-' tt*- * 
 
 
 O-'fe ?*. 
 
 
 
 
 -
 
 r LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF 
 
 CALIF'" frNIA 
 
 I SAN DttGO
 
 ARTHUR H. AND H. AL-MA SWIFT.
 
 JAMAICA 
 
 AND 
 
 FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 BY GILBERT BOWLES. 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY 
 
 HENRY STANLEY NEWMAN, 
 
 EDITOR OF "THE FRIEND." 
 
 l-l 1:1 I -II I I. BY 
 
 THE WESTERN WORK PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
 
 n-i; xi.ni>-. x. IOWA.
 
 'Wherever men are there missionaries are bound to go." 
 
 Tapeso, of the South Sea Islands.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 JAMAICA is the largest of the British West India 
 Islands, and as such has a warm place in the hearts of 
 English Christians, as well as in the hearts of Americans. 
 It is a mission field of exceptional interest to the Free 
 Churches on both sides of the Atlantic. Besides the 
 black and the colored population, and a sprinkling 1 of Chi- 
 nese, there are about 10,000 East Indians. Having myself 
 traveled through India with its 300,000,000 people, I am 
 in keen sympathy with these East Indians as colonists, 
 whether in Africa or in the West Indies. They are an 
 industrious, lovable, gentle people, saturated with relig- 
 ious thought, and, when converted to Christ, ready like 
 the wise men of the East to lay their treasures at His feet. 
 There are in Jamaica 0,24 Government Schools with an 
 enrolment of 98,359 children. A large quantity of the 
 land is happily in small holdings, no less than 70,740 
 plots not exceeding five acres. There are 29,719 deposits 
 in the Government Savings Banks, proving some prosper- 
 ity and thrift among the laboring classes. 
 
 Amid such a population there is an open door for an 
 aggressive and evangelical church like the Society of 
 Friends. For a long series of years our Society has ex- 
 tended missionary efforts to Jamaica, and the important 
 missionary stations on the Island, the history of which 
 will be told in the following pages, is the legitimate apos- 
 tolic succession of these earlier laborers. 
 
 Africa and the Africans have rested for generations 
 as the "white man's burden," and remain as such to-day 
 wherever located. We are not now holding the negro 
 in the cruel slavery of the past. Yet in many ways
 
 6 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 there still exist social discriminations against the col- 
 ored people that are contrary to the spirit of the 
 Lord Jesus Christ. We owe a great debt of service 
 towards those who have been so long- oppressed. 
 The mystery of hereditary tendencies may seem to 
 cling to races. The blessing- of Noah rested in Japeth 
 and Shem, and the lewdness of Ham has too often 
 clung to his descendants. But in the midst of the 
 tendency to degeneration, there is in Fatherly love the re- 
 generating power of the Savior of the world, who for our 
 sakes was uplifted upon the Cross. Clustering round 
 that cross were representatives of the families of men. 
 Roman Europe commanded the cross to be erected. Se- 
 mitic Asia provided the cross and clamored for the cruci- 
 fixion. Africa in the person of Simon the Cyrenian. was 
 "compelled" to carry it. The trilingual inscription typi- 
 fied the tripartite guilt, and prefigured the world-wide do- 
 minion of the Sacrificial King. And now the missionary 
 spirit of the risen Christ burns in the hearts of con- 
 secrated men and women in the great Anglo-Saxon Re- 
 public of America, and wafts them across the sea to plant 
 the banner of Emanuel in every corner of Jamaica. 
 
 The vision of this coming time thrilled the heart of 
 Jesus when his first Gentile convert in Galilee, under the 
 sense of his own unworthiness, came in the omnipotence 
 of "great faith'' saying, "Speak the word only and my 
 servant shall be healed." The possibilities of man are il- 
 limitable when "by faith" they link on to the Omnipotent 
 Savior, and thus become "workers together with God." 
 And Jesus answered : "MANY shall come from the east 
 and west, and shall sit down with Abraham and Isaac 
 and Jacob in the Kingdom of heaven." There is power
 
 INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 in "the word" spoken and written today, the power of 
 God unto salvation to every one that believeth. I re- 
 cently attended the great students' convention in London 
 where 1,400 students, representing twentv-four countries, 
 assembled under the banner of a united consecration 
 to evangelise the world in the present generation. 
 Such a pentecostal gathering; of students from the 
 the leading colleges and universities of the world is a 
 prophetic sign of the tiir.es in which we live. We are in 
 the dawn of a new era of missionary activity without pre- 
 cedent in its dimensions. Bv the dissemination of ac- 
 curate information this new zeal will be 'ightly directed 
 by the Holy Ghost. God has many books for those to 
 read who are gifted with an understanding heart. The 
 Everlasting Father yearns over a prodigal world. He 
 who sent his own great Missionary from heaven to wit- 
 ness and to suffer, is now sending forth his Spirit to in- 
 cline the hearts of his redeemed people to tread in His 
 steps. HENRY STANLEY NEWMAN. 
 
 Lcoiiiinster, England, 25 April, 1900.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The writing of this little book was undertaken at the 
 request of the Missionary Board of Iowa Yearly Meeting ' 
 of Friends. It is hoped that it may be helpful to individ- 
 uals and to study classes desiring information in a con- 
 venient form concerning Jamaica, its people and its mis- 
 sions. In presenting a picture of the Christian work of 
 the present time it seems necessary to give, for the back- 
 ground, a few strokes showing the racial, industrial, edu- 
 cational, moral and social life of the people. One cannot 
 understand any missionary work without knowing the 
 life of the people. The gospel journeys of Paul speak 
 with new interest and meaning when one knows the audi- 
 ences which he faced among the wilds of Asia Minor, in 
 the commercial city of Corinth, or at the military post of 
 Philippi. 
 
 The materials which have been of most value in the 
 preparation of this work have been given by those who 
 have returned from the field and by the present workers, 
 who, in the midst of their labors, have taken time to tell 
 briefly the stories of the past and to paint the lights and 
 shadows of the present. For the geographical and his- 
 torical parts, the Encyclopedia Britannica, a late copy of 
 the "Government Hand Book," "Stark's Guide to Ja- 
 maica," the sketch of a traveler, "In Buckra Land," and 
 the recent masterly treatise on "Black Jamaica," have 
 been freely consulted. 
 
 The use of the maps will have much to do with the 
 value which these brief chapters may give. Geography 
 and history are like the Siamese twins- to separate them 
 means death to both. This is emphatically true of mis-
 
 PREFACE. 9 
 
 sionary history. If one reads of any event without know- 
 ing where it happened not simply at what place, but 
 where the place is a veil is spread over the mental vis- 
 ion. To proceed without having- the point settled is 
 deadening to the spirit of inquiry. It is to wander out 
 into the trackless forest without guide or compass. To fol- 
 low carefully the map for one missionarv book is worth 
 more than the hasty perusal of a half dozen without get- 
 ting a definite knowledge of the countries, mountains, 
 rivers and cities mentioned, together with distances and 
 directions. An hour spent with a good atlas sometimes 
 means more to the cause of missions than to listen to the 
 most enthusiastic appeal. 
 
 The geographical points should be clearly emphasized 
 by those using the book as a text for study classes. For 
 a course of ten lessons the following outline is suggested : 
 First lesson, Chapters I and II. Second lesson. Chapters 
 III and IV. Third lesson, Chapters V and VI. Fourth 
 lesson, Chapters VII and VIII. Fifth lesson, Chapter 
 IX. Sixth lesson, Chapter X. Seventh lesson, Chapter 
 XL Eighth lesson, Chapters XII and XIII. Ninth les- 
 son, Chapter XIV. Tenth lesson, review. 
 
 Before going to press the manuscript was sent to 
 Jamaica for corrections and suggestions from the mis- 
 sionaries in the field. Though causing some delay in the 
 publication, this has been more than paid for by the val- 
 uable suggestions from Arthur H. Swift, Gilbert L. Farr 
 and Alsina M. Andrews. To all of these the author is in- 
 debted, also to the members of the Missionary Board and 
 to Dr. William L. Pearson. 
 
 In our own home prayer has often ascended to the 
 Father for his blessings upon this little contribution to
 
 IO JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 missionary literature. Gathered, "here a little and there 
 a little/' it has been written midst the pressure of other 
 duties. Though not written in the form of an appeal, its 
 mission is to voice the soul cry, oft' unconscious, of those 
 who ask in pleading- tones, "Come over and help us" not 
 help us do Christian work, but help us. 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR. 
 Perm College, Oskaloosa, Iowa, June 6, 1900.
 
 Jamaica and Friends' Missions* 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE LAND. 
 
 The Name. The word Jamaica is probably derived 
 from a compound Indian word, Xaymaca, denoting a 
 "land of wood and water." Chabauan signified a water 
 and makia, wood, combining into Chab-makia. Harmon- 
 ized to the Spanish ear, it became "Chamakia/' from 
 which we get directly Jamaica. 
 
 Position and Size. From Boston a voyage of five 
 days brings one to Port Antonio, on the northeast coast of 
 the Island. The first land sighted on the voyage is Wat- 
 ling's Island San Salvador where, upon a headland, a 
 monument marks the supposed site of the first landing of 
 Columbus in the New World. Jamaica lies directly south 
 of Washington and east of the City of Mexico. Cuba is 
 sixty miles to the north, its mountains forty miles inland 
 being clearly visible. Lying directly in the track between 
 the Isthmus of Panama, Europe and the United States, a 
 ship ranal across the Isthmus would bring to Jamaica a 
 great increase in trade. The area of the Island, 4,207 
 square miles, is almost equal to that of Connecticut. It 
 would take thirteen such islands to make a state ?s large 
 as Iowa. Its greatest length is one hundred and forty- 
 four miles. The width varies from twenty and one-half 
 to forty-nine miles. Its historical importance cannot be 
 estimated by its size. 
 
 Surface and Drainage. The surface of Jamaica has 
 been likened to the back of a huge turtle. Columbus in 
 attempting to describe it took a piece of paper, crumpled 
 it in his hand and put it on the table as a model. The 
 Blue Mountains form a water-shed, running east and west 
 through the center, with subordinate ranges branching off
 
 12 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 on either side toward the coast. These again branch in 
 every direction, cutting 1 the whole surface into ridges with 
 intervening springs and gullies. The highest point in 
 Jamaica is Blue Mountain Peak (7,575 feet above sea 
 level) toward the eastern end of the Island. There is a 
 road to the top for ponies and mules. In the 
 ascent the traveler thinks, "Wild round the steeps 
 the little pathway twines." Above 6,000 feet 
 the mountain is covered with the "forest primeval." 
 From the summit one can view almost the whole 
 Island. Four other peaks rise above ^,000 feet 
 high. Half of the surface of Jamaica lies over 2,000 feet 
 above sea level. The eastern end is the highest. Here 
 the southern hill-slopes are easy of ascent, while the 
 northern ones are abrupt. The largest tracts of level 
 land are in the w r est. The rivers mostly run from the 
 central mountain ranges north and south into the sea. The 
 steep descent gives a swiftness which in times of flood 
 makes them torrents of destruction sweeping everything 
 before them. Few of these are navigable. The principal 
 rivers are the Rio Grande, the Plantain Garden, the Black 
 Salt and the White. The Cave and Hector's River sink 
 into swamps and flow 7 underground for several miles. 
 Hector's River appears next to One Eye River. After 
 another underground course it appears as Black River, 
 which with its tortuous course of forty-four miles, is 
 counted the finest river in the Island. While in this 
 "Isle of Springs" there ?~e more than a hundred rivers, 
 there are in the west large tracts of unwatered land. 
 
 Geological Formations and Soil. There are some 
 evidences of the Island's volcanic origin. To volcanic 
 influences may be traced the earthquake which in 1692 
 tipped Port Roval into the sea. Traces of intermittent 
 volcanoes are found. The entire substructure is com- 
 posed of igneous rocks. Above this are several dis- 
 tinct formations. Hills and mountains are often gigantic 
 stone heaps, covered with a light coat of earth. Yellow.
 
 THE LAND. 13 
 
 red and white limestone, honey-combed and cavernous, 
 covers five-eighths of the Island. Stone deposit makes the 
 best coffee land. The soil of the lowlands is alluvial. Its 
 fertility makes the valleys and coast-lands into beautiful 
 and productive gardens. 
 
 Climate* The range of altitude from sea level to 
 mountain height gives Jamaica an almost unequalled va- 
 riety of climate. In the lowlands the average tempera- 
 ture is about 80 degrees. At night the mercury ranges 
 from 70 to 63 degrees. About Kingston the heat is great 
 during the months of June, July, Aiugust and September. 
 But the constant sea breeze, which the Spaniards delighted 
 to call "El Medico," makes residence possible and often 
 delightful. The nights are cooled for refreshing sleep by 
 the breezes from the damp highlands. Clouds of mist en- 
 circle the mountains, producing showers, floods, and many 
 products of colder climes. During the summer a few 
 weeks spent in the higher altitudes, where the temperature 
 ranges from 40 to 50 degrees, is a great recuperator of 
 health and spirits. While the temperature of this "Isle 
 of Summer" in any one place is remarkably uniform, with 
 few sudden changes, there is great varietv in the rainfall. 
 The two rainy seasons, lasting six weeks, come with May 
 and October. Day and night, for three weeks, the rain of- 
 ten comes in torrents, flooding* all of the level land. Ir 
 places it continues drv till the inhabitants sometimes suffer 
 for water. The healthfulness of Jamaica is so much ques- 
 tioned by visitors that it is sometimes called the "grave of 
 Europeans." But the leading life insurance companies in 
 our country make no restrictions and no additional 
 charges for residence in the Island. Many deaths have 
 occurred because persons have gone from cold northern 
 winters without proper precaution. Leading physicians 
 of Jamaica state that one-half of the deaths of temporary 
 residents, resulting from fever, are caused by intemper- 
 ance. Dr. James H. Clark, a successful phvsician in the 
 Santa Cruz Mountains, writes: "To any one suffering
 
 14 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 from a tendency to bronchitis, inflammation of the lungs, 
 pleurisy, rheumatism or dyspepsia, I do most earnestly 
 recommend this climate." James H. Stark in his "Ja- 
 maica Guide," says : "For people of temperate habits Ja- 
 maica is as healthy a place for residence as any in the 
 L'nited States or England." Few countries are better 
 supplied by nature for the regaining of health. Jamaica 
 has some very remarkable mineral baths. There is a hot 
 sulphurous spring at Bath said to be very beneficial. Into 
 the public buildings and baths connected with this, hot 
 mineral water is conducted alongside the water from a 
 cold hillside spring. The warm saline bath at Milk 
 River, with its large buildings, attracts many visitors. The 
 great restorative is the pure mountain air, touching every 
 nerve and fiber with new life. 
 
 Vegetation, Pimento grass gro\vs on the highlands, 
 Bahama grass on the lowlands or coast, and in either 
 place the coarse Guinea grass makes a luxuriant crop. It 
 is perennial and rich, affording excellent pasture for cat- 
 tle. Among the principal kinds of trees are rosewood, 
 satin-wood, the spreading mahogany, lignum-vitae, ebony, 
 logwood, Jamaica cedar, the large silk-cotton tree, the 
 graceful cocoa, pimento the berries of which are com- 
 mercial allspice various kinds of palms, bamboo, and cin- 
 chona, from the bark of which is obtained quinine. Ferns 
 in moist shade reach from thirty to forty feet in height. 
 Mosses cover the earth, rocks and trees with velvet drap- 
 ery and ribbons of green and gold. Lovers of flowers 
 find orchids, yucca, the evergreen aloe, delicate lilies, 
 flowering shrubs and foliage plants. Along the hedges 
 grow the "Black-eyed Susan" from "orange red to purest 
 white." Begonias and tradescantias grow wild in the 
 mountains. 
 
 Among the cultivated plants are the English vegeta- 
 bles, which grow well on the hills- cocoanut palms, yams, 
 cassava ^from the grated roots of which tapioca is made), 
 beans, peas, ginger, arrow-root and maize. Oranges,
 
 THE LAND. 15 
 
 grapes, pineapples, bananas, melons, avocado pears, bread- 
 fruit, tamarind, sugar cane, tobacco and indigo are cul- 
 tivated extensively. Bread-fruit trees often grow along 
 the road in public places. The baked fruit of this tree is 
 counted delicious. It is largely used by the natives. The 
 coffee pi ant is beautiful with its masses of snowy blossoms. 
 
 Minerals* Various kinds of marble, granite, ocher 
 and manganese, the brittle reddish gray colbalt, and a form 
 of arsenic are found. Copper ore is widely diffused, but 
 on account of the expense is not extensively utilized. The 
 iron and lead mines have not been very profitable. Traces 
 of gold have been found near Clarendon. 
 
 Animals. The ordinary domestic animals do well in 
 Jamaica. There are few large wild animals. After a 
 residence of several years a missionary said that he had 
 seen few animals except the rat, the mouse, and the mon- 
 goose. The mongoose resembles the fox-squirrel in size, 
 color and general appearance. It was introduced to ex- 
 terminate rats. Since the rats go up trees in the day time 
 and come down at night, "little mongoose" turns upon the 
 chickens. It is also a great enemy of snakes, in some 
 places almost exterminating them. While there are no 
 venomous serpents, there are plentv of harmless snakes 
 and reptiles. Scorpions and centipedes, though poisonous, 
 seldom do any harm. The lowlands swarm with mo- 
 squitoes, ants and sand-flies. A kind of large red ant 
 conies into the houses at night in such numbers as almost 
 to take possession of beds and homes. Parrots, par- 
 tridges, pigeons and guinea fowl are found. Besides the 
 numerous kinds of water birds, Gosse in his "Birds of Ja- 
 maica," mentions twenty kinds of songsters. Pea doves 
 are found along: the river courses and roads. The ring- 
 tail lives in the high mountains. The sportsmen welcome 
 large flocks of teal and duck from the cold north. The 
 sea fisheries have not been well developed, though all 
 kinds of fish abound. Some of the principal kinds are 
 the parrot-fish, yellow-tail, June-fish, grouper, and mul-
 
 l6 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 lets. Ill the rapids are the famous mountain mullets. In 
 all the rivers crayfish, mudfish and eels are caught in 
 bamboo baskets. Turtles are plentiful. Crocodiles are 
 easily found. Holland fresh water pond is alive with 
 them. It 'is unsafe for a man or a dog to sit down upon 
 the shore in the cool of the evening. Of the many curi- 
 ous forms of animal life, one that always interests chil- 
 dren is the "kitty-boo." It is a large lightning bug, which 
 has sometimes served as a candle by which one could 
 read or write. Zenas L. Martin once wrote home to his 
 family by the light of a "kitty-boo." 
 
 Scenery. Interest in Jamaica's romance and beauty 
 awakens with the sight of its verdant mountains and the 
 fragrance of its aromatic breezes. The Island abounds in 
 caverns, waterfalls, rugged peaks, mountain forests, lone- 
 ly vales, pastures of waving grass, tropical groves and 
 flowering gardens. The scenery along the Roaring River 
 in the parish of St. Ann, "the Garden of Jamaica," is full 
 of interest. The river seems to be fed by underground 
 streams which drain the Dry Harbor District. It is not 
 affected by floods. The water, full of lime and silica, 
 coats with deposit everything it touches. It has thus de- 
 flected its own course and formed its waterfalls. From 
 the mouth of the river, shaded by groves of banyans and 
 cabbage-palms, one ascends the stream through heavy 
 woods to Emerald Pool. After a terraced fall of six feet 
 the shallow stream plunges into this beautiful transpar- 
 ent pool fifteen to twenty feet in depth. Through its em- 
 erald tint, logs, twigs and leaves may be seen lying on the 
 bottom and mountain mullet and crayfish sporting in the 
 waters. Above this pool are the Falls of the Roaring 
 River, the largest in the Island, nearly 150 feet in height, 
 and 175 feet in breadth. Instead of a single stream the 
 water divides into myriads of brilliant, foaming cascades. 
 The Falls of Glen Haven are formed near the Friends 1 
 Mission by a western tributary of the Buff River. It is 
 a succession of beautiful cascades, three of which make a
 
 THE LAND. I/ 
 
 total fall of one hundred and twenty feet, dashing over the 
 moss-covered rocks. The limestone formation of Jamaica, 
 like the hills of Judea, makes possible large caverns. Cave 
 Hall' Pen on the north central coast, near Dry Harbor, is 
 the chief one. Its two main branches are divided into 
 numerous grottoes, domes and galleries. A torch light 
 carried inside shows the beautiful stalactites and stalag- 
 mites formed by the dripping lime-water. The mountain 
 scenery of Jamaica is charming. A sunset view from 
 Blue Mountain Peak is a panorama of grassy plots, rugged 
 crags, wooded slopes and purple hills. As the shadows 
 fall, lights glimmer in the distant cities, while overhead 
 stars twinkle through the feathery clouds that float in the 
 clear blue sky. 
 
 / have been in Africa for seventeen years, and I 
 have never met a man who would kill me if I folded my 
 hands. HENRY M. STANLEY.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 i 
 
 THE PEOPLE. 
 
 The Aborigines of Jamaica were Indians of a mild 
 and gentle type. The same tribe also inhabited Porto 
 Rico, Hayti, Cuba, the Bahama Islands and British 
 Guiana where they still dwell. To the fiercer tribes in- 
 habiting the Lesser Antilles, some of whom are still found 
 on the islands of St. Vincent and Dominica, Columbus 
 gave the name of Caribs or Cannibals. The peaceful Ar- 
 awaks of Jamaica had a simple patriarchal form of gov- 
 ernment and a religion with no large amount of super- 
 stition, embracing traditions concerning the creation and 
 the deluge, and a belief in a future state. Under the rule of 
 the Spaniards they were soon driven by galling servitude 
 from their peaceful homes into the dreary mountain 
 wastes. Hiding in caverns and rocks, hungry and weary, 
 fearing to fish or hunt, the women carrying their little 
 ones upon their backs, finally despairing of freedom, they 
 returned and gave themselves up to their captors who dis- 
 tributed them among the settlers as plantation slaves. The 
 sixty thousand Arawaks were extinct before the coming 
 of the English in 1655. Some authors say that every In- 
 dian had disappeared within fifty years after Columbus 
 landed in Jamaica. 
 
 The Maroons. Origin and Character. When the 
 Spaniards were driven from the Island they supplied their 
 fifteen hundred slaves with arms and sent them into the 
 mountain fastnesses to shift for themselves and tofight the 
 English. This band of fierce warlike men was composed 
 of African negroes, whom the Spaniards had imported to 
 take the place of the exterminated natives, and a mixture 
 of the African and Indian. From their mountain retreats 
 they made frequent raids, cutting off bands of English 
 soldiers, burning villages and murdering the new settlers.
 
 THE PEOPLE. 19 
 
 To them came many dissatisfied slaves of English plant- 
 ers. A favorite pursuit of the fugitives was hunting the 
 wild hogs in the woods. From this custom the name Ma- 
 roon is said to be derived, the Spanish word for young 
 pig being marrano. Their language was a rude mixture 
 of English and Spanish with the African dialects. They 
 believed in Obeah, a form of witchcraft, and honored the 
 Obeah-men. Polygamy was universal, woman being held 
 as the property and slave of man. 
 
 Their Fate. The Maroons continued to menace the 
 English, who pursued them in their rocky retreats with 
 soldiers, mercenary Indians, and packs of dogs furnished 
 by the church-wardens. In 1738 a treaty was signed with 
 the chiefs, according to which the Maroons were assigned 
 2,500 acres of land, free from taxation, with the privilege 
 of self-government. After more than fifty years of quiet 
 another outbreak occurred in 1798. The Maroons were 
 again terrified into surrender when the Assembly sent in 
 pursuit of them one hundred Cuban bloodhounds with 
 their Spanish masters. Those who showed penitence and 
 good behavior were allowed to remain on their land and 
 in 1834 cast in their lot with the slaves. Six hundred 
 others were transported to Halifax and land bought for 
 them in the township of Preston. During the first long 
 winter they were relieved from hunger and cold by sup- 
 plies from' the public stores. At the end of four years, 
 during which time their idleness, superstition and polyg- 
 amy were distasteful to the whites, it was decided to send 
 them to Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa, the 
 British colony for liberated slaves, where the romance of 
 their history is still being made. 
 
 Negroes. Importation. When the English took 
 possession of Jamaica they found it almost impossible to 
 do hard work in the heat of the lowland sugar plan- 
 tations. Before 1786 as many as 450,000 slaves were 
 landed in Jamaica, besides 166,000 that were sent to other
 
 2O JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 slave districts. To till the increasing fields for some time 
 5,000 continued to be imported annually. 
 
 Liberation By the Emancipation Act of Parliament 
 in May, 1833, all slaves within the British Dominions 
 were to be freed and compensation given to their masters. 
 More than one-fourth of the 2,000,000 appropri- 
 ated to pay the slaveholders within British territory was 
 paid for the 255,290 marketable slaves of Jamaica. Be- 
 sides these there were 55,780 children, old people and run- 
 aways, for whom no compensation was granted. This 
 act of emancipation created such bitter opposition in Ja- 
 maica that the Assembly threatened to declare independ- 
 ence from Great Britain, or to ask to be admitted into the 
 United States. Contrasted with this was the joy of the 
 freed slaves. On August i, 1834, the children of slave 
 families were freed. Universal liberty came at midnight, 
 July 31, 1838. Waiting for that hour, under the leader- 
 ship of James Philippe and William Knibb, were 19,000 
 men, women and children, kneeling in expectant prayer. 
 J. J. Fuller, a minister of Jamaica, himself a child of slav- 
 ery, says that on that night every negro on tne Isle was 
 on his knees. At the midnight hour hand-cuffs, whips 
 and branding irons were placed in a coffin, the lid screwed 
 down, and lowered into an open grave. The doxology 
 was then sung and the people went forth to try their free- 
 dom. 
 
 The Life of the Jamaica Negro since the emancipa- 
 tion, has been as checkered as that of his brother under the 
 stars and stripes. It has been a struggle with poverty 
 where the waters swarm with fish and the fertile soil is 
 rich in fruits and the luxuriant vegetation of a tropical 
 isle. It has been a struggle with ignorance in the face of 
 Parliamentary aid to education. Immorality has walked 
 unabashed under the shadow of church steeples. Not- 
 withstanding this the negro population has increased in 
 proportion to the number of whites. This has continued 
 ever since the possession of the Island by the English. In
 
 THE PEOPLE. 21 
 
 1673 there were 9,504 negroes and 7,768 whites. In 
 1790 there were were 261,400 negroes and mulattoes and 
 30,000 whites. At that date there was one white person to 
 every nine negroes and mulattoes. According to the latest 
 census the number of whites (14,692) is one 
 to every one hundred. The same change has 
 taken place in all the British Islands of the 
 West Indies and in some of our southern states. The 
 white man can not work side by side with the negro in a 
 tropical clime. All attempts to employ white labor by 
 colonists in the lowland fields have failed. Whites must 
 seek the higher altitude oftener and use their intelligence 
 in caring for the body and in directing the labor of others. 
 
 The Characteristics of the Negro in Jamaica are 
 much the same as in other lands. He has everywhere, as 
 a rule, the same careless, indolent, improvident nature, 
 willing to let old Atlas carry the world on his shoulders 
 while he laughs, chews sugar-cane and delights in his mel- 
 odies and his religion. In districts where he has been left 
 alone for some time the negro has permitted the old well- 
 improved estates to lapse into ruin, while he sought at the 
 hands of his degraded wife and children a temporary sup- 
 ply for his physical wants. 
 
 Difficulties and Successes. It is hard for one who 
 has centuries of civilization behind him and generations 
 of cultured blood in his veins to enter into full sympathy 
 with those who struggle against heredity, tradition, early 
 education, habit, environment and the apathy and distrust 
 of mankind. A few of the negroes in Jamaica have 
 risen above these influences and proven what the gospel 
 can do for men. Some have obtained wealth, position 
 and education, and some have shown the beauty of 
 Christlike lives and characters. 
 
 The "Colored," or "brown" people of Jamaica are 
 what we know as mulattoes. Some of these are well 
 educated and possess property, which gives them a pass-
 
 22 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 port into circles where, otherwise, their insolence would 
 debar them. They are the cause of about nine-tenths of 
 the disturbances at elections, Parochial Board meetings, 
 and church gatherings. They are less teachable than the 
 negroes. There is a mutual dislike between the two 
 classes. The negroes and the colored people are all 
 classed, in popular language, under the name of Creoles. 
 
 The East Indians. Importation. After the aboli- 
 tion of slavery, the negroes, in their love of independence, 
 were not easily used in the large industrial entrprises. 
 To remedy the difficulty in which the governing class 
 was placed, a large number qf East Indians were brought 
 into the Island. The success of the enterprise has led to 
 their constant use. New importations continue to be 
 made. Their number is noAv more than two-thirds as 
 great as the entire white population of the Island. They 
 are most numerous in the region of Annotta Bay. They 
 are brought over from India on the indenture plan. 
 This, with all its disadvantages, at least frees them from 
 the ravaging famines of their native land. The Govern- 
 ment imports them and leases them to planters for a 
 term of five years, for which the Government receives 
 twenty-four cents per week, and the individual twenty- 
 four cents per day if a man, and eighteen cents, if a 
 woman. They board and clothe themselves, having free 
 rent and medical attendance. After being bound to the 
 estate for five years they become "free coolies," distin- 
 guished from "indentured coolies," and can go anywhere 
 on the Island. During the second term of five years 
 they may hire themselves to the planters, the Government 
 still receiving for each one twenty-four cents per week 
 from the employers. After that thev are free, and can 
 return to India or go where they choose. Those who in- 
 tend to return home can not eat meat, lest on returning 
 they offend the gods. After they are free, many of them 
 engage in shopkeeping in Jamaica. Their economy and
 
 THE PEOPLE. 23 
 
 business tact have almost taken this occupation from the 
 natives. 
 
 Racial Characteristics. The East Indians belong to 
 the Aryan Race and represent one of the Old World civ- 
 ilizations. They are industrious and fconomical. 
 Some are skilled artisans. With few tools, 
 and they of the most primitive kind, necklaces and other 
 ornaments are readily made from pieces of silver. The 
 coolies are highly appreciated as field laborers and house- 
 hold servants. Employers say that they do more work 
 than the negroes. They are not so strong physically, but 
 are slender and supple and possessed of great endurance. 
 With their clean-cut features and straight, black hair, 
 high foreheads, thin lips and straight noses, many of them 
 are good looking. Some of the children are pretty. 
 One can not help admiring the little boy that comes into 
 the school house pushing back the glossy black hair from 
 his brow. 
 
 Customs. The East Indians in Jamaica maintain 
 most of the customs of their native land. Caste prevails, 
 marking the age and rank of the individual with proper 
 costumes. The women are decked with gaudy handker- 
 chiefs and silver ornaments. One woman sometimes 
 wears one hundred and fifty dollars' worth of jewelry in 
 anklets, bracelets and a silver nose-button. In the eve- 
 ning the people sit upon mats in the open air and chant 
 oriental music, keeping time with a drum-like instru- 
 ment, hand-clapping, and tin bells. To mingle with 
 them is to see Hindu life as it is upon the banks of the 
 Ganges. 
 
 Census the Whites, the Chinese, and Others. Be- 
 tween 1871 and 1 88 1 the population of Jamaica increased 
 T 33-337- Within the next ten yeaars there was an in- 
 crease of 56,681. The census of 1891 showed a total 
 population of 639,491. Whites, 14,692; colored, 121, 
 955; black, 488,624; East Indians, 10,116; Chinese, 481 ;
 
 24 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 not stated, 3,623. The total estimated population for 
 March, 1898, was 718,367. The Chinese nearly all 
 came since 1881. They are numerous at Golden Grove. 
 A Chinese business firm at Kingston has branch houses 
 in several parts of the Island. Kingston also has a Chi- 
 nese temple. The whites are mostly descendants from 
 the old English planters. They have largely made the 
 history of Jamaica. But the most careful students of 
 the industrial, social and educational life of the Island 
 believe that a new era is dawning in which the negro will 
 take his place as a maker of the future. 
 
 Duty makes us do things well ; love makes us do 
 them beautifully. PHILLIPS BROOKS.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Period of Discovery. On his second voyage to the 
 new world Columbus sighted the hills of Jamaica on 
 May 3, 1494. Sailing- southwest from Cuba the sail- 
 ors beheld "the blue summit of a vast and lofty island at 
 a great distance, which began to arise like clouds above 
 the horizon." After two days they landed on the north- 
 east coast at the harbor now known as Port Maria. The 
 Indians came around in their canoes and threatened to 
 make opposition to the white visitors in the ships. The 
 tact of Columbus led to a peaceful landing, in the harbor 
 which so delighted the great explorer that he called it 
 "Santa Gloria." 
 
 Voyage Around the Island. Having again put out 
 to sea, a few miles' sail toward the west brought them to 
 Ora Cabecca. The opposition of the natives was over- 
 come by cross-bows and a keen-scented bloodhound. 
 Columbus took possession of the Island in the name of 
 his great sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, 
 and called it Santiago. Having repaired his sliips and 
 gained the confidence of the natives he sailed on as far as 
 Montegd Bay on the northwest coast. His voyage along 
 the southern coast was greeted with kindness by the na- 
 tives. An offer to accompany Columbus to Spain was 
 made by an old chief and his family. The offer was not 
 accepted, and the Spanish ships having almost encircled 
 the Island, sailed away from a promontory on the south- 
 eastern coast, known as Morant Point, not far from 
 Amity Hall, and disappeared on the bosom of the great 
 deep. 
 
 Second Visit of Columbus. Eight years later Ja- 
 maica again saw the face of a white man, when Colum- 
 bus on his fourth voyage came with one hundred and fifty
 
 26 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 men and four white-winged ships. They came this time 
 not for the novelty of exploration, but were driven by 
 winds into the port of Dry Harbor. Columbus wrote 
 that "his people were dismayed and down-hearted, almost 
 all his anchors lost, and his vessels bored as full of holes 
 as a honey-comb." Searching for food and fresh water 
 they sailed on to Don Christopher's Cave on the north- 
 east coast. Here occurred the greatest tragedy of Co- 
 lumbus' life. His vessels, mere wrecks, filled to the decks 
 with water, were chained together near the shore. The 
 crew in thatched cabins were at the mercy of the na- 
 tives. Fortunately these treated him kindly, and from 
 their fertile land, in exchange for trinkets, supplied the 
 hungry men with food till the store was exhausted. 
 Diego Menendeth, the bravest of the officers, after securing 
 from two Indian chiefs a temporary supply of cassava, 
 fish and birds, went in an Indian canoe to Hispanolia, 
 whence he embarked for Spain to secure vessels to res- 
 cue the shipwrecked mariners. Suffering from age, ex- 
 posure and gout, imperiled by mutiny and famine, Co- 
 lumbus waited twelve months for the coming of Menen- 
 deth's ship from Spain. Spirits broken and health gone- 
 the aged hero went back to Spain in poverty and f riend- 
 lessness to await his death at Seville two years later. 
 
 Spanish Rule. The Spaniards having thus added 
 Jamaica to their Xew World possessions sent colonists, 
 who in their new home were satisfied with a "lazy, lux- 
 urious, lotos-eating existence." There are few marks of 
 their century and a half of ownership. In the most 
 beautiful climate and the richest soil they made few large 
 fortunes or permanent improvements. It was rather the 
 unmaking of history by the annihilation of the aborigin- 
 al inhabitants. The Island was divided into districts 
 and given to eight families of Spanish nobles. Diego 
 Columbus, the son of the great explorer, selected the site 
 of the first capital, Sevilla Xueva. It is now marked by 
 a few stones on a plantation near St. Ann's Bay. Later,
 
 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT. 2/ 
 
 St. Jago, now Spanish Town, was founded and contin- 
 ued to be the capital until after the Spaniards were driven 
 from the island. 
 
 The English Period. The first attempt at seizure 
 of the Island began while Queen Elizabeth was reigning. 
 This was the burning of the capital by Sir Anthony Shir- 
 ley in 1590. Forty-five years the Spanish were unmo- 
 lested by the English, and then Colonel Jackson with a 
 small force, after slaying 700 Spaniards, withdrew from 
 Spanish Town on the payment of an extorted ransom. 
 Cromwell sent Colonel Venables and Admiral Penn, 
 father of William Penn, with a fleet and army, who took 
 Spanish Town (St. Jago), the capital, in May, 1655. 
 From that time Jamaica has been under the flag of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Colonization. The first task was to colonize the 
 Island. The white inhabitants of these early days con- 
 sisted of companies, of soldierly Cavaliers and Round- 
 heads, 1,500 settlers from New England, Bermuda, Bar- 
 badoes, and 2,000 girls and young men from Ireland. In 
 1664 there came from Surinam in South America 1,200 
 Dutch colonists who began the sugar producing indus- 
 try. By this time the population numbered more than 
 17,000. Among the inhabitants were merchants, men of 
 wealth, royal officials and courtiers ; wild Maroons in the 
 mountains, soldiers from the Royal armies, and oirates 
 sailing the seas to plunder the Spanish ships that har- 
 rassed the Island. 
 
 Condition of the Island. Money was plenty; 
 schools were scarce; political intrigues and rebellions 
 were frequent; quarrels between England and the colon- 
 ists kept up a constant turmoil, varied only by the inva- 
 sions of foreign foes. In these troublous times came 
 one man. Sir Hans Sloane, who, srivinsr himself up to 
 natural history, performed a lasting service to science 
 and his adopted isle by placing a proper value upon 
 peaceful pursuits.
 
 28 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 Some Royal Governors. Personal mention of some 
 of the Governors will locate the most important events. 
 Of the twenty-five royal governors who ruled Jamaica 
 for the first seventy years of British possession, very few 
 were at peace with the Island Assembly. Sir Robert 
 Hunter, before leaving England in 1728 to act as gov- 
 ernor, made almost the first careful study of Jamaican 
 affairs. He so prevailed with the Queen's ministers as 
 to win privileges for Jamaica, and hence the favor of the 
 Assembly. One Governor, Admiral Knowles, in 1751 
 was burned in effigy for opposing the Assembly. 'Gov- 
 ernor Lyttle (1762-1766) during the war between Eng- 
 land and Spain, sent an expedition against Havana 
 which came back with a booty of $10,000,000. Under 
 Governor Campbell's administration Admiral Rodney in 
 1782 saved the Island from an invasion by the French 
 under Admiral De Grasse, who was direct from the 
 American and French victory over the English at York- 
 town. To this ''best loved hero of Jamaica" there stands 
 in the public square at Spanish Town a marble statue. 
 On its removal to Kingston after the change of the cap- 
 ital, the citizens of Spanish Town raised such a clamor 
 that the statue was brought back and placed in "Rod- 
 ney's Temple'' to keep watch over the city and to tell how 
 Jamaica was delivered and England's honor retrieved. 
 
 The later history of Jamaica is full of interest. The 
 emancipation of the slaves left great problems unsolved. 
 The planters, though receiving a large sum for their 
 slaves, paid the greater part to their creditors and were 
 left with few laborers, poor machinery, low markets and 
 mortgaged lands. Free trade, soon adopted in England, 
 reduced the price of sugar in Jamaica one-half. The ne- 
 groes were in a condition to contribute but little to the 
 general prosperity. The public treasury in 1865 showed 
 a deficit of 80.000. The tide seemed to turn in 1868 
 with the beginning of fruit-shipments from Port An- 
 tonio, the cultivation of cinchona on the Blue Mountains,
 
 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT. 2Q 
 
 the revival of East Indian immigration and other favor- 
 ing causes. A few years later there was a surplus in the 
 treasury. Public buildings were repaired, the rural pop- 
 ulation was provided with medical attendance, and hos- 
 pitals on the modern plan were constructed. The pe- 
 riod of 1876 and 1877 marked another era in Jamaica's 
 advancement. The population was increasing at this 
 time at the rate of 7,000 per annum. To the Centennial at 
 Philadelphia a creditable collection of products was sent. 
 These brought Jamaica more prominently before the 
 world. The next year Kingston, the new capital, was 
 lighted with gas. Jamaica was admitted to the Postal 
 Union and, as the result of a special commission to ex- 
 amine the condition of the children, the present educa- 
 tional system was adopted. In 1878-79 the telegraph 
 and railway facilities were increased, and Jamaica con- 
 nected with the world by cable lines. The Industrial 
 Exhibition held at Kingston from January to May, 1891, 
 was an event of great importance. In keeping with the 
 spirit of the age it opened with great ceremony, con- 
 ducted by Prince George of Wales, grandson of the 
 Queen. Though a financial failure, it made the Island 
 better known to the world and led to a continual increase 
 in tourist steamers. 
 
 The Outlook. Jamaica is now in the midst of one 
 of the most decisive periods of its history. The devel- 
 opment of industries, the relation between the different 
 classes of inhabitants, the results of the present edu- 
 cational system and the progress of Christianity are 
 problems of absorbing interest. The financial and po- 
 litical situation is critical. Coming to the Island when 
 the Government was almost bankrupt, the present Gov- 
 ernor has had much to do in adjusting difficulties. The 
 Legislature has been reducing salaries (which absorb 
 one-half of the taxes), abolishing offices, and uniting or 
 closing schools. The people are still over-taxed and the 
 price of goods has raised. The hope of the Island lies
 
 3O JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 in industrial development, popular education and prac- 
 tical Christianity. 
 
 Government. 77k' Colony of Jamaica, as organ- 
 ized for governmental purposes, includes the Morant 
 Cays, the Pedro Cays and the Caymon Islands. Grand 
 Caymon the largest of the Caymon group lies 178 
 miles northwest of the west end of Jamaica. The other 
 groups lie south and southeast. 
 
 Changing Forms. From the beginning of the Eng- 
 lish rule in Jamaica (1655) till the Restoration of Charles 
 II. the Island was under military government. In 1660 
 a regular government was instituted with a Governor 
 under appointment of the English Crown, a Council of 
 twelve elected by the people and a Legislative Assembly. 
 The latter first met in 1664 and for two hundred rnd 
 two years continued to make laws for the Island, subject 
 to the veto of the Governor. After the negro rebellion 
 in 1865, feeling the need of a stronger government, the 
 Assembly abolished the constitution and turned over the 
 Colony entirely to the English Government. 
 
 The Present Government. In 1884 the Queen's 
 Council again gave to the Island a representative govern- 
 ment. Under this plan, as modified from time to time, 
 the Legislative Council consists of the Governor, who is 
 President of the Council, the Senior Military Officer in 
 command of the regular troops, the Colonial Secretary, 
 the Attornev General, the Director of Public \Yorks, the 
 Collector General, ten others (or less) nominated by the 
 Crown, and fourteen members elected by freeholders pay- 
 ing taxes to the amount of one pound and ten shillings. 
 There is also a Privy Council, composed of not more than 
 twelve members, who may advise with the Governor, but 
 they can not exert any authority. For purposes of elec- 
 tion the Island is divided into fourteen parishes, the di- 
 vision into the counties of Surrey, Middlesex and Corn- 
 wall being of little value. For each parish there is a
 
 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT. 3! 
 
 Parochial Board, consisting of the member of the Legis- 
 lative Council from that district, and from thirteen to 
 eighteen qualified voters. This Board manages all of 
 the local affairs. Country villages have their constables. 
 Policeman preserve order in rural districts as well as in 
 cities. Life and property are as free from disturbance 
 as in the United States. 
 
 'The Field is the World."
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL LIFE. 
 
 Agriculture. In Jamaica crops grow the year 
 round, though spring is distinctly marked. The climate, 
 soil, and habits of the people favor agriculture rather than 
 manufacturing. The only manufactured articles of im- 
 portance are rum and sugar. Jamaica is sometimes called 
 "the land of sugar, rum and spices." 
 
 Production of Sugar. For the first thirty-eight 
 years of the present century "sugar was king.'" Nearly 
 all the tilled fields and some of the rough mountain lands 
 were used for sugar. With the freeing of the slaves, the 
 bitter hostility toward England, and a change of duty, 
 the sugar industry rapidly declined. At present about 
 one-fourth of the tilled land under individual ownership 
 is given to the cultivation of cane, from which sugar and 
 rum are made. There are one hundred and twenty- 
 seven large sugar plantations, forty-seven of which con- 
 tain more than 200 acres each. Every one of these manu- 
 factures rum. Some of the largest sugar estates are near 
 Spanish Town. Sugar cane is grown from slips which 
 soon grow into bunches. Many fields are irrigated by 
 turning streams of water down the rows. When in the 
 bloom, the soft, downy flowers are often used for pillows. 
 The cane is mostly ground with water or steam power ; a 
 few 7 mills are run by cattle. Man}' of the negroes manu- 
 facture sugar for home use by crushing the cane-stalks 
 in a notch with a lever working somewhat like a pump- 
 handle, and then boiling the pot of juice over a bed of 
 coals lying on the ground. The "wet" sugar is worth 
 about nine cents per quart. 
 
 Fruit growing is now the great factor in industrial 
 prosperity. Jamaica oranges have commanded a good 
 price in the United States since the great Florida freeze.
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL LIFE. 33 
 
 In the highlands they grow in perfection. One of the 
 greatest difficulties has been to secure laborers who would 
 sort and pack them so as to compete with the oranges of 
 Florida and California. Lemons, limes and grape-fruit 
 do well. Cocoanut groves cover 10,000 acres of the 
 plains and hillsides near the coast. Beginning to bear 
 at seven years old, they continue for a century to pro- 
 duce a hundred nuts a year. After a few years of culti- 
 vation, the tops are out of reach and the land may be 
 sown in grass. Bananas grow best in a hot climate on 
 the rich lowland plains. An inferior quality is grown by 
 the negroes on the hillsides and carried to market on the 
 heads of women. On the large plantations, the ground 
 having been well plowed by eight or ten oxen, the plants 
 are set every eight feet in the rows, which are ten or fif- 
 teen feet apart. With good cultivation they reach a 
 height of ten or fifteen feet in one year. A crop of ba- 
 nanas is produced the first season. Having grown one 
 bunch, which the skilled coolie lowers to the ground on 
 its half severed stem, the worthless plant is cut down. 
 But springing from its root another is nearly ready to 
 bear, and two or three more are on the way. On ac- 
 count of the roots it is necessary to plow the ground and 
 replant about once in seven years. Prior to the year 
 1886, when the first shipment was made from Port An- 
 tonio, only a few bunches were brought to our shores. 
 With the use of steamers, instead of sailing vessels, it has 
 become possible to ship large quantities to the United 
 States and distribute them for general use. 
 
 The Boston Fruit Co., formed in 1887, with Capt. L. 
 D. Baker as tropical manager, has been the principal fac- 
 tor in developing this important industry of the Island. 
 Captain Baker is President and Manager of the Com- 
 pany, now known as the United Fruit Company. He 
 has headquarters at Port Antonio, with telephone con- 
 nections with the superintendents of their forty banana 
 and cocoanut plantations. On their 60,000 acres of land
 
 34 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 CAPT. L. D. BAKER, 
 President of the United Jruit Company. 
 
 (owned and leased) labor a large number of negroes and 
 six hundred East Indians. Eight hundred oxen do the 
 plowing and six hundred mules transport the fruit to 
 the ships. Annually they ship 5,000.000 bunches of ba- 
 nanas and 10,000,000 cocoanuts, besides coffee, cacao and 
 pimento. One of their sixteen steamships leaves Jamaica 
 every day for Boston, Baltimore, New York or Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 The coffee industry is subject to very little uncer- 
 taintv on account of price. The number of acres in
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL LIFE. 35 
 
 coffee in 1897 was 20,438. The largest plantations con- 
 tain from 200 to 350 acres. Mandeville is said to be the 
 finest coffee growing district. Coffee grows best on the 
 upland. Its production is a delightful occupation in a 
 cool, pleasant climate. The plants are usually placed 
 in rows eight feet apart each way. A small crop is borne 
 the third year. From the fourth to the thirtieth or for- 
 tieth year the trees produce a full crop of the purple coffee 
 berries. After the cherry-like pulp is removed by a ma- 
 chine and the kernels washed in a tank, they are dried in 
 the sun on large cement platforms. They are then run 
 through a mill which tears off the horny covering sepa- 
 rating the two halves of the berry. The cost of produc- 
 ing a pound of coffee is from five to seven cents. In the 
 markets it is worth from sixteen to twenty-five cents. 
 
 Phases of Agricultural Life. The great agricultur- 
 al industries are carried on by white managers, with ne- 
 gro and East Indian workmen. The Government aids 
 the introduction of many new fruits and plants by exper- 
 imenting with them in the Public Gardens. Cinchona 
 was first grown as an experiment in the "Hill Gardens," 
 twenty miles north of Kingston, in the Blue Mountains. 
 Two-thirds of the fruits, nuts and choice woods have 
 come from foreign countries. The farming clone by the 
 peasantry produces only the necessities of life. The 
 work in the field is done by hand. The most of the na- 
 tives live in the lowlands and go up into the hills to grow 
 their fruits and vegetables. They clear the ground with 
 fire for their crops of sweet potatoes and yams. A sin- 
 gle yam often weighs from ten to one hundred pounds. 
 Corn is grown in the parish of St. Elizabeth. The cool- 
 ie's main agricultural implement is his machete, shaped 
 like a western corn-knife. Large parts of Jamaica have 
 undeveloped possibilities, which in other places respond 
 to an intelligent cultivation. There is much unsettled 
 land in the parish of St. Mary, a district noted for its 
 dye-woods and cocoanut groves. In the "Wilderness,"
 
 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 near Port Maria, are many kinds of hard wood excel- 
 lent timber for furniture. These trees have turned the 
 edge of many an ax. The wood is capable of the finest 
 polish. 
 
 Stock raising, or " pen keeping," as it is called in Ja- 
 maica, is an important industry. One writer speaks of 
 some of the fine herds as equal to those exhibited at the 
 English cattle-shows. Besides the ordinary varieties im- 
 ported from England, the Hindu cattle are raised, in or- 
 der to obtain the best working oxen for a hot climate. 
 Some of the finest sights on the Island are the large cat- 
 tle estates about Montpelier, with thousands of acres of 
 grass and woodland. Milk is used very little. Unless 
 sealed it sours before noon. Goat's milk is used in some 
 places. The luxuriant Guinea grass, the most valuable 
 for herds, was started from seed brought from the West 
 African coast for bird feed. The horses are of a small 
 variety. Little attention is paid to sheep. The Govern- 
 ment has offered a bounty for the importation of certain 
 breeds. Sheep must be sheared more than once a year 
 on account of the continued heat.
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL LIFE. 37 
 
 Skilled labor is scarce. A dav's work in the larger 
 cities is ten hours; in the country, eight hours. Little 
 work is done on Saturdays. The wages of mechanics 
 vary from 54 cents to $1.33. Men working as ordinary la- 
 borers get from 36 cents to 48 cents per day ; women get 
 from 1 8 cents to 24 cents. 
 
 Internal Improvements. The roads of Jamaica are 
 said to be the best in the world. The Island is encircled 
 by the main road, fifteen hundred miles long. Wide ma- 
 cadamized roads cross the Island, connecting all the vil- 
 lages and towns. A tax of 3 per year on each buggy 
 keeps the roads in good repair. Until within the last 
 few years many lives were lost by persons attempting to 
 cross the rivers when they were "down," or, as we say, 
 "up." In some places where rivers are forded upright 
 poles, on which are large red discs, mark the place on the 
 opposite banks to enter and to leave the water in order 
 to escape the treacherous shifting river bed. 
 
 The first railroad was built in 184^. A line 
 fourteen miles long was laid from Kingston to a point 
 near Spanish Town. At present there is a line 113 miles 
 long , running from Kingston to Montego Bay via 
 Spanish Town. Also one from Kingston to Port 
 Antonio, a distance of seventy-four miles. Between 
 Spanish Town and Port Antonio a distance of sixty- 
 three miles there are twenty-eight tunnels. At all of 
 the crossings there are gates for protection, and little 
 houses for the watchmen. Seats on any train are secured 
 by leaving an order at the Kingston postoffice. Children 
 over three years old must pay half fare. Dogs must be 
 chained and paid for at 3rd class rates. The postal tele- 
 graph lines are under the management of ^he Post Master 
 for Jamaica. A line encircling the island was completed 
 in 1891. There are several sections in the inland. The 
 Rio Bobre Irrigation Canal makes possible the irrigation 
 of 30-000 acres of land. This is promoting the cultiva-
 
 38 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 tion of fruits, corn, grass and vegetables. Among the 
 most important of the public buildings ere<; r ecl in recent 
 years are the Court Houses, Hospitals, Boys' Reformatory 
 at Stony Hill, Girls' Reformatory at Admiral's Pen, 
 Boys' Industrial School at Hope, Girls' Industrial School 
 at Shortwood, and the Government Printing House. 
 
 Commerce. Foreign Commerce is carried on 
 mainly with the United States and England. 
 More than half of the exports are sent to the 
 United States. Of the imports the United States 
 furnishes more than 60 per cent of the articles for 
 food and drink and Great Britain about the same per- 
 centage of raw material and manufactured goods. There 
 is an increasing demand in Jamaica for foreign coal. The 
 fruit trade, one-third of the total value of the exports, is 
 dependent upon the market of the United States. Very 
 little is shipped to Europe. The value of the exports 
 is in the following order : Fruit, coffee, dye-wood, su- 
 gar, rum and pimento. 
 
 Domestic Commerce and Currency. On the market 
 days. Tuesdays and Saturdays, the peasantrv go into 
 the cities carrying their produce on their heads and on 
 donkeys. When coming a long distance, they usually 
 travel in the night to be at the market in early morning. 
 In the Kingston markets may be found great varieties of 
 fish, tropical fruits, poultry, meat and turtle. Fruits, veg- 
 etables and clothing are cheap. The standard of the cur- 
 rency is the pound sterling. One American gold dollar 
 passes for 45 id. Since 1876 the silver dollar has not 
 been legal tender. The paper currency consists of the 
 notes of the Colonial Bank. 
 
 Domestic Life. The homes of Jamaica are as 
 varied as the inhabitants. In the cities and on the large 
 plantations are manv beautiful homes. The gate-way 
 through the unattractive wall which surrounds the prem- 
 ises, leads to picturesque gardens and lawns, beautiful
 
 INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL LIFE. 39 
 
 with tropical plants. Surrounded by tree-ferns, scarlet 
 and yellow bloom, and flowering shrubs, stands the hos- 
 pitable mansion with its broad veranda and sumptuous 
 furnishings. Inside these homes are found the ease and 
 luxury of English nobility. From the substantial homes 
 of brick and stone it is an interesting transition to the 
 wattled huts of the hillside. These are often made of 
 panels of split bamboo, covered with rushes. They are 
 plastered by throwing against the walls handfuls of mud 
 mixed with grass, and smoothing with a trowel what 
 sticks fast. The low thatch ;d roof covers all that makes 
 "home." Ready made beds and chairs are rarely seen. 
 Not one home in a hundred has a time piece. Appoint- 
 ments are very irregular. The people think nothing of 
 being several hours late. Clothes are washed in the riv- 
 ers by soaping, then placing on rocks and pounding them 
 with sticks. The mother does most of the work, in doors 
 and out, while the father enjoys his pipe. The children, 
 when together in groups, play "Jacob and Ruth," 
 
 "Drown the Duck" and "Mongoose." Havingf formed in 
 line, the "old hen" at the head attempts to defend her 
 chicks from the "mongoose" the deadlv foe of the do- 
 mestic fowls. The East Indians live in villages, five or 
 six houses being grouped together. The houses have one 
 room with an earthen floor, and the roof covered with 
 cane leaves. There are no windows and few pieces of 
 furniture. The room is made uncomfortable by the 
 smoke from the clay stove, which has no pipe or chimney. 
 The corn is ground by a little handmill, which reminds 
 one of the parables of Christ. The grinder has two large 
 stones with an iron rod passing- through the center, 
 around which the upper stone revolves. The people are 
 naturally affectionate, though there is no real home life. 
 Visitors are often kindly received, being treated to sweet- 
 ened water, which is the evidence of hospitality. The do- 
 mestic and social life of Jamaica cries loudly for the gos- 
 pel of pure lives and happy homes.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 EDUCATION, LANGUAGE AND RELIGION. 
 
 Education. School Systems. According to the 
 latest official census, out of a population of 639,491, only 
 114,493 could read. The number attending school was 
 99,769. Education is free, between the ages of five and 
 fourteen, but not compulsory. The primary schools 
 are conducted by the churches. They receive govern- 
 ment aid according to the thoroughness of the work and 
 the attendance. The Board of Education annually inspects 
 each school and grades it on organization and discipline, 
 reading, writing, arithmetic, elementary science (includ- 
 ing agriculture and handicrafts), Scripture, geography 
 and history, English, drawing and singing. On account 
 of a dislike for hard work and the lack of a keen sense of 
 personal responsibility the attendance at school is irregu- 
 lar. The average attendance for the schools of the Is- 
 land is a little more than half of the enrolment. Pupils 
 over fourteen years of age are not permitted to attend 
 school to a teacher of the opposite sex. It is a common 
 habit to be absent during the rainy season in October. A 
 school of fifty or sixty will decrease to six or eight in a 
 few days. The Jamaica High School and various pri- 
 vate and denominational schools give opportunities for 
 secondary education. To promote the cause of higher 
 education, in addition to the regular college work schol- 
 arships are granted to winners in competitive examina- 
 tions. These provide for a part or all of the student's 
 expenses while pursuing advanced work in some college 
 in Jamaica which prepares for the degrees granted by the 
 universities of Great Britain. Thus in 1808 there were 
 fifteen Jamaica boys and three girls who enrolled as 
 students of London and Cambridge Universities. A few 
 students have taken degrees in these institutions. Most
 
 EDUCATION, LANGUAGE AND RELIGION. 4! 
 
 of the young people, however, are "content if dipped in 
 a weak solution of accomplishment." 
 
 Mental Traits. The mind of the Creole is slow to 
 grasp a subject which requires logical thought. He is 
 quick to draw general conclusions and remembers them 
 well, but rinds it difficult to make fine distinctions. Jokes 
 and puns are not appreciated unless made very plain. Cen- 
 turies of sinfulness and indulgence have tended to mental 
 degradation. His love of music and brilliant colors is 
 proverbial and somewhat redemptive. The mental char- 
 acteristics of the East Indians are more favorable for solid 
 educational work. Though belonging to one of the ancient 
 civilizations, with Aryan blood in their veins, and pos- 
 sessing good memories, there are but few who are edu- 
 cated. Once in a while one is found who can speak 
 several languages. The East Indians are quick to catch 
 new ideas, keen in debate, shrewd to see a flaw in an ar- 
 gument, and to turn the point to their own advantage. 
 They are capable of hard mental work and high intel- 
 lectual culture. 
 
 School Scenes. The school children of Jamaica 
 are as interesting as those of any other land. They car- 
 ry their books on top of their heads, sport at play time 
 as other children, and study out loud during school hours. 
 The number of pupils in a school is commonly from 100 
 to 200, all under one teacher, assisted by pupil teachers. 
 School continues the entire year, except a three weeks' 
 vacation at Christmas time, two weeks in August and 
 perhaps one in the spring". The children have a iovous 
 occasion at "breaking up" time our "last day" inci- 
 dents. Spelling- bees with prizes, cakes, recitations, songs 
 and games make the dav memorable. 
 
 Language. The English language is used by all 
 classes. Whether one mingles with white planters, the 
 negro peasantry, or the coolie laborers, the same tongue 
 may be heard. But it is not alwavs classic English. The 
 mother tongue must be re-learned bv the stranger. His
 
 42 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 inquiry: "How far to the next village?" is answered by, 
 "Plenty far enough, massa." The next negro says : "Not 
 too far, massa, not too far." The traveler's heart is 
 soon assured by: "Soon come, massa, soon come.'' The 
 following selection from a conversation between a mis- 
 sionary on the field and an East Indian who had been in 
 Jamaica three years will illustrate the English of the 
 coolies. The missionary asks: "You ever do bad?" 
 Komansing answers. "No." M. "You never do no 
 bad?" K. "No. Massa, me never do bad." M. "But 
 you do bad sometimes; you tell lie, you tief, you knock, 
 knock." K. Yes, massa, me do little, little bad no 
 too much ; must do little, little bad. M. "God him 
 see you here (heart) ; you tink you do no sin, but God him 
 see you here him see ebery place." The East Indians 
 who have lately landed speak only their native tongue. An 
 interpreter is required for most of the East Indian work. 
 
 Religions. Christianity. The great majority of the 
 people of Jamaica are nominal Christians. Religious 
 pretensions are almost universal, but the real Christ-like 
 life is rare. Three-fourths of the people have no definite 
 church connections. Underneath a nominal Christianity 
 the negroes (ninety-five per cent of the population) 
 cover much evil and superstition. Sixty years ago the 
 Jamaica negro was almost the same religiously as when 
 he came from his African home. 
 
 Obeahism, a sort of fetich worship, is the terror of 
 the negroes. This is a form of witch-craft brought from 
 Africa. It is practised by the negroes throughout the 
 West Indies and many places in America, though forbid- 
 den by the government. Not long ago negroes were 
 found practising it in Boston. The center of the system 
 is the Obeah-man, "usually a crafty old negro whose for- 
 bidding aspect and hoary beard, together with his skill in 
 plants of the medical and poisonous species, have qual- 
 ified him for successful imposition on the weak and cred- 
 ulous." For these the people have great reverence and
 
 EDUCATION, LANGUAGE AND RELIGION. 43 
 
 fear, resorting to them for the cure of disease, and pre- 
 dictions of the future. "The stoutest of them tremble at 
 the very sight of the ragged bundle, the coffin, or the 
 bottle, which are stuck in the thatch, hung over the door 
 or placed on the door-step, containing parrot's feathers, 
 blood, grave-yard dirt, coffin-nails, eggshells, etc." The 
 enemies of the mission work have placed Obeah under the 
 entrance to churches that "minister might fall from 
 grace," and the children be kept from school. When 
 one of the negroes thinks Obeah set for him, he believes 
 he is beyond hope. Cheerless, sleepless, his appetite gone 
 and strength failing, he is haunted with imaginable evil 
 spirits till he sinks to his grave. In the days of slavery 
 "whole plantations were almost depopulated." Through 
 flogging is the governor's punishment Obeahism contin- 
 ues to haunt the life of the negro. 
 
 Hinduism is the religion of the larger part of the 
 East Indians. It is the complete development of Brah- 
 manism. It has been compared to "a great banyan tree 
 covering all the philosophies and superstitions which had 
 been known to the Indo-Aryan race." Originally it was 
 almost monotheistic, a simple nature worship brought 
 from the highlands of Central Asia by the Indo-Aryan 
 conquerors of India. There was no idolatrv, caste, trans- 
 migration, or widow-burning. The next change was the 
 galling, oppressive system of the priestly Brahmans. 
 They lived on the sacrifices exacted from other classes. 
 In 500 B. C, Buddha rebelled against this and taught his 
 system of ethics and self-righteousness. Later Hinduism 
 combined all of these and other superstitions and phil- 
 osophies. Certain elements of Mohammedanism and, in 
 modern times, of Christianity, have been taken into the 
 system. It may best be understood bv comparing and 
 contrasting it with Christianity. Its likenesses are: 
 
 1 i ) It is a religion and not merelv an ethical system. 
 
 (2) It recognizes a divine revelation. (3) It appeals to 
 man's intellectual nature by its philosophy. (4) Belief
 
 44 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 in a Trinity. (5) Belief in a Messiah who shall restore 
 truth and bring righteousness. But far greater are its 
 differences : ( i ) God, Brahm, is unconscious, with no 
 thought, feeling or moral attributes. (2) The soul of 
 man is a mere emanation or reflection, as the shadow of 
 the moon in the water. (3) The doctrine of transmi- 
 gration makes life gloomy and burdensome, the highest 
 hope being extinction. (4) There is no Saviour, and 
 hence no salvation and no gospel. 
 
 "Lord, what a change within us one short hour 
 Spent in Thy presence will avail to make; 
 What heavy burdens from our bosoms take, 
 What parched ground refresh as with a shower! 
 We kneel, and all around us seems to lower; 
 We rise, and all the distant and the near 
 Stand for tli in sunny outline, brave and clear; 
 We kneel how zveak; we rise how full of power! 
 Why therefore should we do ourselves this wrong 
 Or others, that we are not always strong, 
 That we are ever overborne with care, 
 That we should ever weak or heartless be, 
 Au.vious or troubled, when with us is prayer, 
 And joy and strength and courage are with thcef" 
 
 ARCHBISHOP TRENCH.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 A GENERAL VIEW OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONS. 
 
 The Church of England. The Church of England 
 was the first to begin work in Jamaica. The Island was 
 divided into parishes soon after it came into the posses- 
 sion of the English. The work was at first mostly for 
 the English planters, though there is now a large num- 
 ber of mission stations. It was more than a century af- 
 ter Jamaica came under English control before much ef- 
 fort was made to preach the gospel to the slaves. The 
 Church of England was disestablished in Jamaica in 
 1870, religious liberty being granted. But to tne pres- 
 ent time other bodies of Christians are recognized only 
 as "societies," not as churches. Forty-five years before 
 the Act of Disestablishment, a Baptist minister was tried 
 and convicted for preaching the gospel to slaves, without 
 a license. At present the Church of England has one 
 hundred and eleven churches, one hundred pastors, and 
 more than 36,000 adherents always much larger than 
 the membership. 
 
 The Moravians. Solicited by two English Chris- 
 tians who wished their slaves instructed, the Moravians 
 were the first to begin work for the negroes. Zacharias 
 Caries and two .others landed in the parish of St. Eliza- 
 beth in 1754. For more than a half century there were 
 few permanent results, though at first whites and blacks 
 for miles around flocked to hear the grospel. "Oh, Ja- 
 maica, Jamaica," exclaimed Missionary Lonsr, "dost thou 
 think the Omnipresent will change his laws for thy cor- 
 rupt custom's sake?" But the labor was not in vain. 
 Slaves were uplifted morally, socially, and industrially. 
 A Moravian slave was worth more in the market than 
 others. Some showed great zeal in their new life. One 
 aged man after knowing his sins forgiven, walked twenty
 
 46 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 miles to hear the gospel, though scourged for the deed. 
 A century later, an aged woman being askecl now she 
 could walk eleven miles to meeting, answered : ''Love 
 makes the way short." A special revival was exper- 
 ienced in 1860. Bibles were eagerly bought, dram-shops 
 were deserted and many conversions resulted. Jamaica is 
 now the most prosperous of the Moravian mission fields. 
 Their work is mostly in the west end of the Island. They 
 have a total membership of nearly 17,000, with 8,851 
 pupils in their seventy-four dav schools, and two training 
 colleges, one for women and one for men. Within the 
 last twenty-five years the term of service for the mis- 
 sionaries, so often cut short by unhealthful conditions, has 
 nearly doubled. The seal of the Moravian church has 
 been stamped upon their work in Jamaica : "Our Lamb 
 has conquered, let us follow him." 
 
 The "Wesleyans. Thomas Coke, ordained in Eng- 
 land by John Wesley, was sent to superintend the work 
 in America. Nine times he visited it in his journeys. 
 Driven by violent tempests on one of his voyages, he 
 landed on the Island of Antigua in the West Indies. In 
 1789 he visited Jamaica, preaching to the negroes and re- 
 ceiving from a few white families a request for mis- 
 sionaries. William Hammett was sent from England, 
 followed by others. Dr. Coke himself paid two more 
 visits to the Island before meeting his death in a voyage 
 to Ceylon. The Wesleyans in Jamaica continued to be 
 identified with the English Wesleyan Methodists, the 
 headquarters of the Missionary Society being in London. 
 After the freedom of the Jamaica slaves the work grew 
 rapidly, spreading out from Kingston to Spanish Town. 
 Fahnouth Bav. Bath and other places in the interior. In 
 the industrial depression following- this revival period, 
 many hastily erected booths fell into partial decav. A 
 good work has been done for the people by the Wesley- 
 ans. They have in the Island nearly 25.000 members.
 
 A GENERAL VIEW OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONS. 47 
 
 The Baptists. In 1783 George Lisle, a negro from 
 Georgia, United States, began preaching and gathering 
 congregations of slaves in Kingston. His co-laborer and 
 successor, also a negro, visited England to call for help. 
 Advised by William Wilberforce, the English Baptist 
 Missionary Society (which had twenty-one years before 
 sent out William Carey) sent John Rowe to Montego 
 Bay. The work was well supported and made rapid 
 progress, although in the long fight for the freedom of 
 the negro, the Baptists were severely persecuted. Within 
 the Jamaica Baptist Union in 1879, there were 179 
 churches, with 34,140 members. These local churches 
 are mostly self-supporting. There are numerous other 
 Baptist congregations not connected with the Union. 
 Calabar College at Kingston has sent out seventy-fiv< 
 ministers and one hundred and forty-eight teachers. 
 
 The Presbyterians. At the request of some Jamaica 
 planters the Scottish Missionary Society in 1823 sent out 
 workers. Twenty-three years before this, two mission- 
 aries had landed at Kingston, but were soon taken off 
 with fever. In 1847 the work of the Presbyterians was 
 consolidated and placed in charge of the United Presby- 
 terian Church of Scotland, which still controls it. There 
 are now sixty churches scattered through ten parishes, 
 with 11,247 members, and thirty ministers, eleven of 
 whom are natives. For six years mission work has been 
 carried on among the East Indians by trained catechists 
 from Trinidad. 
 
 Other Denominations. The London Missionary 
 Society (representing the Independent churches of Eng- 
 land) began work in Jamaica in 1834. After the Society 
 ceased to be responsible for the support of the congrega- 
 tions in Jamaica, the Congregational Union was formed 
 in 1876. This contains twenty churches with nearly 
 4,000 members. The "Disciples of Christ," began work 
 in Jamaica in 1858. After continuing the work in 
 Kingston and the mountain districts for some time, it
 
 48 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 was abandoned for several years, but revived in ih'ji by 
 the Women's Board. There are now twenty churches 
 organized into an "Association of Christian Churches." 
 The President, C. E. Randall, is the father of the "Palm- 
 Tree Endeavorer," C. E. Randall, Secretary of the Ja- 
 maica Christian Endeavor Union. This Union, consisting 
 of the societies of seven denominations, was visited by 
 Dr. Frances E. Clark and wife at its seventh annua : con- 
 vention in March, 1899. There has been some work In- 
 other Protestant denominations. The Roman Catholics 
 have twenty chapels in Jamaica. The record of Friends' 
 work will be given in the following chapters. To read of 
 so many denominations carrying on work for almost a 
 century one might think that the Island ought ere this to 
 have ceased to be a mission field. But while much deep 
 spiritual work has been done, there has also been much 
 surface work. The people are ready to cry "Lord. 
 Lord/' while continuing in sin. A church picnic with 
 dancing and a booth for drinking is not unknown. 
 
 The worst days of darkness throngJi wliicli I hare 
 ci'cr passed hare been greatly alleviated by throwing my- 
 self into some work relating to others. JAMES A. GAR- 
 FIELD.
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 EARLY FRIENDS IN JAMAICA. 
 
 George Fox and His Companions. The first ac- 
 count of Friends in Jamaica is a record of the death of 
 Ann Robinson and Oswell Heritage, ministers who died 
 during their visit to Jamaica in 1662. This was only 
 seven years after the Island came into the possession of 
 the English. John Taylor writing two years later says : 
 "I stayed there alone two years. I preached the gospel in 
 my own hired house at Port Cogway, and hired another 
 at Spanish Town, then the capital city, and had meetings 
 there also and several other meetings were settled in the 
 Island." In. a letter of George Fox, dated in 1672, and 
 now in the possession of J. Bevan Braithwaite. of Lon- 
 don, it is stated that the writer in company with William 
 Edmundson. Elizabeth Hooten and others visited Ja- 
 maica in 1671. There was a "great convincement," among 
 others a Justice of the Peace. "East, west, north and 
 south, there was a great awakening:." Elizabeth Hooteru 
 an aged minister who had traveled much in gospel labors, 
 died in Jamaica in 1672. William Edmundson, who was. 
 also one of this company, says that one meeting on the 
 northern side of the Island was established at this time. 
 George Fox in his journal says : "We had a quick passage 
 to Jamaica, where we met our friend, J. Lancaster, and 
 others, traveling up and down through the Island, which 
 is large ; and a brave country it is, though the people are 
 many of them debauched and wicked. * * * When 
 we had been about seven weeks in Jamaica and brought 
 Friends into very good order, and settled several meet- 
 ings, we left." Eleven years after this visit William Ed- 
 mundson returned. He savs : "We landed at Port Royal 
 (this was only nine years before the place was destroyed 
 by the great earthquake) and came to John Wilmot's 
 house to lodge. After having a meeting- there we trav- 
 
 4
 
 5O JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 eled to many parts of the Island and had many meetings 
 for the worship of God; also men's and women's meet- 
 ings about church affairs." In 1696 many of those who 
 had joined the Society of Friends moved to Philadelphia. 
 
 Incidents of the Eighteenth Ctn tury* Thomas 
 Chalkley (1/07) held meetings in the three chief 
 towns of Jamaica. He found "that thejDeople were 
 generally very wicked." It seems from the record of the 
 times that the destruction of Port Royal was almost a 
 repetition of the fate of Sodom and Gomorrah. "The 
 city went down instantly with her young men and maid- 
 ens, old men and children ; with the wine of the feaster 
 half drunk and the prayer of remorse half said ; with un- 
 finished curse, uncompleted crime, arrested cruelty in all 
 its splendor and guilt." In 1709 Thomas Story found 
 only three or four Friends in Spanish Town. At a mid- 
 Aveek meeting eight persons were present. Going to Port 
 Royal, ''one of the rudest and wickedest cities in Amer- 
 ica," he had a sober, attentive meeting- at the home of 
 Captain He wet. Benjamin Holme, writing without date, 
 tells of his kindly reception by John Griffith in Kingston. 
 He "had several good meetings to which divers of other 
 societies resorted." This is the last notice in the writ- 
 ings of early Friends concerning Jamaica. There is a re- 
 cord of at least three burial grounds used by early 
 Friends : in Spanish Town, in Lisruanea, a few miles 
 northeast of Kingston, and in Lauvia near Black River. 
 It is estimated that at the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury there were about 9,500 Friends in Jamaica three- 
 fifths as many as the entire white population of the pres- 
 ent time. 
 
 Decline. It is a sad fact that there can now be 
 found very few traces of these splendid results. One ex- 
 planation is, that few of the early English settlers went 
 to make Jamaica a permanent home. Many retired 
 when they had acquired means. It is probable that many 
 Friends left during the unsettlement caused by natural
 
 EARLY FRIENDS IN JAMAICA. 51 
 
 calamities, raids of pirates, civil disturbances, and at 
 tacks of hostile French fleets. Some think that most of 
 them returned to England at the freeing- of the slaves in 
 1838. At this time the Island industries were paralyzed, 
 the colonists discontented and heavily in debt. Besides 
 all this, the luxury, vice, and worldliness of the colonists 
 were not favorable to the spirit of Quakerism. 
 
 Renewed Interest in the Island. Jamaica being the 
 largest of the British West India Islands has natur- 
 ally been an object of continued interest to English 
 Friends. In 1837 Joseph Sturge and Thomas Harvey 
 went to Jamaica to investigate the apprenticeship which 
 was being tried as a substitute for slavery. They freely 
 exposed the cruelty of the masters to public opinion. In 
 1840 Joseph John Gurney and John Candler paid a relig- 
 ious visit to Jamaica, followed in i8^7 by Grover Kemp, 
 his son Caleb Rickman Kemp, and William Holmes, who 
 also visited other of the West India Islands, preaching 
 the gospel to the free black population. The negro re- 
 bellion of 1 86s increased the interest of English 
 Friends in Jamaica by the new needs which arose. 
 This was an uprising of negroes against the government, 
 under the leadership of George W. Gordon. A severe 
 drought had impoverished the people and the American 
 Civil War had increased the price of imported breadstuff's 
 Several hundred of the negroes, armed with bayonets, 
 sticks and muskets, attacked the Parish magistrates at 
 Morant Bay, crying, "color for color, blood for blood." 
 As a punishment for the atrocious massacre that followed, 
 the Government ordered the houses and huts in the dis- 
 trict to be burned, the people hunted down by the Ma- 
 roons, and hundreds to be flogged and hanged. 
 
 The following minute of " a meeting representing the 
 Religious Society of Friends held in London the i6th of 
 First Month, 1866," will show the relation between this 
 event and the revival of interest in Jamaica and the direc- 
 tion which it took : "This meeting has on this and several
 
 52 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 recent occasions been introduced into feelings of great in- 
 terest and sympathy on behalf of the colored population 
 of the Island of Jamaica with reference to the low state 
 of education among them, to their depressed condition by 
 reason of the dearness of provisions, and other causes, 
 and especially in connection with the severe measures 
 adopted in the suppression of the late lamentable outbreak 
 (which were disapproved by the British Government) in 
 the course of which it is apprehended that many innocent 
 lives have been sacrificed and that the homes of many 
 others have been destroyed." As a result of this concern 
 the meeting sent Thomas Harvey, of Leeds, and William 
 Brewin, of Cirencester, to investigate the condition of 
 Jamaica and to render assistance as far as practicable. 
 The two persons named had already felt a call to this 
 service. This work was placed in charge of the regular 
 Committee on Negro Education, and a general subscrip- 
 tion taken to meet the expenses. Two vears later the 
 committee reported the visit completed and assistance 
 rendered to the amount of about $2,380. This was dis- 
 tributed among ninetv-three schools. The existence of 
 many of the schools depended upon this assistance. 
 About one-tenth of this was given to Calabar Training 
 School, under care of the Baptists. Donations were 
 made for domestic improvements and for supplving mis- 
 sion stations with reading material. The committee re- 
 ported an "increase of religious concern amongst the 
 people." The interest seemed to center in the educational 
 work. There is now r a good brick house in Kingston in 
 which English Friends maintained a school until a few 
 years before it was found by the Iowa Friends. This 
 was several years after they had opened up missionary 
 work in the Island. It was then in possession of a Con- 
 gregational minister. In the development of the work 
 of recent years English Friends have continued to man- 
 ifest their interest by their gifts, their sympathy, and 
 their prayers.
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 PIONEER WORK OF LATER YEARS. 
 
 The Call. In the autumn of 1881 Evi Sharpless 
 made known to Iowa Yearly Meeting of Friends his call 
 to evangelistic work in the West Indies. Stuart Month- 
 ly Meeting and Bear Creek Quarterly Meeting had al- 
 ready given their sanction to the proposed work. The 
 Yearly Meeting believing the hand of God was in it, lib- 
 erated him for the service and encouraged William Mar- 
 shall to accompany him to the field. They sailed from 
 New York early in November in Steamer Alvo. A rough 
 voyage of six days brought them into Kingston Harbor 
 one of the finest in the world on the south side of the 
 Island. 
 
 Beginning Work. The first meetings were held in 
 historic Kingston and the neighboring localities of Half- 
 way Tree and Gordon Town. A few weeks were spent 
 in the high mountains with Henry Wolcott and wife, 
 Presbyterian missionaries. The time was devoted to call- 
 ing on the people in their homes, visiting the schools and 
 holding meetings in connection with the mission. Early 
 in the year of 1882 they returned to Half-way Tree, 
 three miles from Kingston, and by invitation spent a f<*w 
 weeks at the home of an English Baptist minister, John 
 Thompson. In February, William Marshall sailed for 
 America, taking with him the Baptist minister's son, Al- 
 fred Thompson, who has since become an active worker 
 with the Friends in Dakota. Wishing to retain the good 
 will and cooperation of other bodies of Christians, Evi 
 Sharpless next visited the annual Baptist and Wesleyan 
 conferences held at Kingston. The credentials granted 
 by his Yearly Meeting and by the United States Govern- 
 ment led to a kind reception and an invitation to visit 
 their mission stations on the Island. Each one of thf 
 missionaries in these churches usually oversees from one
 
 54 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 to five mission stations. In connection with each station 
 is a school usually taught by a native teacher, under the 
 supervision of the minister. 
 
 Itinerating. The work among: these stations con- 
 tinued for about one year. Liberty to work freely with 
 the school children was a great opportunity. This result- 
 ed in many gospel talks and seasons of prayer with them 
 and their teachers. In nearlv every circuit a series of 
 meetings was held, leading to many conversions and ac- 
 cessions to the churches. Most of the people came on foot 
 over the rough roads and stony footpaths, some of them 
 several miles. In June, 1882, a meeting was held at An- 
 notta Bay, on the northeastern shore. The Baptist 
 Chapel, with seating capacity for one thousand persons, 
 was crowded full and the open windows were surrounded 
 with groups of the lower class natives. In their eagerness 
 to hear the gospel they were quiet and orderly. There 
 was seldom a smile or a whisper. At the close of meet- 
 ing the people crowded up to greet the messenger who 
 had brought them glad tidings. Day meetings were held 
 under a great variety of circumstances. The high moun- 
 tains became temples to God and song and praise arose 
 from the groups gathered in the valleys or along the sea- 
 shore. 
 
 Beginning of Cedar Valley Mission. Early in the 
 year 1883 Evi Sharpless visited a high mountain valley 
 toward the east end of the Island. On Sabbath morning 
 he held meeting in an old plantation house on the Wall- 
 ingford estate. The people were in need of spiritual help 
 and earnestly solicited him to open a mission. Though 
 the house could not be secured for further use. he left an 
 appointment for another meeting in two weeks. In the 
 meantime the people erected a temporary booth, covering 
 the flat roof with green banana leaves. During the first 
 meeting the audience was drenched with a tropical shower 
 and a few days of hot sunshine rendered the roof worth- 
 less for shade. The upper floor of a large coffee house
 
 PIONEER WORK OF LATER YEARS. 55 
 
 on the adjoining Cedar Valley estate was soon secured 
 for meeting purposes. This barn-like coffee house of the 
 English planter was used for meeting and Sabbath-school 
 purposes, and as a dwelling house till the erection of the 
 mission building. The opposite corners of one room 
 were cut off by low partitions for a sleeping room and 
 study. Evi Sharpless boarded in the family of the own- 
 er, James Francis, and busied himself with the developing 
 work. One of the first things was the organization of a 
 candidates' class. In this almost all classes of inquirers 
 met once a week and were taught from a Bible stand- 
 point what true Christianity is, how to accept Christ, and 
 what are the teachings of the church to which they wish 
 to belong. The Bible-school and Sabbath morning meet- 
 ings for preaching the gospel were well attended and led 
 to the change of many lives. 
 
 Jamaica the Mission Field of Iowa Yearly Meeting. 
 
 In the Autumn of 1883 the Missionary session of Iowa 
 Yearly Meeting was attended by William Marshall, who 
 gave a history of the work in lamaica, and by Eliza C. 
 Armstrong, of Indiana, and Isaac Sharp, of England, 
 who created a deeper interest in the evangelization of the 
 whole world. On the loth of September, 1883, the Year- 
 ly Meeting adopted the following- : "Resolved, That, in 
 view of the demand for missionary work in Jamaica, the 
 time has come for Friends to establish and support a mis- 
 sion station on that island, and we recommend that 
 Friends of Iowa Yearly Meeting consider that their spe- 
 cial field." The funds which had hitherto been sent to 
 Mexico were henceforth to be sent to Jamaica. The Mis- 
 sionary Board was authorized to put this resolution into 
 effect, the money for the purpose to be raised by volun- 
 tary subscriptions. 
 
 The Workers in "Waiting. Another one of the 
 providential events in missionary history was also being 
 wrought out. Jesse and Elizabeth R. Townsend, while 
 at their home at Iowa City, had been called to missionary
 
 56 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 work, with the thought of a possible call to the American 
 Indians. They went to Yearly Meeting- believing that 
 the Lord would at that time indicate definitely their field 
 of work. The appeal of Evi Sharpless for a teacher and 
 general helper in the mission work seemed the voice of 
 God calling them to the isles of the sea. Leaving home 
 the last of November they reached Kingston on the I4th 
 of December. As they went ashore a brilliant rainbow 
 spanned the heavens and they looked upon it with a 
 prayer that this might be as a prophecy of the halo of 
 spiritual light which was to encircle their island labors. 
 After three days of waiting under the hot sun of Kings- 
 ton they started for Cedar Valley Mission, twenty-five 
 miles to the northeast. A larere part of the distance was 
 traveled on horseback, the road leading along the bank of 
 Hope River. 
 
 Itinerating in the West* Soon after the arrival of 
 the new recruits at the Mission, Jesse Townsend took 
 charge of the building which had been commenced, leav- 
 ing Evi Sharpless free for the evangelistic work for which 
 he had been called to the West Indies. There was great 
 need of this kind of work. His journeys at this time 
 were in the north and west of the Island, the first work 
 being at Brown's Town. Visits were made to the homes, 
 and meetings were held in the valleys and on the moun- 
 tain heights, in the open air and amid clusters of bamboo 
 huts. Late in the autumn of 1884, after almost a year's 
 absence, he returned to the Mission. He came in time to 
 meet Josiah Dillon at Kingston, who landed on the 28th 
 of November and went directly to Cedar Valley. 
 
 Hector's River and Happy Grove. Leaving the 
 three missionaries at Cedar Valley, early in January, 
 1885, Evi Sharpless went to the extreme eastern part of 
 the Island to open a new work. He had previously visit- 
 ed this locality in the spring of 1882, and held a series of 
 meetings in a Baptist chapel. Among the acquaintances 
 then formed was the familv of Doctor Waldron. Late
 
 PIONEER WORK OF LATER YEARS. 57 
 
 one Saturday evening", when he came the second time into 
 these regions, Evi Sharpless reached this home. It was 
 the Happy Grove property, since purchased by Friends 
 and fitted up as the Girls' Training: School. The next day 
 being Sabbath, about ten o'clock the evangelist took his 
 Bible and hymn book and with two little boys from the 
 Waldron family started through the village of Hector's 
 River to look for a place to hold meeting-. This was a 
 group of bamboo thatch-covered houses, stretching south- 
 ward for one-half mile along the rock-bound coast. When 
 nearly halfway through the village a crowd of about 
 seventy-five persons was seen following: in the rear. 
 There were aged men and women, young people and chil- 
 dren making up the eager congregation. On the left the 
 people were streaming down the mountain side, along the 
 footpaths that wound among the cocoanut palms. At 
 the further edge of the village, the speaker stood upon a 
 bank of earth under the rays of the tropical sun and gave 
 out the hymn 
 
 "Jesus the water of life will give 
 Freely to those who love him." 
 
 After singing, a beautiful deep shade was found and 
 the gospel was preached from a high moss-covered rock. 
 A larger number was present in the afternoon and many 
 requested that a mission be established. Within two 
 weeks the people had gathered sticks from the mountains 
 and completed a booth sixty feet lone and twenty feet 
 wide, with a rainproof roof of cocoanut leaves. 
 
 Amity Hall Mission Established. Five miles south- 
 west of Hector's River lay Amitv Hall. This village, in 
 one of the neediest parts of the Island, was made anothe' 
 center of work with several outposts. At Amity Hall 
 the candidates' class soon numbered eighty and the one 
 at Hordley thirty-seven. In the middle of the week 
 meetings were held at Dillon and Long- Road. In May 
 each candidate was examined personally and twenty
 
 58 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 names sent back to Stuart Monthly Meeting" as applicants 
 for membership. 
 
 New Helpers. In May, 1885, Evi Sharpless return- 
 ed to the United States to plead the cause of Jamaica. 
 Friends in New York, New England and Ohio Yearly 
 Meeting at this time gave over fourteen hundred dollars. 
 After attending Iowa and Western Yearly Meetings and 
 raising an additional amount of about five hundred and 
 sixty dollars, Evi Sharpless returned to Jamaica early in 
 October accompanied by Timothy B. and Anna Hussey 
 and Emeline C. Tuttle of New England. 
 
 The returning mission party brought with them 
 from Boston a ready made chapel thirty-two by fifty and 
 a mission cottage twelve by sixteen, with some articles 
 of furniture. They landed at Port Antonio and shipped 
 by small boats twentv-six miles down the coast. The 
 next difficulty was to secure land for the new mission. 
 James Duffus, who had possession of the land along the 
 coast where it was desired to erect the buildings, had 
 previously declared that he would never give the ''Quak- 
 ers" a foot-hold. In the face of this the buildings were 
 landed. One evening after Evi Sharpless had lain down 
 in his accustomed sleeping place the Lord gave him the 
 assurance that if he would arise next morning with the 
 first sign of dawn and call on the owner of the land he 
 would give him a clear title for one acre for a building 
 site. The land having- been measured off on the desired 
 spot and the deed recorded, everything was ready for the 
 new buildings. To oversee the native workmen in the 
 erection of these buildings was the work of Timothy B. 
 Hussey, who managed it with grace and energy, teaching 
 the people the much needed lessons of honesty and ac- 
 curacy. On the last day of the year 1885, the chapel was 
 dedicated, clear of debt, on land owned by Friends. It 
 has since been known as Seaside. 
 
 Movement of "Workers. Feeling that their mission 
 was accomplished the New England Friends prepared to
 
 PIONEER WORK OF LATER YEARS. 59 
 
 sail for New York on Steamer Alvo. Timothy B. Hussey, 
 while active in Christian work, also took great delight in 
 inspiring the people with a more enterprising and progres- 
 sive spirit. Anna Hussey and Emeline Ttittle worked 
 much among the women, visited families in the villages of 
 Amity Hall and Seaside and took an active part in the 
 busy work of the Sabbath. Their short stay on the 
 Island made a decided impression upon the people. Evi 
 Sharpless continued in the work at Seaside and Amity 
 Hall for another year. Believing his work completed he 
 then prepared for his departure, leaving in charge of the 
 Amity Hall Mission, William Green, latelv sent out from 
 New York Yearly Meeting, and at Seaside Jesse and 
 Elizabeth Townsend who had lately come from Cedar 
 Valley. Evi Sharpless sailed from Port Antonio for 
 Boston in March, 1887, having served for five years and 
 a half as a missionary evangelist, laying the foundations 
 for the three mission centers now occupied by Friends.
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 GLEN HAVEN MISSION. 
 
 The Field and the Name. The first established mis- 
 sion of Friends in Jamaica was near the source of the 
 Buff Bay River, in the southwest part of the parish of 
 Portland. It is in a rough mountainous region, only a 
 short distance from the main ridge of the Blue Moun- 
 tains. The population of the parish is about 34,000, but 
 only a small district comes under the immediate influence 
 of the mission. With rough land and small plots for cul- 
 tivation the people are less prosperous than in the fruit- 
 growing lowlands. It is difficult to reach them in their 
 mountain homes. But the gospel message often draws 
 large numbers together. The mission in this region 
 was first known as Cedar Valley, but since its re- 
 vival in 1895 it has been known as Glen Haven, taking 
 its name from the mission home which stands on the 
 west bank of the river, two and one-half miles northwest 
 of the Cedar Valley (now Cedar Hurst) school. It is a 
 health resort in a region of romance and delightful scen- 
 ery. New Castle, a few miles over the Blue Ridge, is the 
 mountain camp of the white troops of the Government, 
 the site being chosen on account of its healthfulness. 
 Near the Mission Home are the beautiful Glen Haven 
 Falls, murmuring in the forest. 
 
 The First Resident Missionaries. The founding of 
 the Cedar Valley mission early in the year 1883 has been 
 related. To this new field of labor came Jesse R. and 
 Elizabeth R. Townsend with their little boy, James Mont- 
 clair, in the following December. David S. Taber and 
 other Friends in New York gave them kind assistance 
 previous to sailing and after landing on the Island. They 
 found a congregation of about one hundred and fifty 
 persons at Cedar Valley, gathering in one room of a 
 large coffee house for weekly meetings. Most of these
 
 GLEN HAVEN MISSION. 6l 
 
 attended the Bible-school. The large number in the can- 
 didates' class studied the Bible on a mid-week evening. 
 Another class was taught singing by the owner of the 
 coffee plantation. The congregation had learned many 
 of the leading doctrines of the Society of Friends. Many 
 had known a real change of heart and were bringing 
 forth the fruit of the Spirit in godly lives. Others who 
 made a profession of Christianity were inconsistent in 
 life, though freely taking part in prayer and testimony. 
 Completing the Building The first task before the 
 new workers was the completion of the building for 
 meeting and school purposes. The work on the house 
 had been going forward under much difficulty, though 
 kind assistance in meeting the expenses was rendered 
 by Thomas Harvey and other English Friends. The 
 people collected stones with their hands for the founda- 
 tion. There was no sawmill on the Island. The only 
 roads in that part of the country were winding foot- 
 paths or bridle roads along the mountains, over which 
 mules and donkeys carried coffee and other mountain 
 products to the coast towns and villages and brought 
 back the few necessary supplies. Timber from the 
 mountains was cut down and all carried to the building 
 site by faithful hands. The building was framed and 
 completed without a professional workman. The rafters 
 were made of crooked poles. Shingles were ordered 
 from America and carried in "head loads" by the people 
 from Kingston. The native women were awkward and 
 many mistakes had to be rectified. This gave a splendid 
 opportunity for the missionaries to show forth patience 
 and to teach the people how to live under greut provoca- 
 tion. When the building was completed a iv;om in the 
 front part, twenty by thirty feet was set apart for meet- 
 ing and school purposes. The back part, ten by twenty, 
 was divided into two rooms, and on April 14 became 
 the home of Jesse and Elizabeth Townsend. After Evi 
 Sharpless left them they had occupied his two rooms in 
 the coffee house. There they were "happy indeed, not-
 
 62 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 withstanding the dust of coffee cleaning and the noise of 
 the ponderous water wheel." 
 
 The New House and the Worshippers. On May 4, 
 1884, the first meeting was held in the new house. The 
 Bible lesson in the morning on "Christ's talk with the 
 woman of Samaria" was followed by an evening meet- 
 ing, full of praise and thanksgiving. The people were 
 very thankful for such a place to meet and worship God. 
 The meetings were times of blessing and growth. 
 Jesse Townsend, though not a recorded minister, was 
 much blessed in giving: Bible lessons and talks on prac- 
 tical Christianity. He was often followed by his wife 
 who gave additional texts or illustrations. Many others 
 frequently engaged in prayer and testimony. Under date 
 of March 3, 1884, we find this note: "The meeting was 
 quiet and orderly. George Manhurtz testified feelingly 
 of the Lord's dealings with him. The Spirit's work up- 
 on his heart as related was very encouraging. His ap- 
 peal to the unconverted was earnest and touching. John 
 Steele followed with thanksgiving and prayer. Subjects 
 dwelt on were : 'Thou hast given a banner to them that 
 fear thee, that it may be displayed because of the truth' 
 and the importance of holy living; 'Let your lights so 
 shine before men.' ' August 31 : "A very good meet- 
 ing. Subject 'Trust.' While the meeting was in pro- 
 gress a thief was planning to steal our horse, so we are 
 left on foot again." In a little over a month the horse 
 was brought back "a mere shadow of the animal which 
 was stolen." 
 
 The First Monthly Meeting. Evi Sharpless had 
 already sent the names of some applicants to his home 
 monthly meeting at Stuart, Iowa, and they had been re- 
 ceived into membership with Friends. Jesse and Eliza- 
 beth Townsend sent some names to Springdale Monthly 
 Meeting. Uniting their own names with these, they be- 
 came charter members of the first Monthly Meeting. 
 It was organized on July 4, 1885, with a membership of
 
 GLEN HAVEN MISSION. 63 
 
 sixty-one. It was the means of creating a deeper inter- 
 est in the work of the church and helped to make the 
 members realize their responsibility. The non-observ- 
 ance of the so-called sacraments caused much opposition 
 in the beginning of Friends' work at Cedar Valley. It 
 required courage and firmness on the part of the mem- 
 bers to resist the spirit of persecution. The ministers in 
 charge of the English churches on both sides of the 
 mission were opposed to any infringement upon their do- 
 main. The spirituality of Friends' worship made itself 
 felt and became a recognized factor in the country. One 
 little negro boy in reply to the query what he had 
 learned from a Bible-school lesson replied, he had 
 learned "that Jesus baptizes with the Holy Ghost." 
 
 Manifold Activities. Missionaries in Jamaica, as 
 in other countries, find that they must be ready to do 
 what their ''hands find to do." A day school was 
 opened in the new building on the I2th of May with 
 twelve pupils under the care of Jesse Townsend. Dur- 
 ing the next year school was in session nine months; 
 largest enrolment fifty-one, with an average attendance of 
 almost one-half that number. The patent desks, carried 
 by the members of the congregation from Kingston a 
 distance of twenty-five miles were probably the first 
 ones on the Island. Other lines of work were carried on 
 in connection with Candidates' Classes, Temperance 
 Meetings, Bands of Hope and Sabbath afternoon Bible 
 Readings. Open air meetings were kept up for four 
 months while Josiah Dillon was at Cedar Valley. He 
 engaged actively in the ministry in the regular meetings 
 during his sojourn. Jesse Townsend had special gifts 
 for personal work with the people. He was a real peace- 
 maker and found many opportunities to settle disputes 
 and quarrels. His \vife spent much time with the wo- 
 men. She had a class of twenty women in the Sabbath- 
 school, many of whom could not read. All of these 
 varied forms of ministry were performed in that faith
 
 6 4 
 
 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 Glen' Haven Mission Home. 
 Cedar Hurst School House. 
 
 and sweetness of spirit which win men and women unto 
 God. 
 
 The Glen Haven Home. During the second year's 
 work the Glen Haven property, two miles from Cedar
 
 GLEN HAVEN MISSION. 65 
 
 Valley meeting-house, was purchased for $800 by the 
 Missionary Board for a Girls' Training Home. It was 
 a twenty acre tract with good buildings, palm trees, 
 orchards of tropical fruits, and eight acres of land for 
 tillage. From this time Glen Haven was the home of 
 the missionaries. A number of girls were taken into the 
 mission home and soon showed signs of development. 
 They attended the day school at Cedar Valley four days 
 in the week, the other two being given to sewing and 
 housework. The house was well furnished. With its 
 happy inmates it made a beautiful home in the midst of 
 a people who so much need an object lesson in domestic 
 life. 
 
 Movement of Workers. On account of the damp- 
 ness of the mountain air, with its tendency to aggravate 
 the asthmatic trouble of J. R. Townsend, it was decided 
 that the family should remove to the coast and engage 
 in the work at Seaside. In the autumn of 1886 the Wo- 
 men's Foreign Missionary Society assumed the manage- 
 ment of the work at Cedar Valley and in December sent 
 out John C. and Esther A. Hiatt to take charge of the 
 mission at Glen Haven. Previous to their arrival 
 at Glen Haven, Reuben L. Roberts, Elizabeth Town- 
 send's brother, had been at the mission for some time. 
 For six months he taught the Cedar Valley school, being 
 compelled to resign on account of failing health. The 
 further work of Jesse H. and Elizabeth Townsend will 
 be mentioned in connection with Seaside Mission. 
 
 The New Workers. The new missionaries found 
 some discouraging features when they reached Cedar 
 Valley. Jesse Townsend's little boy had been ill for 
 some time, and the family removed to Seaside as soon 
 as they could be relieved by John and Esther Hiatt. The 
 day school at Cedar Valley was closed when the latter 
 arrived. There was a monthly meeting with about 
 thirty members. The smallpox in some of the families 
 had decreased the attendance. The meeting and Sab-
 
 Mao of the east end of Jamaiea and the parish of St. Elizabeth, showing the location of 
 Friends' Mission Stations. (See key on opposite page.)
 
 KEY TO THE MAP. 
 
 No. 
 
 Station 
 
 In Charge of 
 
 I 
 
 Seaside 
 
 
 
 Home 
 
 Arthur and Alma Swift 
 
 
 Church 
 
 Arthur and Alma Swift 
 
 
 Day School 
 
 Sada Stanley 
 
 II 
 
 Dillon 
 
 
 III 
 
 Long Road 
 
 Charles Sylva 
 
 IV 
 
 Haining 
 
 George Leslie and Fred Moodie 
 
 V 
 
 Happy Grove School 
 
 Alsina Andrews and Georgia Griffith 
 
 VI 
 
 Amity Hall- 
 
 
 
 Church 
 
 Arthur and Alma Swift 
 
 
 Day School 
 
 Florence Baker 
 
 VII 
 
 Wheelerfield 
 
 Mary E. White 
 
 VIII 
 
 Hordley 
 
 Florence Baker 
 
 IX 
 
 Holland Bay 
 
 H. Alma Swift 
 
 X 
 
 Golden Grove 
 
 Mary White and Sada Stanley 
 
 
 Day School 
 
 Mary E. White 
 
 XI 
 
 Amity Hall Mission Home 
 
 
 XII 
 
 Retreat Mountain 
 
 Native Workers 
 
 XIII 
 
 Glen Haven Home 
 
 Gilbert and Anna Farr 
 
 XIV 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 Gilbert and Anna Farr 
 
 XV 
 
 Cedar Hurst Day School 
 
 Gertrude Marriage 
 
 XVI 
 
 Regale 
 
 G. L. Farr and Gertrude Marriage 
 
 XVII 
 
 Wallingford 
 
 Gilbert and Anna Farr 
 
 XVIII 
 
 Salt Pond 
 
 
 XIX 
 
 Middle Quarters (St. Elizabeth) 
 
 Stephen Stewart
 
 68 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 bath-schools were regularly held after their arrival and 
 well attended until they were quarantined on account of 
 smallpox. The new workers did considerable work in 
 the outposts, holding meetings and visiting families. 
 They did not attempt to organize new meetings, thinking 
 the field sufficiently occupied by other churches. The 
 day school was opened up by William M., son of J. C. 
 Hiatt, and continued through the year with good attend- 
 ance, except while under quarantine. During the sum- 
 mer of 1899 an incident occurred which reminds one that 
 the results of such work reach far into the future. In 
 June, 1899, a young man by the name of Elisha Pawnall 
 was received into membership at Glen Haven Monthly 
 Meeting. When a boy he attended the school taught by 
 William Hiatt and during the long years when work was 
 suspended he did not get away from his early impres- 
 sions. The adopted daughter of J. C. Hiatt, Louie Buf- 
 kin, taught the girls sewing and housekeeping. They 
 were both active in Sabbath-school and church work. 
 Considering the surroundings at Glen Haven unfavor- 
 able for a self-supporting Girls' Training Home, John C. 
 and Esther Hiatt recommended that the Board try some 
 more accessible location, where the land could be culti- 
 vated with plows, and wagons could be used for carrying 
 things to and from school. Since such arrangements 
 could not be made at that time, the Board put the station 
 under the charge of Seaside Mission and John and Es- 
 ther Hiatt returned to Iowa. 
 
 A Deserted Field. The late missionaries left Glen 
 Haven in time for Iowa Yearly Meeting in September, 
 1887. I* 1 December of the same year, Mary Dillon, on 
 her way from Kingston to Seaside, visited at Glen Ha- 
 ven. She found a group of Friends trying to keep up 
 the meetings at Cedar Valley, with Obadiah Maloney as 
 leader. The people were piteously asking, "Who is com- 
 ing to help us? Can't we have someone?" The sad 
 answer was given that no one was ready. The occasion-
 
 GLEN HAVEN MISSION. 
 
 6 9 
 
 Jesse P. Toivnsend ). SMontclair Tcrwnsend Elizabeth R. Toivnsend 
 
 Esther A. Hiatt E-vi Sbarpless John C. Hiatt 
 
 Louie Vufktn (deceased} William M. Hiatt 
 
 al visits of Josiah Dillon made the people hungry for reg- 
 ular gospel ministry. But the workers at Seaside were 
 already overworked and could do but little for this field
 
 7O JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 lying in the mountain district fifty-five miles away. By 
 the terms of the lease the lot on which Cedar Valley 
 meeting-house stood reverted to the owner of the estate 
 when Friends failed to support a day school. By the 
 payment of a small rental it was secured for meeting 
 purposes for some time. Month after month the little 
 group longed and prayed for some one to teach them and 
 lead them on in the things of God, but no one came. 
 Finally hope ceased, a closing minute was made and the 
 meeting disbanded. 
 
 Reviving Years* After almost eight years of des- 
 olation, Charles Sylva, a native worker at Seaside, hav- 
 ing had this field laid upon his heart and receiving the 
 approval of the Board, left his widowed mother and sis- 
 ters at home and entered upon his work at Glen Haven 
 in April, 1895. I* 1 July, f the previous year Gilbert L. 
 Farr had visited the field and studied the conditions. 
 \Yith difficulty he found a few traces of Cedar Valley 
 Monthly Meeting which, when Jesse and Elizabeth 
 Townsend labored there, contained more than sixty 
 members, many of whom were active workers. Glen 
 Haven, the mission home, still remained the property of 
 Friends without encumbrance, though sadly out of re- 
 pair. The occupant, the last clerk of the Monthly Meet- 
 ing, produced the records and they looked over the list 
 of former members. Death had taken some, a few had 
 united with other churches, more had moved out of the 
 valley, while some remained loyal to Friends, hoping 
 that the work would again be revived. Receiving the 
 encouragement of Zenas L. Martin, a member of the 
 Missionary Board, who on his first visit to Jamaica came 
 to Glen Haven in the Spring of 1895, Charles Sylva be- 
 gan earnestly looking up the members scattered among 
 the hills and valleys. He held open air meetings in va- 
 rious places and tried to bring new life into the Christian 
 cause. During the winter of 1895 Arthur Farr also en- 
 gaged in the work until compelled to return to America
 
 GLEN HAVEN MISSION. 71 
 
 for treatment of his eyes. In August, 1896, Charles 
 Sylva was married to Joanna Brown, a member of Sea- 
 side Meeting. She proved to be an efficient helper in the 
 work. They continued the work together until the com- 
 ing of G. L. Farr. Returning then to Seaside, they have 
 rendered valuable service in keeping up the work at the 
 out-stations. 
 
 Hindrances and Plans. There were many obsta- 
 cles to meet in reopening the field. Perhaps the great- 
 est was the attitude of those who retained their member- 
 ship with Friends. Having little hope that the work 
 would be permanent, many of them held back, waiting to 
 see the outcome. The community in general had lost 
 confidence in Friends, and it is not strange, in view of 
 the long neglected work. There was no house for wor- 
 ship ; no lot could be secured for a booth and out-door 
 meetings were very difficult. Family visiting in the 
 mountains was slow and laborious. But patient, loving 
 labor restored confidence, and prayer and hard work se- 
 cured meeting places. The original plan of work was to 
 let the meeting-house at Cedar Valley be the center to 
 which the people could gather from the villages of Wal- 
 lingford, Regale, Lancaster and Spring Hill, the farthest 
 one Wallingford being distant only three miles. But 
 as nearly all of the members now resided at Wallingford 
 it was natural to begin meetings there, at the home of 
 Collin Albert, one of the first to welcome the reviving 
 work. Meetings were also commenced at Regale and Lan- 
 caster and held when the weather would permit out-door 
 gatherings. Charles Sylva's wife conducted Sabbath- 
 school at Lancaster. It was well attended and she was 
 much loved by the children. As the work began to show 
 promise of permanence, the people felt it necessary to se- 
 cure buildings. 
 
 Answered Prayer. In reentering the Glen Haven 
 field there have been unmistakable evidences that our 
 Heavenly Father knows this work, and answers the
 
 72 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 pleadings of his children when they ask for help. When 
 the owners of estates refused to sell or lease lots for 
 building purposes, Charles Sylva prayed and an East In- 
 dian sold one-fourth acre at Regale, and a lot was rented 
 at Wallingford. Helen Farr, after returning from the 
 Cleveland Training Home, felt it was right for her to go 
 to Glen Haven. She went on Christmas Day, 1896, and 
 remained until she became Assistant Matron in the Hap- 
 py Grove Training School. She at once became deeply 
 interested in the people at Regale, the largest of the 
 four villages. She visited much in the homes and for 
 a while took up her home there with a negro woman, that 
 she might mingle more with the people. She applied 
 some of her personal means and prayed for money tQ 
 build a house. Soon she received a check for $200, "to 
 be used where needed." The result was a completed 
 chapel on a hill-top with a view of the cottage homes for 
 miles around in some directions. From the peculiar lo- 
 cation the echo of the hymns is wafted to the people in 
 the valley. After the coming of Gilbert L. Farr the 
 workers prayed for a teacher to assist in the Bible-school 
 at Wallingford. In a short time an intelligent girl of 
 fifteen fully surrendered herself for service and was giv- 
 en a class of twenty-five children. Special prayer was 
 made for the children in the day school at Cedar Hurst, 
 and soon one mother said, "My boy is very much chang- 
 ed. He does not get angry and use bad language and is 
 more obedient." Some of the children went home and 
 told their parents that they had given their hearts to the 
 Lord. 
 
 Reorganization of the Meeting. - -The Monthly 
 Meeting, formerly known as Cedar Valley, was reorgan- 
 ized, by authority of Springdale Quarterly Meeting, on 
 July 4, 1897. There were nineteen, young and old, who 
 claimed membership. It was a cause of rejoicing to the 
 little group at Wallingford gathered in the home of Col- 
 lin Albert. It gave a new impulse to the work and made
 
 GLEN HAVEN MISSION. 73 
 
 people feel that it was worth while to make an effort. 
 The Monthly Meetings are still held. They are not 
 large, but are times of blessing and council. Meetings 
 and Bible-schools are held regularly at Wallingford and 
 Regale and on Sabbath evenings at Glen Haven. There 
 are frequent additions to the membership, which now 
 numbers fifty. 
 
 The Day School. From the revival of the mission 
 the workers wished for a day school, feeling that was the 
 only means of gaining a permanent influence over the 
 children. Cedar Valley, the house built by Evi Sharp- 
 less, had reverted to the owner of the estate and for sev- 
 eral years the school had been under the Government, re- 
 ceiving a regular grant for its support. In June, 1897, 
 the owner, James Francis, leased it to Friends. After 
 the August Holidays the school was opened, with Helen 
 Farr as temporary teacher. In December Gertrude Mar- 
 riage willingly came to take the school for the grant paid 
 by the Government. The school, now known as Cedar 
 Hurst, has not only been a great blessing to the children, 
 but it has done much to restore confidence in the work, 
 and has opened the hearts and homes of many parents. 
 At the "breaking up" time at Christmas, 1898, twenty 
 families were represented by one or both parents. For 
 the past year the enrolment was one hundred and eleven, 
 the largest of any of the Jamiaca Friends' schools. Ger- 
 trude Marriage has her home at the school, having two. 
 rooms partitioned off from the large building. Instead 
 of accepting the hospitality of Glen Haven Home, two 
 miles away, she prefers to be near her work and the 
 homes of her children. With eighty or more children 
 she spends the busy days, and at night her onlv compan- 
 ion is a little black girl. Some of the Farr family call 
 upon her everv few. davs. Anna M. Farr conducts the 
 sewing class in connection with the school once a week. 
 Truly the Cedar Hurst school, with its devoted teacher, 
 its temperance bands, children's meetings and Bible 
 lessons, is a bright spot in the mountains of Jamaica.
 
 74 
 
 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 He'.en SM. Jarr Anna cM. Fair 
 
 Gilber L. Farr 
 Gertrude Marriage Arthur B. Farr 
 
 Later Developments. -- Under a sense of God's lead- 
 ing, on May 12, 1898. Gilbert and Anna Farr came to 
 take charge of the work at Glen Haven. The completion
 
 GLEN HAVEN MISSION. 75 
 
 of the two buildings already commenced at the time of 
 their arrival has been a long and difficult task. They 
 found the meeting-house at Wallingford had been used 
 for a few weeks, having the roof completed and the walls 
 wattled ready for plastering. The chapel at Regale had 
 the roof on, but the walls not enclosed. Meetings had 
 been held in the open air for so long, often broken up 
 by rain, that even a roof was a great blessing. Soon af- 
 ter the first attempt to get the children into Sabbath- 
 school, for they would not come while it was held in the 
 open air, a severe storm swept over them, leveling the 
 unfinished chapel to the ground. Yielding not to dis- 
 couragements, plans were made for rebuilding in a way 
 better suited to frequent heavy winds. The purchase of 
 hard pine siding was made possible by the kindness of 
 Friends in America. The cost of the building was great- 
 ly increased on account of having to carry the material 
 over the mountains. Lumber which cost $3.20 per hun- 
 dred cost $3.00 per hundred to have it carried twenty- 
 five miles from Kingston to Regale. By much patience, 
 labor and expense on the part of Gilbert Farr, the chapels 
 were both completed and midst the rejoicing of the peo- 
 ple dedicated in August, 1899. The mission home at 
 Glen Haven has also been repaired and painted. A new 
 kitchen, buggy-shed and horse-shed add to the conven- 
 ience and homelike appearance. Just before the dedica- 
 tion of the two chapels, the family was saddened by the 
 accidental death, by falling from a cliff, of Rockwood, the 
 gentle, faithful horse which had served in spreading the 
 gospel for nearly eight years. 
 
 It is with regretful feelings that we turn our thoughts 
 from Glen Haven. We have watched with almost bated 
 breath the pioneer days when the little group of men and 
 women were gathered from the surrounding homes of 
 sin and superstition, and then the long years when they 
 cried, "Who will come?" or in discouragement turned 
 back to their old haunts of ignorance and vice. The re-
 
 76 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 riving work, which has brought joy to many hearts, is 
 still surrounded with many difficulties. In the midst of 
 this great need and this radiant hope, Gertrude Marriage 
 passes the days and the months in love and labor for her 
 children. Gilbert and Anna Farr, with their boys, serve 
 in manifold \vays known only to consecrated hearts in the 
 midst of urgent need, eloquent with cries for help. Per- 
 haps best of all they are giving to the people a constant 
 object lesson on the meaning of life, and the sacredness 
 and purity of a Christian home. 
 
 To A DEPARTING MISSIONARY : 
 
 "You go forth in a new pathway. Much of solitude 
 and heart-loneliness must certainly be yours. But the 
 harder the way, the more complete the loneliness, the 
 sweeter will be your fellowship with Christ who lias trod- 
 den the same path before you." J. HUDSON TAYLOR.
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 SEASIDE MISSION. 
 
 Location and Surroundings. Seaside is located on 
 a hillside sloping toward the sea, terminating- in a per- 
 pendicular bluff, at the foot of which, eighty feet below, 
 the waves continuously beat upon the jagged rocks. The 
 outlook is most beautiful. A auarter of a mile south, 
 higher up on the slope, is Happy Grove Training School. 
 Miles of visible coast land touch the blue sea, into which 
 flow numerous creeks and rivers. Seaside cottage and 
 chapel are in the same yard, three or four rods apart. 
 The Queen's Highway runs by the sea directly in front of 
 the grounds. Behind rise the mountains, giving a sub- 
 lime background to the picture. 
 
 Sowing in Tears. After almost three years of faith- 
 ful labor, Jesse and Elizabeth Townsend left Glen 
 Haven at the coming of John and Esther Hiatt. Stop- 
 ping on the way at Buff Bay and Port Antonio on ac- 
 count of the illness of their little boy, they reached Sea- 
 side at the beginning of the year 1887. They found there 
 the little mission cottage and chapel erected by Evi Sharp- 
 less and Timothy B. Hussev. The former was continu- 
 ing his labors at Seaside and Amitv Hall. The Sab- 
 bath-school was large and growing. Ten of the most 
 intelligent workers were acting as teachers. Prayer 
 meetings and Bible classes were deepening" the members 
 in Christian life and doctrine. The missionaries were 
 pleased with the location and hoped for a larger extension 
 of the growing mission. But the continued illness of 
 their dear child prevented their entering into the work 
 as they had hoped. He had been ill with fever before 
 leaving Glen Haven. In one week after reaching their 
 new home they had laid him to rest at the close of day in 
 a lonely plot of ground near the chapel, facing the sea.
 
 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 Seaside Chapel and Cottage. 
 
 Holland Bay Meeting House (Amity Hall Mission. ) 
 
 By his grave under the cocoanut tree planted bv Timothy 
 B. Hussey, the loving parents weot at the death of their 
 only child. But they mourned not as those who have no 
 hope. This little boy of six years, J. Montclair, had cher-
 
 SEASIDE MISSION. 79 
 
 ished the purpose of being a missionary and telling the 
 people about Jesus. The parents felt that he had his mis- 
 sion as truly as they. He kept his pockets full of text- 
 cards and handed them out to the people after meeting. 
 Many of them were carefully treasured after he was gone. 
 No doubt the memory of the little face and his message 
 still lives and influences human hearts. 
 
 New Workers and a Helpful Conference. Jesse 
 and Eliabeth Townsend continued their work of love 
 till they felt it necessary to return to America for 
 rest. To care for the work at Seaside, Josiah 
 Dillon left his home at Bangor, Iowa, June, 1887. 
 Stopping at New England Yearly Meeting on his way, a 
 most helpful conference as held with those interested. 
 James P. Pinkham, President of Iowa Yearlv Meeting 
 Board, met with the outgoing- missionary and Evi Sharp- 
 less, who had just returned from Tamaica. There were 
 present also, Timothy B. Hussey and wife, Emeline C. 
 Tuttle and Olney T. Meader, who had taken such an in- 
 telligent and hopeful share in the mission, [osiah Dillon 
 reached Seaside by stage from Port Antonio on July 8, 
 and at once relieved Jesse and Elizabeth Townsend, who 
 sailed for America in a few days. 
 
 Improvements, During the two years of Josiah 
 Dillon's residence at Seaside a large share of his thought 
 and effort was given to improvements about the mission. 
 To avoid bringing water for house use a quarter or a 
 half mile, a cistern was made to receive water from the 
 chapel roof. The meeting-house was raised and an exca- 
 vation in hard stone and grit was made for a basement 
 story for school purposes. This secured one well lighted 
 and ventilated school room 32 by 32 feet, furnished with 
 patent desks, teacher's table and chairs, and a smaller 
 room 1 8 by 32 feet. A mission cottage was also erected. 
 It was a neat story and a half building, 24 by 30 feet, with 
 a piazza on the northeast and southeast and a basement 
 eight feet high, in one corner of which as a "cold room,"
 
 80 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 separated by a stone wall, for keeping- provisions. The 
 outlay of $2,000 and much toil and patience for these im- 
 provements gave more permanence to the work, a good 
 home for the missionaries and made possible the opening 
 of the much needed educational work. 
 
 Opening of School. School was opened in the chapel 
 (the school room not yet being floored) with the .New 
 Year, 1888. The enrolment of twenty-three, ranging in 
 age from six to twenty, increased to eighty-six during 
 the first month. The teacher, Mary Dillon, daughter of 
 Josiah Dillon, courageously faced the difficulties of her 
 new work. Few of the children had ever attended school 
 and none had helpful training at home. Those who at- 
 tended school were accustomed to talking and studying 
 aloud. Many in their teens did not know their letters. 
 There were but two geographies for a class of twelve. 
 Some quarreled and fought, using slates in the school 
 and stones on the playground. But patience, persever- 
 ance, tact and prayer, brought order out of chaos, so that 
 at the end of the first year the school would compare fa- 
 vorably in that respect with those of America. Besides 
 regular classes in reading, arithmetic, geography ami 
 grammar, instruction was given in physiology rind hy- 
 giene, especially on the effects of alcohol and tobacco. 
 The children improved must in neatness, conversation 
 and personal habits. Those who advanced most in their 
 studies showed greatest improvement in morals. At the 
 beginning of the second year, Naomi George, of Earlham, 
 Iowa, came to assist in the school. Besides teaching in 
 the primary department, she aslo rendered valuable as- 
 sistance in keeping up other lines of work Sabbath- 
 school, Band of Hope, and regular gospel meetings. One 
 time when they were starting to Amity Hall, their horses 
 backed down a steep bank, breaking some ankle bones for 
 Naomi George, laying her up for ten weeks. Mary 
 Dillon resumed her duties in two weeks, but the work at 
 Amity Hall had to be abandoned at that time. The
 
 SEASIDE MISSION. 8 1 
 
 teachers also visited the children in the homes, increasing 
 the interest of the parents who would keep them out of 
 school for any little errand. Rainy days and a good ba- 
 nana trade always decreased the attendance at Jamaica 
 schools. But amid all the discouragements, the Seaside 
 school has continued to bless the children and homes of 
 the community. The ripened fruits of this kind of mis- 
 sion work is always seen when the pupils of the second 
 generation come from homes where the parents have felt 
 the early touch and guidance of a faithful Christian 
 teacher. 
 
 The Stations and the Church* Soon after his ar- 
 rival on the Island, Josiah Dillon, assisted by William E. 
 Green, who had been placed in charge at Amity Hall, 
 opened up preaching stations at Raining, Dillon and Back 
 Pasture, with occasional meetings at other places. After 
 the departure of William E. Green, who left in a sailing 
 vessel for America in February, 1888, regular meetings 
 were held for some time only at Seaside, Amity Hall and 
 Dillon, a small but wicked village. There was no great 
 enthusiasm in the work by the natives, but those who at- 
 tended regularly were growing in spiritual life. Seaside 
 Monthly Meeting was organized under authority of Bear 
 Creek Quarterly Meeting. 
 
 Visitors Going Missionary Returning. In the spring 
 of 1889, Rufus P. King, of North Carolina., and Arthur 
 H. Swift, of New England, visited Jamaica. Their com- 
 ing was a blessing to the missionaries and to the people. 
 The workers felt very keenly the need of a larger work 
 on the Island, the rebuilding of Glen Haven and the open- 
 ing of new fields between, if Friends expected their labors 
 to prosper. There as a tendency with the people to re- 
 frain from joining \vith Friends, lest the workers should 
 withdraw and leave them an object of ridicule by their 
 fellows. But the time was coming for Josiah Dillon's 
 departure from the Island. The natives still remember 
 him as one who was bold to denounce sin, yet kind in 
 
 6
 
 82 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 rendering assistance. After two years of unremitting 
 toil at Seaside Mission, he sailed for the United 
 States in the summer of 1889. The ship in which he had 
 taken passage was burned at sea and all of his books, pa- 
 pers and other possessions were lost. They were in the 
 Gulf Stream, about 200 miles from the shore. The pas- 
 sengers, being compelled to leave the burning vessel, were 
 floating on ladders, spars, and one small boat, when they 
 were picked up by a whaler. 
 
 Discouraging: Conditions at the Mission. When J. 
 H. Horseburgh was departing for China, and friends 
 were promising to remember him, to pray for him 
 and to render every possible assistance, he ventured to 
 request something more that they "believe for him." 
 Failure to realize large visible results, doubts about Jam- 
 aica's being a proper mission field, and discouraging re- 
 ports concerning the work led manv people in Iowa Year- 
 ly Meeting to question the advisability of continuing the 
 mission. This had a depressing effect upon the support- 
 ers at home and the workers in the Island. 
 
 A New Worker* 7ri: there were enough who be- 
 lieved in this work to carry it forward. In the autumn of 
 1889, following Josiah Dillon's departure, Jesse C. 
 George, of Earlham, Iowa, sailed for Jamaica to take 
 charge of the work. He found at Seaside Mission his 
 sister, Naomi George, and Marv Dillon. When left 
 alone, the onlv Friends' missionaries on the Island, they 
 continued to conduct the school and to care for the meet- 
 ings at Amity Hall, Seaside and Hordley, the other sta- 
 tions being given up for the time. Though the workers 
 had fearlessly, and in a measure effectually, taught tem- 
 perance and social purity, the curse of immoralitv and in- 
 temperance still rested like a pall over the communities 
 where meetings were held. Jesse George in speaking of 
 Hordley and Amity Hall says: "I should think 95 per 
 cent of the adult population were living 1 together indis- 
 criminately, regardless of the marriage tie. I do not
 
 SEASIDE MISSION. 83 
 
 recall a single instance where the man and woman living 
 together were married." 
 
 Purchase of Happy Grove Estate. But in the midst 
 of these discouragements, a step was taken which has had 
 much to do with the later prosperity of the missions on 
 the Island. On hearing that James Duffus, the owner 
 of Happy Grove Estate, had died and that an East In- 
 dian, hostile to the mission, was intending 1 to purchase 
 the land, it was determined to prevent this if possible. 
 If the estate should pass into unfriendly hands it would 
 mean that the mission would be confined to the little lot 
 on which the chapel stood. J. C. George mounted his 
 horse one morning and rode to Port Antonio, the head- 
 quarters of the Boston Fruit Co. This resulted in the 
 purchase of Happy Grove property, an estate of 150 
 acres, by Captain L. D. Baker for the mission. He se- 
 cured the title and advanced the monev, 2. 100, vhich 
 was repaid by the Yearly Meeting: within throe years. 
 
 Change of Workers and Reorganization. In the 
 
 spring of 1891, Evi Sharpless received through Jesse 
 George an urgent invitation from the people in Jamaica 
 to come back to them for special evangelistic work. 
 Arthur H. Swift, of Worcester, Massachusetts, went out 
 at this time to act as teacher in the Seaside school. They 
 reached Jamaica on May i, and found at the mission 
 home Jesse and Naomi George the latter in poor health 
 who one week later sailed for America. Arthur H. 
 Swift at once took charge of the school, rearranging the 
 room, fitting it up tastefully and conveniently, resulting in 
 an increased attendance. At the close of one Sabbath 
 morning meeting, Evi Sharpless called all of the men and 
 boys who were members of the meeting into the class- 
 room, and arranged for Charlotte Nugent, one of the 
 native workers, to meet the women and girls upstairs at 
 the same time. They were asked personally concerning 
 their spiritual welfare. Many tears were shed and pray- 
 ers ascended for help and pardon. These efforts were
 
 84 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 greatly blessed to the individuals and to the future of the 
 mission. All departments of the work were thoroughly 
 reorganized. Durinsr the same summer Evi Sharpless 
 was taken by the officers of the Boston Fruit Co. to in- 
 vestigate the East Indians, with the thought of beginning 
 mission work among those who were working upon their 
 banana plantations, Captain Baker himself offering valu- 
 able assistance. After three months of service during 
 the summer of 1891, Evi Sharpless set sail from Jamaica, 
 leaving Arthur Swift alone on the Island. The people 
 prayed for the young missionary. Being relieved of 
 school work by a native teacher, he gave himself to other 
 duties. The prayerful supervision of the work was 
 blessed to the g-ood of the church. 
 
 Discovery of New Forces. The missionary session 
 of Iowa Yearly Meeting in i8qi was counted the best one 
 yet held. The rising interest was increased by the an- 
 nouncement that the Christian Endeavor Union would 
 give $400 to the cause, a pledge which they more than 
 doubled during the next vear. From that time the young 
 people have continued to give from $350 to $750 per 
 year, together with their buoyant faith and enthusiasm. 
 The membership at large entered more heartilv into the 
 responsibilities and possibilities of reaching the benighted 
 sons of Africa and the East Indians who give their wor- 
 ship to Brahm. 
 
 Promise of Established Work. As a result of this 
 more hopeful view of the mission, arrangements were 
 made for Gilbert L. Farr, of Oskaloosa, Iowa, to take 
 charge of the work in Jamaica. He reached the Island 
 November 9, 1891. The very fact of workers coming en- 
 gaged to remain at least five years gave new courage to 
 the members. Hitherto the frequent changes had been det- 
 rimental to the work and were thought bv many V 
 prove that Friends' work in the Island was still an ex- 
 periment. Though a commodious chapel and dwelling 
 had been erected, it had been prophesied that the chapel
 
 SEASIDE MISSION. 85 
 
 would yet be sold for a banana house. But the coming 
 of G. L. Farr and the new plans for work made the peo- 
 ple feel that their church connections were worth some- 
 thing. With the careful supervision of Seaside by Gil- 
 bert Farr till the spring of 1898, followed by the pastoral 
 care of Arthur Swift, the hopes of the people have been 
 met in the continued growth and stability of the work. 
 
 The Workers* At the close of the first vear, Gilber 
 L. Farr returned to America to present the condition and 
 needs of the work to Iowa Yearly Meeting. Helen M. 
 Farr and Arthur B. Farr accompanied their father back 
 to Jamaica as helpers in the work. Helen Farr 
 came to the Island when there was especial need 
 for some one to act as leader and instructor in 
 singing. With the exception of the year spent at the 
 Malone Training School, she continued to give herself 
 with untiring zeal to Seaside and its out-stations until 
 called to the work at Glen Haven soon after its reopen- 
 ing in 1895. Arthur B. Farr labored effectually at Dillon 
 almost three years, leaving it for Glen Haven in Decem- 
 ber, 1895. He went to Jamaica at the age of fifteen. 
 After having spent five years in the work, part of the 
 time serving as printer, he returned to America. He is 
 spending his third year in Friends' School, Providence, 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Anna McPherson, of New Sharon, Iowa, arrived in 
 Jamaica, December 16, 1892. Four clays after her ar- 
 rival she was married to Gilbert L. Farr, to whom have 
 been born Carev Swift Farr and Lawrence M. Farr, two 
 bright boys who are beine trained as little missionaries. 
 Little Wendell and Willard joined the family at Seaside 
 in the autumn of 1893. They have found Jamaica an in- 
 teresting and commonly a healthful place. Wendell was 
 for a time the companion of his sister at Glen Haven be- 
 fore the family moved to that place. Anna Farr has 
 clone almost every kind of work homekeeping, Bible 
 teaching, holding children's meetings and mothers' meet-
 
 Jesse C. George 
 Mary Dillon Sapp 
 Sarah B. Andrews 
 
 Florence Baker 
 
 Naomi George S-wift 
 
 losiah Dillon Georgie Griffith 
 
 Alsina M. Andrews Mary E. White 
 
 Sada Stanley
 
 SEASIDE MISSION. 8/ 
 
 ings, teaching temperance and preaching, besides a hun- 
 dred other things which only "mother" could do. She has 
 been mother not only to her children, but to many others 
 of all ages and conditions. Gilbert Farr has been a father 
 to the mission and to the people. His adaptability to sur- 
 roundings marks him as a real missionary. Goergie 
 Griffith came in May, 1895, to take charge of the Seaside 
 day school. Her continued faithfulness in this position 
 and her readiness to adapt herself to Sabbath-school, 
 preaching and miscellaneous work have contributed much 
 to the success of the mission. She is now assisting in 
 the Girls' Training School. Sada Stanley, an exp 
 ienced primary teacher of Van Wert, Ohio, has charge of 
 the Seaside school. Her bright Christian life and cheer- 
 ful disposition are of great value to the work. In addi- 
 tion to these workers, there have been several faithful 
 native helpers. 
 
 The Out-stations. At Dillon, two miles from Sea- 
 side, a village where meetings had been held by previous 
 workers, Stephen Stewart, native teacher at Seaside, be- 
 gan effectual work in 1892, leading- to the conversion of 
 Charles Warren, who became a very usful worker. At 
 the same place, early in 1893, Charles Sylva began his 
 Christian work, soon followed bv Arthur Farr. After 
 conducting Sabbath-school in the afternoon, they spent 
 the rest of the day in visiting families, followed by an 
 evening meeting. These young workers were blessed in 
 creating such an interest that the people soon built a 
 booth, to which almost the whole communitv came for the 
 meetings. When these workers went to Glen Haven, 
 Nathan Shrouder continued to visit the place, resulting 
 later in gathering a little companv of Friends, a more 
 substantial building, and a great change in the community. 
 
 At Long Road, two miles west of north from Sea- 
 side. Stephen Stewart also labored. Near the beginning 
 of 1894, Helen Farr, feeling- this work laid upon her 
 heart, organized a large Bible class and a singing class,
 
 88 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 visiting much among the people during- the week. A 
 building was erected, 18 by 22, with galvanized roof and 
 hard pine floor. At the dedication of the new house the 
 people named it "Helen's Chapel." In October, 1895, 
 Georgie Griffith took charge of the work. In addition to 
 heavy school duties, she kept up the Bible class, singing 
 practise, prayer meeting, organized a Christian Endeavor 
 society, and conducted the work through one of the most 
 trying and perilous times the workers have known in 
 Jamaica. The precious awakening that followed and the 
 continued faithful work have made it a center of Chris- 
 tian influence. At Reich, six miles northwest of Seaside, 
 and at Hector's River, three-quarters of a mile south, and 
 other places, prayer meetings. Sabbath-schools, and evan- 
 gelistic meetings have been held bv the missionaries and 
 native workers. 
 
 At St. Elizabeth, one hundred and thirty miles west, 
 near the opposite corner of the Island, Charles Warren, 
 and Edgar West first went and taught the gospel to a 
 needy people, gathering a group of Christians, and organ- 
 izing them into a body under the care of Seaside. The 
 origin of the work seems to show the leacline of the Lord. 
 Edgar West had a sister living- in the district and know- 
 ing of the neglected people led him to desire to help them. 
 Neither one knowing- the other's concern, Charles Warren 
 carried the same burden upon his heart for a long time. 
 After talking and praying about it and receiving- the ap- 
 proval of G. L. Farr and the Board, they entered upon 
 the work. Upon Edgar West's going- to America in the 
 sprnig of 1899. Stephen Stewart, another native worker, 
 went there to take up work. Charles Warren having pre- 
 viously returned to Seaside, where he died in November, 
 1898, of quick consumption. The meeting- at that place 
 is known as Middle Quarters. Friends own land there 
 and a good chapel is much needed. This field is of spe- 
 cial importance on account of the location and promise of 
 becoming a center from which Friends mav build up a 
 large work in the west end of the Island.
 
 SEASIDE MISSION. 89 
 
 Gathering a Harvest. The increased interest in the 
 supporters at home, and the faithful labors of the previous 
 missionaries resulted in a long- harvest during the years 
 of 1892 and 1893. Arthur Swift's young, enthusiastic 
 life and his teaching had attracted large numbers of 
 young people. During the first vear of Gilbert Farr's 
 work the membership of Seaside Monthly Meeting, in- 
 cluding those residing at Amity Hall, increased from 
 forty-seven to ninety-four. He expressed the thought 
 that others had labored and he "had entered into their 
 labors." A large number of the additions were young 
 people who had been under the influence of the mission 
 since it was founded. In December, 1892, a Christian 
 Endeavor society, one of the first in Jamaica, was organ- 
 ized at Seaside. It was largely attended and has con- 
 tinued to the present time to be one of of the leading fac- 
 tors in the mission. Some had "sown in tears;" others 
 were now "reaping with ioy." The results of these years 
 had much to do with securing and training- native workers 
 and opening up stations where they have labored effectu- 
 ally. The beginning of 1893 also witnessed the com- 
 mencement of "Friends' Jamaica Mission." It has con- 
 tinued to be one of the greatest sources of interest and 
 instruction to the people at home. 
 
 A Discouraging: Year.- Temptation follows bless- 
 ing. There have been continued obstacles to the work 
 surmounted with as constant evidences of the Lord's 
 blessing. One can look back over the past years and 
 upon the rising tide see the waves dashing and plunging, 
 receding and then advancing. Indeed by the outward 
 appearances the work seems encouraging and then dis- 
 couraging. But one who watches continually and care- 
 fully sees clearly the evidences of advancement. Follow- 
 ing the successful period already mentioned, the year 1894 
 is described as follows by G. L. Farr : "As though stirred 
 by the success the Lord had given, it has seemed that the 
 enemy was determined to lay waste our little 'heritage of 
 the Lord.' Some of the most humiliating and disheart-
 
 QO JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 ening things have happened among- our members." Yet 
 in the face of this, successful work was clone in some of 
 the out-stations. Twelve persons were received into 
 membership and the beginning of a "Training Home'' 
 was made by taking four girls into the Farr family. 
 
 Prosperity and Growth. The year iSqc; is marked 
 by another wave of prosperity. In February Rufus Gar- 
 ratt who had been engaged in mission work in Oskaloosa, 
 Iowa, came to Jamaica and begfan what proved to be a 
 successful series of meetings at each of the stations. A 
 number who had been under the influence of the mission 
 were led to accept Christ definitely. One instance will 
 show the Lord's leading in this work. Having closed 
 the meetings at Helen's Chapel, it was intended to rest 
 a short time and then begin at Seaside. But Rufus Gar- 
 ratt felt that he must go to Dillon at once and commence 
 meetings. He afterwards learned that a booth had been 
 erected there for dancing during the August holidays. 
 At the drum-beat no one came and the booth rotted down. 
 Twenty-five members were added that year to Seaside 
 Monthly Meeting, making a total of one hundred and six, 
 and the attendance was larger than it had been for four 
 years. Zenas L. Martin's visit in March led to plans 
 for fitting up the Happy Grove Training School and the 
 sale of several lots from the estate, laying the foundation 
 for a compact community of temperate, industrious mem- 
 bers. Georgie Griffith's coming soon wrought- a great 
 change in Seaside day school. Her school work won the 
 hearts of children and parents and acted as one of the 
 strongest factors in the work. This year also marked 
 the departure of Charles Sylva to reopen the mission at 
 'Glen Haven, a direct result of the Seaside work. 
 
 The Counterfeit Revival. The "Revival" craze 
 came at the beginning of i8q6, just when the workers 
 felt that the prospects for an ingathering of souls were 
 the brightest they had ever known. These "revival" 
 meetings were opened with Scripture reading, singing
 
 SEASIDE MISSION. 9! 
 
 and prayer, after which the "shepherd" was surrounded 
 by a semi-circle of those who "worked revival," mostly 
 young women and children. With hands joined, they 
 went through a great variety of contortions, accompanied 
 by the most hideous grunts, the "shepherd" beating them 
 cruelly if they did not perform to suit him. They held 
 meetings every night, often continuing till daylight, leav- 
 ing the men unfit for work, and their fields neglected, 
 while the children instead of attending- school wandered 
 about alone, ragged and dirty. The power of this super- 
 stition was very great. Often those in the booth would 
 fall insensible, to be carried out bv the "nurses" in wait- 
 ing, and prayed over till consciousness returned. Some 
 who professed not to believe in it, suddenly fell down and 
 remained unconscious for hours. Some of the wickedest 
 people appeared to be under deep conviction, furnishing a 
 plausible argument for it, but none were known to for- 
 sake sin. Nearly every "shepherd," having previously 
 scooped out a basin in a damp place, which soon filled with 
 water, pretended to have discovered a miraculous spring 
 with healing properties. Crowds of people would flock 
 thither for the "Tesus Medicine." 
 
 Some earnest Christians were led off under the ter- 
 rible mania. One young man, briehtly converted a year 
 before, fearing its influences, came to Seaside and was 
 employed about the property. He was found one morn- 
 ing by Gilbert Farr, lying on the ground apparently un- 
 consious, beating his breast, turning- his head violently 
 and muttering all the time in rhythm with his motions. 
 Now and then springing up as if in terror, he was caught 
 and held down by two strong men. Listening- carefully, 
 it was discovered that he was bemoaning- his sin his 
 vanity, hypocrisy and tendency to evil. Recovering the 
 next day, he expressed his dread of its influence and a 
 determination to keep clear of it. The missionaries at that 
 time were just commencing a series of promising meet- 
 ings at Helen's Chapel. In a few days a booth was 
 erected near by and a "Band" organized with this young
 
 92 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 man as "shepherd." Crowds thronged the booth, while 
 the chapel was almost deserted. Charles Warren would 
 sometimes go to the chapel and after sitting alone for an 
 hour and a half, a few others coming, they would have a 
 season of blessing together. The few young men at that 
 place remaining true were greatly persecuted. The at- 
 tendance at the Sabbath morning meetings and the day 
 school decreased, while at Dillon it seemed for a while 
 as if the work must be given up. The members at Sea- 
 side were affected by it very little giving a hopeful 
 sign of the effects of longer contact with the missionaries. 
 The revival soon came under the ban of the law and in a 
 few months its influence had apparently ceased. But it 
 added much to the belief in "duppies" (ghosts), who were 
 supposed to cause all calamities. During the next year 
 its power was still felt and it will take a generation for its 
 influence to die. 
 
 The Most Fruitful Year. Following this severe 
 trial came such a spirit of prayer and service upon the 
 faithful little group at Long Road that in holding cottage 
 prayer meetings there were some bright conversions. The 
 inspiration to work for souls took possession of some of 
 the workers at Seaside. They sought out the neglected 
 communities and began to hold Sabbath-schools and 
 prayer meetings with good results. With the close of 
 the year the burden for souls in darkness and "past feel- 
 ing" became so heavy that in every meeting and in the 
 homes of the active members prayer was made for an out- 
 pouring of the Spirit in convicting power. Prayers were 
 answered and the workers at Seaside look back upon the 
 year 1897 as their most fruitful year. The Christian 
 boys invited their companions to meeting. Some of these 
 being invited home with the missionaries after meeting 
 were led to give their hearts to Christ. In this way Anna 
 M. Farr was instrumental in leading five young men to the 
 Savior in one evening, while her husband was absent car- 
 ing for the growing work in the out-stations. This year 
 occurred the first "Fruit Offering" at Seaside, (the pro-
 
 SEASIDE MISSION. 93 
 
 ceeds of which were fifty-five dollars), the organization 
 of a "Building Committee" to care for erecting booths and 
 chapels, and the sending of Edgar West and Charles 
 Warren to St. Elizabeth the first attempt to send out 
 native workers who must labor away from the personal 
 supervision of the missionaries. Trials came with all of 
 these blessings, many promising ones falling, but all in 
 all it was a year memorable in the annals of the mission. 
 
 Latest Developments at Seaside* After six and one- 
 half years of devoted labor at Seaside, Gilbert Farr feel- 
 ing a call to Glen Haven, departed with his wife and four 
 boys for that field on May 12, 1898. According to the re- 
 organization of the work Arthur H. Swift and H. Alma 
 Swift have had charge of Seaside and Amity Hall, as- 
 sisted by the other workers, the former also editing the 
 "Friends' Jamaica Mission" and acting as General Su- 
 perintendent of the work on the Island. They have since 
 made their home at Seaside. It is in a more healthful 
 district and accommodations are better. The work has 
 continued to prosper, Seaside being the center of the va- 
 ried interests of a growing mission. The opening of the 
 Training School promises much for the future. 
 
 "Ah, did we but know ivhen we were happy. . . Could 
 the restless feverish heart be still, but for a moment still, 
 and yield itself, without one aspiring throb, to its en- 
 joyment then were I happy, yes, thrice happy." 
 
 LONGFELLOW.
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 AMITY HALL MISSION. 
 
 Situation. On the Queen's Highway, five miles 
 from Seaside, Amity (ah-me-te) Hall chapel stands on a 
 hillside covered with trees and "brush."' It is at the foot 
 of the famous Quaw Hill, which is about a mile in length. 
 Though in the edge of the village, once a very wicked 
 community, it is surrounded by many thatched huts of the 
 natives. The Mission Home is three miles distant, near 
 Golden Grove village. It is on the top of a hill rising 
 about one hundred feet above the plain. Banana cultiva- 
 tions lie on two sides, and on the others are pasture lands 
 and timber. From the porch can be seen near two thou- 
 sand acres of bananas in the foreground, and in the rear 
 toward the northwest is Johnson Mountain with its mis- 
 sion booth. Hordley Hospital to the north is plainly vis- 
 ible, and to the northeast is Holland Bay estate of co- 
 coanut trees. The sea lies five miles to the east and to 
 the west are the John Crow mountains, covered with trop- 
 ical timber. 
 
 Early Success and Decline. Meetings had been held 
 at Amity Hall by all of the former workers in a booth 
 once occupied by the Church of England. Members from 
 Amity Hall were admitted into membership with Friends 
 by Seaside Monthly Meeting. During the time that Jesse 
 C. George was in the Island, Amity Hall property 
 changed hands and the new owners did not permit Friends 
 to use the booth. For several months there were no 
 meetings held. It was during this interval that Arthur 
 Swift went to Jamaica and found the Amity Hall work 
 dropped. Some of the people thinking that Friends 
 would not make any attempt to revive the work, went to 
 other churches in the neighboring places ; others fell 
 away, while a few remained faithful mostly aged wo- 
 men forming the nucleus of the new work.
 
 AMITi ilALL MISSION. 
 
 95 
 
 Amity Hall Mission Home. 
 Amity Hall Chapel. 
 
 Call of Arthur H. Swift In 1889, while Josiah Dil- 
 lon was Superintendent of the work, Arthur Swift visited 
 the Island as companion to Rufus King. During the time 
 of their stay he went with Josiah Dillon to Amity Hall
 
 (j6 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 where the latter purposed "to show Arthur a place 
 to preach." He had no idea of the burden of that whole 
 district that had been laid upon the heart of Arthur 
 Swift, who saw the people as sheep without a shepherd 
 and the large number of heathen East Indians with no 
 one to teach them. Then and during the few weeks 
 following, he heard the command to enter that work. Be- 
 ing young and inexperienced, he could hardly believe it 
 was a divine call, but thought it must be the sympathy 
 of his heart, or the novelty of a strange land. For two 
 years he carried the burden, realizing his own unfitness 
 and yet having this impression from which he could not 
 get away. He asked the Lord that, if it was His call, 
 those having charge of the mission might ask for his ser- 
 vices. Finally, in 1891, the way was opened for him to 
 go to Jamaica with Evi Sharpless, as a teacher for the 
 Seaside school. This seemed a stepping stone to the 
 work which lay upon his heart. 
 
 Renewal of the Work and Early Experiences. As 
 
 Friends had been deprived of the use of the booth, another 
 place must be found, if the work was to be renewed. The 
 great estate had in former days had a few pieces sold 
 from it. One of those had fallen into the hands of a 
 storekeeper, who. being very friendly, readily granted 
 the use of his land for open air and tent meetings. A. 
 H. Swift held a number of meetings under a bay tree 
 close to a cart-shed. During the few weeks that meet- 
 ings were thus held while he had entire charge of Frineds 
 work in the Island, Arthur Swift would teach a Sabbath- 
 school class at Seaside, preach and hold the class meeting, 
 and then, eating a hasty lunch, would mount his horse 
 and canter away five miles to Amity Hall and preach and 
 return in time for the evening meeting at Seaside. This, 
 with the early morning prayer meeting, made a full day. 
 
 Division of Labor. With the coming of Gilbert 
 Farr in November, 1891, it was decided that they could 
 accomplish most by Arthur Swift's taking the work at
 
 AMITY HALL MISSION. 97 
 
 Amity Hall, leaving Gilbert Farr in charge of Seaside. 
 On Sabbath mornings they felt keenly the responsibility 
 of the day's work with its new and untried experiences. 
 Committing themselves and their work to the Lord in 
 prayer, one turned to the work at hand while the other, 
 mounting his horse for his long ride, was watched till he 
 disappeared from view. Both worked almost alone, not 
 having even native helpers, except two or three women 
 at Seaside who assisted in the Bible-school. Arthur 
 Swift seldom returned before eleven o'clock at night. 
 And then the two would sit for hours discussing the day's 
 experiences. 
 
 A Gospel Tent. When A. H. Swift gave up work 
 at Seaside, he began to hold meetings at Amity Hall in 
 the morning. As the meetings increased a tent seemed 
 necessary. He bought some cotton cloth, and with some 
 one to baste the edges, and the help of the sewing ma- 
 chine he made a tent, 30 feet long and 16 feet wide. A 
 Sabbath-school was started and things went on nicely 
 seemed as if the usual heavy rains were stayed, for only 
 once was the meeting broken up by rain. The work was 
 favored of God. To the few who had remained faithful 
 others were added and the little church began to grow. 
 Cotton cloth affords poor protection against the rays of 
 a tropical sun, and the continued favor of the Heavenly 
 Father pointed plainly to the necessity of a more sub- 
 stantial meeting place and better protection against sun 
 and rain. On one occasion when Arthur Swift went to 
 hold a meeting he found his tent hanging in ribbons from 
 the tent-rope. A drove of passing mules had played 
 havoc with the light cotton cloth. Another tent was 
 made to serve until the chapel was finished. On another 
 occasion a high wind passing over a hilltop upon which a 
 tent had been placed for coolie meetings, tore it into three 
 parts, and this before any meeting had been held in it. 
 It seemed impossible to buy a building site at Amity Hall, 
 for the small land holders are very loath to sell and it 
 was useless to think of obtaining any land from the es- 
 
 7
 
 98 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 tate. In spite of these obstacles, Arthur Swift felt it his 
 duty to seek a place upon which to build a "house of 
 God.'' Again the Divine Hand interposed and a young 
 woman who has no connection with Friends was induced 
 to sell a lot, less than one-quarter of an acre, for sixty 
 dollars. But the young missionary felt willing to pay 
 twice that sum, if necessary, to obtain a footing. 
 
 Sacrifice in Building Joy in Dedication. One 
 
 prominent in missionary work in America has written 
 that when one expects the Great Husbandman to favor a 
 cause with means, that the one upon whom the cause 
 has been laid must first make his offering. This coming 
 to Arthur Swift at the very first of the attempt to build, 
 he felt it his duty to lay the little store he had in the Sav- 
 ings Bank at home upon the altar for Amity Hall chapel. 
 He accordingly sent for it and the hearts of his parents 
 being touched, money came until enough was received to 
 build a chapel, 24 feet wide by 48 feet long. The dedica- 
 tion took place the i/th of November, 1892. Wesley an 
 ministers were present and gave addresses, also represen- 
 tative from the Baptist Church. Gilbert L. Farr preached 
 a sermon, taking as his text, "I say unto you that in this 
 place is one greater than the temple." An offering was 
 taken amounting to about $30.00, the largest that had 
 Ibeen taken in the Friends' Mission in Jamaica. The 
 former shop-mates of Arthur Swift in Worcester, Mass- 
 achusetts, gave a large sweet-sounding bell which was 
 placed upon a solid work in the chapel-yard. The es- 
 tablishment of the work in a suitable building gave the 
 people fresh courage and the work a new impetus. The 
 mornings meetings were much larger and evening meet- 
 ings were commenced. The little church began imme- 
 diately to take the lead in collections, maintaining it ever 
 since. This was due partly to the good financial condi- 
 tion of the community, but more particularly to the gen- 
 erosity of the people, \vho were encouraged and taught to 
 give. It was the first to begin the support of any of the
 
 AMITY HALL MISSION. 99 
 
 workers. Small though the support was, it was a be- 
 ginning which it is hoped will continue to increase. 
 
 A New Helper. Naomi George, after one year and 
 a half in America, returned to Jamaica. She was mar- 
 ried to Arthur Swift November 25, 1892, by Gilbert L. 
 Farr at Seaside chapel. On the day of their wedding 
 they took up their residence at the Quaw Hill house, three 
 miles from the chapel. This seemed particularly suitable 
 for a mission home in connection with the work at Amity 
 Hall. Naomi Swift at once entered into the Creole and 
 Coolie work as much as her health would allow. She be- 
 gan a Loyal Temperance Legion which has, as it has been 
 followed up by others, been a great benefit to the young 
 people. She also took her place in the Sabbath-school 
 and class meeting. 
 
 Sorrow's Cup. The health of Naomi Swift forbade 
 her continuing long in the duties she had assumed She 
 was first attacked by pleurisy followed by fever, while her 
 husband suffered from the same disease. Those were 
 indeed sad, dark days. Husband and wife were both 
 very ill, the attending physician ten miles away, and kind 
 friends who could minister five miles distant. Anna M. 
 Farr did all that she could do to make them comfortable, 
 putting herself to much inconvenience and extra work, for 
 at that time Gilbert Farr was in the States and she had 
 her family cares and those of the Seaside church. To add 
 to the trials of their situation, the woman who did the 
 cooking learned that her son had been dragged into the 
 river by an alligator and that his body had not been re- 
 covered. Without saying a word to anyone she rushed 
 to the river screaming, and not for several hours was the 
 cause of her sudden departure known. 
 
 Soon after this the doctor advised that the Swift 
 family be removed to Seaside and the change was made. 
 Arthur Swift, after a temporary prostration, be- 
 gan to improve, while his wife, after a brief con- 
 valescence, felt symptoms of a relapse. On Sabbath 
 night she rapidly grew worse. One week from the fol-
 
 IOO JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 lowing Tuesday, about four o'clock in the afternoon, she 
 quietly passed away. Before the first happy year of their 
 wedded life had closed, a simple but substantial tomb had 
 been placed in Seaside chapel-yard to mark the resting 
 place of the devoted wife and loving worker and her little 
 babe. They had rejoiced in each other in a way known 
 only to the loving husband and wife engaged in mission- 
 ary work. Happy hopes of a loving home life and suc- 
 cessful work had rilled their minds when suddenly it was 
 dashed away. While one was removed to a brighter 
 home, the other buried his dead and hastened to the north. 
 The blow fell heavily upon the work, but the little church 
 held together under the care of Gilbert L. Farr, who re- 
 turned to Jamaica about two weeks before the sad occur- 
 rence. He labored under disadvantages in caring for the 
 work, some of the time having to neglect the Seaside 
 field. 
 
 Organization of the Mission and the Church. The 
 Women's Board of Iowa Yearly Meeting sent out H. 
 Alma Penrose, of Lawrence, Kansas, in 1893 to work 
 among the Coolies in Amity Hall district. She arrived 
 in Jamaica during Arthur Swift's absence in America. 
 Her ability as an organizer w r as soon felt in the work. 
 After a few months A. H. Swift returned, and in 1894 
 was made Superintendent of the work of the Women's 
 Board at Amity Hall, a position which he acceptably filled 
 till this work was united with the regular work of the 
 Yearly Meeting and all placed under one management. 
 The workers soon had the satisfaction of seeing the little 
 group of Christians at Amity Hall developing into an or- 
 ganized body. In January, 1894, Amity Hall Monthly 
 Meeting was set off from Seaside. From a membership 
 of sixteen it has increased to more than one hundred. At 
 first there was bitter hostility between the Creoles and 
 Coolies, but \vith the missionary spirit of 1895, the Cre- 
 oles began to look upon the East Indians as brothers 
 needing their help, and they have since given readily to- 
 ward the support of a missionary for them.
 
 AMITY HALL MISSION. IO1 
 
 Wedding at the Mission. On Christmas Day, 1894, 
 H. Alma Penrose was united in marriage with Arthur H. 
 Swift at Amity Hall chapel. Their united life has been 
 one of continued joy, though in the midst of toil and 
 heavy responsibilities. Not the least of the services 
 which they have rendered to Jamaica has been the main- 
 tenance of a Christian home with open doors. All who 
 know them have rejoiced with them in their happy home 
 life. 
 
 Some Outposts. Holland Bay, four miles from Amity 
 Hall, has witnessed earnest effort and hopeful results 
 under H. Alma Swift, Sarah B. Andrews and others. 
 With April, 1895, a new building was dedicated, Z. 
 L. Martin giving an appropriate gospel message. The 
 Creoles furnished all the money and erected the building, 
 clearing the indebtedness at its dedication. A more sub- 
 stantial building is soon to be erected by the people, Josiah 
 Marriott, a native worker, promising, if necessary, to do 
 the work free of charge. 
 
 Johnson Mountain is a neglected village far up on 
 the mountain side, four and a half miles from the central 
 station. Many of the parents never attempted to attend 
 any place of worship till a meeting house was built there 
 during the year 1897 the harvest year in the out-sta- 
 tions. Stephen Stewart was a faithful worker in that 
 place, holding meetings, visiting families and conducting 
 a day school for many neglected children. Since he 
 was called to St. Elizabeth, Florence Baker and the native 
 workers have had charge of the work. They love to 
 ride up the mountainside to tell the story of Christ to a 
 hungry people. 
 
 At Hordley village, one mile from Amity Hall, Bible 
 classes, cottage prayer meetings and Sabbath-school have 
 been conducted by Mary White, Alma Swift and the na- 
 tive workers. At Whcclcrfield, nearly two miles west of 
 Amity Hall, is a Bible-school of sixty-five, ranking fifth 
 in size of all the schools of the mission. Here are both 
 Creoles and East Indians, among whom many of the
 
 IO2 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 workers have labored in preaching, holding mothers' 
 meetings, Bible classes and prayer meetings. There are 
 several other stations where some work has been done. 
 Much seed has been sown which in the future will bear 
 fruit. One of the places where workers are always wel- 
 come is the Hordley Government Hospital. The sick 
 and suffering are often open to the messages of Christian 
 love. The former dispenser at the Hospital, Henry 
 Nichols, was a faithful helper in the work, often praying 
 with the sick and penitent. One of the greatest gamblers 
 in the Island was converted here, and after destroying 
 tools worth $130 began lecturing on the sin of gambling. 
 He would work at anything rather than go back to his 
 old profession, though his family was destitute. Truly 
 the workers at this place can have it said of them, "I was 
 sick and ye visited me," for they follow up these newly 
 born children with loving ministry. 
 
 The Day School. Amity Hall day school was 
 opened soon after the completion of the chapel in Novem- 
 ber, 1892. George McKay, a member of Seaside meet- 
 ing and now one of the stanch native workers, was the 
 first teacher. After a few months, George Percy, who 
 had previously held the same position at Seaside, was in- 
 stalled as teacher. Under his care the school took its 
 first Government examination. He was a bright, success- 
 ful teacher, but his hasty temper too frequently came in 
 conflict with the parents of the children. A son of 
 Stephen Stewart, who now has care of the mission at St. 
 Elizabeth, was placed in charge. Under him the pupils 
 passed the second examination with credit, but the attend- 
 ance falling below the required average the school no 
 longer received the Government grants. It has since been 
 supported by the Missionary Board, with the exception of 
 sixty dollars paid one year by Amity Hall Monthly Meet- 
 ing. The teacher having fallen into sin, H. Alma Swift 
 took charge of the school for eighteen months. The at- 
 tendance increased and a very gracious work was done 
 for the spiritual welfare of the children. Her health fail-
 
 AMITY HALL MISSION. IO3 
 
 ing, she was relieved of school work by the coming of 
 Mary White in December, 1895, who entered heartily into 
 her school duties, besides helping with other lines of 
 work. Sarah B. Andrews relieved her in the fall of 
 1897. Parents as well as children were deeply influenced 
 by the work of Sarah Andrews. Children near-by and 
 those at a distance came in response to her devotion, her 
 tact and her power. To fill the place made vacant by her 
 death, Florence Baker went to Jamaica with Arthur and 
 Alma Swift on their return in January, 1899. She * s 
 giving her best work to the Amity Hall school, which con- 
 tinues to be a strong factor in uplifting the people. The 
 attendance was the largest during the past year that it 
 has ever been. The fact that the school does not receive 
 government support makes it possible for pupils to con- 
 tinue in school longer, not being obliged to stop at four- 
 teen. The place which the school holds in the hearts of 
 the people has lately been shown by their willingness to 
 give $150 to enlarge a cottage which stood in the chapel- 
 yard, for a school-room, the school all these years having 
 been held in the meeting-house. 
 
 The Mission Home. After the marriage of Arthur 
 Swift and Alma Penrose in December, 1894, they resided 
 at Seaside until October, 1895, sharing the open home of 
 Gilbert and Anna Farr. But since a large part of their 
 work was done at night in the places distant from Amity 
 Hall, the drives were more unhealthful and wearing than 
 the work. In answer to prayer way was opened for the 
 purchase of land of the Boston Fruit Co., on the Golden 
 Grove Estate. The site for the mission house was con- 
 sidered the healthiest in the district. The new house 
 with eight rooms has been called "Friends' Mission 
 House." It has been the "home" for many children and 
 workers. The privilege of having in their home Sarah 
 Andrews and Mary White is remembered by Arthur and 
 Alma Swift with joy and thankfulness. Also some of 
 the little girls have become very dear to them. Little 
 Mary Anderson, after faithfully assisting in the home,
 
 IO4 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 HENRY D. SWIFT. 
 
 We are glad to be able to present the faces of Henry D. and Emma C. Swift, of 
 Worcester, Massachusetts. For many years they have been giving largely of their means 
 to the support of Friends' work in Jamaica They have met almost the entire expense of 
 the buildings connected with Amity Hall Mission. They have contributed largely to the 
 buildings ?t Glen Haven and to the fund necessary for the Chapel at St. Elizabeth. They 
 have lately given a splendid press, costing $225.00, upon which '"friends' Jamaica Mis- 
 sion" is published. Emma C. Swift, in addition to supporting three girls in the Ttaining 
 School, has given $ 1 25.00 for other expenses, and furnished the fund for the many wed- 
 dings at the mission stations. By these and many other gifts, quietly and unnoticed, they 
 have been blessing many in other lands while bearing a large share of the burdens at home. 
 
 making it possible for Alma Swift to go regularly to the 
 out-stations, passed away with the sad, anxious query, 
 "Who will care for Mrs. Swift?" To furnish a home 
 for the day school teacher, a three-roomed cottage was 
 built in Amity Hall chapel-yard in 1895 by Arthur 
 Swift's father, Henry D. Swift, of Worcester, Massachu- 
 setts. He also built a small cottage near-by for the Bible
 
 AMITY HALL MISSION. 
 
 105 
 
 EMMA C. SWIFT. 
 
 reader, Eliza Wiles. This was afterwards moved to a 
 more healthful location near the Mission Home. 
 
 The Workers. Arthur H. Swift has been on the 
 Island the longest of any of the workers, finishing his 
 ninth year last May. The days and weeks are filled up 
 with pastoral visiting, preaching, correspondence and ed- 
 itorial work, business interests, attendance at weddings 
 and funerals, settling family disputes and superintending 
 the work. He feels that the success which has attended 
 the Amity H^ll Mission is due in no small degree to the 
 wise suggestions and hearty cooperation of his wife, H. 
 Alma Swift. Her influence has been felt in every de- 
 partment of work. The Christian Endeavor, Junior So-
 
 IO6 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 ciety, Bible-schools at Amity Hall and the out-stations, 
 and special Bible classes have prospered under her care. 
 As is the case with most of the workers who have gone 
 to Jamaica, she has received and exercised a gift in the 
 ministry, preaching acceptably and effectually. The or- 
 phans in the home are much attached to her, and in com- 
 mon with many older people, look to her as "mother." 
 
 Mary E. White has spent four years in Jamaica. She 
 came as a ''helper'' a position which she has successful- 
 ly filled, entering vacant places in the school-room, visit- 
 ing and doing personal work, preaching at Wheelerfield, 
 teaching regularly in the East Indian school, or acting as 
 temporary superintendent of Amity Hall during A. 
 H. Swift's absence. Arthur and Alma Swift bear lov- 
 ing testimony to the earnest devotion of Mary White in 
 the support of every cause that needs her help. Her 
 visit to the home land during the summer of 1899 was an 
 opportunity welcomed for rest and spiritual refreshing. 
 Florence Baker is another worker who is finding her place 
 in many varieties of work. In addition to her regular 
 work in the school room at Amity Hall, she goes regular- 
 ly to preach at Hordley. She makes her home with the 
 Swift family at Seaside. 
 
 Of the helpful Creole workers, one may be mention- 
 ed particularly, also one among the East Indians. Eliza 
 Wiles, a light-colored Creole, is an efficient worker. She 
 was a member of the Church of England before uniting 
 with Friends. For fourteen vears she was matron of the 
 Government Hospital at Hordley almost long enough to 
 give her a life pension. Her spare moments were em- 
 ployed in telling the story of Christ to the Coolies whom 
 she gathered about her. or in going to their barracks in 
 the evening. Her zeal for the evangelization of the East 
 Indians led her to give no her position in the hospital and 
 to spend all her time in gospel and educational work. 
 For some time she has been supported bv the children of 
 Iowa Yearlv Meeting, they feeling that she is pe- 
 culiarlv their own.
 
 AMITY HALL MISSION. IO/ 
 
 Rufus King's life among his fellow East Indians is 
 a constant witness for Christ. He was converted in 1893, 
 the first-fruits of the East Indian work. He was early 
 called to work among his own people. Receiving a bare 
 support, he gives nearly all of his time to interpreting and 
 doing personal work. Many times he has gone four 
 days in the week to interpret for Arthur Swift, who be- 
 fore starting out has often read and explained what he 
 had on his heart to speak. ''Me go on minister an' pre- 
 pare the way," and then away to help some body and to 
 get the people ready. Sometimes the people listen beau- 
 tifully to his Bible stories, and sometimes they abuse him 
 and say bitter things against Christianity. His patience 
 always marks him as a disciple of Him who "when he was 
 reviled, reviled not again." When he was little he was 
 so ugly that his mother wanted to kill him. He lived to 
 see her a happy Christian. He tenderly cared for her in 
 old age, praying with her just before she went home to 
 rest. 
 
 In connection with the sketches of workers, it is fit- 
 ting to mention again one whose promising life came to 
 an early but happy close. Sarah B. Andrews went to Ja- 
 maica in the fall of 1896. Concerning her abilities and 
 qualifications, Pres. H. H. Seerley of the Iowa State 
 Normal School, of which she was a graduate, said, "I do 
 not know of a place in my work I would not recommend 
 Sarah Andrews to fill capably." On reaching her chosen 
 field, she gave herself up to her work with untiring zeal. 
 Intellectual, spiritual, and practical, her presence in the 
 mission was of great value to workers and to the people. 
 In the day school she was at home. She was a teacher by 
 nature, by education, and by practice. Her Bible lessons 
 were clear, practical and suggestive. In the meeting at 
 Holland Bay she was evidencing a gift in organization 
 and in the ministry of the gospel. On Thursday eve- 
 ning, one week before her death, though weary and per- 
 haps feeling the coming illness, she insisted on going to 
 Holland Bay. The next day she assisted Mary White in
 
 IO8 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 distributing bread, sugar and arrow-root to the aged and 
 sick. On her return home she was taken sick. Xot un- 
 til the next Friday did she appear very ill. The next day, 
 just after noon, she bade farewell to the sorrowing sister 
 and the little group of missionaries, who felt keenly their 
 loss. Just before her departure her eyes suddenly opened, 
 and upon her face came a look of rapturous wonder and 
 delight. She died August 13, 1899, and was laid by the 
 side of Xaomi George Swift and her little babe in Seaside 
 chapel-yard. On March 5, 1899, a memorial service was 
 held for her at Amity Hall, an organ being dedicated to 
 her memory. She will long be remembered by those who 
 came under her influence. 
 
 The Future of Amity Hall. From the earliest days 
 of the Friends' Mission in Jamaica, Amity Hall has been 
 the scene,of gospel labors. For years the work struggled 
 against the tide of sin, indifference, and open hostility. 
 From a weak out-station, it has grown to be an aggres- 
 sive mother church with good buildings and an organized 
 working body. For five years its members have borne 
 many of the responsibilities of a missionary organization 
 working, planning, and giving for the East Indian 
 work and for their brethren in less favored localities. 
 There are some severe trials to meet now, but there is 
 much that is encouraging. The church stands in the 
 midst of a large field of service in which much seed has 
 been sown. To cultivate this and to gather the harvest 
 as it ripens is a task which calls for the prayers of all 
 whose hearts yearn for the extension of the Lord's work 
 in th!.3 land of need and possibility.
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE EAST INDIANS. 
 
 The Need. The need of work for this people is im- 
 perative. Theoretically the Hindus worship a Trinity- 
 Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Siva the 
 Destroyer. But to them God is impersonal and unap- 
 proachable. They believe in incarnations of their deities. 
 Hence they say that the belief of the Christian is the same 
 as theirs, only under a different name. They are said to 
 have a total of three hundred and thirty million gods and 
 fifty-six goddesses. They worship the hosts of heaven, 
 birds, beasts, trees, their sacred books, household utensils, 
 and eighty-eight thousand saints. There are many priests 
 who are worshiped. They exercise a powerful influence 
 to keep the people from accepting Christ. The people 
 have no distinct idea of sin and its meaning, therefore 
 no longing for a Savior. They are skeptical, cold and in- 
 different. They are intrenched in their belief behind cen- 
 turies of teaching, prejudice and reverence for ancestors. 
 Besides the Hindu Coolies there are some Mohammedans 
 and Jews with their bitter hatred of Christ. Within five 
 miles of Amity Hall there are nine East Indian villages. 
 "Within sight of Amity Hall are five plantations, on each 
 a village of Creoles and from sixty to one hundred and 
 fifty East Indians. Twenty children were found in one 
 village and only one American worker for the whole 
 district. 
 
 The Origin of the Work. A few weeks before Gil- 
 bert Farr's arrival in the fall of 1891, Arthur Swift and 
 Nathan Shrouder, who for several years has been a useful 
 overseer at Seaside, went on horseback into the Amity 
 Hall district to examine the prospect for opening work 
 among the East Indians. The people were much pleased 
 at the thought of a white man laboring among them. A
 
 I IO JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 few weeks later, it having been decided that Arthur Swift 
 should continue the work at Amity Hall and open up 
 work for the East Indians, the two again mounted their 
 horses and rode to the Coolies. Arrangements had been 
 made for a young man, who seemed suitable, to act as in- 
 terpreter. When they came to the place where the meet- 
 ing was to be held, they found but few Coolies present 
 and the interpreter drunken. They left the settlement 
 and sought a place for consultation, refreshment and 
 prayer. Later in the day they returned and found a 
 noisy rabble of Coolies, more or less drunken, and their 
 interpreter partially recovered. An attempt was made to 
 hold a meeting. The workers returned to Seaside not 
 very enthusiastic, but rejoicing that a beginning had been 
 made. 
 
 Golden Grove and the Tabernacle, \Vork was con- 
 ducted at Winchester for several months. It was laid 
 down when an opportunity was given for the Golden 
 Grove building. One hopeful feature of the work was 
 the erection of a temporary building at Golden Grove 
 across the Plantain Garden river, two and a half miles 
 south from Amity Hall, by an unconverted Coolie. This 
 location seemed better suited for an educational and evan- 
 gelistic center of labor. Through the generosity of 
 Captain Baker, who gave land from the Golden Grove 
 estate and paid half of the expense of building, a tab- 
 ernacle, 1 6 by 32 feet, was erected for meetings, Bible- 
 school, night schools for adults and day school for the 
 children. The tabernacle is cool, comfortable, \vell- 
 seated and lighted. It has neither doors nor windows, 
 but sides which can be opened out, making a huge roof. 
 At its dedication on July 28, 1896, a large group of 
 negroes were present, but Captain Baker had gone 
 through the village personally inviting the East Indians, 
 and when they came in timidly he gave them the prefer- 
 ence in seats, saying that the building had been erected 
 especially for them. An offering of $30.00 was taken at 
 the close of the exercises. The Tabernacle has been a
 
 THE EAST INDIANS. Ill 
 
 center of Christian influence in the district where it 
 stands. 
 
 The Day School. The day school was opened on 
 the day after the building was dedicated, with Eliza Wiles 
 as teacher. At the coming of Sarah Andrews, Mary 
 White, relieved of the Amity Hall school, took the East 
 Indian school and with a few interruptions has continued 
 to the present time. From sixteen the attendance has in- 
 creased to twenty-five. The school is an object of delight 
 to the missionaries, but of much perplexity and anxiety. 
 The children are bright, but the home life and govern- 
 ment make them difficult to manage at school. At first 
 the least correction would call down the wrath of the par- 
 ents or cause the children to leave school. Older chil- 
 dren are often obliged to bring little brothers and sisters 
 to school in order to care for them. The teacher some- 
 times has three babies crying or asleep. There has been 
 much improvement in order, and good progress in the 
 studies, though the teacher is often compelled to go after 
 her school. Sometimes she gathers in the boys from 
 bathing and swimming for the afternoon lessons. Mary 
 White delights in her work and the privilege of teaching 
 Christian truths. The following questions of an East 
 Indian girl to Alsina Andrews will show their keenness 
 in grasping Christian thought : "Was it wrong for Judas 
 to kill Jesus when he wanted to die? Will the people who 
 died before Jesus came go to heaven ?" Long months of 
 labor are often rewarded by some pupil asking for a new 
 name a Christian name. The children feel keenly the 
 influences of love and kindness, being affectionate, sympa- 
 thetic and teachable. Sweet to them is the story of 
 Jesus, and many have been wishing that they might give 
 the gospel to their people. Within one year ninety-four 
 children were brought under the influence of Christian 
 teachers in the day schools, a large part of whom were in- 
 duced to attend the Bible-schools. Parents also frequent- 
 ly come ; mothers delight to sit at the teacher's feet.
 
 112 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 Family Visiting. House to house visiting largely 
 occupies the time of Eliza Wiles, the Bible rea.ler. She 
 has a regular round of visiting each day. She is gifted 
 for this and patient in following up her work with a soul 
 for which she is burdened. She also teaches in the homes 
 many children who can not at first be induced to go to 
 school. As a teacher of English she has access to the 
 homes. She also sews for them and doctors them. She 
 delights to lead her little flock, dressed neat and clean, 
 into the chapel to hear the gospel. An old man who at 
 first refused to let her teach his grandchildren has since 
 attended meeting, staying for school and class meeting. 
 The conversion of a boy of sixteen was a cause of much 
 joy. Although so young he has been brave to endure 
 persecution. 
 
 Mary White also visits much in the villages. An 
 account of one of her visits will give the general method 
 of work. Driving up to a house, if the father is at home 
 she sits down upon a stump and begins a conversation. 
 The school children and passers-by soon form a little 
 group, to whom the story of Christ is told, through Rufus 
 King as interpreter. "She tells," in the words of Ger- 
 trude Marriage, "first how God made all things, at the 
 same time whittling a chip to illustrate how much super- 
 ior we are to inanimate creation and goes on to show 
 that even if eyes and ears were stopped we have a mind 
 which thinks and is above that of the cow in that it 
 knows to do good or evil. They all agreed that if their 
 children broke the law they would be carried to Bath for 
 judgment, but if the father paid the debt the law would 
 be satisfied, and then were told that a higher than our- 
 selves could cancel our debt and that God himself had 
 paid it, but that he only paid the debt of those who went 
 to him for it." From speaking of the soul, of peace and 
 happiness, she turns to friendly talk and gives them some 
 ginger snaps. The Hindus hardly realize they have been 
 to meeting.
 
 THE EAST INDIANS. 
 
 CHARLES S. AND NELLIE M. WHITE. 
 
 Salt Pond. The Field and the Workers. Three 
 and one-half miles southeast from Spanish Town, on the 
 south side of the Island, lies Salt Pond estate, upon 
 which Captain Baker erected a zinc-covered tabernacle, 
 twenty by forty feet, and invited Friends to send workers 
 to the Coolies in the district. The building 1 stands near 
 the public road on the corner of the campus of Great 
 Salt Pond estate. It is in a flat level plain irrigated by 
 canals from the Rio Cobre. It is in the center of about 
 5,000 acres of banana cultivations. Charles S. and Nellie
 
 114 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 M. White, of Iowa Falls, went out in the fall of 1897 to 
 engage in this work. After a pleasant and profitable 
 visit at Seaside, Amity Hall and the out-stations, they 
 reached Salt Pond in December and went to housekeep- 
 ing in a building one-fourth of a mile from the Taber- 
 nacle. Near by is the old estate Great House, built two 
 hundred years ago in the palmy days of Jamaica. They 
 soon hunted up the children, some of them very \vild, 
 and gained the confidence of the people. By personal 
 invitations up to the hour of meeting, they secured a 
 large attendance on February 13, 1898, at the dedica- 
 tion of the Tabernacle. 
 
 The Work. School was opened the next day by 
 Nellie White with fifteen Coolie children, the number 
 soon increasing to twenty-five. They were restless and 
 took all the teacher's time. Sometimes she or Charles 
 White went to their homes in the morning to start them 
 off to school. But they learned very fast. Besides the 
 school work, Charles White was busy visiting the 
 homes of the people and holding meetings attended by 
 East Indians, Creoles and Whites. They had outdoor 
 meetings at two other stations, Bennet Pen and Tam- 
 arind. Within this parish of St. Catherine is a mixed 
 population of nearly seventy thousand. The banana 
 plantations about Salt Pond call together large numbers 
 of East Indians, for whom the Friends' work at this place 
 was commenced. 
 
 An Abandoned Field. The workers were both in 
 love with their work and much attached to the people 
 when it became evident that on account of Nellie White's 
 health they would be obliged to leave the Island. On 
 July 12, 1898, they sailed for Boston, after ten months 
 of joyous and faithful service in Jamaica. Their hearts 
 are still in the work and they are able to do much more 
 for the mission while in the home land than they other- 
 wise could have done. The field which they left is yet 
 unoccupied. Time goes by and no worker is found. 
 The words penned by the departing missionaries mean
 
 THE EAST INDIANS. 1 15 
 
 much : "As to-night we leave this needy, very needy 
 field, our prayer is that God may send other laborers to 
 gather the precious fruit." 
 
 The Outlook for the East Indian Work. There are 
 at present twenty-one members of Friends among the 
 East Indians. One of these, John Levy, who joined two 
 years ago, is well informed, a thorough Christian, and 
 can read the Indian Bible to his people. Rufus King's 
 zeal and faithfulness promise much for the future. He 
 is useful in many lines of work. There is a Bible-school 
 at Golden Grove, a Bible class for East Indians in the 
 Bible-school at Amity Hall, and a large class under Mary 
 White at Wheelerfield. A. H. Swift, as often as pos- 
 sible, attends meeting, or gives a magic lantern service at 
 Golden Grove. In the Training School are nine bright 
 Indian girls, and in the Swift home five beautiful chil- 
 dren are being trained under careful Christian influence. 
 The East Indian work has always needed some one to 
 give it the entire time. It is an opportunity for work, 
 to have the heathen from distant lands come to the very 
 door of the mission. Arthur Swift and Mary White 
 contemplate organizing an East Indian church in Gol- 
 den Grove. The converts are quite in sympathy with the 
 plan and pleased with the prospect. The work already 
 done reaches far beyond any tabulated results. Much 
 has been done in breaking down prejudices and opening 
 the door to many who are yet unsaved. Attendance at 
 the meetings and liberty to enter the homes give unlimit- 
 ed opportunity for seed-sowing. A scene of the past win- 
 ter, where a group of East Indian Christians and their 
 unconverted friends were bowed with the leader at the 
 close of meeting, offering up prayers of thanksgiving and 
 penitence, is both a pledge and a prophecy of the future.
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 HAPPY GROVE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 
 
 The Happy Grove Property. Almost from the be- 
 ginning of Friends' work in Jamaica it has been the pur- 
 pose to establish a Training School. A beginning was 
 made at Glen Haven, but it was given up till a more 
 suitable location could be secured. In 1891 the Happy 
 Grove Property, of which Seaside was a part, was pur- 
 chased for this purpose. In March, 1895, Zenas L. Mar- 
 tin, on behalf of the Misionary Board, visited Jamaica to 
 consult with the workers and plan for establishing the 
 Training School. At first it was thought best to fire the 
 old house on the plantation. Further examination re- 
 vealed a stone foundation two feet wide and seven feet 
 high which after nearly a hundred and fifty years was 
 almost perfect. The frame work of native wood was 
 little injured. It was decided to rebuild the house and 
 to sell a part of the property in small lots to young men, 
 who otherwise had no prospect of securing homes. By 
 a clause in each contract the sale of intoxicating drinks 
 and living in immorality were forever prohibited, the 
 owner forfeiting his title if these conditions be broken. 
 In this way nearly all of the heads of families and young 
 men belonging to Seaside Meeting secured acre lots for 
 homes. When the buildings are all completed it will 
 make a community of twenty-seven families of Friends. 
 When it became known that lots were being offered for 
 sale there was a great demand for homes. "It was inter- 
 esting to see how many were at once convinced of Friends' 
 principles. Confidentially one after another expressed 
 his settled conclusion to join the Friends always with 
 the casual inquiry whether we had any more land for 
 sale." 
 
 The Building. Lumber was purchased in Kingston 
 for the building in the spring of 1895, and sent to Man-
 
 HAPPY GROVE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 
 
 chioneal on a schooner. On account of many delays in- 
 cident to building in Jamaica, it was three years before 
 the home was completed. It is located one-fourth of a 
 mile south of Seaside in a healthful spot some distance 
 from the road. The back veranda looks to the mount- 
 ains on the west, and the front one to the east out upon 
 the ever-changing sea. On the first floor formerly used 
 for a carriage house and store room, are the dining 
 rooms, work room, school room, bath room, and store 
 room. On the second floor are the matron's room, 
 office, parlor, the girls' sitting room and dormitory. 
 The third floor is also used for dormitory purposes. The 
 home is neatly furnished. It is convenient, pleasant and 
 homelike a constant object lesson to all its inmates and 
 visitors. 
 
 The Object. The object is to give to East Indian 
 and Creole girls a good intellectual development, with re- 
 ligious instruction and careful training in secular and do- 
 mestic life. The day schools are doing a noble work but 
 the teacher's influence is sadly hindered by the home 
 life. The Training School seeks to overcome this diffi- 
 culty by receiving girls into the home and shielding them 
 from evil associates and influences while character is be- 
 ing formed. It is the settled purpose, richly blessed thus 
 far, as early as possible to lead each girl to Christ. This 
 gives to them the proper moral standards, the motives 
 and the power to live noble lives. 
 
 Historical Sketch. The Matron, Alsina M. An- 
 drews, arrived in October, 1897. The interval be- 
 tween her arrival and the opening of the school was em- 
 ployed to good advantage in acquainting herself with the 
 new surroundings, furnishing the house, and planning 
 for the opening of the school and its organization. The 
 opening occurred on May 5, 1898. A booth had been 
 erected to accommodate the large number of visitors. 
 The people were shown through the building and were 
 much pleased with what many insist on calling "The
 
 Il8 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 College." Interesting and appropriate exercises and the 
 actual beginning of the long expected enterprise inspired 
 the workers with hope and the people with enthusiasm. 
 The number of inmates gradually increased from three 
 to fifteen before the close of the first nine months. Many 
 more were turned away because they could not be accom- 
 modated. There are no\v twenty-seven, many coming 
 from distant parts of the Island. Nine of these are East 
 Indians, turned over to the school by the Government 
 through the Inspector of Immigrants. It is a rare oppor- 
 tunity to have for a period of five years absolute control 
 of children of heathen parents. The building is now 
 crowded to its utmost capacity. The number calling for 
 admittance and the abundant evidence of the good that 
 each girl is receiving call loudly for an extension of the 
 work. 
 
 Support of Pupils. The total expense for each pu- 
 pil in the Training School is about $40 per year, which 
 includes all the expense of living and tuition for the 
 school year of fifty-two weeks. Sometimes this expense 
 is met by the pupil's parents. But in most cases provis- 
 ion must be made for the support. Several Sabbath- 
 schools and local Women's Foreign Missionary Societies 
 in Iowa Yearly Meeting have pledged the support of a 
 girl in the school. It is expected that new pupils of the 
 dependent class will not be accepted by the matron of 
 the school until adequate provision is made for their sup- 
 port. Under the wise and judicious management of the 
 Matron and the Advisory Board the financial affairs of 
 the School have been kept upon an excellent basis, and 
 the hopes concerning the Training School have been 
 more than realized. 
 
 Life in the Training: School. The new week begins 
 with the Training School family attending Bible-school 
 and meeting at Seaside. In the afternoon after the old- 
 er girls have studied the Bible-school lesson for the next 
 week and the children have had a happy hour looking at
 
 HAPPY GROVE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. I 1 9 
 
 The Happy Grove Training School. 
 
 Bible pictures and listening to Bible stories, all attend the 
 Happy Grove Junior Endeavor meeting. The evening 
 is spent at home. The impressive thoughts of the day 
 are recalled and discussed. With music, reading and 
 conversation the evening passes all too quickly. Monday 
 is wash-day, which is well started before breakfast. Four 
 days in the week are occupied with school duties. Sat- 
 urday is the time for floor-dyeing and polishing. The 
 dye of dark red color is obtained by boiling the bark of a 
 tree. After being polished with a cloth, beeswax is rubbed 
 on the floor and polished with a cocoanut husk brush. 
 In addition to school duties it is the purpose for each pu- 
 pil to become skillful in sewing and proficient in the va- 
 rious departments of house work. To this end the daily 
 duties are performed according to a program, a new as- 
 signment of duties being made when sufficient improve- 
 ment is noticeable. The entire work of the Institution 
 being performed by the pupils themselves, it requires 
 careful management to get the washing, ironing, cook- 
 ing, baking and sewing done without seriously interfer-
 
 I2O JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 ing with school work. Under the present arrangement, 
 no one is detained from school work more than two hours 
 a week, the classes staying out by turns. A recreation 
 period follows the afternoon session of school. Two 
 hours are then devoted to sewing, beginning with a gen- 
 eral lesson, followed by practice work, generally sewing 
 or mending. Delightful out-door work is found in caring 
 for the flowers, weeding the garden and mowing the 
 yard. Sea bathing is a delightful and healthful recrea- 
 tion. In playing with dolls, jumping the rope and 
 swinging the pupils show themselves real girls. Fish 
 are caught for the home in a fish-pot which men carry 
 out to sea in a boat. It is attached by a long rope to 
 buoys and sunk hundreds of feet until it reaches the bot- 
 tom of the sea. Every day or two it is revisited, drawn 
 to the surface, the fish removed and the pot rebaited. 
 
 Christian Influence. The Matron, Alsina M. An- 
 drews, has been instrumental in leading nineteen of the 
 girls to accept Christ as a personal Savior. Five of the 
 girls who were Christians when they came were led to 
 accept Christ through the instrumentality of Friends. 
 The girls manifest great love for God and the Bible. 
 Much time is spent in memorizing portions of Scripture. 
 Thirteen are reading the Bible through. They earnest- 
 ly endeavor to apply Christianity to life. The change 
 in deportment following conversion shows a real change 
 of heart. Nearly all of the girls have united with 
 Friends as Junior members. If their lives stand the test 
 until more mature, they will be received into full mem- 
 bership. There is assurance that the record will be much 
 brighter than that of the average of Junior members in 
 Jamaica, fifty per cent of whom are dismissed on ac- 
 count of immorality when they grow older. 
 
 The Junior Christian Endeavor Society, organized 
 more than a year ago, with nine members, has increased 
 to twenty-one. The Lookout Committee carefully 
 watches over the spiritual condition of each girl in the
 
 HAPPY GROVE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 121 
 
 home. The Sunshine Committee carries flowers to the 
 sick and makes the home bright and cheerful. The bus- 
 iness meetings are held regularly and reports of the work 
 are given. The prayer meetings, led by the Juniors, are 
 seasons of blessing, the members freely engaging in 
 prayer and testimony. Among the benefits which the 
 girls testify to having received are: "It helps those who 
 are timid." "It keeps people out of danger." "I am 
 glad because we are learning to conduct meetings our- 
 selves, and every week I have a new thought to guide 
 and help me." 
 
 The Outlook. For a family of twenty-seven the 
 Matron has been mother, teacher, and governess. 
 Georgie Griffith, since being relieved of Seaside School, 
 has acceptably filled the position of teacher and instruc- 
 tor in music. The promising beginning made by the 
 Training School is a pledge of larger things for the fu- 
 ture. In all the missionary fields this method of work 
 is one of the most helpful and permanent. The watch- 
 word of Bishop Taylor for Africa expressed the thought 
 in the "three I's" "Infants, Industry, and Independ- 
 ence." The Training School is already telling for God 
 and homes and human lives. A new building is much 
 needed in order to. make room for a larger number of 
 Jamaica girls who must either be provided with such 
 privileges or grow to womanhood in helplessness and 
 moral darkness.
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 METHODS OF WORK. 
 
 Preaching: the Gospel is the ordained way for men 
 to hear that they may believe. The workers in new 
 mission fields find much difficulty in getting people to- 
 gether or in keeping them long enough to make any im- 
 pression. The workers in Jamaica have abundant op- 
 portunity for this work. The urgency for this is shown 
 in the way that nearly all of the missionaries are given 
 by the Head of the Church a share in the vocal ministry 
 of the word. Under a searching discourse hearts are 
 often seized with conviction, yielding at once or carrying 
 the burden of sin for months. By the preaching of the 
 gospel the fruit of other methods is gathered. Not only 
 is instruction given but the people are often stirred to 
 action, and from knowing the life passes to feeling, will- 
 ing and doing. 
 
 Educational Work is sometimes the right hand with 
 which the missionary lifts the people ; sometimes the pass- 
 port into their homes; the plowing of the field for the 
 seed ; the sowing of the seed for a future harvest ; the lift- 
 ing of the veil from the eyes ; the development of the pow- 
 er to grasp the truth ; the wedge opening the closed life; 
 the stroking hand upon the head, assuring the timid 
 heart ; the storing of the armory for future defense ; and 
 the tolling of the bell calling from the homes those who 
 are most sensitive to spiritual impressions. In Jamaica 
 the pupils of the day schools are easily brought into the 
 Sabbath-school and the church. The mission that has 
 no school has few children. No other denomination ex- 
 cept Friends and Roman Catholics employs foreign teach- 
 ers. This is one secret of Friends' success, though it is 
 hoped that the time may come when native teachers well 
 qualified can do this work successfully. In 1897, out of 
 twenty young people connected with the church at Amity
 
 METHODS OF WORK. 123 
 
 Hall, seventeen had been pupils of the day school. There 
 were plenty of other young people in the community, but 
 they had not been reached, preferring the life of sin. 
 From three hundred and fifty to five hundred children 
 are every year brought under the influence of the mis- 
 sions through the day schools. Moral lessons are impress- 
 ed upon them with some good results. One teacher after 
 giving a lesson in honesty, noticed that lost articles were 
 brought to her more readily. The maximum good is ac- 
 complished where the pupils do not return at the close of 
 school to demoralizing homes, but are under the constant 
 influence of teachers, as in the Girls' Training School. 
 The greatest need now is a similar school for boys, that 
 those who leave the day schools may be kept under Chris- 
 tian influence and receive an education that will fit them 
 for life. The prospect for a native ministry will be hin- 
 dered till this crying need is met. H. Alma Swift did 
 some good work in a training school in her home, but 
 this increased the labors of a worker already overburden- 
 ed. Charles Warren, after returning from St. Elizabeth, 
 drank in the lessons with great eagerness till November, 
 1898, when death came to him, happy and victorious. 
 The educational work under the present force of devoted 
 workers needs only to be supported, the teachers relieved 
 of extra burdens, a high-grade school established for 
 boys, the Girls' School enlarged, and greater results will 
 follow. 
 
 Temperance Work. From the earliest history of 
 Friends' work in Jamaica every missionary has written 
 and spoken of the great need of temperance work. Soon 
 after the erection of Seaside chapel, under the direction of 
 Evi Sharpless a temperance society was organized with 
 forty members who wore the bow of blue. With few 
 exceptions their monthly meetings have continued to the 
 present time with good interest and definite results. In 
 the Cedar Valley community even times of watching by 
 the dead were once given to drunken carousals. While 
 Jesse and Elizabeth Townsend were there, the Monthly
 
 124 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 Meeting's committee on funerals handed in the following 
 report: "A funeral (night watching) was attended at 
 
 James Wallen's house There was no strong drink 
 
 for the night. We had tea and biscuits in order. Men, 
 women and children kept themselves in order. We pro- 
 voked each other for good and think it was one of the 
 best ever held in the district." Public meetings and 
 Bands of Hope awakened much interest in the cause of 
 temperance. When Jesse George \vas at Seaside, to 
 counteract the custom of buying rum at the grocery 
 shops, he continued the temperance meetings. These 
 were given to talks, declamations and songs on the evils 
 of strong drink and tobacco, closing with the circulation 
 of the total abstinence pledge. Some of the children in 
 the Band of Hope became examples of courage and self- 
 denial. Little Rosa Hastings, being invited to a wed- 
 ding, refused the rum which was almost invariably pass- 
 ed to the guests, standing true to her pledge in spite of 
 the efforts of all present, including her mother. Nathan 
 Shrouder, now one of the staunch native \vorkers, was la- 
 boring with a company of "working partners." They all 
 work for A today, B tomorrow, C the next day. The 
 person in whose field they are working is expected to 
 furnish refreshments, including rum. After about twen- 
 ty days it came time to work in Nathan Shrouder's field. 
 He offered to furnish any kind of refreshments except 
 rum. The workmen refused to come, thus causing him 
 a loss of twenty days' work and throwing him out of his 
 company. 
 
 Gilbert Farr, Arthur Swift and the workers con- 
 nected w r ith them have continued the temperance work 
 in science, song and sermon. Annual picnics have been 
 held, the rum shops en route to the grounds viewing the 
 banners of enthusiastic children and youth. Total absti- 
 nence is a necessary condition of joining with Friends. 
 If there be any doubt the applicant is given an opportun- 
 ity to sign the pledge, sometimes resulting in his going 
 to another church. A few of the older members deceiv-
 
 METHODS OF WORK. 125 
 
 ed the missionaries, continuing to drink with their asso- 
 ciates. Very few of the young members have been ac- 
 cused of drinking, though surrounded by temptation on 
 every hand. The young people have entered heartily 
 into the medal contests, giving their strong temperance 
 selections in a forcible manner. The magic lantern has 
 pictured vividly the physical effects of strong drink. The 
 hope of the future is in the children who are learning 
 scientific temperance, the moral and intellectual evils of 
 strong drink and tobacco, and how to meet the tempta- 
 tions about them. At one of the mission stations not 
 one of the boys and girls who were members of the Band 
 of Hope three years ago use tobacco or stimulants. One 
 little boy, after being repeatedly urged to go on an errand 
 for rum said with emphasis, "No, I'll not touch rum." 
 
 Personal Work. Not only is the gospel to be 
 preached by a public herald (2 Cor. 4:5 Greek) but 
 also chatted or spoken informally (Acts 9:22 Greek). 
 The missionaries have often followed the preaching of 
 the gospel by personal work, resulting in the conversion 
 of many who otherwise would have shaken off the ap- 
 peal and grown harder in sin. In the home, by the way- 
 side, or at the close of meeting the personal appeal has 
 been richly blest. A minister in another denomination 
 in Jamaica showed the force of a personal application of 
 a lesson by going to the home of a delinquent member 
 and, taking a coal from the fire, placed it by itself and 
 watched its brightness and heat disappear. Without a 
 word having been spoken the man said : "You need not 
 say a word, minister. I'll be at prayer meeting next 
 Wednesday night." House to house visiting has been 
 useful in all stages of the work, but especially in getting 
 acquainted with the people in new fields and inducing 
 them to come to the meetings. 
 
 Bible Schools are, if possible, more essential to a 
 mission field than to the home church. Teaching is the 
 crying need. Among the Creoles the authority of the
 
 126 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS^ MISSIONS. 
 
 Bible is almost universally acknowledged, thus furnish- 
 ing a lever for the teacher. To make the people know 
 and feel what the Bible says is to put within their lives 
 a powerful motive for right living, which is the thing 
 needed, since they already make a profession of religion. 
 The Bible-school furnishes the needful lessons on strong 
 purposes to do the will of God, and clear teaching about 
 God, sin, redemption and life. They also attract people 
 who would not otherwise attend the meetings. In the 
 Bible-school is the best place for the natives to begin 
 Christian work, leading souls to Christ while developing 
 their own gifts. Most of the schools are superintend- 
 ed by native workers. In the fourteen Friends' Bible- 
 schools about eight hundred people have placed before 
 them the Bible idea of life. There are also various Bible 
 classes meeting regularly for the study of special sub- 
 jects. From the early history of Seaside the weekly 
 Bible class has been held. When Elizabeth Townsend 
 was there the young men would come for miles to the 
 Bible readings on the "Story of Redemption," those who 
 could reading their assigned texts with great delight. 
 The class was for some time known as the "Candidates' 
 Class," but was changed to the "Evening Bible Class," 
 because there was a tendency to look upon this as a pass- 
 port into the church. One mother said : "My boy has 
 been attending the Candidates' Class for three years and 
 I think he ought to be received into the church." though 
 she confessed that he had not been converted and she had 
 never heard him pray. While the day school pupils are 
 more easily induced to attend Sabbath-school, in the out-- 
 stations the Sabbath-schools have furnished many pupils 
 for the day schools. The teaching of the Bible is the 
 foundation, the building and the embellishment of every 
 permanent structure of the missionary. 
 
 Prayer Meetings do not get out of date in the mis- 
 sion field after there is one convert to meet with the 
 missionary. Whether it be a few young men at Long 
 Road watching in prayer amid the persecutions of the
 
 METHODS OF WORK. 
 
 "Revival" craze, or the members at Hordley holding a 
 week's early morning prayer meetings, they have been as 
 the cloud before rain. The regular prayer meeting at 
 the stations are times when the sincere ones are strength- 
 ened and conviction often seizes those who have had 
 things hidden in their lives, or have been open sinners. 
 The natives are simple and direct in their prayer and 
 thanksgiving. It is beautiful to hear, uttered with deep 
 emotion, "I thank thee that thou hast redeemed me." 
 In the cottage prayer meetings people are often "com- 
 pelled to come in" and their lives are changed. To the 
 cottage prayer meetings in the region of Wallingford, the 
 workers have gone along narrow mountain paths, the 
 lantern revealing the danger and destruction awaiting a 
 single mis-step. But all of these prayerful efforts bring 
 the blessing to the worker and to the people. Prayer in 
 Jamaica, as in other places, proves true to its definition 
 as given by the little boy who said, "Prayer is to get 
 things with." 
 
 Class Meetings. The word sounds a little "tm- 
 Friendly," but by this means many wayward ones have 
 been reclaimed and many fainting hearts made strong. It 
 is customary after the regular morning meetings to have a 
 meeting of the members usually in groups, as aged 
 women, young men, etc., at which the roll is called and 
 personal testimony is given. The people often "confess 
 their faults one to another and pray one for another." 
 This is the best way that Jamaica missionaries have of 
 keeping acquainted with the individual lives of the mem- 
 bers. 
 
 Workers' Meetings are often held late in the after- 
 noon when the messengers have come in from all the 
 outposts. One tells of special victories won, another 
 that in a certain village it seems no one else can be 
 reached for Christ. All hearts are open before each 
 other and then, as the disciples who "kneeled down on 
 the shore and prayed," they commend themselves and 
 the work unto Him who knoweth the hearts of all men.
 
 128 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 Christian Endeavor. One of the first Endeavor 
 Societies on the Island was organized at Seaside in De- 
 cember, 1892. At first, being somewhat of a novelty, 
 and held on Sabbath afternoons when people were at lei- 
 sure, it was largely attended. In all of the other sta- 
 tions the Endeavor work has been the means of reaching 
 people, besides furnishing schools for Bible study, per- 
 sonal work, temperance, good literature, and practical 
 Christian duties. The full meaning of the pledge is not 
 comprehended by the majority. All of the successful 
 native helpers have first been faithful Endeavorers. At 
 the first Island Christian Endeavor Convention the Jun- 
 ior Society at Seaside, organized by Anna M. Farr, was 
 the only one reported in Jamaica. At the next conven- 
 tion she gave an address on Junior work. Since then 
 many others have taken it up. 
 
 Social Purity Work is very difficult on account of an 
 almost universal lack of keen moral perception. The 
 visit of the aged round-the-world missionary, Mary 
 Clement Leavitt, in April, 1897, was a great help in this 
 work. All the missionaries find it necessary to preach 
 on this subject and to go into the homes and persuade 
 the parents of illegal children to get married. Young 
 people, middle aged, and sometimes grand-parents, con- 
 tinue, unabashed, to violate the divine law because they 
 can not "afford a weddin'." They count it a disgrace to 
 marry without a long train and a bridal veil. Some- 
 times a couple of this class who have heard the gospel 
 preached for months will get under such conviction that 
 they will wish to have the bans published for their wed- 
 ding. During the past year this work has been much 
 hastened by a fund of a few hundred dollars given by 
 Emma C. Swift for the special purpose of helping poor 
 people get married. About fifty couples have been thus 
 assisted one of the greatest triumphs in the history of 
 the mission. To reduce expenses, Helen M. Farr, be- 
 fore leaving the Island, assisted in making twenty dress-
 
 METHODS OF WORK. I2Q 
 
 es at the Mission Home. The barriers to simple wed- 
 ding now broken it will be less difficult. 
 
 The Printing Press. Ever since the Endeavorers of 
 Iowa Yearly Meeting sent the little press to Gilbert Farr, 
 the printing of literature has scattered truth on the Bible, 
 temperance and morality. G. L. Farr has a press at Glen 
 Haven upon which he prints tracts and Sabbath-school 
 supplies. A new press has lately been presented to the 
 Seaside Mission by friends in New England. It is much 
 appreciated. "Friends' Jamaica Mission" is now printed 
 on this press. For seven years it has been making its 
 monthly visits, telling stories of a curious land, and n 
 needy people. The founder, Gilbert L. Farr, and the 
 present editor, Arthur H. Swift, have carried this extra 
 work, no matter how busy the day, how urgent the call, 
 or how weary the worker. While on account of its rev- 
 elations of native conditions it has sometimes been op- 
 posed by the people, it has been of untold value to the 
 supporters of the mission at home. 
 
 Varied Methods. "All things unto all men" is 
 also necessary in Jamaica. The home life of the people 
 makes a special need for mothers' meetings, held on Sab- 
 bath, or in mid-week when mothers can leave their field 
 work. The women often bring their sewing and listen 
 to earnest talks and suggestions on Christian life and 
 the training of children. No mission can do its best 
 work ivithout children's meetings. All of the day school 
 teachers are trained in this work, their untiring labor, 
 and prayers of faith leading to many conversions. The 
 magic lantern has often served in the hands of Arthur 
 Swift to impress temperance truths, to review the Sab- 
 bath school lessons and to tell the story of Christ in a 
 way that would lead an East Indian to say, "He came as 
 a babe, grew to be a man, died for our sins. Must be a 
 good man." A reading circle and literary society, con-- 
 ducted by H. Alma Swift in the Seaside home, has help- 
 ed to develop the young men who have given recitations. 
 
 9
 
 130 
 
 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 read essays on Jamaica's history and other subjects, or 
 listened to the leader read from some book like "In His 
 Steps." At Glen Haven, the books from a small cir- 
 culating' library were carried far into the hills and eager- 
 ly read. Bible messages have been given by a gospel 
 lantern placed within a frame covered with bright red 
 paper upon which texts were printed. "If by any means 
 I might gain some." 
 
 "Every great work of the world has been done by 
 men whose shoulders were crushed beneath a load cf 
 personal responsibility."
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 PRESENT DAY PICTURES. 
 
 The Field. After looking for a while upon the 
 sowers scattering the seed, the eye naturally turns again 
 to view the soil upon which it falls. Of the white pop- 
 ulation comparatively few attend religious meetings. 
 The majority live for ease, maintaining an attitude of 
 superiority to other races. Unstable, restless, suspicious, 
 hostile to both whites and blacks, stands the colored class, 
 a few of whom comprehend the needs of Jamaica and 
 are striving to meet them. The East Indian is now un- 
 consciously struggling, with the keys of industrial prog- 
 ress and the English language, to enter Anglo-Saxon 
 Christendom. Forming the bulk of the population, and 
 lying as the lower stratum upon which the others rest, is 
 the half million of blacks, only sixty years from slavery. 
 The first thirty years the white was sullen and hostile be- 
 cause his chattel was taken from him ; the black, counting 
 slavery and labor synonymous, was content if with fire 
 and hoe he could get the bare necessities of life. Not- 
 withstanding the self-sacrifice of missionaries who were 
 builders, teachers, pastors, and doctors, multitudes of the 
 negroes grew up in dense African darkness. Since the 
 great negro uprising of 1865, the British Government has 
 been taking a more active interest in its liberated slaves 
 of Jamaica. The last thirty years have witnessed great 
 progress in industrial and social life. The attendance 
 at school is increasing and the value of the literature an- 
 nually brought into the Island has multiplied a thousand 
 fold since Emancipation. Enougii has been done to give 
 promise for the future, yet one third of the children are 
 untouched by the school system, and only two-thirds of 
 the people come under the influence of Christian agencies. 
 
 Force* at "Work. With thankfulness for every force 
 which makes for righteousness, it is fitting to take a spe-
 
 132 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 cial look at Friends' workers. Except the small station 
 in the southwestern part, Friends' work is confined to the 
 two eastern parishes, which have a total population of 
 about 65.000. In the three main centers Seaside, 
 Amity Hall and Glen Haven are ten faithful mission- 
 aries and several native helpers, laborine with hand and 
 brain and heart. The press is working as a mighty up- 
 lifting lever. Bible truths, having been lodged in a heart, 
 sometimes quietly force open its barred doors for the 
 streaming light of day. Or, touched by a coal from the 
 holy altar of some prayer group or minister's message, 
 the dynamite of the gospel bursts the prison bars of a 
 sinful life and there comes forth, "To the free sun and 
 air of God," a redeemed man. Conscience, though long 
 seared by indulgence and deadened by the lack of public 
 moral sentiment, seizes a strong man, and, humble as a 
 child, he seeks righteousness with penitence and great 
 urgency, giving neither rest to his feet nor slumber to 
 his eye-lids until the woman who for years has been a 
 mere consort, becomes his true wife according to the laws 
 of God. The statement, "All power is given unto me," 
 is verified when the messenger, having spoken the word 
 in conscious human weakness, witnesses the hardest heart 
 melt under the power of the Holy Spirit. The changes 
 wrought in life and character show that the powers of 
 the moral universe of God serve him who vows to live 
 a righteous life. 
 
 Results. Although it is impossible to measure 
 spiritual results by stated facts and figures, yet there are 
 certain estimates which throw light upon the progress of 
 the kingdom of God on earth. The following facts art 
 based upon the last official statistics of Friends' work in 
 Jamaica. There are three monthly meetings with 332 
 members. In the five regular day schools and the one 
 in the homes of the people, are enrolled 348 pupils. There 
 are twelve Bible-schools with 760 pupils. The property 
 of the Mission has been steadily increasing, the total 
 value at the present time being about $15,000. This
 
 PRESENT DAY PICTURES. 133 
 
 gives some substantial showing for all the money ex- 
 pended. It is not too much to say that a large part of 
 the Island has been influenced by Friends' work. To 
 measure results now is as if one were to estimate the 
 value of a crop by the first fruits. Seed has been sown 
 and is growing some now peeping through the ground, 
 some just budding, and some ripe for harvest. 
 
 Obstacles* Obstacles to mission work have been 
 classified as follows : Obstacles to entrance, obstacles to 
 communication, and obstacles to impression. The first 
 of these does not exist in Jamaica. The second class re- 
 lates to travel through the country and to language. The 
 difficulty in reaching the homes of the people has in some 
 places been serious, especially in the mountains among 
 the "bridgeless" streams and the narrow, winding foot- 
 paths. Family visiting about Glen Haven has often 
 been hindered on this account. The difficulty of the lan- 
 guage is reduced to a minimum, compared with the 
 great mission fields of Asia. These are all mere mole- 
 hills compared to the obstacles to permanent impression. 
 The poor financial condition of the people, the hostility 
 of the elements in drought and hurricane, and the en- 
 ervating influences of a tropical clime, seem at times like 
 impassible walls in the march of a little mission church. 
 But the greatest obstacles are the folds of superstition, 
 of hereditary evil tendencies, and of moral laxness and 
 deaclness which surround the individual lives of the 
 masses. Among the East Indians, the missionary must 
 commonly meet the great barrier of language, and when 
 past that he stands face to face with an organized re- 
 ligion which, as a foe to Christianity, is unequalled in 
 age, complexity, subtlety, and unyielding obstinacy. 
 These difficulties call not for retreat, but for faith, pa- 
 tience, and self-sacrifice by those in the home land. 
 Love, sympathy and prayer will help to strengthen those 
 who are facing all of these difficulties, and many others 
 known onlv to those who have met them.
 
 134 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS* MISSIONS. 
 
 Home Organization and Support. The organiza- 
 tion of the work at home is such as to give unity in ad- 
 ministrations, with freedom and personal responsibility 
 in collecting funds and increasing the missionary interest. 
 From the officers of the Women's Foreign Missionary 
 Society of the Yearly Meeting and the Foreign Mission 
 Board appointed by the Yearly Meeting, a Joint Execu- 
 tive Committee is chosen, with President, Secretary and 
 Treasurer, for the practical administration of affairs. 
 All funds collected from all sources pass through the 
 hands of this Treasurer. The Joint Committee, by con- 
 sultation with the missionaries, decides how all money 
 shall be expended and determines the general policy of 
 the work on the field. 
 
 At the base of the pyramid of support are the Bible- 
 schools of Iowa Yearly Meeting. Once a month they 
 have an opportunity of contributing to the Jamaica mis- 
 sion fund. Missionary Day is observed every year in all 
 of the regular meetings for worship. At this time all 
 of the members, about 11,000, make their offerings for 
 the work. Some monthly meetings support workers, and 
 different Bible-schools and missionary societies support 
 girls in the Training School. The contributions of the 
 children keep Eliza Wiles in the work. Several individ- 
 uals,, in and out of the Yearly Meeting, have given large- 
 ly, making it possible to maintain and increase the mis- 
 sionary force. The help of the native churches in fin- 
 ances is becoming more marked each year. Their gifts 
 for last year were $539.00. All who have had a share 
 in the support of the work have proven that, "It is more 
 blessed to give than to receive." 
 
 The Call for Qualified "Workers. In view of the re- 
 sults of the past and the needs of the present a word 
 may be said concerning the calls which are frequently 
 made for new workers. This book may come to some 
 whose "hearts have stirred them up" to consider mis- 
 sionary work as a life-calling. The general qualifications
 
 PRESENT DAY PICTURES. 135 
 
 are the same for every field, though each country makes 
 its special plea for men and women adapted to its needs. 
 Any standard is not to be set up against the clear call of 
 God and the equipments which He gives to those whom 
 He sends out. But the voice of this century of mission- 
 ary history just now closing is clear and emphatic in its 
 testimony that those who have natural and acquired gifts 
 for special service are the ones whom God uses most ef- 
 fectually. Concerning the qualifications for workers in 
 Jamaica, it is well to rend from the book of experience. 
 Health is of prime importance. In connection with this 
 it is well to remember that a knowledge of the laws of 
 health and a willingness to obey them are scarcely less 
 important than a strong body. As to intellectual prep- 
 aration, the testimony of Gilbert L. Farr is worthy of 
 careful consideration. At least three times in his letters 
 during the past year, he has spoken in thoughtful plead- 
 ing tones, urging that all young people who are looking 
 forward to work in Jamaica take time to finish a college 
 course before going to the field. Sometimes under a stir- 
 ring missionary appeal, young people offer themselves for 
 service and grow restless or discouraged if the door does 
 not swing open. The results would be more satisfactory 
 if this zeal would only crystallize into a fixed purpose to 
 prepare for the work. Then the life could move for- 
 ward, both working and getting ready to work. The 
 life that is purposeful in preparation will be strong in 
 service. Spiritual preparation is to health and educa- 
 tion what the soul is to the body and the mind. The 
 missionary should be a person of spiritual resources as 
 well as rich in personal soul life. "There are two kinds 
 of knowledge; one is to know a thing and the other is 
 to know where to find it." Those who stand alone in 
 the dark places of the earth have special need to be able 
 to gather from the Bible, from literature, from nature 
 and from man those things which the Spirit of God can 
 change for the need of the moment into courage, wisdom, 
 power, love, and guidance. These resources are valu-
 
 136 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS' MISSIONS. 
 
 able as they aid one in personal life and the power to 
 win men for Christ. In addition to general preparation, 
 it is well for young men looking forward to work in Ja- 
 maica to get a practical knowledge of agriculture, handi- 
 crafts, book-keeping, and physical culture. Young la- 
 dies will need housekeeping and sewing. All will find 
 use for music. The camera and the magic lantern are 
 helpful servants. In the words of Isabella Thoburn: 
 "Everything which one can learn will be useful on the 
 mission field." 
 
 Appeal. It is not the purpose to emphasize the 
 needs of Jamaica to the exclusion of other fields. None 
 rejoice more than our own missionaries in Jamaica that, 
 in the neighboring island of Cuba, work is opening up 
 under the American Friends' Board. This move is a 
 hopeful sign of closer unity in all of our work. When 
 measured by the need, the possibility, the open door aiK ! 
 the promise of an enduring work, it is worthy of the 
 sympathy and help of Friends everywhere. 
 
 Perhaps the most uigent appeal at present for 
 Jamaica is for help to establish a Boys' School, which 
 is now in prospect. The plan is to secure property and 
 equip a building, similar to the Girls' Training School, 
 where boys and young men may be kept under Chris- 
 tian influences while they are eiven a good industrial and 
 intellectual training. This will also be a practical Bible 
 training school for supplying the urgent need for young 
 native workers. Its value in this way will be immeas- 
 ureable. Milton Ken worthy, class 1900, of Penn Col- 
 lege, has been secured for this work. He is a young 
 man well fitted by natural gifts and special preparation 
 for this important position. The responsibility of open- 
 ing this work lies nuw with those who know the needs 
 and have the power to advance the cause of Christ in 
 this way. 
 
 When Christ "looked upon the multitudes," he had 
 compassion upon them. Peter, seeing the lame man at
 
 PRESENT DAY PICTURES. 
 
 137 
 
 the gate, said, "Such as I have give I thee." The 
 law of human action knowing, feeling, willing and do- 
 ing applies with increasing 1 power to Christian woik. 
 To look upon Jamaica with the eye of Christ is to have 
 the soul aroused to service on its behalf. The crystalliza- 
 tion of vision into action is God's way for men to be- 
 come coworkers with Him. The wise men saw His 
 star in the East and then came bringing to Him their 
 gold, frankincense and myrrh. These gifts are some- 
 times taken as typical of temporal possessions, prayer and 
 service. For these the Master pleads to-day as He stands 
 pointing to the 'Isles that wait for thy law.' 
 
 "The end of the geographical feat is the beginning 
 of the missionary enterprise." LIVINGSTON.
 
 IMPORTANT DATES. 
 
 HISTORY OF JAMAICA. 
 
 J 494 Discovery by Columbus. 
 
 1655 Beginning of English possession. 
 
 1 838 Emancipation of the slaves. 
 
 J 843 First railroad in Jamaica. 
 
 1 868 Beginning of first shipments from Port Antonio. 
 
 J877 Present educational system adopted. 
 
 1 89 1 Industrial Exhibition at Kingston. 
 
 GENERAL CHURCH HISTORY. 
 
 J 754 The Moravians began work in parish of St. Elizabeth. 
 
 1783 Beginning of Baptist work by George Lisle. 
 
 1789 Thomas Coke (Wesleyan) first visited Jamaica. 
 
 1 800 First work by the Presbyterians. 
 
 1830 The London Missionary Society began work in the Island. 
 
 1 870 -Disestablishment of the Church of England. 
 
 J 899 Dr. Frances E. Clark visited Jamaica. 
 
 EARLY FRIENDS IN JAMAICA. 
 
 J 662 First record of Friends in the Island. 
 1671 George Fox visited Jamaica. 
 
 MISSION WORK OF IOWA YEARLY MEETING. 
 
 J 88 J Pioneer work commenced by Evi Sharpless and William Marshall. 
 1883 -Iowa Yearly Meeting adopted Jamaica as its mission field. 
 1883 The first resident missionaries sent out Jesse and Elizabeth Town- 
 send. 
 
 1884 First meeting-house (Glen Haven Valley) completed. 
 1885 First Monthly Meeting organized Glen Haven. 
 
 1 89 1 The Christian Endeavor Union of Iowa Yearly Meeting sent out Gil- 
 bert Farr as their missionary. 
 
 1893 Beginning of the publication of "Friends' Jamaica Mission." 
 1898 Opening of the Happy Grove Training School.
 
 ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS. 
 
 This outline is intended especially for study classes for recita- 
 tion and review. Small figures indicate pages in the book. 
 
 CHAPTER I. THE LAND. 
 
 1. The Name, n. 
 
 2. Position and Size, n. 
 
 3. Surface and Drainage, n. 
 
 4. Geological Formations and Soil, 12. 
 
 5. Climate, 13. 
 
 6. Vegetation, 14. 
 
 7. Minerals, 15. 
 
 8. Animals, 15. 
 
 9. Scenery, 16. 
 
 CHAPTER II. THE PEOPLE. 
 
 1. The Aborigines', 18. 
 
 2. The Maroons, 18. 
 
 (a) Origin and Character, (b) Their Fate. 
 
 3. The Negroes, 19. 
 
 (a) Importation, (b) Liberation, (c) Life of the Ja- 
 maica Negro, (d) Characteristics. (e) Difficulties 
 and Successes. 
 
 4. The Colored People, 21. 
 
 5. The East Indians, 22. 
 
 (a) Importation, (b) Racial Characteristics, (c) Cus- 
 toms. 
 
 6. Census the Whites ; the Chinese, and others, 23. 
 
 CHAPTER III. HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1. Period of Discovery, 25. 
 
 (a) Sighting Jamaica Hills, (b) Voyage Around the Is- 
 land, (c) Second Visit of Columbus. 
 
 2. Spanish Rule, 26. 
 
 3. The English Period, 27. 
 
 (a) Seizure, (b) Colonization, (c) Condition of the Is- 
 land, (d) Some Royal Governors, (e) Later History. 
 
 4. The Outlook, 29. 
 
 5. Government, 30. 
 
 (a) The Colony of Jamaica, (b) Changing Forms. 
 (c) The Present Government..
 
 I4O JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL LIFE. 
 
 1. Agriculture, 32. 
 
 (a) Production of Sugar, (b) Fruit Growing, (c) Cof- 
 fee Industry, (d) Phases of Agricultural Life, (e) 
 Stock Raising, (f) Labor. 
 
 2. Internal Improvements, 37. 
 
 (a) Roads, (b) Railroads, (c) Postal Telegraphs, (d) 
 Irrigation, (e) Public Buildings. 
 
 3. Commerce, 38. 
 
 (a) Foreign, (b) Domestic Commerce and Currency. 
 
 4. Domestic Life, 38. 
 
 CHAPTER V. EDUCATION, LANGUAGE AND RELIGION. 
 
 1. Education, 40. 
 
 (a) School Systems, (b) Mental Traits, (c) School 
 Scenes. 
 
 2. Language, 41. 
 
 3. Religions, 42. 
 
 (a) Christianity, (b) Obeahism. (c) Hinduism. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. A GENERAL VIEW OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONS. 
 
 1. The Church of England, 45. 
 
 2. The Moravians, 45. 
 
 3. The Wesleyans, 46. 
 
 4. The Baptists, 47. 
 
 5. The Presbyterians, 47. 
 
 6. Other Denominations, 47. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. EARLY FRIENDS IN JAMAICA. 
 
 1. George Fox and His Companions, 49. 
 
 2. Incidents of the Eighteenth Century, 50. % 
 
 3. Decline, 50. 
 
 4. Renewed Interest in the Island, 51. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. PIONEER WORK OF LATER YEARS. 
 
 1. The Call, 53. 
 
 2. Beginning Work, 53. 
 
 3. Itinerating, 54. 
 
 4. Beginning of Cedar Valley Mis'sion, 54. 
 
 5. Jamaica, the Mission Field of Iowa Yearly Meeting, 55.
 
 ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS. 14! 
 
 6. The Workers in Waiting, 55. 
 
 7. Itinerating in the West, 56. 
 
 8. Hector's River and Happy Grove, 56. 
 
 9. Amity Hall Mission Established, 57. 
 
 10. New Helpers, 58. 
 
 11. Movement of Workers, 58. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. GLEN HAVEN MISSION. 
 
 1. The Field and the Name, 60. 
 
 2. The First Resident Missionaries, 60. 
 
 3. Completing the Building, 61. 
 
 4. The New House and the Worshippers, 62. 
 
 5. The First Monthly Meeting, 62. 
 
 6. Manifold Activities', 63. 
 
 7. The Glen Haven Home, 64. 
 
 8. Movement of Workers', 65. 
 
 9. The New Workers, 65. 
 
 10. A Deserted Field, 68. 
 
 11. Reviving Years, 70. 
 
 12. Hindrances and Plans, 71. 
 
 13. Answered Prayer, 71. 
 
 14. Reorganization of the Meeting, 72. 
 
 15. The Day School, 73. 
 
 16. Later Developments, 74. 
 
 CHAPTER X. SEASIDE MISSION. 
 
 1. Location and Surroundings, 77. 
 
 2. Sowinr in Tears, 77. 
 
 3. New Workers and Helpful Conference, 79. 
 
 4. Improvements, 79. 
 
 5. Opening of School, 80. 
 
 6. The Stations and the Church, 81. 
 
 7. Visitors Going Missionary Returning, 81. 
 
 8. Discouraging Conditions at Home, 82. 
 
 9. A New Worker, 82. 
 
 10. Purchase of Happy Grove Estate, 83. 
 
 11. Change of Workers and Reorganization, 83. 
 
 12. Discovery of New Forces, 84. 
 
 13. Promise of Established Work, 84. 
 
 14. The Workers, 85. 
 
 15. The Out-stations, 87.
 
 142 JAMAICA AND FRIENDS MISSIONS. 
 
 16. Gathering a Harvest, 89. 
 
 17. A Discouraging Year, 89. 
 
 18. Prosperity and Growth. 90. 
 
 19. The Counterfeit Revival, 90. 
 
 20. The Most Fruitful Year, 93. 
 
 CHAPTER XL AMITY HALL MISSION. 
 
 1. Situation, 94. 
 
 2. Early Success and Decline, 94. 
 
 3. Call of Arthur H. Swift, 95. 
 
 4. Renewal of the Work and Early Experiences, 96. 
 
 5. Division of Labor, 96. 
 
 6. A Gospel Tent. 97. 
 
 7. Sacrifice in Building Joy in Dedication, 98. 
 
 8. A New Helper. 99. 
 
 9. Sorrow's Cup, 99. 
 
 10. Organization of the Mission and the Church, 100. 
 
 11. Wedding at the Mission, 101. 
 
 12. Some Outposts, 101. 
 
 (a) Holland Bay. (b) Johnson Mountain, (c) Hordley. 
 
 13. The Day School, 102. 
 
 14. The Mission Home, 103. 
 
 15. The Workers, 105. 
 
 16. The Future of Amity Hall, 108. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. THE EAST INDIANS. 
 
 1. The Need. 109. 
 
 2. The Origin of the Work, 109. 
 
 3. Golden Grove and the Tabernacle, no. 
 
 4. The Day School, in. 
 
 5. Family Visiting, 112. 
 
 6. Salt Pond, 113. 
 
 (a) The Field and the Workers, (b) The Work, 
 (c) An Abandoned Field. 
 
 7. The Outlook for the East Indian Work, 115. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. HAPPY GROVE TRAINING SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. 
 
 1. Happy Grove Property, 116. 
 
 2. The Building, 116. 
 
 3. The Object, 117. 
 
 4. Historical Sketch, 117.
 
 ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS. 143 
 
 5. Support of Pupils, 118. 
 
 6. Life in the Training School, 118. 
 
 7. Christian Influence, 120. 
 
 8. The Outlook. 121. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. METHODS OF WORK. 
 
 1. Preaching the Gospel, 122. 
 
 2. Educational Work, 122. 
 
 3. Temperance Work, 123. 
 
 4. Personal Work, 125. 
 
 5. Bible Schools, 125. 
 
 6. Prayer Meetings, 126. 
 
 7. Class Meetings, 127. 
 
 8. Christian Endeavor, 128. 
 
 9. Social Purity Work, 128. 
 10. The Printing Press, 129. 
 n. Varied Methods, 129. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. PRESENT DAY PICTURES. 
 
 1. The Field, 131. 
 
 2. Forces at Work, 131. 
 
 3. Results, 132. 
 
 4. Obstacles, 133. 
 
 5. Home Organization Support, 134. 
 
 6. The Call for Qualified Workers, 134. 
 
 7. Appeal, 137.
 
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