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The Principal Figures of Language 
 
 and Figures of Thought in Isaeus 
 
 and the Guardianship-Speeches 
 
 of Demosthenes 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM WILSON BADEN, A. B. 
 Fellow in Johns Hopkins University 
 
 x 
 
 or THF ^k 
 ( UNIVERSITY I 
 
 OF / 
 
 A DISSERTATION PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR 
 
 OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS 
 
 UNIVERSITY, MAY, 1892 
 
 THE FRIEDENWALD COMPANY 
 
 BALTIMORE, MB., U. 8. A. 
 IQ06 
 

 THE PRINCIPAL FIGURES OF LANGUAGE AND 
 FIGURES OF THOUGHT IN ISAEUS AND THE 
 GUARDIANSHIP-SPEECHES OF DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The object of this study is to make a thorough examination 
 of the principal Figures of Language and Figures of Thought 
 in Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes, and 
 see to what extent the latter orator was influenced in his use 
 of them by the former. Three general questions present 
 themselves : 
 
 Why is Isaeus worthy of study, what are his relations with 
 Demosthenes, and what is the importance of Figures of Lan- 
 guage and Figures of Thought in the development of style? 
 
 Isaeus worthy of study. Isaeus is worthy of study because 
 he carries on the tradition of practical oratory, and forms the 
 connecting link between Lysias and Demosthenes. He is also 
 the highest and best representative of Greek inheritance-law ; 
 for according to the development of Greek art, the best ex- 
 ponent of a given art always survived. Thus it is that the 
 excellence of Isaeus in cases of inheritance wiped out nearly 
 all competitive speeches. 
 
 As an individual, Isaeus is comparatively little known. The 
 time and place of his birth and death, and even his nationality 
 are matters of dispute. All that can be determined is that he 
 flourished after the Peloponnesian war and lived until the 
 dynasty of Philip. 1 For reasons unknown, he took no part in 
 the administration of public affairs, but devoted himself mainly 
 to the minute and varied questions incident to the settlement 
 of estates, which had been brought into a very uncertain con- 
 dition by the Peloponnesian war. For this work he was thor- 
 oughly qualified by his natural gifts and powers. But he felt 
 that to deal successfully with intricate facts, it would be better 
 
 1 Dionysius, Isae., c. I. 
 
 155338 
 
4 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 not to follow the established rules of rhetoric. He did not, 
 however, withdraw himself entirely from the influence of his 
 predecessors and contemporaries. 1 But owing to the number 
 of speeches lost, and the uncertainty as to the dates of those 
 preserved, the exact extent of such influence cannot be deter- 
 mined. There are some traces of his connection with the school 
 of Isocrates, but the smooth and polished diction of this school 
 was not suited to forensic debates and arguments. Isaeus im- 
 presses us much more strongly as a reflector of Lysias, and 
 this is expressly stated by Dionysius. 2 According to this critic, 8 
 we find the same purity, exactness, persuasiveness, vividness in 
 the language of Isaeus and Lysias. These two orators would 
 have been more similar in other respects, if they had held the 
 same views as to the operation of a speech. Lysias depended 
 on his narratives to work upon the feelings of his hearers. 
 The bent of Isaeus' mind was towards argument. Since argu- 
 ments in intricate cases cannot be made clear by simple state- 
 ment, Isaeus departed from the regular standards of Lysianic 
 composition, and made use of various expedients to elucidate 
 his points. He prepared the minds of the judges by leading 
 them up to the points at issue, and did everything in his power 
 to help his own case or to outwit his opponent. He was even 
 accused of trying to deceive the judges themselves. 
 
 Instead of following the ordinary scheme for the narrative, 
 Isaeus divided it into heads, and placed the proper documents, 
 proofs, arguments, etc., under each head. He may have re- 
 ceived the general idea of this from Isocrates. 
 
 At times Isaeus made preparatory statements and anticipated 
 what was to follow. As Sir William Jones, following Diony- 
 sius, well says, " his anticipations, recapitulations, digressions, 
 inversions, variations, transitions, were happily and season- 
 ably applied in conformity with the disposition of his judges 
 and the nature of each particular case." 
 
 Although such expedients rendered Isaeus inferior to Lysias 
 in natural charm and grace, they made his style much more 
 elaborate and varied, and his arrangement far more effective. 
 But they gave him a reputation for trickery and deception, and 
 ., Isae., c. i. 2 Dionys., Isae., c. 2. 3 Isae., c. 3. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 5 
 
 deprived him of the attributes of simplicity and truthfulness, 
 which had been assigned to Lysias and Isocrates. 
 
 Relations between Isaeus and Demosthenes. It was gener- 
 ally believed by the ancients that Isaeus was a teacher of 
 Demosthenes. The earliest-known authority for this is Her- 
 mippus, mentioned by Dionysius and Harpocratio (7<raTos). 
 Compare Hvos 'Iffaiou. Hermippus was probably used as an 
 authority by Plutarch, Pseudo-Plutarch, and the author of 
 Ai)fioff0evi)<;, d, (Suidas). 1 He was, doubtless, known to the 
 other writers, also, from the works of Dionysius. According 
 to Dionysius, Hermippus said nothing about Isaeus, except 
 that he was a pupil of Isocrates and a teacher of Demosthenes, 
 and was on familiar terms with the best philosophers. As to 
 when, how long, or for what pay, Isaeus is supposed to have 
 taught Demosthenes, he is silent. Next to Hermippus, the best 
 authorities for the matters stated about Isaeus are ( I ) Pseudo- 
 Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators; (a) Life of Isaeus, p. 
 839 E; (b) Life of Demosthenes, p. 844; (2) Libanius, Life of 
 Demos., pp. 3, 51. (see also argument to Demos., XXXI) ; and 
 (3) Suidas, 'Iffaws. The accounts of Zosimus, Life of Demos- 
 thenes, p. 153, R., and Photius are secondary, being founded 
 chiefly on Hermippus and Pseudo-Plutarch. It is impossible to 
 determine where Hermippus, Pseudo-Plutarch, Libanius, and 
 Suidas obtained their information, but it probably came from 
 some of the numerous lives of the orators that have been lost. 
 
 We must assume a personal relation, if we believe Pseudo- 
 Plutarch, who says that Demosthenes upon attaining his major- 
 ity paid Isaeus ten thousand drachmas to abandon his school, 
 and that he had Isaeus as a teacher in his house for four years. 
 Such a relation is also assumed by Suidas, who adds, however, 
 that Isaeus taught Demosthenes for nothing. The account of 
 Libanius gives three possibilities : ( I ) The speeches were com- 
 posed entirely by Isaeus; (2) Isaeus helped Demosthenes in 
 their composition ; (3) Demosthenes imitated Isaeus. The first 
 two possibilities assume a personal relation. The mere fact 
 that the ancients said that Demosthenes was a pupil of Isaeus, 
 cannot be taken as proof. They were so impressed by the 
 actual existence of such a relation between certain well-known 
 
 1 See Schaefer, Philologus, VI, 427. 
 
6 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 men, as Anaxagoras and Pericles, Socrates and Plato, that they 
 often created such a relation without sufficient proof. It can- 
 not be positively asserted that Demosthenes was a personal 
 pupil of Isaeus, and it is not necessary to assume it. The tie 
 may have simply been that which attracts and binds together 
 kindred minds. A man who attained to such heights in his 
 career as Demosthenes, could not have failed to study the writ- 
 ings of the celebrated men of his own and preceding ages. 
 Hence he must have been acquainted with the work of both 
 Isocrates and Isaeus. Much in Isocrates was intended to 
 gratify the pleasures and fancies of others ; the speeches of 
 Isaeus were composed for the actual use of persons who had 
 to plead in court. Demosthenes undoubtedly felt that in force 
 and versatility of argument, Isaeus was far superior to Iso- 
 crates, and that success against his guardians could be better 
 ensured by imitating the energetic and subtle methods of 
 Isaeus. In all probability, Demosthenes had heard in court 
 speeches, composed by Isaeus, and had read, studied, and 
 committed others. He may in this way have learned to use 
 Isaeus as a pattern and to imitate his style of oratory. 
 
 Dionysius has tried to establish the similarities and imita- 
 tions. According to him, Isaeus is the source of the oratorical 
 perfection of Demosthenes and his masterly employment of 
 style. Dionysius makes specially prominent, as the main 
 characteristics in. Isaeus' style, the arrangement, division, and 
 handling of material, that is, the structure of the speech. In 
 this he * says that Demosthenes is the imitator of Isaeus. 
 
 That Demosthenes did not follow Isaeus in a slavish manner, 
 is proved by a larger preponderance of the epideictic element, 
 by a stricter avoidance of hiatus, and by the passion and 
 pathos of his epilogues. But at no time did Demosthenes 
 venture to dispense with a proem, nor did he quote law so fre- 
 quently as Isaeus. In his early speeches, Demosthenes shows 
 traces of the influence of both Isocrates and Isaeus. But as 
 his natural temperament was more in harmony with that of 
 Isaeus, during his entire development he followed the types 
 set by the latter, while the influence of Isocrates served to 
 
 1 Isae., c. 14. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 7 
 
 ornament and perfect these types. Hence it may be said that 
 both to the artistic expression of Isocrates and to the new and 
 sharper weapons furnished by Isaeus, we owe the consummate 
 art of Demosthenes. 
 
 THE IMPORTANCE OF FIGURES OF LANGUAGE AND FIGURES OF 
 
 THOUGHT. 
 
 The difference between them is defined by Alexander, 1 III, 
 10. Compare Tiberius, III, 69. For a more general discussion, 
 see Alexander, III, n, 27; Phoebammon, III, 44; Tiberius, 
 III, 59. Figures of Language, according to the above defini- 
 tions, depend upon the form and arrangement of the words. 
 Figures of Thought preserve their identity, no matter what the 
 position of the words may be. As the tendency of the figures 
 of thought and the more lively figures of language was to give 
 animation to the style, with the exception of Andocides they 
 were rarely used by the earlier orators, who preferred a more 
 sober and measured delivery. But Isaeus, guided by the prac- 
 tical necessities of the courts, infused new life and vigor into 
 his speeches by a freer use of these more agonistic and passion- 
 ate figures, which were probably borrowed from the language 
 of the people. 
 
 DionySlUS says of Isaeus (C. 3.) : ff^fidrtav re p.sra^oXal^ iva- 
 fwviiov xdl -xaOyTtxatv TiouiXXsi rouq J.6you<;. (c. 12) xard rijv 
 xotvorrjra T&V ff%7)fidTa>v ouroffi TtoixiXwrepoe;. But IsaeUS also 
 
 ornamented and embellished his style with the figures found 
 in the older and more stately eloquence. A knowledge of the 
 use of these figures is important, because they form a good 
 index to the style of the different orators. The figures will be 
 discussed under the following heads : I. Figures of Language : 
 A. Figures of Language that do not occur at all, or more rarely, 
 in the earlier orators ; B. Gorgianic Figures. 
 
 II. Figures of Thought: A. Questions; B. Figures of 
 Thought found to a greater or less extent in Isocrates ; C. 
 Figures of Thought not used by Isocrates ; D. Summary. 
 
 1 The references are to the volumes and pages of Spengel, Rhetores 
 Graeci, Vols. MIL 
 
8 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 I. 
 
 FIGURES OF LANGUAGE. 
 A. 
 
 Figures of Language that do not occur at all, or more rarely 
 in the earlier orators: Anadiplosis, Anastrophe, Anaphora, 
 Asyndeton. A few less important figures are discussed under 
 this head, viz.: Antistrophe, Symploke, Diple Epanaphora, 
 Polysyndeton. 
 
 A nadiplosis Epanalepsis. 
 
 Anadiplosis is defined by Phoebammon, III, 46. Cf. Zon., 
 Ill, 165 ; Anon., Ill, 182. The definition of Epanalepsis as 
 given by Alexander, III, 19, agrees with that of Anadiplosis: 
 
 orav xard rctetous yuivaq ^TTfAa/jt/Jdvo/xei/. Cf. Tryphon, III, 
 
 203 ; Georg., Ill, 252. Phoebammon's definition of epanalepsis, 
 III, 46, seems to require the words repeated, to be in different 
 cola. See Zon., Ill, 164; Anon., Ill, 181. For the purposes 
 of this investigation, the rhetorical effect of anadiplosis and 
 epanalepsis, as defined by Alex., Ill, 19, will be discussed, 
 and illustrations given. According to the definitions, anadi- 
 plosis or epanalepsis consists in the repetition of words with 
 a similar meaning and application. The words repeated may 
 follow one another, or be separated by less emphatic words 
 which tend to enhance their force. 1 In Homer the repetition of 
 one word after another is mere accumulation, and serves to 
 chain the attention of the hearer. In later Greek, it may be 
 rhetorical and picturesque, or may represent intense, excited, 
 or passionate action. Cf. Georg., Ill, 252 ; Apsines I, 358. 
 Cornificius, IV, 28, 38 : vehementer commovet eiusdem redinte- 
 gratio verbi. Anadiplosis is not employed by an author of 
 reserve like Lysias, nor is it suited to the epideictic style of 
 Isocrates. The figure is found in the practical orator, Isaeus, 
 but from the liveliness and energy of his style, we might expect 
 a more extensive use. With him it is confined entirely to the 
 negative. Of the five examples, three repeat the negative after 
 the intervention of a dependent clause, to lay greater stress on 
 the facts stated in the clause: 6, 40, 44; 10, 12 
 
 x Blass, Demos., 147. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 9 
 
 Demosthenes repeats ravryv after a relative clause in 
 
 28, ii. Isaeus has two cases of emphatic repetition 
 after the oath, p.a Jt'a, both in the same paragraph, n, 
 35. The repetition of the negative after the intervention of 
 less emphatic words, is found in Demosthenes 27, 43, and 
 30, n. But even in his earliest speeches, Demosthenes goes far 
 beyond Isaeus in the use of anadiplosis; for nowhere in the 
 latter orator do we find so passionate an appeal as in the 
 epilogue of the deuterology, 28, 20. Isaeus is far less passionate 
 in what may be considered the corresponding passage, 8, 45. 
 
 The earnest convictions of Demosthenes 1 are shown even in 
 his youth by the occurrence of his favorite form of redupli- 
 cation, oux sffrt raDra, after a series of questions in 27, 57 ; 
 
 29, 49. 
 
 The formula is frequent in the De Corona. The difference 
 between the two orators may be seen by comparing Isaeus, 
 10, 17. 
 
 Anastrophe. This figure consists in the repetition of the 
 final word of one clause at the beginning of the next. 
 Cf. Anon., Ill, 133. Such repetition lends beauty to the speech, 
 according to Tiberius, III, 70. Anastrophe, like anadiplosis, 
 occurs in Homer and the tragic poets, but is not found in 
 the early orators. 2 There are but few cases of anastrophe in 
 Isaeus and Demosthenes, and these may serve as a smooth 
 transition to what follows, the words repeated being emphasized 
 by chiastic arrangement : Isae., 3, 36, 42 ; 6, 31 ; 8, 32. 
 
 Demosthenes comes nearest to the figure in 28, 17 ; 29, 21, 31. 
 
 Anaphora or Epanaphora. 
 
 Defined by Alexander, III, 2O: orav O.TTO TOO auroo dvoparoq 
 
 duo 1) Tthia) xwXa apzyrat. Nothing essential is added by the other 
 rhetoricians. Such a repetition at the beginning of several 
 consecutive sentences or members of a sentence, takes place 
 when the force is concentrated in one word, which, by reason 
 
 *As Euripides among the tragedians, so Demosthenes among the 
 orators, employs as a favorite device of iratioc the repetition of a 
 word or phrase. Aeschines practically does not employ it at all. 
 Sihler, Trans. Amer. Phil. Ass., XVI, 128. 
 
 'Antiphon comes very close to the figure in V, 93. 
 
io Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 of its importance, occupies the first place. This parallel posi- 
 tion of the words relieves the hearer of the necessity of directing 
 his attention to the construction of the second sentence, which 
 has already been indicated in the first. The sensations which 
 are thus aroused and renewed again in the same order, remain 
 deeply imbedded in the mind, because they come without 
 exertion (Rehdantz-Blass, p. 6). The effect of this is some- 
 times to add charm and grace to the speech, 1 sometimes vigor 
 and emphasis combined with pathos. 2 Anaphora, like the two 
 preceding figures, is found in Homer and the tragic poets, and 
 also to a limited extent in Antiphon and Andocides in free 
 rather than artistic passages. It does not occur at all in the 
 polished prose of Isocrates apart from the common formulae, 
 TOTS fi.lv . . . TOTS S } 7r0/Ua fiv . . . 7r0/Ud <5, etc. This absence 
 of the figure from Isocrates indicates that it belongs rather 
 to the sphere of every-day language. The first author to use 
 anaphora to any considerable extent is Lysias, who so wrote 
 his speeches that the thoughts and language corresponded 
 with the character of the speakers, usually members of the 
 plainer classes. Because of his fondness for antithesis, parallel- 
 isms, etc., Lysias frequently used the ttv . . . dl balance in form- 
 ing anaphora. This is probably borrowed from the Sicilian 
 rhetoric. 3 Isaeus and Demosthenes are considerably behind 
 Lysias in the use of anaphora except when formed by pre- 
 positions and conjunctions, but they have about the same pro- 
 portion as Antiphon and Andocides. There are four cases of 
 anaphora in Isaeus with words other than prepositions and 
 conjunctions, all with the nlv . . . dl balance, which adds a 
 logical element combined with emphasis: 5, 20; 6, 43; n, 9, 
 
 io ; 5, 9> ^-te 
 
 There are three such instances in Demosthenes, all in the 
 speeches modeled most closely after Isaeus ; 27, 19, 30; 28, 18. 
 
 Repeated pronouns. Isaeus frequently uses anaphora with 
 pronominal forms which contain within them the kernel of the 
 sentence. Such pronominal anaphoras, especially when *rd 
 xofjifjiaTa, gives great strength and animation to the speech, and 
 form one of the marks of the practical orator : 3, io, 60 ; 5, io, 
 
 1 Hermogenes, II, 335. a Tiberius, III, 73 ; Hermog., I. c. 
 
 8 Frohberger, Lys. Prol. 12, note 84. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 1 1 
 
 15, 17, 21, 25, cf. g, 10 ; 6, 25, 53 ; 7, 28, 40 ; 8, 14, 18 ; u, 33, 35. 
 This kind of anaphora is also found in Demosthenes but not 
 to the same extent: 27, 12, 35, 38; 29, 32; 30, 28, 30. Anti- 
 thetic sentences with anaphora are frequent in both Isaeus and 
 Demosthenes. The antithesis is further heightened by plv. . . 
 9li Isaeus, i, 39; 3, 47> 75 J 5, 15. 1 7, 25, 32; 6, 52, 53, 58; 
 7, n, 33; 8, 6, 12, 20, 29; 9, 12; n, 21, 33, 50: Demosthenes, 
 27, 22, 35, 55 ; 28, 17 ; 29, 4, 14 ; 30, 28, 38 ; 31, 7. 
 
 Anaphora and asyndeton. Great strength and animation are 
 produced by asyndetic commata combined with anaphora. Only 
 a few cases are found : Isaeus, 8, 24, 29 ; n, 6 ; Demos., 31, 14. 
 Anaphora with particles is frequent in both orators. 
 
 Diple epanaphora. Defined by Zonaeus, III, 165. Several 
 examples in Isaeus : 8, 14, 20, 28. 
 
 Antistrophe. 
 
 Both antistrophe and anaphora occur in two or more sym- 
 metrically formed sentences, or members of a sentence, which 
 have some point in common. This common point in anaphora 
 is placed at the beginning, in antistrophe at the end of the 
 sentences. Antistrophe is defined by Alex., Ill, 29. In artistic 
 composition the figure is productive of beauty. Cf. Hermog., 
 II, 335. If the clauses are short, the repeated words give 
 energy and vivacity to the discourse. 1 In Isaeus and the orators 
 that precede him with the possible exception of Lysias, anti- 
 strophe occurs more frequently than anaphora. But this is due 
 to emphasis or natural position rather than to a desire for 
 artistic effect. Isaeus, 3, 26, (52), 55, 68; 4, 5; 5, n, 12; 6, 
 
 16, 58 ; 8, i, 35 ; 9, 36 ; 10, 4, 23 ; n, 6, n : only two cases in 
 Demos., 27, 37, 55. 
 
 Symploke. Defined by Alexander, III, 30, as being a com- 
 bination of anaphora and antistrophe. Thus symploke, by 
 combining the effect of the two figures, brings into prominence 
 both ends of the clauses. Isaeus, 4, 26 ; 5, 15, 25 ; 6, 53 ; 10, 7. 
 Symploke does not occur in Demosthenes. This is to be ex- 
 pected owing to the few cases of antistrophe. 
 
 1 Hermogenes, II, 366; cf. Demetrius, III, 319. 
 
12 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 Asyndeton. 
 
 Asyndeton is defined by Phoebammon, III, 45 : napa 
 ol ffovdiovreq ffwdeff^ot. On its effect, see Alex., Ill, 32. 
 Asyndeton is one of the two figures of evdeta. It is also 
 called dtdtuffcs, cf. Alex., Ill, 32. Asyndeton, on the one hand, 
 is used in quiet, every-day discourse; on the other, it im- 
 parts great rapidity and vivacity to the style when there is 
 no time or leisure for combining with conjunctions. 1 It thus 
 serves to shut off the subject and hurry the narrative; for it 
 presents an appearance of saying several things in the time 
 which would otherwise be required to say one. Cf. Aristotle, 
 I, 146. Hence the main effect is enumeration and accumulation 
 pfyeOos xai ittfOos, Hermog., II, 435. There is no striking 
 instance of asyndeton in Antiphon except in the sixth speech, 
 which so closely resembles practical oratory. It is frequent in 
 the natural orator, Andocides. Lysias has but three 2 and 
 Isocrates, 8 five cases of asyndeton. Isaeus shows a marked ad- 
 vance over the orators that preceded him, and uses the figure 
 with great force. 
 
 He employs it in narrative when he wishes to give a rapid 
 description, enumeration, or summary, or to introduce some 
 new matter. With participles: 8, 7, 29; 2, 14: with finite 
 verbs :* 8, 24 ; ( short rapid sentences put in the mouth of the 
 opponent) ; 11, 5, a forcible e/ey/oc after the reading of a law. 
 The speaker does not give the other party time to catch his 
 breath. In n, 6, we have an excellent example of climax, in 
 which the delinquencies of the defendant are rapidly and 
 ironically detailed by the asyndetic aorists. The last three 
 sentences are asyndeta, xard xofifiara, in reference to which 
 Tiberius, III, 78, remarks: raora detvwfftv %t xai ivfyyetav. 
 
 Cf. Rehdantz, Phil., IX, 68. There is a rapid summary of a 
 law in 6, 9. Asyndeton, xard foopa, in narrative produces rap- 
 idity and ntfOos. Cf. Tib., Ill, 77. See Isaeus, 8, 34 ; n, 41, 43. 
 
 1 Prof. Gildersleeve's lectures. 
 
 3 Berbig, Genus Tenue Dicendi, XVI, cites four examples for Lysias, 
 but it is wrong to count III, 46, as both a relative pronoun and its ante- 
 cedent, the demonstrative, prevent asyndeton. 
 
 'Gelehrt, p. 38. Blass, Isoc., 167. 
 
 4 The cut and thrust of the finite verb in asyndeton produces a certain 
 tumult, Prof. Gildersleeve. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 13 
 
 Asyndeton 2 anoffraffsioq. Defined by Anon., Ill, 125 : r 
 affuvdtrws elffayo/jisva. The figure lends brilliancy and liveliness 
 to the diction :* Isaeus, I, 36 ; 4, 22, 24. 
 
 According to Aristotle, the place of asyndeton is in the epil- 
 ogue ; for it is one of the chief constituents of " what in 
 Greek might be called TO ivaycbvtov and in English might be 
 paraphrased as the art of grappling." It is hard to find a 
 better example of this grappling style than the asyndeton in 
 6, 62, 65. There is a sudden breaking off from what precedes 
 m 9 35 > an earnest appeal for a favorable decision in 9, 37. 
 In 7, 41, the asyndeton iS dxoffTdffzws, together with the 
 asyndeton in parallel sentences, mars the purity of the epideic- 
 tic style. 2 But in none of his speeches does Isaeus display 
 such passion and pathos as Demosthenes in the epilogue 
 of the twenty-eighth speech. In this passionate appeal Demos- 
 thenes forsook all the traditions of the past, and allowed his 
 feelings and sense of injustice to direct him, thus giving a 
 clear intimation of the great oratorical powers that lay within 
 him. In this speech he uses numerous commatic asyndeta 
 together with asyndeta dxoffrdffews . See 20, in which the 
 use of two finite verbs with asyndeton instead of converting 
 one of the verbs into a participle, is specially effective. There 
 are only two asyndeta in what may be considered the corres- 
 ponding passage in Isaeus, 8, 45, but they produce a sharp, 
 incisive climax. Cf. Demos., 28, 23. Asyndeton IS dnoffTd- 
 <rews is seen in Demos., 28, 19, 22. 
 
 In Demos., 29, 55-57, the points of the argument are sum- 
 marized in a long series of asyndetic clauses, dvaxsyakaitoffiq. 
 Such summaries are frequent in the best period of the orator. 
 In Isae., 8, 29, the clauses are shorter and have a keener thrust. 
 
 The recapitulation in Demos., 27, 48, has only one asyndeton. 
 Upon the whole, Isaeus had little influence on the younger 
 Demosthenes in the matter of asyndeton. This is doubtless 
 due to the early epideictic tendency of Demosthenes ; for with 
 the exception of the passionate epilogue in the twenty-eighth 
 speech and the summary in the epilogue of the twenty-ninth, 
 there are few important cases of asyndeton in the guardianship- 
 speeches. In 27, 48, we find a single asyndetic clause to sum 
 
 ^ee Frei, Rh. Mus., VII, 542. 2 Blass, Isaeus, 480, 482. 
 
14 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 up, as it were, after a series of copulative clauses. In 29, 41, 
 is a quick command after a question. The Onetor speeches 
 furnish one forcible example : 31, 8. 
 
 Miscellaneous Instances of Asyndeton. 
 
 Asyndeton with ^i/ 1 . Isaeus, 5, 3; 9, 19; 7, 22; Demos., 
 27,63528, 12529,9. 
 
 In short antithetic clauses, the emphasis which lies in 
 <>v or u-TJ, often takes the place of the connecting particle. 
 Reh., p. 10 : Isaeus, i, 45; 5, 38; 8, 21, 31 ; 10, 21, 24; n, 25, 
 49 : Demos., 28, 7 ; 29, 14, 49 ; 30, 16 ; 31, 8, 13. A mild asyn- 
 deton, axo- occurs after the epilogue in Isae., 7, 45, and 
 8, 46, the same words in each case : ovx o13a art fle? icAeiat Afystv, 
 It is a common formula and is found in Isocrates, but not 
 in these early speeches of Demosthenes. The speech is re- 
 sumed with asyndeton in Isae., n, 6, after a dramatic passage. 
 In the excitement there is no time for connecting particles. 
 Asyn. occurs in n, 12,' after the reading of a law. 
 
 The order to read a law, take the stand, etc., is introduced 
 asyndetically in both orators. 
 
 Polysyndeton. 
 
 Polysyndeton, the opposite of asyndeton, by the accumulation 
 of particles, gives more deliberateness and impressiveness, 
 more judicial weight and dignity to the speech. Like the 
 imperfect tense, it dwells on the particulars, or gives the details 
 of an enumeration, while asyndeton, like the aorist, gives the 
 outlines. Polysyndeton frequently imparts a special ease and 
 grace to diction, and hence is well suited both to a plain and 
 solemn speaker. It is found in poetry and the natural speech. 3 
 All the orators employ polysyndeton with about the same range 
 of conjunctions. 
 
 The following are the occurrences in Isaeus and Demosthenes, 
 arranged according to the conjunctions: With nouns: xcu 
 (five times), Isae., 7, 36; 8, 32; (four times), Isae., 6, 10; 10, 
 4; u, 8, 12; 12, 8: Demos., 27, 10: (three times), Isae., i, 
 26, 35, 39 i 3, 22 ; 4, 31 ; 5, 10, 35 ; 6, 21, 29 ; 7, 16, 35 ; 8, 35, 46 : 
 
 1 See Frohberger, Appendix to Lysias, XII, 48. 
 3 Prof. Gildersleeve's Lectures. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 15 
 
 Demos., 28, 4, 8, 20; 29, 35 ; 30, 9: re. x { . *<', Isae., 2, 17, 45 ; 
 3, 6; 4, i; 6, 16; 10, 15: Demos., 27, 7, 32, 60: p.lv. dl. W, 
 Isae., 5, 5; 7, 9; n, 42: Demos., 27, 4, 9, n, 35; 28, 30; 29, 
 
 7, 23 : oure. oure. oure, Isae., 4, l8 : pyre, pajre. pujre, Isae., 
 
 6, 39: Demos., 29, 24: }'. }'. ijf. }'. }', Isae., n, 5: 7. 7. v 
 Demos., 29, 22, 32: With verbal forms: xat (five 
 times), Isae., 8, 16: Demos., 30, 18: xat (four times), 
 Isae., 3, 51; 9, 27; n, 7; Demos., 29, 3, 36; 30, 39; 
 xai (three times), Isae., i, 7; 2, 42; 4, 27; 6, I, 4, 27, 62; 
 
 7, 32, 42; 8, 9; 9,4: Demos.., 28, 3; 29, 30; 30, 4, 35; 
 
 31, 14: re. xa:'. xa:', Isae., 2, 36: Demos., 27, 60: re. re. re, 
 Isae., 6, 36: re. re. re. re, Demos., 27, l6: owre. owrs. oure, 
 
 Isae., 3, 47, 52; 4, 19, 29 ; 9, i; u, 15, 36: tfre. /^'re. /^'re, 
 Isae., n, 26; Demos., 27, 12: pijdl (four times), Demos., 31, 
 13 : ovdt (three times), Isae., 3, 31 : ovdl dUd (three times), 
 Isae., 7, 35, 38: /yV . . . dUd (three times), 8, 20: fttv. 8. dg, 
 Isae., 4, 12; 5, 5, 42; 10, 8; n, 9, 10, 19: Demos., 29, 7; 30, 
 
 II, 17, 30: fi.lv. dl. Si. en dt. dl. dg, Demos., 27, 47: ii.lv. dti, 
 
 (five times), Demos., 29, 45 : ^'. ^', 27, 25. 
 
 GORGIANIC FIGURES. 1 
 
 Paronomasia, Parechesis, Parison, Paromoion, Antithesis. 
 Paronomasia Parechesis. 
 
 The broadest definition of Paronomasia is given by Alex., 
 
 III, 36. Cf. Tib., Ill, 71. Phoebammon, III, 47, refers to 
 two special kinds of paronomasia, viz. : ( i ) play on words 
 placed near one another; (2) change in the meaning of the 
 same word. 
 
 Parechesis is specially defined by Hermog., II, 251. 
 
 From the definitions and illustrations given by the Greek 
 rhetoricians, it is evident that they considered paronomasia and 
 parechesis as nearly synonymous terms. But the leading illus- 
 tration of parechesis given by Hermogenes, tends to confirm 
 the distinction observed by some modern scholars, 2 viz. : to 
 
 1 These figures were firmly imbedded in the language before the 
 time of Gorgias. But he was the first to apply them widely to prose; 
 hence they are called Gorgianic. 
 
 a Blass, Isoc., 160. 
 
16 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 consider paronomasia as play upon words with the same root, 
 and parechesis, as play upon words with a different root. 1 
 Play upon words is popular, and used within proper limits, 
 naturally pleases the ear, and lends a certain beauty to the 
 speech. The change in the meaning of a word by composition 
 with a preposition, Tiberius describes as papurepov re xat Aaju- 
 Ttporepov. But when the contrasted words are exactly alike, 
 or differ only in a single letter or accent, the play is much more 
 pleasing and graceful. An excessive use of paronomasia and 
 parechesis makes the language stiff and devoid of spontaneity, 
 as is the case with Gorgias, who employs them simply for the 
 sound. 
 
 Antiphon seldom has the more striking forms of these figures, 
 and they were by nature unsuited to the elevated diction of 
 Isocrates. Cf. Blass, Isoc., 160-1, Demos., 141. But as a play 
 upon words helps to represent the character of the speakers, 
 Lysias 2 and Isaeus frequently indulge in the figure. 
 
 Paronomasia. Isaeus is fond of the paronomasia brought 
 about by a change of the preposition in a verbal root, chiefly in 
 legal terminology. A special stress is thus laid upon the differ- 
 ent meanings of the words : i, 39 (cf. 2, 3, 5 ; 3, 8, 48, 51 ; 8, 8, 
 (twice) ; 10, 25) ; 2, 9 ; 5, i, 23, 28, 34 ; 6, 36, 43, 50 ; 8, 36 ; 10, 
 24 ; n, 6. Demosthenes has few cases of such a change in the 
 preposition of a compound : 27, 69 ; 29, 30, 52. Similar in 
 effect is the use of a compound after a simple form. This is 
 frequent in Isaeus, i, 15, 29 ; 2, 5, 8, 43 ; 3, 42 ; 4, 12 ; 5, 10, 26, 
 29; 6, 10 ; 8, 8, 10, 15, 23; 9, 28, 30; 10, 20; n, 10; but 
 seldom in Demos., 28, 14 ; 29, 37 ; 30, 39. 
 
 The active and passive of the same verb produce a certain 
 kind of paronomasia: Isae., i, 39; 2, 39; 3, 13, 16, 39, 55, 70, 
 72: Demos., 27, 45 ; 29, 31, 55 ; 30, 37. 
 
 The same word following with a different ending as obdev} 
 ouSgv is found in every period of Greek. 
 
 The few instances in our orators are without special rhetorical 
 effect. 
 
 1 In parechesis thus defined, the roots may differ only in a single letter 
 or accent, or they may be entirely different but pronounced somewhat 
 alike. 
 
 "Berbig cites 22 examples from Lysias. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 17 
 
 A play on words of similar sound may possibly be intended 
 in the following: Isaeus, i, 22, 25, 26, 51 ; 2, 10, 12, 17, 23, 25, 
 27, 28, 46; 3, i, 6, 14, 36, 47, 48, 59, 77 (twice) ; 5, 3, 7, 21, 24, 
 2 5 > 34> 37> S^, 43 (the play with novel compounds is decidedly 
 the most striking in Isaeus), 46; 6, 4, 6, 10, 15, 21 ; 7, 6, 9; 
 8, 5, 13. 3i 335 9> 19; 10, 14, 38, 45- Demos., 27, 16, 21, 45, 
 50, 59, 61, 62, 64; 28, 9, 15, 17; 29, 7, 9, 10, n, 13, 15, 17, 18, 
 20, 23, 31, 41, 45. 54, 55, 56, 57; 3<> 3, 8, 19, 24, 32, 39; 31, 11. 
 
 Parechesis. (i) Play on adjoining words is found in Isaeus, 
 2, 1 8, m vat TW at ' 2 5> 26 > 2 7> 39 J 3 4, 12, 43 ; 4 24 ; 6, 17, 20, 
 olvos ttmoc. 8, 7; Demos., 27, 8, 10, 49, 68; 28, 4, 17; 29, 22, 
 45, 5, 56; 30, 18; 31, 4. (2) Verbs compounded with the 
 same preposition. 1 Isaeus, 2, 6; 3, 26; 5, 18; 6, i ; 8, 16, 25, 
 38; n, 37: Demos., 28, 15 ; 29, 17; 30, 18. (3) The following 
 may be due to assonance or accident : Isae., i, 46, 54 ; 5, 46 ; 
 6, 59 ; 8, i, 26, 34, 40, 45 ; 10, 15 ; Demos., 27, 59 ; 28, 6 ; 29, i, 
 57; 30, 5,36. 
 
 Parison. 
 
 Denned by Alexander, III, 40: fldpiaov imiv, orav duo y 
 
 stova xa>Xa ffusevtoOivra fj.dXt.ffTa JJLSV xai rdc auXXaftds "ffaq #, 
 * a ' T OV dptOfiov TOV fffov iv rcdfft Aa/i/3avjj. 
 
 The cola must be equal, Aristotle, i, 137 ; Anaximenes, i, 213. 
 The definition is better than the illustrations ; Zon., Ill, 169 ; 
 Anon., Ill, 185. Hermogenes, II, 332-5 deals rather with the 
 effect of parisa, and how to prevent an accumulation of 
 homoioteleuta. Cf. II, 440. In Tiberius, III, 74, the first 
 part of the definition is confused with paronomasia ; the second 
 treats of the more artistic forms of parisa, namely, when com- 
 bined with homoioptoton and homoioteleuton. Cf. Ill, 131, 
 
 159. 
 The effect of parisa is described by Hermog., II, 332 : Zw- 
 
 de xahd a xai ixTrpexTJ 7roe? rov XO<T/IOV x 
 
 Parisa, including isocola, are a substitute in prose for the 
 equal divisions of poetry, and if they do not become too artificial 
 and monotonous by excessive use, they add to the beauty and 
 strength of the speech. Hence Demosthenes frequently uses 
 them. See Hermogenes, II, 334. 
 
 1 For Isocrates see Strange, I. I. Sup. B, III, 31. 
 
1 8 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 In Isaeus who like Lysias has the oratorical grasp and 
 finish of thought, 1 we do not find equal cola monotonously 
 heaped together, for such ornament was little suited to his 
 energetic and vivacious style. He regulated his clauses more 
 for the sake of emphasis than by reason of any preconceived 
 length. The general impression of Isaeus' style is that he 
 loves to deal sledge-hammer blows, by presenting his ideas in 
 succession rather than opposition. Not unfrequently, how- 
 ever, after a very vigorous onslaught, he winds up a sentence 
 with an almost Isocratic smoothness. Isaeus uses a greater 
 number of equal cola in the proofs and arguments, for his 
 keen, analytic mind was naturally fond of balancing or off- 
 setting like evidence and proof. Most of the periods in Isaeus 
 have the dual form with tilv-dl, which is apt to produce more 
 or less uniformity in the length of the cola. Too exact a cor- 
 respondence is prevented by a change in the position of the 
 words, by the insertion of extra clauses, and above all, by a 
 chiastic arrangement of the clauses themselves. A good ex- 
 ample of Isaeus' stricter composition is found in i, 33: ofetrle 
 . . . xaxa><; icotetv . The correspondence in the first part is 
 quite exact. Monotony is destroyed in the second by a 
 chiastic arrangement of the pronouns, and the participial and 
 infinitive clauses. 
 
 For illustration see the following: i, 8, 20, 23, 34, 40, 42; 
 2, 16, 17, 25, 30; 3, 55, 60; 4, 24; 5, 13, 15, 25; 6, 43, 53, 58; 
 8, 17; 9, 12 ; 10, 17. The pgv . . . d terms are often extended 
 by the addition of dependent clauses, the length of which de- 
 pends entirely upon the mood of the orator: cf. i, 6, 7; 2, 36, 
 37; 7, 14; 8, 31. Isaeus frequently connects a series of 
 parisa with copulative conjunctions, in which case they do not 
 form an oratorical period : 6, 4, 18, 27, 38. All such devices 
 prevent monotony and furnish excellent patterns for the mixed 
 style brought to such perfection by the mature Demosthenes. 2 
 
 Parallel clauses with equal cola are numerous, though the 
 adjacent sentences may vary in length : i, 9, 17, 22, 31 ; 2, 20 ; 
 4, 29; 9, i. Participial clauses of equal length are frequently 
 used in masses: 7, n, 17; 8, 31 ; 10, 25, 26; n, 23. So also 
 a series of dependent clauses with el: n, 19, 26, 39. It is 
 
 1 Dionys., Lys., 6; Isae., 3. 2 Blass, I'sae., 476; Demos., 125. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 19 
 
 rather doubtful whether Isaeus at any time uses parisa for 
 mere rhetorical effect, though a few cases occur where an 
 additional number is seemingly added for the sake of con- 
 cinnity, after the manner of Isocrates. These may be due to 
 chance or a desire for emphasis : i, 7, 29 ; 4, n ; 7, 44 ; 8, 15 ; 
 10, 10, 22. Cf. Demos., 27, 16 ; 29, 5, 2O. 1 
 
 Paromoion Homoioteleuton. 
 The best definition of paromoion is that given by Aristotle, 
 
 I, 137 J xctpopotofftf (KapofjLOtov) d* idv ofiota ra eff%ara %TJ ixdrspov 
 TO XO>)LOV. dvdyxr] Se y iv dp^y* ?) iitl TsXeuTrjs %sw. xdl dp%i) /JLSV 
 det rd ovofjLara, 7} de TS^SUTTJ Taq iff-^draq ffuXXapds y TOO avroo 
 
 OVO/JLCLTOS KTOHTst'- i) TO oLUTo ovofj.a. Homoioteleuton is defined 
 
 by Alexander, III, 35 : orv efc TO O.OTO p.6pwv xXsovdxts xa.Ta- 
 
 Ifrwfiev Cf. Zon., Ill, 169. 
 
 Homoioteleuton? 
 
 When verse was laid aside and the colon took its place, the 
 tendency in artistic composition was to fall into rhyme, the 
 office of which is to mark the end, or help the recognition of 
 equalities and proportions. In Greek prose, rhyme was first 
 sought and then avoided. But as its use satisfied a craving 
 for symmetry, it took a long time for prose to free itself from 
 the improper use of an ornament which, when carried to an 
 excess, greatly weakened and impaired the natural strength of 
 the language. Isocrates who may be regarded as the continuer 
 of Gorgias, speaks of the favor with which the ornamental 
 figures, among them homoioteleuton, were received by the 
 people.* According to Anaximenes, also, they are indispensable 
 to the orator, and Aristotle approves of them. 5 Dionysius, 
 
 1 Other examples of parisa will be given under homoioteleuton and 
 antithesis, as the most artistic forms occur in connection with these 
 two figures. 
 
 a This produces homoiokatarkton of which there is no well-defined 
 instance in Isaeus or Demosthenes. 
 
 3 Since homoioteleuton and the form of paromoion which most 
 frequently occurs, are the same, the two will be treated together under 
 homoioteleuton. 
 
 4 Isoc., Panath., 2-3. Blass., Isoc., 162. 
 
2O Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 however, complains of Thucydides, Plato, and Isocrates for 
 
 using such }).tpa.xtu>dy ff^-ijjj.ara. 1 
 
 What displeased the rhetorician was the excessive use of such 
 figures in species of composition for which they were not suited. 2 
 Hermogenes, II, 333-4, describes how Demosthenes avoided the 
 use of too many homoioteleuta in his parisa. He censures 
 their use for mere beauty to the detriment of persuasiveness. 
 
 Both Tiberius 3 and Cornificius * say that the figure is pro- 
 ductive of beauty if not used to an excess. Cicero 5 denies to 
 the genus dicendi tenue the use of parison, homoioteleuton, 
 etc., although Lysias, the great representative of this style, 
 furnishes many instances. 
 
 As Isaeus recognized the practical needs of Athens and 
 wished to be an advocate and interpreter of the laws, he felt 
 that too much polish was little adapted to the purposes and 
 struggles of real life. He did not, however, entirely neglect 
 external ornaments, among them, homoioteleuta. Many of 
 these are doubtless due to chance, though the influence of the 
 Gorgianic school may be detected at times. But what in the 
 latter interrupted the flow of the speech, by a judicious use in 
 Isaeus, was made to serve the thought itself, or give definite 
 color to it. Isaeus had no difficulty in making into a real help, 
 what in a less emphatic orator, would have been a mere 
 jingle of words. 
 
 The effect of homoioteleuton is increased when combined 
 with parison and antithesis. The most important instances of 
 such combination in Isaeus are the following: Homoioteleuton 
 and Parison: i, 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 26, 29, 39, 40; 2, n, 35; 
 3, 40, 46, 49, 54, 60, 63 ; 4, 5, 9, 10, n, 12, 13, 20, 21, 24, 29; 
 5, 3, 4, 44; 6, 18, 43, 60; 7, 5, 13, 29, 32, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44; 
 8, i, 13, 16, 33, 38, 41, 43, 44; 9, 10, 15, 19, 27; 10, n, 15, 17, 
 19 ; n, 4, 14, 19, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 37, 49. 
 
 The first, fourth, seventh, eighth, and eleventh speeches have 
 the greater number of homoioteleuta. 
 
 'Dionys., Demos., 20, 26; Thueyd., 24, 29, 46; Epist. II, ad Amm. 17. 
 Dionysius had trouble in harmonizing austere harmony with Gorgianic 
 jingles. Prof. G. 
 
 2 Dionys., Isoc., 13 ; de Adm. Vi. 4. See the interesting remarks of 
 Demetrius, III, 267. 
 
 a III, 74 4 IV, 22, 23. * Orator, 84. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 21 
 
 Demosthenes. 
 
 Demosthenes has more of the epideictic element in his early 
 speeches than Isaeus. This is especially true of the first 
 speech against Aphobus : l El iJ.lv . . . re?v, rj . . . irctrplxsiv. 
 If we compare the corresponding sections in Isaeus, 8, 5, and 
 Demosthenes, 27, 1-2, we find that the words icpfc i;(j.pa<jxzuas 
 Xoftav xdl fidpropas ou rdtyOjj papTupoovras in Isaeus are so ar- 
 ranged by Demosthenes that the cola correspond and close 
 with a homoioteleuton : xpos faSpaq xa\ Afyetv Ixavobq xai 
 xapaffxsudffaffOat tovaplvouz* In addition, Demosthenes has 
 formed his passage more artistically than Isaeus by making all 
 the clauses depend upon olda ph 03, by inserting in the 
 second half xafasp /roAu rourtov xaradt^ffrspoy wv, and by writ- 
 ing rd yyev7){i.ya dts^eXOe'iv, instead of rd dtxata etxelv. It may be 
 
 noted, however, that he abstains from homoioteleuton in the last 
 clause, though it could have been produced by a slight change 
 of words. The general effect is weakened by the artistic 
 structure which strongly tends to cast in the minds of the judges 
 a distrust of his pretended inexperience because of youth. 
 But it forms an excellent example of what Dionysius 3 says 
 about both Isaeus and Demosthenes. 
 
 Further examples of the epideictic style in Dem., 27, are in 
 4, 6, 13, 15, 16, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 34, 45, 46, 47,* 52, 55, 59, 60, 
 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67. We need only compare the homoioteleuta 
 
 a The rhetoricians are fond of citing as something very unusual the 
 homoioteleuton at the beginning of the speech against Androtion. 
 Hermogenes, II, 332, says that he can find no other example in the 
 orator. As the commentary of Hermogenes has been lost, we cannot 
 tell why he thought Demosthenes began his speech in this way. 
 The scholiasts think that he was trying to bring his opponent into 
 ridicule by beating Isocrates at his own game. Cf. Walz, VII, 1038; 
 VI, 329. But the homoioteleuta in Demos., 27, i, Isae., 8, i, Isoc., in 
 Demon, i, show that such instances are not so rare as the scholiasts 
 seem to think. But see Blass, Demos., 138. 
 
 2 The words <j>ei>-yuv ovrug aKpifie'i? eteyx ov in Isae. 8, 13, forms a 
 homoioteleuton in Demos. 30, 37 : ovrof . . . fyvyuv KCU ... TrapaAnr&v. 
 
 3 Isae., 4. 
 
 4 This heaping up of homoioteleuta shows the inexperience of youth. 
 Isocrates seldom has more than two endings alike. Continuation in 
 Lysias is very rare. In the recapitulation, Isae., 8, 28, there are but 
 four unimportant homoioteleuta in short participial clauses. 
 
22 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 in the eighth speech of Isaeus with the above to see how much 
 more Demosthenes in his earliest years was given to the orna- 
 mental style. In the twenty-eighth speech of Demosthenes, 
 which, being a deuterology, is formed on a different standard, 
 we find shorter periods and fewer striking homoioteleuta : 4, 5, 
 7, 8, 9, 1 6, 1 8, 22. The twenty-ninth has also far less of the 
 epideictic element than the twenty-seventh. The periods are 
 not so well formed and there are fewer cases of parisa and 
 homoioteleuta : * i, 3, 9, 36, 41, 44, 46, 51, 57, 59, 60. Since the 
 orator had made great advancement in his art since the delivery 
 of the twenty-seventh speech, traces of Isocratic influence in 
 the thirtieth are much less marked. " The speech is lighter and 
 the composition better rounded." Homoioteleuton is kept 
 within more artistic limits: 2, 6, 7, 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 30, 
 33> 34> 36, 37, 38. The best examples of homoioteleuta in the 
 thirty-first speech, also a deuterology, are found in 14: rov Se 
 xat . . . Tta.Qs.l.v. 
 
 A number of homoioteleuta in Isaeus consists in clausulae or 
 short phrases : i, 5, 15, 30 ; 2, 25, 26 ; 3, 20 ; 4, 10 ; 5, 8 ; 6, 57 ; 
 7, 17, 18, 28, 30, 43; 8, 30; 9, 4, 24, 25, 32; 10, i, 13, 24; n, 6, 
 12, 40, 48. 
 
 As Demosthenes has a different periodology, clausulae or 
 short phrases are less numerous : 27, 2, 4, 28, 31, 41, 46, 52, 63 ; 
 28, 7, 22, 24. The rhetorical effect of such clausulae or short 
 phrases is slight, as they generally occur within one colon. 
 
 Cases of accidental or unintentional homoioteleuta are nu- 
 merous in both Isaeus and Demosthenes. 
 
 Antithesis. 2 
 
 The Greek rhetoricians vary greatly in their definitions and 
 conception of antithesis. Aristotle, i, 136-7, speaks of it in 
 connection with periodology. 
 
 Hermogenes, II, 236, is too general in his definition for a 
 rhetorical antithesis, although what he says about the effect of 
 the figure, is applicable. Cf. Anon., Ill, 112. Anaximenes, i, 
 
 1 Blass, Demos., 210. 
 
 3 As the Greek rhetoricians are by no means agreed whether antithesis 
 is a figure of language or thought, it has been described here as 
 forming a good transition to the figures of thought. 
 

 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 23 
 
 212, speaks of antithesis as consisting (i) in words, (2) 
 in thoughts, or (3) in both words and thoughts. The last he 
 considers the best. See an interesting discussion by Alexander, 
 III, 36. Cf. Herod., Ill, 98 ; Zon., Ill, 169 ; Anon., Ill, 186. 
 Tiberius, III, 78, refers to antithesis with large cola and to 
 a sharper contrast in the words themselves. The latter part of 
 Anaximenes' definition has been adhered to as giving a good 
 norm for comparison. Volkmann approves of it, saying that 
 as a real rhetorical figure, only those antitheses should be 
 considered, which combine opposition in words with opposition 
 in thought. Antithesis is basic in the language of the Greeks, 
 and is a natural product of their acuteness (Miiller). It occurs 
 as far back as Homer, and hence is wrongly ascribed by Benn 
 to the Pythagorean doctrine. While too many antitheses injure 
 the swing of the sentence, a moderate use of them is very 
 important and indispensable to the orator. Aristotle, I, 137, 
 says that things opposed by being placed side by side become 
 very clear, and there is awakened in the hearer the agreeable 
 feeling of easy perception. 
 
 The effect of antithesis is also described by Hermogenes, 
 II, 236, and Tiberius, III, 78. Antithesis besides forming a 
 real or supposed opposition in thought, gave the structure of 
 the sentence an appearance of symmetry and regularity. 
 Hence along with antithesis occurred the other Gorgianic fig- 
 ures; for antithetic thought brought with it antithetic ex- 
 pression, which probably brought with it parisa, and these in 
 turn were likely to produce rhyme and hence homoioteleuta. 
 Gorgias, who may be considered the founder of artistic Greek 
 prose, made a very free use of antitheses, but owing to the 
 nature of his periodology they were too short, and often con- 
 sisted in mere sound rather than sharply contrasted significa- 
 tions. (Blass, Gorgias.) The figure found a much better 
 representative in Antiphon because his periods were more 
 extended. His antitheses, which are, in fact, the ground-work 
 of his style, are formed by an equal number of like-sounding 
 words balanced against one another. He is fond of opposing 
 words of similar sound so as to call attention to their con- 
 trasted meaning. (Miiller.) All Antiphon's efforts are di- 
 rected to the invention and contrasting of ideas in order to 
 
24 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 bring out the argument. Hence his antitheses are sharper 
 than those of Gorgias, more pointed than those of Thucydides, 1 
 but often lack the artistic finish given them by Lysias and 
 Isocrates. 
 
 To Lysias, antitheses were second nature, and were often 
 made use of as instruments of precision, when they were not 
 necessarily demanded by the matter itself. Professor Jebb 
 says that this love of antithesis shown on a larger scale in the 
 terse, periodic composition, is the one thing which sometimes 
 blemishes the ethos in Lysias. Isocrates, in his earlier speeches, 
 cultivated the antithetical style, but finding that it was too stiff 
 and rigid for even-flowing and well-rounded sentences, aban- 
 doned the direct and immediate opposition of clauses, and 
 brought forward his antitheses in successive groups and in 
 larger series (Miiller). Isaeus for the most part uses antith- 
 esis to bring his arguments more clearly before the minds of 
 the judges and to clinch them as it were. The opposite is 
 supplied for the sake of definiteness, rarely for fulness, and by 
 concentrating everything on one word or set of words, he 
 makes the principal thought stand out in clear relief. Hence 
 the sharpness and exactness of his antitheses are often very 
 great. While Demosthenes points and hardens his antitheses 
 when he condescends to use them, the length of the cola in these 
 early speeches prevents the same conciseness that we find in 
 Isaeus. Both orators depend upon the exact significations of 
 words to express their ideas. Both delight in bringing their 
 contrasts forcibly before the minds of the judges, but in so 
 doing, often round off the clauses so as to produce good 
 periods, assisted by the outward graces of parison and homoio- 
 teleuton. Antithesis and Parison: Isaeus, i, I, 2, 6, 20, 26, 
 30, 33> 34, 38, 42, 43; 2, 9> 15. 26 > 30; 3, 60; 4, 22; 5, n, 17, 
 21, 38, 39, 40; 6, 41, 51, 59; 7, 2, 12, 15, 20, 23, 29, 44; 8, 29, 
 32, 39; 10, 2, 16, 22; n, 21, 31, 39; 12, 10 : Demosthenes, 
 27, i, 22, 24, 36, 37, 45> 5 1 * 54; 28, 12, 18, 24; 29, 5, 8, 14, 15, 
 43, 45, 58; 30, 7, ii, I2 > 1 9> 2 5> 28, 33, 37, 38; 31, 7. 
 
 Antithesis Parison Homoioteleuton : Isaeus, i, 29, 40; 
 2, 6; 3, 60; 4, i ; 5, 25, 44; 6, 52, 53, 56; 7, 29, 43, 44; 9, 10; 
 n, 37 ; Demos., 27, 47, 55, 64, 65 ; 28, 7, 9, 24; 29, 2, 5, 9, 38, 
 
 47- 
 
 1 Blass, Antiphon, 139. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 25 
 
 About one-half of the antitheses in Isaeus and Demosthenes 
 show a periodic structure more or less exact: Isae., i, 29, 30, 
 33, 34, 35, 40, 42, 43, 5, 5 1 ; 2 > 6 , J 5, 26, 30, 37 ; 3, 59, 60, 61, 
 68, 75; 4, i, 22; 5, 21, 25, 32, 40, 44, 46; 6, 6, 26, 52, 53; 
 
 7, i, n, 12, 15, 23, 29, 44, 45; 8, 12, 25, 26, 31, 44; 9, 10, 19, 
 25, 34, 35; 10, i, 2 , I0 > " i7 22; n, 6, n, 12, 24, 31, 37, 39, 
 48; 12, 4, 8, 10 : Demos., 27, i, 15, 16, 20, 24, 33, 35, 37, 38, 45, 
 54, 55, 57, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68; 28, 4, 7, 12, 17, 18, 22; 29, 2, 5, 
 
 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 45, 47, 58; 30, 7, n, 12, 15, 19, 23, 28, 31, 
 
 33, 37, 38;3i, 7- 
 
 Both orators are fond of contrasting the conduct, feelings, 
 etc., of the opposite parties: Isaeus, i, 20, 29, 30, 33, 34, 38, 
 48, 51 J 3, 75,* 5, 15, 23, 33, 40, 44, 46, 47; 7 2, 8, n, 29, 43, 
 45; 8, 37; 9 25; 10, n, 23, 24; n, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39; 12, 6, 8, 
 10, ii ; Demos., 27, 6, 23, 35, 36, 38, 55, 57, 63, 64; 28, 10, 11, 
 17, 18, 22, 24; 29, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; 30, 4, 7, 12, 23, 31, 33, 37; 
 
 3i 7, 14- 
 
 Isaeus frequently repeats a synonymous or common term in 
 the second member of his antithesis. This is intended to 
 strengthen the thought and not merely to obtain a more sonor- 
 ous ending, or to give an artificial regularity to the clauses, as 
 so often happens with Lysias and Isocrates. 1 Such repetition 
 is apt to produce a certain periodic structure which may be 
 unintentional: Isae., i, 17, 29, 42; 2, 30; 3, 59, 60, 61, 68; 5, 
 25, 32 ; 6, 6, 52, 53, 58 ; 7, 15, 20 ; 8, 12, 25, 26, 32 ; 9, 4, 10, 15, 
 34; 10, 22. Demosthenes does not repeat the common term so 
 frequently : 28, 7, 12 ; 29, 5 ; 30, 28. At times the second 
 member of an antithesis in Isaeus is not filled out, e. g. : 2, 43, 
 44 ; 7, 8, 20 ; n, 38, cf. Demos., 29, 2. Demosthenes, who has a 
 greater tendency to the periodic structure, seldom uses this 
 form of antithesis. 
 
 Chiasm in Antithesis. Chiasm emphasizes both sides of an 
 antithesis. For its effect, see Hermogenes, II, 242. Chiastic 
 antitheses are very forcibly used by Isaeus, e. g. : i, 3, n, 29, 
 30, 33, 34, 39, 48, 51 J 2, 15, 18, 26 ; 3, 13, 27, 59, 60, 75 ; 4, 28 ; 
 5, 24, 27, 40; 6, 22, 52; 7, 4, 10, 15, 37; 8, 25, 26, 31 (two), 
 38, 44; 10, i, 22; ii, 12, 36. Although Demosthenes does not 
 use such antitheses so frequently as Isaeus, he has some good 
 
 ., Prol. Lys., 12; Blass, Ant. 142; Isoc., 151. 
 
26 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 examples : 27, 20, 66 ; 28, 10, 12 ; 31, n. The particles, p.t\> . . . d^ 
 attack different members of the antithesis with chiastic effect. 1 
 
 The itiv . . . tie balance with chiasm is frequent in Isaeus : i, 
 29> 30, 33. 34, 48, 5 1 ; 2 26 ; 3, 59, 60, 75 ; 4, 28 ; 6, 52 ; 7, 15 ; 
 8, 25, 26, 31, 38, 44 ; n, 36. Demosthenes has a few examples : 
 30, 7, 12, 31. 
 
 Antithesis with Legal and Technical Terms. The legal 
 knowledge of Isaeus is well shown in his keen and exact use 
 of legal and technical terms. The fine legal distinctions, which 
 form one of the most interesting features of Isaeus' style, are 
 brought out more forcibly by the use of antithesis : i, 3, 18, 26, 
 35, 42, 43, 48; 2, 5, 19, 23, 26, 30, 43, 46; 3, 19, 59, 60, 61, 
 68, 75; 4, i, 22, 28; 5, 17, 25, 27, 32; 6, 24, 52, 53; 7, 20; 8, 
 10, 12 (two), 31, 32; 9, 15, 25, 33, 35; 10, 2, n, 12, 22; n, 
 n, 23, 24; 12, ii. There are no striking examples of such 
 antithesis in the younger Demosthenes. 
 
 Isaeus has antithesis with forms of rjv and aTtoQvyffxztv: 
 i, 46; 2, 15, 25, 36, 37, 45; 3, 58; 5,4; 7, i, 14; 8, 31 (two), 
 44; ii, 12. The stiff antithesis with/^w and W9>, so common 
 in Antiphon, is seldom found in Isaeus. Cf. II, 44. 
 
 FIGURES OF THOUGHT. 
 A. 
 
 Questions. 
 
 Dionysius (de Isaeo Indicium) after speaking of some of the 
 stylistic differences between Lysias and Isaeus says in chap. 12, 
 that Isaeus is more varied than Lysias both in the composition 
 of words and the use of figures, for in Isaeus one can find many 
 sets of questions like the following : roflev %p-r) TturTsueffQat rd 
 , npo$ Oeutv ; obx ix r&v ij.apropu)v] otopai f. xoOev de robs 
 ; ovx ix rwv fiaffdvwv; eixos ^e. nodev 8i ye 
 roue TOUTWV; ux ix TOO yeuyeiv robs lAe 
 
 Dionysius further remarks in chap. 13 : raori fj.ev 
 xai ins piaryff ecus' olc 6 Auffiat; p.h r^xiara xtypyrai' 
 d 9 6 napa rovrou rdq dyopftdq Aa{3a t ayeiSlorepov. Then 
 
 f. Gildersleeve, Pindar, O. XI (X), 8. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 27 
 
 follows a long quotation from Demosthenes, Olyn., 3, 34f. On 
 the effect of these questions see Blass, Isaeus, 478. Such 
 questions the Greeks ascribed to 'the tf//m called YPY r ys> 
 in respect to which see Hermogenes, II, 344. Cf. Anon., 
 
 in, 147. 
 
 The employment of these energetic and pressing questions 
 may be regarded almost as an invention of Isaeus. They are 
 seldom used by Lysias and still less by Isocrates, whose style 
 proceeds mostly in long, extended periods. By such questions, 
 Isaeus proves his arguments, as it were, with a tone of triumph. 
 He grapples with his opponent in open court, and overpowers 
 him by his seeming superiority, or he bears down with all his 
 impetuosity upon the judges themselves, and tries to force 
 them to give a verdict in his favor. Hence Dionysius, 1. c., c. 
 4, remarks: %v Ss itepl auroo dot-a Ttapa roT? TOTS yor/Tstas xai 
 difdrtj^ w$ detvos dvyp re^vtrsoffat Aoyous ire} TO. rcovypoTepa. 
 
 These questions in Isaeus served as a pattern for those 
 brilliant passages found in the matured oratory of Demosthenes. 
 Cf. Dionys., 1. c., c. 13; Blass, Isaeus, 478. In Isaeus, 8, 28, 
 is found a passage almost identical with the one quoted above 
 from Dionysius. In fact, one is tempted to think that the 
 words may be a locus communis, specially prepared for use in 
 energetic passages. 
 
 As Blass, Isae., 478, remarks, each passage is periodic, and 
 has a decided rhythm, and each after a short pause is followed 
 by asyndetic narrative. Cf. 8, 29. The passages in Isaeus most 
 similar to these are two in the same speech: 8, 14 and 33. 
 Demosthenes has no such questions in his early speeches. 
 Both orators, however, often interrupt the course of the speech 
 by a single question directed to the judges, to the opponent, or 
 to themselves, as if, in the matter at issue they had to consult 
 with others, or with themselves, to obtain the necessary in- 
 formation. Such argumentation contributes much towards 
 making the speech lively and effective, and greatly increases the 
 attention of the hearers. The other orators do not use such 
 questions so frequently. Specially characteristic of Isaeus and 
 Demosthenes are: (i) short interrogative formulae at the end 
 of a clause instead of the beginning for the sake of clearness : 
 
 IsaeUS, 5> *3 T Koirjaat. 43^ real dvalwffas' cf. 7, 43. 
 
28 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 These formulae do not occur in our speeches, but are abundant 
 elsewhere in Demosthenes; (2) self-question after a sentence 
 fully completed. Cf. Anon., Ill, 121. This is the most artistic 
 form of the question. Taken as it were from the inmost soul 
 of the speaker, it gives to the speech the appearance of an 
 interchange of thought between speaker and hearer. 1 As might 
 be expected, this question is rarely found in the early orators. 
 It occurs but once in Antiphon, in an oration, 6, 34, which in 
 many respects, approaches the standards of later oratory; 
 twice in the plain and even style of Lysias, 13, 20, 64. It is 
 also found in Isocrates. In the hands of Isaeus, the self- 
 question is a forcible weapon. Reh., p. 18. Cf. 3, 24, 32; 5, 
 12 ; 6, 36, 63 ; 7, 44 ; 8, 9, 30 ; 9, 22 ; u, 1 1, 33, 44. This ques- 
 tion occurs in Demosthenes : 27, 38 ; 29, 8, n, 20, 31, 36 ; 31, 3. 
 
 Rhetorical Questions. 
 
 The questions previously considered have required an answer. 
 It is different with the purely rhetorical questions, which the 
 orator asks, not to obtain an answer, but to overpower his 
 opponent, to express his indignation or astonishment, to arouse 
 hatred or compassion. Cf. Volkmann, p. 491. This question, 
 which is an excellent index to style, imparts great liveliness to 
 oratory. Orators vary in their use of the rhetorical question. 
 Some will rise to their questions, or mass them, as Demos- 
 thenes, others will scatter them, and others when they have once 
 commenced to use them, find difficulty in stopping, as Gorgias 
 in the Palamedes. Lysias attains to pathos in his questions, 
 and this is their greatest attribute. Jebb says that Isocrates' 
 use of the rhetorical question is in concluding an argument. 
 Isaeus takes no special part of the marts or M<KS in which 
 to mass his questions, but when he is aroused by some unjust 
 act of the opponent, or wishes to overwhelm him, or to prove 
 his argument by frequently referring to the same point, he 
 breaks forth in a series of questions, and forcibly drives home 
 his arguments. This may even happen near the beginning of 
 an oration, as in the powerful ^7709, n, 5. In the third 
 oration, 37f., Isaeus repeats the questions in nearly the same 
 
 1 See Rehdantz . 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 29 
 
 form for the sake of dwelling upon the evidence and emphasiz- 
 ing its importance in the minds of the judges. He seems loath 
 to leave the point, and so attacks it in its different phases to 
 make sure that the judges understand him. This series of 
 questions is the most interesting in Isaeus. 
 
 Nowhere does he treat his adversary with greater irony. 
 The tone is that of a mercantile man, who, strong in his right, 
 pushes his advantage against dishonest opponents. A series 
 of questions in the same self-confident style, after an outburst 
 of withering irony, is seen in 3, 32. The same tone is found 
 in 6, 25, where the speaker in behalf of rich clients, harshly and 
 disdainfully addresses Androcles, who has been guilty of in- 
 trigue. The calmness of the speaker is indicated by the 
 rhetorical finish and regularity of the clauses, the first and 
 last being longer than the intermediate. Ironical and mocking 
 jests are found in 4, 7, when the actions of those seeking the 
 inheritance are described. 
 
 A series of artistically formed questions occurs in 7, 40, 
 Such questions are not suited to argument but to a laudatory 
 epilogue in the epideictic style. 
 
 The Rhetorical Question in Demosthenes. 
 
 No orator has made such use of the question as Demosthenes. 
 In these early speeches the strong influence of Isaeus is easily 
 recognized, but Demosthenes because of his inexperience, only 
 occasionally handles his questions with the same vigor as his 
 predecessor. But the epilogue of the twenty-eighth speech is a 
 notable exception, in which he surpasses any passage of Isaeus 
 in respect to pathos. Demosthenes as a rule works himself up to 
 the question. He is fond of discussing each point of his case 
 separately, beginning with an introduction and closing with a 
 recapitulation, in which he frequently employs a series of 
 questions. Cf. 27, 21 (two questions with TTWC after a 
 dilemma) ; 33 (question as answer) ; 38, (passionate questions 
 after stating the adversary's base conduct). Cf. 29, 32, 34. In 
 31, 9, the questions are quite incisive after an argument from 
 probability. Argumentative questions in the epilogues are 27, 
 64; 31, 14. Single rhetorical questions, put for effect only, to 
 attract attention, to make the statement more vivid, etc., are 
 
30 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 too numerous to describe in detail: Isaeus, i, n, 20, 25, 27; 
 2, 26, 27, 43 ; 3, 17, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 54; 4, 4, 7, 12, 15, 20, 
 23 ; 5, 21 ; 6, 9, 26, 46, 53, 54, 56 ; 7, 24, 36 ; 8, 24, 43 ; 9, 26 ; 
 n, 23; 12, 9: Demos., 27, 16, 29, 30; 28, 7, 18, 21 ; 29, 12, 20, 
 
 21, 23, 24, 25, 36, 37, 47, 48; 30, 18, 20, 36; 31, 6, 8. 
 
 Isaeus uses the question with great force when he wishes 
 to draw a conclusion from contraries (sententia ex contrariis). 
 This conclusion is called h6op.-rifj.a. It shows a thorough 
 grasp and comprehension of the subject, and can be used with 
 effect only by a speaker whose feelings are unusually aroused, 
 and who has confidence in his own argumentative powers: 
 e. g., i, 23, 29, 33, 35, 40 ; 2, 27 ; 3, n, 45, 48, 69 ; 4, 4, 14, 24, 
 25; 5 34> 38; 6, 63; 8, 13, 32; 9, 12, 15, 37; 10, 13, 17; n, 
 12, 14, 24; 12, 8. Demosthenes does not use this question so 
 frequently. Cf. 27, 21 f., 28, 64; 29, 14, 53; 30, 16; 31, 9. 
 
 Rhetorical questions with negative or affirmative answers. 
 The addition of an answer to the rhetorical question is speci- 
 ally peculiar to Isaeus. This is in keeping with the fiery ardor 
 and impetuosity of his nature, for he seems at times unwilling 
 to allow a question to stand without this additional expression 
 to his feelings. In the earlier orators, according to Herforth, 
 there are only three such answers, all in Andocides, de Mys., 
 
 22, 89, 102. The additional answer is an excellent help to the 
 practical orator. Demosthenes has it in nearly all his speeches, 
 due, no doubt, to the influence of Isaeus. Such a question may 
 be used as one of the tests of genuineness in the Demosthenean 
 corpus. 1 
 
 Negative answers. Isaeus, i, 29, 40; n, 39; 3, 37, 51, 66; 
 7, 32; 8, n, 32; 9, 31; 10, 17; n, 13, 26: Demosthenes, 27, 
 48, 57, 59, 63; 29, 49, 57; 30, 34; 31, 5, n, 13. Affirmative 
 answers are not so frequent: Isaeus, 3, 25, 39, 48, 49; 8, 28: 
 Demos., 27, 63 ; 30, 30. 
 
 Miscellaneous Questions. 
 
 7ra>. Although many questions with TTG>? are mere form- 
 ulae, as ita>q yap ouv, the use* of Tt&s often shows the 
 speaker's interest in the subject, and compels the hearer to take 
 part in his feelings: Isaeus, i, 1152, 26, 27, 43 53, n, 54, 56; 
 
 'Herforth, p. 8. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 31 
 
 4, 4, 12, 14, 19 ; 5, 38 ; 6, 9, 46, 53, 54, 58, 63 ; 7, 32 ; 8, 9, 30, 
 32; 10, 13, 15, 37; n, 4, 12, 26: Demosthenes, 27, 16, 21, 28, 
 47. 52, 59 6 3> 64; 29, 14, 21, 23, 24, 25, 53, 55; 30, 16, 18; 
 31, 13. Questions preceded by a dependent clause generally 
 have some logical element: Isaeus, i, 25, 40; 2, 27, 39, 43; 
 3, n, 41, 45, 48, 69, 70; 4, 14, 15, 19, 23, 25 ; 5, 21 ; 6, 9, 56; 
 7 32, 33, 3 6 ; 8 IT J 9> 37; IX 4, 12, 19, 24, 26; 12, 8. 
 
 Questions with Mffts in w are numerous : Isaeus, i, 25, 
 26 ; 2, 26 ; 3, 32, 41, 47, 66, 721. ; 4, 4, 24 ; 5, 21, 43 ; 6, 46, 53, 
 54, 58 ; 7, 24 ; 8, 30, 33 ; 10, 13, 19, 24 : Demos., 27, 21, 52, 63 ; 
 
 28, 7 ; 29, 14, 23, 24, 34, 37, 40 ; 31, 5, 8, 13. 
 
 Isaeus often introduces a question after the reading of a law 
 or testimony, in order to bring out its contents more clearly, 
 or to show an exulting triumph over his opponent : Isaeus, i, 
 33 ; 3, 39, 43, 54, 7i 77 J 5, 34 ; 7> 33 ; *> 14, 28 ; 9, 26, 31 ; n, 
 
 5, 12, 23, 47. There are two examples in Demosthenes : 27, 
 
 29, 47. The force of the question is often increased by combi- 
 nation with other lively figures, as anaphora: Isaeus, 2, 21; 
 3, 40, 43; 4, 7; 5, 21, 455 7 40; 8, 14, 28; n, 25: Demos- 
 thenes, 27, 38 ; 28, 18; 30, 30 ; 31, 13, 14. Both the Greeks and 
 Latins are fond of inserting a relative clause after a question, 
 more often when the question contains a negative idea. There 
 are a few examples in both Isaeus and Demosthenes : Isaeus, 
 3, 39 ; 6, 26, 56 ; 7, 40 : Demos., 27, 29, 64 ; 29, 48 ; 30, 16, 20. 
 
 The home of the question is in the nterts and A6<n<r, but it 
 is also found in lively narrative and more frequently still in 
 an epideictic or passionate epilogue : Narrative : Isaeus, 5, 13 ; 
 
 6, 36; Prothesis: Isaeus, 8, 30; n, 4, 5: Demos., 31, 3, 5: 
 Transition : Isae., 8, 9 : Demos., 29, 8 : Epilogue : Isaeus, 5, 34, 
 38, 43, 45, 46; 6, 63 (twice) ; 7, 40, 44; 8, 43 ; 9, 37: Demos., 
 27, 63, 64; 28, 18, 21 ; 29, 55 ; 31, n, 13, 14. 
 
 Hypophora. Defined by Tiberius, III, 77 ; Hermogenes, II, 
 207 ; Cornificius, IV, 23, 33. Hypophora is one of the favorite 
 methods of surprise, by which the ordinary course of the speech 
 is interrupted and a lively conversational or dramatic element 
 introduced. The figure is productive of beauty and energy, 
 Tiberius, III, 77. 
 
 The most artistic form of hypophora occurs when a speaker, 
 who wishes to make a general refutation, brings forward the 
 
32 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 particulars, one after the other, in the form of a question, and 
 then rejects them. Hypophora is found in all the preceding 
 orators and also in the tragedians. The form of hypophora in 
 Isaeus is less regular and artistic than that in Lysias and Isoc- 
 rates, and seems nearer to the later Demosthenean type, es- 
 pecially in the use of v^ J/a, which frequently occurs in the 
 form of an ironical question : cf . 3, 24, 73 ; 4, 20, 24 ; 7, 33. 
 In these earlier speeches Demosthenes gives us but little idea 
 of the extent to which he uses this formula later. We find 
 one example with ^Ud ^ Aia t 31, 10, but it is hardly more 
 than a strong transition. Isaeus, like Lysias, uses continued 
 hypophora for the purpose of raising numerous objections, 
 which he immediately disposes of. 
 
 Special points of an argument are thus summed up in a 
 vigorous and energetic manner. A series of rhetorical ques- 
 tions frequently precedes : 2, 21 ; 3, 73 ; 4, 20 ; 5, 451. ; 7, 33 ; 
 n, 25. The only striking instance of hypophora in the guar- 
 dianship-speeches is found in the passionate epilogue in 28, 
 18: cf. 29, 41. Like several examples in Isaeus, it is preceded 
 by a series of rhetorical questions and followed by asyndeton. 
 Objection with dUd at the end of a question is akin to hypo- 
 phora and introduces more or less dramatic element: Isaeus, 
 i, 29, 34 ; 2, 21 ; 3, 11, 43, 69, 72, 77 ; 4, 19 ; 5, 46 ; 6, 25 ; 7, 32, 
 33; 8, n, 13; n, 25, 47: Demos., 27, 16, 28; 28, 18; 30, 30; 
 3i, i3> M. 
 
 B. 
 
 FIGURES OF THOUGHT USED WITH MODERATION BY ISOCRATES. 
 Prodiorthosis Paraleipsis. 
 
 Prodiorthosis. Defined by Alexander, III, 14. As a figure 
 of thought, prodiorthosis will meet a reproach, a surprise, or 
 an erroneous view, caused by a subsequent statement. It 
 shows a free and confident style of argument, and is found 
 in a wide range of Greek from Homer on. There are several 
 good examples in Isaeus: 6, 17; 8, 5, 34; n, 5. Two cases in 
 Demos., 27, 3, 8. Both Isaeus and Demosthenes are fond of 
 using expressions that serve as transitions to what they expect 
 to say or prove: Isaeus, i, 15, 31 ; 2, 2, 13, 16, 19, 28, 38; 3, 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 33 
 
 n, 19, 34; 5, 14; 8, 34: Demos., 27, 8, 9, 12, 23, 24, 26, 27, 34, 
 35 39> 5 2 , 5 8 J 28 i 2 5 2 9 i, 4, 9> IO > J 4> l8 > 22, 25, 28, 29, 35 ; 
 30, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 19, 25, 32, 34; 31, i, 4. 
 
 Promise of brevity also comes under the head of prodiortho- 
 sis: Isaeus, i, 8, 17; 6, 19; 7, 4: Demos., 27, 3, 12; 29, 5. 
 Epidiorthosis. Described by Alexander, III, 15. We have 
 such subsequent explanation of an assertion to prevent offense 
 to the judges in Isae., 5, 8. 
 
 Paraleipsis Pretended omission. Defined by Alexander, 
 III, 23. See also Hermogenes, II, 374. By this pretended 
 omission, the speaker really brings forward all that he desires, 
 and is saved from dwelling on the less important subjects, or 
 is enabled to give hints only, where fuller details would be to 
 his disadvantage. 
 
 The more subtle uses of paraleipsis belong to practical 
 oratory. The figure does not occur in Antiphon, but certain 
 forms of it are found in Lysias and Isocrates. 1 There are two 
 well-defined instances in Isaeus, both of which come under 
 Hermogenes* description, viz., 5, 17; n, 43. There is an 
 approach to the figure in Demos., 29, 50. 
 
 C. 
 
 FIGURES OF THOUGHT NOT FOUND IN ISOCRATES. 
 
 Prolepsis, Diaporesis, Anakoinosis, Oaths, Direct Quotation, 
 Apostrophe, Irony. 
 
 Prolepsis consists in taking away beforehand from the op- 
 ponent the arguments which he is likely to advance against 
 the speaker. 2 It belongs to practical oratory, and is frequently 
 found in Isaeus : i, 36 ; 3, 45 ; 5, 3, 28, 46 ; 10, 18. There are 
 two hints at prolepsis in Demosthenes : 27, 51 ; 28, 16. 
 
 Diaporesis is defined by Tiberius, III, 61 : orav ws dta- 
 
 Ttopwv Tf? a dst etnelv xdxeiva xal er irXsiat Alyrj. See Alexander, 
 
 III, 24, and Phoe., Ill, 54. As a real figure of thought, the 
 best example in Isaeus occurs in 9, 22. In the following pas- 
 sages the doubt lies rather in the meaning of the words them- 
 selves : 6, 21, 24 ; 7, 33, 45 ; 8, 46 ; n, 36. There are two such 
 cases in Demosthenes : 27, 66 ; 28, 7. 
 
 Demos., 157. *See Volkmann, p. 494. 
 
34 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 Anakoinosis takes place when the orator asks his opponent 
 for advice, or deliberates and consults, as it were, with the 
 judges themselves. There are two instances in Isaeus: 3, n ; 
 
 9> 35- 
 
 Oaths. In oaths greater the god, less the propriety. In 
 ancient times propriety decreases according to height. Po- 
 seidon and Athena are always struggling for supremacy. With 
 Zeus, Poseidon, and Athena there is no special propriety, but 
 with Apollo there is an appeal for religious rites and tastes 
 of art. 1 In Isaeus who uses the oath more than any preceding 
 orator, there is one oath with Zeus and Apollo, 6, 41. The 
 oath with xpos* is used twice, 2, 47 ; 6, 58. 
 
 The force of such oaths as vy Aia, /* rotxr 0eou?, etc., is 
 greatly weakened, because they are used so often in every-day 
 life. Cf. 3, 25, 48, 73 ; 4, 20 ; 7, 33 ; 3, 39, 49 ; 4, 24 ; 8, 29 ; 
 n, 36. 
 
 The earlier school had more influence upon the younger 
 Demosthenes than Isaeus. He uses the oath but three times, 
 all in the twenty-ninth oration, 32, 57, 59. This showing is 
 rather remarkable when we consider the great and varied use 
 of the oath by the orator in his later speeches. 
 
 Direct Quotation. This takes place when the orator repre- 
 sents his opponent as speaking directly, but to be effective, the 
 words assigned to the opponent must correspond with his 
 probable thoughts. Isaeus, who has the dramatic element much 
 more strongly developed than Lysias, furnishes an excellent 
 example of direct quotation in 8, 24. 
 
 He also reproduces the speech of persons other than the 
 opponent in 2, n, 12; 6, 53. 
 
 Such reproduction brings out more clearly the motives of 
 those who are represented as speaking, and lends great fresh- 
 ness and vivacity to the discourse. It was probably borrowed 
 from the speech of the people, who are fond of dwelling on 
 particulars and details. Hence Andocides, the natural orator, 
 delights in the figure while Isocrates in his court speeches does 
 not indulge in it. Pseudo-Demosthenes, like Andocides, 
 abounds in quotations and direct speech, but the real Demos- 
 
 1 Prof. Gildersleeve's lectures. 
 
 2 For oaths with wpdf, see Rehdantz, p. 133. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 35 
 
 thenes only makes use of these expedients when they are 
 specially suited to his purposes. There is direct quotation of 
 the complaint and testimony in 29, 31, and a repetition of exact 
 words, ib., 51. In 40 there is a lively representation of a 
 supposed case. 1 
 
 Apostrophe. This is defined by Tiberius, III, 61, as taking 
 place when the speaker turns from the judges to the opponent. 
 Cf. Phoeb., Ill, 49. Apostrophe adds ropyorys and ffpodporys 
 to the discourse, 2 by which a lively personal element is in- 
 troduced. In the Palamedes of Gorgias, apostrophe is in- 
 troduced at considerable length. Isocrates abstains from the 
 figure according to Hermogenes, but it frequently occurs in 
 Lysias. 
 
 As might be expected, apostrophe is very forcibly used by 
 Isaeus and Demosthenes : Isaeus, 3, 40, 45, 46, 48, 49, 69, 70, 
 71; 5, 43, 45, 46, 47; 6, 25, 53; 9, 23; n, 4, 5 : Demos., 28, 
 7-10 ; 29, 34, 41, 42; 31, 6-8, 12-14. 
 
 Irony. Defined by Alexander, III, 22: Myos KpoffKowu- 
 fjievos TO ivavriov Ufw. Cf. Anon., Ill, 140. Irony takes 
 place when more is meant than meets the ear. When steeped 
 in bitterness, it is sarcasm. It is used by the practical orator, 
 when he wishes to overwhelm his opponent with mockery and 
 scorn. In the hands of a ready advocate, irony becomes a 
 most powerful weapon. Such a figure could not have been 
 employed by a formal and stately orator. There is no well- 
 defined example in Antiphon and Isocrates. But Isaeus em- 
 ploys almost every shade of the figure from an ironical tone 
 to biting and bitter sarcasm. The following are instances 
 of the latter kind chiefly: i, 12 ; 2, 20, 21, 23, 24, 33, 35, 37; 3, 
 
 8, 10, n, 13, 24, 27, 31, 32, 37, 39, 66, 73; 4, 7, 28; 5, 10, n, 
 22, 23, 25, 34, 36, 38, 39, 44, 47; 6, 13, 14; 7, 23; 8, 3, 27, 44; 
 
 9, 22, 26; ii, 4, 6, 20. The figure is much more frequent in 
 the second, third, and fifth speeches. Demosthenes does not 
 use irony in these early speeches to the same extent as Isaeus, 
 and he is not so forcible and cutting: cf. 27, 22, 56; 28, 6; 
 29, 48; 30, 2; 31, ii. In later years Demosthenes became the 
 great master of irony and sarcasm. 
 
 1 Cf. Blass, Demos., 210. * Hermog., II, 334. 
 
36 Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 I. 
 
 Figures of Language. 
 
 The two orators agree in the use of anastrophe, anaphora, 
 antistrophe, polysyndeton, paronomasia, parechesis. As re- 
 gards anadiplosis, Demosthenes is considerably ahead of Isaeus, 
 and nearer to his own later standard. But Isaeus far surpasses 
 Demosthenes in all the more lively and passionate forms of 
 asyndeton, with the notable exception of the epilogues in the 
 twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth speeches. In homoioteleuton 
 and parison, the influence of Isocrates is much greater than that 
 of Isaeus. In conciseness and sharpness of antithesis, Demos- 
 thenes is inferior to Isaeus. 
 
 II. 
 Figures of Thought. 
 
 The use of prodiorthosis and apostrophe is the same in 
 both orators. In the use of prolepsis, diaporesis, anakoinosis, 
 oaths, paraleipsis, direct quotation, irony, Isaeus is much more 
 varied, but enough of these figures occur in Demosthenes to 
 show the influence of Isaeus. Perhaps the most marked in- 
 stance of the imitation of Isaeus by Demosthenes is to be found 
 in the use of the self-question, and in the addition of a positive 
 or affirmative answer to the rhetorical question. 
 
 The result of this investigation shows that Demosthenes was 
 influenced by Isaeus in the more passionate figures of language 
 and all the figures of thought. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. Professor B. L. Gildersleeve. Works and Lectures. 
 
 2. Dionysius Halicarnassensis. Tom. V. Lipsiae, Holtze, 1883. 
 
 3. Blass. Die Attische Beredsamkeit, Vols. I-III, 1874-1887. 
 
 4. Jebb. The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeus. 2 Vols. Lon- 
 
 don, 1876. 
 
 5. Volkmann, R. Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Romer. Ed. 2. 
 
 Leip., 1885. 
 
 6. Spengel. Rhetores Graeci. Vol. I-III. Lipsiae, 1853-56. 
 
Isaeus and the Guardianship-Speeches of Demosthenes 37 
 
 7. Rehdantz-Blass Indices. (Demosthenes' Neun Philippische Reden 
 
 von C. Rehdantz. Leipzig, 1886. 
 
 8. Walz, C. Rhetores Graeci. 9 vols. Stuttgart, etc., 1832-6. 
 
 PRINCIPAL DISSERTATIONS CONSULTED. 
 
 1. Hoffmann. De Demosthene, Isaei Discipulo. Berlin, 1872. 
 
 2. Lincke. De Elocutione Isaei. Lipsiae, 1884. 
 
 3. Herforth. Uber die Nachahmungen des Isaischen und Isokratischen 
 
 Stils bie Demosthenes. Griinberg, 1880. 
 
 4. Laudahn. Welchen Einflus hat Isaeus auf die demosthenischen 
 
 Vormundschaftsreden ausgeiibt? Hildesheim, 1872. 
 
 THf 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
 /roRN\! 
 
VITA. 
 
 I entered the Johns Hopkins University in the fall of 1878, 
 and in the following 1 spring" was awarded a university scholar- 
 ship. I received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in June, 1881. 
 After graduating in the law department of the University of 
 Maryland in 1883, I was admitted to the Baltimore Bar. I 
 re-entered the Johns Hopkins University in 1887, and was 
 University Scholar in Sanskrit, iSSg-'go, and fellow in Greek 
 and Sanskrit, i8go-'92. Greek, Sanskrit, and Latin have been 
 my principal studies, and I am under a lasting debt of grati- 
 tude to Professors Gildersleeve, Bloomfield, and Warren for 
 their constant encouragement and guidance during my entire 
 course. 
 

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