yet it has eclipsed the glory of the greatest kingdoms. The inhabitants became the most eminent of the Greeks ; their genius wa-s acute, and their wit was dehcate and poignant ; the latter was so distinguished and peculiar that it was proverbially called "Attic sit." Leuctra? Thespioe? Ascra? 12. What occurred at Aulis? At Delium? What is said of Tanagra ? Thisbe ? 1 3. What is said of Megaris ? What was the etTect of the rivalry of the larger States? 14. Describe the chief city. By whom was the Mcgaric school of philosophy founded ? Wliai is said of Euclid ? Q. 1. What is said of Attica? Of the inhabitants ? Of tlieir genius and wit ? What was the latter proverbially called ? 2. What is baid of the 88 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 2. The territory of At'tica was not fertile in grain, and was never able to furnish a supply for the inhabitants: the deficiency was usually imported from EuboL-'a and Thrace. Figs and olives were produced in abundance. The oil of the latter was, with tlie ancients, the chief substitute for butter. The wool was noted for its fineness, and tiie skill with wliicii it was dyed of the most beautiful colours. I\]ount Hyniet'tus was famous for its lioney ; Lau'rium for its silver mines ; and Mount Pentel'icus for the fine marble which it furnislied to the citizens of Athens. 3. The people of At'tica boasted of their ancient and unmingled descent: they believed that they sprung from tlie soil on which they lived, and that they originated with the sun. The first known inhabitants were rude bar- barians. Ce'crops, who arrived from Egypt 1550 B. C, introduced the ele- ments of civilization ; he tauglit them a better mode of living ; mstructed them in the cultivation of grain ; planted the olive tree, and established wholesome laws. 4. They were long governed by kings, of wliom Co'drus was the last : after his death royalty was abolished, and arclions were appointed, whose power was at first perpetual, then decennial, and lastly, annual. At'tica was, in early times, divided into four tribes, which were afterwards increased to ten, and then to twelve, each having its own chief. In its prosperous days it was, for its extent, densely peopled : the population is supposed to have been about 550,000, of whom 400,000 were slaves. 5. Athens, the capital of At'tica, was the most important and splendid city of Greece, It was called, by the ancients, the eye of Greece, and also of the civihzed world. It was the great seat of learning and the arts, and was the birth-place of the most eminent orators, plulosophers,and artists of antiquity. Athens was founded by Ce'crops, and received, after him, the name of Cecro'pia ; sub- sequently it was called Athens. It lay east of the Saron'ic Gulf, and between the small rivers Cephis'sus and Ihs'sus : at the time of Its greatest extent it is supposed to have been five or six miles m circuit, and to have contained 120,000 inhabitants. C. It consisted of two divisions, the Acrop'olis and the Catop' The Acropolis. crritory of Attica ? What was produced in abundance? For what was Mount Ilymettus famous ? Laurium ? Mount Pcntelicus ? 3. Of what did the people of Attica boast? What did they believe? What were tlie first inliabitants ? 4. What is said of Cccrops ? Of tlic government of Attica ? IIow was Attica divided ? Wliat was the amount of population '( 5. Describe Athens. By whom was it founded ? Describe its position. Ex- tent. Population. G. Describe its divisions, &.c. Its harbours. Long GREECE. 80 oils, 01 ihe upper and lower city, and was distant five miles from llie sea. Tlie Pir:x;'us, Munych ia and Phale'rus were harbours, connected witli the city by walls of great strength and extent, called the long Avails; they were 80 feet high, and so broad that carriages could pass each other on their summits. The first- named harbour was considered the most convenient, and was onu of the emporiums of Grecian commerce. 7. Tlic Acrop'olis, or citadel, was built on the top of a rock that was three-fourths of a mile in circuit; it was accessible only on one side, and contained a number of buildings, some of them the most splendid of which Athens could boast. The chief ornament was the Par'thcnon, or Temple of Miner v'u, a structure which, even in ruins, has been the admiration of the world, and has served as the model of many of tlie finest buildings both in the old and the new world. It was erected by Per'ides, during the classic age of AthciiS, of the finest white marble, encompassed with fluted columns of the Doric order, and embellished with the sculpture of Phid'ias. 8. The Temple of Jupiter Olym plus was the pride of the lower city. It was from time to time enlarged and beautified, and was, at length, finished by the emperor A'drian, 700 years after its commencement. It was 400 feet in length, and 171 in front, and was adorned by 124 fluted columns, 60 feet liigh, and G feet in diameter. Temple of Theseus in its present state. 9. The Pan'thcon, the O'deon, the Prytane'um, the Pceci'Ie Stoa, or gal. lery of paintings, in which were the schools of the Stoics, and the Academy and the Lyce'um, two other celebrated schools of philosophy, were a fi:\v, among the numerous objects of interest in Athens. The Temple of The', ecus somewhat resembled the Pan'thcon, and is, perhaps, as to its outline, the most entire of the Greek edifices remaining in Athens. 10. Northwest of Athens lay Elcu'sis, celebrated for its religious myste- walls. The first named harbour. 7. Describe the Acropolis. The Par- thenon. By whom was it erected, &.c. ? 8. What is said of the Temple of J'lpiter Olympius? By whom was it finished? By what was it adorned? Describe its extent. 9. AVhat were some of the objects of interest ir Athens? What is said of the Temple of Theseus? 10. Of Eleusis? 8* 50 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. fit's which were considered so awful, that any one of the initiated whu d)"ulged them, was put to death. Mar'athon, which lay at the base of Mount Pentcl'icus, and 20 miles from Athens, is famed for the brilliant victory gained by Milti'adcs. Here, 11,000 Greeks defeated 110,000 Per- sians. A soldier ran from the field of battle to carry the news to Athens, but was so exhausted when he reached the city, that, having uttered the words, "rejoice, we are victors," he fell down and expired. 11. On tlic coast, opposite to Eubos'a, was Rham'nus, celebrated for a temple of Ncm'esis, in which was a statue of the goddess made out of a olack of Pa'rian marble tliat the Persians intended as a pillar to be erected to commemorate the expected victory over the Greeks. Lau'rium, near the promontory of Sn mum, was celebrated for its silver mines ; Panor'mua was the chiL{ hirl iir A Vthens on the eabt shore. The Fleet of Xerxes defeated by the Greeks at Salamis. 12. The narrow strait on the east side of the Island of Sal'amis was the Fccne of the greatest naval battle of ancient times. The Greeks had 380, and the Persians 2000 ships ; the former lost 40 vessels, and the latter 200, but nearly all the remainder, soon afterwards, fell into the hands of the Greeks. Xerx'cs, seated on a rich throne, viewed the conflict from the ad- jacent coast of At'tica, and saw, with mingled rage and anguish, the defeat of his numerous fleet. Map No. 3. — What district bounded Attica on the north ? On the west T What gulf on the southwest? Wliat strait on tlie east? E. Point out Athens. PirfPus. Phalerus. Munychia. On what gulf did these three towns lie? What two islands lay west of Attica? AVhat large island lay partly east? In what direction from Athens is Mount Hymettus ? Mount Pcntelicus? Mount Parnes? Mount Cithajron ? What i* the foutheri: point of Attica ? Between what rivers does Athens stand 7 jWhen was the battle of Marathon fought ? The battle of Salamis ? Marathon? What occurred here ? 11. What is said o'*Rhamnus? Of the statue of the goddess Nemesis? Lauriuni? Panonnus? 12. What took place near Salamis? How many ships were engaged in it? WJiat was the result? What is said of Xerxes? GREECE. A THE PELOPONNE'SUS. 1. The Peloponne'sus, the most southern division of Greece, is a peninsula, about equal in area to the State of Massachusetts. It is a mountainous country, watered with numerous streams, and its coasts are indented with several deep inlets. The modern name, More'a, is said to be derived from the resemblance of its outline to a mulberry leaf. 2. It was at first called A'pia, and afterwards, Pelas'gia, from the Pelas'gians. The term Peloponne'sus (island of Pe'lops) was derived from Pe'lops, a Phryg'ian prince, who married a daughter of a king of Pi'sa in E'lis, and, becoming his successor, conquered a considerable part of the peninsula. 3. Tlie isthmus of Corinth, wliich unites the Peloponne'sus to Hel'las, was an important pass, and formed a barrier against foreign invasion. Small vessels were oflen drawn over it, from one gulf to the other, and various attempts were made by Deme'trius, Csesar, Nero, and others, but always without success, to construct a canal across it : hence, to cut through tlic Corin'thian isthmus has long been a proverbial expression for aiming at an impossibility. 4. The chief products of the Peloponne'sus were corn, wine.and oil. The inhabitants were among tlie most renowned of the Greeks, and acted an important part in all tlieir national affairs. The population, when most numerous, is supposed to have amounted to about a million. The chief divisions were Aclia'ia, Ar'golis, E'lis, Arca'dia, Messe'nia and Laco'nia: Sicyo'nia and Corin'thia were generally included in Acha'ia. A C H A ' I A . 5. Acha'ia comprised the most northern part of the Peloponne'- sus ; it was at first called Egi'alus, subsequently, lo'nia, and then Acha'ia. At the siege of Troy the AchcC'ans were the most nume- rous and powerful of the Greek tribes engaged. 6. The famous Achse'an league was formed about the year 287 B. C, by the union of all the Achce'an cities, and also by the States of Cor'inth, Sic'- yon, Ar'golis, Laco'nia, Arca'dia, ftleg'aris, and others. Tiiis confederacy became formidable to tlie adjoining nations, as well as to the Romans, by whom, on tlie capture of Cor'inth, it was dissolved, after an existence of 1 30 Q. 1. What was the Peloponnesus? What is said of its extent, (Sec. 7 Describe the country. What is said of the modern name ? 2. Of its an cient name ? How was the term Peloponnesus derived, &.c. ? 3. What is said of the isthmus of Corinth ? What attempts were made by Demetrius and others ? Wliat was deemed an impossibility ? 4. What were the cjiief products? What is said of the inhabitants ? The population ? Name the chief divisions. 5. What is said of Achaia ? 6. Of the AcJifean league 7 What cities and States were included in it ? What did it become ? Wlien 92 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. years. When annexed to Rome, the Peloponne'sus and Hel'las were formed into the province of Acha'ia. 7. The most important towns of Acha'ia were Pelle'ne, ^Egi'ra, M'g'mm, Pa'trae, Dy'me, Pha'rae and Trits'a. Pelle'ne was famous for its wool; cloaks made of it were ^ivon as prizes to the riders at the gymnastic games, held here in honour of Mercury. jEgi'ra was called, at first, Hypere'sia ; but received tlie former name from the circumstance of its inhabitants tying lighted faggots to the horns of some goats, and thus protecting themselves against the attacks of an enemy. 8. At iE'gium the States of Acha'ia held their public meetings ; hither, also, Agamem'non assembled all the Greek chiefs, prior to the Trojan war. Pa'troB was an important town ; it suffered severely in the Roman wars : after the battle of Ac'tium, Augustus settled a number of veterans in it, ajid made it a Roman colony. Pha'ra; possessed an extensive forum, with an image of Mercury, and, near it, an oracle of the god. Dy'me, with the adjacent country, was frequently laid waste during the Social War. sicyo'nia. 9. Sicyo'nia was one of the smallest, and it was also one of the most ancient of the Greek States. For a time it was subject to Argos, but it was usually reckoned as a part of Acha'ia. About the years 240 to 220 B. C, Ara'tus, an able commander, raised Sicyo'nia to considerable power and distinction, but, after his death, it became of little importance. 10. Sic'yon, the capital, was founded more than 2000 years B. C. It was once the first school of painting in Greece ; several noted artists were natives, among whom was Lysip'pus. The inhabitants were luxurious and effemi- nate, and hence the proverb, " Sicyonii calcei," used in reference to effemi- nate gayety. The almonds of Sic'yon were noted ; also a kind of shoes worn by the voluptuous and delicate. corin'thia. 11. Corin'thia occupied the narrow isthmus wliich joined the Peloponne'sus to the main land; its territory AAas one of the smallest in Greece ; but commerce rendered it rich and powerful. 12. Cor'inth, the capital, was one of the most splendid, but, at the same time, most voluptuous cities of Greece. It received the cpitliet Bim'aris, from being situated between two seas or gulfs. In its vicinity the Isth'mian games were celebrated, in honour of Neptune, every five years. This city maintained its rank until it was captured and destroyed by the Roman consul Mum'mius, 146 years B. C. Julius Caesar rebuilt it, and it became^ afterwards, the metropolis of the Roman province of Acha'ia. was it dissolved ? What did the Peloponnesus, &c. form ? 7. Name the most important towns of Achaia. * What is said of Pellene ? ^gira 7 8. JEgium ? Patraj ? Pharas ? Dyme ? 9. Describe Sicyonia. What is said of Aratus ? 10. What is said of Sicyon ? Of the inhabitants, &-c. ? 11. What did Corinthia occupy ? What is said of its territory ? 12. Of Cor- inth ? What epithet did it receive ? What were celebrated in its vicini'y 7 What is said of its capture ? Julius CiEsar, &c.? GREECE ^^^'■^ The Aero Coriiitluis, with inoilLru Lorinth. 13. Cor'inth had two ports, Lcchai'um, on tlie Corinthian, and Cenchrte'a, on the Saron'ic gulf; they were always crowded with shipping; the city stood at the base of a liili 2100 feet high ; on the summit was the Acro-Co- rinthus, the strongest fortress in Greece ; the view from hence is one of tlie finest in the world — the peaks of Hcl'icon and Parnas'sus, and the Acrop'- olis of Athens arc visible in the distance. Cor'inth is now a mere village. Map No. 3.— What bounds the Peloponnesus on the north ? What sea west ? ' East ? What gulf east ? Into what sea does the Peneus river flow? TheAlpheus? TheNcda? Into what gulf does the Pamisus river flow? The Eurotas? What gulf bounded Achaia on the north? What districts south? Wiiat district east? What rivers in Achaia flow into tlie gulf of Corinth ? What gulf north of Sicyonia ? What districts south? What district cast? West? What gulf north of Corinth ? South? On what gulf is Lechaeum ? Cenchrfca ? What mountauis south of Achaia? Point out PcUene. Sicyon. Corinth. The other towns mentioned in the text AR'GOLIS AND LACO'NIA. 1. Ar'golis occupied the most eastern part ef the Peloponne'- 6US : it was a rich, fertile district, and was settled and cultivated at an early period. In'achus, about the year 1800, and Dan'aus, about the year 1500 B. C, came hither with colonists from Egypt. In remote times it was governed by one monarch ; subsequently it was divided into several small kingdoms, all of which after- wards became free States. The inhabitants were called Ar'gives, or Argi'vi. 13. What is said of the ports of Corinth ? Describe the position of the city What is siid of Aero-Corinthus 7 What is Corinth at this time ? Q. 1. Describe Argolis. What is said of Inachus? Of Danaus? Of 94 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 2. Epidau'rus, one of the chief towns, stood on the coast of the Saron'ic gulf; near it was a renowned temple of Escula'pius, much visited by the sick. It was celebrated for its vines and its fine breed of horses. In the vicinity was Mount Araclmse'us, the last station of tlie telegraphic fire by which the capture of Troy was announced at Myce'nie, the same night it was taken. Not far distant was the peninsula of Metl/anaB, noted for ita liot springs ; near it was Troeze'ne, the birth-place of The'seus. 3. Myce'nre was the royal city of Agamem'rion, the oommander of tho Greeks at Troy : it was at tliat time the chief city in Ar'golis, and superior to Ar'gos. The inhabitants of the latter captured and destroyed it more than 2000 years ago. Its ruins are in nearly the same state as when do- scribed by ancient authors. Nern'ea had near it a grove where Her'cules slew the Nem'ean lion, in honour of which exploit the Nem'ean games were celebrated there every three years. 4. Ar'gos, the chief city of Ar'golis, was one of the oldest cities in Greece it was strongly fortified, and was defended by two citadels. Some of the most skilful sculptors of antiquity were natives of this city, and music was ardently cultivated. At Thyras'a a battle was fought between 300 Ar'gives and as many Spartans, in which one of tlie latter was the only survivor. Nau'plia was the port of Ar'gos, and the naval station of the Ar'gives. Ti'ryns was celebrated as the early residence of Her'cules. 5. The island of Mgi'na, lay east of Ar'golis ; though of small extent, it became an independent State : it was noted for its ships and its commerce, . and was, at one time, the emporium of Greece, .^gi'na was the rival of Athens, at sea ; its warriors were the most distinguished of the Greek allies at the battle of Sal'amis, and obtained the prize of valour. The iEgine'tan marbles are noted pieces of Doric sculpture, taken from the temple of Ju- piter Panhclli'nus by some English and German artists about the year 1811. South of jEgi'na was the island of Calau'ria, where Demos'thenes poisoned himself, to escape the persecutions of Antip'ater. LACO'NIA, 6. Laco'nia, Laced.e'mon, or Sparta, was the largest of the Peloponne'sian States ; it was a rugged, barren country, and diffi- cult of culture. Its inhabitants were reno^vTled for their bravery and love of hberty ; they were forbidden to exercise any mechani- cal arts or trades, which, together with the labours of agriculture, devolved on the He'lots or slaves. 7. The austere education introduced by Lycur'gus about the year 880 B. C., rendered the Spartans ambitious of glory, fearful of dishonour, and undaunted in battle ; and to its influence the achievements of Leon'idas at Thermop'ylaj, and Pausa'nias at Plataj'a, are to be attributed. Obedience ta Pelops ? How was it divided in rem')te \ inics ? What were the inhabitants called? 2. What is said of Epidir.irus? Mount Arachnteus ? Of Mo- than®? Trffizenc? 3. Mycenaj ? Nr.iiea? 4. Argos, &.c. ? What oo- curred at ThyrtEa ? What is said o^' I'^auplia? Of Tiryns ? 5. Describe the island of /Egina. What power did it rival ? What is said of its war riors 7 Of the yEginctan marbles ? 6. Describe Laconia, Lacedtemon, or Sparta. What is said of the inhabitants ? What devolved on the Helots * 7. What is said of the education introduced by Lycurgus ? Of obedience. GREECE. 95 superiors, and the endurance of hardshii), were risforously inculcated. To inure the youth to hunger, tliey received but little food; if they wantei more, they were ohliRi-d to steal it, and, if discovered, they were punished net for the thelt, but ibr their awkwardness. 8. At the annual festival of Dia'na Or'tliia, to enable them to bear pain they were severely wliipped ; their fathers stood by, exhorting thcni to fbrti tude, and the youths endeavoured to surpass each other in firmness. Who- ever uttered the least cry was considered to be disgraced. The art of swim, ming the Spartans thought very important, and the greatest reproach that could be bestowed on a man, was to say, " he can't even swim." Conciseness of language was much studied, and tlie term " laconic" has been long used to signify a short, pithy manner of speaking. 9. The Sjiartans exercised, for a period of 500 years, a powerful influence over the atVairs of Greece. Tlicir constant disputes with the Athenians • involvc-d all the other States, and produced a series of wars, in which they finally became predominant ; but, intoxicated by the dominion they had gained, and corrupted by luxury, they departed from their ancient disci- pline, and lost their ascendancy. 10. The chief city of Laco'nia was Sparta; it stood on the Euro'tas, the most beautilul and limpid of all the Grecian streams. At tlie time of its greatest extent, it was about six miles in circuit; but it was never equal in splendour to some of the other Grecian cities. It remained long without walls — the Spartans believing that a city's best defence lay in the valour of its citizens. It was, at length, regularly and strongly fortified. 11. Gyth'ium, the port of SpaVta, was a tovm of great strength. A short distance east of it was He'los, tlie inliabitants of which were reduced to slavery by the Lacedasmo'nians, whence their slaves were called He'lots. At Sclla'sia, tlie Spartan monarch Clcom'cnes III. was defeated by Antig'onus Doson, king of JMacedonia, B. C. 224. Therap'ne was saercd to Apollo. 12. South of Sparta was Amvc'laj, one of the most ancient towns in La- co'nia. Zarex and Epide'lium Uiy on the eastern coast. Boe'a stood not far from the island called Onigna'thos (the Asses Jaw). Messa and Cajnop'olis lay on the gulf of Messe'nia : the latter, called also Tajna'rium, was noted for its beautiful green marble. Ma'lea promontory or cape was the soutli- east extremity of the Peloponne'sus ; and Tajna'rium promontory the most southern. Near the latter was a cave, said to be the entrance to Pluto's dominions, by which Hercules dragged Cer'berus to the upper regions. Map No. 3. — Wliat sea lay southeast of Argolis and Laconia ? What gulf cast of Argolis ? South ? Northeast of Laconia ? South ? What islands south ? What islands on the coast of Argolis ? What districts north of Argolis ? What district west ? North of Laconia ? West ? What mountains in Argolis ? In Laconia? What promontory formed the Boutheastern extremity of Laconia ? .'.The southwestern? On what river was the city of Sparta ? Argos ? Point out tlie other towns mentioned in the text. When WS3 a battle fought at Sellasia ? &c. ? How were the youth treated ? What was done, if discovered 7 8. What occurred at the festival of Diana Orthia 7 What is said of the art of swimming? Conciseness of language, &c. ? 9. What did the Spartan* exercise for 500 years ? What is said of their constant disputes 7 What was the result ? 10. Describe the city of Sparta? What did the Spartans believe? 11. What is said of Gythium 7 Ilelos? Sellasia? Therapne 1 12. Aroycla; and the other towns 7 What is said of Malca and Taenarium promontory ? Of a cave near the latter 7 + CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 38 E'LIS, MESSE'NIA, AND ARCA'DIA. 1. E'lis or E'lea was the most fertile district in the Peloponne' sus ; it was watered by the Alphe'us, the Pene'us,and other streams. The inhabitants were much engaged in agriculture and rural pursuits. The name of this district was derived from E'leus, one of its first monarchs. Salmo'neus, another of its kings, was killed by Jupiter for attempting to imitate thunder and hghtning. 2. E'lis was considered the holy land of Greece. The Olym'- pian, the most ancient and solemn of the national festivals, was cele- brated here. In early times, when warlike bands traversed the country, they dehvered up their arms on entering it, and received them again when they quitted the frontier. Subsequently, how- ever, its territory was as httle respected as that of any of the other States. 3. Olym'pia, the most renowned city of E'lis, lay on the river Alphe'us, a short distance from the sea : here the Olym'pian games were held every fourth year, and here the great temple of Jupiter was built by the Elcans, but at the expense of all the other Greek States ; hence it was considered as a national structure. It rivalled the Pantheon, in extent, and surpassed it in grandeur : within it was placed the colossal statue of the Olym'pian Jupiter, considered one of the wonders of tiie world ; it was sixty fcet high, carved by Phidias, and was acknowledged to be tlie most perfect piece of sculpture that ever existed. There were several other temples, besides many monuments and statues, erected. in honour of deities, heroes, and victors at the games, 4. The city of E'lis stood on the banks of the E'lcan Pene'us, (so called to distinguish it from the river Pene'us in Thcssaly,) about twelve miles from the sea ; it consisted, at first, of several detached villages, which were after wards united, and became the metropolis. The port of E'lis was Cyllc'ne. Here the Pelas'gi sailed on their expedition to Italy. Near to E'lis stood the .ancient city of Py'los : Nestor, one of the most renowned Grecian heroes of the Trojan war, was king of Py'los, but as there were three cities of tliat name in the Peloponnc'sus, it is uncertain at which of them he reigned. 5.. In the vicinity wag Bupra'sium ; it was surrounded by a fruitful and well-cultivated district. Scil'lus was the dwelling-place of Xcn'ophon : here he wrote nearly all his works. Not far from Olym'pia was the city of Pi'sa ; its inhabitants long enjoyed the privilege of presiding at the Olym'pian games; but the people of E'lis envied them that distinction, and made war upon them ; took their city and utterly demolished it. Q. 1, Describe Elis. What is said of the inhabitants ? From whom was the name derived ? What is said of Salmoneus ? 2. What was Elis con- sidered? What was held here ? What is said of early times ? 3, Describe Olympia. What is said of the great temple, &c.? How did it comparo with the Pantheon ? What was placed within it ? Describe the statue, itc, 4. Describe the city of Elis. The port of Elis. What is said of Pylos ? Of Nestor ? 5. Of Buprasium ? Scillus ? Pisa 7 6. Describe Messenia GREECE. MESSENIA. 6. Messf/nia was the southwestern division of the Peloponne'- BUS. It was in some parts mountainous, but abounded in rich and well-watered plains, furnishing e.xcellcnt pasturage : hence its possession was coveted by the Spartans ; and this circumstance give rise to three obstinate wars between the two nations, in which the Messe'nians were at length subdued, and obliged to leave their country. Their descendants, however, in consequence of the change of circumstances produced by the victory at Leuc'tra, re- turned, about a century afterwards. 7. Mcsse'nc, the chief town, was founded by Epaminon'das shortly after the battle of Leuc'tra, with such zeal and activity, tliat its fortifications and chief edifices were completed in 85 days. Itlio'me was the citndcl of Me»- se'ne ; it and the Acro-Corin'thus were the two strongest places in tlie Peloponne'sus. I'ra, a mountain-fortress, was famous for maintaining a siege against the Laceda;mo'nians for eleven years. 8. Mctho'ne was an ancient city, wliich received its name from Mctho'ne, daughter of iEne'as. In the time of the Romans it was taken by Agrippa, when in command of a Roman fleet : he ibund here Boc'chus, king of Mauri- ta'nia, and put him to death as a partisan of Marc Antony. Trajan particu- larly favoured this city, and bestowed several privileges on the inhabitants, 9. Corypha'sium and Py'los lay in a fine harbour, now the gulf of Nava- ri'no. It was the scene of a naval conflict between the Athe'nians and Spartans ; and, in our own times, the great naval victory which secured independence to the modern Greeks, was gained here. Py'los is supposed to have been tlie capital of Nestor's kingdom, though the honour was disputed by two other towns. Phe'rffi stood at the head of the gulf of Mcsse'nia ; Stenycla'rus lay on the Pamis'sus river ; in the vicinity was the Campus Stenyela'rus, in which the Spar'tans were twice defeated by the Messe'nians. Cyparis'sa gave its name to the gulf on which it stood, and also to the adja cent promontory. arca'dia. 10. Arca'dia, so renowned in poetrj', occupied the intenor dis- trict of the Peloponne'sus, and was enclosed on every side by the adjacent States. Being elevated and mountainous, it was well adapted to pasturage, and was consecrated by the ancients to Pan, the god of shepherds. The inhabitants were devoted to a pastoral life ; they were strongly attached to liberty, and were noted for their love of music. What gave rise to three wars between the Spartans and MesseniansT What was the result? What occurred about a century afterwards? 7. What is said of Messenc ? Of Itliome ? Ira ? 8. What is said of Me- thonc ? What occurred in tlie time of the Romans 7 What is said of Tra- jan? Of Coryphasiuni and Pylos? Wliat occurred in our own times J VVhat is said of Pylos ? Phera; ? StcnyClarus? Cyparissa? 10. Wha, is said of Arcadia? For what was it well adapted? To what god was it consecrated ? What is said of the inhabitants ? 9 G 98 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 11. Arca'dia never contained any great cities, and it was long before towns began to be erected ; among the latter was Cli'tor, remarkable for a fountain whose waters gave those who drank them a distaste for wine ; it stood on a stream of the same name, tlie fish of which are stated to have sung like thrushes. Orchom'enus was an ancient town ; it sent 120 sol- di srs to Tliermop'ylffi, and 600 to Platas'a. Herse'a was a city of some mpoftance, tlie possession of whicii was frequently contested by the E'le- ans and Arca'dians. Gor'tys or Gorty'na was celebrated for a beautifri temple dedicated to Escula'pius. At Mantine'a, Epaniinon'das, the notei I'lieban general, gained a victory over the Lacedsemo'nians, in which h' lost his life. 12. Megalop'olis, the largest Arca'dian city, was founded by the advice of Epaminon'das after the battle of Leuc'tra ; it was the birth-place of Philo- psB'men, and Polyb'ius, the historian. At Te'gca the gigantic bones of Ores'tes were found bu- ried : the celebrated Ata- lan'ta was a native of tliia place : it was famed for a temple of Mincr'va, the most splendid in the Pelo- ponne'sus. 13. Pallan'tium was tlie city of Evan'der. At Phi- ga'lia was a beautiful tcm- pie of Apollo Epicu'rius : it still exists, though much dilapidated : some beauti- ful pieces of sculpture. Temple of Apollo Epicurius. taken from it, are in the British Marbles. luseum, and are called the Phiga'iian Ma-p No. 3. — What sea lay west of Elis and Messenia ? What gulfs on the west? What promontories or capes? What islands? What rivers flowed through Elis, Messenia, and Arcadia ? VVhat gulf south of Messe- nia? What river flowed into it? Wliat mountain lay north of Elis? North of Arcadia ? Between Messenia and Laconia ? In the southern part of Messenia ? Point out the towns mentioned in the text, in Elis. In Messenia. In Arcadia. When was the battle of Mantinea fought ? What is the height of the Taygetus mountains ? Of the Cyllene ? The length of Ac AJpheus river ? 39 THE GREEK ISLANDS I. The islands attached to Greece comprised, several groups l!ie greater part of which lay in the JEge'an sea. They were first II. What is said of the cities and towns ? For what was Clitor remark- able? What is said of the stream of the same name? Of Orchomcnus? Heraja? Gortys? Mantinea? 12. What is said of Megalopolis ? Wliat was found at Tegea ? Who was a native of that place ? For what was it famed ? 13. What is said of Pallantium 7 The temple of Phigalia ? Q. 1. Wliat is said of the Greek islands ? By whom were they first GREECE. 99 peopled by the Phocnic'ians, Ca'riuns and Pclas'gians, aftenvards I'ley were occupied by the Helle'nes, and, until Athens estabhshed her sovereignty over the seas, each consisted of one or more free States. The Romans, in the time of Vespa'sian, formed them all mto one province. 2. Cre'ta or Cre'te was the largest Greek island, and was sur- named Hecutom'polis, from its hundred cities ; it was noted as the birth-j)lace of Ju'i)iter, and for the wise laws which the renowned Minos established. In the centre stood Mount I'da, where Ju'piter was nursed. The principal city was Gnos'sus, or Gno'sus, where Mi'nos reigned, and where, it is supposed, the celebrated labyrinth was constructed. The other cities were Lyc'tos, Gorty'na and Cydo'nia. 2. The Cre'tans were skilful archers, and hired themselves to any State tiiat needed mercenary soldiers. In tlie earlier period of their existence, tliey were a wise and just people, but they degenerated so far as to be charged witli the grossest vices. St. Paul quotes one of their own poets, in evidence of their bad character. 4. EuBOJA was next to Cre'te, in extent ; it was separated from the main land by tlic strait Euri'pus, which was said to ebb and flow seven times each day and each niglit It was a rich and fertile island, and tiie Athe- nians drew their chief supplies from it. The principal towns were Chal'cis and Ere'tria ; tlie first was joined to Boso'tia by a fortified bridge. 5. O'reus was noted for its vines ; near it the battle of Artemisi'um was fought, in which the Greeks defeated tlie fleet of Xcrx'es, at the same time tliat his army was repulsed at Thermop'ylaj. /E'ga, Cerin'thus and Carys'- tus, were also towns in Eubee'a ; the latter was noted for its beautiful green marble ; near it, at Caphare'um promontory, the Greek fleet was wrecked, on its return from Troy, (). The TiiKAciAN Islands, Tha'sos, Samothra'ce, Im'bros and Lemnos, lay m tlic northern part of the .Ege'an sea. Tha'sos was noted for its wine and its marble. Samothra'ce was called after the island of Sa'mos, to which the epithet, Thrace, was added by way of distinction. 'I'he worship of Cyb'ele originated here ; whence the island was regarded as sacred, and became an asylum for criminals. Im'bros was consecrated to Ce'res and Mer'cury, and to tiie deities called Cabiri. 7. Lem'nos was called Diop'olis from its two towns, Hephaes'tia and M\-ri'na ; in the forum of the latter was the famous statue of the ox, made by My'ron, on which the ancients affirm Mount A'thos, 45 miles distant, threw its shadow, at the time of the winter solstice. This island contained a volcano fabled to be the workshop of Vulcan. Here the women once naaesacred all the male inhabitants : certain Pclas'gians, also, nmrdered omc wonjer. and children which they had carried away from Attica. From peopled ? By what people were they afterwards occupied ? Of what did each consist ? Into what did the Romans form them? 2. Describe Crete, Name the principal cities. 3. What is said of the Cretans ? 4. Of Euboea ? NamQ the principal towns. 5. What is said of Oreus ? What took place near it ? What is said of ^ga, &,c. ? 6. Which were the Thracian Wands ? What is said of Thasos ? Samothrace ? 7. Lemnos 7 What lOO CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHV. tliese atrocities, the Greeks gave the epithet " Lem'nian" to any horrible murder. 8, The Thessa'lian Islands were Halonne'sus, Scy'atlius, Scop'elos, Pre- pare'thus and Scy'ros. ' The women of Halonne'sus are said to have repelled alone an invasion after all the men were slain. Prepare'thus was celebrated for its wines and olives. Scy'ros was tlie country of the king Lycome'- des : here Achil'les disguised himself in the habit of a girl, to escape going ti> the Trojan war. 9, The Cyc'lades lay southeast of Attica, and received their name be cause they surrounded De'los as with a circle. They were noted for thci. fine marble, and the excellence of their wines, the reputation of which is not yet entirely lost. De'los, though one of the smallest islands, was tlie most distinguished of the whole group. It was famed for its temple and altar of Apollo, and as the birth-place of Apollo and Diana. It is said to have floated about, under the surface of the sea, until made to appear and stand firm by order of Neptune. 10, De'los was a place of great sanctity, and was famed all over the ancient world ; even the Hyperbo'reans sent offerings to its temple. It was noted for the skill of its artists, the fineness of its silver, and the excellence of its bronze. Nax'os was sacred to Bacchus. Pa'ros was celebrated for its marble, and also as the birth-place of the renowned sculptor Praxit'eles. 11, The inhabitants of Myc'onos, who were avaricious and rapacious, lost their hair at an early age : hence the epithet " Myco'nion" was proverbially applied to a bald person. Te'nos was noted for the number of its springs ; the waters of one of which would not mix with wine. The giants who had been conquered by Hercules, were said to lie buried under the island. Nax'os, the largest and most fertile of the Cyc'lades, is about 60 miles in circuit. It was sacred to Bacchus, who was said to have been born there. Nax'os had a city of the same name. 12, An'dros was fertile and well cultivated. The inhabitants of Ce'oa were noted for their mo- desty and sobriety, in oppo- sition to the Chi'ans ; hence the adage, "Ceus non Clii- us," Ce'os is not Chi'os, Se- ri'phus and Gy'arus were used by the Romans as places of banishment : on tlie former, Cas'sius Seve'rus died in exile, Cyth'nus was noted for its cheese ; Oli'ar- OS or Anti-Paros for its grot- to, or rather, scries of grot- toes, the roof, the floor, and the sides of which are eu. did this island contain 7 8, Which were the Thessalian islands ? What did the women of Halonesus do? What is said of Preparethus ? Scyros? 9. Describe the Cyclades. 10. What is said of Delos ? What is said of the Hyperboreans? For what was Delos distinguished ? What is said of Naxos? Pares? 11. Of the inhabitants of Myconos ? For wJiat was Tenos noted ? What is said of the giants ? Of Naxos ? 12. Of Andres? ^ The inhabitants of Coos ? For what purpose were Seriphus and Gyarus used 7 For what was Cytlmus noted? Oliaros? For what was Melos mcmora ble ? Name the principal islands. Grotto of Anti-Paros. GREEPIJ. :0I Jrcly covered with a dazzling encrustation, as wliite as enow. Me'los waa iiifiiiorablc lor the sutlerings of its inliabitants lor want of food, wiicn be- sieged by tlic AlJienians, wlience a "Mele'an famine" beeame a proverb. The other prineipal islands were Cimo'las, Polyoe'gos, Scy'ros and Rhcne'a. Map No. 2. — What islands lie north of Crete? What island due east? : tVliat part of Asia Minor northeast ? ' To what part of the United States do these islands correspond in latitude ? How long is Crete ? How wide ? What mountains in Crete 1' What mountain in tlie centre ? IIow liigh is it ? Which is the most eastern promontory ? Western ? '' Southern ? What islands on the coast of Crete 1 Point out the cities named in tiie text. Map No. 3. — In what direction does Euboja lie from Hellas ? Wliat strait separated it from Locris, Bocotia, and Attica ? What gulf separated it from Thcssaly ? What is the length of Euljcea, by the scale? The great- est breadth ? The smallest ? The average ? What mountains in Euboca? What towns? What islands lay nortiieast? Soutlieast ? Point out the lliracian islands. What towns in Thasos ? Samothrace ? Imbros? Towns in Lemnos ? Point out the Thessalian islands. What distance, by tiie scale, is the nearest from Thessaly ? The most distant? Point out tlio Cyclades. What sea on the northwest ? Northeast? South? Which ia the largest of the Cyclades? tThe most northern? Southern? Eastern? Western ? ' What island lay west of Delos ? Northeast ? 40 THE GREEK ISLANDS— [CONTINUED.] 1. The Spor'ades laj'- east and south of the Cyc'lades. They received their name from being scattered or sown along the coast of Asia Minor, and over the adjacent seas. Part of them were mcluded in Asia, and ])art in Europe. The principal of the Eu- ropean islands were The'ra, Pholegan'dros, Sici'nus, I'os, Amor'- gos, Anaphe, AstypaloB'a,and Car'pathus. 2. The'ra was fabled to have been formed of a clod of earth thrown from the ship Argo : Cyre'ne, in Africa, was settled by a colony from hence. Fos was the burial-place of Homer; his mother was a native of the island. Anior'gos was the birth-place of the poet Simon'ides. Car'pathus gave name to the Carpa'thian sea. 3. The Spor'adf.s belonging to Asia, were Ten'edos, Lcs'bos, Chi'os, Sa'mos, Ica'ria, Patmos, Cos, Rhodes, and some smaller islands. Ten'edos. was sacred to Apollo: here the Greeks retired when they pretended to raise the siege of Troy. Lcs'bos was famed for the noted writers to which it gave birth, as well as for its wine. The inhabitants were celebrated for tlieir skill in music. Mitylc'ne and Metliym'na were the chief towns. Farther to the south was Chi'os, whose wines were deemed the best in tlio ancient world. It also contained quarries of excellent marble. Q. 1. What is said of the Sporades ? The European islands? 2. Of Thcra ? Wliat colony was settled from tiicnce ? What noted poet waa buried at los ? Who was born there? At Amorgos ? To wliat did Car p:ilhus give name? 3. What were the Asiatic Sporades? What is said of Tcnedos ? For what was Lesbos famed ? For what were the inhabit- ants celebrated ? Name the chief towns. What island lay south ? What 10-^ CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 4. Sa'moa was sacred to Ju'no, and was the birth-place of the philosopher Pythag'oras. Ica'ria gave name to the Ica'rian sea. In Pat'inos St. John wrote the Revelation. Cos was the native place of the celebrated physician Hippoc'rates, where a venerable plane-tree is still exhibited, under which he is said to have lectured. Rhodes was celebrated for its raisins, oranges.and roses ; also for its Colossus and its extensive commerce. Its maritime laws were so esteemed, that they were adopted by the Romans, from whose code some of them have been incorporated into the commercial regulations of modern times. 5. The Io'nian Islands lay in the lo'nian sea. In the prosperous t.mna of Greece, each island formed a separate State. Alexander the Great, and subsequently the Romans, conquered them ; afterwards, they formed a part of the Byzan'tine empire. Corcy'ra, Leuca'dia, Ith'aca, Cephalle'nia, Za- cyn'thus and Cythe'ra were the largest islands. 6. Corcy'ra was celebrated for its riches and fertility ; also for the ship- wreck of Ulys'ses, and the gardens of Alein'ous. Leuca'dia was at first a peninsula, but was separated from the main land by the Corinthians, to facilitate navigation. Leuca'te promontory was called the Lover's Leap : here Sap'plio, the poetess, and other disappointed lovers, threw themselves into the sea. Ith'aca was the birth-place of Ulys'ses. 7. Cephalle'nia, called anciently Sa'me, from its chief town, was less fertile than the other islands. Zacyn'thus, with a capital of the same name, was a productive island : it contained springs of bitumen, which are still abundant. In Cythe'ra, Venus was received, when she rose from the sea ; and hence that island was sacred to the goddess. It was famed for its fertility GREEK COLONIES. 8. The Greeks, being a maritime people, established colonies on the coasts of the Mediterranean, the Eux'ine, the Propon'tis, and the Pa'lus Mseo'tis. These colonies were designed to extend com- merce, rather than conquest : many of them became independent, and some not only equalled, but even surpassed the parent Stales in wealth and power, 9. The jEo'lian colonies of Asia Minor lay on the western coast, and in the islands of Les'bos and Ten'edos. The lo'nians established themselves on the coasts of Lyd'ia and Ca'ria, and in the islands of Sa'mos and Chi'os. The Do'rians settled on the coast of Ca'ria, and in the islands of Cos and Rhodes. 10. The colonies on the Propon'tis, the Eux'ine and the Pa'lus MaDo'tis, were established chiefly by tlic Mile'sians. On the Propon'tis were Lamp', sacus, Cyz'icus, Hcracle'a, Byzan'tiura and Chalce'don ; on the Euxine vere Heracle'a Pon'tica, Ami'sus, Trapc'zus, Pha'sis, and Dioscu'rias : on is said of it ? 4. What is said of Samos ? Of Icaria ? Patmos ? Of whom was Cos the native place, «&c. ? For what was Rhodes celebrated ? What is said of its maritime laws? 5. Of the Ionian islands? By whom were they conquered, «&c. ? Name the largest islands. 6. What is said of Corcyra ? Leucadia ? Leucate promontory, »Si.c. ? 7. Of Cephallenia / Zacynthus? Cythera? 8. Where did the Greeks establish colonies? What is said of them ? 9. Of the iEolian colonies ? The lonians ? The Dorians ? 10. Where did the Milesians settle colonies ? What colonies on the Fropontis? On the Euxine? Palus Mtcotis? In Thrace? In ITALY. 103 the Pa'lus Mtco'tis was Tan'ais. In the Chcrsone'sus Tau'rica were CJier- ■one'sus, Eupato'ria and Panticapa.''uni ; and at the mouth of the IJorya'- thencs stood Olbia : the last two were important towns. In Thrace, Ses'tos, Car'dia, /E'gos Pot'amos, Abdc'ra and Marone'a ; and, in Maccdo'nia, Am. phip'olig, Chal'eis, Olyn'thus and Potidia'a, were the most important colo- nies. 11. The Greek colonies of southern It'aly were numerous and importarxt; hence that regfion received the name of Mag'na Grte'cia, or Great Greece; among these Tarcn'tum, Heraelc'a and Brundu'sium were of Do'rian ; Syb'. aris, Croto'na, Metapon'lum, Pajs'tum, &,c., of Achie'an; and Rhe'gium, E'lea, Neap'oHs, &lc., of lo'nian origin. 12. In Sicily, Messa'na, Syr'aeuse, Hybla, Ge'la, Agrigen'tum, and other flourishing cities, were founded by the Do'rians; and Njixus, Cat ana, and Ilim'era by the lo'nians. There were also Greek colonies in Cor'sica and Sardin'ia ; in Gaul, Massil'ia ; in Spain, Sagun'tum ; and in Africa, Cyre'ne. Map No. 2. — Wliere is the island of Tcnedos ? Lesbos? Chios? Sa- nies ? learia ? Patmos ? Calymna ? Cos ? Rhodes ? Which island was the most northern of the Sporades ? The most eastern ? Near what part of tlie coast of Asia Minor did each of tliese islands lie ? Which were the five largest of the Sporades ? Map No. 3. — Point out Thera. Pholegandros. Sicinus. los. Amor- gos. Anaphe. Astypaleea. Carpathus. (The latter will be found in Map No. 2.) What groui) lay immediately north of tliese islands ? What sea lay south ? Point out Corcyra. Leueadia. Ithaca. Cephallenia, Zacyn- thus. Cythera. Paxus Islands. The Strophades. (These were the islands of the fabled Harpies.) Which was the most northern of the Ionian islands? The most soutlicrn ? What towns were in the Ionian islands ? 41 ITALIA, OR ITALY. « 1. Italy is one of the most celebrated countries in the world and still retains its ancient name and limits. Under the dominior of the Romans, it was a well-cuhivated and fertile r "gion, and is believed to have contained a more numerous population than ic our days. 2. It was called Hespe'ria, by the Greeks, on account of being situated westward of Greece ; and, in remote ages, it was known by the names of Satur'nia, Auso'nia, and ^no'tria. The term Italy was not generally adopted until about the commencement Macedonia? 11. What is said of the Greek colonies of southern Italy? Which were Dorian? Ionian? 12. What colonies in Sicily? In what other regions were colonics established ? Q. 1. What is Italy ? What does it still retain ? What was it under tho Romans ? 2. What was it called by the Greeks, and why ? By what names was it known in remote ages 7 What is said of the term ? 3. Of 104 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. of the Christian era : it is supposed to have been derived from It'alus, one of tlie ancient monarchs of the country. 3. The settlement of Italy commenced at an early period, but of the date and circumstances of that event there is no authentic account. Rome was founded by Romulus, twenty-six centuries ago ; at which time the adjacent country was inhabited by the Etrus'cans, the Lat'ins, the Sa'bines, tiie Sam'nites, and some other tribes. Among these the Romans sprang up, rather as a band of refugees, than as a regular State. In process of time, however, they subjected first the neighbouring districts, then the whole of Ilaly: afterwards, they crossed the Alps, and the seas, to conquer all the known world. 4. The first influence of Roman conquest was unfavourable to civilization ; but an acquaintance with tlie matchless eloquence and philosophy of Greece, produced, in time, a love of learning, and a desire to rival that distinguislieu nation. During tlie Augustan age, poetry and the fine arts were pursued with ardour by the Romans, and carried to a high state of perfection. The wealth accumulated at Rome by the spoils of so many nations, at length introduced an unbounded luxury, whicli vitiated tlie simplicity of ancient manners, and the oppressive government of successive tyrants paralyzed the energies of the State, and paved the way for its final overthrow. 5. The decline of the Roman power was attended with the most dreadful calamities to Italy, as well as to mankind. The barbarians of the north and the east, allured by the reputed wealtli and weakness of the empire, forced the barriers which the legions could no longer defend, and ravaged the beautiful and cultivated districts. Rome itself, the imperial capital of the world, became the prey of barbarians, and was successively occupied by the Goths, under Al'aric, and the Van'dals, under Genes'eric. 6. Italy forms a large peninsula, lying between the Adriat'ic and Tyrrhe'num, Tyrrhe'nian, or Tuscan seas: the continental part is about equal, in extent, to the States of New York and Pennsylvania; but, with the islands usually considered to belong to it, the area is one-fourth greater. In ancient, as in modem times, its terrestrial boundary^was chiefly the Alpes, or Alps, which separated it from Transal'pine Graul, Helve'tia, Nor'icum, and Illyr'icum. The Apenni'nus, or Apennines, extend through the whole length of the peninsula. 7. The chief rivers were the Pa'dus, or Erid'anus, called, by some of the ancients, the king of rivers. Its early name was Bodin'cus, said to signify bottomless. Tlie Ath'esis, Medo'acus, Pla'vis, Ar'nus, and Ti'ber, were the neit most important streams ; the smaller rivers are very numerous. the settlement of Italy ? By whom was Rome founded, &c. ? By wha tribes was the adjacent country inhabited? What is said of the Romans? What occurred in process of time? 4. What is said of the first influence of Roman conquest ? Of Greece ? What occurred during the Augustan age ? What was the etTcct of the wealth accumulated at Rome, &.c. ? The government of successive tyrants ? 5. With what was the decline of the Roman power attended ? What followed ? What occurred to Rome itself? 6. What does Italy form? What is said of the continental part? The islands? Of its terrestrial boundary? From what countries did this sepa- rate Italy ? What is said of the Apennines ? 7. Of the chief rivers 1 ITAI.Y. 105 8. The lakes La'rius, Verba'nus, Scvi'nus, and Rcna'cus, at the base of the Alps, have been famous, in all ages, for their natural beauties. In tlio centre were the lakes Trasinic'iius, Vulsinieu'sis, and Fuci'nus. The latter had no outlet, and was, therelbre, subject to inundations ; to obviate wliich tlie emperor (."Iciu'dius employed 30,UU0 men, for three years, in cuttin^r an outlet to tiic Ll'ris river. On the completion of tliis work, a real Nau- niach'ia, or navai battle was exhibited on the lake, in the presence of Cluu'dius and Agrip'pa, and an immense multitude of spectators. 9. Ancient Italy comprised three great divisions, viz., Ita'lia Gal'lica Ita'lia Me'dia, and Magna Graj'cia : the first comprised Northern Italy ; i • h'as called Gal'lia Cisalpi'na (C'isal'pine or hither Gaul, or Gaul within the Alps) : the second comprised Central Italy ; it was called Ita'lia Propria (Italy Proper), from being inhai)ited by nations deemed purely Italian: the third coni])rised southern Italy; it was culled Magna Gra-'cia (Great Greece), from the number and fame of the Greek colonies there established. gal'lia cisalpi'na, or CISAL'pINE GAUL. 10. GiL'LiA Cisalpi'na lay directly south of the Alps : it ex tended from Gaul to lUyricum, and was inhabited by a portion of the Gallic nation. These people were, for a long period, formi- dable to the Romans: they once took Rome itself; but the for- tune of the latter prevailed, and the last of the Italian Gauls was subjected about the close of the second Punic war. 11. When firmly attached to the sway of Rome, this region became the best cultivated and most populous part of Italy ; it was noted for the abun- dance of its wine, grain, fruits, and wool. Cic'ero styled it "the flower of Italy, the support of the empire, and the ornament of its dignity." 12. Cisal'pinc Gaul was divided by the river Pa'dus into two separate ter- ritories. Gal'lia Transpada'na lay north, and Gal'lia Cispada'na south of that stream : Gal'lia Toga'ta (Cloaked Gaul) was another name bestowed on northern Italy, after the inhabitants liad adopted the Roman dress and man- ners, and wote the cloak or toga. Ligu'ria was a district in the southwest, and Vene'tia another in the northeast part of Cisal'pine Gaul. His'tria was the smallest and most eastern division. Map No. A. — Point out the Adriatic sea. The Tyrrhenum sea. The Alps. The Apennines. Gallia Transpadana. Gallia Cispadana. Liguria. Venetia. Histria. The rivers mentioned in the text. The lakes. How many statute mib. is Italy in length, by the scale ? Roman miles ? What is its greatest breadth ? From the mouth of the Tiber, northeast ? From the gulf of Terina to the Scylacian gulf? With what part of the United States does Italy in N. lat. 44° correspond ? In lat. 42° ?. Lat. 40° ? LaU 38° ? With which of the States does Sicily correspond in latitude ? 8. Of the lakes at the base of the Alps? In the centre? Lake Fucinus 7 The emperor Claudius ? What was exhibited there ? 9. What did ancient Italy comprise ? Northern Italy, &lc ? Central ? Southern ? 10. Describe tlie position of Gallia Cisalpina. IJy wliom was it inhabited ? What is said of these people ? When was tlie last of the Italian Gauls subjected ? 1 1. What did this region become, under the sway of Rome ? For what was it noted ? What did Cicero style it? 12. How was it divided by the Padus 7 What Other name was bestowed ? Where was Liguria >. Venetia ? Ilistria 7 106 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY 42. GAL'LIA CISxiLPl NA — [CONTINUED.] 1. IV] ediola'jvum, now Milan', was the most important city north of the Pa'dus ; it was at first the capital of the Insu'brian Gauls ; under the Romans it ac(|uired fame and prosperity, and was sur- named Novee Athe'noe (New Athens), from the liberal arts being there highly cultivated. In the dechne of the empire, when .he emperors left Rome, it was chosen as the capital; it was after- wards taken by the Goths and Burgun'dians, when 300,000 of the inhabitants were put to the sword. 2. North of Mcdiola'nuni lay the Rau'dii Campi (Raudian Plains), famous for the overthrow of the Cim'bri by Ma'rius : westward was the Tici'nus river, where Han'nibal obtained his first vietory overtlie Romans. Augusta Pra;to'ria was built in honour of Augustus. Not far from hence Han'nibal passed the Alps, and entered Italy, where, for sixteen years, he maintained himself against tlie power of Rome. Hannibal crossing' the Alps. 3. Augusta Taurino'rum, the capital of the Tauri'ni, was burnt by Han ni- bal because the inhabitants opposed him. Here, several centuries after- wards, Constantino defeated Magnen'tius. Co'mum was the birth-place of the younger Pliny. Crcmo'na, which still retains its ancient name, was a town of some note. Sir'mio was the favourite residence of Catul'lus. Man'- tua was, in ancient times, a considerable city ; it still exists : near it was the village of Andes, where Virgil was born. Bedri'acum was noted for two Q. 1. What is said of Mediolanum ? What was its surname ? What occurred in the decline of the empire ? Afterwards ? 2. What lay north of Mediolanum ? What took place there ? AVcstward ? What is said of Augusta Proetoria ? Of Hannibal ? 3. Of Augusta Taurinorum ? Wliat occurred there several centuries afterwards ? Who was born at Comu!n 7 What is said of Crunona? Sirmio ? Mantua? Andes 7 Bcdriacum? ITALY. 107 battles, in one of which Gal'ba was overcome by O'tho, and, in the other, Vitel'Iius defeated O'tho. 4. Vkne'tia was a district which lay at the head of the Adriat'ic Sea, the inliabitants of whicli were, from an early period, friendly to the Komans. The soil and climate were excellem, and the cattle and horses were very superior ; the latter often gained prizes in the races of the Grecian games. His'tria, or Is'tria, lay east of Vene'tia : it was once a part of lUyr'icum, but was added to Cisal'- pine Gaul by Augustus. The inhabitants were for a long time noted pirates. 5. Among the chief towns of Vene'tia were Pata'vium, the birth-place of I, ivy; Voro'na, the birth-place of Catul'lus and Pliny the naturalist; A'dria, troni which the Adrial'ic sea received its name ; and Alti'ninn, noted for its wool. Ju'liuni Car'nicum was the chief town of the Car'nii. Nore'ia was famed for its gold mines, and for the defeat of Cnc'ius Carbo by the Cim'bri. 6. Aquile'ia was, from its splendour, sometimes called Roma Secun'da; it was strongly fortified, and was long the cliief defence of Italy in this quarter. It withstood a siege against Maximi'nus, A. D. 238, who, on account of his cruelly, was slain by his own soldiers before its walls. At'- tila, A. D. 452, took and razed it to the ground. Terges'te was a Roman colony, and gave its name to the gulf on which it stood. In His'tria were ^gi'da, Paren'tium,and Pola ; the latter contained a Roman amphitheatre of sufficient size to accommodate 20,000 spectators. It still exists, and is in tolerable preservation. Amphitheatre of Pola. 7. Ligii'ria lay along the Ligus'tic gulf, from the river Va'rus to tlie Ma'cra. The inhabitants were long determined enemies of Home, and joined the arms of Han'nibal, after he had crossed the Alps. They were only subdued by the Romans after a Avar of 80 4. Describe the position of Vcnctia. What is said of the inhabitants ? The soil and climate? The cattle, &c. ? Describe the position of Ilistria. What was it added to ? By whom ? 5. What is said of Patavium ? Ve. rona? Adria? Julium Carnicum ? G. What was Aquilcia sometimes called, ^ From Campania? .Wliat islands l:iy soutliwest ? Wl:2t mountains on the cast ? Wliat promontory or cape south ?.' Where arc tlie Pontine marshes ? -Many attempts have been made, witiiin the last i^OOO years, to drain these marshes by tlie construetion of canals, 6cc. throut^h them, but they still retain their ancient character. See Map Vicinity of Rome. Point out tiie Via Appia. Via Latina. Aurelia. Claudia, &c. Thet-e were the via; or roads constructed by tlie Romans : they commenced at tiie Forum, in tlie centre of Kome, were carried throughout Italy, and thence branchinjif out in all directions, were extended to tiie fron- tiers of the empire. They were of great solidity, and had mile-stones placed on them. These roads wore among tlic most useful and remarkable works of ancient times. 4G LA'TiUM — [CONTINUED.] The Coliseum at the present day. 1. The city of Rome was the capital of the Roman empire; it Ts often called the Eternal City, and was for 2000 years, more or less connected with ever}'thing great and memorable enacted in the civiHzed world. In its days of prosperity, its magnificence and luxury were unrivalled ; it was enriched, by its generals, with the spoils of a hundred nations, and the wealth of the most potent monarchs was poured into its coffers. 2. Rome is on the east side of the Tiber river, 15 miles from the sea; it was built, at first, on two, but afterwards, chiefly on seven hills; hence it was called SeplicoUis, or city of the seven hills. The city was surrounded hy walls, first by Romulus, then by Ser^-ius Tullius, and afterwards by Au- relius and Honorius. The walls of the second were probably about nine, and those of the latter thirteen miles in circumference. The gates of the city were thirty in number. The suburbs, beyond the walls, were extcn- Q. 1. What is said of the city of Rome, (fcc. ? What was it for 2(100 years? What is said of ils days of prosperity ? By whom and in wlrit way was it enriched ? 2. Describe its position. On what was it first built ? Afterwards what was it called? Who surrounded it with walls? What ujiii tLeir circumference ? What is said of the suburbs ? The circuit of 118 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. ?ive, and densely peopled. The circuit of the city and its environs, about the year A. D. 250, was estimated at 50 miles, and the population at froju three to four millions. 3. Rome, at this time, contained amon^ its public buildings 420 temples, five theatres, two amphitheatres, seven circuses, of vast rxtcnt, and sixteen public baths, built of marble. Some of the latter were i.Jimense structures, were furnished with every convenience, and could accommodate 3000 bathers dt the same time. From the aqueducts a prodigious number of fountains were supplied with water; many of these were remarkable for their arclii- tectural beauty. The palaces, triumphal arches, columns, porticoes, and obelisks were almost without number, and were, for the most part, elegant specimens of art. 4. The architectural splendour of this great city properly dates from the reign of Augustus, who boasted that he found it "brick, and left it marble." The chief aim of Augustus and the empe- rors, his successors, in the construction of the splendid buildings which they erected for public amusement, seems to have been to compensate the people for the loss of liberty by the magnificence of their shows and entertainments. 5. Among the chief ornaments of Rome was the Capitol; it was built on the Capitoline hill, the highest part of the city, and was approached from t!;e Forum by 100 steps. The gates were of brass, gilded, and the whole build- ing was so copiously adorned in the same way, that tlie Romans called it the Golden Capitol. On the southwest side of the hill is the Tarpeian rock. Notorious criminals were often put to death by being hurled from its sum- mit. The Forum was the chief place of public assembly ; in it were the temple of Janus and tlie Senate-House. The gates of the first were never closed during war, and so incessant were the contests in which the Romans were engaged, that they were shut only three times in the course of eight hundred years. 6. The Senate-House was the grand legislative hall of the nation ; it was copiously adorned with the statues of eminent warriors and statesmen. H«re, at the foot of Pompey's statue, Julius Cassar was killed by Brutus, Cassms. and other conspirators, E. C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. This great general, historian, and statesman, though he usurped the supreme power and overthrew the liberties of his country, was the ablest ruler who ever wielded the destinies of Rome. 7. The Colise'um, an immense building, though much dilapidated, still remains ; it is a third of a mile in circumference, is more than a hundred feet high, and had room for 100,000 spectators. In the arena were exhibited the cruel fights of gladiators, in which the Romans took a pleasure, equally the city and environs? Population ? 3. What is said of the public build, ings? The baths? How many could bathe at the same time? What is eaid of the aqueducts? Palaces? 'J'riumi)hal arches, &c. ? 4. From what lime does its architectural splendour datv.? Of wliat did Augustus boast? What was his chief aim, &c. ? 5. Dc: cribc the capitol. Its gates, «fcc. The Tarpeian rock. What was the Forum ' What did it contain? What is said of the temple of Janus ? 6. Ol the senate-house ? Wiiat occurred at the foot of Pompey's statue? When did this event take place? How old was Ccesar? What is said of him ? 7. Describe the Coliseum. For how many epcctators had it ro<-'n ? What was exhibited tlicrc 7 8. Describe the Pan. ITALY. 119 The rantheoii. .nfiimous and cxlravapant, togitlicr with races, exhibitions of strange am rials and combats of wild beasts. 8. Tlic Paii'tlicoii, or tcmjjlL' of ail the gods, is now a Christian clmroii; it is tlie best preserved aneient building in Rome, and is universally admired for its fine dome and its bcautifid columns. It is 150 feet high, with walls 18 feet thick ; there are no windows, but an opening in the roof, 25 feet in diameter, serves to light the interior. 9. Os'tia, at the mouth of the Tiber, was the port of Rome. Southward, on the coast, were Laurenti'num and Lauren'tum ; the latter received its name from its groves of bay trees. Lavin'ium was founded by /Ene'as, and was named after his wife Lavinia. Ar'dea was, in early times, the chief city of the Ru'tuli ; here Camil'lus remained in exile till the siege of Rome by tiie Gauls, under Bren'nus, when he so nobly contri- buted to tiie delivery of liis country. 10. Lanu'vium was the birth-place of the three An'tonines, of the actor Ros'cius and others. Alba Longa lay on the east side of lake Alba'nus ; it was long tlie rival of Rome, but was destroyed by Tul'lus Ilostil'ius ; the soil around it was celebrated for its fertility. Vel'itra; was the birth-place of Augustus, and Tus'culum of the elder Cato. Many of the wealthy Ro- mans had villas at this place, among which the villa Tuscula'nuni of Cicero may be named. 11. At Ga'bii Rom'ulus and Re'mus were educated; near it the Gauls were defeated by Camil'lus, after they had sacked Rome. Colla'tia is memo- rable for tiic death of Lucre'tia. Tibur was a favourite place of residence with the Romans, who used it, at one time, as a place of banishment. Sy' I)iiax died here in captivity, and here Zeno'bia, queen of Pahny'ra, spent the latter years of her life. 12. Aqui'num was celebrated for its purple dye; it was the birth-place of Ju'venal and the emperor Pcseen'nius Niger. Terraci'na was a noted naval station ; in the vicinity the emperor Galba was liorn. For mitE, in the southern part of La'tium, was a favourite residence of Cicero, and liere he was murdered by order of Antony. An'tium was, at first, a Volscian city ; it was the residence of Coriola'nus, after he left Rome. In the time of the emperors it was a noted town ; Augustus, Tiberius and Calig'ula all resided lierc for a time, and it was the birtli-place of Nero. Arpi'nurn was tlic native town of both Marius and Cicero; the latter often ahudes to it in his letters. Map No. 4. — Plan of Ancient Rome. — Point out the Aventine. Capito- hne. Coelian. Esquiline. Palatine. Quirinal and Viminal hills.7 These theon. 9. What was Ostium ? What is said of Laurentum ? Of Lavi- nium ? Ardea? 10. Who were born at Lanuvium ? What is said o'f Alba Longa? Velitras? Tusculum ? 11. Wlio were born at Gabii ? What occurred near it ? What is said of Collatia ? Of Tibur ? W'ho died there / What queen resided there? 12. What is said of Aquinum? Tcmcina? FormicE, &,c. ? Antium, &.c ? Arpinuai ? 120 CLASaiCAL GEOGRAPHY. are the seven iiills on which Rome was chiefly built. Point out tlie Tar peian rock. Tlie walls of Servius Tullius. Of Aurelius and Honorius, Where is the Coliseum? The Pantheon? The Forum? The Circus Maximus? Of Nero? Of Adrian ? The baths of Diocletian ? Of Titus? Of Antoninus Caracalla ? The mausoleum of Augustus? Of Adrian? The column of Trajan ? Of Antonine ? Where is the Campus Martius (Field of Mars) ? Here the military reviews, the election of the magistrates, and the registration or census of the people were held. Is Rome in north or south latitude ? \Vliich of our large cities is very nearly on the same parallel ? See Map Vicinity of Rome. Where is Ostium ? Laurentinum and the other towns mentioned in tiie text ? See Latium. Point out Aqui- num. Terracina. Formice. Antium. Arpinum. 47 MAG'NA GRiE'CIA. 1. The southern part of Italy was settled at an early period by colonies from Greece, who brought with them the arts and institu- tions of that country ; hence it was called Mag'na. Grte'cia (Great Greece). Its divisions were Apulia, Cala'bria, Luca'nia, and Brut' tia. It was long the seat of learning, industry and wealth, but it is now, for the most part, sunk in ignorance ; the interior districts are almost unknomi, and the inhabitants are amongst the most barbarous in Europe. apu'lia. 2. Apu'lia lay on the Adriatic Sea, and south of the river Frento ; it is supposed to have been named after Ap'ulus, an an- cient monarch of the country. It comprised two divisions, viz., Dau'nia, in the north, and Peuce'tia, in the south: tl:ie whole region was famous for its wool. 3. Among the towns of Apu'lia was Can'noe, noted for the victory gained by Hannibal over the Romans ; the latter lost 50,000 men. After the battle, the gold rings of the fallen Roman knights were collected, and several bushels of them sent to Carthage. Canu'sium was famous for its manu- factures of cloth ; hither the remnant of the Roman army fled, after the defeat at Can'na;. Venu'sia was the native town of Horace. Near this place Marcellus was killed in a skirmish against Hannibal. Lucc'ria wa« noted for its fine wool. At As'culum, surnamed Ap'ulum, a severe battla was fought between Pyr'rhus and the Romans. North of Apu'lia lay the Diomede'tE islands; to one of these, called Trem'iti, Augustus banished his granddaughter Julia, who died there. Q. 1. What is said of the southern part of Italy, Scc.l What was it called ? Its divisions ? What was it once ? What is it now ? 2. Do scribe the position of Ajmlia, &c. What did it comprise? What was it famous for ? 3. What is said of Cannoe ? What occurred after the battle? For what was Canusium famous ? What is said of Vcnusia ? Luceria ? iTALy. m CALA BRIA. 4. Cala'«ria, called also Jajiyii'ia and Messa'pia, occupied the casteniinosl porlioii of Italy ; it was lerlile, abounded in cattle, fruits of various kinds, and excellent honey. The early inhabit- ajats were the Cal'abri, the Messa'pi, and the Jap'yges. 5. Taren'tum was once the most important city in Mag'na Grce'cia ; the people were wealthy and luxurious. Their wars with the Romans brought Pyr'rhus from Greece into Italy as their ally. This place was, for a time, the residence of Pytlfhg'orag, who inspired the inhabitants with a love of virtue, and thus made them superior to their neighbours. Hydrun'tum was the nearest town to Greece. Here Pyr'rhus, and afterwards Varro, medi- tated the building of a bridge across the Adriatic, here 47 miles in breadth. G. Brundu'sium was a naval station ; from hence the Romans generally etnbarkcd for Greece. Dyrrach'ium, on the opposite coast, and 100 miles distant, was tlic chief point of intercourse. Virgil died at Brundu'sium, wlicn on his journey from Athens to Rome. At Mandu'ri», Archid'amus, king of Sparta, was killed in a battle between the Tar'entincs and Luca'- nians. Ru'dia? was the birtli-placo of En'nius, the friend of Scip'io Africa', nus, and the father of Latin poetry. luca'nia. 7. Luca'nli lay south of Apulia ; it derived its name from the Luca'ni, a Samnite tribe, who overcame the Greek colonists pre- viously settled in that part of Italy, and gave their name to the country. After the Roman conquest, it is said to have been less flourisking than previous to that event. 8. IVIctapon'tum was one of the principal cities. Pythag'oras is supposed to have died here. At Pando'sia, Pyr'rlius gained his first victory over the Romans. Syb'aris was noted for the wealth, luxury, and voluptuousness of the inhabitants. It was demolislied and rebuilt five dillercnt times, but it was at length destroyed by the people of Croto'na. The term Syb'arite is still used to denote an efleminate voluptuary. Syb'aris lay between the rivers Cra'this and Syb'aris ; the waters of the former were said to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those who drank them. 9. Paes'tum or Posido'nia was famed for its beautiful roses, which bloomei twice a year. Not far distant was E'Ica, the city of Parmen'ides and Ze'na The school of philosophy which tliey founded was called the Eleat'ic. At Numis'trOiMarcel'lus defeated Hannibal. At lieracle'a the congress of the Asculum, &c. ? 4. Describe tlie position of Calabria, &c. Name the early inhabitants. 5. What is said of Tarcntum, &,c. ? Who resided there 7 What is said of Hydruntum, &c. ? G. What was Brundusium ? Dyrra- cliium ? Who died at Brundusium ? Who was killed at Manduriaj ? Who was born at Rudia: ? 7. Describe the position of Lncania, &c. Its condition after the Roman conquest. 8. What is said of Metapontuni, &c.? Pandosia ? Sybaris ? How often was it demolished and rebuilt ? By whom was it finally destroyed ? What docs the term Sybarite denote 7 Where did Sybaris lie ? What is said of the water of the Crathis ? 9. What is said of Fajstura ? Elca? Numistro ? Heraclea? Siris? Pyxis? 11 122 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. Italo-Grcek colonies assembled. Near Si'ris a battle was fought between Pvr'riius and the Romans. Pyx'us was founded by a colony from Mes&a'na. At Poten'tia Tibe'rius Grac'chus was treacherously slain. BRUT'tI A. 10. Brut'tia or Brut'tium formed tlie southernmost division of l:aly. The inhabitants were called the Bru'tii or Brut'tii ; they wcie suid to have been slaves and shepherds of the Luca'nians, who, in process of time, became sufficiently powerful to subdue the Greek colonists. * School of Pythasoraa. n. Croto'na was the most famous city in their part of Italy ; it was long tiie residence of Pytliag'oras, and here he established his school of philoso. phy. It was the birth-place of the physician Dcmoce'des, and of Milo, the wrestler; the latter was famous for his prodigfious strenj^th. Near Cau'lon the Croto'nians were defeated by the Lo'crians. Tcm'esa was noted, in early times, for its copper mines. Scyla'cium gave name to the Scyla'cian gulf: on the opposite coast was the gulf of Terina : the space between the two gulfs was tlie narrowest part of Italy; Han'nibal entrenched himself here against the Romans. Conscn'tia was the capital of the Brut'tii. Seyl'la stood at the entrance of the strait between Sicily and Italy; near it was the rock Seyl'la, so dreaded by ancient mariners. Rlie'gium, an important city, was founded 700 years B. C, by the Greeks : it was often seriously injured by earthquakes, to which its neighbourhood was subject. Map No. 4. — What districts lay north and west of Apulia t' AVhat sea cast of A])ulia and Cabibria? What sea we?t of Lueania and Bruttia ? Wliat gulf between Lueania and Calabria?. What sea east of Bruttia?. What mountains in Apulia eastward of the Apennines ? On what river was Potentia? 10. What is said of Bruttia? What were the inhabitants called? Wliat is said of tlicm ? 11. What is said of Crotona ? Wlio lived there, &c ? Who was born there ? What was tae latter ? What is said of Caulon? Temcsa? Scylacium, &c. ? Consent' a ? Scylla? Rhe- pium 7 ITALY. 123 TanncD ? Between wliat rivers was Sybaris 7 Wliat river separated Luca- nia and Calabria? ' What promontories or capes on tlio coast of Apuha 7. Calabria? Lucania ? BruUia? Which was the most southern cape of Italy? Southeastern? Wiiat towns lay on the gulf of Posstum ? Laiis 7 Tcrina ? Tarentum ? Scylacian gulf? Where are Cannaj and the other chief towns of Apulia ? Point out the chief towns of Calabria. Lucania. Bruttia. When were the Romans defeated at Cannae 7 At Pandosia? 48 ITALIAN ISLANDS. 1. Sicily is the largest of the Italian islands; it is also the largest in the INIediterra'nean sea : from its triangular shape it was called Trina'cria : it was celebrated for its fertihty, and was ac- counted one of the granaries of the Roman empire. The Phoeni- cians, and then the Greeks, settled various colonies on its shores. The Carthaginians afterwards became its masters ; but the Romans, during the Punic wars, drove them out, and retained possession of it tnitil the downfall of their empire. 2. Sicily is separated from Italy by the Fre'tum Sic'ulum or Sicilian strait, in which were tlie whirlpool Charyb'dis and the rock Scyl'la, the terror of tlie ancient mariners; but they are not now reckoned dangerous. In the eastern part of the island is the noted volcanic mountain JEt'na, the fabled forge of Vulcan, and where he employed the Cyclops in forging thunder- bolts for Jupiter. The giant Typhoc'us was fabled to be buried under Sicily, his liands being kept dov/n by the promontories Pelo'rum and Pachy'num, his feet by LilybtE'um, whilst Mount yEt'na pressed upon his head. 3. Syracuse, the ancient metropolis of Sicily, was, at one time, accounted the largest city in the world ; it was founded by the Corinthians B. C. 732 ; it consisted of five distinct sections, and hence it was called Pentap'olis (the five cities). Though its territory was circumscribed, its influence over the neighbouring States was extensive. The Roman general Marccl'lus cap- tured it, after a siege of three years, B. C. 212. Several distinguished men were born here, among whom was Archimc'des, a most profound genius, and the most renowned of the ancient geometricians. During the siege he constructed various machines by which the Syracusans greatly annoyed the Romans. 4. In the northeast was Messa'na, the birth-place of the historian Euhe'. mcrus. Leonti'ni was noted for its wine; Hyb'la, for its honey. Ge'la was the birth-place of the poet Apollodo'rus ; near it jEs'chylus was killed by an eagle letting fall a tortoise on his head. Agrigen'tum was a renowned city, and once contained 200,000 inhal)itants ; it was the residence of the tyrant Phal'aris. Heracle'a, surnamed Mino'a, was the reputed birth-place Q. 1 . Wliat is said of Sicily, Sec. ? Of the Phoenicians and Greeks ? Car- thaginians ? Romans? 2. What separates Sicily from Italy? WJKit is paid of Charybdis and Scylla? What noted mountain ? What is said of Typhoeus ? 3. Describe Syracuse. By whom and when was it founded 7 Of what did it consist, &c.? What is said of its capture? Of Archimedes 1 4. What is said of Mcssana ? Leontini? Hybla? Gck? Agrigentum? 124 CLASSICAL GEOGKAPHY. of the painter Zeu'xis. Seli'nus was a large and flourishing city ; it derived its name from the parsley which grew there in abundance. 5. Lilybse'um was a noted stronghold of the Carthaginians ; it was be- sieged by the Romans for ten years, during the first Punic war. At Drep'- anum Anchi'ses died ; near it Adher'bal defeated a Roman army. Panor'- mus was one of the Carthaginian strongholds ; here As'drubal was defeated by Metel'lus. In My'lae Por'tus or bay the Carthaginians were defeated by tlie Roman consul Duil'ius. In the centre of the island was Agyr'ium, th native town of Diodo'rus Sic'ulus. 6. North of Sicily were the ^o'lian or Vulca'nian islands, the fabled domains of iE'olus, tlic god of tlie winds. Lip'ara, the largest, was noted for its fine fruits and its mineral waters. Near Drep'anum were the JEgu'- dcs islands ; liere the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in a great naval engagement, which put an end to the first Punic war. North of Hyc'cara is Usti'ca or Oste'odcs, so called from the bones of 6000 mercenaries, abaiu doned there by the Carthaginians to starvation because they were clamorous for pay. 7. Southward of Sicily was Mel'ita, famous for its wool, and its cotton and linen fabrics; here St. Paul was cast away, thougli some are of opinion that Mel'ita on the lllyr'ian coast was the scene of the Apostle's shipwreck. Near Melita lay the island of Gau'los. 8. Corsica and Sardinia were, next to Sicily, the largest Ita- lian islands ; they were both settled, at an early period, by Greek colonies ; the Carthaginians afterwards acquired possession of them, and subsequently, the Romans ; the latter used Corsica as a place of exile, and Sen'eca was, for a time, banished thither. 9. Corsica was called Cyr'nos, by the Greeks, and also Cor'si, whence its name ; it was noted for its extensive woods, and its bitter honey ; the bees derived the latter from tlie yew trees, with which the island abounded. Tiie longevity of the inhabitants was ascribed to their using this honey as part of their food. In the time of Pliny, Corsica was prosperous and well peo- pled. Maria'na and Ale'ria were the chief towns; some of the others were Pal'lae, Centuri'num and Urcin'ium ; the latter is now Ajaccio, the birth- place of the Emperor Napoleon. 10. Sardinia was a rich and fertile island; it yielded large quantities of grain, wool, and salt. The climate, except among the mountains, was con- sidered so unliealthy that the Romans seldom kept a standing force tliere for any length of time. A species of wild parsley grew in abundance, whicli, if eaten, contracted the nerves of the face, producing painful and involuntary fits of laughter, and often causing death; hence the expression Sardonicua Heraclea ? Selinus ? 5. What is said of Lilybteum ? What occurred at Drepanum ? What is said of Panormus ? What took place in Mylce For. tus ? Who was born at Agyrium ? 6. What islands north of Sicily ? What is said of Lipara ? The ^gades ? Ustica? 7. What lay south of Sicily ? For what was it famous ? What occurred there ? What is tlie opinion of some ? 8. Describe Corsica and Sardinia. Their settlement, &.C. Who was banished to Corsica? 9. What was it called? For what was it noted ? Wliat is said of the inhabitants? Of the island in the time of Pliny? Mariana, &.c ? 10. Describe Sardinia. The climate. Wlmt Ercw tliere ? What was its effect if eaten ? What did the Greeks c»M ardinia ? What is said of the inhabitants ? Name the chief towns. SPAIN. 125 ri.^us, or Sardonic grin, for a horrible or hideous laugh. The Greeks calico (his island Ichnu'sa or Sandalio'tis, from the resemblance of its outline to the shape of a foot or sandal. The inhabitants were the Sar islands ? Ebu- 8US ? Opliiusa ? 128 CL A salC A L GEOGRAPHY. 50. GAUL OR GAL'LIA. 1. Gaul or Gal'lia extended from the Rhine to the Pyrenees, and from the Bay of Biscay to the Alps. It inchaded the whole of what is now France and Belgium, with parts of Holland, Prus- sia, Bavaria, and Switzerland, and was of greater extent than mo- dern Gaul or France has ever been, except when under the dominion of Napoleon. 2. By the Greeks this country was termed Celto-Gala'tia, to distinguish 'X from Gaia'tia in Asia Minor. The Romans called it Transalpine-Gaul (Gaul beyond the Alps), in contradistinction to Cisalpine-Gaul (Gaul within the Alps), wliich occupied the northern part of Italy. 3. The earliest inhabitants were Celts ; they were divided into three great tribes ; the Bel'gaj, in the north ; the Cel'tsB, in the centre ; and the Aquita'- ni, in the south. These were again subdivided into many smaller tribes or clans. They called themselves Gael ; whence the name Gaul or Gal'lia was derived. The Bel'gcB were intermingled, to some extent, with the Germans of the opposite side of the Rhine: they were noted for their prowess, and were the most valiant of all the Gallic nations. 4. The Gauls were a warlike and enterprising people ; they once possessed the whole of northern Italy, sacked Rome itself, and penetrated into Greece and Asia Minor. Though subdued by Cassar, the greatest of Roman con- querors, they made a long and obstinate resistance to his arms, and were not entirely subjected until after a war of ten years' duration, and the loss of half a million of lives. 5. When first known to the Romans, the Gauls, though still, in many respects, barbarous, had made some steps towards civilization, and knew something of the arts. They were, in form and complexion, like the other Cel'tic nations, and wore their hair of great length ; lience the country was often called Gal'lia Coma'ta (Long-haired Gaul). At first, the Gauls dis- dained the use of defensive armour, as being incompatible with true courage, and even sometimes engaged in battle divested of clothing. 6. Under the Romans, Gaul comprised four great districts or provinces, called the Four Gauls; namely, (ial'lia.Bel'gica, Gal'lia-Lugdancn'sis ne Cel'tiea, Gal'lia- Aquita'nia, and Gal'lia-Narbonen'sis. These were divided into seventeen smaller provinces.* Q. 1. IIow far did Gaul extend? What did it include, «&.c.7 2. V/luit was it called by the Greeks, and why ? What did the Romans call it, and why ? 3. Who were the earliest inhabitants ? IIow were tlicy divided, &.c. ? Wliat did they call themselves 7 What is said of the Belgsc ? 4. Describe the Gauls. Vviiat did they possess ? Who subdued them ? IIow long did they resist? How many lives were lost? 5. What was the condition of the Gauls when first known to the Romans ? What is said of their form, coin- plexion, 6cc. ? What was the country oflcn called ? Wliat did the Gauls ^ibduin I G. Wlial did Gaul comprise, under the Romans ? How were the G A U L 129 7. The eastern part of Bcl'jrica was called Gcrina'nia Cisrhcna'na (Ger. many within the Rliiric), to distiiiguisli it from Gernia'nia Transrliena'na or Magna (Germany beyond tlie liliiue or Great Germany) ; Gal'lia Narboncn'- Bis was also culled Gal'lia Braeca'ta (Hrceclied Gaul), because the inhabitant* wore a kind of leggings or breeches made of a striped or checkered stuff, like tlie tartan of the Scots Highlanders. 8. The chief towns in Bel'gica were Lugdu'num, surnamed Batavo'rum, to distinguish it from another city of the same name, Augusta-Trevcro'runi, Moguntiacum, Noviom'agus, Veson'tio, and Colo'nia-Agrippi'na. It iua. Tortus was the place at which Caesar first embarked for Britain. Gesori'a^ cum or Bono'nia was one of the nearest ports to the same country, whence ships were constantly sailing. !). Lugdu'num, now Lyons, was the principal city in the province of the same name: it was long an important place. Aii^ii: I'dii'iium was celcs- brated for its schools, in which the Gallic nobles were eduit..led. AJe'sia was noted fa its siege by Ciesar. Lute'tia, afterwards I'aris'ii, a small village on an island in the Seq'uana river, is now Pari.s, the renowned capi- tal of France. Near Durocatalau'num a sanguinary battle was fougiil between the allied Goths and Romans, and the Iluns, under At'tila. 10. Burdig'ala, the capital of Aquita'nia, was the birth-place of the poet Auso'nius. UxcUodu'num was the last city in Gaul that held out against the Romans. Avar'icum, Argentom'agus, Lapur'dum, Clim'berris, Limo'. num, Mediola'num,and Gergo'via, were all towns of note; the latter long resisted the attacks of Ctesar. 11. Nar'bo was tlie capital of Narboncn'sis, and also of the whole of Ro- man Gaul. Northeast was Nemau'sis, now Nismes, a noted city ; in the vici- nity is a Roman aqueduct, called the Pont du Gard ; it passes over the small river Gar'don, and consists of three tiers of arches, in good preservation ; the upper tier is near 900 feet long ; the whole is 157 feet high. Massil'ia and Nicco'a were Greek colonies ; the former, now Marseilles, was a celebrated commercial emporium, A'quaj Sex'tiis was noted for its mineral waters, md also for a great victory gained by tlie Roman general Ma'rius over the C'im bri and the Teu'tones. districts divided ? 7. What was the eastern part of Belgica called, &e. Gallia Narbonensis ? 8. Name the cliicf towns in Belgica. Wliere diil Cajsar embark for Britain ? What is said of Gcsoriacum ? 9. What was Lugdunum ? Augustodunum? Alesia? Lutetia ? WJiat ocurred near Ourocatalaunum ? 10. What was Rurdigala? Uxellodunurn ? Avaricum &.C. 7 11. What was Narbo ? What is near Ncmausis? Describe the Font du Gard. What were Massilia and Niea;a ? For what was Aquas 130 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 12. Vienna, Arel'ate, Arau'sio,and Fo'rum Ju'lii were Roman colonies ; to t!ie first named, king Arckcla'us, surnamed Herod, was banished by Angustua for his cruelties ; and, at the last, the emperor Agric'ola was born. Tolo'sa, now Toulouse, was surnamed Palla'dia because learning was there greatly cultivated. From Gene'va the Murus Ca3saris (Csesar's wall) commenced. It was built to restrain the incursions of the Helve'tii. It extended west- ward about twenty miles. At Mons Seleu'cus the tyrant Magnen'tius was efeated by Constantius. Map No. 5.— What sea lay west of Gaul ? South ? What strait sepa- rated Gaul from Britannia ? What river from Germania ? What moun- tains formed the southern boundary ? What mountains lay near the river Rhenus? Near the Rhodanus ? What province lay in the north ? West? What two in the south ? Which were the five chief rivers ? State the length of each ? Which of these flowed south ? In what direction did tlie others flow ? Point out the islands Riduna, Sarnia, and GfEsarea. These are now called the Norman islands. Though very near the coast of France, they belong to Great Britain. What islands lay on the west coast ? Point out the towns mentioned in the text in Belgica. In Lugdunensis. Aquitania. Narbonensis. When were the Cimbri and Teutones defeated at AquEE Sex taa 7 When was Attila defeated at Durocatalaunum? BRITISH ISLANDS. 1. The British islands comprised Britan'nia and Hiber'nia (now Great Britain and Ireland), with the smaller islands attached to them. Britan'nia was called, at first, Al'bion, signifying the white island, and afterwards, Britain. It was the largest island known to the ancients, and was noted for its tin. It was considered, by the Romans, as a distinct world by itself. 2. Britan'nia was inhabited by Cel'tic tribes, who resembled the Gauls in their manners, laws and religion. They subsisted mostly by hunting and raising cattle, and clothed themselves in sldns. To add to the ferocity of their appearance, they painted their bodies of a bluish colour. Their habitations were huts made of wicker work, and covered with rushes. 3. The Britons were remarkable for their stature, exceeding, it was said, the tallest persons at Rome by half a head. They had blue eyes, and their hair, like that of the Gauls, was generally of a yellow or reddish hue. Their priests were Druids, whose persons were held sacred. The bards and pro- ScxtoB noted, «fcc. ? 12. What were Vienna, Arelate, Arausio, &c. Who was banished to Vienna? Who was born at Forum Julii ? What is said of Tolosa ? The Murus Caesaris ? What occurred on Mons Sclcucus ? Q. 1. Describe the British islands. What was Britannia first called ? Afterwards? What was it noted for, &.c. ? 2. By whom was Britannia inhabited, &c. ? How did the Britons subsist, «fec. ? What is said of their habitations 7 3. Describe t'-e Bnunis. What is said of the Druids, &c. ? BRITISH ISLANDS. 131 phots were also highly respected ; tlie former composed heroic songs in [liaise of the chief warriors ; and tlic latter foretold future events. Besides tliu ordinary implements of war, the Britons had armed chariots, which t)icy nuuKii,^cil w ith .<;-rc;it dc.\l. 4. Britain was not known to the Romans, except by report, until the time cf Cae'sar. That conqueror landed an army on its shores in the year 55 B. C, and defeated the inhabitants in several battles. He soon, however, left the ishind ; but succeeding generals subdued the whole region, as far north OS the PViths of Forth and Clyde. The Romans maintained their pre-emi- nence until tlie fillh century, when the decline of their power obliged them to withdraw their forces from the island, to defend the more vital portions of their empire. 5. In Cffi'sar's time the Britons were united in a political union, of which Cassivclau'nus was tlic head. Subsequently, Carac'tacus and Queen Boadice'a endeavoured to throw oft' the yoke of their conquerors ; but though they Ibught with a courage worthy of success, they could not resist the disci- plined legions of Rome. G. The Romans called that part of the island under their government, Brilnn'nia Romano'rum (Roman Britain), and the more northern part Britan'- nia Bar'bara (Barbaric Britain). To resist the invasions of the northern tribes tliey constructed, at different periods, three fortified walls, or lines of torts, across the island. The most northern was built by Antoni'nus, A. D. 140, and was forty-two miles long. The others were only a few yards apart, and were sevent3'-six miles long, A'drian's was built A. D. 120, and that by Seve'rus, the most southern, A. D. 210. 7. Of the thirty tribes of barbarians among whom Roman Britain was divided, the most considerable were the Brigan'tcs, Dam'nii, and Gade'ni, in the north ; the Coiita'ni, Ice'ni, Corna'vii,Catieuchla'ni, and Trinoban'tes, in What did the Britons use with dexterity ? 4. When did Britain become ki;own to the Romans? What is said of Cffisar? Of succeeding gene r.ils ? The Romans? 5. Wliat is said of the Britons in Csesar's time? \\'lio endeavoured to throw olf tlic yoke ? What was the result 7 G. What ciid the Ronians call that part of Britain under their government ? The more northern part ? What was done to recist invasion 7 What is said of the most northern wall? The others? 7. Which were Ihe most cons iderable i32 CI, ASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. the ccnlrc; the Caii'tii, Atrcba'tii, Bcrfffe.and Dumno'nii, in the south; and the Orduv'ices and Silu'rcs in Cam'bria. 8. All these tribes acquired, under the sway of Rome, a considerable dc- grce of civilization ; but tJicy had beconic so unwarlike, that when the Ro- mans left the island, A. D. 448, they were unable to defend themselves against the assaults of the Scots and Picts. To maintain their position, the Britona invited to their aid the An'gli or Angles and Saxons, two renowned Germaji nations, who repelled the invaders, but seized on tlie country for thcmsulvca and drove the Britons into the mountainous districts of Cam'bria or Wales They then established the seven distinct kingdoms called the Heptarchy, al of which were united A. D. 827, under Egbert, king of England. 9. Roman Britain was first divided into two, but afterwards into five pro- vinces : 1. Valen'tia; 2. Ma.x'ima Cajsarien'sis ; 3. Fla'via Caesarien'sis ; 4. Britan'nia Pri'ma ; and 5. Britan'nia Secun'da. The first comprised Scot- land as far north as the Fritlis of Forth and Clyde; tlie second, third and fourth, the northern, central and southern districts of England ; and. the fifth comprised Cam'bria. 10. When the Britons were invaded by the Romans, their few towns con- sisted of irregular collections of small wicker cottages, enclosed by ram- parts of logs, and surrounded by a ditch. Londin'ium, now London, was the largest town : in the days of Tac'itus, A. D. 60, it was noted for its com- merce. In the third century it was considered the metropolis of Britain. 11. Ebor'acum was an important military post; it was, for a time, the capital of Roman Britain, and also the residence of the emperors A'drian, Seve'rus and Constanti'nus Chlo'rus : the two latter died here. Rutu'pice was the chief landing-place from Gaul; it was famous for its oysters, which were sent even to Rome. At Por'tus Lema'nis Cifi'sar landed, when he in- vaded Britain. Du'bris, situated near the narrowest part of the Gal'lic strait, is now Dover. 12. Camulodu'num was the first colony which the Romans established in Britain ; it had a theatre and a temple dedicated to the emperor Clau'dius. Queen Boadice'a was defeated there by Sueto'nius Pauli'ims, A. D. 61. De'va, now Chester, was a military station ; the Roman walls and fortifica- tions still exist. A'qutE So'lis, now Bath, was noted for its mineral waters. 13. The Cassiter'ides or Tin Islands were noted for their trade in tin, which was brought, most probably, from the adjacent shores of Britain. The Romans banished many criminals hither. The boats of the islanders, in which they braved the roughest seas, were of wicker-work, and covered with skins or leather. Mo'na Tac'ita, now Anglesey, was the chief seat of the Druids. Mo'na Cajs'aris or Monoe'da was nearly equidistant from Britain and Hiber'nia. Vec'tis In'sulte, now the Isle of Wight, was resorted to for tin, in which the natives traded. tribes in the north ? Centre ? Soutli ? In Cambria 7 8. What did tla tribes acquire? What did they become? What did the Britons do? What is said of the Saxons ? Of the Heptarchy, &.c. ? 9. How was Roman Britain divided? What did the first comprise? Second? Tliird ? Fourth? Fifth? 10. What is said of the towns ? Which was the. largest? When was it considered tlie metropolis ? 11. Wliat is said of Eboracum ? Who died there? What is said of Rutupiie ? Portus Leniaiiis ? 12. Name the first colony established by the Romans, Who was defeated there ? What was Deva ? Aqua? Solis ? What has been discovered ? 13. For what were the Cassiterides noted, &.c. ? Describe the boats of the islanders. What is said of Mona Tacita ? Mona Csesaf is ? Vcctis ? CALEDONIA. 133 Map A'o. 5. — Wliat l:iy north of Britannia? East 7 Soutli ? West? What sea west of Cambria ? Wliat strait southeast ? What is its inodi-rn name ? How wide is it ? What lay between Britannia Prima and Secun- da? Wliich are the three ehief rivers? Wiiat is tlie length of each ? What islands lay west? Southwest? What island south? Wiiich was the largest province? The smallest? Point out the tribes. The towns mentioned in tlie text. Alata-Castra. Luguvalluin. Longovicum. Man- cunium. Lindum Colonia. Camboricum. Durobrivoe and Uubris. What are the modern names of these towns ? Wiiat district was bounded tn the north by the wall of Antoninus ? What by the walls of Adrian and Severus 7 — -62 CALEDO'NIA AND HIBERNIA. 1. Caledo'nia lay north of the rivers Forth and Clyde, and comprised about three-fourths of the country now occupied by the kingdom of Scotland. The name is believed to be derived from the native term Gael Dun (Gael of the mountains, or Highlanders). The inhabitants were a fierce, warlike race, and resisted with success all the efforts of the Romans to -subdue them. 2. On the west coast were the Ebu'des or Hebu'dae islands, now the Heb'rides : beyond the northern extremity of Caledo'nia were the Or'cades, now the Orkneys: still farther north were the Shet- lands, the snow-covered Thu'le, seen by Agric'ola on his voyage around Britan'nia ; and, being considered by him the most northern region of the world, received the appellation Ul'tima. 3. Agric'ola, about A. D. 7G, and afterwards Seve'rus, penetrated with their legions to the foot of the Grampian hills ; and the former fought a great battle there, with the Caledo'nians, under the command of Gal'gacua, a noted chief, in which he was not without dithculty defeated. 4. About the same time, the fleet of Agric'ola explored the shores and islands of this part of Britain, and, for the first time, determined it to be an insular region. The remains of various roads and stations, constructed by the Romans, still serve to trace their progress northwards, in tlieir attempta to subdue the Caledo'nians. 5. The interior of the country was covered with dense forests, of wJiich the most noted was the Caledo'nia Sil'va ; it stretched across the island from southwest to northeast, and was a great resort for wild beasts. Bears wore frequently caught in it, and sent thence to Rome, to be exiiibited and de. etroyed in the bloody spectacles of that city. G. About the middle of the fifth century the Caledo'nians first received the names of Picts and Scots; the latter, called also Dal'riads, emigrated from Q, 1 . Describe the position of Caledonia. What did it comprise ? What ia BajClof the name? The iniiabitants ? 2. What is said of the Ebudes islands, iScc. ? The Orcades ? What lay farther nortii ? 3. What is said of Agri- cola and Severus ? What did Agricola do? 4. What was performed by liis fleet? What is said of the remains of roads, &,c. ? 5. Describe the interior of the country. The Caledonia Silva. What animals were caugiit Uiere, &c. ? 6. What occurred about the middle of the fifth century 1 13 134 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. the north of Ireland, settled on the western coasts of Calcdo'nia, and finally gave their name to the country. The Pic'ti or Picts (painted), so named because they painted their bodies on going to battle, inhabited the eastern districts. Their country was called Pict'land, until Kenneth Macalpine becoming sovereign of both nations, A. D. 843, assumed the title of king cf Scotland. When the Romans finally left the island, the Picts and Sects ravaged the southern provinces with fire and sword, until driven within their own frontiers by the Angles and the Saxons. hiber'nia. 7. Hiber'nia, now Ireland, was, next to Britain, the largest island known to the ancients. The Phosnic'ians and Greeks be- came acquainted with it at an early period : the latter called it ler'ne, and also Juver'na. The Romans called it Hiber'nia (winter land), because when first known to them, they imagined it to be constantly covered with ice and snow. The native name is Erin, which signifies the West. 8. Though the Romans never invaded Ireland, yet they acquired so much information concerning it from the traders who visited its shores, that we find the map of that country by Ptol'emy to be less defective than the one whicli he made of Scotland. Ancient writers mention various tribes resi- dent in Hiber'nia, as well as the towns in which they dwelt. Of tlie former nothing is known but their names : among the towns, Ebla'na is supposed to be Dublin ; Re'gia Al'tera, Limerick ; Mena'pia, Wexford ; Du'num, Downpatrick ; Re'gia, Clogiier, (fee. 9. The inhabitants are, by some, supposed to be descended from a colony of Mile'sians, who emigrated from Spain about 500 years B. C. ; but others believe that they were of Cel'tic origin, and passed over from Britain. The Sco'ti or Scots, one of the cliief tribes, occupied the northern part of the island ; and from them it received, for a time, the name of Sco'tia ; having emigrated to Caledo'nia, they eventually united with the Picts, and formed, with them, one nation. 10. During the fifth century, the Cliristian faith and literature were intro- duced into Ireland by St. Patrick, and contributed greatly to its peace and prosperity ; learning was now encouraged, and many monasteries were founded, the inmates of which became noted over almost all Europe for their piety and knowledge. Some of tlie most noted scholars at the courts of tlie Saxon kings, as well as at that of Cliarlemagne, were Irish. 11. The Danes or Normans, during tlie heiglit of their power, ravaged the shores of Ireland, and conquered all tlie eastern coast, making Dublin tlieir capital. About the year A. D. 1000, Brian Boru or Brian the Great What is said of the Scots ? Of the Picts 7 Their country ? Kenneth P.Jacalpine ? What took place when the Romans left the island ? 7. WhaJ was Hibcrnia? Wliat is said of the Plicenicians, &c. ? What did tlie Greeks call the island ? The Romans ? What was their idea of it ? What is the native name, &c. ? 8. What did the Romans acquire ? What is said of Ptolemy? What is mentioned by ancient writers ? Wiiat is said of tlie tribes ? Tlie towns ? 9. What opinions are entertained of tlie origin of tlie inhabitants ? What is said of tlie Scoti or Scots ? To what country did they emigrate, &,c. ? 10. Wliat occurred during tlie fiftli century? What was the result ? What is said of learning, &c. ? Of some of the most noted scholars? 11. What is said of tJie Danes? Wliat was their SCANDINAVIA, 135 rxpcllcd the norincrn invaders, and, uniting togctlicr ,Iie va lous pctl)! States, became k'lug of all Ireland. In the following ceii^ jr}-, however, the isl.ilid was divided into five discordant kingdoms. Tl;.3 English now gained u footing in the island i they conquered a eonsiderible portion of the country and thoir king, Henry II., assumed the title of Lord of Ireland. Map No. 1. — What ocean west of Caledonia? East 7 What sea north? Point out the Ebudcs. The Orcades. Thule. This name the ancients gave to the most northern country with which they were acquainted. It was applied to diiTercnt regions in the north. The Thule of Agricola was Shetland ; the Thule of Fytheas was not so positively known ; some sup- iw)sed it to be Norway, and some Iceland. What ocean west of Hibernia 7 To what part of America does Hibernia correspond ? The Orcades 7 Map No. 5. — What sea lies between Hibernia and Cambria? Between Britaimia and Hibernia? What island in the Hibernian sea? Point out tlie towns mentioned in the text. What is the name of the largest ri%'er in Hibernia ? Point out the Borcum Pr. Notium Pr. What are their mo- dem names 7 What is tlie length and width of Hibernia 7 SCANDINA'VIA AND GERMA'NIA. 1. Scandina'via or Scan'dia comprised Sweden, Norway, and Finland. It was so imperfectly known to the ancients that they beheved it to consist of several islands in the Coda'nus Si'nus or Baltic Sea. Some authors include Denmark in Scandina'via, but, in ancient times, it was usually considered to belong to Germany. 2. The earHest known inhabitants were the Hillevi'ones, the Gu'tre, and the Sui'oncs, in Sweden ; the Sit'ones, in Nerigo'nia or Norway ; the Fin'ni, in Finnin'gia or Finland ; and the Scri'to- Fin'ni, probably in Lapland. The latter were noted for the ra- pidity with which they traversed the frozen surface of their country on skates or snow-shoes. 3. The Hillevi'ones were a numerous people. The Gu'tse were afterwards called Goths ; they wore long hair and beards, and dressed in furs. The Sui'ones were skilful navigators, and had many ships ; among the Sit'ones, the sovereign power was frequently conferred on females. Pyth'eas, an ancient navigator, twice visited the shores of this region, which he called Thu'le : he is believed, by some, to have explored the coast as far as the North Cape of Europe ; but others are of the opinion that he did not pro- ceed beyond the Baltic capital? What occurred about A. D. 1000? Of what did Brian Bom become king? What occurred in the following century 7 What is said of the English ? Of Henry n. ? Q. 1. What did Scandinavia comprise? What did the ancients believe Jl to consist of? What is the opinion of some authors in regard to Den- mark, &.c? 2. Who were the earliest inhabitants? What is said of the Scrito-Finni ? 3. What is said of the Hilleviones 7 The Gutffi 7 Suioncs 7 Sitoncs 7 Of Py theas ? 4. By what people was the Chcrsonesus Cimbricu 136 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 4. The Chersone'sus Cim'brica, now Jutland and SlesAvick, in Denmark, was inhabited by the Cim'bri, and the adjacent islands by the Teu'tones : these two nations, about a century before Christ, penetrated to Gaul and Italy, and made the Romans tremble for the safety of their capital ; but they were at length defeated and driven back to their own territories by the consul Ma'rius. 5. All the foregoing tribes, both of Scandina'via and Cim'brica, were very Biniilar to the Germans, in dress, appearance, and manners, and were equally fierce and warlike. On tlic decline of the Roman power, these tribes, under the names of Goths, Vandals, Her'uli, Lom'bards, &c., left their frozen regions, and, with the other rude nations of that time, assisted in devastating and dismembering the empire. 6. During the ninth and tenth centuries, under the command of their Vikingr or Sea kings, they ravaged, with their piratical fleets, all the coasts of Europe, from the Baltic to the Adriatic sea. At that period they were known by the name of Normans, Danes, and Easterlings. They founded the kingdom of Naples and Sicily, in Italy, and established the duchy of Normandy, in France. Many of the Danes settled in England, and tliree of their princes became kings of that country; but they were expelled thence by the renowned Alfred, and other British sovereigns. GERMa'nIA or GERMANY. 7. Germany extended from the German ocean and the river Rhine, eastward, to the Vistula ; and from the Baltic, southward, to the Danube.* By way of distinction, it was often called Ger- ma'nia Magna (Great Germany), and also Germa'nia Transrhena'- na (Germany beyond the Rhine). The name was derived from the word Ghar-man, which signifies a warrior. 8. Ancient Germany contained some vast forests, of which the Hercyn'ian, the largest, extended from the Rhine to the Vistula, or sixty days' journey in length. The country was occupied by numerous independent tribes, who Avere sometimes at variance with each other, but they generally united against foreign invasion, and often formed powerful confederacies. 9. The principal tribes were the Istasv'ones, the Hermi'ones, the Ven'dili^ the Cherus'ci and the Chau'ci ; of these, sometimes one tribe was predomu nant, and sometimes another. Among the smaller tribes, in later times, were the Saxons and the Angli, the progenitors of the Anglo-Saxon nations ; inhabited? The adjacent islands? What is said of these two nations? 5. To what people were the foregoing tribes similar? What occurred on the decline of the Roman power ? 6. During the ninth and tenth centuries ? By what name were they known ? What did they found ? Establish ? What did three of the Danish princes become ? 7. How flir did Germany extend ? What was it called by way of distinction ? From what was tlie name derived, &.c. ? 8. What did ancient Germany contain, &c. ? By what was the country occupied? What is said of these tribes ? 9. WhicK * Vindelicia, Uha3tia, Noricum, ajid Panrionia were included in German; previous to tbeii oonqucst by tbo Roman. GERMANY. 137 the Franks, of tho French, &c. From the Alcman'ni the French name Al. kinagnc, for modern Germany, is derived. 10. Tiic Roman writers describe tiie Germans as the fiercest and bravest of all the tribes of barbarians. A robust frame and gig-antic stature, with bright blue eyes and deep )'e!low liair, were tiie prevailing characteristics of these people. Inured to cold and fatigue, they scorned every restraint — considered independence as tiie most precious blessing, and war as the most manly occupation. 11. Their tents or movable huts were dispersed singly, or a few together over tlie country ; there were no cities, and no jjcrmanent buildings, except at the places where the Romans hnd forls and stations. Women were treated, by the Germans, with great respect, and even something of a sacred character was attaciied to the sex. The memory of their renowned heroes and ancestors was highly venerated, and songs were sung, at the national feasts, in their praise. The government was a pure democracy ; all public affairs were determined in a general assembly of the people, in which every man, able to carry arms, was entitled to a vote. 12. Tiie Germans were almost the only people who resisted the Romans with success, when at the height of their power. In the year A. D. 9, the army of Va'rus, after a battle of three days, was entirely destroyed by Ar- min'ius or Her'man, a ciiief of the Cherus'ci. 13. Caesar, Dru'sus, German'ieus, and other noted captains, acquired glory and renown by their victories over the Germans ; but the Romans were never able to nwike any permanent impression, and considered them- selves fortunate if they could preserve inviolate the boundary of the Danube and the Rliine. During the fifth century, tliese long-guarded barriers were passed, and the German nations overran the western empire, carrying their conquering arms as far as Spain and Portugal. Map No. 1. — What ocean lay west of Scandinavia ? What sea northwest 7 What promontory north ? What gulf east ? This part of the ocean is, in ancient geograpliy, called indifferently a gulf and a sea; another name for it, besides the one in the maps, was Mare Suevicum, or Sea of Suevia. Where is Nerigoiiia ? What mountains in it ? Point out Finningia. What gulf soutii? Point out tiie tribes mentioned in the text. When did Py theas sail along the shores of Scandinavia ? Map No. 5. — What ocean west of Chersonesus Cimbrica ? What gulf jast ? What nations south ? What promontory north ? What nations in- aabited this peninsula ? The islands east ? What ocean northwest of Ger many ? Sea north ? Country east ? River west ? South ? What coun- tries lay around Germany ? What rivers flow into the German ocean ? Into the Codanjan sea ? Into what sea does the Danube flow ? What is t.'ie length of these rivers ? What mountains in Germany ? How high are the Sudelic ? Near what rivers was Varus defeated? When did tiiat evi;nt occur ? were the principal tribes, &-C. ? The smaller tribes? 10. How did the Re man writers dLscribe the Germans ? What were tiicir prevailing character, istics, &,c. ? 11. What is said of their tents, cities, &.C.? Tlie women? Their renowned heroes ? Describe the government. 12. What is said of the Germans, in regard to the Romans ? ^Vhat occurred A. D. 9 ? 13. N\ hat is said of Crcsar, &c. ? Wliat were the Romans unable to do, &c. ? What took place in the fiftli century ? 138 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. HELVE'TIA, VINDELIC'IA, RH^'TIA, ETC. 1. Helve'tia, a wild, mountainous region, comprised the chief part of what is now Switzeriand ; it was inhabited by the Helve'- tii, a bold and warlike people, of Cel'tic origin. The women wer noted for their courage ; they often engaged in battle, and fough side by side with their husbands, fathers, and brothers. 2. After many desperate contests with the natives, Csesar at length sub. jected Helve'tia to the dominion of Rome, and included it in his government of Gaul. Subsequently several Roman colonies were established, of which Tur'icum and Aven'ticura were the chief. VINDELIC 'l A. 3. ViNDELic'iA or Rh^'tia Secun'da, as it was sometimes called, lay between the Danu'bius and CE'nus rivers. It comprised a part of what is now Bava'ria, Wir'temberg, and Ba'den. 4. The lake Briganti'nus, now lake Constance, was partly in this territory and partly in Rhee'tia and Helve'tia. On tliis lake Tibe'rius built a fleet, when at war with the Vindclic'ians. Augus'ta Vindelico'rum, the capital, was a Roman colony, and was a town of considerable importance. Regi'na, on the Danu'bius, was a strong fortress. rh^'tia. 5. Rh^'tia lay southward of Vindelic'ia, and included portions of the region now occupied by Switzerland, the Tyrol, and mo- dern Italy; the upper sections of the rivers Rhe'nus, CE'nus, and Ath'esis traverse and water the country. The chief mountains were the Rhce'tian Alps. 6. When first attached to Rome, it included Vindelic'ia ; but it was after- wards divided into Rhce'tia Pri'ma and Rhs'tia Secun'da. Tlie inhabitants both of Vindelic'ia and Rhoe'tia were originally Etrus'cans, who fled from the Gauls when tliat nation invaded Italy. They were subjected to Rome by Dru'sus and Tibe'rius Nero. Triden'tum, Erigan'tia, and Cu'ria were the iliief towns. nor'icum. 7. Nou'icuM comprised the chief part of the present Austrian provinces of Upper and LoAver Austria, Carinthia, and Styria. It 'vas watered cliiefly by the Dra'vus and Mu'rus rivers, and was Q. 1. What did Helvetia comprise ? By whom was it inhabited ? What IS said of the women? 2. Who conquered Helvetia? What was then established? 3. What is said of Vindclicia ? What did it comprise, &c. ? 4. What is said of lake Brigantinus ? Of Augusta Vindelicorum ? Re- gina ? 5. What is said of Rhatia ? What rivers traverse the country 1 6. What did it include wlien first attached to Rome ? What was it after- wards divided into ? What is said of the inhabitants ? Name the chief NORICUM, PANNONIA, ILLFRICUM. 139 Dounded on the north by the Danube. It was conquered by the Romans in the time of Augustus. 8. Tills country was noted for its iron and steel ; weapons, made of the /alter, were in liigli repute, and tlie term "Nor'icus cnsis" was used for a Bword-blade of remarkable temper. Boiodu'rum, the capital of the Boi'i, was situated at tlie mouth of the GD'nus ; Lauri'acum, on the Danube, was tlio station of a Roman flotilla. panno'nia. 9. Panno'nia was bounded on the north and east by the river Danube ; west by No'ricum, and south by Illyr'icum. It was divided into Panno'nia Superior and Inferior. The inhabitants called the Panno'nii were of Cel'tic origin ; they were attacked by the Romans, during the reign of Augustus, but they were not subdued until the time of Tibe'rius. 10. Panno'nia comprised that part of Hungary which lies west of tlie Danube, with portions of the provinces of Lower Austria, Styria, Croatia, and Selavo'nia. Vindobo'na (now Vienna) and Curnun'tum were botli impor- tant towns ; Aquin'cum was the station of a Roman legion ; at Sir'mium the emperor Pro'bus was slain. Mur'sa was tlie station of the lower Danu'- bian fleet; near it Magnen'tius was defeated by Constan'tius. Sopia'na was the birth-place of the Emperor Maximi'nus, and Cib'alis of the Emperor Gra'tian ; at the latter Licin'ius was defeated by Con'stantine. illyr'icum or illyr'ia. 11. Illyr'icum lay along the eastern shore of the Adriat'ic sea, and extended southward from Nor'icum and Panno'nia. At one period it bordered on Epi'rus ; but the lower districts were added to Macedo'nia by Philip, the father of Alexander, and obtained the name of Illyr'icum GrEc'cum ; the remainder was then called Bar baric Illyr'icum ; but, on its conquest by the Romans, the name was changed to Illyr'icum Romano'rum. 12. The southeastern ranges of the Alps extend through the interior of the country, and the coast, for a distance of 350 miles, is studded with nume- rous islands. Dalmatia and Libur'nia were the chief divisions ; the former still retains its ancient name. The Libur'nians were skilful ship-builders; their fast-sailing galleys were used by Augustus to great advantage, in the memorable battle of Ac'tium. 13. Se'nia was a Roman colony, between which and Pola there was con- towns. 7. What did Noricum comprise, A.C.? 8. For what was it noted, &c. 7 What is said of Boiodurum ? Lauriacum ? 9. Describe the boundaries of Pannonia. How was it divided? Of what origin were the PannoniiT What is said of their conquest ? 10. What did Pannonia comprise ? Name Uie important towns. What is said of Aquincum ? The other towns? 11. What is said of Illyricum, &c. ? Who included a part of it in Maccdo. nia ? What was the latter called ? The remainder ? To what was the nam* dianged ? 12. What mountains extended through the interior? What ii •laid of the coast and its islands ? Which were the chief divisions ? What were the Liburmans? 13. What is said of Senia? Who was wounded at 140 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. slant intercourse. At the siege of Met'ulum, Octavius Cassar was wounded. Scardo'na was the chief city of Libur'nia. Salo'na was the capital of lUyr". icum ; it was the birth-place of the Emperor Diocle'tian, who, after his abdication, retired to Spala'trum, in the neighbourhood, and built there a splendid palace. Epidau'rus was a Roman colony : Sco'dra was the rcsi- dence of the lUyr'ian king Gen'tius. 14. The Illyr'ians were noted robbers and pirates, and treated their pri. Boners with great cruelty ; they were frequently at variance with the Mac* donians, and afterwards with the Romans, by whom they were conqucre about 200 years B. C. They were a kindred people with the Tiiracians : both nations, at an early period, tattooed their skins, and were similar iu most of tJieir barbarous manners and customs. Map No. 5. — What river north of Helvetia? What lake northeast? What river bounds Vindelicia, Noricum,and Pannonia on the north ? Pan- nonia on the east ? Into what river do the CE'nus, Dravus,and Savus rivers flow ? In what mountains do they take their rise? What lakes in Pan- nonia? What country north of Helvetia, Vindelicia, and Noricum ? North and east of Pannonia ? South ? What towns lay on the Danubius river ? On the Dravus ? Savus ? What sea west of Illyricum ? What countries east ? What country north ? South ? Map No. 4. — What islands extend along the coast of Illyricum ? What was the northern group called ? The middle ? Southern ? Which is the largest island of each group ? The most southern ? This island is, by some, supposed to have been the scene of tlie apostle Paul's shipwreck, but the general opinion is in favour of the Italian Melita. 55 MCE'SIA, DA'CIA, SARMA'TIA, ETC. 1. Mffi'siA comprised the country which lay between the Da- nu'bius or Is'ter river, and the Hce'mus mountains ; it extended westward from the Eux'ine sea to the river Dri'nus, and corre- sponded to the modern provinces of Ser'via and Bulga'ria. 2. This region was inhabited, at an early period, by the Scylh' ians and the Ge'tce. It once formed a part of the dominions of Philip of Macedon, and afterwards of the Romans. The \vestern division was called Superior or Upper, and the eastern, Inferior or Lower Mce'sia. 3. The Dri'nus, Mar'gus,and CEs'cus are, after tiie Danube, the principal rivers. Tlie Haj'mus mountains, which ibrmcd the southern boundary were so called from Hao'mus, a Thracian king, who was changed to a Metulum? What is said of Scardona ? The other towns ? 14. What is said of the inhabitants, &c. ? To what nation were they similar ? Q. 1. What did Ma-sia comprise ? To what modern provinces did it correspond? 2. By what nations was Mccsia inhabited at an early period? or what did it once form a part? Afterwards? Name its divisions. Tlie principal rivers. What is said of the Iluiums mountains T The cliief DACIA.SARMATIA. l*i mountain for aspiring to divine honours. Nicop'olis.oncof the chief towns, was built by Tra'jan, to celebrate liis victories over tl«3 Da'cii. Sardica was famous for a council of the church. Nais'sus was the native place of Con'stantine the Great. Marcianop'olis was named after Marcia'na, the Bister of Tra'jan. To'mi, on the Eux'ine sea, was the town to which the poet Ov'id was banished. D A'CI A. 4. Da'cia was an extensive country, situated to the northward of the river Is'ter ; it was about 550 miles from east to west, and 400 from north to south. It included the chief part of what is now Hungary, with Transylvania and Walla'chia. 5. The inhabitants were, for a longf period, formidable enemies to Rome, but were at length conquered, in tlie early part of the second century, by the Emperor Tra'jan. lie estabhshed a number of Roman colonics in Da'. cia, which existed until the country was overrun by the Goths, and other barbarians. 6. The Pons Traja'ni (Trajan's Bridge) was built by Tra'jan across the Is'ter, on his expedition into Da'cia : it was a fine substantial structure, about two-thirds of a mile in length ; its ruins may still be seen. It was broken down by the Emperor A'drian out of envy, under the pretence that it favoured the incursions of the barbarians. Ul'pia Traja'ni, the Roman capital, was a colony established by Tra'jan : the chief of the other towns were Ulpia'num, Utid'ava, Axiop'olis, Ap'ulum, &-c SARM A TI A. 7. Sarma'tia was an extensive region, which stretched from the Coda'nus Si'nus, or Baltic Sea, to the river Rha, and from the Cau'casus and the Pa'lus Maeo'tis to the Northern Ocean : it com- prised the whole of Poland and European Russia, and was divided by the river Tan'ais into European and Asiatic Sarma'tia. 8. The Sarma'tians comprised many tribes, the whole of whom led a wandering life, plundering all who fell in their way. Like many other savages, they painted their bodies, on engaging in battle, to make their ap pearance as hideous and terrible as possible. Most of the Sarmatian tribes lived under tents, but some lived in wagons ; hence they were called Ha- maxob'ii ; and some, it is said, fed on milk mixed with the blood of horses, 9. The Chersone'sus Tau'rica, now the peninsula of the Crime' a, was, in early times, inhabited by the Cimme'ri, and afterwards by the Tau'ri, a people noted for their cruelty to strangers ; all who fell into their hands were sacjificed to a virgin goddess that they worshipped. towns 7 Of Sardica ? Naissus 7 3Iarcianopolis ? Tomi 7 4. Describe Dacia. Its extent. 5. Wliat is said of the inhabitants 7 When and by whom were they conquered ? What did Trajan establish in Dacia, &c. ? 6. What is said of the Pons Trajani 7 What did Adrian ao? Wliat is said of Ulpia 7rajani7 The other towns 7 7. Describe Sarmatia. What did it comprise 7 How was it divided 7 8. Describe the Sarmatians. Their habits. Mode of life. Food. 9. What nations inhabited the Chersouesua 142 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. ] 0. On t!ie coasts of the Eux'ine sea and the Pa'lus Maeo'tis numeroun colonies were founded by the Greeks. Crem'ni, on the Pa'lus Meno'tis, was the place where the Am'azons are said to have landed when they quitted Asia Minar, on their route to Scyth'ia. Chersone'sus was long the seat of the flourishing- republic formed by the people of Ileracle'a, a Greek State on the opposite shores of the Eux'ine Sea. Tan'ais, Ol'bia, and Panticapse'um were all noted cities ; at the last named Mithrida'tes tlie Great died. HYPERBO REAN REGIONS. 11. Hyperbo'rean was the name given by the ancients to the unkno^^Tl regions of the north, or, more properly, to a nation or country beyond the dominion of the wind Bo'reas. They de- scribed, that part of the earth as the abode of darkness and the realm of shades ; yet, at the same time, by a singular incongruity, they imagined it to contain the paradise of the sun, and the resi- dence of the blessed. 12. The inhabitants of these fabled regions were reported to live in a de- lightful climate, to enjoy a happy temperament of mind, and body, and to attain to the age even of a thousand years. No disease affected them ; but, without labour and without care or strife, tlicy lived happily and enjoyed the favour of the gods. 13. As the north became better known, the country of the Hyperbo'reang was placed more and more remote. Some souglit it east of the Hyper- bo'rean mountains, in the centre of Asia; while others thought it lay west ward of that range. The entire hypothesis originated, probably, in the traditions of the golden age, when man existed in primeval happiness, and enjoyed those blessings of existence, the remembrance of which was trans- mitted from generation to generation, among the nations of the ancient world. 31ap No. 5. — What river separated Moesia and Dacia ? Below the mouth of the Savus river this stream was called the Ister ; above it, the Danubius. What sea east of Mossia and Dacia? What mountains south of Moesia? What formed tlie western boundary ? Point out the towns named in the text. What country lay north of Dacia ? West ? What river formed its southern and western boundary? Eastern? What rivers ran into the Ister ? The Euxine sea ? What people inhabited Dacia ? What mountains in the north ? What river separated Sarmatia from Germany ? From Scythia ? Asiatic Sarmatia ? Dacia ? What Sarmatian rivers flowed into the Codanian sea ? The Euxine ? Palus Majotis ? Caspian? How long are each of these rivers ? Point out the Bastarnre. Jazyges and other Sar. matian tribes. Point out PanticapiBum. The other towns in Taurica. Map No. 1, — Where are the Hyperborean regions placed ? Hyperborean mountains? What is the modern name of this range? Taurica? For what were they noted? 10. What people founded colonies on tiie Euxine sea, &c. ? What is said ofCremni ? Chersonesus? Tanais? Olbia ? PanticapcBum ? What mon: rch died at the latter place ? 11. What is said of the name Hyperborean ? . low did the ancients describe that part of the earth ? What did they imagine it to contain ? 12. Wliat is said of the inhabitants, tStc. ? ]3. What is s;iid of the regions of the north, &.c. 7 In what did tlio hypothesis originate ? BAR 13 A ROUS NATIONS. 143 56 THE BARBAROUS NATIONS WHICH DESTROYED THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 1. For more than five hundred years the sway and influence of Koine was predominant in the civilized world ; but, about the end of the fourth century, its power began visibly to decline; a succession of barbarous tribes from the North and the East then commenced their inroads on the empire, and in the course of the succeeding Imndred and fifty years they overthrew the Roman power, and changed entirely the condition of the civilized world. 2. Of these nations, the most powerful were the Goths, the IIuns,and tlie Vandals; among the less important were the A'lans, Gep'ida? and Her'uli; besides wliom were the Lom'bards, Burj^un'dians, Sue'ves, An'gli and Sax'. ons, Franks, Aleman'ni, &e. All these nations were ferocious and warlike ; in their incursions they spared neither age nor sex, and inflicted on the countries they ravaged the most terrible calamities. 3. The Goths were first settled in Scandinavia, but they left that country, and founded an extensive kingdom in Sarma'tia. About A. D. 370, internal dissensions divided the nation into Ostro or Eastern, and the Visi or Western Goths. Being driven from their possessions by the Huns, the Os'trogoths settled in Panno'nia, and the adjacent regions, while the Vis'igoths proceeded southward and invaded Greece and Italy. 4. Al'aric, their noted leader, was the least barbarous of all tlie conquer- ors who ravaged the Roman empire. lie commanded, A. D. 395, the Gothic auxiliaries wlio were united with the Romans under Theodo'sius to repel the Huns, then about to invade the western empire. Tliis alUanco disclosed to Al'aric the weakness of the former masters of the world, and inspired him witii tlic resolution of making war upon them, and conquering tlicir remaining territories. 5. The dissensions of tiie Romans soon enabled the Goths to invade Italy with success ; they traversed tlie entire peninsula, from one end to the otiicr, and captured Rome three different times ; first in 408, when Alaric was induced to spare the city, on receiving a ransom of 5000 pounds of gold, and 30,000 pounds of silver, besides a large amount of other valuables. (j. The city was again taken in 40!), and then in 410. At the last cap. ture it was given up to plunder for six days, but all the churches, and most of tlie works of art were spared. Al'aric died tlie same year. Tlie Romans celebrated this event witli public rejoicings, but the work of desolation was Q. 1. What is said of Rome and its influence? Its decline? What then occurred ? 2. Which were the most powerful barbarous nations ? The less powerful? What otlicrs are named ? 3. Wliat is said of the Goths ? Tlicir divisions? 4. Of Alaric? What did tliis alliance disclose ? 5. What is said of the Romans f The first capture of Rome ? 6. The second and third 7 When did Alaric die? What did the Romans do in consequence? 7. What 144 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. soon icnewed, as the barbarians had learned the road to Rome. Al'aric had taught them the weakness of the former queen of the world. 7. After his death the Vis'igoths established themsel.e=i in Gaul, and then in Spain, where they were conquered by the Moors. Roderic, their king (called the last of the Goths), was killed A. D. 712, in battle against that people. The Os'trogoths invaded Italy A. D. 489, and defeated Odoa'eer, king of the Her'uli, who had become king of Italy. Theod'oric, the Os'tro- gothic ruler, iiicn assumed the title, and founded a new kingdom, which existed about sixty years. 8. The Huns or Hun'ni were a Scythian nation from the banks of the river Rha or Volga: dissensions among themselves in- duced great numbers of them to emigrate westward. In their progress they encountered the Alans and the Goths, whom they drove before them ; they then traversed various countries, produc- ing, by their numbers and aggressions, a general movement among the rude nations resident along the frontiers of the Roman empire. 9. Their ferocious ruler, At'tila (the Scourge of God, as he called himself), Was the terror of his age. In the course of a few years he extended his power from the Caspian to the Adriatic sea. The emperors of the East cind the West paid him tribute, and many of the Van'dals, Os'trogoths, Gep'idsB, and Franks served under his banners. 10. At'tila advanced, A. D. 450, to the banks of the Rhine, for the pur- pose of invading Gaul, when whole forests were cut down to furnish boats for transporting his immense host of 700,000 men across that stream. At Durocatalau'num, now Chalons, he was routed by a confederate Roman and Gothic army, when 200,000 of the Huns were slain. At'tila, however, soon recruited his forces ; he then invaded Italy, and was about to march towards Rome, but was diverted from his purpose. His death, which oo- currcd A. D. 453, put an end to the incursions of the Huns ; they retired eastward to the Pa'lus Majo'tis, and their name became lost to history. 11. The Vandals (Wanderers) crossed the Baltic from Scandina'- via into Germany, and emigrated thence to Sarmatia ; returning to Germany they joined the Alans and the Sueves in an invasion of Gaul, and then of Spain, where they founded an important State. The territory on which they settled, in that country, was called Vandalit'ia, now changed to Andalu'sia. 12. From Spain many of the Vandals passed over into Africa, and estab lished an extensive kingdom. From hence their king, Genes'eric, invaded Sicily and Italy and captured Rome, A. D. 455. In that city his army committed such outrages, that the term Van'dalism has become proverbial for any wanton display of barbaric atrocity. On the death of Genes'eric the power of the Vandals in Africa was overthrown by Belisa'rius. occurred after the death of Alaric ? What is said of the Ostrogoths ? Of Theodoric? 8. Of the Huns? Tlieir dissensions ? Progress? What did tlieir numbers, &c. produce ? 9. What is said of Attila ? What sovereigns paid him tribute? What nations served under his banners? 10. What is said of the invasion of Gaul ? Of Attila's defeat ? Wliat did he do then ? To wliat did his death put an end ? 11. Describe the course of the Vandals, Wiiat was their territory in Spain called, &c. ? 12. What did many of the Vandals do ? What is said of Gcneseric ? BARli A ROUS NATIONS. 145 57 1. The Alans were an Asiatic nation, and resided near the Cas- pian Sea ; being attacked by the Huns, they retired westward, end in A D. 407 joined the Vandals and Sueves in their invasion of Gaul and Spain. The Alans then settled in Lusitania, and were afterwards incorporated with the Vis'igoths. The Sue'ves, a German nation, united with the Alans and Vandals, in the before- mentioned invasion, when, separating from their confederates, they settled in the northwestern districts of Spain. 2. The Aleman'ni and tlie Franks comprised powerful confederacies of German tribes, rather than distinct nations. Tlie Franks (Freemen), A. D. 400, passed the Rhine into Gaul, drove out the Romans, and founded tlio present kingdom of France. Tfieir king, Clevis the Great, crowned him- self with his own hands, at Rhcims, A. D. 496. The Aleman'ni (or All Men, as tlie name implies) overran various parts of the empire, and had many confliets with the Romans ; they afterwards settled both on the east and west sides of the Rhine, but wcic expelled from the latter by Clovis. 3. The Gep'ida? Icfl Scandina'via, and settled first on the river Vistula, amd then on the Tan'ais, Becoming tributary to the Huns, many of them accompanied At'tila into Gaul and Italy : afler his death they resided in Da'cia and lUyr'ica, and were finally destroyed by the Lombards. 4. The Her'uli emigrated from Scandina'via to the vicinity of the Pa'lut Majo'tis ; but, afler the death of At'tila, they returned westward, made repeated attacks on the empire, and deposed the last emperor, Rom'ulus Augus'tulus. Their ruler, Odoa'ccr, then became the first king of Italy, A. D. 47G, from which period is dated the end of the western empire. 5. The Burgun'dians, a nation from the banks of the Vistula, invaded Gaul about A. D. 410, and established the kingdom of Burgundy, which was afterwards incorporated with the French monarchy. The Lombards (Longobardi, or Long beards) were of Scandinavian origin ; they crossed the Baltic, established themselves first on the Vistula and then on the Danube, whence they invaded Italy, and founded the kingdom of Lombardy. 6. The Angles and Saxons were warlike German nations, whom the Britons invited to their aid against the Scots and Picts. They landed A. D. 441), under the command of Hengist and Ilorsa, repelled the aggressors, and then turned their arms against the Britons, whom they conquered after a war of 120 years' duration. During this period the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, called the Heptarchy, were established. From the Angles the name Anglo, land, now England, is derived. 7. During the seventh century the Saracens or Arabs, the followers of Mahomet, commenced their careof of conquest. In A. D. 712 they passed from Africa into Spain (whero tliey were called Moors), overthrew the Q. 1. What is said of the Alans? Their union with the Vandals and the Sueves ? Describe the course of the Sueves. 2. What is said of the Alo- manni, &,c. ? Of the Franks? Of Clovis? What course did the Alemanni pursue? S.Whatis saidofthcGepidoB? 4.0f tiie Heruli ? Who did they depose ? What did Odoaeer become ? 5. What is said of the Burgiindiana 7 Tiio Lombards? G. The Angles and Saxons? What name was derived from the Angles ? 7. Describe the progress of the Saracens. When were 13 K X46 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. kingdom of the Visigoths, and established a Mahometan empire, which in- eluded the whole peninsula, except the province of Asturias. This SLat6 existed until the time of Columbus, when the Moors were driven from Spain bj Ferdinand, the husband of Isabella. 8. The Danes and Normans or Northmen inhabited Denmark and Norway, and lived chiefly by piracy. About A. D. 800 they began their incursivms by sea, spreading terror and desolation along nearly all tlie coasts of Europe for more than a hundred years. The Normans, at lengtj), founded a nev» kingdom in Italy, and a new duchy in France, and three of tlie Danish kinga became successively sovereigns of England. 9. The Danes and Normans were the last of the barbarous nations of the dark ages. At the period when their depredations ceased, the various little States which rose on the ruins of the Roman empire, had gradually merged into a few great monarchies, wliich, in the general outline, have continued to the present day. 10. The feudal system was now gradually introduced over the greater part of Europe. The king, being regarded as the owner of the territory he governed, divided the lands amongst his lords and barons ; the latter, pos- sessing almost despotic sway within their own limits, reduced the people to a state of comparative slavery or vassalage, waged numerous private wars against each other, and practised various robberies and extortions. 11. During this turbulent period, all refined arts and pursuits languished, and ignorance was general ; men of the highest rank were unable to read or write, and the limited degree of knowledge then existing was confined to the monasteries, and known only to their inmates, the monks and the clergy. 12. The institution of chivalry, which arose during the feudal ages, by introducing a higher sense of honour and a refinement of manners before unknown, operated favourably upon tlie world. The Crusades, also, those moraorable expeditions to the East, undertaken for the conquest of the Holy Land, though accompanied with much extravagance of conduct and loss of life, tended, on the whole, to the improvement of European society. 13. In later ages a succession of remarkable events, the overthrow of the feudal power, the revival of learning, and the invention of printing, have produced wonderful improvements among all tlie nations of Europe ; their intercourse with each other is much more liberal and enlightened; the ferocity of war has been diminished ; the arts and sciences generally carried nearer to perfection, and the great mass of the people placed in a position far above what the same class occupied in ancient times. Map No. 12. — Which three nations were Asiatic ? Which were Scandi. navian ? German ? What nations crossed the sea to Britain ? What nation to France ? The Mediterranean ? Wliat nations crossed tlie Baltic ? The Straits of Gibraltar ? What three nations formed a union in Germany ? Where did they separate ? What nation came from beyond the river RhaT Beyond the Tanais ? The Nile ? What seven kingdoms did the Angles and Stiuua louna m Britain ? N. M. E.-A. E. S. K. W. they driven from Spain ? 8. What is said of the Danes and Normans ? When did they begin their incursions, &c. ? 9. Wiiat were tlie Normans, &c, 7 Wliat was the state of things in Europe when their depredations ceased ? 10. What is said of the feudal system? The king ? The lords, &.c. ? Con- dition of the people ? 11. Describe that period. Men c frank. The degree of knowledge tlicn existing, &c. 12. What is said of chivalry and its effects ? Tlic Crusades? Their tendency ? 13. What occurred in later ages ? What did these events produce, &c. ? SACEED GEOGllAPHY. INTRODUCTION. 1. Sacred Geography is a description of those parts of the earth that are mentioned in the Scriptures of the Old and New Tes- tament. It refers more particularly to Palestine or the Holy Land, and may be said to commence with the creation of the world. 2. Like all the nations of antiquity, the Israehtes conceived the surface of the earth to be an extensive plain, " over which ths heavens were spread Hke a curtain ;" beneath was supposed to be a deep pit, " the abode of darkness and of the shadow of death." 3. The Greeks, PhcEni'cians and ou'ier early nations, regarded the earth as comprising one great island, surrounded on every side by the ocean ; but nothing is known as to the views of the Hebrews on that point. To the west, the remotest object for them was the sea, with its isles afar off; but to the east, wiiere land was seen indefinitely extending, they formed the idea of an inland termination of the earth, without being able to attach to it any precise limits. 4. The great divisions, Europe, Asia and Africa, are not mei>- tioned in the Bible. Asia is spoken of in the New Testament, but IS believed to refer to the Roman proconsulship or province of Asia, which occupied the western part of Asia Minor. 5. Several parts of Europe are named in Scripture, but, except as con- nected with the illustration of the travels of the apostle Paul, that part of the world has scarcely any connection with sacred geography. Egypt, xEtliio'pia, and other African countries are spoken of in the Old Testament, and Lib'ya or Cyre'ne in the New, but no general name for Africa seems to have been known. 6. Being ignorant of the great oceans, the Israelites regarded the Medw tcrra'nean as the largest collection of water existing, and hence called it the Sea or Great Sea. The other seas known to them were the Red Sea, the Dead or Salt Sea, and the Sea of Galilee. The two last, though called seas, n Scripture, are properly lakes. 7. The Euphra'tes and Hid'dckel, both mentioned in the description of tlie Q. 1. What is sacred geography ? To what does it refer, &c. ? 2. What did the Israelites conceive ? Wliat was supposed to be beneath the earth ? 3. How did the Greeks and otliers regard the earth? What were the opinions of the Hebrews with respect to the west? The east? 4. What is said of the great divisions? Of Asia? 5. Of Europe? Egypt, &Lr.1 6. How did the Israelites regard the Mediterranean 7 What other seas (147) 148 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. garden of Eden, Gen. ii. 14, are the only large rivers expressly named m the Bible that are now known. Tlie first, which still bears, with us, the same name, the Hebrews called, by way of eminence, " the Great River," Deut. i. 7, and considered it to be one of the grand boundaries of the earth. The Hid'dekel is now called the Tigris. The Nile is not positively mentioned, but ip alluded to, in Scripture, as "the river," Gen. xli. 1. The Gihon and Pison, rivers of Eden, are unknown ; some authors suppose the first to ho the Araxes, and the other, the Phasis of classical geography. 8. The nations residing in the immediate vicinity of the children of Is fael were the Philis' tines, the people of Tyre and Sidon, and southern Syria the Am'monites, the Mo'abites, the E'domitcs, the Amal'ekites and the Mid', ianites ; farther distant were Egypt, the districts of Central and Southern Arabia, and Northern Syria ; still more remote were the Assyr'ians, the Babylo'nians or Chalde'ans, the E'lamites or Persians, the Medes, and the iEthio'pians. Tar'shish, O'phir, and the Isles, Gog, Magog and the North, are al^ alluded to by the Hebrew writers, as placed at the farthest limits of their knowledge. India was not known to the Israelites until the time of the Babylonish captivity. 9. The only credible account which we have of the origin of the world is contained in the Bible ; there we are informed, that when the Lord God had created man, he placed him in the garden which he had planted eastward in Eden, to dress it and to keep it : this garden was also called Paradise, and here our first parents lived in a state of happy innocence, until they were driven from it for disobeying the commands of their Creator. 10. The situation of the garden of Eden is unknown, and various opinions are held respecting it ; some believe that it was in that part of Asia in which tlie Euphra'tes, the Tigris, and several other rivers take their rise ; some near the confluence of those streams ; and some still flirther eastward. The Hindoos say that the spot that was occupied by the garden of Eden is now the delightful valley of Cashmere. 11. The first occupations in which men engaged were husbandry and pasturage. Cain was a tiller of the ground, and Abel a keeper of sheep. Subsequently, music and the working of metals were discovered ; and, doubt- less, all the common mechanic arts were practised. The Land of Nod (Gen. iv- 16), to which Cain retired after the death of Abel, was on the east of Eden, hern he founded the first recorded city, and named it Enoch, after his first- born eon. Here, also, he became the progenitor of a reprobate race, called, to distinguish them from the rest of mankind, the Children of Men. were known to them ? 7. What is said of the Euphrates and Hiddekel ? "What did the Hebrews call the firvt ? What is said of the latter ? The Nile ? Tlia Gihon, &o. ? 8. What nations resided in the vicinity of the children of Israel? Farther distant? Still more remote ? What is said ofTarshish, &,c. ? India ? 9. What is said of the origin of the world ? Where did man first reside ? For what purpose was he placed there ? What was the garden of Eden also called, &c. ? 10. What is said of its situ-ation ? What opinions are held respecting it? 11. What were the first occupations of men ? Wha. was Cain ? Abel ? What was invented subsequently ? What is said of the land of Nod ? What did Cain found here 7 What did he also be come? SETTLEMENT OF THE EARTH. 149 SElTLExMENT OF THE EARTH AFTER THE FLOOD. 1. The flood or universal deluge, which occurred 1656 years after the creation, or 2;J48 years B. C, is the most remarkable physical event that has occurred within the knowledge of maru This awful catastrophe covered the surface of the whole earth with a waste of waters, rose above the highest mountains, and swept away and destroyed every living creature except those that were saved in the Ark. 2. It is believed, by some, that the earth, at the time of the flood, was very populous ; and we learn from tjie sacred records, that the inhabitants had become so wicked, that the Almighty determined to destroy all mankind, except the few individuals composing the family of righteous Noah. 3. As the waters of the flood subsided, the Ark rested on the summit of Mount Ar'arat, supposed to be the liigli mountain in Arme'nia that has always borne tliat name ; but, by some, it is imagined to have been an ele vation in that lofty range in which the Indus, the Ganges, and other gresrf rivers have tlieir rise. p' ' ,^,.^.,. ', >.-j M M ij^tHH «| ^H^^^^B ^ly^SSn m HH^Si 4. Noah and his family left the ark, and descended into tiie plains at the base of the mountain, about a year after the com- mencement of the deluge. Here the venerable patriarch buih an altar, ami offered up sacrifices unto the Most High. And Goil blessed Noah and his sons, and made a covenant with them that the earth should never again be destroyed by a flood, and set his bow in the cloud as a token of the covenant. (Gen. ix. 13.) Q. l.When did the flood occur? What is said of it? 2. What is be. lieved by some ? What do we karn from sacred record ? 3. What is said of flic ark? Of Mount Ararat? 4. When did Noah and his family IcaN-o the ark? What then did ISwah do? What did God make with Noah? la* 150 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. 5. In the course of the first century after the flood, the descendants of Noah had, no doubt, wandered to a considerable distance from their first settlement, at the foot of Mount Ar'arat, At this time, " the whole earth (or mankind) was of one language and of one speech," Gen. xi. 1, and "as they journeyed from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shi'nar ; and they dwelt there." 6. And they said one to another, " let us build a city, and a tower whose top may reach unto heaven ; and let us make us a name, lest wc be scattered ebroad upon the face of the whole earth." But their projects were, doubtless, contrary to the divine will, for the Lord confounded their language, so that they could not understand one another's speech. " So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon tlie face of all the earth : and they lefi; off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel." 7. About this time (2233 years B. C), Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, " began to be a mighty one in the earth," and is called the mighty hunter before the Lord ; Gen. x. 8. He is supposed to have been tlie first warrior, and probably the first conqueror who substituted the monarchical for the patriarchal form of government. He founded the kingdom of Babel or Babylon. Contemporary with him were Asshur, who established the Assyr'- ian, and Miz'raim, the second son of Ham, who laid the foundations of the Egyptian monarchy. 8. Noah, the second father of mankind, was about 600 years old, at the time of the flood, and from his three sons the whole of the human race are descended. Ja'pheth Avas the eldest son ol Noah ; Shem the second ; and Ham the youngest. 9. The posterity of Ja'pheth are supposed to have peopled Europe and the northern regions of Asia. Gomer, his eldest son, is thought to have been the ancestor of the Celtic nations ; Magog, of the Scythians ; Javan or Ion, of the lonians and the other Greeks. 10. Elisha, Tar'shish, Kit'tim,and Dod'anim were grandsons of Ja'pheth- By these, we are told, that the isles of the Gentiles were divided or settled. The regions alluded to were doubtless the islands of the Mediterra'nean sea, as well as the almost insular regions of Spain, Italy, Greece, and perhaps Asia Minor. According to the prediction of Noah, God has enlarged Ja'- pheth ; his descendants have for ages comprised, and do now comprise, the most powerful nations in the world, and his posterity exercises dominion over more than one-half the globe. 11. To Shem and his sons, it is probable, that the nations of the central and southern parts of Asia owe tlieir origin. E'lam was tlie ancestor of the E'lamites or Persians; Lud, of the Lyd'ians ; and Aram, of the Arame'ans or Syrians. From Arphax'ad, wlio settled in Mesopota'mia, the Hebrews and Arabians derived their descent through Abraham. The early posterity 5. What probably occurred during the first century aft;er the flood ? What was tne state of the earth at this time, &c. ? 6. What did they say one to another ? What is said of their projects ? What was the result ? 7. What is said of Nimrod ? How many years is it since he lived ? Who were contemporary with him ? 8. What is said of Noah ? Of his three sons 7 Which was the oldest son ? The second ? The youngest ? 9. What is said of the posterity of Japhcth ? Who was the ancestor of the Celtic nations? Of the Scythians ? The Greeks? 10. Who were grandsons of Japheth? . What regions did they settle ? What is said of the predictinna of Noali, &,cl 11. What is said of Shem and his sons ? Wli-il did liic OKIGIN OF THE ISU A ELITES. 151 m Slicin seem generally to have fldoptcd a pastoral life ; and, in a portion of liis family, the true worshi]) of God was preserved for many ages, wliilo all the rest of mankind were sunk in heathen idolatry. 12. The descendants of Ham comprised some of the earliest civilized nations of the world ; Egypt, liib'ya, /Ethio'pia, Ca'naan, Phoenicia, and Iho soutiiern and eastern parts of Araliia were peopled by them. Babel or Babylon was also founded by Nimrod, the grandson of Ham. All t!ie nations of this family were, at an early period, noted for their wickedncsa and devotion to idolatry, and have generally sustained greater polilieal changes than those descended from the other sons of Noah. Map No. 6. — Point out Mount Ararat. Shinar. Assyria. Babylonia or Chaldea. (This country was called, at first. Babel.) Egyj)t or Mizraim. Tiicsc countries were the first, of which we have any account, that were settled by tiie descendants of Noah. Babel or Bab3'lon, Ereeh, Accad and Calneh, built by Nimrod ; and Nineveh, Rehoboth, Calah, and Rcsen, built by Assliur; were the first cities that were founded after the flood. ORIGIN OF THE ISRAELITES, ETC. 1. The Hebrews, Israelites or Jews are the descendants of the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob : they were called Hebrews from Eber or Heber,* the great grandson of Shem, from whom Abraham was descended ; afterwards they obtained the name of Israehtes, from Jacob or Israel. On their return from Babylonish captivity the term Jews, from Judah, Avas adopted, and has been in use until the present time. 2. This remarkable race was selected by God himself, almost 4000 years ago, as a chosen people, who might preserve his worship undefiled by the idolatry of the surrounding nations, and transmit his ordinances to tiicir posterity ; but, in consequence of their sins, they were long since driven from their own land, and dispersed amongst all tiic nations of the earth. 3. Abram or Abraliam, the ancestor of the Hebrews and tlie Arabians, was born at Ur of the Chaldees, a town in Pa'dan A'ran-> or Mesopota'mia, about 2000 years B. C, and was descended, in the eighth generation, from Shem, the second son of Noah. 4. Though he lived amongst an idolatrous people, he carefully rcfiamed from joining in their worship, and was a bright example of faith and piety, CHrly posterity of Shem adopt ? 12. What did the descendants of Ham comprise, &c. ? What were the nations of this family noted for ? Q. 1. From whom are the Hebrews descended ? From whom were they called ? What is said of their other names ? 2. On what account was this remarkable race selected ? What took place in consequence of their sins ? 3. What is said of Abram ? 4. What is said of his conduct ? Of his obo- * Soice suppow that the Hebrews received Ihoir name bocaasa they canio from bcyoud tbe ' Fire from Heaven. 10. Mount Car'mcl is on the sea-coast; it was once noted for its fertility, but is now barren and rugged ; the curse denounced by Amos has fallen upon it. (Amos 1. 2.) On this mountain the prophets Elijah and Elisha dwelt; and there, in the presence of Ahab and all Israel, the sacrifice of Elijah was consumed by fire from heaven. (1 Kings xviii.) Tradition has preserved a knowledge of the place where the prophet prayed for rain, and where his servant saw the cloud rise out of the sea, (I Kings xviii. 44.) There was another Mount Car'mcl near the Dead Sea. 11. Nearly east from Car'mcl is Mount Ta'bor ; on its summit, according to tradition, our Saviour's transfiguration took place. (Matt, xvii.) North of Ta'bor is the Mount of the Beatitudes, where Christ preached the sublime discourse called the Sermon on the Mount. (Matt, v.) Mount Gilboa is noted for its numerous springs, and also for the battle in which the thice sons of Saul were slain ; and where he died by his own hand. (1 Sam. xxxi. 4.) 12. Southward of Samaria are the Mountains of E'phraim or Israel. On Gaash, a hill belonging to this range, Joshua was buried. (Josh. xxiv. 30.^ On Mount Quaranta'nia, situated between Jericho and Jerusalem, it is sup. posed, our Saviour was tempted by Satan (Matt. iv. 8) : its name is not ia Scripture ; it is known by tradition only. 13. Southward of Jerusalem are the Mountains of Judea; in many places, especially on the southern border, they arc barren and desolate. Theso mountains formed the hill country of Judah or Judea, where the parents of John the Baptist resided. (Luke i. 3i).) Near the Dead Sea is Mount Carmcl, where Na'bal, the Carmelite, had his possessions. (1 Sam. xxv. 2.) 14. The Mount of Olives is on the east side of Jerusalem ; between it and the city is the Vale of Jehosh'aphat and the Brook Ccdron. Hither these? 10. What is said of Mount Carmel ? Who dwelt there ? What took place there? Wliat has tradition preserved? 11. What is said of Mount Tabor? Mount of the Beatitudes ? Mount Gilboa ? 12. What is said of the mountains of Ephraim ? Gaash? Quarantania? 13. Wii;it mountains lay soutliward of Jerusalem ? What did tliey form ? What is i64 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. our Lord frequently resorted, with his disciples ; here he wept over Jerusa- lem, and predicted its downfall, and from the village of Bethany he ascended into heaven, (Luke xxiv. 50, 5L) The southern part was called the Mormt of Corruption, because on it Solomon built altars for the worship of strango gods. (2 Kings xxiii. 13.) Map No. 8. — What country lay northeast of Palestine?- Southeast? J What countries south ? What people east? -What sea west? The Medi- terranean was called, by the Israelites, the Sea, the Great Sea, the Sea of the Philistines, and the Uttermost Sea. Point out the mountains of Lebanon. Hermon. Bashan. Gilead. Abarim mountains. Mouut Carmel on the eea-coast. Mount Carmel near the Dead Sea. Mount Tabor. Mount Gil- boa. Mountains of Ephraini: Hill of Gaash. — Map No. 9. — Point out the Mountain of the Beatitudes. Mount Quarantania. The hill country of Tudea. 8 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE— [continued.] ^ rivers, lakes, etc. 1. The principal river of Palestine is the Jordan ; it rises at th base of Mount Her'mon, passes southwardly through the country, and, after a course of 140 miles, flows into the Dead Sea. It is a deep and rapid river, and is about thirty yards wide, in the lower part of its courge. eaid of Carmel ? 14. What is said of the Mount of Olives ? Of our Lord 7 What was the southern part of the Mount of Olives called, «&:c, ? Q. 1. Which IS the principal river of Palestine ? Describe its rise, course, RIVERS AND LAKES OF PALESTINE 165 2. This stream is celebrated as the scene of several miraculous events. Its waters " stood, and rose up upon an heap," to allow a passage for the Israelites, on their journey from the desert (Josh, iii. 10); and they were afterwards divided by the projihets Ehjah and Elislia. (2 Kings ii.) In the Jordan, at Bethab'ara, our Saviour was baptized by John the Baptist. (Matt. iii. 13 ; John i. 28.) 3. The Jab'bok, Gad'ara,and Hesli'bon wernician cities did it include? What is said of them ? What other towns ? What is said of the latter, &,c. ? 11. Who was a native of Gath-heplier ? What is said of Bethulia, &c. 7 12. What took place at Abel-Beth-.Maachah? What waa Hazor? Haro. eheUi? Kedcsh-Naphtali ? 13. What is said of Megiddo? What occurred there ? 14. What is said of Shunem, i,c. ? Of DoUian ? 172 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. THE TWELVE TRIBES — [continued]. 1. In Manasseh west of Jordan was Dor, a seaport, once the seat of a Canaanitish king. (Josh. xi. 2.) At Jez'reel there was a palace_ of the kings of Israel, where the impious Jez'ebel was killed. (2 Kings ix. 33. Tir'zah was the capital of Israel, before the building of Samaria. En'do was the place to which Saul went to consult a woman who had a familial spirit. (1 Sam. xxviii. 7.) Oph'rah was tlie native town of Gideon. (Judges vi. 11.) Be'zek was a city of the Canaanites where 10,000 of them were slain, and Adoni-be'zek, their king, was taken prisoner. (Judges i. 4.) 2. In Ephraim was Samaria, the capital of the kingdom of Israel, founded by Omri, B. C. 919 (1 Kings xvi. 24) ; it was destroyed by the Assyr'ians, but was subsequently rebuilt. Slie'chem or Si'chem was a very ancient city ; here Abraham erected an altar (Gen. xii. 7), and here Jacob and his family resided. (Gen. xxxiii. 18.) At Shi'loh the tabernacle was set up (Josli. xviii. 1), and remained until the time of Eli, a period of more than 300 years, after which it was taken by the Philis'tines. 3. At A'bel-meho'lah the prophet Elisha was born. Jop'pa was the chief seaport of the Israelites ; from hence Jonah took ship to go to Tar'shisli. (Jonah i. 3.) Tim'nath-se'rah was the inheritance given to Joshua ; and here he died and was buried. (Josh. xxiv. 30.) Ramatha'im-zo'phim, or Ra'mah, was the birth-place of Samuel (1 Sam. i. 1—20); there he dwelt (vii. 17), and there he anointed Saul to be king of Israel, (x. 1.) 4. The territories of Dan and Simeon were, at first, a part of Judah, but its portion being found larger than was needed, its western districts were tlierefore set apart for the residence of the other two tribes. The portion of Dan being of small dimensions, induced the tribe to send out some of its people in search of other settlements (Judges xviii.); they accordingly took La'ish, a city near the source of the river Jordan, and changed its name to Dan ; it was long the most northern town in Israel. 5. In Dan were the Philis'tine cities of Ash'dod, Ek'ron, and Gath. To Ash'dod the ark was conveyed by the Philis'tines, after they had captured it at the battle of Ebcne'zcr. It is called Azo'tus in the New Testament. Ek'ron was a strong city on the coast ; it was given by Joshua, first to Judah, and afterwards to Dan ; but the Israelites did not obtain possession of it until tlie time of Judas Maccabai'us. The ark was brought hither from Ash'dod, but it was speedily removed, through fear of divine vengeance. 6. Gath was the native town of Goli'ath, whom David killed ; it was taken by the latter, after he became king, but was subsequently rebuilt by hia grandson, Rehobo'am ; it was finally laid waste by Haf ael, king of Syria. Aj'alon was one of the scenes of a renowned miracle, recorded in Joshua x. Q. 1. What was Dor? What is said of Jezreel ? Tirzah? Endor? Ophrah ? Bczek ? 2. What is said of Samaria ? Shechem ? Who resided there ? What is said of Shiloh ? 3. Who was born at Abel-meholah ? What is said of Joppa ? Timnath-scrah ? Ramathaim-zophim ? 4. What is said of the territories of Dan and Simeon? Of the portion of Dan? What city did they take ? To what was its name changed, &c. ? 5. Name the Philistine cities in Dan. What is said of Ashdod, &,c. ? Of Ekron, «fcc. ? 6. What is said of Gath ? Of what was Ajalon the scene ? 7. Where were THE TWELVE TRIBES. 173 19, 13, when, in a battle between the Israelites and the five kings of the Ca'- naimitcs, " the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies." 7. In Simeon were Ga'za and As'kelon or As'calon, cities of the Philis'- tines. From the first Samson carried away the gates of the city ; and, when he fell into the hands of the Philis'tines, they deprived him of his sight, and set him to grind in the ])rison-house at Ga'za, «Si£,e. (Judges xvi.) As'kelon was the birth-plaec of Herod the Great; it was famous in the time of tho Crusades. Zik'lag was given to David by A'ehish, king of Gath, when ha fled to the Philistines for fear of Saul. (1 Sam. xxvii. 6.) Ge'rar was the residence both of Abraham and Isaac. (Gen. xx. 1.; xxvi. 6.) 8. At Bcer'sheba, also, Abraham and Isaac both resided, and here the formci made a treaty with Abim'elecli, king of Ge'rar, which was confirmed with an oath ; whence its name, which signifies the " well of the oath." (Gen. xxi. 31.) A town was afterwards built here, which was considered the most Bouthern in tiie Land of Israel. 9. Jcr'icho, in the tribe of Benjamin, was the first conquest of tlie Israelites after they had crossed the Jordan ; its walls fell miraculously to the ground, when it was captured and destroyed. It was subsequently rebuilt, and bo- came a great city. At Gil'gal the Israelites encamped, after they passed tlie Jordan ; there they set up the twelve stones which they took out of the midst of the river, as a monument. (Josh. iv. 20.) 10. Gib'eah, called Gib'eah of Saul, was the residence of Saul, king of Israel. Gib'eon was a royal city of the Ca'naanites. The inhabitants having deceived Joshua by an artifice, had their lives spared, but were con- demned to be the hewers of wood and drawers of water to the Israelites. Here, at the conmiand of Joshua, "the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day." (Josh. x. 12, 13.) 11. At Beth-cl Jacob saw his first vision. (Gen. xxviii. 19.) Jerobo'am here set up one of the golden calves, and here was inflicted the punishment on tlie children who mocked Elisha. (2 Kings ii. 23, 24.) Between this place and Ai or Hai Abraham first lived after his return from Egypt. (Gen. xiii. 3.) At Nai'oth Samuel and the sons of the prophets dwelt j and here David withdrew from Saul. (1 Sam. .xix. 18, 19.) 12. An'athoth was the birth-place of the prophet Jeremiah. At Ra'mah he was released by the Chalde'ans, when they brough* mm prisoner from Jerusalem. (Jer. xl. 4.) Bahu'rim was the place where Shim'ei cursed David, and threw stones at him. (2 Sam. xvi. 5, 6.) At Ze'lah Saul was buried. (2 Sam. xxi. 14.) Map No. 8. — Point out Manasseh west of Jordan. What river formed ita eastern boundary 7 The southern? Point out the towns mentioned in the text. Where is Ephraim ? What tribe bounded Ephraira on the north ? Gaza and Askelon ? By whom were the gates of the former carried awayT What after occurred to Samson? What is said of Askelon? Ziklag? Who resided at Gcrar ? 8. What is said of Bcersheba, &c.? What doeg the name signify ? 9. What is said of Jericho ? What did the Israclitea do at Gilgal ? 10. What was Gibeah ? CJibeon ? What did the inhabi- tants do ?^To what were they condemned ? What was this place ? 11. What is said of Beth-el ? Ai or Hai ? Who dwelt at Naiotli, &.c. ? 12. Who was born at Anathoth ? Where was he released by the Chaldeans? What occurred at Bahurira ? Who was buried at Zelah ? 15 * 174 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. A''hat tribes south? East? Where is Samaria? The other towns? Point out Dan. Simeon. What tribes lay east? Wliat country eouUi ? What stream formed part of the southern boundary of Simeon ? Point out tJie towns in Dan. The towns in Simeon. The cities of the Pliilistines. Where is the tribe of Benjamin ? What tribeS;^ lay north ? Soutli ?. East ? West? Point out Jericho. The other towns. — Map No. 10. — Point out Anathoth. Ramah. Bahurim. Zelah. THE TRIBE OF JUDAH, WITH THE TOWNS NOTED IN OLD TESTAMENT TIMES. 1. JuDAH was distinguished above all the other tribes of Israel. It led the van of the congregation, in the march tlirough the de- sert, and was the first appointed to expel the Canaanites from the Promised Land. It Avas also the native tribe of David and Solo- mon, as well as of our Lord, and to it was made the prophetic promise, " the sceptre shall not depart from Judah until Shi'loh (the Messiah) come." (Gen. xlix. 10.) 2. Jerusalem, the capital of Israel and afterwards of Judah, was situ- ated in the district called the Land of Mori'ah ; it lay within the tribe of Benjamin, but Judah acquired it by conquest. The city was built on Akra, Mori'ah, and Zi'on, three hills of moderate elevation. The Jews called it the Holy City, and the City of God, and it is still known, in the East, by the former name. 3. It is supposed to have existed as early as the time of Abraham, and was one of those towns from which the Israelites could not drive out the Jeb'u- sites, the original inhabitants : the latter boasted that tJieir lame and blind could defend its fort ; but it was taken by David, who made it his residence (2 Sam. V. 6, 7), and called it by his own name. 4. This city comprised, in early times, three divisions, viz. Salem (the Lower or Old To\vi), afterwards called Akra ; Zi'on or the city of David, and the Temple. Bcz'etha (the New Town) was not built until after the time of our Saviour. All these divisions were separated from each other by walls and towers, and the whole was encompassed with a high and strong wall. 5. The hills on which the city stood were separated by deep valleys from the surrounding heights. East of the city was the Vale of Jehosh'apliat ; eouth and southwest were the valleys of Gi'hon and Hin'nom. In a certain part of this valley, called To'phct, some of the idolatrous kings of Judah ■acrificed children to the idol Mo'loch. (Jer. vii. 3L) The brook Ced'ron Of Kid'ron flowed on the eastern, and the stream of Shilo'ah or Gi'hon oa tlie southern side of the city. Q. 1. What is said of the tribe of Judah? What prophetic promise was made ? 2. Describe the position of Jerusalem. What did the Jews call it ? 3. From whose time is it supposed to have existed ? Of what did the Jebu- eites bofist? 4. What did tlie city comprise? Name the divisions, &.u What is said of them? 5. What is said of the hills? What was east of the city ? South and southwest ? What is said of the brook Cedron, «Stc. ? THETRIBEOFJUDAH. 175 6. The chief ornament of ancient Jerusalem was the temple of Solomon ; it was built on Mount Mori'ah, and was a mae capital of tlie king- dom of Israel ; it was destroyed by the Assyr'ians, but it was afterwards rebuilt. Herod the Great improved it, and called it Sebas'te. It is now a mean village, but contains many fragments of ancient buildings, among others, tlie walls of a noble church erected on the site of tlie alleged prison of John the Baptist. IB said of Capernaum ? What is it called ? What was delivered in its neighbourhood, &c. ? 5. What is said of Tiberias? By whom was it ro- built, «S£,c. ? For what was it noted? C. Wliat is said ofCana? Nain T Nazareth, &c. ? 7. Who resided at Betlisnida of Galilee ? What is said of Acclio? By whom was it visited ? 8. What is said of Samaria ? Dc- Bcribe its position. What did it include? Comprise? 9. What occurred when the ten tribes were carried away captive ? What is said of the S.i- maritans? IIow were they regarded by the Jews, i^c. ? 10. What is said ©f the city of Samaria ? By whom was it destriJJ'ed ? Who improved it M 178 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. 11. Cojsare'a, in the time of the Romans the chief town of Samaria, was originally a small Greek colony ; it derived all its importance from Herod, who made it a renowned city and seaport. Here St. Peter converted Corne- lius, the Roman centurion, and here also St. Paul defended himself against tlie Jews and their orator Tertul'lus. (Acts xxiv.) 12. Sy'char, previously called She'chem and Si'chem, stood between Mount E'bal and Mount Ger'izim. Near the city was Jacob's Well, where our Lord held the memorable conversation with the woman of Samaria. (JoIjii h'.) The Emperor Vespa'sian greatly improved the town, and called it Noap'olis (tlie New City), which has been since corrupted into Naplous. 1.3. Antip'atris was named after Antip'ater, the father of Herod. To this place St. Paul was brought by the Roman soldiers, on his way to Caesare'a. (Acts xxiii. 31.) Lyd'da was a large town, in New Testament times ; there St. Peter miraculously healed iEne'as. (Acts ix. 33, 34.) ^'non, near to Sa'lim, is mentioned as a ])laee where John was baptizing, " because there was much water there." (John iii. 23.) 14. Jop'pa, now Jaffa, is thirly-six miles northwest of Jerusalem ; it is one of the most ancient towns in tlie world. The apostle Peter resided for some time at Joj/pa, and had there the vision that led to the preaching of the Gospel to the Gentiles. In tlie same place he raised to life Dorcas, a woman " full of good works and alms-deeds." (Acts ix. 40.) Map No. 11. — Where is Galilee? Upper Galilee? Lower Galilee? What district occupied the coast of Galilee ? What river separated Galilee from Pereca ? What province lay south of Galilee t'; Point out Capernaum, Tiberias. Cana. Nain. Nazareth. Bcthsaida. Point out Samaria. Wiiat province lay north ? South?- East? What sea west ? Where is the city of Samaria? Sychar? Mount Ebal ? Mount Geriziin ? Jacob's Well 7 Csesarca ? Antipatris ? Lydda ? Joppa ? JUDEA AND PER^A, WITH THE TOWNS NOTED IN NEW TESTAMENT TIMES. 1, JuDEA was the most distinguished, as well as the largest province in Palestine ; it comprised the territories of Judah, Ben- jamm, Dan, and Simeon. The interior was rugged and moun- tainous, but, on the coast, the land was more level and fertile. The whole province was noted for its palm trees. What was it then called? What does it now contain? 11. What is sai of Cseaarea, &c. ? Who did St. Peter convert ? Against whom did St. Paul defend himself? 12. What is said of Sychar ? What took place at Ja- cob's Well? What is said of Vespasian, &.c. ? 13. After whom was Anti- patris named ? Who was brought to this place ? Wliat is said of Lydda, &c. ? Of ^non ? 14. What is said of Joppa? Who resided tliere, &,c. 7 Whom did Peter raise to life ? Q. 1. What was Judea 7 What did it comprise? What is said of the interior ? The coast 7 For what was the province noted ? 2. What is said JUDEA AND PER^A. 179 View of modern Jerusalem. 2. Jerusalem, as it existed in the time of our Saviour, was the city built by the Jews who returned from Babylon ; but neither the city nor the temple approached their first magnificence until the reign of Herod, who began about tiie year 10 B. C. to adorn the former with many spacious buildings, and repaired the latter from its very foundations, in a substantial and splendid manner. 3. Bez'etha or the New Town was built by Agrippa, the grandson of Herod ; in his time the city is supposed to have attained its greatest extent ajid population ; it was upwards of four miles in circuit, and had from if^O.OUO to 150,000 inhabitants. 4. Among the places in Jerusalem noted in our Saviour's history, was the temple, in which, when only twelve years of age, he sat in the midst of the doctors, "both hearing them and asking them questions" (Luke ii. 46) ; and here also he cast out those that bought and sold in it. (Matt. xxi. 12.) Near the sheep or beast market was the Pool of Bethcs'da, where he healed the lame man on the Sabbath day. (John v. 9.) 5. On the east side of Zion was the Pool of Sil'oam, in which the blind man, being directed by Christ to wash, received his sight. East of the city was the garden of Gethsem'ane, where our Lord was betrayed. (ALatt. xxvi. 36.) Wes^'ard was Calvary, where he was crucified (Luke xxiii. 33X and near to it was the garden containing the sepulchre in which his body was laid. (Jolm xix. 41.) Southward was the Potter's Field, called Accl' dama, or the F'icld of Blood. (Acts i. 19.) 6. In Salem or Akra was the Fort of Anti'ochus, built by Anti'ochus Epi- ph'anes, king of Syria. Fort Antonia was a strong castle, wliere, in Roman times, a legion was stationed. In Zion or the Upper Town was Herod's house, a very splendid structure. Eastward of the city were Bcth'phage and Bath'any ; at the first Christ commenced his triumphal entry into Jerusa- lem ; at the other, where Mary and Martha resided, he raised Lazarus front tlie dead (Jolm xi. 43) ; and near it he ascended into heaven. 7. The city of Jerusalem was taken and destroyed by Titus, A. D. 70. Part of it was rebuilt fifty or sixty years afterwards ; and in the fourth ccn- of Jerusalem? Of Herod 7 3. Wlio built Bezetha? What was the state of Jerusalem in his time ? 4. What places in Jcrusilem were noted in our Saviour's history ? 5. What lay on the east side of Zion ? East of the city? Westward ? Southward ? 6. What was in Salem ? What is said of Fort Antonia ? Herod's house 7 What was eastward of the city 7 What is 180 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. .ury Helena, the mother of Constantine, caused various chapels and menu, ments to be erected on the places rendered memorable by events in the lifb of Christ. Since that time, this city has been annually visited by thousands of piljjrims, from all parts of Christendom ; but their numbers are now less than they vpcre formerly. Jerusalem is greatly reduced from its ancient extent and magnificence, but it is still an object of the highest veneration, to Jews and Christians as well as to Mahomedans. Birth of Christ, 8. Bethlehem, six miles south of Jerusalem, is memorable for the birth of our Lord and Saviour (Matt. ii. ; Luke ii. 7.), 4004 years after the creation of the world : it is now visited chiefly for the sake of the convent built by the Empress Helena, over a subterranean grotto, where is shown a marble basin, said to be the manger in which the infant Saviour was laid. 9. Jer'icho, the city of palm trees, was, under the Romans, one of the principal towns in Palestine, and the residence of Herod the Great. Zao'- cheus, the chief of the publicans, lived here, (Luke xix. 1 — 3.) Near the city, Jesus healed two blind men. (Matt. xx. 30.) At Em'maus our Lord appeared, after his resurrection, to two of his disciples. (Luke xxiv, 13.) ^ 10. At Jut'tah, in the hill country, the parents of John the Baptist aro supposed to have resided. (Luke i. 39.) Ephraim was the town where Christ lived, for a time, for the sake of security. (John xi. 54.) Arimathe'a was the residence of Joseph, who begged of Pilate the body of our Lord, and buried it in his owu tomb. (Matt, xxvii, 57,) 11. Perje'a was tlie eastern province of Palestine ; it comprisctl. m its enlarged sense, the districts of Gauloni'tis, Batanas'a, Peras'a said of Bethphage? Bethany? 7, When was Jerusalem taken, &c., by Titus ? What took place fifty or sixty years afterwards ? In the fourth century ? What has taken place since that time ? What is said of Jeru- salem ? 8. What is said of Bethlehem ? P'or what is it now visited ? 9. What is said of Jericho? Who lived here? What occurred near tho oily? At Eminaus? 10. Who are supposed to have resided at Juttah ■? Wliat is said of Ephraim ? Arimathea? 11. What was Pertea? Wha^ LAND OF THE PHILISTINES. 181 Proper, Ituroe'a, Abile'ne, Tmchoni'tis, and Aurani'tis ; the last two lay altogether east of Palestine, and the next two were only part in Perce'a. 12. The Dccap'olis was a league composed often cities, whence the namcj tlicy were all in Pcrte'a except Betlishe'an or Scythop'olis, wliich lay in Sa- nia'ria. The inhal)itaiit3 were chiefly Greeks, who received various im- portant privilcjrca from the Romans. Multitudes of people came from these cities to our Lord, at tlie commencement of his ministry (MatL iv. 25), and in some of them he performed several miracles. 13. In the vicinity of Gad'ara, called the country of the Gadare'nes by St Mark, and of the Gergese'ncs by St. Matthew, our Lord met and healed " two possessed with devils." (Alatt. viii. 8.) Caesare'a Philip'pi was at first called Dan. Our Saviour visited and taught in this place, and here he gave the memorable rebuke to Peter. (Mark viii. 27 — 33.) 14. Bethsa'ida was surnamed Julias : in a desert place belonging to this city, Jesus fed the five thousand. (Luke ix. 10 — 14.) Mag'dala and Dal raanu'tha were small towns near the southern extremity of the Sea of Gali- lee : to the first named belonged Mary, called Mary Magdalene. (Markxv. 40.) Dalinanu'tlia is mentioned by Mark, viii. 10, and Mag'dala by Matthew, XV. 3S). At Bethab'ara beyond Jordan, "where John was baptiidng" (John L 28), it is thought lie baptized Christ Map No. 9. — What province lay north of Judea? What sea east? West? Country south ? Point out Jerusalem. Jericho, The other towns. Point out Persea. What provinces lay west ? What country northeast ? South- east ? Point out Gaulonitis. Batanaja, The otlier districts. The cities of the Deca[)olis. (The names are underscored, in the Map.) Where isCassarea ? The other towns ? — Map No. 11.— Point out Bezetha. The Temple. Pool ofBethesdtu Pool of Siloain. Gethsemane. Mount Calvary. The Potter's Field. Salem or Akra. Fort Antioehus. Antonia or Anthony. Zioru Herod's house. Bethphage. Bethany. LAND OF THE PHILI S'TINES. TYRE AND SIDON, SYRIA, ETC. 1. The Land of the Piiilis'tines extended about forty miles along the coasts of Dan and Simeon ; it was divided into five lordships, which were named after the five chief cities, Ga'za, As'kelon, Ash'dod, Ek'ron.and Gath, These cities were sometimes called the Pentap'ohs of Palestine. did it comprise? What is said of the last two? Tlic next two? 12. Do. scribe the Decapolis. What were the inhabitants, «&,c. ? What is said ot Uie people from those cities? 13. What took place in the vicinity of Ga- dara? What is said of Ccesarea Philippi? 14. What was Bclhsaida? Magdala and Dalmanutha? What is said of Bctliabara ? Q. 1. Describ* tlic Land of the Philistines. IIow was it divided, ^c. ? IG 182 SACKED GEOGRAPHY. 2. The Philis'tines were descended from Miz'raim (Gen. x. 14); they came, probably, from Egypt, expelled the A'vim, and settled in their place. Tlicy were a warlike people, and several times oppressed the Israelites grievously; captured the Ark and defeated Saul. Afterwards they were repeatedly overcome by David, and Uzzi'ah, king of Judah, took most of tlieir towns. (2 Chron. xxvi. 6.) They have long ceased to exist as a nation, thus fulfilling the prophecy ; " The remnant of the Philis'tines shall perisli, Pi! ill) the Lord God." (Amos i. 8.) TYRE AND SI'dON OR ZI'dON 3. Tyre and Si'don were rich commercial cities, that lay within the bounds of the tribe of Asher, but were never conquered by the Israelites. Their territory was the Phcenic'ia of the Greeks and Romans. In the Old Testament it is called Si'don, and also Tyre and Si'don. The New Testament name is Syro-Phoenic'ia. 4. Tyre and Si'don were each governed by their own kings. Hi'ram, king of Tyre, was the friend of both David and Solomon, and Eth'baal, king of Sidon, was the father of Jez'ebel, the wife of Ahab. (1 Kings xvi. 31.) In the reign of Zedeki'ah the kings of Tyre and S'idon sent ambassadors to Jerusalem to obtain assistance against Nebuchadnez'zar. (Jer. xxvii. 3.) 5. Si'don was the oldest town on the coast of Syria : in Joshua's time it was called Great Zi'don. (Josh. xi. 8.) After a long period of prosperity, it was, as predicted by the prophet Ezckicl, destroyed by the Persians ; it was afterwards rebuilt, but never regained its former importance, and is now a small, unimportant town. Rums of Tyre. 6. Tyre was a Sidonian colony, whence it is called the daughter of Zi'don. fisa. xxiii. 12.) It became the emporium of the ancient world ; and at the time of her greatest splendour, Isaiah speaks of Tyre as the " crowning city, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourable of the earth." (xxiii. 8.) The description given by Ezekiel (xxvii.) of the trade of Tyre, its vast extent, and the variety of the commodities employed in it, forms the most interesting account of ancient commerce on record. 2. From whom were the Philistines descended ? What were they, &c. What afterwards occurred ? What is said of their national existence / 3. Describe Tyre and Sidon. What is said of their territory, &c. ? 4. O' tlicir government? Oflliram? Elhbaal ? What was done in the reign irf'Zcdckiah ? 5. Wliat is said of Sidon ? Of its destruction ? What took place afterwards? 6. What was Tyre? What did it become? In what terms did Isaiah speak of Tyro? What is said of the description given by S5 If R I A . 183 7. This city was taken, after a siege of tiiirtccn years, and destroyed hy Ncbuciiadnez'zar, king of Babylon. It rose afterwards to vvealtli and dis- tinction, but its subsequent history is not recorded in Scripture. Tyre ia now a small fishing village, and its condition corresponds most remarkably with what was foretold by Ezekiel. It has become "like the top of a rock, a place for the spreading of nets." (xxvi. 4, 5.) The only remains of the ancient city arc some broken walls, columns, and arches. 8. Syr'ia was called at first A'ram, from being settled by tbe descendants of A'ram, the son of Shem. It was an extensive re- gion, and included Pa'dan A'ram and some other countries, as well as Palestine ; but the latter is always mentioned, in the Bible, as a distinct territory. Syria comprised several small kingdoms, such as Syria of Damas'cus, Syria of Zo'bah, of Ish-Tob, of Ma'acah of Ha' math, and of Re'hob, which were almost constantly at wa / with the Israehtes. 9. Nearly the whole of Syria was subdued by David more than 1000 years B. C, but it regained its independence, and was again conquered, first by the Assyrians, then by the Persians, and next by Alexander the Great, The Greek successors of that conqueror were the Seleu'cidce, who endea- voured to force the Grecian idolatry upon the Jews, but were manfully resisted by the latter under the command of the Mac'cabees. In the time of our Lord, Syria was a Roman province, having An'tioch for its capital. Judea, and the other districts of Palestine, were its dependencies. ] 0. Damas'cus is one of the oldest cities in the world. It is mentioned in Scripture as early as the days of Abraham, whose servant, Eliezer, was born there. (Gen. xv. 2.) It was besieged and taken by David, and after- wards by Jerobo'um. It was captured by Tig'lath-pile'ser, 740 B. C. 11. It is noted as the place where Paul received his sight, after the vision which he saw in travelling thither ; and from the wall of the city he was let down in a basket, when his life was in danger. The street called Straight, in which he lived (Acts ix. 11), ia still shown by the inhabitants. Near Damas'cus are the rivers Ab'ana and Phar'par, which Na'aman, the Syrian, preferred to all the waters of Israel. (2 Kings v. 12.) 12. At An'tioch the apostle Luke was born ; and there the followers of the Redeemer were first called Christians. (Acts xi. 26.) Hel'bon or Chalybon was noted for its wine. (Ezek. xxvii. 18.) Tiph'sah, on the Euphrates, «\-as the boundary of Solomon's kingdom in that quarter. Scleu'cia was a noted seaport, from which Paul took ship for Cyprus. (Acts xiii. 4.) Tad', nior in the Wilderness, the Palmy'ra of the Greeks, was built by ScJomon. (1 Kings ix. 18.) Ha'raath and Zo'bah were towns noted in the time of David, Ezekiel ? 7. Of its capture and destruction ? To what did it rise ? What is it now ? With what does it correspond ? 8. Describe Syria. What did it comprise ? 9. By whom was it subdued ? Again conquered, &c. ? What is said of the Selcueidae ? Of S^^ria in our Lord's time ? 10. Describe Da- mascus. What is mentioned of it in Scrijiture? By whom was it besieged? Captured? II. For what is it noted? What is still shown? What are near Damascus ? 12. What is said of Antioch ? Ilelbou ? Tiphsah , l84 sacred geography. PA DAN A 13. Pa'dan A'ram (the Plain of Syr'ia) was the Mesopota'mia of the Greeks : A'ram Nahara'im (Syr'ia of the Rivers) is the He brew name for the same region. It lay between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and was the native country of Abraham.. 14. Jacob resided in Pa'dan A'ram, with Laban, and it is believed that the wise men who came from the East to worship Jesus, were Mesopota'- mians. Ur of the Chaldees, the birth-place of Abraham, is supposed to havo been in Pa'dan A'ram. At Ha'ran, Te'rah, Abraham's father, died. (Gen. xi. 32.) In the New Testament this town is called Char'ran. (Acts vii. 4.) It is now known by its first name. Map No. 8. — Point out Dan. Simeon. The Philistines. The five cities. Point out Phoenicia. The city of Tyre. Sidon. Accho. This place was afterwards called Ptolemais. — Map No. 6. — Where is Aram or Syria 7 Helbon? Tiphsah? Tadmor? Zobah ? Hamath ?— Mo/) iVo. 2.— Where is Antioch ? Seleucia ? — Map No. G. — Where is Padan Aram? Haran? Ur 7 — Map No. 8. — Point out Damascus. The river Abana. Pharpar. 16 ARABIA, INCLUDING AM'aLEK, Am'mON, Mo'aB, e'dOM, MID IAN, ETC. 1 . Arabia is an extensive region Avhich hes south and east of the Land of Israel. It comprised, in early times, a number of httle States, of which Am'alek, Am'mon, Mo'ab, E'dom,and Midian lay nearest to Palestine. In the western part of Arabia the Israehtes sojourned for forty years ; and here those wonderful miracles, the passage of the Red Sea, the supply of quails and manna, and the giving of the law on Mount Sinai, were performed. 2. The Israelites called Arabia " the East Country" (Gen. xxv.6), and its inhabitants "the Children of the East;" and the latter are also spoken of, in Scripture, as "the mingled people" that dwelt in the desert. (Jer. xxv. 20 — 24.) The first settlers of Arabia were the descendants of Cush, the son of Ham, and from them its southern division was, for a time, called Cush or Ethiopia. 3. The Arabians of the present day are the offspring- of Ishmael, the son of Abraham and Ilagar, concerning whom the prediction, "He will be a wild man," &lc. (Gen. xvi. 12), has been fully accomplished. His descend. Seleucia? Tadmor? 13. Describe Padan Aram. Who was born in it? U. Who resided in it? What is believed? What is said of Ur? Of Haran 7 Q. 1. Describe Arabia, What did it comprise 7 What occurred there 7 2. What did the Israelites call Arabia ? Its inhabitants ? What is said of the first settlers 7 3. Whoso posterity are the Arabians ? What was tlio ARABIA 185 Hits arc now literally wild men, living by plunder, residing in tc; rouniing free ami unsubdued over their vast sandy deserts. and Descendants of Isliiiiael or Bedouins. 4. The Amal'fkites dwelt in the desert south of the Land of Canaan; they atlacked the Israelites at Reph'idini, where Joshua defeated llioni ; long afterwards they were routed by Gideon, and then by Saul. After llezekiah'a lime, nothing whatever is known of tlicm, as a nation ; thus fulfilling tiie denuneiation of the J.ord ; " I will utterly put out the remembranee of Am'alek from under heaven." (Exod. xvii. 14.) 5. The AiM'momtes and the IMo'abites, the descendants of Lot, Abraham's nephew, inhabited part of tiie country that lay cast of Palestine. They were generally hostile to the Israelites, and oppressed them on various occasions. They were both conquered by David (2 Sam. viii. ; xii. 31), but afterwards they regained their independence. Rab'bath-Am'mon and Rab'. bath-i\loab, the capitals of the Am'monites and the Mo'abites, were both noted cities. 6. The Am'monites occupied the lands of Reuben and Gad, when those tribes were carried into captivity ; afterwards they became gradually inter mingled with the neighbouring nations, and have long ceased to exist. The Mo'abites lay south of the Am'monites, and east of the Red Sea. Their country was noted for its rich soil and its abundant crops. It was invaded by Shahnane'zer, king of Assyr'ia, and subsequently by Nebuchadnez'zar who carried away the inhabitants captive. 7. Many of the Mo'abites returned from captivity along with the Jews, rebuilt their ruined cities, and remained independent until they were sub- dued by the Mac'caltces, B. C. 78. I\Io'ab became with the Romans, on account of its fertility, a favoured district; but its rich soil has long been a barren waste, and is now the prey of the Bedouin's. Thus is fulfilled the send into ) prophecy, " Behold the days come, saith the Lord, that I will se jMo'ab wanderers, that shall cause him to wander." (Jer. xlviii, 12, prediction concerning Ishrnael, &.c. ? 4. Where did t!ie Amalekitcs dwell? By whom were they defeated, Sec. ? Describe their subsequent fata 5. What is said of the Annuoniles and Moabites ? By whom were they conquered? 6. Wliat did llie Ammonites occupy? What afterwards oc- curred ? Describe the position of the Moabites. Their country, &c. By whom were they invaded? 7. What i.-* said of the return froni captivit,' ? What did Moab become, &.c. ? Sab;5equcutly ? What is fulfilled? b. Wha 10* 186 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. 8. E'dom, Mount Seir or Idume'a, was tlie country of the E'domites, the Posterity of E'sau, Jacob's elder brother. It lay south of the Dead Sea, and tvas first inhabited by tlie Ho'ritcs, who were expelled by the children ol E'sau. The E'domites were constantly hostile to their brethren of Israel, end always rejoiced at and took advantage of their calamities. 9. They were rendered tributary by David, thus fulfilling the prediction, " the elder shall serve the younger." (Gen. xxv. 23.) Subsequently they revolted from Israel ; and, when Judah was carried away captive by Ncbu. chadnez'zar, they conquered tiie southern part of the country belonging to tJiat tribe, and kept possession of it until the time of John Hyrca'nus. For their selfish conduct to their brethren, the Lord had declared, " Thou shalt be desolate, O Mount Seir, and all Idume'a" (Ezek.xxxv. 15), "and there shaU not be any remaining of tlie house of E'sau;" (Obad. i. 18), propheciei which have been fully accomplished. 10. Se'lah, their noted capital, was taken by Amazi'ah, who changed its name to Jok'theel. (2 Kings xiv. 7.) It was once a great commercial em- porium, and almost rivalled Tyre. It was long forgotten, but its singular position and appearance have latterly attracted visitors. It is now known by its Greek name, Pe'tra. E'zion-ge'ber and E'lath were noted seaports on the eastern gulf of the Red Sea, whence the fleets of Solomon and Hiram sailed to Ophir and Tarshish. 11. The Land of Mid'ian lay partly east of E'dom and partly along tho east coast of the Red Sea : it was famous for its camels. The Mid'ianitcs were descendants of Abraham and Ketu'rah : they were early a commercial people, and traded to Egypt in spices, balm, &c. Moses, after he fled from Egypt, resided here forty years, and kept the flocks of his father-in-law, Je thro, priest of Mid'ian. (Exod. iii. 1.) 12. The Mid'ianites joined with Mo'ab in seducing Israel to sin, for which they were severely chastised. Aflerwards, in conjunction with the Amal'c- kites, they reduced them to bondage, but on the defeat of their great army by Gideon (Judges vii.), the remnant of these people became incorporated with the Mo'abites and E'domites, and Mid'ian ceased to exist as a nation. 13. The Land of Uz, in which Job resided, was doubtless a rich pastoral country (Job i. 3) : it is supposed to have comprised various independent tribes, as Jeremiah speaks of all the kings of Uz. (Jcr. xxv. 20.) Ke'dar and Nebai'oth lay south of Uz : the people of the former are mentioned as archers (Isa. xxi. 17), and both were rich in flocks and herds. (Isa. Ix. 7.) Sab'tah, Ha'zor, Se'leph, Te'ma, and Ilav'ilah were districts in tlie central and eastern parts of Arabia, of which but little is known. 14. De'dan and Ra'amah were tlie easternmost districts of Arabia; their inhabitants early engaged in tratlic, and are mentioned in Scripture in con- nection with other commercial States. (Ezek. xxvii. 22.) She'ba, the queen of which visited Solomon (1 Kings x. 1), lay in the most fertile part of is said of Edom, &c. ? Its position ? First inhabitants ? The Edomites? 0. What is said of David ? What prediction was fulfilled ? What occurred subsequently ? What was the cflcct of their selfish conduct? 10. What ia said of Selah? What were Ezion-geber and Elath? 11. Describe the po- sition of Midian. For what was it famous ? What were the Midianitcs ? What is said of Moses? 12. With what people did the Midianitcs join? What occurred aflerwards? 13. Describe the Land of Uz, &c. Kedar and Nebaioth. Sabtah, &.c. 14. State the position of Dcdan and Raamah. She'ja. What is said of Seba, &,c, ? Hazarmaveth ? EGYPT, ETHIOPIA, ETC. 1S7 Arabia : its mcrclants traded in gold and incense. (Isa. Ix. G. ; Jer. vi. 20.) Se'ba and U'zal were districts in tlie same region ; the former is often mentioned with She'ba. In classical geography the people of both these countries are included under the name of Sabae'ans. Ha'zaraia'votli lay along tlie shores of the Arabian Sea. Map No. G. — Point out Arabia. What sea bounds it on the west ? What river northeast? AVhcre is Amalck ? Amnion? Moab ? Edom ? Mi- dian? Land of Uz? Kedar ? Ncbaioth ? Sabtah ? Hazor? Seleph? Tema? Havilah? Dedan ? Raamah ? Sheba? Seba ? Uzal? Hazar- maveth? Point out the wilderness. This region, probably, lay east of tlie Land of Israel, as the wind out of the wilderness is also called the East Wind. (Ilosea xiii. 15.) EGYPT, ETHIO'PIA, ETC. 1 . Thk Land of Eovrx was settled by Miz'raim, the son of Ilam (Gen. x. 6) ; hence the Israelites termed it Miz'raim, and sometimes " the Land of Ham." (Ps. cv. 23.) The Arabs now call it Mazr or Mizr, an abbreviation of the Hebrew name. 2. Egypt was visited by Abraham 1920 B. C, on account of a famine in the Land of Canaan (Gen. xii. 10) ; and a similar cause led afterwards to the settlement in it of Jacob and his sons. (Gen. xlii. 12.) Though the country was preserved from destruction by the inspired wisdom of Joseph, yet his brethren, the Israehtes, were ci'uelly oppressed by the Egyptians ; but Moses was at length enabled to deliver them from bondage. 3. From this period we read no more of Egypt in the Scriptures, until the time of Solomon, who married Pharaoh's daughter. (1 Kings iii. 1.) In the reign of his son Rehobo'am Jerusalem was captured by the Egyptian king Shi'shak (1 Kings xiv. 25) : subsequently, the two nations became allies, and, when harassed by the invasions of the Assyrians, the Hebrcwa often looked to the Egyptians for help (2 Kings xvii. 4 ; xviii. 21), though warned by the prophet not "to strengtlien themselves in the strength of Pharaoh, and to trust in the shadow of Egypt." (Isa. xxx. 2.) 4. In these expectations they were generally deceived, and heavy judg. ments are denounced against the treachery of Egypt (Ezek. xxix.), which have been signally fulfilled. "There shall no more be a prince of the Land of Egypt," is the doom pronounced (Ezek. xxx. 13) about 572 B.C., and fro-n that period until the ])resent day, tliat country has been ruled entirely by foreigners, and has never had a native prince. 5. The Nile is the only river in Egypt ; and it was the largest known to the ancients: it is alluded to, in Scripture, as "the river" (Gen. xli. 1), and Q. 1. By whom was Egypt settled? What did the Israelites term it? What do the Arabs call it ? 2. What is said of Abraham ? Jacob? Ju- scph ? Moses ? 3. What is said of Egypt ? Wbut took place in the reign- of Rehoboam ? What did the Hebrews do subsequently, &,c. ? 4. What was the result? What judgments have been fulfilled? 5. What is baiJ 188 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. also as the " flood of Eg^ypt." (Amos viii. 8.) Its inundations diffused fer- tility and plenty ovor the land, while their failure occasioned famine and distress. The prophets often foretold a decrease of the usual supply of water, as a judgment upon Egypt, for its wickedness. (Isa, xix. 5.) Among tlie flags on the banks of this stream Moses was hid by his mother, in an ark of bulrushes, irom the cr/itlty of the Egyptians, but was discovered by the d 1 1 It r ni PhdTd h, ulio 1 k u^rht him up is her own =on (E\od. u<> Moses found by Pharaoh's Daughter. 6 The southern division of Egypt, the Theba'is of the Greeks, was called, by the Hebrews, Path'ros, and its inhabitants, the Pathru'siin. In tliis district stood the city of No, called, in Scripture, " populous No" (Nahum iii 8) ; it was the renowned Thebes, the city of an hundred gates. Sye'ne, now Assouan', is still, as it was in tlie days of the prophets, the most southern town in Egypt, 7. In Lower Egypt stood Sin or Pelu'sium ; a strongly fortified city, and called, in Scripture, "the strength of Egypt." (Ezek. xxx. 15.) Pi'thoin and Raam'ses or Ram'eses were the treasure-cities, built by the Israelites. (Ex. i. 11.) On or Beth'-slicmesh, the Heliop'olis of the Greeks, was a large city, not far from Cairo. Joseph married the dausrhtcr of the priest of On. (Gen. xli. 45.) Phib'eseth is mentioned Ezek. .\x.\-. 17, and Ha'nes, Isa. xxx. 4. Goshen, the rich pastoral district in which ti.i: Israelites first dwelt, lay in Lower Egypt, along the eastern bank of the Nile. 8. Tahap'ancs orTah'panhcs was a resort for many of the Jews, after the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnez'zar. (Jci . xliii. 7—9.) Zo'an was the place where Moses wrought miracles in the presence oi' Pharaoh. (Fs. Ixxvii. 12.) Noph or Memphis, once the capital of Egypt, is now, as pre- dicted by the prophet, "waste and desolate." (Jer. xvi. 19.) 9. Alexandria, so renowned for its commerce, is alluded to only in the New Testament : some of those who disputed witli Stephen were Alexi>n drians. (Acts vi. 9.) Apol'los, the associate of Paul, was a Jew of Alexan. of the Nile ? Of its inundations ? What did the prophets foretell ? V'hc was hid among the flags on the banks of the Nile? G. Wliat was tlie Bouthcrn division of Egy])t, &c. called ? What city was in this district? 7. What is said of Sin ? Pithoin and Raamses ? On? Phibcscth? Ha- Hfcs? Goshen t 8. Tahapaucs? Zoan ? Noph? 9. .Vltxaiidiia? Vi'ho ETHIOPIA. 189 dria (Acts xviii. 24), and it was in a ship of Alexandria that the apostlo Bailed from My'ra to Italy, (Aet3 xxvii. G.) ETHIO'PIA OR CUSH. 10. The term Ethiopia is used in Scripture to designate Cush or Southern Arabia, the rec;ion that was settled by C'lsh, the son of Ham, and it is thought, also, to signify Babylon as well as India. Both the territories now known as Nu'bia and Abyssin'iu were hkewise called Ethio'pia. 1 1 . The latter is the countiy of Queen Can'dace, whose treasurer was baptized by the apostle Philip, f Acts viii. 3G.) Her king>- dom, it is believed, was the Mer'oe of the Romans. That part of Africa is well watered by the Nile and its branches ; hence the prophets (Zeph. iii. 10; Isa. xviii. 1) speak of the rivers of Ethio'pia. 12. The Ethio'pians are mentioned, in Scripture, as " men of stature" (Isa. xlv. 14) : some of tlie classic writers speak of them in the same way, and modern travellers have noticed tribes, on the Upper Nile, remarkable for tlieir lieight. Tliese people are enumerated, with other nations, as allies of the Egyptians (2 Chron. xii. 3). 13. Seba, mentioned in connection with Ethio'pia (Isa. xliii. 3), is sup- posed to have been a district on the river Nile. Lu'dim (Isa. Ixvi, 19) and Chub (Ezek. xxx. 6), were probably in the same region. Tlie Lu'bims and Suk'kiims were, with tlie Ethio'pians, tlie auxiliaries of Shi'shak's army wlien he invaded Judali. The first were doubtless the Le'habim or Lib'yans of Gyrene, now Barca. The other is conjectured to liave been a Nu'bian nation, near the Red Sea. The Naph'tuhim dwelt west of the Land of Egypt. 14. PuL, spoken of by Isaiah (Ixvi. 19), was a district in the vicinity of tlie soutliern boundary of Egypt. An'amim was probably the country of the Ammo'nians, now the oasis of Siwah, Put or Phut was one of the sons of Ham ; his descendants were the Maurita'nians and Numid'ians ; they are mentioned by the propliet Nahum (iii. 9), as helpers of Nineveh, and by Ezekiel (xxvii. 10), aa soldiers in the armies of Tyre. Map No. G. — Point out Egypt or Mizraim. What bounds Egypt on thj north ? On the east ? What is the Scripture name of the stream that flows tlirough it ? Where is Pathros ? No or Thebes ? Syene 1—Map No. 7. — Point out Goshen. Sin or Pclusium. Pithom and Rameses or Raamse* On or Betlishemesh. Nopli or Memphis. Pliibeseth. Hanes. Tahapanca. Zoan. — Map No. 6. — Where is Ethiopia ? What sea lies eastward ? Point out Seba. Ludim. Chub. TheSukkiims. Where is Lubim or Lehabimf Naphtuhim ? Pul ? Anamim ? Point out Put or Phut. were Alexandrians? 10. For what was the term Ethiopia used ? Wha» was it thought to signify ? What territories were likewise called Ethiopia? 11. What is the latter ? What was her kingdom believed to be ? By what river was it watered, Sec. ? 12. How are the Ethiopians mentioned in Scriju ture, &c. ? How are they enumerated ? 13. What is said of Seba? Ludim? TheLubimsandSukkiims? What were the first ? The other ? 14.Wh;it is said of Pul ? Anamim ? Put or Phut 7 For what are they mentioned by the prophets ? *90 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. 18 THE EAST. 1. The East is a general term, with the sacred writers, for alJ the countries that lay eastward of the Land of Israel. Somelimes It applied to Am'mon, Mo'ab, Ke'dar, Uz, &c., but more especially to Shinar or Babylon, Assyr'ia, Elam, and the other regions be- yond the Euphrates. SHI'naR or BABYLON. 3. The Land of Slii'nar was the scene of some of the earliest recorded events. Here was built the Tower of Babel, and here, the language of the children of men was confounded. In the days of Abraham the king of Shi'nar Avas one of the confederate princes who invaded Canaan. (Gen. xiv. 1.) It was one of the most fertile countries in the world, but now, as foretold by Jere- miah, it is " become a desolation among the nations." (Jer. 1. 23.) 3. This region comprised Babel, Babylonia or Chalde'a, and probably, at first, some portions of the adjacent territories. In Scripture it is gene- rally called Babylon. It was intersected by tJie Euphrates, and bounded, on the east, by the Tigris river, and was watered by numerous canals ; hence it was said "to dwell upon many waters" (Jer. li. 13) ; and Isaiah called it the "desert of the sea" (xxi. 1), probably because during the inundation of its rivers the surface of the country resembled a sea. 4. Babylon was, for many centuries, a mere province of the Assyr'ian empire, but it attained to independence, and became a powerful monarcliy. Its first king, mentioned in Scripture, is Bero'dach Bal'adan, who sent let- ters and a present to Hezekiah. (2 Kings xx. 12.) Subsequently Babylon was again brought under the power of Assyr'ia, but, after a period, Nabo- polaz'zar rendered it once more independent, when it became the greatest empire of that time. Nebwchadnez'zar, the successor of Nabopolaz'zar, con- quered Judea, destroyed Jerusalem, and carried away the people captive. 5. With the impious Belshaz'zar, the grandson of Nebuchadnez'zar, the Babylonish monarchy came to an end. On the last night of his reign he gave a splendid feast to his court, in the midst of which the scene of tlve hand-writing on the wall, as related Dan. v. 5 — 25, took place. The city was then taken by the Medes and Persians. From that period Babylon sunk rapidly into decay, and for many ages tliis once proud city has remained in the condition predicted by the propliet : " Babylon shall become heaps ; aa astonishment ; without an inhabitant." (Jer. li. 37.) Q. 1. What is the East ? How is the term sometimes applied ? More especially ? 2. What was the Land or' Sliin:ir, &,c. ? Wluit is said of ita king? What was this country? .'!. Vvhat did it comprise? How was it intersected ? Bounded, ifec. ? Wh;i t did Isaiah call it ? 4. What is said of Babylon ? Its first king mentioned in Scripture ? What occurred suljse- quenlly, &c. ? What is said of Nebuchadnezzar? 5. With whom did the nionarciiy end? What took p'lcc on the last night of his reign? WJia. ASSHUR OR ASSYRIA. Idl 6. The city of Babylon was built by Nimrod, where tlie tower of Babe! irtood. In Scri|)lure it is called the "lady of kingdoms," "given to plea. Kures" (Isa. xlvii. 5 — 8), "the beauty of the Chaldecs excellency" (Isa. xiii 19), and is always spoken of as a proud and luxurious city. 7. When at the liciglit of its power, Babylon was the centre of a vast commerce. It is styled a " land of trallic," "a city of mcrciiants." (Ezeiu rvii.4.) Its manufactures were doubtless noted at a very ear'y period, a« »o read in Joshua of a " goodly Babylonish garment." (Josh. vii. 21.) n Image, wilh the fiery furnace. 8. Near the city of Babylon was the Plain of Dura (Dan. iii. 1), where the golden image of Ncbucliadncz'zar was set up, in the time of Daniel, to be worshipped ; wliich Sha'draeh, I\Ie'shach,and Abcd'-ncgo refusing to do, they were cast into a fiery furnace, in the midst of which they were most miracu- lously preserved. (Dan. iii. 21 — 27.) ASSn VR OR ASSYR'IA. 9. Assii'uR or Assvr'ia lay northeast of Shlnar, and was one of the first settled countries in the world. Nin'eveh, its capital, was founded by Assh'ur, the socoiid son of Shem. (Gen. x. 11.) Il became a great empire, and its monarchs conquered the kingdom of Israel, and carried away the ten tribes into captivity. 10 Nothing is said of Assyr'i-i, in Scripture, from its first settlement until the time that the prophet Jonah visited Nin'eveh, 825 B. C. (Jonah i. 2) ; about fifty years afterwards, Pul rendered the kingdom of Israel tribu- tary. (2 Kings XV. I'J.) His successors, Tig'lath-pilc'ser and Slialmane zer, executed the threatcnings of the Lord against the rebellious house of IsraeL (1 Chron. v. 2G ; 2 Kings xvii. 6.) Judah, in the reign of Hezekiah, was threatened by Sennacherib, but the latter was thwarted in his purpose in a miraculous manner. (2 Kings xix. 35.) was the fate of Babylon from that period ? C>. When and by whom was Babylon built? What was it called in Scripture ? 7. What was Babylon when at the height of its power ? What is said of its manufactures ? 8. What is said of the Plain of Dura ? Of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed- ncgo? 9. What is said of Assliur ? Of Nineveh ? What did it become 7 .0. When did Jonah visit Nineveh? What i.s said of Pul? His succes 192 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. 11 The Assyr'ian empire, styled by God himself " the rod of mine anger" (Isa. X. 5), having fulfilled the purposes of the Almighty in the chastisement of the apostate Jews, was, in accordance with prophecy (Isa. xxx. 31 ; Mi- cahv. 6; Zeph. ii. 13), itself " beaten down" and destroyed. This event occurred about the year 607 B. C, when the Medes and Babylonians cap tured Nin'eveh, and partitioned its territories between them. 12. Nin'iveh, the capital of Assyr'ia, was built on the left bank of the Hid'dekel oi Tigris river ; it is called, by Jonah, " an exceeding great city of three days' journey" (Jonah iii. 3) ; and profane writers describe it as equalling Babylon in size and splendour. Its wickedness occasioned the mission of the prophet, which produced a temporary reformation of the inhabitants ; but succeeding prophets speak of the Ninevites as a proud and cruel people, and denounce fearful judgments against them, which have been long ago accomplished. 13. Nothing now remains of this great capital except some huge mounds of rubbish, which lie opposite to Mo'sul, thus verifying the prediction of Zephani'ah ; " He will make Nin'eveh a desolation, and dry like a wilder- ness." (Zeph. ii. 13.) The small village of Nu'nio is on the site of the ancient city, the name of which is, no doubt, derived from the latter. Map No. 6. — Point out Ammon. Moab. Kedar. TJz. Shmar. Baby. Ionia or Chaldea. The city of Babylon. Assyria. Elam. The Euphra- tes river. The Hiddekel or Tigris. The city of Nineveh. 19 E'LAM, ME'DIA, ETC. 1. E'lam was named from E'lam, the son of Shem ; it lay east of the Tigris river, and was a very early established kingdom. Chedorla'omer, its first known sovereign, lived in the days of Abraham. (Gen. xiv. 15.) Elam was the Scripture name for Per- sia, before the time of Daniel, but afterwards it became a mere province of the empire founded by Cyrus. It was the Elyma'is of the Greek geographers. 2. The E'lamites are enumerated by Ezra (iv. 9) among the people of the Persian empire ; by Isaiah, as archers, with chariots and horsemen (xxii. 6), and by Jeremiah and Ezekicl, as a nation destined to be visited by the ter- rible judgments of God. (Ezek. xxxii. 24.) In Acts ii. 9, E'lamites are mentioned as being present at the miraculous occurrences of the day of Pentecost. sors? OfJudah? ll.What was the Assyrian empire styled, &,c. ? Wha. took place in accordance with prophecy ? When did this event occur, &c.? 12. Describe Nineveh. What is it called by Jonah? What did its wicked- ness occasion, &,c. ? How do succeeding prophets speak of the Ninevites? 13. What is said of the remains of Nineveh 7 The prediction of Zephaniah ? What stands on its site ? Q. 1. What is said of Elam? Of Chedorlaomer ? What was Elam 7 2. What is said of the Elamites by Ezra ? By Isaiah ? Jeremiali and Ezekicl ? Where were Elamites present 7 3. What is said of tihushan 7 E J. AM, MEDIA. ETC. 193 .■». Sliu'.slian, tlic capital of E'lam, stood on the river U'lai. the (-lioas'pca •f llic Greeks. Daniel resided at Slm'siian, "which is in the province of E'lam." (Dan. viii. 2.) It was once tlic capital of the Persian empire, and Ahasue'rus, the monarch mentioned in Estiier (i. 1), reigned there. 4. The renowned Cyrus became king of botli E'lam and Me'dia, and founded the Persian en)pirc. He is called, in Scripture, " the shepherd and the anointed of the Lord" (Isa. xliv, 28; xlv. 1), and became a chosen in. etrumcnt, in the hand of Jehovali, to fulfd various important i)rophcciea. Cyrus restored tlie captivity of tlie Jews, permitted them to rebuild tiic ciljr and temple of Jerusalem, and returned to them tlie sacred vessels that had been carried away by Nebuchadncz'zar. 5. Aliasue'rus, Artaxcrx'cs, Dari'us, and a second Artaxcrx'cs are tlio successors of Cyrus mentioned in Scripture. The first was probably Canv. by'ses, the conqueror of Egypt. Artaxcrx'cs is called, in profane history, Smer'dis, the Magian ; by his decree the building of the temple at Jeru- salem was suspended. (Ezra iv. 24.) Dari'us, surnamed Hystas'pes, was the first Persian monarch who invaded Greece; in his reign the temple was completed. (Ezra vi. 5.) The second Artaxerx'es, called Longim'anus, from the length of his hands, is supposed to be the Aliasue'rus to whom Esther was queen. G. IMa'dai or Me'dia layweast of Assyria, and was, for a long period, one of its provinces. On attaining to independence, Me'dia became a leading State in western Asia, and its people were em- ployed as instruments in executing the Divine decrees against Babylon (Isa. iii. 7), which were fully accomplished in the de- struction of that wicked city. Cyax'ares, who conquered Babylon, in conjunction with Cyrus, his nephew, was Idng of Me'dia; he is called, l)y Daniel, Dari'us the Mede. 7. Ha'lah and Ha'bor, by the river of Go'zan, and the cities of the Medes, 4re mentioned (2 Kings xvii. 6) as places to which the ten tribes were carried away captive ; but they caimot now be identified. Me'dia became a Persian province; the inhabitants, however, long continued to be a distinct people. Jews from JMe'dia are enumerated (Acts ii. 9) as among those who were with the apostles on the day of Pentecost. At Ecbat'ana or Ach'metha tlie records of the kingdom were kept. (Ezra vi. 2.) 8. Goo and Ma'gog, Go'mer, Togar'mah, and the North, are alluded to, by the Hebrew writers, as regions very remote, and inhabited by warlike nations, riding on horses and striking terror into the surrounding countries by their numbers and fierceness. They are also described as eager " to take a prey, to carry away silver and gold, to take away cattle and goods, to take a great spoil." (Ezek. xxxviii. 13.) What was it once ? 4. What is said of Cyrus ? What is he called in Scrip, ture ? What did he become ? How did Cyrus favour the Jews ? 5. Who are the successors of Cyrus mentioned in Scripture? What is said of the first? Artaxcrxcs? Darius? The second Artaxerxes ? 6. What is said of Madai or Media? For what purpose were the Medes employed ? Wliat is said of Cyaxarcs? 7. What is said of Ilalah, Habor, &.c.? What did Media become ? What is said of the Jews from Media ? 8. What is said 17 N 194 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. 9. These descriptions have been thought to apply to some of the tnbea of Central Asia; but the early inhabitants of the regions east and south of the Black Sea, who were always noted for the numbers of their horses, and their predatory habits, are believed to be the nations meant by the inspired 'vritcrs. 10. Goaf and Ma'gog- were probably Scythian tribes. Go'mer comprised some of tiie Celtic nations. Togar'mah was a disirict not far from Mount Ararat : in the same region were the kingdoms of Ar'arat and Min'ni, as well as Me'shech, Tu'bal,and Kir : adjacent were Hul and Ge'ther ; westward were Ash'kenaz, Ri'phath, and Ke'dar, Lud was the ancestor of the Ly- dians. The Greek colonics of iEo'lia, lo'nia, and Do'ris were probably in- eluded in the Ja'van of th« Hebrews. 11. Tar'shish and O'phir were celebrated regions, often men- tipped in Scripture ; but they are now both unknown. The first was noted for its ships, its merchants, and its commerce ; and the other for its gold, which is alluded to in many places in the Old Testament. (Job xxxviii. 16 ; Ps. xlv. 19.) 19. Solomon obtained gold, almug trees, and precious stones from O'phir. (1 Kings X. 11.) Some suppose that it was in southern Arabia ; others, in India, Suma'tra, and Sofa'la, in Africa. Tar'shish is believed, by different authors, to have been Carthage in Africa, Tartes'sus in Spain, Tarsus in Cilicia, as well as the whole of Africa, except Egypt and Ethiopia. Silver, *ron, tin,and lead were brought to Tyre from Tar'shish. (Ezek. xxvii. 12.) 13. There are two different voyages to Tar'sliish described in the Old Testament, one by the Mediterranean, and tlie other by the Red Sea. By the latter, which occupied a period of three years, "gold and silver, ivory and apes and peacocks" were imported (2 Chron. ix. 21) ; and it seems to have been, in every respect, the same as tlie voyage to O'phir. 14. The navy built by Solomon and Hi'ram at E'zion-ge'ber (1 Kings ix. 26), as also that of Jehosh'aphat (2 Chron. xx. 36), was composed of ships of Tar'shish. The vessel in which Jonah sailed from Jop'pa, on the Medi- terranean Sea, was destined for Tar'shish, and seems to have been a regu- lar passage ship : " so he paid the fare thereof," &c. (Jonah i. 3.) MapNo.%. — Point out Elam or Persia. The Ulai river. The city of Shushan. Sabtecha. This country was settled by one of the sons of Cush. Where is Madai or Media ? Ecbatana or Achmetha ? At a vague and indefinite distance beyond the foregoing regions the ends of the earth were supposed to exist. The term is frequently met with in Scripture. (Zcch, ix. 10 ; Acts xiii. 47.) Where is Gog ? Magog ? Gomer ? Togarmah ? Mealiech? Minni? Tubal, &c.? Mount Ararat? Hul? Gether? Ashkcnaz? Riphath ? Lud ? of Gog and Magog, &c. ? How are they described ? 9. To whom have these descriptions been thought to apply ? Whom are they believed to be ? 10. What were Gog and Magog probably? Gomer? Togarmah, &.c. T What kingdoms were in the same region ? What were Tarshish and Ophir? For what was the first noted ? The other? 12. What did Solo, nion obtain from Ophir ? Where was it supposed to be ? What is Tarshish believed to have been ? What was brought to Tyre from Tarshish ? 13 What is said of the two voyages to Tarshish? Of the Red Sea voyage . J 4. Of the navy of Solomon, &,c. 7 The vessel in which Jonaii sailed 7 ASIA, ETC. 195 20 ASIA, ETC. 1 The term Asiji, as now understood, was not used by the in «pired writers. The Asia mentioned in the New Testament, was Uie Roman proconsulship of Asia, of which Eph'esus was the capital. This is the region alhided to 1 Cor. xvi. 19; "The cluirches of Asia salute you." It was the principal scene of the missionary labours of St. Paul, where he and his fellow apostles established the "Seven Churches" enumerated in Rev. i. 11. 2. The cities in which they were founded were Eph'esus, Smyr'na, Per'gamos, Thyati'ra, Sar'dis, Pliiladel'phia, and Laodi- ce'a. These cities are all, now, with the exception of Smyr'na and Philadel'pliia, either greatly decayed or in ruins, and the churches, once so distinguished, have hardly an existence. A few Christians, mostly of the Greek faith, are still to be found in Smyr'- na, and some of the other towns. 3. Eph'esus, so noted in ancient times for its splendid temple of Dla'na, IS now a mean Turkish village. The Gospel was introduced there, by tha ajjostle Paul, about A. D. 54. It was also visited by Apollos, and was tlie place where Oncsiph'orus showed kindness to Paul. (2 Tim. i. 18.) It is charged with a falling off from the faith, and is tlireatened, in consequence, that its candlestick shall be removed out of its place. (Rev. ii. 5.) 4. Smyr'na is the only one of the cities, of this part of Asia, noted in ancient times, that is now important. The ciiurch at this place is com- mended, in the address to the seven churches, and is promised " a crown of life." (Rev. ii. 8 — 10.) The martyr Polycarp, who was put to death during the persecution of the Christians by Marcus Aurelius, about the year A. D. 169, was bisliop of Smyrna. 5. Per'gamos was once a renowned city, and was famous for its library. Tlic Gospel was established here, but it was soon corrupted by the heresy of the Nicoia'itanes, for which tlie church was reproved, and urged to re pent (Rev. ii. 14 — 16) : it is still a considerable town, situated amongst the ruins of the ancient city, and has a small Christian community. Tro'as and As'sos, in the vicinity, were both visited by the apostle Paul. Not far distant was Thyati'ra, tlie birth-place of the pious Lyd'ia. (Acts xvi. 14.) Tlie church here was censured on account of the prevalence of laLsc doc- trine. (Rev. ii. 20.) Thyati'ra is now a poor village. 6 Sar'dis, the ancient capital of Lyd'ia, was once a very important placej it became a Christian city, but its works were found not "perfect before God.* (Rev. iii. 2.) Philadel'jjhia also, in Lyd'ia, is commended in tlie Revelation for its diligence and patience, and encouraged by gracious promises of Di- Q. 1. Wliat is said of the term Asia ? Of tlie Asia mentioned in the New Testament, &c. ? What was established here ? 2. In what cities were they founded ? What are these cities now ? What are still to be found 7 3. What is said of Epliesus, &,c. ? 4. Of Smyrna? The church there? The martyr Polycarp? 5. What is said of Pergamos? What is it now 7 Wiiat is said of Troas aud Assos ? Of Thyatira? G. What is said of Sax 196 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. vino protection. (Hev. iii. 7—10.) It is at present a town of some note : pari ot the population are Christians. Laodicc'a, in Phryg-'ia, was once cele- brated lor its magnificence, but is now a heap of ruins ; in the Revelations it is rebuked for its lukewarmness in the cause of the Gospel, and is coun- sellcd to reform, (iii. 15 — 18.) 7. Mile'tus and Trogyl'lium were visited by the apostle ; at the former he gathered the elders of Eph'esus together, exhorted them to diligence and watchfulness, and bade them farewell. (Acts xx. 17— 38.) There, on one occasion, Paul left Troph'imus sick. (2 Tim. iv. 20.) Cni'dus he passed on his voyage to Rome. (Acts xxvii. 7.) The cities of Pat'ara, My'ra, Attali'a, Per'ga,and An'tioch, in Pisid'ia, were also visited by Paul ; in tlie latter he preached a memorable discourse, but the Jews stirred up the people against him, and forced him to leave the place. (Acts xiii. 14 — 50.) 8. At Ico'nium, the chief city of Lycao'nia, a district in Phry'gia, the Gospel was preached by Paul and Barnabas, and with great success, al- though they were afterwards obliged to leave the city also, througli the hos- ■ tility of the Jews, and proceed to Lys'tra and Der'be. At the latter Ga'ius, tlie fellow traveller of Paul, was born. (Acts xx. 4.) 9. Lys'tra was the native town of Timothy : here the apostle miraculously cured a man who had been a cripple from his birth, which, when the people saw, tliey called Paul and Barnabas gods, and could hardly be restrained from worshipping them ; but being instigated by certain malicious Jews, they afterwards stoned Paul, and left him for dead. (Acts xiv. 8 — 19.) 10. Colos'se or Colos'sce and Hierap'olis were cities in Phryg'ia, in which Christianity was early established. Ep'aphras is mentioned (Col. i. 7 ; iv, 12, 13) as pastor of the church of Colos'se, and he is said to have great zea, for tiiem that are in Hierap'olis. (Col. iv. 13.) 11. Gala'tia, a province adjacent to Phryg'ia, was twice visited by Paul ; the first time in company with Silas and Timothy. Here he introduced the worsliip of the Redeemer (Gal. i. 6 — 8 ; iv. 13) ; he also addressed an epistle from Rome to the Galatians. 12. Pon'tus, a province on the Eux'ine Sea, was the native country of Aq'uila, with whom Paul abode in Cor'intli (Acts xviii. 2), and who after- wards became one of his companions. The apostle Peter addressed his first epistle to the people of Pon'tus, as well as to those of Gala'tia, Cappado'cia, Asia, and Bithyn'ia. (1 Pet. i. 1.) 13. Cyprus, once an important island, is, by some, supposed to be the Chittim or Kittim of the Old Testament , but others believe that the term was applied so as to include the coasts and islands of Greece, Italy and 'Macedonia. The Christian religion was established in it at an early period. 14. Paul and Barnabas preached the Gospel in Cyprus. In Pa'phos, its lliicf city, tlie former converted the Roman deputy, Ser'gius Pau'lus, and dis ? Of Philadelphia ? Laodicca ? 7. Miletus, &.c. ? What occurred at Miletus? What is saidofCnidus? The cities of Patara ? Myra? At. talia, &,c. ? What did Paul do at Antioch ? 8. What is said of Iconium ? Of Paul and Barnalias ? State the result. 9. Who was born at Lystra? What was done by Paul? What then took |)lace? 10. Wliat is said of Colossc and Hicrapolis ? 11. Of Galatia ? 12. What was Pontus ? Of whom was it the native country ? To whom did Peter address liis first epistle? 13. What is the island of Cyprus supposed to liave been, &.c. ? 14. Who preached the Gospel in Cyprus? What occurred at PaplnsT What is said of Joses ? Of tlie brctlircu ? GREECE, ITALY, ETC. 197 Btruck the sorcerer El'ymas with blindness, because he opposed the conver sion of the magistrate, (Acts xiii. 7 — 11.) Of this island was Joses, sur- nanied Barnabas, who, having land, sold it and brought tlie money and laid it at tlic apostles' feet. (Acts iv. 36.) Many of the brethren resorted hitlier, in lime of persecution, from Palestine. (Acts xi. 19.) Map No. 2. — Point out Mysia. Lydia. Caria. These provinces, with the western part of Phrygia, comprised the Asia Proconsularis of the Ro- mans — the Asia of New Testament. Where is Smyrna ? Ephusus? Por- gamos? Thyatira? Troas ? Assos ? Sardis ? Philadelphia? Laodieea? Point out Miletus. Trogy Ilium. Cnidus. Patara. Myra. Attalia. Perga. Antioch in Pisidia. Iconium. Lystra. Derbc. Colosse or Colossaj. Hicra- polis. Point out the Province of Galatia. Pontus. The island of Cyprus. Paphos. GREECE, ITALY, ETC. 1. Greece or Gre'cia was called at first Ja'van, by the He- brows. It is mentioned in Isa. Ixvi. 19; Zech. ix. 13; Dan. viii. 21 ; and is supposed to have signified not only Greece Proper, but aiso Thes'saly, Macedonia, and part of Asia Minor. Eli'shah, a country with which the Tyr'ians traded (Ezek. xxvii. 7), was probably Hel'las, or perhaps E'hs, in the Peloponne'sus. 2. In the time of the apostles, Greece was divided into the pro- vinces of Acha'ia and Macedo'nia. The first comprised Greece Proper and the Peloponne sus, and the other, Macedo'nia Proper, Thes'saly and Epi'rus. These regions were visited by Paul, and other apostles, and they established the Gospel in several cities. 3. Neap'olis was the first city in Macedo'nia visited by St. Paul (Acts xvi. 11): from Nicop'olis ho wrote the Epistle to Titus. (Tit. iii. 12.) At Philip'pi he founded a cimrch, to which he dedicated an epistle from Rome. In this city Paul and Silas were put in prison, but an earthquake occurring while tliey were confined, tiie prison doors were opened. The apostles afterwards converted the jailer and his family. (Acts xvi.) 4. Thessaloni'ca was the birth-place of Aristar'chus and Secun'dus, com panions of Paul in his travels. (Acts xx. 4 ; xxvii. 2.) To the church in this city Paul addressed two epistles. Here Lydia of Thyati'ra was baptized, with all her household. (Acts xvi. 14.) Bcrc'a or Bercca, which lay soutlw west of Thessaloni'ca, gave birth to Sop'ater, another of Paul's companion*. (Acts XX. 4.) The Bere'ans are coinniendcd, by the apostle, for their dili genee in searching the Scriptures daily. (Acts xvii. 11.) Q 1 What was Greece called at first 7 What was it supposed to have signified ? What was Elishah ? How was Greece divided in the time of the apostles ? What did the first comprise ? The other? By whom were these regions visited ? 3. What is said of Ncapolis ? Nicopolis ? Philippi 7 What occurred to Paul and Silas there ? 4. Who was born at Thessalonica? What did Paul address to the church there? Who was baptized there ? What Is said of JJerea? For what were the Bereans commended ? 5. When 17* 198 SACRED GEOGRAPHY 5. The renowned city of Alliens was visited by St. Paul about tlie yeal A. D 52. It was famous for its arts, literature, and learned men ; tlic lattei were constantly employed in discussions with each other, while the rest of the people " spent their time in nothing else but either to tell or to hear some new thing." (Acts xvii. 21.) The Apostle Paul preaching to the Athenians on Mars-hill. 6» Here Paul's "spirit was stirred in him, when he saw the city wholly jrven to idolatry." Thougli the Athenians worshipped many gods and gtjddesses, yet he found an altar inscribed " to the unknown God." (Acts X»ii. 23.) Mars-hill was a rocky height, wliere the celebrated court of the Areop'agus was held. To this place Paul was brought, as " a setter forth of strange gods," when, boldly standing up, he reproved tl>e Athenians for their idolatry, and preached to them Christ and the resurrection. 7. From Athens the apostle proceeded to Corinth : he resided there eighteen months, and founded a cluirch, to which he afterwards wrote two epistles. At Ctn'chrea, one of the ports of Corinth, he embarked for Syria. The pious Pliebe was a servant of the church at this place. (Rom. xvi. 1.) 8. The islands in the iEge'an and lo'nian seas, as well as the almost insular regions of southern Greece and Italy, were called, by the Israelites, the "Isles of the Sea," and the "Isles that are in the Sea," and they are doubtless tlie same as the "Isles of the Gentiles" (Gen.x.5); while those more remote, comprising Sicily, Malta, and the Ealear'ic Islands, were probably the " Isles afar otT." They seem to have regarded as insular all regions separated from them by the sea, or to whicli they went by water. 9. Crete, now Candia, was once an important island, and contained a hun- dred large cities ; its inhabitants were spoken of unfavourably by ancient writers, "and this witness is true," says St. Paul. (Titus i. 13.) Salmo'- ne, a city of Crete, is mentioned Acts xxvii. 7, as are also Fair Havens, did Paul visit Athens ? For what was it famous ? How were its learned men employed ? The rest of the people ? 6. What is said of Paul ? De- scribe Mars-hill. With what was Paul charged ? What did he then do ? 7. To what place did the apostle proceed from Athens ? What did lie found ? Where did he embark for Syria ? 8. What were the islands in the iEgean and Ionian seas called by the Israelites ? The more remote " What did the Israelites regard as insular? 9. What is said of Crete ? Its inhabitants ? Of Salmone, &,c ? The island of Clauda ? Wliat occuTyd G R E E C E , I T A L Y , E T C . 199 l^se'a, and Plicni'cc. (xxvii. 8 — 12.) Tlic island of Clau'da or Gavi'los was passed by St, Paul, in his voyaffc to Italy. On tlic island of Md'ita the apostle was shipwrecked, and there the miracle of the viper fastening on his hand, without injury, occurred. (Acts xxviii. 1 — 5.) 10. Sainothra'cia or Saniothrace (Acts xvi. 11), Mityle'ne or Les'bos (xx. 14), Clii'os (XX. 15), Sa'nios (xx. 15), Co'os or Cos (xxi. 1), Rhodes (xxi. 1) and Pat'nios, arc mentioned in tlic narrative of Paul's travels; they are all islands in the /Ege'an Sea, and were, in ancient times, fertile and populous. To Pat'mos the apostle John was banished by the Roman emperor Domit'iau. (Rev. i. 9.) There he wrote the Book of the Revelations. A cave, in which he is said to have lived, is still sliown by the inhabitants. 11. Itaxy was but imperfectly known to the Jews, until after tlioy were conquered by the Romans. In early times it was pro- bably included in the region which they called Kit'tim or Chit'tim. In the New Testament it is mentioned in Acts xviii. 2 ; xxvii. 1 ; Heb. xiii. 24. 12. Rome, in New Testament times, was the capital of the civili7.cd world. It was a corrupt and wicked city. A church was established in it, by tlie a|)ostlcs Peter and Paul, and there they both suffered martyrdom in the rcigu of Nero, A. D. 06. Previous to his death, Paul resided in Rome about two years, preaching and teaching- tlie Word. Syracuse, in Sicily ; Rhe'- gium, in the soutiiern part of Italy ; Pute'oli, near Naples, and Ap'pii Fo'rum and the Three Taverns, in the vicinity of Rome, were places which the apostle Paul passed through, on jiis way to tlie Roman capital. 13. Illyr'icum lay along the cast coast of the Adriat'ic Sea; it is the region alluded to by St. Paul (Romans xv. I'J), where he says that he preached the Gospel from Jerusalem " round about unto Illyr'icum." Dal- ma'tia, its soutjiern district, is the country to which Titus went and preached the Gospel, when he left Paul at Rome. (2 Tim. iv. 10.) 14. Cvre'ne or Cvrenaica was a district of Lib'ya, some distance west- ward of Egypt ; it is now a part of Bar'ca. It is several times alluded to in the New Testament. Simon, a man of Cyre'ne, bore our Saviour's cross to the place of execution. (Matt, xxvii. 32.) From "the parts of Libya about Gyrene" came also devout Jews to celebrate the feast of Pentecost (Acts ii. 10.) Lu'cius, of Cyre'ne, was a preacher at Antioch. (Act/ xiii. 1.). Map No. 5. — Point out Greece. Macedonia. The Peloponnesus. Ne- npolis. Philippi, Thessalonica. Beroja. Atiiens. Corinth. Ccnchraea. 'J'he /Egean Sea. Ionian Sea. Island of Crete. Salmone, Fair Havens. I/:isea. Phoenice or Phenice. Gaulos or Clauda. Melita. — Map. No. 2. — Where is Samothracia or Samothrace ? Mitylcne or Lesbos ? Sainos ? Coos or Cos? Rhodes? Patmos? Point out Italy. Illyricum. Rome. Syra cusc. Rhcgiuni. Puteoli. Appii Forum. Cyrene or Cyrenaica. on Melita? 10. What is said of Samothracia, Mitylcne, &c. ? What are they ? Where and by whom was the apostle John banished ? What did he write tlierc ? What is still shown ? II. What is said of Italy ? In wliat was it probably included? 12. What was Rome? By whom was the church eslalilishcd there ? What is said of the apostles Peter and Paul ' Of Paul? Of Syrncuse? Rhcgium ? Puteoli? Appii Forum, &c. T il. What is said o"f Illyricum ? Dalmatia ? 14. What was Cyrene, &c i What is said of the Jews 1 Cliristians ? Of Simon ? Lucius ? 200 SACKED GEOGRAPHY" 22 GEOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATING OUR SA- VIOUR'S MINISTRY. L Jesus Christ, our Lord and Saviour, was born m the time of Her'od, king of Judea, in the twenty-seventh year of the reign of the Emperor Augustus, and four years before the commence- ment of the common era. 2. His parents, Joseph and the Virgin Mary, resided in Naz'a- reth, in Gahlee ; but they were obhged to repair to Beth'lehem, Joseph's birth-place, in order to be taxed ; and there the Saviour of the world was born, and laid in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn. (Luke ii. 7.) 3. Various distinct prophecies proclaim the time wlien the Messiah should come. The announcement made by the angel Gabriel to Mary, his mother, (Luke i. 35), as well as that of the angel that appeared to the shepherds at night (Luke ii. 11), sufficiently testify to the divine nature of his person and mission. 4. On the eighth day after his birth the youthful Jesus was circumcised, according to the law of Moses, and on tlic fortieth day lie was presented in the temple, when tlie aged and devout Simeon pronounced him to be "a light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of Israel." (Luke ii. 32.) 5. The coming of the Divine infant was also hailed by the wise men from tlie East, whose journey to Jerusalem and subsequent inquiries troubled ller'od, and being determined to destroy him, he cruelly ordered all the children in Betli'lehem, under two years of age, to be put to deatii ; but Jo- seph, forewarned of the danger, fled to Egypt, with tlie virgin and her child, and on his return, after the death of the tyrant, went and resided, as before, at Naz'areth. (Matt. ii. 1—23.) 6. We have no farther account of the earlier years of Jesus, save that he "grew and waxed strong in spirit," Sec. (Luke ii. 40). When twelve year of age, the remarkable scene in the Temple at Jeru'salem, recorded Luke ii. 4(j, occurred; after which he returned into Naz'areth, with his parents " and was subject unto them." (ii. 52.) 7. At the age of thirty (Luke iii. 23) Jesus was baptized by John in the river Jordan, when the Holy Ghost descended "like a dove upon him, and a voice came from heaven which said ' Thou art my beloved Son.' " His ministry is supposed to have lasted about three years, during wliich time he taught higher ideas of God, a purer system of morals, and nobler views cf man and his destiny, than had yet been presented to the world ; he also Q. 1. In whose time was our Lord born ? 2. What is said of his parents ? Of his birth? 3. What do various prophecies proclaim? What does the announcement of the angels testify? 4. What occurred on the eighth day of his birth ? On the fortieth ? 5. Wliat is said of the wise men ? Of Herod ? Of Joseph ? 6. What is said of the earlier years of Jesus ? 7. Wiiat occiirrcd when he had arrived at the age of thirty ? How long did his ministry last ? What did lie teach ? What did he perform 7 8. What OUR SAVIOUR'S MINISTRY. 201 performed numerous acts of g^oodncss and mercy, healed the sick, cured tlio deaf ami the lame, and j^avc sight to the blind. 8. Some time after the commencement of his ministry, Christ chose twehe disciples as assistants in his jrrcat work of teacliing and regenerating man- kind. Tlicir names were Simon Peter, and Andrew liis brother ; James, the son ofZcbcdce, and John iiis brother; Pliilip and Barthol'omew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James, the son of Alphe'us, and Lebbc' us, whose Burname was Thadde'us ; Simon Zclotes, and Judas Iscar'iot. 9. After his baptism Jesus was led by tlie spirit into the wilderness, being forty days tempted of the Devil, and did eat nothing. He repelled, how ever, all the arts of the tempter. (Luke iv. 13.) lie then departed for Gali- lee, and came to Naz'areth and taught in tlie synagogue, but the people thrust him out of their city. (Luke iv. IG— 2!J.) Thence he went to Cana, where, being invited to a wedding, he performed his first recorded miracle by turning water into wine. (John ii. 7 — 9.) 10. After a short stay at Caper'naum, lie visited other places in Galilee and taught in the synagogues. Jesus tlien went up to the Feast of the Passover at Jeru'salem A. D. 30, where he expelled the dealers in sheep, oxen, &e. from the courts of the temple. (John ii. 12—25.) Departing, after a time, from Judea,hc journeyed northward to Galilee, through Sama'- ria. At Jacob's Well, near Sy'char, he held the noted conversation with the Samaritan woman, and many of the people of Saraa' ria believed on him. (John iv. 9.) 11. Arriving at Cana, he healed the nobleman's son, who M'as sick at Capernaum. (John iv. 51.) Proceeding thither he taught in the synagogue as one having authority ; tliere he also cast out an unclcan^spirit, and healed Peter's wife's mother ; after which he preached throughout all Galilee and cast out devils. (Mark i. 14—39.) 12. On going to Jerusalem, to his second Passover, A. D. 31, Jesus cured the lame man at tlie Pool of Bethcsda, on the Sabbath. (John v. 8.) Sub- scfjuently he delivered tlie sublime discourse called the Sermon on the Mgunt (Matt. v. 1 — 16), after which he healed the Centurion's servant, and raised the son of the widow of Nain to life. (Luke vii. 1 — 15.) 13. Christ afterwards takes another journey through Galilee, attended by his disciples and several pious women ; crosses the Sea of Tibe'rias ; stills tlie tempest (Matt. viii. 18 — 27), and arrives in the country of the Gergcse'nes or Gadare'nes, where he cast devils out of two madmen : he then reerosses the sea, to his own city (Caper'naum), and restores to life Jai'rus's daugh ter. (Matt. ix. 25.) Map No. 9. — Point out Nazareth. Bethlehem. Bethabara. (This wom the place where our Lord was baptized.) The Wilderness of Judea. (Here he was tempted.) Mount Quarantania. (This is said to be the mountain Ih Bdid of the disciples? Name them. 9. What occurred after our Lord's baptism? What took place at Nazareth? At Cana? 10. What is said ofCapernaum, &c. ? Of Jerusalem ? What occurred afterwards at Jacob's Well? II. Whom did Christ heal at Cana? To what city did he then proceed? What took place there? Afterwards? 12. Whom did Jesus cure at the second Passover ? What did he do subsequently ? Whom did he heal and raise to life? 13. W'liither did Christ afterwards journeyl What sea did ho cross? At what country did he arrive? What miracle did he perform there ? At Capernaum ? 202 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. from whose summit the Devil showed Christ all the kingdoms of the world. (Luke iv. 5.) Point out Cana. Capernaum. Galilee. Samaria. Jacob's Well. Sychar. Nain. Mountain of the Beatitudes. (Here Christ delivered his divine sermon.) The country of the Gadarenes or Gergesenes. (This was the territory around the city of Gadara.)— Ma;). No. 11 —Where is the Pool of Bethesda 7 23 GEOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATING OUR SAVIOUR'S MINISTRY— [continued.] 1. About this time, A. D. 32, John the Baptist was beheaded by Hcr'od, which Jesus hearing of, retires to a desert place near Buthsa'ida, in Peraj'a. Multitudes flock to hear him. There he miraculously fed the 5000. (Mate xiv. 19, 20.) From this place he sent his disciples to cross the Sea of Tibe- rias, while he went up into a mountain to pray. During the night, "Jesus went unto them walking on the sea." When near the ship, Peter, going out to meet him, was about to sink, but his master stretched forth his hand and saved him. (Matt. xiv. 31.) 2. About the time of his third Passover, the Redeemer withdrew to the borders of Tyre and Sidon, and cast forth the devil out of the Syro-Phcenic'ian woman's daughter (Mark vii. 25 — 30); returning theru;e he passed through the coasts of the Decap'olis ; feeds the 4000 ; thence embarking on the Sea of Tibe'rias, he lands near Dalmanu'tha, from which place he went to Beth- Ba'ida, wliere he restores a blind man's sight. (Mark viii. 5 — 23.) 3. Proceeding northward, to CiEsare'a Philip'pi, Christ acknowledges himself to be the Messi'ah, and rebukes Peter. (Matt. xvi. 13— 23.) Six days afterwards he ascends Mount Tabor, as is supposed, where his trans- 6guration took place. Descending from the mount he casts out a deaf and dumb spirit; and at Caper'naum directs a fish to be caught, in the mouth of which a piece of money was found, which he paid to the collector as tri- bute. (Matt. xvii. 27.) 4. Our Saviour next went up to the Feast of Tabernacles, at Jcru'salem, where he preached in the Temple (John vii. 2 — 14), and restored the blind man to siglit by directing him to wasli in the Pool of Silo'am. Leaving Jeru'salem he proceeds to Beth'any ; enters into the house of Martlia and Mary, and commends the attention and choice of the latter. (Luke x. 38 — 42.) 5. Returning to Galilee, he instructs his disciples how to pray, and utters the Lord's Prayer. (Luke xi. 1.) Subsequently he cured the woman who had an infirmity for eighteen years, on the Sabbath day (Luke xiii. 11 — 13), and afterwards, travelling through Samaria, cleansed the ten lepers. (Luk xvii. 11—14.) Q. 1. Who was beheaded by Herod ? Where did Jesus retire ? What miracle did he perform? What did he then do? What occurred during the niglit? 2. What miracle did Clirist perform in Tyre and Sidon? In the Decapolis ? At Bcthsaida ? 3. What occurred in proceeding north, ward ? Six days afterwards ? What did our Saviour do on descending the Mount? At Capernaum? 4. Where did he next proceed ? What mira. clc« did he perform tlierc ? What is said of Bethany ? 5. In what does our .Saviour instruct his disciples ? What miracles does he afterwards perform 7 OUR SAVIOUR'S MINISTRY. 203 6. At Jerusalem, A. D. 33, at the Feast of Dedication, his discourses in the ,cmplc so incensed tlic Jews, tliat tiicy took up stones to stone him ; he there- fore retired beyond Jordan, to tlic place where John hau baptized. (John X. 22 — 40.) Returning:, alter a time, to Ik-th'any, Christ raises Laz'arus from the dead. The Jews seekinjj to I'uthiiii to death for this miracle, he retires to a city called E'phraim. (John .\i. r>-l.) Soon allervvards, returning: towards Jeru'salem through Jer'iclio, ho restores two blind men to sight (Matt. xx. 17 — 34), and converts Zaeelie'us the publican. (Luke xix. 1.) Subpe. quently, at Bcth'any, he sups with Laz'arus, and is anointed by Mary, (Jolin xii. 1—13.) 7. On the following day Jesus rode into Jeru'salem, attended by a great multitude of people, who spread their garments in the road, and cut down branches of trees and strewed them in the way. On arriving at the Tem- ple, he cast out all that bought and sold in it, and overthrew the tables of the money-changers, and the tables of them that sold doves, and the blind and the lame came to him there, and he healed them. (Matt. xxi. 14.) Ctirist healing tlie lame and the blind in the Temple. 8. At this time the Jewish rulers plot our Saviour's destruction, and Ju das agrees with them to betray him. The night before his death he ate the fourth Passover with his disciples, and instituted the Lord's Supper. He then retires to the garden at Gethsem'ane, where he is arrested by his ene- mies. Being carried before the Jewish priests, they pronounce him guilty and deliver him over to the Roman magistrates, who alone had the power, at that period, in Judea, of life and death ; the Jews declaring, " His blood be on us and on our children." (Matt. xxvi. 1 — 75 ; xxvii. 1 — 25.) 9. Condemned to die as a malefactor, he is nailed to the cross on Mount Calvary, and, in the agony of this bitter death, prays for the forgiveness of his executioners (Luke xxiii. 34), and with a touching act of filial piety commends his mother to his favourite disciple. (John xix. 27.) 6. What occurred at Jerusalem, at the Feast of Dedication, &c. ? Whom did Clirist raise from the dead ? What followed ? What took place after- wards ? Subsequent!}' ? 7. What did Jesus do on the following day 7 On arriving at the temple ? What is said of the blind, &c. ? 8. What is said of tlic Jewish rulers ? Of Judas ? The night before liis death ? Where did he then retire 7 What is furtJicr related 7 'J. What is stated respecting 204 SACRED GE (3 GRA PHY. 10. Ti.fi evangelists relate, that from the time of noon the sun waa darkened, and about three hours afterwards, Jesus, having- cried with a loud voice, gave up the ghost. The vail of the temple, they add, was rent in twain, from the top to the bottom ; rocks were rent, and the graves were opened. The Centurion who was pruseut directing the execution, ex- claimed, " Truly tliis was the Son of God." (Matt, xxvii. 45—54.) 11. The body of Jesus was taken down from the cross by Joseph of Ari- mathe'a, and placed in a new sepulchre that was in a garden near to Mount Calvary (John xix. 41.) The Jewish priests, remembering our Lord'a propliecy, that he should rise on the third day, set a guard, sealing up tlia great stone that secured the entrance. (Matt, xxvii. 57 — 66.) 12. Notwithstanding these precautions, tlie prophecy was fulUlled by his resurrection on the first day of the week; and he appeared afterwards re- peatedly to his disciples, encouraging, consoling, and instructing them. On the fortieth day after his resurrection, while with them on the Mount of Olives or Olivet, " he was taken up, and a cloud received him out of their sight (Acts i. 1—11.) Map iVo. 9. — Where is Bethsaida in Pera;a? Sea of Tiberias ? Tyre and Sidon ? Decapolis ? Dalmanutha ? Cajsarea Philippi ? Mount Ta- bor ? Bethany? Galilee? Samaria? — Map No. 11. — Point out Jerusa- lem. The Temple. Pool of Siloam. Gethsemane. Mount Calvary. Point out the garden in which was the sepulchre where the body of Christ was laid. 24 GEOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATING THE FIRST SETTLE- MENT OF THE CHURCH. 1. After the ascension of the Saviour, the eleven disciples returned to Jerusalem, in order to begin their important mission, m obedience to the command of their Divine Master. " Go ye, therefore, teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost ; teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have conunanded you." (Matt, xxviii. 19,20.) 2. The first act of the apostles was the selection of Matthias to fill the place of Judas, the betrayer, who had committed suicide. (Acts i. 26.) On the tenth day after the Ascension, the day of Pentecost, the Holy Ghost came down upon the disciples, em- powering them to work miracles, and to speak tongues before unknown to them. our Saviour's death ? 10. What do the evangelists i«late? What did tne Centurion exclaim? 11. What is said of Joseph of Arimathea? Of the Jewish priests ? 12. What took place notwithstanding? What occurred on the fortieth day ? Q. 1. What took place after the ascension ? 2. What was the first act of the ajjostlcs ? What came down upon them ? 3. What did they do at KIkST SETTLEMENT OF THE CHURCH. 205 3. At that time tlicy prcaclicd to the devout Jews assembled at Jerusa- lem, addressing tlicm in the languages of the different countries from whence they came ; at which they were all amazed, and gladly received tlia Word, and were haptized to the number of three thousand souls. (Acts ii. 1 — 41.) Thus was formed tiie first Christian ehurcii at Jerusalem, A. D. 33, and James the Less or Just, the cousin of our Lord, was chosen as ita first presbyter or bishop. 4 TIic second church was established at Antioch, in Syria, by those who 'ed tliither atler Stephen's death ; and there, about A. 1). 40, the disciplea were first called Christians. (Acts xi. 26.) 5. The first disciples of our Lord, as well as those afterwards added to their number, visited as missionaries nearly all the regions of the earth then known. Simon Peter preached the Gospel in Palestine, in the city of Antiocli, and in Rome, where he was crucified A. D. 67. John the Evan- gelist preached in Palestine, and also in Asia Minor. In the reign of Domitian he was taken to Rome, and then exiled to the island of Patmos ; but returned thence, and died at E()hesus A. D. 100. James called the Greater, the brother of John, was put to death by Herod A. D. 44. (Acts xii.) 6. Of the labours of the other apostles, but little is recorded in Scripture, and what is known of them is derived from otJier sources. Andrew, the bro- ther of Simon Peter, preached in Greece, where he was crucified A. D. 83. Philip preached in Asia Minor, and sutfered martyrdom at Hicrapolis, in Phrygia. Bartholomew preached in Arabia, Persia and Armenia, and was put to death in the latter country. Thomas preached in Parthia, Bactria, and in India. Matthew the Evangelist preached in Persia, and died there a martyr. Lebbeus, the brother of James the Less, called also Jude, preached in Syria, Mesopotamia, and Persia. Simon Zelotes preached m Egypt, Libya, and Mauritania. 7. Paul, surnamed the Apostle of the Gentiles, was born of Jewish parents, of the tribe of Benjamin, at Tarsus, in Cilieia, and inherited all the rights of a Roman citizen. He was well instructed botii in Hebrew and Greek learning, and was at first an implacable enemy of Christ. When on a jour- ney to Damascus, A. D. 37, to persecute the Christians there, he was miraculously converted, and became a most ardent and powerful prcachei o( the Word, " and laboured more abundantly than all the others" in con- verting the heathen. 8. Arabia, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, and the islands of the Mediterra- nean, were the scenes of his unwearied exertions. In all his journeys he laboured to establish new churches, and to confirm the faith of those already existing. The churches of Philipjji, in Macedonia, of Corinth, Ephcsus and Galalia, honoured him as their founder, and the epistles that he wrote to those that were in the chief cities of Greece and Asia Minor, show the paternal care which he exercised over them. 9. After labouring for more than twenty years in the service of the Redeemer, Paul went to Jerusalem, A. D. 60, with money that he had col- that time ? How many were baptized ? What is said of the first church ? 4. Where was the second church established, &,c. ? 5. What is said of the first disciples of our Lord, &c.? Of Simon Peter ? John the Evangelist? James the Greater ? 6. What is said of tiie other apostles ? Where did Andrew preach, &c. ? Bartholomew? Tliomas ? Matthew? Lebbeus? Simon Zelotes ? 7. What is said of Paul ? What occurred on a journey to Damascus? 8. What countries were the pccncs of Paul's labours ' Wijut IS said of his journeys ? The churches of Pliilippi, 6i.c, ? 9. What Docurrcd 18 206 SACRED GEOGRAPHY. lected fijr thj relief of oppressed Christians in Palestine. There the Jew* excited such a tumult against him, that Lycias, the Roman commander ot the garrison, was forced to interfere to save him from being torn to pieces. He was then arrested and sent, under a guard of soldiers, to Coesarea, where lie was kept a prisoner for two years by the Roman governors Festus and Felix. 10. Having been illegally imprisoned, he appealed, as'a Roman citizen, to Cffisar, and was sent to Rome. On the voyage thither he was shipwrecked at Melita, and in the spring of A. D. 63, arrived at the capital of the civi- lized world. Tlicre he was kept as a prisoner, but gained over, notwith- standing, many distinguished Romans to tlie Christian faith. Paul was set at liberty A. D. 64 ; but the accounts of his farther travels in Spain, Mace- donia, and Greece, are doubtful. In A. D. 66, he returned to Rome, was again arrested, and died the death of a martyr. 11. Mark the Evangelist was the friend and companion of the apostle Peter, under whose direction he composed his Gospel. He preached at Alexandria, in Egypt, and is regarded as its first bishop. He died there A. D. 62. Luke, the remaining evangelist, wrote the Gospel that is called by his name, and also the Acts of the Apostles. He was long the compa- nion of Paul, ana joined in all his labours. While Paul was a prisoner at Rome, Luke preached the Gospel in Northern Africa and in Eastern Europe, and at length suffered martyrdom in Greece. 12. As early as the end of the first ceatury, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, tJie islands of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy, and the northern coast of Africa, contained many Christian societies. Their ecclesiastical disci- pline was simple and conformable to their humble condition, and they con- tinued to acquire strength amidst all the persecutions that were raised against them. 13. At the end of the second century. Christians were to be found in all the provinces; and at the end of the third century, one-half the inhabitants of the Roman empire, and of several neighbouring countries, professed Christianity. It was at length completely tolerated by the emperor Constan- tino, in the early part of the fourth century (A. D. 313), £ind thenceforward became the established religion of the civilized world. Map No. 5. — Point out Antioch. Point out the countries and places con- nected with the labours of the apostles Peter and John. Of Andrew. Philip. The other apostles. Of Paul. The place of his birth. Conversion. Im- prisonment tor two years. Point out the track of St. Paul's voyage. From what port in Palestine did it commence ? At what city in Phoenicia did the ship touch? In Asia Minor? In the island of Crete? Point out the island on which the apostle was shipwrecked. At what city in Sicily did he afterwards touch? What strait did he sail through? At what port in Italy did he arrive? What town did he then reach? What city termi- nated the voyage ? Point out the city where Mark preached, and of which he was bishop. The regions where Luke preached. to the apostle A. D. 59 ? 10. What was the result of his illegal imprison ment ? What occurred on the voyage ? At Rome ? What is further stated of Paul ? 11. What is said of Mark ? Luke ? 12. Wliat had occurred by the end of the first century, &c. ? 13. At the end of the second ? At the end of the third ? When was Christianity completely tolerated ? ClirvONOLOGY. 1. Chronology is the science of computing and adjusting the periods of time. It ascertains when events occurred, and assigns to each its correct date. Thus we learn from it that the world was created 4004 years before Christ, and that the flood took place 1050 years after the creation ; and so of all other known and ascertained events, each one is placed in connection with its proper period or year. 2. Of the transactions between the Creation and the Flood, we know nothing except froni Scripture, and of many of tl\ose which occurred after the flood, and before the time of Christ, we know nothing witii certainty except from the same source ; but about 800 or 900 years before our Saviour's time, a succession of profane historians arose, from whom, especially tliose of Greece and Rome, numerous facts in Chronology have been obtained. 3. Various Eras, Epochs or methods of chronology have been adopted by different nations. The Greeks reckoned time by Olympiads of four yeais each, commencing from the year 776 before Christ. In marking a date by this method, the year and Olympiad were both given ; for example, the year 1845 is the first of the 656th Olympiad. The Romans reckoned time from the founding of Rome, 753 years before Christ. Dates reckoned from this Era are designated by the initials A. U. C. (ab urbe condita ; that is, from the building of the city). The year 1845 is the 2598th year of tlie Roman era. 4. The Cliristian Era, now in use amongst all Christian nations, was first introduced in the sixth century, but was not very generally adopted for some centuries after. This begins 4004 years after the creation of the world, and four years after the birth of our Saviour. Dates reckoned back- wards are usually marked B. C, or before Christ, but those reckoned for- ward are distinguished by the prefix A. D., signifying Anno Domini, or in tlie year of our Lord. 5. The Mahomedans reckon time from the Hcgira, or flight of Mahomet from Mecca to Medina, in the year 622 after Christ ; but they use the lunar year of 354 days ; so that thirty-two of our years make thirty-three of liieire. The year 1845 is the 1260th year of the Ilegira. 6. Many other epochs or eras have been used in different countries, and at different periods. The Jews, Egyptians, Tyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and other ancient nations, have each had their eras. The Hindoos and Chinese of the present day have modes of reckoning time which diilnr from each other, as well as from our method. In the United States, public docu- ments, proclamations, &.c. have often, besides the date in common use, the year of the national independence attached to them. This is computed from July 4, 177G, and hence may be reckoned a national era or chrono. logical period. ^ ^ (207) CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. B.C. 4004 Creation of the World. 2944 Birth of Noah. 2MB The Flood or Deluge covers the whole earth. — Lasts about a year. 2347 Noah quits the Ark; offers sacrifices of thanksgiving; God appoinlt tiie rainbow as a pledge that he will never again destroy the earth by the waters of a flood. (Gen. ix. 11.) 2300 The Tower of Babel built; confusion of languages; dispersion of mankind. 2233 Babylon founded by Nimrod ; Nineveh founded by Asshur ; com. mcncement of the Assyrian monarchy. 2188 The Egyptian monarchy founded by Mizraim ; continues 1663 years. 2059 Ago of Ninus and Semiramis, Assyrian moaarchs. 2000 Sicyon founded — the earliest town in Greece ; Sidon founded. 1996 Birth of Abram, in Ur of the Chaldees; 1998 Noah dies. 1921 Call of Abram; he leaves Ur; comes to Haran, where his father, Terah, dies, aged 205 years ; emigrates to Canaan, with Sarai his wife, and Lot his nephew, and dwells at Sliecliem. 1920 Abram removes to Egypt; returns the same year. 1912 Abram defeats Chedorlaomer and the confederate kings ; rescues Lot 1910 Birth of Ishmael, tJie son of Abram and Hagar. (Gen. xvi. 16.) 1897 Destruction of Sodom, Gomorrah, &c. ; Lot retires to Zoar ; Abram'a name changed to Abraham ; Sarai's changed to Sarah. 1896 Isaac born at Becrsheba; 1871 oftered up as a sacrifice by his father-. 1836 Birth of Esau and Jacob; 1821 Abraham dies. 1800 Argos founded by the Pelasgians, under Inachus. 1759 Jacob retires to his uncle, Laban, in Padan Aram ; 1745 Joseph born. 1739 Jacob returns to Canaan ; resides at Shechem. 1728 Joseph sold by his brethren; 1716 Isaac dies. 1705 Joseph raised to distinction in Egypt. 1706 Jacob removes to Egypt; 1689, his death; 1635 Joseph dies. 1600 Hyksos or shepherd kings conquer Egypt ; they oppress the Israelites. 1577 Age of Job; 1575, birth of Aaron; 1571, birth of Moses. 1550 Athens founded by Cccrops; 1531 Moses leaves Egypt. 1500 Tyre founded ; Gades founded ; 1493 Thebes founded by Cadmus. 1491 Moses returns to Egypt; Exodus or Departure of the Israelites from Eg3'pt ; cross the Red Sea ; law given on Mount Sinai. 1452 Death of Aaron, aged 123 years; buried on Mount Hor. 1451 Sihon defeated at Jahaz; Death of Moses, aged 120 years; Og do- fcated at Edrei ; the Israelites cross Jordan ; cajiture Jericho ; sun and moon stand still at the comniand of Joshua ; 1445, 1444 the Land of Canaan divided among thtiTwelve Tribes. Q. How many years have elapsed since the Creation? Since the Deluge? Sines the building of the Tower of Babel? Where was Sicyon? Sidon? Ur ? Haian ; How Ions; did Noah live ? In what direction was Canaan from Haran ? Where was Shechem ? How old was Abraham at Isaac's birth ? Isaac, when he was offered up ? How long did Abraham live ? Where was Argos? How old was Jacob when he kfl Canaan ? On his ri'tiirn ? How old was Joseph when sold as a slave ? How long did Isaac live? Jacob? How old was Joseph when he was raised to distinction ? At his death? Where is Athens? Howmany years since it was founded? Where was Tyrf ? Gades? Thebes (Gre<;k) ? How old was Moses when he left Egypt ? How old on liis return? How many vears were the Israelites in Egypt? Where is Mount Sinai? Mount Hor? Where "was Jahuz? Edrei? Jericho? What tribes of Israel lay west of Jordan? East? CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 209 B.C. 1443 Death of Joshua, aped 110 years ; 1423 Tribe of Benjamin destroyed. 14l)G Age of Minos, the Cretan lawgiver ; 1405 Othniel first judge of IsraeL 1400 Troy founded; Pelasgians exi)elled from Greeee by the Hellenes. 13G5 AgeofSesostris, king of Egypt; a great conqueror ; built magnificent cities in liis dominions. 133.') Amphictyonic council cstablislied. 1300 Voyage of the Argonauts from Aplicta;, in Thessaly, to Colcliis, under the command of Jason; Hercules, Theseus, and his other coirpa. nions were called Argonauts. 1290 Age of Moeris, king of Egypt; ho causes lake Mceris to be dug, to receive the surplus waters of tlie Nile. 1285 Barak and Deborah defeat Jabin. 1245 Age ol Gideon ; defeats the Midianites and Moabites. 1187 Jeplitha, the tenth judge of Israel, sacrifices his daughter. 1184 Troy captured, after a siege often years ; Age of Agamemnon, AchiU les, Diomedes, Nestor, Ulysses, Helen, Priam, Hector, iEueas, An- dromache, &.C.; iEneas sails for Italy. 115G Age of Eli ; 1155 birth of Samuel ; 1150 Utica, in Africa, founded. 1124 /Eolian colonies established in Asia Minor. 1107 Age of Samson ; judged Israel twenty years ; betrayed to the Phi- listines by Delilah ; buries himself under the ruins of the temple of Dagon, with a great number of his enemies. 1100 Salamis founded by Teueer. 1095 Saul first king of Israel; 1085 Birth of David; 1062 slays Goliath. 1055 Death of Saul; succession of David ; 1048 crowned king of all Israel; 1047 takes Jerusalem from the Jebusites. 1014 Settlement of the Ionian colonies in Asia Minor; Age of Homer; tlie cities of Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodes, Argos and Athens afterwards contend for the honour of liis birth. 1037 The Moabites and Ammonites conquered by David. 1035 Rabbath Ammon taken by Joab ; Uriah killed at the siege. 1033 Birth of Solomon ; Age of Hiram, king of Tyre. 1014 Death of David; succeeded by Solomon; Most flourishing period of the kingdom of Israel. 1003 Temple at Jerusalum built and dedicated by Solomon. 994 Dorians establish colonics in Asia Minor. 975 Death of Holomon; Rehoboam succeeds him; his tyranny causes a division of the realm into tlie kingdoms of Judah and Israel; Jero- boam king of Israel ; Rehoboam king of Judah. 971 Shishak, king of Egypt, plunders the temple at Jerusalem. 907 Age of the poeUj Homer and Hesiod ; 900 Pygmalion, brother of Dido. 897 Aliab, king of Israel, slain ; Ahaziah, king of Judah; Elisha taken up to heaven ; 884 Jehu king of Israel. 880 Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver. Q When was Joshua born? How long since Troy was founded? Point out Ajhe^ IB*. On what gulf was it situated? Through what seas and straits, and past what telands did tlie Argonauts sail on their voyage to Colchis ? Where was Colcltis ? What is its modern name? Where is lake IMoeris ? Whore was Utica .? How long did Troy e.T- ist ? Point out the ^olian Colonies on the Map. Where was Salamis? Howmanyycars fpiin Joshua to Saul? How old was David when he killed Goliath? How old when be became king 1 Where were the Ionian colonies ? The seven cities that contended for the honour of Homer's birth? Rabbath .Amnion? How old was David when he died? Solomon, when he dedicated the Tempis? Where were the Dorian colonies? H'lw long did Solomon live ? How many trib» < did the kingdom of Israel conipri.ao 1 Kinu'dom of Jndah ? When was Carlhage fo uled? How many yeara from the Iw giniuiig of Saul's ruign to that of Rehoboam 1 18* O 210 CHRONOLUulICAL TABLi3. B. c. 878 Carthage founded by Dido, a Tynan princess. 827 Ethiopians conquer Eg-ypt ; 825 Jonah visits Nineveh ; the people repent 820 Death of Sardanapalus; First Assyrian empire destroyed; Median era pire founded; Kingdom of Macedonia founded. 810 Uzziah, king of Judah, takes the cities of the Philistines. 800 Perscpolis built; 776 Era of the Olympiads begins. 772 Pul invades Israel. 753 Rome founded, April 20 ; 743 First Messenian war lasts 19 years. 74/) Damascus taken by Tiglath-pileser. 732 Syracuse founded ; 730 Tarentum founded. 729 Samaria taken by Shalmanczer; End of the kingdom of Israel; Cajv tivity of the Ten Tribes. 713 Sennacherib threatens Hezekiah; his army miraculously aestroyed. 685 Second Messenian war; lasts fourteen years; Ira besieged eleven years; its capture ends tiie war. 657 Holofernes slain by Judith, near Bethulia. 650 Naval.battle between the Corcyreans and Corinthians — the first sea- fight on record. 641 JosiaJi king of Judah reforms abuses; restores the worship of God, 630 Cyrene founded ; 627 Nabopolazzar king of Babylon. 616 Ago of Pliaraoh Necho; Tyrians in his service sail round Africa. 607 Nineveh taken by the Medes and Babylonians. 604 Age of Pittacus (general of Mityiene); Sappho (Greek poetess). 594 AgeofEzekiel. 591 Pythian Games begin ; Age of Thales (philosopher); jEsop (fabulist). 588 Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem ; End of the kingdom of Judah; Be- ginning of the Babylonish captivity; 572 Nebuchadnezzar takes Tyre, after a siege of thirteen years. 570 Voyage of Hanno along tlie west coast of Africa; about the same time liimilco sails to Britain. 560 Union of the Medes and Persians ; Cyaxares king of the Medes. 559 Persian empire founded by Cyrus ; Age of Anaximander, inventor of globes and charts. 543 Cyrus defeats Croesus at Thymbra ; Takes Sardis; Conquers Lydia. 539 Massilia founded ; Age of Pythagoras (philosopher) ; Anacreon (poet). 538 Cyrus takes Babylon ; age of Daniel ; 525 Cambyses conquers Egypt. 521 Age of Darius Ilystaspcs ; 518 End of the Babylonish captivity. 516 Age of Artaxerxcs Longimanus or Ahasucrus ; Queen Esther. 515 Tlie Temple of Jerusalem rebuilt; 510 Sybaris, in Italy, destroj'ed. 509 Consular government established in Rome. 504 Athenians burn Sardis ; Age of Heraclitus (naturalist) ; Democedcs (physician) ; 500 Milesians emigrate from Spain to Ireland. BOO First Persian war against Greece ; 490 Battle of Marathon ; the Greeks, commanded by Miltiades, defeat the Persians, under Dates and Aria- j)hanes ; 480 Xerxes crosses the Hellespont at Abydos ; Invad'^ Greece ; Battle of Thermopylae ; Naval battles of Artemisium and Q. How many years since Jonah's time? How long did the first Assyrian empire euilure? Where was Macedonia ? Persepolis? Howjnany years since the first Olym- piad? What is tlie present year according to that end? How long since Rome was founded? Wliere is Damascus ? Syracuse? Tarentum? How long did the kimrdom of Israel endure? Where is Samaria ? Whore was Ira ? Bethulia? Cyrone ? Nine- vcl)? Mityiene? How many years since the capture of Jerusalem hy Nebuchadticz- zar? How long did the IJabylonisli captivity last ? Where was Thymbra? Sardis? Of what part of Asia was LydIa a division? Where is Massilia ? Its modern name Whore was Sybaris? Toiiit out Marathon. Abydos. Tliermopyla;. Artemisiuia Salauns. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 211 B. C. Salamis ; Ago of Tlicmistoclcs (Athenian statesman) ; Anaxaj^ora* (l)liilcsophur) ; Pindar (poet) ; iEschylus (tragic writer) ; Coriun.- (poctess). 479 Battles of Platroa and Mycalc on the same day. 47U The Athenians, under Cimon, defeat the Persians, on the Eurymedou river, twice in one day, first on water and tlien on land. 4(15 Third Mcsscnian war ; lasts ten years. 4o7 Battle ofTanagra; Age ofPcrielcs (Athenian statesman). 415 Age of Herodotus (historian) ; Pjiidias (sculptor). 4;}1 First Peloponnesian war commences; continues twenty-seven years Age of Hippocrates (physician) ; Dcmocratcs (philosopher. Sec). 4'2i Boeotians defciit the Atlicnians at Dclium. iUG Naval battle of /Egos Potamos ; Athenian fleet defeated by the Spar tans ; Age of Protagoras (philosopher) ; Parrhasius (painter). 401 Battle of Cunaxa ; Death of Cyrus the younger; Retreat of the te» thousand under Xenophon. 400 Death of Socrates; 31)6 Age of Zeuxis (painter); Aristippus (philosopher) 895 Veii besieged by the Romans for ten years. 394 Spartans defeat the Thebans at Coronasa ; Falerii taken by Camillus age of the Cyrenaic philosophers. 389 Battle of the Allia ; Gauls defeat the Romans ; burn Rome ; inhabitantf fly to Cocre or Agylla ; Gauls defeated near Gabii by Camillus. 379 Age of Plato (philosopher) ; Conon (Athenian commander) ; Epaminon- das and Pelopidas (Thcban generals) ; Diogenes (Stoic). 371 Epaminondas defeats the Spartans at Leuctra; 370 builds Messene in eighty-five days ; Founds Megalopolis ; Age of Eudoxus (astronomer). 362 Battle at Mantinea ; death of Epaminondas. 360 Mcthone captured ; Philip of Maeedon loses his right eye. 357 Phocian war begins ; Lasts ten years ; 355 Alexander born. 351 Capture of Sidon by Artaxerxcs Ochus. 343 Age of Aristotle (philosopher); Demosthenes (orator); Phocion (Athe- nian general). 338 BatUe of Chceronea; Philip defeats the Athenians and their allies. 336 Philip assassinated ; Archidamus, king of Sparta, killed in battle at Manduriaj. 335 Alexander the Great destroys Thebes ; 334 conquers Greece ; begins J)is Persian expedition ; battle of the Granicus; 333 battle of Issus; siege of Tyre ; 332 conquers Egypt; founds the city of Alexandria; visits the temple of Jupiter Amnion ; 331 crosses the Euphrates at Thapsacus ; battle of Arbela ; fall of the Persian empire; death of Darius Codomanus ; 326 Defeat of Purus by Alexander; the latter afterwards descends the Indus to the sea; his admiral, Nearchus, navigates a fleet from the Indus to the Tigris; Age of Apellca (painter) ; Antipater (Macedonian general. Sec). 323 Death of Alexander, May 21 ; his empire divided between Ptolemy, Cassandcr, Lysimachus and Scleucus. Q. Where was Platxa ? Mycale? What sea lay between those places? Point out llie Eurymedon river. Into wh.it sea does it flow ? Where was Tan agra ? Deliumi iTIgos Potamos ? Where was Cunaxa ? Through wliat countries did the ten thousand pass, in their retreat? What rivers did they cross?— See Jl/a;> JVo. 5.— Where was Veii? Coronia? Falerii? Tlie Allia river? Crt;re or Argylla? Gabii? Leuctra? Mes- sene 7 Mantinea? Melhone ? Sidon? Chinronea? Manduria;? In what part of Greece was Thebes ? Its modern name ? Where is the Granicus river ? Into what sea does it flow? Wliere was Issus ? Tyre? Alexandria? Temple of Jupiter Ammmil Thapsacus? Arbela? On what river was Porus defeated? Where is the Indus- The llgris 7 Wtial was Alcxaudur's age wUen be died 7 llow lung did be reigu ? 212 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. B. C. 320 Samnites defeat the Romans near Caudium ; their army pass under theCaudine Forks ; Ago of Praxiteles (sculptor) ; Demetrius (orator); Phalerius Theopompus (historian) ; Apollodorus (poet). 312 Seleucus takes Babylon ; dynasty of the SeleucidcB begins. 310 Pytheas, the navigator, sails from Gades to Tliule. 801 Battle of Ipsus, between Antigonus and Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachuo and Cassander ; Age of Zcno (philosopher). 892 The Sabines conquered by Curius Dentatus ; Age of Euclid (mathem» tician). 284 The Pharos, or light-house of Alexandria, built. 281 The Achaean League formed, by the chief cities of the Peloponnesus, for mutual defence. 280 The Romans defeated at Pandosia by Pyrrhus, king of Epirus ; Age of Antiochus 1st., surnamed Soter, king of Syria. 274 Romans defeat Pyrrhus ; 272, Conquer Samnium, after a 70 years' war. 262 First Punic war begins; continues twenty-six years ; 2G0 Duillius ob- tains the first naval victory gained over the Carthaginians by the Romans ; 256 Regulus defeated by Xanthippus ; Age of Diodatus. 251 Age of Eratosthenes (mathematician); Callimachus (poet). 249 Asdrubal defeated at Panormus, in Sicily, by Metellus. 246 Arsaces founds the Parthian empire ; Age of Hamilcar, a noted Car- thaginian general, and fatlier of Hannibal. 242 The Romans defeat the Carthaginians at sea, near the ^gades islands ; ends the first Punic war. 231 The Romans take Corsica and Sardinia. 224 The Spartan king Cleomenes III. defeated by Antigonus Doson ; Co- lossus, at Rhodes, overthrown by an earthquake ; Age of Apolloniua (poet) ; Philopcemeii (Achaean general). 219 Hannibal takes Saguntum ; originates the second Punic war, which lasts seventeen years; 218 Crosses the Alps; defeats the Romans, first on the river Ticinus, then on the Trebia ; 217 Battle of Trasi- menus — his third victory; 216 Battle of Cannte — his fourth victory; 50,000 Romans slain ; Capua declares in his favour. 212 Marcellus takes Syracuse, after a three years' siege ; death of Archime- des, the noted geometrician. 206 Asdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, defeated and slain by the Romans ; Age of Syphax (Latin poet) ; Ennius (Latin poet) ; Massinissa, king of Numidia. 202 Sicily becomes a Roman province. 201 Battle of Zama ; Hannibal defeated by Scipio Africanus ; end of the second Punic war. 200 Romans conquer Illyrieum ; 197, defeat the Macedonians at Cynos- cephalse ; 196 Hannibal banislied from Carthage. 190 Antiochus defeated by the Consul Acilius at ThermopylsB ; Age ol Cato the elder. 187 Scipio Asiatieus defeats Antiochus I. at Magnesia ad Sipylum. 186 Scipio Africanus banished to Liturnum. 183 Death of Hannibal, in Bithynia, by poison, aged sixty-five Q.. Point out Caudium. Gades. Thu!e of Pytheas. Where wag Ipsus? The Pelo ponhesus? What did it comprise? Where was Pandosia? Epirus? Saniiiium ? Where was Panormus? The ^.gades islands? Crrsira? Sardinia? Rhodes? Sa- guntum? Where did Hannibal cross the Alps? Where is the Trebia ? The Ticinu* Into what river do those streams flow? Where was Like Trasimenus? Cannse? Ca pua? Syracuse? Where is Sicily? Zama? Illyrieum? CynosceplialiB ? Thermo pylse? Magnesia ad Sipylum ? Laluruum? Bithyuia? CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 213 0. c. I(j8 Insurrection of the Maccabees against Antiochus, king of Syria. IGS Paulus iEinilius defeats Perseus at Pydna; Macedonia becomes a Ro. niau province ; Age of Hipparchus (philosopher) ; Polybius (histo- rian), &.€. 167 Epirus conquered by the Romans; 165 Age of Judas Maccabffius. 14U I'hird Punic war begins; 146 Scipio destroys Cartilage; Mummius destroys Corinth ; Agatharcliides (Greek geographer). 137 Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina. 133 Numantia destroyed by the inhabitants ; Spain becomes a Roman pro- vince ; The kingdom of Pergamus bequeathed to the Romans by Attains, its last king. 131 Tiberius Gracchus treacherously slain at Potentia. 109 Jugurtliine war begins ; lasts tive years ; 106 Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus to the Romans ; Armenia Major becomes a Roman province. 105 Aristobulus crowned king of the Jews; 106 Pompey born at Rome. 102 Marius defeats the Cimbri and Teutones at Aquae Sextee; 101 defeats the Cimbri on the Raudian Plains. 100 Birth of Julius Ccesar, July 12 ; this month was named after him. 92 Bocchus sends Sylla a present of 100 lions from Africa. 89 The Mithridatic war begins ; lasts twenty-six years ; 86 Sylla defeats the consuls Carbo and Cinna ; Metellus (consul) ; Sertorius (Roman general); 78 death of Sylla; 76 Calaguris besieged by Pompey ; tlie inhabitants, reduced to extremity, feed on their wives and children. 75 Bitliynia bequeathed to the Romans by Nicomedes. 73 Sertorius assassinated by Perpenna and others at Osca. 73 Servile war begins ; Roman slaves revolt against their masters, under Spartacus ; defeated, two years afterwards, by Pompey and Cras- sus. 72 Lucullus defeats Mithridates the Great at Cabira ; 69, defeats Tigra- nes ; captures Tigranocerta ; 68, defeats Mithridates at Zela ; 66, again at Nicopolis. 67 Pompey takes Coracesium ; 65, dethrones Antiochus Asiaticus. 64 Pontus annexed to Rome ; Death of Mithridates the Great. 63 Palestine conquered by Pompey ; Cataline defeated and killed at Pis- toria. • 60 First triumvirate of Cffisar, Pompey and Crassus ; Age of Catullus (poet); Cicero (orator) ; Sallust (historian) ; Roscius (actor), <&c. 57 Gaul becomes a Roman province ; 55 Casar invades Britain. 53 Crassus plunders the Temple of Venus at Ilierapolis ; his defeat and death, by the Partliians, near Carrhoe. 51 Siege and capture of Pindenissus by Cicero. 50 Civil war between Caesar and Pompey; 49 Caesar crosses the Rubicon, takes Ariminum ; 48, defeats Pompey at Pharsalia, July 30th ; death of Pompey. 47 Ceesar delcats Pharnaces at Zela; writes from thence his famous letter of three words, " Veni, vidi, vici ;" 46 Victorious at Thapsus; Death of Cato ; 45 Battle of Munda ; the last in which Czesar commanded. Q,. Of what part of Asia did it form a (livisinn ? Pydna? Macedonia? How long didit endure as a kiriirdiiui? Corinlh ? Where was Numantia ? Pnrganius? Polkri- lia? Armenia Major? (Tlie latter was that part of Armenia which la/ east of tli« Euphrates.) Point out Atjua! Sexts. Raudian Plains. Calacurris. Bithynia. O^^ca Cabira. Tigranocerta. Zela. Nicopolis. Coracesium. Pontus. Palestine. II' .v many years from the end of the Babylonish captivity until the conquest of Palestine oy thcUomans? Point out Pistoria. Gaul. Britain. Ilierapolis. Carrlis. PindeoiiMuai The Rubicon. Ariminum. Pharsalia. Zela. Thapsus. Munda. 214 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. B.C. 44 Caesar killed in the Senate-house, March 15th, by Brutus, Cassius, &c. 43 Antony defeats the consul Pansa, and is defeated the same day by Hirtius; Cicero murdered by order of Antony ; Age of Varro (liisto- rian and philosopher) ; Diodorus Siculus and Pompt ius ^historians). 42 Antony and Octavius defeat Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. 37 Herod, an Idumean, placed on the Jewish throne. 31 Naval battle at Actium ; Octavius defeats Antony ; Ends the Common wealth of Rome. 30 Death of Antony and Cleopatra ; Egypt becomes a Roman province. 28 Roman empire begins. 27 Title of Augustus given to Octavius; Augustan age; Virgil, Liv)i Ovid, Propertius (poets) ; Horace (historian) ; Dionysius Halicar nassus (antiquarian). 20 Roman standards taken fromCrassus restored to Augustus, by Phraates, king of Parthia; death of Virgil. 19 Noricum and Pannonia conquered by the Romans ; Candace, queen of Meroe, in Ethiopia, blind of an eye, invades Egypt, but is repelled. 15 RhcEtia and Vindelicia conquered by Drusus. 6 Arehelaus, surnamed Herod, banished to Vienna, in Gaul. 4 Jesus Christ, our Saviour, born four years before the vulgar era, Dec. 25. 2 Murder of the infants at Bethleliem, by order of Herod ; his death" Arehelaus succeeds him. A. D., First year of the Christian Era, 4004 years after the Creation. 2 Silk first introduced into Rome. 6 Procurators or governors appointed over Judea. 8 Christ, at twelve years of age, is three days in the temple. 9 Arminius or Herman, a German chief, destroys the army of Varus this defeat causes a great sensation at Rome ; Ovid banished to TomL 14 Augustus dies at Nola, after a reign of forty-five years ; succeeded by Tiberius ; Age of Germanicus (Roman general). 20 Jews expelled from Italy by Tiberius ; 28 Age of Strabo (geographer). 29 John the Baptist commences preaching ; 30 Baptizes our Saviour. 31 Our Saviour delivers the Sermon on the Mount. 32 Feeds the 5000 ; his transfiguration ; John the Baptist beheaded. 33 Our Saviour's death ; First Christian Church at Jerusalem. 37 Conversion of St. Paul ; Death of Tiberius ; succeeded by Caligula ; 40 the latter assassinated. 41 Seneca banished to Corsica ; is recalled eight years afterwards ; Age of Pomponius Mela (geographer), 43 Expedition of Claudius into Britain ; 51 Caractacus, British king, taken as a prisoner to Rome. 52 Paul visits Athens ; 54 preaches the Gospel at Ephesus ; Age of Persiua (satirist); 60 Lucan (poet). 60 St. Paul arrested ; 62 voyage to Rome ; 63 arrives in that city. 61 Boadicea defeated by Suetonius Pnulinus at Camulodunum. 68 Nero dies; Josephus (historian) ; Pliny (naturalist) ; Petronius (poet). 69 Galba slain ; Suicide of Otho ; Vitc llus slain. Q. Point out Philippi. Actium. How loiii; aid the Roman commonwealth last? Where was Parthia ? Meroe ? In what dircrtion did Candace march to invade Egy|)t ? Utere were Noricum? Pannonia? Rhictiii ? Vindelicia? To what modern couri- tries do these correspond ? On what river was Vienna? Where is Bethlehem ' Noai what rivers was Varus defeated ? On what nca waa Tomi ? Where was Nola t Ca Diulodunum? CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 215 A. a 70 Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus, Sept. 8th ; Agricola's fleet sails around Hritain ; Agrieola promotes useful arts amonsj tlie Britons. 76 Agricola defeats Galj^acus at the foot of the Grampian Hills. 79 Hcrculancuni, Pompeii, and other cities, overwhelmed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius; Death of the elder Pliny. 81 Titus dies, aged 40; Age of ftlartial (poet); Quintilian (rhetorician). 9G Domitian sLiin ; Age of Tacitus (historian); Juvenal (satirist). " 03 Dacia conquered by Trnjan ; 106 Ago of Pliny the younger ; Plutarch 17 Death of Trajan, at Selinus, in Cilicia; succeeded by Adrian. 120 Wall built by Adrian across Britain. 139 Death of Adrian, aged 71 ; Antoninus (emperor) ; Ptolemy (geographer). 140 Wall built by Antoninus across Britain. 169 Death of Polyearp the Martyr; Age of Galen (physician). 180 Marcus Aurclius (emperor) dies at Sirmium. 192 The Emperor Commodus slain ; Pertinax succeeds him. 194 Scverus defeats Niger at Issus ; becomes emperor. 210 Wall built across Britain by Severus ; 218 Heliogabalus emperor. 226 Artaxerxes founds 2d Persian empire ; Dynasty of the Sassanides begins. 238 Maximinus killed by his own soldiers before the walls of Aquileia. This emperor was a monster of cruelty, and of gigantic size and strength, being eight feet high. 259 Sapor I. captures the emperor Valerian, and flays him alive ; Odenatua king of Palmyra; Gallicnus succeeds Valerian, 267 Odenatus dies ; Zenobia,his wife, assumes the title of Queen of the East 270 Death of Claudius; Aurelian succeeds; regards Zenobia as a usurper; 272 defeats her at Antioch and Emesa ; 273 captures Palmyra ; takes Zenobia prisoner ; puts Longinus, her secretary, to death. 275 Emperor Tacitus ; 282 Emperor Probus killed, near Sirmium. 286 Age of the emperors Diocletian and Maximianus. 305 Both resign their authority to enjoy private life; the first retires to Salona, in Illyricum, and the other to Lucania. 306 Constantino the Great proclaimed emperor; 313 establishes Christian- ity as the religion of the empire; 315 defeats Licinius at Cibalis ; 324, again at Adrianopolis ; 328 removes the government from Rome to Byzantium. 338 Death of Constantine ; succeeded by his sons Constantinus, Constan- tius and Constans. 348 Sapor defeats Constantius at Singara ; 350 Constantius sole emperor; 351 defeats Magnentius at Mursa; 353, again at Mens Seleucus. 360 Julian the Apostate (emperor) ; 363 dies ; Next year Jovian dies. 367 Age of Ausonius (poet); 375 Emperor Gratian. 378 Valens defeated by the Goths at Adrianopolis. This was the most dia astrous defeat experienced by tlie Romans since the battle of CanniB 380 Age of St Augustine, one of the fathers of the Church. 395 Theodosius, emperor, divides the Roman empire between his sons Area* dius and Honorius, into Eastern and Western. Q. AVhere was Ilerculaneuin ? Pompeii? Near what modern city are these two placet •ituated? Where was Dacia ? Selinus? Point out the Roman wall built by Adrian. What Mil. or frith was its western termination ? What river its eastern ? Point oul tho Wall of Antoninus. On what river did it terminate west? On what JE^t. east? For what purpose were these walls built? Point out Sirmium. Issus. What other battle was fought there more than 500 years previous ? Point out the Wall of Severus. Where was Palmyra? Antioch? Emesa? Sirmium? Lucania? Salona? CibalisT Adrianopolis? Byzantium? Its modern name? Singara? Mursa? Mons Seleu- cus ? Ilow many years between the battles of Adrianopolis and Canns 7 216 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. A. D. 403 Stilicho defeated by tlie Goths at Pollcntia 407 Tlie Alans, Vandals and Sucves invade Gaul and Spam. _ 408 Alaric takes Rome first time ; 409, second time; 410, third time; lh« city given up to plunder for six days ; Death of Alaric ; Kingdom of Burgundy founded, 441 Age of St. Patrick; 448 Romans leave Britain ; Next year Angles and Saxons land under Hengist and Horsa. 451 Attila defeated at Durocatalaunum ; 452 destroys Aquileia ; 453 Dies 455 Rome captured by Geneseric, king of the Vandals : Heptarchy estab lished in Britain. 474 Romulus Augustulus, last emperor of the West. 476 End of the Roman Empire. 489 Odoacer, chief of the Heruli, becomes king of Italy ; Ostrogoths invade Italy and defeat Odoacer. 496 Clovis the Great, king of France ; Feudal system begins. 529 Age of Justinian ; Belisarius (Roman general). 622 Mahomet, aged 53, flies from Mecca to Medina, which forms the first year of the Hegira or Mahometan Era. 632 Death of Mahomet ; Abubeker, his successor or first Caliph. 636 Saracens conquer Egypt ; destroy tlie Alexandrian Library. 712 The Moors invade Spain ; 713 conquer the Visigoths. 742 Charlemagne, son of Pe])in the Short, born ; 768 crowned king of the Franks; 774 crowned king of Italy; 800 crowned Emperor of the West, by Pope Leo III. ; 814 Dies. Charlemagne was the most powerful Christian monarch of the middle ages : he was a renowned warrior : he also encouraged learning and religion, and collected around him the most noted scholars of his time. 827 The Heptarchy united under Egbert, king of England. 843 Kenneth Macalpine first king of Scotland. 849 Alfred, king of England, born; 872 ascends the throne; 901 Dies. This monarch rescued his country from the power of tlie Danes; en- couraged learning and religion ; enacted wise laws, and laid tlie foundation of the naval power of Britain 1000 Brian Boru or Brian the Great, king of all Ireland. 1066 Danes expelled from England ; 1095 Crusades begin, last until 1270. 1164 Gengis Khan, Tartar conqueror, born; subdues China, and half the rest of Asia, besides a portion of Eastern Europe; Dies A. D. 1227. 1172 Henry II. assumes the title of Lord of Irela-nd. 1335 Tamerlane, Tartar conqueror, born; 1307 makes Samarcandhis capi- tal ; 1390 invades Hindoostan ; conquers many countries in the East ; 1402 defeats Bajazet, Sultan of the Turks, at Ancyra or Angora; takes him prisoner, and, according to some accounts, confines him in an iron cage. 1453 Constantinople taken by the Turks, which ends the Eastern Empire, Q. Where was rollentia? Durocatalaunum? Aquileia? When was Mahomet born How many years is it since the commencemsnt of the Mahometan Era? How long wns Egypt a Roman province? How long did Charlemagne live? Alfred? How many years did the Crusades last ? Where is Samarcand ? Hindoostan? Ancyra? THE END. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. MAR 23 1936 fiPD ; *j IQ/t- M li lO 1^4^ .. - ^P^.^r r::q el i MAR 2 'imi U. C. BERKELEY 1 LD 21-100/n-7,'33 R69005 3/ THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY APPROVED SCHOOL BOOKS. GOODRICH'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF UNITED STATES . 94 GOODRICH'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND . , 94 GOODRICH'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF ROME ... 94 GOODRICH'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF GREECE ... 94 GOODRICH S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF FRANCE . . . 94 GOODRICH'S PICTORIAL COMMON SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE ■WORLD. Ealarged Edition . . . . . . 1.00 GOODRICH'S FIRS'? 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