LIBRARY
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
SANTA BARBARA
PRESENTED BY
ANN GUEST
BY CHARLES S. NEWHALL
THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
With an introductory note by Nath. L. Britton. With illus-
trations made from tracings of the leaves of the various trees,
8 $i 75
THE SHRUBS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
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G. P. PUTNAMS SONS, NEW YORK AND LONDON
THE TREES OF
NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
THE SHRUBS OF
NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
BY
CHARLES S. NEWHALL
Illustrations from Original Drawings
Two Volumes in One
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
Ube Ikmcfeerbocfeer press
THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA"
Copyright, 1890, by
CHARLES S. NEWHALL
THE SHRUBS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA'
Copyright, 1891, by
CHARLES S. NEWHALL
Ube ftnicfccrboclKr press, "Hew got*
QK
LIBRARY
.UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
SANTA BARBARA
THE TREES
OF
NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
BY
CHARLES S. NEWHALL
With an Introductory Note by
NATH. L. BRITTON, E.M., PH.D., COLUMBIA COLLKSI
FOURTEENTH IMPRESSION
I said I will not walk with men to-day,
But I will go among the blessed trees,
Among the forest trees I '11 take my way,
And they shall say to me what words they please.
And when I came among the trees of God,
With all their million voices sweet and blest,
They gave me welcome. So I slowly trod
Their arched and lofty aisles, with heart at rest
Then all around me as I went,
Their loving arms they lightly bent,
And all around leaf-voices low
Were calling, calling soft and slow.
I could not fail to know
The words they whispered so,
Nor could I onward go
From words so sweet and low.
From The Tree*.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . xiii
INTRODUCTORY NOTE . . . . xiv
GUIDE TO THE TREES * . . . . . i
LIST OF GENERA .... . . . 3
DESCRIPTION OF TREES (WITH ILLUSTRATIONS) . 4
EXPLANATION OF TERMS . . . . .237
GLOSSARY .... . . 243
INDEX TO THE TREES ...... 245
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Figures i and 2. CUCUMBER TREE and SWEET BAY ... 7
Figure 3. UMBRELLA TREE 9
Figure 4. PAPAW . . . . . . . . .11
Figure 5. RED BUD 13
Figure 6. SOUR GUM 15
Figure 7. PERSIMMON _ ; , 17
Figure 8. SASSAFRAS 19
Figure 9. BASSWOOD 23
Figures 10 and n. AMERICAN HOLLY . . . . . 25
Figure 12. WILD BLACK CHERRY 29
Figure 13. WILD RED CHERRY 29
Figure 14. WILD PLUM 31
Figure 15. CRAB-APPLE . . 33
Figure 16. WHITE THORN FRUIT 35
Figure 17. BLACK THORN ....... 35
Figure 18. COMMON THORN 37
Figure 19. COCKSPUR THORN - 39
Figure 20. SHAD-BUSH 41
Figure 21. SORREL TREE 43
Figures 22 and 23. WHITE ELM and SLIPPERY ELM ... 45
Figure 24. HACKBERRY .49
Figure 25. RED MULBERRY . . . . . .51
Figure 26. BUTTONWOOD 54
Figures 27 and 28. WHITE BIRCH and PAPER BIRCH. . . 57
Figures 29 and 30. RED BIRCH and YELLOW BIRCH 61
Figure 3 1. SWEET BIRCH 63
Figure 32. HOP-HORNBEAM 65
Figure 33. HORNBEAM 67
Figure 34. CHESTNUT ., :,-._ j - (> v.-.j :l .?.,< ?-- ... 69
ix
Illustrations.
PAGE
Figure 35. BEECH . . 71
Figure 36. BLACK WILLOW 73
Figure 37. SCYTHE-LEAVED WILLOW 75
Figure 38. SHINING WILLOW -77
Figure 39. LONG-BEAKED WILLOW 79
Figures 40, 41, 42, and 43. WHITE WILLOW, YELLOW WILLOW,
WEEPING WILLOW, and CRACK WILLOW . . . .81
Figure 44. ASPEN . .85
Figure 45. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN 87
Figure 46. DOWNY-LEAVED POPLAR 89
Figure 47. COTTON WOOD . .91
Figures 48 and 49. BALSAM POPLAR and BALM OF GILEAD . 93
Figure 50. LOMBARDY POPLAR 95
Figure 51. SILVER- LEAF POPLAR 95
Figure 52. TULIP TREE . . ' .' 99
Figure 53. WHITE OAK 103
Figure 54. POST OAK 105
Figure 55. BURR OAK 107
Figure 56. SWAMP WHITE OAK 109
Figure 57. CHESTNUT OAK in
Figure 58. YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK 113
Figure 59. BLACKJACK 115
Figure 60. SPANISH OAK .117
Figure 61. SCARLET OAK . . . . . . . .119
Figure 62 BLACK OAK 121
Figure 63. RED OAK 123
Figure 64. PIN OAK 125
Figure 65. WILLOW OAK 127
Figure 66. SHINGLE OAK .129
Figure 67. SWEET GUM 131
Figure 68. FLOWERING DOGWOOD 135
Figure 69. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD . . . .137
Figure 70. FRINGE TREE 139
Figure 71. CATALPA . . 141
Figures 72 and 73. BLACK HAW and SWEET VIBURNUM . . 145
Illustrations. xi
AGB
Figure 74, STRIPED MAPLE - 149
Figure 75. SUGAR MAPLE 15 :
Figure 76. BLACK MAPLE . . . . . . . .153
Figure 77. SILVER-LEAF MAPLE . . , . . . 155
Figure 78. RED MAPLE . . ... . . . 157
Figures 79, 80, 81, and 82. GRAY PINE, SCRUB PINE, TABLE
MOUNTAIN PINE, and RED PINE 163
Figures 83, 84, and 85. YELLOW, PITCH, and WHITE PINE . 167
Figures 86 and 87. BLACK SPRUCE and WHITE SPRUCE . .169
Figure 88. NORWAY SPRUCE 171
Figure 89. HEMLOCK .173
Figures 90 and 91. BALSAM FIR and LARCH . . . .177
Figures 92 and 93. WHITE CEDAR and ARBOR VIT^B . . 179
Figure 94. RED CEDAR . . , . .. . . . . -.183
Figure 95. AILANTHUS . ... . . . .187
Figure 96. LOCUST . . . 189
Figure 97. KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE 191
Figure 98. HONEY LOCUST 193
Figure 99. STAG-HORN SUMACH 197
Figure too. POISON SUMACH 199
Figure 101. MOUNTAIN ASH . . * 201
Figures 102 and 103. BLACK WALNUT and BUTTERNUT . . 205
Figure 104. SHAG-BARK 207
Figure 105. MOCKER-NUT . . 200
Figure 106. SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY 211
Figure 107. PiG-NuT 213
Figure 108. BITTER-NUT . V . . . . 215
Figure 109. ASH- LEAVED MAPLE . . . ... 219
Figure no. WHITE ASH . .* 221
Figure in. RED ASH ...... . . 223
Figure 112. GREEN ASH . 225
Figure 113. BLUE ASH . . . . . . . . 227
Figure 114. BLACK ASH 229
Figure 115. SWEET BUCKEYE 233
Figure 116. OHIO BUCKEYE 235
.
PREFACE.
" C , if you and I were to meet a man on the
street and ask him his name, he could tell- us. I wish a
tree could do as much. Here are splendid specimens all
around us, and I don't know one of them."
" Get a book that will help you."
" I cannot find such a book. I can find no book
which, in simple fashion, will so describe the tree, from
its foliage and bark and style, that I can recognize it."
" Then I will make one for you."
The trees described in the following pages include
all the native trees of Canada and the Northern United
States east of the Mississippi River. Mention has also
been made of the more important of the introduced and
naturalized species. The work has been so arranged that
any given specimen can be readily found by help of the
GUIDE on pages i and 2.
My chief authority for the geographical distribution
of the species is Sargent's report in the Tenth Census
xiv Introductory Note.
of the United States ; for the scientific nomenclature,
Nath. L. Britton, E.M., Ph.D.
I am greatly indebted to Professors Thomas C. Porter,
of Lafayette College, and N. L. Britton, of Columbia
College, for valuable aid and suggestions ; also to Rev.
S. W. Knipe, of Oceanic, N. J.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
COLUMBIA COLLEGE HERBARIUM,
NEW YORK, May 12, 1890.
DEAR SIRS : I have been interested in glancing over
the manuscript of Mr. Newhall's book on our native
trees, and am much pleased to learn that it is to be
published. There is great need of such a popular work.
It will do much good in supplying information to our
people about some of the common things around them,
and this in an attractive manner.
Yours very truly,
N. L. BRITTON.
LIST OF GENERA.
A/
Magn6Ha . . .
Aslmma ....
PAGE
. 6
. 10
12
III (a)
Liriodendron . .
J'AGE
. 9 8
. IOI
Larix . . .
PAGE
Chamsecyparis . .
Thuya ....
Junlperus . . .
. 178
. 180
. 181
(V
Liquidamber . .
. 130
12
Diospyros . . .
Sassafras .
. 16
. 18
D I
Ailanthus . . .
Roblnia ....
Gymnocladus . .
Gledltschia . . .
II
Rhus . ...
. 186
. 188
. 190
. 192
. 106
II
Tilia
22
B /
Cornus . . . .
. 134
Ilex
27
Chionanthus .
Catalpa . . . .
//
Viburnum . . .
Ill
Acer
. 138
. 140
. 144
. 148
Pyrus
32
34
Amelanchier . .
Oxydendrum . .
Ulmus ....
Celtis '
. 40
42
. 44
. 48
Pyrus
. 200
Juglans ....
Hic6ria ....
. 203
. 206
Broussonetia . .
Platanus ....
52
53
E / II
Negiindo . . .
Fraxinus ....
. 218
. 220
Ostrya ....
55
. 64
c
161
Carplnus ....
. 66
68
Plcea . . . .
. 168
F
. 33S
Salix
Tsuga
Popolus .
. 84
Abies .
GUIDE.
-a
a
3
O
a.
e
s
I
For explanation of all terms see glossary at end of book.
u |" edge entire. Go to / under A
g I " toothed. " 77 " A
S| 1 K j ( Lobes, entire. Go to III (a) under A
* ( ' d | Lobes, toothed. " III(b) " A
edge entire. Go to 7 under B
toothed.
77
B
1 1 K j j Lobes, entire. Go to III (a) under B
[ ' d ( Lobes, toothed. " III(b) " B
indeterminate. Go to 7 under C
entire. Go to 7 under D
/. i-
alternate
j ( enti
, edge | toothe(J ff
to 7 under E
77 " E
8 -S j ( entire. Go 1
[opposite, edge| toothed
* "8 (
S" "j opposite, edge toothed. Go to 7 under F
W I
*NoTE. The leaflets of a compound leaf can be distinguished from a simple leaf
by the absence of leaf-buds from the base of their stems.
GUIDE (Continued).
NOTE. Names in italics are given also under another division.
A/
III (a)
PAGE
PAGE
Magnolias . . .
. 6-8
Tulip-tree . . . .
9 8
Papaw
10
Oaks
IOI
Gum, sour . . .
. 12
Sassafras .
18
Judas-tree . . .
. 12
Button-wood. . . .
53
Persimmon . . .
. 16
Sassafras . . .
18
(>)
Oak, willow . . .
Dog-wood, alt. leaved
Willow, long-beaked
. 126
. 136
. 78
Gum, sweet . . . .
Poplar, silver-leaf . .
Mulberry
130
94
50
II
Mulberry, paper . .
52
Oaks . . . .
IOI
Basswoods . . .
22-24
Hollies . . 4. ./
24-26
Cherries ....
27-28
B /
Plum
3
.
Crab-apple . . .
32
.Uog-wood, flowering .
Fringe-tree . . . .
134
138
Thorns ....
34-38
Catalpa
140
Shad-bush
. 40
Sorrel-tree . . .
. 42
II
Elms
Hackberry
Mulberry ....
44-47
. 48
50
Black haw . . . .
Viburnum, sweet . .
144
146
Mulberry, paper .
Button-wood
52
53
Ill (a)
Birches ....
55-62
(*>)
Hornbeam, Hop .
. 64
Hornbeam
. 66
Maples ... 148
-156
Chestnut ....
. 68
Beech
70
Willows ....
72-83
C 7
Poplars ....
84-94
Pines, cedars, spruce,
Oaks, chestnut .
. IOI
etc. .
160
D /
PAGE
Ailanthus . . . .186
Locusts . . . 188-190
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 190
Locust, honey . . . 192
Sumach, poison . . 198
II
Sumach, staghorn . .196
Ash, mountain . . . 200
Walnut, black . . .203
Butternut .... 204
Hickories . . . 206-214
Locust, honey . . . 192
E /
Ash-leaved maple . .218
Ash, black, blue, green,
red, and white . 220-228
F 7
Buckeyes . . . 232-234
Horse-chestnut ... 234
DESCRIPTION OF TREES.
NOTE i. Those species are considered trees (in dis-
tinction from shrubs) which, as the rule, spring from the
ground with a single branching trunk.
NOTE 2. The arrangement of the illustrations and
descriptions under each section is according to the natural
order of the genera.
NOTE 3. In using the guide and the following leaf-
illustrations it should be remembered that leaves from
vigorous young sprouts are not usually the best specimens.
It is seldom that two leaves, even upon the same mature
branch, exactly agree ; but they follow the type, while
often the younger growth varies from it.
NOTE 4. When describing the trees, items that are
specially helpful in determining the species are given in
italics.
TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES
LEAVES ALTERNATE
(EDGE ENTIRE)
A I
Genus MAGNOLIA, L. (Magnolia.)
From " Magnol," the name of a botanist of the seventeenth century.
Fig. i. Cucumber Tree, Mountain Magnolia. M. acuminbta,L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, long oval. Apex, pointed. Base, pointed.
Leaves, five to ten inches long, thin, dark green above ;
green beneath and slightly downy ; growing along
the branch and not simply in a cluster at its end.
Bark, dark and rough.
Flowers, three to six inches across, bluish or yellowish-
white, abundant and fragrant. May, June.
Fruit, in a cylinder-shaped bunch, two to three inches
long, and somewhat resembling a small cucumber.
Found, in rich woods from Western New York to Southern
Illinois and southward, and in cultivation. Its finest
growth is in the southern Alleghany Mountains.
A tree sixty to ninety feet high, with a straight trunk
and rich foliage. The wood is durable, soft, and light.
Used for cabinet-work, for flooring, for pump-logs, and
water-troughs. As in other magnolias the juice is bitter
and aromatic.
Fig. 2. Sweet Bay, Swamp Laurel, Small Magnolia. M.
glauca, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, long oval or slightly reverse egg-shape. Apex t
slightly blunt-pointed. Base, pointed.
Fig. 2
Fig. i. Cucumber Tree. (M. acuminata, L.)
Fig. 2. Sweet Bay. (M. glauca, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
8 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A i
Leaf, about three to six inches long, thick and smooth ;
dark green and polished above ; white below ; the
middle rib green and distinct ; the side ribs slight
and indistinct.
Bark of trunk, smoothish, light gray, aromatic and bitter.
Flowers, large (two to three inches wide), white, at the
ends of the branches, very fragrant. June, July.
Fruit, bright red berries, at first in small cone-like clus-
ters, then hanging by slender threads. September.
Found, in swampy ground, from Massachusetts southward,
usually near the coast.
A small tree (often a bush), four to twenty-five feet
high, or higher southward, where its leaves are evergreen.
All parts of the tree (and it is the same with the other
magnolias) have an intensely bitter, aromatic juice, which
is stimulating and tonic.
Fig- 3. Umbrella Tree, Elkwood. M. tripttala, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, long oval or slightly reverse egg-shape. Apex,
short, sharp-pointed. Base, pointed.
Leaves, twelve to thirty-six inches long, six to eight inches
wide ; rather dark green above ; lighter beneath ;
silky when young, but soon smooth ; growing in
clusters at the ends of the branches.
Bark, smoothish and light.
Flowers, seven to eight inches across, at the ends of the
branches, white, and fragrant. May, June.
Fruit, in a cylinder-shaped bunch, four to five inches
long, and rose-colored as it ripens.
Fig. 3. Umbrella Tree. (M. tripetala, L.)
ONE THIRD NATURAL SIZE.
io Trees with Simple Leaves, [A i
Found, in Southeastern Pennsylvania and southward along
the Alleghany Mountains, and in cultivation.
A tree twenty to thirty feet high, with irregular
branches, and light, soft wood. As in other magnolias
the juice is bitter and fragrant.
Genus AS I M IN A, Adans. (Papaw.)
Fig. 4. Papaw, Custard Apple. A. trlloba (L.), Dunal.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, long, reverse egg-shape. Apex, pointed, in small
leaves, sometimes rounded. Base, taper-pointed or
slightly rounded.
Leaf, five to ten inches long, thin, rusty downy when
young, soon becoming smooth and polished.
Bark, silvery-gray, smooth and polished ; young shoots
downy.
Flowers, one and a half inches wide ; dark to light, in
sessile blossom, appearing with the leaves. March,
April.
Fruit, about three inches long by one and a half inches
thick, egg-shape, yellow, about ten-seeded, fragrant,
sweet, and edible. October.
Found, from Western New York to Southern Iowa and
southward.
A small tree of unpleasant odor when bruised, ten to
twenty feet high (or often only a bush) and densely
clothed with its long leaves.
Fig. 4. Papaw. A. trlloba (L.), Dunal.
LEAF, NATURAL SIZE. FRUIT, TWO THIRDS NATURAL SIZE.
1 2 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A i
Genus CERCIS, L. (Red Bud.)
From a Greek word meaning "shuttle," because of the shuttle-shaped pod.
Fig. 5. Red Bud, Judas Tree. C. Canadtnsis, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, round heart-shape. Apex, tapering and rather
blunt, sometimes with a short bristle. Base, heart
shape.
Leaf -stem, smooth and swollen at each end into a sort of
knob.
Leaf, usually about four to five inches long and wide ; rather
thin ; smooth above and below ; with seven prominent
ribs radiating from the end of the leaf-stem.
Flowers, reddish, acid, usually abundant in small clusters
along the branches ; appearing before the leaves.
March to May.
Fruit, a small, many-seeded, flat pod, winged along the
seed-bearing seam. Seeds, reverse egg-shape.
Found, in rich soil, Western Pennsylvania, westward and
southward. Common in cultivation.
A small and fine ornamental tree, with long, flat-leaved
branches.
The name "Judas tree" is traditional. "This is the
tree whereon Judas did hang himself, and not the elder
tree, as it is said."
Genus NYSSA, L. (Sour Gum.)
From the name of a water nymph, because of the location of the original species.
Fig. 6. Sour Gum, Black Gum, Pepperidge, Tupelo. N.
sylvatica, Marsh.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex, pointed.
Base, pointed.
Leaf-stem, slightly hairy when young.
Fig. 5. Red Bud. (C. Canadensis, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
14 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A i
Leaf, two to five inches long ; usually about half as broad ;
dark green and very shining above, especially when
old ; light green and shining below ; thick, tough,
and firm. Middle rib slightly hairy when young ;
side ribs rather indistinct and curved.
Bark, grayish and often broken into short sections.
Fertile flowers, small, in clusters of three to eight on
slender stems. April, May.
Fruit, nearly one half inch long ; bluish-black when ripe ;
egg-shape or oval ; acid and rather bitter until
"frosted." Stone, oval, somewhat pointed at each
end, slightly flattened, and with three or four blunt
ridges on each side. September.
Found, from Southern Maine to Michigan, and southward
to Florida and Texas.
A tree twenty to forty feet high (larger southward),
with flat, horizontal branches. The wood, even in short
lengths, is very difficult of cleavage, and so is well fitted
for beetles, hubs of wheels, pulleys, etc. Its leaves are
the first to ripen in the fall, changing (sometimes as early
as August) to a bright crimson.
I was commenting, one day, to a reverend doctor and
professor on the frequent reference to this tree in stories
and anecdotes of Southern life, when he fluently quoted :
" Possum up a gum-tree,
Cooney in de holler,
Nigger in de corn-field,
Don't yer hear him holler."
A better version changes the last two lines :
" Possum up de gum-tree,
Cooney in de hollar.
Fetch him down, little boy,
Give yer half a dollar."
The professor added the explanation that the opossums
climb the tree in search of its fruit.
Fig. 6. Sour Gum. (N. sylvatica, Marsh.)
NATURAL SIZE.
1 6 Trees with Simple Leaves. IA J
Genus DIOSPYROS, L. (Persimmon.)
From two Greek words meaning fruit of Jove.
Fig. 7. Persimmon. D, Virginibna, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, long oval or long egg-shape. ' Apex, pointed.
Base, pointed or rounded.
Leaf, three to five inches long, thickish ; dark and
smooth, usually shining, above ; below dull, with the
ribs curved and irregular and minutely downy. On
the upper surface the ribs are quite indistinct, except
as the leaf is held toward the light when they appear
almost transparent. In the same position the leaf is
seen also to be edged with a slight delicate fringe
(appearing in the dried leaf like a line of yellow
light).
Bark of trunk dark and rough.
Flowers, greenish-yellow and small, at the base of the leaf-
stems. June.
Fruit, about one inch in diameter, rounded, nearly stem-
less, orange-red when ripe, with about eight large
flat seeds. After frost it is of very pleasant flavor
before, exceedingly " puckery."
Found, from Connecticut southward to Florida and west-
ward to Southeastern Iowa.
A tree twenty to sixty feet high ; sometimes, at the
South, more than one hundred feet high. The wood is
hard and close-grained ; the bark tonic and astringent
Fig. 7. Persimmon. (D. Virginiana, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
1 8 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A i
Genus SASSAFRAS, Nees. (Sassafras.)
Fig. 8. Sassafras. S. offitinale, Nees.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE OR LOBED.
Outline, when the edge is entire usually oval or egg-
shape ; when lobed usually broader and reverse egg-
shape. Base, pointed or wedge-shape. Apex of the
leaf or of the lobes rounded or slightly blunt-pointed.
Leaf, variable in size, dark, thin, smooth ; rather shining
above ; the lobes, when present, two or three in
number and usually more or less bulging, with the
hollows always rounded.
Flowers, greenish-yellow, in clusters. May, June.
Fruit, oval, one-seeded, blue, with a reddish, club-shaped
stem ; pungent.
Bark, obliquely and curiously furrowed and broken, gray
without, reddish within ; young twigs yellowish.
Found, from Southwestern Vermont, southward and west-
ward.
A tree fifteen to fifty feet high with light and soft
wood. All parts of the tree have a pleasant, spicy taste
and fragrance. From the bark of the roots a powerful
aromatic stimulant is obtained.
NOTE. See Alternate-leaved Dogwood, with its genus Section B. /., p. 136
NOTE. See Willow Oaks, with their eenus. Section A. ///, (a} pp. 126-128
Fig. 8. Sassafras. (S. officinale, Nees.)
NATURAL SIZE.
TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES
LEAVES ALTERNATE
CONTINUED
(EDGE TOOTHED)
A II
Genus TILIA, L. (Basswood.)
Fig. 9. Basswood, American Linden, Whitewood, Lime
Tree, Bee Tree. T, Americana, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SOMEWHAT IRREGU-
LARLY VERY SHARP-TOOTHED.
Outline, rounded, often very one-sided. Apex, pointed.
Base, strongly heart-shaped.
Leaf, usually about three to four inches wide, four to five
inches long ; sometimes much larger ; rather thick,
very smooth and shining above ; with small tufts of
reddish hairs in the angles of the ribs below ; and
often with the ribs themselves hairy.
Bark of the trunk very thick ; on the young branches
dark brown.
Fruit, gray-downy, ovate, the size of small peas, clustered
on a long stem of which the lower half is joined to
half the length of a narrow, leaf-like bract, usually
with a tapering base.
Found, in rich woods, from British America southward to
Virginia and along the Alleghany Mountains and
westward.
A straight-trunked tree, sixty to eighty feet high (often
unbranching to half its height) and two to four feet in
diameter. Its very tough inner bark is used for mats and
coarse rope. The wood is white and soft and clear of
knots. It is much used for wooden ware, in cabinet-work,
and for the panelling of carriages, though now less es-
teemed than the tulip tree for these uses, owing to its
liability to crack in bending.
9- Basswood. (T. Americana, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
24 Trees with, Simple Leaves. [An
White Basswood, Wahoo. T. heteropJiylla, Vent.
This species differs from T. Americana chiefly in the
following items :
Leaf, five to eight inches long ; deep green and shining
above, beneath velvety and silvery white with purplish
ribs.
Found, from the mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia
and westward.
Height, usually twenty to thirty feet
71 pubescens,Ait., differs chiefly from T. Americana in
these particulars :
Leaves, smaller (two to three inches long), thinner, and
somewhat downy beneath.
Fruit, rounded, about one fourth of an inch in diameter,
and with the base of the leaf-like bract to which it
is attached usually rounded at the base.
Found, New York to Florida and westward.
The cultivated European Linden [T. Europsea] resem-
bles the Basswood in its foliage, but the tree is smaller
(about forty feet high) and with a pyramid-shaped top.
Genus ILEX, L. (Holly.)
Fig. 10. American Holly. I. opaca, Ait.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE WITH REMOTE, VERY
SHARP SPINE-LIKE TEETH, with rounded spaces between.
Outline, oval. Apex and base, pointed.
Leaf, about two inches long ; dark polished green above ;
below rather yellowish-green ; thick and stiff; smooth
throughout ; ribs very indistinct below.
Fig. 11
Fig. io. American Holly. (I. opaca, Ait.)
Fig. ii. I. monticola.
NATURAL SIZE.
26 Trees with Simple Leaves. [An
Bark, light gray and smooth.
Fruit, a nearly round, bright-red berry, the size of a pea.
It ripens in September and continues upon the
branches into the winter.
Found, from Massachusetts southward near the coast to
Florida, and from Southern Indiana southwest, and
southward to the Gulf.
An evergreen tree, ten to thirty feet high, with a
compact head of spreading branches. Its wood is easily
worked, white, of fine grain, and light in weight.
The use of holly and other evergreens in religious
ceremonies dates from pagan times. " Trummying of the
temples with floures, boughes, and garlondes, was taken
of the heathen people, whiche decked their idols and
houses with suche array." Early church councils made rules
and restrictions concerning the practice e.g., in France
Christians were forbidden " to decke up their houses with
lawrell, yvie, and green boughes in the Christmas season,"
for " Hedera est gratissima Baccho"*
Fig. II. Ilex monficola, Gray.
This is usually regarded as a shrub, "but it not seldom
attains the size and exhibits the port of a small tree " (T.
C. Porter). It differs from I. opaca chiefly in these items :
Leaves, not evergreen ; egg-shape or long oval, rather
thin with edge finely toothed, and apex taper-pointed.
Found, in damp woods in the Catskill and Tahonic Moun-
tains, and in Cattaraugus County, New York ;
through Pennsylvania as far east as Northampton
County, and southward along the Alleghanies.
* The ivv is most acceptable to Bacchus.
Rdge Tootked. 27
Genus PRUNUS L. (Cherry, Plum.)
Fig 12. Wild Black Cherry, Rum Cherry. P. serbtina, Ehr.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE TOOTHED (with the
points of the teeth so incurved as to appear blunt),
and often finely " crinkled."
Outline, usually long oval or long egg-shape. Base,
rounded or slightly pointed. Apex, pointed.
Leaf-stem, usually with two to five tooth-like glands near
the base of the leaf.
Leaf, two to five inches long ; thickish ; polished, and of
a deep shining green above ; beneath, lighter and
smooth, with the middle rib sometimes downy toward
the base. In the autumn the leaves turn to orange,
and later to a pale yellow.
Bark of old trunks, blackish and rough ; of young trunks
and on the larger branches, reddish or purplish
brown ; marked with scattered lines ; on young
shoots, at first green or olive brown, gradually be-
coming darker, and sprinked with small orange dots.
Flowers, white, with short stems, closely set in a long,
cylinder-shaped cluster. May, June.
Fruit, about one quarter inch in diameter ; with short
stems (one quarter to one third inch) hanging in
long, close clusters from the ends of the twigs. It
is nearly black when ripe, and of a pleasant flavor
though somewhat bitter ; it is eagerly eaten by the
birds. August.
Found, very widely distributed north, south, and west. It
reaches its finest growth on the western slopes of the
Alleghany Mountains.
28 Trees with Simple Leaves. [AH
A tree fifty to eighty feet high. The wood is
light and hard, of a brown or reddish tinge, becoming
darker with exposure, and of very great value in cabinet-
work and interior finish. It is now becoming scarce, so
that stained birch is often used as a substitute. The
bitter aromatic bark is used as a valuable tonic ; " cherry
brandy " is made from the fruit.
Fig. 13. Wild Red Cherry, Bird Cherry, Pin Cherry.
P. Pennsylvania, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE, or alternate in pairs ; EDGE
FINELY AND SHARPLY TOOTHED.
Outline, narrow egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base,
rounded or slightly pointed.
Leaf-stem, grooved above.
Leaf, two to six inches long, shining and smooth and of
about the same shade of green on both sides.
Bark, reddish-brown and smooth, with swollen, rusty-
colored dots, and usually stripping, like that of the
garden cherry, around the trunk.
Flowers, white, on stems about one inch or more in
length, in nearly stemless clusters. May.
Fruit, the size of a large pea, light red, on long stems
(about three fourths to one inch long), sour, in
clusters of two to five at the sides of the branches,
and usually from the base of the leaf-stems ; seldom
abundant. July.
Found, Common in all northern forests. In Northern
New England it quickly occupies burned-out pine
regions.
A slender tree, usually twenty to twenty-five feet
high, of no value as timber.
Fig. 13
Fig. 12. Wild Black Cherry. (P. serdtina, Ehr.)
Fig- I3- Wild Red Cherry. (P. Pennsylvanica. L).
NATURAL SIZE.
30 Trees with Simple Leaves.
Fig. 14. Wild Plum, Canada Plum, Horse Plum. P. Ameri-
cana, Marsh.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARP-TOOTHED.
Outline, long oval to reverse egg-shape. Apex, taper-
pointed. Base, pointed or rounded.
Leaf-stem, one fourth .to one half inch long, smooth,
reddish, usually with two small wart-like glands on
the raised border near the base of the leaf.
Leaf, two to three inches long ; smooth when mature ;
" net-veined," with distinct furrows over the ribs ;
somewhat downy on the ribs and in their angles.
Bark of trunk very dark reddish-green or bronze-green,
resembling that of a cherry-tree.
Fruit, one half to two thirds inch in diameter ; broad
oval ; yellow, orange, or red ; with a thick and acid
skin and a pleasant flavor. August.
Stone, slightly flattened, and with both edges winged and
sharp.
Found, from Canada southward to Florida and westward,
and often in cultivation.
A small tree (sometimes a bush), eight to twenty feet
high, with hard, reddish wood. In cultivation it forms
an excellent stock on which to graft the domestic plums.
Fig. 14. Wild Plum. (P. Americana, Marsh.)
NATURAL SIZE.
3 2 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
Genus PYRUS L. (Apple, Mt. Ash.)
NOTE. (See others of same genus, Sec. D, 77.)
Fig. 15. Crab-Apple. P. coronciria, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE DISTINCTLY TOOTHED
WHEN MATURE ; sometimes nearly three-lobed.
Outline, egg-shape or oval. Apex, pointed. Base,
rounded or somewhat heart-shaped.
Leaf-stem, one half to one inch long, very slender, downy.
Leaf, about two to three inches long, two thirds as wide,
smooth.
Flowers, large ; rose-colored and white, in loose clusters
of five to ten blossoms, and very fragrant. May.
Fruit, round, one to one and a half inches in diameter ;
yellowish, fragrant, hard, and sour ; fit only for pre-
serving.
Found, from Ontario to Western New York, Pennsyl-
vania, and the District of Columbia ; along the
Alleghany Mountains, and westward.
A small tree, ten to twenty feet high, rarely thirty
feet, gaining its finest growth in the valleys of the lower
Ohio. Often its presence is recognized before it is seen
by means of the delightful fragrance of its blossoms.
The Narrow-leaved Crab- Apple (P. angustifolia, Ait.)
is sometimes, though very seldom, found as far north as
Southern Pennsylvania.
Its leaves are narrower and its fruit and flowers
smaller than in the northern species.
Fi S- IS Crab-Apple. (P. coroiuLria, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
34 Trees with Simple Leaves. I A n
Genus CRATVEGUS, L. (Thorn.)
From a Greek word meaning strength.
Fig. 16. White Thorn, Scarlet-fruited Thorn, Red Haw.
C. coccinea, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE (and in alternate bunches) ;
EDGE UNEVENLY SHARP-TOOTHED (with five to nine
deep cuts almost forming small lobes).
Outline, rounded egg-shape. Apex, pointed. Base, usu-
ally slightly pointed, but often blunt or slightly
heart-shape.
Leaf-stem, slender and often with small wart-like glands.
Leaf, usually one and a half to two and a half inches long,
but of variable size on the same tree ; thin ; smooth ;
shining.
Branchlets, greenish, or whitish and shining, as though
washed with silver. Thorns, one to two inches long,
stout, often whitish, usually slightly curved.
Flowers, about two thirds of an inch across ; white (often
with a rosy tinge) ; twelve or so in a bunch ; with a
strong and rather disagreeable odor. May.
Fruit, nearly one half inch in diameter ; rounded or egg-
shape ; bright red ; with thin pulp and one to five
stones ; somewhat edible. September.
Found, through the Atlantic forests southward to Northern
Florida and Eastern Texas.
A low tree (or often a bush), ten to twenty feet high,
with crooked, spreading branches ; very common at the
North ; rare in the South.
Fig. 17
Fig. 16. White Thorn and Fruit. (C. cocclnea, L^
Fig. 17. Black Thorn. (C. tomentdsa, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
3 6 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
A variety with its leaves downy, at least on the under
side, and with its red fruit large and downy (var. mollis),
is found from Central Michigan southward and westward.
Fig. 17. Black Thorn, Pear Thorn. C. tomenibsa, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARPLY AND UN-
EQUALLY TOOTHED (sometimes with quite deep and
sharp cuts, almost forming small lobes).
Outline, oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex, slightly pointed.
Base, tapering in a hollow curve and along the sides
of the leaf-stem to a point.
Leaf-stem, bordered by the leaf, to its base.
Leaf, about three to five inches long, one and a half to
three inches wide ; upper surface smoothish, and fur-
rowed above the ribs ; under surface downy, at least
when young ; rather thick ; permanently downy on
the ribs. Thorns, one to two inches long.
Bark of trunk, smooth and gray. New twigs, light
greenish-brown.
Flowers, often one inch across ; white ; eight to twelve in
a cluster ; at the ends of the branches ; fragrant.
May, June.
Fruit, about one half inch in diameter ; round or pear-
shaped ; orange-red or crimson ; edible. October.
Found, through the Atlantic forests to Western Florida,
and from Eastern Texas far westward. Common.
A thickly branching tree (or often a shrub) eight to
twenty feet high ; the most widely distributed of the
American Thorns. It varies greatly in size, and in the
style of its fruit and leaves.
Fig. 18. Common Thorn. (C. punctata, Jac.)
NATURAL SIZE.
38 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
Fig. 18. Common Thorn, Dotted-fruited Thorn. C. puncthta,
Jac.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE UNEVENLY SHARP-
TOOTHED ABOVE THE MIDDLE ; sometimes, toward the
apex deeply cut.
Outline, reverse egg-shape. Apex, usually slightly pointed.
Base, strongly wedge-shape, tapering from above the
middle of the leaf and along the leaf-stem to a point
Leaf-stem, one half to one inch long, slender, and winged
by the tapering leaf.
Leaf, one and a half to two and a half inches long ; about as
wide ; light green ; rather thick ; downy when young ;
when mature, smooth and dull, or sometimes hairy
below, especially on the ribs. Ribs, very straight
below ; above, marked by deep furrows. Thorns, one
to two inches long, stout and curved, or often wanting.
Bark, rough.
Flowers, white ; eight to fifteen in somewhat leafy bun-
ches. May.
Fruit, about one half inch in diameter, or more ; usually
dull red or yellow, with whitish dots ; round ; some-
what edible. September.
Found, from New Brunswick and Vermont southward
and westward.
A thick, wide-spreading tree, twelve to twenty- five
feet high.
Fig. 19. Cockspur Thorn. C. crus-galli, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE, SHARPLY TOOTHED
ABOVE J ENTIRE BELOW.
Outline, reverse egg-shape. Apex, usually rounded,
sometimes pointed. Base, tapering to a point, quite
variable.
Leaf -stem, short.
Fig. 19. Cockspur Thorn. (C. crus-galli, L.)
NATURAL StZK.
40 Trees with Simple Leaves. [AH
Leaf, one to two and a half inches long, half to three
quarters as wide ; dark green ; thick, smooth, very
shining above. Thorns, two to three inches long,
rather slender and straight.
Flowers, white ; fragrant ; in bunches of about fifteen
blossoms, on very short side branchlets. June.
Fruit, about one third inch in diameter ; pear-shaped or
round ; red remaining on the tree during the winter.
Found, along the St. Lawrence and westward, and from
Vermont, southward and westward ; not common.
A small, thick-branching tree, ten to twenty feet high.
It is the best species of thorn for hedges.
Var. pyracanthifblia has a somewhat narrower leaf
and longer leaf-stem.
Genus AMELANCHIER, Medik. (June-berry.)
Fig. 20. Shad-bush, June-berry. Service Tree. A. Cana&nsii
fL.), Medik.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE VERY SHARPLY ANP
FINELY TOOTHED.
Outline, long oval, long egg-shape, or reverse egg-shape,
Apex, sometimes bristle-pointed. Base, slightly heart-
shaped or rounded.
Leaf, usually two to three inches long, somewhat downy
when young, afterward very smooth above and below.
Bark of branches and twigs usually purplish-brown and
very smooth.
Flowers, large, white, in long and loose clusters at the
^.nds of the branchlets ; appearing before the leaves.
April, May.
Fig. 20. Shad-bush. A. Canadfensis (L.), Medik.
NATURAL SIZE.
42 Trees with Simple Leaves. [AII
Fruit, berry-like, round, purplish, sweet, and edible. June.
Found, in woods and along streams ; common at the
North ; rare in the South.
A small tree, ten to thirty feet high, or in some of its
numerous forms reduced to a low shrub ; noticeable and
showy in early spring because of its flowers.
The variety A. C. oblongifilia, T. and G., differs some-
what from the above in the dimensions of the flowers and
flower clusters, etc.
The name "shad-bush" is given because the trees
blossom about the time that the shad "run."
Genus OXYDENDRUM, D. C. (Sorrel Tree.)
From two Greek words meaning sour and tree.
Fig. 21. Sorrel Tree, Sour Wood. O. arbbreum (L.) t D. C.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE TOOTHED.
Outline, oval. Apex, pointed. Base, rounded or slightly
pointed.
Leaf, four to six inches long, one and a half to two and a
half inches wide, soon becoming smooth, with a
decided acid taste (whence the name).
Bark of trunk, rough and deeply furrowed.
Flowers, white, in loose and long one-sided clusters.
Found, from Pennsylvania and Ohio southward, chiefly
along the Alleghany Mountains, and usually in dry,
gravelly soil.
A tree forty to sixty feet high, with hard, close-
grained wood, which is used for the handles of tools, the
bearings of machinery, etc.
Fig. 21. Sorrel Tree. O. arbdreura (L.), D. C.
NATURAL SIZE.
44 Trees with Simple Leaves. [An
Genus ULMUS, L. (Elm.)
Fig. 22. White Elm. U. Americana, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARPLY AND OFTEN
DOUBLY TOOTHED.
Otitline, oval or egg-shaped, or inversely egg-shaped ;
always one-sided.
Base, rounded, or slightly heart-shaped, rarely pointed
Apex, taper-pointed.
Leaf-stem, about one quarter inch long. Buds, smooth.
Leaf, usually two to five inches long, and one and a half
to two and a half wide ; somewhat downy when
young, afterward roughish below ; above, either
rough in one direction, or (especially if taken from
the ends of the long branches) smooth and shining.
The ribs prominent and straight.
Bark of the branches not marked with " corky ridges " ;
branchlets, smooth.
Seeds, flat egg-shaped or oval, winged and fringed all
around. Last of May.
Found, northward to Southern Newfoundland ; southward
to Florida; westward to the Black Hills of Dakota.
Toward the western and southwestern limits it is
found only in the river-bottom lands.
One of the very noblest of American trees, eighty feet
or more in height, and of strong and graceful proportions.
The trunk divides at a slight angle into two or three arch-
ing limbs, and these again into many smaller curving and
drooping branches. The trunk and the larger branches
are often heavily fringed with short and leafy boughs.
The tree is widely cultivated. Streets planted with it
become columned and arched like the aisles of a Gothic
cathedral.
The wood is hard, and very tough from the interlacing
of its fibres. It is used in making saddle-trees and for
Fig. 22. White Elm. (U. Americana, L.)
Fig. 23. Slippery Elm. (U. fulva, Michaux.)
NATURATL SIZK.
4 6 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
wheel-hubs, and is now largely exported to England to
be used in boat- and ship-building.
One day I found four men in a stone quarry, working
with iron bars and rollers over a heavy flat slab. They
were moving the stone slowly up a narrow plank into
their cart. "John," I said, " I would not think that board
could hold a stone of such weight two minutes. Is it
hickory?" " No sir," said John, "that 's an elm plank;
it can't break." It did not break.
It was one of the woods which the Deacon used in
building his famous " one-hoss shay " :
" So the deacon inquired of the village folk
Where he could find the strongest oak,
That could n't be split nor bent nor broke,
That was for spokes and floor and sills ;
He sent for lancewood to make the thills ;
The cross-bars were ash, from the straightest trees ;
The panels of whitewood, that cuts like cheese,
But lasts like iron for things like these ;
The hubs of logs from the ' Settler's Ellum,'
Last of its timber, they could n't sell 'em,
Never an axe had seen their chips,
And the wedges flew from between their lips,
Their blunt ends frizzled like celery -tips j "
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.
Corky White Elm. U. racembsa, Thomas.
In foliage and shape and in the qualities of its timber
this tree very closely resembles the white elm. A very
noticeable difference is in its branches, which are often
marked lengthwise with many large, corky, almost winged
ridges. Its seeds resemble but are rather larger than
those of the white elm.
Found, from Southwestern Vermont through Western
New York and Southern Michigan to Northeastern
Iowa, and southward through Ohio to Central Ken-
tucky. Its finest growth is in Southern Michigan.
Leaves Alternate. 47
Fig. 23. Slippery Elm, Red Elm. U.fulva, Michaux, L. rubra,
Michaux,f.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERI *.TE ; EDGE SHARPLY AND DOUBLY
TOOTHED.
Outline, oval or long egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed.
Base, slightly heart-shaped or rounded.
Leaf-stem, about one eighth inch long, stout and rough.
Buds hairy.
Leaf, four to seven inches long, three to four inches wide.
The upper surface is rough both ways, and very rough
downwards, almost like a fine file. The under sur-
face is slightly rough.
The ribs beneath are prominent and straight, and hairy
in their angles.
Bark of the larger branches, brownish ; branchlets, light-
gray and very rough, becoming grayish-purple. The
inner bark is very gummy and "slippery"
Seeds, flat, round, winged, but not fringed. Last of May.
Found, along the lower St. Lawrence to Ontario, and
from Western New England westward and south-
ward ; in woods and along streams.
A tree thirty to forty feet high. Its wood is hard
and strong, but splits easily when dry. Though otherwise
inferior, for posts it is superior to white elm. Its inner
bark is sold by druggists as " slippery elm," and is nutri-
tious and medicinal. Its name of red elm is due to the
reddish-brown tinge of its large rounded and hairy buds
in the spring.
The English Elm [U. campestris, L.] was introduced
early, and is often found in cultivation. It differs from
the white elm, especially in these items :
Leaves, usually smaller, and more closely placed upon the
branch.
4 8 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
Bark, darker and much more broken.
Branches, compact and more or less horizontal and straight
to their ends, instead of arching and drooping,
Seeds, resembling in shape those of the slippery elm.
The tree is sometimes seen sixty to seventy feet high c
but usually is much smaller. Like all the elms it is of
rapid growth.
Genus CELTIS, L. (Hackberry.)
An ancient name for the Lotus.
Fig. 24. Hackberry, Sugar Berry. C. occidentals, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARP-TOOTHED, but
entire at the base.
Outline, obliquely egg-shaped, very one-sided. Apex,
taper-pointed. Base, usually somewhat heart-shaped,
or slightly pointed or rounded.
Leaf, two to three inches long, one to two inches wide ;
rough.
Bark of the trunk, rough ; sometimes much crumpled.
Fruit, about the size of a pea ; solitary ; drooping from
the bases of the leaf-stems, on stems once or twice as
long as the leaf-stems ; rounded ; pulp thin, sweet,
and edible ; purplish red ; ripe in September.
Found, from the valley of the St. Lawrence westward and
southward.
A tree fifteen to thirty feet high (but much larger at
the South), most common, and reaching its finest growth
in the basin of the Mississippi. It is very variable in size
and in the shape and texture of its leaves.
Variety crassifblia is sometimes found, in which the
leaves are thicker and usually toothed all around.
Fig. 24. Hackberry. (C. occidentalis, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
50 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
Geni;s MORUS, L. (Mulberry.)
Fig. 25. Red Mulberry. M. rubra, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE COARSELY AND SOME-
WHAT IRREGULARLY TOOTHED ; or, at times, unequally
and very variously TWO- TO THREE-LOBED.
Outline, egg-shape. Apex, long pointed (when there are
side lobes their ends may be rounded). Base, heart-
shaped, and more or less one-sided.
Leaf, three to seven inches long, rather thin, rough above
and downy below, sometimes becoming very smooth.
The ribs are very distinct, and whitish below.
Bark, grayish, and much broken.
Berries, about the size and shape of small blackberries.
When ripe they are very dark purple (nearly black),
juicy, and sweet. July.
Found, from Western New England, westward and south-
ward.
\
A tree fifteen to twenty-five feet high ; in the Middle
and Western States much larger. It is most common
and reaches its finest growth along the lower Ohio and
the Mississippi rivers. Its wood is valuable, light, and
soft, but very durable in contact with the ground.
The White Mulberry [M. alba] is sometimes found
around old houses and in fields. It was introduced from
China, and was formerly cultivated as food for silk-worms.
Its leaves resemble those of the Red Mulberry in shape,
but are smooth and shining.
Fig. 25. Red Mulberry. (M. rubra,
NATURAL SIZE.
5 2 Trees with Simple Leaves. [AII
Genus BROUSSON&TIA, L'Her.
Paper Mulberry. \B. papyri/era, Vent]
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE IRREGULARLY SHARP-
TOOTHED, or, at times, unequally and very variously
two- to three-lobed.
Outline, very nearly that of the Red Mulberry (Fig. 25)
broad egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed (when there
are side lobes their ends also pointed). Base,
rounded or slightly pointed, rarely, in the small
leaves, slightly heart-shaped.
Leaf-stem, rough.
Leaf, usually about five inches long, sometimes nine
inches ; thick ; rough above, very velvety-rough. The
main ribs are very distinct, and are thickly netted
with smaller ones.
Bark, light and smoothish.
Flowers, in long aments and balls.
Fruit, not edible.
An introduced tree, common around houses or escaped
from cultivation.
A low-branching, large-headed shade tree of medium
size, introduced from Japan.
In Japan and China the bark of the Paper Mulberry
is made into paper, whence the name.
Leaves Alternate. 53
Genus PLATANUS, L. (Buttonwood.)
From a Greek word meaning broad, in reference to the breadth of its shade or of its
leaf.
Fig. 26. Buttonwood, Buttonball Tree, Plane Tree,
Sycamore.* P. Occident/is, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE VARIABLE, EITHER
COARSE-TOOTHED OR SOMEWHAT LOBED J with the
teeth or lobes sharp, and the hollows between them
rounded.
Outline, rounded. Apex, pointed. Base, more or less
heart-shaped, squared, or rounded.
Leaf-stem, downy when young, smoothish when old ; and
covering the leaf-bud with its swollen base.
Leaf, three and a half to eight inches wide, and usually
broader than long ; downy beneath when young, be-
coming smooth.
Bark, the thin outer bark peels off each year in hard and
brittle strips, leaving the branches and parts of the
trunk with a mottled, whitish, polished-looking sur-
face.
Flowers, small, in compact, round balls (about one inch
in diameter) like round buttons, which dry and
harden, and cling to the branches by their slender
stems (three to four inches long), and swing like
little bells during a good part of the winter.
Found, from Southern Maine, southward and westward,
in rich, moist soil, oftenest along streams. Its finest
growth is in the bottom lands of the Mississippi and
Ohio rivers.
* The name " sycamore," though a common one, should be dropped. It belongs
to another and very different tree.
Fig. 26. Buttonwood. (P. occidentalis, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
Leaves Alternate. 55
The largest of the trees of the Atlantic forests, com-
monly sixty to eighty feet high ; along the western rivers
often eighty to one hundred and thirty feet high, some-
times more, with a circumference of forty to fifty feet.
A tree in Eaton, N. J., is one of the largest in the
State. It is eighty-five feet high. At a point eight feet
from the ground its circumference is fourteen feet three
inches. The largest trunks are usually hollow. The
wood is hard and compact, difficult to split and work, of
a reddish-brown color within. Its principle use is in
the making of tobacco boxes.
There is a fine and somewhat noted group of these
trees on the grounds of James Knox, in Knoxboro, N. Y.
In old times they formed a favorite camping place for
the Indians in their trading expeditions. They all
measure not far from three feet in diameter.
Genus BET U LA, L. (Birch.)
Fig. 27. White Birch, Old-field Birch, Gray Birch. B.
populifblia, Marsh.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE (often alternate in pairs) ;
EDGE UNEQUALLY SHARP-TOOTHED, with the base
entire.
Outline, triangular. Apex, taper-pointed. Base, vari-
able, more or less squared, sometimes slightly
hollowed, rounded, or pointed.
Leaf-stem, long and slender, about three quarters of an
inch or more in length.
Leaf, one and three quarters to three inches long.
Smooth and shining on both sides.
56 Trees with Simple Leaves. [An
The outer bark of the mature trunk is chalky-white and
thin, but not, like the bark of the Paper-birch, easily
separable into layers. Usually it is marked with
blackish dots and lines. Often the branchlets and
twigs are blackish, and in very young trees the bark
may be light reddish-brown, and marked with white
dots.
Found, on poor soil, from Delaware and Pennsylvania
northward (mostly toward the coast), and in orna-
mental cultivation. It springs up abundantly over
burned and abandoned lands.
A slender, short-lived tree, twenty to thirty feet high,
with white, soft wood, not durable ; used largely in mak-
ing spools, shoe-pegs, etc., and for fuel.
A still more graceful cultivated species is the Eu-
ropean Weeping Birch [B. pendula]. Its branches are
very drooping, with more slender leaves, and a spray that
is exceedingly light and delicate, especially in early
spring.
Fig. 28. Paper Birch, Canoe Birch, White Birch. B. papy-
ri/era, Marsh.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARPLY AND UN-
EQUALLY DOUBLE-TOOTHED.
Outline, egg-shaped. Apex, pointed. Base, rounded,
slightly heart-shaped, or, rarely, wedge-shaped.
Leaf-stem, downy.
Fig. 27
Fig. 27. White Birch. (B. populif&lia, Marsh.)
Fig. 28. Paper Birch. (B. papyrifera, Marsh.)
NATURAL SIZE.
58 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
Leaf, two to three inches long ; dark green and smooth
above ; beneath, dull, and with the ribs somewhct
hairy, especially in their angles.
Bark of trunk very tough and durable ; thick ; snow-
white on the outside ; easily removed from the wood,
and then itself very separable into paper-like sheets.
The inner sheets are of a reddish tinge.
Found, in tne mountains of Northern Pennsylvania, New
England, and far northward, farther than any other
non-evergreen tree of America, excepting the aspen.
A tree, forty to seventy feet high. The wood is light,
hard, and very close-grained, but decays rapidly when
exposed more rapidly than the bark, which often
remains as a shell long after the wood within has
disappeared. It is very largely used in making spools,
pegs, shoe-lasts, in turnery, for wood-pulp, and for fuel.
The waterproof bark is much used by Indians and
trappers for their canoes.
" Give me of your bark, O Birch-Tree !
Of your yellow bark, O Birch-Tree !
Growing by the rushing river,
Tall and stately in the valley !
I a light canoe will build me,
That shall float upon the river,
Like a yellow leaf in autumn,
Like a yellow water-lily.
' Lay aside your cloak, O Birch-Tree \
Lay aside your white- skin wrapper,
For the summer time is coming,
And the sun is warm in heaven,
And you need no white skin wrapper ! ' "
Hiawatha.
Leaves Alternate. 59
Fig. 29. Red Birch, River Birch. B. nigra, L.j B. rubra,
Michaux, f.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE UNEQUALLY DOUBLE-
TOOTHED ; entire at base.
Outline, egg-shape, often approaching diamond-shape.
Apex, pointed. Base, somewhat pointed, often
rather blunt wedge-shaped.
Leaf -stem, short (about one half to three fourths of an
inch) and downy.
Leaf, about three inches long by two inches wide, or often
less ; whitish and (until old) downy beneath ; dotted ;
in autumn turning to a bright yellow.
Bark of the trunk reddish-brown. As the tree grows the
bark becomes torn and loose, hanging in thin shreds
of varying shades. The young twigs are downy.
Found, on low grounds, especially along river banks, from
Massachusetts westward and southward. It becomes
common only in the lower part of New Jersey. Its
finest growth is in the South. It is the only birch
which grows in a warm climate.
A tree usually thirty to fifty feet high, with the
branches long and slender, arched and heavily drooping.
Often the branches cover the trunk nearly to the ground.
" Birch brooms " are made from the twigs.
60 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
Fig. 30. Yellow Birch. B. Ihtea, Michaux. f.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE (often alternate in pairs) ;
EDGE VERY SHARPLY, UNEQUALLY, AND RATHER
COARSELY TOOTHED.
Outline, egg-shape. Apex, pointed. Base, narrowed and
Leaf-stem, short and downy.
Leaf, about four by two and one fourth inches, or often
smaller; thin ; downy when young, becoming smooth.
Ribs, straight.
Outer bark of trunk thin and a silvery yellow, and separat-
ing into narrow ribbons curling outwards at the ends.
The twigs and the bark are sweet-tasting and aromatic,
but less so than in the " Sweet Birch."
Found, in moist woods, along the Alleghany Moun-
tains, in Delaware and Southern Minnesota, and
northward into Canada.
A tree forty to eighty feet or often more in height ; one
of the largest and most valuable non-evergreen trees of
New England and Canada. Its hard, close-grained wood is
largely used for fuel, in making furniture, button-moulds,
wheel-hubs, pill-boxes, etc.
Fig. 30
Fig. 29. Red Birch. (B. nigra, L.)
30. Yellow Birch. (B. liltea, Michaux, f.)
NATURAL SIZE.
62 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
Fig. 31. Sweet Birch, Cherry Birch, Black Birch. B. lenta, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE FINELY AND SHARPLY
DOUBLE-TOOTHED.
Outline, egg-shape. Apex, pointed. Base, heart-shaped.
Leaf-stem, short and downy.
Leaf, two to four inches long ; about one half as wide ;
silky-hairy when young, but becoming smooth, except
on the ribs beneath.
Bark of trunk, a dark chestnut-brown ; smoothish when
young, but becoming rough in old trees. The smaller
branches are smooth and dotted with white spots.
In its leaves and the color of the twigs it somewhat
resembles the garden cherry. The foliage and bark
are very aromatic and sweet-tasting.
Found, from Newfoundland to Northern Delaware, west-
ward, and southward along the mountains. It is
very common in the northern forests.
A tree thirty to sixty feet high, with many slender
branches. The wood is hard, fine-grained, and of a red-
dish tint. It is largely used for cabinet-work (sometimes
in place of the more valuable Black Cherry) and for fuel.
ig- 3 1 - Sweet Birch. (B. lenta, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
64 7*rees with Simple Leaves. [AII
Genus OSTRYA, Scop. (Hop-Hornbeam.)
Fig. 32, a and b. Hop-Hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood.
O. Virginibna (Mill), Willd.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE VERY SHARPLY AND
SLIGHTLY IRREGULARLY AND UNEQUALLY TOOTHED.
Outline, long oval or long egg-shape. Apex, taper-
pointed. Base, slightly heart-shaped.
Leaf -stem, about one fourth inch long, and often rough.
Leaf, usually three to four inches long, and about half as
wide, but with many smaller leaves of varying size on
the same branch ; smoothish above, paler and some-
what downy below. The straight ribs and their
angles hairy.
Bark of trunk, brownish or dark gray, and remarkable for
being finely furrowed up and down, with the ridges
broken into three- to four-inch lengths. These divi-
sions are narrower than on any other rough-barked
tree, and they become narrower and finer as the tree
grows older. The new shoots are reddish green and
dotted with brown ; the younger branches purplish-
brown and dotted with white or gray. When the
branch is two to three inches thick, its bark becomes
grayish and begins to crack.
Fruit, in long oval, drooping clusters, resembling those of
the hop-vine, with long, unlobed scales that lap each
other like shingles. August, September.
Found, oftenest on dry hill-sides. Common North, South,
and West, especially in Southern Arkansas.
A tree twenty to thirty feet high, with white, very
strong, and compact wood. It would be very valuable, if
it were more abundant and of larger growth.
Fig. 32. Hop-Hornbeam. O. Virginiana (Mill), Willd.
a. Leaves, b. Fruit.
NATURAL SI71E.
66 Trees with Simple Leaves. [An
Genus CARPINUS, L. (Hornbeam.)
Fig- 33> an d & Hornbeam, Ironwood, Water Beech, Blue
Beech. C. Caroliniana, Walt.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE VERY SHARPLY AND
QUITE IRREGULARLY AND UNEVENLY TOOTHED.
Outline, long egg-shape, or reverse long egg-shape.
Apex, taper-pointed. Base, rounded or slightly
heart-shaped.
Leaf-stem, about one half inch long, slender and smooth,
or slightly hairy.
Leaf, usually three to four inches long, and about half as
wide, but with many smaller leaves of varying size
on the same branch ; nearly smooth, slightly hairy on
the straight and distinct ribs and in their angles.
Bark of trunk, a deep bluish-gray or slate ; smooth, but
often marked up and down with irregular ridges,
which run from each side of the lower branches.
The new shoots are somewhat hairy, and brownish
or purplish ; the older branchlets, an ashy-gray color,
with a pearly lustre.
Fruit, in loose drooping cluster, with leaf-like scales that
are strongly three-lobed and placed in pairs base to
base. October.
Found, along streams and in swamps. Quite common
North, South, and West ; northward often only as
a low shrub.
A small tree or shrub, usually ten to twenty feet high,
but in the southern Alleghany Mountains sometimes
reaching a height of fifty feet. Its wood is white and
very compact and strong.
m
33- Hornbeam. (C. Caroliniana, Walt.)
a. Fruit scales, b. Leaves.
NATURAL SIZE.
68 Trees with Simple Leaves. LAII
Genus C AST AN E A, L. (Chestnut.)
From the name of a town in Thessaly.
Fig. 34. Chestnut. C. saftva (L.), var. Americana (Michaux), Sarg.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARP-TOOTHED with
the teeth bristle-pointed and the hollows between
rounded.
Outline, very narrow oval. Base and Apex taper-pointed.
Leaf, four to eight inches long, two to three inches wide ;
smooth above and below ; with straight ribs terminat-
ing in the bristle-teeth.
Bark of trunk grayish and in young trees very smooth.
Fruit, with large bristly husks. Usually there are two or
three nuts pressed closely in each cell, and therefore
flat on one or both sides. The nut, though smaller,
is sweeter and more delicate than in the European
variety, the "Spanish Chestnut."
Found, from Southern Maine to Delaware and Southern
Indiana ; southward along the Alleghany Mountains
and west to Middle Kentucky and Tennessee. Its
finest growth is on the western slopes of the southern
Alleghany Mountains.
A tree fifty to eighty feet high or more, with light,
soft wood, largely used in cabinet-work, for railway ties,
posts, etc.
34- Chestnut. C. Satlva (L.), van Americana (Michaux), Sarg.
NATURAL SIZE.
7 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
Genus FAGUS, L. (Beech.)
Fig- 35- Beech. F. ferrug\nea, Ait.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARP-TOOTHED, WITH
SMALL AND REMOTE TEETH.
Outline, oval or egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base,
rounded.
Leaf, three to six inches long, about half as wide ; a very
"finished" leaf; when young, fringed with soft,
white hairs ; becoming smooth and polished ; with
distinct and straight unbranched side-ribs, ending in
the teeth of the edge. The dead, bleached leaves
often cling thickly to the branches throughout the
winter.
Bark of the trunk, light gray, smooth, and unbroken.
Fruit, a small four-celled prickly burr, splitting half-way
to the base when ripe, and with two sweet, three-
sided nuts in each shell.
Found in rich woods, Nova Scotia to Florida and west-
ward, with its finest growth oh the "bluffs" of the
lower Mississippi basin.
Large stately trees, with spreading branches and a
delicate spray, fifty to eighty feet high. The wood is
hard and very close-grained, and is used largely in the
making of chairs, handles, plane-stocks, shoe-lasts, and
for fuel. When the tree is not crowded, it sends out its
nearly horizontal or drooping branches as low as from
ten to thirty feet above the ground.
Lumber-men make the distinction of " Red Beech "
and "White Beech," claiming that the former is harder,
with a redder and thicker heart-wood.
35- Beech. (F. ferruglnea, Ait.)
NATURAL SIZE.
7 2 Trees with Simple Leaves. [AII
Among woodsmen and the Indians, the Beech is said
to be a favorite refuge in thunder-storms. They claim
that it is scarcely ever struck by lightning.
Lumber-men claim a difference in the quality of trees
which retain their leaves and those which shed them.
" Said a neighbor to me one day : ' You might 'a knowed
that beech would split hard with all the dry leaves on it,"
and it did. That was the first I 'd ever heard of the
sign, but I Ve never known it fail since."
LIST OF WILLOWS.
(A) Native trees ; all small :
Black Willow (S. nigra, Marshall).
Scythe-leaved Willow (S. n., var. falcata, Torr.).
(S. amygdaloides, Anders.).
Shining Willow (S. lucida, Muhl.).
Long-beaked Willow (S. rostrata, Richards).
(B) Not native trees ; all large :
White Willow (S. alba, L.).
Blue Willow (S. a., var. caerulea).
Yellow Willow (S. a., var. vittelina).
Weeping Willow (S. Babylonica, Tourn.).
Crack Willow (S. fragilis, L.).
Genus SALIX, L. (Willow.)
From two Celtic words meaning " near " and " water."
Fig. 36, a and b. Black Willow. S. nigra, Marsh.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; FINELY AND SHARPLY TOOTHED.
Outline, long and narrow. . Apex, long, taper-pointed.
Base, pointed or slightly rounded.
Fig. 36. Black Willow. (S. nigra, Marsh.)
a. Commonest form. b. Large form.
NATURAL SIZE.
74 Trees with Simple Leaves. [AII
Leaf -stem, short and woolly.
Leaf, one and a half to four inches long ; commonest
length about two inches (Fig. 33, a) ; downy when
young, becoming smooth excepting on the upper side
of the mid-rib, which is usually woolly.
Bark of trunk, dark and rough ; branches very brittle at
the base and yellowish ; twigs tough and purplish or
yellow.
Found, in Southern New Brunswick and Ontario, and
from Northern Vermont southward. Common on
low ground, especially in New York and Pennsylvania.
A small tree, fifteen to twenty feet high ; quite variable
in the style of its foliage ; the latest to flower, in May.
5". amygdalbides, Anders, (sometimes considered a
variety of S. nigra) is found on the shores of the Great
Lakes and westward.
Fig- 37 Scythe-leaved Willow. S. nigra, var. falcata, Torr.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE VERY FINELY SHARP-
TOOTHED.
Outline, long and narrow, often " scythe-shaped." Apex,
long, taper-pointed. Base, gradually narrowing and
pointed or slightly rounded.
Leaf-stem, short. Stipules (two small, leaf-like appendages
at the base of the leaf-stem), not falling off when
young, as in most of the willows ; moon-shaped, finely
toothed, wider than long.
Fi S- 37- Scythe-leaved Willow. (S. n., var. falcata, Torr.;
a. Stipules, b. Leaves.
NATURAL. SIZE.
7 6 Trees with Simple Leaves. [An
Leaf, four to eight inches long ; green and smooth above
and below (silky-downy when young).
Found, on low ground from New England to the Middle
States and westward.
A small tree (or sometimes a shrub). The persistent
stipules and the length of the leaf furnish ready signs for
distinguishing it from S. nigra.
Fig. 38. Shining Willow, Glossy Broad-leaved Willow.
S. litcida, Muhl.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE VERY FINELY AND
SHARPLY TOOTHED.
Outline, long egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base,
rounded or slightly pointed.
Leaf-stem, about one fourth to one half inch long.
Leaf-buds, yellowish and smooth.
Leaf, about three to five or six inches long, one inch or
more wide ; dark above, smooth and shining above
and below. Middle ribs usually whitish, and distinct
above.
Found, from New England southward to Chester County,
Pennsylvania, west and north. Rather common,
usually on wet grounds.
A small tree (or often a shrub) twelve to twenty-five
feet high.
Fig. 38. Shining Willow. (S. lucida, MuhL)
NATURAL SIZE.
78 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
Fig- 39- Long-beaked Willow, Ochre-flowered Willow. S.
rostrata, Richards.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALERNATE ; EDGE USUALLY OBSCURELY
TOOTHED, but varying from quite sharp-toothed to
almost entire and slightly wavy.
Outline, oval or reverse egg-shape. Apex, sharp (or
sometimes rather blunted). Base, narrowing to a
point (or sometimes slightly rounded).
Leaf, two to four inches long ; soft, downy, and almost
velvety beneath ; smoothish above ; ribs distinct.
Bark of trunk, dark colored ; of the branches, usually
yellow ; twigs, reddish-brown, straight and tough,
downy when young, becoming smooth.
Found, along borders of woods, and on low grounds, from
New England to Pennsylvania, far westward and
northward.
A small tree (or sometimes a shrub), four to fifteen
feet high.
Fig. 40. White Willow. [S. alba, Z.]
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARP-TOOTHED, with
the teeth somewhat thickened.
Outline, narrow lance-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base,
pointed.
Leaf, about five inches long, three quarters of an inch
wide ; surface with white silky hairs beneath, and
often above ; branches not yellow, and very brittle
at the base.
Introduced from Europe, but now common around
houses and in low grounds.
39- Long-beaked Willow. (S. rostrata, Richards.)
NATURAL SIZE.
8o Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
A very large and familiar tree (fifty to eighty feet
high), one of the largest of the Willows ; low-branching ;
thick-set, of tough and rapid growth. A stake set in the
ground grows readily. The silvery look of the tree
(especially in a strong wind) is due to the gloss of its
downy leaves.
The Blue Willow [var. cserulea S.] is naturalized in
Massachusetts.
Fig. 41. Yellow Willow, Golden Osier. [S. alba, var. mtelllna,
S.andB]
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARP-TOOTHED, with
the teeth somewhat thickened.
Outline, narrow lance-shape. Apex, taper-pointed ; in the
young leaves often broad and rounded. Base, pointed.
Leaf, small (two to three and a half inches long ; about
one half to five eighths of an inch wide) ; surface
with white, silky hairs beneath and often above,
especially in the young leaves.
Branches, brittle at the base, smooth and shining and
yellow.
Blossoms, in May.
Introduced, from Europe, but now found throughout the
United States. Common around houses and in low
grounds.
A broad-spreading tree (thirty to forty feet high),
branching low, and with the branchlets thick and rather
erect. The tree has a yellowish look, due to the color of
its twigs and branches.
Fig. 40
Fig. 40. White Willow. [S. alba, L.]
. 41. Yellow Willow. [S. a., vitelllne, S. and B.]
a. Young leaf. b. Mature leaf.
Fig. 42. Weeping Willow. [S. Babyldnica, Tourn.]
Fig- 43. Crack Willow. [S. fragilis, L.]
NATURAL SIZE.
82 Trees with Simple Leaves. [An
" The French, finding their native forests giving out,
took to planting a species of willow, Salix vitelllna,
largely for hoops. So successful have they been that,
besides raising all they want for their own use, they now
export largely to British markets. Scotch herring barrels
are chiefly bound with French willow hoops."
Fig. 42. Weeping Willow. [S. Babylbnica, Tourn]
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARP-TOOTHED.
Outline, narrow lance-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base,
pointed.
Leaf, about five inches long by three fourths of an inch
wide ; somewhat silky, or smooth.
Branches and branchlets, very long, curved, and drooping
nearly to the ground.
Introduced, from Europe, now common, and much used in
ornamental cultivation.
A tree thirty to forty feet high.
The Latin name (Babylonica) was suggested by the
lament of the Hebrews, in the 13/th Psalm.
" By the rivers of Babylon there we sat down :
Yea we wept when we remembered Zion.
We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof."
Leaves Alternate. 83
Fig. 43. Crack Willow. \S. fragilis, Z.]
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE STRONGLY AND SOME-
WHAT UNEVENLY TOOTHED, the teeth thickened and
their points slightly incurved, so as to appear some-
what blunted.
Outline, narrow lance-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base,
taper-pointed.
Leaf-stem, smooth, with two small warts on the upper side
near the base of the leaf.
Leaf, about five or six inches long, about seven eighths
of an inch wide ; dark and smooth above ; lighter
and smooth below (slightly silky when young).
Branches, smooth, shining, and greenish ; very brittle at
the base, cracking off almost "at a touch."
Introduced, from Europe.
A tree sometimes sixty to eighty feet high, with a
bushy head and irregular branches. Its withes are used
for basket-work.
" The greene willow boughes with the leaves may very
well be brought into chambers and set about the beds of
those that be sicke of agues, for they do mightily coole
the heate of the aire, which thing is a wonderfull refresh-
ing to the sicke patients." GERARDES' HERBAL.
84 Trees with Simple Leaves. [An
Genus POPULUS, L. (Aspen, Poplar.)
From a Latin word meaning the people ; either because the tree was often planted
along public walks, or on account of the restlessness of its leaves.
Fig. 44. Aspen, White Poplar. P. tremuloidcs, Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SHARP-TOOTHED, with
rounded hollows between.
Outline, rounded. Apex, short, sharp-pointed. Base,
slightly heart-shaped.
Leaf-stem, slender and very much flattened sidewise.
Leaf, two to two and a half inches wide, and usually about
one half inch shorter than wide ; dark green ; smooth
on both sides when mature, with a slight down on the
edge. Ribs distinct above and below and whitish.
Bark of trunk, greenish-white and smooth, often with
blotches of very dark brown, especially under the
ends of the branches. The bark is exceedingly bitter.
Found, from Northern Kentucky and the mountains of
Pennsylvania northward to Hudson Bay and New-
foundland, northwest to the Arctic Ocean, and along
the Rocky Mountain slopes. It is the most widely
distributed of North American trees.
A tree twenty to fifty feet high, with white, soft
wood that is largely used in place of rags in making
coarse paper. The tremulousness of its foliage, which
the slightest breeze stirs, is due to the thinness of the
sidewise-flattened leaf-stems.
Fig. 44. Aspen. (P. tremuloides, Michx.)
NATURAL SIZE.
86 Trees with Simple Leaves. [AH
Tradition accounts differently for the motion of the
leaves. It says that the wood of the aspen tree was taken
for the Saviour's cross, and that, ever since, the tree has
shivered.
Another tradition claims that, when Christ went by
on his way to Calvary, all the trees sympathized and
mourned, excepting the aspen ; but when he died, there
fell upon the aspen a sudden horror of remorse, and such
a fearful trembling as has never passed away.
In describing the occupations of the fifty maidens in
the hall of the " gorgeous palace " of King Alcinous,
Homer says :
" . . some wove the web
Or twirled the spindle, sitting, with a quick
Light motion like the aspen's glancing leaves."
Fig. 45. Large-toothed Aspen. P. grandidentata, Michaux.
Leaf, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE LARGE-TOOTHED, with
the hollows rounded.
Outline, wide egg-shape. Apex, sharp-pointed. Base,
squared, or slightly rounded.
Leaf-stem, long and slender, and flattened sidewise.
Leaf, three to five inches long, smooth on both sides
when mature ; white, and covered thickly with silky
wool when young. Ribs, whitish and distinct above.
Bark of the trunk, smooth, and of a soft, light greenish-
gray ; when old, becoming somewhat cracked. On
the young branches the bark is dark.
Found, in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, through the
Northern States, along the Alleghany Mountains to
North Carolina, and west to Wisconsin and Iowa.
Rare at the South, common at the North.
Fig. 45. Large Toothed Aspen. (P. grandidentata, Michx.)
NATURAL SIZE.
88 Trees with Simple Leaves. [AII
A tree forty to eighty feet high, with open, crooked
branches. Large quantities of the soft, white wood are
ground into pulp for making paper. " In both this and
the preceding species, the leaves of young sprouts are
often differently shaped and toothed, and much en-
larged." (Porter.) ^^^^_
Poplar wood, like other soft woods, is not usually
esteemed for durability ; but an old couplet, said to have
been found inscribed on a poplar plank, teaches dif-
ferently :
" Though ' heart of Oak ' be e'er so stout,
Keep me dry, and I '11 see him out."
Fig. 46. Downy-leaved Poplar, River Cottonwood, Swamp
Cottonwood. P. heteroptiylla, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE TOOTHED.
Outline, roundish egg-shape. Apex, usually blunt (never
taper-pointed). Base, heart-shape, sometimes with the
lobes so close or overlapping as to cover the end of
the leaf-stem.
Leaf -stem, nearly round.
Leaf, three to six inches long (on young sprouts, eight to
ten inches) ; when young, thickly covered with white
down ; becoming smooth, except on the ribs below.
Found, in borders of swamps, from Long Island south-
ward to Southern Georgia, through the Gulf States
to Western Louisiana, and northward to Southern
Illinois and Indiana. Rare and local.
A tree sixty to eighty feet high.
Fig. 46. Downy-leaved Poplar. (P. heterophylla, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
9 Trees with Simple Leaves. IAII
Fig. 47. Cottonwood, Poplar, Necklace Poplar, River Poplar.
P. monillfera, Ait. P. angulata, Ait.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SOMEWHAT IRREGULARLY
TOOTHED.
Outline, broad egg-shape (approaching triangular-shape).
Apex, long, taper-pointed. Base, squared, slightly
hollowed, or slightly pointed.
Leaf-stem, long and slender and much compressed sidewise.
Leaf, two to three and a half inches long (much larger on
young shoots) ; length and width nearly the same ;
smooth ; ribs distinct and whitish on both sides,
irregular, and branching.
Bark of trunk, light "granite-gray," smooth on young
trunks, becoming somewhat rough with age, and with
rounded up-and-down furrows. New and vigorous
shoots are green, and marked with short white or
brownish lines.
Seeds, covered with a white, cotton-like fibre.
Found, from Western New England southward to Wes-
tern Florida, westward to the Rocky Mountains.
The common " cottonwood " of the West, bordering
all streams flowing east from the Rocky Mountains.
A tree eighty to one hundred feet high. The very
light and soft wood is largely used in making paper pulp,
for light boxes, and for fuel.
Experiments have been made in separating and weav-
ing the cottony fibre of the poplar seeds. It can be
manufactured into cloth, but not in paying quantity and
quality.
Fig. 47. Cottonwood. (P. monilHera, Ait.)
NATURAL SIZE.
92 Trees witk Simple Leaves. LAII
Fig. 48. Balsam Poplar, Tacamahac. P. balsaniifera, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE FINELY AND RATHER
SHARPLY TOOTHED.
Outline, egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base, rounded.
Leaf-stem, nearly smooth, the lower half rounded, the
upper part only slightly flattened. The leaf-buds in
the spring are large and yellow, and covered with a
fragrant gum (as, to some extent, are the buds of
most of the poplars).
Leaf, four to six inches long ; when young, yellowish
above, becoming bright green ; whitish, and " net-
veined " below ; smooth.
Found in Northern New England, Central Michigan, and
Minnesota, and far northward.
A tree sixty to seventy feet high, with very light and
soft wood.
Fig. 49. Balm of Gilead, Heart-leaved Balsam Poplar. P.
balsaniifera, var. candicans (Ait.), Gray.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE TOOTHED.
Outline, egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base, heart-
shape.
Leaf-stem, usually hairy, nearly round. The leaf-buds in
the spring are large and varnished, and very fragrant.
Leaf, four to six inches long, nearly as broad ; yellowish
when young, becoming dark green above, and whitish
beneath ; net-veined.
Bark, smooth and greenish, and often dark-spotted.
Found, seldom or never growing wild, but common in
cultivation.
A tree forty to fifty feet high, loosely and irregularly
branched, and with abundant foliage.
Fig. 49
Fig. 48. Balsam Poplar. (P. balsamlfera, L.)
Fig. 49. Balm of Gilead. P. b. candicans (Ait i Gray.
NATURAL SIZE.
94 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A n
Fig. 50. Lombardy Poplar. \P. dilatata, Ait.}
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE TOOTHED.
Outline, very broad oval (approaching diamond shape).
Apex, pointed. Base, pointed.
Leaf-stem, flattened sidewise.
Leaf, usually about two inches long, width and length
about the same.
Introduced about one hundred years ago from Italy, and
now often found in old settlements.
A tall and very slender tree, with crowded, perpen-
dicular branches.
Fig. 51. Silver-Leaf Poplar, Abele, White Poplar. [P. alba, Z.]
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE USUALLY LOBED (the
lobes toothed).
Outline, broad egg-shape. Base, usually slightly heart*
shaped. Apex of the lobes, blunt-pointed.
Leaf-stem, downy and nearly round.
Leaf, usually about two and a half inches long ; when
mature, smooth and dark green above, below downy
and almost snow-white. In the young leaves both
surfaces and the leaf-stem are snowy-white and downy.
A native of Europe ; now widely introduced.
A very ornamental tree, but troublesome in cultiva-
tion, and now out of favor because of the abundance of
suckers that spring from its roots.
NOTE. See Chestnut Oaks with their genus under Sec. A, ///. (a) y
Fig. 51
Fig. 50. Lombardy Poplar. [P. dilatata, Ait.]
Fig. 51. Silver-Leaf Poplar. [P. alba, L.]
NATURAL SIZE.
TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES
LEAVES ALTERNATE
CONTINUED
(EDGE LOBED)
A ill
(a) and (b)
Genus LIRIODENDRON, L. (Tulip Tree.)
From two Greek words meaning lily and tree.
Fig. 52. Tulip Tree, Whitewood, Yellow Poplar.* L. tu-
lip\fera, Z.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE LOBED (lobes entire).
Outline, rounded. Apex, cut almost squarely across, with
a shallow hollow, giving a square look to the upper
half of the leaf. Base, usually heart-shape.
Leaf, three to five inches long and wide ; very smooth ;
with four to six lobes (two lobes at the summit ; at
the sides two, or two large and two small).
Bark cf trunk, dark ash-color and slightly rough,
Flowers, four to six inches across ; greenish-yellow, marked
within with orange ; somewhat tulip-like, fragrant,
solitary. May, June.
Found, from Southwestern Vermont to Michigan, south-
ward and westward. Its finest growth is in the
valley of the lower Wabash River and along the
western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains.
Among the largest and most valuable of the North
American trees. It is usually seventy to one hundred
* The name should be dropped. The tree is not a poplar.
08
Fig. 52. Tulip Tree. (L., tuliplfera, L.)
NATURAL. SIZE.
ioo Trees with Simple Leaves. [A in
feet high, often much higher, with a straight, clear trunk,
that divides rather abruptly at the summit into coarse and
straggling branches. The wood is light and soft, straight--
grained, and easily worked, with the heart wood light
yellow or brown, and the thin sap wood nearly white. It
is very widely and variously used for construction, for
interior finish, for shingles, in boat-building, for the panels
of carriages, especially in the making of wooden pumps
and wooden ware of different kinds.
I asked a carpenter : " Hope, is n't it the tulip wood
(which you call poplar) that the carriage-makers use for
their panels ? "
" Yes, and the reason is, because it shapes so easily.
If you take a panel and wet one side, and hold the other
side to a hot stove-pipe, the piece will just hug the pipe.
It 's the best wood there is for panelling."
" Of all the trees of North America with deciduous
leaves, the tulip tree, next to the buttonwood, attains the
amplest dimensions, while the perfect straightness and
uniform diameter of its trunk for upwards of forty feet,
the more regular disposition of its branches, and the
greater richness of its foliage, give it a decided superiority
over the buttonwood and entitle it to be considered as
one of the most magnificent vegetables of the temperate
zone." MICHAUX.
The tulip tree was very highly esteemed by the
ancients ; so much so that in some of their festivals they
are said to have honored it by pouring over its roots
libations of wine.
Leaves Alternate. 101
GUIDE TO THE OAKS.
SECTION I. Leaves, not sharp-pointed* or bristle-tipped.
Fruit, annual.
A. Leaves, deeply lobed, with the ends of the lobes
and the hollows rounded. Pp. 102-106. (The
White Oaks.)
B. Leaves, wavy-toothed.* Pp. 108-112. (The Chest-
nut Oaks.)
SECTION II. Leaves, sharp-pointed or bristle-tipped.
Fruit, biennial.
A. Leaves, abruptly widening above and slightly lobed,
lobes rounded f and bristle-tipped. P. 114. (Black
Jack.)
B. Leaves, deeply lobed ; the ends of the lobes sharp
and bristle-tipped.
(1) Mature leaves downy beneath. P. 116. (Spanish
Oak.)
(2) Mature leaves smooth on both sides, or nearly
so. Acorn-cup with coarse scales and more or
less top-shaped, and covering one third or nearly
one half of the nut. Pp. 1 18-122. (Scarlet Oak
and Black Oak.)
(3) Mature leaves smooth on both sides, or nearly
so. Acorn-cup with fine scales, shallow, saucer-
shape, much shorter than the nut. Pp. 122-124.
(Red Oak and Pin Oak.)
C. Leaves, entire, very narrow, pointed, and bristle-
tipped. Pp. 126-128. (The Willow Oaks.)
* Excepting yellow Chestnut Oak, which is usually sharp-toothed.
f Excepting sometimes Black Jack.
io2 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A in
Genus Quercus, L. (Oak.)
Possibly from a Celtic word meaning to inquire, because it was among the oaks that
the Druids oftenest practised their rites.
Fig- 53. White Oak. Q. alba, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE LOBED ; (edge of the
lobes entire or sometimes coarsely notched and hoi
lowed at their ends.)
Outline, reverse egg-shape. Base, wedge-shape. Apex
of lobes, rounded.
Leaf, quite variable in size and shape ; four to seven
inches long ; smooth ; pale beneath ; the lobes often-
est five to nine, long and narrow, and sometimes
widening toward the end, but at other times only
three to five, short and broad, and radiating obliquely
from the middle rib.
Bark of trunk, slightly roughened (comparatively smooth
for an oak), light-gray ; in older trees loosening in
large, thin scales ; the inner bark white.
Acorns, usually in pairs on a stem one fourth of an inch
or more in length. Cup, rounded saucer-shape, not
scaly, but rough and warty and much shorter than
the nut. Nut, three fourths to one inch long, slightly
egg-shape or oval ; brown, sweet, and edible. October.
Found, from Ontario and the valley of the St. Lawrence
southward to Florida, and westward to Southeastern
Minnesota, Arkansas, and Texas. Its finest growth
is on the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains,
and in the Ohio basin.
A noble tree, sixty to eighty feet or more in height,
with hard, tough wood of very great value in many kinds
of manufacturing, and for fuel. The withered, light-brown
leaves often cling throughout the winter.
Fig. 53. White Oak. (Q. alba, L.)
LEAVES AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE FOURTH.
104 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A in
The " oak-apples" or "galls" often found on oak-trees
are the work of " gall-flies " and their larvae. When green,
tiny worms will usually be found at their centre. Quaint
reference is made to these galls in Gerardes' " Herbal" :
"Oak-apples being broken in sunder before they have
an hole thorough them do fore shewe the sequell of the
yeere. If they conteine in them a flie, then warre insueth ;
if a creeping worme, then scarcitie of victuals ; if a running
spider, then folio weth great sickness or mortalitie."
The oak, probably more than any other tree, has been
associated with worship of the gods. The " Talking
Tree " of the sanctuary in Dod6na (the oldest of all the
Hellenic sanctuaries, and second in repute only to that at
Delphi) was an oak. Oak groves were favorite places
for altars and temples of Jupiter. The Druids worshipped
under the oak-trees.
Fig. 54. Post Oak, Iron Oak, Rough-leaved White Oak.
Q. minor (Marsh), Sarg. Q. obtustlbba, Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE LOBED (edge of the
lobes entire, or sometimes hollowed more or less
deeply at the ends).
Outline, usually broad, reverse egg-shape or oval. Base,
wedge-shape or round. Apex of lobes, rounded.
Leaf, four to six inches long ; rough above and below ;
thick and coarse. The lobes, five to seven and ex-
ceedingly variable in size and shape, radiating almost
at right angles from the middle rib ; sometimes broad
and squared, sometimes much narrowed toward their
base, with the spreading ends themselves lobed or
hollowed ; often irregularly and unequally placed.
Bark of the trunk, resembling that of the white oak, but
rather darker. Inner bark white.
- 54. Post Oak. Q. minor (Marsh), Sarg.
LEAVES AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE FOURTH.
io6 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A m
Acorns, two to three together on a short stem (about one
fourth inch), or single and nearly stemless. Cup,
round saucer-shape, rather thin, with very small
scales, not warty. Nut, about one half inch long ;
egg-shape or oval ; more than one third covered by
the cup ; shining blackish-brown, and often slightly
striped ; very sweet.
Found, from the coast of Massachusetts southward and
westward.
A tree twenty to fifty feet high, of value, especially in
the Southwestern States, where it is very common.
Fig- 55- Burr Oak, Mossy-cup Oak, Over-cup White Oak.
Q. macrocarpa, Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; LOBED (the edge of the lobes
entire, or of the larger ones sometimes wavy).
Outline, reverse egg-shape. Base, wedge-shape. Apex
of the lobes, rounded.
Leaf, six to fifteen inches long (the longest of the oak-
leaves) ; smooth above, downy beneath ; the lobes
usually long and rather irregular, the middle ones
longest and often extending nearly to the middle rib.
Bark of the young branches always marked with corky
wings or ridges.
Acorns, large, with short stems. Cup, two thirds to two
inches across, roughly covered with pointed scales,
and heavily fringed around the nut. Nut, very large
(one to one and a half inches long) ; broad egg-
shape ; one half to two thirds or often wholly en-
closed by the cup.
Found, along the coast of Maine southward as far as the
Penobscot, in Western New England, in Western
New York, in Pennsylvania, and thence westward to
the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana,
Fig- SS- Burr Oak. (Q. macrocarpa, Michx.)
AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE FOURTH.
io8 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A in
and from Central Nebraska and Kansas southwest to
the Indian Territory and Texas.
It is found farther west and northwest than any other
oak of the Atlantic forests. In the prairie region it forms
the principal growth of the " Oak Openings."
One of the most valuable and widely distributed oaks
of North America, growing sixty to eighty feet in height,
or more, with hard, tough wood resembling that of the
White Oak.
" The most interesting thing about this tree, perhaps,
is its power, quite unknown in the other White Oaks, of
adapting itself to very different climatic conditions, which
enables it to live in the humid climate of Maine and
Vermont, to flourish in the somewhat drier climate of the
Mississippi Valley, and to exist [still farther west] in the
driest and most exposed region inhabited by any of the
Eastern American oaks." SARGENT.
Q. m. olivczfbrmis is a variety found only in a few dis-
tricts (near Albany and in Pennsylvania), having narrower
and rather more deeply lobed leaves.
Fig. 56. Swamp White Oak. Q. blcolor, Willd. Q. prinus, var.
discolor, Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE QUITE DEEPLY WAVY-
TOOTHED.
Outline, reverse egg-shape or oval. Apex, blunt-pointed.
Base, pointed.
Leaf, five to eight inches long ; smooth, and rather
bright green above ; whitish-downy beneath, becom-
ing almost silvery-white ; often with a rather deep
hollow just below the middle, and usually abruptly
spreading above ; the teeth unequal, longest toward
the middle of the leaf, sometimes almost long enough
Fig. 56. Swamp White Oak. (Q. blcolor, Willd.)
NATURAL SIZE.
no Trees with Simple Leaves. [A in
to be called lobes ; mostly rounded at the apex, but
sometimes ending in a hard point ; the main ribs
prominent and rust-colored.
Bark of trunk, grayish-white, dividing into large, flat scales.
Acorns, usually in pairs on a stem one and a quarter to
three inches long. Cup, rounded, rather thin, rough,
with sharp scales ; the upper scales bristle-tipped,
forming a border, or sometimes a fringe, along the
edge ; slightly downy within. Nut, one inch or less
in length, egg-shape ; sweet. October.
Found from Southern Maine and the Upper St. Law-
rence to Southeastern Iowa and Western Missouri,
south to Delaware and along the Alleghany Moun-
tains to Northern Georgia ; along borders of streams
and in swamps, in deep, rich soil. Its finest growth
is in the region of the Great Lakes.
A tree thirty to sixty feet high or more, with wood
similar in value to that of the White Oak.
Fig. 57. Chestnut Oak, Swamp Chestnut Oak, Rock Chest-
nut Oak. Q. prinus, L. Q.prinus, var. mont\color, Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE COARSELY AND EVENLY
WAVY-TOOTHED.
Outline, reverse egg-shape or sometimes oval. Apex,
blunt-pointed. Base, rounded or slightly pointed,
and often somewhat unequal.
Leaf, four to seven inches long, two to four inches wide ;
smooth above, paler and downy beneath. Teeth,
twelve to twenty-six, decreasing evenly and uniformly
to the apex.
Bark of trunk, gray ; furrowed up and down with con-
tinuous and often very deep furrows, with sharp
ridges between.
2- S7- Chestnut Oak. (Q. prinus, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
ii2 Trees with Simple Leaves. [Am
Acorns, usually in pairs on a stem about one half of an
inch long, or often shorter. Cup, rounded or some-
what top-shaped, with minute scales, or warty. Nut,
usually long egg-shape or long oval ; one to one and
one fourth inches long ; brown ; about one third
covered by. the cup ; sweet. September, October.
Found, from Eastern Massachusetts to New York, south-
ward to Delaware, along the Alleghany Mountains to
Alabama and westward to Central Kentucky and
Tennessee.
A tree forty to seventy feet in height, with strong,
hard wood, largely used in fencing, for railroad ties, etc. ;
of less value than that of the White Oak. Its bark is very
rich in tannin.
Fig. 58. Yellow Chestnut Oak, Yellow Oak. Q. Muhlenblrgii,
Engel. Q. castbnea, Willd.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE EVENLY AND SHARPLY
(or sometimes bluntly) TOOTHED.
Outline, very narrow oval (or sometimes wide). Apex,
taper-pointed. Base, pointed or blunt.
Leaf-stem, three fourths to one inch long.
Leaf, usually about five to seven inches long, by one and
one half to two inches wide, but sometimes so wide
as to resemble the preceding species (Q.prinus), from
which, however, it is distinguished by its thin bark.
Of all the "chestnut-oak" leaves it most closely
resembles the chestnut leaf. It is smooth above,
whitish and minutely downy beneath.
Bark of trunk, light, flaky, and thin.
Fig. 58. Yellow Chestnut Oak. Q. (Muhl.), Engel.
NATURAL. SIZE.
1 14 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A in
Acorn, nearly stemless. Cup, about five twelfths to seven
twelfths of an inch across ; rounded ; thin, with very
small, closely pressed scales. Nut, seven twelfths to
nine twelfths of an inch long ; egg-shape or narrow
oval, light brown, about one third covered by cup ;
sweet. October.
Found, from Massachusetts to Delaware, along the moun-
tains to Northern Alabama and westward. Very
common west of the Alleghany Mountains.
A tree forty to sixty feet high, with strong and durable
3d.
wood.
Fig- 59- Black Jack, Jack Oak, Barren Oak. Q. nigra, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE SLIGHTLY LOBED AT
THE UPPER PART (edge of the lobes entire).
Outline, abruptly widening above. Base, heart-shape or
rounded. Apex of lobes, rounded or sometimes
slightly pointed, and bristle-tipped, at least until old.
Leaf, three to four inches long (on vigorous shoots much
longer) ; dark green, smooth, and shining above ;
below rusty and roughish, thick and tough ; ribs
distinct above. Lobes, three (sometimes five), very
short, and above the middle of the leaf.
Bark of trunk, rough and blackish.
Acorn, nearly or quite stemless. Cup, top-shaped, coarsely
scaly. Nut, one half to two thirds of an inch long ;
rounded egg-shape ; darkish-brown when ripe ; nearly
one half covered by the cup. October.
Fig- 59- Black Jack. (Q. nigra, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
ii 6 Trees with Simple Leaves. [Am
Found, on Long Island, southward and westward. Very
common through the Southern States.
A small tree, eight to twenty-five feet high ; of slight
value except for fuel.
Fig. 60. Spanish Oak. Q. cuncata, Wang. Q. falcbta, Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE LOBED (the edges of
the lobes mostly entire, but often with one to three
teeth toward the ends).
Outline, abruptly spreading above the middle. Base,
rounded, sometimes slightly unequal. Ends of the
lobes and of the few teeth, when present, sharp and
bristle-tipped.
Leaf, about three to six inches long ; dark, dull green,
and rough above ; below, grayish and downy. Lobes,
usually three, sometimes four or five, mostly long and
narrow, especially the end one.
Bark of trunk, blackish and deeply grooved.
Acorns, nearly stemless. Cup, shallow, somewhat top-
shaped. Nut, about one third to one half inch long ;
rounded, sometimes slightly hollowed at the apex ;
bitter. October.
Found, in sandy soils and barrens, from Long Island
southward ; in the Northern States, only near the
coast and rare.
A tree about twenty to thirty feet high in New Jersey ;
in the South, seventy to eighty feet ; with wood of slight
value except for fuel.
Fig. 60. Spanish Oak. (Q. cuneata, Wang.)
NATURAL SIZE.
n8 Trees with Simple Leaves. |Ain
Fig. 61. Scarlet Oak. Q. coccinea, Wang.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE DEEPLY LOBED (edges
of lobes mostly entire, but notched and toothed
towards the ends).
Outline, broadly oval or broadly reverse egg-shape. Base,
very short wedge-shape or squared. Ends of the
lobes and of the teeth pointed and bristle-tipped.
Leaf, four to eight inches long, bright green above, slightly
lighter below ; both surfaces smooth and shining.
Lobes, five to nine, usually seven with the hollows
rounded and very broad, and reaching about two
thirds of the way to the middle rib. Most of the
lobes widen and are deeply notched toward their end.
Bark of trunk, thick and rough, usually not quite as dark
or as straight-furrowed as that of the Black Oak.
The inner bark reddish.
Acorns, variable. Cup, very thick, top-shaped, with large,
somewhat triangular egg-shaped, scales. Nut, one
half to three fourths of an inch long ; round or
rounded egg-shape, about one third covered by the
cup ; kernel bitter and whitish. October.
Found, from Southern Maine southward and westward;
most common in the Middle and Southern States.
A tree fifty to ninety feet high, with wood of less value
than some of the other oaks. In the fall the leaves turn
to a bright scarlet, or orange-scarlet, or crimson and red.
They often cling throughout the winter.
X X
Fig. 61. Scarlet Oak. (Q. cocclnea, Wang.)
NATURAL SIZE.
120 Trees with Simple Leaves. FAIII
Fig. 62, a and b Black Oak, Yellow-Bark Oak, Quercitron,
Yellow Oak. Q. coccinea, var. tinctbria, Gray. Q. tinctbria, Bar.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE LOBED (edge of the
lobes mostly entire, but oftenest with a few teeth
toward the end).
Outline, reverse egg-shape or oval. Base, usually rounded.
Ends of the lobes and of the few teeth, sharp and
bristle-pointed, especially when young.
Leaf, five to eight inches long ; three to five inches wide ;
very variable. The two types, a and b, are often
found on the same tree ; b is a variation toward the
leaf of the Scarlet Oak. The upper surface is rough-
ish, becoming smoother when mature ; the under
surface, rusty-downy until mid-summer, when the
down mostly disappears, except from the angles of
the ribs.
Bark of trunk, blackish and deeply and roughly furrowed,
with an inner bark that is very thick and yellow and
bitter.
Acorns, variable ; usually small ; on short stems. Cup,
thick ; somewhat top-shaped ; scales distinct and
rather large. Nut, one half to two thirds of an inch
long ; rounded ; nearly one third covered by the cup.
Kernel, bright yellow or orange and bitter. October.
Found, from Southern Maine southward and westward.
Very common, especially in the Atlantic forests.
A tree fifty to a hundred feet high, with wood that is
inferior to that of the White Oak. The yellow inner Nark
(quercitron of the shops) is a valuable dye, and is rich iu
tannin. Late in the autumn the leaves turn to a rich
yellowish-brown or russet.
\
\
\
V
Fig. 62, a and b. Black Oak. (Q. c., tinctdria, Gray.)
FRUIT AND LEAVES REDUCED ONE FOURTH-
122 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A in
It is very probable that the "Black Oak" and the
" Scarlet Oak " ought to be considered as one, and de-
scribed, not as species and variety, but as slightly different
forms of the single species Q. coccinea. Though the
most distinctive leaves of the " Black Oak " are easily
recognized, often others are so nearly like those of the
" Scarlet Oak " that it is not easy to distinguish between
them ; and the same is true of the fruit and the bark.
Michaux f. says : " The only constant difference between
the acorns of the Scarlet Oak and the Black Oak is in the
kernel, which is white in the Scarlet Oak and yellow in
the Black Oak."
The Gray Oak (Q. c., ambigua, Gray) is a variety
sometimes found along the northeastern boundary of the
States (as far as Lake Champlain) and northward. It
combines the foliage of the Red Oak with the acorn of
the Scarlet Oak.
Fig. 63. Red Oak. Q. rubra, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE LOBED (edges of the
lobes mostly entire, but slightly toothed toward the
ends).
Outline, about oval. Base, short wedge-shape, or rounded.
Ends of the lobes and of their one to three slight
teeth, pointed and bristle-tipped.
Leaf, six to nine inches long, three to five inches wide ;
both surfaces smooth. Lobes, nine to thirteen, usually
very tapering from the base, with the hollows between
them rounded and narrow and extending about half
way to the middle rib.
Bark of trunk, dark, greenish-gray, and continuing smooth
longer than on any other oak, never becoming as
rough, for example, as that of the black oak.
Fig. 63. Red Oak. (Q. rubra, L.)
NATURAL SIZB.
124 Trees with Sim-pie Leaves. [Am
4
Acorns, large and stemless, or nearly so. Cup, flat saucer-
shape, bulging, very shallow, nearly smooth, with
small scales. Nut, about one inch long, somewhat
egg-shape ; bitter. October.
Found, from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick westward and
southward. Very common, especially at the North, and
extending farther north than any other Atlantic oak.
A tree fifty to eighty feet high, with wood that at the
East is porous and not durable (though often of better
quality westward). It is used for clapboards and in
cooperage. The leaves change in the fall to dark red.
Fig. 64. Pin Oak, Swamp Spanish Oak, Water Oak. Q.
paliistris, D. Roi.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE LOBED (edges of the
lobes mostly entire, but notched and toothed towards
the ends).
Outline, narrow oval or broad oval. Base, from long
wedge-shape to squared. Ends of lobes and of the
teeth pointed and bristle-tipped.
Leaf, three to five inches long; both sides bright green,
smooth, and shining ; downy in the angles of the ribs
below. Lobes, seven to nine, usually seven, with the
hollows between them broad and round and usually
reaching about three fourths of the way or more to
the middle rib. The wide type of leaf closely re-
sembles the leaves of the scarlet oak, but it is smaller
and usually the hollows reach nearer to the middle rib.
Bark, smoothish (comparatively), inner bark reddish.
Acorns, numerous, small, on short stems. Cup, top-shaped,
shallow, and nearly smooth. Nut, rounded, one half
inch long or less, sometimes broader than long, light
brown. October.
Fig. 64. Pin Oak. (Q. pal&stris, D. Roi.)
NATURAL SIZE.
126 Trees with Simple Leaves. FA in
Found, from the valley of the Connecticut to Central New
York, southward to Delaware and the District of
Columbia ; in Southern Wisconsin and southward ;
usually along streams and on low, wet land. Most
common and reaching its finest growth west of the
Alleghany Mountains.
A handsome tree forty to sixty feet high, usually with
a pointed top and with light and delicate foliage. The
wood is rather coarse and not durable. It takes its name
of Pin Oak from the peg-like look of the dead twigs and
short branches with which the lower parts of the tree are
usually set.
Fig. 65. Willow Oak, Peach-leaved Oak. Q. Phellos, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, long and narrow. Apex, pointed and bristle-
tipped. Base, pointed.
Leaf, three to four inches long (sometimes five) ; one half
to seven eighths of an inch wide ; rather thick and
stiff; smooth and shining above ; somewhat dull be-
neath ; very young leaves, light green above and soft,
whity-downy beneath.
Bark, thick and smoothish.
Acorns, small, nearly stemless. Cup, rather shallow,
saucer-shaped, or somewhat rounded top-shape,
Nut, about three eighths of an inch long, rounded
brown ; kernel, bitter and bright orange. October.
Found, from Staten Island and New Jersey southward
along the coast to Northeastern Florida and the Gulf
States, and from Kentucky southwestward. Usually
on the borders of swamps and in sandy woods.
A tree thirty to fifty feet high, with poor wood.
Fig. 65. Willow Oak. (Q. Phellos, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
128 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A in
Fig. 66. Shingle Oak, Laurel Oak. Q. imbricaria, Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, long and narrow. Apex, pointed and bristle-
tipped. Base, pointed.
Leaf, three to six inches long ; one to two inches wide ;
smooth and shining above ; somewhat downy be-
neath ; thick and stiff.
Bark, smooth and unbroken.
Acorns, small, nearly stemless. Cup, shallow. Nuts, round-
ed ; about one half inch in diameter ; bitter. October.
Found, in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania (Porter), west-
ward to Southeastern Iowa, and southward. Most
common west of the Alleghany Mountains.
A tree thirty to fifty feet high, with poor wood, that
is used at the West for shingles and clapboards.
NOTE. Of the nine hybrids that have been recognized, most are outside of our
limits or entirely local. Mention need be made only of two :
Q. heterophylla, Michaux (" Bartram's Oak "). Staten Island and New Jersey to
Delaware and North Carolina.
Q. Rudklni, Britt. New Jersey.
THE OAK.
Live thy Life,
Young and old,
Like yon oak,
Bright in spring,
Living gold ;
Summer-rich
Then ; and then
Autumn-changed,
Sober-hued
Gold again.
All his leaves
Fall'n at length,
Look, he stands,
Trunk and bough,
Naked strength."
ALFRED (LORD) TENNYSON, 1889,
NOTE. See Sassafras (S. officinale), under Section A, /., page 18.
NOTE. See Button-wood (P. occidentals), under Section A, //., page 53.
Fig. 66. Shingle Oak. (Q. imbricaria, Michx.)
NATURAL SIZF.
i3 Trees with Simple Leaves. [A in
Genus LIQUIDAMBER, L. (Sweet Gum.)
Fig. 67. Sweet Gum, Bilsted. L. styradflua, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE DEEPLY LOBED (lobes
finely and sharply toothed throughout).
Outline, rounded. The lobes are five to seven, radiating
from the base. Apex of the lobes, pointed. Base
of the leaf, heart-shape.
Leaf, three to seven inches in diameter, smooth and
shining, with a pleasant odor when bruised. Ribs
tufted at their angles.
.
Bark, gray ; usually strongly winged with corky ridges
along the branchlets. In the South, a spicy gum,
from which the tree takes its name, oozes from the
bark.
Fruit, small woody pods are collected into a round bail.
These usually contain a few good seeds and a large
number of others that resemble saw-dust. Septem-
ber.
Found, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. It
reaches its finest growth and is very common in the
bottom lands of the Mississippi basin.
A fine tree sixty to seventy feet high, or southward
one hundred feet and more. The wood is valuable, and
would be better appreciated except for the difficulty
of seasoning it. It is sometimes used as a substitute
for Black Walnut. Its gum is used medicinally.
NOTE i. See Mulberry, under A, //., page 50.
NOTE 2. See Paper Mulberry, under A, //., page 52.
NOTE 3. See Silver Poplar, with its genus, under A, II. , page 94.
Fig. 67. Sweet Gum. (L. styraclflua, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES
CONTINUED
LEAVES OPPOSITE
(EDGE ENTIRE)
B I
Genus CORNUS, L. (Dogwood.)
From a Greek word meaning horn, because of the hardness of the wood.
Fig. 68. Flowering Dogwood, Cornel. C. fibrida, L
Leaves, SIMPLE ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, egg-shape, or often broad oval, or reverse egg-
shape. Apex, pointed, often taper-pointed. Base,
pointed and usually slightly unequal.
Leaf-stem, short (about one half inch).
Leaf, three to five inches long ; smooth above ; pale and
nearly smooth beneath ; with the whitish ribs very
distinct and curved.
Bark of trunk, blackish and rough, with short, broken
ridges. The bark, especially of the roots, is very
bitter and is used as a tonic.
Flowers. The real flowers are greenish-yellow, in a small,
rounded bunch ; but this bunch is surrounded by
four large, petal-like leaves, white and often tinged
with pink, more than an inch in length, reverse egg-
shaped, and ending in a hard, abruptly turned point
The appearance is of a single large flower. The tree
blossoms in May before the leaves are fully set.
Fruit. The "flower" is succeeded by a bunch of oval
berries that turn bright red as they ripen, making the
tree in the autumn, with its richly changing foliage,
nearly as attractive as in the spring.
134
Fig. 68. Flowering Dogwood. (C. florida, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
f 3 6 Trees with Simple Leaves. [B i
Found, in rich woods, from New England to Minnesota,
and southward to Florida and Texas. It is very
common, especially at the South.
A finely shaped, rather flat-branching tree, usually
twelve to thirty feet high, but dwindling, northward, to
the dimensions of a shrub ; one of the most ornamental of
all our native flowering trees. Its character throughout
and the extent of its range would seem to warrant the
recognition of its blossom as the " national flower."
Fig. 69. Alternate-leaved Dogwood, Alternate-leaved
Cornel. C. alternifilia, L. f.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; ALTERNATE (often crowded at the ends of
the branches) ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, broadly oval or egg-shape or reverse egg-shape.
Base, slightly pointed. Apex, pointed.
Leaf-stem, one inch long or more.
Leaf, about three to four inches long, sometimes yellowish-
green ; smooth above ; whitish beneath, and slightly
rough between the prominent curved ribs, seldom
entirely flat, usually in clusters at the ends of the
branches.
Bark of the branches, smooth, yellowish-green, with
whitish streaks.
Flowers, yellowish in loose flat clusters. June.
Fruit, very dark blue when ripe, on reddish stems,
August.
Fig. 69. Alternate-leaved Dogwood. (C. alternifolia, L. t)
NATURAL SIZE.
138 Trees with Simple Leaves. [B i
Found, in low rich woods and along streams, from New
Brunswick through the Northern States, and south-
ward along the Alleghany Mountains to Northern
Georgia and Alabama.
A small tree or shrub, ten to twenty feet high, with
wide-spreading branches and flattish top. A "Shaker
Medicine " is made from its bitter bark.
Genus CHIONANTHUS, L. (Fringe Tree.)
From two Greek words meaning " snow" and " flowers."
Fig. 70. Fringe Tree. C. Virgmica, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, oval, long oval, or reverse egg-shape. Apex,
pointed (or sometimes rounded). Base, pointed.
Leaf, smooth.
Flowers, with narrow petals nearly an inch in 'length,
snow-white, in long, loose, and drooping clusters.
June.
Fruit, one half to two thirds of an inch long, oval, purplish,
with one stony seed.
Found, along the banks of streams from New Jersey and
Southern Pennsylvania southward. Common and
very ornamental in cultivation.
A small tree eight to twenty-five feet high, or often a
shrub.
Fig. 70. -Fringe Tree. (C. Virginica, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
140 Trees with Simple Leaves. [B i
Genus CATALPA, Scop., Walt. (Catalpa.)
Probably a corruption of the Indian word Catawba, which was the name of an impor-
tant tribe that occupied a large part of Georgia and the Carol inas.
Fig. 71. Catalpa, Catawba, Indian Bean. C. bignonoides, Walt.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, broad egg-shape or heart-shape. Apex, pointed.
Base, heart-shape.
Leaf, five to eight inches wide ; smooth above, downy
below, especially on the ribs.
Bark of trunk, a silver-gray, only slightly furrowed.
Flowers, very showy and fragrant, in large, upright
pyramid-shaped clusters ; white or violet-tinged,
spotted inside with yellow and purple. July.
Fruit, in long, rounded pods (six to twelve inches long,
about half an inch in diameter), with the seeds
winged and fringed. They often remain through-
out the winter. October.
Found, now very widely naturalized throughout the
Middle and Southern Atlantic States, though for-
merly a rare and local Southern tree.
A low, very ornamental tree, usually twenty to thirty
feet high. Its seeds and bark are considered medicinal.
Another species, C. speciosa, Ward, larger and of
more value, is sometimes met with in Southern Illinois
and the adjoining States.
Fig. 71. Catalpa. (C. bignonoides, Walt.)
LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES
LEAVES OPPOSITE
(EDGE TOOTHED)
B II
Genus VIBURNUM, L. (Haw and Viburnum.)
Fig. 72. Black Haw, Stag Bush. V. prunifolium, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; OPPOSITE ; FINELY AND SHARPLY TOOTHED.
Outline, broadly oval, or broadly reverse egg-shape.
Apex, rounded, sometimes pointed. Base, rounded,
sometimes slightly pointed. Quite variable.
Leaf -stem, short and smooth, the edges slightly winged,
the wings straight.
Leaf, about one and a half to two inches long ; smooth ;
shining above.
Flowers, white, in rather large and flat, stemless bunches
at the ends of the branches. May.
Berries, oval, blackish, sweet and edible.
Found, in Connecticut and Southern New York to
Michigan and southward.
A small tree fifteen to twenty feet high, or oftenest
at the North a low, much-branching shrub. Usually
with some of its branches stunted and bare.
The tonic bark is sometimes used medicinally.
144
Fig. 73
Fig. 72. Black Haw. (V. prunifdlium, L.)
Fig. 73. Sweet Viburnum. (V. lentago, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
146 Trees with Simple Leaves. LB n
Fig. 73. Sweet Viburnum, Sheep Berry, Nanny Berry.
V. lentago, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE CLOSELY AND SHARPLY
TOOTHED.
Outline, egg-shape. Apex, pointed. Base, rr/und. Quite
variable.
Leaf-stem, winged on both sides with a wavy border ;
when young, sprinkled with brownish glands.
Leaf, about three to four inches long, and half as wide or
more ; smooth.
Flowers, white, in flat, stemless clusters. May, June.
Fruit, one half inch long; oval; sweetish; red, becom-
ing almost black when ripe ; edible.
Found, from Hudson's Bay through the Northern States,
southward to Georgia. Common in swamps and
rich, moist soil.
A tree fifteen to twenty feet high, w'th hard, ill-
smelling wood.
TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES
LEAVES OPPOSITE
CONTINUED
(EDGE LOBED)
B in
Genus ACER, L. (Maple.)
From a Latin word meaning sharp, because of the ancient use of the wood for spear-
heads and other weapons.
Fig. 74. Striped Maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood, Goose-
foot Maple. A. Pennsylv&nicum. L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE LOBED, with the lobes
very finely and sharply toothed.
Outline, rounded in the lower half, three-lobed above
with the hollows between the lobes sharp. Apex of
the lobes, slim and pointed. Base, more or less
heart-shape.
Bark, smooth, green, and peculiarly marked lengthwise
with dark stripes.
Flowers, large, yellowish-green. May, June.
Fruit, with spreading pale-green wings, in long clusters.
Found, in Canada, through the Northern Atlantic States,
westward to Northeastern Minnesota, and along the
Alleghany Mountains to Georgia.
A small and slender tree or shrub, usually ten to
twenty-five feet high.
148
Fig. 74. Striped Maple. (A. Pennsylvanicum, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
i5 Trees with Simple Leaves. [BUI
Fig. 75. Sugar Maple, Hard Maple, Rock Maple. A. sac-
charum, Marsh. A. saccharinum, Wang.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE LOBED, with the lobes
very sparingly and coarsely sharp-toothed or the
lower pair entire.
Outline, rounded, with three to five lobes, usually five,
with the hollows between the lobes and between the
coarse teeth rounded. Apex of the lobes, pointed.
Base, heart-shaped or nearly squared.
Leaf, dark green above ; slightly lighter beneath ; smooth
or somewhat downy on the ribs ; closely resembling
that of the introduced " Norway Maple " but lacking
the latter's milky-juiced leaf-stem.
Bark, light gray, usually smoothish when young, becoming
rough and scaly.
Flowers, yellowish-green and very abundant. April, May.
Fruit, greenish-yellow, smooth, drooping, on thread-like
and hairy stems one to two inches long, with wings
about one inch long, broad and slightly spreading.
September.
Found, from Southern Canada through the Northern
States, southward along the Alleghany Mountains,
and westward to Minnesota, Eastern Nebraska, and
Eastern Texas. Its finest development is in the
region of the Great Lakes. It grows in rich woods ;
often it forms "groves," sometimes extensive forests.
A tree fifty to eighty feet high or more ; of very great
value in many directions, as a shade-tree, for fuel, for
75- Sugar Maple. (A. saccharum, Marsh.)
NATURAL SIZE.
i5 2 Trees with Simple Leaves. [Bin
interior finish and the making of furniture, for its ashes,
which give large quantities of potash ; especially for its
sap, which yields the " maple sugar" of commerce.
Accidental variations furnish the handsome Bird's-eye
Maple and Curled Maple.
The yield of sugar by an average tree in one season
is from five to ten pounds.
Fig. 76. Black Maple. A. s., var. nigrum, T. and G.
This variety is distinguished from its species (i. e. t
from the Sugar Maple) by the shape of its leaf, which,
however, is somewhat variable, and also by the following
items :
Bark, blackish.
Base of the leaf, when heart-shaped, sometimes with over-
lapping lobes.
Seed-wings, set wide apart, but only slightly diverging.
Found, chiefly along streams and in river bottoms, from
Western Vermont to Missouri and Northern Alabama.
Fig- 77- Silver Maple, White Maple, Soft Maple. A. sac-
charinum, L. A. dasycarpum, Ehr.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE DEEPLY LOBED, with the
lobes unequally notched and toothed.
Outline, rounded, with five lobes (the lowest pair much
the smallest), and with the hollows between the lobes
pointed and usually extending half way to the base of
Fig. 76. Black Maple. (A. s., var. nigrum.)
KATURAL SIZE.
154 Trees with Simple Leaves. [BUI
the leaf. Apex of lobes, pointed. Base, heart-shaped
or nearly squared.
Leaf, silvery white beneath ; downy when young, becom-
ing smooth.
Flowers, small, pale, yellowish- green ; in crowded clusters.
March, April.
Fruit, yellowish-green ; woolly when young, becoming
nearly smooth ; on stems about one inch long, with
very large, wide-spreading wings (two to three inches
long), one of which is often undeveloped. July, August.
Found, widely distributed, but most common west of the
Alleghany Mountains and southward.
A tree thirty to fifty feet high, with soft, white wood
of comparatively slight value.
Fig. 78. Red Maple, Swamp Maple, Soft Maple. A.
rubrum, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE LOBED, with the lobes
irregularly sharp-toothed and notched.
Outline, roundish, with three to five lobes (the lowest
pair, if present, the smallest) ; and with the hollows
between the lobes pointed and usually extending
less than half-way to the base of the leaf. Apex of
the lobes, pointed. Base, heart-shaped (or sometimes
rounded.
Leaf -stem, long and round.
Leaf (very variable in size and in the toothing and shape
of its lobes) ; usually about two to four inches wide,
with short lobes ; whitish beneath.
77- Silver-Leaf Maple. (A. sacchartnum, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
i5 6 Trees with Simple Leaves. [Bin
Bark, smoothish ; gray, becoming dark and rough with
age.
Flowers, rich crimson, on short stems in drooping clusters.
March, April.
Fruit, bright red, smooth, with stems two to three inches
long. The wings are about one inch long. At first
they approach each other, but afterward are some-
what spreading. September.
Found, widely distributed in swamps and along streams,
especially in all wet forests eastward from the Mis-
sissippi to the Atlantic, and from Southern Canada
to Florida and Texas.
A tree thirty to sixty feet high, with wood of con-
siderable value, especially when it shows a "curly grain."
It is one of the very earliest trees to blossom in the
spring, and to show its autumn coloring in the fall.
Besides the above native Maples, modified and intro-
duced forms are often met with in cultivation. Among
them are the Silver-striped Maple, the Cut-leaved Maple
(with the lobes extending nearly from the base of the
leaf) ; the Norway Maple [A. platanoides, L.] (with a
leaf resembling those of the Sugar Maple, but dis-
tinguished from them by the milky juice of its leaf-stem,
and with large and very broadly flaring seed-wings) ; the
False Sycamore [A. pseudo-platanus] (with its leaf
resembling that of the Norway Maple in general shape,
but having its lobes much more closely and more finely
toothed, and with its large winged seeds short stemmed
and arranged in long, drooping clusters) ; and, less
frequently, the Japanese Maple.
Fig. 78. Red Maple. (A. rubrum, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES
CONTINUED
LEAVES INDETERMINATE
c i
GUIDE FOR THE CONE-BEARING TREES.
PAGR
Leaves clustered, in groups of two to five (Pines) .... 162167
(a) in groups of two (Gray, Scrub, Table Mountain, Red, and Yellow
Pines) 162-165
(6) in groups of three (Pitch and sometimes Yellow Pines) . . . 166
(c) in groups of five (White Pine) 168
Leaves clustered, in many-leaved groups (Larch) 175
Leaves not clustered, flat, and, when young, arranged all around the twigs.
becoming two-ranked (Fir) 174
Leaves not clustered, flat, and arranged in two distinct ranks (Hemlock) . . 172
Leaves not clustered, needle-shaped, four-sided, and arranged all around the
twigs (Spruce) 168-172
Leaves not clustered, scale-like (Arbor Vitae and Cedars) .... 178-180
CONE-BEARING TREES.
Genus PIN US, L. (Pine.)
From a Celtic word meaning rock or mountain.
Fig. 79. Gray Pine, Northern Scrub Pine, Prince's Pine.
P. Banksiana, Lam.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness, but arranged along the branches in
two-leaved, sheathed bunches.
Leaf, needle-shape, about one inch long, pointed, stiff,
curved, rounded on the back, grooved above.
Cones, nearly two inches long, gray, usually in pairs, and
curved like small horns, with a peculiar habit of
always pointing in the same direction as the branches.
Scales, blunt, smooth, not armed with points or knobs.
Found, along the northern frontier of the United States
and far northward. Its best growth is north of
Lake Superior.
A small evergreen tree, or often a shrub, five to thirty
feet high, with long, spreading branches, and light, soft
wood that is of but slight value.
161
162 Trees with Simple Leaves. [ci
Fig. 80. Jersey Pine, Scrub Pine. P. Virginiana, Mill. P
tnops, Ait.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness, but arranged along the branches in
two-leaved sheathed bunches.
Leaf, needle-shape, one and three fourths to two and
three fourths inches long, stiff, bluntish ; on the outer
side smooth and rounded ; on the inner side flat, and
rough downwards.
Cones, one and three fourths to three inches long, usually
single and pointing downward. Scales, tipped with
a stiff, straight prickle.
Bark of the trunk, rough and blackish. Young branches
smooth (in other pines scaly). Twigs, purplish.
Found, from Long Island along the coast to South Caro-
lina, and through Eastern and Middle Kentucky to
Southeastern Indiana; in sandy and generally barren
soil.
An evergreen tree fifteen to forty feet high, irregular
in shape and with straggling, spreading, or drooping
branches. The timber is very "pitchy," soft, and durable,
but poor even for fuel.
" Next to the Gray Pine, the Jersey Pine is the most
uninteresting species of the United States." MICHAUX, f.
Fig. 81. Table Mountain Pine, Hickory Pine. P. pungens >
Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness, but arranged along the branches in
two-leaved sheathed bunches.
Fig. 79
Fig. 80
Fig- 79. Gray Pine. (P. Banksiana, Lam.)
Fig. 80. Scrub Pine. (P. Virginiana, Mill.)
Fig. 81. Table Mountain Pine. (P. pungens, Michx.)
Fig. 82. Red Pine. (P. resindsa. Ait.)
NATURAL P'ZE.
1 64 Trees with Simple Leaves. [c i
Leaf, needle-shape, about two and one half inches long ,
stiff; outer side smooth and rounded ; inner side
hollowed.
Cones, about three and one half inches long, of a light
yellow color, stemless, often united in clusters of
fours. Scales, with a stout spine, widening at its
base, one sixth of an inch in length.
found, within narrower limits than any other American
Pine ; along the Alleghany Mountains from Pennsyl-
vania to Tennessee, especially upon Table Mountain
in North Carolina, one of the highest peaks of the
range.
A tree ten to fifty feet high, with light and soft wood,
largely used for charcoal.
Fig. 82. Red Pine, Norway Pine. P. resinbsa, Ait. P. rubra,
Michoc, f.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness, but arranged along the branches in
two-leaved sheathed bunches.
Leaf, needle-shape, five to eight inches long ; dark, dull,
green ; rounded and smooth on the outside ; on the
inside hollowed.
Cones, about two to three inches long ; rounded at the
base ; sometimes crowded in large clusters. Scales,
not armed with points or knobs.
Bark of the trunk, comparatively smooth and reddish, of
a clearer red than that of any other species in the
United States.
Leaves Indeterminate. 165
Found, in dry and sandy soil from Newfoundland and the
northern shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the
Winnipeg River, through the Northern States to
Massachusetts, in the mountains of Northern Penn-
sylvania. Rare in the Eastern States, except in the
extreme northern parts of New England.
An evergreen tree fifty to eighty feet high, or more,
with hard and durable wood, useful for all kinds of con-
struction. It is low-branching and regular in shape.
In a note given in confirmation of his estimate of the
height of the red pine, Michaux says that when the
French in Quebec built the war-ship St. Lawrence, fifty
guns, they made its main-mast of this pine.
Fig. 83. Yellow Pine, Short-leaved Pine, Spruce Pine. P.
ecpinata, Mill. P. mifis, Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness, but arranged along the branches in
two-leaved sheathed bunches. (On vigorous young
shoots the leaves are sometimes clustered in threes,
not on the old branches.)
Leaf, needle-shape, two and a half to five inches long,
usually four to five inches ; dark green ; slender ;
rounded on the outer side ; on the inner side,
hollowed.
Cone, about two to three inches long, in old trees scarcely
more than one and a half inches long ; the smallest
of the American Pine cones ; surface roughened by
the slightly projecting ends of the scales ; not grow-
ing in large clusters. Scales, tipped with a weak
prickle pointing outward.
1 66 Trees with Simple Leaves. [C i
Found, in Staten Island and New Jersey, and southward
to Western Florida ; through the Gulf States,
Arkansas, and parts of Kansas, Missouri, and
Illinois.
An evergreen tree forty to eighty feet high s with
straight trunk, regular branches, and pyramid-shaped
head. The timber is hard and very valuable, second in
value (among the Yellow Pines) only to the " Georgia
Pine " (P. palustris " Long-leaved Pine," " Southern
Pine ").
Fig. 84. Pitch Pine. P. rigida, Mill.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
tneir closeness, but arranged along the branches in
three-leaved sheathed bunches.
Leaf, needle-shaped, three to six inches long ; stiff and
sharp ; the outer side flattish ; the inner side slightly
ridged, and rough downwards.
Bark, very thick and rough, and deeply fissured ; dark,
often with a reddish or purplish tinge.
Cones, two to three inches long, oftenest in clusters of
two to four. Scales, tipped with stiff and sometimes
curved prickles.
Found, from New Brunswick to Lake Ontario, through
the Atlantic States to Northern Georgia, and
extending to the western slope of the Alleghany
Mountains, in West Virginia and Kentucky. Usually
in dry, sandy soil, sometimes in deep swamps. Very
common.
An evergreen tree thirty to eighty feet high, with
very irregular branches, and a trunk that is seldom
straight to the top. The wood is hard and full of pitch,
of slight value except for fuel and charcoal and coarse
lumber.
ig. 83. Yellow Pine. (P. ecpinata, Mill.
Fig. 84. Pitch Pine. (P. rlgida, Mill.)
Fig. 85. White Pine. (P. Strobus, L )
NATURAL SIZE
1 68 Trees with Simple Leaves. [c i
Fig. 85. White Pine, Weymouth Pine. P. Strobus, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness, but arranged along the branches in
Jive-leaved bunches, with their sheaths lacking or very
short, excepting when young.
Leaf, needle-shape, three to five inches long, light bluish-
green, three-sided, soft, and very slender.
Cones, four to six inches long, cylinder-shape, about one
inch in diameter before the scales loosen ; solitary,
drooping, slightly curved. Scales, thin, without
prickles.
Bark of trunk, lighter than in the other pines ; in young
trees smooth, and only slightly rough when older.
Found, from Newfoundland to the Winnipeg River,
southward through the Northern States, and along
the Alleghany Mountains to Georgia. Its finest
growth is in the region of the Great Lakes.
An evergreen tree of soft and delicate foliage., eighty
to one hundred and fifty feet high ; one of the most valu-
able timber trees of any country. The wood is clear of
knots, straight-grained, and soft, and is used in immense
quantities for building and in many kinds of manufactur-
ing. The branches are given off in flat, regular whorls
around the straight trunk.
Genus PICEA, Link. (Spruce.)
Fig. 86. Black Spruce. P. Martina (Mill) . S. P. P. nigra,
Link.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness ; arranged singly and thickly all
around the branchlets.
Fig. 86
Fig. 87
Fig. 86. Black Spruce. P. Mariana (Mill), B. S. P.
Fig. 87. White Spruce. P. Canadensis (Mill), B. S. P.
NATURAL SIZE.
1 70 Trees with Simple Leaves. [c i
Leaf, needle-shape, five twelfths to two thirds of an inch
long, four-sided, mostly straight, stiff, and sharp ;
dark green.
Cones, three fourths to one and one half inches long,
drooping at the ends of the branchlets ; broad oval ;
dark purple when young, becoming reddish-brown
as they ripen. Scales, long reverse egg-shape, thin,
with a wavy or toothed edge toward their apex.
Found, along the Alleghany Mountains from the high
peaks of North Carolina to Pennsylvania, through
the Northern States, and far northward. In the
North it often forms large, dark forests.
An evergreen tree thirty to sixty feet high, with
straight, tapering trunk. The wood is light and straight-
grained and is used for lumber, for the masts and spars of
ships, in building, etc. From its twigs is prepared the
" essence of spruce."
Fig. 87. White Spruce. P. Canadtnsis (Mill), B. S. P.
P. alba, Link.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness ; arranged singly all around the
branchlets.
Leaf, needle-shaped, five twelfths to three fourths of an
inch long, four-sided, curved, sharp, rather slender,
bluish-green, much lighter than the leaf of the Black
Spruce
Bark, lighter than that of the Black Spruce.
Cones, one to two inches long, and always in the pro-
portion of about two inches in length to one half
Fig. 88. Norway Spruce. [P. excfelsa.]
NATURAL SIZE.
172 Trees with Simple Leaves. [ci
or three fourths of an inch in thickness ; drooping
at the ends of the branchlets ; long oval or cylinder-
shape ; pale green when young, becoming brownish
as they ripen. Scales, broad reverse egg-shape, with
an entire edge, and rounded or somewhat two-lobed
at the apex.
Found, in Maine, Northeastern Vermont, Northern Michi-
gan, Minnesota, and far northward, on low ground
and in swamps. It is most common north of the
United States boundaries.
An evergreen tree, forty to seventy feet high. One
of the most important of the Northern timber trees.
Fig. 88. Norway Spruce. \P. excelsa]
This spruce is not a native, but is now very widely
cultivated, and is sometimes found escaped from cultiva-
tion. It is a finer and larger tree than the native spruces,
and differs from them especially in these items :
Cones, five inches and more in length ; about one and a
half inches in thickness.
Branches and branchlets, heavily drooping, especially in
the older trees.
Genus TSUGA, Carr. (Hemlock.)
Fig. 89. Hemlock. T. Canadtnsis (ZJ, Carr. Abies Canadlnsis,
Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness ; arranged singly in two Jlat distinctly
opposite ranks up and down the branchlets.
Leaf, one half inch long, narrow ; blunt ; sometimes
minutely toothed toward the apex ; flat ; green
above ; silvery white beneath.
Fig. 89. Hemlock. T. Canadensis (L.), Carr.
NATURAL SIZE.
1 74 Trees with Simple Leaves. [c i
Bark, reddish and scaly ; when old, somewhat roughened
by long, shallow furrows.
Cones, very small (three fourths of an inch long) ; droop-
ing ; oval or egg-shape. Scales, few, thin, rounded,
and entire. The seed with the wing is about three
fourths the length of the scale. The cone does not
fall apart
Found, from Southern New Brunswick and the Valley of
the St. Lawrence through the Northern States to
Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to
Alabama. Common northward, often forming large
forests.
An evergreen tree, sixty to eighty feet high, irregular
in outline, very graceful, especially when young, with
light and delicate foliage and horizontal or drooping
branches. The timber is very coarse ; the bark much
used for tanning, and with medicinal qualities.
Genus ABIES, Link. (Fir.)
Fig. 90. Balsam Fir, Balm of Gilead Fir. A. bahhmta (LJ>
Miller.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness ; arranged singly up and down the
branchlets, at first radiating about equally on every
side, afterward flattened into two ranks, as in the
Hemlock.
Leaf, one half to one inch long, narrow ; apex blunt or
notched ; edge entire ; flat, with a grooved line
above and a corresponding raised line below ; bright
green above ; silvery white below.
Leaves Indeterminate, 175
Bark, smooth and unbroken (especially when young), and
usually covered with "blisters"
Cones, two to four inches long, one inch broad, erect, at
the sides of the branchlets ; violet-colored. Scales,
thin and flat, broad and rounded. The thin bracts
between the scales are tipped with a slender bristle.
The cone falls apart when ripe.
Found, from the far North through the Northern States
to Pennsylvania, and along the Alleghany Mountains
to the high peaks of West Virginia. Common
northward in damp forests.
A slender, evergreen tree, twenty to sixty feet high ;
pyramid-shaped, with regular horizontal branches ; its
wood is very light and soft. From the " blisters," which
form under the bark of the trunk and branches, the valu-
able Canada balsam is obtained.
The tree is short-lived, and therefore of less value in
cultivation.
Genus LARIX, Tourn. (Larch.)
Fig. 91. Larch, Tamarack, Hackmatack. L. laricma ( Du Roi) y
Koch. L. Americana, Michx.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their closeness ; arranged along the branches in
many-leaved bunches without sheaths.
Leaf, thread-like, one to two inches long, withering and
falling in the autumn.
Bark, smooth.
176 Trees with Simple Leaves. [ci
Cones, about one half inch long ; broad egg-shaped ;
green or violet when young, becoming purple and
brownish as they ripen. Scales, thin, nearly ronnd,
their edges entire.
Found, from Pennsylvania, Northern Indiana, and North-
ern Illinois through the Northern States and far
northward. It grows usually in low, swampy land,
where it often thickly covers large areas.
A tree fifty to one hundred feet high (not evergreen),
with a straight trunk and slender, horizontal branches.
The wood is durable, hard, and very strong, and is largely
used in ship-building, for posts, railroad ties, etc.
The Indians and Canadians were accustomed to use
the fibres of the Larch roots for sewing their bark canoes ;
and for tightening the seams, the gum of the Balsam Fir.
" Give me of your roots, O Tamarak !
Of your fibrous roots, O Larch-Tree ! -
My canoe to bind together,
So to bind the ends together,
That the water may not enter,
That the river may not wet me !
" Give me of your balm, O Fir-Tree !
Of your balsam and your resin,
So to close the seams together
That the water may not enter,
That the river may not wet me !
" And the Fir-Tree tall and sombre,
Sobbed through all its robes of darkness,
Answered wailing, answered weeping,
'Take my balm, O Hiawatha ! ' "
Fig. 91
Fig. 90. Balsam Fir. A. balsamea (L.), Miller.
Fig. 91. Larch. L, lariclna (Du Roi), Koch.
NATURAL SIZE.
178 Trees with Simple Leaves. [ci
Genus CHAM^CYPARIS, Spach. (White Cedar.)
Fig. 92. White Cedar. C. thyoides (L.), B. S. P. C. sphceroidea, Spach.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their smallness and closeness. They are scale-like,
somewhat egg-shape, overlapping each other, and
closely pressed in four rows up and down the very
flat branchlets. Each leaf has at its centre a raised
gland, easily distinguished if held between the eye
and the light.
Bark, fibrous. The " spray" (formed from the flat branch-
lets) is itself flat and very delicate and of a dull green.
Cones, about one fourth of an inch in diameter, round,
variously placed, compact, purplish as they ripen ;
opening when ripe toward the centre line (i. e., not
toward its base). Scales, fleshy, shield-shaped and
apparently fastened near their centres, with the edge
several-pointed, and with a sharp point or knob in the
centre. Seeds, usually four to eight under each scale,
oval, with wide wings at the sides.
Found, in deep, cold swamps (filling them densely and
exclusively), from Southern Maine along the coast
to Florida, and along the Gulf coast to Mississippi.
A tapering evergreen tree, thirty to seventy feet high,
with light and durable wood, largely used in boat-building,
for wooden-ware, shingles, etc.
Fig. 92
Fig. 93
Fig. 92. White Cedar. C. thyoides (L.), B. S. P.
F &- 93- Arbor Vitae. (T. occidental, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
i8o Trees with Simple Leaves. [c i
Genus THUYA, L. (Arbor Vitae.)
From a Greek word meaning to sacrifice, because of the use of the fragrant wood in
sacrifice.
Fig- 93- Arbor Vitae, White Cedar. T. occidental, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their smallness and closeness. They are scale-like,
somewhat egg-shape, overlapping each other, and
closely pressed in four rows up and down the very
flat branchlets. Each leaf has at its centre a raised
gland, easily distinguished if held between the eye
and the light.
Bark, fibrous. The " spray " (formed from the flat branch-
lets) is itself flat and of rather a bright green.
Cones, about five twelfths of an inch in length, long oval
or reverse egg-shape, nodding, yellowish-brown as they
ripen, dry and opening to the base when ripe. Scales,
pointless, oval or egg-shape, smooth (i. e., not pointed
on the edge or near the centre.) Seeds, one to two
under each scale, long and narrow (like a small
caraway seed) ; broadly winged all around, with the
wing notched at one end.
Found, along the Alleghany Mountains from the high
peaks of North Carolina to Northern Pennsylvania
and Central New York, northward into Southern
Canada and westward ; along rocky banks of streams
and in swamps ; very common at the North, where it
often occupies large areas of swamp land. It is very
widely cultivated, especially in hedges.
A tapering evergreen tree, twenty to fifty feet high,
with close, dense branches, and a light and durable wood.
Leaves Indeterminate. 181
Genus JUNIPERUS, L. (Red Cedar.)
From a Celtic word meaning rough.
Fig. 94. Red Cedar, Savin. J. Virginia, L.
Leaves, SIMPLE ; INDETERMINATE in position because of
their smallness and closeness. They are arranged in
four rows up and down the branchlets.
fn young or rapidly growing sprouts the leaves are awl-
shaped or needle-shaped, somewhat spreading from
the branch, very sharp and stiff, placed in pairs (or
sometimes in threes), usually about one fourth of an
inch long, and with the fine branchlets, which they
cover, rounded.
In the older and slower-growing trees the leaves are scale-
like and overlapping, egg-shape, closely pressed to
the branchlets which they cover, and with the branch-
lets square. As the branchlets grow, the lower scales
sometimes lengthen and become dry and chaffy and
slightly spreading.
Bark, brown and sometimes purplish-tinged, often shred-
ding off with age and leaving the trunk smooth and
polished.
*' Berries," about the size of a small pea, closely placed
along the branchlets, bluish, and covered with a
whitish powder.
/
Found, in Southern Canada, and distributed nearly
throughout the United States more widely than
any other of the cone-bearing trees.
1 82 Trees with Simple Leaves. [ci
An evergreen tree, fifteen to thirty feet high (much
larger at the South), usually pyramid-shaped, with a
rounded base, but varying very greatly, especially near
the coast, where it is often twisted and flattened into
angular and weird forms. The wood is very valuable,
light, straight-grained, durable, fragrant. It is largely
used for posts, for cabinet-work, for interior finish, and
almost exclusively in the making of lead pencils. The
heart-wood is usually a dull red (whence the name), the
sap-wood white.
Among the most picturesque objects in a Turkish
landscape, standing like sentinels, singly or in groups,
and as slender and upright as a Lombardy Poplar, are
the black cypress trees (C. sempervirens). They mark
the sites of graves, often of those which have long since
disappeared. In America, more than any other northern
tree, the red cedar gives the same sombre effect, whether
growing wild or planted in cemeteries.
The Common Juniper (J. communis, L.), common as
a shrub, is occasionally found in tree form, low, with
spreading or drooping branches, and with leaves re-
sembling those of a young Red Cedar, awl-shaped and
spreading, but arranged in threes instead ot opposite.
(01)
Fig. 94. Red Cedar. (J. Virginiana, L.)
or' Young, b. Old.
NATURAL SIZE.
TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES
(FEATHER-SHAPED)
LEAVES ALTERNATE
(EDGE ENTIRE)
Genus AILANTHUS,* Desf.
From a Greek word meaning " tree of heaven."
Fig- 95- Aiia.nthus. {A. glandulbsa, >es/.]
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered, but with the odd leaflet
often dwarfed or broken off ; leaflets, twenty-one to
forty-one) ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE OF THE LEAFLETS
ENTIRE, with one or two coarse, blunt teeth at each
side of their base.
Outline, of leaflet, long egg-shape or lance-shape. Apex,
taper-pointed. Base, squared, or heart-shaped.
Leaf -stem, smooth, round, swollen at base. Leaflet-stems,
smooth and short
Leaf, one and a half to six feet long. Leaflets vari-
able, usually about six inches by two and a quarter,
rather smooth and thin.
Bark of the trunk, smooth and brown ; the new shoots
marked with whitish dots.
Flowers, in long bunches at the ends of the branches ;
greenish, and of very disagreeable odor. June,
July.
Seeds, flat, at the centre of greenish and sometimes pink-
tinged wings, in large, loose clusters. October.
Found, common in cultivation, and to some extent
naturalized.
* This spelling of the name should rule because so given by its author, although,
etymologically, Ailantus would be correct, the native Amboyna name being " Ay-
lanto."
1 86
- 9S- Ailanthus. [A. glanduldsa, Desf.]
NATURAL SIZE.
1 88 Trees with Compound Leaves. [Di
A large, showy tree (sixty to seventy feet high) of
remarkably vigorous and rapid growth. It is a native of
China, A Jesuit missionary sent its seeds in 1751 to
England. In 1784 it was brought from Europe to the
United States, and started near Philadelphia. Also
about 1804 it was brought to Rhode Island from South
America. But the source of most of the trees now found
abundantly in the region of New York is Flushing, Long
Island, where it was introduced in 1820. It has been a
great favorite, and would deserve to be so still were it
not for the peculiar and disagreeable odor of its flowers.
Genus ROBINIA, L. (Locust.)
Fig. 96. Locust, Yellow Locust. R. pseudacada, L.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, eleven to
twenty-five) ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE ENTIRE.
Outline, oval or egg-shape. Apex, rounded. Base,
rounded.
Stem of leaf, smooth, and covering the leaf-bud of the
next year.
Leaflets, very smooth, thin, often slightly tipped with the
end of the mid-rib.
Bark of trunk, dark, rough, and very deeply ridged. The
smaller branches and young trunks are armed with
strong, triangular prickles, but these disappear when
the parts are three to four inches thick.
Flowers, showy and abundant ; in long, loose clusters
drooping from the sides of the branchlets ; white ;
and very fragrant. May, June.
Fruit, a smooth and rather blunt pod, two to three inches
long, one and a half inches wide, four- to six-seeded.
Seeds, dark brown. September.
Fig. 96. Locust. (R. pseudacacia, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
190 Trees with Compo^l,nd Leaves. [DI
Found. Native in the Alleghany Mountains from Penn-
sylvania (Monroe County Porter) to Georgia ; but
now very generally naturalized throughout the United
States east of the Rocky Mountains.
A tree usually forty to fifty feet high, sometimes ninety
feet, and of rapid growth. Its wood is exceedingly hard
and strong, and remarkably durable when in contact with
the ground. It is used largely for posts, in ship-building,
and in turnery, and it is preferred to all other native wood
for treenails. It is one of the most valuable trees of this
or of any country. But its cultivation as a timber tree,
which at one time was very general, has nearly ceased in
the United States on account of the constant damage
done by the grub of the Painted Clytus (Clytus pictus).
This troublesome borer not only injures the new growth,
but also pierces and detaches large branches, leaving the
tree ragged and stunted.
Clammy Locust. R. viscbsa, Vent.
This species is native to the high ranges of the southern
Alleghany Mountains, but is now very widely cultivated
and sometimes naturalized in the Atlantic States.
It differs from the common locust especially in its
smaller size, in having its leaf-stem and branchlets "sticky"
and slightly rough, and its flowers rose-tinted and scarcely
fragrant, and in close and erect bunches.
Genus GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. (Coffee Tree.)
Fig. 97. Kentucky Coffee Tree, Stump Tree. G. fastens (L.),
Koch. G. Canadensis, Lam.
Leaves, UNEQUALLY TWICE-COMPOUND (odd- feathered ; leaf-
lets very numerous seven to thirteen on the different
branches of the main leaf-stem) ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE
OF LEAFLETS ENTIRE.
Fig. 97. -Kentucky Coffee Tree. G. dlsicus (L.), Koch.
NA.TURAL SIZE.
192 Trees with Compound Leaves. [D i
Outline of leaflets, egg-shape or oval. Apex, sharply taper-
pointed. Base, slightly heart-shaped or rounded.
Leaf-stem, in the autumn takes a violet tinge.
Leaf, one and one half to three feet long, about one half
as wide. Leaflets, one to two and one half inches
long, of a dull green.
Bark of trunk, rough and scaly, separating in small and
hard crosswise and backward-curled strips. Branch-
lets stout and not thorny.
Flowers, in white spikes along the branches. May-July.
Fruit, in large curved pods (six to ten inches long, by
two inches broad), pulpy within, of a reddish-brown
color, flattened and hard. Each pod contains several
hard, gray seeds one half of an inch or more in
diameter. September, October.
Found, in Franklin County, Pennsylvania (Porter), Wes-
tern New York, westward and southward to Middle
Tennessee. Not common.
A tree sixty to eighty feet high, or more, with a rather
small and regular head. The fewness and the abruptness
of its large branches give to it in the winter a dead and
stumpy look, whence one of its common names. Its
bruised and sweetened leaves are used at the South for
poisoning flies. Its seeds were formerly used as a substi-
tute for coffee.
Genus GLEDITSCHIA, L. (Honey Locust.)
Fig. 98. Honey Locust, Three-thorned Acacia, Honey
Shucks. G. triacbnthos, L.
Leaves, COMPOUND ; (even-feathered ; leaflets, ten to
twenty-two or more, usually about fourteen), some-
times twice-compound ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE OF LEAF-
LETS ENTIRE as seen above, but as seen below often
remotely and slightly toothed.
Fig. 98. Honey Locust. (G. triacanthos, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
1 94 Trees with Compound Leaves. LD i
Outline of leaflet, long oval 01 iong egg-shape. Base
and narrowed Apex, rounded.
Leaf-stem and very short Leaflet-stem, downy.
Leaflets, three fourths to one and a half inches long ;
about one third as wide. Often several of them
(one to three) are partly or wholly divided into
smaller leaflets. Surfaces smooth and shining.
Bark of trunk, gray, and much less rough than that of
the common Locust (which has a somewhat similar
leaf) ; branchlets brown and often warty. The
branches and the trunk, excepting in very young
and in quite old trees, are usually thickly covered
with spines, two to four inches long, which are
curved at the base, often two- or three-branched, and
of a reddish-brown color.
Flowers, small and greenish.
Fruit, a long, flat pod (nine to eighteen inches long),
reddish ; somewhat twisted, and filled between the
seeds with a pulp which at first is sweet (whence the
name " Honey " Locust) but which soon becomes
sour. The seeds are flat, hard, and brown.
Found, native in Pennsylvania, westward and southward,
but also somewhat naturalized and widely introduced
northward.
A tree sometimes seventy feet high, with wide-spread-
ing and graceful branches, and light and delicate foliage*
It is often used as a hedge plant.
A variety entirely bare of thorns (var. inermis) is
sometimes found ; also a variety (var. brachycarpos )
with shorter fruit and thorns.
NOTE. See Poison Sumach (R. venenita D. C.), with its species, under D, //.,
page 198.
TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES
(FEATHER-SHAPED)
LEAVES ALTERNATE
CONTINUED
(EDGE TOOTHED)
D II
Genus RHUS, L. (Sumach.)
Fig. 99. Stag-horn Sumach. J?. typhina, L.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, eleven to
thirty-one) ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE OF LEAFLETS EVENLY
AND LHARPLY TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, narrow egg-shape. Apex, long, taper-
pointed. Base, rounded or slightly heart-shaped.
Leaflet-stem, lacking. Leaf-stem, densely velvety-hairy.
Leaflet, usually two to four inches long and about one
fourth as wide ; the under surface whitish and more
or less downy.
Leaf, one to two feet or more in length.
Branchlets and stalks, especially towards their ends, cov-
ered with a very dense velvet-like down, often crimson-
tinged. The juice is milky and acid.
Flowers, greenish-yellow, in upright, pyramid-shaped
bunches at the ends of the branches. June.
Berries, rounded, somewhat flattened, bright crimson,
velvety, crowded. Stone, smooth. Juice, acid. Sep-
tember, October.
Found, from New Brunswick and the valley of the St.
Lawrence through the Northern States, and south-
ward along the Alleghany Mountains to Central
Alabama.
196
- 99- Stag-horn Sumach. (R. typhina, L.)
NATURAL SIZE.
198 Trees with Compound Leaves. [DII
A small tree, ten to thirty feet high (or often a shrub),
with straggling and evenly spreading branches that are
leaved mostly toward their ends, giving an umbrella-like
look to the tree. The wood is very soft and brittle ;
yellow within ; the sap-wood white. The young shoots,
with the pith removed, are used in the spring as "sap
quills " in drawing the sap from the sugar maples. The
downy and irregular branchlets are suggestive of the
horns of a stag, whence the name.
An infusion of the berries is sometimes used as a
gargle for sore-throat.
This species is not poisonous.
A variety with deeply gashed leaves (var. lacinihta)
is reported from Hanover, N. H.
Fig. 100. Poison Sumach, Poison Dogwood, Poison Elder.
R. venenata, D. C.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, seven to thir-
teen) ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE OF LEAFLETS ENTIRE.
Outline of leaflet, long oval or egg-shape. Base, rounded
or pointed. Apex, taper-pointed.
Leaflet-stems, short and purplish, or lacking. Leaf-stem,
smooth, reddish throughout to the end of leaflet, not
winged.
Leaflets, thin ; one and a half to three inches long ; about
one half as wide ; smooth.
Branches and stalks, smooth.
Flowers, greenish ; in long, loose bunches at the bases of
the upper leaves.
Berries, rounded, greenish-white, smooth, shining, dry,
about the size of a small pea. September.
Fig. 100. Poison Sumach. (R. venenata, D. C.)
NATURAL SIZE.
200 Trees with Compound Leaves. [D n
Found, from Northern New England westward and south-
ward, oftenest in swamps.
A small tree (or more often a tall shrub), six to
eighteen feet high. It is violently poisonous to the
touch, causing in most persons a painful eruption ; some
are poisoned by it without touching it ; probably by rea-
son of the drifting pollen of its flowers. A recommended
application is sugar of lead, applied after the use of saline
cathartics ; or a thick paste of bicarbonate of soda rubbed
into the skin as soon as the eruption appears. It is also
claimed that relief and, if used promptly, frequent cure
follow the use of belladonna, of apis mellifica, or of
arsenicum album taken in homceopathic doses.
Apart from other differences the Poison Sumach can
be easily and quickly distinguished from all the other
sumachs by these signs : It differs from the Stag-horn
Sumach and the Smooth Sumach (a shrub) in having the
edge of its leaflets entire ; from the Dwarf Sumach (a
shrub) in the absence of the winged stem between its
leaflets, and by its red leaf-stem.
Genus PYRUS, L. (Mountain Ash.)
(NOTE. See others of the same genus, Sec. A, II. , p. 32.)
Fig. loi. Mountain Ash. P. Americana, D. C.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, nine to fifteen);
ALTERNATE (often alternate in threes) ; EDGE OF LEAF-
LETS FINELY AND SHARPLY TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, long and narrow egg-shape. Apex,
taper-pointed. Base, rounded or slightly pointed.
Leaflet-stem, lacking, or very short.
Fig. loi. Mountain Ash. (P. Americana, D. C.)
REDUCED ONE FOURTH.
202 Trees with Compound Leaves. ID n
Leaf, eight to twelve inches long. Leaflet, two to three
and one half inches long ; surfaces smooth.
Bark of the trunk, reddish-brown and rather smooth.
Flowers, small and white, in large, flat clusters, over the
surface of the tree fifty to one hundred or more
flowers in a cluster. May, June.
Fruit, very ornamental, about the size of peas, scarlet, in
large, flat clusters, ripening in autumn and remaining
into the winter.
Found, from Labrador and Newfoundland through the
Northern States and southward along the Alleghany
Mountains. Its finest growth is on the northern
shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior.
A slender, somewhat pyramid-shaped, tree, ten to
thirty feet high, much and justly prized as one of the
best of the native trees for ornamental planting. Its
bark and the unripe fruit are very astringent, and are
sometimes used medicinally.
A slightly different species (P. sambucif61ia) is some-
times found in cold swamps and on the borders of streams,
along the Northern frontier.
The cultivated European Mountain Ash or Rowan
Tree [P. ancuparia], which is very common in many parts
of Europe, and especially in the Highlands of Scotland,
differs but slightly from the American Mountain Ash. It
varies chiefly in the following items : Leaflets blunter,
and rather coarsely double-toothed. Bark rather rough.
Fruit larger, oftenest red, but sometimes orange.
Leaves Alternate. 203
The Mountain Ash or " Rowan Tree " has for a long
time been renowned as a safeguard against witches and
all evil spirits. A mere twig of it suffices.
" Rowan-tree and red thread
Put the witches to their speed."
" The spells were vain, the hag returned
To the queen in sorrowful mood,
Crying that witches have no power
Where there is row'n-tree wood."
Genus JUGLANS, L. (Walnut)
From two Latin words meaning nut of Jupiter.
Fig. 102. Black Walnut, y. nigra, L.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, thirteen to
twenty-one) ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE OF LEAFLETS SHARP-
TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, long egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed.
Base, rounded or slightly heart-shaped, and one-sided.
Leaf-stem, slightly downy. Leaflet-stem, very short.
Leaf, twelve inches long, or more. Leaflets, about two to
four inches long ; the lower pairs shortest ; slightly
downy beneath.
Bark, blackish and thick.
Fruit, about two inches in diameter ; rounded ; the husk
greenish-yellow when ripe, roughly dotted, spongy,
decaying without splitting into sections ; the nut
dark, and deeply and roughly furrowed. October.
Found, from Western Massachusetts westward and south-
ward. Its finest growth is west of the Alleghany
Mountains. Eastward it is now everywhere scarce.
204 Trees with Compound Leaves. [D 11
A tree thirty to sixty feet high, or often much higher.
Its rich, dark-brown heart-wood is of great value, and has
been more widely used in cabinet-work, for interior finish,
and for gun-stocks than the wood of any other North
American tree.
Fig. 103. Butternut, White Walnut, y. dt&rea, L.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, fifteen to seven-
teen) ; ALTERNATE J EDGE OF LEAFLETS SHARP-TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, long egg-shaped or long oval. Apex,
taper-pointed. Base, rounded.
Leaf-stem, downy and " sticky."
Leaf, twelve to twenty inches long. Leaflet, three inches
or more in length ; downy, especially beneath.
Bark of the branches, light gray and smoothish. Twigs,
as well as leaf-stems and fruit, very sticky.
Fruit, long (two to three inches), pointed. Husk, very
sticky ; green at first ; brown when ripe, becoming
very dark ; not splitting in sections. Nut, deeply
and roughly furrowed and sharp-ridged, with a sweet,
oily kernel. September.
Found, in Southern Canada, and common in New Eng-
land and the Middle and Western States.
A tree twenty to fifty feet high, with a short, stout
trunk and very wide-reaching, horizontal branches. The
heart-wood is reddish or light brown, not as dark nor as
hard as in the Black Walnut. It is used for ornamental
cabinet-work and interior finish.
Fig. 103
Fig. 102. Black Walnut. (J. nigra, L.)
Fig. 103. Butternut. (J. cinerea, L.)
LEAFLETS AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
206 Trees with Compound Leaves. [DU
Genus HICORIA, Raf. CARYA, Nutt. (Hickory.)
From a Greek word meaning round, in allusion to the shape of the nut.
Fig. 104. Shag-bark, Shag-bark Hickory, Shell-bark
Hickory. H. ovata (Mill), Britton. C. alba, Nutt.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, five) ; ALTER-
NATE ; EDGE OF LEAFLETS SHARP-TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, long oval, reverse egg-shape or egg-
shape, the lower pair differing in shape from the
others, and much smaller. Apex, long-pointed.
Base of the end leaflet, wedge-shape ; of the others,
more or less blunted.
Leaf-stem, rough throughout. Buds, large and scaly,
often of a green and brown color.
Leaflet-stems, lacking (or scarcely noticeable), excepting
the roughish stem of the end leaflet.
Leaflets, four to eight inches long ; roughish below.
Bark, dark and very rough in the older trunks, peeling
up and down in long, shaggy strips. Often the
strips cling at their middle and are loose at each
end.
Fruit, round, nearly one and a half to two inches
in diameter ; the husk, thick (nearly half an
inch), depressed at the centre, grooved at the
seams, and wholly separating into four pieces at
maturity ; the nut, about one inch long, often the
same in breadth, slightly flattened at the sides,
angular, nearly pointless, whitish, with a rather thin
shell, and a large finely flavored kernel. October.
Found, from the valley of the St. Lawrence River to
Southeastern Minnesota, and southward to Western
Florida. Its finest growth is west of the Alleghany
Mountains.
Fig. 104. Shag-bark. H. ovata (Mill), Britton.
LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
208 Trees with Compound Leaves. [D n
A tree, fifty to eighty feet high, of great value. Its
tough and elastic wood is used in making agricultural
implements, carriages, axe-handles, etc. It ranks also
among the best of woods for fuel. Most of the " hickory
nuts " of the markets are from this species.
All the Hickories are picturesque trees. Their
tendency, even when standing alone, is to grow high,
and with heads that, instead of being round, are cylinder-
shaped to the very top, with only enough breaks and
irregularities to add to the effect. This tendency is more
marked in the Hickories than in any other of the leaf-
shedding trees of North America. They are worthy of
the name sometimes given them of " the artist's tree."
Big Shell-bark, King Nut. H. sulcata ( Willd), Britton. C. sulcata,
Nutt.
This species differs from the Shag-bark chiefly in
these items :
Leaflets, seven to nine, usually nine.
Leaf, ten to twenty inches long.
Nut, oval, strongly pointed, with a dark yellowish shell,
nearly twice as large as the Shag-bark nut, and with
a less pleasantly flavored kernel.
Bark, in narrower strips and of a lighter color.
Found, in Bucks County, Pennsylvania (Porter), and
westward. Local and rare.
Fig. 105. Mocker-nut, White-heart Hickory, Black Hickory,
Big-bud Hickory. H. alba (L.), Britton. C. tomentbsa, Nutt.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered, leaflets, seven to nine) ;
ALTERNATE ; EDGE SLIGHTLY AND RATHER ROUNDLY
TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflets, mostly long oval, the lower pairs be-
coming smaller and more egg-shaped. Apex and
Base, about the same as in the Shaq--bark.
Fig. 105. Mocker-nut. H. alba (L.), Britton.
LEAF AND FRUiT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
210 Trees with Compound Leaves. [D n
Leaf-stem, rough throughout. Buds, large and round and
covered with downy, yellowish-brown scales, or, in
winter, with hard and grayish-white scales.
Leaflet-stems, lacking (or scarcely noticeable), except the
short, roughish stem of the end leaflet.
Leaflets, two to seven inches long, rough beneath, especially
on the ribs ; fragrant when crushed.
Bark, rough, becoming cracked across, but not scaly.
Fruit, rounded, slightly egg-shaped or oval, one and one
half to two inches or more in length. The husk is
about one fourth of an inch thick and splits nearly
to the base when ripe. Nut, slightly six-angled, light
brown, with a very thick and hard shell. The kernel
is sweet, but small. October.
Found, common, in dry woods, especially southward and
westward. It grows in Southern Canada and in all
the Atlantic States. In size and in the quality of its
timber the tree resembles the Shag-bark.
Fig. 106. Small-fruited Hickory. H. microcbrpa (Nutt), Britton
C. microcarpa, Nutt.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, five to seven,
oftenest five) ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE OF LEAFLETS SHARP-
TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflets, mostly long oval. Apex and Base
pointed.
Leaf-stem, smooth.
Leaflet-stems, lacking (or scarcely noticeable), excepting
the short stem of the end leaflet.
Leaflets, mostly four to eight inches long, remarkably
smooth, excepting that the under surface is tufted in
the angles of the ribs and usually dotted with dark
glandular spots.
Bark, rough and close.
Fruit, broad egg-shape. Husk, thin, splitting part way to
the base. Nut, small, (three fourths of an inch in
Fig. 106. Small-fruited Hickory. H. microcarpa (Nutt), Britton.
LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
212 Trees with Compound Leaves. [DII
diameter), not angled, not sharp-pointed, and with a
thin shell.
Found, on moist ground, New York to Delaware, west to
Michigan and Illinois, rarely, if ever, in New England.
In size and in the quality of its timber the tree re-
sembles the other hickories. By its leaves the species
appears to be allied with the Pig-nut ; by its nuts, with
the Mocker-nut.
Fig. 107, a and b. Pig-nut, Broom Hickory. H. glabra (Mill),
Britton. C. glabra, Torr. C. porcina, Nutt.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, five to nine,
usually seven) ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE OF LEAFLETS SHARP-
TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflets, usually long oval. Apex, taper-pointed.
Base of end leaflet, wedge-shaped, of the others more
or less rounded or slightly pointed.
JLeaf-stem, smooth. Leaf-buds, egg-shape and pointed or
rounded, and with their outer scales a polished-brown.
Leaflet-stems, lacking, except the smooth, very short stem
of the end leaflet.
Leaflets, mostly two to five inches long (the lower ones
much the smallest), smooth above and below.
Bark, not shaggy.
Fruit, of two forms : a, pear-shape, b, rounded. Husks,
very thin, splitting about half-way to the base. Nut,
about one inch in diameter ; in b somewhat flattened
at the sides and slightly hollowed above, and with
the apex a sharp point. Shell, rather thin, smooth,
hard, and bluish-gray. Meat, small and sweetish or
slightly bitter.
Found, from Southern Maine westward and southward.
In size and in the quality of its timber the tree re-
sembles the other hickories.
Fig. 107, a and b. Pig-nut. H. glabra (Mill), Britton.
LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
214 Trees with Compound Leaves. [D n
Fig. 108. Bitter-nut, Swamp Hickory. If. minima (Marsh),
Britton. C. amara, Nutt.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, seven to
eleven) ; ALTERNATE ; EDGE OF LEAFLET SHARP-
TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, long oval or long egg-shape. Apex,
taper-pointed. Base, pointed or blunted.
Leaf-stem, rather slender, somewhat downy, and often
flattened and winged. Leaf-buds, small, slightly
rounded or (at the ends of the branchlets) pointed,
and yellow.
Leaflet-stems, lacking, except the short stem of the end
leaflet.
Leaflets, four to six inches long, the upper one usually
short ; smooth on both sides, or with a slight, scat-
tered down below.
Bark, rather smooth.
Fruit, rounded or slightly egg-shaped, dark green. Husk,
very thin and fleshy, never becoming entirely hard,
with prominent winged edges at the seams, only two
of which reach more than half-way to the base. It
divides half-way down when ripe. Nut, barely one
inch long, heart-shaped at the top, broader than long,
white and smooth. Shell, so thin that it can be
broken with the fingers. Kernel, intensely bitter.
Found, usually in wet grounds, though often also on rich
uplands, from Southern Maine westward and south-
ward. It reaches its finest growth in Pennsylvania
and Ohio.
A rather smaller and less valuable tree than the rest
of the hickories.
NOTE. See Honey Locust (G. triacanthos, L.), under D, /., page 192.
Fig. 108. Bitter-nut. H. minima (Marsh), Britton.
LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES
(FEATHER-SHAPED)
CONTINUED
LEAVES OPPOSITE
(EDGE ENTIRE OR TOOTHED)
E I, II
Genus NEGUNDO, Moench.
Fig. 109. Ash-leaved Maple, Box Elder. JV. aceroldes, M.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, three, some-
times five, rarely seven) ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE OF LEAFLET
REMOTELY AND UNEQUALLY COARSE-TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflets, egg-shape or oval. Apex, taper-pointed.
Base, variable and often uneven.
Leaflets, slightly rough ; the ribs very marked.
Bark of young trunks, smoothish and yellowish-green ;
twigs, light green.
Flowers, small and greenish, in delicate, drooping clusters
from the sides of the branches.
Fruit, large, yellowish-green, smooth, in long, loose, late-
hanging clusters.
Found, North, South, and West. One of the most widely
distributed of the North American trees, with its
finest growth in the region of the Wabash and
Cumberland rivers.
A tree twenty to thirty feet high, with spreading
branches. Its wood is light and of slight value.
218
Fig. 109. Ash-leaved Maple. (N. aceroides, M.)
NATURAL SIZE.
220 Trees with, Compound Leaves. [E i, n
(Genus FRAXINUS, L. (Ash.)
From a Greek word meaning " separation," because of the ease with which the wood
of the Ash can be split.
Fig. IIO. White Ash. F. Americana, L.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, seven to nine) ;
OPPOSITE ; EDGE OF LEAFLETS SLIGHTLY TOOTHED OR
ENTIRE ; entire at the base.
Outline of leaflet, long oval or long egg-shape. Apex,
taper-pointed. Base, somewhat pointed.
Leaf-stem, smooth. Leaflet-stem, about one fourth of an
inch long, or more ; smooth. Leaf-bud, rusty-
colored and smooth.
Leaflet, two to six inches long ; pale beneath ; downy
when young, but becoming nearly smooth, except
on the ribs.
Bark of the trunk, light gray. In very young trees it
is nearly smooth, but it soon becomes deeply
furrowed the furrows crossing each other, and
so breaking the bark into irregular, somewhat
square or lozenge-shaped plates. Then in very
old trees it becomes smooth again, from the scaling
off of the plates. The branches are smooth and
grayish-green. The young shoots have a polished,
deep-green bark, marked with white lines or dots.
Winged seeds, one and a half to two inches long, with the
" wing " about one fourth of an inch wide, hanging in
loose clusters from slender stems. The base of the
seed is pointed and not winged.
Found, in rich woods, from Southern Canada to Northern
Florida and westward. J; is most common in the
Northern States. The finest specimens are seen in
the bottom lands of the lower Ohio River basin.
Fig. no. White Ash. (F. Americana, L.)
LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
222 Trees with Compo^t,nd Leaves. [E i, ir
A tree forty to eighty feet high. Often the trunk
rises forty feet without branching. Its tough and elastic
timber is of very great value, being widely used in the
manufacture of agricultural implements, for oars, and the
shafts of carriages, and in cabinet-work.
I find in the notes of an old copy of White's " Natural
History of Selborne " this comment : " The Ash, I think,
has been termed by Gilpin the Venus of British trees."
Gerardes' " Herbal " comments : "The leaves of the
Ash are of so great a vertue against serpents, as that
the serpents dare not be so bolde as to touch the morning
and evening shadowes of the tree, but shunneth them
afarre off, as Pliny reporteth in his 16 book, 13 chap.
He also affirmeth that the serpent being penned in with
boughes laide rounde about, will soom r run into the fire,
if any be there, than come neere to the boughes of the
Ash."
In Scandinavian mythology the great and sacred tree,
Yggdrasil, the greatest and most sacred of all trees, which
binds together heaven and earth and hell, is an Ash. Its
roots spread over the whole earth. Its branches reach
above the heavens. Underneath lies a serpent ; above is
an eagle ; a squirrel runs up and down the trunk, trying
to breed strife between them.
Fig. III. Red Ash. F. putescens, Lam.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, seven to nine) ;
EDGE OF LEAFLETS NEARLY ENTIRE OR SLIGHTLY
TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, long oval or egg-shape. Apex, taper-
pointed. Base, somewhat pointed.
Fig. in. Red Ash. (F. pubfescens, Lam.)
LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
224 Trees with Compound Leaves. [E i, n
Leaf-stem, velvety-downy. Leaflet-stem, about one fourth
of an inch long, or somewhat less, and velvety-downy.
Leaf -bud, rounded, nearly concealed by the leaf -stem,
downy, and of a dark, rusty brown.
Leaflet, two to six inches long, downy beneath, and pale,
becoming reddish.
Bark of the trunk, dark ashy or granite-gray, or of a
deep brown. It is slightly furrowed up and down,
the furrows seldom joining or crossing. The branches
are grayish. The young shoots are velvety, with a
grayish or rusty down.
Winged seeds, resembling those of the White Ash, but
usually with the end of the wing more rounded.
Found, along borders of streams and in low and swampy
ground New Brunswick to Minnesota, and south-
ward to Northern Florida and Alabama ; but rare
west of the Alleghany Mountains. Its finest growth
is in the Northern Atlantic States.
A medium-sized tree, usually thirty to fifty feet high,
of less value than the White Ash.
Fig. 112. Green Ash. F. ihridis, Michx.,f.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, five to nine) ;
OPPOSITE ; EDGE OF LEAFLETS USUALLY SHARP-TOOTHED,
but with the base entire.
Outline of leaflet, egg-shape or oval. Apex, taper-pointed.
Base, pointed, often wedge-shaped.
Leaf-stem, smooth. Leaflet-stem, about one fourth of an
inch long ; smooth. Leaf -bud, grayish-brown and
smooth.
Fig. ii2. Green Ash. (F. vlridis, Michx., f.)
LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD,
226 Trees with Compound Leaves. [E i, n
Leaflet, green, and of nearly the same shade on each
side ; not shining, but smooth throughout, excepting
that sometimes it is slightly downy in the angles of
the ribs.
Bark of the branches, grayish-brown and smooth.
Winged seeds, smaller than those of the White Ash, but
with the wing about the same length.
Found, in New England, but mostly southward and
westward.
A tree twenty to thirty feet high, of inferior value.
Fig. 113. Blue Ash. F. quadrangulata, Michx.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, five to nine) ;
OPPOSITE ; EDGE OF LEAFLETS SHARPLY TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, oval to long egg-shape. Apex, taper-
pointed. Base, pointed.
Leaflet-stem, very short. Leaf-bud, velvety
Leaflet, three to four inches long, both sides green ;
downy beneath.
Bark of the trunk cracks and separates in thin plates,
like that of the White Oak. Branchlets smooth and
square, or margined when young, becoming nearly
round.
Winged seeds, about one and a half inches long, one
fourth to one half of an inch wide ; blunt, and of
nearly the same width at both ends, and with the
apex often notched.
Found, usually on limestone hills, from Southern Michi-
gan to Central Minnesota, southward to Northeastern
Kansas.
A tree sixty to eighty feet high, used for flooring,
carriage building, etc. Its inner bark furnishes a blue dye.
Fig. 113. Blue Ash. (F. quadrangulata, Michx.)
LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
228 Trees with Compound Leaves. [E i, n
Fig. 114. Black Ash, Water Ash, Hoop Ash. F. sambudfolia.
Lam.
Leaves, COMPOUND (odd-feathered ; leaflets, seven to eleven,
usually nine) ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE OF LEAFLET TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, narrow, long oval or long egg-shape,
Apex, taper-pointed. Base, rounded.
Leaf -stem, smooth, somewhat flattened or channelled, and
with sharp edges above the leaflets.
Leaflet-stem, lacking.
Leaf -bud, deep blue or blackish.
Leaflet, three to five inches long, smooth and green on
both sides, excepting where it is slightly hairy along
the lower part of the middle rib. When crushed it
has an Elder-like odor.
Bark of trunk, dark granite-gray, somewhat furrowed and
broken up and down with roughnesses, which con-
tinue in the old tree. The young branches are
smooth and grayish and marked with black and
white dots and warts.
Winged seeds nearly one and one half inches long, with
the wing three eighths of an inch wide and extending
around the seed. Ripe in July.
Found, along low river-banks and in swamps, which it
sometimes fills ; in Delaware, the mountains of Vir-
ginia, Northwestern Arkansas, through the Northern
States to Canada. It is the most Northern of the
American Ashes.
Usually a small or medium-sized tree. The wood is
largely used for barrel-hoops, baskets, in cabinet-work,
and interior finish.
Fig. 114. Black Ash. (F. sambuciftlia, Lam.)
LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD
TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES
(HAND-SHAPED)
LEAVES OPPOSITE
(EDGE TOOTHED)
F I
Genus ^SCULUS, L. (Buckeye, Horse Chestnut.)
Fig. 115. Sweet Buckeye, Big Buckeye. ^E.flava, Ait.
Leaves, COMPOUND (hand-shaped ; leaflets, usually five,
sometimes seven) ; OPPOSITE ; EDGE TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, long oval, long egg-shape, or long
reverse egg-shape. Apex, taper-pointed. Base,
pointed.
Leaflet, four to nine inches long, one to three inches wide,
usually minutely downy beneath.
Flowers, pale yellow. April, May.
Fruit, two to two and one half inches in diameter, rounded.
Husk, not prickly, but uneven. Nut, one or two in
a husk, large and brown.
Found, from Alleghany County, Pennsylvania, southward
along the Alleghany Mountains to Northern Georgia
and Alabama, and westward.
A tree thirty to seventy feet high. Its wood is light
and hard to split. With the other species of the same
genus it is preferred, above any other American wood, for
the making of artificial limbs.
232
Fig. 115. Sweet Buckeye. (IE. flava, Ait.)
REDUCED ONE THIRD.
234 Trees with Compound Leaves. [E i, n
Fig. 116. Ohio Buckeye, Fetid Buckeye. ^E. glabra, Willd.
^E. Ohiotnsis, Michaux.
Leaves, COMPOUND (hand-shaped ; leaflets, five) ; OPPOSITE ;
EDGE TOOTHED.
Outline of leaflet, oval or long oval. Apex, taper-pointed.
Base, pointed.
Leaflets, three to seven inches long ; one and a half to
three inches wide.
Bark, with a disagreeable odor.
Flowers, small, yellowish-white. June.
Fruit, about three fourths of an inch in diameter. Husk,
prickly when young. Nut, smooth.
Found, along the western slopes of the Alleghany
Mountains Pennsylvania to Northern Alabama and
westward.
A small, ill-scented tree (eighteen to thirty-five feet
high), with wood in quality and use much like that of the
Sweet Buckeye.
Horse Chestnut. \/E. Hippocastanum, L.~\
A very common introduced and cultivated species,
native in Northern India.
Leaflets, five to seven (usually seven), with ribs straight,
and brown-woolly when young.
Flowers, at the ends of the branches ; large ; in large, up-
right, pyramid-shaped clusters ; cream-white, spotted
with yellow and purple. May, June.
Fruit, large. Husk, with stiff prickles. Nut, mahogany-
colored, with a large, round, whitish scar ; bitter, and
said to be somewhat poisonous.
A compact, rounded tree, of medium size ; very orna-
mental when in flower. Its bark has been used as a sub-
stitute for cinchona bark in the treatment of intermittent
fevers.
Fig. 116. Ohio Buckeye. (IE., glabra, Willd.)
REDUCED ONE THIRD.
I tarried there that day ; I worshipped there,
For in that forest God seemed everywhere.
And when the shining day was wholly done
And twilight's peaceful hours were well begun, .
I homeward bore the forest's loving words
That rilled my heart like melodies of birds
And seemed God's benediction from above,
Those woodland gladsome messages of love.
From The Trees.
EXPLANATION OF TERMS
EXPLANATION OF TERMS.
TREES, as distinguished from shrubs, are those species
which, as the rule, spring from the ground with a single,
branching trunk.
II.
A LEAF is :
(i) Simple, when it is of one piece. (Fig. a, Willow
Oak.)
(2) Compound, when there are two or more entirely
separate pieces (called leaflets) on the one leaf-stem.
(Figs, b and c, Dwarf Sumach and Horse Chestnut.)
See note 2.
COMPOUND LEAVES are :
(1) Feather-shaped, when the leaflets are placed
along the sides of the leaf-stem. (Fig. 6.)
(When the compound leaf ends with a pair of leaflets
it is even-feathered ; when it ends with one leaflet it is
odd-feathered^)
(2) Hand-shaped, when all the leaflets radiate from
the end of the leaf-stem, like fingers from the palm of
the hand. (Fig. r.)
NOTE i. Compound leaves may be once, twice, or three times compound.
NOTE 2. The leaflets of a compound leaf can be distinguished from a simple
leaf by the absence of leaf-buds from the base of their stems.
238
Explanation of Terms.
239
FIG.
FIG. c.
III.
The EDGE of the leaf is :
(1) Entire, when it is an even line, without indenta-
tions.
(2) Toothed, when it is set with an indefinite number
of sharp or blunt teeth. (Fig. d.)
FIG. d.
(3) Lobed, when the indentations are deep and of a
definite number. (Figs, e, f, and /; Oaks and Poplar.)
IV.
THE SHAPE OF THE WHOLE LEAF. The leaf is :
(i) Needle- or line-shaped, when it is very narrow (some-
times no more than a line), and of about the same width
throughout. (Fig. k, Pine.)
240
Explanation of Terms.
FIG. e.
FIG. /. FIG. g.
(2) Lance-shaped, when it is much longer than wide,
and gradually tapering to a point. (Fig. i, Willow.)
FIG. *.
FIG. h.
(3) Inversely lance-shaped, when gradually tapering
down instead of up.
(4) Egg-shaped, when it is the shape of an egg, with
the broadest part below the middle, but without regard to
the base and apex. (Fig. /, Dogwood.)
(5) Inversely egg-shaped, when it is the .shape of an
egg, but with the broadest part above the middle.
Explanation of Terms.
241
FIG. j.
(6) Oval, when shaped much like an egg, but with
the broadest part at the middle. (Fig. k, Beech.)
FIG. k.
(7) Rounded, when round or nearly so.
NOTE. If the leaf is lobed its " shape" is found by filling out the space between
the lobes.
V.
The APEX of the leaf is :
(1) Pointed. (Fig. /.)
(2) Taper-pointed, when the leaf gradually tapers to
a point. (Fig. m.)
(3) Bristle-pointed, when it terminates with a bristle.
(Fig. *.)
FIG. /. FIG. m. FIG. .
(4) Scythe-shaped, when the tapering end curves like
a scythe. (Fig. o.)
(5) Blunt, or rounded, when the end is evenly curved.
(Fig./-)
242 Rxplanation of Terms.
(6) Hollowed, when the end is more or less hollowed
or notched. (Fig. ^.)
FIG. o.
FIG./.
FIG. q.
VI.
The BASE of the leaf is :
(1) Squared, when it is cut nearly or quite straight
across. (Fig. r.)
(2) Rounded. (Fig. s.)
(3) Pointed. (Fig. )
(4) Wedge-shaped, when it tapers to a point by
straight lines. (Fig. u.)
(5) Heart-shaped, when the edge is turned in at the
base, forming a notch or bend. (Fig. v.)
FIG. r.
VII.
ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES ON THE BRANCH. Leaves
are :
(1) Alternate, when they follow one another upon
different sides of the branch. (Elm, Walnut.)
(2) Opposite, when they are in pairs, and upon oppo-
site sides of the branch. (Maple, Ash.)
(3) Indeterminate, when they are closely crowded,
either in bunches (Pine, Larch), or singly up and down
the branches. (Spruce, Arbor Vitae.)
GLOSSARY.
PAGE
PAGE
Alternate-leaved .
. 242
Leaflet (distinguished from leaf)
. 238
Bristle-pointed . .
. 241
Lobed
. 239
Compound leaf
. 2 3 8
Needle-shaped
. 239
Egg-shaped . .
. 240
Odd-feathered
. 238
Entire-edged ....
Opposite-leaved
. 242
Even-feathered
. 238
Oval
. 241
Rounded ....
24 T
Feather-shaped . . .
Hand-shaped
Heart-shaped
. 2 3 8
. 2 3 8
. 242
Scythe-shaped
Simple leaf ....
Squared base ....
. 24T
. 2 3 8
. 242
Hollowed ....
. 242
Taper-pointed
. 241
Indeterminate-leaved
. 242
Toothed- edge
Inverse egg- or lance-shaped .
. 24O
Tree (distinguished from shrub)
. 2 3 8
Lance-shaped
. 240
Twice compound . .
. 2 3 8
Leaflet .
. 238
Wedge-shaped
. 242
INDEX OF TREES.
The names of genera are given in SMALL CAPITALS, of species and varieties in
"roman type," and synonyms in italics. The names of introduced species are
enclosed by brackets.
A
PAGB
PAGB
AsiMiNA trlloba . . * ,
IO
{Abele}
ABIES balsamea ....
Canadensis ....
94
174
172
Aspen .... *
Aspen, Large-toothed .
. 8 4
. 86
Acacia, Three-thorned . .
192
ACER dasycarpum . , : . _.
152
B
Pennsylvanicum .
148
[platanoides]
156
Balm of Gilead
. 92
fpseudo-platanus] ...
TCfi
Balsam Fir ....
174
rubrum ....
i54
Poplar
. 92
saccharinum, L. .
152
Poplar, Heart-leaved .
. 92
saccharinum \Vang* . .
ISO
Basswood ....
22
saccharum ....
X D*-'
150
White .
. 24
var. nigrum
TC2
Bay Sweet ...
6
.&SCULUS flava . . . .
X 0'*
232
Bean, Indian
. 140
fflabra . . .
234
Beech
[Hippocastanum] .
*J4-
234
Beech, Blue ....
66
Ohioensis . . , x .
234
Beech, Water
. 66
[Ailanthus] . . .
1 86
Bee Tree . . . ^-'
22
[AILANTHUS glandulosa]
1 86
BETULA lenta . . ,- ,-?
. 62
AMELANCHIER Canadensis
40
lutea . . -i;-
. 60
var. oblongifolia
42
nigra . . ^- :
59
Apple Crab .....
-_
papyrifera .
56
Arbor Vitse
1 80
[pendula] . . .
. 56
Ash Black
228
populifolia . .
ee
Blue ....
226
rubra . . .
03
59
[European Mountain] .
202
Bilsted .... _+..
. 130
Green
22.4
Birch Black . . . .'
62
Hoop
VVQ
228
Canoe ....
56
Mountain ....
200
Cherry
. 62
Red . .. ,
222
Gray ....
ce
Water
228
Oldfield . ...
J5
55
White
22O -
Paper
Ash-leaved Maple .
218
Red .
*Q
245
246
Index of Trees.
Birch, River .....
Sweet
PAGE
59
62
CHIONANTHUS Virginica
PAGE
138
[Weeping] . "T^^T
White
White (Paper Birch) .
Yellow ....
Bitter-nut
Slack Haw
56
55
56
60
214
Cockspur Thorn ....
Coffee Tree, Kentucky .
Cornel ......
Alternate-leaved . . ,.
CORNUS alternifolia
florida
38
IQO
134
136
136
Black Jack
114
Cottonwood .
Black Oak
1 20
River .
88
Black Spruce .....
1 68
Swamp
88
Black Thorn
36
Black Walnut ....
203
218
Narrow-leaved
CRATVEGUS cocclnea . .
32
34
BROUSSONETIA papyrifera
Buckeye, Big ....
Fetid ....
Ohio ....
Sweet ....
Burr Oak ....
52
232
234
234
232
106
var. mollis
crus-galli . . .,
var. pyracan-
thifolia .
punctata
36
38
4 o
38
^6
204
Cucumber Tree
6
Butlonbatt Tree ....
53
53
CUPRESSUS. See CHAM^ECYPARIS.
Custard Apple
C
CARP!NUS Caroliniana .
CARYA. See HicdRiA.
CASTANEA satlva, var. Americana .
Catalpa
CATALPA bignonoides .
speci6sa ....
66
68
140
140
140
140
D
DIOSPYROS Virginiana .
Dogwood, Alternate-leaved .
Flowering
Poison ....
E
16
136
134
198
Cedar, Red
White .
181
178
Poison ',. ,.' . .
Elkwood
196
g
White (Arbor Vitae) .
CELTJS occidentalis
var. crassi folia .
CERCIS Canadensis
CHAM^ECYPARIS sphaeroidea .
180
48
48
12
I 7 8
Elm, Corky white . . . .
[English] . . . ..
Red . . * * .
Slippery
White .".'.'.
46
47
47
47
44
thyoides
Cherry Bird
I 7 8
28
Pin .
28
27
FAGUS ferruginea ....
70
Wild black . ^ : .
Wild red .
Chestnut .
27
28
68
Fir, Balm of Gilead
Balsam . .....
FRAxiNUS Americana . .
174
174
220
no
pubescens
222
Index of Trees.
247
FRAXINUS quadrangulata
226
PAGE
sambucifolia . . ;;-. -'.
228
ILEX montlcola
. 26
viridis ....
224
ooaca
0,1
Fringe Tree . " . -.
138
Indian Bean ....
. 140
Ironivood (Hop-Hornbeam) .
. 64
Ironwood (Hornbeam) .
. 66
GLED!TSCHIA triacanthos
192
T
var. bra-
J
chycarpos
194
Jersey Pine ....
. 162
var. in-
Judas Tree ....
12
ermis
194 JUGLANS cinerea .
. 204
Gum, Black
12
nigra
. 203
Sour
12
Juneberry ....
. 40
Sweet
130
Juniper, Common . . .
. 182
GYMN6CLADUS Canadensis . ''-
190
JUNiPERUS communis .
. 182
dlsicus .
190
Virginiana .
. 181
H
K
Hackberry
Hackmatack .....
48
I7e
Kentucky Coffee Tree .
King-nut ....
. 190
. 208
Haw, Black
x / D
144
L
Red
34
Hemlock
Larch
175
Hickory, Big-bud ....
172
208
LARIX Americana .
175
Big shell-bark
208
lariclna
175
Bitter-nut
214
Laurel, Swamp
6
Black ....
208
Lever-wood ....
. 64
Broom ....
212
Lime Tree ....
22
Pig-nut . . . .
212
Linden, American .
22
Shag-bark . . : . .
206
[European]
. 24
Shell-bark .
206
LIQUIDAMBER styraclflua
. 130
Small-fruited . . ;> y v
2IO
LIRIODENDRON tuliplfera
. 9 8
Swamp . . . '.
214
Locust, Clammy . . -.
. 190
White-heart .
208
Honey . . m&*
. I 9 2
HIC6RIA alba ....
208
Yellow .
. 188
glabra ....
212
[Lombardy Poplar] . , .
. 94
microcarpa
2IO
M
minima ....
214
ovata ....
206
MAGNOLIA acuminata
6
sulcata ....
208
glauca .
6
Holly, American ....
24
tripetala
. 8
Honey Locust ....
192
Magnolia, Mountain . .'*
6
Honey Shucks ....
192
Small .
6
Hop-Hornbeam \ '"* : -. -''.
6 4
Maple, Ash-leaved .
. 218
Hornbeam . . j -': '''.'
66
Maple, Bird' s-eye . . .
. 152
Hornbeam, Hop ....
64
Black
. 152
[Horse-chestnut] . . . ' .
234
Curly . . , -'
. 152
248
Index of Trees.
Maple, [Cut-leaved]
PAGE
. I 5 6
Oak, Quercitron .
PACK
. I2O
Goose-foot .
. 148
Red
122
Hard.
. 150
Kock chestnut
. 110
[Japanese] .
. I 5 6
Rough-leaved white
. 104
[Norway] .
. 156
Scarlet ....
. 118
Red .
154
Shingle
. 128
Rock
ISO
Spanish
116
Silver
152
Swamp chestnut
. no
[Silver-striped] . .
. 156
Swamp Spanish
. 121
&/T(Red) .
154
Swamp white
. 108
Soft (Silver)
152
Water
124
Striped
. 148
White
IO2
Sugar
. ISO
Willow
. 126
Swamp
154
Yellow-bark .
. 120
[Sycamore, False]
. 156
Yellow (Black)
. 120
While
. 152
Yellow chestnut .
. 112
Mocker-nut ....
. 2O8
Yellow (Yellow chestnut)
. IJ2
Moosewood ...
148
Osier, Golden . . .
80
MORUS [alba]
50
6sTRYA Virginiana
. . 6 4
rubra
50
OXYDENDRUM arboreum
. 42
Mountain Ash
. 2OO
[Mulberry, Paper\
52
P
Mulberry, Red
50
[White]
50
Papaw
[Paper Mulberry] .
IO
. 52
N
Pepperidge ....
12
Persimmon ....
. 16
Nanny Berry
. I 4 6
PlCEA alba .
I7O
NEGUNDO aceroides
[Norway Spruce} .
NYSSA sylvatica
. 218
. 172
12
Canadensis .
[excelsa]
Mariana
. 170
. 172
. 168
o
nigra ....
. 1 68
Pig-nut . . . . .
. 212
Oak Barren
H4
Pine Gray .
161
Bartram's
. 128
Hickory
. 162
Black
1 2O
Jersev
, 162
Blackjack .
. 114
Northern scrub
. 161
Burr ....
. 106
Norway . . .
. 164
Chestnut
, no
Pitch ....
1 66
Gray . . .
122
Prince's
. 161
Iron . .
IO4
Red ....
164
tack
IIA
Scrub ....
. 162
Laurel .
128
Short-leaved .
. 165
Mossy-cup . . .
. 106
Spruce ....
. 165
Over-cup -white
. 106
Table Mountain .
. 162
Peach-leaved . . .
. 126
Weymouth .
. 168
Pin
I2J.
White ....
168
Post
. 104
Yellow .
. 165
Index of Trees.
249
PINUS Banksiana ....
PAGE
161
QUERCUS blcolor . . . -: .
PAGE
. 108
ecpinata ....
165
castanea . ..'';
. 112
inops
162
cocclnea
118
mitis . .
" var. amblgua
122
pungens . . . ,
162
" var. tinctiria
. 120
resinosa ....
164
cuneata .
. 116
rlgida ^
1 66
falcata
116
rubra . . . ^ . . ;
164
heteroph^lla (hybrid)
. 128
Strobus ....
1 68
imbricaria
. 128
Virginiana ....
162
macrocarpa
. 106
Plane Tree
ro
minor
TOJ.
PL.ATANUS occidentalis .
53
" var. olivaef6rmis
. 108
Plum, Canada ....
30
Muhlenbergii .
. 112
Horse ....
3
nigra
I IA
Wild
30
obtusilbba . . V.-
1 14
. 104
Poison Sumach ....
198
palustris . , ' v ) .<
. 124
Poplar ......
90
Phellos .
. 126
Poplar, Balsam ....
92
Prinus . . ;_;'. : -.
. no
Downy-leaved . ...
88
" var. discolor .
. 108
Heart-leaved balsam .
92
" var. montlcolor
. no
[Lombardy] . ' .'."",". .
94
rubra
. 122
Necklace ....
90
Rudklni (hybrid) .
. 128
River ....
90
tinctoria . . .
. 120
[Silver-leaf]
94
White (Aspen) .
84
R
[ White (Silver-leaf)] .
94
Red Bud ....
12
Yellow ....
98
Red Cedar
181
POPULUS [alba] ....
94
Red Haw
M'
angulata ....
90
Red Oak
122
balsamlfera
var. candicans,
92
92
RHUS typhina
" var. laciniata .
. I 9 6
. 198
[dilitata].
94
venenata . . .
. 198
grand identata .
heteroph^lla .
86
88
RoBtNiA pseudacacia . " ;
viscosa
. 188
. 190
monilifera
tremuloides
90
84
[Rowan Tree]
. 202
PRUNUS Americana
30
s
Pennsylvania .
28
serotina .
27
SALix[alba] . , . ~ r
78
PYRUS Americana . . . .
200
[var. caeriilea]
. 80
[ancuparia]
202
[var. vittelllna] .
. 8c
angustifolia . , .
32
Amygdaloides . .
74
coronaria .
32
[Babylonica]
. 82
sambucifolia
2O2
[fragilis] . . .
. 83
lucida ....
76
o
nigra ....
72
V
var. falcata .
74
QUERCUS alba . . . .
102
rostrata . .
. 78
250
Index of Trees.
PAGE
18
TSUGA Canadensis . .
PAC3
SASSAFRAS officinale
18
Tulip Tree . . . -
Q 8
Savin ....
. 181
Scarlet Oak .
Service Tree .
. 118
40
. 40
U
. 206
44
146
47
Shell-bark .
Big . .
Shingle Oak .
. 206
. 208
. 128
racem6sa . . .
rubra . . .
. 47
. 46
. 47
Silver-Leaf Poplar
Sorrel Tree .
94
. 42
. . 12
V
Sour Wood .
. .42
VIBURNUM lentago . .
. 146
Spanish Oak
116
prunif61ium .
. 144
Spruce, Black
[Norway] .
White
Stag-bush
Stag-horn Sumach .
Stump Tree .
. 168
. 172
. 170
. 144
. . 196
. . 190
Viburnum, Sweet . . .
W
Wahoo
Walnut, Black
White
. 146
. 24
. 203
. 204
48
Whistle -wood ....
. 148
Sumach, Poison
Stag-horn
. 198
. . 196
White Cedar ....
White Cedar (Arbor Vitse) .
While Oak ....
. 178
. 180
IO2
Swamp White Oak
. 108
6
White Pine ....
. 168
. .130
White Spruce
. 170
Sycamore . . .
5^
White Thorn
34
T
Q2
White Wood (Basswood)
White Wood (Tulip Tree)
Willow, Black
Blue.
22
. 9 8
72
80
I 7 c
[Crack] .
83
Thorn, Black
Cockspur .
Common
Dotted-fruited .
Pear .
Scarlet-fruited ,
White
Three-thorned Acacia
TniJYA occidentalis
. . 36
. . 38
. . 38
. . 38
. . 36
34
34
192
1 80
Glossy broad-leaved .
Long-beaked .
Ochre-flowered .
Scythe-leaved . .
Shining
[Weeping]
[White] .
[Yellow] .
Willow Oak ....
76
78
78
74
. 76
. 82
. 78
. 80
. 126
TILIA Americana .
[Europifea] .
22
. 24
24
Y
Yellow Pine ....
165
pubescens .
. 24
Yellow Poplar
. 98
THE SHRUBS
OF
NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
.
BY
CHARLES S. NEWHALL
SIXTH IMPRESSION
THE SHRUBS.
'T is true, among the brotherhood
Of regal trees that hold their place
Like sceptred kings, you have no rank,
Dear children of the humbler race.
Instead you ever seem to stand
In mute appeal for love and care,
With offered gifts of grace and bloom,
In lowly places everywhere.
But, children of the humbler race,
'T is therefor that we give you praise.
You give your souls (your flowers), and we
Our love, through all the changing days.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...... vii
PREFACE . xi
LIST OF FAMILIES AND OF GENERA . 13
DIRECTIONS, SIGNS USED, ETC 17
GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS (by Flower. Natural Arrange-
ment.) .......' 19
GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS (by Leaf.) .... 25
GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS (by Fruit.) .... 29
DESCRIPTION OF SHRUBS (with Illustrations.) . . 34-233
Angiospermae, mostly with Distinct Petals . 34-129
" United " . 130-192
" with Petals Lacking . . 194-228
Gymnospe>mae ...... 230-233
SHRUBS NOT ELSEWHERE NAMED .... 233
EXPLANATION OF TERMS 236
GLOSSARY . . 240
LIST OF SHRUBS WORTHY OF CULTIVATION . . 241
INDEX TO THE SHRUBS 243
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Figure i. SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT .... . . . 35
Figure 2. SWEET-BAY , .,,.. ... 37
Figure 3. PAPAW 39
Figure 4. BARBERRY 41
Figure 5. HUDSONIA 41
Figure 6. ST.-PETER'S-WORT . 43
Figure 7. SHRUBBY ST.-JOHN'S-WORT 43
Figure 8. PRICKLY ASH 49
Figure 9. HOP TREE 51
Figure 10. ILEX 53
Figure n. WINTERBERRY 53
Figure 12. INKBERRY . ;;,><. ,,.,. 55
Figure 13 MOUNTAIN HOLLY 57
Figure 14. BURNING-BUSH 59
Figure 15. STRAWBERRY-BUSH . . . . . . 59
Figure 16. LANCE- LEAVED BUCKTHORN 63
Figure 17. ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORN 63
Figure 18. NARROW-LEAVED CEANOTHUS .... 65
Figure 19 NEW JERSEY TEA 65
Figure 20. MOUNTAIN MAPLE 67
Figure 21. BLADDER-NUT ....... 69
Figure 22. SMOOTH SUMACH ....... 71
Figure 23. DWARF SUMACH . . ... . . . 71
Figure 24. POISON SUMACH . . . . .... 75
Illustrations
PACK
Figure 25. POISON IVY s 77
Figure 26. SWEET SUMACH 77
Figure 27. FALSE INDIGO 79
Figure 28. WILD PLUM 83
Figure 29. BEACH PLUM 83
Figure 30. SLOE [P. spmdsAJ 85
Figure 31. CHOKE-CHERRY 85
Figure 32. MEADOW-SWEET 87
Figure 33. BIRCH-LEAVED SPIRAEA 87
Figure 34. HARDHACK 89
Figure 35. NINE-BARK 89
Figure 36. PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY .... 91
Figure 37. RED RASPBERRY 93
Figure 38. BLACKCAP 95
Figure 39. BLAND ROSE 99
Figure 40. CHOKEBERRY 101
Figure 41. DOGBERRY 101
Figure 42. WHITE THORN 105
Figure 43. BLACK THORN 105
Figure 44. COCKSPUR THORN . . . . . . . 107
Figure 45. DWARF THORN 107
Figure 46. JUNE-BERRY 109
Figure 47. SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB 109
Figure 48. WILD HYDRANGEA 113
Figure 49. ITEA 115
Figure 50. PRICKLY GOOSEBERRY 115
Figure 51. SWAMP GOOSEBERRY . . . . . . 117
Figure 52. WILD RED CURRANT 117
Figure 53. WITCH-HAZEL 119
Figure 54. ANGELICA TREE 123
Figure 55. ROUND-LEAVED CORNEL 125
Figure 56. COMMON ELDER 131
Figure 57. HOBBLE-BUSH 135
Figure 58. BUSH CRANBERRY 137
Figure 59. MAPLE-LEAVED ARROW-WOOD . . . . 139
Illustrations
PAGB
Figure 60. ARROW-WOOD. . . . . . ' ".: . 141
Figure 61. DOWNY ARROW-WOOD 141
Figure 62. WITHE-ROD (V. NUDUM) 143
Figure 63. BLACK HAW . 143
Figure 64. SNOWBERRY 145
Figure 65. INDIAN CURRANT 145
Figure 66. FLY-HONEYSUCKLE ...... 147
Figure 67. BUSH HONEYSUCKLE 151
Figure 68. BUTTON-BUSH 153
Figure 69. GROUNDSEL TREE 153
Figure 70. COMMON BLACK HUCKLEBERRY .... 157
Figure 71. DANGLEBERRY 157
Figure 72. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY 161
Figure 73. COMMON Low BLUEBERRY 161
Figure 74. COMMON HIGH BLUEBERRY 165
Figure 75. MARSH ANDR6MEDA 167
Figure 76. STAGGER-BUSH 167
Figure 77. PRIVET ANDROMEDA 170
Figure 78. LEUCOTHOE 170
Figure 79. LEATHER-LEAF .'...... 172
Figure 80. MOUNTAIN LAUREL 175
Figure 81. SHEEP LAUREL 177
Figure 82. CLAMMY AZALEA 181
Figure 83. PURPLE AZALEA . . ; . . . . . 181
Figure 84. GREAT LAUREL 183
Figure 85. RHODORA 183
Figure 86. LABRADOR TEA 187
Figure 87. SWEET PEPPER-BUSH 189
Figure 88. FRINGE-TREE 191
Figure 89. SPICE-BUSH 195
Figure 90. LEATHERWOOD 197
Figure 91. SHEPHERDIA 197
Figure 92. AMERICAN MISTLETOE 201
Figure 93. OIL-NUT ......... 201
Figure 94. BAYBERRY 203
Illustrations
PAGE
Figure 95. SWEET-GALE 203
Figure 96. SWEET-FERN 203
Figure 97. Low BIRCH 207
Figure 98. SMOOTH ALDER ....... 211
Figure 99. HAZEL-NUT 213
Figure 100 BEAKED HAZEL-NUT . -. . . . . 213
Figure 101. HORNBEAM 215
Figure 102. DWARF CHESTNUT OAK . .<>}; * \* -.-> 2I 7
Figure 103. BEAR OAK .-. \ . . 217
Figure 104. DWARF CHESTNUT 219
Figure 105. LONG-LEAVED WILLOW 221
Figure 106. PRAIRIE WILLOW . 221
Figure 107. DWARF GRAY WILLOW . . . . .221
Figure 108. SILKY WILLOW 221
Figure 109. LONG-STALKED GREEN OSIER . . . .221
Figure no. SAGE WILLOW 225
Figure in. HEART-LEAVED WILLOW 225
Figure 112. PEAR-LEAVED WILLOW 225
Figure 113. SALIX MYRTILLOIDES 225
Figure 114. BROOM CROW-BERRY . . . . . .227
Figure 115. COMMON JUNIPER 231
Figure 116. AMERICAN YEW 231
PREFACE.
I.
" C , now that you have finished your book about
the trees, I wish you would make another, this time
about our native shrubs."
"Why?"
" Partly because I want to know the shrubs as I have
learned to know the trees, and partly for another reason.
You remember the little place I have in the country?"
"Yes, a pretty place that could be made prettier."
" Well, I had thought of finding a gardener and telling
him to stock it as he chose, but I have a fancy that the
result would be better every way if I and the children
were to search the woods and so stock it for ourselves."
" And you want me to help you in your miniature
landscape gardening."
" I want you to help me to know all our shrubs, and
among them to know the best for the garden and the
lawn. Will you ?"
" Yes."
II.
In the introduction to The Trees of Northeastern
America, I referred to the interest which one who visits
xii Preface
the woods often takes in personal fellowship with the
individual trees. He is not satisfied to pass through a
forest or a field as one might walk the streets of a crowded
city unacquainted. His mood is friendly ; therefore he
is pleased when by any chance he can know the trees as
friends, in their home life, intimately and by name.
One has a similar feeling toward the humbler company
of the shrubs.
As I undertook the pleasant work of introduction
between the many who have no technical botanical knowl-
edge and my friends the trees, now I do the same for
them and my friends the shrubs.
III.
The shrubs described in the following pages are all
which are found native in Canada and the United States
east of the Mississippi River and north of the latitude of
Southern Pennsylvania. With these are described the
more important of the introduced and naturalized species.
The woody vines of the section are not included.
They are reserved for another volume.
I -am glad to acknowledge my obligations to Dr.
Thomas Morong, and again to Professor N. L. Britton
of Columbia College. Professor Britton has very kindly
revised the nomenclature of the shrubs. For the localities
I have chiefly followed Gray and Wood. I am indebted
also to the works of Torrey, Emerson, Millspaugh,
Meehan, and others.
LIST OF FAMILIES AND OF GENERA.
Family i RANUNCULACE^E (Crowfoot
Fam. )
Family 2. MAGNOLIACE^E (Magnolia
Fam.)
Family 3. ANONACE^E (Papaw Fam.)
Family 4. BERBERIDACE^E (Barberry
Fam.)
Family 5. CISTACEJE (Rock-rose Fam.)
Family 6. HYPERICACEJE (St-John's-
wort Fam.)
Family 7. RuxAcE^: (Rue Fam.)
Famil 8.
(Holly Fam.)
Family 9. CELASTRACE^E (Staff-tree
Fam.)
Family 10. RHAMNACETE (Buckthorn
Fam.)
Family n. SAPINDACE;E
Family 12 ANACARDIACEJE (Sumach
Fam.)
Family 13. LEGUMINOS^E (Pulse Fam.)
Genus Xanthorhiza (Shrub
Yellow-root.
Genus Magnolia (Magnolia).
Genus Asimina (Papaw).
Genus Berberis (Barberry).
Genus Hudsonia(Hudsonia).
Genus As"cyrum (St.-Peter's-
wort).
Genus Hypericum (St.-
John's-wort).
Genus Xanthoxylum( Prickly
Ash).
Genus Ptelea (Shrubby Tre-
foil).
Genus Ilex (Holly, etc.).
Genus Nemopanthes (Mt.
Holly).
Genus Euonymus (Burning-
Bush.)
Genus Rhamnus (Buck-
thorns).
Genus Ceanothus (New Jer-
sey Tea, etc.).
Genus Acer (Maple).
Genus Staphylea (Bladder-
nut).
Genus Rhus (Sumachs).
Genus Amorpha (False
Indigo).
14 List of Families and of Genera
Family 14. ROSACES (Rose Fam.)
Family 15. CALYCANTHACE^E (Caly-
canthus Fam.)
Family 16. SAXIFRAGACE^E (Saxifrage
Fam.)
Family 17. HAMAMELfDE.* (Witch
Hazel Fam.)
Family 18. ARALIACE^E (Ginseng Fam.)
Family 19. CORNACE^E (Dogwood Fam.)
Family 20. CAPRIFOLIACEJE (Honey-
suckle Fam.)
Family 21. RUBIACE^E (Madder Fam.)
Family 22. CoMp6siT^E (Composite
Fam.)
Family 23. ERICACEAE (Heath Fam.)
Genus Prunus (Plum,
Cherry).
Genus Spiraea (Meadow-
sweet, etc.).
Genus Physocarpus (Nine-
bark).
Genus Rubus (Blackberry,
etc.).
Genus R5sa (Rose).
Genus Pyrus (Chokeberry,
etc.).
Genus Crataegus (Thorn,
Haw).
Genus Amelanchior (June-
berry).
Genus Calycanthus (Sweet-
scented Shrub).
Genus Hydrangea.
Genus Itea.
Genus Ribes (Currant, etc.).
Genus Hamamelis (Witch
Hazel).
Genus Aralia (Angelica
Tree).
Genus Cornus (Dogwoods or
Cornels).
Genus Sambucus (Elders).
Genus Viburnum (Arrow-
woods, etc.).
Genus Symphoricarpos
(Snowberry, etc.).
Genus Lonicera ( Fly-Honey-
suckles).
Genus Diervilla. (Bush
Honeysuckle).
Genus Cephalanthus (But-
ton-bush).
Genus Baccharis (Groundsel
Tree).
Genus iva, L. (Marsh Elder).
Genus Gaylussacia (Huckle-
berry).
List of Families and of Genera 1 5
Family 23. ERICACEAE (Heath Fam.)
Continued,
Family 24. OLEACEJE (Olive Fam.)
Family 25. LAURACE^E (Laurel Fam.)
Family 26. THYMELACE^E (Daphne
Fam.)
Family 27. EL^AGNACE^E (Oleaster
Fam.)
Family 28. LORANTHACE.E (Mistletoe
Fam.)
Family 29. SANTALACE^E (Sandalwood
Fam.)
MYRICACE.fi
Family 30.
Fam.)
Family 31.
Fam.)
(Sweet-Gale
(Oak, etc.,
Family 32. SALICACE.E (Willow Fam.)
Family 33. EMPETRACE^E (Crow-berry
Fam.)
Family 34. CoNfFER^E (Pine Fam.)
Genus Vaccinium (Blue-
berry, etc.).
Genus Andromeda.
Genus Leucothoe.
Genus Cassdndra.
Genus Kalmia (Laurels, etc.).
Genus Menziesia.
Genus Rhododendron
(Azaleas, etc.).
Genus Ledum (Labradoi
Tea).
Genus Clethra (Sweet Pep-
per-bush).
Genus Chionanthus (Fringe
Tree).
Genus Ligustrum (Privet).
Genus Lindera (Spice-bush).
Genus Dirca (Leatherwood).
Genus Daphne (Mezereum).
Genus Shepherdia.
Genus Phoradendron (Am.
Mistletoe).
Genus Pyrularia (Oil-nut).
Genus Myrica (Bayberry,
etc.).
Genus Betula (Birches).
Genus Alnus (Alders).
Genus Corylus (Hazel-nuts).
Genus Carpinus (Horn-
beam).
Genus Qiiercus (Oaks).
Genus Castanea (Dwarf
Chestnut).
Genus Salix (Willows).
Genus Corema (Broom
Crow-berry).
Genus Empetrum (Black
Crow-berry).
Genus Juniperus (Juniper).
Genus Taxus (Am. Yew).
DIRECTIONS.
NOTE i. The place of any given specimen can be
readily found by help of one or more of the three
" Guides " given on pages 19 to 32.
The first Guide is arranged for use with the flowers ;
the second, with the leaves ; the third, with the fruit.
Which of the three can be used to the best advantage
will depend upon the time of year.
The descriptions are scientific but not technical.
NOTE 2. In describing a species, the general items
that have been given under the genus or the family to
which the species belongs are not usually repeated.
NOTE 3. In using the Leaf Guide and the leaf illustra-
tions it should be remembered that leaves from vigorous
young sprouts are not usually the best specimens. It
is seldom that two leaves, even upon the same mature
plant, exactly agree, but they follow the type, while often
the younger growth varies from it.
NOTE 4. Those species are considered shrubs (in dis-
tinction from trees) which, as the rule, do not spring from
the ground with a single branching trunk.
NOTE 5. Signs used : A grave accent (>) over a vowel
indicates that it is accented and long. An acute accent
(') over a vowel indicates that it is accented and short.
Names enclosed in brackets indicate that the shrub is
not native.
17
GUIDE I.
FLOWERS.
3. Anther- - /
2. Filament - 7 - 1
Stigma
Corolla (" crown ") = the circle
of petals.
f V
Calyx (" cup ") the circle of sepals.
For further explanation of terms see Glossary, page 240.
CLASS FIRST. Young seeds enclosed in a seed-case (An-
giospermae), including all shrubs excepting those of
the Pine Family.
DIVISION I. Sepals and petals both present, the latter not united into
one piece (Polypetalous).
A. Stamens numerous, at least more than ten.
i. Sepals attached below the seed-case or cases.
(a) Seed-cases numerous, but clinging together in a solid mass
on a lengthened receptacle. Blossoms one and one-half
inches or more across. Petals and sepals colored alike.
Sweet-Bay in Magnolia Fam. No. 2 (Magnoliaceae),
page 36.
(a) Seed-cases numerous, separate, concealed in an urn-shaped
or cup-shaped receptacle.
(t) Leaves opposite, entire. Calycanthus Fam. No. 15
(Calycanthaceae) page no.
'9
20 Guide
(b} Leaves alternate, toothed. The Rose in Rose Fam. No.
14 (Rosaceae), page 96.
(a) Seed-cases more than one, separate, not enclosed in the
receptacle. Rose Fam. (in part) No. 14 (Rosaceae),
page 80, seq.
(a) Seed-case, one.
(b} Flowers yellowish ; leaves opposite, edge entire, dotted
(under a lens). St-John's-wort Fam. No. 6 (Hyperi-
caceae), page 44.
(b} Flowers white or pinkish ; leaves alternate, toothed.
Plums and Cherries in Rose Fam. No. 14 (Rosa-
ceae), pages 80-84.
(b) Flowers bright-yellow, small, lasting only a day ; leaves
crowded, scale-like or awl-shaped, downy. Hud-
sonia in Rock-Rose Fam. No. 5 (Cistaceae), page 42.
2. Sepals attached to the seed-case.
(a) Seed-case ten-celled, with one seed in each cell. Shad-
bush in Rose Fam. No. 14 (Rosaceae), page 108.
(a) Seed-case two- to five-celled. Chokeberry and Haw in
Rose Fam. No. 14 (Rosaceae), pages 100-104.
B. Stamens of the same number as the petals, and opposite to them.
(a) Flowers yellow ; seed-case with one cell. Barberry Fam.
No. 4 (Berberidaceae) page 38.
(a) Flowers greenish ; seed-case with two to four cells. Buck-
thorn Fam. No. 10 (Rhamnaceae), page 61.
C. Stamens, not more than twice as many as the petals ; when of
just the number, alternate with them.
i. Sepals attached below the seed-case or cases.
(a) Seed-cases, two or more, separate.
(b) Stamens attached to the receptacle.
(f) Flowers greenish or whitish. Rue Fam. No. 7 (Ru-
taceae), page 47.
(f) Flowers brownish-purple. Crowfoot Fam. No. i
(Ranunculaceae), page 34.
() Stamens attached to the sepals. Spiraea in Rose Fam.
No. 14 (Rosaceae), page 86.
(a) Seed-case, one.
(6) Seed-case with one cell.
(f) Petal, only one ; flowers violet or purple. False
Indigo in Pulse Fam. No. 13 (Leguminbsae),
page 78.
Flowers 21
(f) Petals, five and equal ; flowers greenish-white or yel-
lowish ; seed, one. Sumach Fam. No. 12 (Anacar-
diaceae), page 70.
(c) Petals, five and equal, but lasting only for a day ; flowers
light-yellow ; seeds, several. Hudsonia in Rock-
Rose Fam. No. 5 (Cistacese), page 42.
(f) Petals, five and equal ; flowers white ; seeds, several.
Itea in Saxifrage Fam. No. 16 (Saxifragaceae),
page 112.
() Seed-case with two to several cells.
(f) Flowers irregular. Rhododendron in Heath Fam. No.
23 (Ericaceae), page 178.
(f) Flowers regular.
(d) Stamens, two (rarely three or four) ; petals, four,
barely united at base. Fringe Tree in Olive
Fam. No. 24 (Oleaceae), page 190.
(d) Stamens more numerous than the petals. Maple in
Soapberry Fam. No. n (Sapindaceae), page 66.
(d) Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.
(e) Seeds, only one or two in each cell.
(/) Leaves compound, of three leaflets. Hop Tree
in Rue Fam. No. 7 (Rutaceae), page 50.
(_/") Leaves simple.
(g) Sepals not minute. Euonymus in Staff-
Tree Fam. No. 9 (Celastraceae), page 58.
(g] Sepals minute. Holly Fam. No. 8 (Ilici-
neae), page 50.
(e) Seeds, several or many in each cell.
(/) Leaves compound and opposite. Bladder-Nut
in Soapberry Fam. No. n (Sapindaceae),
page 68.
(/) Leaves simple, alternate.
(g) Edge entire. Ledum in Heath Fam. No.
23 (Ericaceae), page 186.
(g) Edge-toothed. Clethra in Heath Fam. No.
23 (Ericaceae), page 188.
Sepals attached to the seed-case,
z) Young seeds, more than one in each cell.
() Seed-case with one cell ; leaves alternate. Currant and
Gooseberry in Saxifrage Fam. No. 16 (Saxifragacese),
page 114.
22
Guide
(b) Seed-case with two to several cells ; leaves opposite.
(c) Petals rounded ; stamens, four to five, very short.
Spindle-Tree in Staff-Tree Fam. No. 9 (Celas-
traceae), page 58.
(c) Petals egg-shape ; stamens, eight to ten, slender.
Hydrangea in Saxifrage Fam. No. 16 (Saxifraga-
ceae), page in.
(a) Young seeds, only one in each cell.
(b) Stamens, ten or five ; leaves simple. Crataegus in Rose
Fam. No. 14 (Rosaceae), page 103.
(6) Stamens, four ; flowers dark-purple. Spindle-Tree in
Staff-Tree Fam. No. 9 (Celastraceae), page 58
(b) Perfect stamens, four ; flowers yellow. Witch-Hazel
Fam. No. 17 (Hamamelidese), page 118.
(b) Stamens, four ; flowers white. Dogwood Fam. No. 19
(Cornaceae), page 124.
(b) Stamens, five ; leaves compound. Angelica Tree in
Ginseng Fam. No. 18 (Araliaceae), page 122.
DIVISION II. Sepals and petals both present ; the latter more or less
united into one piece (Gamopetalous).
A. Stamens more numerous than the united petals. Heath Fam.
No. 23 (Ericaceae), page 155.
B. Stamens of the same number as the united petals, and alternate
with them, or fewer.
1. Sepals attached to the seed-case.
(a) Flowers in few- to many-blossomed heads, tubular, some
with stamens only, others with pistils only ; leaves
alternate, or, in Iva, the lower ones opposite. Iva and
Groundsel Tree in Composite Fam. No. 22 (Com-
positae), page 154.
(a) Flowers not crowded in round balls ; leaves opposite.
Honeysuckle Fam. No. 20 (Caprifoliaceae), page 130.
(a) Flowers crowded in round balls ; leaves opposite. Button-
bush in Madder Fam. No. 21 (Rubiaceae), page 152.
2. Sepals not attached to the seed-case.
(a) Corolla somewhat irregular. Rhododendron in Heath
Fam. No. 23 (Ericaceae), page 178.
(a) Corolla regular.
(b) Stamens of the same number as the united petals.
(c) Stamens free from the petals but inserted with them ;
style one. Heath Fam. No. 23 (Ericaceae), page 155.
Flowers 23
(c] Stamens attached to the base of the barely united
petals ; style none or very short. Holly Fam. No.
8 (Ilicineae), page 50.
() Stamens fewer than the four barely united, strap-like
petals (rarely of the same number). Fringe Tree in
Olive Fam. No. 24 (Oleaceae), page 190.
DIVISION III. Petals (and sometimes sepals) wanting (apetalous).
A. Flowers not in slender, drooping, and scaly clusters, nor in scaly
heads.
(a) Seed-cases three to five and separate. Prickly Ash in
Rue Fam. No. 7 (Rutaceae), page 47.
(a) Seed-case one.
(6) Sepals attached to the seed-case.
(f) Parasitic on the branches of trees. Mistletoe Fam.
No. 28 (Loranthaceae), page 199.
(f) Not parasitic ; flowers small, greenish, in short spikes.
Oil-Nut in Sandalwood Fam. No. 29 (Santala-
cese), page 200.
() Sepals not attached to the seed-case, but surrounding it ;
flowers small yellowish ; leaves scurfy. Shepherdia
in Oleaster Fam. No. 27 (Elaeagnaceae), page 198.
() Sepals sometimes wanting ; when present plainly not
attached to the seed-case.
(c) Young seeds, two in each cell. Maple in Soapberry
Fam. No. 1 1 (Sapindaceae), page 66.
(f) Young seeds, one in each cell.
(] Lobes entire. Go to 7.
(b) " toothed. Go to 8.
III. Indeterminate (because of smallness or closeness), Go to 9.
B. Leaves compound.
I. Feather-shaped.
(a) Alternate.
() Edge of leaflets entire. Go to 10.
() " " toothed. Go to n.
(a) Opposite.
(b} Edge of leaflets entire. Go to 12.
(b) " " toothed. Go to 13.
II. Hand-shaped. Go to 14.
* The leaflets of a compound leaf can be distinguished from a simple leaf by the
absence of leaf- buds from the base of their stems.
Guide
GUIDE II.
LEAVES Continued.
form.
NOTE. Names in italics are also given elsewhere under the more frequent
Sweet-Bay, page 36.
Papaw, page 38.
Mountain Holly, page 56.
Cornel, alternate leaves, page 127.
Groundsel Tree, page 154.
Genus Gaylussacia (Huckleberries
and Dangleberries), excepting
Box Huckleberry, page 204.
Genus Vaccinium (Blueberries and
Bilberries), excepting Dwarf
Blueberry and some Bilberries,
page 162.
Genus Andromeda, page 166.
Leather-leaf, page 171.
Mountain Laurel, page 174.
Genus Rhododendron (Azaleas,
etc.), excepting Sweet Pepper-
bush, page 182.
Leatherwood, page 196.
Daphne, page 198.
Shepherdia, page 198.
Buffalo-Nut, page 200.
Bayberry, page 202.
Willows in part, page 220.
Barberry (thorny), page 38.
Ilex monticola, G., page 52.
Winterberry, page 52.
Inkberry (toothed toward apex),
page 54.
Mt. Holly, page 56.
Buckthorns, page 61.
New Jersey Tea (strongly three-
ribbed), page 64
Ceanbthus, narrow-leaved (strong-
ly three-ribbed), page 64.
Genus Prunus (Plum, Cherry, etc.),
page 81.
Genus Spiraea (Spiraeas), page
86.
Genus Pyrus (Chokeberry, etc.),
page 100.
Genus Crataegus in part (Thorns),
page 104.
Genus Amelanchier (Shad-bush),
page 1 08.
Itea, page 112.
Witch-Hazel (teeth large and
rounded), page 118.
Groundsel Tree (teeth large and
remote), page 154.
Dwarf Huckleberry, page 158.
Box Huckleberry, page 159.
Dwarf Blueberry and var., page 162.
Low Blueberry, page 163.
Some Bilberries, page 164.
Privet Andromeda, page 169.
Leucbthoe, page 169.
Leather- Leaf , page 171.
Sweet Pepper-Bush, page 188.
Spice-Bush, page 194.
Genus Myrica (Sweet Fern, etc.,
foliage fragrant), page 205.
Leaves
27
Family Cupuliferae (Birch, Alder,
Hazel-nut, Hornbeam, Oak,
Chestnut), except Bear Oak,
page 206.
Willows in part, page 220.
Oak, Bear, page 218.
Sweet-scented Shrub, page no.
Hydrangea, page in.
Hobble-Bush, page 134.
Genus Vibtirnum, in part (Downy
Viburnum, Arrow-wood, Soft
Viburnum, Black Haw, V. nb-
dum, V. cassinbides}, page 140.
Bush Honeysuckle, page 150.
Marsh Elder, page 154.
Nine-bark, page 88.
Raspberry, Flowering, page 90.
Genus Cratasgus (in part Thorns),
page 104.
Genus Ribes (Gooseberries), page
114.
St.-John's-worts (leaves minutely
dotted) page 44.
Genus Cornus (Cornels) excepting
C. alternifolia, page 126.
Vibtirnum nudum, page 140.
' cassinoides, page 142.
Snowberry, page 144.
Wolf berry, page 144.
Indian Currant, page 146.
Genus Lonicera (Honeysuckles),
page 148
Button-Bush, page 152.
Genus Kalmia( Laurels), page 174.
Fringe-Tree, page 190.
Privet, page 190.
Mistletoe, page 199.
Juniper (in threes, needle-like),
page 230
Burning-Bush, page 58.
Strawberry- Bush, page 60.
Sweet fern, page 205.
Mt. Maple, page 66.
Genus Viburnum in part (Cran-
berry Tree, Dockmackie, Few-
flowered Viburnum), page 134.
Hudsonias, page 42.
Broom Crow-Berry, page 226.
Black Crow-Berry, page 228.
Juniper, page 230.
Yew, American, page 232.
Prickly Ash, page 47.
Trefoil Shrubby, page 50.
Ivy, Poison, page 76.
Indigo, False, page 78.
Lead Plant, page 78.
Shrub Yellow-Root, page 34.
Prickly Ash, page 47.
Trefoil Shrubby, page 50.
Sumachs, page 70.
Ivy Poison, page 76.
28
Guide
Genus Rubus (Raspberries, Black- 13
berries, etc.), except Flowering XT . , .
Bladder-Nut (three leaflets), page
Raspberry, page 92.
Genus R6sa (Rose), page 98.
Angelica Tree, page 122
Elders, page 130.
12
Nothing
14
Nothing
GUIDE III.
FRUIT.
CLASS I. Fruit releasing the ripened seed by decaying:
A. Fleshy or pulpy, with one or more seeds.
(a) Seeds, two or more, and in distinct cells (Apple, Shad-
bush). A pome. Go to i.
(a) Seed, one to many, not in distinct cells (Huckleberry).
A berry. Go to 2.
B. Fleshy (or sometimes nearly dry), with one or more " stones."
A drupe or an etaerio.
(a) Solitary, with one or in Papaw with several large stones
(Cherry, Papaw). Go to 3.
(a) Solitary, with one to several small stones (Sumach). Go
to 4.
(a) Clustered on one receptacle, each drupelet with one small
stone (Raspberry). Go to 5.
C. Not fleshy, with one or in the " samara " sometimes two
ripened seeds
(a) The coat dry, tipped with the remains of the style, and free
from but enclosing its one small seed (Groundsel
Tree). An achenium. Go to 6.
(a) The coat, a thin membrane forming a " wing " around or
at the sides of the fruit (Trefoil Maple). A samara.
Go to 7.
(a) The coat a cup, a wrap, or a scale (Acorn, Hazel-nut,
Alder). A glans, a nut, or a nutlet. Go to 8.
29
Guide
CLASS II. Fruit releasing the ripened seeds by split-
ting:
(a) Splitting on one side, one-celled (Spiraea, Shrub Yellow-
Root). A follicle. Go to 9.
(a) Splitting on two sides, one-celled, with seeds in one row
(False Indigo). A legume. Go to 10.
(a) Any form of dry fruit that splits up and down, and is not
otherwise named. A capsule. Go to n.
(a) A cone-shaped aggregation of capsules (Sweet-Bay). A
cone of capsules. Go to 12.
NOTE. Names in italics are repetitions made because of real or apparent resem-
blance to the class with which they are placed.
i Deerberry (many-seeded), page
1 60.
Bilberries (many-seeded) page 164.
Privet (two to four-seeded) page
190.
Shepherdia (one seed), page 198.
Mistletoe (one seed), page 199.
Yew (red, one seed), page 232.
Juniper (one to three seeds) page
230.
Roses (apparently pomes
acheniums), page 80.
Chokeberry, page 100.
Dogberry, page 102.
Thorns (Cratsfegus), page 104.
Shad-Bush, page 108.
Sweet-scented Shrub, page no.
really
Barberry (oblong, red, one to few-
seeded), page 38.
Gooseberries, page 114.
Currants, page 118.
Elders (three-seeded), page 130.
Snowberries (snow - white, two-
seeded), page 144.
Wolfberry (white, two-seeded,
page 144.
Indian Currant (dark-red, two-
seeded), page 146.
Fly Honeysuckles (several seeded),
page 146.
Huckleberries (ten-seeded), page
156.
Blueberries (many -seeded), page
162.
Papaw, page 38.
Plums, page 81.
Choke-Cherry, page 84.
Viburnums, page 136.
Fringe- Tree, page 190.
Spice-Bush, page 194.
Leatherwood, page 196.
Daphne, page 198.
Buffalo-Nut, page 200.
Ilexes (stones four to eight), page
54-
Mt. Holly (stones four to five),
page 56.
Fruit
Buckthorns (stones two to three),
page 61.
Sumachs (stone one)page 70.
Ivies (stone one) page 76.
Thorns (Crataegus, stones one to
five), page 104.
Angelica Tree (stones five), page
122.
Dogwoods (Cornels, stones two),
page 126.
Viburnums (stone one), page 134.
Fringe-Tree (stone one), page 190.
Mistletoe (stone one), page 199.
Sweet-Gale (stone one), page 204.
Bayberry (stone one), page 202.
Sweet- Fern (stone one), page 205.
Broom Crow-Berry (minute stones
three to four), page 226.
Black Crow-Berry (stones six to
nine), page, 228.
American Yew (red, stone one),
page 232.
Raspberries, page 90.
Thimbleberry, page 92.
Blackberries, page 94.
Roses (apparently a pome), page
80.
Sweet-scented Shrub (apparently
a pome), page no.
Marsh Elder, page 154.
Groundsel Tree, page 154.
Shepherdia (apparently a berry),
page 198.
Shrubby Trefoil, page 50.
Mountain Maple, page 60.
8
Birches (scale-like nutlets), page
206.
Alders (scale-like nutlets), page
209.
Hazel-nuts, page 212.
Hornbeam, page 214.
Oak, page 206.
Dwarf Chestnut, page 218.
Shrub, Yellow- Root, page 34.
Spiraeas, page 86.
Nine-Bark, page 88.
Hudsonias (two to six-seeded),
page 42.
Prickly Ash (one to two-seeded),
page 47.
False Indigo (two-seeded), page
78.
Lead-Plant (one-seeded), page 78.
St.-John's-worts (one to five-celled,
many-seeded), page 44.
Prickly Ash, (one-celled, one to
two-seeded), page 47.
Burning-Bush (three to five-celled,
few-seeded), page 58.
Strawberry-Bush (three to five-
celled, few-seeded), page 60.
Bladder-Nut (three-celled, three to
twelve-seeded), page 68.
New Jersey Tea (three-celled,
three-seeded), page 64.
Narrow-leaved Ceanothus (three-
celled, three-seeded ), page 64.
Guide
Wild Hydrangea (two-beaked,
two-celled in lower part, many-
seeded), page in.
Itea (two-celled, eight to twelve-
seeded), page 112.
Witch-hazel (two-celled, two-
seeded), page 118.
Bush Honeysuckle (two, appar-
ently four-celled, many-seeded),
page 150.
Button-Bush (two- to four-celled,
two- to four-seeded), page 152.
Andromedas (five-celled, many-
seeded), page 166.
Leucbthoe (five-celled, many-
seeded), page 169.
Leather-Leaf, five-celled, many-
seeded) page 171.
Laurels (Kalmia, five-celled, many-
seeded), page 174.
Rhododendrons (five-celled, many-
seeded), page 182.
Labrador Tea (five-celled, many-
seeded), page 186.
Sweet Pepper-Bush (three-celled,
many-seeded), page 188.
Willows (one-celled, many-seeded),
page 220.
Sweet-Bay, page 36.
DESCRIPTION OF SHRUBS
(With Illustrations)
CLASS FIRST
(Angiospe'rnuz)
Division I
PETALS MOSTLY NOT UNITED
(Polyptialous)
I. Family RANUNCULACE^. (Crowfoot Fam.)
Genus XANTHORHIZA. (Marshall.)
From two Greek words meaning "yellow" and "root."
Fig. i. Shrub Yellow-Root. X. apiifblia, L'ffer,
Flowers, small, dark purple, in slender drooping clusters,
appearing with the leaves. Petals, five, not united,
much smaller than the five sepals, slightly two-lobed,
raised on a claw. Stamens, five to ten. Seed-cases,
free from the sepals.
Leaves, once or twice compound (odd-feathered). Leaflets,
three to five, stemless, lobed and toothed, and two to
three inches in length.
Bark and Roots, bitter, deep yellow.
Fruit, in clusters, oblong, one-celled, one-seeded ; splitting
once lengthwise ; about one eighth of an inch long ;
a follicle.
Found, along shady banks of streams in Pennsylvania
Southwestern New York, and Kentucky, and south-
ward among the mountains.
A bushy plant, two to three feet high. A yellow dye
is made from its roots.
34
X
Fig. I. Shrub Yellow-Root. (Xanthorhlza apiifolia, L'Her.) Leaf, and
spray of flowers with young leaf.
36 Magnolia ( Magnoliacecz)
2. Family MAGNOLlACE^. (Magnolia Fam.)
Genus MAGNOLIA, L. (Magnolia.)
From " Magnol," the name of a botanist of the iyth century.
Fig. 2. Sweet-Bay. Swamp Laurel. Small Magnolia.
M. Virgini&na, L. ( M. glauca, L.)
Flowers, solitary, at the ends of the branches, two to
three inches across, white, very fragrant. Petals, six
to nine, not united. Sepals, three, colored like the
petals. Stamens, more than ten. Seed-cases, many,
free from the sepals, mostly clinging together over
the lengthened receptacle. June to August.
Leaves, three to six inches long, simple, alternate, edge
entire, thick and smooth, dark-green and polished
above, white below, the mid-vein green and distinct,
the side veins indistinct.
Bark, smoothish, light-gray, aromatic, and bitter.
Fruit, an oblong cone, fleshy or somewhat woody, red.
When mature the cells of this " cone" split, and the
enclosed bright-red seeds (one or two to each cell)
drop out and hang suspended by delicate spiral
threads. An aggregation of capsules. September.
Found, in swampy ground, from Massachusetts southward,
oftenest near the coast.
A bush, or sometimes a small tree, four to twenty-five
feet high. Southward it is often still higher, and its
leaves are evergreen. All parts of the bush, as in the
other magnolias, have an intensely bitter aromatic juice.
44 The fresh bark has long been considered as a bitter,
aromatic tonic and gentle laxative." " The bark, cones, and
seeds have been used medicinally from the time of the
aborigines, especially against rheumatism and as an anti-
periodic." In wet ground it can be successfully cultivated.
Fig. 2. Sweet-Bay. (M. Virginiana, L.) (a) Flower. (3) Fruit.
3$ Papaw (Anonacece)
3. Family ANONACE^. (Papaw Fam.)
Genus ASIMINA, ADAMS. (Papaw.)
Fig. 3. Papaw Custard-Apple. A. triloba (L.), Dunal.
Flowers, one and a half inches across ; dull purple, in
sessile blossom, appearing with the leaves. Petals,
six, thick, in two rows, not united. Sepals, three.
Stamens, numerous in a rounded mass. Seed-cases,
few, free from the sepals. March, April.
Leaves, simple, alternate, edge entire, five to ten inches
long, reverse egg-shape. Apex, pointed or some-
times rounded. Base, taper-pointed, or slightly
rounded ; thin, rusty-downy when young, soon be-
coming smooth and polished.
Bark, silvery-gray, smooth and polished ; young shoots
downy.
Fruit, about three inches long by one and one half inches
thick, egg-shape, yellow, pulpy, about ten-seeded ; of
disagreeable odor when green ; sweet and edible after
frost, when it turns black without, and within soon
becomes in color and consistency almost custard-
like. October.
Found, from western New York to Southern Iowa, and
southward.
A bush or small tree of unpleasant odor when bruised ;
densely clothed with long leaves.
4. Family BERBERIDACE^E. (Barberry Fam.)
Genus BEKBERIS, L. (Barberry.)
From the Arabic name of the fruit.
Fig. 4. Barberry. B. vulg&ris, L.
Flowers, yellow, drooping, in many-blossomed clusters.
Petals, six, not united, reverse egg-shape, concave-,
39
Fig. 3. Papaw. A. triloba (L.), Dunal.
(a) Flower. (b) Fruit, two-thirds natural size.
40 Barberry ( Berberidacece)
with two glandular spots on the inside of each near
the base. Sepals, six (with two to six small bracts
beneath), rounded, attached beneath the seed-case.
Stamens, six, irritable, opposite the petals. Seed-
case, one, free. May, June.
Leaves, simple, alternate or often clustered in rosettes ;
edge finely toothed, each tooth tipped with a delicate
bristle ; sour. On the new shoots the leaves often
take the form of branching spines.
Wood and inner bark yellow.
Fruit, in drooping clusters, scarlet, oblong, with one to
few seeds ; edible, but too acid to be agreeable ex-
cepting in " preserve " ; a berry. September.
Found in thickets in fields and along roadsides ; abun-
dantly in New England, where it has become
thoroughly naturalized since its introduction from
Europe, less commonly elsewhere.
A curious thorny bush, three to eight feet high, with
bluish-green foliage, attractive in flower and more attrac-
tive in fruit. The bark and roots, used with alum, yield
a yellow dye.
In some regions, an old opinion is said still to linger,
that the presence of the barberry causes blight in the
grain field.
There is a curious fact reported concerning the flowers
which is suggestive of human nerves. When not " doc-
tored," the least touch upon one of their stamens will
cause it to spring like a tiny thread of steel, but treat the
bush with laudanum or any opiate and the stamens be-
come limp, or with a poison like arsenic and they become
rigid, as wholly irresponsive in either case as would be a
human nerve.
Fig. 4. Barberry. (B. vulgaris, L.) () Fruit.
5- Hudsdnia. (H. tomentdsa, Nutt.) () Flowering braD^-h. (b) Section of
flower, enlarged.
42 Rock-rose (Cistacece)
The peculiar spring arrangement of the stamens helps
to secure the desirable cross-fertilization of the flower.
The honey being between the base of the stamens
and the seed-case, when an insect in searching for the
sweets touches a stamen he "springs" it. Thereupon he
receives a smart rap and a dusting from the pollen-covered
anther, and so is frightened away to other flowers.
5. Family CISTACE^. (Rock-rose Fam.)
Genus HuDs6NiA, L. (Hudsonia.)
From the name of an early English botanist.
Fig. 5. Hudsdnia. H. tomentbsa, Nutt.
Flowers, bright-yellow, small, with stalks sometimes pres-
ent and short, but usually wanting, crowded along
the upper parts of the branches. Petals, five, not
united, lasting only for a day. Sepals, five, two of
them minute, and all of them much smaller than the
petals. Stamens, nine to thirty. Style, long and
slender. Seed-case, one, free, with one cell and two
to six seeds. May to June.
Leaves, scale-like, about one twelfth of an inch long,
closely pressed to the branches and covering them,
downy and whitish.
Fruit, oblong, one-celled, two- to six-seeded, enclosed in
the calyx. A pod.
Found, on sandy shores from Maine to Maryland and along
the great lakes westward to Minnesota.
A very bushy heath-like little shrub, usually less than
one foot high, and oftenest found growing in thick, matted
patches.
d',
Fig. 6. St.-Peter's-wort. (A. stans, Michx.)
Fig. 7. Shrubby St.-John's-wort, L. (Hypericum prolificum, L.)
44 St. -Johns-wort (Hypericacecz)
Hudsonia. H. ericbides, L.
This species differs from the preceding chiefly in these
items :
Flowers, on smooth slender stalks.
Leaves, greenish, one sixth to one third of an inch long,
and spreading from the branch.
Found, along the coast from Maine to Virginia.
6. Family HYPERICACE^. (St-John's-wort Fam.)
Flowers, yellow. Petals, four or five, not united. Sepals, four or five.
Stamens, many. Seed-case, one, free, one- to five-celled ; many-
seeded.
Leaves, simple, opposite, entire, dotted when held to the light or under
the lens. Stipules, none.
Fruit, dry, one- to five-celled, splitting lengthwise, a many-seeded
capsule.
A GUIDE TO THE GENERA.
Petals, four ; Sepals four, in very unequal pairs, (i) Ascyrum (St. Peter' s-wort.)
" five ; " five, alike (2) Hypericum (St. John's-wort.
(i) Genus ASCYRUM, L. (St. Peter's-wort.)
From two Greek terms meaning " without " and " roughness."
Fig. 6. St.-Peter's-wort. A. stans, Michx.
Flowers, usually three together, showy, at the ends of the
branches. Petals, reverse egg-shape ; the two larger
sepals round, about one half inch across ; the smaller
ones lance-shaped. Styles, three or four. Seed-case,
with one cell. June to August :
Leaves, ten twelfths to one and one fourth inches long,
one third as wide, stemless, rather thick, oval or ob-
long, somewhat clasping around the branch.
St.-John s-wort ( Hyper icacece) 45
Branches, two-edged, erect.
Fruit, splitting into two to four pieces.
Found, in pine barrens from Long Island to Pennsylvania
and southward.
A small, stout shrub, with stem erect and straight, one
to two feet high, and branching above.
Saint Andrew's Cross. A. Crux- Andrea, L.
Flowers, one to three in a leafy cluster at the ends of the
branches. Petals, oblong. Outer sepals, oval and
twice as long as the flower-stem, the inner ones
minute. Styles, two. Seed-case, with one cell.
Leaves, one half to one inch long, stemless, thin, narrowly
reverse egg-shape, narrowed to the base. Branches
two-edged toward their ends, drooping.
Fruit, splitting into two to four pieces.
Found, in Nantucket, and from the pine barrens of New
Jersey westward and southward.
A drooping shrub, one to two feet high, with many
branches.
(2) Genus HYPERICUM, Tourn. (St.-John's-wort.)
In the old mythology the St.-John's-wort was dedicated
to-Baldur, the Sun God, on account of its golden flowers.
When the old religion gave way to Christianity, Baldur's
Day became St.-John's-day, and Baldur's flower St. John's
flower.
The genus was once in high repute for its supposed
ability to guard against evil spirits, and for other magical
powers. On this account the various species were often
planted around dwellings. In Scotland the plant is said
still to be carried as a charm ; and in France and Germany,
4 6 St. -Johns-wort ( Hypericacecz)
on the day of the nativity of St. John the Baptist, the
peasantry trim their homes with it in honor of the saint,
and to gain his favor.
" I must gather the mystic St.-John's-wort to-night,
The wonderful herb whose leaf will decide
If the coming year shall make me a bride."
Translated from the German.
" Trefoil, Vervain, J^ohn' s-wort, Dill,
Hinder witches of their will."
Fig. 7. Shrubby St.-John's-wort. H. prolificum, L.
Flowers, orange-yellow, three quarters of an inch across,
crowded in simple or compound leafy clusters.
Stamens, very numerous. Seed-case, three-celled.
Styles, three more or less united. July, August.
Leaves, one to two and one half inches long, narrow ;
edge often wavy ; apex usually obtuse ; base nar-
rowed.
Branchlets, two-edged.
Fruit, one third to one half inch long.
Found, from New Jersey to Michigan and southward.
A very ornamental little shrub, usually two to four
feet in height, but variable in size.
Hyp6ricum densifldrum. Pursh.
This species differs from the preceding chiefly in these
items :
Flowers, one half to two thirds of an inch in diameter, in
crowded compound clusters.
Leaves, about one inch in length.
Fruit, one third to one quarter inch in length.
Found, from the pine barrens of New Jersey to Kentucky
and Arkansas, and southward.
R^LC ( Riitacece) 47
Kalm's St.-John's-wort. H. Kalmianum, L.
Flowers, one inch across, three to seven in a close cluster.
Styles, five. Seed-case, five-celled.
Leaves, one to two inches long, crowded and narrow.
Branches, somewhat four-sided, with two of the edges
slightly winged.
Fruit, egg-shape.
Found, on wet rocks at Niagara Falls, and among the
northern lakes.
7. Family RUTACE^. (Rue Fam.)
Flowers, small, greenish-white, in clusters ; sometimes taking the stam-
inate and the pistillate forms on different shrubs. Petals, three to
five, not united. Sepals, three to five, or wanting. Stamens, in
the staminate flowers, as many as the petals and alternate with
them ; in the pistillate flowers, either imperfect or wanting. Seed-
cases, one to five, free from the calyx.
Leaves, compound, alternate, dotted when held to the light ; edge of
leaflets entire or nearly so. Stipules, none.
Bark, pungent or bitter.
Fruit, one- to two-seeded, one-celled, splitting into two pieces, thick
and fleshy, a fleshy pod ; or two-celled, two-seeded, thin, and
winged all around ; a samara.
GUIDE TO THE GENERA.
Stems prickly ; Seed-cases three to five, separate. (i) Xanthoxylum (Prickly Ash).
Stems not prickly ; Seed-case, one with two cells. (2) Ptelea (Shrubby Trefoil).
(i) Genus XANTHOXYLUM, L. (Prickly Ash.)
From two Greek words meaning "yellow " and " wood."
Fig. 8. Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree.
X. Americanum, Mill.
Flowers, in small, dense clusters at the sides of the
branches, appearing before the leaves, and sometimes
taking the pistillate form on one tree, and the stam-
inate on another. Petals, four to five. Sepals, four
48 Rue (Rutacece)
to five, or obsolete. Seed-cases, three to five, separate,
but with their slender styles more or less united.
April, May.
Leaves, alternate. Leaflets, in two to four pairs, with an
odd one at the end ; edges entire or nearly so ; sur-
face smooth above (or when young, downy), downy
beneath.
Branches, and often the leaf-stalks armed with short,
stout, brown prickles.
Fruit, thick and fleshy, one-celled, splitting lengthwise
into two parts ; one- to two-seeded. Seeds, black,
smooth, and shining.
Found, in rocky woods, and along river banks ; often
forming thickets ; common, especially northward.
A shrub four to twelve feet high, or in cultivation
sometimes twenty feet high. All its parts are bitter and
aromatic. The leaves furnish a home remedy for rheu-
matism, toothache, etc. When crushed they yield a strong
lemon odor, due to an oil contained in the transparent
dots. The bush serves well for hedges.
It is said that the Indians use the prickly ash as a
medicine under the name of Hantola ; that they chew the
bark for aching teeth ; make decoctions, mostly of the
roots, for rheumatism and colic ; and, mixed with bear's
grease, use it for poultices.
In typhoid cases the tincture of the berry is consid-
ered very helpful. " In typhus fever, typhus pneumonia,
and typhoid conditions generally, I am compelled to say
that I consider the tincture of prickly-ash berries superior
to any other kind of medicine." DR. KING as quoted by
Millspaugh.
Rue (Rutacece)
49
A
Fig. 8. Prickly Ash. (X. Am-ricanum, Mill.)
() Flowering twig. (t>) Staminate flower, enlarged.
50 Holly (Ilidnece)
(2) Genus PTELEA, L. (Shrubby Trefoil.)
From the Greek name of the elm, given because of the similarity of the fruits.
Fig. 9. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop Tree. P. trifoliata, L.
Flowers, of marked odor, in small compound clusters at
the ends of the young branches. Staminate, pistil-
late, and perfect flowers sometimes form on the same
bush. Petals, sepals, and stamens three to five.
Seed-case, two-celled. Style, short. June.
Leaves, of three leaflets, two to four inches long, with
edges entire or nearly so, and downy when young.
Fruit, " orbicular," two-celled, two-seeded, with the edge
broadly winged throughout ; nearly one inch across ;
intensely bitter, and used as a substitute for hops ;
a samara.
Found, in rocky places from Long Island to Minnesota,
and southward.
A shrub six to eight feet high, well fitted for orna-
ment, being neat in appearance, not liable to attack from
insects, and hung late in the season with large bunches
of hop-like fruit. Its leaves and flowers are late in un-
folding.
8. Family ILICINE/E. (Holly Fam.)
Flowers, in staminate and pistillate forms, white or greenish, small,
along the sides of the branches (axillary.) Petals, four to eight,
separate, or slightly united at the base. Calyx, minute. Stamens,
as many as the petals, and alternate with them. Seed-case, free
from the calyx, four- to eight-celled, four- to eight-seeded.
Leaves, simple, alternate, edge-toothed or entire
Fruit, berry-like drupes about the size of peas, with four to eight
stones.
GUIDE TO THE GENERA.
Petals oval or reverse egg-shape ; Leaves toothed. (i) Ilex (Holly, etc.).
( W Ne.opana.es (M,. HoUy).
Fig. 9. Hop Tree. (P. trifoliata, L.)
(a) Fruit, (b) Staminate flower, enlarged.
52 Holly ( Ilicinece)
(i) Genus ILEX, L. (Holly, etc.)
Fig. 10. Ilex montana, T. and G. /. monticola, G.
Flowers, with their parts in fours or fives (or rarely in
sixes). Sepals, delicately fringed with fine hairs.
Staminate flowers usually in clusters ; pistillate
usually solitary, with very short stems.
Leaves, three to five inches long, egg-shape or long oval,
sharply toothed, mostly smooth. Apex and base,
pointed.
Fruit, the size of a pea ; fleshy, red or purple. Nutlets,
four to six, each finely lined along the back ; a drupe.
Found, in damp woods in the Catskill and Tahonic
Mountains, and in Cattaraugus County, N. Y.,
through Pennsylvania as far east as Northampton
County, and southward along the Alleghanies.
A shrub sometimes taking the size and shape of a
small tree.
Soft Ilex. /. mollis, Gray.
This species quite closely resembles the preceding,
except in these items :
Flowers, the staminate clusters with very many blossoms.
Leaves, soft, downy beneath.
Found, in Burgeons Gap, Alleghanies of Pennsylvania,
and along the mountains in the Southern States.
Fig. ii. Winterberry. Black Alder. I. vertidllata (L.), Gray.
Flowers, the staminate in stemless clusters, with the parts
in fours, fives, or sixes ; the pistillate, solitary or
clustered, with the parts in sixes (or rarely in fives,
sevens, or eights). Flower-stems, all very short.
July.
Holly (Ilicinecz)
Fig. io. Ilex. (I. montana, G. and T.)
Fig. ii. Winterberry. I. verticillata (L.),
54 Holly ( Ilicinece)
Leaves, variable, reverse egg-shape to oval and wedge-
shape, downy beneath, especially along the vines,
strongly net-veined. Apex and base pointed. Leaf-
stems, short.
Fruit, about the size of a small pea, fleshy, bright red.
Nutlets, six to eight, smooth, moon-shape, often
continuing in place long after the leaves have fallen ;
a drupe. September, October.
Found, in moist woods or swamps ; common.
A shrub, usually about eight feet high ; very notice-
able among the autumn trees and bushes because of its
show of fiery-red berries. Its bark is tonic, astringent,
and antiseptic, and is often used with the effect of Peru-
vian bark in intermittent fevers. "It is probably as well
known to domestic practice as any indigenous shrub."
Smooth Winterberry. /. lavtgata (Pursh.), Gray.
This species differs from the last chiefly in these
items :
Flowers, the staminate forms on stems nearly one inch
long. June.
Leaves, shining above, smooth beneath, and only minutely
downy on the veins. Leaf-stems, one half to five
sixths of an inch long.
Fruit, larger than the last (about one third inch in diam-
eter) and ripening earlier. September.
Found, in wet ground from the mountains of Virginia
northward.
Fig. 12. Inkberry. /. glabra (L.), Gray.
Flowers, small and white, with the parts mostly in sixes ;
the staminate blossoms in a three- to six-flowered
Holly (Ilicinecz) 55
Fig. 12. Inkberry. I. glabra (L.), G.
56 Holly (Ilicinecz)
cluster, the fertile ones usually solitary. Flower-stem,
about one half inch long, slender, and minutely
hairy. June.
Leaves, one to one and three quarter inches long, thick,
dark, and very shiny above, both surfaces smooth,
veins beneath scarcely perceptible ; wedge-shape or
oblong, notched toward the apex, with a few (usually
five) remote teeth.
Fruit, the size of a small pea in the axils of the leaves,
round, black, shining, often remaining through the
winter ; not edible. Stones, four to six, smooth ; a
berry-like drupe.
Found, in sandy and low ground from Cape Ann, Massa-
chusetts, southward near the coast.
A pretty evergreen shrub two to four feet high, well
worthy of cultivation because of its neat shape and shin-
ing evergreen leaves.
It is considered of value medicinally (in fevers), but
its chief use is for decoration. Quantities of it are sent
from the southern counties of New Jersey to the New
York florists, who easily keep it in good condition for
several months.
(2) Genus NEMOPANTHES, Raf.
Probably from the Greek words meaning "thread," '"foot," and " flower," in
reference to the thread-like stalk of the blossom.
Fig. 13. Mountain Holly. N. mucron&ta (LJ, Trelease. N.
fasciculariS) Raf.
Flowers, usually solitary, small, greenish-white, on long,
slender stems. Petals, four or five, narrow, pointed,
as long as the stamens, separate. Sepals, in the
staminate flowers in the form of minute teeth ; in the
Holly ( llicinece)
57
Fig- 13. Mountain Holly. N. mucronata (L.) Trelease.
58 Staff-Tree (Celastracecz)
pistillate only rudimentary. Stamens, four or five,
with slender filaments. Seed-case, hemispherical.
May, June.
Leaves, one to two inches long, egg-shape to reverse egg-
shape, edge entire, or sometimes slightly toothed ;
smooth. Leaf-stem, slender.
Fruit, the size of a pea, red, nearly round, on slender
stems. Nutlets, four or five, somewhat angular ; a
berry-like drupe. August.
Found, in damp ground from the mountains of Virginia
northward.
A much-branched shrub four to eight feet high, with
smooth ash-gray bark ; the young shoots purple or olive,
with round gray dots.
I found the pretty bush first on an open, rocky point
in Lake Placid, among the Adirondacks. It was set
thick with bright red berries, and its whole aspect, owing
to the toughening of the wind and sun, was tangled and
" chunky." Afterward I found it where it had been more
delicately reared, in the damp shade of the neighboring
woods, with straighter and slimmer branches, and paler
foliage.
9. Family CELASTRACE^. (Staff-Tree Fam.)
Genus EUONYMUS, Tourn. (Burning-Bush, etc.)
From two Greek words meaning " good " and " name."
Fig. 14. Burning-Bush. Waahoo. Spindle-Tree.
E. atropurpbreus, Jacq.
Flowers, dark purple, small, regular in loose clusters of
three to six blossoms, at the sides of the branches ;
the parts of the flower commonly in fours. Stamens,
Staff-Tree (Celastracece)
59
Fig. 14. Burning-Bush. (E. atropurpureus, Jacq.)
Fig. 15. Strawberry-Bush. (E. Americanos, L.)
60 Staff -Tree (Celastracece)
very short, alternating with the petals, and inserted
on a disk which occupies the lower part of the calyx,
and is stretched over the seed-case, partly adhering
to it. Seed-case, free from the calyx, two to five-
celled, with one to four seeds in each cell. Style,
short or none. Stem, of the flower-clusters, slender,
one to two and one half inches long. June
Leaves, two to five inches long, simple, opposite, toothed,
variable in shape, oval and oblong to reverse egg-
shape. Leaf -stem, one half to one inch long. Branch-
lets, four-sided.
Fruit, very showy, smooth, deeply lobed ; when ripe
splitting up and down into three to five valves, and
so showing the bright red covers of the seeds within.
Cells, three to five. Seeds, few (one to four in each
cell), elliptical ; a capsule.
Found, in shady woods widely distributed, and in cultiva-
tion.
A smooth-barked shrub, six to seventeen feet high,
often cultivated, and very attractive in autumn with its
abundant drooping clusters of " burning " berries. A
medicine of some repute has been prepared from it called
"Waahoo."
Fig. 15. Strawberry- Bush. E. Americanus, L.
This species differs from the last chiefly in the follow-
ing items :
Flowers, greenish, or greenish-purple, and mostly in fives.
Leaves, one to two inches long, nearly stemless.
Fruit, rough, warty, and depressed. Seeds, smaller and
egg-shape or oval.
Bucktk&m ( Rhamnacece) 61
Found, in damp and shady places from New York to
Illinois, and southward.
An upright or sometimes straggling shrub, two to five
feet high.
10.
Family RHAMNACE^. (Buckthorn Fam.)
Flowers, greenish or white, small and regular (sometimes with the
petals wanting). Petals, when present, four to five, not united
Sepals, four to five. Stamens, of the same number as the petals,
and alternate with them. Seed-case, free from the calyx, or some-
times united to it, two- to five-celled. Seeds, one in each cell.
Stamens and petals inserted along the edge of a fleshy disk, which
lines the tube of the calyx, and in Ceanothus unites it to the lower
part of the seed-case
Leaves, simple, alternate, fine-toothed.
Fruit, a berry-like drupe or a capsule.
GUIDE TO THE GENERA.
; **"* ***** *"* *""*' (0 Rhamnus (Buckthorns).
F1 W t?ng ^capsul? 1 ^ and ^ kngth SpHt " [ (2 > Ceanothus (New Jersey Tea, etc.).
(i) Genus RHAMNUS, Tourn. (Buckthorns.)
Fig. 16. Lance-Leaved Buckthorn. R. lanceolata, Pursh.
Flowers, yellowish-green, small, at the sides of the
branches ; found sometimes in two slightly different
forms on different bushes, but both forms perfect.
Petals, four and deeply notched. Sepals, four. Sta-
mens, four. Seed-case, free, two- to four-celled. May.
Leaves, oval and oblong, pointed, or on the flowering
shoots sometimes blunted.
Fruit, about the size of a small pea, black and fleshy.
Seeds, two, deeply grooved ; a berry-like drupe.
Found, from Pennsylvania to Illinois and Tennessee,
and westward.
A tall, unarmed shrub.
62 Buckthorn ( Rhamnacece)
Fig. 17. Alder-Leaved Buckthorn. R. alnifolia, L'Her.
Flowers, greenish, small, in clusters at the sides of the
branches ; the staminate and the pistillate forms
usually found on different bushes. Petals, wanting.
Sepals, five. Stamens, five. Seed-case, two- to four-
celled, free from the calyx. June.
Leaves, one to three inches long, about one half as wide.
Fruit, about as large as a currant, somewhat pear-shape,
black and fleshy. Seeds, three, deeply grooved along
the back ; a berry-like drupe.
Found, in rough fields and swamps from Maine to Penn-
sylvania and Nebraska, and northward ; common.
A shrub two to four feet high, without thorns.
Common Buckthorn. {R. cathdrtica, Z.]
This species is a native of Europe. It is cultivated
widely in the form of thorny hedges, and is occasionally
found growing wild in the Eastern States. The leaves
are egg-shape ; the fruit three- to four-seeded.
As far back as the 1 3th century it was noticed for its
medicinal qualities. During the i6th century all medical
writers commented on it. It is now fallen into disuse, its
cathartic effect being considered too violent.
Carolina Buckthorn. R. Caroliniana, Walt.
Flowers, greenish, small, perfect ; in one form in clusters,
in another solitary, with short stem. Petals, five.
Sepals, five. Seed-case, free. June.
Leaves, two to five inches long, obscurely toothed, strongly
veined.
Fruit, black, fleshy, berry-like. Seeds, three, not fur-
rowed ; a berry-like drupe.
Buckthorn (Rhamnacecz)
Fig. 16. Lance-Leaved Buckthorn.
Fig. 17. Alder-Leaved Buckthorn.
(R. lanceolata, Pursh.)
(R. alnifdlia, L'Her.)
64 Buckthorn ( Rkamnacece)
Found, in wet places, from New Jersey southward.
A thornless shrub, or sometimes a small tree.
(2) Genus CEAN6THUS, L. (New Jersey Tea, etc.)
Fig. 18. Narrow- Leaved Ceandthus. C. ovcLtus, Desf.
This species differs from the next chiefly in these
items :
Flowers, somewhat larger, in nearly hemispherical clusters
that are about one and one half inches in diameter.
May.
Leaves, narrow oval to narrow egg-shape, usually pointed
at both ends, and smooth, or nearly so ; the glandular
teeth of the edge often black-tipped.
Found, among dry rocks, Western Vermont and Massa-
chusetts, and westward. It is rare in the East.
Fig. 19. New Jersey Tea. Red-Root. C. Americanus, L.
Flowers, white, in lengthened clusters at the summit of
the flower branches. Petals, five, spreading, hooded,
attached by slender claws, longer than the calyx.
Calyx, five-lobed, incurved, the lower part attached
with the thick disk to the seed-case, and remaining
long after the lobes and the ripened fruit have fallen.
Calyx and flower-stem colored like the petals. Seed-
case, three-celled. July.
Leaves, three quarters to three inches long, egg-shape,
dark, dull green ; very prominently three-veined from
the base, toothed, downy, or often nearly smooth.
Apex, pointed or obtuse ; base often slightly heart-
shape.
Fruit, small, dry, three-lobed and three-celled, splitting
up and down into three parts. Seeds, not furrowed,
one in each cell. A capsule.
Fig. 1 8. Narrow-Leaved Ceandthus. (C. ovatus, Desf.)
(a) Flower enlarged.
Fig. 19. New Jersey Tea. (C. Americanus, L.)
(li) Fruit.
66 Soapberry (Sapindacece)
Found, widely distributed in dry woodlands and fields
from Canada to Florida.
A shrub one to three feet high, springing from a large
dark red root. During the American Revolution and in
the Civil War, in some of the Southern States its leaves
served for tea. Its root is sometimes used for dyeing.
Common as the shrub is, it was late before I learned
to know it ; but since that time until now, when it has
come to be one of my familiar friends, always the prettiest
thing about it has seemed to me to be its quaint and tiny
silver-lined cups, emptied of their ripened seeds and shin-
ing on their dried stalks among the flowers and leaves of
a new year's growth.
It was once widely advertised that the true China tea
plant had been discovered in a county of Pennsylvania,
and that its identity was certified by an expert from
Assam. A company was even formed for its cultivation
and sale. The fraud was soon detected ; they were
using the leaves of the New Jersey tea. An infusion of
these leaves tastes like the poorer grades of imported
teas, but probably it has none of the tonic effects of real
tea.
ii. Family SAPINDACE^. (Soapberry Fam.)
(i) Genus ACER, Tourn. (Maple.)
Fig. 20. Mountain Maple. A. spicatum, Lam.
Flowers, greenish, small, regular, crowded in lengthened
and upright clusters, which become drooping in fruit ;
either perfect or in the staminate and pistillate forms
on separate plants, appearing after the leaves. Petals,
narrow, generally five, not united. Sepals, of the
Soapberry (Sapindacece) 67
Fig. 20. Mountain Maple. (A. spicatum, Lam.)
68 Soapberry (Sapindacece)
same number, colored. Stamens, six to eight. Styles,
two, long and slender, and united only below. Seed-
case, free, two-lobed and two-celled, with two young
seeds in each cell (only one ripening). June.
Leaves, simple, opposite, three- (or slightly five-) lobed,
the lobes toothed ; downy beneath ; more or less
heart-shaped at base. Bark, light gray.
Fruit, in drooping clusters, two-winged, two-seeded ; a
double samara or "key."
Found, usually in clumps in moist and hilly woods, widely
distributed from Maine to Wisconsin, and northward ;
and southward along the Alleghanies to Virginia and
Kentucky.
A shrub six to fifteen feet high, easily distinguished
by its bark and leaves from its near relation and frequent
neighbor, the Striped Maple (A. Pennsylvdnicum, L.),
which is often of no greater height, though ranked with
the trees, and which has a similar liking for damp and
hilly woods. The latter has larger and differently shaped
leaves (Fig. 74, Trees of Northeastern America), and a
greenish bark, peculiarly marked lengthwise with stripes.
(2) Genus STAPHYLEA, L. (Bladder-Nut.)
From a Greek word meaning " cluster."
Fig. 21. American Bladder-Nut. 5. trifblia, L.
Flowers, white, handsome, in short, drooping clusters at
the ends of the branchlets. Petals, five, not united.
Stamens, five, alternating with the petals. Sepals,
five, whitish. Styles, three, lightly united. Seed-
case, free from the calyx, but with its base slightly
sunk in the fleshy receptacle ; with three cells, each
cell containing several young seeds.
Soapberry (Sapindacece) 69
Fig. 2i. Bladder-Nut. (S. trifdlia, L.)
(a) Fruit.
V
70 Sumach (Anacardiacece)
Leaves, compound, opposite ; leaflets three to five, toothed,
pale beneath, with scattered hairs. Branches, green-
ish-striped. .
Fruit, the most remarkable thing about the plant, large,
inflated, three-sided, three-parted at the top, three-
celled, each cell with one to four smooth, hard seeds,
with an odor much like that of a pea-pod. A capsule.
Found, in moist woods and thickets northward from North
Carolina and Tennessee.
A handsome shrub, six to ten feet high.
12. Family ANACARDlACE^. (Sumach Fam.)
Genus RHUS, L. (Sumachs.)
Possibly from a word meaning " red."
Flowers, greenish, yellowish, or reddish, small, regular, often in the
staminate and pistillate forms. Petals, five, not united. Sepals,
five. Stamens, five, alternate with the petals. Styles, three. Seed-
case, free, one-celled, with one seed.
Leaves, compound, alternate.
Fruit, nearly round, small, not splitting when ripe, one-seeded. An
almost dry drupe.
GUIDE TO THE SPECIES.
(a) Leaflets, more than three.
(b) Edge of leaflets toothed.
(c) Leaf stem and branchlets smooth, (i) Smooth Sumach.
(c) " " " very downy. (2) Stag-Horn Sumach.
(b) Edge of leaflets entire.
(c) The common leaf-stem winged between the leaflets. (3) Dwarf
Sumach.
(r) The common leaf-stem not winged. (4) Poison Sumach.
(a) Leaflets, three.
(6) Edge of leaflets entire, cr with a few sharp teeth. (5) Poison Ivy.
(6) Edge of leaflets with large rounded teeth. (6) Sweet Sumach.
Fig. 22. (i) Smooth Sumach. R.glabra^L.
Flowers, small, greenish-red, in dense terminal pyramid-
shaped clusters. June, July.
Leaflets, eleven to thirteen, two to three and a half inches
long, toothed, pale beneath. Leaf-stem and branch-
lets, smooth.
Sumac k ( Anacardiacece)
Fig. 22. Smooth Sumach. (R. glabra, L.)
Fig. 23. Dwarf Sumach. (R. copallina, L.)
72 Sumach ( Anacardiacece)
Fruit, red, with crimson hairs, very sour. Stone, smooth.
A dry drupe.
Found, very widely distributed in waste and barren places.
A shrub five to fifteen feet high, smooth throughout
(excepting in its fruit) with straggling branches, often in
extensive clumps and thickets. The bark of this and of
other Sumachs is used in tanning. An infusion of the
berries makes a pleasant and cooling drink in fevers.
Also the berries yield a red dye. In autumn the leaves
take a brilliant shade of crimson. The Sumachs are often
cultivated ; they are easily raised from seed, or they may
be propagated from root cuttings.
(2) Stag- Horn Sumach. R. typhina, Z.
Flowers, small, greenish-yellow, crowded in upright, pyra-
mid-shaped, terminal clusters. June.
Leaflets, closely resembling those of the preceding species
(the Smooth Sumach), eleven- to thirty-one-toothed,
whitish and more or less downy beneath. Leaf-stem
and branchlets, especially toward their ends, covered
with a very dense velvet-like and often crimson-tinged
down.
Fruit, rounded, somewhat flattened, covered with a crim-
son and very acid down. Stone, smooth. A dry
drupe. September, October.
Found, oftenest in rocky and barren places from New
Brunswick and the valley of the St. Lawrence through
the Northern States, and southward along the Aile-
ghany Mountains to Central Alabama.
A larger shrub than the Smooth Sumach, sometimes
twenty feet high, and often taking the tree form. The
straggling, evenly spreading branches, with the leaves
Sumach ( Anacardiacece) 73
mostly toward their ends, give a peculiar umbrella-like
look. The wood is very soft and brittle, yellow, with the
sap-wood white. In spring in the sugar orchards the
young shoots, cleared of their pith, serve as "sap quills"
for drawing the running sap from the maples. The wood
forms a yellow dye, and an infusion of the berries is used
as a gargle for sore-throat. The thick down upon the
young branches, and their shape, are suggestive of the
horns of a stag, whence the name.
Fig. 23. (3) Dwarf Sumach. Mountain Sumach. R.copall\na,L.
Flowers, small, greenish, in upright pyramid-shaped,
stemless clusters, toward the ends of the branches.
July.
Leaflets, nine to twenty-one (oftenest nine to thirteen),
one to three inches long, edge entire, base usually
rounded and one-sided, upper surface dark and shin-
ing. Leaf-stem, expanded between the pairs of leaf-
lets into broadly winged margins.
Fruit, rounded, hairy, varying in color in ripening from
delicate neutral tints, grays and drabs, to red ; acid.
Stone, smooth. September.
Found, very widely distributed, usually in dry and rocky
places.
A shrub three to five feet high, or sometimes, in favor-
able locations, twenty feet high, oftenest forming clumps
or borders along the edge of woods and thickets. Its
peculiar winged foliage, and the constantly changing
tints of flower, fruit, and leaf, make it the most attractive
of the Sumachs, and best worthy of ornamental cultiva-
tion. A mass of them set in a corner of the garden or
grounds would be constantly attractive.
74 Sumach (Anacardiacecz)
Fig. 24. (4) Poison Sumach. Poison Dogwood. Poison
Elder. R. vernix, L. ( R. venenata, D. C.)
Flowers, small, green, in long, loose clusters at the bases
of the upper leaves. June.
Leaflets, seven to thirteen, edge entire, long oval or egg-
shape, smooth and thin, base rounded or pointed.
Leaf-stem, red throughout, and not winged.
Fruit, about the size of small peas, rounded, smooth,
shining, dry. Stone, lined. A dry drupe. September.
Found, in swampy land, widely distributed.
A tall shrub (or sometimes a small tree) six to eigh-
teen feet high. It is violently poisonous to the touch,
causing, in most persons, a painful eruption ; some are
poisoned by it without touching it, probably by means of
the drifting pollen of its flowers. A recommended appli-
cation is sugar of lead, applied after the use of saline
cathartics, or a thick paste of bicarbonate of soda rubbed
into the skin as soon as the eruption appears. It is also
claimed that relief and, if used promptly, frequent cure
follow the use of belladonna, of apis mellifica, or of
arsenicum album, taken in homoeopathic doses. But
there are wellnigh as many recommended antidotes as
there are for the bite of a rattlesnake.
Apart from other differences, the Poison Sumach can
be easily and quickly distinguished from all other Sumachs
by these signs: It differs from the Smooth Sumach and
the Stag-Horn Sumach in having the edge of its leaflets
entire ; from the Dwarf Sumach, by the absence of the
winged stem between its leaflets and by its red leaf-
stem.
Sumach (Anacardiacecz) 75
Fig. 24. Poison Sumach. (R. vdrnix, L.)
76 Sumach (Anacardiacece)
Fig. 25. (5) Poison Ivy. Poison Oak. R. rddicans, L.
( R. toxicodcndron, L.)
Flowers, small, greenish, in loose clusters from the axils
of the leaves, the staminate and pistillate forms on
different plants. June.
Leaflets, three, edge entire, or variously sharp-notched,
mostly pointed, and somewhat downy beneath.
Fruit, small, rounded, pale brown or whitish, smooth.
Stone, lined. September.
Found, widely distributed in open grounds and among
trees, along walls and fences.
A shrub that is less poisonous than the Poison Su-
mach, but more dreaded because the latter is confined to
swampy grounds, while the Poison Ivy is found every-
where. It takes all positions ; sometimes it is erect (one
to three feet high), often it is prostrate and trailing:
oftenest, perhaps, it is climbing. In its climbing form
it covers the posts of fences, the trunks and branches of
trees, stone walls clinging tenaciously wherever it goes
by multitudes of thread-like rootlets, and sometimes
reaching a distance of forty or even fifty feet, with a stem
from two to five or six inches in diameter. At times it
so closely covers its growing support as to smother it.
Its poisonous qualities are the same in kind as those of
the Poison Sumach.
Fig. 26. (6) Sweet Sumach. R. aromdtica, Ait.
( R. Canadtnsis, Marsh.)
Flowers, small, yellowish, in small spikes or heads, un-
folding before the leaves.
Leaflets, three, one to three inches long, the end one
sometimes three-cleft, edge unequally round-toothed.
Fig. 25. Poison Ivy. (R. radicans, L.) (a) Fruit.
77 Fig. 26.^-Sweet Sumach. (R. aromatica, Ait.)
78 Pulse ( Leguminosce)
Fruit, rounded, red, acid. A dry drupe.
Found, widely distributed north and south on dry open
ground, and in thickets.
A straggling shrub, two to six feet high, with leaves
of a pleasant, aromatic odor when crushed.
13. Family LEGUMINOS^E. (Pulse Fam.)
Genus AMORPHA, L. (False Indigo, etc.)
From a Greek word meaning " without form," because of the absence of a part
of its petals.
Fig. 27. False Indigo. A. fructicbsa, L.
Flowers, irregular, violet or purple, crowded in clustered
terminal spikes. Petal, one. Stamens, ten, united
at the base. Sepals, five. Seed-case, one, one-celled,
free, two-seeded, longer than the calyx. May, June.
Leaves, compound, alternate, three to five inches long.
Leaflets, fifteen to seventeen, about one inch long,
edge entire, marked with small dots.
Fruit, small, two-seeded. A pod.
Found, from Southern Pennsylvania southward, and far
westward.
A shrub six to sixteen feet high.
Lead- Plant. A. cantscens, Nutt.
This species differs from the preceding chiefly in these
items :
Flowers, bright blue.
Leaflets, thirty-one to fifty-one, small (one and a half
inches or less), crowded.
Fruit, one-seeded.
Found, westward.
A pretty shrub, two to four feet high, taking its name
from a supposed liking for localities containing lead-ore.
Pulse (Leguminosce) 79
Fig. 27. False Indigo. (A. fructicdsa, L.)
8o Rose (Rosacece)
14. Family ROSACES. (Rose Fam.)
Flowers, regular. Petals, five, not united, inserted with the stamens on
the edge of a disk that lines the tube of the calyx. Sepals, five,
united toward the base, often accompanied outside by a row of
small, leaf-like bracts. Stamens, numerous [or in Spiraea (2)
sometimes as few as ten] inserted as above. Seed-case, one to
many, free from the calyx excepting in Pyrus (6), Crataegus (7),
and Amelanchior () Fruit.
84 Rose ( Rosacece)
Fig. 30. Sloe. Black Thorn. [P. spinbsa. Z.]
Flowers, white, usually solitary. Flower-stems, smooth.
Leaves, edge sharply-toothed or double-toothed, reverse
egg-shape to egg-shape, downy beneath, becoming
smooth.
Fruit, small, rounded, black. Stone, swollen, with one
edge sharp.
Found, in waste places from New England to Pennsyl-
vania, and New Jersey. Introduced from Europe.
A thorny shrub, twelve to fifteen feet high.
Fig. 31. Choke-Cherry. P. Virginiana, L.
Flowers, white, with short stems, set in a long, cylinder-
shaped cluster at the ends of leafy branchlets, appear-
ing after the leaves. Petals, rounded. May.
Leaves, two to three inches long, oval to reverse egg-
shape, thin, base variable, edge finely and sharply
toothed. Leaf-stem, usually marked with two to four
wart-like dots. Bark, light gray or greenish on the
young shoots, becoming dark gray after the first
year,
Fruit, about one quarter inch in diameter, very abundant,
red, becoming very dark in ripening, exceedingly
astringent (puckery), but when thoroughly ripe not
unpalatable. Stone, rounded, smooth, without mar-
gin. July, August.
Found, widely distributed in woods and hedges from
Georgia westward and northward. Common, es-
pecially northward.
A shrub (or sometimes a small tree) five to twenty
feet high.
. ^2 _^
^ ^.^
Fig. 32. Meadow-Sweet. (S. salicifolia, L.)
^ig- 33- Birch-Leaved Spiraea. (S. corymbdsa, Raf.)
88 Rose (Rosacece)
Fig. 34. Hardback. Steeple-Bush. S. tomenttsa, L.
flowers, small, rose-colored or rarely white, crowded in
steeple-shaped, terminal clusters. Seed-cases, five,
woolly. July, August.
Leaves, crowded, egg-shape or oblong, toothed, very
white-woolly beneath. New shoots, covered with a
rusty down. Old stems, smooth, and of a bronze color.
Fruit, as above.
Found, in low ground from Georgia northward and west-
ward.
A small shrub, two to five feet high, with hard, brittle
stalks, that call for troublesome " hacking " on the part
of the haymakers, whence one of its names. It is orna-
mental, and is often cultivated for its pretty, steeple-like
clusters of late-blooming, rosy flowers.
(3) Genus PHYSOCARPUS, Maxim. (Nine-Bark.)
From two Greek words meaning "bladder" and " nut."
Fig- 35. Nine-Bark. P. opulifblius (L.) Maxim.
Flowers, small, white, often purple-tinged, in close,
rounded clusters two and one half inches in diameter,
each flower with a thread-like, downy stem. Petals,
five. Stamens, thirty to forty. Seed-cases, one to
five, inflated. Young seeds, two to four. June.
Leaves, one to two and one half inches long, three-lobed,
with the lobes sharply toothed, base somewhat heart-
shaped or pointed. Bark, gray, loose, and flaking
off in thin scales.
Fruit, conspicuous, a smooth, simple case, inflated and
purplish, with one cell and two ripened seeds, usually
in clusters of three to five. Seeds, rounded, smooth,
and shining. A follicle or cluster of follicles.
8 9
- 34- Hardback. (S. tomentdsa, L.)
35. Nine-Bark. (P. opulifdlius L., Maxim.)
90 Rose (Rosacece)
Found, oftenest on the banks of streams from Canada
southward and westward, widely distributed, but
rather rare in its wild state.
A beautiful shrub, three to five feet high, often and
easily cultivated.
(4) Genus RUBUS, Tourn. (Blackberry, etc.)
From a word meaning " red."
Flowers, white (excepting in the first species, Purple-
Flowering Raspberry). Petals, five. Sepals, five,
partly united, spreading. Stamens, numerous. Seed-
cases, many, each with two young seeds, only one of
which ripens, crowded on a lengthened receptacle.
Leaves, compound (excepting in Purple-Flowering Rasp-
berry). Stems, often armed with prickles.
Fruit, a pulpy edible "berry" so called, formed by the
ripened seed-cases. A mass of small drupes.
Fig. 36. Purple-Flowering Raspberry. R. odoratus, L.
Flowers, one to two inches across, showy, purple to rose
color. Petals, rounded in terminal clusters. Stamens,
one hundred to two hundred, whitish. Calyx, flower-
stems, and branchlets, covered with sticky hairs.
June, July.
Leaves, four to eight inches long, simple, three- to five-
lobed, the middle lobe longest, all pointed and with
their edges fine-toothed, somewhat hairy, without
prickles.
Fruit, of but slight value, broad and flat, sometimes an
inch across, separating from the receptacle when
ripe, red, sweet when ripe. August.
Fig. 36. Purple-Flowering Raspberry. R. odoratus, L.
92 Rose ( Rosacece)
Found, from Georgia northward and westward, often in
rocky places, and on the borders of dry woods.
A straggling shrub, three to five feet high. Its rose-
like blossoms and its late summer flowering make it
worthy of cultivation. It requires shade.
Fig- 37. Wild Red Raspberry. R strigbsus, Michx.
Flowers, small, white. Petals, erect, as long as the sepals.
May.
Leaflets., three to five, the side ones without stems, whitish-
downy beneath. Stems, thickly set with stiff bristles
that are usually straight, but sometimes hooked.
Fruit, half round, red, when ripe falling from the length-
ened receptacle, sweet, and very pleasant to the
taste. June, August.
Found, especially along roadsides and in neglected fields,
from Labrador to New Jersey, and westward and
southward along the mountains to North Carolina.
A free-growing shrub, three to six feet high, ranking
with the blackberries and huckleberries as a liberal and
welcome fruit-giver for country homes. The supplies for
the city markets are mostly from cultivated varieties.
Fig. 38. Blackcap. Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.
R. occidentdlis, L.
This species differs from the preceding chiefly in the
following items :
Flowers, with petals shorter than the sepals.
Leaflets, usually three, rarely five, the side ones sometimes
with short stems.
Fruit, black, rarely whitish.
Rose ( Rosacece)
Fig 37- Red Raspberry. (R. strigdsus, Michx.)
94 Rose (Rosacece)
The shrub spreads by help of long branches which
curve over and down until their tips touch the ground,
and root, so forming new centres of tangled growth.
High Blackberry. R. mllosus, Ait.
Mowers, numerous, in clusters of- about twenty blossoms.
Petals, spreading, reverse egg-shape, much longer
than the narrow, pointed sepals.
Leaflets, three (or sometimes five), usually with prickly
stems, not whitish -downy beneath. Leaves and
branchlets hairy and glandular. Stems, furrowed
and ridged, and armed with stout curved prickles.
Fruit, oblong, black, not separating when ripe from the
lengthened receptacle. August, September.
Found, oftenest along roadsides and in thickets. Common.
A scraggly, thorny bush, three to six feet high, with a
very pleasant-flavored fruit. A tea from the steeped root
is a home remedy for summer complaint.
Rubus villdsus, var. fronddsus, Torr.
This variety has about ten flowers in a cluster, with
petals more rounded than the last, is smoother, and has
fewer drupelets in the more acid fruit. It is found with
the type at the North.
Sand Blackberry. R. cuneifblius, Pursh.
Flowers, white (sometimes with a rose tint). Petals,
large, three times as long as the sepals, in two- to
four-blossomed clusters. May, June.
Leaflets, three (sometimes five), stemless, somewhat wedge-
shape and reverse egg-shape, whitish-downy beneath,
edge entire toward the base. Leaf-stems, downy,
often prickly, young branches downy beneath. Stems,
round, and armed with stout, re-curved prickles.
Rose (Rosacece)
Fig. 38. Blackcap. (R. occidentalis, L.)
96 Rose (Rosacece)
Fruit, black, well-flavored. July, August.
Found, in sandy woods of southern New York and Penn-
sylvania, southward and westward.
A shrub two to three feet high.
(5) Genus ROSA, Tourn. (Rose.)
Flowers, with five reverse egg-shape or reverse heart-
shape petals. Calyx-tube, fleshy, contracted at the
throat, urn-shaped. Stamens, many. Pistils, many,
embedded in the inner surface of the calyx-tube.
Leaves, compound (odd-feathered), alternate, edge of
leaflets toothed, lower edges of the leaf-stem with
prominent wings (stipules).
Fruit, a more or less reddish or greenish ball (" hip ")
enclosing the many dry one-seeded seed-cases. A
covered cluster of akenes.
" If Jove would give the leafy bowers
A queen for all their world of flowers,
The rose would be the choice of Jove,
And blush, the queen of every grove." TH. MOORE.
" The rose doth deserve the chiefest and most princi-
pall place among all flowers whatsoever, . . . for his
beautie, his vertues, and his flagrant and odoriferous
smell. Gerard's Herball, London, 1597.
" The rose is the honor and beautie of flowres,
The rose is the care and the love of the Spring,
The rose is the pleasure of the 'avenly powers :
The boy of faire Venus, Cythere's darling,
Doth wrap his head round with garlands of rose,
When to the daunces of the Graces he goes."
Gerard's Herball, London, 1597.
Rose ( Rosace ) Leaves not lobed.
(c) Edge coarsely toothed, clusters J v< ^ 1 T y~ W '
stalked ( (71 Downy Viburnum.
tJlVA ,- , j (8) Withe-rod ( V. nuduni) ;
(c) Edge entire or nearly so j y Withe-rod (V. cassinoides).
(c) Edge fine-toothed, clusters sessile (10) Black Haw.
134 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece)
Fig- 57- (0 Hobble-Bush. American Wayfaring Tree.
V. lantanbides, Michx.
Flowers, in a sessile cluster, the outer ones showy and
imperfect, lacking pistils and stamens, and with the
flat corollas much enlarged (nearly one inch across) ;
greenish, changing to white ; with five rounded lobes ;
the inner flowers much smaller and perfect. May.
Leaves, four to eight inches across. Veins and vetnlets,
beneath, and the leaf-stems very brown-scurfy.
Fruit, egg-shape, bright red, becoming almost black, not
acid. Stone, grooved. September.
Found, in cool, damp woods, from Pennsylvania north-
ward.
A very straggling shrub about five feet high, its long,
almost rope-like branches often reclining and taking root,
so forming troublesome " hobbles " for any careless way-
farer among them.
Fig. 58. (2) Bush Cranberry. Cranberry Tree. High
Cranberry. V. dpulus, L.
Flower -clusters, three to four inches across, resembling the
last, but not sessile. June, July.
Leaves, three and one half to five inches wide, strongly
three-veined from the base ; three-lobed, the lobes
more or less toothed along the sides, entire in the
hollows. Base, broad, wedge-shaped, rounded, or
squared. Leaf -stem, with small, wart-like glands near
the upper end. Stipules, almost thread-like.
135 Fig. 57. Hobble-Bush. (V. lantanoides, Michx.)
136 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacecz)
Fruit, about the size of a cranberry, round or egg-shape,
light red, acid, ripening late and remaining after the
leaves have fallen. Stone, very flat, not grooved.
September.
Found, in borders of fields and along streams from Penn-
sylvania northward and westward.
A handsome shrub three to ten feet high, showy in
flower and in fruit, well worthy of cultivation. The fruit,
in appearance and in taste is somewhat like the cran-
berry, as a poor substitute for which it is often used.
The common garden " snowball " or " Guelder rose "
is a cultivated form of this species, with all the blossoms
in the round clusters changed to the larger imperfect
form, clusters that are described by Cowper as
" Silver globes, light as the foamy surf
That the wind severs from the broken wave."
(3) Few-Flowered Viburnum. V. pauciflbrum, Pylaie.
Flowers, in small clusters of few blossoms on short side
branches.
Leaves, somewhat three-lobed toward the end, rounded,
mostly with five veins from the base.
Fruit, much as in the preceding species.
Found, occasionally in the mountains of New England,
and northward and westward.
A small, straggling bush, nearly smooth throughout.
Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece) 137
Fig. 58. Bush Cranberry. (V. tfpulus, L.)
138 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece)
Fig. 59. (4) Dockmackie. Maple-Leaved Arrow-wood.
V. acerifblium, L.
Flowers, all perfect, in small, flat, terminal, long-stemmed
clusters. Stamens, extending beyond the corolla.
May, June.
Leaves, two to four inches long, closely resembling in
shape the leaf of the red maple ; strongly three-
veined from the base, soft-downy beneath. Base,
rounded or heart-shaped. Bark, yellowish-green.
Fruit, crimson, changing to dark-purple or black, dis-
agreeable to the taste. Stone, thin, of the shape of a
double convex-lens, scarcely grooved.
Found, in cool woods from North Carolina northward and
westward.
A shrub three to six feet high, the branches often
straight and slender, "arrow-like," and ending with a
pair of leaves and the flower-cluster.
Fig. 60. (5) Arrow-wood. V. dentatum, L.
Flowers, perfect, clusters not sessile. June.
Leaves, egg-shape to rounded, mostly smooth, coarsely
toothed. Veins, beneath prominent, straight, and
usually with downy tufts in their axils. Base,
sometimes slightly heart-shaped. Leaf-stems, rather
slender. Young shoots, mostly smooth. Bark, ash-
colored ; on old stems, nearly black.
Fruit, about one quarter inch long, slightly lengthened,
dark blue. Stone, very deeply grooved.
Found, in damp woods and thickets from Northern
Georgia northward and westward ; not uncommon.
A shrub five to fifteen feet high, often with straight,
arrow-like shoots.
Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece) 139
Fig. 59. Maple-Leaved Arrow-wood. (V. acerifdlium, L.)
140 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece)
(6) Soft Viburnum. V. molle, Michx.
This species differs from the preceding chiefly in the
following items :
Flowers, rather larger. Clusters, downy.
Leaves, egg-shape to reverse egg-shape, downy beneath.
Young shoots and branchlets, downy.
Fruit, larger and more pointed. Stones, rather less
deeply grooved.
Found, from Martha's Vineyard southward.
Fig. 6l. (7) Downy Arrow-wood. V.pubescens, Pursh.
Flowers, rather larger than in V. denfatum. Clusters,
small and few-flowered. June.
Leaves, egg-shape. Apex, pointed or long-pointed. Veins,
less marked than in V. denfatum. Leaf-stems, very
short, with two short, hairy, stipule-like appendages
at base. Leaves beneath and leaf-stem downy, at
least when young.
Fruit, nearly black. Stone, flat and slightly grooved on
each side.
Found, in dry woods and thickets from Georgia north-
ward.
A straggling shrub about six feet high.
Fig. 62. (8) Withe-rod. V. nMum, L.
Flowers, in large clusters with a stem one to two inches
long. April, June.
Leaves, variable, two to four inches long, oval to lance-
shape, edge entire or obscurely toothed, often slightly
rolled ; smooth, not shining, no stipule-like append-
Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece) 141
Fig. 60. Arrow- wood. (V. dent&tum, L.)
Fig. 61. Downy Arrow-wood. (V. pubescens, Pursh.)
142 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece)
ages. Shoots, branchlets, etc., often slightly scurfy-
dotted.
Fruit, about one quarter inch long, slightly lengthened,
blackish, sweet. Stone, broadly oval or round, very
flat and even.
Found, from New Jersey southward.
A very variable shrub (or sometimes a small tree) ten
to twenty feet high.
(9) Withe-rod. V. cassinotdes, L.
This species differs from the preceding ( V. nudum)
chiefly in the following items :
Flower-cluster, usually with a shorter stem.
Leaves, one to three inches long.
Shoots, scurfy-dotted.
Found, from New Jersey northward and westward.
Fig. 63. (10) Black Haw. Sloe. Stag-Bush. V.prunifblium,L.
Flowers, in rather large and flat three- to five-rayed sessile
clusters at the ends of the branches. May.
Leaves, one to three inches long, smooth, shining above,
broadly-oval to broadly-reverse egg-shape, finely and
charply toothed. Apex, rounded or pointed. Leaf-
stem, short and smooth, the edges slightly and evenly
winged ; variable.
Fruit, oval, blackish, sweet and eatable.
Found, in Connecticut and Southern New York, westward
to Michigan, and southward.
A bush (or a small tree) ten to twenty feet high.
The bark is sometimes used as a tonic.
t 3
143
Fig. 62. Withe-rod. (V. ntidum, L.)
Fig. 63. Black Haw. (V. prunifdlium, L.)
H4 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece)
(3) Genus SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. (Snowberry, etc.)
From Greek words meaning "to bear together" and "fruit," because of the
clustered berries.
Flowers, white with a rosy or purplish tinge in clusters or
spikes, or sometimes solitary. Corolla, bell-shaped,
four- to five-lobed. Calyx, with short teeth. Stamens,
four or five, inserted on the throat of the corolla.
Stigma, rounded. Seed-case, four-celled, but with
only two of the cells containing perfect young seeds.
Leaves, simple, broad-oval to oblong, opposite, edge
entire.
Fruit, with four cells and two seeds. A berry.
Fig. 64. Snowberry. S. racembsus, Michx.
Flowers, in a loose and often somewhat leafy terminal
spike. Corolla, thickly-bearded within. Stamens
and style not longer than the corolla tube ("included").
Style, smooth. June, August.
Leaves, smooth or nearly so, often with wavy margins.
Fruit, snow-white, the size of a large pea.
Found, native in New England and Pennsylvania, and
northward and westward, and in cultivation.
A pretty bush two to three feet high, very common
in cultivation, especially in old gardens, attractive, not on
account of its flowers, but its white fruit.
Var. pauciflorus, Robbins, has the flower spike reduced
to only one or two blossoms.
Wolf-berry. S. occidentalis, Hook.
Flowers, crowded in nodding terminal or axillary spikes.
Corolla, bearded within. Stamens and Style, longer
than the corolla-tube ("exserted"). July.
Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece) 145
Fig. 64. Snowberry. (S. racemdsus, Michx.)
Fig. 65. Indian Currant. (S. orbicularis, Moench./
146 Honeysuckle (Caprifotiactce)
Leaves, one to three inches long.
Fruit, white.
Found, from Illinois northward and westward.
A shrub two to four feet high.
Fig. 65. Indian Currant. Coral-berry. S. orbicularis, Moench.
( S. vulgaris, Michx.)
Flowers, crowded in short clusters in the axils of most of
the leaves. Corolla, only slightly bearded within.
Stamens and style shorter than the corolla-tube
("included"). Style, bearded. July.
Leaves, round-oval, one to two inches long, nearly stem-
less.
Fruit, small, dark red.
Found, from Pennsylvania northward and southward.
A shrub two to three feet high.
(4) Genus LONICERA, L. (Fly-Honeysuckle.)
Flowers, in pairs in the axils of the leaves, each pair with
a single stalk. Corolla, tubular or funnel-like, often
hairy at the base within, five-lobed, more or less
irregular. Stamens, five, longer than the corolla-tube
(" exserted "). Seed-case, two- to three-celled.
Leaves, simple, opposite, entire.
Fruit, a several-seeded berry.
Fig. 66. Fly-Honeysuckle. L. ciliata. Muhl.
Flowers, greenish-yellow, three quarters inch long. Corolla,
funnel-form, slightly, blunt, spurred at the base.
Petals, nearly equal. Bracts, two, minute at the
base of the seed-case. Stem of the pair of flowers,
slender, shorter than the leaves. May, June.
Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece) 147
caj
Fig. 66. Fly-Honeysuckle. (L. ciliata, Muhl ) (a) Fruit.
148 Honeysuckle ( Caprifoliacece )
Leaves, from long egg-shape to oval. Base, variable,
rounded, or slightly pointed, or often heart-shaped ;
thin, delicately fringed on the margin. Leaf-stem,
slightly hairy.
Fruit, red, oblong, or egg-shape, in pairs, three- to five-
seeded, distinct or sometimes slightly united.
Found, in woods from Pennsylvania northward and west-
ward.
A shrub three to six feet high, with straggling
branches set at a very wide angle.
Mountain-Fly Honeysuckle. L. cerblea, L.
Flowers, yellowish. Bracts, two, at the base of the seed-
case, awl-shaped, longer than the seed-case. Stem of
the pair of flowers, very short shorter than the
flowers. May, June.
Leaves, small, egg-shape or oval to reverse egg-shape ;
hairy, especially when young.
Fruit, dark blue, the two berries united into one.
Found, in high woods from Rhode Island northward and
westward.
A shrub one to three feet high.
Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle. L. oblongifblia, Muhl.
Flowers, yellowish-white outside, purplish within, one hal
inch long, deeply two-lipped. Corolla, hairy. Bracts
two, minute or soon falling. Stem of the pair o
flowers, slender, as long as the leaves. June.
Leaves, one to three inches in length, oblong, nearly
stemless.
Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacecz) 149
Fruit, rounded, purple, the two berries more or less
parted at the summit, or sometimes nearly distinct.
Found, in swampy land, from New York northward and
westward.
A shrub three to four feet high.
Bracted Fly-Honeysuckle. L. involucrbta, Banks.
Flowers, yellowish. Corolla, one half to three quarters of
an inch long, slightly sticky. Stem of the pair of
flowers shorter than the leaves.
Leaves, two to five inches long, egg-shape or oblong,
mostly pointed. Branches, four-angled.
Fruit, rounded, dark-purple, the two berries distinct.
Found, in deep woods from the shores of Lake Superior
north and west.
Tartarian Honeysuckle. [Z. Tartdrica, Z.]
Flowers, pale-purple to white, small, fragrant. April,
June.
Leaves, one to two inches long, three quarters to one and
one half inches wide, thick, egg-shape. Base, heart-
shaped. Apex, blunt, smooth, shining, dark-green
above. Leaf-stem, short.
Found, common in cultivation, naturalized in the vicinity
of New York.
150 Honeysuckle (Caprifoliacece)
A shrub four to ten feet high, with erect, much-
branching stems ; elegant, and every way worthy of cultr
vation. Introduced from Russia.
(5) Genus DIERVILLA, Tourn.
Fig. 67. Bush Honeysuckle. D. trifida (L.J Moench.
Flowers, greenish-yellow, in clusters that are either
terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves usually
three blossoms to each flower-stem. Corolla, funnel-
form, five-lobed, nearly regular, twice as long as the
calyx. Calyx-lobes, slender, awl-shaped, persistent.
Stamens, five ; stamens and style much longer than
the tube of the corolla. Seed-case, slender, about
one third inch long.
Leaves, simple, opposite, two to four inches in length,
long egg-shape, toothed, taper-pointed. Stems,
marked with two slight ridges, very noticeable in the
young shoots.
Fruit, tapering above into a slender beak, which is often
curved, and is crowned with the long and somewhat
spreading persistent sepals. Cells, two (apparently
four because of the intruding false partitions). Seeds,
many. A capsule.
Found, from the mountains of North Carolina northward
and westward.
An upright shrub about two feet high, very modest as
compared with its showy related species, the cultivated
Japanese "Weigela."
Fig. 67. Bush Honeysuckle. D. trffida (L.), Moench. (a) Flower-cluster.
152 Madder ( Rubiacece)
21. Family RUBlACEyE. (Madder Fam.)
Genus CEPHALANTHUS, L.
From two Greek words meaning "head" and "a flower," referring to the
arrangement of the round flower-clusters.
Fig. 68. Button-Bush. C. occidentdlis, L.
Flowers, white, in dense spherical heads each head
nearly an inch in diameter, on a long stalk. Corolla,
with united petals, tubular, four-toothed. Calyx-tube,
inversely pyramid-shaped. Stamens, four, inserted
on the tube of the corolla. Style, much exserted,
long, and thread-like nearly twice as long as the
corolla. Seed-case, adherent to the calyx. July,
August.
Leaves, variable, three to five inches long, simple, oppo-
site (often whorled in threes), egg-shape to oblong,
and reverse egg-shape, edge entire, strongly veined.
Base, pointed or rounded. Stipules, short, connecting
the bases of the opposite leaf-stems.
Fruit, small, inversely pyramid-shaped, dry and hard.
Cells, two to four, each with one seed, splitting from
the base upwards. September.
Found, in swamps and along streams of United States
and Canada.
A vigorous shrub about four feet high. It is some-
times found on elevated ground, where it serves, it is
claimed, as a good sign of the presence of hidden springs.
The inner bark is sometimes used as a cough medicine.
Fig. 68. Button-Bush. (C. occidentalis, L.)
Fig. 69. Groundsel Tree. (B. halimifdlia, L.)
154 Composite (Composites)
22. Family COMPOSITE. (Composite Fam.)
Genus BACCHARIS, L.
From " the name of the god Bacchus, possibly because of a faint wine-like odor
about the plant."
Fig. 69. Groundsel Tree. J3. halimifblia, L.
Flowers, whitish or yellow, tubular, in a close head of
about twenty blossoms, the staminate and the pistillate
forms on different bushes. Corolla, of the pistillate
flower thread-like ; of the staminate, larger and five-
lobed ; the hairy pappus of the pistillate flowers long
and very abundant. September.
Leaves, simple, alternate, edge mostly remotely large-
toothed (in the upper leaves often entire), reverse
egg-shape to lanceolate. Branches, angled.
Fruit, one-seeded, a ribbed akene.
Found, near the sea, from Massachusetts to Georgia.
A compact shrub six to twelve feet high, worthy of
cultivation because of its late blooming and its abundant
" white-haired " blossoms.
Genus IVA, L.
Marsh Elder. Highwater Shrub. I. frutiscens, L.
Flowers, greenish-white, tubular or funnel-form, in small,
drooping heads, each head with fine marginal, pistil-
late flowers, the remaining flowers staminate, pappus
lacking. July to September.
Leaves, simple, fleshy, the lower ones opposite, lance-
shaped, and coarsely toothed, the upper ones narrower
and with entire edges, or reduced to line-like bracts.
Fruit, one-seeded (five seeds to each head). An akene.
Found, on the borders of salt marshes from Massachusetts
to Florida ; common.
A coarse, leafy shrub, three to eight feet high.
Heath (Ericacece) 155
23. Family ERICACE^. (Heath Fam.)
Flowers, regular, or nearly so, except in R. Rhodbra (8).
Petals, four to five, united, except in R. Rhodbra (8),
Ledum (9), and Clethra (10). Stamens, usually as
many to twice as many as the petals, and inserted
with them. Pollen, of four united grains. Style, one.
Seed-case, three- to ten-celled.
Leaves, simple, without stipules.
Fruit, a berry or a capsule.
There are not many families that contain as many
beautiful plants as are found among the Eric&cea. Of
the true heaths, however, we have no native species.
The nearest to them are our huckleberries and cranberries.
These take the place throughout the northern part of
America of the heaths of the corresponding climate of
Europe, and they do so with as much of beauty and with
far more of usefulness.
A GUIDE TO THE GENERA.
(A) Calyx adherent to seed-case ; Fruit a berry, crowned with the calyx-teeth.
(t>) Fruit ten-seeded (i) Gaylussacia (Huckleberry).
Si " many-seeded (2) Vaccinium (Blueberry, etc.).
lyx not adherent to seed-case ; Fruit a many-seeded capsule.
(6) Petals always regular, and all united.
(c) Corolla cylindrical, or contracted f g) ^^g^
at its mouth ; Fruit, more or^ }*{ Leuc6thoe.
,.ss gl obu, a r,oe gg .shap, } g| *.
(c) Corolla saucer-shape, with ten C
hollows for holding the anthers. -I (6) Kalmia (Laurels, etc.).
Leaves, thick and evergreen. (.
(6) Petals sometimes irregular, and in (
R. Rhodbra partly separate. Corolla, < (8) Rhododendron (Azaleas, etc.).
spreadi ng, funnel-shape, or bell-shape. (
(6) Petals regular and separate.
(C} ^dgTentTre 7 ^^ beneath ' | (9) Ledum (Labrador Tea).
(c) Leaves, smooth, edge-toothed. (ro) Clethra (Sweet Pepper-bush.)
156 Heath (Ericacecz)
(r) Genus GAYLUSSACIA,H. B. K. (Huckleberry.)
Flowers, white or tinged with red, in loose lateral clusters.
Corolla, egg-shape, tubular, or bell-shape ; five-lobed.
Calyx, yellowish-green, with resinous dots. Stamens,
ten. Anther-cells, tapering upward, and opening by
a chink at the end, with no small hooks at the back
Seed-case, ten-celled and ten-seeded, adherent to
the calyx.
Leaves, alternate, entire (excepting in Box Huckleberry,
and sometimes in Dwarf Huckleberry), and more or
less resinous dotted (excepting in Box Huckleberry).
Fruit, black or dark blue, round, ten-celled, ten-seeded,
crowned with the teeth of the calyx. A berry.
Fig. 70. Common Black Huckleberry. G. resiiibsa (Ait.),
T. and G.
Flowers, drooping, in short, one-sided clusters. Corolla,
contracted at the mouth, longer than the stamens,
shorter than the style. Bracts of the flower-clusters,
small, reddish, and soon falling away. Flower-stems,
each about the length of the blossom. May, June.
Leaves, one to two and one half inches long, entire, egg-
shape and oval to reverse egg-shape, pointed or
somewhat blunt, thickly sprinkled more thickly
than are any other of the huckleberries with bright
resinous globules.
Fruit, black (very rarely white), sweet. August.
Found, from Northern Georgia and Tennessee northward.
Common in woods and open fields.
A stiff, much-branched shrub, one to three feet high,
yielding the "huckleberry" of the markets.
Fig. 70. Common Black Huckleberry. G. resindsa (Ait.), Torr. and Gray.
157 Fig. 71. Dangleberry. G. fronddsa (L.), Torr. and Gray.
158 Heath (Ericacece)
The "huckleberry pasture" is an important part of
many a New England farm, and the name is a well
remembered one in the memory of many a far wanderer
from his early home. Those who know the stout and
thickly set bushes, and who know also the ideal Christian
character of many of the New England settlers, can
appreciate the comment of an old lady (quoted, by
Ralph Waldo Emerson), who, remembering her godly
ancestors, said of them "that they had to hold on hard
by the huckleberry bushes to hinder themselves from
being translated."
A peculiar old and shorter name for huckleberries is
" hurts."
" Cape Cod is only a headland of high hills overgrowne
with shrubby pines, hurts, and such trash, but an excel-
lent harbour of all weathers." Capt. JOHN SMITH,
Work II.
Dwarf Huckleberry. G. dumbsa (Andr.), T. and G.
flowers, each from the axil of a persistent bract, in some-
what lengthened clusters. Bracts, leaf-like, oval, as
long as the flower-stem, and persistent. Corolla,
bell-shape, with five prominent keel-like angles,
longer than the included stamen and style. Seed-
case, set with hairs or glands. June.
Leaves, about one and one third inches long, entire or
slightly fine-toothed, reverse egg-shape, blunt, bristle-
tipped. Leaves, branchlets, and flower-stems sprinkled
with small hairs and glands.
Fruit, black, one third to one half inch in diameter, rather
insipid. August.
Heath (Ericacecz) 159
Found, in swamps and thickets from Canada to Florida,
mostly along the coast.
A small shrub, usually about one foot high, from a
creeping base.
Fig. 71. Dangleberry. Blue Dangle. G. frondbsa (LJ, T. and G.
Flowers, in slender, loose clusters. Bracts, oblong or
line-like, soon falling, shorter than the slender and
drooping flower-stems. Corolla, round, bell-shape,
longer than the included stamens. May, June.
Leaves, entire, mostly reverse egg-shape, often blunt.
Fruit, large, blue, sweet, covered with a whitish bloom
when ripe. July, August.
Found, from Newfoundland to Florida, oftenest in sandy
swamps.
A loosely branching shrub, three to six feet high.
Box Huckleberry. G. brachycera, Gray.
Flowers, in short, close, axillary, and terminal clusters.
Flower-stems, very short. May.
Leaves, one inch long, oval, thick, smooth, many-toothed,
evergreen, resembling the leaf of the box.
Fruit, light blue.
Found, in Perry County, Pennsylvania, and southward.
A pretty evergreen about one foot high.
(2) Genus VACCINIUM, L. (Blueberry, etc.)
This genus differs from Gaylusshcia chiefly in the fol-
lowing items :
160 Heath ( Ericacece)
Flowers, with corolla five-toothed, excepting in Bog
Bilberry, where it is four-toothed. Anthers, some-
times with two small, bristle-like hooks (awns) on the
back. Seed-case, four-celled (or sometimes eight- to
ten-celled by false divisions), many-seeded.
Leaves, branchlets, etc., less strongly or not at all marked
with resinous globules.
Fruit, four- to five-celled (or sometimes eight- to ten-
celled by false divisions), and many-seeded instead of
only ten-seeded.
Fig. 72. Squaw Huckleberry. Deerberry. V. stamineum, L.
Flowers, nodding, greenish-white or purplish. Flower-
stems, slender, solitary in the axils of the leaves.
Stamens, hairy, shorter than the style, much exserted
from the corolla. Anthers, tapering into two horns,
with a hook (awn) back of each.
Leaves, one and one half to two and one half inches long,
rounded or pointed, or sometimes heart-shaped at
base ; smallest on the flowering branches ; egg-shape
and oval to reverse egg-shape. Leaf -stem, very
short and downy.
Fruit, somewhat ten-celled, nearly as large as a small
cherry, greenish or yellowish, sometimes purple-
tinged, round or pear-shaped, scarcely edible. Sep-
tember.
Found, from Canada to Florida.
A shrub two to three feet high with abundant spread-
ing branches and drooping solitary fruit.
Heath (Ericacece)
161
Fig. 72. Squaw Huckleberry. (V. staraineum, L.)
73 ^nmrnon Low Blueberry. (V. Pennsy.vanicum, Lam.)
1 62 Heath (Ericacece)
Fig- 73- Common Low Blueberry. Dwarf Blueberry.
V. Pennsylvdnicum, Lam.
Flowers, usually reddish-white, one quarter inch long, in
short, close clusters. Corolla, short, cylindrical, and
somewhat bell-shaped. Calyx-teeth, green and spread-
ing. Stamens, hairy, not exserted from the corolla.
May, June.
Leaves, three quarters to one inch long, oblong to lance-
shape, stemless ; smooth and shining above and be-
neath ; finely and sharply bristle-toothed. Stems and
branches, green and warty, and often with a hairy line
running down each side.
Fruit, large, blue, sweet, ripening earlier than that of K
vacillans. July, August.
Found, growing in thick patches in dry, hard soil, from
New Jersey to Illinois, and northward : very common
in New England.
A bush six to fifteen inches high, the lowest and the
earliest of the Blueberries.
A narrow-leaved lower variety (var. augustifblium,
G.), is found on the White Mountains of New Hampshire
and far northward.
Var. Riorum, Wood, has the leaves dark green, the
berries black and shining.
V. Canadense. Kalm.
This species differs from the preceding ( V. Pennsyl-
vanicum) chiefly in the following items :
Leaves, entire, downy beneath, and at least on the veins
above. Branchlets, reddish-green and downy.
Found, from Maine and New Hampshire westward and
northward.
Heath (Ericacece) 163
Low Blueberry. V. vacillans, Solander.
Flowering-branches, two to three inches or more in length,
and without leaves, so that often much of the plant
is leafless though covered with fruit.
Leaves, egg-shape to reverse egg-shape, edge entire or
very finely toothed. Branchless, yellowish-green,
angular, and closely set with white dots.
Fruit, ripening later than that of V. Pennsylvhnicum,
August.
Found, in dry ground from New England westward and
southward.
A bush one to two and one half feet high.
Fig. 74. Common High Blueberry. Swamp Blueberry.
V. corymbbsum, L.
Flowers, in short clusters, appearing with or before the
leaves. Corolla, more or less cylindrical, about one
quarter to one third inch or more in length. Stamens,
shorter than the corolla ("included"), hairy. Style,
slightly exserted. May, June.
Leaves, variable in shape and size, mostly smooth, acute
at each end, entire. Branches, green or purple.
Flower ing -branches, often almost leafless.
Fruit, large, blackish or purplish, slightly acid. August,
September.
Found, in shady swamps and thickets from Canada to
Florida.
A shrub five to ten feet high. It furnishes the late
blueberry of the markets. A very variable species.
A marked variety (var. atrococum, G.) has the under
surface of the leaves, even when old : and the branchlets
downy or woolly.
1 64 Heath (Ericacece)
Bog Bilberry. V uliginbsum, L.
Flowers, axillary, drooping, single, or two to three
together, nearly sessile. Corolla, short, four-cleft,
urn-shape. Stamens, eight, smooth. Anthers, with
a slender hook (awn) back of each of the two horns.
June, July.
Leaves, one quarter to one third inch long, dull, reverse
egg-shape to oblong, entire. Apex, rounded or
pointed, crowded toward the ends of the branches.
Fruit, four-celled, deep-blue or black, oblong, sweet,
crowned with the style.
Found, on the mountain summits of New England and
New York, the shores of Lake Superior, and north-
ward.
A low, spreading shrub, four inches to two feet high.
V. cczspitbsum, Michx ; var. cuneifolium, Nutt ; V.
myrtillbides, Hook; and V. ovalijblium, Smith, are forms
of Bilberries with the blossoms solitary, nodding on short
axillary stems, the parts of the flower in fives ; stamens,
ten ; the leaves more or less toothed. They are found
on the shores of Lake Superior and northward.
(3) Genus ANDROMEDA, L.
Named with reference to the story of Andromeda (see below).
Flowers, mostly white, in clusters. Corolla, rounded, five-
toothed. Calyx, without bracts. Stamens, ten.
Anthers, attached near the middle. Anther-cells^
opening by a pore at the end. Seed-case, free from
the calyx.
Heath (Ericaccce) 165
Fig. 74. Common High Blueberry. (V. corymbdsum, L.) (a) Flower-cluster.
1 66 Heath (Ericacece)
Leaves, simple, alternate, entire (or in Privet Andromeda,
A. ligustrina, sometimes fine-toothed).
Fruit, globular to egg-shape, five-celled, many-seeded ; a
capsule.
Fig- 75- Marsh Andr6meda. Wild Rosemary. A. polifblia, L.
Flowers, nearly round, crowded in terminal drooping
clusters. Corolla, about one quarter inch long, rose-
tinted. Calyx, white, tipped with red. Anther-cells,
each terminating in a slender ascending awn. Flower-
stems, about one half an inch long, pearl-white, spring-
ing from pointed and hollowed bracts of the same
color at their base. June.
Leaves, evergreen, very narrow to oblong lance-shape,
one to three inches in length by one sixth to one
quarter of an inch in width ; very smooth, edges
rolled back, thick, dark-green above, whitish beneath.
Fruit, globular, five-celled, many-seeded. A capsule.
Found, in wet ground from New Jersey and Pennsylvania
to Minnesota, and far northward.
A very interesting evergreen shrub, six inches to two
feet high.
Linnaeus, in his Tour in Lapland, describes this
shrub and tells why he chose for it the poetical name of
Andromeda :
" Andromeda polifblia was now (June 12) in its highest
beauty, decorating the marshy grounds in a most agree-
able manner. The flowers are quite blood-red before
Fi g- 75- Marsh Andrdmeda. (A. polifdlia, L.) (a) Blossom slightly enlarged
i 6 ? Fig. 76. Stagger-Bush. (A. mariana, L.)
1 68 Heatk (Ericacece)
they expand, but when full-grown the corolla is of a
flesh-color. ... As I contemplated it, I could not
help thinking of Andromeda as described by the poets ;
and the more I meditated upon their descriptions, the
more applicable they seemed to the little plant before me.
Andromeda is represented by them as a virgin of most
exquisite and unrivalled charms. . . . This plant is
always fixed on some little turfy hillock in the midst of
the swamps, as Andromeda herself was chained to a rock
in the sea, which bathed her feet as the fresh water does
the roots of the plant. Dragons and venomous serpents
surrounded her, as toads and other reptiles frequent the
abode of her vegetable resembler. As the distressed
virgin cast down her blushing face through excessive
affliction, so does this rosy-colored flower hang its head,
growing paler and paler until it withers away. . . .
At length comes Perseus in the shape of summer, dries
up the surrounding water, and destroys the monsters."
Fig. 76. Stagger-Bush. A. manana, L.
Flowers, about five twelfths of an inch long, nodding in
clusters on leafless branchlets. Corolla, somewhat
egg-shape, white or pale red. Calyx, about two
thirds as long as the corolla, parted nearly to the
base. Stamens, two-toothed near the anthers, hairy,
without awns. June and July.
Leaves, one to three inches long, smooth, oval, or oblong,
acute at each end or sometimes with the apex rather
blunted.
Fruit, egg-shape, with the narrowed end squared, as
though cut off; five-celled, five-angled, many-seeded.
Seeds, angular. A capsule. October.
Heath (Ericacece) 169
Found, in dry places, in woods, etc., from Rhode Island
and Pennsylvania southward.
A shrub two to three feet high, worthy of cultivation.
Its common name is due to its reputation for poisoning
young cattle.
Fig. 77. Privet Andr6meda. A. ligustrma, Muhl.
Flowers, scarcely one sixth of an inch long, downy, globu-
lar, white, crowded in terminal clusters ; the clusters
usually leafless, sometimes with two small leaflets at
the base. Flower-stems, downy. Anthers, without
awns. June, July.
Leaves, one to three inches long, entire or fine-toothed,
more or less downy, reverse egg-shape and oval to
lance-shape.
Fruit, globular, five-celled, five-angled, many-seeded ; a
capsule. September.
Found, in swampy ground from Canada southward ,
Common.
A shrub three to ten feet high.
(4) Genus LEUCOTHOE, Don.
Fig. 78. Leuc6thoe. L. raeembsa ( L.), Gray.
Flowers, white, fragrant, with very short stems crowded
in long, one-sided, usually erect spikes, mostly at the
ends of the branches, each spike two to four inches
long, with twelve to thirty downward- turned
blossoms. Corolla, five-toothed, cylindrical or some-
what egg-shaped. Calyx, with two egg-shaped
Heath (Ericfrcece)
- 77- Privet Andrdmeda. (A. ligustrina, Muhl.) (a) Fruit.
Fig. 78. Leucdthoe. L. racemdsa (L.), Gray. () Fruit.
Heath (Ericacece) 171
pointed, persistent bracts at base. Stamens, ten.
Anther-cells, each with two awns at apex. Seed-case,
free from the calyx. June, July.
Leaves, one to two and one half inches long, alternate,
smooth, oblong to oval or reverse egg-shape, more
or less pointed, fine-toothed. Leaf-stem, about one
twelfth of an inch long.
Fruit, globular, depressed, five-celled, many-seeded, with
the remains attached of the calyx and its two bracts
and the long style. Seeds, angled not winged. A
capsule.
Found, in moist woods and thickets from Canada to
Florida, mostly near the coast.
A shrub four to ten feet high. The dry brown fruit-
spikes of the previous year, with- persistent calyx and
bracts and style, often remain among the blossoms and
green leaves of the new season. The plant is well
worthy of cultivation.
(5) Genus CASSANDRA, Don.
Cassandra was a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.
Fig. 79. Leather- Leaf. Cassandra. C. calyculata (L .), Don.
Flowers, white, with short stems, solitary in the axils of
the twenty to thirty small upper leaves, so forming a
long, one-sided leafy spike. Corolla, cylindrical,
five-toothed. Calyx, with two persistent, egg-shaped
bracts at its base. Stamens, ten. Anther-cells, each
tapering into a beak that opens at its apex, without
awns. Seed-case, free from the calyx. April, May.
172 Fig. 79. Leather-Leaf. C. calyculata (L.1, Don.
Heath (Ericacece) 173
Leaves, about one inch long and half as wide (those of
the flower-spikes smaller), oblong ; blunt or slightly
pointed ; entire or very slightly toothed ; shiny and
dotted above, rusty beneath ; mid-vein prominent,
others scarcely noticeable.
Fruit, depressed, five-celled, many-seeded, with the cov-
ering of the seeds in two layers, the outer splitting
at length into five parts, the inner into ten. Seeds,
flattened, wingless. July.
Found, in wet places from Newfoundland to Minnesota,
and southward to Georgia, often in large beds.
A nearly evergreen shrub two to four feet high.
Formerly Cassandra was included in the genus
Andromeda. Inasmuch as Linnaeus had given the
latter name to the sweet little Lapland flower which he
discovered because it reminded him by its surroundings
of the story of Andromeda chained in the midst of the
waves Don, when he rearranged the species chose the
new name "Cassandra," to retain the classic suggestion.
(6) Genus KALMIA, L. (American Laurel.)
From the name of Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus.
Flowers, showy, in clusters. Corolla, five-lobed, wheel- to
bell-shaped, with ten pits for holding back the ten
elastic stamens. Calyx, smaller than the ripened
seed-case ; persistent after the other parts of the
174 Heath (Ericacecz)
flower have fallen. Seed-case, not adherent to the
calyx.
Leaves, evergreen, opposite or alternate, entire, thick.
Fruit, mostly round, five-celled, many-seeded. A capsule.
Fig. 80. Mountain Laurel. Calico-Bush. Spoon-Wood.
K. latifWa, L.
Flowers, three quarters to five sixths of an inch across,
rose-colored to white, in large, many-blossomed,
terminal clusters, crowning the last year's leaves ;
sticky. May, June.
Leaves, mostly two to four inches long, oftenest alternate,
sometimes opposite or in threes ; shining, smooth on
both sides. Side-veins, imperceptible below. Bark,
in the larger specimens in short, rounded, and often
flaky ridges, curiously forked at their ends. Wood,
crooked, fine-grained, compact.
Fruit, rounded, five-celled, imperfectly five-angled, set
with sticky hairs. September.
Found, usually in damp woods from Canada and Maine
to Ohio and Kentucky, and in all the Atlantic States
southward to Georgia.
One of our most beautifully flowering shrubs, ever-
green, four to eight feet high, or sometimes even twenty
feet in height, with crooked and twisting stems and
branches. The leaves and juices are narcotic, and are
said to be poisonous to browsing cattle. Well worthy
of cultivation.
" When the clumps of Mountain Laurel are in bloom
it is worth while going out of one's way to see them."
Heath (Ericacece) 175
Fig. 80. Mountain Laurel. (K. latifolia, L.)
176 Heath (Ericacece)
Xenophon, in his Retreat of the Ten Thousand, tells
how numbers of his warriors were poisoned through
eating honey made by bees that had foraged among the
abundant "laurel" flowers. The species may have been
Azalea Pdntica.
Fig. 81. Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. K. angustifblia, L.
Flowers, about one half or two thirds smaller than those
of the Mountain Laurel, closely resembling them,
but of a deeper crimson and growing in small clusters
at the sides of the branches in the axils of the last
year's persistent leaves, and surmounted by the new
leaves. May, July.
Leaves, one to two inches long, opposite in threes and in
pairs, edge entire. Apex and base, slightly pointed
or rounded ; light green above, in winter often
reddish-green or yellowish ; below, whitish or pale.
Surfaces, smooth. Side-veins, indistinct.
Fruit, rounded, depressed, five-celled, often clinging
throughout the winter, its stems recurved. Sep-
tember.
Found, common, in rough fields and by ponds and
marshes, from Canada to Carolina, and west to
Kentucky, often in large patches.
A very pretty upright evergreen shrub one half to two
feet or rarely four feet high. The leaves of this species
also are said to be poisonous to cattle.
Pale Laurel. K. glauca, Ait.
Flowers, resembling in general the other laurel flowers,
smooth, one half inch across, pale purple, in terminal
clusters of eight to ten blossoms. Flower-stems-
smooth. June.
Heath (Ericacecz) 177
Fig. 81. Sheep Laurel. (K. angustifblia, L.) (a) Fruit.
178 Heath (Ericacece)
Leaves, about one inch long, varying in width from
scarcely one eighth to one half an inch, opposite, and
often in threes, entire, with edge rolled back, nearly
stemless. Branchlets, distinctly two-edged by ridges
which extend from the bases of each pair of leaves
to the pair below.
Fruit, somewhat egg-shape, smooth.
Found, mostly in swampy land from Kentucky and
Pennsylvania far northward.
A straggling shrub, one to two feet high.
(7) Genus MENZIESIA, Smith.
Flowers, greenish-white or purplish, small, nodding in
terminal clusters. Corolla, four-lobed. Stamens,
eight. Seed-case, not adherent.
Leaves, alternate, reverse egg-shape. Branchlets, strag-
gling, usually hairy and rusty.
Fruit, egg-shape, four-celled, many-seeded. A capsule.
The genus is represented by two species :
M. globella, Gray, found from Minnesota Point, Lake
Superior northwestward ; and
M. globuforis, Salisb., found in the Alleghany Moun-
tains from Pennsylvania southward.
(8) Genus RHODODENDRON, L. (Azaleas, etc.)
From a Greek word meaning " Rose-tree."
Flowers, showy, in terminal clusters. Corolla, deeply five-
lobed (in R. Rhodbra two petals are wholly separate) ;
often slightly irregular (or in R. Rhodbravery irregu-
Heath (Ericacece) 179
lar) ; bell or funnel-form. Stamens, twice as many
as the petals, or of the same number (or in R. nudi-
fblium, five to seven). Stamens and style more or
less exserted and declined, except in R. maximum.
Anther -cells, opening by a round pore at the end.
Seed-case, free from the calyx.
Leaves, chiefly alternate and entire.
Fruit, five-celled, many-seeded. Seeds, scale-like. A
capsule.
Fig. 82. Clammy Azalea. White Swamp Honeysuckle.
Swamp Pink. R. viscbsum ( L.), Torr.
Flowers, appearing after the leaves, white or rose-color,
very fragrant, very sticky, in clusters of six to twelve
blossoms. Corolla, downy, funnel-form ; tube about
one inch long, nearly twice as long as the lobes.
Calyx, minute. Stamens, five, slightly exserted from
the tube. Anthers, nearly twice as long as in the
Purple Azalea (R. nudiflbrum). Style, much longer
than the stamens. June, July.
Leaves, one to two inches long, alternate or in groups of
five to six at the ends of the branchlets, reverse egg-
shape to lance-shape, smooth, except at the delicately
bristle-fringed margins and mid-vein. Leaf-stem and
branchlets, bristly. Apex, often tipped with a brown,
hard point.
Fruit, as above.
Found, in damp woods and swamps from Canada to
Florida and Arkansas, mostly near the coast.
i8o Heath (Ericdcece)
A shrub four to seven feet high. " Few flowers have
been more valued and more frequently cultivated in Euro-
pean gardens than this."
Var. glaucum (Pursh.), G., found from New England
to Virginia, has paler and sometimes rough-hairy leaves.
Var.nilidiim(L3im.), G., found from the mountains of
New York to Virginia, is a dwarf form with reverse-
lanceolate leaves.
Smooth Azalea. JR. arbor e'scens, Torr.
Flowers, rose-color, very fragrant. Corolla, funnel-form,
with the tube longer than the lobes ; not at all or
very slightly sticky. Calyx, conspicuous, as much
as one sixth of an inch long, lobes oblong and acute.
The five stamens and the style much exserted. Scales
of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown, and fringed.
Blossoms, appearing after the leaves. May, July.
Leaves, very smooth on both sides, shiny above ; the
edges delicately bristle-fringed. Branchlets, smooth.
Fruit, as above.
Found, from the mountains of Pennsylvania to North
Carolina.
A shrub ten to twenty feet high.
Fig. 83. Purple Azalea. Pinxter-Flower. R. nudiflbrum
(L.), Torr
Flowers, one and one half inches across, very variable in
color, white, pink, purple, buff, mottled ; usually
fragrant. Corolla, funnel-form. Tube (nearly one
inch long), scarcely longer than the large lobes ;
downy, slightly sticky. Calyx, small and hairy.
181 Fig. 82. Clammy Azalea. R. viscdsum (L.), Torr.
Fig. 83. Purple Azalea, i-i. nudifldrum ( .), Torr. (a) Fruit.
1 82 Heath, (Ericacece)
Stamens, five to seven, twice as long as the tube,
downy below the middle. Style, about three times
as long as the tube. Blossoms, appearing with or
before the leaves. April, May.
Leaves, reverse egg-shape to reverse lance-shape, downy
beneath. Young branchless, hairy, and often in
whorls.
Fruit, as above. August.
Found, in woods and wet land from Canada to Florida
and Texas ; common, especially southward.
A crooked-stemmed, much branched shrub, with many
varieties in cultivation.
Var. polydndra has ten to twenty stamens.
Flame-Colored Azalea. R. calendulaceum, Torr.
This species differs especially in the following items :
Flowers, one and one half to one and two thirds inches
across, orange, changing to flame-color ; abundant,
covering the bush as the leaves are appearing ; not
fragrant, not sticky. Corolla, with its tube shorter
than the lobes.
Found, from the mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia.
It has many varieties in cultivation.
Fig. 84. Rose Bay. Great Laurel. Rhododendron.
R. maximum, L.
Flowers, very showy, one to two inches broad, rose color
or nearly white, sometimes dotted with yellow, in
large clusters of fifteen to twenty blossoms at the
ends of the branches. Corolla, bell-shaped, slightly
irregular. The ten stamens and the style rarely
exserted. Flower-stem, somewhat sticky. July,
August.
if)
Fig. 84. Great Laurel. (R. maximum, L.) (a) Flower.
Fi g- 85. Rhoddra. (R. Canadense, B. S. P.) (6) Fruit.
1 84 Heath (Ericacece)
Leaves, four to ten inches long, thick, alternate, mostly
crowded at the ends of the branches, edge entire,
dark and very smooth, and polished above, below
paler, and often slightly rusty, the edges somewhat
rolled.
Fruit, as above.
Found, not common in New England and New York ;
very common, especially along woody streams, in the
mountains of Pennsylvania and southward. It is
never found on limestone formations.
A magnificently flowering evergreen six to twenty
feet high, with irregular, straggling branches, and hard
and very fine-grained wood. It is the glory of the woods
and glens where it appears. It is often cultivated, and
easily, if it is sheltered from the sun.
Fig. 85. Rhod6ra. R. Canade'nse (L.), B.S.P., ( R. Rhodbra, Don).
Flowers, about one inch in length, irregular, in terminal
clusters of three to five stemless blossoms. Corolla,
purplish-rose, with scarcely any tube, split into two
parts, the back part with three lobes, the front part
of two nearly or quite distinct petals. Calyx, small,
persistent. The ten unequal stamens and the style
the length of the corolla. Blossoms, appearing before
the leaves. April, May.
Leaves, oblong to somewhat reverse egg-shape, pale, more
or less downy. Bark, smooth and brown.
Fruit, as above ; oblong and downy. Seeds, oblong and
winged.
Found, in moist ground from Canada to the mountains of
Pennsylvania.
Heath (Ericacecz) 185
A shrub one to three feet high, each stem divided
into several branches ; these, while still entirely leafless,
bearing at their ends showy clusters of rosy blossoms.
I remember the first Rhodora I ever saw ; it was
growing on a flat bit of land, close by the low bank of
the Penobscot a bush on fire, without a sign of green
about it.
" Rhodora ! if the sages ask thee why
This charm is wasted on the earth and sky,
Tell them, dear, that if eyes were made for seeing;
Then beauty is its own excuse for being.
Why thou wert there, O rival of the rose !
I never thought to ask, I never knew ;
But in my simple ignorance suppose
The self-same power that brought me there brought you."
RALPH WALDO EMERSON.
Lapland Rose Bay. R. Lapponicum, Wahl.
Flowers, violet-purple, dotted, about two thirds of an inch
across, regular, in terminal, leafy clusters of few blos-
soms. Corolla, open, bell-shape. Stamens, five to
ten, exserted. June, July.
Leaves, evergreen, thick, crowded, about one half an inch
long and half as wide, elliptical, alternate ; edge
entire and revolute. Apex, blunt, roughened above
and below with hollowed rusty scales. Branches,
dotted, like the leaves, with rusty scales.
Found, on the high mountain summits of New England
and New York, and northward to the Arctic coasts.
A thickly spreading evergreen shrub six to ten inches
in height.
i86 Heath (Ericacece)
(9) Genus LEDUM, L.
Fig. 86. Labrador Tea. L. latifblium, Ait.
Flowers, white, small, in terminal clusters of about twelve
or more blossoms. Corolla, of five separate petals,
spreading and reverse egg-shape. Calyx, minute.
Stamens, five to seven. Anthers, opening by terminal
pores. Seed-case, not adherent to the calyx. May,
July.
Leaves, one to two inches long, oblong or narrow-oblong,
alternate, entire, margins strongly rolled, persistent ;
smooth above, very thickly covered beneath with a
dense white or rusty wool.
Fruit, oblong, pointed, five-celled, many-seeded, splitting
from the base upward ; a capsule.
Found, in mountain woods and cold, damp ground from
Pennsylvania to New England, westward and north-
ward.
A shrub one to three feet high, easily recognized by
its woolly-lined leaves. The leaves are very astringent,
and have been used as a substitute for tea.
An introduced species found in Labrador and north-
westward is L. palustre, L., with narrower leaves, ten
stamens, and shorter fruit.
Heatk ( Ericacece) 187
Fig. 86. Labrador Tea. (L. latifolium, Ait.) (a) Fruit.
1 88 Heath (Ericacece)
(10) Genus CLETHRA, Gronov.
Fig. 87. Sweet Pepper-Bush. White Alder. C. alnifblia, L.
Flowers, small, white, fragrant, in abundant terminal
upright spikes from three to five inches in length.
Corolla of five separate reverse egg-shaped petals.
Calyx, whitish-downy, five-parted, persistent. Sta-
mens, ten, usually exserted beyond the corolla.
Anthers, arrow-shape. Style, slender, and three-
cleft at the apex. Flower-stems, about one sixth of
an inch long from the axil of a bract of about the
same length, whitish-downy. Seed-case, not adherent
to the calyx, but enclosed by it. July and
August.
Leaves, two to about three or more inches long, alternate,
edge-toothed, but entire toward the base, strongly
straight-veined, mostly smooth, reverse egg-shape to
oval with wedge-shaped base. Leaf-stem, short and
downy.
Fruit, rounded, enclosed in the calyx, three-celled, many-
seeded. Seeds, angular. A capsule.
Found, in swamps and low grounds from Eastern Canada
to Georgia ; most abundant near the coast.
A shrub three to eight feet high, often in large
patches, filling the air with its heavy odor. Its fragrance
and late blooming, as well as its showy flower-spikes,
make it deserving of a place in the garden. Its clusters
increase in size under cultivation. It is highly prized in
England.
Heath (Ericacece) 189
Fig. 87. Sweet Pepper-Bush. (C. alnifalia, L.)
190 Olive (Oleacecz)
24. Family OLEACEyE. (Olive Fam.)
Genus CHIONANTHUS, L. (Fringe-Tree.)
From two Greek words meaning " snow" and " flowers."
Fig. 88. Fringe-Tree. Old Man's Beard. C. Virginica, L.
Flowers, snow-white, in long, loose, drooping clusters.
Petals, four, nearly an inch in length, very narrow,
barely united at the base. Calyx, four-parted, very
small, persistent. Stamens, two, very short. Style,
one, notched. Seed-case, free from the calyx, two-
celled, with four young seeds (only a part ripening).
April, June.
Leaves, simple, opposite, three to six inches long, edges
entire, smooth ; outline oval to reverse egg-
shape, very variable. Apex, pointed or sometimes
rounded.
Fruit, one half to two thirds of an inch long, oval, pur-
plish, one-celled, one- to three-seeded ; a drupe.
Found, along streams from New Jersey and Southern
Pennsylvania, southward.
A shrub six to ten feet high, or often a low tree;
common in cultivation and very ornamental. The leaves
are supposed to be useful as a tonic in fevers.
Olive (Oleacecz) 191
Fig. 88. Fringe-Tree. (C. Virginica, L.) (a) Flower-cluster, (/>} Fruit.
192 Olive (Oleacece)
Genus LIGUSTRUM, Tourn.
Privet. [Z. vulgare, Z.]
Flowers, small, white, close, in upright pyramid-shaped
spikes at the ends of the branches. Corolla, four-
lobed. Calyx, small, minutely four-toothed. Sta-
mens, two. Seed-case, not adherent to the calyx.
May, June.
Leaves, simple, three quarters to two inches long, oppo-
site, edge entire, lance-shape and oval to reverse
egg-shape, acute or blunt, very smooth, dark green.
Fruit, rounded, in cone-shaped bunches, two-celled, two-
to four-seeded, black, bitter, ripe in July ; a berry.
Found, in woods and thicket from New Jersey and New
York to Virginia and westward.
A shrub four to eight feet high, naturalized from
Europe. It is cultivated for ornament, and in the form
of low hedges.
CLASS FIRST CONTINUED
(A ngiospermce)
Division III
PETALS MOSTLY LACKING
193
25. Family LAURACE^E. (Laurel Fam.)
Genus LINDERA, Thumb. (Spice-Bush.)
From the name of a Swedish botanist.
Fig. 89. Spice-Bush. Fever-Bush. Benjamin-Bush. Wild
Allspice. L. Benzbin, Blume.
Flowers, yellow, small, in almost stemless, lateral clusters,
each cluster made up of several minor clusters of
four to six flowers, with four early-falling scales at
their base, appearing before the leaves. Corolla,
lacking. Calyx, six-parted, the blossoms generally
of two forms on different plants ; the staminate with
nine stamens in three rows, the inner lobed and with
glands at their base ; the pistillate with fifteen to
eighteen undeveloped stamens in two forms. Style,
one. Seed-case, round and not adherent to the
calyx. March, April.
Leaves, two to four inches long, simple, alternate, entire,
wedge-shape to reverse egg-shape and oval, nearly
smooth.
Fruit, red, reverse egg-shape, one-celled, one-seeded ; a
drupe.
Found, from Ontario and New England southward in
damp woods.
An aromatic shrub six to fifteen feet high. The
powdered berries have sometimes been used as a substitute
for allspice, and the leaves for tea.
194
Laurel ( Lauracece) 195
Fig. 89. Spice-Bush. (L. Benz6in, Blume.) (a) Flower-clusters.
196 Doiphne (Tkymelceacece)
26. Family THYMEL^ACE^. (Daphne Fam.)
Genus DIRCA, L. (Leatherwood.)
Fig. 90. Leatherwood. Moosewood. D paliistris, L.
Flowers, light yellow, three or four in a cluster at the
sides of the branches, appearing before the leaves.
Corolla, wanting. Calyx, tubular, without spreading
lobes, its edge wavy or slightly four-toothed. Sta-
mens, eight, long and slender, alternating in length.
Style, one, it and the stamens exserted. Seed-case,
not attached to the calyx, one-celled, one-seeded.
April.
Leaves, three to four inches long, simple, alternate, entire,
reverse egg-shape to oval. Apex, pointed or blunt.
Base, sometimes slightly heart-shaped. Leaf -stem,
short, and covering the leaf-bud at its base. Bark,
fibrous, and remarkably tough.
Fruit, about one half an inch long, oval, pointed, reddish,
one-celled, one-seeded ; a berry-like drupe.
Found, in damp woods from Canada to the Gulf.
A much branching shrub, two to five feet high, with
white wood, with bark that is leather-like in its toughness.
"It has so great strength that a man cannot pull apart
so much as covers a branch one half or one third of an
inch in diameter." Millers and others use it for thongs,
and from the pliant branches baskets are made. The
Indians used it for cordage.
Ddpkne (Tkymeiceacece) 197
9'
Fig. 90. Leatherwood. (D. pallistris, L.)
Fig. 91. Shepherdia. (S. Canadensis, Nutt.)
198 Oleaster (Elceagnacea)
Genus DAPHNE, L. (Mezereum.)
Mezereum. Daphne. [D. meztreum, Z.]
This species differs from the above chiefly in the fol-
lowing items :
Calyx, purplish-rose, rarely white, with four spreading
lobes. Stamens and style, if present, not exserted.
Leaves, lance-shape.
Found, escaped from cultivation in Canada, New York,
and Massachusetts. Introduced from Europe.
27. Family EL^EAGNACE^E. (Oleaster Earn.)
Genus SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. (Shepherdia.)
Fig. 91. Shepherdia. S. Canadensis, Nutt.
Flowers, very small, yellowish, nearly stemless, of two
kinds on the same bush. Corolla, wanting. Calyx,
four-parted. The staminate flowers with eight sta-
mens, in lateral clusters ; the pistillate often solitary,
with one style, and with a one-seeded seed-case enclosed
by, but not adherent to, the calyx.
Leaves, one to two inches long, opposite, entire, oblong
or egg-shape, beneath very white-downy and sprinkled
thickly with rusty scales. Branchlets, and flowers,
also marked with rusty scales.
Fruit, size of a small pea, round or oval, yellowish-red,
pulpy, sweetish, but not edible, one-celled, one-seeded,
berry-like ; really an akene within the pulpy calyx.
Found, from New York and Vermont westward and north-
ward.
A shrub three to six feet high, curious and ornamental.
Mistletoe ( Lorantkacece) 199
28. Family LORANTHACE^. (Mistletoe Fam.)
Genus PHORADENDRON, Nutt. (Am. Mistletoe.)
From two Greek words meaning "thief" and "tree," because of the mistletoe's
parasitical growth.
Fig. 92. American Mistletoe. P. flavescens, Nutt.
Flowers, small, whitish, in spikes in the angles of the
leaves, of two kinds, on separate plants. Corolla,
wanting. Calyx, usually three-lobed. The staminate
flou>ers with a sessile anther at the base of each lobe ;
the pistillate with a seed-case that is one-celled, one-
seeded, and adherent to the calyx.
Leaves, three quarters to one and a third inches in
length, simple, opposite, entire, reverse egg-shape to
oval. Base, slightly pointed or rounded, stemless,
thick, fleshy, with three strong veins radiating from
the base. Stem, brittle at the joints.
Fruit, round, white, the size of a small pea, in spikes and
clusters, one-seeded ; pulpy, the pulp very sticky ;
a berry.
Found, from New Jersey to Southern Indiana and south-
ward, growing firmly on the branches of various trees.
A much-branching evergreen parasite, one to one and
a half feet high. Its propagation is by help of the sticky
pulp, which holds the fruit to the bark where it falls,
until the seed takes root. As the plant grows it feeds on
the juices of the tree.
In Scandinavian mythology it is recorded that Balder
(the Scandinavian counterpart of Apollo) was proof
200 Sandalwood (Santalacece)
against anything whatsoever that had its source in either
of the four elements, fire, air, earth, or water. But his
enemy Loke, the Spirit of Evil, made an arrow out of
mistletoe, which grows from none of these things, and
with this arrow Balder was slam.
The Druids held in the highest veneration whatever
grew on the oak ; especially they reverenced the mistletoe.
When it was found, two fat bulls were sacrificed beneath
it. and a priest, clothed in white, cut it down with a
golden knife.
Traces of the ancient esteem for the mistletoe are
still found in old English and German customs, such as
" kissing under the mistletoe," and its various uses at the
Christmas-time. Its sprays were supposed to have
magical powers ; they were used as charms.
There is a tradition that the cross was made from the
wood of the mistletoe, which up to that time was a large
tree, but then was condemned to live for evermore as a
parasite.
29. Family SANTALACE^. (Sandalwood Fam.)
Genus PYRULARIA, Michx. (Oil-Nut.)
From a Latin word meaning " pear," because of the shape of its fruit,
Fig. 93. Oil-Nut. Buffalo-Nut. P. p^bera, Michx.
Flowers, small, greenish, in short, terminal, few-flowered
spikes. Corolla, wanting. Calyx, five-cleft, some-
times of two kinds on separate plants. Staminate
flowers, with five stamens opposite the sepals ; pistil-
late with the one style short and thick, and the seed-
case adherent to the calyx, excepting at its flat
summit, one-celled, and two- to four-seeded. May.
Fig. 92. American Mistletoe. (P. flav6scens, Nutt.)
Fig. 93. Oil-Nut. (P. pubera, Michx.)
202 Sweet-Gale (Myricacece)
Leaves, two to three inches long, simple, alternate, entire,
oblong to egg-shape, very veiny, minutely dotted.
Fruit, about one inch long, pear-shaped, fleshy, crowned
with the remains of the persistent calyx, one-celled,
one-seeded ; drupe-like.
Found, from the mountains of Pennsylvania to Georgia.
A shrub three to twelve feet high, with every part,
especially the fruit, flavored with an acrid oil.
30. Family MYRICACE^. (Sweet-Gale Fam.)
Genus MYRICA, L. (Bayberry, etc.)
Flowers, solitary, under a scale-like bract, of two kinds :
the staminate in oblong or. cylindrical clusters ; the
pistillate axillary, in egg-shape, oval, or globular
clusters. Corolla, lacking. Stamens, two to eight,
somewhat united below. Seed-case, free, with two to
eight scales at its base, and two thread-like stigmas,
one-celled, one-seeded.
Leaves, simple, alternate, entire or toothed, fragrant,
resinous-dotted under the lens.
Fruit, one-celled, one-seeded, round to oblong, coated
with wax or with resinous grains ; a dry, drupe-like
nut
Fig. 94. Bayberry. Wax Myrtle. M. ccrtfera, L.
Flowers, the two kinds mostly on separate plants, the
staminate clusters oblong, erect, less than one inch
long, on the sides of the last year's twigs, scattered ;
the. pistillate clusters oval. May.
203
Fig. 94. Bayberry. (M. cerifera, L.)
Fig. 95. Sweet-Gale. (M. Gale, L.)
Fig. 96. Sweet Fern. M. asplenifolia (L.) Banks.
204 Sweet-Gale (Myricacece)
Leaves, one and one half to three inches long, smooth,
and shining on both sides. Apex, pointed or blunt,
and tipped with the end of the mid-vein, entire or
remotely toothed toward the apex. Leaf-stem, dis-
tinct.
Fruit, about one eighth inch in diameter, round and nut
like, greenish at first, then blackish, and when ripe
crusted with whitish wax, clustered on short stems
below the leaves, usually four to nine in a cluster,
sometimes remaining in place for two or three years.
Found, near the coast from Nova Scotia to Florida, and
on Lake Erie, oftenest on dry, sandy soil.
A compact, much-branching shrub, two to eight feet
high, often growing in masses. The wax of the gathered
berries, when removed by soaking in boiling water, forms
the " bayberry tallow" of commerce.
" The production of myrica wax, or bayberry tallow,
has been carried on to a somewhat large extent, mostly
for the manufacture of candles and soap. Candles made
from this wax, though quite brittle, are less greasy than
others, are slightly aromatic, and are smokeless after
snuffing. The wax is obtained by boiling the berries and
then skimming the water. It saponifies readily with a
solution of caustic potash, yielding a fragrant soap. Four
pounds of berries yield about one pound of wax.
Fig. 95. Sweet-Gale. Dutch Myrtle. M. Gale, Z.
Flowers, the two kinds mostly on separate plants ; the
staminate clusters terminal, one inch or more in
length, closely clustered ; the pistillate clusters axil-
lary, about one eighth of an inch in length, oval.
Sweet-Gale (Myricacecz) 205
Leaves, three quarters to one and one half inches long,
entire for about two thirds the length, sharp-toothed
toward the apex, fragrant when crushed, appearing
later than the flowers. Apex, blunt or slightly
pointed. Leaf-stem, very short.
Fruit, round, dotted ; two-winged by two thick, egg-
shaped scales, crowded in an oblong head ; usually
two to six nuts in each cluster.
Found, on the borders of ponds from Canada and south-
ward in the mountains, to Carolina.
A branching shrub, three to five feet high.
Fig. 96. Sweet-Fern. M. asplenifblia (L.), Banks.
Flowers, the two kinds often on the same plant, the
pistillate forms in rounded clusters with the seed-
cases surrounded by eight narrow, persistent scales.
April, May.
Leaves, one to six inches long, narrow, pointed, with
large rounded, lobe-like teeth.
Fruit, a small nut, egg-shape or oval, brown, in clusters,
and clothed with the lengthened persistent scales.
September.
Found, in dry, poor, ground, often in large patches, from
North Carolina northward and westward.
A shrub, round-headed, one to two feet high, very
aromatic when crushed. It is much used in some locali-
ties, medicinally, for summer complaints and for bathing
bruises, and in rheumatism.
" The early colonists of Massachusetts, unfamiliar
with the innocent qualities of the plant, tell how, in a
206 Oak (Cupuliferce)
journey through the ' wilderness ' from Boston to Con-
cord, some of their number were made to faint by the
powerful odor of the abundant sweet fern, growing in
large patches along their way." RALPH WALDO EMER-
SON in Atlantic Monthly of January, 1892.
31. Family CUPULIFER^. (Oak Fam.)
Flowers, of two kinds on the same plant : the staminate forms in long,
slim clusters (or in the beech, in rounded clusters) ; the pistillate,
variously arranged. Seed-cases, two- to seven-celled, with one to
two young seeds in each cell, but all disappearing in fruit excep-
ting one cell and one seed.
Leaves, simple, alternate, toothed or lobed.
Fruit, one-celled, one-seeded ; clustered nutlets, or nuts, or acorns.
GUIDE TO THE GENERA.
(i) Betula (Birch). (2) Alnus (Alder). (3) Corylus (Hazel-nut).
(4) Carplnus (Hornbeam). (5) Quercus (Oak). (6) Castanea (Chestnut).
(i) Genus BETULA, Tourn. (Birch.)
Flowers, the staminate forms in long, drooping, stemless
clusters, golden in spring, appearing with or before
the leaves, three blossoms and two small bracts to
each shield-like scale ; the pistillate forms in oblong
or cylindrical stemmed clusters, two or three blossoms
to each three-lobed bract.
Leaves, simple, alternate, toothed.
Fruit, clustered, broadly winged, scale-like, crowned with
the two stigmas ; a scale-like nutlet.
Fig. 97. Low Birch. B. pbmila, L.
Flowers, the pistillate forms in short, erect clusters;
clusters of both forms about one half to three quarters
of an inch long.
Oak (Cupultferce) 207
Fig. 97. Low Birch. (B. pftmila, L.) (a) Fruiting cluster.
208 Oak (Cupuliferce)
Leaves, one half to one and one third inches long, rounded
or wedge-shape, or sometimes egg-shape. Bark,
brownish.
Fruit, with its wing mostly narrower than the rest of the
nutlet.
Found, in wet ground in Connecticut and New Jersey,
and westward, and in the mountains of New England
and northward.
A shrub two to eight feet high.
Dwarf Birch. B. glandulbsa, Michx.
Flower-dusters and fruit, much as in the last.
Leaves, reverse egg-shape to rounded, one half to three
quarters of an inch long.
Branches, marked with resinous, wart-like dots.
Found, from the mountains of New England far north-
ward.
A shrub one to four feet high.
B. papyri/era, var. minor, Tuck., is a low form of the
" Paper Birch," six to nine feet high, found in the higher
parts of the White Mountains.
Oak (Cupuliferce) 209
(2) Genus ALNUS, Tourn. (Alder.)
Staminate flowers, in long, drooping clusters with three
(sometimes six) blossoms, and four or five small
bracts to each shield-shaped scale. Pistillate flowers,
in oval or oblong clusters, with two or three blossoms
to each fleshy scale. Scales and bracts, woody in
fruit.
Leaves, simple, alternate, toothed.
Fruit, in " cones," sometimes winged, scale-like, clustered.
A scale-like nutlet.
Green Alder. Mountain Alder. A. viridis, D. C.
Pistillate dusters, one half to two thirds of an inch
long, on slender stalk, appearing with the leaves.
April.
Leaves, two to four inches long, egg-shape to rounded
and heart-shaped.
Fruit, with a thin, broad wing. August.
Found, along streams in the Alleghany Mountains to
North Carolina, and from Western Massachusetts
and New York westward and far northward.
A shrub three to eight feet high.
210 Oak (Cupuliferce)
Fig. 98. Smooth Alder. A. serulctta, Willd.
Flowers, appearing before the leaves ; the staminate
clusters two to three inches in length, forming droop-
ing tassels of purple and gold, three to five together
on short terminal foot-stalks ; the fertile clusters
usually from the same point, erect, three or four
together, one quarter to one third of an inch long,
but later enlarging to one third to one half inch long,
and becoming hard and cone-like. March, April.
Leaves, two to four inches long, often crumpled between
the prominent veins, oval to reverse egg-shape.
Base, acute or rounded, green above and below,
sharp-toothed, sometimes double-toothed, mostly
smooth, usually slightly downy on the veins beneath.
Fruit, wingless, egg-shape. September.
Found, common in wet land from Massachusetts west-
ward and southward.
A shrub six to fifteen feet high, often forming thick
clumps, the common alder southward. The wood, when
large enough, is excellent for fuel. The charcoal from it
is preferred to any other in compounding gunpowder.
Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder. A. inebna, Willd.
Flowers, with much the same aspect as those of the
smooth alder.
Leaves, two to four inches long, egg-shape to broad oval.
Base, rounded or slightly heart-shaped, or sometimes
pointed, mostly downy and hairy beneath, sharp-
toothed, sometimes double-toothed.
Oak (Cuputiferce)
. Fig. 98. Smooth Alder. (A. seru&ta, Willd.)
(a) Pistillate clusters. (!>} Staminate clusters, (c) " Cones.'
212 Oak ( C^ipul^ferce )
Fruit, wingless, slightly margined, orbicular.
Found, in wet land from Massachusetts westward and
northward.
A shrub eight to twenty feet high ; the common alder
northward.
(3) Genus C6RYLUS, Tourn. (Hazel-nut.)
Probably from a Greek word meaning "helmet" from the bonnet-like covering
of the nut.
Flowers, appearing before the leaves, the staminate forms
with eight stamens, in long, drooping clusters ; the
pistillate form, several from a scaly bud, each a
single adherent seed-case tipped with the end of the
calyx, with two side bractlets, a style, and two slender
stigmas. April.
Leaves, simple, alternate, toothed, folded lengthwise in the
bud.
Fruit, the size of a small marble, oval or rounded to
oblong, bony, covered with a large, leafy, downy
wrap with slashed edges, often in clusters ; a bony
nut.
Fig. 99. Wild Hazel-nut. C. Americana, Walt.
Flowers, the staminate clusters two to three inches long,
and two to five together. April.
Leaves, three to six inches long, rather coarse, rough
above, downy and hairy on the veins beneath, out-
line variable from egg-shape to slightly reverse
egg-shape. Leaf-stem, covered with glandular hairs.
213
Fig. 99. Hazel-nut. (C. Americana, Walt.)
Fig. 100 Beaked Hazel-nut. (C. rostrata, Ait.)
2i4 Oak (Cupuliferce)
Fruit, rounded, the wrap about twice the length of the
nut, broad, with spreading and coarsely-toothed edge,
opening down to the nut. September.
Found, common, often forming clumps along the borders
of fields and woods from Canada southward.
A shrub four to eight feet high. Its nuts are of
pleasant flavor, but inferior in quality to the English
"filberts."
Fig. 100. Beaked Hazel-nut. C. rostrata, Ait.
Flowers, the staminate clusters about one inch long, alone
or in pairs. April.
Leaves, much as in the preceding, but oftenest smaller
about three inches or less in length.
Fruit, much as in the preceding, but with the wrap
curiously lengthened into a long, tubular beak.
September.
Found, from Nova Scotia to New Jersey and westward,
and in the mountains southward to Georgia.
A shrub two to six feet high, much less common than
the preceding.
(4) Genus CARPJNUS, L.
Fig. 101. Hornbeam. Ironwood. Water Beech. Blue
Beech. C Caroliniana, Walt.
Flowers, the staminate form with several stamens in the
axil of a scale-like bract, in drooping clusters an inch,
or usually less, in length at the sides of the branches ;
the pistillate form in numerous pairs, spiked in a
loose, terminal cluster, about two inches long. April.
Oak (CupuUJerce)
215
Fig. loi. Hornbeam. (C. Caroliniana, Walt.) (a) Fruit scales.
216 Oak (Cupulifercz)
Leaves, usually three or four inches long, but with many
smaller leaves of varying size on the same branch ;
nearly smooth, slightly hairy on the straight and
distinct ribs, and in their angles.
Fruit, in a loose, drooping cluster, with leaf-like, strongly
three-lobed scales ; dark, small, egg-shape, piaced in
pairs base to base ; clustered nutlets. October.
Found, along streams and in swamps ; quite common
north, south, and west ; southward often as a tree.
A shrub (or sometimes a small tree) usually ten to
twenty feet high, but in the southern Alleghany Moun-
tains sometimes reaching a height of fifty feet. Its wood
is white, very compact, and strong.
(5) Genus QUERCUS, L.
Flowers, small, greenish or yellowish, the staminate form
with a two- to eight-lobed calyx, and with three to
twelve stamens, in slender, drooping clusters ; the
pistillate form with a seed-case containing three more
or less complete cells, and six young seeds (only one
of which develops), and with a three-lobed stigma
all in a scaly, bud-like wrap, which becomes the cup
of the acorn.
Leaves, simple, alternate.
Fruit, an acorn.
Fig. 102. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Scrub-Oak. Q. Muhlenbtrgii,
Eng. var. hiimilis, Britton. ( Q. prinotdes, Willd.).
Leaves, three to four inches long, with large, or sometimes
small wavy teeth, usually four to eight on each side,
light green and polished above, whitish or bluish,
and fine downy beneath. Leaf-stem, one quarter to
three quarters of an inch long.
Oak (Cnpuhferce)
217
Fig. 102. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. (Q. MuhlinMrgii, Eng. var. h&milis,
Britton.)
Fig. 103. Bear Oak. (Q. iliciftlia, Willd.)
218 Oak (Cupulifercz)
Fruit, middle size, abundant, sweet, egg-shape. Cup,
rounded, with small scales. September.
Found, from Massachusetts westward and southward;
not common.
A shrub seldom, if ever, more than three or four feet
in height ; one of the smallest of the oaks.
Fig. 103.- -Bear Oak. Shrub Oak. Scrub-Oak. Q. ilitifblia,
Willd.
Leaves, two to four inches long, with three to seven
(usually five) angular, often bristle-tipped lobes,
beneath downy, especially in the axils of the veins,
and very silvery or grayish-white. Leaf-stem very
variable in length.
Fruit, abundant, oval or egg-shape, about one half inch long,
dark brown, marked lengthwise with pale lines. Cup,
saucer-shape with a top-shaped base. September.
Found, on barren and sandy soil from New England
southward ; common.
A much branching, straggling shrub three to eight
feet high, often growing in masses ; called " bear oak,"
possibly from the liking of bears, when bears were
common, for the abundant acorns.
FROM NOTE-BOOK.
February. Bear Oak. The silver-backed, little brown
leaves still cling thickly to the crowded and scraggy
branches. Most of the many acorns have fallen ; a few
cups remain in place.
(6) Genus CASTANEA, Tourn. (Chestnut.)
Fig. 104. Dwarf Chestnut. Chinquapin. C. piimila, Mill.
Flowers, yellowish-white, appearing later than the leaves.
Calyx, mostly six-lobed ; the staminate with eight
Oak (Cupuliferce) 219
Fig. 104. Dwarf Chestnut. (C. pilmila, MilL)
220 Willow (Salicacecz)
to twenty stamens, in drooping clusters two to three
inches long ; the pistillate, usually three together,
in an oval, scaly, prickly wrap.
Leaves, three to five inches long, sharp-toothed, promi-
nently straight-veined, white-downy beneath. Base,
usually blunt.
Fruit, solitary, oval, pointed, about one half the size of
the common chestnut, very sweet, not flattened,
enclosed in a very prickly wrap about one and a half
inches in diameter ; a prickly-covered nut. October.
Found, from New Jersey and Southern Pennsylvania
south to Florida and west to Indiana and Texas.
A spreading shrub (or sometimes a small tree) six to
twelve feet high.
32. Family
Genus SALIX, Tourn. (Willow.)
Flowers, in long clusters, one flower to each entire-edged
bract ; the staminate and pistillate forms on separate
plants ; the staminate with two to ten (mostly two)
stamens ; the pistillate with style short or wanting,
and two short stigmas.
Leaves, alternate, usually long, narrow, and pointed.
Fruit, one-celled, many-seeded ; a capsule.
Fig. 105. Lon^-leaved Willow. S. longifblia, Muhl.
Leaves, very narrow-lanceolate, two to four inches long,
tapering at each end, remotely sharp-toothed, nearly
stemless.
Found, growing in thick clumps along the coast from
Maine to the Potomac ; not common.
Willow (Salicacece)
221
Fig. 105. Long-Leaved Willow. (S. longifdlia, Muhl.,
Fig. 106. Prairie Willow. (S. hilmilis, Marsh.)
(a) Staminate and pistillate flowers enlarged.
Fig. 107. Dwarf Gray Willow. (S. tristis, Ait.)
Fig. 108. Silky Wil'ow. (S. sericea, Marsh.)
Fig. 109. Long-Stalked Green Osier. (S. petio*aris, Smith.)
222
Willow (Salicacece)
A peculiar American species, about two feet high,
very variable.
Glaucus Willow. Bog Willow. S. discolor, Muhl.
Leaves, two to five inches long, one to nearly two inches
wide, oblong or reverse egg-shape, pointed, unevenly
toothed, teeth remote at the base, becoming finer
and closer, and disappearing toward the apex. Leaf-
stem, one half inch or more in length.
Found, common in damp grounds from Canada to North
Carolina ; seven to fifteen feet high.
Fig. 106. Prairie Willow. S. hitmilis, Marsh.
Leaves, reverse lance-shape to oblong, pointed, or the
lowest ones reverse egg-shape and obtuse ; edge
entire and often slightly rolled under, or " crinkly,"
very variable. Leaf-stem, distinct.
Found, common in dry fields ; three to eight feet high.
Fig. 107. Dwarf Gray Willow. S. tristis, Ait.
Leaves, one to two inches, crowded, very narrow reverse-
lanceolate, tapering to a very short leaf-stem, edge
entire and slightly wavy and somewhat rolled under
Apex, pointed or somewhat blunted, under surface
often downy.
Found, common in dry ground, one to one and a hah
feet high, downy, with the leaves often clustered at
the ends of the branches.
Fig. 108. Silky Willow. Gray Willow. S. sericea, Marsh.
Leaves, two to three inches long, narrow lance-shape,
taper-pointed, finely and evenly toothed, drying
black, when young very silky.
Willow ( Salicacece) 223
Found, in low, wet ground, oftenest east of the Lakes ;
six to eight feet high.
Fig. 109. Long-Stalked Green Osier. S. petiol&ris, Smith.
Leaves, much as in the last, less liable to blacken in dry-
ing, and less silky when young.
Found, in low ground, oftenest west of the Lakes.
A bush four to fifteen feet high. The little twigs are
used in basket-making.
S. argyrocarpa. Anders.
Leaves, one to two inches long, tapering evenly toward
both ends, margin wavy-toothed, and slightly rolled
back. Leaf-stem, short.
Found, in dense patches in high mountain ravines of New
Hampshire and in Lower Canada and Labrador ;
one to two feet high.
Mountain Willow. S. phylicifblia, L.
Leaves, two to three inches long, egg-shape to lance-
shape, remotely and finely toothed, very smooth
above and below.
Found, in high ravines of the White Mountains, and on
Mount Mansfield, Vermont ; one to ten feet high.
Fig. no. Sage Willow. Hoary Willow. S. Candida, Willd.
Leaves, two to four inches or more in length, lance-shape
or narrow lance-shape, mostly taper-pointed ; edge
entire or obscurely toothed at the apex, and rolled
under ; densely white-downy beneath.
224 Willow (SalicacecB)
Found, in cold, wet ground from New Jersey westward
and northward.
A shrub two to six feet high, hoary, the new shoots
white-woolly, the older shoots red.
Fig. in. Heart-Leaved Willow. S. cordbta, Muhl.
Leaves, long lance-shape, sharp-toothed or nearly entire,
not blackening in drying. Base, pointed to heart-
shape. Leaf-stem, one third to one half inch long.
Found, very widely distributed in wet ground.
The most variable of American species.
Fig. 112. S. balsamifera. Barratt.
Leaves, with base broadly rounded, and usually somewhat
heart-shaped. Leaf-stem, long and slender.
Found, in wet land from Maine to Iowa, and northward,
in clumps.
Fig 113. S. myrtilloides. Z.
Leaves, one to two inches long, reverse egg-shape to
oblong, entire, blunt or slightly pointed, margin
rolled under, smooth above and below.
Found, in cold swamps in New Jersey, and from New
England to Iowa, and northward.
Bear-Berry Willow. S. Uva-tirsi, Pursh.
Leaves, sometimes elliptical and pointed, sometimes re-
verse egg-shape and blunt ; less than one inch long,
slightly toothed, strongly veined, smooth and shining
above.
Found, abundantly over the high mountain summits of
Northern New England and New York.
22 5
Fig. no. Sage Willow. (S. cindida, Willd.)
Fig. in. Heart-Leaved Willow. (S. cordata, Muhl.)
(a) Staminate and pistillate flowers enlarged.
Fig. 112. Pear-Leaved Willow. (S. balsamifera, Barratt.)
Fig. 113. S. myrtilloides, L. (Two forms.)
226 Crow -Berry ( Rnipetracece)
A low or prostrate shrub, spreading thickly over a
surface from one to two feet in diameter.
Herb Willow. Arctic Willow. S. herb&cea, L.
Leaves, about one inch long, nearly round. Base, hear
shaped, toothed, veiny, smooth, and shining.
Found, on the high summits of the mountains of New
England and far northward.
The smallest of its family, with half underground
creeping stems, and branches that seldom rise more than
one or two inches above the surface.
33. Family EMPETRACE^E. (Crow-Berry Fam.)
Genus CORI^MA, Don. (Broom Crow-Berry.)
From a Greek word meaning "broom."
Fig. 114. Broom Crow-Berry. C. Conrddii, Torr.
Flowers, sometimes in the staminate and pistillate forms,
and on different bushes ; in terminal heads of ten to
fifteen blossoms, each blossom in the axil of a scaly
bract. Corolla, lacking. Stamens, three (rarely four),
long and purple. Style, slender, mostly three-cleft
Seed-case, three- to four-celled, not adherent to the
calyx. March, April.
Leaves, evergreen, one quarter inch long, very narrow,
almost line-like, short, crowded, margins entire and
rolled under.
Fruit, round, minute, with three (sometimes four or five)
small nutlets ; a drupe.
Crow-Berry ( ELmpetracece) 227
Fig. 114. Broom Crow-Berry. (C. Conrddii, Torr )
228 Crow-Berry (Rmpetracece)
Found, in sandy barrens and in dry, rocky ground,
mostly along the coast from New Jersey to New-
foundland, also in the Shawangunk Mountains of
New York.
A much-branched evergreen heath-like shrub, six
inches to two feet high.
Genus ^MPETRUM, Tourn. (Black Crow-Berry.)
From two Greek words meaning " upon " and "a rock."
Black Crow-Berry. E. nlgrum, L.
Flowers, reddish, inconspicuous in the angles of the
upper leaves, with scaly bracts. Corolla, lacking.
Sepals, three. Stamens, three. Style, one, very
short, with six to nine rays. Seed-case, six- to nine-
celled, not adherent to the calyx. May, June.
Leaves, about one quarter inch long, evergreen, crowded,
lapping each other and covering the branches.
Fruit, round, black, a drupe with six to nine seed-like
nutlets.
Found, in Mount Desert and along the coast of Maine,
in the high mountains of New York and New Eng-
land, and far northward.
A spreading and prostrate shrub with a stem one to
four feet long.
CLASS SECOND
(Gymnospfrma)
2*5
34- Family CONIFERS. (Pine Fam.)
Genus JUNIPERUS, L. (Juniper.)
Fig. 115. Common Juniper. I comments, L.
Flowers, the staminate and pistillate forms usually on
separate plants, in small clusters or cones at the
sides of the branches. Corolla and calyx, lacking.
Leaves, evergreen, five twelfths to three quarters of an
inch long, line-like, stiff, sharp, grooved and whitened
above, green and ridged below ; in clusters (whorls)
of threes.
Fruit, bluish-black, one quarter of an inch or more in
diameter, with one to three bony, wingless, egg-
shaped seeds, ripening the second year from
flowering ; berry-like.
Found, common on dry land from New Jersey to Canada
and Wisconsin.
An evergreen shrub, usually low and flat in large
beds, with many spreading or drooping and rooting
branches, yet sometimes rising six to eight feet in pyra-
midal form. The sweetish, turpentine-flavored berries
are medicinal diuretic and stimulating.
230
Pine (Conifers)
231
Fig. 115. Common Juniper. (J. communis. L.)
Fig. 1 16. American Yew. (T. Canad6nsis, Willd.)
232 Pine (Comferce)
Var. alplna, Gaud., is a prostrate form with leaves
less spreading, and but one sixth to two sixths of an inch
in length ; found from Maine to Minnesota, and north-
ward.
Prostrate Juniper. I. Sablna, L., var. procumbens, Pursh.
This variety differs 'from the preceding chiefly in the
following items :
Leaves, mostly opposite, a part awl-shaped and loose, the
others scale-like and close to the branch and with a
resinous gland on the back.
Friiit, on a short, curved stem.
Found, on rocky banks, borders of streams, etc., from
New England to Northern Minnesota, and north-
ward.
A prostrate or sometimes creeping shrub.
Genus TAxus. (American Yew.)
From a Greek word meaning a "bow."
Fig. 116. American Yew. Dwarf Yew. Ground Hemlock.
T. Canadensis, Willd.
Flowers, at the sides of the branches, the staminate and
pistillate forms usually on separate plants ; the sta-
minate form small and rounded, consisting merely of
eight to ten stamens ; the pistillate, solitary, consist-
ing of an erect seed with a ring-like disk which ex-
pands and becomes cup-like, and finally pulpy and
drupe-like, nearly covering the nut-like seed. May.
Leaves, evergreen, one half to two thirds of an inch long,
line-like, stiff, sharp, flat, green above and below,
arranged along the stem in two rows.
Skrubs Not Elsewhere Named 233
Fruit, red, about the size of a pea, slightly hollowed and
open at the top, showing the black seed within ;
drupe-like. August, September.
Found, in shaded places, especially under other evergreens,
from New Jersey westward and northward.
A low, straggling evergreen bush two to three feet
high, often forming broad, flat clumps. Its wcod is
yellowish-brown, tough, and elastic. It was often used
by the Indians in making their bows.
SHRUBS NOT ELSEWHERE NAMED.
Primus angustifolia, Marsh.
Prunus cuneata, Raf.
Spiraea Virginiana, Britton.
Rubus neglectus, Peck.
Rtibus Millspaughii, Britton.
Rhododendron canescens (Michx.), Porter.
** We see here a perpetuall Spring,
A gallant flowering May,
Which month is painter of the world,
As some great Clerks do say.
Rejoice in God . . .
Who thus hath lent the strength,
And eke inspirde thee with such grace,
To end this worke at length ;
And doubt not but herein thou hast
Both pleased God and man :
Happie art thou in doing this,
Happie when thou began."
" Thomas Thorney, to his learned friend and loving brother in
Art, M. John Gerard."
(Quoted from Gerard's Herball, London, 1597.)
234
EXPLANATION OF TERMS, ETC
235
EXPLANATION OF TERMS.
I.
Shrubs, as distinguished from trees, are those species
which, as a rule, do not spring from the ground with a
single branching trunk.
II.
THE FLOWER.
(i) The flower, when complete, is composed of
petals Fig. a (i) ; sepals, Fig. a (2) ; stamens, Fig. b (i),
with filament, Fig. b (2), and anther, Fig. b (3) ; pistil,
Fig. b (4), with seed-case, Fig. b (5) ; style, Fig. b (6),
and stigma, Fig. b (7).
V 7. Stigma
These parts are supported by the receptacle, Fig.
b (8). The corolla (crown) is the circle of the petals ;
the calyx (cup) is the circle of the sepals.
(2) The flower is pistillate, when the pistil is present
and the stamens are lacking ; staminate, when the sta-
mens are present and the pistil is lacking.
236
Explanation of Terms 237
(3) The seed-case is free, when it is not attached
along" its sides to the calyx ; adherent, when it is so
attached.
(4) The flower is terminal, when it is at the end of a
branch ; axillary, when it springs from the base of the
leaf-stem, i. e., from the "axil" of the leaf.
III.
THE FRUIT.
The fruit consists of the ripened seeds and their
wraps. For the different kinds see the Fruit Guide,
page 29.
IV.
THE LEAF.
(i) A leaf is simple, when it is of one piece, Fig. d ;
compound, when there are two or more entirely distinct
parts, called leaflets on the one leaf-stem, Fig. c.
A compound leaf is feather-shaped, when the leaflets
are placed along the sides of the leaf-stem, Fig. c; hand-
shaped, when all the leaflets radiate from the end of the
leaf-stem, like fingers from the palm of the hand.*
(2) The leaf is entire, when its edge is an even line
without indentations ; toothed, when it is set with an
indefinite number of sharp or blunt teeth ; lobed, when the
indentations are deep and of a definite number, Fig. d.
*NoTE i. Compound leaves may be once, twice, or three times compound.
NOTE 2. The leaflets of a compound leaf can be distinguished from a simple
leaf by the absence of leaf-buds from the base of their stems.
238 Explanation of Terms
(3) The leaf is needle-shaped, or line-shaped, when it is
very narrow, or sometimes scarcely more than a line, e. g.,
Juniper and Yew ; Lance-shape, when it is much longer
than wide, and gradually tapering to a point, e. g., most
Willows ; inversely lance-shape, when gradually tapering
down instead of up ; egg-shape, when it is of the general
shape -of an egg, with the broadest part below the middle,
but without regard to the form of the base and the apex,
Fig. e; inversely egg-shape, when it is the shape of an
egg, but with the broadest part above the middle ; oval,
with the broadest part at the middle.
(4) The leaf at its apex may be pointed, taper-pointed,
bristle-pointed (when it terminates in a bristle), Fig. d,
blunt or rounded.
(5) The leaf at its base may be squared, rounded,
pointed, wedge-shape (when it tapers to a point by straight
lines), or heart-shape, Fig. f.
(6) The leaves as arranged upon the branch may be
alternate, when they follow one another upon different
Explanation of Terms 239
sides of the branch ; opposite, when they are in pairs and
on opposite sides of the branches ; indeterminate, when
they are closely crowded up and down the branches, e. g.,
Hudsonia and Yew.
V.
(1) Stipules are appendages of the nature of a leaf,
but of various forms, found in some plants in pairs at the
base of the leaf-stems, e. g., in the Rose.
(2) Bracts are small appendages of the nature of a
leaf, but of various forms, found oftenest in connection
with, or just below, the calyx, e. g., in Leucothoe.
(3) The axil of a vein or a leaf is the angle formed
with another vein or with a branch.
GLOSSARY.
Achenium orakene (see Fruit Guide,
PAGE
P- 2Q.)
Leaflet (distinguished from leaf) .
PACK
237
Adherent
237
Legume (see Fruit Guide, p. 30) .
Alternate-leaved ....
2 3 8
Lobed
237
Angiospermse (plants whose seeds
Needle-shaped . . . -.
2 3 8
are covered) ....
19
Opposite-leaved ....
239
Anther
239
Oval .... .*' 1 ?
2 3 8
Axil
237
Persistent (remaining in place after
Axillary
237
ripening) .....
Berry (see Fruit Guide, p. 29)
Petal
19
Bract
239
Pistil
2 3 6
Bristle-pointed ....
238
Pistillate
2 3 6
Calyx
2 3 6
Pollen (the contents of the anther-
Compound leaf ....
2 3 6
cells)
Corolla
2 3 6
Pome (see Fruit Guide, p. 29)
Drupe (see Fruit Guide, p. 29)
Receptacle
2 3 6
Egg-shaped ....
238
Rounded
238
Entire-edged ....
237
Samara (see Fruit Guide, p. 29) .
Feather-shaped ....
237
Seed-case
2 3 6
Filament .....
2 3 6
Sepal
236
Follicle (see Fruit Guide, p. 29) .
Shrub (distinguished from tree)
236
Free
237
Simple leaf .....
2 37
Fruit ......
237
Squared
2^8
Gymnospermae (plants whose seeds
Stamen . .
^JO
236
are naked) ....
24
Staminate .....
236
Hand-shaped ....
237
Stigma
236
Heart-shaped ....
2 3 8
Style
2 3 6
Indeterminate-leaved .
239
Taper-pointed ....
2 3 8
Inverse egg- or lance-shaped
2 3 8
Toothed-edge ....
237
Lance-shaped ....
2 3 8
Twice compound ....
237
Leaflet
237
Wedge-shaped ....
2 3 8
240
SHRUBS WORTHY OF CULTIVATION.
Barberry ....
St.-John's-worts .
Prickly Ash (for Hedges) .
Hop Tree ....
Inkberry ....
PAGE
. 38
44
47
50
54
58
Hydrangea .
Witch-Hazel
Angelica Tree
Dogwoods (Cornels)
Viburnums .
Snowberry
PAGE
III
. 118
122
. 126
134
J 44
Buckthorn (for Hedges)
New Jersey Tea .
Bladder-Nut
62
. 64
68
70
Tartarian Honeysuckle
Leucothoe
Groundsel Tree .
Stagger-Bush
. 149
. 149
154
168
86
Kalmias
176
Steeple-Bush
Nine-Bark
88
88
Rhododendrons .
Fringe-Tree .
. 180
190
Roses
88
Privet
IQO
Thorns (Cratsegus)
Shepherdia . . .
198
Sweet-scented Shrub .
no
241
INDEX OF SHRUBS.
The names of families are given in CAPITALS, of genera in SMALL CAPITALS,
of species and varieties in " roman type," and synonyms in italics. The names of
introduced species are enclosed by brackets.
ACER spicatum ....
PAGR
66
Arrow-wood, Maple-leaved .
ASCYRUM Crux Andreae
45
Alder, Black .
52
stans
44
Green ....
209
Ash, Northern Prickly
47
Hoary ....
2IO
AsfMlNA triloba .
38
Mountain ....
Smooth ....
20 9
210
Azalea, Clammy .
Flame-colored .
. 179
182
Speckled ....
2IO
Purple
. 180
White ....
188
Smooth .
. 180
Wild
210
Allspice, Carolina
no
Wild ....
no
B
ALNUS incana ....
210
serulata ....
2IO
BACCHARIS halimif61ia
154
viridis ....
209
Barberry ....
. 38
AMELANCHIER Canadensis .
108
BARBERRY
. 38
var. alnifolia
110
Bayberry ....
202
var. oblon^ifblia.
no
Bay, Rose ....
. 182
var. oligocarpa .
IIO
Sweet ....
36
spicata
IIO
Beach Plum
82
AMORPHA canescens
78
Bear Oak ....
213
fructic6sa
78
Beech., Blue ....
. 214
ANACARDIACE.E .
70
Water
. 214
ANDROMEDA ligustrlna
169
Benjamin-bush . . ,
. 194
Mariana .
1 68
BERBER1DACE.E .
. 38
polifolia .
1 66
BERBERIS [vulgaris]
. 38
Andromeda, Marsh
1 66
BETULA glandulosa
. 208
Privet . . .
169
papyrifera var. minor
208
Angelica Tree ....
122
pumila .
. 206
ANONACE.E ....
38
Bilberry, Bog
. 164
ARALIACE^: ....
122
Birch, Low ....
. 206
AR!LIA spinosa ....
122
Black Alder.
52
Arrow-wood ....
133
Blackberry, High.
94
Arrow-wood, Downy .
140
Sind .
94
2.
t3
244
Index of Shrubs
Blackcap ....
Black Thorn
PAGE
92
. 8 4
COMPOSITE ....
CONIFERS ....
PACK
154
230
Bladder-Nut, American
68
Coral-berry
I 4 6
Blueberry, Common Low
. 162
COREMA Conradii ....
226
Common High
. 163
CORNACE.E .
124
Dwarf
. 162
Cornel, Alternate-leaved
127
Low .
. 163
Long-leaved
126
Swamp
. 163
Panicled ....
127
Blue Tangle
. 159
Round-leaved . .
124
BUCKTHORN .
61
Silky ....
126
Buckthorn, Alder-leaved
62
Cornel . . .V .
126
Carolina
62
C6RNUS alternif61ia
127
[Common]
62
asperifolia .
126
Lance-leaved
61
candidissima . , .
127
Buffalo-Nut
200
circinata . . .
124
Burning-Bush
. 58
paniculata . .
127
Bush Honeysuckle
. 150
sen'cea . . *
126
Button-Bush
. 152
stolonifera ...
126
C6RYLUS Americana .
212
C
rostrata.
214
Calico-Bush ....
CALYCANTHACE^E
. 174
no
Cranberry, Bush ....
High ....
Tree . . . .
134
134
134
CALYCANTHUS .
no
CRAT&GUS coccinea .
104
CALYCANTHUS floridus .
in
var. macracantha .
104
levigates
no
var. mollis . .,
104
nanus .
no
1 06
CAPRIFOLIACE.E .
Carolina Allspice .
CARPI.NUS Carolina
. 130
no
. 214
[oxyacantha]
parvifblia . .
tomentosa .
1 08
1 08
106
Cassandra ....
171
unifl6ra
108
CASSANDRA calyculata .
. 171
Crow-berry, Black
228
CASTANEA pumila
. 218
Broom . .
226
CEAN6THUS Americanus
. 64
CROW-BERRY ;
226
ovatus . .
64
CROWFOOT . . . .
34
Ceanothus, Narrow-leaved .
CELASTRACE^ .
. 64
. 58
CUPULIFER^: ....
Currant, Indian ....
206
146
CEPHALANTHUS occidentalis
. 152
Currant, Wild Black .
118
Cherry, Choke
84
Wild Red
118
Chestnut, Dwarf . ...
Chinquapin ....
. 218
. 218
Custard-Apple ....
38
CHIONANTHUS Virginica
. 190
D
Chokeberry ....
IOO
Choke-Cherry
84
Danfflcbcrry ~
J 59
CTSTACE.E
42
Daphne . . . . : .
198
CLETHRA alnifolia
. 188
DAPHNE . . . . i
196
Cockspur Thorn .
. 106
DAPHNE Mezereum -. .
198
COMPOSITE . . ' .
. 154
Deerberry
1 60
Index of Shrubs
245
Devil's Walking-Stick.
PAGE
Gooseberry, Round-leaved .
PAGE
. 116
DlERVfLLA tn'tida
122
Swamp . .
. 116
DfRCA palustris .
. ISO
Ground Hemlock . . .
. 232
Dockmackie . . .
196
Groundsel Tree .
. 154
Dogberry
138
Guelder Rose
_ _/:
DOGWOOD
102
Dogwood ....
. 124
H
Alternate-leaved
. 127
HAMAMELI'DE^E .
. 118
Long-leaved .
Panicled
. 126
. 127
Hamamelis Virginica .
Hardhack ....
. 118
88
Poison .
74
Haw, Black
142
Round-leaved
. 124
Red ....
. 104
Silky .
Dutch Myrtle
. 126
. 204
[Hawthorn, English] .
Hazel-Nut, Beaked .
. 108
. 214
E
Wild .
212
HEATH ....
. 155
Eglantine ....
IOO
Hemlock, Ground. , .
232
EL^fiAGNACE^
. 198
Hercules Club . . .
122
Elder, Common . . .
. 130
High-water Shrub
. 154
Poison . . .
74
Hobble-Bush
. 134
Red-berried . .
. 132
HOLLY ....
5
EMPETRACE.E
. 226
Holly, Mountain .
56
EMPETRUM nlgrum
. 228
HONEYSUCKLE .
130
ERICACEAE
. 155
Honeysuckle-Bush
. 150
EudNYMUS Americanus
60
Fly . . .
. 146
atropurpiireus .
. 58
Tartarian
149
F
White Swamp .
. 179
Hop Tree ....
50
False Indigo
. 78
Hornbeam ....
. 214
Fern, Sweet. . '/ ;.*
. 205
Huckleberry, Box
. 159
Fever-Bush .
IQ4
Common Black
156
Fly Bracted ....
. 149
Dwarf .
. 158
Honeysuckle .
. 146
Squaw . i
160
Mountain
148
Hudsonia ....
42
Swamp . .
148
HuDsdNiA ericiides . , ...
44
Fringe-Tree ....
. 190
tomentosa .
42
HYDRANGEA arborescens
in
G
Hydrangea, Wild
in
Gale, Sweet ....
. 204
HYPERICACE.E .
44
GAYLUSsAciA brachycera
. 159
HYPERICUM densiflorum
. 46
dumosa
. 158
Kalmianum
47
frondosa .
. 159
prolfficum
46
resinosa .
. 106
I
GINSENG ....
. 124
Gooseberry, Common ^^ild
114
ILEX glabra . .
54
Missouri . .
. 116
laevigata
54
Prickly .
114
mollis ....
52
246
Index of Shrubs
fLEX montana . . . ,K
PAGE |
52 [LIGUSTRUM vulgare] . .
PAGE
I 9
monticola ....
52
LfNDERA Benzoin
194
verticillata ....
52
LONICERA cerulea
I 4 8
Ilex, Soft
52
riliata ....
146
ILICI'NE^E ....
50
involucrata .
149
Indian Currant . .
146
oblongifolia . .
I 4 8
Indigo False 9
78
Tartarica .
149
Inlcberry
c
Loranthacese
iTonwood
214
Itea
112
M
ITEA Virginica ....
112
MADDER . . . .
152
IVA frutescens ....
154
MAGNOLIACE.E .
36
Ivy, Poison .....
7 6
MAGNOLIA ...
36
J
Magnolia, glauca ....
36
j
Virginiana .
36
June-Berry .....
108
Magnolia, Small . . . ^
76
Juniper, Common
230
Maple, Mountain . . , m'sj:-
66
Prostrate
232
Marsh Elder . >ka :.
154
JUNfpERUS communis .
230
May Cherry
108
var. Alplna
232
Meadow-Sweet ....
86
Sablnavar. procumbens
232
MENZIESIA glabella ,";- -.
178
globularis . . ' i
178
K
Mezereum . . , .... .'.;-
198
KALMIA angustif61ia .
glauca ....
latifolia ....
176
176
174
MISTLETOE . . , .-.
Mistletoe, American
Moosewood . ; . . , ; .
199
199
196
Kinnikinnik ....
X /T-
126
Mountain Maple . , ,. .
MvRiCA asplenif61ia ...
66
205
L
cerifera . . ....
202
Labrador Tea ....
186
Gale . . . .
MYRICACE^ . . . .,
204
2O2
Lambkill
176
Lapland, Rose Bay
185
N
LAURACE.E ....
194
LAUREL
194
NEMOPANTHES fascicularis .
56
Laurel, Great ....
182
mucronata .
56
Mountain.
174
New Jersey Tea ....
64
Pale ....
176
Nine-Bark . . .
88
Sheep ....
176
o
Swamp ....
36
Lead-Plant
78
OAK
206
Leather-Leaf ....
171
Oak, Bear .....
218
Leatherwood ....
196
Dwarf Chestnut .
216
LEDUM latifolium
186
Poison.
76
[paliistre] ....
1 86
Scrub (Q. illicif61ia) .
218
LEGUMINOS.E
78
Scrub (Q. M. var. humilis) .
216
Leucothoe . . . . iv3J$
169
Old Mans Beard .
190
LEUC6THOE racemosa . . .
169
OLEACE.E . .
190
Index of Shrubs
247
OLEASTER ....
HACK
I 9 8
Red Osier ....
PAGH
126
Oil-nut r . ;..
200
Red-root
64
OLIVE
IQO
RHAMNACE^E.
61
Osier, Long-stalked
223
RHAMNUS alni61ia
62
Caroliniana .
62
P
[cathartica] .
62
Papaw
38
lanceolata .
61
PAPAW
38
Rhododendron ....
182
Pepper-Bush, Sweet .
188
RHODODENDRON arborescens . .
180
PHORADENDRON flavescens .
199
calendulaceum .
182
PHYSOCARPUS opuli61ius . f
88
Canadense
184
PINE \ ,
Pinxter-flower .....
Plum, Beach .
230
180
82
canescens .
Lapponicum
233
185
Canada . . , ^ ^
81
maximum .
182
Horse '. [,. .
81
nudiflorum
1 80
Wild . .
81
var. polyandra
182
Poison Ivy
76
Rhodbra .
184
Oak , . .
76
visc6sum
179
Sumach . ., ^ .
74
var. glaucum .
180
Prickly Ash, Northern . ."" ..,.
47
var. nitidum .
1 80
FPrivetl
Tno
Rhodora . .
^JTIIVCIJ .....
PRDNUS Alleghaniensis
iyu
82
RHUS aromatica ....
76
Americana , , ,
81
Canade"nsis ....
76
angustifolius . ...
233
copalllna ....
73
cuneata . , .
233
glabra ....
70
niaritima . . .
82
radicans ....
76
pumila ....
81
toxicodtndron
76
fcninosal
84.
7 2
L .r J ....
Virginiana ', .. .
Oif
84
venenata ....
74
PTELEA trifoliata ....
50
Vernix ....
74
PULSE
78
RISES Cynosbati ....
114
PYRULARIA piibera
200
floridum ....
118
PYRUS arbutifolia .... .
IOO
gracile ....
116
' ' var. melanocdrpa
102
laciistre ....
116
nigra ....
IO2
oxycanthoides .
114
rotundif61ium .
116
Q
rubrum, var. snbglandu-
QUERCUS ilicifolia . . / .
218
losum ....
118
Muhlenbergii, Eng., var.
ROCK-ROSE ....
42
humilis, Britton
216
R6sA blanda . . .
98
R' i - - * -
Carolina ....
98
. * . - -
[rubiginisa]
IOO
RANUNCULACE^E .
34
humilis ....
97
Raspberry, Black
92
lucida
97
Purple-flowering f
90
ni'tida ....
08
Wild Red .
92
ROSACE^E ....
v
80
Red Haw .
104
182
248
Index of Skrubs
Rose Bland . .
PAGE
Scrub Oaks (see Oak) . . .
PAGE
216
Carolina ....
9 8
Service Tree ....
108
Low
Shad-Bush
108
Shining ....
97
Sheep-Laurel ....
176
Swamp ....
98
SHEPHERDIA Canadensis
198
08
Shrub Yellow-Root . .
- .
ROSE
y
80
Shrubby Trefoil ....
50
Rosemary
166
[Sloe (P. spinosa)]
84
RUBIACE^E ....
152
Sloe (V. prunifolium) . .
142
RUBUS cuneif61ius
94
vSmooth Winterberry .
54
neglectus ....
233
Snowberry . ' ? * .J
144
Millspaughii
000
Snowball . .
1 16
occidentalis ...
^ JJ
92
SOAPBERRY ....
*jv
66
odoratus ....
90
Spice-Bush
194
strigosus ....
92
Spindle-Tree ....
58
villosus ....
94
SPIRAEA corymb6sa . .
86
var. frondosus
94
salicifolia . ' . ' .
86
RUE
47
tomentisa . . . ' , !<
88
RUTACE.E ....
47
Virginiana . . " .
233
Spirtea, Birch-leaved . .
86
S
Spoonwood . .^---^i> ^ -^
174
Squaw Huckleberry * ,.,']
1 60
Saint Andrew's Cross .
45
STAFF-TREE . T ." ^ V
58
ST.-JOHN'S-WORT .
44
Stag-Bush
142
Saint-John's-wort, Shrubby Kalms
44
Stagger-Bush . "'"' '" '
168
Sain t-Peter's-wort
44
STAPHYLEA trifolia . . ' .
68
SALICACE^E ....
220
Steeple-Bush ....
88
SALIX argyrocarpa
223
Strawberry-Bush ....
60
balsamifera
224
Sumach, Dwarf . .
73
Candida ....
223
Mountain ...
73
cordata ....
224
Smooth ....
70
discolor ....
222
Stag-horn . .
72
herbacese ....
226
Sweet ....
76
hiimilis ....
222
Poison ....
74
longifolia ....
2 2O
SUMACH
7
myrtilloides
224
Swamp Laurel ....
36
petiolaris ....
223
Swamp Pink ....
179
phylicif61ia
223
Sweet-Bay
36
sericea ....
222
Sweet-Brier . ' , . . .
100
tristis ...
222
Sweet-Fern ...
205
Uva-ursi ....
224
Sweet-Gale
204
SAMBIJCUS Canadensis .
130
SWEET-GALE ....
202
racemosa
- 132
Sweet-scented Shrub . , . . .
no
SANTAlACE.* ....
2OO
SYMPHORICARPOS occidentalis
144
SANDAL-WOOD
2OO
orbicularis .
146
SAPINDACE.E .
66
racemosus
144
SAXIFRAGACE.E .
III
var. pauciflony .
144
SAXIFRAGE . . '".
III
vulgaris . ,
146
Index of Shr^i,bs
249
T
PAGE
VIBURNUM prunif61ium .
FAGR
. 142
pubescens . .
. 140
Tartarian Honeysuckle
149
Viburnum, Few-flowered .
. 136
TAXUS Canadensis
232
Soft .
140
Tea, Labrador ....
186
New Jersey . . . .
64
W
Thimbleberry ....
92
Waahoo ....
58
{Thorn, Black (P. spin6sa)l
84
Wax Myrtle
2O2
Thorn, Black (C. tomentosa)
106
Wayfaring Tree, American
. 134
Cockspur . . . .
1 06
Willow, Arctic .
. 226
Dwarf . V . . .
108
Bear-Berry
. 224
Pear ....
1 06
Bog
. 222
Scarlet-fruited . . ,
104
Dwarf Gray .
222
White ....
104
Glaucus . . .
222
THYMEL^ACE^E .
196
Gray . . .
222
Toothache Tree ....
47
Heart-leaved . .
224
Trefoil, Shrubby . . - .
5
Herb .
. 226
Hoary . , .
. 223
V
Long-leaved . .
220
VACCfNiUM Canadense .
162
Mountain . .
. 223
caespitosum
var. cuneif61ium
164
164
Prairie . . .'
Sage
222
. 223
corymbosum . .
var. atrococum
myrtilloides
ovalifolium . .
163
163
164
164
Silky
WILLOW ....
Winterberry
Smqoth .
222
220
52
54
Pennsylvanicum .
var. an gusti folium .
var. nlgrum .
stamineum . . .
162
162
162
1 60
Witch Hazel
WITCH HAZEL
Withe-rod (V. cassinoides) .
(V. nudum) .
. 118
. 118
142
. 140
uligin6sum . . .
164
Wolf-Berry ....
. 144
vacillans
163
X
VIBURNUM acerifolium .
cassinoides . . .
138
142
XANTHORHIZA apif61ia .
34
dentatum
138
XANTH6XYLUM Americanum
47
lantanoides .
134
Y
molle ....
140
nudum . .
140
Yellow-Root, Shrub .
34
opulus
134
Yew, American . . .
. 232
paucif61ium
136
Yew, Dwarf
. 23-
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