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 IREISE DWEN ANDREWS 
 
 '"^■'^.'■,
 
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 HISTORICAL 
 
 A NE C DO TES 
 
 OF 
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY.
 
 b'6 
 
 lloq
 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 ANECDOTES 
 
 OF 
 
 HERALDRY and CHIVALRY, 
 
 TENDING TO SHEW 
 
 THE ORIGIN 
 
 OF MANY 
 
 EXGLISH AJ^D FOREIGN COATS OF ARMS, 
 
 CIRCUMSTANCES AND CUSTOMS. 
 
 " If chance thy Itome 
 
 " Salute thee with a father's honour'd name, 
 
 " Go, call thy fons, inflruft them what a debt 
 
 " They owe their anceftors." — 
 
 Akenfide on the Magna Charta. 
 
 mmmttti : 
 
 PRINTED BY HOLL AND BRANDISH, 
 
 FOR J, ROBSON, NEW BOND-STREET, AND MESSRS. ROBINSONS, 
 PATERNOSTER-ROW, LONDON. 
 
 1795.
 
 m 
 
 PREFACEo 
 
 1 HE infinite entertainment I received from the 
 ftudy of Heraldry, made me wifh to collect, for the 
 amufement of fuch as are inclined to read them, the 
 contents of the enfuing pages. I have never met with 
 any w^ork that was entirely on the fame plan, or I had 
 not have begun this, which was preparing for the prefs 
 at the time Dallaway announced to the world the pub- 
 lication of that work by which he has juftly acquired 
 fo much renown. I have found it rather a difficult 
 tafk to collect thefe fprigs of Heraldry from the wide 
 garden in which they grew ; in fome places the ground 
 was fo much uncultivated, and the plants of fuch a 
 degenerate nature, and often the produce of fuch aged 
 flocks, that I defpair of ever making them produce 
 the fruits of entertainment. To fupport my work of 
 arms, I have on the dexter placed profe, and poetry 
 
 b on 
 
 2071904
 
 on the finifter : it has been the glory of poets to de- 
 fcribe the feats of Chivalry. 
 
 " The facred Mufes have made always claime 
 
 " To be the nourfes of nobility, 
 
 " And regifters of everlafting fame 
 
 " To all that armes profeffe and Chivalry." 
 
 SPEN'CER. 
 
 " The fond defire to pafs the namelefs crowd, 
 " Swept from the earth in dark Oblivion's cloud ; 
 " Of tranfient life to leave fome little trace, 
 " And win remembrance from the rifing race, 
 " Led every chief to make his prowefs known, 
 " By the rude fymbol on the artlefs flone : 
 " And long e'er man the wondrous fecret found, 
 " To paint the voice, and fix the fleeting found, 
 " The infant Mufe, ambitious at her birth, 
 " Rofe the young Herald of heroic worth ; 
 " The tuneful record of her oral praife, 
 " The fire's atchievement to the foa conveys — 
 " Keen Emulation, wrapt in trance fublime, 
 " Drinks with retentive ear the potent rhyme, 
 " And faithful Mem'ry, from alfeftion ftrong, 
 " Spreads the rich torrent of her martial fong." 
 
 HAYLEY. 
 
 I will no'w, without longer detaining them from the 
 fubje6t, prefent the work to my readers, which I can 
 only humbly recommend to the perufal of the mofl 
 leifure hour : may they have the candour to excufe 
 
 the
 
 «» 
 
 the inability of one whofc fex and want of know- 
 ledge, prevented her from performing it in a better 
 manner. 
 
 " Though up the mountain winds the nrduous road, 
 " That leads to pure Perfeftion's bright abode, 
 " In humbler walks fome tempting laurels grow, 
 " Some flowers are gather'd in the vale below." 

 
 ^
 
 ^ 
 
 ANECDOTES 
 
 O F 
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 
 
 xIeRALDRY, by many, has been regarded as a dry 
 and unentertaining ftudy : in this hght, however, it can never 
 be viewed, unlefs by thofe who are fuperficially acquainted with 
 it; for, on the leaft enquiry into its origin and intent, it will 
 be found not only a noble and pleafing amufement, but inferior 
 to few which have been hitherto confidered as delightful and in- 
 ftrudlive. The inflances it produces of heroic atchievements 
 and good actions, are of themfelves fufficient to make it the 
 objedl of our attention, as well as to render us emulous of its 
 examples. Every where may be feen the moft interefting 
 pidlures of thofe worthy feats which diftinguiflied our anceftors ; 
 one fhield will rehearfe to us in a more forcible and authentic 
 manner, the times of old, than a whole volume of ancient legend. 
 During the reign of Superflition and Ignorance in the Gothic 
 ages, Truth was enveloped in a cloud of fabulous incidents; 
 
 B authors
 
 a ANECDOTES OP 
 
 authors only related fuch circumflances as were moft agreeable 
 to the views of their party, or flattered the pride and policy of 
 their patrons. It is chiefly from the legends of the Ecclefiaflics, 
 that our hifl:ories are drawn ; and we cannot furely expedl much 
 plain truth from the pens of a fet of men, whofe thoughts 
 were continually occupied in the produ6tion of falfe miracles. 
 Dwelling amidfl: the obfcurity of a convent, and in the bofom of 
 retirement, their minds became abforbed in gloom; a fl:ate in 
 which perfons become fufceptible of fanatical impreflions, and 
 will give credit to any tale that can excite aflionifliment. Hence 
 they had leifure to fill their writings with thofe fidlions, which 
 Superfl:ition and Solitude helped to create j and from this fource 
 flowed thofe bulky colle(5lions of improbability with which the 
 world has abounded : whilfl: a flaield in the moft concife manner 
 teflifies to us the approbation of the fovereign or lord under 
 whom its bearer fought, and is painted in the truefl: colours, 
 with the hiflory of the deed it was intended to record. 
 
 " In brightefl; glory fee the fields appear, 
 " To Freedom facred, and to Glory dear." 
 
 Many were above bearing the atchievements of their families, 
 and were, therefore, on the fcene of adlion, granted by thofe in 
 whom the power was vefl:ed, the privilege of afTuming to them- 
 felves fome charge in memorial of thofe feats which they had 
 feen them atchieve; and thus is handed down to pofterity a 
 noble record of the pafl:. 
 
 St.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 3 
 
 St. Pelayc, in his Memoirs of Antient Chivalry, gives the fol- 
 lowing account: — *' As it was originally from fovereign princes 
 •' or paramount lords, that they received their title and fword, 
 *' they had made it a duty on their reception into Chivalry, to 
 " adopt the atchievemcnts of thofe from whom they received 
 " their title; or at leaft, to take fome piece of their blazonry 
 " to add to that of their own family. But fome knights, of an 
 *' elevated ambition, and refined turn of mind, would not take 
 " any devices till they had merited them by -their own exploits; 
 " and if their fliield had on it the blazon of their family, they 
 " put over it a houfing, till, by the houfing being torn away in 
 •' the combat or tournament, the race from whence they fprang 
 " might appear to their praife and glory." 
 
 That fome men were once above taking arms which did not 
 properly belong to them, we may fee in the behaviour of Crom- 
 well, Earl of Effex; for, fays Fuller, " Formerly, there flou- 
 " riflied a notable family of Cromwells, of Tatterfliall, in 
 " Lincolnfliire, efpecially fince Sir Ralph Cromwell married 
 *' the younger and co-heir of William Lord Deincourt. Now, 
 •' there wanted not fome flattering Heraults, excellent chymifts 
 " in pedigree, to extrad; any thing from any thing, who would 
 *' have entitled this Lord Cromwell the arms of that antient 
 ^^ family (extind; in the male ifTue thereof) about the end of the 
 ** reign of King Henry the VL His anfwer unto them was, ' He 
 * would not wear another man's coat, for fear the owner thereof 
 
 B 2 * fhould
 
 4 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 ' fliould pluck it off* his ears,' " and preferred rather to take a 
 '* coate, viz. azure on a fefTe inter three lions rampant, Or; a 
 " rofe gules betwixt two choughs proper (being fomewhat of 
 " the fulleft); the epidemical' difeafe of all armes given in the 
 '* reign of Henry the VIII."* 
 
 y^" The many charges we fee in fomc fields, have not always 
 their rife from the actions of one perfon, for, frequently, the 
 atchievemcnts of the fon add new luftre to thofe of the fire; 
 and to a fhicld charged with a lion, a crofs, or a fiar, &c. a 
 fword, a crown, or a crefcent, is a confiderable acquifition. 
 And of this, we have innumerable inflances.V. In the prefent 
 declining flate of Heraldry, crefts are frequently changed ac- 
 cording to the fancy of the bearer; formerly they were more 
 flationary; and then, many could fliow their fhields covered 
 with the memorials of the deeds of their ancefl;ors, and a creft 
 the reward of their own valour; of this, we have a proof in that 
 of the Cromwells of Huntingdonfliire; which was a lion holding 
 a diamond ring in its fore paw; the origin whereof, was as fol- 
 lows: — Richard Williams, alias Cromwell, in the thirty-fecond 
 year of Henry VIII. with five other efquires, fent a challenge 
 at joufts, to all who would come, from Scotland, Flanders, 
 France, or Spain. On the firft day, he overthrew Mr. Palmer; 
 and on the fecond, had the fame fuccefs with Mr. Culpepper, 
 at Barriers. Henry, much fatisfied with his prowefs, called 
 
 * See notes to Noble's Memoirs of the Cromwell familv. 
 
 CromwelL
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. <' 
 
 Cromwell to him, and faid, " Hitherto thou haft been my Dick, 
 " now thou flialt be my Diamond :" and dropping his diamond 
 ring from his finger for him, ordered him ever after to bear the 
 above-mentioned creft. He alfo knighted him immediately, 
 and on the fourthof March, gave him Ramfey Abbey, on con- 
 dition of his good fervice, and the payment of 4663I. 4s. 2d. held 
 in capitc by the lOth part of a knight's fee, paying 29I. i6s. 
 This abbey was built by Alwin, Duke of Eaft Anglia, who, 
 amongft other immunities, fpecified in the charter, that no 
 bifliop fliould demand any entertainment, or exadt any contribu- 
 tion from the fociety. The arms it bore, were Or, on a bend 
 a2ure, three rams heads couped argent. Cromwell arofe to 
 great favour with King Henry, and was made Gentlemim of 
 the Privy Chamber, and Conftablc of Berkley Caftle, and iifter- 
 wards Captain of the Horfe. 
 
 There is a very particular inftance of the a:ddition fucceflivc 
 perfons made to their arms, in the fupporters of one of the 
 Campbell family, which is related nearly in thefe words by 
 Sir John Dairy mple, in his Memoirs of Great-Britain and 
 Ireland. 
 
 * In the year 1699, or 17°°' Captain Campbell, of the family 
 of the Finabs, was fent over to fupport the colony at Darien, 
 after its having been three months fettled there. He went over 
 * See Nifbet's Heraldry, Vol. i. p. 200. 
 
 ia
 
 6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 in his own fhip, with a company of his own people whom he 
 had commanded in Flanders. On their arrival at New St. 
 Andrew's, they found intelligence had been received, that a 
 Spanifla force of 16000 men (which had been brought from the 
 South Sea) lay incamped at Tubecantce, waiting there, till the 
 arrival of a Spaniih fquadron of eleven fhips, which was ex- 
 pedled ; when they were jointly to attack the fort. 
 
 The military command was offered to Captain Campbell, in 
 compliment to his birth and reputation, being defcended from 
 the families of Breadalbain and Athol. In order to prevent a 
 joint attack, he refolved to begin firft; therefore, on the fccond 
 day after his coming, he marched with 200 men to Tubecantce, 
 before his arrival was known to the enemy, ftormed their camp 
 in the night time, diffipated the Spaniih forces, with much 
 flaughter, and returned to their fort the fifth day. He found 
 the Spaniih fhips before the harbour, their troops landed, and 
 almofl all hopes of help and provifion cut off: yet he flood a 
 fiege near fix weeks, until almofl all the officers were dead. 
 The enemy, by their approaches, had cut off all his wells; 
 and his balls were fo much expended, that he was obliged to 
 melt the pewter difhes of the garrifon into balls. The garrifon 
 then capitulated, and obtained not only the common honours of 
 war, and fecurity for the property of the company; but, as if 
 they were conquerors, exadied hoftages for the performance of 
 the conditions. 
 
 Captain
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 7 
 
 Captain Campbell alone defired to be excepted from the ca- 
 pitulation, faying, he was fare the Spaniards could not forgive 
 him the injury he had i'o lately done them. Captain Campbell 
 made his efcape in his own vefTel, and, without flopping, ar- 
 rived fafely at New York ; from thence, he went to Scotland, 
 where the company prefented him with a gold medal, in which 
 his virtue and courage were commemorated. Lion, King at 
 Arms, as the reward of his merit, privileged him to bear an 
 Indian and Highlander as fupporters. 
 
 The illufbrious houfe of Howard can fhow, in the augmenta- 
 tion on their bend, as glorious an example of this, as perhaps 
 any coat I could mention; but this anecdote of the valour of 
 the prefent Earl Marflial, the Noble Duke of Norfolk, being as 
 well known as an adion fo great deferves to be, I will forbear 
 giving any account of it, and only add, in regard to the 
 family of Howard, 
 
 " That glory fhows in every cultur'd clime, 
 
 ♦' Their name Rill radiant through the clouds of time." 
 
 I fhall likewife remark, in relation to the antient method of ^K^ 
 
 bearing the Howard arms, that George Buchanan fays, the 
 Earl of Surry gave for his badge a filver lion (which from 
 antiquity belonged to that name), tearing in pieces a lion 
 proftrate, gules. 
 
 If
 
 O ANECDOTES OF 
 
 " If Scotland's coatc no marke of fame can lend, 
 " Thatlyon plac'd in our bright filver bend, 
 " Which as a trophy beautifies our ftiield, 
 " Since Scottifh blood difcoloured Floden Field; 
 " When the proud Cheviot our proud enfign bare 
 " As a rich jewyll in a lady's haire." 
 
 Dravton. 
 
 The family of the Highmores, have for their arms, argent, a 
 crofs bow between two moor-cocks fable, armed gules, on afield 
 argent. The creft was, a moor-cock of the firllj but /jerc, a 
 defcendant of thofe who firfl gained this coat and crefl, has, by 
 his own prowefs, caufed an alteration. Abraham Highmore, 
 being an adlive royalift, was given by Charles I. permiflion to 
 bear- (inftead of the family crefl) an arm, armed proper, between 
 two leading pikes, gules. 
 
 *TV[[_ In the family of Seaton, Earl of Winton, there is a noble 
 example of the recompence Heraldry makes to fuch as, by the 
 exercife of valour, virtue, and loyalty, become its favourites. 
 And this family, though fince attainted, had once an aug- 
 mentation given in memorial of loyalty. 
 
 Sir Chriftopher Seaton, in the reign of Robert I. bravely flood 
 up to defend the freedom of his country againfl the Englifh 
 ufurpation, and was one of thofe Worthies, who, at the battle 
 of Melvin, near Perth, in 1 306, refcued the king from the 
 
 Engl i 111
 
 -V
 
 i 
 ■»
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 9 
 
 Englifli party; for which fingular piece of fervice the king 
 gave him in marriage his fifler, the Lady Chriftiana Bruce, and 
 added, as an augmentation to his arms, party per pale, ruby, and 
 faphire; the firil; charged with a fword, in pale proper, fup- 
 porting an imperial crown, within a double treflure, topaz: JK^ 
 the fword of the laft, pomelled and hilted: the fecond, charged 
 with a ftar of twelve points, for the title of Winton. 
 
 Sir John Carmichael accompanied Archibald, Earl of Douglas, 
 to the affiftance of Charles VI. King of France, againft the 
 Englifli, and (ignalized his valour fo much at the battle of Baugy, 
 April 3, 1421, that he obtained great applaufe, and aflifled the 
 French and Scots to gain the victory ; whereupon was given 
 him, in addition to his paternal coat, a dexter hand, and armed 
 arm holding a broken fpear (for he had broken his fpear in the 
 adlion), which is now the creft of the family of Carmichael, 
 Earl of Hyndford, to whofe houfe Sir John was related. 
 
 The creft of the Hamilton arms was added by a Sir William 
 de Hambledon; this, however, was not given as the memorial 
 of any courageous adlion, but in gratitude, and in teftimony 
 of the generous praife he beftowed on Robert Bruce, Kino- of 
 Scotland. 
 
 In the year 1325, Sir William de Hambledon, being in fome 
 office in Edward the Second's houfe, in London, and fpeaking 
 
 C largely
 
 lO ANECDOTESOF 
 
 largely in praifc of Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, commend- 
 ing his great valor and virtue; one John Spenfer (another officer 
 in company) gave him a violent blow, with many reproachful 
 words, which was fuch an affront to Sir William, that he next 
 day challenged Spenfer; and on his refufing to fight, killed him. 
 Sir William's friends,, knowing Spenfer 's great intereft at court, 
 advifed him to abfcond, which he accordingly did, and fled 
 into Scotland, where he was kindly received by Robert Bruce, 
 v/ho made him amends for his forfeiture at home, by prefenting 
 him with the lands of Kedzow, and others in Lanerkfhire,. 
 which were afterwards called Hamilton. 
 
 In his flight from England, he was clofely purfued in a 
 wood, where he and his fervant changed cloathes with fome 
 wood-cutters, and took a frame faw, with which they were 
 cutting down an oak tree when he paffed by. Seeing his fer- 
 vant flay to talk with them, and fearing his delay might produce 
 fatal confequences, he haflily called out, " Through! Through!" 
 from which circumfl:ance arofe his crefl: and motto.. 
 
 I fhiall mention but a few more on the fubje<fl of crefts and 
 augmentations being added to the paternal arms, as the exam- 
 ples being fo numerous, would too much increafc the bulk of 
 the following pages; concluding, therefore, with the following 
 of Scot of Napier, and Maclellan, I flaall proceed to another 
 fubjedt. 
 
 At
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. II 
 
 At the battle of Sol way Mofs, Scot of Napier came to the 
 afliftance of James V. with a large body of lancers; for which 
 fervice the king ordered him to bear as a crefl, a bundle of 
 lances, with the motto — " Ready, ay Ready." 
 
 In the reign of James II. a company of gypfies came from "^sC 
 Ireland, and infefted Galloway. James ifTued a proclamation, 
 that whoever would difperfe them, and bring their captain, dead 
 or alive, fliould have the barony of Bomby. In this attempt 
 the laird of Bomby's fon fucceeded, and brought the head of 
 the captain upon a fpear to the king; wherefore he obtained the ' 
 promifed barony, and aflumed the crefl: he afterwards bore, with 
 the motto — '' Think On." 
 
 According to the rules of Chivalry, no perfon under the de- 
 gree of knight was allowed to bear any cognizance of their 
 own; yet there has been i»fl:ances, where efquires, on particular 
 occafions, were fuffered to do it. 
 
 " The fquire," fays St. Pelaye, " that took the coat of arms 
 " before he was made a knight, was for ever excluded that 
 " honor." From this it has frequently happened, that many 
 who had diftinguiflied themfelves for their valor, by their not 
 being on a level with gentry, or knights, were granted no trophy 
 whereby they might declare to futurity, that fuch perfons or 
 adlions had ever exifted, and from the oral teftimony of their 
 
 C 2 defcendants
 
 12 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 defcendants only are their deeds recorded : 
 
 " No trace remains of all the bufy fcene, 
 
 " But that, Remembrance fays, thefe things have been." 
 
 Yet mull we not upbraid Heraldry with being partial, but con- 
 fider, that, had it diftributed its honours indifcriminately, and 
 with too lavifh a hand, making no diflin(5lion between gentry 
 and plebeians, the glory of arms would have been loft, and 
 their luftre lefs refulgent. 
 
 {/ At the birth and increafe of armorial enfigns, the levelling 
 
 principle was not quite fo ftrong as at prefent; and during the 
 time when the feudal fyftem was in its full force, it was the duty 
 and cuftom for vaffals to be humble and obedient. It is m^ore than 
 probable, had every common foldier then been granted the power 
 of bearing arms in their own right, their humility would have 
 vaniihed, their obedience have fled, and they would have con- 
 fidered themfelves as well qualified to command, as thofe who 
 had the command over them. Innumerable are the evils which 
 might have fprung from fo inconfiderate a grant of arms. In 
 the time of war, inftead of attending to, or obeying the orders 
 of their generals, they would all have been for adling according 
 to their own judgment; had that been difputed, they would 
 have raifed their {hields, and have demanded, if fuch men as 
 were deemed worthy of bearing thofe atchievments there de- 
 pidled, could err? Self-fufficiency and Pride would have whif- 
 
 pered
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 13 
 
 pered to them, that they were of too much confequence to be 
 contradidled. In peace (if peace had ever been), the fame ill 
 effed:s would have enfued j and inftead of refigning the fword 
 for the plough-fliare, and carefully regarding the culture of their 
 fields, they would have been vaunting of their military prowefs. 
 Thus idlenefs and anarchy would have prevailed, attended by 
 their afTociates, mifery and famine. Inftead of a well-regulated 
 and happy nation, there would have been only a convulfed and 
 rebellious ftate ; the plains barren and unfilled ; manufactures 
 negledied ; and the laws trampled on : vvhilft every moral and 
 focial duty would have been funk in the chaos of difcord, or loft 
 for ever in the fliade of oblivion. There is no occafion, and it 
 would certainly be impolitic, to give a common foldier too high 
 an opinion of his own deeds. Minds uncultivated by education, 
 are too ready to imbibe the evil principles of pride and obftinacy 
 — many heads are not fufficiently ftrong to bear the weight of 
 praife; it elevates them above their reafon, and they become 
 inebriated with a little applaufe : but were they alfo allowed 
 conftantly to carry about them the reward of their adlions, from 
 a continual recolledlion of them, and feeing the higher degrees 
 of men with no other recompence beftowed upon them, they 
 would, from a contemplation of their own merit, begin to view 
 that of their commanders with an invidious eye, and confider 
 their claims to fuperiority too trivial to be regarded. Few minds 
 but thofe that have been expanded by education, and foftened by 
 an intercourfe with the refined and poliflied part of mankind, are 
 
 capable
 
 14 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 capable of fupportlng renown. Pride, in fiich as the hand of 
 gratitude can form to docility, and the generous fpirit of emu- 
 lation can improve, is a noble paffion, and flimulates to excel; 
 but when once the confequence of the common foldier is too 
 much raifed, and becomes known to himfelf, he laughs at that 
 dicipline which in armies is the cement of order and obedi- 
 ence, and will not admit of relaxation. Pride in a great mind 
 is often the fource of emulation, — in a little one, of oppo- 
 fition. 
 
 Some inilances, as I have before remarked, are to be pro- 
 duced, of the great lords granting their vafTals liberty of 
 bearing arms, before Heraldry became reflrained by laws; but 
 it was generally their own cognizances, with fome mark of 
 difference, as a reward for extraordinary fervices ; but this was 
 never granted to any under the degree of fquires. 
 
 There is an inftance recorded of four efquires taking the arms 
 of Lord Audley. When the battle of Poidtiers was over, 
 Edward the Black Prince embraced him, and faid, " Sir James, 
 *' both I myfelf, and all others, acknowledge you in the buiinefs 
 " of this day to have been the beft doer in arms; wherefore, 
 •' with intent to furnilh you the betLer to purfue the wars, I 
 " retain you for ever my knight, with five hundred marks yearly 
 " revenue, which I fliall affign you out of my inheritance in 
 " England." This was then a great eftate, and Lord Audley 
 
 (whom
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I5 
 
 (whom St. Palaye calls d'Endcice') was well plcafcd, for he knew 
 the value of fo generous a donation; yet he divided it amongft his 
 four fquires, Delves, Dutton, Hawkeflon, and Foulthurfl:, and 
 at the fame time gave them permifllon to bear his own atchieve- 
 ment, (which was gules, a fret. Or) in confideration of the good 
 fervices they had that day done him. They accordingly alTumed 
 his arms, but bore them with fome difference from his; for 
 Dutton bore gules a fret argent, as we fee in the arms of Dutton, 
 LordShelburne; and Foulthurfl bore gules fretty argent, &c. 
 
 When Edward found how he had rewarded his four fquires, 
 who had never left him once during the battle, he not only con- 
 firmed the grant to them, but fettled on the noble knight a 
 further penfion of fix hundred marks. This was confirmed to 
 him by the king for the term of his life, and for a twelve- 
 month after his death, to be received out of the coinage of the 
 flannaries in Cornwall, and out of the prince's lands in that 
 county. Edward the Black Prince was the firfi: duke created 
 by the kings of England j and he was created Duke of Corn- 
 wall, in 1336. This Lord Audley had made a vow, that in 
 the next battle in which the King of England, or either of his 
 fons, fhould appear, he would be the firfl affailant, and the befl 
 warrior, on their fide, or die in the attempt. 
 
 It is the opinion of many, that none of the fymbolical devices r 
 
 of the antients were either lafting for life, or hereditary. In 
 
 general.
 
 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 general, I believe, they were not fo, but there are many inftances 
 in which they were. Some very old heralds have imagined, that 'i/^ 
 the flandards of the Ifraelites were heraldic, and that our ideas 
 of Heraldry came from an origin as antient; but thefe ftandards 
 could never properly be deemed heraldic, becaufe they were all 
 taken from the prophetic benedidtions of Jacob, who gave them 
 no rules, colours, or any thing elfe pertaining to this art: to 
 commemorate his words it was that they carried them, and put 
 them chiefly in fuch colours as Nature and Fancy didlated; never- 
 thelcfs, thefe fymbols were hereditary, and carried down from 
 one generation to another, without any alteration. Yet, if we 
 could believe fome of the old heralds, we fhould be led to imagine 
 the Ifraelites had fome idea of what we may really call Heraldry : 
 fome of them blafon Jofhua's fliield, party per bend, or, and 
 gules; to David they give the arms of Ireland, azure a harp, or, and 
 gules J and to Judas Maccabseus, or, two ravens in pale proper. 
 Others fay, a grandfon of Noah firft invented armorial enfigns, 
 and heraldical devices; and that he affumed for his own, Jupiter, 
 a fceptre royal, in pale, enfigned at the top with an eye fol. 
 Yet this was not the device of a knight or commander, but 
 an hieroglyphic of the Egyptians, by which (letters being 
 unknown) they exprefTed their ideas of the fovereignty of the 
 Almighty, and the all-feeing power of the Moft High. It 
 would not be to be wondered at, if thefe old heralds had given 
 all the hieroglyphics of the Egyptians as the devices of Heraldry; 
 —one, indeed, did attempt to prove they were fo; but we know 
 
 thefe
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. l-J 
 
 thefe fymbolical figures, conveyed 'very different ideas, than that 
 of their pointing out any particular leader or chief. The thrice 
 great law-giver of the Egyptians would have fmiled, could he 
 have forefeen what conflrudlion was to have been put upon his 
 ideas by the heralds of thefe ages. 
 
 The arms of the Dutchy of Mecklenburg are of very an- 
 tient extrad:ionj and flill remain as when firfl affumed, with 
 fome trifling alterations. 
 
 * Antyrius, who was educated under the care of an amazon, 
 near the lakes Mocoleds, in Scythia, having pradifed the art of 
 war under Alexander the Great, put himfelf at the head of 
 the Heruli, and affumed the title of king. Quitting the poiTef- 
 fions in Scythia, which had defcended to him from his anceflors, 
 and having under his command a body of warlike people, he 
 embarked with them on board his fleet, the principal vefTel of 
 which having depided on her flern the head of an ox. As 
 they arrived at Mecklenburg, from whence they drove the 
 Angli and another fet of people, it has ever fince retained the 
 ox as the arms of that dutchy: but the horns, which were borne 
 white, until the time of the Emperor Charles IV, were by him 
 ordered to be done gold ; and at the flime time, a coronet of 
 gold to be added to it, in token of their defcent from fo illuftri- 
 ous and antient a race of kings. From this Antyrius defcended 
 the houfe of Mecklenburs:. 
 
 D The 
 
 * Collin's Peerage, vol. i. 
 
 K
 
 iS ANECDOTES OF 
 
 \i^ The arms of Germany and Poland were alfo of a very antient 
 
 origin, and have remained as at firfl with very little alteration. 
 * " Quintilius Varus, a peaceable man, but heavy, and more fit 
 " to command an army in time of peace, than to make war, was 
 " fo imprudent as to affemble the Germans, in the midft of 
 *' his camp, to do them juftice : as if he had been able to re- 
 " flrain the violence of thofe barbarous people with a ferpent's 
 " wand. Segeftes gave him notice of the intended revolt of 
 " Arminius; but he would not believe it, thinking the Germans 
 " had as much good will for him, as he had for them. In the 
 " mean time his army is furprifed and maflacred by the remains 
 " of that people whom they had formerly tried to deftroy with- 
 '* out pity or remorfe. Poor Varus, more courageous to die 
 " than to fight, ftabbed himfelf. In the defeat of Varus there 
 *' were loft two eagles — a white and a black one. The white 
 *' fell to the auxiliary Sarmatians, and the other to the Germans; 
 " whence came the arms ot the empire, which is an eagle 
 " fable on a field or, with two heads, which fignify the eaft- 
 " ern and weftern empires; and of Poland, which is an 
 *' eacrle aro-ent on a field g-ules. When Germanicus came to be 
 " general, he difcovered three eagles to be loft." Perhaps the 
 • Ruffian § eagle might be the third : it is fable on a field or. The 
 
 field 
 
 * Notes to the Tranflation of Cornelius Tacitus, by Dryden and others. 
 
 J Sarmatia, a large country, which was part in Europe, and part in Afia; the 
 latter included the country now called Circaflia, and that part of Mufcovy to the 
 north of the river Don, with part of the kingdom of Aftracan, Bulgar, and 
 
 CafTan,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY, 19 
 
 field in which Varus killed himielf, and where his legions were 
 llain, is called to this day Whinfeld, which in high Dutch means 
 the Field of Vidlory. There now remains in the bifhoprick of 
 Munfler, a place called Varendorp ; that is, the borough of Varus: 
 this was built by the people of the country, in order to preferve 
 the memory of the defeat of Varus. 
 
 I could bring many other inftances of kingdoms and com- 
 munities, having taken devices in antient times, which are with 
 fome fmall alteration or addition, now become the fixed arms 
 of fuch kingdoms, communities, ftates, &c. Many places 
 however, have entirely changed their former arms, and af- 
 fumed new ones, on their becoming the property of different 
 lords ; as Avignon, which formerly bore argent, a falcon 
 proper, afterwards changed for the pontifical keys, on its 
 becoming fubjed: to the Pope. 
 
 I cannot but imagine that the bearings given to many for their 
 noble feats infligated others to become equally celebrated for chi- 
 valrous adiions. A fliield was an often tatious difplay of their 
 merit : for, by having their charges fliown on every part of their 
 drefs, their horfes and faddles, and carried before them by their 
 fquires, carved on their houfes, and fculptured on their gates, the 
 
 D 2 m.eaneft 
 
 Caffan, beyond the Volga. The other Sarmatia included the Crim Tartary, 
 towards the Palus Moeotis, and the Black Sea ; that part of Mufcovy on the hither 
 fide of the Don, Poland, Lithuania, and their dependencies, as far as the Viftula, 
 the Baltic, and Livonia. The people were called Sauromata.
 
 20 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 meaneft and moft illiterate ftranger and traveller became ac- 
 quainted with their deeds. In the reign of Charles V. of France, 
 the cuftom arofc of emblazoning apparel. The women wore 
 their hufbands fliields on the right fide of their gowns, and their 
 own fhields on the left. This fafliion continued near a century. 
 Sometimes knights ufed to bear their arms painted on the rims 
 of their fhields. In antient times they had a filk coat drawa 
 on over their armour, and over that, a coat of fluff, on which 
 was painted their arms ; thefe coats were fometimes called quar- 
 telois, from the arms being quartered on them ; and from this 
 arofe the herald's coat of arms. Mr. Pennant, in his tour from 
 Chefter to London, mentions a pidiure in Caflle Afliby, of 
 John Talbote, Lord Talbote, (created Earl of Shrewfbury by 
 Henry VI.) who is painted in a furtout of arms, the caufe of 
 which was this : the Earl of Shrewfbury had been victorious in 
 forty feveral and dangerous fkirmifhes ; at length he was flain in 
 1453, aged 80, at Chaflillon ; and with him perifhed the fortune 
 of the Englifh, during that unhappy reign. His herald, dreffed 
 in the furtout of the hero's arms, found his body, embraced it, 
 took off the furtout painted with his mafler's arms, cloathed 
 the dead corpfe with it, and burft into thefe pafTionate expref- 
 fions, " Alas ! is it you ? I pray God pardon all my mifdoings; 
 " I have been your officer of arms forty years and more; 'tis 
 *' time I fhould furrender them to you ! !" 
 
 Dr. Nafh mentions in his Hiftory of Worceflerfliire, a curious 
 
 inflance
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 21 
 
 inftance of the different methods of fpelhng the word Herald, 
 by fome gentlemen in the reign of Queen Ehzabeth. 
 
 Antiently, the nobihty had the Hberty given them of fetting 
 up fanes over their houfes : fome authors affert, that none could 
 attain to that honour who had not been the foremoft at fcahng 
 the walls in an affault on fome city, or had firft planted their 
 banners or pendants on the ramparts. Fanes were painted 
 with the armorial bearings, and reprefented the banners or 
 pendants of nobility. St. Palaye fays, that none but thofe 
 who were nobly defcendcd had the privilege of expreffing on 
 their flags, or of blazoning the achievements of their houfes. 
 
 That the faiies were reprefentatives of the banners, appears 
 from a cuftom krtights once had of wearing flags on their hel- 
 mets. The author of the Memoirs of Antient Chivalry fays, 
 " In the enterprife of Saintre, himfelf and his companions wore 
 " on their helmets two banners, between which was a diamond, 
 " defl^ined to be the reward of thofe who fhould prove their vic- 
 " tors. Saintre having alfo propofed a pas (Tarmes to the Englifli, 
 " between Gravelines and Calais, which. was accepted by the 
 *' Count of Bonquincan and his companions. On the Sunday, 
 " the firfl: day of the month, and entrance on exploit, arrived 
 *' the faid Lord and Count of Bonquincan, in the morning, 
 " after faying mafs, and a brave company with him, who had 
 " placed on the higheft wing of his houfe his banner, which 
 
 " he
 
 22 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 " he had brought from England, bordered with filver; and 
 *' commanded that they fliould cry aloud, England! St. George!" 
 There is an inflance in the arms of Lloyd, of Milford, in Car- 
 diganfliire, bart. of a bearing for taking a town by Scalado. He 
 bears fable a fpear's head, its point embrued, between three 
 fcaling ladders, argent. On a chief gules, a caftle triple, 
 towered proper. One of the anceflors of this family was honored 
 with a grant of this coat of arms by the great Rhys, Prince 
 of South Wales, When Rhys, hurt to the foul to behold his 
 kingdom tributary to the Englifh, determined to attempt the 
 reftoration of its antient glory ; and during the quarrel of 
 Henry II. with Becket, in the year 1165, he began the war. 
 Lloyd took the caftle of Cardigan, (called then Abertivy) by 
 Scalado, from the Earl of Clare, who defended it with the 
 Flemings; for which Rh3^s, ap Gryffyth, gave him the above- 
 mentioned coat. 
 
 "f/L Arms were held in fuch high efleem, that fome knights would 
 
 on no account appear without them, as we fee by the following 
 anecdote (extradled from St. Palaye), in the hiftory of Charles VI. 
 of the Duke of Brabant, who got one made in hafte to go againft 
 the enemy, at the battle of Agincourt: — " Then carne the duke 
 *' Anthony de Brabant, who had been fent for fuddenly by the 
 " King of France; he arrived in extreme hafte, and taking one 
 " of the banners of his trumpets, and dividing it into two pieces, 
 ", he made of it a coat of arms." 
 
 Coats
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 23 
 
 Coats of arms were furthermore held in great cftecni amongft 
 knights, becaufe they frequently, on their being received into the , 
 order of Chivalry, afliimed the arms of thofe who had indudled 
 them. Indeed, they became at laft fo honorable, that Heraldry 
 was obliged to be reftrained by laws, to prevent perfons from 
 afluming an honor they had no fuitable claim to ; and fines 
 were levied of thofe who attempted to bear an achievement 
 which they could not prove they had legally taken. icPeople 
 became fo jealous of the honor of arms, that they would fuffer 
 no one to bear the fame as themfelves, unlefs they could bring 
 fufficient proofs of their having come by them honorably. 
 Frequent difputes enfued, and duels were fought to fettle thefe 
 difputes : at length they were obliged to refer them to the Earl 
 Marfliall's Court. (See St. Palaye.) " As my Lord John 
 " Chandos, an Englifhman, a little before the battle of Poidfiers, 
 " had advanced to obferve the French army; he was met, on 
 "his return, by my Lord John of Clermont, one of the Mare- 
 " chals of France, who had been viewing on horfeback, in the 
 " fame manner, the Englifh army. Each of them, fay Froif- 
 " fart, wore the fame device, which was blue, worked with 
 " rays of gold round the border, and which they always wore 
 " over their upper veftment. Said my Lord of Clermont, 
 • Since when have you borrowed my device?' ' And you mine,* 
 " replied Lord Chandos, ' for it is as much mine as your's.' 
 ' I deny that,' faid my Lord of Clermont, ' and if there was 
 ' not a fufpenfion of arms between us and your party,' I would 
 
 " foon 
 
 / 
 
 y
 
 \ 
 
 24 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 ' foori convince you, you had no right to wear it.' Said my 
 " Lord of Chandos, ' You will find me to-morrow, equipped 
 
 • to defend it, and to prove by deeds of arms, that my right is 
 ' as good as yours.' My Lord of Clermont replied, ' Thefe 
 
 * are the boaftings of you Englifh! You cannot invent any 
 ' thing new; but when you behold it, you are ftruck with its 
 ' beauty, and defire to poffefs it.' They then pafled afide, nor 
 " was more faid or done, but each returned to his people." 
 
 The Blounts of Worcefterfliire and Herefordfliire bear for 
 arms, barry nebuly of fix, or and fable. Sir Walter Blount, of 
 Morley, in Shropfliire, whofe anceftor. Sir Walter Blount, of 
 Soddington, Worcefterlliire, was created a baronet, by Charles L 
 Odlober 5, 1642, bears the fame. John Blunt, who was cre- 
 ated a baronet in 1720, took thefe arms; but the legality of his 
 fon and fucceffor Sir Henry's right to bear them, was contro- 
 verted, and after a long trial in the High Court of Chivalry, 
 fentence was given againft him in that court, by the Deputy 
 Earl Marfhal of England ; from which he appealed to the Court 
 of Delegates, who determined the authority of the Earl Marflial 
 to be infufficient to hold a Court of Chivalry, without the 
 afliflance of a Lord High Conftable. 
 
 Having mentioned the Earl Marflial, I mufl: here introduce 
 a few words on his office. 
 
 This
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 25 
 
 This was anticntly only a Mafler of the Horfc, from the 
 Dutch mar, a horfc, znA/cale, a fervant. Madox fays, the oflice 
 of Ma'refchal of England was executed, partly, during the war, 
 in the king's army; and in the king's houfliold, during the peace: 
 of the military fundlions of this officer, he fays, he and the 
 Conftable were to give certificates to the barons of their having 
 duly performed the fervices required of them in the king's 
 armies. In the time of Edward I. the Marfchal's poll: was the 
 vanguard, and it was his duty and the Conftable's to mufter the 
 forces. His civil duties were, to provide for the fecurity of the 
 king's perfon in his palace, to diflribute the lodgings there, to 
 preferve peace and order in the king's houfhold, wand to affill 
 in determining controverfies arifing amongft them. He alfo 
 performed certain adts by himfelf or his iubftitutes at the king's 
 coronation, at the marriages and interments of the royal family, 
 at the creating of barons, &c. and at the other great and ceremo- 
 nious affemblies in the king's court. The Earl Marfchal of 
 England is the eighth great officer of the crown. He is judge 
 of the coats of arms and pedigrees of the nobility and gentry, 
 and has a Court of Chivalry in the Common-hall of the Herald's 
 College, London. Whoever defires a coat of arms, muft apply 
 by petition to the Earl Marfchal, and to his petition annex a 
 certificate of his being qualified for it; this being approved of, 
 the Earl Marfchal directs an order to Garter King at Arms, 
 and to another of the Kings at Arms of the province where the 
 petitioner refides, to devife arms for him, and to prepare him a 
 
 E grant, 
 
 />
 
 a6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 grant, with the coat blazoned in colours in the margin thereof. 
 In which grant, all perfons are exprel'sly forbid to bear the fame 
 coat at their peril. 
 
 The Marflials had firfl the title of Lord Marflial onlv ; 
 Richard II. was the firft who by letters patent, advanced them 
 to the dignity of Earl Marfhal. Under Henry II. this office 
 was held by a family, who feem to take their name from thence; 
 this was the family of Pembroke; they were only barons, but 
 under Richard I, William Marflial having obtained the Earl- 
 dom of Pembroke, Avas Jlyled Earl Marflial, and from that 
 time the office remained generally in the hands of Earls, though 
 of different houfes. The power of this office, feems to have 
 increafed from the dignity of the nobleman who held it. 
 
 There were alfo inferior Marfchals in the king's ftables, em- 
 ployed in the care of his hawks, &c. over whom the grand 
 Marfchal preflded. 
 
 The Honourable Charles Howard, Efquire, in his Anecdotes 
 of the Howard Family, gives the following account of the Earl 
 Marflials, which he takes from a manufcript of Edmondfon's :— ■ 
 King Henry III. admitted Roger Bigot to execute the office of 
 Marflial, at the requeft of his uncle. 
 
 Roger Bigot, Earl of Norfolk, and Marflial of England, 
 after he had furrendered all his right to the Earldom of Norfolk, 
 
 and
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. Zl 
 
 and Marflialfey of England into the hands of King Edward I. 
 the king regranted them again to him and to the heirs of his 
 body; but if he died without heirs of his body, to remain 
 to the crown. — Ch.ir. ;^ijl. Ed. \Jl. ?iu. 24. 
 
 Nicholas de Seagrave was made a Marflial of England during 
 plcafure, and deputed a Marflial of the Exchequer. — Pat. primo, 
 
 Ed. 2d. 7iu. 32. 
 
 King Richard II. made Thomas Holland Marflial of Eno-land 
 with all that appertained thereto in general words. — Pat. 3. 
 Rich. 2d. 
 
 The faid King, in the ninth of his reign, granted the office 
 of Marflial of England, with the name and fl:ile of Earl Marflial, 
 to Thomas Mowbraye, Earl of Nottingham, to him and the 
 heirs male of his body. 
 
 The fame King, after Thomas Mowbraye was baniflied, ^ 
 
 granted to Thomas Holland, Duke of Surry, the fame honour ; 
 and that he fliould carry a rod of gold, enamelled black at both 
 ends, with the king's arms, and his own at the two ends, and to 
 carry the fame as well in the king's prefence as his abfence.* 
 And in the fame patent was granted to him the donation and 
 appointing of the Marflial of the Exchequer, of the Marflial 
 
 E2 of 
 
 * Before the granting of this rod, the Marftials only bore one of wood.
 
 ^8 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 of the King's-Bench, and of the Cryer before the Steward and 
 the Marlhal. 
 
 John Lord Howard was made Earl Marfhal, the firfl of 
 Richard III. with all thofe fpeciahties before mentioned in the 
 patent of Thomas Holland, Duke of Surry; and moreover, 
 for the maintenance of the eflate of the Earl Marfhal, a fee 
 of 2ol. by year out of the farm of the town of Ipfwich. 
 
 William Barkeley, and Earl of Notingham, was made Earl 
 Marflial with all the former fpecialities, during the King's plea- 
 fure. — Pat. 5. ll:n. "Jtb. 
 
 Thomas Howard, Earl of Surry, and Treafurer of England, 
 had in like manner. — 2. Hen. ^th. 
 
 Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, had the office of Earl 
 Marlhal of England, granted by Henry VIII. and furrendered 
 the patent thereof to him ; whereupon the King granted the 
 fame to Thomas Duke of Norfolk, and to the heirs male of 
 his body, to execute the fame by their deputies, abfqiie cotnputOy 
 with a provifo that the King fhould diftribute and give the office, 
 if the heirs male of the faid Duke fhould happen to be under 
 age, or impotent to execute the fame. — Pat. •25. Hen. %th. 
 
 Edward Seimor, Duke of Somerfet, had the patent during 
 
 life.— ly?. Ed. 6th. 
 
 John
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 1<) 
 
 John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, had the like patent for term 
 of life, with a claiife to confer the office of Marlhal oi the 
 Houlhold. — 5. EJ. bib. 
 
 George Earl of Shrewfhury had the like patent in general 
 words, and power to make his Deputy. 
 
 King Henry VII. albeit there was an Earl Marflial of 
 England in being, appointed Sir Robert Willoughby, Lord 
 Brooke, to be Marflial of his army or hoft, in the eighth year 
 of his reign; gave authority to Sir John Digby, Knight Mar- 
 lhal, and Sir Robert Clifford, to ufe Marflial Law againfl 
 rebels, in the 12th of his reign. 
 
 The office of Marffial was feized into the King's hand for 
 want of attendance, and reftored the 17th of Edward II. 
 
 The office of Conftable being void, the King deputed certain 
 perfons to hear and proceed judicially, according to the law and 
 cuftomof arms, as concerning an exadlion made upon aprifoner. 
 When the Earl Marflial exadled his fee of the King of the Scots, 
 at fuch time as he was made Knight, it was anfwered, that the 
 King of Scotland was not to pay his fee, for becaufe if it pleafed 
 him, he might have been knighted by any catholick prince, or 
 any noble knight of his own nation, but he chofe to receive it 
 of the King, as being an honour to the King, being his father- 
 in-law, and his neighbour. 
 
 Juftice
 
 30 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Juflice Prifcott, 37. Hen. VI. faid, for evil words fpoken, as 
 traitor and fuch like, and challenge thereupon to fight, the trial 
 muft not be by common law, but appertaineth to the Conftable 
 and Marflial, and they are to determine it by the civil law, 
 viz. termin. — P^'fc 37. Hen. 6th. 
 
 The Conftable and Marflial, as fome lawyers held, had only 
 powers to try matters done out of the realm. 
 
 Great debates were about thefe matters in the time of King 
 Richard II. and it was fhewed in parliament, that it was a great 
 mifchief in the comm-on-wealth, that the law of the land, and 
 the law of arms, did not concur; and the Commons defired that 
 the Conftable and Marfhal fhould furceafe to hold pleas of trea- 
 fon and felony, that the fame might be determined according to 
 Charta Magna. 
 
 Matters of arms were held antiently before the Conftable and 
 Marfhal in the Court of Chivalry. 
 
 Charles Howard here mentions the names of the other 
 Marflaals, and fpeaks of them nearly as follows: — 
 
 Roger de Montgomery, fon of Hugh de Montgomery, and 
 Jofceline his wife, who was the eldeft daughter of Turolf, by 
 Weva, fifter to the Dutchefs Gunnora, came into England 
 
 with
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 31 
 
 with William, Duke of Normandy, at the Conqueft, and by 
 him was firfl made Earl of Shrewfbury and Arundel; and after 
 that, Lord High Marflial of England, together with William 
 Fitzolborne, Earl of Hereford. He bare in his arms azure a 
 lion rampant, or, armed and langued gules ; a border of the 
 fecond. He ended his life in Chrift 1091, and lyeth buried in 
 our lady's chapel in the abby of Shrewfbury, where it was found 
 with thefe arms, and his legs acrofs. 
 
 William Fitzofborne, fon of Ofborne de Enpin, and his wife, 
 
 daughter of Ralph, Earl of ■ , came into England with the 
 
 Conqueror, and by him w as created Earl of Hereford ; and 
 after that, was High Marflial of England, together with Roger 
 de Montgomery, Earl of Shrewfbury. This William was after- 
 wards made High Steward of England by the fame king. This 
 William was flain in Flanders, with Arnulph, Earl of Henault, 
 nephew to Maud, Queen of England, in battle againft Robert 
 the Fril'on, his uncle, on the Sunday called Quinquagefima 
 Sunday, anno. 1077, et anno. Sept. Will. Conquefloris. He 
 was fent in aid (by Queen Maud) of the flime Arnulph, whofe 
 
 mother, , daughter and heir of Reynolde, Earl of 
 
 Mounts, in Henandiflie, would have married, after the death 
 of Baldwine VI. of that name. Earl of Flanders ; but flie afpired 
 to a higher reach, did utterly refufe , his requeft, although he 
 did not refufe the dart of death in her fon's behalf. 
 
 Walter
 
 3a ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Walter Gifford, Earl of Buckingham, was Marfhal of Eng- 
 land in the time of William Rufus, and Henry I. kings of Eng- 
 land. Walter Gifford, Earl of Buckingham, died anno. 1 164; 
 anno. 5th William II. 
 
 Gilbert de Clare, fecond fon to Gilbert Earl of Clare, by 
 Adeliza his wife, daughter of the Earl of Cleremont, fucceeded 
 in the inheritance of Walter his uncle. Lord of Netherwent and 
 Striguil, and founder of Tinturne in Wales; was created Earl of 
 Pembroke by King Stephen, and was High Marfhal of England, 
 at the coronation of King Henry II. He married Elizabeth, fifter 
 to Waldran or Waleran, Earl of Mellent, and by her had iffue, 
 Richard Strongbow. He ended his life about the year of Grace 
 1 158, in the time of Henry II. — An?w. 1 1 38, and \th Stephen^ 
 Regis. 
 
 Richard de Clare, alias Strongbow, Marflial of England, after 
 the death of his father, he married Eve, daughter of Dermutius, 
 King of Linfter. He ended his days in Ireland, in the year of 
 XThrift 1 175, and lieth buried at Dublin. 
 
 William Marflial, the elder, married Ifabell, daughter and heir 
 of Richard Strongbow, in whofe right he was both High Mar- 
 fhal of England and Earl of Pembroke, in the time of Richard I. 
 King John, and the beginning of the reign of Henry III. He 
 died in Chriflmas, anno 121 9, anno. 4th Henry III. and was 
 
 buried
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 3^ 
 
 buried in the new Temple church, the 17th kalend of April 
 following, being the Afcenfioh-day, anno 1219, 4th Henry III. 
 
 . Wilham Marflial the Younger, eldeft fon of the Elder Marfhal, 
 was, after the death of his father. Earl of Pembroke and Hiirh 
 Marfhal of England. He married to his firft wife, Alice, the 
 daughter of Baldwyn, and betime the Earl of Aubemarlej after 
 her death, Elinor, daughter to King John. He died the 6th of 
 April, anno 1231, and was buried the 17th kalend of May, 
 in the temple by his father, 1 23 1 . 
 
 Richard Marflial, the fecond brother, after the death of 
 William his brother, was Earl of Pembroke and Marflial of 
 England. He, in defence of the laws and liberties of this land, as 
 he faid, and to avoid the tyrannical oppreflion of the Poidlovins 
 and other flrangers, withfl:ood the King amongft others of the 
 nobility; and -having intelligence that his caflles and other pof- 
 feflions in Ireland were fpoiled and defl;royed by the finifler pro- 
 curement of Peter de la Roch, Bifhop of Winchefl:er, and 
 others of the ftrangers fettled there; having only fifteen men of 
 arms, which he brought out of England with him in his company 
 (for the refl of his company moft fhamefully betrayed him, and 
 flying to his enemies, left him defolate,) was fet on by feven 
 fcore valiant fighting men j and when by no means they could 
 overcome him, they thruft his horfe through with their Irifh 
 hatchets, cut off his legs, fo that the horfe with his mafler fell 
 
 F to
 
 J4 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 to the ground in the thickeft of enemies ; and before he could 
 rife again, was by a cowardly caitiff (that durft not come near 
 him while he was on his feet) moft villainoufly thruft in at the 
 'back, on Saturday the 1 ft of April, anno 1234; and therewith 
 tvas fo fore wounded, that he was in danger of his life; and fo 
 brought into his enemies hands, }'et revived and amended, was 
 by their procurement, through the traiterous dealing of his fur- 
 geon, burnt ^vith hot iron, that he fell into an extreme ague,* 
 whereof he died the i6th kalend of May, and was buried in the 
 chapel of the White Friars, at , 1 234, i 8th Henry III. 
 
 Gilbert Marflial, the third fon of William Marflial the Elder, 
 after the murder of his brother Richard, in Ireland, with much 
 intreaty of Edmund, Archhifliop of Canterbury, obtained his 
 inheritance of the King, at Glouccftcr, the 5th kalend of June, 
 being Saturday before Afcenfion-day, and there did his homage 
 for the fame ; and on Whitfunday following at Worcefter, the 
 King made him Knight, and delivered to him the rod of the 
 office of Marfhal of England, as antient cuftom required, and as 
 freely as any of his anceftors had the fame. He was fore 
 bruifed with the furious raging of an Italian courfer, whereon 
 he rode in a tournament at Ware, befides Hereford, by reafon 
 of the reins of the bridle broke, whereof he died-f- the fame day 
 
 in 
 
 * Or does he mean agony? 
 
 + He had before been much hurt at a tournament at London, held by the 
 Barons, in the end of John's reign.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 35 
 
 in the evening, being the 5th kalend of July, anno 1241, 25th 
 Henry III. in the abbey of Hertford, and his bowels there buried. 
 His body was brought to the New Temple, London, and laid 
 by his father. He married Margaret, fifler to Alexander, King 
 of Scots. 
 
 Walter Marfhal, the fourth fon of William the Elder, after 
 the lamentable end of Gilbert his brother, humbling himfelf to the 
 king, required his inheritance, which the king, with threatning 
 words, denied ; yet at lafl, by the pithy perfuafion and earnefl 
 fuit of Nicholas Fernham, Bifhop of Durham, and others of 
 the nobility, the king's mind was fo mollified, and his malice 
 fo aflliaged, that he did inveft the faid Walter both in the 
 Earldom of Pembroke, and alfo in the office of the High 
 Marfhal of England, on Sunday before the feafl of All Saints, 
 at London, in the year of Chrift 1241. He died the 8th kalend 
 of September, anno 1245, ^^ London, and is buried at I'intarn, 
 in Wales. He married Margaret, daughter and heir of Quincy, 
 Count of Lincoln, 1241, 26th Henry IIL 
 
 Anfelme Marfhal, the fifth fon of William the Elder, al- 
 though he lived but a fhort time after his brother Walter, yet 
 he was accepted both as Earl of Pembroke and Marflial of 
 England, before he ended his days, as Mathew of Weilminfler 
 reporteth. He was a comely and worthy youth. He died the 
 third day before Chriflmas next, after his brother's departure. 
 
 F 2 Thus
 
 36 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Thus all the five brethren of the Marfhals fiicceeded one after 
 another in their father's inheritance, not leaving any ifliie to 
 enjoy the fame, fo that it was parted among five fifters, and 
 unto Maud the eldefi: fifler, wife to Hugh Bigot, Earl of 
 Norfolk, her fon, for Hugh her hufband was dead. — 1245, 3^- 
 Hen. 3^. 
 
 Roger Bigot died in the 54th year of the reign of King 
 Henry III. without iffue of his body. — 1246, 30. Hen. 3^. 
 
 Roger Bigot, Earl of Norfolk, fon of Hugh Bigo^ brother 
 to the faid Earl, and Chief Juftice of England, fucceeded his 
 uncle, both in the inheritance of the Earldom of Norfolk, and 
 the office of Marfhal of England. He married Alicia, the daugh- 
 ter and heir of Philip Baflet. — An. 54, Hen. T,d. 
 
 Roger Lord Chfford was made Marflial of England the 3d 
 of September, the firrt year of Edward II. to endure during 
 the King's pleafure. 
 
 Nicholas Segrave, r2th of March, ifi; of Edward II. during 
 the King's pleafure. 
 
 Thomas Brotherton, fon to Edward I. King of England, and 
 Margaret his fecond wife, daughter to Philip le Hardye, King 
 of France, born at Brotherton, near to Went Bridge, the ill of 
 
 June,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. jy 
 
 June, anno 1 300, who, of the place of his birth, was com- 
 monly called Thomas of Brotherton, was Earl of Norfolk ; and 
 in Parliament, holden at Lincoln, King Edward II. the ninth 
 of his reign, gave unto him the rod of the Marfhal of 
 England, and to the heirs male of his body for ever. He married 
 
 firll, Alice, daughter of ; and fecond, Mary Broufe, 
 
 widow of Reynold Lord Cobham. He died 1338, 24th of 
 Auguft, and the 12th year of Edward III. 
 
 William Montacute, Earl of Salilbury, third fon of William 
 Lord Montacute, had the ofF.ce of Marfhal of England siven ' 
 him by Edward III. from the 20th of September, in the 12th 
 year of his reign, together with all profits and commodities 
 pertaining unto the faid office, from the day of the death of 
 Thomas Brotherton, late Marflial, unto the end of his life, 
 who died the 30th of January, in the i 8th year of Edward III. 
 
 Thomas Beauchamp the Elder, Earl of Warwick, fon of 
 Guido Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, was made Earl Marflial 
 the loth of February, the 18th of Edward HI. during the 
 King's pleafure. 
 
 / 
 
 Roger Mortimer, Earl of March. 
 
 Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, was made Marfhal 
 of England, from the ill day of March, in the 34th year of 
 
 Edward.
 
 38 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Edward III. during the King's pleafure. He ended his days at 
 Calais, the 13th of November, in the 43d year of the fame 
 King's reign. 
 
 Edmond Mortimer, Earl of March, born at Langoth, in the 
 vigil of the purification of the blefled virgin, in the year of 
 
 Chrift , and 26th of King Edward III. was fent AmbafTa- 
 
 dor into France, at his years of age, to intreat and conclude a 
 peace, and that done, into Scotland. He was Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, and after the death of Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 
 fucceeded the office of Marfhal, by the fpace of — years. He 
 married Phillipa, daughter and heir of Lionel Duke of Clarence; 
 this Earl being Lieutenant of Ireland, ended his life at Cork, the 
 27th of December, in the 5th year of the reign of Richard II. 
 1 381 , and is buried in Wigmore. 
 
 Henry Piercy, Lord Piercy, the firfl of that family, created 
 Earl of Northumberland by Richard II. the day of his coronation, 
 was, by King Edward III. made High Marllial of England, 
 about the 5th year of his Majefty's reign, and therein continued, 
 not only the reft of the faid King's reign, but alfo fupplied the 
 room for Margaret Countefs of Norfolk, and Marfhal, at the 
 coronation aforefaid. He married Margaret, daughter of Ralph 
 Neville, firft Earl of Weftmoreland, by 4iis fecond wife, daugh- 
 ter of John Duke of Lancafter. His fecond wife, in God, was 
 Comtefs of Angeis, and daughter of Thomas Lord Lucy, aad 
 lifter and heir of Anthony Lord Lucy. 
 
 John
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. -jq 
 
 John Fitzallan, brother to Richard Earl of Arundel, Lord 
 Maltravers, in right of his wife Elmor, daughter and heir of 
 John Lord Maltravers, was Marfhal, after that Henry Piercy, 
 Earl af Northumberland, had refigned up that office; and therein 
 continued unto his end. He was drowned in paffing into Britain 
 with an army to aid the Duke, the 15th of December, the 3d 
 year of Richard IL anno 13 — . 
 
 Thomas Holland, brother to King Richard IL by one mother, 
 and by him eredled to the Earldom of Kent, was made High 
 MarHial of England, the 13th of March, the 3d of Richard IL 
 and therein continued, until the King gave the fame office to 
 Mowbraye Duke of Norfolk, as right heir to Thomas de Bro- 
 therton, late Marilial, 
 
 Thomas Mowbraye, brother and heir to John Mowbraye, 
 Earl of Nottingham, fon of John Lord Mowbraye and Eliza- 
 beth his wife, daughter and heir of Sir John Segrave, Lord 
 Segrave, and Margaret his wife, Countefs of Norfolk, daugh- 
 ter and heir of Thomas Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk and Earl 
 Marflial, firft in the King's letters patent, the 3d of June, 
 during life, in the 9th of Richard II. by parliament and charter, 
 the 1 2th of February, exalted unto the ftyle, name, and dignity 
 of Earl Marfhal, to him and his heirs male. 
 
 Thomas Holland, Duke of Surry, nephew to the King, hath 
 
 the 
 
 ■;*««^*
 
 40 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 the office of Earl Marflial of England, during the life of 
 Thomas Mowbraye, Duke of Norfolk, lately in exile. 
 
 John Montacute, Earl of Salifbury, becaufe that Thomas, 
 Duke of Surry was employed about Irifh affairs beyond the 
 feas, fupplied the want of his prefence in the office of Earl 
 Marffial of England. 
 
 Ralph Neville, Earl of Weftmoreland, at the change of 
 Richard II. was by Henry IV. made Earl Marffial during life, 
 the 1 6th September, in the ifl year of the reign of Henry IV. 
 
 Thomas Bewford. 
 
 Thomas Erpingham, anno 6th Henry IV. Marefcallus Anglie. 
 
 Richardus Grey de Codnore, Miles, anno 8th Henry IV. 
 Marefcallus Anglie. 
 
 Thomas Mowbraye, Earl of Nottingham, fon to the late ex- 
 iled Duke, was at length refhored to the inheritance of the office 
 of Earl Marfhal; but he, with Richard Scrope, Archbifhop of 
 York, confpired againft Henry IV. and raifed a power againft 
 him, but they were taken by John of Lancafter, the King's 
 fon, Conftable of England, and Ralph Neville, Earl of Weft- 
 moreland, then Wardens of the Marches between England and 
 
 Scotland,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 4I 
 
 Scotland, and prefented to the King at York, and there 
 beheaded on Monday in Whit fun-week, anno 1405, et anno 
 6th Henry IV. 7th day of June, and was buried in the Friars 
 Minors, at York. 
 
 Wilhelmus Lifle, Miles, imp. 
 
 John Mowbray, fon of Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Nor- 
 folk, and brother and heir of Thomas Mowbray, Earl of 
 Nottingham and Earl Marflial, after the death of his brother, 
 was reftored to the Dukedom of Norfolk, the Earldom of 
 Nottingham, and Marfhal of England. 
 
 John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon, was made Marfhal by 
 Henry VI. during the minority of John Mowbray, fon and heir 
 of John, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marflial, and Nottingham. 
 
 John Mowbray the Younger, at his full age, was Duke of 
 Norfolk, Earl Marfhal, and Nottingham, all his lifetime. He 
 died Friday the 6th of November, the firfl year of Edward IV. 
 leaving John, his fon and heir, of the age of 18, on the feaft of 
 St. Luke the Evangelift, the 2d of Edward IV. 
 
 John Mowbray the Third, after the death of his father, was 
 Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marfhal, and Nottingham, during 
 his life. 
 
 G Richard
 
 43 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Richard Plantaganet, Duke of York, and fon to Edward IV. 
 married Anne, fole daughter and heir to John Mowbray, 
 the third of that name, and fourth Duke of Norfolk, was, 
 in right of his wife, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marih^l, and 
 Nottingham, which office he enjoyed until the curfed caitiff, 
 his unnatural uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloccfter, bereft the 
 babe both of life and office. 
 
 Sir Thomas Grey was appointed vice Marflial, hac vice 
 tantum, by Edward IV. 14th of November, in the twenty- 
 fecond of his reign. 
 
 John Baron and Lord of Howard, fon of Sir Robert Howard, 
 Knt. and Margaret his wife, eldeft daughter of Thomas Mow- 
 bray, firft Duke of Norfolk, and coufin and one of the heirs of 
 Anne, late Duchefs of York and Norfolk, being a favourer of 
 Richard's quarrel, was by him, the 20th of June, in the firft 
 year of his reign, preferred to the office of Earl Marflaal, and 
 to the heirs male of his body ; and on the i ft of July following, 
 was created Duke of Norfolk. He was firmly feathered on 
 King Richard's wing, and chofe rather to abandon his life with 
 his dear friend, than in falfifying of promife to fave the fame. 
 
 William Marquis Barkley and Earl of Nottingham, fon of James 
 Lord Barkley, and Ifabel his wife, eldeft daughter of Thomas 
 Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, was made Earl Marfhal during 
 
 pleafurc.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 43 
 
 pleafure, by Henry VII. the 20th of Odlober, in the firft of his 
 reign; and on the 19th of February following, the King gave 
 the fame office to him, and to his heirs male of his body for 
 ever. He married Jane, daughter of Beamont, and Cathe- 
 rine his wife, Duchefs of Norfolk, but died without ifTue 
 anno. 1491. 
 
 Henry, the King's fecond fon, was created Duke of York 
 and Earl Marfhal, the 31 ft of Odober, the 9th of Henry VII. 
 his father. 
 
 Johannes Digby Miles, afignatur ad omnia et fingula facienda 
 quae ad officium Marefcalli Anglie pertinent de modic. Johannis 
 Wilford et complic. Suor dicent imp. Johannem Edward 
 filium nuperi Georgii Ducis Clarencie effe. Bille fignat. — Anno 
 13. Henry Fill. 
 
 Triceffimo OA. anno 14. Rex conftituit Edmundum Carne 
 militem et Johannem Crocker militem et alios, ad exequend. et 
 expediend. omnia et fingula quae ad offilcia Conftabularii et 
 Marefcalli Anglie pertinent faciend. fup. rebelles Regis. Bille 
 fignat. — Anno 14. Henry VII. 
 
 Thomas Howard, Earl of Surry, High Treafurer of England, 
 fon of John, late Duke of Norfolk, flain at the battle of Bof- 
 worth, was made Earl Marfhal during life, the lOth of July, 
 
 G2 3d
 
 44 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 2d of Henry VIII. 1510; and in the 5th year, by Parliament, 
 was created Duke of Norfolk. He married two wives, Eliza- 
 beth, and Agnes Tylney, by whom he had fundry ifTue ; he 
 ended his life at Whitfuntide, the i6th of the fame King, and 
 lieth buried at Thetford in Suffolk. 
 
 Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, had the reverfion of the 
 office of Earl Marfhal given him during life, after the death of 
 Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, the 4th of July, in the 15th year 
 of Henry VIII. He furrendered his letters patent up into 
 the Chancery to be cancelled. He tvas Marfial in the loth of 
 Henry VUL 
 
 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, fon of Thomas, Duke 
 of Norfolk, and Elizabeth Tylney, his firfl: wife, had the office 
 of Earl Marffial given to him, and the heirs male of his body, 
 for ever, by Henry VIII. the 28th of May, 25th of his reign. 
 He was adjudged to perpetual prifon, at the death of the fame 
 King, and continued all Edward's reign. 
 
 Exlvvard Seymour, Duke of Somerfet, Knight of the order, 
 Prote(5lor of England, was made Earl Marfhal during life, by 
 the young infant his nephew Edward VI. the 17th of February, 
 the ill of his reign. He loft his head the 13th of January, the 
 5th of Edward VI. — Anno ijl Ed. VI. 1541 — Anno ^th Ed, VI. 
 
 John
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 45 
 
 John Dudley, Eiirl of Warwick, after the deliverance of the 
 faid Duke, was made Earl Marflial during life, and was fhortly 
 after created Duke of Northumberland. He was, for his unna- 
 tural attempts againft Queen Mary, beheaded in the Tower 
 the 22d of Auguft, the ift of her reign, 20th of April. 
 —An.s. Ed. V I. —20th O^. An. 5. Ed. VI. 
 
 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, was, after his long im- 
 prifonment in the Tower, by Queen Mary reflored to all his 
 former eflates and dignities, whereby he was once again Earl 
 MarlTial, and fo continued unto the end. — Anno iji Marie 
 regine, 
 
 Thomas, Lord Howard, Duke of Norfolk, fon of Henry 
 Howard, Earl of Surry, and Francis his wife, daughter of John 
 Vere, Earl of Oxford, was after the death of his grandfather, 
 made Earl Marflial, and fo continued until his condemnation 
 for matters of treafon proved againft him, which was on the 
 1 6th of July, the 14th of Queen Elizabeth; and on the 2d of 
 June next following was beheaded on the new fcaffold on 
 Tower-hill, and his body buried the fame day in the Chapel, 
 within the Tower. He married three wives, Anne, Mar. and 
 Phil. 
 
 Here Charles Howard ends his catalogue of Earl Marfhalsj 
 the fucceflbr of the above Duke in the office was 
 
 George
 
 ^6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 George Talbot, Earl of Shrewfbury, and Earl Marflial; he 
 died 1590, and was fucceeded by 
 
 Robert D'evereux, Earl of Eflex, and Earl Marflial; he died 
 1 601 , and was fucceeded in the office by 
 
 Edward Somerfet, Earl of Worcefter, who executed the 
 office of Earl Marflial at the coronation of King James ; after 
 which, (fays Heylin,) the office was a long time executed by 
 commiflion. 
 
 In i6ao, Thomas Earl of Arundel and Surry, was created 
 Earl Marflial for life, and fupported that office, jointly with 
 that of Conftable of England, with great dignity. " With 
 honour to himfelf, (fays Dugdale,) and his authority, and to 
 the great fatisfad:ion of the nobility and gentry of this realm, 
 in cafes where they received affronts, and injuries, for which 
 by the common rule of law no redrefs could be had, until by the 
 votes in the predominant party in the long parliament, his jurif- 
 diftion in that court was blafted." 
 
 He was one of the four noblemen who were appointed to 
 conduit the Eledlor Palatine and the Princefs Elizabeth, after 
 their marriage in the year 1 61 5, to the Eledlor's dominions. In 
 the year 161 5, he embraced the Communion of the Church of 
 England, and received the facrament in the King's Chapel, at 
 
 Whitehall,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 47 
 
 Whitehall. In 1645, he petitioned the King to be reflored to 
 the titles and honours of his flimily ; but though the petition 
 was fupported by another from feveral Peers, yet, all the effed: 
 this joint application had on Charles, was his creating him Earl 
 of Norfolk, which was his right, as being lineally defcended 
 from Thomas de Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, a younger fon of 
 Edward I. and this by letters patent, dated at Oxford, the 
 6th of June, in the 20th of his reign. Dugdale fays, that 
 " difcerning the flames of war (occafioned by the prevalent 
 party in the Long Parliament) more and more to increafe, his age 
 being alfo fuch, as rendered him not fit for further military em- 
 ployments, he obtained leave from the King to travel, whereupon, 
 going to Padua, in Italy, he there departed this life on the 4th 
 of Odxober, 1646 j after which, his corpfc being brought over to 
 England, was buried in Arundel Caftle." — He died at the age 
 of 60, when he was preparing to return to England. He was 
 fucceeded in the office by his fon Henry Howard, Earl of Nor- 
 folk, who died 1652, and was fucceeded in the office by his fon 
 
 Thomas Howard, who was reflored to the Dukedom of 
 Norfolk, 1 66 1, 13th of Charles II. 
 
 The office is now hereditary to the Howard family, and is 
 executed by the prefent Charles Duke of Norfolk. 
 
 One of the commiffioners who executed the office after 
 Devereux Earl of EiTex, was Charles Howard, Earl of Notting- 
 ham.
 
 48 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 ham. After having in 1601 fupprcfTed the infurredion of the 
 Earl of EfTex, he was appointed one of the CommifTioners for 
 executing tlie office of Earl Marflial. This Earl was Com- 
 mander in Chief againfl the Spanifh Armada; he died 1624, as 
 we fee by the following epitaph, which was engraved on a brafs 
 plate fixed on a leaden coffin, which lay in the vault belonging 
 to the Howards, in the church of St. Mary Magdalene, at 
 Ryegate, in Surry. 
 
 Heare lyeth the Body of CHARLES HOWARD, Earic 
 
 Of Nottingham, Lorde High Admyrall of Englande, 
 
 Generall of Queene Elizabeth's Navy Royall 
 
 At Sea, agaynft the Spaniards Invinfable Navye, 
 
 In the Year of our Lord 1588; who departed this 
 
 Life at Haling-houfe, the 14th day of December, in the 
 
 Year of our Lorde, 1624. — iEtatis fuae 87. 
 
 Befides the conteft of the Blounts, there were alfo on the fame 
 account, difputes between Morley and Burnell ; George and 
 Warbingtonj Maffey and Afhtonj Grey and Haftings ; Greene 
 and Dallinggridgej Leigh and Leigh; Grey of Kent and Rother- 
 hamj Grofvenor and Carmino ; which lafl was as follows, and 
 lafbed three years : 
 
 In the time of Richard H. there was a difpute between Sir 
 Richard le Scroope, once Lord Chancellor of England, and 
 Sir Robert le Grofvenor, which ended the 1 2th year of the reign 
 of that king ; this was about a coat of arms, v/z. azure, one 
 bend, or, wherein by the teftimony of old chronicles, old deeds, 
 
 and
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 40 
 
 and other antient records of monafteries, Sec. then produced; 
 and by the teftimony of many of the nobility, fhown by a 
 record in the Tower of London of this famous fuit, had before 
 the High Conftable and High Marfhal, and others commif- 
 iioned for that purpofe, all gentry bearing armsj many of whom 
 depofed, their having feen the old chronicles, old deeds, and 
 other records of monafteries, that Hugh Lupus, commonly 
 called the firfl: Earl of Chefter, after the Conquefl, nephew to 
 William the Conqueror, came into England with the Conqueror; 
 and with the fame Hugh, came one Gilbert de Grofvenor, 
 nephew of Hugh, armed with the above arms az. a bend 
 d'or. and that he bore the fame unto his death ; from whence 
 defcended the following perfons ; his fon Robert, then Raufe, 
 then Sir Robert le Grofvenor, who is now the defendant of 
 thefe arms; which arms, all and every of them, fucceilively, 
 and by right of male defcent, have borne, and the fame ufed 
 peaceably and quietly, without the claim or challenge of any 
 one whatfoever, down to this prefent conteft occafioned by Sir 
 Richard le Scroope being armed with thefe arms, as well as Sir 
 Richard le Grofvenor, in the late expedition of Monfieur the 
 King into Scotland; and except that Sir John Danyell, Knight, 
 banneret in behalf of the faid Sir Robert le Grofvenor, (being 
 his fon-in-law, and an infant,) challenged in France, an efquire 
 of Cornwall, one Carminaw, by name, upon feeing him armed 
 with the fame arms, and that the faid Sir John Danyell, did 
 maintain the fame arms in battle againfl him j and further they 
 
 H depofed.
 
 £0 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 depofed, that tlicy had heard from perfons of rank, and antlent 
 people, whom they credit, that all and every of the faid ancef- 
 tors of the faid Sir Robert le Grofvenor, had always borne and 
 ufed the faid arms, and that this was the common and received 
 opinion of the matter, throughout the county of Chefter, and in 
 other parts and counties adjacent, and they or fome of them farther 
 depofe, that he, the faid Sir Robert le Grofvenor, armed with 
 thefe arms, acccompanied, and was harbinger to Sir James de 
 Audley, then Lieutenant to the Lord Edward Prince of Wales, 
 commonly called the Black Prince, for feventeen years laft paft, 
 and was in Berry, and Algayne del Tour de Brofe, et a Ifingdon, 
 et a la fiege de Rochfirion, en Peyto, en Gyan, et a Viers en 
 Normande, et en battaile de Poidiiers, (where the fame Sir 
 James D'Audley gained the greateft honour for his extraordinary 
 valour, and bounty and generofity to his efquires and fol- 
 lowers,) and that the faid Sir Robert le Grofvenor being armed 
 as aforefaid, was at the vidtory of Najara, in Spain, 1367, and 
 with the faid Edward the Prince, in his laft adlion at Limages, 
 137OJ and that Raufe le Grofvenor, and ancefhor of the faid 
 Sir Robert, was at Lincoln, with his coufin Ranaulph, Earl of 
 Chefter, and armed as aforefaid, 1 141 , when King Stephen was 
 taken prifoner ; and again, in 1143, with the faid coufin the 
 Earl, when he was purfued and himfeli taken prifoner. 
 
 In 1070, William the Conqueror gave the town and county 
 of Chefler to Hugh Lupus, together with the Earldom thereof, 
 
 &c..
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 51 
 
 6cc. and to Odo, Billiop of Bajeux, his half brother, he gave 
 the Earldom of Kent, and made him Jufticiary of England j 
 and (after the death of Fitz Oftom) Vice Roy of the whole kino-- 
 dom; and to Robert Earl of Mortaigne, his other half brother, 
 he gave the Earldom of Cornwall; and Hugh Lupus, Earl of 
 Chefher, after the battle of Namptwich, parted the Lordfliip 
 of Loflock, and gave the one moiety, which was called Nether 
 Loftock, to Sir Hugh Bowchamp, progenitor of John de Hol- 
 ford (who was an evidence in this caufe, and at the time of his 
 giving evidence, was of the age of 44 years) and the other 
 moiety called Over Loftock, he gave to Robert, fon of Gilbert 
 le Grofvernor, and is the inheritance of the defendant, by lineal 
 male fucceflion. And Robert, another anceftor of the faid Sir 
 Robert, was armed with the fame arms, with the late King 
 Edward IIL when he lay before Vannes, in Brittaigne, and 
 likewife two years after at the pafTage over the Sornme, and at 
 the battle of CrelTy, and at the fiege of Calais ; and that Robert, 
 an anceflor of the faid Sir Robert, was armed, as aforefaid, with 
 Richard L 1190, at Meflina, in Sicily; and 1191, at the con- 
 quering of Cyprus, and at the taking of Aeon or Ptolemas, 
 defended by the power of Saladin ; and at the relief of Joppa, 
 where Saladin was repulfed. And Robert, another anceftor of 
 the faid Sir Robert, was in Scotland with King Edward IL in 
 his wars. And many of them likewife depofed, that they had 
 fecn the faid arms painted in glafs windows, and upon ihields, 
 ftandards, penons, buildings, edifices, tombs, fepulchres or 
 
 H a monuments.
 
 £2 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 monuments, and other places as arms of the faid Sir Robert and- 
 his anccftors ; and particularly in feveral churches of Great 
 Budworth, Moberley, Tarvin, Warton, Chriftleton, Stock- 
 port, Lymme, Sandbach, Aldford, Middlewich, Namptwich, 
 St. Werburge, in Chefler, Vale Royal Abbey, Cumbermere 
 Abbey, the Chapels of Hulme, Over Pever, Nether Pevcr, 
 Witton, and Benches; and Bold, and at Dutton, and Bradley; 
 and likewife had feen feveral charters and records, and other 
 deeds belonging to the faid Sir Robert and his anceflors, fealed 
 with feals engraved with the faid arms, and which were with 
 the regifter to be by him properly exhibited before the Lord 
 Conflable and the Lord Marfhal of England, and Howel de 
 Eton, and eighteen other perfons who do further depofe that 
 they be coufins to the faid Sir Robert le Grofvenor, defendant. 
 
 It appears by the faid trial, that Sir Richard le Scroope, 1346, 
 in his expedition againft the Scots, challenged an efquire of 
 Cornwall, of the name of Carminaw, and upon examination 
 before the knights and efquires there prefent, it was alledged, 
 that Richard le Scroope and his anceftors had borne the faid arms 
 ever fince the Conqueft of England; and on the part of Car- 
 minaw (or Carmino) it was alledged, that he and his anceftors 
 had borne the faid arms ever fmce the time of King Arthur; 
 wherefore they adjudged them both to continue the bearing of 
 the faid arms, and the fentence of the court, in the courfe oF 
 le Scroope and le Grofvenor was, that the faid le Scroope fliould 
 
 bear
 
 KERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. ^' WJ^- 
 
 bear the faid arms of az. a bend d'or. as before, and that le- 
 Grofvcnor fliould bear the faid arms, but with a bordure d'ar- 
 gent ; from which fentence he appealed to the King himfelf ; 
 before whom by his commiffioners the whole pleadings were 
 reviewed, and the afFliir was compromifed thus ; that Sir Richard 
 le Scrope fhould continue the ufagc of the faid arms, and that 
 Robert le Grofvenor fhould either ufe the fame arms with a 
 bordure, as in the fentence, or elfe .might bear inflead of the 
 bend or, a garb or, from the arms of the antient earls of 
 Chefter, his confanguinity to them having been fully proved in 
 the faid trial ; whereupon Sir Robert ever after gave for his 
 arms, az. a garb or. 
 
 Nothing feems to have contributed fo much to the honour w^ 
 
 Heraldry has been held in, as the Crufades. The warmth with 
 which men purfued glory in the Holy War can be equalled by 
 nothing in hiftory. — There are more families who bear arms 
 from fome meritorious atchievement then, or who alTumed 
 arms on that occafion, than on any other fingle caufc whatever. — • 
 The battle of CrefTy gave rife to many, but nothing can equal 
 the Crufades, 
 
 The crofs, the efcalop, or the crefcent was univerfally dif- 
 played. Some heralds, indeed //wjl, fay, armorial charges were 
 not hereditary before the Holy War j there are, however, feveral 
 inftances of hereditary bearings, even before the Conqueft. 
 
 Jacobs
 
 j;4 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 ]/ Jacobs, in his Law Didlionary, fays, arms were not heredi- 
 
 tary before Richard I. made his expedition into the Holy Land. 
 Some fay the origin of coats and crefts becoming hereditary, 
 was from tilts and tournaments, in the tenth century; others, 
 from the Crufade, under Godfrey of Bollogne; and the fol- 
 lowing anecdote is brought by fome of thofe authors to prove 
 they were not hereditary at the time of the Conqueror. I fliall 
 relate [^it fully, having a ^reat diflike to mutilated anecdotes. 
 St. Palaye, in his Memoirs of Antient Chivalry, would have 
 made his work much pleafanter, had he given rather more of 
 fome of his anecdotes, which now feem too abrupt. 
 
 In 1085, Robert, eldefl: fon of William the Conqueror, 
 rebelled againfl his father; who, whilfl he was foliciting aid 
 from the court of France, for the war he defigned againft Eng- 
 land, made a promife if he fhould fucceed in that attempt, he 
 would refign to his eldeft fon, his Norman dominions ; which 
 he probably faid only to quiet the jealoufy of the French, who 
 would not like his becoming too potent a vafTal. Whatever 
 might be his motive, he did not perform his promife j nor 
 indeed could he with fafety, for in the manner in which he 
 thought fit to govern England, even to the end of his reign, 
 his being mafter of Normandy was neceffary to keep him in 
 
 P 
 
 ofleffion of England. 
 
 &' 
 
 Robert waited fome time without complaining; but the 
 inftigation of France, working upon a mind naturally difcon- 
 
 tented,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. ^^ 
 
 tented, and a weak underflanding, drew him at length into open 
 rebelHon, to force his Royal father, to make good a promife 
 which it was indecent for a fon to afk, or even to put him in 
 mind of. He was fupported in his pretenfions, not only by 
 the French, but by many of the Normans alfo. 
 
 In the war which this occafioned, it happened that they 
 fought with one another, when Robert gave his father fo violent 
 a blow with his lance in the rencontre, that he difmounted him. 
 Immediately that he found it was his (ire, (which he did by 
 fome words which his father uttered, and caufed Robert to 
 know him direcflly,) he difmounted, and gave him his own 
 horfe, helping him to arife, then falling upon his knees he 
 befought him with tears to grant him a pardon j but inftead 
 of a pardon, he received a curfe. 
 
 The horror of this accident made fuch an impreflion upon 
 the heart of the young Prince, (which was naturally good) that 
 although the advantage he had gained in the adlion was very 
 confiderable, he fued for peace; and this, by the mediation of 
 his friends, was gained for him; but he could never regain his 
 father's affedlion, much lefs could he prevail on him to yield, 
 during his life, the Dutchy of Normandy, or even the Earldom 
 of Maine, which was become another fource of difquiet between 
 them. Difgufted at this, the reftlefs, indifcreet, and illadvifed 
 youth went out of England, and wandered about like a vagrant 
 
 exile
 
 ^6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 exile or outlaw for feveral years, from one foreign court to 
 another, fixing at laft in France, where he employed all his 
 credit to make King Philip attack his father's territories on the 
 Continent. The anger of William was fo far confirmed by the 
 laft rebellious adlions of Robert, that although on his death bed, 
 he gave a free and full pardon to all his enemies, he did not 
 extend it to that Prince, but punifliing him as much as lay in 
 his power, left the crown to WilUam Rufus. 
 
 From Robert's not knowing the Conqueror, till he heard him 
 fpeak, the above mentioned heralds wifla to prove that enfigns 
 armorial were not hereditary, St. Foix obferves, that when they 
 became fo, every body affefted to wear them, and to place them 
 in a confpicuous point of view, upon the coats of arms and 
 fliield, particularly kings and princes, that all the world might 
 fee they wanted to be known, and were not afraid to be fingled 
 out by the enemy. 
 
 1 cannot, however, think this a certain proof of it, becaufe 
 William himfelf had for arms, thofe lions which are now the 
 arms of England. I fliould rather think he omitted the bearing 
 of them on that occafion for fome particular reafon. A warrior 
 of the name of Port, who afterwards took the name of St. 
 John, was Grand Mafter of the Cavalry to William the Con- 
 queror, when he came to feize the crown of Harold, wherefore 
 he took for his cognizance the horfes hames or collar. 
 
 One
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. Q 
 
 One author, however, feems to favour the opinion of Wil- 
 liam's not bearing any arms as hereditary ; for though we always 
 fee the lions given to him, yet Sandford cnlls them •' only 
 ajfigncdhy later ages, to diftinguifli him from the Plantaganets." 
 Gules, two lions paffant regardant or, are the arms ajfigned to y^ — 
 
 William the Conqueror, and to Robert Duke of Normandy. 
 William II. and Henry I. derived (as tradition tells us) from 
 Rollo, firft Duke of Normandy, who is faid to have borne the 
 fame charge on his fhield or efcutcheon, affuming, as feveral 
 Norman Princes did, that fovereign beaft, the lion. I term 
 tliefe arms attributed or ajfigned, becaufe I cannot find either by 
 monuments, coins, feals, or any contemporary auth<jr, that 
 fuch arms were in ufe with thofe feveral princes -, but that fol- 
 lowing ages did ajfigji or fix them on the Norman line, to dif» 
 tinguifli them from the fucceeding Plantaganets, who bore gules, 
 ihreeM.QVi'i,* paffant guardant, or; (Henry I. and firft of that line -f- 
 adding to the Norman lions, the lion of Aqiiitaine of the fame 
 metal, on a field of that colour, in right of Eleanor his wife, heir 
 of Aquitaine) and for this caufethey are painted for the Conqueror 
 upon the tomb of Queen Elizabeth, in Henry the feventh's 
 chapel at Weftminfter, impaled with thofe of Queen Maud of 
 Flanders, his wife. Arms attributed to forefters and firft Earls 
 of Flanders, to the time of Robert the Frifon j and the arms 
 alfo of Henry I, impaling thofe of Queen Maud, of Scotland." 
 
 I But 
 
 * It has been afferted \>y fome heralds, that thefe lions were leopards until the 
 addition of the third, when they were changed to lions. 
 
 + From his father Geoffrey Pl^ntaganet, Earl of Anjou,
 
 ^S ANECDOTES OF 
 
 But whether thefe were, or were not, we have other inftances 
 of arms being hereditary before the Crufades. The firft Crufade 
 was in 1096. I will mention only a few prior to that time. 
 
 The account I have lately given of the conqueft of arms 
 between Grofvenor and Scroope, is, I truft, fufficient to 
 prove they had been hereditary long before the period generally 
 affigned them ; as we there fee Carminaw's party declaring, that 
 family had borne the contefted arms ever fince the time of King 
 Arthur J and had there been any doubt at that time of their hav- 
 ing been long hereditary, it would have been urged in the court 
 againft the feparate claims, but they who were prefent at the 
 trial as witnefles, declared they had feen them even in antient 
 records, &c. 
 
 " The Irifli writers aflert, that the Milefians, when they 
 firft went on their expedition to Ireland, bore in their flandard 
 a ^r^iferpent and the rod of Mofes, in memory of their Gade- 
 lian anceftors. However that may be, Ollam Fodhla imagining, 
 that if a general device were an incentive to the army in general 
 to behave with courage, fo particular ones might be an improve- 
 ment upon that plan, and caufe fuch an emulation among the 
 commanders, as might be a peculiar fpur to the courage of each; 
 for which purpofe he inftituted a fet of heralds, whom he 
 ordered to affign a particular coat of arms to every great perfon, 
 which being blazoned on his banner, might ferve to diflinguilh 
 
 him
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 59 
 
 him in battle, that his merits or demerits might be known, and 
 that he might be treated accordingly ; for they were attended to 
 the field by their bards and others, whofe talk it was to notice 
 their adtions, which were recorded among the anecdotes of their 
 particular tribes and families." 
 
 This ftory, though probably not entirely true, ferves to fhow 
 the old Irifh writers had ideas of Heraldry (as the above was 
 extracted from the Pfalter of Tarah) before the Crufades. 
 
 Dugdale, in his Baronage, has given us fome old lines which, I 
 think, help to prove likewife the antiquity of hereditary bearings, 
 though I cannot fay they entirely do ; it is not, however, of much 
 confequence if they do not, as there are other fufficient proofs. 
 
 The lines in Dugdale, are made on the family of Willoughby, 
 of Erefby, and are as follows : 
 
 "Oh holy St. George ! O very champion J 
 
 O undefyled and mod holy knight ! 
 O gemme of chivalry! O very emeraud ftone! 
 
 O load-ftar of loyalty ! O diamond moft qwyght ! 
 
 O faphir of fadnefs! O ruby of mod right! 
 
 very carbuncle ! O thou mantcfe of ynde ! 
 Graunte me thy help — thy comfort for to find. 
 
 1 meane to be mediator unto thy great captain. 
 
 Which is the king of the celeftial paradyfe; 
 So that I may my heart and will conftrayne 
 Of mine old anceftors to fdllow the gyfe; 
 And things of rirght ever to enterprife ; 
 
 1 2 Goi
 
 6o ANECDOTES OF 
 
 God for to ferve ; the king ever in like cafe ; 
 
 My time to fpend in fayth, peace, truth, and grace. 
 
 For with the Conquefl, proved by old evidence. 
 Sir John de Willughby the valiant chivalier 
 
 Did here inhabitc, this is footli fentence, 
 
 Whofe arms virere azure, an hermite fable clecre,; 
 His life in red continued many a year, 
 
 Holy St. George grant me to do the fame 
 
 Encreafe of honoor devoid of fm and fhame. 
 
 Of his defcent and of his worthinefs 
 The arms of Ifrael his very habitude 
 
 De noftrc dame; faving the difference 
 
 With arms of honour, vewenge the pyakill. 
 By grace, hardinefs, ftrength, and mirakyll, 
 
 A bugle was flaine by myne old anceflry, 
 
 Whofe head powdered, hermyn bears yet memory. 
 
 In later days one Willughby, a true knight. 
 Was in Barbary, and made difcomforture 
 
 There of the king; and took him thro' his might, 
 
 Whofe name was Cane, of whom he made rekevyn. 
 And with the ranfom, he did himfelf enewyn 
 
 To build Barbican, without Cripplegate, 
 
 Through help of St. George, he was fo fortunate. 
 
 Of my old anceftors, by help of Goddes miglite, 
 By reafon of marriage and lineal defcent, 
 
 A Sarafyn king difcomfit was in fight, 
 
 Whofe head my crefl fliall ever be prefent : 
 Holy St. George with faythful true intent. 
 
 Exalt
 
 HERAtDRY AND CHIVALRY?. 6l 
 
 Exalt mync honor, devoyd all enmmytie, 
 To follow the old in truth and luyaltie 
 
 In Agincourt, with King Henry the fifte, 
 
 Lord Robert Willughby did a£ls of grete honor, 
 
 Six againft one ; but with his deeds fwift, 
 
 He wan the gre ! a mayde was called therefore 
 The Mayde of England, in France, for evennore: 
 
 Holy St George be meane that he may ftye. 
 
 To fing the Sanftus, with the Hierarchy. 
 
 Now holy St. George, myneonly avower. 
 
 In whom I truft for my proteftion ; 
 O very chevalier of the florifiied flower 
 
 By whofc hands thy fword and fhield hafl wone; 
 
 Be mediator that fhe may to her fone 
 Caufe me to hear Rex fpkndcns fongen on high. 
 Before the Trinitye, when that I fhall dye. 
 
 Cadwallader, who is fuppofed to have died about the year [/ 
 
 690, bore azure a crofs pattee fitched in the foot, or. Roderick, 
 furnamed the Great, bore the fame; he was Prince of Wales 
 in 843, and defcended from Cadwallader by Idwallo, Roderick, 
 Conan, and Mervyn Frych. Indeed Aviragus, the brother of 
 Guiderus, and King of South Britain, in anno Domini 45, was 
 faid to have borne the fame : from him defcended Cadwallader. 
 
 In 800, Egbert bore azure a crofs formy or. Edward, the 
 Elder, grandfon of Egbert, added four martlets to this coat. 
 
 Edward
 
 62 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Edward the Confeflor bore the fame,- and was defcended from 
 Edward the Elder through the illegitimate branch of Athelftan. 
 Edward the Younger bore the fame, but with four crowns 
 inftead of the martlets. Edgar Atheling bore the fame as 
 Egbert did. 
 
 1/ In 1090, Robert de Ferrars, Earl of Fcrrars and Darby, 
 
 bore argent fix horfe-flioes fable pierced or, 3, 2, i. In 1 190, 
 William dc Ferrars placed the bearing of his anceftors in the 
 rim orbordure of his fhield, he bearing varry or, and gules, on 
 a bordure azure eight horfe-flioes argent, keeping the charge 
 though changing the colour. In 11 41, Robert, the fon of 
 Robert de Ferrars, Baron of Nottingham, bore the fame as 
 his father. 
 
 In 1093, Alan the Red, Earl of Bretagne, and of Richmond, 
 bore an efcutcheon ermine. Allan IV. Earl of Bretagne, in 
 1164, bore this as a canton, which was alfo borne by Peter of 
 Dreux, Duke of Bretagne, and by John de Dreux, and after- 
 wards by John de Montford, Duke of Bretagne, and Earl of 
 Richmond. 
 
 The family of Keith alfo had arms before the firft Cnifadc, 
 taking them in 1006. 
 
 'o 
 
 ^jr ^ The origin of the Hay arms and fupporters is of a date ante- 
 
 cedent to the Crufades ; it is thus related : — 
 
 When
 
 :^^
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 6^ 
 
 When the Scots fled from the Danes at a place called Long 
 Cartey, one Hay, a hulbandman (then at plough with his two 
 fons), fnatching the yoke in his hands, not only prevented the 
 farther purfuit of the enemies, but beat them back with a great 
 overthrow. Kenneth III. who then reigned over Scotland, fuf- 
 fered not his valour to pafs unrev/arded, but gave him as much 
 land as a falcon flew over at one flight, before it took a fl:and. 
 At a village called Hawkefl:one, on the road fide is a very large 
 flone, which is faid to be that on which the hawk fettled. 
 From this circumflance arofe the creft and fupporters. In the 
 fliield are three efcutcheons gules, which were given them for a 
 bearing, becaufe fome Scotch king (I believe Kenneth) being in 
 great danger of his life, fome of the Hay fiimily threw themfelves 
 in between him and the enemy, and by that means prcferved it. 
 Soon after appearing before the King with their fliields covered 
 with blood, he ordered them ever after to bear argent three 
 efcutcheons gules. This monarch, though once faved by the 
 loyalty of a fubjedt, was not always fated to be fo fortunate; for 
 in 994, Finella, Countefs of Angus, infinuated herfelf into his 
 favour, and enticed him into her palace, where, whilfl: he was 
 lifl:ening to her narrative of plots againfl: his life, flie put thofe 
 very fchemes in pradlice and caufed him to be alTafl^nated. His 
 friends furrounded the palace to feize the murderefs, but fhe 
 efcaped by a window and flew to her party. 
 
 In a fight at Dupplin Cafl:le, in the reign of Edward I. the 
 whole houfe of Hays would have been finally extirpated had it 
 
 not
 
 j64 akecdotes of 
 
 not happened that the chief left his wife at home with child, 
 =''> from whom (it proving a fon) the name was perpetuated,* 
 
 That places had arms before the Crufades is undoubted ; cer- 
 tain it is that they did not gain them by their atchievements. It 
 is very feldom, however, that we find them aiTuming arms from 
 reputed miracles, or faints ; yet there is an inftance in our own 
 kingdom of a city's taking its enfign from a circumftance wherein 
 a much doubted faint was a great a^or. 
 
 y^ Amphibalus {hy fome people called St. Cloak) is the perfon I 
 
 allude to. Whether there w'as, or was not, fuch a perfon, is now 
 of very little confequence, but the arms of Litchfield feem to prove 
 it. The arms are gules, a field charged with dead bodies. 
 Elias Afhmole calls it three knights on a field of blood. 
 Afhmole prefented the Corporation of Litchfield with a filver 
 bowl with the above arms on it j and this is mentioned in the 
 letter of thanks which they returned him for it, — The meaning 
 of Litchfield is, " a field of blood." 
 
 The ftory which gives origin to thefe arms is generally believed 
 to be fabulous, but it has fome circumftances fo much refembling 
 truth in it, that I cannot be fatisfied without inferting it altogether 
 as I have found it : — 
 
 And 
 
 * Buchanan's Hiftory of Scotland,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 6^ 
 
 And now for the legend of St. Cloak, alias Amphibalus. 
 
 Amphibalus, a Chrlflian preacher from Caer Lion, (now 
 Chefler) flying from perfecution, into the eaft of this ifland, 
 was entertained with great hofpitality at the houfe of St. Alban. 
 Albanus was born at Verulam ceflre, (now St, Albans) of a 
 good family. In his youth he had travelled to Rome, where 
 he remained fome time under Diocletian. The worthy example 
 of Amphibalus foftened his heart fo much, and made fo forcible 
 an impreffion, that he became able to fee the clear light of Chrif- 
 tianity , becoming at laft a fincere convert to the faith. The Roman 
 Governor being informed that Albanus harboured a Chriftian in 
 his dwelling, fent a party of foldiers to apprehend Amphibalus. 
 St. Albanus, anxious for the fafety of his friend and lodger, 
 difguifed himfelf in the C^ra<"^/A2* of Amphibalus, and pre- 
 fented himfelf, thus habited, to the officers, who carried him 
 where they were then facrificing to their heathen Gods, and 
 required him to join in the rites ; this Albanus not only refufed, 
 but, aduated by the true fpirit of Chriftianity, attempted, by 
 trying to convert the Pagans, to fave them from eternal perdi- 
 tion. The courage, the refufal, and the attempt of Albanus, 
 irritated them fo much that they condemned him to martyrdom, 
 the crown of which he received on a hill called Holmehurll. 
 Amphibalus, in the mean while, fled into Wales, whither a 
 
 K thoufand 
 
 * This unfortunate Caracalla it is which has unintentionally robbed a Saint of a 
 life it was meant to fave, by raifing the idea of St. Cloak. 
 
 ^
 
 66 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 thoufand inhabitants of Verulam went after him, to be farther 
 informed in the faith by his inftrudlion ; — a party of their fellow 
 citizens, however, overtook and maflacred them. Amphibalus 
 was brought back to Verulam, and there underwent the fate of 
 the generous Albanus. Another party of his converts were at 
 the fame time, by the command of the Romans, maflacred at 
 Litchfield, in Staffordfliire ; and from this laft flaughter arofc 
 the name and arms. 
 
 I fear from the recital of the legend I have here introduced, I 
 fhall gain the epithet of fuperftitious ; but the arms now borne 
 are the chief teftimony of its truth : and though it is difcredited 
 by moft people, there are fome who are willing to allow it to 
 be not fo fabulous, and venture to rely on the word of the 
 venerable Bede, &c. 
 
 ^^v The Crufades having given rife to fo many coats and altera- 
 tions of charges, it may not be amifs to prefent to my readers 
 a fhort account of them, which I hope will not be deemed im- 
 pertinent, when they confider, as Dr. Robertfon, in his Hiftory 
 of Charles V. fays, " That every circumflance which tends to 
 explain or give any rational account of this extraordinary 
 phrenzy of the human mind, muft be interefting." 
 
 Towards the end of the tenth century and commencement of 
 the eleventh, it was generally imagined that the thoufand years 
 from the birth or death of Chrift, (mentioned by St. John in 
 
 the
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 67 
 
 the Revelation) was nearly accompliflied ; and that the day of 
 judgment was at hand. Innumerable multitudes of Chriftians, 
 who were of this opinion, refigned all their worldly pofTefTions 
 into the hands of the church, and fled with anxiety and eager- 
 nefs to the Holy Land, to wait the appearance of the Lord on 
 Mount Sion. People of every degree and fex afTumcd the habit 
 of the Pilgrim : — and fo ftrong was the idea, that not only the 
 unlearned and poor, but people of the moil: elevated rank and 
 iinderflanding, acknowleged themfelves partakers of the univer- 
 sal terror. Even charters were drawn up where this idea was 
 expreffed in their beginning. In vain did thefe fanatics wait for 
 this great event ; they were at laft convinced of their folly, and 
 were obliged to return to their feveral countries. Their fanati- 
 cifm, was not (as it proved in the end) entirely ufelefs ; it 
 produced an efFedl, which was beneficial to the Chriflians. They 
 brought back moft deplorable accounts of the ftate of their fel- 
 low believers in the Holy Land ; and tried by every means in 
 their power to awaken commiferation in the hearts of thofe who 
 had power to aflifl them. Many, indeed, of the Chriftians 
 who dwelt at Jerufalem, driven thence by mifery, took on them 
 the charadler of mendicants, and wandered through the Euro- 
 pean courts requeuing pity and ailiflance. They fpread accounts 
 too Ihocking to remain long difregarded ; but there was no 
 potentate who had fufficient ftrength of his own, to refifl: the 
 power and progrefs of the Infidels and Mahometans, whom 
 they knew to be the declared enemies of all who refufed to em- 
 brace their religion ; this they had pretty well proved in the 
 
 -^" 
 
 K 2 ravages
 
 68 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 ravages they had made in Syria and Europe. There was {o 
 great a fpirit of enthufiaflic valour, and love of Chivalry, that 
 the minds of people were very eafily bent upon this new plan, 
 and every one fet about to confider how an enterprife was to be 
 condu(5led, which they were all determined to undertake. 
 
 Whilft the Pilgrims entreated, the Eccleliaftics preached, pro- 
 mifed, and thceatened. Pope Silvefter II. addrefled a letter to all 
 Chriftians, in the name of the Jerufalem church, exhorting 
 them to take arms againfl the Pagan oppreflTors, and refcue the 
 city and holy fepulchre from their profanation. In confequencc 
 of Silvefter's admonition, fome of the republic of Pifa, equip- 
 ped a fleet, and attacked the territories of the Turks in Syria : 
 from this an alarm fpread, that all Europe was united to attack 
 them, which fet the Infidels in univerfal motion. 
 
 " Fame with winged fpeed before them flies, 
 " Alike the meffenger of truth and lies 
 " Difplays their purpofe, fets the war to view, 
 ** And terrifies with doabts, th'-ufurping crew." 
 
 In the year 1075, Pope' Gregory VII. propofed a crufade, and 
 even promifed to head the army himfelf j he requefled Henry IV. 
 furnamed the Great, to attend as a volunteer. 
 
 The difciples of Mahomet were much kinder to the Chrifiians 
 and Pilgrims, than the Tartarian Turks. The former, for a 
 
 trifling
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 6() 
 
 trifling obligation, would admit the Pilgrims into the city and 
 fepulchre; when they had fatisfied their curioflty and zeal, they 
 were fuffered to depart unmolefted; but the latter, who had 
 taken Syria from the Saracens, made thcmfelves mafters of 
 Jerufalem, and behaved with almoft unparalleled cruelty to the 
 Chrillians, both to thofe who were already refident there, and 
 thofe who came on a devotional journey. 
 
 The famous hermit, called Peter, a native of Amiens, in 
 Picardy, revived the fcheme of Gregory VII. by his dreadful 
 accounts of the Holy City ; he had been on a pilgrimage thither, 
 and amongft other defcriptions of the various abufes the facrcd 
 places underwent, faid, the Infidels had raifed a mofque on the 
 ruins of Solomon's Temple. In the year 1095, Urban II. who 
 had been long confidering what might be the fuccefs of fuch 
 an enterprife as a general crufade, was now refolved to try ; — 
 he therefore fummoned a council at Placentia, which was held in 
 the open fields, no covered place being fufficiently fpacious to 
 contain it. 
 
 There were prefent at this council, no Icfs than four thoufand 
 ecclefiaftics, and thirty thoufand laymen. None, however, 
 heartily concurred wath the meafures. Pope Urban, ftill ardu- 
 ous for a crufade, fummoned a fecond council at Clermont, in 
 Auvergne, in hopes that it would prove more fuccefsful than the 
 laft. At this meeting, men of the moft elevated rank w^ere 
 
 prefent.
 
 yO ANECDOTES OF 
 
 prefcnt. Urban there, affifted by the famous hermit Peter, 
 who attended both councils, urged the advantage and neceffity 
 of a crufade, with fo much energy and perfuafion, that the 
 whole affembly, as with one voice, cried out " Dieu le ^a//,"— 
 Dicu Ic veut." — It is with the will of God ! It is with the will of 
 God ! The fuperftition of the age, aided by the infinuations of the 
 Monks, tempted them to regard thefe words as ominous. They 
 therefore placed them for a motto on their ftandards, and they 
 ""•^x^ecame the fhout of war. At this council Godfrey of Bouillon 
 ' was appointed their leader. — Taffo makes him to mention the 
 circumflance in the following manner : — 
 
 " When holy Urban girded to my fide 
 
 " This fword in Clermont, and when firft 'twas given 
 " To Godfrey's hands to M'age the war of Heaven." — 
 
 Religion and pity were not the only motives that induced 
 them to undertake the defence of the Chriftian fufFerers. — Self- 
 interefl: was a far more powerful incentive. — The Abbe Fleury 
 thus gives his opinion of the Crufades : — 
 
 Le pelerinage de Jerufalem devint tres-frequent vers Tan 1033. 
 
 De la vinrent les Croifades, carles Croifez n'etoient que des 
 Pelerins armez et affemblez en grandes troupes, Ces enterpri- 
 fes etoient devenues neceflaires. II n' y avoit point de prince 
 Chretien affez puiffant en particulier, pour arreter le progres des 
 
 Mahometans,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. "7I 
 
 Mahometans, ennemis declarcz de tons ceux qui ne veulent pas 
 embraffer leur religion. lis pilloicnt impuncment I'ltalie depuis 
 deuz cens ans ; ils etoient maitres de la Sicile et prefque de toute 
 I'Efpagne. Par Ics forces des croifez ils ont ete chaffez de toute 
 cette partie d'Europe, et notablement affoiblis en Egypte et en 
 Syrie. Mais le difcipline de I'Eglife ne s'en eft pas bien trouvee ; 
 et ces entreprifes toutes pieufes qu'elles etoient, furcnt, a mon 
 avis, vme des principales caufes du relachement de la penitence. 
 Car ce fut alors que commen9a Tindulgence pleniere, c'eft a dire, 
 la remiffion de toutes les pienes canoniques a quiconque feroit le 
 voyage et le fervice de Dieu ; ainfi fe nommoit cette guerre ; et 
 c'etoit ce pardon extraordinaire qui y atteroit tant de gens. II 
 fut bien doux a'eette nobleffe, qui ne favoit que chaffer et fe 
 battre de voir changer en un voyage de guerre les penitences 
 laborieufes, qui confiftoient en jeunes et en prieres, et fur tout en 
 ces temps-la a s'abftenir de I'ufage des armes et des chevaux. 
 La penitence devint un plaifir, car la fatigue du voyage etoit peu 
 confiderable pour des gens accoiitumes a celles de la guerre; et le 
 changement des lieux et d'objets eft un divertiffement. II n'y 
 avoit gueres de piene fenfible que de quitter pour long temps 
 fon pays et fa famille,* 
 
 The Crufaders were free from all perfecutions on account of 
 debt whilft in the fervice of the Holy Land ; and were exempted 
 from giving intereft for the money they borrowed to defray the 
 
 expences 
 
 f From the Abbe Fleury confefleur du Roi — fes Moeurs des Chre'tiens,
 
 ^Z ANECDOTES OF 
 
 expences of the expedition ; neither were they to pay any taxes 
 for a certain time ; they might aHenate their lands which they 
 held of their lords, without their confent, or even confulting 
 them. They were protefted in perfon and effects by the 
 Apoflolic See, whofe anathemas were denounced againft all, 
 who (hould by any means injure or moleft them whilft engaged 
 in this war. No civil court had any power over them, for they 
 were regarded as ecclefiaflics, only fubjedl to fpiritual jurifdic- 
 tion. All their fins were abfolved, and they were aflured of 
 finding eternal falvation, if they would but feek it in the Holy 
 Land. Every one who refufed was reckoned infamous and 
 cowardly. The office of the foldier is by no means (at leaft 
 very feldom) becoming of the clerical habit ; Bifhops, however, 
 and Priefls joined thefe Crufaders, and at the council of Cler- 
 mont, two Archbifhops befought the Pope on their knees to 
 fend them into Syria to fight for the church. Thefe were Wil- 
 liam, Archbifliop of Orange, and Ademaro, Archbifhop of 
 Poggio. — See Tnjfo, 
 
 William and Ademar to thefe fuccced, 
 
 Their peoples paftors, and their fquadrons lead: 
 
 Far different once their ta(k by Heaven afligned, 
 
 Religious minifters to inftrudl mankind; 
 
 But now the helmet on their heads they wear. 
 
 And learn the dreadful bufinefs of war. 
 
 Every perfon who went wore the crofs on his upper garment 
 upon the right flioulder, from whence came the name of Croi- 
 
 faders
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. y 3 
 
 faders. Different nations were diftinguifhcd by different coloured 
 croffes. The Engliili affumed a white crofs; the French a red 
 one ; the Flemifli wore green, &c. 
 
 And in the imperial ftandard raifed on high, 
 The crofs triumphant blazes to the (ky. 
 
 Thofe who belonged to the Pope's territories wore the crofs- 
 keys upon their flioulders. 
 
 Lo ! raifed in air, the ftandard proudly ftiown 
 In which appears the keys and Papal crown. 
 
 e 
 
 Some people are fond of miracles. — It was reported, that 
 what was concluded on in the Clermont council, was the fame 
 night known in the moll diflant parts of Chriftendom ; the 
 effedling of this was attributed to the virgin, whofe office was 
 appointed to be read every night, in order to render the expedi- 
 tion fuccefsful. 
 
 Bohemund or Boemund, the fon of Robert Guifcard, Duke of 
 Calabria, at the preaching of the firft crufade, was befieging a 
 caftle in Terri di Lavora, with Roger his uncle; no fooner did 
 he receive the firft news of it, than he was tranfported with fo 
 much zeal, and feized with fuch a pious rage, that he cut his 
 coat of arms into pieces, and made them into croffesj taking 
 
 L one
 
 "74 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 one himfelf, he diftributed the remainder amongft his principal 
 officers and fet off to join the Crufaders. 
 
 The number of people whofe intention it was to go into Palef- 
 tine, was fo great, that the wifeft of them thought it was im- 
 poflible to go all at once; wherefore they agreed to fend the 
 hermit Peter, with a body of the loweft clafs of people under his 
 command firft. Peter was a native of Amiens. This com- 
 pany confifled of thirty thoufand men, many of whom died on 
 the journey, and the remainder of the party were induced from 
 want, to pillage all the way, and even to plunder the very 
 churches they went to fuccour. Soliman Sultan of Nice fell upon 
 them, and foon deftroyed the whole troop, Peter alone efcaped 
 ■to tell of their fad misfortunes ; he made his way through dan- 
 ger and difficulties to Conftantinople, where it is faid he met 
 with much contempt. 
 
 The firft difciplined army, amounted to an hundred thoufand 
 horfe, and fix hundred thoufand foot. — This armament, under 
 the command of Godfrey, proved fuccefsful ; they conquered 
 and drove the Turks out of Jerufalem. The whole body of 
 the Chriftian adventurers agreed in requefting Godfrey to ac- 
 cept the crown, and reign king over Jerufalem ; but he refolutely 
 and conftantly refufed it, declaring he would never be king or 
 wear a crown, of gold, where his/bleffed lord and mafter had ^y\ 
 borne a crown of thorns : — this was in 1099. 
 
 " Thus
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 75 
 
 " Thus conquer'd Godfiey, and as yet the day, 
 *• Gave from the weftcrn gates the parting ray; 
 " Swift to the walls the glorious vidlor rode, 
 " The domes where Chrift had made his bled abode; 
 " In fanguine vefl with all his princely train, 
 " The chief of chiefs then fought the facred fane; 
 " There, o'er the hallow 'd tomb his arms difplay'd, 
 " And there, to Heav'n his vow'd devotions pray'd." 
 
 Godfrey was particularly anxious to reftore the Catholic reli- 
 gion to its former fplendour, by re-eftablifliingthe nearly forgotten 
 ceremonies, and recalling paft folemnities, which, by reafon of 
 the perfecutions the Chriftians had undergone, were become too 
 difficult to be pradifed. 
 
 The Abbe Mariti relates from William of Tyre, a curious 
 anecdote of a perfon who wiflied all the remains of this faith 
 fliould be abolifhed. 
 
 A citizen of Jerufalem went in the night time and placed a 
 dead dog at the entrance of the principal mofque, hoping that 
 the Infidels would not fail to impute this mark of derifion to the 
 Catholics, which they indeed did ; and without being at the 
 trouble to enquire whether their fufpicions were well or ill 
 founded, they ran to all the gates of the city, to incite the Ma- 
 hometans to revenge. All the Chriftians, therefore, muflhave 
 perifhed on this occafion, had not Heaven infpired a young 
 
 L 2 man 
 
 'K
 
 •76 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 man with heroic courage to devote himfelf to death, in order to 
 fave his brethren, by declaring himfelf alone guilty of the 
 infults offered to the temple; and this facrifice allayed tlie fury 
 of the perfecutors.* 
 
 William of Tyre, fays this fame author, was fo named from 
 being Archbifliop of that place ; when he was a young man he 
 came to ftudy in the Weft ; he was a Tyrian by birth. In 1 179, 
 he aflifted at the council of the Latcran, the ad;s of which he 
 revifed. He wrote a hiftory of the Holy War, which is much 
 efteemed for its fidelity and exadtnefs ; and its being continually 
 quoted by all writers on the Crufades, caufes me to mention, in 
 this place, who he was» 
 
 The Infidels again encroached on the Chriftian dominions ; 
 the Kings of Jerufalem found they were not fufficiently ftrong 
 to re lift them, unaided by any other power ; they therefore 
 reprefented to the Europeans the danger they were in, and 
 in 1 1 47, another Crufade was preached at Vezelai, in Burgundy, 
 by St. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux : The Emperor Conrad, 
 and Lewis le jeune, King ot France, were moved by it to join 
 the Crufaders. It was the cuftom of the Kings of France, before 
 they went to any Crufade, to repair firft to St. Dennis, to receive 
 a chaplet and ftaff"of Pilgrimage. Lewis and the Emperor are 
 faid to be the firft crowned heads that ever went in perfon to 
 
 fuccour 
 
 * Abbe Mariti's Travels through Syria and Paleftine.
 
 HERALDRY AND CUV /\LllY. nj 
 
 fuccoiir the Chriilians in Paleftine. Lewis was a weak monarch, y^ 
 and his religion would fometimes degenerate into the lowefl 
 degree of fiiperftition. Eugenius III. was acquainted with his 
 moft prevalent foibles ; he was determined, and he well iinder- 
 ftood how, to turn them to the advantage of the Crufades. To 
 adl, therefore, on the difpofition of this Monarch, he requefl:ed 
 St. Bernard, who was head of the Abbey from whence the Pope 
 had come, to preach this Crufade to Lewis, as the only expe- 
 dient by which he could do penance, and receive abfolution, for 
 the commifTion of fome cruel acfts of hoftility which he had 
 perpetrated. St. Bernard went to work in a very different manner 
 with the Emperor: he had impofed on the humility of Lewis, 
 and flattered the vanity of Conrad. — He ordered a lame child 
 to be brought him, which he took up, and then fetting it down 
 in the midfi: of the afTembly, faid, addrefTmg himfelf to the 
 Emperor, " You fee I have made this child to walk, which was 
 before unable, and this miracle was wrought for you, that you 
 might be convinced that God is indeed with you, and that your 
 enterprife will be very fortunate, being pleafing in his fight." 
 The Pope fent fome confecrated croiTes by St. Bernard to be 
 diftributed amongft the midtitude, but fo great was the company 
 of thofe who wiihed to engage in this new expedition, that 
 St. Bernard found there were not near fufficient ; he therefore 
 cut his garment into fmall crofles, and gave them to all who 
 alked him./^'he rage of crufading had never been fo prevalent, 
 for now the very females were determined to attack the Infidels, 
 
 and
 
 yS ANECDOTES OF 
 
 and Lewis le jeune went with his young and beautiful, but vain 
 and treacherous, confort, Queen Eleanor; all the chief ladies of 
 the Court, infpired by their fovereign's example, were deter- 
 mined not to fhew lefs heroifm ; they, therefore, formed them- 
 felves into troops, and were denominated Queen Eleanor's guard. 
 It was certain they could be of no advantage to the army j it 
 had furely been better had Eleanor remained at home, where 
 file might have preferved her hulband's honour, and have kept 
 her own charad:er uninjured. This was a Crufade that proved 
 unfavourable to all parties j the army was hewn to pieces through 
 the conceit of the General, and very few returned to bring the 
 fad tidings to Europe j amongft thofe who did return, was 
 Lewis; who fought valiantly in the field, but brought home 
 Eleanor, from whom he foon fought to be divorced. Both 
 Eleanor and Lewis were tired of each other, and began to think 
 they were /oo nearly related. In a Parliament held foon after, 
 they were divorced. And thus ended this Crufade, overwhelm- 
 ing its undertakers with forrow, ruin, and confufion : — of little 
 ufe w-as the hood of St. Martin, or the oriflamme of St. Dennis, 
 with which they were accompanied, and which they thought 
 could render any enterprife fortunate. The above-mentioned 
 were not the only bad effecfts of the laft attempt ; for, far from 
 having reflrained the power of the Infidels, it tended rather to 
 increafe it, and added confiderably to the opinion they had of 
 their own ftrength. The feeing two of the greateft potentates 
 of Europe conquered, and their armies deftroyed, werecircum- 
 
 llances
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. JO 
 
 fiances that could only make them offer new infults to the Chrif- 
 tians. Nourredin, Sultan of Aleppo, foon after attacked 
 Antioch, where Raymond de Poitiers, the uncle of Queen Elea- 
 nor, was Governor. His valour carried him too far; he was 
 taken and killed. Nourredin, who had always beheld him as a 
 formidable enemy, was fo much pleafed with his death, that he 
 carried his head and right hand as a prefent to the Calyph at 
 Bagdat. In 1185, Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerufalem, with the 
 Grand Mafter of the Hofpitallers, and the Grand Mailer of the 
 Templars fet out for England. The Grand Mailer of the Temp- 
 lars died by the way. Heraclius came to folicit fuccours for the 
 Chriilians ; Henry met them at Reading. The Patriarch weep- 
 ing, threw himfelf at Henry's feet with the following fpeech, 
 " My Lord the King, our Lord Jefus Chriil calls you, and the 
 cries of his people invite you to the Holy Land. Behold the 
 keys of its forts, which the King and Nobles of the realm tranf- 
 mit to you by me, becaufe you are the only one in whom, under 
 God, they place the trufl and hope of their prefervation. Come 
 then Sir, and delay not to deliver us out of the hands of our 
 enemies : forafmuch as Saladin, the chief enemy of the crofs 
 of Chriil, and all the nations round about us, arrogantly boail 
 that they will fpeedily invade the Holy Land, which God avert." 
 At the end of this i'peech, Henry took him by the hand, and 
 raifed him, faying, " May our Lord Jefus Chriil, the only 
 powerful King, be the defender; and we, aiTifled by him, (to 
 whom honour and glory belong) will as far as we are able co- 
 operate
 
 8o ANECDOTES OF 
 
 operate with him therein." After thefe words he received from 
 the hands of the Patriarch the keys of Jcrufalem, and of all 
 the principle forts belonging to the realm, with thofe of the 
 fcpulchre in which Chrift was buried, and the royal banner, as 
 a mark, that the King of Jerufalem committed to him the chief 
 command of all his forces. Henry, however, foon returned 
 them back, and went into Normandy, whither Heraclius wxnt 
 alfo. Mezerai fays, he prefented the keys to Philip of France, 
 requefting him to go to Palefline ; he alfo intreated Philip and 
 Henry to join their forces, and fuccour the Chriftians. They 
 promifed him large fupplies of men and money, but this did 
 not fatisfy Heraclius, who then requefled one of Henry's fons 
 might go. Philip called a great affembly wherein this Crufade 
 was preached, — he fent a large fupply of men. Heraclius difap- 
 pointed in the chief ends of his negociation, departed from 
 Normandy in great difcontent, and about the end of June ar- 
 rived at Jerufalem, which, he filled with great confternation, by 
 putting an end to all their hopes of Henry's coming. They wiflied 
 for fome mighty Prince to take the command of the army, and 
 thus put an end to the differences which arofe from the nobles in 
 Paleftine, difputing, who Hiould be the leader, each having 
 from their equality of rank, the fame degree of right; thefe 
 difputes had rendered the State very weak. The Government, 
 being informed that Saladin intended to lead another army into 
 the Holy Land, fet the Templars and Hofpitallers to negociate 
 with him, who granted them a truce, until the Eafter next 
 
 enfuing,
 
 HERALDRV AND CHIVALRY. 8l 
 
 enfuing, for 60,000 Bezants.* In 11 87, Saladin obliged Jeru- 
 falem to furrender, and drove all the Chriftians out, after making 
 them pay a tribute of fo much a head. Saladin allowed the fick 
 in the hofpitals time to recover, before they followed the other 
 exiles. Though in the above inftance Saladin fliewed his cle- 
 mency, he manifefted great cruelty in the indignity he offered 
 to the Chriftians foon after ; for, he fuffered his troops to pull 
 down a large gilded crucifix, which was on the church belonging 
 to the Hofpitallers, fpitting upon, and whipping it, whilft 
 they dragged it in the dirt, two days together, through the ftreets 
 of Jerufalem. — The city of Jerufalem was taken on the 2d of 
 Odlober, 1 1 87, Guy de Lufignan then being Kin^. 
 
 Jn 1 1 88, William, Archbifhop of Tyre, who had been trj-- 
 ing to gain forces from France, went into Germany, where he 
 preached a Crufade. The Emperor, Frederick Barbaroffa was 
 moved by his, and the Pope's folicitations, and went to the 
 Holy Land : his arms were fuccefsful, but he ended his life 
 there in the 68th year of his age. It happened from bathing 
 in the river Salef, or Cydnus, a river of Cilicia. He died 
 the lOth of June, 11 90. Before he went to the Crufades, he 
 ordered that no man fliould enlifl under his banner, but what 
 could maintain himfelf for a year. This was to prevent the 
 great croud of indigent adventurers, who flocked to the Holy 
 
 M Land, 
 
 * They were gold coins of Byzantium (or Conftantinople) from which arofe the 
 Bezants in Heraldry.
 
 82 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Land, from being a burthen to him, for want of fupport : not- 
 withftanding this order, his army amounted to 150,000 men, all 
 well provided : a great joy was this to Clement III. who had foli- 
 cited his eoincr. After his death, Frederick Duke of Suevia, his 
 fecond fon, took upon him the command of the army; he died, 
 however, before Ptolemais, and the plague reduced his army to 
 I 800 men. 
 
 In 1090, Richard I. King of England, and Philip Auguftus, 
 King of France, joined their forces and went into Syria. Philip, 
 however, foon returned to his kingdom, but the valiant Richard 
 Cceurde Lion remained in Paleftine. Philip was rendered jealous 
 of the glory which Richard had acquired by the liege and con- 
 queft of Ptolemais : he therefore pleaded indifpofition, and re- 
 turned to France, leaving with the King of England a body of 
 ten thoufand men, -under the command of the Duke of Bur- 
 gundy; with thefe, Richard attacked the troops of Saladin, over 
 whom he obtained a complete vidory, and took the city of 
 Afcalon, 
 
 The lav\'s made by Richard for the prefervation of good order 
 in his fleet when he was failing to Paleftine, fays Mr. Berring- 
 ton,* merit notice ; they were as follows : — 
 
 He that kills a man on board, ftiall be tied to the body and 
 thrown into the fea. If he kills one on land, he fliall be buried 
 
 with 
 * Mr. Berrington's Henry II..
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 83 
 
 with the fame. If it be proved that any one has drawn a knife 
 to flrike another, or has drawn blood, he ihall lofe liis hand. 
 If he ftrike with his fift, without effufion of blood, he fliall 
 be thrice plunged into the fea. If a man infult another with 
 opprobrious language, fo often as he does it, to give fo many 
 ounces of filver. A man conviclcd of theft, to have his head 
 fhaved, and to be tarred and feathered on the head, and to be 
 left on the firft land the fliip fliall come to. Richard appointed 
 officers to fee thefe laws executed with rigour ; tv/o of which 
 officers were bifhops. 
 
 Much more is laid to the valour of Richard than he deferves. 
 Some authors tell the following feat of his : — One day, Richard, 
 at the head of only feventeen horfemen, and a fmall body of 
 foot, was attacked and furrounded by the Sultan's army ; the 
 party of Richard maintained their ground with fo much valour, 
 that the Turks and Saracens drew back, quite aftonifhed and 
 terrified : — their leader found it impoffible to make them renew 
 the attack. Richard had that day ridden along the whole line of 
 the enemy, and dared them all to a fingle combat with him, but 
 in vain, for they were all too much intimidated at his furprifing 
 courage, for any one to venture to attack him fingly. Had this 
 circumllance been related by his own men only, or by fome 
 Englifh hiHorians, it might rather reafonably have been difcre- 
 dited J but an Arabian writer of the life of Saladin, would 
 fcarcely tell fo much of the Prowefs of an enemy, was hot the 
 account a fadl. 
 
 M 2 Richard
 
 t 
 
 84 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Richard now drew near to Jcrufalem with an intention of con- 
 quering and refloring it to the Chriflians ; but all the chiefs of 
 the crufading parties, himfelf excepted, were fatigued with the 
 hardfliips they had undergone ; a long abfence from their native 
 country, induced each of them to wifli to return. The difap- 
 pointed Richard was obliged to conclude a truce with the Sultan 
 Saladin (or as it is more commonly fpelt by the Arabian writers, 
 Saladedin), wherein it was agreed that the cities he had gained 
 from Saladin, fhould remain in the h^nds of the Chriftians, and, 
 that the Pilgrims fliould have liberty to perform their vows at 
 Jerufalem, unmolefled. The truce was concluded for three years ,^ 
 three months, three weeks, three days, and three hours. After 
 this Saladin died : — ^lic was on the whole a man of great gene- 
 rofity, and pofTcffed many other fliining qualities. I muft here 
 relate an anecdote of his magnanimity, which does great honour 
 to his memory : — At his return from the fiege of Monfol, in 
 Syria, he fcized the whole Lordfliip of Emeffa, in oppofition to 
 the right of Nafir Eddin, the young Prince, who claimed it, on 
 pretence that the late father of the youth, had forfeited it by 
 giving countenance to fome confederacies againft the Sultan's 
 intereft. Saladin ordered that proper care fhould be taken of 
 the 'education of the young Prince. One day wifliing to know 
 what progrefs he had made in his karning, he ordered the Prince 
 to be brought before 'him, and afked him what part of the 
 Alcoran he was reading; " I am come" faid the youth, to the 
 aflonidiment of all prefent " to that verfe, which informs me 
 
 that
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 85 
 
 that he who devours the eftates of orphans, is not a King, but 
 a Tyrant." The Sultan was much ftartlcJ and furprifed at the 
 Prince's anfwcr j but after feme time and recolledlion, he re- 
 turned him this reply, " He who fpeaks with this refolution, 
 cannot fail of adling with as much courage : I therefore reftorc 
 you the poflefTions of your father, left I fliould be taught to 
 fear a virtue I only reverence." 
 
 It is faid of Saladin, that at the fiege of Alexandria, he was 
 fo much ftruck and pleafed with the valour of a Chriftian knight, 
 conftable of Jerufalem, called Humphrey de Thoron, that he 
 requefted to be knighted by him, which by the leave of the King 
 was immediately granted, with every mark of efleem and con- 
 fidence due to his valour, and the noble defence he had made 
 during the fiege, - 
 
 The Crufade of Richard gave rife to more crufadial bearings 
 than any other. 
 
 The family of Newton, of Bars Court, in Gloucefiierfliire, 
 bear for their Creft, on a force argent and blue, a king of the 
 Moors armed in mail, crowned or. kneeling and delivering up 
 his fword ; in allufion to their maternal ancefior Sir Ancel 
 Gorney's taking a Moorifii king prifoner at the furrender of 
 Aeon, in the reign of Richard J. Aeon is called Ptolemais. 
 
 Richard 
 
 -f- 
 
 V
 
 86 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 "^C.. Richard when he firft engaged in the Crufades, took for a 
 device on his llandard, a crefcent and a liar ; fome imagine this 
 was done to affront the fultan Salidan, becaufe the half moon 
 was his arms. The grand Signior, as fupreme fovereign over 
 all the Turkifh dominions, and ab folate Emperor over all the 
 Ottoman Empire, bears Vert, a crefcent argent ; and for crell, a 
 turbant charged with three black plumes of heron's quills, with 
 the motto, " Do/icc totum impleat orbc?n." — The ancient arms of 
 the Eaflcrn Emperors, before the rife of the Ottoman Empire, 
 were Mars, a crofs Sol between four Greek Beta's, which 
 lignified, Bac-iXivs BacnAsVi., Ba^AsJav BxaiXiZ'i that is, Rcx Rcgum, 
 Regnans Regibus. 
 
 The family of the Bateman's (of which was the high flieriff 
 for Derbyfliire, 1792) bear for a creft, a ftar iffuant from a 
 crefcent. 
 
 ■ Michael Minfliul, of Minfliul, in Chefliire, had given him 
 the crefcent and liar for his arms, and his family have ever lince 
 borne them; and for a creft, two lion's paws holding a half 
 moon. — In a patent granted July 4th, 1642, by the Earl Marflial 
 to Sir Richard Mihfhul, of Buckinghamfliire, a defcendant of 
 the Chefliire family, he is allowed to change his coat for dif- 
 tindion, to a Sultan kneeling and holding a crefcent. 
 
 St. John,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 87 
 
 St. Jolin, of Bolingbrokc, took liis two flars from the fame 
 crufade; his arms arc argent two ftars or. on a cliief gules. 
 
 " Kynge Richarde with gud entente, 
 
 " Toe yat citie of Jafes wente ; 
 " On morne he fent aftur Sir Robart Sakeville, 
 
 " Sir William Waterville, 
 " Sir Hubart and Sir Robart of Turnham, 
 " Sir Bertram Brandes and John de St. John." 
 
 Rolert of Gloucefer. 
 
 The Sackvilles now bear as a creft, a ftar radiant. 
 
 Leopold, Duke of Auftria, fought fo long in aflliulting 
 Ptolemais when Richard was there, that his armour was covered 
 with blood, except where his belt went round him; feeing this, 
 he was determined to lay afide the fix golden larks which he had 
 with his family hitherto borne, and had afligned him by the 
 Emperor in lieu thereof, on a field gules a fefle argent, which 
 himfelf and his defcendants have fince retained. 
 
 Richard had been fo eager to raife money when he went to 
 the Crufade, that on fbme one remonft rating what a large ex- 
 pence he had been at, Richard replied, " I would fell London 
 " itfelf could I find a purchafer." 
 
 In 
 
 t>C 
 
 -r
 
 88 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 111 1196 another Crufade was preached, and the Emperor 
 Henry VL being folicited by the Pope, convoked a diet at 
 Worms, where he declared his refolution of employing his 
 whole power, and going in perfon to Syria. Such was the effed: 
 of his eloquence, that almoft all the aflembly took the crofs, and 
 fo many people from different kingdoms enlifted in his army, 
 that Henry divided them into three large companies : one, under 
 the command of the Bifhop of Mentz, went by way of Hun- 
 gary, \\ here it was joined by Margaret, Queen of that country, 
 who ended her days in Paleftine. The fecond went with the 
 fhips of Holftein Lubec, Hamburg, and Friezland ; — and the 
 third, the Emperor attended in perfon to Italy, where he ftaid 
 to quell a mutiny ; which having done, he fent them away to 
 Paleftine. 
 
 In 1 21 5, Frederick II. Emperor of Germany, made a vow 
 at his coronation, that he would go to the Holy Land : he 
 therefore publifhed a Crufade ; a multitude of adventurers under- 
 took it, amongft whom was the King of Hungary, who joined 
 "the King of Cyprus, and landed at Ptolemais, where he was 
 gladly received by the King of Jerufalem. They marched 
 againft the Saracens with the wood of the true crofs before them, 
 which Richard of England had obliged Saladin to reftore, he 
 having taken it from Jerufalem. They could not however make 
 the Saracens give them battle. — The Crufaders were obliged to 
 feparate into four bodies, to feek for fubfiflence. The King of 
 
 Cyprus
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 89 
 
 Cyprus died there ; but the King of Hungary returned home. 
 By the ill fuccefs of a party of the Chriflians, Damietta was loft. 
 The Pope was enraged at it, and reproached the Emperor for not 
 having gone in perfon to Paleftine j this irritated the Emperor, 
 who withdrew his allegiance from the Apoftolic See : but at 
 length the Pope and Emperor were reconciled again, and they 
 held together an aflembly at Ferentino, where the King of Jeru- 
 falem was prefent to folicit fuccour. His name was John de 
 Brienne, a younger fon of a family of that name in Champagne; 
 •he intreated the Emperor, to whom alone he could then look for 
 affiftance, to ferve him ; John wiflied to make it as much for 
 the intereft of the Emperor, as for himfelf, to combat the Infidels ; 
 he therefore offered him in marriage his only daughter Yolanda, 
 and afligned to her the kingdom of Jerufalem as a dower, on con- 
 dition that the Emperor fliould, within two years, go thither to 
 fecure it. Frederick married the titular Queen of Jerufalem, and 
 took the title ; fince which time the Kings of Sicily have always 
 taken the name of King of Jerufalem ; but he was in no hurry to 
 go, though he had married her on thofe terms. Frederick delayed 
 the performance of his vow {o long, that the fucceeding Pope 
 became offended, and threatened him with excommunication. 
 Frederick returned the threats of Gregory IX. by ravaging his 
 territories; the Pope enraged, excommunicated him according 
 to his preceding menaces, and declared him incapable of fuf- 
 taining the imperial dignity. Frederick tired at length with the 
 fucceffive troubles which befieged him from this fentence of apof- 
 
 N tolic
 
 90 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 tolic cenf'ure, determined to perform the vow he fo long had 
 neglected, and embarked for the Holy Land. Pope Gregory for- 
 bade his departure, and declared him improper to protedt theChrif- 
 tians, on account of the anathema which he was under. The 
 Emperor, however, refolved to go in contempt of the Apoftolic 
 See, and proved fucceisful, lo much lo, as to force the Sultan 
 Meledin, to refign to him Jerufalem and its territory as far as 
 Joppa, Bethlem, Nazareth, and all the country between Jeru- 
 falem and Ptolemais ; Tyre, Sidon, and the neighbouring terri- 
 tories; in return for which he granted him a truce for ten years, 
 and returned home. — John de Brienne died in 1237. 
 
 In 1270, Prince Edward, fon to Henry III. King of Eng- 
 land, went to the Holy Land; where he fo greatly fignalized 
 his valour, and gave fuch alarm to the Saracens, that they were 
 determined to affaiTmate him. They accordingly hired a man for 
 that purpofe, but he only ftruck the Prince in the arm, and loft 
 his life in the attempt. Edward might have done more fervice to 
 the Chriftians.but his father declining in health, and being involved 
 in various difficulties, required his prefence in England : the Prince 
 therefore returned, and found the throne vacant by his Father's 
 deceafe. This Prince, towards the decline of his life, vowed, 
 fliould he ever recover, to undertake another expedition to the 
 Holy Land; but finding himfelf unable to go, he dedicated 
 thirty-two thoufand pounds to the maintenance of fome knights 
 to carry his heart into Palefline. — Dr. Percy, in his colledtion of 
 
 Antient
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 91 
 
 Antient Poetry, gives us the following elegy on the death of 
 that King, in which the above circumftance is hinted at.— 
 
 Alle that bcoth of huerte tiewe, 
 Aftoundc herkiietli to my fong; 
 
 Of duel that deth has digt us newe, 
 That makeih me fyke, and forrowe among; 
 
 Of a Knyht that wes fo ftrong, 
 Of wham God hath don ys wille ; 
 
 Me-thunckeih that deth hath don us wrong, 
 That he fo fone (halle ligge ftille. 
 
 Al Englond ahte for te knowe 
 Of wham that fong is, that y fynge ; 
 
 Of Edward kyng, that lith fo lowe, 
 Zent al this world is nome con fpringc. 
 
 Trewefl mon of alle thinge, 
 Ant in wcrrc war ant wys; 
 
 For him we ahte oure honden wrynge, 
 Of Chriftendome he ber the prys 
 
 By fore that our kynge wes ded 
 He fpek afe mon that wes in care ; 
 
 " Clerkes, knyhtes, barons, he fayde, 
 " Y charge ou by oure fware, 
 
 " That ye to Engelonde be trewc, 
 " Y deze, y nc may lyven na more; 
 
 " Helpeth mi fone, ant crouncth him newc, 
 *' For he is nefl to buen y-cor, 
 
 *' Ich biqueth myn hertc aryht, 
 *' That hit be write at mi devys, 
 
 N 2 « Over
 
 ^Z ANECDOTES OF 
 
 " Over the fee that hue be diht, 
 " With fourfcorc knytesal of prys, 
 
 " In werre that buen war ant wys,. 
 " Azein the hethenc for te fyhte ; 
 
 " To Wynne the Croiz that lowe lys 
 " My felf ycholde zet thaty myhte. 
 
 Kyng of Frauncc, thou hcvedefl fmne. 
 That thou the counfail woldefl fonde ; 
 
 To latte the wille of Edward kyng. 
 To wende to the holy londe. 
 
 That cure kyng hede take on honde 
 All Engelonde to zeme ant wyfTe ; 
 
 To wenden in to the holy londe. 
 To wynnen us haveriche bliffe. 
 
 The irieflager to the Pope com 
 And feyde that oure kyng wes ded;- 
 
 Ys oune hond theleitie he nom, 
 Ywis his herte wes ful gret : 
 
 The Pope him felf the lettre redde. 
 Ant fpec a word of gret honour; 
 
 " Alas I he feid, is Edward ded ? 
 " Of Chriftendome he ber the flour," 
 
 The Pope to his chaumbre wende, 
 , For dol ne mihte he fpeke na more ^ 
 
 Ant after Cardinals he fende. 
 That muche couthen of Chrifles lore, 
 
 Bothe the lafTe, and eke the more 
 Bed hem bothe rede ant fynge ; 
 
 Gret deol me myhte fe thore,. 
 Mony mon his honde wrj'nge. 
 
 The
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 93 
 
 The Pope of Pey ters ftod at is maffe 
 With ful gret folempnete ; 
 
 Ther me con the foule bleffe, 
 "' King Edward honoured thou be : 
 
 " God love thi fone come after the, 
 *' Bringe to ende that thou hafte bygonne; 
 
 " The holy crois y-mad of tre, 
 " So fain thou wouldeft hit hav y-vvonne. 
 
 " Jerufalem, thou hafl i-lore 
 " The flour of alchivalrle; 
 
 " Now kyng Edward liveth na more, 
 ♦* Alas ! that he get ftiulde deye I 
 
 " He wold ha rercd up ful heyze, 
 " Oure banners, that bueth broght to groundc; 
 
 " Wei! longc we mowe clepeand crie 
 " Er wea fuch kynghany-fonde." 
 
 Nowe IS Edward of Carnarvon,, 
 Kyng of Engeland alaplyht 
 
 God lete him ner be worfe man. 
 The is fader, ne laffe of myhte. 
 
 To holden, is pore men to ryhte. 
 Ant underltonde good counfail ; 
 
 Al Engelong for to wyfe ant dylit,. 
 Of gode knyts darh him not fail. 
 
 Thah mi tonge were mad of fiel,. 
 Ant min herte yzote of brafs ; 
 
 The godnefs myht y never telle. 
 That with king Edward was; 
 
 Kyng
 
 vc 
 
 ^ 
 
 94 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Kyjig, as thou art cleped conquerour, 
 In uch bataille thou hadeft prys ; 
 
 God bringe thl foule to the honor, 
 That ever was, ant ever ys. 
 
 It was very much the cuftom for kings to wiHi to have their 
 hearts interred in Paleftine. Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, 
 left orders in his will to have his heart depofited in the Holy 
 Land. One of the Douglas family carried it thither, whence 
 came the bearing of a man's heart enfigned with an imperial 
 crown all proper, which is now feen in the arms of that houfe. 
 
 The Lockharts are an ancient and knightly family in Scotland, 
 where they have much diftinguiflied themfelves by their attach- 
 ment to their country and fovereigns. They are fuppofed to 
 have had originally the name of hocard ; but Sir Simeon, or 
 Simon, Locard, having been deputed with the Earl of Douglas, 
 to carry over the heart of King Robert Bruce to the Holy Land, 
 did, to perpetuate the memory of fo honourable an employment, 
 change the fpelling of his name to Lockhart, to intimate that he 
 was intrufted with one of the keys of the padlock, that was fixed 
 to the box, which contained the heart of that brave King ; at 
 the fame time he made the addition of a human heart within the 
 bow of a padlock to his armorial bearings, with the motto, 
 •' Corda fcrata fcro." To enable him to defray the expences of 
 his journey, he borrowed a fum of Sir William de Lindfey, 
 
 prior
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 95 
 
 Prior of Ayre. Tlic family liave a ftonc which they call the 
 Lee-Penny, and fay. Sir Simon had it from the wife of a Sara- 
 cen chieftain or Prince, in ranfom for her hufband ; its fuppofed 
 virtues are curing all diforders of cattle, and the bite of mad 
 dogs, both in man and beafl ; it lias been in great repute in 
 Scotland, and it is faid, that people have come out of England 
 for the water the fione had been in, and that it has been borrowed 
 upon a bond, a large fum of money being the forfeiture if the 
 Itone was not returned ; and that the fiimily have been put in 
 the Ecclefiaftical Court, for fuppofed witchcraft refpedling it: 
 in fail, the hillory of its efficacy would fill many pages, but, as-, 
 moll: probable it would find little credit on this fide the Tweed, 
 I Ihall omit faymg any thing further of it.* 
 
 In 1244, S'^' Lewis, King of France, falling fick, vowed, 
 fhould he ev^er recover, he would undertake another crufade. 
 On the reltoration of his health, he began to make preparations, 
 which with fettling fome affairs of government, employed four 
 years. When he was ready, he left the care of France to his 
 mother, and let fail for Cyprus, attended by his queen, his 
 three brothers, and mofl: of the French knights, with whom he 
 made a defcent upon Egypt. His troops, which were tranfported 
 in eighteen hundred fliips, landed near Damietta, which was in a 
 Ihort time given up to them. Soon after receiving frelh. fuccours ^ !) 
 
 from France, he found himfelf in the plains of Egypt, at the 
 
 head 
 
 * Noble's Memolis of the Houfe of Cromwell. 
 
 I
 
 C)6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 head of fixty thoufand men, who were the bcft foldiers in his 
 kingdom ; great part of thefe were foon after confumed by the 
 bad effecSls of riotous hving, and nearly all the remainder were 
 defeated by the Sultan at Maflbura, where Robert of Artois, 
 the brother of Lewis, was killed by the fide of the king, who 
 w^as taken prifoner, with his two brothers the Counts of Anjou 
 and Poitiers, and all his nobility. 
 
 The Queen was left at Damietta, which the French ftill pof- 
 feffed. This place ftill held out and obliged the Sultan to make 
 a treaty, by which that city was furrendered to him. In confider- 
 ation of the King's freedom, and a thoufand pieces of gold for 
 the ranfom of the other prifoners ; from thence Lewis went into 
 Paleftine, where he refted four years without any particular 
 fuccefs. During his abfence a Crufade was preached in France 
 for the relief of the King. The Monk, who by the orders of the 
 Queen Mother, was the firft to promote it, colleded a hundred 
 thoufand of the lower clafs of people, whom he called Shep- 
 herds, but they pillaged every place through wliich they palTed, 
 and committed fuch enormities, that they were obliged to be 
 difperfed by force of arms, to which they fell an eafy prey^ 
 The lamb was the enfign of thefe Shepherd-Crufaders. 
 
 The Queen Mother dying, Lewus returned to France, -where 
 he made preparations for a frefh expedition. On his return, 
 he abrogated the cuftom of duelling, and inftituted juridical 
 
 trid
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 97 
 
 trial inftead. Very contrary was this to the condud of 
 Richard I. of England ; who, on his return from Paleftine, rc- 
 ftored duels throughout the kingdom; he not only made them 
 trials for offences, but even enjoined his common men to engage 
 in them in order to try their valour, and prove and augment 
 their fkill. Richard adored chivalry, and no knight fcarcely 
 ever exceeded him in military prowefs, 
 
 Lewis at length fet out once more for Judea ; but hoping to 
 convert the King of Tunis to Chriflianity, he landed on the coaft 
 of Africa. The King of Tunis refufed to embrace the religion 
 of Lewis. Nothing could prove more' unfortunate to St. Lewis / 
 than this expedition, for he was feized with an epidemical dif- 
 order, which had carried off numbers of his army ; — he faw 
 one of his fons die, and another at the point of death, with this 
 diforder, which, at laft, killed the King ; but his fon Philip 
 the Hardy, recovered, and protected the remains of the French 
 army againft the Infidels. This was the father of that avaricious 
 monfter who deftroyed the Templars for the fiike of their riches. 
 The bowels of St. Lewis were buried beneath the high altar of 
 the church of Monreale. He was canonized after his death 
 by Boniface VIIL and the 25th of Augufl, the day on which 
 he firft went on board to fet fail for Paleftine, is confecrated to 
 "his memory. From a motive of acknowledgment and refpedl, 
 the Prince of Antioch, only fixteen years old, quartered his 
 arms with thofe of St. Lewis, who had made him a Knight. 
 
 O Many
 
 ^8 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Many inferior Crufades had been undertaken by various princes 
 and nobles of Europe, both before and after this, but none of 
 any confequence in Palcilinc. Amongft other coats arifing 
 from the Cruflides, are the following: — 
 
 [/ In the reign of Baldwin II. King of Jcrufulem, Harding of 
 
 England, fon to the King of Denmark, landed at Joppa, on 
 the 3d of July, with a flout band of foldiers, and relieved the 
 Chriftians befieged therein. He then bore the arms of his father, 
 which were gules, three Danifh axes or; but the Berkleys who 
 are defcended from him, changed this coat for gules, a chevron 
 ermine between ten croffes pattee, fix and four, in memory of 
 the atchievement of their anceftor. The Berkleys of Spetchley, 
 in Worcefterfhire, a catholic family, fliow this in their bearing. 
 
 One of the Berkley family fhewed great afPiduity in caufing 
 
 the truths of the Chriftian religion to be made known. — In 1 397, 
 
 23d of Richard II. died John de Trevifa, a gentleman of an 
 
 antient family (bearing gules a garbe, or) born at Crocadon, in 
 
 Cornwall j a fecular prieft and vicar of Berkley. He tranflated 
 
 the Policronicon, the 29th of Edward III. written by Ranulphus 
 
 of Chefter ; and the old and new Teflament, which he was 
 
 commanded to do by his patron Lord Berkley, who had the 
 
 Apocalypfe in Latin and French, written on the walls and roof 
 
 of his chapel at Berkley; which was quite perfed: in 1622. 
 
 He added to the Policronicon fifty of his own hiflorical obfer- 
 
 vations. 
 
 Queen's
 
 l^ 
 
 v^ 
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. g^ 
 
 Queen's College, in Cambridge, bears for one quarter, the 
 crofs of Jerufalem j as being founded by Queen Margaret, wife 
 to King Henry VI. and daughter of Rene, Earl of Angiers, and 
 titular King of Sicily and Jerufilem. 
 
 The taking of Jerufalem gave rife to the prefent arms of the 
 dutchy of Loraine. Before the conqueft of Jerufalem, the Duke 
 bore a hart gules ; but afterwards, three alerions upon a bend, 
 which has remained ever fince. This was occafioned by his 
 (hooting three of thofe birds from off the Tower .of Jenifalem. 
 Some fay, however, that alerions were borne by him becaufc 
 the word A, L, E, R, I, O, N, was L, O, R, A, I, N, E, anagra- 
 matized. 
 
 Many families changed their old coats of arms for new ones, ~\/^- 
 
 on engaging in the Crufades. The family of Villiers, when 
 they firfl came to England, bore fable, three cinquefoils argent. 
 Sir Nicholas de Villiers attended Edward I. to the Holy Land, 
 and there changed the above for five efcallop Ihclls or, on a crofs 
 of St. George. He was anceftor of Villiers Duke of Bucking- 
 ham, and was lineally defcended from the family of Villiers 
 in Normandy. 
 
 One of the family of the Fitzgeralds having been to the Z' 
 
 Holy Land, caufed his family to change their old bearings ; for 
 a faltire argent on a field gules, between twelve crofs crofslets or. 
 ' ■ Oa This
 
 lOO ANECDOTES OF 
 
 This was the family of the prefent Hickman, Lord Windfor, 
 who changed his name from Fitzgerald to Windfor, the place 
 of his office and command. 
 
 Some people afiign the origin of fufils being borne in arms to 
 the Crufades, and that they were given to their bearers as a mark 
 of infamy for cowardice. To imagine this true in fome cafes, 
 though Mr. Porney thinks it wrong, cannot furely be very un- 
 reafonable : I pretend not to co?itradi& any one ; — far be it from 
 me ; — I only offer my reafons why I think fo ; — I write only to 
 amufe, (to inform I fcarce dare to hope) therefore will not at- 
 tempt to be pofitive ; the foundation of my opinion of fufils 
 being occafionally diflionourable, arifes from the following cir- 
 cumftance ; at leafl I can find no better : — 
 
 At the meeting held at Vezelai, by Lewis le jeune, to raife a 
 Crufade againft Noureddin ; the Queen, as I have lately men- 
 tioned, was determined to attend her hufband to the Holy Land, 
 notwithftanding the fad fate of the Princefs of Auftria, who was 
 taken prifoner by the Turks ; or of her grandfather, who had 
 fuffered in a former Crufade. Many ladies of the Court were 
 induced by her example, to take part in the enterprife, though 
 fo entirely unfuitable to them. Mezerai, declares they mounted 
 on horfeback, armed and accoutred like amazons, and formed 
 themfelves into fquadrons, which went under the name of Queen 
 Eleanor's guard. They fent fpindles and diflaffs (the French 
 
 of
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 101 
 
 of which is fufe., from whence fufil,) to all the young men of 
 their acquaintance and neighbourhood, who had not yet enrolled 
 themfelves amongfl the crufaders : this amazonian behaviour ' 
 had fuch an effed: on the young men, that many through fliame, 
 were, againft their inclination, driven to the war. 
 
 I think, however, there were other rcafons for the bearing 
 of fufils and lozenges, than that of cowardice. Perhaps they 
 were given as the fymbols of induftry and application. 
 
 Is it probable they were given as the proper fligma of cow- 
 ardice to the famous Hubert de Burgh, Lord Chief Jufticiary, 
 and Earl of Kent, in 1227, who bore gules feven lozenges 
 vaire, three, three, and one ? 
 
 The Montacutes, now Montagues, bore argent three fufils 
 conjoined in fefs gules ; — had thefe been given as the marks of 
 cowardice, it is probable the Heralds would not have fixed upon 
 thoie colours which exprefled boldnefs and courage, as argent and 
 gules do in the allegorical fenfe of Heraldry.* 
 
 A family of the name of Johnfon, bears the fufils, and has 
 done fo for fome time. — The arms belonging to it are to be feen 
 in the fouth window of the chancel of the church of Cubington, 
 
 in 
 
 * The Montacutes, now Montagues, take their name from a pointed rock 
 in Somerfetftiire.— .Won/o acuta. 
 
 V
 
 102 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 in Warwickfliire,* painted azure five lozenges in fefs, between 
 three lions* heads erazed gules. The following lines are placed 
 under them: 
 
 Who lyeft here-— wouldft thou wonder ? 
 ^ Loe ! my name is written under. 
 
 What 1 was wouldfl thou know? 
 Flefti is frail and I was foe. 
 Who almighty is yet may 
 Remove to Heaven this lump of clay. 
 
 Edmund Johnfon, Obiit, Feb. 3, 1623- 
 
 No traces of cowardice are there in thefe arms ; on the con- ' 
 trary, the lions' heads are by fiir too noble a bearing to admit 
 of cowardice being fufpecfted ; belides, azure when compounded 
 with gules, is expreffive of readinefs for action. 
 
 1^/" Henry Lord Dawbeny, created Earl of Bridgwater, the 
 
 30th of Henry VIII. bore gules four lozenges in fefs argent. 
 In this coat they are expreffive of envy or emulation, which 
 never yet could ilaake hands with cowardice. 
 
 Amongft other arms wdiich arofe from the Crufades, were 
 
 thofe of Baldwin, of Cologne, who, before the event of the 
 
 Holy War, bore paly of fix, argent and gules ; but on being 
 
 made ftandard bearer to the crufaders, he took a gonfannon of 
 
 three penons gules fringed or ; which was the enfign of the 
 
 Church. 
 
 The 
 
 * Gentleman's Magazine.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY, 1 03 
 
 The arms of Cologne itfclf arofe from a curious circumflance ; 
 for as it can fliew three monuments of three of the Kings or 
 Princes who offered to Chrift, it bears ar":ent on a chief jrules, 
 three crowns or. 
 
 Raymond Count of Thouloufe, on his being made Prince of r 
 
 Antioch, left his former bearing of gules a ram argent, armed 
 or ; and afliimed a crofs clechee and pomettee or. This Ray- 
 mond was one of Taflb's fiivorite heroes; he fpeaks very highly 
 of him in various places. — 
 
 " Now all the horfe were fpent in order led ; 
 
 " Next came the foot, and Raymond at their head, 
 
 " Thouloufe he governs, and collefts his train 
 
 " Between the Pyieneans, and the main. 
 
 " Four thoufand arm'd in proof, well us'd to bear 
 
 " Th' inclement fcafon, and the toils of war ; 
 
 " A bandapprov'd in every battle try'd, 
 
 " Nor could the band, an abler leader guide." 
 
 Again, when fpeaking of Godfrey,, he fays, — 
 
 " Raymond alone with hini the praife can fhare . 
 *' Of wifdom, in the cool debates of war." 
 
 Of his temper and difpofition he thus fpeaks :■ — • 
 
 " Raymond, a lover of the laws fevere 
 
 " Of antient times, exults his fpeech to hear, 
 
 " While
 
 104 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 " While thus (he oies) a ruler holds the fway, 
 
 " With rev'rence due the fubjedls will obey. 
 
 " In government'ivhat difcipline is found, 
 
 " Where pardons more than punifhments abound ; 
 
 *' Ev'n clemency deftruftive muft appear, 
 
 " And kingdoms fall unlefs maintain'd by fear. 
 
 " Raymond is he; in every conduct fage, 
 " Mature in wifdom, and experienc'd age. 
 " None better warlike ftratagems can frame 
 " Of all the Gallic or the Latian name." 
 
 Laflly:— 
 
 *' Sage Raymond then afcends the lofty tower, 
 " The mighty ftandard in his hand he bore; 
 " Then full in view to either hoft difplay'd, 
 " The crofs triumphant to the winds he fpread." 
 
 '^•^^^ The arms of the dutchy of Milan are faid to be taken from 
 the Crufades. — They are, argent, a ferpent vairy in pale azure, 
 crowned or, vbrant an infant iffuing gules. Otho, firft Vifcount 
 of Milan, going to the Holy Land with Godfrey of Bouillon, 
 defeated, and flew in a fingle combat, the great ^iant Volux, 
 a man of an extraordinary ftature and ftrength, who had 
 challenged the braveft of the Chriftian army. The Vifcount 
 having killed him, took away his armour and helmet, the 
 creft whereof was a ferpent fwallowing an infant. 
 
 Wearied
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. IO5 
 
 Wearied out with the troubles and continual bad fuccefs of 
 the Crufades in Paleftine, the European Princes fufFercd their 
 zeal to cool, and were no longer anxious to make Afia the 
 theatre of their exploits. The quantity of European blood which 
 had been fhed, was fufficient to extinguifh the flame of fuper- 
 ftition and adventure, which had burnt fo rapidily and fo long ; 
 at leaft it was enough to damp and reftrain its fury. 
 
 The Chriftians found it much fafer to encounter the arms of 
 the Infidels in Hungary and the other dominions of the Eaflern 
 Emperors. Since the knights of St. John had been driven from 
 Jerufalem, the Crufaders found it impoflible to adl there any 
 longer ; their paft fucceffes had originated more from the con- 
 dud: and courage of the Templars and Hofpitallers, than from 
 themfelves. 
 
 M 
 
 From thefe European wars alfo arofe many of the coats of our 
 Englifh nobility and gentry. 
 
 ..T V, 
 
 The paternal arms of Grenville, Lord Lanfdown, upon the i/"^ 
 
 breafl of the Roman eagle, were borne in that manner on account 
 of one of thefe Hungarian enterprizes. Charles Grenville, 
 fecond Baron of Lanfdown, and thirty-firfl of Grenville, ferv- 
 ing during his father's life time in Hungary againft the Turks, 
 was created Count of the Holy Roman Empire, and permitted 
 to wear his arms on the Imperial eagle. 
 
 P A Sir
 
 I06 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 **'\/^ A Sir Thomas Arundel greatly fignalized himfelf by his valour 
 in thefe wars, and took the banner of the Ottomans at Gran ; for 
 this he was created Count of the Holy Roman Empire, by 
 Rodolph II. 159a. This title was not limited to himfelf or 
 his male defcendants, but given to his family and their de- 
 fcendants (with all the privileges of the title) for ever, whether 
 they were male or female. On his return to England, a 
 difpute arofe amongfl: the peers of this realm, whether fuch a 
 dignity given by a foreign prince, fhould be allowed here, as to 
 place and precedence, or any other privilege; it was voted in 
 the negative; upon which King James I. in the third year of 
 his reign in England, wilhing to countenance the fignal merit of 
 Sir Thomas Arundel, created him Baron of Wardour. He bears 
 diamond fix fwallows, three, two, and one, pearl, from 
 Lirondelk, a fvvallow. 
 
 In vain did the Chriftian princes attempt to fuccour the empe- 
 rors of the Eaft. Though a few heroes* performed great and 
 extraordinary feats of valour, a few could not conquer the Ot- 
 toman forces, who, with irreliftible fury, poured into the ter- 
 ritories of Conftantinople, and wrefted it from the Chriftian 
 powers; and the Grecian Emperor Conftantine, in 1453, J- ^• 
 and of the Hegira, 857.-!- During the winter of 1459, ^^^^ 
 
 Sultan 
 
 * The anecdotes Ihave juft mentioned of Lanfdown and Arundel, belong to a 
 much later period than the conquefl of Conflantinople. 
 
 + The following account is taken from A. Hawkins's Tranflation of the Abbot 
 Mignot's Hiftory of the Ottoman Empire, and from the tranflator's notes.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. IO7 
 
 Sultan prepared a confiderable armament, with which he in- 
 tended to make new conquefls in Afia, as he had in Europe. 
 David Comnene, or Comnenus, was become Emperor of 
 Trebizond, having taken both crown and Hfe from its lawful 
 mafter, of whom he was the uncle, the guardian, and the fub- 
 ^jedl. The city of Trebizond, fituated at the eaftern extremity 
 of the Black Sea, and remarkable for a fine port and extenfive 
 commerce, had ferved as a retreat to the Comnenes, in 1204, 
 when thofe princes were driven from Conftantinople. They had 
 faved from the wreck of their empire, Cappadocia, Paphlago- 
 nia, and fome neighbouring territories ; and they gave this 
 petty ftate the vain title of, Empire of Trebizond, which their 
 family preferved for more than two hundred and fifty years, 
 though diminiflied by the conquefts of the Perfian princes. At 
 length the arms of Mahomet II. deflroyed alfo this remnant of 
 Grecian greatnefs. In 1782, and perhaps now, a defcendant of 
 this illuftrious family is flill living; and there is not a houfe in 
 Europe which can boaft an origin more elevated: — this is, 
 Demetrius Comnene, a captain of cavalry in the fervice of France. 
 He whofe ancefliors wore the purple, fat on the throne of the 
 Caefars, commanded the Eaft, and marched, furrounded by a 
 numerous guard, confoles himfelf for the lofs of a fceptre by 
 this motto, which we read around two eagles that form his 
 arms : Jama manct, fortuna ■periit. Of all this greatnefs, nothing 
 is left him but the name and honour of his family. Reduced to 
 
 the ftate of a private gentleman, he has chofen a new country 
 
 
 P a and
 
 I08 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 and devotes himfelf to its fervice. It is fingular to fee at the head 
 of a troop, formed of a fmall number of foldiers, one of the 
 family of Vefpafian, and the defcendant of a houfe which counts 
 eighteen Emperors; viz. fix of Conftantinople, ten of Trebi- 
 zond, and two of Heracleus-Pontus j eighteen Kings of Colchis, 
 and eight of the nation of Lazi. 
 
 In all the Ottoman army, the Chriftians found no enemy {o 
 hard to overcome as the Janiffiiries, whofe origin was this : — 
 
 Amurath I. commanded that, of all the prifoners that were 
 "7~^ \^ made, the fifth part fhould be his : that, thefe having embraced 
 Iflamifm, fliould be formed into a body of troops. As Amurath 
 wifhed to give this corps of infantry the renown of great valour, 
 he refolved to confecrate it by religion. After having feledled a 
 confiderable number, he fixed upon ten thoufand of them, which 
 he meant to be the ftandard number, but which has fince been 
 auo-mented, and fent them to a famous Dervis, called Sheykh 
 Hagi Bektafli,. who was celebrated for his piety and holy life, 
 and defired he would give them a banner and a name, and pray 
 for their fuccefs. The Dervis affuming a folemn tone and man- 
 ner, faid, " Be their name Yengicheri, (or JanilTaries, which 
 fignifies, new foldiers,) may their faces be always bright, their 
 hands vidlorious, and their fwords keen; may their fpears 
 hang over the heads of their enemies, and wherever they go, 
 may they return with white faces; /'. e. good fortune." — He 
 
 then
 
 V 
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 1 09 
 
 then took the (leevc of his garment and placed it on the head of 
 the foremofl Janiffary ; bidding them take that for a banner. Since 
 that time their cap has retained the form of a fleeve j and the 
 device on their banner, has been a maunch. Thou2:h their 
 number was only ten, it foon was augmented to forty, thoufand, 
 and has been increafing fince. They take place of all others 
 of the Turkifh foldiery. Their chief, or general, is denominated 
 an Aga. 
 
 Amongft others who bore arms from the Crufades, the illuf- i\^ 
 
 trious and antient houfe of Percy can, I imagine, in fome of 
 its quarters iTiew an example. The firft of the name and family 
 in England, died near Jerufalem in the firfl Cruiiide. 
 
 In Lower, Normandy, are three places, all bearing the name 
 of Percy ; the family of the Duke of Northumberland took their 
 name from thence; one of this houfe came over into England 
 with the Duke of Normandy, in 1066; this was William de 
 Percy, the fifth in defcent from Galfrcd, or Gelfrey de Percy, 
 the fon of Mainfred ; as he afhfted in the conquefl of England, 
 the Conqueror beflowed on him the large pofTefTions, in York- — — 
 (hire, of Emma de Porte, whofe father was a great Saxon Lord, 
 who had been flain at the battle of Haftings, fighting under 
 Harold, The generous heart of William de Percy could not 
 bear to deprive the unfortunate Emma of her paternal inherit- 
 ance, he was therefore determined that flie fhould at leafl fhare 
 
 it
 
 110 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 it with him, and that her heirs fhould have the fame chance they 
 ever would have had, of her fortune; he therefore fought her 
 hand in marriage, and obtained it. 
 
 " The Conqueror," fays Lord Lyttelton, *' at firft encouraged 
 inter-marriages between the Normans and the Enghfli, and 
 feemed to wifli to make them one people. Though he did this 
 at firft from a fliew of Juftice, yet he confifcated the eftates of 
 all the Englifh who had fought at the battle of Haftings, and 
 gave them to the Normans, and other foreigners in his fervice; 
 for he had made a promife to all the chiefs in his army, that he 
 would, if victorious, reward their fervices in this war, with 
 lands and honours in England." This William de Percy it was 
 that died at Montjoy, near Jerufalem, during the firft Crufade j 
 he left a daughter, Agnes de Percy, who was the fole heirefs of 
 his houfe j fhe married Jofceline de Louvaine, fon of Jeoffry de 
 Barbatus, Duke of Brabant, and brother to Queen Adeliza, wife 
 of Henry I. 
 
 St^ On the marriage of Jofceline with Agnes, he took by exprefs 
 
 ftipulation, the name of Percy, that he might preferve the name 
 of the houfe; and he quartered his arms, which were or, a lion 
 rampant azure, with hers, which were azure five fuflls in fefs 
 or. This fhield, with its quarters, feems to prove three points 
 which I have lately tried to fhew; — Firft, that arms were here- 
 ditary
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. Ill 
 
 ditary before the Crufades ; for Agnes bore thofc of her houfc, 
 and Jofceline tliofe of the dutchy of Brabant, which nwjl have 
 come to him from his father. — Secondly, that quarterings were 
 in ufe before the time of Henry II. — And thirdly, that fufils 
 were not always (though I think they were fometimes) given as 
 a mark of cowardice, becaufe the father of Agnes died in the 
 firft Crufade; they therefore could not have been given him on 
 that account, and to whom elfe could they ? 
 
 Jofceline having taken the name of Percy, became the ancellor 'li/'^ 
 
 of the Percys, Earls of Northumberland. The mother to the 
 firft Earl of Northumberland, was daughter to Henry, Earl of 
 Lancafter, whofe father, Edmund, was fecond fon of Henry III. 
 King of England ; he was alfo lineally defcended from Charle- 
 magne, and the ancient Kings of France, by Jofceline de Louvaine. 
 His fon. Lord Richard de Percy, was one of the twenty-fix 
 Barons chofen to fee the Magna Charta duly obferved. Sir Henry 
 Percy, alias Hotfpur, was flain at the battle of Shrewfbury, by 
 Henry Prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V. Shakefpeare, 
 in his play of Henry IV. makes the King thus fpeak his 
 eulogium: — ^ 
 
 -Thou makefl me fin 
 
 " In envy that my Lord Northumberland 
 " Should be the father of fo bleft a fon ; 
 " A fon who is the theme of honour's tongue; 
 •' Amongft a grove, the very ftraiteft plant, 
 
 " Who
 
 112 ANECDOTES OP 
 
 " Who isfweet fortune's minion, and her pride* 
 
 " Oh that It could be proved 
 
 *' That fome night-tripping Fairy had ^xchang'd 
 *' In cradle cloaths, our children where they lay, 
 " And called mine Percy, his Plantagenet ] 
 
 His fon, Henry Percy, and Elizaljetli, daughter of the Earl 
 of March, were exiled into Scotland, after the death of his father 
 and grandfire, in the time of Henry IV. but in the reign of 
 Henry V. Joan, Countefs of Wcftmorland, whofe daughter 
 Allanor he had married, obtained the King's grace for him, and 
 permiflion to return into England. He regained the county, 
 and was fecond Earl, of Northumberland. 
 
 The father of Hotfpur had married Maud, daughter of 
 Thomas Lucy ; heirefs and fifter of Anthony, Lord Lucy, 
 Baron of Cockermouth ; and widow of Gilbert Humphreville, 
 Earl of x^-ngus. Maud, thinking fhe fhould have no ifTue, 
 gave to Henry, her hulband, the caftle and honour of Cocker- 
 mouth, on condition that his ifliie fliould quarter the arms of 
 the Lucys, which were gules three pikes (in Latin lucii) hau- 
 riant argent ; and for this purpofe flie levied a fine in the court 
 of King Richard IL The creft of the Percys, is a lion flatant 
 argent. Sometimes they bore a crefcent, as feveral things prove; 
 amongft which, the following lines in the battle of Otterburn 
 fpeak of it :— 
 
 The
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. II3 
 
 j^ " The blodye harte in the Dowglaffe armes, 
 " Hys ftandard flood on high, 
 •' That eveiy man might full well knowe, 
 " By fyde ftode ftarres thre. 
 " The whyte lyon on the ynglifh parte, 
 " Forlbth as I you fayne ; 
 " The Lucetli and the creffawnts bothe, 
 " The Skotts faught them agayne," 
 
 Thefe lines alfo from " the rifing in the North Countrie" 
 fpeak of the fame ; — 
 
 " Earl Percie there his ancyent fprcd, 
 
 " The halfe moone fhining all Co faire ; 
 
 " And thou oh Earle of Northumberland, 
 
 " Now rayfe thy halfe moone upon hye, 
 
 •' But the dun buUe is fled and gone, 
 
 " And the half moon vaniftied awaye. 
 
 " The Earls, though they were brave and bolde, 
 
 " Againfl; foe many could not day." 
 
 From various circumftances I am fometimes led to imagine 
 that this crefcent came originally from the Lucys ; becaufe there 
 vi^as a family of the name of Lucy, which bore for arms, azure a 
 crefcent argent j — and here it is, that I think the Percys Ihew 
 marks of the Crufades; — for it is not improbable that, if 
 they did not take this from the Lucys, they had it from feme 
 ad;ion in the Crufades j — a crefcent being the device of Saladin; 
 
 Q^ but 
 
 N
 
 114 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 but for the origin of this crefcent, I will quote the words of 
 Dr. Percy, from his Reliques of Antient Poetry : — 
 
 •• In an ancient pedigree in verfe finely illuminated on a roll 
 of vellum, and written in the reign of Henry VII. (in pofTefTion 
 of the family) we have this fabulous account given of its origin. 
 The author begins by accounting for the name of Gernon, or 
 Algernon, often borne by the Percys, who he fays were 
 
 '• Gernons fyrfl named of Brutys bloude of Troy, 
 " Which valliantly fyghtynge in the lande of Perse,* 
 •' At pointe terrible ayance the mifcreants on nyght,, 
 *' An hevynly myftery was fchewyd hym, old 
 •' Bookes rehs^rfe* 
 
 " In hys fcheld did fchyne a mone verfying her tyght, 
 
 " Which to all cofte gave a perfytte fyghte, 
 
 " To \aynquys hys enmys, and to deth them perfue, 
 " And therefore the Persist the creffant dothc renew."^ 
 
 This is by far too fabulous to gain a moment's credit; it is 
 pity this poet (to make the arms of the Percys more antient,) 
 did not forget that the fon of the Duke of Brabant brought the 
 lion into the arms, and fay it was taken from Brutys too. — He 
 
 need 
 
 *Th;s word Perse, Dr. Percy tranflates " Perfia ; — ^and the word Perscs,+ as 
 Percics. — Notwiihftanding this tranflation, it has very much the appearance of 
 being meant for Perfians. The King of Perfia bears the rifing fun on the back of a 
 lion, and a crefcent.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. II5 
 
 need only have changed the pofition, which is but a trifle 
 to make a family more anticnt. He might have made it allied 
 to Spencer's famous Britomartis, who bore the arms of Brutus. 
 
 At lafl as through an open plaine they yode 
 
 They fpide a knighte that towards them pricked fayre ; 
 And him befide an aged fquire there rode 
 
 That feem'd to crouch under his fhield tre fquarc. 
 
 As if that age bid him that burden fpare, 
 And yield it thofe that could it ftouter wield. 
 
 He them cfpying gan himfelf prepare. 
 And on his arm addrefs his goodly ftiield 
 That bore a lion fqffa^ in a golden f eld. 
 
 Unfortunately the lion of Jofceline de Louvaine was a rampant 
 lion. — 
 
 But all this is little to the purpofe ; — the noble houfe of Percy 
 has no occafion (or fabulous accounts to add greatnefs or anti- 
 quity to its origin or name. In every account we meet with of 
 this family y without our liflening,— • 
 
 " Whilft dulnefs tells 
 
 " The lying legend of her murky cells; 
 
 " Or ftrangely mingles in her phrafe uncouth, 
 
 " Difgufting lies, with unimportant truth ; 
 
 " Or hifl'ry finks, by hypocrites depreft 
 
 " In the coarfe habit of the cloifler veft," -HaYLEV. 
 
 0^3 comprifes
 
 Il6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 is comprifed a feries of adlions too great artd illuftrious to need a 
 falfe pedigree; and their renown has always Ihone with a ray too 
 clear and refulgent to require the affiftance of borrowed fplendor. 
 Dr. Percy fays that, as the houfc of Northumberland had anti- 
 ently three minflrrels attending on them in their caftles in York- 
 fhire, fo they flill retain three in their fervice in Northumber- 
 land, who wear the badge of the family, a filver crefcent on the 
 right arm,** and are thus diftributed j viz. one for the barony of 
 Prudhoe, and two for the barony of Rothbury. Thefe attend 
 the court-leets, and fairs, held for their lord, and pay their 
 annvial fuit and ferviee at Alnwick Caftle. 
 
 ""^^ There is an example of very antient arms taken from a cir- 
 
 cumflance which happened long before the Crufades, in the 
 fliield of Sir Hugh Williams, of Nant, in Carnarvonfhire, who 
 bears orules, a chevron ermine between three Saxons' heads 
 proper, which was affumed by one of his anceftors on account 
 of his having made three Saxon princes prifoners in the wars 
 of the Welch and Saxons. 
 
 ^"Jy^ John Hacket, Bifliop of Lichfield and Coventry, in his life of 
 
 Bi{hop Williams, fpeaks in the following encomiallic but outre 
 manner of the Williams* family: — " Among the champions of 
 greateft note and valour, that did the beft feats of chivalry againfl: 
 the Saxons, was a gallant commander, the top of the houfe of 
 Williams, which is preferved in memory to this day. — De tree 
 
 pen
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I I y 
 
 pen Saix. Their pedigree grows up to the Princes of North 
 Wales, in Stephen's days, as it is dedudcd by authentic records 
 by Evan Lloyd, of Egloyvach, in Denbighfliire ; and Jacob 
 Chaloner, of London, Gent. The fame doth demonftrate, that 
 Williams of Cogwillanne, continued his arms without interrup- 
 tion or alteration from Edneuet Vychan, Lord Steward of 
 Wales, 1240, and of Henry IIL his reign, anno 25. When 
 one of his lineage was advanced to be Lord Keeper of the Great 
 Seal, he had engraven on a filver flandifh as I have feen : — ■ 
 
 " Qui fubliine fori potuit confcendere tignum 
 " Par fait hunc capitum robur habere trium." 
 
 The family of Sir Brian Tunflal, who was flain at the battle ^1/ 
 
 of Flodden Field in 151 3, bore arms before the Crufades. Their 
 arms are fable, three combs argent,*which arofe from the firft 
 of the name and family in England, being barber to William the 
 Conqueror. The fon of Sir Brian was Cuthbert, who was 
 twenty-eight years Bifhop of Durham, and who was amongft 
 the wifeft, befl, and moft learned men of the age. All the 
 defcendants of Sir Brian are Roman Catholics of great property, 
 feated at Wycliff, near the Tees. 
 
 I mentioned Keith to have taken arms before the Crufades; 
 the origin of which were, as follows : — - 
 
 One Robert, a chieftain among the Catti, with his followers, 
 having joined Malcolm IL King of Scotland, at the battle of 
 
 Panb ridge.
 
 Il8 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 ^^i4 -I Panbridge, in iOo6,* was very inftrumental in gaining a vidiory 
 over the Danes, where Camus their general was killed by the 
 hand of Robert, which Malcolm perceiving, dipped his finger 
 in Camus's blood, and drew ftrokes with it along the top of 
 Robert's fhield ; fmce which, the family of Keith have borne 
 the following armsj argent a chief paly of eight, argent and 
 gules. 
 
 Circumflances fimilar to this gave rife to two other coats. 
 Thofe of Hardde, a Welflaman, and of Catalonia, in Spain. — 
 
 Lewelyn ap Ynyr ap Howel ap Morriddig ap Sande Hardde, 
 by his valour in battle, obtained from his Prince Gryffid ap 
 Madoc, Lord of Dinas Bran, a bearing, which was paly of 
 eight, or and gules. While he was talking to his Prince, after 
 the battle in which he had lliown his courage, with his left hand 
 fmeared with blood, he accidentally drew it acrofs his fword, 
 and left on it the marks of his four fingers, which the Prince 
 obferving, ordered him to bear ever after on his fhield. 
 
 f/* The arms of Catalonia are, or, four pallets gules. The whole 
 
 of the following extradl, I hope, will not be difpleafing to 
 tliofe who have not read Swinburn's Travels into Spain.— 
 
 The 
 
 * Mr. Pennant dates the death of Camus in 994. — In another place mentions 
 the viiflory of Keith as being in 1010, and calls it the battle of Barry in Angus.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. IIQ 
 
 The accounts of the original inhabitants of Catalonia, and of 
 the foundation of Barcelona, are with the reft of the early hiftory 
 of Spain, involved in fuch a cloud of fables, that nothing fatif- 
 fadlory relative to thofe dark ages can be difcovered. The Maf- 
 filians appear to have carried on a great trade, and to have been 
 much connedled with thefe provinces. Hamilcar Barcas is faid 
 to have founded Barcino, now Barcelona; but the Carthaginians 
 did not long keep pofTeffion of it, for we find their boundaries 
 fixed at the Ebro, fo early as the end of the firft Punic war : after 
 the fall of the Carthaginian commonwealth, the Romans turned 
 their whole attention towards Tarraco, and negledted Barcino, 
 though they made it a colony by the name of Faventia. In the fifth 
 century, the Barbarians of the north of Europe, having pufhed 
 their conquefts as far as this Peninfula, divided it amongft the 
 different nations that compofed their vidlorious armies. Catalonia 
 fell to the lot of the Goths, under Ataulph, in 414. It remained 
 imder their dominion to the year "714, when it was forced to 
 fubmit to the yoke of the Saracens, who, under the command 
 of Abdallah Cis, made themfelves mafters of all the coaft as 
 far as the Pyrenees. Taragona being now no better than a heap 
 of ruins, Barcelona became imperceptibly the capitol of the 
 province. Lewis, the debonair fon of Charlemagne, took it 
 from the Moors in 800. From that period the emperors, kings of 
 France, governed Catalonia by appointing counts or vicegerents, 
 removcable at pleafure, till the government was rendered here- 
 ditary in the family of Wifred the Hairy. Whether this 
 
 happened
 
 130 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 happened by a conceilion of Charles the Bald, or by ufurpation, 
 remains a doubt among the learned. It continued in his pofte- 
 rity for many generations. This Prince having been grievoufly 
 wounded in a battle againfl: the Normans, received a vifit from 
 the Emperor, who dipping his finger in the blood that trickled 
 from the wound, drew four lines down the gilt Ihield of Wifred, 
 faying, " Earl be thcfe thy armorial enfigns:" — four pallets 
 e-ules on a field or, therefore remained from that time the arms 
 of Catalonia, and afterwards of Arragon. Their fon, Alphonfo, 
 fucceeded to that crown in 1162, when Raymond V. married 
 Petronilla, the only daughter and heirefs of Ramiro II. King of 
 Arragon. The male heirs of Arragon failing in Martin, the cortes 
 or ftates eledled Ferdinand of Caftile, whofe grandfon, Ferdi- 
 nand the Catholic, by his marriage with Ifabella, heirefs of Caf- 
 tile, and by the conqueft of Grenada, united all the Spanifh king- 
 doms into one formidable, compad: monarchy, which devolved 
 upon the houfe of Auftria, in the perfon of his grandfon Charles. 
 
 The expulfion of the Moors and the conqueft of Granada 
 by Ferdinand, was the reafon why Catherine of Arragon bore 
 three pomegranates on a fliield furmounted by a crown, which 
 was the badge of Granada. — She was the daughter of Ferdi- 
 nand. 
 
 From this conquefl of Granada arifes the arms of the Eng- 
 lifli family of the name of Guldeford. One of this houfe went 
 
 into
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 121 
 
 into Spain, in 1509, and engaged himfelfj under Ferdinand and 
 IHibclla, in their wars againft the Moors, and behaved himfelf 
 with fuch exemplary refolution, that on the redudlion of Gra- 
 nada, King Ferdinand not only knighted him, but added the 
 arms of that regained province to his paternal coat. 
 
 The arms of Granada are in reality, argent a pomegranate, the 
 flaell open, grained gules, ftalked and leaved proper. 
 
 I will here take the opportunity of mentioning two or three 
 Spanifli and Portuguefe bearings, before I return to the Crufa- 
 dial fubjed:s : — 
 
 Toledo bears its prefent armorial enfign on account of the 
 King of, Spain being crowned there, as the chief city of the 
 empire. 
 
 The kingdom of Portugal bears, argent five efcutcheons 
 azure, placed crofswife; each charged with as many bezants *^^5^ 
 of the firft, placed in faltire, and pointed fable. The fhield, bor- 
 dered gules, charged with feven towers or ; three in chief, and 
 two in each flanch. The creft a crown of the laft. 
 
 Portugal became a kingdom about the middle of the twelfth 
 century. Henry of Burgundy, third fon of Henry, and grand- 
 
 R fon 
 
 * Bezants were firft coined by the weftern Emperors, of two forts, both of which 
 were current in England. — Chaucer makes the gold bezantine equal to a ducat ; 
 the lilver one was generally computed at two {hillings. 
 
 -K 
 
 
 r 
 
 V 
 
 V
 
 V 
 
 122 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 fon of Robert Duke of Burgundy, who was younger brother of 
 Henry I. King of France, went into Spain, about 1087, with 
 other Princes, to condudl an army fent by PhiHp I. King of 
 France, to the affiflance of Alphonfo VI. King of Caflile, 
 againfl the Moors, where he behaved in fo gallant a manner that 
 Alphonfo beftowed his natural daughter upon him with the title 
 of earl or count, and the fovereignty of feveral counties. 
 
 The moft fingular combat" that Chivalry can produce was 
 fought in Alphonfo's reign, — 
 
 Pope Urban II. and Alphonfo wiflied to eftablifli the Romifl^ 
 
 miflal. A difpute arofe whether this Romifli one, or the Mu- 
 
 farabic, contained a form of worfliip mofl: agreeable to the Deity. 
 
 The Spaniards contended for the ritual of their anceftors ; the 
 
 Popes urged them to receive that to which they had given their 
 
 infallible fancftion. The nobles propofed to decide the contro- 
 
 verfy by the fword. The King approved this method of deci- 
 
 fiori^. Two knights in complete armOur entered the lift. John 
 
 Ruys de Matanca, the champion of the Mufarabic liturgy, was 
 
 vidlorious ; but the Queen and Archbifliop of Toledo, who 
 
 favoured the other form, infifted on having the matter fubmitted 
 
 to another trial, and had intereft enough to prevail in a reqiieft 
 
 inconfiftent with the laws of combat, which being confidered as 
 
 an appeal to God, the decifion ought to have been acquiefced in as 
 
 final. — A great fire was kindled — a copy of each liturgy was caft 
 
 into
 
 HERALDR.Y AND CHIVALRY. 123 
 
 into the flames. It was agreed that the book which flood this 
 proof, and remained untouched, fliould be received by all the 
 churches of Spain. The Mufiirabic liturgy triumphed likevvife 
 in this trial, and if we may believe Rodrigo de Toledo, remained 
 unhurt in the fire, while the other was reduced to afhes. Yet, 
 by the interefl of the Queen and Archbifliop, the Mufarabic 
 liturgy was only ufed in particular churches.* 
 
 The Mufarabic miffal was compofed by St. Ifidore, for the 
 Gothic churches, after their converfion from Arianifm to the 
 Catholic faith, &c. Though the Court introduced the Roman 
 miiTal, it was fo far influenced by the lenity and good fenfe of 
 Cardinal Ximenes, that it indulged the nobles and clergy of 
 Toledo with their own milTal ; but by degrees this w^as negledled 
 and almoft forgotten, infomuch (fays Townfhend in his journey 
 through Spain) that there was no one in the church but myfelf 
 and the officiating priefl. Curiofity had led him to enter one of 
 the churches where this mifl!al was ufed. 
 
 Alphonfo was much renowned for the conquefl: of Lifbon and jC^ 
 
 his vicflories againft the Moors, as well as the death of five 
 kings. His grandfon it was who founded the kingdom of 
 Portugal, and was the firil king thereof. The five efcutcheons 
 in the arms of Portugal, were thofe of the five kings his grand- 
 fon Alphonfo conquered; and who bore them as his own device. 
 
 R 2 Henry 
 
 * Dr. Robertfon'sHiftory of Charles V.
 
 124 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Henry, who had married his daughter, died in the year 1 1 12, 
 leaving his dominions to his fon Alphonfo. The crown conti- 
 nued in his legitimate line, during the reign of eight princes, 
 when it failed in the perfon of Ferdinand I. Ferdinand dying, 
 the Portuguefe eledted John, the natural fon of Pedro I. in whofc 
 family it remained during feven reigns, and ended in Cardinal 
 Henry XVII. King of Portugal. Philip II. of Spain, pretend- 
 ing to be nearefl in defcent, feized the kingdom, and made 
 it part of his Spanifli monarchy. It was detained by him and 
 his two fucceffors from the Duke of Braganza, the lawful 
 heir. Philip II. and his fon Philip III. enjoyed it peacefully; 
 but in the year 1640, under the reign of Philip IV. the Portu- 
 guefe no longer able, or willing, to fubmit to the tyrannical 
 fovereignty of the Spaniards, threw off that intolerable yoke, 
 and crowned John Duke of Braganza ; he was John IV. fur- 
 named the Fortunate. This enterprize was brought about by 
 the afTiflance of fome French forces fent into this country. 
 This wonderful revolution was effedled by the death of only 
 two perfons, and though the whole defign was known to above 
 three hundred perfons at once, and the plot of a twelve month, 
 nothing ever tranfpired^ 
 
 The above-mentioned Philip II. caufed an hiftorical abridge- 
 ment of all the noble families in Spain, to be compofed, that he 
 might know their increafe, rife, or declenfion ; and at what time, 
 and in what fervices they had acquired the titles and pri- 
 vileges
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 12^ 
 
 leges they enjoyed, A knowledge which cnahled him to rccom- 
 pence the defcendants according to the merit of their anceflors. 
 Having underflood by this nobilHary, that the kings of Caftile 
 made the MarquilTes de Moya, dine at their table on St. Lucy's 
 day, the i 3th of December, and the Counts de Salines on the 
 Epiphany, for the great fervices thefe families had done the 
 State, in the year 1593; he reftored this pre-eminence to them, 
 which time had aboliflaed ; and fent folemnly to the Marquifs 
 de Moya, the golden cup in which he had drank on that day ; 
 that he might pundiually obferve what the kings, his prede- 
 ccffors, had done. Seldom, however, was it that Philip at- 
 tempted to do ajufh a(5tion, or reward any merit except literary j 
 though the author,* from whom this anecdote was taken, 
 could venture to fpeak in high terms of him — 
 
 *' Though nature wept with defolated Spain 
 
 " In tears of blood, the Second Philip's reign ; 
 
 " Though fuch deep fins deform'd his fullen mind, , 
 
 " As merit execration from mankind : 
 
 " A mighty empire, by his crimes undone;; 
 
 " A people maffacred ; a murdered fon : 
 
 " Tho' Heav'n'sdifpleafure, ftopt his parting breathy 
 
 " To bear long loathfome pangs of hideous death;. 
 
 " Flattery can flJll the ruffian's praife repeat, 
 
 " And call this wafter of the earth difcreet : 
 
 " Still can Herara mourning o'er his urn, 
 
 " His dying pangs to Wifsful rapture turn ; 
 
 'And 
 
 Antonio Herara's Hiftory of Spain.
 
 ia6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 " And paint the king, fiom earth by curfes driven, 
 
 " A Saint accepted, by approving Heaven. 
 
 Hayle v's EiTay on Hiftory. 
 
 I'he arms of Gibraltar were given that place by Henry IV. 
 King of Caftile and Leon ; when he took it from the Mahome- 
 tans, he added it to his royal titles, and gave it the following 
 arms; — a caftle gules, a key pendant to the gate or, being the 
 key of the Mediterranean. 
 
 p*^ Before I return to my fubjed; I fliall relate, in the words of 
 M. de Florian, the origin of the chains in the fliield gules of 
 Navarre; added to it by Sancho VIII. furnamed the Strong. 
 This was at the battle of Toloza. " The third day, July the 
 1 6th, in the year 1212, the army began the attack, divided into 
 three bodies, each commanded by a King. Alphonfo and his 
 Caftilians were in the centre, with the Knights of St. James 
 and Calatrava, an order newly inftituted. Roderic, Archbifliop 
 of'TF51iedo;''me\vitnefs and hiftorian of this memorable day, 
 was by the fide of the King, preceded by a large crofs, the ban- 
 ner of the army. Sancho, and his troops of Navarre, formed 
 the right wing ; Peter, and his Aragonefe, the left ; the French 
 Crufaders, reduced to a fmall number by the defertion of their 
 comrades, who were unable to fupport the extreme lijeat of th^p 
 climate, marched at the head of the troops, under the condudl 
 of Arnold, Archbifliop of Narbone, and Thibaut Blazon. In 
 this order the Chriftians defcended the valley, which devided 
 
 them from the enemy. 
 
 The
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 1 27 
 
 The Moors, without any order, agreably to their ancient 
 ciiftom, poured from all fides their innumerable troops. A hun- 
 dred thoufand of the moft excellent cavalry conftituted their 
 principal force. The remainder was a rude multitude, half 
 armed, and ill difciplincd. Mahomet, placed on an eminence, 
 from whence he commanded the whole of his army, was fiu'- 
 rounded by a palifadc, formed of iron chains, and guarded by 
 a detachment of his difmounted cavalry. In the midft of this 
 inclofure, with the koran in one hand, and his fabre in the 
 other; he was vifibic to all his troops ; and his braveft fqua- 
 drons, on all fides, furrounded the hill. To this eminence the 
 Caftilians directed their principal efforts. They at firft repelled 
 the Moors, but driven back in their turn, they retreated in 
 diforder, and began to turn their backs. Alphonfo, running 
 on all fides to rally them, faid to the Archbifliop of Toledo, 
 who accompanied him every where, preceded by the great crofs, 
 •' It is here, Archbilhop, that we mufl die." " No fir," anf- 
 wered the prelate, *' v/e muft here live and conquer." At this 
 moment the brave monk, who bore the crofs, plunged with it 
 into the midfl of the Moors. The King and the Archbifliop fol- 
 lowed him. The Caftillians rufhed forward to preferve their 
 ftandard and their Prince. The Kings of Arragon and Navarre, 
 already' conquerors in their wings, came to unite their force 
 againft this hill. The Moors are every where attacked. They 
 fi:and their ground, and the Chriftians prefs clofer upon them. 
 The troops of Arragon, Navarre, and Caflilc mutually endeavour 
 
 to
 
 128 ANECDOTES OT 
 
 to furpafs each other. The brave King of Navarre turned 
 the fortune of the day. He arrived at the inclofure, broke down 
 the chains by which the Moorifli King was defended, and 
 Mahomet fled. His warriors, feeing him no more, loft their 
 courage and their hopes. Every thing gives way, and retreats 
 before the Chriftians. Thoufands of Muffulmen fink, under 
 their blows, and the Archbiflaop of Toledo, with the other pre- 
 lates, furround the vicflorious Kings, finging Te Deiim in the field 
 of battle. Thus was won that famous battle of Toloza." 
 Although this more properly belongs to France, I have put it 
 with the Spanifli coats, as the origin was in a Spanifh battle. 
 
 The mifery of the Chriftians in the Holy Land, not only 
 o-ave rife to the Crufades, but occafioned the foundation of 
 feveral orders of knighthood ; the moft remarkable and illuftri- 
 ous of which were the Templars, and the prefent Knights of 
 Malta, which have only altered their name, from Knights of 
 Rhodes, and St. John of Jerufalem, on their change of place. 
 Nothing could equal the fignal virtue and valour of thefe military 
 orders; frequently when the Crufaders were difmayed and over- 
 come, thefe knights renovated their courage, infpired them 
 with unufual ardour, and recovered the vidory. The enthufi- 
 aftic heroifm of the Crufaders, was of little avail, una^ed by 
 thefe fraternities; they could perform few feats, and gain few 
 acquifitions, where they were not aflifted by a Templar, or 
 Knight of St. John. 
 
 I know
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I29 
 
 I know not whether the following accounts of them, as ex- 
 traded from the authors of the times, will prove either interell- 
 ing or acceptable to my readers ; but I hope they will not feci 
 difpleafed at the tribute of defence I render to an order, whofe 
 grand defign was to protedl our faith (of the paft time) from the 
 infults of Barbarians, and fliield our anceftors from the rage of 
 
 Infidelity. Various focieties have been formed amongil: man- "" ^ r 
 
 kind, by various people, and from various defigns. A fimilarity 
 of fentiment, an alTociation of ideas, a peculiar turn of thought, 
 has frequently conduced to an aflbciation of thofe beings who 
 difcovered it in each other. Many from friendihip and the love 
 of fociality, have united in a fraternity : again, from peniten- 
 tial reafons and religious motives, have men in departed, and 
 even the prefent, ages, formed lingular Societies; whilft others, 
 from a far nobler and more extended motive, became as 
 one. Superior to felfifli or partial inducements, animated by 
 courage, and warmed by liberality, have they united in one 
 band to ferve their country and defend their people. Surely no 
 alTociation, formed on thefe principles, could be juftly denomi- 
 nated obnoxious to mankind, or come under the title of fcan- 
 dalous or bafe. Indeed, frequent instances occur in the hiftory 
 of Hates, where the laft fpecies of fraternity has proved a check 
 to external depredators, and internal tyrants. In defpotic 
 governments, had not thefe defences of the people, by their 
 refolute manners, proved a rellraint upon the adminijlrativc fovc- 
 reigns., freedom would have been even more trampled on than it 
 
 S has
 
 130 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 has been, and law and juflice buried in the ruin. Into every 
 fociety feme individuals deferving of cenfurc have intruded. 
 Mifapprehenfion of their inflitutes, and ignorance of their pri- 
 mary motives, have drawn bufy triflers to affociate therein; 
 who, meeting nothing congenial to their folly, or nutritive to 
 their malice, have abandoned their brethren ; and for intereft, 
 betrayed, in part, fecrets they never undcrftood, and made accu- 
 fations the entire refult of falfehood and malignity. Even into 
 fome affemblies Jpics have intruded, where confcious of feeing 
 nothing worth repeating to their employers, have been obliged 
 to invent circumflances to feed their ears, or fwear to inventions 
 falfe and iniquitous as the favages that formed them. Now 
 mifreprefenting, now diflorting fpeeches, now mutilating fen- 
 tences, and forcing in words, unthought of, unmeant, and 
 totally foreign to the ideas of the unfufpediing brothers. Hence 
 have trials fucceeded, innocence been condemned, lives been 
 facrificed, and families ruined, to glut the malice, or fatisfy the 
 revenge of the diabolical inftigators. The enfuing inftance jufli- 
 fies my pen, for by fuch contrivances and by fuch miftakes, 
 fell the Templars. A defpotic monarch, a corrupted court, 
 worked their overthrow ; and the faults of the government were 
 imputed to the order. With what bitter regret, if fenfible of 
 human paffions, muft the fpirit of Philip look back on his adls 
 of mortality, and review a long catalogue of craft, avarice, falfe- 
 hood, and cruelty. How mournful is the refledtion, when we 
 confider how many monarchs have perverted the ends, and over- 
 thrown the defigns for which they were fent us. — Defigned to be 
 
 the
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 131 
 
 the guardians of the laws, protedlors of their country, and 
 fathers of their people — Intended to diffufe happinefs, and 
 increafe the welfare of their fubjed: family, — they have adled in 
 oppofition to duty, morality, and humanity itfclf. If into foci- 
 eties '■'■ fame falfe brethren have crept unawares " fome perfons 
 intruded worthy of cenfure, and have fpread an evil report, fliould 
 the whole fociety be obnoxious to fcandal ? The fault of an 
 individual can reflect no difhonour on the community in general. 
 Be it hoped no breaft fhall be found fo ungenerous as to harbour 
 an ill opinion of any, or a whole fraternity, whofc fundamental 
 rules were not in oppofition to niorality, reafon, or religion, 
 becaufe fome of the members have rendered themfelves ridi- 
 culous or deteilible, by their own folly or mifapprehenfion. 
 To the unfortunate Templars I have been and am now alluding. 
 — The Maltcfe have been a happier order, they need no ad- 
 vocate to plead their caufe. It was the Templars who were per- 
 fecuted, and would to Heaven I were infpired with the flvill, 
 the eloquence, of an Erjkine, to remove fome of that weight of 
 obloquy which finks them now into cotnempt and deteftation ; 
 would I could draw from the bofom of my readers, one figh of 
 commiferation, one, " alas, my brother" ! It is true, they no y^\ 
 longer exift, and that our prefent opinions of their former merit, 
 can never influence their future ftate ; — flill other departed beings 
 have found defenders; — a Mary Stuart, — a Richard, — and a 
 Becket ; and fliall we give to them what we deny to thefe ? 
 The generous Templars confined not their benevolence within 
 the narrow limits of family or national connexion. Chriftianity 
 
 S 2 and
 
 13a ANECDOTES OF 
 
 and misfortune were the only cements which attached them to 
 any ; — they regarded themfelves as the friends and brethren of 
 every chriflian; — but thefe unfortunate men, whofe fociety was 
 formed on a plan of univerfal benevolence, who were the friends 
 of the people, were loft for the want of benevolence in others, 
 jpor a brother Chriftian would they fpill their blood — By their 
 brother Chriftians was it fpilt ! and the very men they would 
 have died to fuccour, doomed them to deftruftion. Their fun 
 arofe in glory; — when it arrived at its meridian, it fpread its 
 •'. rays to the illumination of all Europe; — ^yet how foon it funk; — 
 
 how foon was it obfcured in the blacknefs of darknefs ! but its 
 fetting was not feen, — in the higheft of its fplendour a cloud 
 overcaft it, and finking behind that cloud, it was loft in a mo- 
 ment for ever and for ever. 
 
 P^ The number of the Templars was at firft only nine; feven of 
 
 whofe names are not known; and Hugo de Pagannes, or Payennes, 
 and Geoffry de St. Aldemaro, who is frequently called Gui- 
 fred de St. Amor. In the year 1 1 1 7 or 1 1 1 9, they went as Pil- 
 grims to the Holy Land, when Baldwin II. was King. When 
 they arrived at Jerufalem, they were much fliocked at the terrible 
 diftrefs of its Chriftian inhabitants ; as they pitied, they wiflied 
 to relieve; they therefore determined to engage themfelves, by 
 oaths of the moft folemn nature, to proted: and fuccour the 
 helplefs and diftrefted. They applied to King Baldwin for 
 permiflion to form themfelves into a fraternity, and dwell in 
 
 Jerufalem J
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I -53 
 
 Jerufalcm ; Baldwin approved their petition, but vvifhing tlieni 
 to have the fland:ion of the ApoftoHc See, he f'ent Hugo de 
 Pagannes to Honorius II. to requeft him to preach a Crufade, 
 and to form thefe gentlemen into an order. Pope Honorius 
 granted thefe requefts, and fent Hugo to St. Bernard, Abbot of 
 Clairvaux, whom he defired to give them rules and a habit. 
 Bernard therefore afligned them the following rules and cloath- 
 inf ^— 
 
 They wore on their heads linen coifs, and red caps clofe over 
 them; on their bodies Ihirts of mail, and fwords girded on with 
 a broad belt; over all they had a white cloak reaching quite to the 
 ground. It was Pope Eugenius who added to this the red crofs 
 in the form of that in the plate ; they wore it on the right 
 Ihoulder and on the breaft. Their beards were very long indeed; 
 which was contrary to moft orders, who generally had them 
 fliaved clofe. The rules he gave them, were thofe of the canons 
 regular of St. Auguftin. When they were not engaged in bat- 
 tle, they were to labour; they were to eat and drink moderately, 
 fafl: and pray often ; and /irudy modefty, obedience, temperance, 
 humility and filence. St. Bernard ordered them infl:ead of pray- 
 ers and offices, to repeat every day fo many Pater nojlcrs. 
 
 Amongfl other ftatutes of their rules, it was required that they 
 
 fliould eat flelli but three times a week, but they might have 
 
 three difhes on fafl days. Each Templar might have one ferv- 
 
 ing brother, and three faddle horfes. 
 
 Their 
 
 K
 
 K 
 
 134 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Their rules and habit being fettled, they began to confidcr 
 what they fhould do that would render them worthy the favour of 
 Heaven and mankind. Being informed that in the town of Zaft, 
 there refided many thieves that molefted the Pilgrims who reforted 
 \ to the Holy Sepulchre, they refolved to make thefe pafles free, 
 
 by difperfing the robbers : for the encouragement of this worthy 
 undertaking, the King of Jerufalem gave them lodgings in his 
 palace near the Holy Sepulchre ; and near the place where Solo- 
 mon's Temple once flood, from which they were called Tem- 
 plars J and in old records are fliled, F rat res militice Templi Solo- 
 monis. In the time of Guarimond the Patriarch, the King of 
 Jerufalem finding their adlions fuccefsful, furniflied them with 
 neceffary provifions. Their virtue became fo renowned that 
 many perfons entered into their order, and many left them 
 eftatcs. Thefe worthy brethren would arm themfelves, and 
 lead the Pilgrims fafe about Jerufalem, fhewing them every 
 thing which deferved their notice; and would, by every means 
 in their power, firive to keep within the line of thofe vows by 
 which they had engaged to be ferviceable to the Chriflians ; 
 thus they made themfelves the objefts of general efleem. For 
 the firfl nine years they were reduced to extreme poverty ; but 
 as they fed the hungry, clothed the naked, and healed the fick, 
 gratitude returned their good offices, and they became wealthy. 
 When thefe Knights were at war, their banner was half black 
 and half white ; which fignified, that in war they were terrible 
 to their enemies, but white and fair to Chriflians, and innocent 
 
 in 
 
 "^
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I 35 
 
 in their manners. They always placed croffcs on the tops of 
 their houfcs. 
 
 The firfl fettling of this order in England, was in Holborn ; 
 where they built themfelves a Temple ; but in the reign of 
 Henry II. finding this dwelling inconvenient, they A. D. 1155 
 or 1 1 85 built another in Fleet-ftreet, from the model of that 
 which they had at Jerufalem; Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerufalem, 
 dedicated this new Temple to God and the Virgin Mary. 
 In the reign of Henry II. the Grand Mafler was fummoned to 
 Parliament, where this officer held a feat till the diflblution of 
 the order. 
 
 The Templars at length became numerous, and famous for 
 their valour, fighting the Infidels by fea and land; and fuch 
 was once the general opinion of their virtue and fidelity, that 
 any grounds, territories, or caftles, which were the objedl of 
 difpute, concerning to whom they appertained, were committed 
 to the care of the Knight Templars, during the conteft; 
 and alfo during truces. Hoflages were alfo confided to their 
 cuflody J numberlefs inftances may be produced of this in the 
 reign of Henry II. Henry was very much attached to this 
 order, and in his will made at Waltham, left 10,000 marks to 
 be divided between them and the Kgights of St. John of Jerufa- 
 lem. So many princes and great men left them fortunes, that 
 they poflelTed at lall fixteen thoufand lordfhips in Europe j but 
 
 of 
 
 ^c. 
 
 t^
 
 K 
 
 136 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 of thefe more were in France than in any other kingdom. The 
 fpirit of the Templars is well exhibited in the anfwer of their 
 Grand Maftcr to Saladin. In one of the battles of the Crufades, 
 the Grand Mafter took the nephew of Saladin prifoner. Shortly 
 after the Sultan made a captive of Odo St. Amand (which was 
 the name of the Grand Mafter) whom he offered his liberty on 
 condition he fliould reflore Saladin's nephew. Odo anfwered, 
 he never would fet his brethren the example of furrendering 
 themfelves prifoners in hopes to be ranfomed j and that it was 
 the duty of a Templar to vanquifli or die, and had nothing to 
 give for his ranfom, but his girdle and knife. 
 
 Amongft other rules for preferving the honour of the order, 
 it was ordained that, u Templar fliould be legitimate, and 
 noble in arms and family for three defcents. 
 
 The Templars at laft arofe to fo high a degree of greatnefs, 
 and acquired fo much wealth, that they excited the envy of their 
 enemies. The great riches they had amafied, contrary to their 
 vow of poverty, had caufed the relaxation of their difcipline. 
 Having failed of the fuccefs they flattered themfelves with in 
 Afia, they fettled in Europe ; where being all ,jmen of good 
 families, they preferred eafe, the pleafures of .»ie table, and 
 V trifling amufements, to the obfervance of thofe rules they had 
 
 engaged to be controuled by. As the rage of Crufading was 
 now at end, there was no further call or occafion to ferve in the 
 
 Holy
 
 HERALDRY" AND CHIVALRY. jj-y 
 
 Holy Land; they were, neverthelefs, ever ready to fuccour the 
 opprefTed, and foothe the unhappy ; and always prepared and 
 wilhng, when any domeftic broil, or foreign war, required 
 their affiftance, to quell it. Their hands were continually open 
 to relieve necefTity; and their charity and benevolence were 
 furely more beneficial to mankind, than the favage ferocity of 
 war; although they lived in luxury themfelves, they never fuf- 
 fered a deferving objedl to remain in want ; indeed, this was 
 one efpecial reafon that induced their benefadors to bequeath 
 them fo many rich eftates; who, having remarked with what 
 charity and judgment the Templars diftributed their alms, 
 thought they could not depofit their donations in better hands. 
 The relaxation of their rules, caufed them gradually to lofe 
 the advantageous opinion which they had hitherto preferved, 
 and rendered them at length the objedls of fcandal, rather 
 than efleem. Richard I, exprelTed his opinion of them very 
 plainly in the reply he made to a monk, who, when preaching 
 a Crufade, addrelTed himfelf to the monarch, and admoniflied 
 him to relinquifh his three daughters, as he called his three pre- 
 valent vices : " You counfel well," anfwered the King; " I will 
 give my pride to the Templars, my avarice to the Bencdidines, 
 and my voluptuoufnefs to the Bilhops." 
 
 In the year 1310, there happened a revolt at Paris, which T^ 
 arofe from the mal-adminiftration o{ Philip the Fair, and his 
 minifters, in regard to the coin of the realm, which they had 
 
 T repeatedly
 
 138 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 repeatedly altered in its value. The Templars had been intrufted 
 with the care of the Treafury, on which account their enemies 
 accufed them of joining in the revolt, or at leaft, of privately in- 
 ftigating it. This was a circumftance which gave confiderabk 
 fatisfailion to Philip le Bel, who was a haughty, vindictive, 
 and avaricious prince ; totally deftitute of generofity and feel- 
 ing J he was implacable in his revenge, and it is more than pro>- 
 bable, that the accufation of mutiny, with which the Templars 
 were branded, arofe from his own private infinuations. What 
 chiefly leads me to imagine this is, that he had long been waiting 
 for an opportunity totally to diflblve the order. When the Pope, 
 who was predeceffor to Clement V. was dying, Philip went to 
 Clement, and declared to him, that he would raife him to the 
 pontificate, if he would, immediately, before the altar at which 
 he was {landing, fwear folemnly to perform three things after 
 his elevation; Clement was afloniflied and pleafed at the chance 
 he fhould then have of filhng the chair of St. Peter ; the Apofto- 
 lic See was a bait too tempting to be refufed ; — he fwore. 
 Philip having his promife that he would zealoufly perform 
 the three articles, whatever they might be, diredly informed 
 him what the two firft were, but the third he delivered him 
 written down, and fealed up, obtaining at the fame time from 
 him a promife, that he would not attempt to infpedl the con- 
 tents of the paper, until in poffeffion of the promifed dignity. 
 The crafty monarch having extracted thefe promifes, ufed his ut- 
 mofl intercU to ekvate Clemeiit to the Tiara j his endeavours were 
 
 crowned-
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 139 
 
 crowned with fuccefs. Clement V. on opening the paper, found 
 he had fworn to abohih the Templars. There is another cir- 
 ciimftance which feems to flivour the idea of Phihp's having 
 privately raifed the evil reports which were circulated againft 
 thefe unfortunate brethren. After Philip's death, letters were 
 found which were written by him from Melun ; they were 
 dated in the year i 306, and were addreffed to the Earl of Flan- 
 ders ; they contained a requeft that he would do every thing in 
 his power to affifl the King in the deftrudion of the Templars : 
 this, being three years before the mutiny at Paris, plainly Ihews 
 their ruin was premeditated. Now was Philip determined at 
 one blow to fink the order in irretrievable ruin. He accufed 
 them of uniting in their fraternity every evil quality of the monk 
 and foldier. Stigmatifing at once three diftind; fpecies of peo- 
 ple, he faid, " They have the avarice of the monaftics, added 
 to the cruelty of the military." Whilft thefe Knights were liv- 
 ing (luxurioufly it muft be owned) upon the fruits of their own 
 labour, or the voluntary donations of others, the Teutonick 
 Knights, who had alfo their origin in the Holy Land, and had 
 their order inftituted for the fame purpofe as the Templars was, 
 (to be the relievers of the poor and neceflitous) made themfelves 
 mafters, in the thirteenth century, of PrufTia, Livonia, Cour- 
 land, and Samogitia ; and reduced the clergy, as well as the 
 peafants, to a ftate of intolerable flavery ; robbing them of their 
 poffeflions, ufurping the rights of the bifliops, and exercifing the 
 moft fliocking ads of rapine and plunder. Conquerors, in the 
 
 T 2 kingdoms
 
 140 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 kingdoms they have fubdued, are feldom fubjed: to too rigid 
 enquiries; power will cover a multitude of crimes. The Tem- 
 plars had raifed themfelves enemies by living amongft their 
 countrymen in a ftate of enviable fplencJour. They were great, 
 rich, and beloved by the poor ; greatnefs, wealth, and efteem, 
 were three crimes of a horrible dye; and, to little minds as 
 unpardonable as atrocious. When an ab folate monarch has a 
 prevalent vice, his courtiers worfhip and adopt it, Philip was 
 meanfpirited and hated the Templars j \\\% fpanicls did the fame. 
 
 There were two men who were fufpedted to have known the 
 fentiments of the French King ; and thefe wxre the firft open 
 accufers of the order. One of thefe was, or rather had been, a 
 Templar; his name was Noffo de Florentin ; for his atrocious 
 crimes, (in all probability the very crimes he accufed his late 
 brethren of ) he had been fentenced by the Grand Mafter to per- 
 petual imprifonment. The other man was called Squin de Flo- 
 rian ; he was a burgher of Beziers : this mifcreant was alfo 
 under confinement for fome villainous proceedings. NofFo apof- 
 tatifed and broke the vows he had made of fraternal amity to the 
 Templars, and became fully determined to be revenged on his 
 brethren, for the punifliment their juftice had made him un- 
 dergo. He confulted with Squin de Florian, and they laid their 
 plan together. Imprifoned, enraged at their confinement, eager 
 for liberty to pradlife, uncontrouled, the vices which had led 
 them to punifhment ; they refolved to add falfehood and revenge 
 
 to
 
 HERALDRY AND CIIIVALRV. I4I 
 
 to their other villanics, and recover their freedom by the mif- 
 fortunes of the virtuous : they therefore fought to foment the 
 King's difpleafure, and caufe the deftrucftion of the whole order 
 for ever : — thus 
 
 " Envy did every ill devife 
 
 " And falfehood was their deadlieft foe." 
 
 Had this order really been guihy of the crimes attributed to 
 it, it would fcarcely have puniflied a brother with continual 
 confinement for the commiffion of what it would then have re- 
 garded as no crime at all. Some hiftorians imagine thefe men 
 were fecretly bribed to make the accufation. NofFo and Squin 
 defired to be carried before the King, declaring they had that to 
 tell, which they could impart to no other ear. This gives 
 colour to a fufpicion that they were confcious of Philip's wifhes; 
 they were alfo fearful of telling any thing to any other perfon, 
 left fome friend of the unfortunate and unjuilly detracted bre- 
 thren, fhould feek to mitigate the feverity of their fate. Philip 
 eagerly granted their requeft of an audience. On a promife of 
 pardon and liberty, they made what they were pleafed to deno- 
 minate, 3. /rue confejjioii. Their royal confefTor, merely therefore 
 on their depofition, iffued out orders immediately to all the 
 bailiffs and other officers of juftice in his kingdom, to call in 
 aid j and alfo fent them a written order fealed up, which he 
 prohibited them from opening, on pain of death, before the 
 
 13th 
 
 K
 
 142 ANECDOTES OP 
 
 13th of Ocftober, 1310. Surely this was a ftrange and forcible 
 example, of how little Philip needed to make him attempt the 
 compafTing their deftru6lion. Thefe two calumniators accufed 
 the Templars of having fecrets of the moft horrible and blafphe- 
 mous nature. Had Philip been inclined to juftice, he would 
 have confidered, that whatever tlie one might know in 
 regard to the fecrets of this fraternity, the other could be ac- 
 quainted with nothing, becaufe he did not belong to it. Secrefy, 
 to inquifitive and ignoble minds, is a crime of itfelf. On the 
 day appointed for the bailiffs, &c. to open their orders, they 
 difcovered they were to detain all the Templars clofe prifoners. 
 The orders were inftantly put into execution, and in one day 
 every brother was feized and confined. The King ordered all 
 their eftates to be feized in his name, till they could be properly 
 difpofed of. The order had witlidrawn its obedience from the 
 Patriarchs of jerufalem, and transferred it to the Pope, from 
 whom they met a very unfuitable return. Clement V. a crea- 
 ture of Philip's, a Frenchman, and a refident of Poidliers, al- 
 though at firft he wiflied not to abolifla the order entirely, but 
 fink it into that of the Mal.tefe, now came wholly over to 
 the wiflies of the King, and after having fettled fome affairs, 
 refpeding the power of the Monarch to judge the Templars, 
 (they being an jeccleiiaflical as well as a military order) and fome 
 other matters, lie fet about to accompliHi their ruin. In a coun- 
 cil held at Viejine, he, without hearing the depofition of a fingle 
 witnefs, or making any enquiry into fads, declared he was fully 
 
 determined
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 1 43 
 
 determined on the abolition of the order; this council was 
 held in 1 311. In moft of the kingdoms of Europe they were, 
 on the Pope's declaration, immediately cafi: into prifon; and 
 their condudl underwent the ftridlefl fcrutiny. Every bitter talc 
 that malice could fuggeft was railed againfl: them; and their ene- 
 mies left nothing undone in order to effedluate their overthrow. 
 The confequence of this very ftridl fcrutiny was, that evil accounts 
 being fifted to the bottom, the Templars were generally difco- 
 vered to be innore/it ! nay, even fome countries fent accounts ot 
 their piety and good morals ; France alone pretended to find 
 them guilty, j Perhaps in France there was more reafon for de- 
 declaring them guilty than in other kingdoms ; for it is not 
 unlikely, that tile known diflblutenefs of the French, might have 
 corrupted the manners of the knights of that nation; however, 
 be that as it will, the king willied them guilty, and his people 
 declared they were fo. Sixty thoufand Lordfnips, and forty 
 thoufand commanderies, which they then poffefled, were fo 
 many vices, which fliocked the confcientious foul of Philip the 
 Fair, and the religion of the pious pontiff; a pontiff who 
 thought fimony no crime when be zca/ited the. triple crown. 
 
 I am rather furprifed no fufpicion ever fell on the Knights 
 of Malta, of their having privately inftigated the accufations 
 of the Templars. — It is well known, and acknowledged by 
 themfelves, that the greateft and moft immoveable enmity fub- 
 fifted between the Templars and the Maltefe; and that the Pope 
 
 favouring
 
 144 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 favouring the Knights of Malta, vvifhed to render the Templars 
 fubordinate to them j and that, after the diflblution of the Tem- 
 plars, their commanderies were all given to the knights of Malta: 
 thefe circumflances combined feem to fliow againft them ; but 
 as no hiflorian has ever yet hinted fuch a thing, it is fcarcely 
 fair to furmife it. 
 
 Seventy-two Templars were, by the Pope's order, feized, and 
 underwent what he pretended was a trial : the reft were profe- 
 cuted by inquifitors and commifTioners appointed for the purpofe. 
 Bulls were difpatched to every potentate in Europe, exciting 
 them to follow the example of France — the mild, juJI, example 
 of condemning men unheard.* The courts of Caftile, Arragon, 
 Spain, and England, complied fo far, as to banifh all the order, 
 but they were put to death no where but in France. In Ger- 
 many they preferved themfelves, and in Arragon they fuftained 
 many fieges in their caftles. It was on a Wednefday, the feaft 
 after the Epiphany, that they were caft into prifon in England; 
 and their goods and lands were confifcated to the King. 
 
 In France, two hundred and one witnefTes accufed them of 
 improbable crimes, of which the Pope declared feventy-two 
 acknowledged to himfelf ; and that one hundred and forty-one 
 confelTed the fame to William, a Francifcan Friar and inquifitor 
 
 at 
 
 • Such proceedings are politick now, as it prevents the vi<ftims from revealing 
 fecrets which are better fuppreffed, leaft attions Ihould come to light, which it is 
 concf»f(ona/ intercft to conceal. — Vuk the execution of BriJJ'ot, Condorcet, isSc.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 1 45 
 
 at Paris, before witnefTes ; but can a confcffion made to an in- 
 quifitor be deemed a true one ? Perhaps the knights thought, as 
 the inquifitors always wiHi their vidims to do, that pardon and 
 freedom followed a confeflion, when the manner of the confef- 
 fion was fuch as the inquifition ordered it to be. They probably 
 knew full well into what hands they were fallen, and that avert- 
 ing the real truth would avail them nothing, or rather irritate a 
 fet of men who would bear with no oppofition ; of this we 
 may judge from the fpeeches the inquifitors generally make to 
 their vidims when they are firft brought before them : but 
 nothing can be wondered at, which is committed by men who 
 deteft every thing they do not underfland, and wilh to deflroy 
 all orders and focieties of whofe private affiiirs they are ignorant. 
 Let it be here underftood, that I fpeak only of the heads of fuch 
 inquifitions as are a fcandal to human nature and chriflianitv : — 
 otherwife an inquilition, in itfelf, is no more than a court of 
 judicature. The worthy inquifitors in France were pleafed to add, 
 that the Grand Mafler, Brother Jean de Molay, and the Deputy 
 Grand Mailer, of Cyprus, France, Poitou, Vienne, and Nor- 
 mandy, made the fame declaration to three Cardinals, whom 
 the Pope had fent to examine them. Certain it is, that one 
 hundred knights were made to undergo the moft cruel torture ; 
 and the witnelles depofed that they were robbers and murderers, 
 and that every one they received into the order, was obliged to 
 renounce his Saviour, fpit upon the crofs, and join to this im- 
 piety, the idolatry of worfhiping a golden head, which it was 
 
 U pretended
 
 146 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 pretended they kept in one of their hoiifes at Marfeilles. Why 
 was not this head produced by proper perfons deputed for the 
 purpofe ? Why did an order founded to fupport the crofs, 
 whofe jewel was a red crofs edged with gold, and hung round 
 the neck by a black watered ribbon, fpit on this facred enfign ? 
 
 The recipient was faid to be introduced by many other infa- 
 mous rites and ceremonies, which could only ferve to render the 
 order deteflible in his eyes. Was it pofTible that an order which 
 had fubfifted fo long, and been held in fiich univerfal repute, 
 could be guilty of the crimes imputed to it ? Would fo many 
 perfons have entered, and continued in, the fociety, and have 
 attended the chapters of the order, if on the initiation they had 
 met with any thing fo difgufling to chriflianity and morality ? 
 Many of the members were men of known morals, and all of 
 them were men of rank : — were there no members then amongfl 
 fo many, (the apoftate Noffo de Florentin excepted) that would 
 have complained ? — ^Was mankind fo totally degraded, and mo- 
 rality {o entirely loft in guilt ? The improbability is a fufficient 
 anfwer. Of the hundred put to the torture, many died in their 
 torments, continuing firm in the affertion of their innocence; 
 feveral, from the violence of their agonies, acknowledged all 
 they were defired. Forged confeffions were made for thofe who 
 would not accufe themfelves. No fooner were the men, who 
 had been forced to confefs, releafed from the torture, than they 
 difavowed their forced confeffions, and attempted to juilify the 
 
 innocence
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 14-7 
 
 innocence of the order, appealing to the many gallant adions 
 they had performed in defence of their God and their country. 
 In vain did they plead; Philip enraged at his difappointment, 
 ordered fifty-four Templars, whom he called relapfed heretics, 
 to perifh by fire; and they were burnt in one day near the Abbey 
 of St. Anthony at Paris. The uncommon conftancy of the gene- 
 rality of the Templars, all over the kingdom, began to have 
 great effedl on the minds of the people, who foon were con- 
 vinced of the cruelty of the proceeding. Philip, more enraged 
 and difappointed than ever, was now determined to try the 
 utmofl of his diabolical inventions to overcome their conftancy. 
 He therefore ordered Brother John de Molay, and Brother Guy, 
 who was brother to the fovereign of Dauphiny, (two of the 
 principal Lords in Europe; the one by his dignity, and the other 
 from his birth) to be brought upon a fcaffold erected before the 
 Church of Notre Dame at Paris ; — a full pardon was offered them 
 on one hand, and the fire deftined for their execution fhown on 
 the other : this had no effed on the Grand Mafter, but the other 
 Ihrunk at the fight of the flames ; yet they refufed to confefs. 
 The forged confeffion was then fiiewn them, and the Grand 
 Mailer was alked by a Cardinal what he thought of it? Jean de 
 Molay fwore to its falfity, and faid to the Cardinal, '* I truft 
 was you any other, I fliould know how to adl." — Being alked 
 what he meant, he replied, the ecclefiaflical place of the Cardi- 
 nal prevented his accepting a challenge, or he would have fought 
 him. 
 
 U 2 Voltaire
 
 148 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Voltaire offers the following remarks in favour of the Templars 1 
 
 K 
 
 ^ 
 
 Firft. — "Of all the witneffes who depofed againfl thefe 
 , Templars, the greater part only gave in idle and vain accufations. 
 
 Secondly. — Very few of the evidences fwore to their denying 
 Chrift , and indeed what were they to gain by reviling a religion 
 which was their fupport, and for which they fought ? 
 
 Thirdly. — Allowing that feveral of them, who had been wit- 
 neffes and fharers in the debauches of the princes and clergy of 
 thofe times, might have expreffed a contempt for the abufes of a 
 religion, which had fo fliamefully been diflionoured in Afia 
 and Europe, and that in their freer moments they might have 
 expreffed themfelves much after the fame manner as Boni- 
 face VIII. did when fpeaking of it ; yet after all, this is but the 
 folly of young people, and by no means chargeable on the order. 
 
 Fourthly. — The golden head, which it was pretended they 
 worfliipped, and which they were faid to keep at Marfeilles, 
 ought certainly to have been produced againft them; on the 
 contrary, there was not the leafl fearch made after it, and we mufl 
 acknowledge this part of the accufation overthrows itfelf. 
 
 Fifthly. — The infamous manner of their admittance into the 
 fociety, with which they are reproached, could never have paffed 
 
 into
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 149 
 
 irtto a law. It fhows a very indifferent knowledge of mankind 
 to f'uppofe there can be any focieties that make a law of ob- 
 fcenity. Every fociety endeavours to render itfelf refpedable to 
 thofe who are defirous of becoming members of it. 
 
 Sixthly. — If there were a great many witneffes againfl: the 
 Templars, there were likewife a great many evidences in their 
 favour from other countries. 
 
 Seventhly. — If the parties acCufed, overcome by the feverity 
 of torture they underwent, did confefs fuch a multitude of 
 crimes, their confeffion will perhaps be found to reflect as much 
 infamy on their judges as on themfelves; thefe having been 
 flattered, with hopes of pardon, to extort a confeffion from 
 them. 
 
 Eighthly. — The fifty-four, who were burnt alive, took God 
 to witnefs for their innocence, and refufed to accept of life 
 when it was offered them on condition of acknowledging them- 
 felves guilty. 
 
 Ninthly. — Seventy-four Templars who were not accufed, en- 
 gaged to defend the caufc of the order, but were not permitted 
 to be heard. 
 
 Tenthly. — When they read to the Grand Mafler the confef- 
 fion which he was faid to have made before the three Cardinals, 
 
 and
 
 150 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 and which had been taken down in writing ; that old warrior, 
 who could neither write or read, cried out that he was betrayed ; 
 that they had written down a different depofition to that which 
 he had given ; and ,that the Cardinals that were concerned in 
 this piece of treachery, deferved to be punifhed as the Turks 
 puniilied thofe guilty of forgery, by cleaving them afunder from 
 head to foot. 
 
 Eleventhly and laftly. — The Grand Mafter, and Guy, Brother 
 to the Dauphin of Auvergne, were offered their lives if they 
 would make a public acknowledgment of the crimes laid to 
 their charge ; and they were burnt at laft only becaufe that, 
 when called upon the fcaffold in the prefence of the Pope to ac- 
 knowledge the juftice of the accufation againft them, they fo- 
 lemnlv fwore the order was innoce/it of'ucbat ivas allcdged againjl 
 it." 
 
 The fpeech the Grand Mafter made, w-as to the following 
 purpofe J but firfh 
 
 *' The chief accufcd to Heav'n directs his eyes, 
 " And on his God with wonted faith relies." 
 
 Then making the fign of the crofs twice, faid, 
 
 " Oh my God ! how bafely am I betrayed; judge thou my 
 caufe ; I would that the falfe traitors who have accufed us had 
 
 their
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I5I 
 
 their bellies ripped afunder, as the Saracens ferve thofe accufcd 
 of Infidelity and falfehood. He then declared he cited the Pope 
 before that day year, and the King within another allotted time, 
 to attend his fummons before the heavenly Grand Maftcr, anJ 
 anfwer for their crimes. 
 
 This fummons they were obliged to obey, to the great aftonifli- 
 ment of the time, for death called upon them at the appointed 
 moment fpecified by the Grand Mafter. 
 
 The declaration that Jean de Molay had made, that the con- 
 feflion was forged, incenfed the King and drew upon them the 
 punilhment he threatened; for they died in flames upon the 
 very fpot where the equcftrian ftatue of Henry IV. ftands, — or 
 VQ.thQi'JIc/oJ lately ! now levelled by the Levellers. 
 
 Thus fell their unfortunate order, the prey of avarice, cruelty, 
 and falfehood. 
 
 It was true that fome of them had denied Chrift, but it was a pC 
 
 very few. Soon after the arrival of Heraclius (patriarch of Je- 
 rufalem,) in the Holy Land; a Templar, born in England, 
 whofe name was Robert de St. Alban, being afraid that Palef- 
 tine, in its prefent ftate, could, not hold out long againft Saladin, 
 who was then at Damafcus preparing to invade it, deferted to 
 that prince, and having gained great credit of him by openly 
 
 profefTing
 
 15* ANECDOTES OF 
 
 profefling the Mahometan faith, propoled to him a fchemc 
 which feemed fo well contrived, and fo likely to do him confi- 
 derablc f'ervice, that he married this Apoftate to a daughter of 
 his filler, and put under his command a powerful army, two 
 parts of which were detached in fcparate bodies to ravage feveral 
 diflridls of the realm of Jerufalem, on each fide the city, but 
 at fome diftance from it. 
 
 It mull have been very few who apoftatized, becaufe when 
 the Saracens could, they perfecuted the Templars with unabated 
 fury; and ordered all to be killed that were taken prifoners. 
 The following letter or fummons written by a Templar after the 
 battle of Tiberias, fhows how much the order wilhed the wel- 
 fare of the Chriflians. 
 
 *' Brother Thierri, Grand Preceptor, the poor convent, and 
 the whole order, but now almoft reduced to nothing, to all the 
 preceptors and our brethren of the Temple, fend greeting, in 
 him to whom we all addrefs our groans, and whom the fun, 
 moon and ftars, adore. — ^We cannot, our deareft brethren, exprefs 
 to you by thefe letters, nor even by tears of blood, all the cala- 
 mities our fins have drawn upon our heads. The Turcomans, 
 that barbarous nation, having covered the face of the land, we 
 advanced to relieve the cafi:le of Tiberias, which thefe infidels 
 were befieging ; — an engagement foon enfued, but the enemies 
 having driven us into rocks and craggy mountains, our troops 
 
 were
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I53 
 
 were cut in pieces; thirty thoufiind men fell in that fatal day. 
 The King is taken, and what is ftill more deplorable, the precious 
 wood of the true crofs is fallen into the hands of the Infidels. 
 Saladin, to crown the victory , has cut off the heads of two 
 hundred and thirty of our brethren, who were taken in the 
 battle, without reckoning fixty others, that were loft in a former 
 engagement. The Sovereign of the Barbarians is already mafter 
 of the principal towns of the kingdom. The Chriftians have 
 nothing left but Jerufalem, Afcalon, Tyre, and Berytus ; and 
 even the garrifons, and chief inhabitants of thefe places, periflied 
 in the battle of Tiberias ; fo that it is impoffible without the 
 fuccour of heaven, and your aiTiftance, to preferve them j &c. 
 
 This fliows no traces of Mahometanifm. 
 
 When the Templars were buried, they were generally placed 
 with their legs crofted in faltire upon their tomb-ftones, and the 
 crofs on the flioulder, or breaft. 
 
 In Arragon part of their eftates were given to the knigh's of 
 Calatravaj but in France, Germany, Italy, and England, they 
 were given to the knights of Malta. 
 
 Dennis, King of Portugal, inftituted in their room, the V^ 
 
 knights of the order of Chrift, which was then defigned to 
 defend the kingdom againft the Moors, but it has now funk to 
 nothing, — and its glory loft by being made too common. 
 
 X The
 
 154 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 The Seal of the Templars was, two men riding on one horfe. 
 
 From the 30th Chapter of Lydgate, the following account of 
 the foundation and fall of the Templars is taken :— 
 
 Chroniclers the trouth can record, 
 
 Callyng to mynde the fyrft foundacion. 
 And olde authours therewithal accorde, 
 
 Of thefe Templars how the religion, 
 
 Gan that time when Godfray Bullion ; 
 Had wonne that noble knightly man, 
 Hierufalem that order fyjft began. 
 
 By certain knights which did their bufye payn. 
 
 Wan the fayd cite was fyrfl I wonne, 
 By noble Godfray Duke whilom of Lorein ; 
 
 There crouned king this order they begon, 
 
 Old bookes well rchearfe konne ; 
 Takyng a groond of povertie and mekenes, 
 To founde this order dyd theyr bufines. 
 
 Theyr begynnyng gan of devocion, 
 
 The grounde ytake of wilful povertye, 
 Add made them fyrft theyr habitacion, 
 
 By the Temple not farre from the citie, 
 
 In token of clennes fworne to chaftitle ; 
 Of the Temple like to theyr defyres, 
 Toke that name and called wcr Templars. 
 
 Pope
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 1^5 
 
 Pope Honorie gave them autoritie 
 
 Of holy church, beyng that time head; 
 A white habit they bare forchaftitie, 
 
 Eugenius after gave them a erode of read. 
 
 And to defend pilgrims out of dread, 
 Gayn Sarazins through thcyr high renown. 
 This was chief point of thyr profeflion. 
 
 While they lived in wilfull povcrtie, 
 
 Thefe crofled knightes in mantelles clad of white, 
 They names fpread in many far countre. 
 
 For in perfeftion was fet all their delite, 
 
 Folke of devocion caught an appetite ; 
 Them for to encreafe gave them great almes. 
 By which thei gan encreafe in great riches. 
 
 By procefs within a fewe yeres, 
 
 The number great of their religion. 
 And the fame of the fayd Templars, 
 
 Gan fpred wide in many region, 
 
 By fodein ryfmgin their poffeffion ; 
 With towers, caflels, thei gave the to delices, 
 Appalled in virtue which brought in manye vices. 
 
 It wer to long for to reckon them all. 
 
 But among other I fynde there was one, 
 A manly knighte folks Jacoes dyd hym cal, 
 
 Great of autoritie among them every chonc. 
 
 As chroniclers remember of yore agone ; 
 The which Jacoes in the realme of Fraunce, 
 Was borne of bloude to great enheretaunce. 
 
 X 2 The
 
 156 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 The fame Jacoes holde a manly kr\yght. 
 In his ginnyng frefti lufty of courage. 
 
 Had a brother by elder title of ryhte, 
 Occupyed all whole the herytage, 
 Becaufe Jacoes younger was of age. 
 
 Which myhtc not by no condicion, 
 
 Nothyng clayme of that poffeffion. 
 
 This elder brother occupyed all. 
 
 While this Jacoes but low was of degree. 
 
 Wonder defyrous to be wyth hym egal, 
 Alway put back by froward povertie. 
 And to furmount if yt would be ; 
 
 Fonde out a mcanc lyke to his defyres. 
 
 Was chofen mafter of the Templars. 
 
 Was promoted by free election 
 
 By them that ftiould chefe hym of ryght, 
 
 Wherebye he had great dominacion. 
 
 Riches, treafour, great power and might, 
 Of his perfon was eke a manly knyght ; 
 
 The fame time put in remembrance, 
 
 Philip la Deal crooned Kyng of Fraunce. 
 
 Which had of Jacoes great indignacion, 
 
 To al Templars and al their chivalrle, 
 
 Cafte waies to theyre deftrucion. 
 
 Gate autoritie his lufl to fortyfie, 
 Downe fre the Popes bookes fpecifie ; 
 
 Clement the fyrft concludyng if he may. 
 
 All the Templars deftroyed them on a daye. 
 
 For
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 157 
 
 For certain crimes horrible to heare, 
 
 All at once wer lent in prilbn, 
 By theyre frends touching this mannere, 
 
 CounfayleJ to afkc mercy and pardon. 
 
 That they fhould bye plaine confefcion. 
 Require mercye kneelynge on a rowc, 
 And as it was theyre treffpafsbeen aknowe. 
 
 Jacoes was take and with hym other three, 
 
 Kept in hold and to prilbn lent, 
 And the remnante of theyre iniquitie 
 
 Ordayned wer by open judgemente, 
 
 To mitie ftaykes to be tyed and brente ; 
 The Kynge in manner like to do them grace, 
 So thei would confeffe theyre trefpace. 
 
 But al for noughte thei wer fo indurate. 
 All of accorde and of one courage, 
 To afke mercie were obflinate, 
 
 The fyre readyc al with one language, 
 When the flame approached theyre vifage. 
 Full plainly fpake cried piteoufly, 
 Of theyre a£les haw thei wer not giltie. 
 
 From their purpofe thei lift not to decline, 
 
 ■ But with one voice echone and one foune. 
 Fully afPermed tyil thei dyd fine, 
 
 How theyr order and theyr religion, 
 Y grounded was upon perfeccion. 
 And how theyr deth, verelye indede, 
 
 Compaffed was in malice and hatred. 
 
 The
 
 V 
 
 158 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 The fayde Jacoes of whome I fpakc to fornc, 
 
 Was brought to a place whiche called was Leon, 
 
 To fore two Legate or that his life was lorne. 
 All openly made his confefTion, 
 He was worthy for fliort conclufion, 
 
 For to be dead by ryghtful judgement. 
 
 This was hys cnd'to a(hes he was brent. 
 
 The order of Malta muft now come into confideration ; this 
 has proved a more fortunate fraternity than that of the Templars; 
 but late accounts declare, not a more virtuous one ; but on their 
 different merits I cannot pretend, nor is it my bufinefs to deter- 
 mine : of this, however, we may be convinced, — that enmity 
 gives wings to fcandal, and dips the arrows of detracftion in the 
 bittereft gall of falfehood — let a fault be ever fo great in reality, 
 the difaffeftion of an enemy will render its appearance of much 
 greater magnitude. 
 
 The Knights of Malta took their origin from fome Chriflian 
 merchants of Amalphy, in the kingdom of Naples, who traded 
 to Palefline, and who were defirous of doing fervice to diftrefled 
 Pilgrims : they therefore requefted permiffion of the Calyph of 
 Eg}'pt to build a hofpital near the Sepulchre, which they dedi- 
 cated to the Virgin Mary. Finding their numbers increafe, 
 they built another hofpital ; and having taken St. John the Bap- 
 tifl for their patron, they dedicated it to him; thence they 
 were called the Brethren Hofpitallers, or Knights of St. John of 
 
 Jerufalem.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I59 
 
 Jeriifalem. Their rules were the fame as thofe of the Templars, 
 only in a higher degree of feverity. They wear the black cloak 
 and hood of the Hermits of St. Auguflinc ; on the left fide, 
 over the heart, they have a crofs of eight points, made of white 
 cloth. In war they wear crimfon with a white crofs. 
 
 Their firft Grand Mafler was Gerard de St. Didier, and he 
 was the firft who advifcd them to have a regular habit, and 
 fixed rules of living. The Patriarch of Jerufalem after cloath- 
 ing them in their new drefs, received from them three folemn 
 vows at the foot of the altar. Their Grand Mailer, Gerard, 
 caufed a temple to be eredled to St. John the Baptifl on the very 
 fpot which had ferved for a retreat for Zacharias, the father of 
 that Saint. 
 
 Pope Pafchal II. exempted thefe knights from the payment of 
 all tythes. The Grand Mafter is ftiled, Grand Mafter of the 
 Hofpital of St. John of Jerufalem, Prince of Malta, Gauls, and 
 Gaza. — Sometimes they add, the moft Illuftrious and mofl Re- 
 verend Prince, the Lord Friar, &c. 
 
 After the death of Gerard de St. Didier, Raymond Dupuy, 
 was chofen Grand Mafter j he was the firft who ever led them 
 out to battle, Raymond divided the Brethren of St. John into 
 three degrees ; the firft were the ferving brothers, who had their 
 coat of arms different from the reftj that is, diftinguiflied by being 
 
 of
 
 l6o ANECDOTES OF 
 
 of another colour. The fccond degree were chaplains ; and the 
 third and highcft, were the knights who were to bear arms : 
 in the houfe thefe knights wear a black mantle, and in the field 
 a furtout or coat of arms, with a white crofs of eight points, on 
 a red field ; which is alfo their ftandard. If any knight fled or 
 deferted in battle, he was deprived of the habit and crofs of 
 the order. 
 
 The bread, the knights ufed themfelves, was made of bran, 
 mixed with the coarfeft flour ; but what they gave to the fick 
 and poor, was made of the finefl: and whiteft flour ; and they 
 relieved Mahometans as well as Chriflians. 
 
 The laft Grand Mafler who had his refidence in the Holy 
 Land, was John de Villiers ; from thence they went to Cyprus; 
 after that, they fettled in Rhodes, but were driven thence by 
 Sultan Solyman the Magnificent, in 1523. They had long 
 bravely defended themfelves at Rhodes, but through the re- 
 mifliiefs of the Chriilian fl:ates to aflill them, and the continual 
 and ftrong attacks of the Ottomans, they found it impofiible to 
 fufl;ain themfelves any longer therein ; on leaving the place, 
 their brave and noble Grand Mafter Villiers de I'lfle Adam, 
 with his remaining knights, and the few Rhodians that were 
 attached to him, wandered about, from city to city. They 
 went to Gallipoli, Meflina, Rome, and Viterbo ; L'Ifle Adam 
 made a journey to Madrid, for the purpofe of imploring the 
 
 afllftance
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRV. id 
 
 afliftancc of Charles V. from thence he went into France and 
 England, to endeavour to colled the remains of the order, 
 which was now thought to be entirely ruined. Charles V. made 
 thefe knights a prefent of the ifland of Malta, in 1525, together 
 with Tripoli ; but Tripoli was foon taken from them again by 
 Solyman's admirals. Charles alfo gave them Gaza; which 
 they held with Tripoli, by tenure of one flUcon yearly to the 
 Viceroy of Sicily, and the acknowledgement of the Kings of 
 Spain and Sicily being their protedtors. 
 
 Malta was only a barren rock ; the foil feemed formerly to 
 have been made fruitful by great labour, when the Carthaginians 
 were in poffeflion of this ifland j for the new proprietors found 
 the ruins of feveral columns and grand buildings of marble, 
 with infcriptions in the punic language. Thefe remains of 
 grandeur were proofs it had once been in a flourifliing condition. 
 The Romans did not think it unworthy of their notice, when 
 they took it from the Carthaginians, The Moors became maf- 
 ters of it in the ninth century. Roger, the Norman Count of 
 Sicily, annexed it to that ifland in the end of the twelfth century. 
 When Villiers d'Ifle Adam, removed the feat of his order to this 
 ifland, the aforementioned Sultan Solyman, enraged to fee his 
 fliips ftill expofed to the attacks of thofe enemies whom he had 
 rooted out of Rhodes, refolved to make the fiege of Malta, as 
 he had done that of the laft: place ; he therefore fent an army 
 of 30,000 men to lay fiege to this fmall place, which was de- 
 
 Y fended 
 
 X
 
 l62 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 fended by only 700 knights, and about 8000 foreign foldiers p — 
 John de la Vallette was then the Grand Mailer ; he was feventy- 
 one years of age ; but he valiantly fuftained a fiege for four 
 months. The Turks aflaulted the town of Malta in feveral 
 places at once; but were always repulfed by a machine of a 
 new invention, formed of great wooden hoops, covered with 
 woollen cloths dipped in fpirits of wine, oil, faltpetre, and 
 gunpowder. Thefe hoops were fet on fire and thrown all flam- 
 ing into the midft of the affailants. At length a reinforcement of 
 6000 men being fent from Sicily to the afliflance of the knights, 
 the Turks were obliged to raife the fiege. It was in May the 
 attack begun; — the Turks had fent 160 gallies full of Turkifli 
 foldiers, and a hundred vefTels of provifions ; — when they raifed 
 the fiege, they left behind them '3000 of their men, and mofl 
 of their artillery j — this was on the 8th of September. The 
 Knights of Malta hare annually a proceflion on this day in me- 
 mory of it. The principal town in Malta, which had withflood 
 mofl affaults, was called the vidiorious town, which name it 
 has flill preferved. 
 
 The Grand Mafter Vallette ordered a new citadel to be built, 
 and named after him ; — it has made Malta impregnable, and is 
 the ftrongeft place in the world for its iize. It was built in 
 1566; — the Grand Mafter, in his robes, attended by his council 
 and all the knights, went to Mount Schebberras, where he laid 
 the firft ftone of this new city; upon which the order of the 
 council was engraven in Latin, almofl: in thefe words : — 
 
 " The
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY, l6] 
 
 ' *' The moft illuftrious, and mofl: reverend Lord-Brother John 
 de la Vallettee, Grand Mafter of the order of St. John of Jerufa- 
 lem, both hofpitaller and military, confidering all the perils to 
 which his knights and people of Malta were expofed at the laft 
 fiege by the Infidels ; and having with the approbation of the 
 council of the order, and for the better oppofing any new enter- 
 prizes from thofe barbarians, refolved to build a town upon 
 Mount Schebberras : — the faid Grand Mafter, has, this day, 
 being Thurfday the twenty-eighth of the month of March, of 
 the prefent year 1566 (after having called upon the holy name 
 of God, and befought the intercefllon of the Holy Virgin, his 
 mother, and of St. John the Baptift, titulary patron of the 
 order, to obtain the bleffing of Heaven upon this important 
 work,) laid the firft ftone of it with his arms, which are gules 
 a lion or, engraved upon it j and the new town by his order has 
 been named the city of la Vallette." They threw into the 
 place of the foundation, a great quantity of gold and filvei* 
 medals, on which the new city was reprefented, with this in- 
 fcription, Melita Renafcens ; and on the exergue they put the 
 day and year of its foundation. 
 
 To pay the workmen. La Vallette coined brafs money : — on 
 one fide there were two hands joined together, and on the other 
 fide, the arms of La Vallette, quartered with thofe of the order;— 
 the legend was, — 'Non ces fed fides. — Do not fo much regard the 
 yalue of the money, as the inviolable promife you have ^\\tx\. 
 
 Y 3 you
 
 164 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 you to take it again. As foon as they had money the knights 
 called it in again. 
 
 This fmall ifland has ever fince bid defiance to all the Ottoman 
 force. This convent of warriors fubfifts chiefly upon the rents 
 of thofe fmall benefices it pofTeffes in the Catholic States. They 
 had once 20,000 manors in Europe. 
 
 No perfon that is not a Roman Catholic can be admitted into 
 this order; or that cannot prove their dignity fix defcents. 
 
 The order confifts of fcven languages, or nations. Five hun*- 
 dred knights muft, by their laws, refide in the ifland of Malta; 
 the refl: are difperfed about, but muft attend on a fummons from 
 the Grand Mafter, at Malta. They choofe their grand officers 
 from the following languages: — 
 
 Provence, the Grand Prior. 
 Auvergne, the Grand MaHhal. 
 Italy, the Grand Admiral. 
 Arragon, the Grand Confervator. 
 England, the Grand Turcopolier. 
 Germany, the High Bailiff. 
 Caftile, the High Chancellor. 
 
 There are fixteen knights called the Grand Crofles, out of 
 whom the officers of the order are chofen; who, with the 
 
 Grand
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 
 
 I 6^ 
 
 Grand Mafter, diftribute the rewards and puniflimcnts of 
 juflice in the order. 
 
 Their manner of holding a grand chapter is this : — They 
 firft iffue a general fummons, and when the brethren are all 
 alTembled, they hear a mafs of the Holy Ghofl. 
 
 The Grand Mafler then enters the hall belonging to the 
 aflembly, and feats himfelf under a canopy, on a throne which 
 is raifed three fteps from the ground ; — then the grand officers, 
 and dignitary members, to the number of fifty four, place 
 themfelves in a line on each fide of the Grand Mailer, in the 
 following order : — 
 
 GRAND MASTER. 
 
 TheB 
 
 ifliop, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 The Prior of the Church 
 
 The Great Commander, 
 
 
 G. Marfhal. 
 
 G. Ho 
 
 fpitaller. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 G. Admiral. 
 
 G. Confervator, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 G. Bailiff. 
 
 G. Chancellor, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 G. Prior of St. Giles. 
 
 Prior, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Prior, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Prior, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Prior, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Prior, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Prior, 
 
 — , 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Prior, 
 
 — 
 
 — ^ 
 
 — - 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Prior, 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 Prior. 
 
 Prior,
 
 l66 ANECDOTES OP 
 
 Prior, w- I— __ Prior* 
 Prior, w_ _ — Prior. 
 A Bailiff, — — Prior* 
 
 Here follow eleven Bailiffs of different places on each fide, as 
 the Priors. 
 
 Thefe officers throw down their ffaves of office in this chap- 
 ter, and cannot be re-elected but by a new grant froni the 
 chapter. In default of a general chapter, four lodges are held. 
 Called the ordinary, the complete, the fecret, and the criminal : 
 fometimes a fifth is added, denominated, the chamber of the 
 treafury. The three principal vows of the knights are, to 
 defend the church, obey their fuperiors, and live on the reve- 
 nues of the order only. When a Grand Mailer dies, no veffel 
 is fuffered to go out of the ifland, until a new head to the order 
 is chofen. This precaution is ufed left the Pope fhould inter- 
 fere in the election . When they eledt a Grand Mafi:er, every 
 language names two knights, allowing two for England : from 
 thefe, eight are chofen, by the remaining eight, and the eight 
 cledl knights fix on a knight, a prieft, and a ferving brother; 
 thefe three degrees, from the fixteen grand croffes, ele6t a grand 
 malter. The Pope, however, is declared the only Grand Bifhop 
 of the order. The jewel or badge of the order, is a crofs or, 
 of eight points enamelled argent, pendant to a black watered 
 ribbon, and worn round the neck, hanging on the breaff. In 
 
 England
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 1 67 
 
 England thefe knights held ciiaptcrs, and were very much re- 
 nowned. They found a great friend and patron in Henry VII. 
 Indeed, in the year 1500, they aflemblcd the brethren, and at 
 a grand chapter, chofe him for, and rcquefted him to be, their 
 efpecial protedor. The fucceeding monarch, Henry VIII. 
 proved a bitter enemy, and fuppreffed their order in this king- 
 dom : yet to this day the name of Knight of Malta is known 
 amongft us. There is an officer in the order termed. Grand 
 Prior of England ; accordingly he wears the badge of the fra- 
 ternity, decorated and diftinguifhed by the arms of England ; for 
 it is a cuftom with thefe brethren to diftinguifh each nation or 
 language, by the different arms belonging to it worn upon the 
 crofs. The Grand Prior of the order of St. John of Jerufalem 
 takes place of all others whatfoever. 
 
 Somerfet Houfe in the Strand, was partly built from the ftones 
 taken from the houfe of St. John of Jerufalem, in Clerken- 
 well. Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerfet, Protedor to Ed- 
 ward VI. caufed the bell tower to be blown up for that purpofe : 
 Somerfet Houfe, on his being beheaded, was forfeited to the 
 crown in 1552. The houfe of St. John had, by Henry VIII. 
 been converted into a florehoufe for toils, tents, and implements 
 of war.* In confequence of the above palace being built of the 
 materials from St John's houfe, there remained of the latter, 
 only part of the choir and fome chapels, which Cardinal Pole 
 
 caufed 
 * Stow.— Hey lin.
 
 X 
 
 K 
 
 l6S ANECDOTES OF 
 
 caufed to be clofed up on the weft end, and repaired j and this 
 fcrved for a place of devotion to the Hofpitallers, as long as they 
 continued to affemble in England. In 1557, Queen Mary at- 
 tempted to reftore them to their ancient power and fplendour. 
 She made Sir Thomas Trefham, Lord Prior of this order: on 
 the 30th of November he received the order of the crofs at 
 Weftminfter, and was folemnly inducted to his place. He was 
 of an ancient family, and poflTefled a very confiderable eflate, 
 and had gained the Queen's favour by having done her knight's 
 fervice, in proclaiming her in the high contefl with Lady Jane. 
 
 There was a hofpital or monaflery in Wales, called by the 
 Welch Yfpitty Jevan, or the hofpital of St. John of Jerufalem, 
 fo called from its having formed, in an inhofpitable country, an 
 afylum and guard for travellers, under the protection of the 
 Knights, who held the manor and made its precin6ts a fandlu- 
 ary. After the abolition of the order, this privilege became the 
 bane of the neighbourhood ; for the place thus exempted from 
 all jurifdidlion, was converted into a den of thieves, and mur- 
 derers, who ravaged the country far and wide, with impunity, 
 until they were extirpated by Meredydd ap Evan.* The ar- 
 morial enfign of this monaftery, was gules, a crofs argent j a 
 chief of the lafl. — In the arms belonging to the title of Sandi- 
 lands Lord Torpichen, we fee an augmentation, which is party 
 perfefs, argent and or; on the firft, an imperial crown; on the 
 
 fecond 
 
 •" * Pennant.
 
 
 ** 
 
 * '♦ 
 
 • •• 
 
 /• 
 
 # 9 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 } 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 « 
 
 « • 
 
 % 
 
 ■^^^^'
 
 « « 
 
 V •.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 169 
 
 fecond, a thiflle both proper. The family bear this as a mark of I 
 the high dignity beftowed on one of the Lord Torpichens, who 
 was made a Grand Mafter of the order of Malta in Scotland. It is 
 generally imagined that the arms and motto belonging to the 
 Duke of Savoy, had their origin from the Maltefe, and it is ac- 
 counted for as follows: — Amadcus Magnus, Duke of Savoy, in 
 the year 1315, forced Mahomet II. Emperor of the Turks, to 
 raife the fiege of Rhodes ;* for which the knights fuffered him to 
 change his arms, from a lion, to a crofs argent on a field gules, 
 and gave him for a motto the letters F, E, R, T, inftead of 
 words ; the meaning of which letters are faid to be thefe ; 
 Fortitudine ejus Rhodun tcnuit. This idea has, however, been 
 proved erroneous. The crofs certainly became his arms from 
 fome afll fiance which an anceftor of Amadeus had given them. 
 The letters F, E, R, T, had long before belonged to the houfe 
 of Savoy ; and had been feen on the collar of a dog, which 
 was figured on a tomb of one of the kings of Sardinia, who 
 had died long before the relief of Rhodes by Amadcus. It is 
 certain this crofs has not the appearance of a crofs of Malta, 
 and from its fliape may as well have been afTumed on any other 
 occafion, as on the relief of Rhodes. 
 
 One of the Knights of Malta, was once Bifliop of Worcefter, 
 and afterwards Pope. This was Julius de Medices, or Julio de 
 Medici j he was promoted to the See of Worcefler by Pope 
 
 Z Leo 
 
 * The knights held that ifland in fpite of oppofition for 214 years.
 
 170 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Leo X. to whom he was nearly related, hcing his brother's fon, 
 and whom, from a foldicr of the order of St. John of Jerufalem, 
 he had raifed to be a Cardinal Prieft, and vice Chancellor of the 
 Romifh church, Adminiftrator thereof, both in fpirituals and 
 temporals ; Archbifhop of Narbonne and of Florence. He 
 held the See of Worcefler but one year, for on the death of Leo, 
 his uncle, fearing that Adrian the new Pontiff, fhould think him 
 too great a pluraliil", he refigned the mitre of Worcefter in Sep- 
 tember, 1522. He was chofen Pope after the deceafe of 
 Adrian VL and took upon him the name of Clement VIL* 
 
 When a knight is made, the brethren firfl prefent him with a 
 fword, as an emblem of valour. The fword has always a crofs 
 hilt, as a token that he mufl always fight for his religion, which 
 is the Roman Catholic ; for no man can be admitted as a 
 brother of this particular order who profeifes not the faith of 
 Rome. With the fword he is given three blows, to teach him 
 patiently to fuffer : after this they make him wipe the fword, 
 expreffing by this action, the purity of life they expedl him to 
 obferve. Next is given to him a pair of gilt fpurs, to fhowhim 
 he muft flee from vice and riches; laflly, they place a taper in 
 his hand to remind him of intelledlual light ; and that he mull, 
 by his example, illuminate the fteps of thofe who follow him : 
 fo teaching him to " add to his faith, virtue; and to virtue, 
 knowledge ; to knowledge, temperance ; and to temperance, 
 
 patience; 
 * Mr. Valentine Green's Survey of Worcefter.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I'll 
 
 patience j and to patience, godlinefs j and to godlinefs, brotherly 
 love; and to brotherly love, charity." Thefe knights particu- 
 larly fwear not to fly from the Turks. If a knight happens to 
 be in a Chriftian fliip at the time flie takes a Turkifli one, he 
 is obliged to be the firft who boards her. 
 
 At the diffolution of the monafleries in England, the Hof- 
 pitallers were determined to prefcnt no petition, but attempt the 
 prefervation of their order with refolution and fteadinefs ; but 
 they were not long able fo to do; for on Henry VIII. expecfting 
 every one of his fubjedls to acknowledge his fupremacy in op- 
 pofition to the Pope's, they refufed to relinquifli their old 
 tenet. Their friends generally advifed them to comply. — 
 They did comply ; they gave up every thing at laft, and de- 
 pended folely on the mercy of the King. — A mercy that was 
 feldom — very feldom found. Henry allowed Sir William 
 Wefton, Lord Prior of the order, an annual penfion of one 
 thoufand pounds. Sir William felt too much for the lofs of his 
 priory to be able to live and enjoy his penfion. He died imme- 
 diately, and was buried at Clerkenwell, in the chancel, with 
 the figure of a dead man lying in his fliroud upon his tomb.* 
 Although Mary did all flie could to efi:ablilli thefe brethren on a 
 folid foundation, flie found but little fuccefs ; for what Henry 
 began, Elizabeth concluded. Watfon, in his hiflory of Philip II. 
 of Spain, the huiband of Mary, thus gives his opinion of their 
 prefervation of Malta. Such, after four months continuance, 
 
 Z 2 was 
 
 * Weaver's Monuments.
 
 ^ 
 
 V- 
 
 I'JI ANECDOTES OF 
 
 was the conclufion of the fiege of Maka, which will be for ever 
 memorable on account of that extraordinary difplay of the 
 mofl generous and heroic valour, by which the knights, fo few 
 in number, were enabled to baffle the mofl: vigorous efforts of the 
 mofl powerful monarch in the world. The news of their deli- 
 verance gave univerfal joy to the Chriftian powers ; and the name 
 of the Grand Mailer excited every where the highefl: admiration 
 and applaufe. 
 
 thivalry now calls for my attention, and I mufl: give fomc 
 account of its origin, progrefs, and declenfion j thefe lafl: I Ihall 
 chiefly do from the writers of thofe days when Chivalry was in 
 its priftine fplendour ; (when it met a friend and patron in every 
 prince and poet ; when the glory of the crown was fupported 
 by the deeds of the monarch ; and when thofe deeds refounded 
 from the mouth of every troubador, and the harp of every min- 
 fl:rel ;) and from the writers of later ages who have witnefl!ed its 
 decline, and mourned its downfall ; amongft whom, Froifart 
 for the firft, and Voltaire for the lafl, will prove afllftants. 
 
 To FroiflTart we are indebted for more accounts of Chivalry 
 than any other writer ; I will therefore, before I begin the fub- 
 jedt, give the following account of him, as taken from Mr. 
 Hay ley's notes to his Eflfay on Hiftory :^ 
 
 John Froiffart, Canon and Treafurer of the collegiate church 
 of Chimay, in Renault, was born at Valenciennes, a city of 
 
 that
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I73 
 
 that province, in 1337, according to the conjedlurc of that ela- 
 borate and ingenious antiquarian, M. de St. Palaye, who has 
 amply illullrated the life and writings of this engaging hif- 
 torian, in a feries of differtations among the Memoirs of the 
 French Acamedy, vol. 10. 13. 14. St. Palaye imagines 
 from a palBage in the M. S. poems of Froiflart, that his fiither 
 was a painter of armories : — and it is certain the hiftorlan dif- 
 covers a paiTion for all the pomp and minutia; of Heraldry of 
 that martial age; and Froiflart, more the priefl: of gallantry than 
 of religion, devoted himfelf entirely to the celebration of love 
 and war. At the age of twenty, he began to write hiflory, at 
 the requeft dcfon chcr Seigneur et Maitre MeJJirc Robert de Nawur, 
 ■Chevalier Siegneur de Beaufort. The anguifli of unfuccefsful 
 love drove him early to England ; and his firft voyage feems a 
 kind of emblem of his future life; for he failed hither in a ftorm, 
 notwithftanding which, he continued writing a rondeau in fpitc 
 of the tempeft, till he found himfelf on the coafir, ou Pon aime 
 7nieux la guerre, que la paix, ct ou les etraiigers font trcs-bien vcuu, 
 as he faid of our country in his verfes, and happily experienced 
 in his kind reception at court, where Philippa of Hcnault, the 
 Queen of Edward III. and a patronefs of learning, difUnguiflied 
 the young hiftorian, her countryman, hy the kindefl: protedtion; 
 and finding that love had rendered him unhappy, fupplied him 
 with money and with horfes, that he might prefent himfelf 
 with every advantage before the objed: of his paflion.* 
 
 Love 
 
 * It appears rather fingular that a Catholic princcfs fliould aiSt thus, confidering
 
 I'74 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Love foon efcorted him to his miftrefs — ^but his addrefles were 
 again unfuccefsful ; and taking a fecond voyage to England, he 
 became fecretary to his royal patronefs Philippa, in 1361, after 
 having prefented to her fome portion of his hiftory. He conti- 
 nued five years in her fervice, entertaining her Majefty dc beaux 
 di5liez et traitez amoureux : in this period he paid a vifit to Scot- 
 land, and was entertained fifteen days by William Earl Douglas. 
 In 1366, when Edward the Black Prince was preparing for the 
 war in Spain, Froiflart was with him in Gafcony, and hoped 
 to attend him during the whole courfe of that important expedi- 
 tion: — ^but the Prince fent him back to the Queen, his mother. 
 He continued not long in England, as he vifited many of the 
 Italian courts in the following year, and during his travels fuf- 
 tained the irreparable lofs of that patronefs, to whofe bounty he 
 had been fo much indebted. Philippa died in 1369, and Froif- 
 lart is reported to have written the life of his amiable protedtrefs ; 
 but of this performance, the refearches of St. Palaye could difco- 
 ver no trace. 
 
 After this event he retired to his own country, and obtained 
 the benefice of Leftines, in the diocefe of Cambray. But the 
 cure of fouls was an oflEice little fuited to the gay and gallant 
 Froiflart. His genius led him flill to travel from caftle to 
 
 caftle, 
 
 Frolffart was a f nVj?. It was furely contrary to the religious principles of thofe 
 days, though confident with the French notions of the^e^ which allow men, with 
 impunity, to forget vows of the moft folemn nature.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 1-75 
 
 caftle, and from court to court. Froifllirt now entered into the 
 fervice of the Duke of Brabant; and, as that prince was himfelf 
 a poet, Froiflart colledled all the compofitions of his mafler, 
 and adding fome of his own, formed a kind of romance, which 
 he calls, 
 
 Un livre de Meliador 
 Le chevalier au foliel d'or, 
 
 and of which in one of his later poems, he gives the following 
 account ; 
 
 Dedans ce Romant font enclofes 
 Toutes les chansons que jadis, 
 Dont I'ame foit en paradis, 
 Qiie fit le bon Due de Braibant, 
 Wincelaus, dont on parla tant ; 
 Car un prince fu amorous. 
 Gracious et chevalerous, 
 Et le livre me fit ja faire. 
 Par tres grant amoureus a faire, 
 Coment qu'il ne le veifl oncques. 
 
 The duke died in 1384, before this work was completed; and 
 Froiflart foon found a new patron in Guy Earl of Blois, on the 
 marriage of whofe fon he wrote a paftoral, entitled Le Temple 
 d'Honneur. — The earl having requefted him to refume his 
 hiflory, he travelled for that purpofe to the celebrated court of 
 
 Gaflon 
 
 ^ -V
 
 176 ANECDOTES OP 
 
 Gaflon Earl of Foix, wliofe high reputation for every knightly 
 vil'tue, attracted to his refidence at Orlaix, thofe martial adven- 
 turers, from whofe mouth it was the delight of Froiffart to col- 
 led: the materials of his hiflory. — The courteous Gallon gave 
 him the moll flattering reception : he faid to him with a fmile, 
 (et en bon Francois) " quil le comioijfoit bien, quoy qii'il ne le^iijl 
 jainais vat, viais qn'il avoit bien oiii parlcr dc lui, et le re tint Je 
 Jon hojlel." — It became a favourite amufement of the earl, to hear 
 Froiffart read his romance of Meliador after fupper. — He at- 
 tended in the caflle every night at twelve; when the earl fate 
 down to table, liftened to him with extreme attention, and never 
 difmiffed him, till he had made him vuider tout ce qui ejloit 
 refle du vin de fa bouchc. — Froiffart gained much information 
 here, not only from his patron, who was himfelf very commu- 
 nicative, but from various knights of Arragon and England, in 
 the retinue of the Duke of Lancaflier, who then refided at Bour- 
 deaux. After a long refidence in this brilliant court, and 
 receiving a prefent from the liberal Gafton, which he mentions 
 in the following verfes : — 
 
 Je pris conge et li bons contes 
 Me fit par ia chambre des conipies 
 Deli vrer quatrevins florins 
 D' Arragon, tous pefans et fins 
 Et mon llvre, qu'il m'ot laiffe : 
 
 Froiffart departed in the train of the Countefs of Boulogne, 
 related to the Earl of Foix, who was juft leaving him to join her 
 
 new
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. lyy 
 
 new hufband, the Duke of Berry. In this expedition our hiflo- 
 rian was robbed near Avignon, and laments the unlucky ad- 
 venture in a very long poem, from which M. de St. Palaye has 
 drawn many particulars of his life. The ground-work of this 
 poem (which is not in the lift of our author's poetical pieces, 
 that Mr. Warton has given us from Pafquier) feems to have a 
 ftrong vein of humour. It is a dialogue between the Poet and 
 the fingle Florin that remained out of the many which he had 
 either fpent, or been obliged to furrender to the robbers. He 
 reprefents himfelf as a man of the moft expenfive turn; in twenty- 
 five years he had fquandered two thoufand franks, befides his 
 ecclefiaftical revenues : the compofition of his works had coft 
 him feven hundred; but he regretted not this fum, as he ex- 
 pected to be amply repaid for it by the praife of pofterity. 
 
 After having: attended all the feftivals on the marriage of the 
 Duke of Berry ; having traverfed many parts of France, and 
 paid a vifit to Zeland, he returned to his own country in i 390, 
 to continue his hiftory from the various materials he had col- 
 ledled. But not fatisfied with the relations he had heard of the 
 war in Spain, he went to Middleborough in Zeland, in purfuit 
 of a Portugueze knight, Jean Ferrand Portelet, vaillant homme et 
 fage, et dii confeil du Roy de Portugal. From this accompliflied 
 foldier, FroifTart expe(n:ed the moft perfed: information, as an 
 ocular witnefs of thofe fcenes, which he now wiflied to record. 
 The courteous Portelet received our indefatigable hiftorian with 
 
 A a all
 
 1^8 ANECDOTfeS OF 
 
 all the kindnefs which his enthufiafm defervcd, and in fix days, 
 which they paffed together, gave him all the intelligence he 
 defired. FroifTart now returned home, and finiflied the third 
 book of his hiftory. Many years had pafled fince he had bid adieu 
 to England J taking advantage of the truce then eftabliflied between 
 France and that country, he paid it another vifit in 1395, with 
 letters of recommendation to the King and his uncles. From 
 Dover he proceeded to Canterbury, to pay his devoirs at the 
 ihrine of Thomas of Becket, and to the memory of the Black 
 Prince. Here he happened to find the fon of that hero, the 
 young King Richard, whom devotion had alfo brought to make 
 his offerings to the fafhionable faint, and return thanks to Hea- 
 ven for his fucceffes in Ireland. FroifTart fpeaks of this adven- 
 ture, and his own feelings on the change of fcene which had 
 taken place fince his lafl vifit to England, in the following lively 
 and natural terms : — Le Roy — vini — a trez grant array, et b'len 
 accompaigne de feignneurs, de dames et demoifelles, et me tvis efitre 
 etilx, et entre elles, et tout me fembla nowvel, ncjc ny congnoijfoye per- 
 fonne; car le terns ejloit bien change en Angle ter re depuis le tons de 
 vingt et huyt ans : et en la compaglne du roy n^avoit nuls de fes ancles. 
 Si fus du premier ainji que tout ejbatry. Though FroifTart was 
 thus embarrafTed in not finding one of his old friends in the reti- 
 nue of the King, he foon gained a new patron in Thomas Percy, 
 Mafler of the Houflaold, who offered to prefent him and his let- 
 ters to Richard; but this offer happening on the eve of the King's 
 departure, it proved too late for the ceremony—Le Roy cjloit retrait 
 
 pour
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I79 
 
 pour allcr dorfnir. — And on the morrow, when the impatient 
 hiftorian attended early at the Archbifliop's palace, where the 
 King flept, his friend Percy advifed him to wait a more conve- 
 nient feafon for being introduced to Richard. FroifTart acqui- 
 efced in this advice, and was confoled for his difappointment 
 by falling into company with an Englifh knight, who had at- 
 tended the King in Ireland, and was very willing to gratify the 
 hiflorian by a relation of his adventures. This was William de 
 Lifle, who entertained him, as they rode along together, with 
 the marvels of St. Patrick's Cave, in which he affured him he 
 had pafled a night, and feen wonderful vifions. Though our 
 honefl chronicler is commonly accufed of a pafllon for the mar- 
 vellous, with an excefs of credulity, he fays very fenfibly on 
 this occafion, Je cette maticre je ne I uy parlay plus avant, ct 7n'en 
 ccjfuy, car voulentieres je luy ei/Jfe demande du voyage d^Irelande et 
 luy eii voulaye purler ^ et jjiettre en voye. It appears plainly from 
 this palfage, that our hiftorian was more anxious to gain infor- 
 mation concerning the fcenes of real adlion, than to liften to the 
 extravagant fidtions of a popular legend. — But here he was again 
 difappointed : — New companions joined them on the road, and 
 their hiftorical conference was thus interrupted. Thefe morti- 
 fications were foon repaid by the kind reception he met with 
 from the Duke of York, who faid to him, when he received 
 the recommendatory letter from the Earl of Renault, Maijlre 
 yehafi tenez vous toujoiirs deles nous., et nos gens, tioies -vous ferojis 
 tout a?nour et courtoijie, nous y fommes tenus pour V Amour du terns 
 
 Aa 2 pajfe
 
 X 
 
 l80 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 ■pa[fe et de not re dame de mere a qui vous futcs ; nous en avons Lien 
 la fouvenance . With thefe flattering marks of remembrance and 
 favour the Duke prefented him to the King; lequel me recent joy^ 
 eufement et doulcement , (continues Froiffart) et ne dijl que je Jujfe 
 le bien venus et Ji j'avoye ejle de Vhojlel du Roy fon Ayeul et de Ma~ 
 dame fon Ayeule encores cjloys je de rhojlel d'' Angleterre. Some 
 time, however, elapfed before he had an opportunity of pre- 
 fenting his romance of Mehador, which he had prepared for 
 the King. The Duke of York, and his other friends, at length 
 obtained for him this honour. He gives the following curious 
 and particular account of the ceremony : et voulut veoir le Roy 
 mon livre, que je luy avoye apporte. Si le vit en fa chambrc: car 
 tout pourvcu je l' avoye, et luy mis fur fon licl. Et lors il I'ouvrit 
 et regarda dedans, ct luy pleut tres grandement . Et plaire bien luy 
 devoit : car il efoit cnlumine, efcrit et hiflorie, et convert de ver?)icil 
 veloux a dix cloux d' argent dorez d*or et rofes d'or ou meilUeu a deux 
 gros fermaulx dorez et richement ouvrcz ou mciUieu rofers d'or. 
 Adonc me demande le Roy de quoy il traicloit : ct je luy dis d* amours. 
 De cefe refponce fut tout resjouy, et regarda dedans le livre en phi- 
 fairs lieux, et y lyft, car moult bien parloit ct lyfoit Frangoys, et 
 puis le ff prendre par ung fen chevalier, qui fe no7nme Meffire 
 Richard Credon, et porter en fa chatnbre de retrait dont il me ff 
 bonne chere. 
 
 After paffing three months in this court, Froiflart took his 
 leave of the munificent, but ill fated, Richard. In the laft 
 
 chapter
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. l8l 
 
 chapter of his hiftory, where he mentions the unfortunate end of 
 this monarch, he fpeaks, with an honeft and affedling gratitude, 
 of the liberal prefent he received from him on his departure from 
 England ; it was a goblet of filver, gilt, weighing two marks, 
 and filled with a hundred nobles. 
 
 On leaving England he retired to his own country, and is 
 fuppofed to have ended his days in his benefice of Chimay, but 
 the year of his death is uncertain. There is an ancient tradition 
 in the country, fays M. Le St. Palaye, that he was buried in 
 the chapel of St. Anne, belonging to his own church. That 
 ingenious antiquarian produces an extra dt from its archives, in 
 which the death of FroifTart is recorded (but without naming 
 the year) in the moil honourable terms. His obit bears the date 
 of Odober, and is followed by twenty latin verfes. 
 
 I fhall not add the remainder of Mr. Hayley's note, as it con- 
 tains chiefly accounts of his poetry; but will, inftead, give the 
 following charadler of him from Mr. Hayley's own poem. — 
 
 Yet courtefy, with generous valour join'd. 
 Fair twins of Chivalry! rejoic'd to find 
 A faithful chronicler in plain Froissart; 
 As rich in honefly as void of art. 
 As the young peafant, led by fpirits keen 
 To fome great city's gay and gorgeous fcene, 
 Returning, with increafe of proud delight, 
 Dwells on the various fplendour of the fight ; 
 
 And
 
 I 82 
 
 ^K 
 
 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 And gives his tale, tho' (old in terms uncouth, 
 The charm of nature, and the force of truth. 
 The' rude, engaging; fuch thy fimple page 
 Seems, O Froiffarl! to this enlighten'd age. 
 Proud of tlicir fpirit, in thy writings Ihewn, 
 Fair faith and honour mark thee for their own ; 
 Tho' oft the dupe of thofe dehifive times, 
 Thy genius, fofter'd with romantic rhymes. 
 Appears to play the legendary bard, 
 And trefpafs on the truth it meant to guard. 
 Still {hall thy name with lading glory, fland 
 High on the lift of that advent'rous band, 
 Who, bidding hlftory fpeak a modern tongue. 
 From her cramp'd hand the monkifh fetters flung. 
 While yet depreffed in gothic night (he lay, 
 Nor faw th'approaching dawn of attic day. 
 
 [Hayley's EfTay on Hlftory. 
 
 . The extincftion of the houfe of Burgundy, the adminiflration 
 of Lewis XI. and above all, the new method of making war, 
 lately introduced throughout all Europe, had, by little and little, 
 contributed to the abolition of that kind of military dignity or 
 brotherhood, called Chivalry. This was a military inflitution 
 which had arifen amongfl: the great lords, and in the fame man- 
 ner as religious focieties, or brotherhoods, had arifen amongfl: 
 other people. This inflitution owed its birth to the anarchy and 
 rapine which had defolated all Europe. Voltaire gives his opinion 
 that it arofe on the extindion of the Charlemagne family ; but 
 
 Seld 
 
 en
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 183 
 
 Selden differs from him, and fays, fome traces of it were to be met 
 with during the reign of the Emperor Charlemagne himfelt. I 
 havefomewherefeen, that Charlemagne conferred it on feveral of 
 his family, as did others of the ancient Kings of France. Indeed 
 the traces of Chivalry appear to be of very ancient origin indeed. 
 Selden and Spelman imagine it to have arifen from a cuflom, 
 which is mentioned by Tacitus in his hiftory of the Germans; 
 that of giving arms to their young men in the public afTemblies ; 
 and to the adoption by arms, pradifed by the Goths and fome 
 other barbarous nations. Amongft the Germans, a youth was 
 armed with divers religious ceremonies, which has ftrongly the 
 appearance of Chivalry. The Irifli writers are plcafed to fay, 
 that in the year of the world 3934, there were in Ireland, three 
 orders of knights : the knights of the red branch, and two more 
 orders. — Vide Keating. 
 
 Nobles of all degrees, dukes, counts, vifcounts, vidames, 
 and Caflellans, were now become fovereign princes in their own 
 territories, antl continually making war upon each other ; and 
 inftead of the great armies of Charles Martel, Pepin, and 
 Charlemagne, almoft all Europe, was divided into fmall troops 
 of feven or eight hundred men; and fometimes muchlefs. Two 
 ,or three towns made a petty ftate, which was continually fight- 
 ing with the neighbouring one. The communication between 
 the provinces was fliut up, the high roads were negledled, or fo 
 infefted with robbers, that the merchant could no longer travel 
 
 with
 
 184 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 with any degree of fafety, or bring thofe commodities to market, 
 without which, there was no pofTibihty of fubfifting. Every 
 perfon in pofTeflion of a caftle flopped them on the road, and 
 laid them under contribution. Many of the larger caftles on 
 the borders of the rivers, were real dens of thieves, who not 
 only plundered the merchants, but carried off all the women 
 who fell in their way. Several of the lords by degrees entered 
 into an affociation, for the fafety and protection of the ladies, 
 to which they bound themfelves by an oath ; and this virtuous 
 inftitution by becoming a religious adl, became an indifpenfable 
 duty : — Surely as Spenfer fays, 
 
 Nought is more honourable to a knight, 
 
 Nor better doth befeeme fair chevalry. 
 Then to defend the feeble in their righte, 
 
 And wrong redreffe in fuch as wend awry ; 
 
 Whilome thofe great heroes got therebye 
 Their greatefl glory from their rightful deed. 
 
 And place deferved with the gods on high. 
 
 Several afTociations of this fort were formed in moft of the 
 provinces, and every lord of a fief, held it an honour to be a 
 knight. Towards the end of the eleventh century there were 
 feveral religious and profane ceremonies, appointed for the ob- 
 fervance of each candidate, which feemed to throw a new cha- 
 radler upon the order. The perfon to be admitted was to undergo 
 auftere fafts, fpend whole nights in prayer, with a priefl and 
 
 godfather
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 1 85 
 
 godfather, and to pafs one night in arms, and to have the facra- 
 ments of confeffion, penance, and the eucharifb, adminiftered to 
 him. He remained in the church until the celebration of high 
 mafs — keeping his vigils before fome tomb. 
 
 At SoifTons was a fepulchrc of St. Dranfius or Draufinus, ^^'S^^. 
 who was fuppofed to have the power of rendering any champion 
 invincible who Ihould pafs a night at his flirine — he was called 
 the patron of combatants. Robert de Montfort, before his 
 duel with Henry de EfTex, who had been accufed by him of 
 cowardice and high treafon, in his war againft the Welfli in the 
 time of Henry II. pra6tifed this devotion, and to this was attri- 
 buted his fuccefs. St. Thomas Becket paffed three nights before 
 this flirine previous to the fentence of excommunication which 
 he intended to pafs on his fovereign, thinking it a combat of 
 Chrill, and himfelf a knight of the church. Amongft other 
 tombs and places to which the above virtue was attributed, were 
 thofe of St. Cebar, the holy fepulchre, and the flirine of 
 Si. Catharine. 
 
 Sometimes the candidates ^fwore celibacy before they entered 
 into the order. They were generally drefTcd in white when they 
 went to be armed. 
 
 A romance-writer makes a king fay to his fons when he 
 armed them knights, '• Whoever will enter any facred order, 
 
 B b whether 
 
 V
 
 l86 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 whether that of religion, of marriage, or of knighthood, ought 
 firfl to purge his confcience, and clcanfe his heart from every 
 vice, and fill and adorn it with every virtue ; and charge himfelf 
 with the greatefl care to accomplifli every thing he is commanded 
 to do in the profefTion he takes upon him : in one word, he. 
 muft be without reproach."* 
 
 iX^ On the day before that in which the candidate was to enter 
 , the order, he was to fit at a table by himfelf, whilfl: his god- 
 
 fathers, and the ladies who were to arm him, dined at another; 
 whilfl at the table by himfelf, he was forbidden to fpeak, laugh, 
 or touch any food. The enfuing day he was to enter in the 
 church, with his fword hanging about his neck, and receive the 
 prieft's benediction ; he was then to go and kneel down before 
 the lord or lady, who was to inveft him with his armour and 
 knighthood ; thofe of the afilftants who were qualified to put on 
 his fpurs, clad him with his cuirafles, cap, cuiflies, and the coat 
 of mail called the haubert. The godfather who inftalled him, 
 frave him three ftrokes with the flat of the fword, in the name 
 
 o 
 
 of God, St. Michael, and St. George j from this inftant, every 
 time he heard mafs, and at the reading of the gofpel, he drew 
 his fword and held it upright. 
 
 The firft mention made of folemn vows being ufed in Eng- 
 land, is by Ingulphus, Abbot of Croyland, who wrote under 
 
 William 
 
 * St. Palaye's Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. iSy 
 
 William the Conqueror: he mentions it as the culT:om of the 
 Saxons in England, to prepare themfelves after the manner re- 
 lated above ; but in the accounts given us by William of Malmef- 
 bury, of Athelftan's being knighted by Alfred his grandfather , 
 no mention is made of thefe rites, although he fpeaks of Athel- 
 ftan having been given a fword, a rich belt, and a curious robe, 
 as the enfigns of knighthood. Ingulphus fliys, the Normans 
 abominated this method of confecrating knights, and defpifed 
 thofe who made the cuflom j yet for feveral years, the receiving 
 the fword at the altar was obferved in England and France, with 
 other ceremonies. In Ireland the cufloms were very fimple, 
 " Four kings of feveral provinces of Ireland that fubmitted 
 themfelves to Richard II. were put under the care of Henry 
 Caftile, an Englifla gentleman, that fpoke Irifli well, in 
 order to prepare them for knighthood. By the king's command, 
 he informed them of theEnglifh manners, in regard to diet, ap- 
 parel, and the like ; and then alked them whether they were 
 willing to take the order, which the King of England would 
 give them, according to the cufloms of England, France, and 
 other countries. They anfwered at firft, that they were knights 
 already, and that the order they had taken was enough for them, 
 and that they were made knights in Ireland, when they were 
 feven years old, and that every King made his Son a Knight, 
 and if the father be dead, the next king does it; and the manner 
 of if w^as thus : — The new knight at his making, ran, with 
 flender lances, againft a Ihield, fet upon a ftake in a meadow^; 
 and the more lances he broke, the more honour continued 
 
 B b 3 with
 
 l88 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 with his dignity. But Henry Caftile told them they flioulJ 
 receive knighthood with more flate in the church, and after- 
 wards being perfuaded and inftru6led by the Earl of Ormond 
 and others, they received knighthood at Chrift Church in Dub- 
 lin, after having performed their vigils in the fame church and 
 heard mafs. — There were others alfo knighted wdth them; but 
 the four kings, in robes fuitable to their ftate, fat that day at the 
 fame table with the King."* In the reign of Stephen, oaths 
 were difpenfed with. The duty of a good knight is clearly 
 fhewn in the words of Alphonfo V. King of Portugal, who, 
 after having taken the city of Arzila, by an aflault, from the 
 Moors, went with great folemnity to the chief mofquc; and 
 when he had prayed fome time before a crucifix, which was 
 placed on the dead body of the Count de Marialva, who had 
 been killed in the adion; he commanded his fon, the Infant of 
 Portugal, to kneel down by his fide, which being done, he 
 drew his fword, and faid to the young prince, " My fon, wc 
 have received this day a great favour from Almighty God, 
 who has made us mafters of fo important a place, and given me 
 fo fair an opportunity of conferring on you the honour of knight- 
 hood, and of arming you with my own hands; but firft to in- 
 Ilrud you in the nature of this order; be it known, my fon, that 
 it confifts in aclofe confederacy, or union of power and virtue to 
 eftablifh peace among men, whenever ambition, avarice, or 
 tyranny trouble ftates, or injure individuals ; for knights are 
 
 bound 
 * Wynne's Hiftory of Ireland.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I S9 
 
 bound to employ their fwords on thefe occafions in order to de- 
 throne tyrants, and put good men in their places; they arc like- 
 wife obliged to preferve fidelity to their fovereign, as well as to 
 obey their chiefs in war, and to give them falutary counfels. 
 It is alfo the duty of a knight to be frank and liberal, and to 
 think nothing his own but his horfe and arms, which he ought 
 to keep for the fake of acquiring honour with them by ufing 
 them in defence of his religion, and country, and of thofe who 
 are unable to defend themfelves ; for as the priefthood was in- 
 ftituted for divine fervice, fo was Chivalry for the maintenance 
 of religion and juftice. A knight ought to be the father of 
 orphans, the hufband of widows, the proteilor of the poor, and 
 the prop of thofe who have no other fupport: they who do not 
 a6t thus, are unworthy to bear the name. Thefe, my fon, are the 
 obligations which the order of knighthood will lay upon you; con- 
 fider whether you are defirous of obtaining it upon thefe terms." 
 The prince anfwering in the affirmative, the king afked him if 
 he would promife to perform all thefe feveral duties, and make 
 them to be obferved with all the rights and cuftoms of the order 
 of knighthood; — to which he having aflented •' on thefe con- 
 ditions," faidthe monarch, "I arm you a knight in the name of 
 God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghoft;" at each of thefe 
 facred names flriking him with his fword on the helmet, he 
 added, " May God make you as good a knight as this whofe 
 body you fee before you, pierced in feveral places for the fervice 
 of God and his fovereign;" then kiffing him on the forehead, 
 
 he raifed him up with his hand. 
 
 In 
 
 /
 
 190 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 In war, that is, on the field of battle, the ceremonies I have 
 mentioned were feldom or never performed : the perfon who 
 wifhed to be knighted, carried his fvvord to the king or com- 
 mander in chief, who created him by only ftriking him on the 
 neck with the fword ; and this was done at the beginning, 
 middle, or end of the battle, as the occafion offered. 
 
 The Knights of the Round Table long Ihone with unrivalled 
 fplendour; of them there were but four and twenty; they were 
 feated at a round table to prevent the difputes which might have 
 arifen concerning claims of precedency. To this fraternity 
 none were admitted but fuch as had become renowned for virtue 
 and arms. Much more ftrid: and comprehenfive were the rules 
 belonging to this order, than to knights in general j it is not 
 known with what particular ceremonies they were made. In 
 time this order declined, and was negledled for a while ; until 
 Roger Mortimer, called the great Lord Mortimer, grandfather 
 to Roger Mortimer, firft Earl of March, ereded again a table 
 of knights, after the ancient order of King Arthur, with a reti- 
 nue of one hundred knights, and an hundred ladies in his houfe, 
 for the entertainment of fuch adventurers as came from all parts 
 of Chriftendom. 
 
 " My grandfire was the firft fince Arthur's reign 
 " Who the Round Table recS^ified again; 
 " To whofe great court at Kenelworth did come 
 " The peerlefs knighthood of all Chriftendome ; 
 •' Whofe princely order honoured England more 
 " Than all the conquefts he atchieved before Drayton,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. IQI 
 
 A regular inftallation was often followed by a magnificent 
 entertainment, and frequently by a tournament; but thefe were 
 always then at the people's expence. 
 
 Tilts and tournaments were firfl introduced into Germany by 
 the Emperor Henry, furnamed the Fowler; who died in 936. 
 He was allowed to be the greateft prince, and ableft ftatefman 
 of his time, in Europe. Amongft other ordinances relating to 
 thefe fports, he forbade the admiffion of any perfon to joufl, 
 who could not prove his nobility for four defcents. This prince 
 was fo folicitous to promote valour, and increafe the military 
 flrength of his kingdom, that he publifhed a general amnefly 
 m favour of all thieves, and banditti, provided they would enlift 
 in his armies ; thofe who took advantage of this, he adlually 
 formed into a regular troop. — The firft tournament in Germany 
 was appointed to be at Magdeburgh, in Lower Saxony. 
 
 There was a great difference between the tilt and the tourna- 
 ment, which confifted in this : — A tournament was a prelude of 
 war, and fought by many perfons together, with blunted wea- 
 pons J whereas joufts could only be fought by two. — Thefe lafl 
 were often ufed for the purpofe of duels, and military trials of 
 offences. Thefe duels were latterly a fpecies of chivalry; whether 
 they were formerly I cannot fay — but they have the appearance 
 of having been fo. They were very ancient; fimilar to thefe, 
 
 was
 
 193 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 was the old cuftom of two or more champions (when great armies 
 were wilHng to fettle their difputes without much flaughter,) 
 being deputed from each contending party, to reprefent the 
 whole body of the troops, and by the conqueft of the one, or 
 the other, decide the fate of the Hate they fought for: the com- 
 bat of the Horatii and Curiatii was of this nature ; and I am 
 apt to fuppofe the combat of David and the gigantic champion 
 of the Philiflines, though performed without any preceding 
 ceremonies or forms, that of defiance excepted, to have been 
 amongft thofe, which were the origin of joufls. 
 
 /7^ Trials by duel were antecedent to Chriflianity, and thefe 
 
 favage ordinances even Chriftianity could not abolifh — this we 
 fee in Sir Henry Spelman, who fpeaks of a king of the Lom- 
 bards, called Luitprandus, who fays, "We are uncertain about 
 the judgment of God, and have heard of many perfons who have 
 unjuftly loll: their caufes in trials by battle ; but we are not able 
 to abrogate this impious lawof the Lombards, which the cuftom 
 of our nation has eflablifhed." Not only in criminal, but in 
 civil caufes, was this trial ufed : William L granted full liberty 
 to any Englifliman to appeal any Frenchman, by duel, of theft, 
 homicide, or any thing for which ordeals by fire ought to be 
 granted. If the Englifh appellants fliould choofe to proceed by 
 the latter, the Frenchman was not bound to that method of 
 proof, but was to clear himfelf by the oaths of witnefs, according 
 to the law of Normandy. If a Frenchman appealed an Englifli- 
 man
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 193 
 
 man of the fame crimes, the Englifhman was to have the op- 
 tion of defending himfelf cither by combat or the fire ordeal; 
 and if either party could not, or was unwilling to maintain his 
 caufe by combat, he might procure himfelf a legal cham- 
 pion. If the French appellant was vanquifhed he was to 
 pay the king fixty Ihillings; and if the Englilh could not defend 
 himlelf by combat or witnefTes, he was to be tried by the judg- 
 ment of God — that is — fire ordeal. 
 
 Duels at length became odious, as we fee by the following 
 cxtrads from the Due de Sully : — 
 
 *' Duels, it is true, are of long fianding in France, and in- "^ 
 
 deed, in Europe; but in that part only which had been over- 
 whelmed by barbarians, from whofe time this hateful cuflom 
 takes its date, and appears, therefore, to be derived from them; 
 and if hiftories of times more remote, fuch as that of the 
 Emperor Otho I. and that of the divorce of Lothario, give 
 fome inftances of fingle combat, they may be oppofed by pro- 
 hibition of equal antiquity, iffued out by the power of the 
 church, as that of the council of Valcntia in 855, or by 
 temporal authority. We have in France a very antient edid:, 
 which forbids them in all civil caufes ; and in criminal caufes 
 limits them to five cafes ; high-treafon, rape, houfe-burning, 
 murder, and nightly thefts. St. Lewis afterwards took away 
 all reflridion ; and when Philip IV. his grandfon, feemed to 
 
 C c reflorc 
 
 /"
 
 194 ANECDOTES^OF 
 
 rcftore them, 1303, in charges of ftatc crimes, rapes, and houfe 
 burning, to which he reduced them, he was incited by a motive 
 at once deferving praife and ccnfure ; the hope of aboHfhing in- 
 fenfibly this cuflom of bloodflied, which had gathered flrength 
 in his time, by confining it to thefc rare cafes fet down in a pofi- 
 tive law : to make this more evident, he forbade all manner of 
 perfons to allow them, by receiving what was called pledges of 
 battle, and declared that right referved to himfelf alone." 
 
 The Due de Sully, then fliews the difference between antient 
 and modern duels in the manner following : — 
 
 " To fhew, by explaining the difference between the antient 
 duels and thofe of our time, what a number of namelefs abufes 
 have crept into a pradlice, w-hich itfelf was from its firft original, 
 corruption, it will be fufficicnt to lay down the circumflances 
 and formalities which were obferved in thofe times. 
 
 In the firft place, nobody, however offended, might take 
 vengeance in his own right, or, as it is now pradlifed in the firft 
 emotion of caprice or paffion, and much lefs in mere bravado, 
 which, in my opinion, is of all things the moft contrary to the 
 laws of fociety. They had their judges, before whom he who 
 thought himfelf injured in his honour, was to give an account 
 of the wrong fuffered, and demand permiffion to prove, in the 
 way of arms, that he did not lay upon his enemy a falfe accu- 
 
 liition.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. I95 
 
 f;ition. It was then confidered as fliameful to dcfire blood for 
 blood. The judge, who was commonly the lord of the place, 
 made the perfon accufed, likewife, appear before him ; and 
 never allowed the decifion of a battle, which was demanded by 
 throwing a glove, or fomc other pledge on the ground, but 
 when he could get no other proof either of guilt or innocence. 
 
 The pledges were received, and the judge deferred the decifion of 
 the quarrel to the end of two months, during the firft of which, 
 the two enemies were delivered each of them to common friends, 
 upon fecurity for their forth coming : their friends endeavoured 
 by all forts of means to difcover the perfon criminal, and to give 
 him a fenfe of the injuflice of maintaining a falfehood, from 
 which he could exped: nothing but the lofs of his reputation, of 
 his Ufe, and of his foul j for they were perfuaded, with the ut- 
 moft degree of certainty, that heaven always gave the vi6lory to 
 the right caufe ; and, therefore, a duel in their opinion, was 
 an ad:ion of which the event could be determined by no human 
 power. When the two months were expired, the two rivals 
 were put into clofe prifon, and committed to the ecclefiaftics, 
 who employed every rnotive to make them change their defign. 
 If after all this, they ftill perfifted, a day was at lafl fixed to end 
 their quarrel. 
 
 When the day was come, the champions were brought farting 
 in the morning before the fame judge, who obliged them both to 
 
 C c 3 declare
 
 lCj6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 declare upon oath, that they faid the truth; after which they 
 fufFered them to eat; they were then armed in his prefence, the 
 kind of arms being fettled ; four feconds, chofen with the fiime 
 ceremonies, faw them undrefTed, and anointed all over the body 
 with oil, and their beards and hair cut clofe. They were then 
 conducted into an inclofed ground, and guarded by armed men, 
 having been made to repeat for the lafl: time their affertions and 
 accufations, to fee if they perfided in them without any alter- 
 ation. They were not even then fuffercd to advance to the com- 
 bat : that moment their feconds joined them at the two ends of 
 the field for another ceremony, which of itfelf was enough to 
 make their weapons drop from their hands, at leaft if there had 
 been any friendlliip between them. Their feconds made them 
 kneel down in this place, facing each other ; they made them 
 join hands, with the fingers of one, put between the fingers of 
 the other; they demanded juflice from one another, and were 
 conjured on each fide not to fupport a fiilfehood ; they folemnly 
 promifed to ad: upon terms of honour, and not to aim at the 
 viitory by fraud or inchantment. The feconds examined their 
 arms piece by piece, to fee that nothing was wanting, and then 
 conduced them to the two ends of the lift, \\ here they made 
 them fay their prayers, and make their confeffion ; then afking 
 each of them whether he had any mefifage to fend to his adver* 
 fary, they fuffered them to fall to, which they did at the fignal 
 of the Herald, who cried from without the lifi:s, " Let the brave 
 combatants go." — After this, it is true, they fought without 
 
 mercy,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. K)"! 
 
 mercy, and the vanquilhcti, dead or alive, incurred all the 
 infamy of the crime ami the punilhment ; he was dragged upon 
 a hurdle in his Ihirt, and afterwards hanged or burnt, while the 
 other returned honoured and triumphant, with a decree that at- 
 tefted him to have gained his fuit, and allotted him all manner of 
 fatisfad:ion. 
 
 There is throughout all this ceremony fomething wild and 
 ridiculous; but, however, the voice of reafon, authority, and 
 prudence, is ftill heard, though its dictates are utterly mif- 
 ilaken ; whereas there is nothing but monflrous unreafonable- 
 nei's in the prad;ice of thofe fmart youths who withdraw flily 
 into a field to flied the blood of one another ; with hands im- 
 pelled by no better inftindl than that which infligates a beaft 
 of prey. If men were to fight with the fame coolnefs and deli- 
 beration as in former times, can it be imagined there would be 
 the hundredth part of the duels that now happen ? But men have 
 thought it necefTary to dilmifs confideration from that action 
 which is ferious above all others : fome rufli blindly into this 
 danger, others pleafe themfelves with being born for the deftruc- 
 tion of their fellow-creatures j others revive the hateful trade of 
 gladiators, and are indeed more dreadful and contemptible than 
 were heretofore the men that bore that name. 
 
 The forms of duels which were obferved in Germany, diflTer 
 not eflentially from thofe of France, which I have defcribed : 
 
 they
 
 198 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 they were likevvife received in Spain and England; only he who 
 yielded to his adverfary on a fingle wound, was reputed infa- 
 mous; he could not afterwards either cut his beard, bear any 
 office, wear a weapon, or mount a horfe. On the contrary, he, 
 who died in a courageous defence, was buried honourably. 
 Another iingularity, which muft have kept duels from being 
 common in Germany, was, that there were only three places 
 where they could be fought, Witzbourgh in Franconia, Ufpach, 
 and Hall in Swabia."* 
 
 The duel mentioned in the time of Otho I. was on the account 
 following : — 
 
 In the year 940, a queftion arofe whether inheritance fhould 
 defcend in a direct line; whether, for example, a grandfon, 
 heir to an elder fon, ihould fucceed, on the death of his grand- 
 father, in preference to his uncles. The Diet not being able to 
 come to any determination on this point, though fo clear ac- 
 cordino' to our prefent ideas of inheritance, it was agreed that 
 the caufe, which had fuggefted the doubt, Ihould be decided by 
 duel. An equal number of combatants were accordingly chofen 
 on both fides ; and the fuit was determined in favour of the 
 o-randfon, his champions being vicflorious. Under the follow- 
 ing reign a diet ordained, that doubtful cafes fliould no longer 
 
 be decided upon oath, but by the fword.-f- 
 
 That 
 
 * Sully's Memoirs, Vol. 4th, Book 22d. 
 + Hlftory of Modern Europe, Vol. ift.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 1 99 
 
 That which SiilJy mentions of the divorce of Lothario, was 
 to have been fought in tlie year 867. Mezeray prefents us with 
 the circumftances. 
 
 Lothario IL King of Lorraine, had married Thietbero-e, 
 daughter of Hubert Duke d'outre le Mont-Jou, and alhed to 
 Charles le Chauve; about the year 860 having taken a diflike 
 to her, and being attached to Valdrade the fifter of Gontier, 
 Archbifliop of Cologne, and niece to Thietgaud, Archbifliop 
 of Treves; prevailed on thefe prelates, who were fervile to his 
 will, to affemble their fuffragans at Aix-Ia-Chapelle, where 
 they obliged them to agree to a diffolution of the marriage. On 
 this Lothario publicly married Valdrade. The unfortunate 
 Thietberge was branded with the mofl unjuft fcandal j having no 
 real caufe of blame, they accufcd her of an improper connexion 
 with her own brother — a charge as falfe, as it was horrible. 
 This was made their plea for the divorce. Confcious of her 
 own innocence, Thietberge, dared to prove it by the trial of 
 boiling water — the ordeal was in her favour. 
 
 Pope Nicholas I. an able and judicious prelate, offended at 
 Lothario's new efpoufiils, wrote to Charles IL King of France, 
 who had long been feeking fome occafion to quarrel with Lotha- 
 rio ; feizing the prefent opportunity, he would by force of 
 arms have obliged him to relinquifla Valdrade, had not Louis 
 the German, King of Germany and Bavaria, interfered, and in- 
 filled 
 
 ~r
 
 200 ANECDOTE OF 
 
 filled on a general afTembly being called ; upon this Lothario 
 promifed to fubmit to the judgment of the church ; — a promife 
 which he intended to break (fliould that judgment differ from 
 the vviflies of his heart) on the firft opportunity that offered. 
 
 "^/^^ To elude the purfuits of Charles, ii©- appealed to the Pope, _j^ f/t,^^'^^**^ 
 V and requefted him to call a council of French bifhops at Mentz, 
 and to fend his legates thither. 
 
 The Pope granted his petition, and the council was held in 
 the month of June. The two prelates, Gontier, and Thiet- 
 baud, were in the affembly; fubfervient to the wiflics of the 
 young Lothario, they ffill voted for the divorce, nor did they 
 reft here — they corrupted, by gifts, the legates of the Holy 
 Father. The council, influenced by the opinion of the legates, 
 voted in favour of the divorce, and the fentence they had there 
 pronounced, Gontier and Thietbaud, had the effrontery to 
 cany themfelves to Rome, for the approbation of Nicholas, 
 who was too fleady in the courfe of juftice to let fo infamous a 
 \sJ behaviour pafs unpunifhed ; contrary to their expedations, he 
 called another council in the Lateran, where he fufpen^d and 
 cxcommvmicated the two archbifhops, and declared ever)- other 
 billiop, who had by his evil counfel promoted the fentence of 
 the diffolution of the marriage, fliould become fubjed: to, and 
 remain under the fame penalties, until he made conceffion to 
 fome legates, who were exprefsly fent for the purpofe. The 
 
 infolent
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 201 
 
 infolent Archbifliops not only difregardcd the anathema, but 
 anfwered it very Iharply, iffuing out another decree, that the 
 Pope fliould himfelf be under the fentence of excommunication, 
 for having aded (as they were pleafed to declare) contrary to 
 the holy canons, favouring excommunicated perfons, and by his 
 pride feparating himfelf from the reft of the Bifliops. 
 
 Gonthier long perfifted in his obftinacy; but very fliortly after, 
 Thietbaud became convinced it was better to be obedient to the 
 fentence of the Pope; whereupon he folicited a pardon, and 
 gained his abfolution during the life of Nicholas I, The flaarp 
 treatment which the infamous Valdrade met with from the Pope, 
 made her refolve upon going to Rome, and feek an abfolution 
 of her crime, from the Pontiff himfelf. Love,"* however, over- 
 came duty and devotion, in the heart of this young lady; fhc 
 entered Italy a penitent, but had made but a fmall progrefs in 
 her journey, when fhe recoiled from the right path, and flew 
 back to the enamoured Lothario. Her true friends, who regarded 
 her eternal welfare, more than the gaining of her approbation 
 \)y advice which would finally ruin her foul, advifed her once 
 more to feek the Pope's forgivenefs, and quit Lothario for ever; 
 again flie confented, and with a forrowful heart again entered 
 Italy ; but it was only again to return. Aduated by the fame 
 paffion that had driven her back to Lothario the laft time, flie 
 gave up all intention of penance, and returned to Lorraine. 
 This was too much for the Pope to fubmit to ; enraged at her 
 
 D d contumacy
 
 20a ANECDOTES .OF 
 
 contumacy and irrefolution, he, in an afTcmbly which he called 
 for that purpofc, declared her excommunicated ; at the fame 
 time he wrote very fliarp letters to the young Prince, and threat- 
 ened to take his kingdom from him, if he did not fubmit. 
 
 Love taught the foolifli Prince to diffemble ; every kind of 
 fubmifTion and artifice did Lothario pradlife to evade the anger 
 of the Pontiff, who was, notwithflanding, too wary to be 
 deceived by his machinations ; he fent a legate named Arfenius, 
 into France, with orders to Louis the German, to hold a fynod, 
 wherein he fliould declare to Lothario himfelf by fupreme 
 authority, that this Prince, with all his adherents, fliould re- 
 main under excommunication, unlefs he, without farther evafion 
 or obftinacy, relinquifhed Valdrade, and regarded the unhappy 
 Thietberge as his wife. 
 
 The Kings, his uncles, on hearing this, found it was moft 
 politic to acquiefce for the prefent, and oblige Lothario to do 
 the fame. Immediately, however, that the legate had quitted 
 France, Lothario returned to hps former proceedings ; he treated 
 Queen Thietberge with the greateft cruelty, accufed her of 
 adultery, and offered to prove it by a duel. The fuccefs of 
 Lothario was fuch that he obliged her to fly from him, and take 
 refuge with Charles the Bald. The Pope took her caufe much 
 to heart ; he did every thing in his power to alleviate her fuf- 
 ferings, and force her unjuft enemies to a6l with more lenity 
 
 towards
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 203 
 
 towards her. Valdrade who had gained abfolution from the 
 legate Arfenius, on her parting from the king, and promifing 
 no more to return to him, was again excommunicated; fhe had 
 broken her promifc, being weak, and devoid of every emotion 
 of fliame, or principle of redtitude ; flie meanly triumphed in 
 the humiliation of her rival, and gloried in pofTefllng the heart 
 of a man, to whom flae had been miftrefs before the divorce of 
 Thietberge. Thietberge found a champion, and an avenger of 
 her wrongs, in the perfonof her brother, Duke Hubert, who 
 was io much incenfed at the ill ufage of his fifter, that he with- 
 drew his allegiance from Lothario, and began to commit depre- 
 dations on his territories : he killed his fubjecfls, and fuffered 
 revenge fo far to overcome humanity, that he proceeded, taking 
 the moft furious and fanguinary vengeance on a people, the 
 offence of whofe mafler, he made their own : horror marked 
 his fleps J but he was flopped in his cruel career by the hand of 
 a champion of Valdrade's. Count Conrade, who was the fither 
 of Raoul, firft monarch of Transjurane, Burgundy, killed the 
 Duke Hubert with his own hand. Notwithflanding this fuccefs, 
 Lothario was a little tamed, and wifhed to gain the good opinion 
 of Adrian, who had fucceeded to the Pontificate on the death 
 of Nicholas. He was in hopes he could at laft win over the new 
 Pope to grant him the diffolution of a marriage fo exceedingly 
 difpleafing to him; to effect this, he went into Italy, to drive 
 thence the Saracens, who had there done great damages. The 
 holy Father received him very gracioufly, on his affuring him he 
 
 D d 2 had
 
 204 ANECDOTES OP 
 
 had fubmitted to every thing that had been commanded him by 
 Nicholas. For a fhort time the infatuated youth imagined his 
 profped:s were fair, and that fubtlety and falfliood would at 
 length crown their votary with the completion of his wifhes. 
 Adrian was not eafier to be impofed on than his predeceflbr ; it 
 was but a tranfient gleam of funfliine, which brightened the 
 profpedl of Lothario's future days. 
 
 One day when Adrian prefented Lothario with the eucharifl:, 
 he defired him to fwear by that folemn facrament whether it was 
 true, that he had renounced Valdrade, and whether it was his 
 intention to give her up for ever, being convinced of the injuftice 
 he had been guilty of to Thietberge, and of the crime he com- 
 mitted in having married Valdrade during the life of the other 
 lady. — Lothario fwore. Could he imagine fo black a perjury, 
 however eafily it could deceive a pope, could blind the wonder- 
 ful omnifcience of Heaven? — A cruel diforder was fent by Hea- 
 ven to prove the contrary; it fwept off his troops, and at length 
 made the wicked and perfidious prince himfelf, an example of 
 the juft vengeance of a righteous God: — the fvvord of the exter- 
 minating angel cut his thread of life. 
 
 The laft trial by combat in this kingdom was faid to be in the 
 fixth year of Charles L 1631, between Donald Rey, Efq. appel- 
 lant, and David Ramfey, Efq. defendant: this duel, however, 
 was never really fought : it is true, they met before Robert Lord 
 
 Lindfay,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 305 
 
 Lindfay, Lord High Conftable; Thomas Earl of Arundel, Earl 
 Marfhal, and other lords; but it was accomnnodated before the 
 combat commenced by the King himfelf. Rufhvvorth mentions 
 one which was fought feven years afterwards. 
 
 In the romantic reign of Elizabeth, there was a combat ap- 
 pointed in England, in the year 1571. It was ordered to be 
 fought under the infped:ion of the Judges of the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas. This duel, however, like the foregoing, was never 
 performed; the Queen forbade it; fhe commanded the parties to 
 fettle their differences, as well as they could, without a duel ; 
 yet Elizabeth, with a delicate regard to the pund:ilios of 
 honour and Chivalry, judged it neceffary that, for the preferva- 
 tion of thefe, the general forms of thefe kind of duels fhould be 
 obferved: with great ceremony, therefore, the lifts were marked 
 out, and every form attended to : — and there it ended. 
 
 The following account of a duel which was to have been: 
 
 fought, "is to be found in Wynne's Hiflory of Ireland. 
 
 " Not long after there fell fome difference between John, King 
 of England, and Philip, King of France, for the right of l^me 
 fort in Normandy, who, to avoid the flaedding of Chriftian 
 blood, agreed on each fide to put it to a combat; of King 
 Philip's there was a Frenchman in readinefs. King John upon 
 the fudden knew not what to do for a champion to encounter 
 with him J at length one attending upon his perfon, informed 
 
 him
 
 206 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 ■him there was one Courcy, in the Tower of London, the only 
 man in his dominions (if he would undertake it) to anfwer the 
 challenge. — King John joyful at this, fent the firft, the fecond, 
 and the third time, promifing great rewards and rich gifts, and 
 that it flood him upon as fiir as the honour of his crown and 
 kingdom did reach, to make good the combat. Courcy an- 
 fwered very forwardly, (the which was taken in good part, in 
 regard of the urgent neceflity) that he Would never fight for him, 
 neither for any fuch as he was ; that he was not worthy to have 
 one drop of blood fpilt for, that he was not able to requite him 
 the wrong he had done him, neither to reftore him the heart's 
 cafe he had bereaved him of, yet notwithflanding all the pre- 
 niifes, he was willing, and would with all expedition, be ready 
 to venture his life in defence of the crown and his country. 
 Whereupon it was agreed, that he fliould be dieted, apparelled, 
 and armed to his content, and that his own fvvord fliould be 
 brought him out of Ireland. The day came, the place ap- 
 pointed, the lifts provided, the fcaffolds {et up, the princes 
 with their nobility on each fide, with thoufands in expedlation. 
 Some fay that thf French champion never appeared that day in 
 the lifts, others that, he came forth, gave a turn, and refted him 
 in his tent : they fent for Courcy, who all this time was truffmg 
 of himfelf about with ftrong points, and anfwered the mefiTen- 
 gers, " If any of their company were to go to fuch a banquet, 
 I think he would make no great hafte." Forth he comes, gives 
 a turn, and went into his tent. When the trumpet founded to 
 
 battle,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 2O7 
 
 battle, forth come the combatants, and viewed each other. 
 Courcy beheld him with a wonderful flcrn countenance, and 
 pafTed by. The Frenchman, not liking his grim look, the ftrong 
 •proportion and feature of his perfon, flalked ftill along, and 
 when the trumpet founded the lafl: charge, Courcy drew out his 
 fword, and the Frenchman ran away, and conveyed himfelf to 
 Spain.* Whereupon they founded vid:ory ; the people clapped 
 their hands, and caft up their caps. About a year after. King 
 Pliilip defired King John that Courcy might be called before 
 them, to fliew fome part of his ftrength and manhood, by a 
 blow upon a helmet. It was agreed, a flake was fet in the 
 ground, and a fhirt of mail and helmet thereon; Courcy drew 
 his fword, looked wonderfully ftern upon the princes, cleft the 
 helmet, the flairt of mail, and the flake fo far in, that none could 
 pull it out but himfelf. Then the princes demanded of him 
 what he meant to look fo fourly upon themj his anfwer was, 
 that if he had miffed his blow upon the block he would have cut 
 oflFboth kings heads. — All that he had faid was taken in good 
 part. — King John difcharged him out of all his troubles, gave 
 him great gifts and rcfbored him to his former polfeilions in 
 Ireland. 
 
 Something different from thefe was the enfuing combat. — 
 A cruel feud raged between the Clan Chattan and the Clan Kay, 
 in the year 1396, which Robert III. in vain endeavoured to 
 
 reconcile : 
 
 * It feems an impoffibility he fliould be able to efcape from the lifts.
 
 
 5i08 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 reconcile : at length the Earls of Crawford and Dunbar pro- 
 pofed, that the difference lliould be determined by the fvvord, 
 by thirty champions on each fide. The warriors were chofen, 
 the day of combat fixed, the field appointed, and the king and 
 his nobility affembled as fpedtators. On reviewing the com- 
 batants, one of the Clan Chattan (feized with a panic) was 
 miffing ; when it was propofed, in order to form a parity of 
 numbers, that one of the Clan Kay fliould withdraw ; but fuch 
 was the fpirit of that brave people, that not one could be pre- 
 vailed on to refign the honour and danger of the day. At length 
 one Henry Wind, a fadler, who happened accidentally to be 
 prefent, offered to fupply the place of the loft Mackintofh, for 
 the fmall fum of a French crown of gold. He was accepted — 
 the combat began; Henry fairly earned his pay; for by his 
 prowefs, victory declared itfelf in favour of his party. Of 
 that of Clan Chattan, only ten and the volunteer were left alive, 
 and every one of them dangeroufly wounded. Of the Clan Kay, 
 only one furvived, who declining fo unequal a combat, flung 
 himfelf into the Tay, and fwam over unwounded to the oppofite 
 fliore. 
 
 The ftrangeft duel I ever met with, was one fought " Between 
 " a dog and a man in the year 1371, in the prefence of King 
 *' Charles V- of France, and related by Montfaucon. A 
 " Gentleman of the Court was fuppofed to have murdered 
 *« another, who had been miffing for fome days. This fufpicion 
 
 arofe
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 209 
 
 " arofe from the mute teflimony of the perfon's dog, a large 
 " Irilh greyhound, who with uncommon rage attacked this 
 " fuppofed murderer wherever he met him. As he was a gen- 
 " tieman, and a man of very nice honour (though by the way 
 " he really had murdered the man), he could not bear lying 
 " under fo diflionourable a fufpicion, and therefore applied to 
 " the king for leave to juftify his innpcence by a fingle combat 
 •' with the fiid dog. The king being a great lover of juftice, 
 " granted his fuit, ordered the lifts to be made ready, appointed 
 *• the time, and named the weapons. The gentleman was to 
 *' have an offenfive club in his hand; the dog a defenfive tub, 
 " to refort to occafionally. The Irifh greyhound willingly met 
 *' this fair inviter, at the time and place appointed. They 
 " fought ; the dog prevailed, and almoft: killed the honourable 
 " gentleman, who had then the honour to confefs his guilt, and 
 *' of being hanged for it? in a very few days." 
 
 Mr. Pennant mentions a duel concerning a coat of arms, / 
 
 which, though appointed, never took place.— Sir Edward 
 Burnel ferved in many adlions in Scotland, under Edward I. 
 and appeared with great fplendour. He was always attended 
 with a chariot decked with banners ; on which, as well as on 
 the trappings of his horfes, were depidled his arms. He mar- 
 ried Alice, daughter of Lord Defpenfer, by whom he had no 
 ilTue. On his deceafe in 1315, his fifter Maud became fole 
 heir: fhe married firft, John Lord Level, of Tichemarflie, 
 
 ^ ^ furnamed
 
 aiO ANECDOTES OF 
 
 furnamed The Ricli j he died in 1335. ^'^'^^ fecond hufband 
 was John de Handlow, who died in 1346, and left by her one 
 fon, named Nicholas Lord Burnel, the fubjedt of much conteft 
 in the court of chivalry, with a Robert de Morley, on account 
 of the arms which Nicholas bore, in right of certain lands of 
 the Barony of Burnel, beftowed on him by his mother. Thefe 
 arms de Morley had affumed without any jufl pretence; but 
 becaufe, as he declared, " It was his will and pleafure fo to do, 
 and that he would defend his fo doing." Probably he had no 
 arms of his own, having been the firft of his family who had 
 appeared in a military capacity. He had ferved as efquire to 
 Sir Edward Burnel, without any other domeftic than one boy; 
 and, ever fince the death of his mafter, alTumed the arms in 
 difpute. It happened that they were both at the fiege of Calais, 
 under Edward III. in 1346, arrayed in the fame arms. Nicholas 
 Lord Burnel challenged the arms as t)elonging to the Burnels 
 only, he having at that time under his command a hundred m^n, 
 on whofe banners were his proper arms. Sir Peter Corbet, then 
 in his retinue, offered to combat with Robert de Morley, in 
 fupport of the right which his mafter had to the arms ; but the 
 duel never took place, probably becaufe the king denied his 
 aflent. The fuit was then referred to the court of chivalry, 
 held on the fands before Calais, before William Bohun, Earl 
 of Northampton, High Conflable of England, and Thomas 
 Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, Earl Marfhal. The trial lafted 
 feveral days j when Robert, apprehending that the caufe would 
 
 go
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY, 211 
 
 go againft him, took an opportunity in prefcncc of the king, to 
 fwear by God's flefli, that if the arms in queflion were adjudged 
 from him, he never would arm himfelf in the king's fervice. On 
 this the king, out of perfonal regard for the fignal fervices he 
 had performed in thofe arms, and confiderins: the ri^rht of 
 Nicholas Lord Burnel, was defirous to put an end to the contcfl: 
 with as little offence as poffible. He therefore fent the Earl of 
 Lancafter, and other Lords, to Nicholas, to requeft that he 
 would permit Robert de Morley to bear the arms in difpute, for 
 the term of his life only : which Nicholas, out of refped; for 
 the king, aflented to. The King then direded the High 
 Conftable and Earl Marflial to give judgment accordingly. This 
 they performed in the church of St. Peter, near Calais, and their 
 fentence was immediately proclaimed by a herald, in prefence 
 of the whole army there aflembled. — Robert de Morley was 
 feized with his laft illnefs in Burgundy, in the year 1360, when 
 the Englifh army was on its return from the blockade of Paris, 
 Feeling the approach of death, he diredled that his banner, with 
 the arms of Burnel, fliould, upon his deceafe, be delivered to 
 Nicholas Lord Burnel, in purfuance of the judgment before 
 pafled in the court of chivalry ; and accordingly his banner 
 bearer, having in his hands the banner rolled up, delivered it to 
 Lord Burnel, in prefence of numbers of the nobility, convened 
 as witnefTes of the ceremony. Lord Burnel died in the year 
 1382, and was interred in Adon Burnel church, under an altar 
 tomb, with a brafs plate inlaid in it of the figure of an armed 
 
 E e 2 man.
 
 "H 
 
 212 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 man, and a brafs label infcribed, Hie jacct Dominus Nich. 
 'Burncl, ttiiles Doininus de Holgot, qui ob. 12. die J an. A. D. 
 1382, Cujus anima propiiictur Deus. yhnen. 
 
 The laft inflance which occurs in the hiftory of France, of a 
 judicial combat being authorized by the magiftrate, was the 
 famous one between M. Jarnac, and M. de la Chataigneraie, 
 A. D. 1547. 
 
 Tournaments were brought into England in 959, by King 
 Edgar, and in the following century were eflablifhed all over 
 France; from France they were fpread into other countries. 
 They went by the name of Ludi Gallici, or French Games, 
 becaufe GeofFri de Preuilli (who died in 1066) publiflied a code 
 of laws by which they were regulated, and thofe regulations 
 were fettled by the king and nobility, in their affemblies. Some 
 authors aflign to him the firft introdudion of them into France. 
 The name Tournament came from the combats of the fword, axe, 
 and dagger, becaufe in the aftion the champions turned themfelves 
 continually round — whereas joufts pafled in a ftraight line. 
 
 Thefe tournaments were of great ufe in teaching the knights 
 all the different methods of war then in ufej but more efpecially 
 the management of the horfes and lances. Thefe encounters 
 could not be undertaken without the permiffion of the King. — 
 They were generally proclaimed in the name of God and the 
 
 Virgin
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 213 
 
 Virgin Mary. The knights who intended to a6t in the tourna- 
 ment, were very punctual for feveral days beforehand in hear- 
 ing mafs every morning the firft thing, but particularly on the 
 day of the combat would they confefs and hear mafs, and make 
 the iignof the crofs on entering the lifts. 
 
 While they were preparing the lifts dellined for the tourna- 
 ments, they exhibited through the cloifters of fome neighbour- 
 ing monaftcries, the armorial fliields of thofe who defigned to 
 enter the lifts. It was the antient cuflom to carry the coats of 
 arms, helmets, &c, into the monaflery before the tournament 
 began ; and to offer up in the church, after the victory was 
 gained, the arms and horfes with which they had fought j the 
 former was done, that they might be viewed by the lords, ladies, 
 and young gentlewomen, to fatisfy their curiofity : and a herald 
 or purfuivant at arms, named to the ladies, the perfons to whom 
 they belonged feparately; if amongft thefe pretenders there was 
 found any one of whom a lady had caufc to complain, either for 
 fpeaking ill of her, or for any other fault or injury, flie touched 
 the helmet or fliield of thefe arms to demand juftice, and on 
 fignifying that, Ihe recommended her caufe to the judges of the 
 tournaments.* 
 
 Henry II. of France was peculiarly fond of tournaments ; — he 
 excelled in every exercife of Chivalry, but his death being occa- 
 
 fioned 
 
 * St.Palaye,
 
 N 
 
 214 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 fioned by a tournament, caufed the prohibition of them in France. 
 It happened as follows : — The marriage of Elizabeth to Philip II. 
 which was celebrated by proxy at Paris, made the court of 
 Henry II. uncommonly fplendid. Tournaments, and caroufals 
 added a martial magnificence, to the other amufements of a 
 gentler nature. The young Duke of Savoy, Emanuel Philibert, 
 arriving about the fame time at Paris, accompanied by the Duke 
 of Brunfwick, the Prince of Orange, and a hundred gentlemen, 
 was received with every demonftration of refpedt and attention 
 by Henry, who met and embraced him at the foot of the great 
 flaircafe of the Louvre. This incident redoubled the feftivals, 
 which were interrupted only three days after by the tragical 
 cataftrophe of the King's death. The lifts extended from the 
 palace of the Tournelles to the Baftile, acrofs the ftrcet of 
 St. Antoine ; and Henry himfelf had broken feveral lances with 
 different lords of the court, in all which he had fhewn unufual 
 vigour and addrefs. On that day, which was the third of the 
 tournaments, and the 30th of June, 1559, he wore the colours 
 of his miftrefs Diana de Poitiers, Duchefs of Valetinois, in 
 token of his love, and in compliance with the laws of Chivalry, 
 of which gallantry always formed fo diftinguifliing a feature. 
 Thefe colours were black and white, in allufion to her flate of 
 widowhood. Towards the clofe of the evening, and before the 
 conclufion of the tournament, Henry had a great inclination to 
 try his prowefs againfl the Count de Montgomeri, Captain of 
 his life guards. He was fon to that Seigneur de Lorges, who 
 
 had
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 21 ^ 
 
 had formerly wounded Francis I, fo dangeroufly on the head, at 
 Romorcntin, in Berri, and was diftinguilhed for his fuperior 
 addrefs in thefe combats above any nobleman in the kingdom. 
 Gabriel de Lorges, urgently entreated of the King (though in 
 vain) to excufe him from giving the fatal proof of his dexterity, 
 which took place. 
 
 Catherine de Medicis, as if by a fecret prefage of the event, 
 befought the King not to re-enter the lifts, but he refifted her 
 folicitations, adding he would break one lance more in her 
 honour. Montgomeri accepted the challenge with extreme re- 
 luctance ; Henry commanded him to obey, and even fought with 
 his vifor raifed — though on this authors are not quite agreed, 
 whether it was raifed, or flew open, by a blovv received from 
 Mongomeri's lance. The fliock was rude on both fides, but 
 the Count's lance breaking againft the King's helmet, he attacked 
 Henry with the ftump which remained in his hand, it entered 
 under the eye brow of his right eye, and the blow was fo violent 
 as to throw him to the ground, and deprive him inftantly of both 
 his fpeech and underftanding, which he never more recovered, 
 though he furvived the accident near eleven days. Some authors 
 fay the accident happened by the awkwardnefs of the fquire 
 who had not fitted the helmet on well. — Montgomeri fled to 
 England, and did not return to France until the reign of 
 Charles IX. Catherine ordered the King to be carried to the 
 palace of Tournelles; every afhftance was procured him, and 
 
 the
 
 2l6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 the divine mercy implored by proceffions and public prayers ; 
 but the wound was beyond a cure, and he at length expired 
 aged forty years and four months. 
 
 This fatal accident made the French dread to recall the tour- 
 naments, left a fecond accident of this dreadful nature fhould, a 
 fecond time, plunge the kingdom into the fame depth of confter- 
 nation as was occafioned by the firft. It is rather fingular that 
 duels alfo received an almoft mortal blow in the reign of this 
 monarch. Henry was prefent with his whole court at the cele- 
 brated duel between Guy de Chabot Jarnac, and Francis de 
 Vivonne la Chataigneraie, which was fought with all the forms 
 of Chivalry at St, Germaine en Laye. This quarrel originated 
 from fome difputes about the honour of two ladies. La Cha- 
 taigneraie was one of the moft accompli fhed cavaliers in France ; 
 {killed in the practice of arms, vain of his acknowledged addrefs, 
 and relying on the royal favour, he defpifed his antagonift ; 
 while Jarnac more cautious, and neither fupported by fuperior 
 force, or any hope of Henry's partial protedlion, endeavoured to 
 fupply thefe defedts by artifice, A fever had diminifhcd even 
 his ufual ftrength and aftivity ; but the prefumptuous negligence 
 of La Chataigneraie, decided the duel in his favour. By a thrufl: 
 totally unexpeiled, Jarnac wounded Chataigneraie in the ham, 
 and threw him to the ground. Henry inftantly threw down his 
 baton to put an end to the engagement, and Jarnac as the law of 
 arms required, was obliged to defiftj but his competitor, ftung 
 
 with
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 2 I ^ 
 
 with difappointment, covered with fliame, and incapable of fur- 
 viving thcfe accumuhited misfortunes, would not accept of a life 
 which he deemed ignominious ; and having torn off the bandages 
 applied to his wounds, foon after expired. The King was fo 
 deeply affected with this combat and its event, fo oppofite to 
 his wiflies and expecflations, that he made a folcmn vow, never 
 during his reign to admit of a fecond on any pretext whatfoever.* 
 
 Tournaments as might be exped:ed, were very often attended 
 with very dreadful accidents. Numbers of knights were killed 
 in thefe games. In one tournament at Nuys, there were eighty 
 two knights, and as many fquires killed. Thefe accidents, 
 however, only ferved to make them more in vogue ; at length 
 the Popes were obliged to condemn them together with duels. 
 Pope Innocent II. and Eugenius III. made canons againft them, 
 by which all, who flaould die in them, were to be denied 
 Chriftian burial. One of the earlieft reflriftions of thefe latter 
 pradtices which occurs in the hiftory of Europe, is that of 
 Henry I. of England; he prohibited trial by combat in queftions 
 concerning property of fmall value. — Louis VII. of France 
 cdidled the fame. St. Louis tried to eftablifh trial by evidence. 
 
 Notwithftanding the feverity of the Popes prohibitions they 
 vmiverfally prevailed. They were particularly obferved under 
 Stephen, who was very much attached to Chivalry. Henry II. 
 
 * Wraxal's hiftory of the race of Valois. 
 
 Ff of
 
 / 
 
 K 
 
 218 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 of England forbad them, except in fuch cafes as they could not 
 be difpenfed with, for thofe times would by reafon of their favage 
 character, admit of no other method of deciding difputes on 
 many fubjcdts ; indeed no other method was reckoned fo honour- 
 able to the heroes of a barbarous age. 
 
 Henry IIT. in the twenty-ninth year of his reign, 1245, 
 forbad tournaments within five miles of Cambridge, becaufc 
 they interfered too much with the fludies of the fcholars, who 
 delighted more in attending a tournament, than in the acquire- 
 ment of knowledge. 
 
 The prohibition of Henry, did not, however, prevent Ralph 
 de Ramors from holding one in the town itfelf, for which he 
 was obliged to pay a very heavy fine, and make fubmifilon to 
 the Earls of Cornwall, Leicefter, and Norfolk. 
 
 Gilbert, Marfhal Earl of Pembroke, proclaimed one foon 
 after at Ware, in Hertfordlhire. He met his own deftrudion in 
 this, and was thrown from his horfe and killed, which caufed a 
 more fevere prohibition of them j yet they ceafed not in England 
 until the fixteenth century; for in 1572, Queen Elizabeth, for 
 the amufement of her lover the Duke of Anjou, held one in a 
 tilt yard in London, when he came over for the purpofe of 
 gaining her hand. " Here," fays Mr. Pennant in his London, 
 ♦' in her fixty-fixth year, with wrinkled face, red perriwig, 
 
 little
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 219 
 
 little eyes, hooked nofe, (kinny lips, and black teeth, flie could 
 fuck in the grofs flatteries of her favouried courtiers. EiTex 
 (by his fquire) here told her of her beauty and worth." 
 
 The mofl fumptuous tournament ever held w'as celebrated in 
 honour of the commifTioners fent from France to propofe the . 
 marriage. A banquetting houfe, mofl fuberbly ornamented, 
 was erected at above the expence of a thoufand feven hundred 
 pounds. The gallery adjoining to her Majefty's houfe at White- 
 hall, whereat her perfon fhould be placed, was called, and not 
 without a caufe, the cafllc or fortrefs of perfed: beauty !* 
 
 Her Majefly, at the time aged forty eight, received every 
 flattery the charms of fifteen could claim. This fortrefs of 
 perfed beauty, was affailed by defire, and his four fofl:er children. ^^^<=^ 
 The combatants on both fides were perfons of the firfl rank : a 
 regular fummons was firfl fent to the pofleflbr of the caftle, with \ , 
 a fong ; which ended, two cannons were fired off, one with 
 fweet powder, and the other with fweet water : after that there 
 were fl:ore of pretty fcaling ladders, and then the footmen threw 
 fliowers, and fuch fancies againfl: the walls, with all fuch devices 
 as might feem fit flaot for defire. In the end defire is repulfed, and 
 forced to make fubmiffion; and thus ended an amorous foolery, 
 of which, continues Pennant, the reader may find fix pages in 
 Hollingflied. 
 
 * Pennant from Hollingfhed, 
 
 F f z One 
 
 >^
 
 X 
 
 220 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 One of the knights who were famous in thefe tournaments 
 was Thomas Earl of Exeter, eldeft Ion of Burleigh. — In the 
 above tihing Sir Phihp Sydney carried off the prize. 
 
 P^ Two principal heroes of the time (continues Mr. Pennant) 
 
 were Sir Henry Lee, Knight of the Garter, the faithful devoted 
 knight of this romantic princcfs, and George, Earl of Cumber- 
 land. The firft had made a vow to prefent himfelf armed at the 
 tilt-yard, on the 27th of November, annually, till he was dif- 
 abled by age. This gave rife to the annual exercifes of arms 
 during the reign. The fociety confifled of twenty-five of the 
 moft diflinguifhed perfonages about the court. Among them 
 was Sir Chriflopher Hatton, and even the Chancellor, I think 
 Sir Thomas Bromley. Age overtook Sir Henry in the thirty- 
 ■\ third year of her Majefty ; when'he retired with great ceremony, 
 
 and recommended as his luccefTor, the famous hero, the Earl of 
 Cumberland. Sir Henry, in the year 1590, inverted his fuc- 
 cefTor with much form ; and in the true fpirit of Chivalry and 
 romance, in the prefence of the Queen and the whole court, 
 armed the new champion and mounted him upon his horfe. His 
 own armour he offered at the foot of a crowned pillar, near her 
 Majeffy's feet : after which he clothed himfelf in a coat of 
 black velvet, pointed under the arm, and inflead of a helmet 
 covered his head with a buttoned cap of the country fafliion. He 
 died aged eighty, in 161 1, and was buried at Quarendon, near 
 Ayleibury, Bucks. — At an audience, which the Earl of Cumber- 
 land
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY, 22t 
 
 laiul had after one of his expeditions, the Queen dropped one of 
 her gloves. His Lordlhip took it up and prefented it to her: 
 fhe gracioufly defircd him to keep it as a mark of her eflecm. He 
 adorned it with diamonds, and wore it in the front of his higli 
 crowned hat on days of tournaments. The armour he wore on the 
 occaiions of his tilting, was adorned with rofes and flcurs de hs. 
 
 In 1233, Edward having finiflied the affairs of North Wales, 
 to gratify a martial nobility, and to amufe or flatter his new 
 fubjed:s by a fpeitacle unknown to the Welfli, ordered a tour- 
 nament to be held at Nevyn, a town in Carnarvonfliire, on the 
 Welila Channel J a great number of knights, foreigners as 
 well as Englilli, came from all parts to iharc in this military 
 entertainment.* 
 
 In Cheapfide was held moft fplendid tournaments in the year 
 I33r ; they began September the 2ifl:, and laded three days. 
 A fcaffold was ereded for Queen Philippa, and her gay train of 
 ladies, all moll: richly attired, to behold the knights colledled 
 from all quarters to fliew their fl-cill in deeds of arms. The 
 upper part of the fcaffold on which the ladies were feated broke 
 afunder, whereby they fell down, and many knights and others 
 who flood beneath were much hurt. The carpenters were faved 
 from punilliment by the interceffion of the Queen ; but to pre- 
 vent fuch accidents in future, the King ordered a building of 
 
 ffonc 
 
 ' * Warrington's Hiftory of Wales, Book gth. 
 
 K
 
 222 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 ftone to be credled near the church of St. Mary le Bow, for the 
 King, Queen, &c. to fee the gallant fpedlacles in fafety ; which 
 was long ufed for the fame purpofe, even 'till the year 1410, 
 when Henry IV. granted it to certain Mercers for their trade. 
 
 Near Sterling is a hill which took its name from the tourna- 
 ments. It is called Ladies Hill, becaufe here the ladies fat to 
 view the actions of the knights, which were performed in a 
 hollow between this place and the Caflle of Sterling. 
 
 //^ Henry VIII. had been alfo a great lover of tournaments. 
 Mr. Pennant mentions in his time a great feafting and joufling 
 held at Durham Place, in 1540. The feaft was given by the 
 Challengers of England who had caufed to be proclaimed in 
 France, Flanders, Scotland, and Spain, a great and triumphant 
 jufting to be holden at Weflminfter, for all comers that would 
 undertake them. But both challengers and defendants were 
 Englifh. After the gallant fports of each day, the challengers 
 rode to Durham Houfe, where they kept open houfliould, and 
 feafted the King and Queen (Ann of Cleves) with her ladies, 
 and all the court. In this time of their houfekeeping, they 
 not only feafted their king, queen, ladies and all the court as is 
 afore fhewed ; but alfo they cheered all the knights and burgeffes 
 of the Common Houfe in the Parliament j and entertained the 
 Mayor of London^ with the Aldermen and their wives, at a 
 dinner, &c. The King gave to every one of the faid challengers 
 
 and
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 223 
 
 and their heirs forever, in reward of their valiant activity, an 
 hundred marks, and a houlc to dwell in of yearly revenue, out 
 of the lands pertaining to the hofpital of St. John of Jerufalem. 
 
 Caroufals were held under James and Charles I. but tourna- 
 ments were finally aboliHied in 1590. The famous De la Pole 
 feems to have been a great tilter from the fpeech Shakefpeare 
 makes Margaret of Anjou fay to him, in the firft part of the 
 contention of the Houfes of York and Lancafter. 
 
 " I tell thee Pole, when thou didft run at tilt 
 " And ftol'ft away our ladies hearts of France, 
 " I thought King Henry had been like to thee, 
 " Or elfe thou hadfl not brought ine out of France." 
 
 Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, will equal any of the above 
 romantic heroes, for his love of Turney. In his younger days, 
 in the year 1 5 1 o, he appeared at Weftminfter in the folemn 
 jufts held in honour of Catherine of Arragon, in the drefs of a 
 reclufe, begging of her highnefs permiilion to run in her pre- 
 fence ; which he obtained. He then inftantly flung off his 
 weeds, and came out all armed. He fignalized himfelf at the 
 jufts at Tournay, in 151 1, inftituted by Margaret, Princefs of 
 Caftile, in compliment to his royal maffer.' The place was 
 flagged with black marble, and the horfes of the knights were 
 Ihod with felt, to prevent them from flipping. From hence he 
 carried off as a prize, the heart of Margaret. Suffolk had no 
 
 heart 
 
 ^
 
 224 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 heart to return in its place, his was become a captive to Mary, 
 the fifler of Henry VIII. of England. Unable to conquer his 
 flame although the King gave her in marriage to Louis XII. of 
 France, he followed her over in character of ambaffador. 
 Francis, Duke of Valois, the Dauphin, proclaimed a tourna- 
 ment in honour of Mary, which was to be held at her corona- 
 tion in Paris. Brandon heard of the proclamation and requefted 
 of the King permiffion to be prefent. Having obtained confent, 
 he went over attended by the Marquis of Dorfet and his four 
 brothers ; the Lord Clinton, Sir Edward Neville, Sir Giles 
 • Capell, and Sir Thomas Cheyney. The Duke of Valois chofe 
 Charles and the Marquis of Dorfet as his aids in all the martial 
 exercifes of the time. 
 
 " When thou to France conduced was by fame 
 
 " With many knights, which from all countries came 
 
 " To fee me on St. Denis, on my throne 
 
 " Where Lewis held my coronation ; 
 
 " Where the proud Dolphin for thy valour fake, 
 
 " Chofe thee at tilt his princely part to take ; 
 
 " When as the flaves upon thy calke did light, 
 
 " Grieved therewith I turned away my fight. 
 
 '* But when I faw thy proud unconquer'd launce, 
 " To bear the prize from all the flow'r of France. 
 
 " County St. Paul our befl at arms in France, 
 " Would yield himfelf a fquire to beare thy launce. 
 " Galeasand Bounarm, matchleffe for their might, 
 " Under thy tow'ring blade have couch'd in fight." 
 
 " The
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 225 
 
 ** The Count Galeas, at the jufts ranne a courfe with a 
 *' fpeare which was at the head five inches fquare on every fide, 
 *' and at the butt nine inches fquare, whereby he iliewed his 
 " wondrous force and ftrength. This Bounarme, a gentleman 
 " of France, at the fame time came into the field, armed at all 
 *' points with ten fpears about him : in each fi:irrop three, under 
 '* each thigh one; one under his left arm, and one in his 
 •' hand ; and putting his horfe to the career, never fi:opped until 
 •' he had broken every fiaff." 
 
 *' When Marquifs Dorfet and the valiant Grayes, 
 
 " To purchafe fame firft crofte the narrow feas, 
 
 " With all the knights that my affociates went 
 
 " In honor of fhy nuptial tournament. 
 
 " When on ihe tilt my horfe like thunder came, 
 
 " No other fignal had I but thy name ; 
 
 " Thy voice my trumpet, and my guide thine eyes, 
 
 «' And but thy beautie I efteemed no prize. 
 
 " That large lim'd Almaine, of the giant race, 
 
 " Which bare ftrength on hisbreafl, feare on his face; 
 
 *' Whofe fmew'd arms with his fleel-temper'd blade, 
 
 " Thro' plate and mail fuchopen paflage made; 
 
 " Upon whofe might thy Frenchmen's glorie lay, 
 
 " And all the hope of that victorious day ; 
 
 " Thou faw'fl thy Brandon beat him on his knee, 
 
 " OfF'ring his Ihield a conquered fpoyle to thee." 
 
 Drayton. 
 
 G g The
 
 226 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 1/ The Frencli at this tournament, envious at feeing him at a 
 
 fingle combat overthrow both man and horfe, introduced into the 
 lifts a gigantic German whom they thought of incomparable 
 ftrength and prowefs, in order to conquer by fuperior force our 
 Britifli hero. The German encountered him, but the duke 
 appeared fo likely to come off conqueror, that the French tried 
 to fave their champion. The Duke made a fecond eflay ; caught 
 him round the neck and beat him fo violently with the pummel of 
 his fvvord, that the blood came out of the fide of his cafque. The 
 French then interfered again, and conveyed the gigantic German 
 away. Soon after the aged hufband of the young and beautiful 
 Mary died, and left her at liberty to receive the addreffes of the 
 Duke of Suffolk. Their attachment was reciprocal, and Mary 
 informed her lover of her prediledtion for him, by fending him 
 word, that flie gave him four days to confider whether he would 
 marry her or not. Suffolk readily confented. Francis I. favoured 
 his fuit, for he wanted Mary to return to England. Charles 
 carried her from France, and at his wedding had a magnificent 
 tournament in honour of his royal bride, at which he tilted 
 himfelf. The livery and trappings of the duke's horfe upon the 
 occafion, were half cloth of gold and half cloth of frieze, with 
 the following lines on them : — 
 
 " Cloth of gold do not difplle, 
 
 " Though thou art matched with cloth of frieze ; 
 
 •' Cloth of frieze be not too bold, _ 
 
 " Though thou art matched with cloth of gold." 
 
 When
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 227 
 
 When a knight challenged all the world, he wore an cmprize ^^ 
 confifling of a gold chain, or fome other badge of love and 
 Chivalry. Sometimes this emprize was fixed up in a public 
 place ; when another knight accepted the challenge for trial of 
 Chivalry, called a combat of courtefy, he gently touched the 
 emprize ; but if he was determined to fight the owner a out ranee, 
 that is, to extremity, he tore away the emprize with force and 
 violence. — John de Bourbon caufed it to be proclaimed in 141 4, 
 that he was going to England with (ixteen other knights to fight 
 to extremity, that he might avoid idlenefs and merit the favour 
 of the lady he ferved. 
 
 From thefe kind of combats, many perfons firft gained arms, 
 and became in pofTeflion of the inheritances which have fince 
 defcended to their offspring, by flriving in the joufls and tour- 
 naments to gain by their prowefs the hand of the lady who was 
 to be the prize j it was no uncommon thing for fome nobleman 
 or prince to proclaim a tournament, and declare his daughter, or 
 fome other female relative, with his eftates and pofTefTion, fhould 
 be the reward of vidlory. 
 
 In the year 1083, Mellet, the daughter of the Lord of Wit- ^x 
 
 tington, made a declaration flie would marry no one but the 
 knight of moft diflinguifhed prowefs. Guarine de Metz, a 
 noble Lorrainer, Lord of Adderbury and Sheriff of the county, 
 hearing of this, joined the other youths who wiflied to contend 
 
 G g 2 for
 
 7X. 
 
 228 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 for her hand. The combatants were to afTemble at Peverel's 
 Place, or the Caftle in the Peak. Guarine appeared with a filver 
 Ihield, and a peacock on his crefl; — he conquered and gained 
 the lady, with the Lordfhip of Whittington as her dower. His 
 poflerity affumed the name Fitwarine, and continued Lords of 
 Whittington for near four hundred years. 
 
 Having juft mentioned the peacock on the crcft of Guarine, 
 it is necelTary to fay how very honourable this bird was reckoned 
 amongft knights. St. Palaye fays this and the pheafant were in 
 higher efteem than any bird whatfoever. — The family of Clifton 
 bear the firfl mentioned bird for their crell. 
 
 p/" The family of Mufgrave owes to Chivalry its arms. 
 
 The Mufgraves were originally German as the name plainly 
 imports, being dignified by the title of Margrave or Lords of 
 Marfhes and MofTes ; which family, in procefs of time, became 
 fo confiderable that one of their dcfcendants had an Arch- 
 dutchefs of Aullria given him in marriage. — The traditional 
 hiftory is this : The emperor had two great generals in his 
 army who made court to his daughter at the fame time ; and as 
 he had received Angular fervices from each of them, he was very 
 unwilling to prefer one to the other — neither did he choofe to 
 deny her to one of them — therefore, to decide the matter, he 
 ordered them both to run at the ring for her ; this exercife was 
 
 then
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 229 
 
 then much in fafliion. It fo happened that this Mufgrave, one 
 of the contending generals, was fo fortunate as to pierce the ring 
 with the point of his fpcar, hy which a6lion he gained the 
 princefs for the reward of his dexterity ; and had fix annulets or, 
 placed, three, two, and one, on a field azure, given him for arms; 
 and for a crefl, two arms armed proper, holding an annulet. 
 
 The mofl: fingular combat, by which arms were ever gained, 
 was one which happened in the family of Hotot. The family 
 of Dudley, a bart. of Clapton in Northamptonfliire, bears for 
 arms, azure a chevron or, between three lions heads erazed argent; 
 and for crefl, on a ducal crown or, a woman's head with a helmet 
 thereon, her hair diflievelled, and her throat-latch loofe, all 
 proper. The occafion of this family's bearing this is mentioned 
 in a manufcript, written in the year 1390, by a monk, who was 
 parfon of Clapton, to be this : That the father of Agnes Hotot, 
 (who was afterwards married to Dudley) having a difpute with 
 one Ringfdale, about the title to a piece of land, they agreed to 
 meet on the difputed ground, and decide it by combat. Hotot, 
 on the day appointed was laid up with the gout, but his daughter 
 Agnes, rather than he Ihould lofe the land, or fuffer in his honor, 
 armed herfelf cap-a-pee, and mounted her father's fteed, went 
 and met Ringfdale, whom after a fliubborn fight fhe difmounted; 
 and when he was on the ground, flae loofened her throat-latch, 
 lifted up her helmet, and let down her hair about her fhoulders, 
 and difcovered herfelf to be a woman. In memory of which 
 
 heroic 
 
 V-
 
 230 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 heroic aiflion her defcendants have always iifed the above creft, 
 and for a motto, Giil<^a fpes fulutis. The manor of Clapton 
 came in by Agnes, The family is originally defcended from 
 the Paganells, who foon after the conqueft, were created Barons 
 of Dudley. The firll: who fettled at Clapton, was ftiled 
 Thomas de Dudley, fecond fon of Sir John de Sutton, who in 
 right of his wife, was made Baron of Dudley, about the year 
 1340 : This Thomas Dudley was one of the lords of Clapton 
 manor, and his grandfon married Agnes Hotot in 1395. She 
 afterwards proved the heirefs to the ancient family of the Hotots, 
 and he thereby became the fole lord of the manor of Clapton. 
 
 Every perfon who created a knight was not obliged to be a 
 knight himfelf, for many had the power who could not enter 
 into the order, fuch as abbots, bifhops, &c. — Stephen Lanfrane 
 knighted William Rufus. It appears that abbots in the thir- 
 teenth century had this power, becaufe St. Bruno, Abbot of 
 St. Edmundfbury, made a knight of Howard his nephew, who 
 havino- firll confeffed his fins, and received abfolution, offered his 
 
 fword upon the altar; and after the gofpel being read, this priefi: 
 
 put the fword he had firft confecrated on Howard's neck, with 
 
 \ his benedidion ; then having heard mafs, and received the 
 cucharift, he became a true and lawful knight. 
 
 At a folemn fynod, held by Anfelm, Archbifhop of Canter- 
 bury, in 1 102, by the king's confent at Weftminfiier, at which 
 
 all
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 231 
 
 all the bifliops were prefent, Anfelm requefted, by defirc of the 
 king, that the chief lay lords of the land would make fome 
 conftitutions refpedting this power of the clergy ; they therefore 
 made a canon, in which was, that abbots Ihould no longer have 
 the power of creating knights. Henry the firft, however, 
 granted, and King John confirmed the grant, to the abbots of 
 Reading, the power of knighting perfons, with fome caution of 
 their behaviour therein. Of the general rules for the order were 
 thefe : Not to admit perfons thereto before they were twenty- 
 one ; before that age they were termed batchelors. No fquire 
 or batchelor might wear gold, or enter the liflrs againft a knight. 
 No knight might wear his helmet in church, but uncovered his 
 head on entering. It was a common oath for a knight to fwear 
 by his fword, which feems to be taken from the ancients ; the 
 ancient Irifli always fwore by their arms. There was a great 
 diftindiion made in the drefs of knights and fquires — colours 
 and furs of particular kinds were appropriated to thofe who had 
 entered the order; ermine, fable, meniver and all cojlly furs 
 were kept for them. — Scarlet lined with ermine was particularly 
 honourable; all reds were knightly colours. — Green was pecu- 
 liar to knights errant, and fometimes to bannerets. 
 
 The great feudal lords impofed a tax on their valTals on the 
 day that any of their children became knights j but this aid they 
 might not demand unlefs they had entered into the order them- 
 felves, when their fons were created. Many lords who were 
 
 incor-
 
 232 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 incorporated into thefe focieties, would, fimilarly to theWelfli 
 kings and nobles, fend their children to be brought up at 
 a diflance from their parents, putting them under the care of the 
 moft renowned in Chivalry, that they might learn the art ; — 
 during this time of tuition, they were called apprentices. The 
 great Arch-bifhop Becket once brought into the field, feven 
 hundred knights, all of his own houfhold, every one of whom 
 was attended with a fquire. The writers of Becket 's life affirm 
 that many noblemen, not only Englilh, but foreign, fent their 
 children to be brought up in his family under his difcipline ; 
 and thofe who had been educated with Becket, were efteemed 
 the braveft foldiers in the king's army, charging firft, and 
 daring moft in every engagement. The Chancellor was himfelf 
 amoft excellent knight, nearly exceeding all of his houfhold in 
 valour. When Henry II. went to Normandy, he left Becket 
 at Quercy to defend Cahors, and the other conquefts made in 
 that province. Becket not only defended thefe, but took by 
 ftorm at the head of his troops, three caftles in thofe parts, which 
 had been accounted impregnable, and for that reafon had been 
 unattempted by Henry. He alfo pafTed theGarronne, and made 
 an inroad into the Earldom of Thouloufe on the other fide of the 
 river. After performing thefe fervices he left his houfliold forces 
 to garrifon the forts he had taken, as well as thofe which the 
 King had committed to his care, and rejoined that prince in 
 Normandy; but he did not go thither unattended, for he hired 
 four thoufand ftipendaries, of an inferior degree, to ferve him 
 
 forty
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 233 
 
 forty days. Thefe knights not only received from him very 
 liberal pay, but were conftantly fed at his cxpence, and many of 
 them at his own table. During this part of the warfare, he 
 engaged in fingle combat Engelram de Trie, a French knight, 
 very famous for his valour, difmounted him with his lance, and 
 gained his horfe, which he led off in great triumph. 
 
 *• As the title of knight was only a diftincftion ufed by cuflom, 
 *' a kind of conventual honour, and not of any real dignity in 
 " the ftate, or of the leaft weight in the form of government; 
 " the knight had no fhare in the elecSlion of emperors or kings, 
 " or was it neceffary to be dubbed a knight to hold a feat in the 
 " Diets of the Empire, the Parliaments of France, or the Cortes 
 ** of Spain ; in a word, none of the effentials of Government, 
 *' fuch as infeofments, rights of dependency, and jurifdidtion, 
 •' inheritance, or laws, had any conned:ion with Chivalry. 
 *' The chief privileges of this inftitution confifled in exhibitions 
 " and tournaments. Kings themfelves frequently entered into 
 " this order, but this made no addition to their honour or 
 " power; they did it only to encourage Chivalry and valour by 
 *' their example."* 
 
 The knights were always treated with great refpeft by the 
 community, and that was all: but after Edward III. inftituted 
 the order of the garter, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, that 
 
 Hh cf 
 
 * Voltaire.
 
 234 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 of the fleece of gold, at Bruges, in Flanders, 1429, the day of 
 his marriage with Ifabellaj and Lewis XI. the order of St. 
 Michael, at Amboife, in 1469, (which, at its inftitution, was as 
 noble as either of the others, though late fo ridiculoufly difgraced 
 by being conferred on artifls, phyficians, &c.) then the ancient 
 chivalry began to decline ; it had no longer any diftinguifliing 
 mark, nor a chief to confer the particular honours and privileges 
 of the order. The honour of knighthood had generally been 
 conferred by fome great prince or renowned warrior. Thofe 
 lords who were of any eftabliflied rank or dignity, took with 
 their title that of knight; and all of thofe who made profeffion 
 of arms before they were created knights were called 'fquires. 
 The military orders were imitations of antient chivalry, and 
 have added religious ceremonies to the military fundlion, as has 
 been lately fliown in the hiftory of the orders of Malta, and the 
 Knight Templars. Many orders were eftablifhed on religious 
 controverfies, as that of the order of Calatrava and St. Jago de 
 Compoftella. Sanchio III. King of Toledo, firft inftituted this 
 order in 1 158 ; and it was confirmed by Pope Alexander III. in 
 -1 1 64. It took its name from the caftle of Calatrava, which 
 became the chief feat of the order, and the occaiion of its infti- 
 tution. It was a frontier fort both of Toledo and Caftile, and 
 was taken by the Moors in 714; who, after four hundred years 
 pofTeffion of it, were driven from thence by Don Alphonfo, who 
 put it in the hands of the Knight Templars, in order to garrifon 
 and defend it, and the neighbouring country, againft the incur- 
 
 fions
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 235 
 
 fions of the Moors ; but unable to anfwer the King's purpofes, 
 they withdrew their garrifon and returned him the caflle ; upon 
 which it was affigned over to Don Raymond de Fatiga, a cele- 
 brated knight of that age, and to the Abbot of St. Mary de 
 Fitero, who fortified it, and held out againfl the enemy. Here 
 began the order of Calatrava, which flourilhed feveral centuries 
 and became very powerful. Their number, flrength, influence, 
 and pofTefTions, were fo confiderable, as to render them objeds 
 of the jealoufy of the crown, to which at length their revenues, 
 and the office of Grand Mafter was inalienably applied by Pope 
 Innocent VIII. The Knights of Calatrava took the following 
 oath : 
 
 " We vow to God, the Grand Mafler, and you who here 
 reprefent his perfon, that now and for ever, we will maintain 
 and contend, that the Virgin Mary, mother of God, our Lady, 
 was conceived without original fin, and never incurred the 
 pollution of it: but in the moment of her happy conception, and 
 of the union of her foul and body, the divine Grace prevented 
 and preferved her from original guilt, by the merits of the pafilon 
 and death of Chrifi: our redeemer, her future fon, forefeen in the 
 divine council, by which fhe was truly redeemed, and by a 
 more noble kind of redemption than any of the children of 
 Adam. In belief of this truth, and in maintaining the honour 
 of the moft Holy Virgin through the Ilrength of Almighty 
 God, we will live and die." 
 
 H h a The
 
 236 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 The order of St. Jago added this oath to their former one: — 
 
 " We do fwear to believe, to maintain, and to contend in 
 private, and in public, that the Virgin Mary, mother of God, 
 our Lady, was conceived without original fin." 
 
 In France, all the ambaffadors who were fent from thence to 
 the republic of Venice, were created knights (I fay ivere, becaufe 
 the total fubverfion of all order which has followed on the 
 overturning every dignity in that unhappy kingdom, renders 
 fpeaking of any law or cuflom, in the prefcnt tcnfe, entirely 
 improper). In the above practice we may fee a trace of ancient 
 Chivalry remain; as w-e alfo can, in the ceremony of dubbing, 
 or ftriking with the fword, which is ftill ufed. There was a 
 fpecies of knights called knight bannerets. — Voltaire fays, the 
 Lords of fiefs who brought vafTals into the field under their 
 banners, were called bannerets; not that the title of knight alone 
 gave them the privilege of appearing in the field under banners : 
 It was their power, and not the ceremony of infi:allations which 
 enabled them to raife troops, and keep them on foot j they were 
 bannerets in virtue of fefs, and not of their knighthood; neither 
 were they knights, becaufe bannerets. 
 
 They are traced back as far as the reign of Edward I. by the 
 records of fums paid them. Sir John Coupland was by Edward 
 III. raifcd to the dignity of Banneret, for taking Edward Bruce 
 
 prifoner
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 
 
 237 
 
 prifoner; he was granted 500I. ,with the degree of banneret to 
 him and his heirs for ever, as appears by the patent made the 
 29th year of Edward III. 
 
 Camden affirms, that he can trace them no further back then 
 Edward III. but it is Selden who mentions the records of their 
 pay- in the time of Edward I. They are generally imagined to 
 have had rife during the reign of Gratian. The firft inftance I 
 can find of the regular creation of any one, is in the cafe of Sir 
 John Chandos. When Edward the Black Prince was to fight in 
 the behalf of Peter the King of Caftile, againfl Henry the 
 Baftard, and the French — Chandos came up to the prince, then 
 at Novarret, and gave him his banner into his hand, folded and 
 rolled up, faying to him — " My lord, this is my banner, may it 
 pleafe you to unfold and difplay it, that I may advance it in the 
 field this day, for I have, by God's favour, revenues fufficient 
 thereto." Edward received the banner, and having unfolded it, 
 here-delivered it, fliying, " Sir John, in the name of God, whom 
 I hope will blefs this day's fervice of yours, bear yourfelf man- 
 fully, and fliow what a knight you are." Having thus received 
 the banner he went chearfully to his company : — " My fellow 
 foldiers," faid he, " behold my banner difplayed, andjw^'/j- alfo, 
 if you defend it courageoufly." — The foldiers anfwered, " By 
 the help of St. George, we will acquit ourfelves to your 
 wiflies:" — He then gave it to his efquire William Alery, who 
 bore it with great valour and courage. 
 
 Banneret
 
 238 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Banneret comes from the Dutch word Bannerher, and was once 
 
 given to fuch noblemen as could bring ten men into the field. 
 
 Sir Thomas Smith, in his Repub. Angl, cap. 18. fays, Banneret 
 
 is a knight made in the field, with the ceremony of cutting off 
 
 the point of his llandard, and making it as it were a banner; and 
 
 accounted fo honorable, that they are allowed to difplay their 
 
 arms in the king's army as Barons do, and may bear their arms 
 
 with fupporters. Camden in his Britan. fol. 109, hath thefe 
 
 words, Baneretti, cian 'uajfalorum nomen jam dcfierat, a baronibus 
 
 fecundi era/it ; quibus inditum nomcfj a vexilio ; conccjfum illis erat 
 
 militaris virtutis ergo quadrato vexilio (perinde ac barones) uti, 
 
 unde et equites vexillaiii a nonmiUis vacant ur, &c. It is faid they 
 
 were antiently called by fummons to parliament ; and that they 
 
 are next to barons in dignity appears by flat. 14. R. II. c. 11. 
 
 and 5 R. II. flat. 2, cap. 4. William de la Pole was created a 
 
 banneret by King Edward III. by letters patent, anno regnifni 1 3. 
 
 And thofe bannerets who are createdyz/Z' vexillis tegeis, in exoxitu 
 
 regali, in apcrto bello, et ipfo rege perfonaliter prajhite, explicatis, 
 
 take place of all baronets j as we may learn by the letters patent 
 
 for the creation of baronets. 4. Inft. 6. Some maintain, that 
 
 knights bannerets ought to be made in a civil war: but Henry VII. 
 
 made divers bannerets upon the Cornilh commotion in the year 
 
 1495. — See Selden*. 
 
 Thefe knights had formerly the privilege of having knights, 
 batchelors and efquires to ferve under them. They were allowed 
 
 not 
 
 * Jacob's Law Dictionary.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 339 
 
 not only the iifc of their own fhield, but of many other knights 
 for their defence. Almoft every thing that belonged to a ban- 
 neret fliewed his dignity; even the fquarc battlements on his 
 towers and caftles befpoke it. A banneret is created by the 
 following ceremony : The army being drawn up, the creator, 
 attended by the chief officers and knights, and under the royal 
 ftandard receives the candidate, whofe flag, with his arms painted 
 on it, is carried by two other knights, between whom he walks; 
 mean while the heralds proclaim his ails of valor. The creator 
 than fays to him, in French, "Bring near thy banner;" the 
 point is then rent off: — A banneret may bear his arms on a 
 fquare fliield. The fon of a banneret was not called banneret, 
 but only 'fquire banneret, if he was not previoufly a knight ; 
 but if he had been created a knight, then he received the honor 
 as hereditary. Selden fays, the title of baron and banneret were 
 fynonymous. This is fimilar to what Voltaire fays concerning 
 lords of fiefs. The laft created bannerets were made in the 
 year 1773, at a naval review ; they were Admirals Pye and Spry ; 
 Captains Knight, Bickerton, and Vernon. In the battle of 
 Bovines, which was in 1215, there were fome German Knight 
 Bannerets mentioned, which proves they were of a much more 
 ancient date than Camden thought. The Hiftorian Father Daniel 
 declares, he can find none antecedent to the reign of Philip 
 Auguftus, but does not imagine they were any thing new 
 at that time ; he rather thinks they were created at the firfl rife 
 of tilts, tournaments, &c. 
 
 Sir
 
 240 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 V Sir Elias Hicks, anccflor of the baronets of that name, was 
 
 made a knight banneret in the reign of Edward III. and had three 
 fleiirs de lis granted him for his arms on account of his valour in 
 taking a pair of colours, when fighting under the Black Prince. 
 He was anceftor of Hicks, Lord Camden. He bore gules, a fefs 
 undy between three fleur dc lis, or. 
 
 It was a common thing for knights, but mofl ufually bannerets, 
 to place their flandards on their helmets, from which it is pro- 
 bable arofe the cuflom of their placing them on the tops of their 
 houfes, caftles, &c. Before they commenced any engagement, 
 they made the fign of the crofs with their banners. 
 
 At one time a fet of men arofe in Rome, attempting to govern 
 the city, who called themfelves bannerets. The Judges which 
 fat in the hall (called Curia Domini Regis) of the King's Bench, 
 were created bannerets, and were allowed fo much for robes, 
 and fumptuous habits for the occafion. 
 
 Knights were held in fuch honour, that even their horfes, 
 after the death of their maflers, participated their glory. The 
 horfes of Ralph, Lord Neville, who died in the year 1347, and 
 was buried in Durham cathedral, were honoured for his fake. 
 The body of Lord Neville was conveyed in a chariot drawn by 
 feven horfes as far as the church yard, then carried on the 
 flioulders of knights into the middle of the church ; where the 
 
 Abbot
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 24! 
 
 Abbot of St. Mary's at York, performed the funeral fervicc, at 
 which were offered eight horfcs, four for war, with four men 
 armed, and four for peace ; and three cloths of gold, interwevcn 
 with flowers. Another particular inflance occurs in the hiflory 
 of that wonderful paragon of Chivalry, Bertrand du Guefclin : 
 this hero died in i 380. He was the firft knight who ever had a 
 funeral oration pronounced over him ; and he and Marflial 
 Turenne were the only ones ever interred in the church 
 which was dcfigned for the burying place of monarchs. The 
 body of Guefclin was carried to the grave with the fame cere- 
 monies as generally belonged to crowned heads ; it was followed 
 by four princes of the blood, and his horfes were prefcnted to 
 the bifliop, who having performed the funeral fervice, laid his 
 hands on them, and bleffed them. Such an inflance of enthu- 
 fiaftic love of chivalrous cuftoms, which glowed in thofe days, 
 muft fl:rike with furprife the men of thefe ; efpecially thofe who 
 are but little read in the follies of romance, A knight who died 
 in battle, was frequently fuffered to have his banner, flag, and 
 ftandard, laid over his bier and tomb ; but unlefs he died in 
 a(5tion, he had no right to above one or two of thefe enfigns. 
 In France, if a knight died in battle, it was not unufual to 
 place beneath his feet, a lion ; but if in peace, or by any 
 un warlike death, they often put a greyhound.* 
 
 I i Never 
 
 * Frequently I interrupt the courfe of the work, by unconnefting the feveral 
 parts, and going from explanation to narrative, and vice verfa ; this I purpofeiy 
 do, that neither may fatigue, but each prove a relief to the other.
 
 242 ANECDOTES OP 
 
 Never fcarcely was there a more celebrated feat of arms than 
 the combat recorded to have taken place between thirty Bretons, 
 againft twenty Englilh, and four Germans, which happened at 
 the time when the Countefs of Blois, in the name of her 
 deceafed hufband, and Montfort's widow, in the name of her 
 fon, carried on a war againft each other in Brittany, in the year 
 1 35 1. This famous combat was concerning a point of honour, 
 and took its rife at a conference held about a treaty of peace ; at 
 this meeting, inflead of deliberating concerning the matter in 
 hand, both fides began to brave each other ; and at length Beau- 
 manoir, who was the chief of the Bretons that were for the 
 Countefs of Blois, propofed a combat to decide who had the 
 handfomefl: miftrefs. Accordingly the challenge being accepted, 
 the combatants, to the number of fixty, met upon a fpot of 
 ground enclofed for the purpofe. Of the fixty, there were only 
 five knights killed; one on the fide of the Bretons, and four of 
 the Englifli. 
 
 V No knight ever yet exceeded that true knight and flower of 
 
 chivalry, Pierre du Terrail, Chevalier Bayard, who was 
 defcended from an honourable and ancient family in Dauphine. 
 He loft his anceftors for four defcents in battle ; each of them 
 died fo nobly, that it feemed as if the blood of true chivalry and 
 valour flowed in his veins from his gallant anceftors. His great, 
 great, grandfather fell at the feet of King John, at the battle of 
 Poitiers. His great grandfather was flain in the battle of Agin- 
 
 court ;
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 243 
 
 Court : Ills grandf^xther loft his life in the battle of Mentlehery ; 
 and his father received his death in the battle of Guinegafte, 
 commonly called the battle of Spurs. — The Chevalier Bayard 
 had fignalized himfelf from his youth, by almoft incredible adls 
 of valour ; his firft eflay was at the adion of Fornova, under 
 Charles VIII ; he was almoft in every engagement under Lewis 
 XII. Under this laft mentioned monarch, he defended the 
 bridge of Naples by his fingle arm, againft two hundred knights. 
 In the reign of Francis I. he fought fo valiantly at the battle of 
 Marignan, under the eye of his fovereign, that after the adlion, 
 Francis infifted on being knighted by his hand, after the manner 
 of chivalry. Having given his fovereign the acolade, and 
 dubbed him knight, he addrefled himfelf to his fword, in the 
 following words, " How happy art thou in having this day 
 conferred the honour of knighthood on fuch a virtuous and 
 powerful monarch. Certes, my good fword, thou flialt here- 
 after be kept as a relick, and honoured above all others, and I 
 will never wear thee, except againft the Infidels." So faying, 
 he cut a caper twice, and flieathed his fword. He behaved 
 with fuch extraordinary courage and condudt on many occafions, 
 that he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, and 
 held in univerfal efteem j he was called the knight without fear 
 or reproach. It was at the attack of Brefcia, by Gafton de 
 Foix, in 151 2, that he was dangeroufly wounded; he died at 
 Romagna j his back was broken with a mulket ; finding himfelf 
 defperately wounded, he exclaimed, " Jefus my God — I am a 
 
 I i 2 dead
 
 244 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 dead man:" he then kiffed the crofs of his fword, repeated 
 feme prayers aloud, and confefled to his hoiife fleward, having 
 no confeflbr near ; he then caufed himfelf to be laid at the foot 
 of a tree, with a flone under his head, with his face towards 
 the enemy, fliewing he would not, in the lafl fccne of his life, 
 turn his back on them. Whilft the Duke of Bourbon was 
 weeping over him, he made him that memorable reproach ; 
 •' Weep not for me, I die in the fervice of my country — you 
 triumph in the ruin of yours, and have far more caufe to lament 
 your vidlory, than my defeat." He fent a dutiful meflagc to 
 the king his mafler, by the Lord Alegre ; and having made a 
 military will, by word of mouth, was vifited by the Marquis 
 of Pefcara ; he there died, aged forty-eight. Even the imperial 
 foldiers joined the Marquis of Pefcara, and the conftable of 
 Bourbon, in their tears, fo general was the lamentation for the 
 Chevalier Bayard, of whom his fecretary faid when he died, 
 he was nearly as poor as he was born, although he had ferved 
 thirty-two years. 
 
 The word Knight caiTie from the Saxon Cnyt, which was in 
 French called Chevalier, in Latin Miles, and Eques Auratus, 
 from their golden fpurs. In its original, it is faid to be a 
 fervant ; but there now remains but one inftance where it is fo 
 taken, and that is Knight of the Shire, who ferves for his 
 country in Parliament. In other cafes, it fignifies one who 
 bears arms ; who for his prowefs and virtue is by the king 
 
 iingled
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 245 
 
 fingled out from the rank of private gentleman, and exalted to a 
 higher degree of dignity. He who ferved the King in any civil 
 military office, was formerly called Miles, which is often men- 
 tioned in the old charters, of the Anglo Saxon Kings; but the 
 words were afterwards retrained to him who ferved upon fome 
 military expedition ; or rather to fuch as were by reafon of their 
 tenure boi:nd to ferve in the wars ; for formerly all perfons 
 pofTeffing a knight's fee of land, might be compelled to be made 
 knights, as appears by ftatute i. Ed. II, repealed by 17. Car. I. 
 and ftat. of 12. Car. II. cap. 24. In the reign of Henry III. 
 Roger de Somerie forfeited the lands and manor of Newport 
 Pagnel, in Buckinghamfliire, for negleding (on fummons) to 
 receive the honour of knighthood. He, that by his office or 
 tenure, was obliged to perform any military fervice, was 
 furniflied by the chief lord, with arms, m-\A (o adopt ab at ur in 
 militem, which the French called adouber, and the Englifli to 
 dub. Knights Batchelors were the lowefl: but moft ancient order 
 of knights with us. The Admiral of England, was formerly 
 called a batchelor, if he was under a baron. Some fay the word 
 batchelor came from the French batchelier, a learner; others 
 think from bas chevalier, lower, inferior, knights, from tenure 
 of a bare military fee, as dilfinguiffied from barons or fuperior 
 knights. The word batchelor was added by King Henry III, 
 and fo ftyled, becaufe this title of honour dies with the perfon 
 to whom it is given, and defcends not to his poflerity. 
 
 / 
 
 A knight
 
 346 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 A knight's fee was heretofore fo much inheritance as would 
 maintain a knight ; this was twenty pounds a year, by the 
 Statute I. Ed. II. but Sir Thomas Smith, makes it forty pounds 
 per annum. Sir Edward Coke fays a knight's fee contained 
 fix hundred and eighty acres, 2 Inft. 596; and the eftate of a 
 knight was efteemed twenty pounds; then the eftate of the baron 
 was four hundred marks; an earl's four hundred pounds; a 
 marquifs's eight hundred marks, and a duke's eight hundred per 
 annum, 2 Co. Inft. 7, 8, 9. In England at the time of the 
 Conqueror, there were fixty thoufand two hundred and fifteen 
 knight's fees, whereof twenty eight thoufimd and fifteen were in 
 the pofTeffion of religious houfes. Knight's fervice was a tenure 
 by which feveral lands in this kingdom were held of the king, 
 and drew after it homage, and fervice in war, efcuage, &c. 
 The knight's fervice m capite was fervice by which the tenant 
 was bound to ferve the king in the wars; if he held of a common 
 perfon then he was to go with his lord to the wars ; but this 
 was taken away, Stat. 12th, Car. II. Cap. 24th. In the reign of 
 Henry II. knights became fubjed: to the fine called fcutagium, 
 in French, efcuage. The firft general fcutage was in his war 
 1 1 59, in the Vexin. A fcutage was a commutation for perfonal 
 fervice in foreign wars. The firft fcutage levied, amounted to 
 one hundred and eighty thoufand pounds, the prefent value of 
 which is two millions feven hundred thoufand. This was never 
 to be taken but for fome war out of the Englifh borders. Thofe 
 who held by caftleward paid no efcuage becaufe it was a fervice 
 
 within
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 247 
 
 within the reiihii ; according to the diftance of the country was 
 the fee to be paid. An efcuage was only granted where the king 
 went in perfon. If a military tenant went in perfon, he paid 
 no fcutage ; but thefe fcutages were not always accepted in lieu 
 of fervice, for on a war in Gafcony, the king obliged fomc 
 knights to pay an additional efcuage.* The lords were allowed 
 to take an efcuage of their vaffals, if the tenements were firfl 
 given on condition they flaould hold by knights' fervice to 
 defend their lords, or pay the commutation. Some military 
 tenants payed but half a fcutage — others but a fourth, and fomc 
 fo held that they paid but a certain fum, whether the Parliament 
 alTeffed a higher or lower fcutage; this was called foccage, 
 and was introduced long after the time of Henry II. who firft 
 brought fcutage into England. If a lord holding of the king in 
 capite paid efcuage for a commutation, he might levy the fame 
 on his tenants, to defray his own expences which he flood 
 charged with at the exchequer; the fourteenth article of the 
 magna charta, however, fays, that no aid or fcutage fhall be 
 impofed on the kingdom unlefs by the common council of the 
 kingdom, except to ranfom the king's perfon, make his eldefl: 
 fon a knight, or marry his eldeft daughter once ; and for this 
 fliall only be paid a reafonable aid. 
 
 The 
 
 * The 2ift Article of Magna Charta, runs thus, " None (hall be diftralned to 
 " do great fervice for a knight's fee, or for any other frank-tenement, than what 
 *' is due by his tenure."
 
 348 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 The twentieth article fays, that the king is not allowed to grant 
 others the power of levying aids but for the above reafons in his 
 own family. 
 
 The reafon why thcfe claufes were inferted in the Magna 
 Charta was, that before the figning of that inftrument, the above 
 aids had been arbitrarily impofed. 
 
 In extraordinary cafes the king had a power to order all 
 inhabitants of a town who were capable of bearing arms to 
 march to his affiflancc j on which account many privileges and 
 franchifes were accorded to fiich corporations by the crown. 
 Some gentlemen in the neighbourhood of thefe cities and towns, 
 incorporated themfelves with them, and made part of their force. 
 This eftablifhment pafTed from the demcfne of the king of 
 France, into thofe of his grcatefl vaffals, the Dukes of Burgundy, 
 of Normandy, and feveral others ; from Normandy in the reign 
 of Stephen it pafled into England. The feudal government 
 was equally difagreeable to the Kings of England, France and 
 Germany, and thefe princes undertook almofl at the fame time, 
 and by the fame means, to raife troops independant of their 
 vafiTals. In the reign of Lewis the Fat, it was ordered that 
 cities and large boroughs flaould raife troops of fliopkeepers, 
 who were to march to the army by parifhes, with the curates at 
 their head, bearing the llandards of their particular churches. 
 The aflbciations in England were for a check upon the barons, 
 
 but
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 249 
 
 but it does not appear the bifliops or lower clergy, had here a 
 power to call them out. It is faid that Lewis the Fat, as he firft 
 invented thefe incorporations, granted certain privileges to the 
 towns in his demefnes, on condition the prieft went with the 
 banner of the faint of their particular church. — It has been 
 contradided, however, by others, that Lewis the Fat intro- 
 duced them, and affirmed that he only improved on the plan; 
 and that in France, as well as in England, many cities as well 
 as towns were bodies incorporate and communities long before 
 the alterations introduced into France by the charters of Lewis 
 le Grofs. 
 
 The cuftom of marching under the banner of the community 
 is very ancient: the Germans, fays Tacitus, carried with them 
 to the wars certain colours and devices, which were in time of 
 peace depofited in their facred woods. In the fame manner the 
 monarchs of France went and took the hood of St. Martin from 
 his tomb, with the oriflamme or banner of the Abbey of 
 St. Dennis, both which they replaced when the war was at an 
 end. ** Let our intendant," fays Charles the Bald in his capitu- 
 laries, "take care that every bifliop, abbot, or abbefs, caufe 
 their vaflals to march with all warlike accoutrements and 
 their ftandard bearers." It was ufually the Count of the 
 Vexin-Fran9ois who was appointed to carry the oriflamme; 
 but at length the kings ufed to appoint fome knight of diftin- 
 guifhed valour and merit to bear it. Befides the hood of 
 
 Kk St.
 
 250 ■ ANECDOTES OF 
 
 St. Martin and St. Dennis, there was arlways the royal flandard 
 carried before the whole army; but its figures, emblems, and 
 devices were for fome time unfixed ; every king changed them 
 and invented new ones, frequently very different from thofe of 
 his predecefTor. 
 
 ^"^•^^ The fleurs de lis, which arc the prefent royal arms of France 
 (though a riotous multitude have for a while degraded them), 
 have caufed many difputes, whether they were originally fleurSv 
 de lis or not. Mr. de Saintfoix fays, from a quotation of 
 Le Gendre, in his Moeurs de Francois, there were no vefliges 
 . of the flowers de luce found either on flone or metal, or on 
 medals or feals before the time of Lewis le Jcune. It was in 
 his reign about the year 1147, that the efcutcheons of France 
 began to be charged with the lilies, and that the arms which the 
 princes, barons, and gentlemen, took for the fecond croifade 
 began to be fixed and hereditary, and to be the marks of 
 diflinilion for particular families. 
 
 Nicholas Caufin, in his Holy Court, mentions an idea they 
 once had in France of an angel having brought thefe lilies to bC: 
 fet in the arms of France. Caufin himfelf imagines they were 
 the fymbols of the ancient Gauls, as the balm of Judea, long 
 before Clodovajus, whom the angel is faid to have given them 
 to ; for there are yet, fays he, certain medals found flamped in 
 the time of the Emperor Adrian, who was little above one 
 
 hundred
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 25I 
 
 hundred years after Chrifl, whereon the figure of Gaul is repre- 
 fented as a lady holding in her hand a flower de luce, offering it 
 to the Emperor, and yielding thanks for his prefervation by this 
 title engraven on the coin — Rejiitutoni Gallice. — Saintfoix f^iys, it 
 was in the reign of Charles V. that the number of the flowers were 
 reduced to three; they were formerly innumerable in the flandard 
 of France. The fame authors fay, that bees were once affirmed 
 to be the fymbol of the Kings of France; and when cfcutcheons 
 were afterwards devifed under the third race, thofe bees which 
 were badly cut upon ancient' tgmbilones, were taken for fleur de y^ 
 lis. In fupport of their being bees, he gives the following account 
 of the burial of one of the French monarchs, and of the contents 
 of his tomb. 
 
 Before the nation had embraced Chriflianity, they chofe out 
 a field famous for fome vidory, where they depofited their kings 
 and generals. Apileoffand, ftone, and turf, was eredled over 
 the grave to the height of above thirty or forty feet; many of 
 thefe tombs are flill to be feen in France and the tertitory of 
 Liege. Childeric, the father of Clovis, was buried near Tournay, 
 on the banks of the Efcaut, in a place that has fince been enclofed 
 within the walls of the city. His tomb was difcovered in 1653, 
 There was found in it a leather purfe, almoft confumed, 
 containing upwards of an hundred pieces of gold, and double 
 the number in filver, being coin of different Roman emperors. 
 There likewife was found in it buckles, clafps, and threads of 
 
 Kka garments,
 
 ^ 
 
 252 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 garments, with the handle and chape of a fword, all gold; writing 
 tablets with a ftyle and plates of gold ; a figure in gold of the 
 head of an ox, (which was according to fome people the idol he 
 worfliipped) and more than three hundred fmall bees of the fame 
 metal, (thefe had in all likelihood been feparated by time from 
 his coat of armour, into which they had been introduced); the 
 bones of a horfe, with a fhoe, bit, and other remains of horfes 
 harnefs; a globe of chryftal, a pike, a battle-ax, a human 
 fkeleton entire, and by the. head of this Skeleton, another head 
 not quite fo large, which fecmed to be that of a young man, 
 probably the 'fquire who had been killed, according to the cuftora 
 of thofe times, that he might accompany and ferve his mafler 
 in the lower regions. Laftly, a ring of gold with thefe latin 
 words around it, " Childeric Regis" importing it to be the 
 property of King Childeric. On the feal of this ring, this 
 prince was reprefented with long hair flowing down upon his 
 flioulders (as was ufual for all the ancient kings and princes of 
 France to wear their hair very long), and holding in his hand a 
 javelin, in manner of a fcepter. This fliowed how careful they 
 were to provide him with every thing that might, as they thought, 
 be ufeful to him in the other world. 
 
 From thefe bees Mr. Saintfoix imagines all fleurs de lis to 
 have been the fame, and indeed there feems, from this circum- 
 ftance, to be fome reafon for it : but very different are the ideas 
 of Voltaire and other authors. The opinion of Voltaire I will 
 
 ftiow
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 253 
 
 (how my readers by prefenting them with his account of the 
 battle of Bouvines, at which I lately mentioned fome very early 
 knights banneret to have appeared, and which deferves to be 
 recorded in the annals of Chivalry. 
 
 Between Lifle and Tournay there lies a little village called 
 Bouvines, near to which in 1215, Otho IV. at the head of 
 an army of one hundred thoufand ftrong, entered the ncld. 
 Philip Auguftus attacked him with about half that number; the 
 chief weapon ufed in this battle was the crofs bow. The famous 
 Bifliop of Beauvais, whom Richard Cceur de Lion fo long 
 retained prifoner, was prefent at this battle ; during which he 
 always Yought with a club, faying it was contrary to the canons 
 to fpill human blood. It is not well known in what manner 
 either Philip or the Emperor ranged their troops, only it is 
 certain that the King's were drawn up in battalia by a bifhop, 
 whofe name was Guerin, and had lately been nominated to the 
 bifhoprick of Senlisj he was a Knight of Malta, and very famous 
 for his wonderful atchievements ; he alwas wore the habit of 
 the order under his armour. Juft before the battle begun, Philip 
 ordered the plafm exiirgat Dcus, et dijipentur, inimicus ejus, to be 
 fung, as if Otho had taken up arms againfl: God himfelf. Before 
 this the French were accuftomed to fing verfes in praife of 
 Charlemagne and their famous champion Orlando, the nephew 
 of Charles the Great, on whom Ariofto wrote his Orlando 
 Furiofo. As the fong in praife of Orlando is often fpoken of, 
 
 I will 
 
 V
 
 254 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 I will fubjoin it from the tranflation given in Dr. Burney's 
 Hiftory of Mufic, by whofe pleafing pen it was tranflated into 
 the prefcnt Englifli vcrfc. 
 
 The French Military Song of the Champion Roland or 
 Orlando :— 
 
 Let every valiant fon of Gaul 
 
 Sing Roland's deeds, her greatefl glory, 
 Whofe namevi^ill ftoutefl foes appal, 
 
 And feats infpire for future flory. 
 Roland in childhood had no fears. 
 
 Was full of tricks, nor knew a letter, 
 Which though it cofl his mother tears. 
 
 His father cried " fo much the better"— 
 " We'll have him for a foldier bred, 
 
 " His ftrength and courage let us nourifh, 
 " If bold the heart, though wild the head, 
 
 " In war he'll but the better flourifti.— 
 
 Let every valiant fon of Gaul, &c. 
 
 Roland arriv'd at man's eflate. 
 
 Proved that his father well admoniflied. 
 For then his prowefs was fo great. 
 
 That all the world became aftonifli'd. 
 Battalions, fquadrons, he could break. 
 
 And fingly gave them fuch a beating, 
 That feeing him, whole armies quake, 
 
 And think of nothing but retreating. 
 
 Let every valiant, &c. 
 
 In
 
 IIERALE>RY ANI> CHIVALRY. 255 
 
 In fingle combat 'twas the" fame, 
 
 To him all foes were on a level. 
 For every one he overcame, 
 
 If giant, forc'rer, monfter, devil. 
 His arm no danger e'er could flay, 
 
 Nor was the goddefs fortune fickle. 
 For if his foes he did not flay. 
 
 He left them in a woeful pickle. 
 
 Let every valiant, &c. 
 
 In fcaling walls with higheft glee. 
 
 He firfl; the ladder fix'd, then mounted ; 
 Let him, my boys, our model be. 
 
 Who men or perils never counted. 
 At night with fcouts he watch could keep. 
 
 With heart more gay than one in million, 
 Or elfe on knapfack founder fleep, 
 
 Tiian gen'ral in his proud pavilion. 
 
 Let every valiant, &c. 
 
 On ftubborn foes he vengeance wreak'd. 
 
 And lay'd about him like a tartar ; 
 But if for mercy once they fqueak'd. 
 
 He was the firft to grant them quarter. 
 The battle won, of Roland's foul 
 
 Each milder virtue took pofleflion, 
 To vanquilh'd foes he o'er a bowl 
 His heart furrender'd at difcretion. 
 
 Let every valiant, &c. 
 
 When
 
 2^6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 When afk'd why Frenchmen wield the brand. 
 
 And dangers new each day folicit. 
 He faid " 'Tis Charlemagne's command, 
 
 " To whom our duty is implicit. 
 " His minifters and chofen few, 
 
 " No doubt have weigh'd thefe things in private, 
 " Let us his enemies fubdue 
 
 «' 'Tis all that foldiers e'er Ihould drive at."* 
 
 Let every valiant, &c. 
 
 Roland, like Chriftian true would live. 
 
 Was feen at mafs, and in proceffion. 
 And freely to the poor would give. 
 
 Nor did he always ftiun confeffion. 
 But Bilhop Turpin hath decreed, 
 
 (His counfel in each weighty matter) 
 That 'twas a good and pious deed 
 
 His country's foes to drub and fcatter. 
 
 Let every valiant, &c. 
 
 Of To captious blades he ne'er would bend, 
 
 Who quarrels fought on flight pretences ; 
 Though he to fecial joys a friend. 
 
 Was flow to give and take offences. 
 None e'er had caufe his arm to dread 
 
 But thofe who wrong'd his prince or nation. 
 On whom, whene'er to combat led, 
 He dealt out death and devaftatlon. 
 
 Let every valiant, &c. 
 
 • The ancient Roland would have taught the modern arch rebel of that name, different doflrine thaa 
 that contained in the prefent Freneh military fong, Ah ja ira!
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. Z57 
 
 Roland too much ador'd the fair 
 
 (From whom e'en heroes are defencelefs). 
 And by a queen of beauty rare,* 
 
 He all at once was render'd fenfclefs. 
 One haplefs morn ftie left the knight, 
 
 Who when he mifs'd her grew quite frantic, 
 Our pattern let him be in fight, 
 
 His love was rather too romantic. 
 
 Let every valiant, &c. 
 
 His mighty uncle Charles the Great, 
 
 Who Rome's imperial fcepter wielded, 
 Both early dignity and (late, 
 
 With high command to Roland yielded. 
 Yet though a gen'ral, count, and peer, 
 
 Roland's kind heart all pride could fmother. 
 For each brave man from van to rear. 
 
 He treated like a friend and brother. 
 
 Let every valiant, dc, 
 
 Otho's imperial ftandard was carried upon four wheels. This 
 was a long pole to which was faftened a painted dragon, and 
 over the dragon was raifed an eagle of gilt wood. The royal 
 ftandard of France, was a gilt ftaff with white filk colours pow- 
 dered with fleurs de lis ; and what had been for a long time only the 
 fancy of painters, was now become the arms of France. The old 
 crowns of the Kings of Lombardy, of which there are very 
 exad prints in Muratori, are furmounted with this ornament, 
 
 L 1 which 
 
 * Sec Angelica, the caufe of his madncfs, from whence arofe his name of Furiofo. 
 
 ^
 
 258 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 which is nothing elfe but the head of a fpcar fajlened with two 
 other pieces of crooked iron. Bcfides the royal ftandard, PhiHp 
 had the oriflamme of St. Dennis carried before him; when the 
 %^^\^ King was in danger he was to have one or other of thefe ftand- 
 ards raifed or lowered. Each knight had alfo his particular 
 ftandard, and the great knights had other colours carried before 
 them, which they called banners. The military fhout amongft 
 the French, was Mon Joye de St. Denis; that of the Germans, 
 Kyrie cleifon. One of the French heralds was called Mon foye de 
 St. Denis. The cry arofe (fays Prefident Fauchet in his Antiqui- 
 
 
 
 ties of Gaul) from^ that which Clovis faid in the battle near 
 
 Colleyn, when fearing to lofe the vi<flory, he promifed to believe 
 
 in Jefus Chrift, who was worlhipped by Clotilda his wife, and 
 
 to hold him for his Jove, fince which time they cried in their 
 
 battles, Mon, &c. as if they would fay, Chrift, whom St, Denis 
 
 had preached in Gaul, is my Jove or Jupiter — the word of Jove 
 
 being turned into foyc. Not one knight was flain but William 
 
 Longchamp, who was unfortunately killed by a ftroke in the 
 
 eye, given him through the vifor of his helmet. Among the 
 
 Germans were reckoned twenty-five knight bannerets, and feven 
 
 counts of the empire made prifoners, and not one wounded. 
 
 Otho loft the battle, in which were thirty thoufand Gerni'ans 
 
 killed. In this battle we fee Voltaire's imagination of the fleurs 
 
 de lis being only the fancy of painters. — Now there is an 
 
 inftance to the contrary in 115S, of the orders of Calatrava, 
 
 St. James of the fword, and Alcantara, who all ended their 
 
 crofTes 
 
 ii
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. ^59 
 
 crofles with fleur de lis, which even then had been long in 
 ufe. 
 
 The above mentioned battle of Bouvines, gave arms to the li^^~^ 
 houfe of Montmorenci. The fixteen eaglets in the arms of 
 that houfe, are the glorious marks of two illuflrious acftions per- 
 formed by two great men of Montmorenci, reprefenting fixteen 
 colours taken from the Imperial troops on two days of ad;ion, 
 related by the famous Arnaud, Advocate of France, in his 
 public eulogy on Henry de Montmorenci. Matthew 11. de 
 Montmorenci, with Henry, having taken thefe ftandards, Philip 
 Auguftus, as a monument of this glorious vicflory, willed that 
 his houfe fhould ever after bear fixteen eaglets, inftead of four, 
 which belonged to their former atchievement. The impofTibility 
 of placing more than three in a fmall feal, occafioned the reduc- 
 tion of the number when they came to lofe fight of the ancient 
 privileges of chivalry. Matthew de Montmorenci afterwards 
 accompanied his fovereign to the crufades, where he died, and 
 was buried at the church of St. John of Jerufalem. The houfe 
 of Montmorenci can boall of having produced the firft Chriflian 
 in France, and their arms were originally a crofs; which, fays 
 the Fere Mathieu, may be feen in thofe of the houfe of Lavall, 
 which being defcended from Montmorenci, bears the crois with 
 the addition of five cockle fhells argent. The houfe of Mont- 
 morenci is traced to the time of St. Denis, by whom the firfl 
 that was converted among the French knights, was a Lord of 
 
 L I 2 Mont-
 
 V 
 
 Z60 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Montmorenci, and therefore the ancient device or motto of that 
 houfe, was — God help the firft Chriftians. 
 
 It is very ftrange that fiiperftition fhould ever have had fo 
 much influence over Heraldry, as we frequently difcover it 
 liad : — men were often fo much blinded with this foible, 
 as to take arms from circumftances which had from thence 
 their fole origin. Not only external fancies gave rife to coats 
 of arms, but many times dreams, and imaginary appearances. 
 The moft fingular device I have ever met with, of thofe which 
 fprung from the latter caufes, I find thus mentioned in an old 
 Latin Author, whofe work was printed in 1588, — whofe name 
 was Abrahami Franfi, — and who wrote upon heraldical and 
 emblematical devices. 
 
 It has been recorded, that Antiochus, furnamed Soter, from 
 whom the kings of Syria were named Antiochians, being on 
 the point of an engagement with the Galata?, faw a vifion on 
 the night previous to the battle, in which Alexander the Great 
 appeared to him, and commanded him to give this fignal or 
 watchword to his foldiers, " Be fafc and healthful " — of which 
 words the hieroglyphick was that Ihewn in the plate. 
 
 Three triangles complexed joining in one point from five equal 
 lines. Antiochus obeyed, and made it the enfign of his foldiers, P'^^ 
 who were alfo commanded to few it on their cloaths. Soon 
 
 after
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. ^(n 
 
 after a very remarkable vicTiory was gained over the Gal"' 
 Antiochus caufed all his filver coin to be imprelled with this 
 figure, in memorial of the remarkable circumftancc, but added 
 the letters between the five points. Thus, lays Franfi, — records 
 Pierius. 
 
 Shall we credit Eufebius his account of the reafbn why Con- 
 ftantine afTumed the crofs for the enfign on his banner ? Having 
 himfelf feen this banner, he thus defcribes it and the origin : — 
 one day Conflantine, when h; was revolving" in his mind 
 whether he fhould be converted to t e Chriflian faith or not, 
 caft his eyes up to heaven, where he beheld the figure of a great 
 crofs, compofed of the moft refplendent light; on the crofs 
 feemed to be infcribed — Li Hoc Vince, Conftantine and his 
 officers, who alfo faw this appearance, were very much fur- 
 prifed, and greatly at a lofs what to think that fign portended, 
 which had hitherto to heathens been an ill omen. When the 
 Emperor retired to reft, he beheld Chrift appear with the fame 
 crofs ', by whom he was ordered to bear it as his enfign and 
 device ; obedient to the command he caufed a banner to be 
 made : It was a lance of gold which had a piece of wood 
 athwart it in the form of a crofs, from whence hung fome rich 
 embroidery in which was the image of the Emperor, and about 
 it a crown of gold and pearl, which bare in the middle the name 
 of our Saviour. From that time this was the head ftandard, 
 which the Romans called Labarum. The X, P, being the 
 
 firfl
 
 262 ■ ANECDOTES OF 
 
 firft letters of xpixtoz, ChriJIus, — they were placed acrofs each 
 other. 
 
 ir^ The fuperftitious veneration, which the Druids had for the 
 mifletoe, oak, and ferpent, caufed thofe of the Druidical 
 
 '* College of Autun to bear on their banner — a field argent with a 
 ferpent thereon, ornamented with a fprig of mifletoe, and acorns 
 vert. — They probably, fays Saintfoix, affumed the ferpent from 
 the virtues they attributed to its egg. The fymbol of the 
 chief Druids was keys. 
 
 -^ 
 
 The arms of Waltham Abbey, EfTex, as well as the name of 
 the Abbey, are indebted to antient legend for their origin. 
 Harold, brother-in-law to the Confeffor, built and endowed 
 this monaflery, which he dedicated to a crofs — its name was 
 Crofs — and its arms were a crofs. Legends fay, that angels 
 brought from the Weft a crofs, wherefore Waltham bore, 
 gules two angels or, holding between them a crofs argent. 
 Notwithftanding Harold's having named it Holy Crofs, it 
 was in after-times re-dedicated to St. Laurence. The body of 
 King Harold was interred within its walls -, as were alfo the 
 remains of Gurth and Lewin, or Leofrine, his brothers by 
 their mother Githa. Harold's foundation was for a dean and 
 eleven fecular black canons. At the diffolution Henry VIIL 
 beflowed the fcite of this Abbey, with many rich lands be- 
 longing thereto, upon Sir Anthony Denny, for the term of 
 thirty-one years. 
 
 Religious, 
 
 \
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 263 
 
 Religious, as well as (uperflitious motives, often induce ' y 
 
 people, not only to affame various arms and devices, but to 
 give them to others, and aflign them to places. 
 
 Oxford has claimed its arms as fiir back as the year 885, 17^^ 
 
 when it is faid to have been given, azure a bibleiwith feven 
 feals appendant thereto, opened at the beginning of St. John's 
 Gofpel, between three crowns or. Fuller in his Church Hiftory 
 imagines thefe crowns to be typical of the three profefFiOns which 
 Alfred founded, " all which," fays he, " are neceiTary to under- 
 ftand the book between them." — Legendary heralds are no lefs 
 kind to Glaffenbury than they are to Waltham. — This Abbey " 
 
 bore Vert a crofs bottone argent, in the firft quarter a woman 
 with a child in her arms, which reprefents the Virgin Mary; 
 becaufe they fay, the angel Gabriel ordered them to dedicate 
 this Abby to the bleffed Virgin. Jofeph of Arimathea coming 
 into Britain, he found fuch good entertainment from Arviragus, 
 who was then king, and who, though he would not be con- 
 verted by his preaching, allowed him twelve hides of land, 
 in a defolate ifland full of ferns and brambles, called Ynis- 
 Witrin, fince tranflated Glaffenbury ; here his followers built a 
 fmall church, encompaffmg it with a church-yard, in which 
 Jofeph was afterwards buried. The church was fixty feet lono-, 
 and twenty-fix broad, made of rods wattled or interwoven. 
 
 Glaffenbury Abbey was granted by Edward .VI. in the /^ 
 
 fourth year of his reign, the 4th of June, to Edward Seymour, 
 
 Duke
 
 264 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Duke of Somerfet, on his petition, and advice of council, to 
 fupport his dignity — to be held in capite by the 40th part 
 of a knight's fee fine reditu. From this Duke of Somerfet 
 comes the creil: borne by the prefent Dukes of Somerfet, 
 which is, out of a ducal coronet or, a phoenix, in flames 
 proper, with wings expanded of the firfl: ; which they bear 
 in memorial of Edward VI. — The name of Seymour comes 
 from St. Maur, a place in Normandy. — Formerly their creft 
 ^ was, on a wreath, a pair of wings conjoined in lure, with 
 
 the tips downwards or. 
 
 [a Of religious ceremonj^ having given rife to arms we fee 
 
 an inftance in the bearing of the Mohuns. — The Pope ufed 
 on the lord's day called LsEtarc Jerufalem, to beftow folemnly 
 a confecrated rofe on the moft honourable perfon prefent at mafs 
 with his holinefs. In the year 1241, in the 25th of Henry 
 III. enquiry being made, the rofe was conferred on Sir Reginald 
 Mohun, as the beft extradled in the congregation. The cuftom 
 had been to prefent the rofe to kings, dukes, earls, or at leaft 
 the lowefl orders of coronetted nobility ; the Pope, therefore, on 
 finding Sir Reginald was only a plain knight batchelor, created 
 him Earl of Eft, or (as the old manufcript from which this 
 was originally taken, being a French one belonging to the 
 family, fays) Somerfet j and for the better fupport of this 
 honor, he allowed him out of his Englifli Peter-pence, three 
 hundred marks as the moft certain papal revenue in the 
 
 land.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 265 
 
 land. The Petei'-pence was firft given to the Pope by Ina, king 
 of the Weft Saxons, in the eighth century. — Ina accounting 
 himfelf to hold all of God, paid not only a great fine, but 
 fettled a conftant rent on the church of Rome, which he 
 thought the receiver-general of heaven ; ordering every dwelling 
 houfe in England to contribute towards it ; — it was to be paid 
 on the firft of Auguft. In the year 726, the firft of its infti- 
 tution, the funi raifed was X^.7500, 
 
 The grant of the Pope to Sir Regii>dld Mohun, made 
 him become an apoftolic count, by which he gained certain 
 privileges, which Henry agreed to and confirmed. Until the 
 Pope made the above grant. Sir Reginald declined accepting the 
 honor, on pretence that he was unable to fupport the dignity — 
 yet he had at that time forty-three knight's fees held of his caftle 
 of Dunftar, in Somerfetfhire, which had been built by the 
 Mohuns in the time of the Conqueror; from wliich time until 
 the reign of Richard II. the family were very flourifliing: 
 they were created barons of Oakhampton, and one of theni 
 founded the Abbey of Newham. On the above account Sir 
 Reginald bore for his arms, gules in a maunch ermine a hand 
 proper holding a rofe or ; which he changed to a fleur de lis.— 
 This, however, his family afterwards altered into a crofs fable, 
 during one of the crufades, on account of fome of their atchieve- 
 ments therein. A rofe confecrated and perfumed by the Pope 
 has been regarded as a great prefent even to monarchs ; and fo 
 
 M m great 
 
 T$^
 
 ><• 
 
 266 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 great was its value, that in 1509 Pope Julius II. fent one over 
 to England for Henry VIII. perfumed with mulk, and anointed 
 with chrifm, in order to gain his favour and intereft for the 
 diflblution of the league of Cambray, which had been formed 
 againft the Venetians. 
 
 Not only the five wounds of our blefled Saviour, have been 
 introduced into heraldry, but alfo the eucharifl itfelf — which 
 is reprefented in the arms of the biflioprick of the city of 
 Worcefter — they are argent charged with ten torteaux; thefe 
 which are faid to reprefent fo many wafers, would furely have 
 been more properly coloured, had they been white, and made 
 plates inftead of torteaux. I can poffibly imagine no other 
 reafon for their being made red, than that perhaps the heralds 
 of thofe times meaning them to be fo tranfparent as to flaew the 
 blood through the outward appearance j what other idea they 
 could have is pafl my comprehenfion. 
 
 The GifFards, of Wefton, in Glocefterfliire, to fhow their 
 defcent from one of the bifliops, bear the arms of the fee. 
 This bifhop was Godfrey Giffard, Lord Chancellor of England, 
 and brother to Walter Giffard, Archbilliop of York ; he was 
 eleded to this bifliopric in 1268, as fays Mr, Green in his 
 Survey; or 1269, as fays Dr. Heylin in his Help to Englifh 
 Hiftory. He died January 26, 1301-2, and is buried in the 
 cathedral. 
 
 The
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 267 
 
 The collar of SS. came from fomething of a fimllar nature. 
 
 *' There are now in ufe among us other forts of collars 
 Worn as badges of lower and inferior orders, vulgarly called 
 collars of SS. According to fome accounts the SS. refer to 
 Saint Simplicius, under whofe name there was a fociety formed, 
 confifling of perfons noble in their own families, he himfclf 
 being a fenator, and fufFering martyrdom under Dioclefian. 
 This collar was once an ornament for women as well as men. 
 There is a monument above four hundred years old in the colle- 
 giate church at Warwick, where the collar is fccn on Margaret, 
 wife of Sir William Peits, buried in the reign of Edward III.* 
 
 Heraldry certainly merits to be treated with more refpedt 
 than has been lately fliown her. Though fhe has often been 
 degraded and profaned by upftarts, who have laid claim to her 
 favor without authority, and afliimed armorial atchievements, 
 when they have had no right, yet has fhe been generally found the 
 truell friend of virtue and literature, loyalty and honour. Fortune, 
 fickle in her friendfhip, often forfakes thofe, whom fhe once 
 acknowledged deferving of her moll: unbounded bleffings.— • 
 Fame, volatile as the zephyr, feldom remains, or is found, where 
 fortune fmiles no longer; — the amity of the world is fleeting, 
 and its gratitude funk into forget fulnefs. — Heraldry, where once 
 Ihe has deigned to fmile, never withdraws the favours flie has 
 
 M m a given, 
 
 f Afhmole's Qxdei of the garter. 
 
 'V
 
 268 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 given, unlefs high treafon, or other crimes, render the obje(fl 
 unworthy of her countenance. Unmindful of the defertion of her 
 coquetifli followers, fortune, fame, friendfliip, &c. where once 
 fhe has fixed, fhe refls — refls to eternity, and grows more bright 
 from time j for the more antient a bearing, the more honourable 
 the arms. 
 
 From amongft the favours flie has bellowed on loyalty, I will 
 feledt thofe of Lake, Newman, Ramfey, Scot, Robinfon, Keith, 
 of Kintore, and Kirkpatrick. 
 
 Sir Edward Lake, Baronet, Chancellor of the diocefe of 
 Lincoln, married the daughter and coheir of Simon Bybye, 
 of Bugden, Corn. Huntingdon, efquire, his loyalty to Charles 
 L was very remarkable, as appears by the following grant : 
 
 C. R. 
 
 Whereas our trufty and well-beloved Edward Lake, Doctor of 
 Laws, our advocate General for our Kingdom of Ireland, in all 
 caufes ecclefiaftical, civil, and military, hath performed to us 
 good and faithful fervice both in Ireland and England, and 
 thereby fulFered the lofs of his eftate in both Kingdoms, which 
 when God llaall enable us, we intend to repair, and further 
 reward him. Our will and pleafure therefore is, that we do 
 hereby grant to the faid Edward Lake, the nominating and 
 making of a Baronet, being confident that he will nominate a 
 
 man
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 269 
 
 man of meet and fitting qualities, and condition for that dignity. 
 And for his further encouragement, and as a fpecial mark of our 
 gracious acceptation of his good fervices, and more particularly 
 at the battle of Edge-Hill, where he received fixteen wounds, 
 to the extreme hazard of his life, and his left arm being then 
 difabled by a fliot, he held his bridle in his teeth. 
 
 We do therefore confer on him a baronetfliip, and do hereby 
 create him a baronet, and do give him for a coat of augmentation 
 to be borne before his own, viz. in a field gules, an armed right 
 arm carrying upon a fword, a banner argent, charged with a 
 crofs between fixteen fhields of the firft; and a lion of England 
 in the fefs point: and for a crcft, a chevalier in a fighting pofi:ure, 
 his fcarf red; his left arm hanging down ufelefs, and holding a 
 bridle in his teeth ; his face fword armour, and horfe cruentated : 
 the faid baronetfhip to the faid Edward, and his heirs male of 
 his body lawfully begotten ; and for want of fuch heirs male, to 
 the heirs male of the faid Edward : the faid coat of augmentation, 
 and the creft to him the faid Edward, and his heirs, and to all 
 defcending from him or them for ever; all this to be put in form 
 in his patent. — Given at our court at Oxford, the thirtieth day of 
 December, the nineteenth year of our reign. 
 
 Notwithftanding this grant, none of the heirs or fucceflbrs of 
 the above Edward, took out the patent, until Sir Bybye Lake, in 
 171 1, laid the faid grant before the Earl of Oxford, in order for 
 a patent j but the faid Earl (through the then great hurry of 
 
 affairs) 
 
 k
 
 /- 
 
 270 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 affairs) loft the faid grant, though her Majcfty Queen Anne 
 being well fatisfied with the fetvices of Edward Lake, did grant 
 a new one ; with precedency, however, only from the date 
 thereof. His motto — tm Dieu, tin Roi, un Cceur. The paternal 
 coat of Lake, is fable on a bend between fixcrofscroflets, argent, 
 differenced with a mullet. 
 
 Richard Newman had granted to his arms, by Charles IL in 
 confideration of the loyalty and fufferings of his father, an aug- 
 mentation, which was on an efcutcheon, gules a portcullis, 
 crowned or; — afterwards created a baronet. 
 
 The arms of the Earls of Holdernefs and Haddington, arife in 
 part from the loyalty of Sir John Ramfey, an anceftor of their 
 family — who was, as York in his Lincolnflaire fays, ranged 
 among the chief nobility of Scotland, by King James, with the 
 title of Vifcount Haddington, and for his heroic valour, the firft 
 coat in his efcutcheon was by the faid King, given as an 
 auo-mentation : this augmentation was a dexter hand and arm 
 holding a fword of ftate royally crowned, and piercing a heart. 
 The King alfo gave him and his heirs for ever, the privilege 
 of carrying the fword of ftate before him. Sir John Ramfey 
 acquired thefe honours by his interpofition to fave his fovereign, 
 from the real or pretended treafon of the Earl of Goury. 
 
 ■^^ The faving the life of a King of Scotland alfo gave arms to the 
 
 family of the Baronets of the name of Scot. They bear or, a 
 
 flag
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. Syi 
 
 flag couchant proper, collared azure, with a mullet on the collar, 
 argent between two crefcents of the firft; and in the finifter chief 
 point of the efcutcheon, a rofe gules for diftindion. This family- 
 was originally of Scotland, which they left in the year 15 19, and 
 fettled in the low countries, where fome of their defcendants are 
 faid ftill to remain. William Scot fettled at Rouen, in France, 
 in the year 1641; and in 1652, when King Charles II. retired 
 into France, after the battle of Worcefler, he found refuge at his 
 houfe; in return for which he created him a baronet. This 
 Sir William married a lady from Kew Green, in Surry, and 
 therefore was ftiled of that place. He was likewife naturalized 
 in France, and admitted into the order of the nobility in that 
 kingdom; where he died a Proteftant in 1681. One of the 
 baronets afterwards became Marquifs de la Mazangere, in 
 Normandy in France. The arms of the family were, according to 
 tradition, granted, becaufe one of the anceftors faved the life of a 
 King of Scotland, who was near being killed with a flag, which, 
 thereupon, became their bearing. 
 
 Robinfon bears quarterly crenelle, firft and fourth gules, on a 
 tower argent, a lion of England, being an augmentation granted 
 to Sir John Robinfon, Knt. Alderman of London, and Lieutenant 
 of the Tower, for the fervices he did King Charles II. towards 
 his refloration, foon after which event he was created a baronet. 
 The paternal arms of the family are — fecond and third vert, a 
 buck trippant within an orle of trefoils, flipped or. 
 
 I once 
 
 .//
 
 272 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 I once before mentioned a bearing belonging to Keith — another 
 yet remains of which I muft fpeak — it belonged to the title of 
 Kintore, and was firft and fourth gules, a fword and fcepter in 
 faltire, with an imperial crown in chief or; all within an orle 
 of eight thiftles of the fecond, as a coat of augmentation for 
 prcferving the regalia of Scotland from falling into the hands of 
 Oliver Cromwell. The noble family of Keith was one of the 
 mofl ancient and illuftrious in Scotland, and derive their origin 
 from Robert, one of the chiefs of the catti (from whence the 
 name of Keith) who performed many glorious exploits againfl 
 the Danes, in the reign of Malcolm II. for which he had granted 
 to him and his heirs the lands and barony of Keith, in Eaft 
 Lothian, from which it is moft probable his pofterity took their 
 furname. The above-mentioned prince advanced him to the 
 hereditary dignity of Marflial of Scotland, and granted him the 
 ifland of Inchkeith, in the gulph of Edinburgh. The fuccelTors 
 of this Robert continued to be amongft the moft eminent men in 
 Scotland. Robert Keith, in 1292, had a charter from John 
 Baliol, of his lands of Keith, &c. and by King Robert Bruce, in 
 1325, was fent ambaiTador to France — he was {lain at the battle 
 of Dupplin, in 1332, in defence of his country, and was 
 fucceeded by his fon John, whofe fon Sir Robert fucceeded him, 
 and who was for his wifdom and valour created a knight by 
 King David II. His fon Edward was flain at the battle of 
 Durham, when David II. was taken prifoner, in 1346, leaving 
 a fon, Sir William, who in 1 369 was one of the commillioners 
 
 who 
 
 \
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 273 
 
 who concluded a pence between Scotland and England ; he 
 was anceflor of Sir William, who being a favourite of King 
 James II. was created Lord Keith, and Earl Mariflial of 
 Keith, in the county of Haddington. George V. Earl 
 Marflial, was one of the privy council to James VI. by 
 whom he was lent ambalTador to the court of Denmark, 
 where, at his own expence, he efpouied the Princefs Anne, 
 a daughter of that crown, in the name of his Majefly; 
 and in the year 1593, founded the Marflial College in Aberdeen; 
 and in 1609, was high commifTioner to the Parliament. His 
 grandfon William, Earl Marflial, in tlie time of the civil war, 
 levied a troop of horfe at his own expence for the king's fervice ; 
 but being taken prifoner and fent to the Tower of London, 
 remained there ten years : after being releafcd, he was made 
 one of the Privy Council to King Charles II. and Lord Privy 
 Seal. He was fucceeded by his brother George, whofe fon 
 William, the ninth earl, was fucceeded by George, tenth earl, 
 who joining the Earl of Mar, in 1 71 6, in the unfortunate bufinefs 
 of that year, his eftate and honours were forfeited by attainder. 
 His lordfliip flew from his native country, and entered into the 
 fervice of the King of Pruflia, who made him governor of 
 Neufchatel, in Switzerland, and being neareft related to John, 
 Earl of Kintore, who died without ilTue, his lordfliip was 
 enabled, by adl of parliament, to inherit his eftate, or any other 
 that might devolve to him. His brother was the famous Field 
 Marfhal Keith, who, following his brother's fortune, engaged 
 
 N n after-
 
 V 
 
 ■bC 
 
 2-74 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 afterwards in the fervice of Peter the Great, Emperor of Ruflia, 
 who gave him the rank of Brigadier-General, and in that fervice 
 he afterwards became Field-Marllial. He then aded under 
 Frederick III. King of Pruffia, who alfo raifed him to the rank 
 of Field-Marfhal in his army j after many fignal fervices he was 
 unfortunately killed Odtober the 14th, 1758: — the right wing 
 of the Pruflian army where he commanded was furprifcd at 
 Hoenchirchen, by the Auftrians, under Marflaal Daun, who, 
 after the adlion, buried General Keith, with great military 
 honours ; but the King of Pruffia, who could never fufficiently 
 lament the lofs of fo great a commander, caufed his corpfe to be 
 taken up and fent to Berlin, where a fuperb monument was 
 ered:ed to his memory. 
 
 The creft of Keith, Earl Marfhal, was a ftag's head erafed 
 proper, and attired with ten tynes, topaz. The fupporters — 
 two flags proper, attired as the crell — Motto, Veritas, vincit. 
 
 When Robert Bruce attempted to recover the crown of 
 Scotland, he found amongfl: his fubjefcs a traitor called John 
 Cummin, who betrayed all his fchemes to Edward, King of 
 England. When Robert left the court of England and came to 
 Dumfries, in Annandale, he went into an aflembly of the nobles, 
 amongft whom Cummin happened to be. The Scotch were 
 much furprifed, and pleafed, to fee Bruce arrive, and immediately 
 agreed to acknowledge him monarch of Scotland ; and to affert 
 
 his
 
 \ 
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 275 
 
 his right in oppofition to the ufurpation of Edward. Cummin 
 refufcd his afTent, and would acknowledge no other monarch 
 than the King of England; when he departed from the afTembly, 
 Bruce was informed of the treacherous part he had adled, who, 
 enraged at his perfidy, and fearful of his power, refolved to 
 prevent his betraying the determination of the day to the Englifh; 
 he therefore followed him out, and running him through the 
 body Jeft him, imagining he had killed him. Sir Thomas 
 Fitzpatrick, la Heady and zealous friend to Bruce, aflced him if 
 he had killed the traitor — " I imagine fo," anfwered the carelefs 
 Robert. — Fitzpatrick more cautious, told him it was too material 
 an affair to be left to conjedure, and faid, "I will fecure him." 
 He therefore went to Cummin, and drawing his dagger, flabbcd 
 him to the heart ; — thus finally ending all chance of his further 
 betraying the fchemes of Robert and his party. — After thiSj 
 
 Kirkpatrick took for a creft a hand grafping a bloody dago-cr • 
 
 and for a motto — Iisoill fecure him. 
 
 There is fomething fo droll in the affumption of the cobler's 
 arms in Flanders, that I cannot forbear making mention of 
 them :— 
 
 Charles V. in his intervals of relaxation would fometimcs 
 retire to Bruffels : — being a prince who was curious to know the 
 fentiments of his meaneft fubjedls concerning himfelf and his 
 
 « 
 
 adminiftration, he would often go about incog, and mix with 
 
 N n a fuch
 
 X 
 
 276 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 fuch companies, and entered^ into fiich converfations as he 
 thought moft proper to afford him the information he wanted. 
 One evening his boot happened to require immediate mending, 
 he was diredied to a cobler. — Unfortunately for Charles, it was 
 St. Crifpin's day, and therefore inflead of finding the cobler 
 inclined to work, he found him making merry with his friends 
 and acquaintance. — The Emperor informed him of what he 
 wanted, and offered to pay him well for his trouble. The votary 
 of St. Crifpin, anfwered, that was it the Emperor hiaifclf, no 
 cobler would work for him on the day of their patron faint; and 
 aflvcd him to join with the reft of his friends in the participation 
 of the feafl he had made in honour of St. Crifpin. The invita- 
 tion was too fuitable to Charles's fcheme to be refufed — he 
 accepted it. — During the courfe of the evening, the cobler told 
 him he was certain he mufl be fome politician from his contem- 
 plative manners; a courtier perhaps, or even fome baftard of the 
 Emperor's, from his great likeneis to Charles; but, added the 
 merry man, let him be who or what he would, he was heartily 
 welcome : — faying which, he made him drink the Emperor's 
 health. — What my friend, iliid the Emperor, do you then love 
 Charles V. — Love him, certainly rejoined the cobler ; but I 
 fliould, I fancy, like him much more, if he would tax us much 
 lefs — but what the deuce have we to do, talking politicks, when 
 we fhould be making merry. The cobler then paffed a few jokes 
 on the features of the Emperor, Sec. Charles foon after took his 
 leave, thanking the man for his good cheer— who told him he was 
 
 heartily
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 277 
 
 heartily welcome to that, but that he would not have worked on 
 that day to the difhonour of St. Crifpin, no, not even for Charles 
 himfelf. The Emperor returned home much pleafed with the 
 loyalty, hofpitality and humour, of his hoft, for whom he fent 
 the next morning to court. — The poor man was much furprifed 
 to find what had happened, and trembled for his life on account 
 of the jokes he had paffcd on his gueft; the Emperor, however, 
 again thanked him, and told him he was fo much pleafed with 
 his hofpitality, that he would grant him whatever he thought 
 proper to requeft, and gave him until the next morning to confider 
 what it fliould be. — On the enfuing day he defired, that for the 
 iuture, the coblers of Flanders might bear for their arms, a boot 
 with the Emperor's crown upon it. This requefl Charles diredly 
 granted ; but told him he was at liberty, on account of its fimpli- 
 city, to make another. — He then declared he had no greater 
 wilh, than that the company of coblers might take place of the 
 (hoc-makers, which the Emperor likewife agreed to. 
 
 I have here mentioned many inftances of fidelity to the race of 
 mankind — I wifli to notice one in the brute fpecies, which I 
 lately met with in an old magazine. There it is faid to be a well 
 attefted fad, although recited as a fable. — I take the ftory as it is 
 told ; not that the beauty of the poetry recommended it : — 
 
 A gentleman's well furnirti'd board 
 Did meat and drink to all afford.: 
 
 A cheer-
 
 27S ANECDOTES OF 
 
 A cheerful mind hjs table grac'd, 
 
 Which makes a common meal a fead. 
 
 The rich within — the craving poor 
 
 He kept, like Gentries at his door : 
 
 Thefe blefs'd him always as he pad ; 
 
 Tliofe prais'd him for he ne'er kept faft. 
 
 Ever concern'd for human weal. 
 
 He heard a kinfman's piteous tale ; 
 
 And always thought the cafe was worfe, 
 
 Which emptied oft' the good man's purfe. 
 
 His great benevolence of mind 
 
 To human race was not confin'd — 
 
 Dogs, fifties, birds, alike his pet. 
 
 Each fomething of his bounty get : 
 
 E'en to a rat he favour fhow'd. 
 
 To fome as odious as a toad ; 
 
 To him for bread it often came 
 
 (For kindnefs can all creatures tame) ; 
 
 Fearlefs it fed upon his hand, 
 
 Would on his lap or (boulder ftand. 
 
 And, mindful of domeftic brood. 
 
 Sometimes it leap'd away with food. 
 
 It chanc'd one evening as he fat, 
 
 Mufing alone on this and that, 
 
 But chiefly that, th' ungrateful deed 
 
 Is oft return'd as virtue's meed ; 
 
 Complaining he himfelf addrefs'd, 
 
 And this foliloquy exprefs'd: — 
 
 This foliloquy is on the ingratitude of man and beafl— 
 and being long and imaginary, I omit it : it ends thus : 
 
 Neither
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 279 
 
 .Neither in man or bcafl I find 
 
 The fymptoms of a grateful mind. 
 
 Thus fir'd with thought he clos'd his eyes, 
 
 Which foon were open'd with furprife. 
 
 For, by fome motion of his hand, 
 
 Though fleeping, he o'erfet the ftand 
 
 Which held the lamp — the flame foon fpread, 
 
 And rifing fmoke now reach'd his head : 
 
 The rat perceiving future ill. 
 
 By fomething like prophetic fkill. 
 
 Or that his fenfe is more acute 
 
 Than man's, in this below a brute ; 
 
 Not as felf int'ieft ill direfts 
 
 Itfelf alone from harm prote£ls ; 
 
 But grateful to his patron flies. 
 
 Denoting terror by its cries, 
 
 And kindly tweak'd his cheeks and nofe, 
 
 'Till waking in a fright he rofe, 
 
 And fav'd his wealth — his murm'ring ceas'd. 
 
 He ever thank'd the grateful beaft ; 
 
 Own'd his benevolence was paid 
 
 In ample meafure tho' delay 'd : 
 
 And after bore a rat for creft — 
 
 Regardlefs of the fcofFer's jefl. 
 
 Heraldry will frequently caft a blot upon the efcutcheon of 
 cowardice, but to that of valour flie generally adds an augmen- 
 tation, or lends the hero an efcutcheon to augment; from 
 amongft thofe who have gained her fmiles by deeds of courage, 
 I will fele£t thofe of Dalabar, Stuart, Clark, De la War, Dalziel, 
 
 and Bromley. 
 
 The
 
 aSo ANECDOTES OF 
 
 The battle of CrefTy, fought by Edward III, King of England, 
 was an ad:ion which crowned many heroes with glory, of which 
 the flaields of feveral gentlemen now bear teflimony. — Though 
 the circumflances of that engagement are generally known, I 
 hope a flight (ketch of them, as giving rife to feveral atchieve- 
 ments will not be improper, or difagreeable to my readers, 
 whom I wifli to entertain, but fhould be forry to fatigue. — 
 Mezerai Ihall recite the narrative. 
 
 p\ Burning with anger to fee his capital city flaming in the heart 
 of his kingdom, Philip dc Valois, prepared to purfue Edward 
 with hafle, that he might attack him before he iliould pafs the 
 Somme. Edward could not, however, find any paffage over 
 this river, until he fortunately feized a prifoner who could 
 teach him to find the quay of Blanquetaque, below Abbeville. 
 Godemar du Fay, a Norman nobleman, attempted with twelve 
 thoufand men to prevent his croffing, but ignorant how to 
 atchieve his defign, was entirely routed. The fiime evening 
 Edward encamped at Crefly, and the next day Philip lodged at 
 Abbeville, which is three leagues from thence; — he had with 
 him no lefs than an hundred thoufand men, with whom, had he 
 furrounded the Prince, he might have reduced him by famine in 
 a few days ; but he thought conquefl: would follow the firft blow, 
 therefore he went the next day from Abbeville and gave him 
 battle, which was the 26th of Auguft, 1 346. 
 
 A too
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 28t 
 
 ^ A too hafty march over three great leagues of the road, made 
 his army lofc both breath and ftrength before they could come 
 near the enemy. The Englifli, on the contrary, were frcfii 
 from repofe and courageous from defpair. The Genocfe, who 
 compofed the principal ftrength of Philip's infantry, were com- 
 manded by Anthony d'Orie and Charles Grimaldi; this part of 
 his army could only retreat, for the firings of their crofs-bows 
 were relaxed by a great ftorm which fell juft on the point of the 
 battle. As they fell back before the fury of the Englifh arrows, 
 the Count D'Alen9on imagining it arofe from treachery, not 
 neceflity, paffed with his cavalry through the midft of them, and 
 put them in fo much diforder, that the rout began from that 
 minute. There is one circumftance worthy of remark in this 
 battle — which is, that the Englifli army had on this famous 
 day, four or five pieces of cannon, which caufed a horrible fear, 
 it being the firft time thofe thundering machines had been feen in 
 the French wars ; joined to thefe two lafb mentioned circum- 
 flances, there w^as another which added to the quicknefs and 
 cafe of the defeat — feveral of the grandees, happy to fee Philip 
 engage on this occafion, made more refiflance to the Englifli, 
 in appearance, than in reality, by which Edward gained a fpeedy 
 vidory. 
 
 From four in the evening until twelve at night, did the battle 
 continue J — unfortunately, great flocks of crows were feen to 
 hover over the French army, which were by the fuperflitious 
 
 O o foldicrs
 
 282 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 foldiers of the unfortunate Philip, regarded as a prefage of their 
 overthrow. 
 
 On the fide of the French, there remained dead on the place 
 thirty thoufand foot, twelve hundred horfe j eighty flandards were 
 alfo loft. John, King of Bohemia; Charles, Count of Alen90n, 
 brother to the King ; Louis, Count of Flanders, and twelve or 
 fifteen noblemen of the moft illuftrious rank loft their lives. 
 From this, John, King of Bohemia, came the peculiar creft, 
 'v^ and motto of the Prince of Wales, which was aftumed by the 
 Black Prince after this battle, having himfelf, leading the van 
 guard, though only fixteen, killed John of Luxemburgh, 
 King of Bohemia, who wore that day a creft of three oftrich 
 feathers with the motto, Ich Dicn. This valiant old man, 
 although he was quite blind, fought with uncommon courage; 
 unable to ride through the field of battle by himfelf, he caufed 
 two of his moft valiant knights to faften the bridles of their 
 horfes to that of his, and thus was led about. His fon Charles, 
 King of the Romans, was wounded alfo in this unfortunate day. 
 Philip retired by favour of the night to the caftle of Broye, from 
 whence he went to Amiens, and afterwards to Paris to recruit 
 his army. — Sometimes the Prince ufed but one feather; and 
 other times all three. The King of England being prefled that 
 day to fend an immediate fuccour to his fon, the Prince of Wales, 
 """^^C^ who was furrounded on all'fides; " Is he then dead, or over- 
 thrown, or fo much wounded, that he can no longer defend 
 
 himfelf?
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRr. 
 
 283 
 
 himfelf?" faid the King. — They rephed, the young Prince 
 hved, but was in moft imminent danger — return th(?n, faid the 
 King, to him and to thofe who have fent you, and tclV them, from 
 me, that I charge them to fend to me on no adventure that may 
 happen, while my fon is ahve; and tell them, my conmands arc, 
 that they let the young man obtain the honour of his purs, which 
 he has juft received as badges of knighthood, for I Will, if God 
 permit, let the day be his, and the honour wholly fits own. 
 
 By an adlion of Sir Richard Dalabar, which refcued the 
 young Prince from immediate danger, the family of that name 
 o-ained the honour of a perrniffion to bear five oftjjch feathers 
 for a creftj for King Edward III. ordered them to |)ear, out of 
 a ducal coronet or, a plurhe of ollrich feathers, paiy per pale, 
 
 argent and azure. 
 
 Poiters and Crefly tell. 
 
 When moft their pride did fwcll, 
 
 Under our fvvords they fell. 
 
 No lefle our {kill is, 
 Then when our Grand Sire great, 
 Clayming the regall feate. 
 By many a warlike feate, 
 
 Lop'd the French lillies. 
 
 Drayton's Batt 
 
 V- 
 
 of Agincourt. 
 
 Speaking of Edward the Black Prince, the aboAfc poet fays, 
 his name was more acquired on account of his beinj black and 
 
 O o a dreadful
 
 284 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 dreadful to the French, than from the colour of his armour, 
 to which the origin of his name has frequently been given. 
 
 " Whofe name obtained by his fatal hand 
 << V'^as ever fearful to that conquered land." 
 
 "P^ Sir Alexander Stuart, furnamed the fierce, bore or, a fefs 
 cheeky argent and azure, to which Charles VI. of France 
 added, argtnt a lion rampant gules (being the royal lion of 
 Scotland), lebruifed with a ragged flaff bendwife or: or rather 
 we may fa/, a bend raguly, — King Charles gave him this 
 bearing as a reward for the valour he one day fhewed in 
 his prefence^ in encountering a lion with his fword, and on the 
 breaking of that weapon, feizing a ftick, with which he at laft 
 killed theaieature; which pleafed the monarch fo much, that 
 he immeditely ordered him ever after to bear as above. 
 
 The Eals of Weymouth owe part of their arms to the 
 valor of liomas Thynne, one of their anceftors, w'ho was 
 knighted ii the field — for having done great fervice at the 
 battle of Huffelborough, againft the Scots, on September the 
 lOth, 154'; he was created whilfl his wounds were bleed- 
 ing; and lad then given him the Scotch lion in addition 
 to his arm. He bore quarterly firfl and fourth barruly of 
 ten topaz, and diamond — fecond and third a lion rampant 
 quevee noved ruby. 
 
 One
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. "V 285 
 
 One family of the name of Clark bears an honorary aug- 
 mentation, on a canton finifter azure, a demi ram falient 
 argent, armed or, in chief two fleur de lis of the lafl, and 
 over all a baton dexterway, trunked as in the canton. This 
 augmentation was the arms of the Duke de Longueville — and 
 was granted to Sir John Clark, knight, for his taking that 
 duke prifoner, by Henry VIII. at the battle of Guinegate, 
 commonly called the Battle of Spurs — becaufe the French 
 made more ufe of their fpurs than of their weapons of de- 
 fence. The cavalry of France fled at the firft attack — not 
 only the Duke of Longueville, but Buffi d'Amboife, Cler- 
 mont Imbercourt, the famous Chevalier Bayard, and many 
 other officers of diftindion, were made prifoners. This battle 
 was in 151 3, when the Emperor, and Henry of England, 
 laid fiege to Therouenne with above fifty thoufand men ; — 
 the battle being fought near to Guinegafte, took its name from 
 thence — it happened on the eighteenth of Augufl. Longueville 
 and Bayard fled not like the reft of the French, but remained 
 fingly fighting, until Sir John Clark caufed them to be fur- 
 rounded and taken prifoners. Therouenne capitulated five 
 days afterwards. Sir John Clark was the anceflor of the 
 Baronets Clark. 
 
 Weft, De la War, bears fix coats quarterly; firft pearl, a fefs 
 dancette diamond for Weft, fecond faphire, three Leopard's 
 heads jeffant fleur de lis topaz for cantelupe, third ruby a 
 
 lion 
 
 X
 
 286 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 lion rampant between eight crofs crofslets fitchee pearl for 
 De la War, fourth ruby three bars gemmels, and a lion 
 padant guardant in chief, topaz Ewyasj fifth pearl a fcfs 
 ruby, between three mullets, of 6 points diamond for Trc- 
 goza ; fixth ruby, three bendlets in chief finiftcr topaz, for 
 Grelley, To thefe was added another, being for an augmen- 
 tation ; viz, a crampette topaz diftinguiflied by the chape of 
 a fword in the middle : — this laft was granted to Sir Thomas 
 Weft, knight, one of the Ancellors of Lord De la War, for 
 his achievements in the battle of Poitiers. John the firft 
 of France was at Chartres, where he affembled all his forces, 
 having: heard that the Prince of Wales with twelve thoufand 
 men (of which there were but three thoufand Englifli born), 
 had ravaged Quercy, Auvergne, Le Limofin, and Berry, and 
 was marching forward to do the fame in Anjou Touraine and 
 Poitou. John, therefore, confidered it beft to cut off the road in 
 his retreat and oblige him to march his army along the 
 Loire ; but the Prince, being informed of his intention, left 
 the road to Tours, and retired by Poitou ; notwithflanding 
 his utmoft diligence the king's army overtook him within 
 two leagues of Poitiers; the Prince feeing him fo near tried 
 to conceal his army amongfl the vines and hedges which grew 
 very thick near a place called Maupertuis. 
 
 The Cardinal of Perigord, the Pope's Legate, often pafTed 
 from one fide to the other, hoping to prevent them from 
 
 coming
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 287 
 
 coming to battle. Prince Edward, called the Black Prince, 
 offered to repay him for all the damages he had done in 
 his courfe from Bourdeaux, to deliver up all the prifoncrs, 
 and to fuffer none of his fubje6ls, or himfelf, to carry arms 
 againft France for feven years. John believing the vidory 
 certain, rejeded all propofals v^^hatever : blinded by rage, in- 
 ftead of" lurrounding and fam.ifhing him, which would in 
 three days infallibly have obliged him to furrender at difcretion, 
 he went hand over head, with the courage of a lion rather 
 than the prudence of an officer, and attacked him in his 
 fafeguard on the 19th of September, Attending, however, 
 to the worft counfcl which could pofTibly have been given 
 him, he made all his army attack him on foot, three hun- 
 dred chofen horfe excepted, who were to give the firft attack, 
 and the German cavalry, who were ordered to fuilain them. 
 
 This body was fo much embarraffed by the thick hedges, 
 that it could not attack the Englifh, whofe barbed arrows 
 diflreffed and worried the horfes fo much that they turned 
 back upon the German cavalry, which, in eflaying to retreat, 
 fell upon the advanced guard j — during this confufion they 
 were attacked by a large body of the enemy, who completely 
 finilhed the overthrow. 
 
 Of four of the king's fons who were prefent at the combat, 
 their governors caufed the three eldefl to retreat by far too 
 
 readily—
 
 288 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 readily — they took with them eight hundred lances — and not 
 only hurt the caufe by their own default, but gave other cowards 
 an excufe for retreating. Philip the Youngeil: alone remained, 
 and he was determined to follow the fortune of his father, and 
 fight by his fide. The monarch himfelf long fuftained the 
 attack, and had fuccefs attended his courage he would undoubt- 
 edly have gained the vidory — but he was at length obliged to 
 furrender himfelf into the hands of John do Morebeque,* a 
 gentleman who had been baniflied the kingdom for fome crimes. 
 Philip his valiant and affed:ionate fon was taken captive with 
 him. In this fatal day there were killed fix thoufand French; 
 amongft the number were eight hundred gentlemen, of which 
 were Du Bourbon de Athenes, confl:able — Marfhall Neflc, and 
 more than fifty others of the firfl: rank. 
 
 It is faid by our Heralds that the chape of the fword was given 
 to Sir Thomas Weft, by King John, as an acknowledgement 
 of his becoming his prifoner. 
 
 This family:}: is defcended from the Wefts, a great family in 
 the Weft of England j but in the reign of Edward II. they appear 
 to have been feifed of manors and lands, in the county of 
 Warwick. 
 
 It 
 
 * This was the name Mezerai gives, which feems contradictor)' to the accounts of 
 our Heralds. 
 
 I Porny's Elements of Heraldry.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 289 
 
 It was anciently the cuftom for the conquered to prefent the 
 conqueror with a handful of grafs, to fliow that he took 
 polfeffion of their lands; and thence came the obfidonial crown.* 
 We read of the manipuli, which were fo called, from Manualis 
 herbariim fafciculus, becaufe they carried a bottle of hay, or a 
 handful of grafs for their enfign — fuch as the Kings of Sweden 
 and Poland, of the Houfe of Wafa, ufed to bear in their arms. The 
 emperors changed this into a hand fixed on the point of a pike. 
 
 Speaking of the obfidonial crown, the annotator juftly obferves, 
 "It is not the matter of the gift which is regarded in thefe 
 rewards, but the opinion which men have of them. Their 
 efteem is not paid to the metal of the collar, of the crown, or 
 of the crofs — but to the reafon for which they were given. Thus 
 it fignifies little whether thefe exterior marks are of gold, filver, 
 brafs, wood, or fluff. Thefe are the arms of inquefl, which by 
 exciting the curiofity of thofe who fee them, draw admiration 
 and refpedl on him that wears them." 
 
 That day on which the battle of Poidliers was fought was mofl: 
 glorious to Chivalry and to humanity, for on that day the Prince 
 of Wales rendered, after the battle, to King John, his prifoner, the 
 noblefl teflimonies of refped: and veneration. He conflantly 
 refufed to fit down at the table of that monarch. " It appears 
 to me" faid this gracious prince, •' that you have great reafon to 
 
 P p rejoice 
 
 * Notes to Cornelius Tacitus. 
 
 >^
 
 290 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 rejoice, though the day was not your'sj for you obtained in it 
 the high fame of valour, and furpafs all the beft warriors of 
 France. I do not fay this, dear fire, to praife youj for all thofe 
 of our party, who have feen the whole engagement, have in 
 truth granted this, and given you the prize and thechaplet."* 
 
 In this adlion fought Lord James Audeley, whofe arms I have 
 before noticed, but meeting with a better account, I wifli to 
 prefent it, in the writer's words from whence I took it, but 
 with the alteration of the fpelling. 
 
 '•Lord James Audeley faw that he fliould needs fight; 
 he faid to the Prince, I have always ferved truly my lord, 
 your father, and you alfo, and fhall do as long as I live. I fay 
 this becaufe I once made a vow, that the firfl battle that 
 either the king your father or any of his children fhould 
 be at, how that I would be one of the firfi: fetters on, 
 or elfe die in the fail. Therefore I require your grace, as 
 in reward for any fervice that ever I did to the king your father, 
 or to you, that you will give me licence to depart from you and 
 to fet up myfelf there as I may accomplilh my vow. The 
 Prince, according to his defire, faid, Sir James, God give you 
 this day that grace to be the beft knight of all others ; and to 
 take him by the hand. Then the knight departed from the 
 prince and went to the foremoft of all the battles, only accom- 
 panied 
 
 * St. Pelaye,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 29I 
 
 panied by four 'fquires, who proniifed not to fail him. This 
 Lord James, was a right fage and a vahant knight, and by him 
 was much of the hoft ordained and governed the day before. 
 The Lord James Audeley with his four 'fquires, were in front of 
 that battle, and thefe did marvels in arms and by great prowefs, 
 he came and fought with Sir Arnold Dandrchen, under his own 
 banner; and there they fought, and there was Sir Arnold taken 
 prifoner, by other men then Sir James Audeley, or his four 
 'fquires; for that day he never took prifoners, but always fought 
 and went on his enemies. On the Englilli part, the Lord James 
 Audeley, with the aid of his four 'fquires, fought always in the 
 chief of the battle : he was fore hurt in the body and the vifage. 
 As long as his breath ferved him he fought ; at laft, at the end 
 of the battle, his four 'fquires took and brought him out of the 
 field, and laid him under a hedge fide, for to re f re (la him. And 
 they unarmed him, and bound up his wounds as well as they 
 could. After the battle, the prince demanded of the knights 
 that were about him, for the Lord Audeley, if any knew any 
 thing of him. Some knights that were there, anfwered and fiid. 
 Sir, he is fore hurt, and lieth in a litter here befidc ; by my faith, 
 faid the prince, of his hurts I am right forry, go and know if 
 he may be brought hither, or elfe I will go, and fee him there, 
 as he is. Then two knights came to the Lord Audeley, and 
 faid. Sir, the prince defireth greatly to fee you; either you mufl 
 go to him, or he will come to you. Ah, Sir, faid the knight, 
 I thank the prince, when he thinketh on fo poor a knight as 
 
 Pp3 lam;
 
 292 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 .^ I am ; — then he called eight of his fervants, and caufcd them to 
 V bear him, in his litter, to the place where was the prince. 
 Then the prince took him in his arms, and kifled him, and 
 made him great cheer ; and faid, Sir James, I ought greatly to 
 honour you, for by your valiance you have this day atchieved the 
 grace and renown of us all, and you are reputed for the moft 
 valiant of all others; I retain you for ever to be my knight, with 
 five hundred marks of yearly revenues. When Sir James Audeley 
 was brought to his lodging, then he fent for Sir Peter Audeley, 
 his brother, and for the Lord Bartylemawe, of Brennes, the 
 Lord Stephen, of Gontenton, the Lord of Wylly, and the 
 Lord RafFe Ferres, all of thefe were of his lineage; and then 
 he called for his four 'fquires, that had ferved him that day 
 well and truly: then he faid to the lords — Sirs, it hath pleafed 
 my lord the prince, to give me five hundred marks, of revenues 
 by year; for the which gift, I have done him but fmall fervice 
 with my body. Sirs, behold thefe four 'fquires, who have 
 always ferved me truly, efpecially this day; that honour I have 
 is by their valiantnefs, wherefore I will reward them : I give 
 and refign into their hands, the gift my lord the prince hath given 
 me of five hundred marks of yearly revenues, to them and to 
 their heirs for ever. I clearly diflierit me thereof, and inherit 
 them without any rebel or condition. 
 
 / The Scotch family of Carnwath, whofe lafl: earl was attainted 
 
 for taking the part of the Stuart family, in 1715, bore fable a 
 
 hanged
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 293 
 
 hanged man with his arms and legs extended proper. The 
 name is Dalziel. — The origin of both name and arms, Alex. 
 Nifbet, the Herald, thus accounts for: — 
 
 In the reign of Kenneth II. King of Scotland, a near relation 
 1^ and favourite of that monarch's, being hung up by the Pidts, 
 his Majefty was fo exceedingly grieved thereat, that he offered 
 a reward to any of his fubjedls that would dare to refcue his 
 corpfe. None, however, would venture to undertake that 
 dangerous enterprize, until a certain gentleman came to the king, 
 and fiiid in Irifli, or old Scotch " Dal zell," which fignifies, 
 *' I dare." He effedlually performing it to the Monarch's 
 fatisfadlion, his poflerity took for their furname Dalziel, and 
 for their armorial bearing that remarkable enfign has continued. 
 
 Sir John Bromley, Knight, diftinguifhed himfelf in the wars 
 in France, in the reign of Henry V. particularly in recovering the 
 ftandard of Guy en, in the battle of Le Corby, won by the 
 French, for which he was knighted, received lands of great 
 value in Normandy j and as a perpetual memorial of his 
 gallantry, the ftandard of Guyen was given him for a creft, viz. 
 upon a wreath of the colours a demy lion rampant fable, ilTuing 
 out of a mural crown, or, holding a ftandard vert, charged with 
 a griffin paflfant, or j the ftaff proper, headed argent.* 
 
 There 
 
 * Noble's Memoirs of the Houfe of Cromwell. 
 
 y 
 
 \
 
 2fJ4 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 l/\, There is a tradition in the family of thcThyrwitts, of Stainfield, 
 Lincohifliire, which has been handed from father to fon ; that 
 the firft of the Tyrwhitts valiantly defending a bridge (though 
 the time is not mentioned), was, after the adlion was over, 
 fought after by the general, on the other fide, and found fleeping 
 amongft fome rufhes, and was difcovered by the cries and 
 beating of the lapwings, from whence he was called Tyrwhitt, 
 and afterwards had the three lapwings afligned him for his coat 
 of arms. The family now bears, gules, three tyrwhitts or 
 lapwings, or.* 
 
 l/\ Amongft thofe whom heraldry favored for their fkill in 
 
 navigation, were Sir Francis Drake and Captain Cook. To 
 the firft of thefe was given by Queen Elizabeth, fable a fefs 
 between two polar ftars ; for a creft, upon a wreath a ter- 
 reftial globe, traverfed by a fliip in full rigging, and guided 
 by a hand out of the clouds. His motto was " Auxilio 
 Divino." The fefs in his arms, refembled the fea, and the 
 ftars his reaching from pole to pole. 
 
 To eternize the memory of Captain Cook, a coat of 
 arms was granted to his family i which was done by pa- 
 tent on the third of September, 1785."!- It was azure two 
 polar ftars or ; a fphere on the plane of meridian j north 
 
 pole 
 
 * Englifii Baronetage, vol. ift, page 178. 
 + Britifti Encyclopaedia.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 295 
 
 pole elevated, circles of latitude for every ten degrees, and 
 of longitude for every fifteen ; fliowing the pacific ocean be- 
 tween 60"^ and 240 '^ wefl, bounded on one fide by America, 
 and on the other by Afia, and New Holland, in memory of 
 the difcoveries made by him in that ocean fo very far beyond 
 all former navigators. His track thereon is marked by red 
 lines ; for his creft, on a wreath of the colours, is an arm em- 
 bowed, vefted in the uniform of a captain of the royal navy. 
 In the hand is a vmion jack, on a flaflf proper j the arm is en- 
 circled by a wreath of palm and laurel. 
 
 Amongft other virtues, that of humility muft not be for- jK^ 
 
 gotten, which is particularly memorized in the armorial 
 enfigns of the Eledtorate and Archbifhopric of Mentz j thefe 
 armorial enfigns are, gules, a cart wheel or; over which is an 
 eledloral cap, borne in remembrance of the firfl Eledlor of 
 this church, who being the fon of a common carman, always 
 kept a cart wheel in his chamber, that it might continually 
 remind him of the lownefs of his extradlion. 
 
 Heraldry rewarded painting in the perfon of the celebrated 
 Vanderwerf. — " The Eled:or Palatine conferred his favours on 
 him without number, and without example. Titles, prefents, 
 the mofl: diftinguiflied marks of a friendfhip that is feldom feen 
 between equals; nothing was wanting on this Prince's part that 
 could contribute to promote the reputation or increafe the 
 
 fortune 
 
 t^
 
 296 AKECDOTES OF 
 
 fortune of this artifl. He ennobled the famihes of Vandcrwerf, 
 of his wife, and their defcendants. He created him a knight, 
 and allowed him to quarter part of the Eledloral arms with his 
 own. Thefe titles were fent him in a filver box, with that 
 Prince's pidure enriched with diamonds of the greateft value.* 
 
 I mention in the beginning of this work the power private 
 people once had of granting arms : — of this power there arc 
 many inftances extant. 
 
 The family of Booth, Earl of Warrington, came by their 
 arms, which were argent three boars heads ere(5t and erazed 
 fable, by the grant of Thomas Barton, of Barton, in the County 
 of Lancafhire, — by which they obtained permiffion to bear his 
 coat for ever. 
 
 The following is [a copy of a private grant, which may be 
 found BibL Cotton Julius, Ch. VII. 
 
 •' To them which {hall fee or hear this prefent lettre. — 
 Thomas Grendall, of Fenton, coufm and heir to John Beymeys, 
 fometime of Sawtrey, greeting: — As the armes of the aunceftors 
 of the faid John, fince the day of his death, by law and right of 
 inheritance are efcheated unto mee as to the next heire of his 
 lineage: Know yee, that I the aforefaid Thomas have geven and 
 
 granted 
 * Gentleman's Magazine,
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 207 
 
 granted by thefe prefents the whole armes aforefaid, with theyre 
 appurtenances, unto Sir William Moigne, Knt. which armes are 
 argent a crofs azure, five garbs or; to have and to hold the 
 fayd armes with theyre appurtenances to the fayd Sir William 
 Moigne, and his heirs and aflignes for ever : In witnefs thereof, 
 I have to thefe prefent letters fet my feale ; given at Sawtry, the 
 twenty fecond day of November, in the fifteenth yeare of King 
 Richard II. 1391. 
 
 One of the moft ancient grants of arms, fays St. Pelaye, was T*^~- 
 
 that of Richard, King of England, in favour of Geoffroi Troulart, 
 Lord of Joinville, who conferred on him this honour for his 
 merit and fervice, and gave him his own arms, which he joined 
 with his family's. This opinion of St. Pelaye is agreeable to 
 the ideas of many people, who are for Healing from Heraldry a 
 few years of her age. Their endeavours will, however, have 
 little effed: whilft there are inconteflible proofs of greater antiquity 
 than they will allow her. 
 
 Having accounted for the arms of many houfes, and quarters 
 of many kingdoms, it may not be improper to attempt to do the 
 fame for the quarters of Britannia's fliield. 
 
 The arms now borne by our fovereign are quarterly ; in the 
 firfl quarter Mars, three lions paiTant guardant Sol. — I have elfe- 
 where mentioned by what means they became the Englifh 
 
 Qjl bearing;
 
 298 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 bearing; impaled with Sol, a lion rampant within a double 
 trefTure, flowery and counter flowery, Mars for Scotland. This 
 trefTure was granted to the Scotch Kings, by Charlemagne, when 
 he entered into a league with Achaius, King of Scotland, 
 anno 809. When firfl: granted it was only born fingle and 
 flowery; but in the year 1371, Robert Stuart doubled it to 
 teflify his approbation of this alliance, which he renewed with 
 Charles V. King of France. Edward III. of England, on laying 
 claim to the kingdom of France, in 1340, added the French 
 quarter. This was always quartered firfl in the Britifh fhield, 
 until the reign of George I. 171 4; and until the time of 
 Henry IV. (who reduced the fleurs to three) it was borne feme of 
 fleurs de lis. It is now, therefore, Jupiter three fleurs de lis Sol. 
 The third quarter is Jupiter, a harp Sol, flringed Luna. It is 
 not known when, or on what occafion this mufical inflirument 
 was thus appropriated. Bilhop Nicholfon fays, in the Iriflt 
 Hiftorical Library, that coins were fl:ruck in 1210, in the 
 reio-n of King John, with the King's head in a triangle, which 
 he fuppofed to reprefent a harp. Mr. James Simon fays (in his 
 account of Irifli coins), from this triangle, perhaps, proceeded 
 the arms of Ireland, the harp, which we do not find reprefented 
 on any coins extant. The firft harp is on the coins of 
 Henry VIII. and it has been continued ever fince. Mr. Valiancy 
 writes in his preface to his Irifh Grammar — Apollo Grian, or 
 Beal was the principal God of the Irifli j and from the harp's 
 being facred to him, we may difcern the reafon why that infl;ru- 
 
 ment
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 299 
 
 ment is the enfign armorial of Ireland. Sir James Ware, in his 
 Chapter on the Mufic of the Irifli, l^iys — Nor can I upon this 
 occafion forbear to mention, that the arms peculiar to Ireland, or 
 which have for fome ages at leaft, been attributed to it, are a 
 harp. — Drayton fpeaks of it thus : — 
 
 The Iiifli I admire, 
 And ftill cleave to that lyre. 
 As our Muficke's mother ; 
 And thinke, 'till I expire, 
 Appollo's fuch another. 
 
 From this it feems as if in the time of Drayton, fome tradition 
 had been, that the Irifh were formerly famous for their 
 mufic ; which might have given rife to the arms. 
 
 The fourth quarter is Mars, two lions pafTant guardant in pale 
 Sol for Brunfwick ; impaled with Sol feme of hearts proper, a 
 lion rampant Jupiter for Lunenburgh j with grafted in bafe 
 Mars, a horfe current Luna, for ancient Saxony ; and in an 
 inefcutcheon furtout Mars, the diadem of Charlemao-ne Sol, as 
 Archtreafurer of the empire. 
 
 " Hengift was a Prince of the chief blood and nobility in 
 Saxony — ^by birth of Angria, in Weftphalia (of old called Weft- 
 fielding), wherein a place is now called Hengfierhold — his 
 enfign was a leaping white horfe or hengst, in a white field, 
 which was the ancient arms of Saxony — though the Dukes of 
 
 Qjl 3 Saxony
 
 1/ 
 
 JOO ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Saxony changed it. Julius, Dukeof Brunfwick, bore for his creft 
 the white horfc — his chief coat was two leopards, which by 
 Cordehon was given unto his anceftor, Henry the Leon, Duke 
 of Saxony, who was married to Mathilde, his fifl:er, and by 
 Frederick Barbarofa, had been bereft of his arms, &c. But 
 Charles Emanuel, Duke of Saxony, defcended by Prince Beral, 
 who came out of Saxony into Savoy, 998, was the third fon of 
 Hugh, Duke of Saxony ; which Hugh was brother to Otho III. 
 Emperor, and bore this coat of the horfe. The old Germans 
 thought there was great divinity in a white horfe, which had 
 never been bridled or ufed, but taken from the woods and put 
 into the facred chariot ; and it could by its neighings foretell 
 future events.* 
 
 "After the Saxons came into Britain, they ufed a kind of 
 hanger called the handfeax, which they wore privately under 
 their long fldrted coats — with thefe, at a banquet on Salifbury 
 Plain, to which Hengifl had invited King Vortiger, with about 
 three hundred nobles — were they all flain. — The watch- word 
 was Saxon for " Take your feaxes ;" this being given, the 
 party of Hengift arofe and flew them. Erkinwine, King of the 
 Eaft Saxons, bore on a field gules three feaxes argent. 
 
 Qiiippe brevis gladius apud illos faxa vocatur, 
 Unde fibi faxo nomen traxiffe putatur. 
 
 *' Thefe lines whereby Engelhufus, on the name Saxon. "-f- 
 
 This 
 * Verftegan's Antiquities.' t Ibid.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 3OI 
 
 This flory of Hengift and Vortiger we find told in Spencer, 
 
 thus : — 
 
 Three fons he * dying left, all under agc;t 
 By means whereof their uncle Vortigere 
 Ufurpt the crown during their pupillage; 
 Which th' infants' tutors gathering to fear, 
 Them clofely into Armorick did bear: 
 For dread of whom, and for thofe Pi£ts annoyes, 
 He fent to Germany ftraunge aid to rere. 
 From whence eft foones arrived here three hoyes 
 Of Saxons, whom he for his fafety employes. 
 
 Two brethren were their capltaynes, which hight, 
 Hengifl and Horfus, well approved in war. 
 And both of them men of renowned might; 
 Who making vantage of their civile Jarre, 
 And of thofe forreyners which came from farre. 
 Grew great, and got large portions of land; 
 That in the realm ere long they ftronger arre 
 Than they which fought at firfi; their helping hand. 
 And Vortiger have forcft the kingdom to aband. 
 
 But by the help of Vortimere his fon, 
 
 He is againe untb his rule reflored; 
 
 And Hengifi:, ieeming fad for that was donne, 
 
 Received is to grace and new accord, 
 
 Through his fair daughter's face and flatt'ring word. 
 
 Soon 
 
 • The fecond, Conftantine, began his reign about the year of our Lord 433. olat-j-er fays he was 
 ibrother to Andreonus, king of Armorlca. 
 
 t Three fons. Conftance, vdio was a weak prince, and therefore by bis tather devoted to a 
 inonallery, Ambrofe and Uther.
 
 303 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 Soon after which, three hundred lords he flew, 
 
 Of Briti{h blood, all fitting at hisbord; 
 
 Whofe doleful! monuments who lifl to rew 
 
 Th' eternal marks of treafon may at Stonheng vew. 
 
 By this the fonnes of Conftantine which fled, 
 Ambrofe and Uther,* did ripe years attayne, 
 And here arriving, ftrongly challenged 
 The crown which Vortiger did long detayne; 
 Who flying from his guilt by them was flayne, 
 And Hengifl eke foon brought to fhamefuU death. 
 Thenceforth Aurelius peaceably did rayne. 
 Till that through poyfon flopped was his breath; 
 So now entombed lies at Stonheng by the heath. 
 
 The ftory of the " fair daughter's face and flattering word" 
 is thus recorded by Robert of Bruenne. I make fome words 
 where they agree with his metre, rather more modern, that all 
 may be able to read it : — 
 
 Hengifl that day did his might 
 That alle were glad, king and knight : 
 And as they were beft in gladding, 
 And well copfchotin, knight and king. 
 Of chamber Rouewen fo gent 
 Before the king in halle fcho went : 
 A cup with wine fhe had in hand, 
 And her attire was well falhion'd : 
 
 Before 
 
 * Uther Pendragon.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 303 
 
 Before the king on knee (lie fet, 
 And in her language ftie him gret— 
 " Laverid king, WafTaile," faidfhc; 
 The king afked what that ftiould be? 
 In that language the king ne couthe. 
 A knight the language learnt in youth: 
 Brey called the knight, born in Bretoun, 
 That learnt the language of Seffoun ;* 
 And Brey was the interpreter 
 Of what (he faid to Vortiger. 
 " Sir," Brey faid, " Rowen you greets, 
 " And as her king and lord you treats; 
 " This is their cuftomand their jeft, 
 
 *' When they are at the ale or feaft: 
 
 " Each man that lovis quare him think, 
 
 " Shall fay ' Waffeile,' and to him drink: 
 
 " He that bids (hall fay ' WaOeile;' 
 
 " The other fays again ' Drinkhaile.' 
 
 " Who fays ' Waffeile,' drinks of the cup, 
 
 " Kiffmg his fellow, he gives it up : 
 
 " ' Drinkhaile,' he fay, and drinks themof, 
 
 " Kiffing him in bourd and fkofF." 
 
 The king faid, as the knight gan ken, 
 
 ' Drinkhaile,' fmiling on Rouewen: 
 
 Rowen drank as fhe lift. 
 
 And gave the king, and then him kift. 
 
 There was the firft Waffeile in deed. 
 
 And of that firft the fame vede. 
 
 Of that Waffeile men told great tale, 
 
 And Waffeile when they were at ale ; 
 
 Saxony. 
 
 And
 
 304 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 And Drinkhaile to them that drank — 
 
 Thus was Waffeile ta'en to thank. 
 
 Many time that maiden yjng 
 
 Waflailled, and kifs'd the king. 
 
 Of body {he was right avcnant, 
 
 Of fair color, with fweet femblaunt ; 
 
 Her attire full well it feemed — 
 
 MarvcUoufly the king ftie quemid. 
 
 Out of meafure was he glad, 
 
 For of the maiden he wex alle mad : 
 
 Drunkenefs the fiend wrought — 
 
 Of that Pagan was all his thought : 
 
 A mifchance that time him led. 
 
 He afked that Pagan for to wed. 
 
 Hengifl would not draw of a bit, 
 
 But granted all to him fo tight : 
 
 Horfa his brother confented foon — 
 
 Her friends alle faid it were to done: 
 
 They afked the king to give her Kent 
 
 In dowary, to take of rent. 
 
 Upon the maid his heart fo call, 
 
 That alle thei afked the king made faft. 
 
 I wene the king when firft he faw. 
 
 Did wed her by the Pagan's law : 
 
 Of prieft there was no benifon ; 
 
 No mafs finging ; no orifon: 
 
 In feifure he had her that night: 
 
 Of Kent he gave Hengift the right. 
 
 The erelle that time that Kent alle held, 
 
 Sir Goragon that had the fhield 
 
 Of that gift, he nothing wift, 
 
 Until he came out with Hengift. 
 
 The
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 305 
 
 The above happened at a fupper given by Henglfl to Vor- 
 tigern, A. D. 450. Rowenna, the daughter of Hengift, who 
 was very beautiful, came into the hall, magnificently dreffed, 
 and faid, " JVacs had hhiford Cyning;" or, *' Be of health. 
 Lord King." Vortigern was fo much fmittcn by the charms 
 of the fair Waefailler, that he divorced a wife by whom he had 
 three fons, and gave to Hengift, Kent, after turning out its 
 rightful proprietor; he alfo gave for her, Middlefex, EfTex, 
 and SufFolk.* 
 
 In the fliield of Canutus, King of Denmark, appears the 
 fiime bearing as in that of Lunenburgh ; except that in the former 
 were three lioncels, and in the latter but one lion. 
 
 Having lately mentioned Saxony, I will digrefs a little to 
 notice the origin of a part of the prefent enfign of the Ele(5torate 
 of Saxony, which was added by Frederick BarbarofTa, when he 
 inverted Bernard of Anhalt with that dukedom. Bernard defirino- 
 fome difference might be added to his arms to diftinguifli him 
 from the former dukes, the emperor took a chaplet of rue from 
 around his head, and threw it acrofs the buckler of Bernard, 
 who bore in memorial thereof, a bend. 
 
 Though thofe I have lately mentioned were the royal arms, 
 our kings and princes in time of war, and on other particular 
 
 R r occafions, 
 
 _ * Polydore Virgil; William of Malmfbury ; Verftegan's Antiquities, &c.
 
 3o6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 occafions, would afTume different devices. Richard III. bore 
 a white boar for his device, and added a purfuivant at arms to 
 the Herald's College, whom he called " Blanche SangUer" the 
 *! White Boar." But after this officer had carried the dead 
 j/ body of his mafter behind him, Henry VII. altered his place, for 
 
 that of rouge dragon, from his own device; which he wore at 
 the battle of Bofvvorth. Shakefpear mentions the device of 
 Richard III. when he makes Haftings fay — 
 
 " And for his dreams, I wonder he's fo fond 
 
 " To truft the mockerie of unquiet flumbers. 
 
 " To five the boare, before the boare purfue us, 
 
 " Were to incenfe the boare to follow us, 
 
 " And make purfuite, where he did meane to chafe. 
 
 " Go bid thy mafter rife and come to me, 
 
 " And we will both together to the tower, 
 
 " Where he fhall fee the boare will ufe us kindly." 
 
 K 
 
 The device of Henry VII. was a red dragon, on a filk pendant, 
 painted green and white. Sir William Brandon, father to the 
 famous Charles Brandon, was his flandard bearer. Henry 
 claimed this enfign by his defcent from Cadwallader, who had 
 his green fliield from Brutus II. who was furnamed Greenfhield, 
 from a flaield of that colour which he ufed in battle. 
 
 " Brute Greenfliield ; to whofe name, we providence impute 
 
 " Divinely to revive, the land's firfl conqueror, Brute." Dra.YTON. 
 
 " How oft that day did fad Brunchieldisf fee, 
 
 " The greenfhield dyde in dolorous vermelle. 
 
 " That 
 
 + Brunchicld was Prince of Henault, where the war being, caured ihefe lines.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 307 
 
 " That not Scuith guirdth, it mote feeme to bee, 
 
 " But rather}' Scuith gogh, fcine of fad ciueltye."-— ^Spencer. 
 
 Henry VII. fent into Wales purpofely to enquire into the 
 pedigree of Owen Tudor, his grandfather ; which was traced 
 up to Behn the Great, ahas Hely : the Britains call him " Belt 
 Mawr" that is " Beli, or Belinus the Great;" becaufe thence, 
 quite up to /Eneas, the pedigree of the Britains is fufficiently 
 known and allowed. -f" The pedigree is printed in the appendix 
 to Wynne's Hiflory of Wales, 8vo. 1702. 
 
 The Tudor arms were three helmets, of which Drayton, in 
 his Heroical Epiftles, fpeaks thus; — 
 
 " And that the helme (the Tudors ancient creft) 
 " Should with the golden fleurde luce be dreft." 
 
 The name of Tudor is derived from Theodore — 
 
 " And from Eneon's line, the South Wales king 
 " From Theodore, the Tudor's name doe bring." 
 
 •' This Eneon was flainby the rebels of Gwentland; he was 
 a famous and worthy charad;er, and did many acfls, and was 
 father to Theodore, or Tudor Mawr, of whom defcended the 
 Princes of South Wales." 
 
 R r 2 During 
 
 + Sec Borlafe, page 363.
 
 308 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 ^ //V^ During the reign of Henry VII. the dragon and the greyhound 
 were the fupporters of the Englifh arms ; and likewife during 
 part of that of Henry VIII. being the firft from the Houfe of 
 Tudor. EHzabeth had alfo, the dragon as a fupportcr on the 
 finifter fide. In the reign of Henry VIII. they firft began to 
 encompafs the arms with the garter.* Richard II. is fiud to be 
 the firft: who ever ufed fupporters. Dawfon, in his Abridgement 
 of Aflimole, fays, there was but one inftance of a fubjedl's 
 quartering, except Anthony Widville, in the time of Edward IV. 
 until the reign of Henry VIII. when with mottoes they grew 
 common; — the inftance he gives is in the reign of Henry VI. 
 The feal of William Montacute, Earl of Salifbury, which he 
 ufed in the time of Richard II. had fupporters to it.:}; 
 
 [?^ Edward III. is faid to have fet the example to the firft fubjedl 
 who ever quartered arms; this firft was John Haftings, Earl of 
 Pembroke. In the reign of Henry V. the Knights of the Garter 
 began to quarter arms ; and the firft who did fo, was Robert, 
 
 Lord Willoughby, one of the twenty-fix knights, created by that 
 
 monarch. The cuftom of quartering arms has fince become fo 
 
 neceftary, that if the knights had only one quarter, the fovereign 
 
 • would grant him another, left the efcutcheon ftaould appear too 
 
 naked. 
 
 We 
 
 * Alhmole's Order of the Garter. 
 
 X See the plates of feals in Sir Richard Worfley's Hiftory of the Ifle ©f White, 
 where many may be fecn before the reign of Henry VIII.
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 309 
 
 We fee the royal children bear labels in their efcutcheons j the ^^"'^ 
 firft inftance of which, was as follows ; — 
 
 Edward IV. in the feventh year of his reign, being on 
 St. George's day, at St. John's, accompanied with other Knights 
 of the Garter, after evenfong in his bedchamber, in the prefence 
 of his lords and his council, and of Norroy and Guyen, Kings 
 at Arms ; he did by exprefs command appoint, that Richard of 
 Shrewlbury, his fecond fon, and Duke of York (for fo it feems 
 he had been declared, though not formally created until lono- 
 afterwards), fliould bear for his arms the fame as his own, with 
 this difference — a label of three points azure; on the firfl of 
 them a canton gules.— For a badge, a falcon volant, armed and 
 membered, with two fewels of gold, within a fetterlock 
 unlocked, and fomewhat open gold— which fetterlock was 
 devifed by the firft Duke of York, locked ; who was fifth fon of 
 Edward III.* 
 
 The ancient arms of the Princes of Wales, while they were "^ 
 fovereigns were, quarterly gules and or, four lions paffant 
 counterchanged. " Brute gave Camber, his third fon, Cambria, 
 with thefe arms :— argent, three lions paffant reguardant gules, 
 which his offspring ufed for a long time, until the country was 
 divided into three diftind principalities." 
 
 The 
 * Dugdale's Baronage.
 
 3IO ANECDOTES OF 
 
 — ^y^ The following reafon why Scotland bears the crofs of 
 St. Andrew on her banner, and how that faint firft became 
 known in Scotland, is given by Mr. Pennant : fpeaking of the 
 city of St. Andrew, he fays, " If we may credit legend, 
 St. Andrew's owes its origin to a fingular accident. St. Regulus, 
 or St. Rule, as he is often called, a Greek of Achaia, was 
 warned by a vifion to leave his native country, and vifit Albion, 
 an ifle placed in the remotefl part of the world ; and to take 
 with him the arm-bone, three fingers, and three toes, of 
 St. Andrew. He obeyed, and fetting fail with his companions, 
 after being grievioufly tempeft-tofl, was in 370, at length 
 fhipwrecked on the coaft of Otholania, in the territory of 
 Herguftus, King of the Pids. His Majefly no fooner heard of 
 the arrival of the pious ftrangers, and their precious reliques, 
 than he gave orders for their reception, prefented the faint with 
 his own palace, and built near it the church, which to this day 
 bears the name of Re";ulus." 
 
 ■o' 
 
 The place was then ftyled Mucrofs ; or, the Land of Boars : 
 all round was foreft, and the lands bellowed on the Saint, were 
 called Byrehid. The boars equalled in fize the Erymanthian,- 
 as a proof, two tulks were chained to the altar of St. Andrew, 
 fixteen inches long and four thick. RegT.dus changed the name 
 to Kylrymont. This church was fupreme in the kingdom of the 
 Pidls; — Ungus having granted to God and St. Andrew, that it 
 fhould be the head and mother of all the churches in his dominions. 
 
 This
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 31I 
 
 This was the prince who firft diredled that the crofs of St. Andrew 
 fliould become the badge of the country. In 518, after the 
 conqueft of the Pidls, he removed the epifcopal fee to St. 
 Andrew's, and the Bifliop was fly led maximus Scotorimi epifcopus. 
 
 Clark; in his Orders of Knighthood, gives the following 
 account of the original ufage of the crofs, which is the fame as 
 that given by Afhmole. Speaking of the Order of the Thiftle, 
 he fays, — " As to the original of this ancient order, John Lefley, 
 Bifliop of Rofs, in his Hiftory of Scotland, fliys, it took its 
 beginning from a bright crofs in Heaven, in form like that 
 whereon St. Andrew, the apoflle, fufFered martyrdom, which 
 appeared to Achaius, King of the Scots, and Hungus, King of 
 the Pid:s, the night before the battle was fought betwixt them, 
 and Athclflane, King of England, as they were on their knees 
 at prayer; when St. Andrew, their tutelary faint, is faid alfo to 
 have appeared and promifed to thefe kings that they fhould 
 always be victorious when that fign appeared j and the next day 
 thefe kings prevailing over King Athelflane, in battle, they went 
 in folemn proceflion, barefooted to the kirk of St. Andrew, to 
 return thanks to God, and his apoflle for their vidlory, vowing 
 that they and their poflerity would ever bear the figure of that 
 crofs in their enfigns and banners. — The place where this battle 
 was fought, retains to this day the name of Athelflane's Ford, 
 in Northumberland. 
 
 John
 
 312 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 John de Eltham, fecond fon of Edward II. and Earl of 
 Cornwall, is faid to be the firft who ufed coronets; — he died 
 1334. •' In mofl countries, thofe elevated by their high rank 
 into hereditary counfcllors, and even Peers of the Crown, have 
 been diftinguiflied above inferior orders by an ornament refemb- 
 ling the diadem of royalty : but in Scotland the nobility feem not, 
 in ancient times, to have been difcriminated from the Commons 
 in that manner. In old regifters, in old feals, in old buildings, 
 the arms, even of Earls, are not embellifhed with coronets; a 
 diftind:ion which probably was not afTumed by them before the 
 days of James V. and it was only in 1665, that thefe embellifli- 
 ments were granted to Lords."* 
 
 Margaret, wife of Henry VI. bore a margarite for her device. 
 The daifey, in French, is called margarite. When the Queen 
 came over, all the nobility and knights of England, wore it in 
 their hats in token of honour. 
 
 " My daifie flower, which eift perfum'd the ayre, 
 " Which for my favour Pembroke dayn'd to weare." 
 
 The idea of the lions in the Englifli arms, having once been 
 borne leopards, was very prevalent. Drayton, in his Barons 
 Wars, thus fpeaks of them : — 
 
 " On 
 
 * See aRegifterof Arms, done by Sir David Lindfay, of the Mount, Lion King 
 at Arms, in 1542. — Mackenzie, ch. 30. — Nifbet, v. 11, p. 4, ch. 8.— Wallace's 
 Nature and Defcent of Ancient Peeragest
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 313 
 
 ■" On the king's part th' imperial flandard pitch'd, 
 " With all the hatchments of the Englifh crown ; 
 
 " Great Lancafter (with no lefs power enrich'd) 
 " Sets the fame leopards in his colors downe :" 
 
 Again — 
 
 " And for the fole rule, where on fo he hands, 
 
 " Came baftard William but himfelf to fhore ? 
 " Or had he not our father's valiant hands, 
 
 " Who in that field our ancient enfign bore 
 " Guarded about with our well-ordered bands 
 
 *' Which then his leopards for their fafetie bore." 
 
 In different kingdoms heraldry has experienced different fates. P'^^ 
 
 We may fee to what a difficulty a king of France was once driven 
 by the negledt of attention to the forms of the fcience, in the 
 cafe of Louis XI. King of France, who wanted a herald to fend 
 to the King of England — the circumftance is thus mentioned by 
 Philip de Commines : — " The king went to dinner, debating 
 whether he fhould fend to the Engliflimen or not. And before he 
 fat down, talked three or four words thereof to me. For you 
 know (my Lord of Vienna), that oftentimes he communed very 
 familiarly with thofe about him, as I then was, and others after, 
 and loved to talk in a man's ear: he called then to mind the 
 herald of England's advice, which was, that he fhould not fail 
 to fend to the King of England, fo foon as he was landed, to 
 
 S f demand
 
 314 
 
 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 demand a fafe condudt for certain ambafladors that he would 
 fend him : and further, to addrcfs his herald to the above named 
 Lord Howard and Lord Stanley. After the king had fat down 
 to dinner, and had mufed awhile, he bade me in my ear, to 
 arife and dine in my chamber, and fend for a certain fervant of 
 the Lord of Halles, fon to Merichon, of Rochelle, and to com- 
 mune with him, to know whether he durft adventure to go to 
 the King of England's catnp in a herald's coat; which his com- 
 mandment I executed forthwith, marvelling much when I faw 
 the faid fervant ; for he feemed to me neither of perfonage or 
 behaviour fit for fuch an enterprife ; notwithftanding he had a 
 good wit, and a v^ry pleafant tongue, as I afterwards perceived. 
 The king had never fpoken with him before but once. The 
 fiid fervant was marvelloufly aftonifhed with my meffage, and 
 fell down before me on his knees, as one accounting himfelf a 
 dead man ; but I comforted and confirmed him the beft I could, 
 promifing him an office in the Ifle of Rhe, and a fum of money ; 
 and to cheer him the better, told him that this proceeded of the 
 Engliflimen themfelves. Then I made him dine with me, none 
 being prefent but we two, and one of my fervants; and by little 
 and little perfuaded him to do as he was required. After I had 
 been at dinner a while, the kin^ fent forme, and I told him how 
 I had wrought with this good fellow, naming divers others who, 
 in my opinion, feemed fitter for the bufinefs than he; but the 
 king would have none but him. Wher^ore he came and talked 
 with him himfelf, and confirmed him more with one word than 
 
 I had
 
 HERALDRY AND CHIVALRY. 315 
 
 I had with an hundred. None entered into the chamber with the 
 king except the Lord of Vilhers, then Mafter of the Horfe, and 
 now Bailiff of Caen. When the king perceived this good 
 fellow to be well perfuaded to go, he fcnt the faid Mafter of the 
 Horfe to fetch a trumpet banner, thereof to make this counterfeit 
 herald a coat of armour ; for the king, becaufe he was not fo 
 pompous as other princes are, had neither herald nor trumpeter 
 with him. Thus the Mafter of the Horfe and one of my men 
 made his court armour as well as they could, which being 
 finiflied, the faid Mafter of the Horfe fetched a fcutchecn of a 
 little herald of my Lord Admiral's, called, " Pleinchonin" 
 which was faftened to our own counterfeit herald ; his boots 
 alfo and his cloak were brought privately to him, and likewife 
 his horfe J whereupon he mounted, no man underftanding any 
 thing of his journey. Further, a goodly budget was tied to his 
 faddle bow, into which he put his coat armour ; thus being well 
 inftruiled, he rode away to the Englifti camp." 
 
 " The French Heralds were created at great and folemn feafts 
 when they prefented wine unto the Prince, which having drunk 
 he gave the cup to him whom he made his herald, wherewith 
 he fliould make his fcutcheon. Oliver of La March fays, that 
 Philip of Burgundy fometimes gave them the name of the 
 country where the wine he then drank was made. The king 
 at arms in the houfe of Burgundy was careful that fuch as were 
 made noble fliould not carry a field gules, for that was referved 
 
 for 
 
 V
 
 3l6 ANECDOTES OF 
 
 for the prince. Lewis XI. employed a taylor for his herald at 
 
 arms, fo little did he regard gentility." * 
 
 It is rather furprifing that in thofe gloomy days, a monarch 
 of France lliould have paid fo little attention to what was then 
 reckoned amongft the chief and moft noble ornament of the 
 time. Had he lived in the prefent age, his negledt would have 
 been more confonant to the temper of it, where more real and 
 folid employments than chivalry fhew the charadler of the day. 
 Heraldry would ftill preferve a great fliare of its former honor, 
 were its enfigns only beftowed on merit. Families then who 
 bear arms would not be obliged to *' look through the defart 
 " of a hundred years," feeking in vain for the reafons which 
 gave birth to their atchievements : and it is partly on account 
 of this negled: of its original purport, that its luftre is fo 
 much tarnifhed. To Ihew this origifial purport has been my 
 intention and endeavour, and though weak in the attempt and 
 fuperficial, perhaps often erroneous in the performance, I had 
 ever in view a wifh to pleafe — I feek not fame, but had " rather 
 profper than be confpicuous." 
 
 * Pcre Daniel's Life of Lewis XL 
 
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