T H HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND F A L L OF THE R O M A N E M P I R E. V O L. XII. THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE O M A N E M P I R E, By EDWARD GIBBON, Efq; VOLUME THE TWELFTH, A N E W E D I T I O N, L O N 1) O N: Printed for A. STKAHAN- ; and T. CADELT, J-;n. ar.d \V. DAYH (Sueceflbrs to ^ir. CADELL) in the olnuul. ,** '- r 1 > i O ' I I ' .'' V . ; ... TABLE OF CONTENTS O F T H E TWELFTH VOLUME, CHAP. LXV. Elevation cf Timour or Tamerlane to tie Throne of Samcir* cand. His Conquefls in Perfia, Georgia, Tartar^ RuJJia t India, Syria, and Anatolia, His Turki/h War. -Defeat and Captivity of Bajazet. Death of Timour. Civil War of the Sons of Bajazet. Reparation of the TurkiJ!} Monarchy by Mahomet the Firj}. Siege of Conjlantlnople by Amurath the Second. A.D. Page 'ISTORIES of TIMOUR, or Tamerlane - I 1361 1370. His firlt Adventures - 4 1370 He afcends the Throne of Zagatai - 7 1370 1400. His Conqueils - ib, 1380 1393- I. Of Pcriia ib. 137 o_j 3 83. II. OfTurkcftan 9 1390 1396. Of Kipziik, Rufiia, Sec, - TO 1398, 1399. III. Of Hindottan - 13 1400 His War againil Sultan Bajazct - 16 Timour invades Syria - - 20 Sacks Ak'ppo 91 2401 Damafcus * 23 And Bagdad - 7 4 ^402 Invades Anatolia * 2 5 a Battle C O X T T-: X '1 S. I'dg, little of A-n;ora - - 2(> D-.fiat and Captivity of Baja/ct 2 tf The S;, :y i f his I run Ca^c dil'p roved by the 1' ; :l:i:i Hiilnrian of Tiniour - - 30 A'tulul, ; . hy tin. I'n r.ch - - 32 , :. bvth, lt:-!lans - 33 -, > I,;! ti, A 34 35 ih. ih. Tei m <-f I !ls -: f Timo-ir ih. j : :, ' '. \\\ Tri ': ;: ; i at Samarcand 40 i : V,., ', , tlu L lvoad lo China 42 Chu.-;ict, r ; :.d Merit:'. <;! TJinour - - ib. 14:5 1421. C ; ii \Var^ of t'le Sons of Bajaxet 47 i. M n.'. :. [fa - - - 4 :4'-} i.ir;. ;. Solhnan - 4^ 141: 4. M - - - i!,. 14131421. j. Mali, met 1. 50 142 ' '45 i . K . : '_;-, ' !" A:; urath II. 51 . 2! K - . ;.,:: ..i" ti e Ot'o-;.; n Einuire - i!;. i. 2 jzj. State of the (ircxk F.mpire 5^ I 422 ' bv Air urath J I. C ' -y- '- John Palxc-lo^.is I!. 57 H-.'d : and M it of th: Ottomutu CII A P. CONTENTS. C li A P. LXVI. Application of the Eajlern Emperors to tie Popes. Vifits ty the Wejt, of John the Fir/], Manuel, and John the Second f Pala slogus. Union of the Greek and Latin Churches, promoted by the Council of Bafil y and concluded at Fcrrara and Florence, State of Literature at Con- jlantinople. Its Revival in Italy by the Greek Fugitives. Curiofity and Emulation of the Latins. A. D. I'a-c 1 339 EmbalTy of the Younger Andronicus to Pope Benedict XII. 65 The Arguments for a Crufade and Uv;u;;i 66 1348 Negotiation of Cantacuzene with Clement VI. 69 1355 Treaty of John Palaeologus I. with Innocent VI. 72 1369 Viiit of John Palseologus to Urban V. at Rome 74 1370 His Return to Conftantinople - - 77 Vifit of the Emperor Manuel - - ib. 1400 To the Court of France - - 78 Of England - - 80 1402 His Return to Greece * 81 Greek Knowledge and Defcriptions ib. Of Germany - - - 82 Of France 83 Of England - 84. 1402 1417- Indifference of Manuel towards the Latins 86 1417 1425. His Negotiations 87 His private Motives - 8K His Death - ... 8<> 1425 1437- Zeal of John Palasologus II. - 90 Corruption of the Latin Church - 91 1377 1429. Sehifm - 92 1409 Council of Pifa - il>, 1414 1418. OfConflance ib. H3 1 r 443- Of Bafii - 93 Their Oppofition to Eugenius IV. ib. 1434 J437- Negotiations with the Greeks 94 1437 John Paljeologus embarks in the Pope's Gallies 95 34 M3^ HK CONTENTS. A. D. Page 1438 His triumphal Entry at Venice - loo into Ferrani - - TOI 1438, 1439. Council of the Greeks and Latins at Ferrara a:ul Florence - - 103 Negotiations \vith the Greeks - 108 1438 Eugenius depofed at Bafil - - ill Rt-ur.ion of the Greeks at Florence - - ib. 1440 Their Return to Conftantinople - 113 1449 Final Peace of the Church 114 i^cc H 5 v '^ tat - c f tno Greek Language at Conftan- tinople - - ib. Companion of the Greeks and Latins - 116 Revi\ al of the Greek Learning in Italy - I 19 H59 Lcflbns of Barlaam - 120 i } }y i 3-4. Studies of Petrarch 121 1360 Of Boccace - 123 13^0 13^3. Leo Pilatus, firfl Greek ProfefTor at Flo- rence, and in the Weft 124 1393 1415- Foundation of the Greek Language in Italy by Manuel Chryfoloras - 126 (400 1500. The Greeks in Italy - - 128 Cardinal Beflarion, &c. 129 Their Faults and Merits - - 130 The Platonic Philofophy - - 132 Emulation and Progrefs of the Latins 134 1447 1455- Nicholas V. . ib. 1420 iJ^ 2 - Cofmo and Lorenzo of Mcdicis 135 Ule a;id Abufe of ancient Learning - 138 C H A P. CONTENTS. CHAP. LXVII. Schifm of tie Greeks and Latins. Reign and Character of Amuraih the Second. Crufade of Ladijlaits King of Hungary. His Defeat and Death. John Hun'utdes. Scanderbeg, Conjlantine Palaologus lajl Emperor of the Eajl. A. D. Page Comp-rifon of Rome and Conftantinople 141 1440- 1448. Tlic Greek Schifm after the Council of Florence - - 145 Zeal of the Orientals and Ruffians - - 14.8 1421 1451- Reign and Character of Amurath II. 150 1442 1444' His double Abdication - 152 1443 Eugenius forms a League againft the Turks 154 Ladiflaus, King of Poland and Hungary, marches againfb them . 157 The Turkifh Peace . 158 1444 Violation of the Peace - - ib. Battle of Warna - 161 Death of Ladiflaus 161 The Cardinal Julian . . 164 John Corvinus Huniades . i6c 1456 His Defence of Belgrade, and Death 167 1404 1413- Birth and Education of Scanderbeg, Prince of Albania - - - 168 1443 His Revolt from the Turks 171 His Valour - - - 172 1467 And Death - 174 1448 1453- Conftantine, the laft of the Roman or Greek Emperors - - - 175 14501452. Embaflies of Phranza 177 State of the Byzantine Court 100 C H A P. CONTENTS. C H A P. LXVIII. Reign and Ch.Trafler ?/ Mahonct the Second.* Siege > Ajjiiulf % ant* ffial Ccr.qitcj! cf Ccnjlmtni^lc by the Turks. Death cf Ccnjlantine PaLtologits. Servitude oj the Greeks. x- tincli-n r f the Roman Empire in the Raj}. Conjler nation oj ;/;-,/ 1- . G';;.vy.Yur and Victory of four .Ships - 214 Mahomet tranfports his Navy over Land 219 P/);li\ f.i of ;,ie City 22 I JV< paratii.n - c.f the Turks for the general AfTault 222 L?.'t Furewcl of the E:\iperoraud the Greeks 224 T!v g^:it -..! A.Tauit ... 22^) I), i'.'i ! the Krr.pu'or Conitantine Palccologus 231 \.< o* liie City and F.inj.'re - - ib. J;TH] pillage. Conftantinople - 232 C..;-.i.i v , fthr ('..-.eks 233 An. n l nf the Sp- II . . 236 the City, St. Sophia, the Pa- 2V) 11 '" the Gjv.-ks 241 ILi-L^-ui.k, ..J..HH Cunftantinople 243 Extinction CONTENTS. A.D. Extinction of the Imperial Families of Comnenus and Palaeologus 246 [460 Lofs of the Morea 248 146! ofTrebizond 249 1453 Grief and Terror of Europe 251 1481 Death of Mahomet II. 254 CHAP. LXIX. Stale of Rome from the Tnuelfth Century . Temporal Do- minion of the Popes. , Seditions of the Ci/y. Political Herefy of Arnold of Brefcia.* Restoration of the Re- public.The Senators. Pride of the Romans. Their Wars. They are deprived of the ILleEliou and Pre- fence of the Popes, ivho retire to Avignon. The Jubilee. Noble Families of Rome. Feud of the Colonna and Urf.nl. A. D. Tage i TOO 1500. State and Revolutions of Rome 256 Hoc i f oo. The French and German Emperors of R ome - - 258 Authority of the Popes in Rome - -60 From AfFeftiou ib. Right 261 . Virtue - - ib. Benefits 262 Inconitancy of Superftitiou - 263 Seditions of Rome againft the Popes 264 1 086 1305. SuccefTors of Gregory VI L 266 1099 1 1 18. Pafehal I T . 2^7 1118, 1119. Gelafms II. ib. i 144, i 145- Lucius IT. 269 1181 Ji8c. Lucius I If. - ib. 1119 1124, Caliilu- If, ib. i 150 i 143. T:inc;ct.-nt 11. ib. Character a pf the Romans by Sr. Bt-niard 270 .1140 Political Hi-tvly of Arnold of Bjefcia 271. 1144 CONTENTS. A. D. Paj 11.44 1 1^4. He 1 exhorts the Romans to reflore the Re- public - - - 274, 1155 His Execution - - 276 1144 Rcflonuion of the Senate - - 277 The Capitol - - 280 The Coin - . . 281 The Pnufecl of the City - 282 Number and Choice of ihe Senate - - 283 The Office of Senator - 285 1252 1258. Brancaleone - 286 1265 1278. Charles of Anjou 288 1281 Pope Martin IV. 289 1328 The Emperor Lewis of Bavaria ib. Addreffes ot Rome to the Emperors - 290 1144 Conrad III. - ib. 1155 Frederic I. - 291 Wars of the Romans againft the neighbouring Cities 296 1167 Battle of Tufculum 298 1234 ofViterbo 299 The Election of the Popes - - ib. 1179 Right of the Cardinals eitablifhed by Alexander III. 300 1274 Inllitution of the Conclave by Gregory X. 301 Abfence of the Pope:; from Rome - 304 1294 1303. Boniface VIII. - - 305 1309 Tranflation of the Holy See to Avignon 307 1300 Inftitution oi the Jubilee, or Holy Year - 310 1350 The fecond Jubilee - 312 The Nobles or Barons of Rome - 313 Family of Leo the Jew - . 315 The Colonna - - - 316 And Uriini - . 320 Their hereditary Feuds - 322 CHAP. CONTENTS, CHAP. LXX. Character and Coronation cf Petrarch. Rejloration of the .Freedom and Government cf Rome by the Tribune Rienzi. His Virtues and Vices, his Expulfion and Death. Re- turn of the Popes from Avignon. Great Schifm of the Weft. Rc-unlon of the Latin Church. Loft Struggles of Roman Liberty. Statutes of Rome. I 1 lnal Settlement of the Ecclejtafilciil Slate. A. D. Fa-e 13041374. Petrarch 324 1341 His poetic Coronation at Rome 328 Birth, Character, and patriotic Defigns of Rien/i 331 1347 He a flumes the Government of Rome- 334 With the Title and Office of Tribune 336 La\v? of the good FMate ib. Freedom and Profpcrity of cne Roman Republic 339 The Tribune is refpecled in Ilal--, C i v - LXXI. CONTENTS. A. D. Pa s II. The hoftile Attacks of the Barbarians and Chriftians 405 III. The Ufe and Abufe of the Materials 408 IV. The domeftic Quarrels of the Romans - 413 The Colifeum or Amphitheatre of Titus 418 Games of Rome 420 1332 A Bull-feaft in the Colifeum - 421 Injuries - 423 And Confecration of the Colifeum 425 Ignorance and Barbarifm of the Romans - ih, : 4.20 Reftoration and Ornaments of the City 428 Final Concluiion - 43 1 THE HISTORY <* OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN E M P I R E. C I-I A P. LXV. Elevation ofThnour, or 'Tamerlane, to the Throne of Samarcand. His Conquefts in Perfia, Georgia, Tartjry, Rujfia, India, Syria, and Anatolia. ~> His Ttirkifli War. Defeat and Captivity of Ba- jazsL Death of i Timcur. Civil H 7 ar of the Sons of Bfijazet. R<$ oration of tbe Turki/fj Monarchy by Mahomet tbe Firjl. -Siege of Con- ftantinople by Amuratb ths Second* THE conqueft and monarchy of the world c H A P. was the fiift obi eel of the ambition of LXV- \ - TIMOUR. To live in the memory and cfteem of future ages was the fecond \viih of his magnani- rnous f[)irit. All the civil and military tranfac- ilons of his reign \vcre diligently recorded in the VOL, XII. B journals TIIL DECLINE AND FALL n A?, journals of his fetTttaries l : the authentic narra- tive was reviled by the perlons belt informed of each particular tranfadtion ; and it is believed in the empire and family ci Timour, that the mo- narch himfelf compoled the ctmncniaries* of his liie, and the rylitutioas J of his government*. But tiiclc tart :G were ineffectual for the prefervation of his fann', and thefe precious memorials in the Mogul or JVrfian language were concealed from the world, or ai lead from the knowledge of Eu- 1 Thefe journals \\".ve communicated to Sherefr ddin, or Chin feddiu All, a native ot Yezd, who coinpofed in the Peifi.m lin^u'i^e a hilt. >iy of Tumnir J5eg, wliicli has been tnirfi .iteii into l'ieiii;i by M. Petis tie la Croix (P^ii?, 1722, in 4 vols. iif-"), ;.hd li:is :il'.viys been my hiithtul guide. His geogr3ji!iy r.nii chigy ait- wor.dei -fully accuraft- ; an;! he may be fruited for juiblic tacts, though lie fcrvilcly prail'^s t!ie viituc and fortune ot the lif-rw. Timoui's atrmtion to jnocvre intelligence from his own and foreign countries, may be ken in the Institutions, p. ^^ r, 21". 349. 3;!. * "1 hdf C.'omment uieT are yet unknown in Europe: but Mr. V.'hite -jives Come h<>|K; that they may be imported rjui tranfi.itcd hv his fiiL-nd Major Davy, who had read in tlie Ealt tliis "mi. ' n\itc ard iaitlitul narrative ot an interelting and cveritf'u! ' period.'' 5 I am i'.Tontnt whether the original infKtutton, in tlie T'jrkif}-. or MOL-U! l:ni}-,un^'-, be (til! extant. The I'tific vcifion, wild an I'.iH:'.ifti ti,.iitl.Uion and molt valuable ind"t IcU luci ,t:ve tlnn t l ,..r il -. :ller; nor can it b.' Jeemi^i inciediblf, that a Perfian, fdl nutlio-, f'.juid irnoutice tlie cicdit, 10 r.iik the value and/ y. co, of 'Pt \s -,\ k, rope. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 3 rope. The nations which he vanquifhed exercifed c FI A P. . . LXV. a bufe and impotent revenge ; and ignorance has long repeated the tale of calumny 5 , which had disfigured the birth and character, the perfon, and even the name, of 'Tamerlane 6 . Yet his real merit would be enhanced, rather than debated, by the elevation of a peafant to the throne of Afia ; nor can his lamenefs be a theme of reproach, unlefs he had the weaknefs to bluih at a natural, or perhaps an honourable, infirmity. In the eyes of the Moguls, who held the inde- feafible fuccefiion of the houfe of Zingis, he was doubtiefs a rebel fubject -, yet he fprang from the noble tribe of Berlafs : his fifth anceflor, CaTufhar Nevian, had been the vizir of Zagatai, in his new realm of Tranfoxiana ; and in the afcent of fome generations, the branch of Timour is confound- edj at lean: by the females 7 , with the Imperial 5 The original of the tale is found in the following work, which is much elteemed for its florid elegance of ityle : Abmedis Araljiadje (Ahmed Ebn Arabfhah) Vita et Rerum gcjlarwn Timvri. Arabice et La- tin:. Edidit Samuel Henricus Manger. Franequera, 1767, a torn. In 4.'. This Syrian author is ever a malicious, and often an ignorant, enemy: the very titles of his chapters are injurious j as how tV^ wicked, as how the impious, as how the viper, (Sec. The copious article of TIMUR, in Bibliotheque Orientale, is of a mixed nature, as cTHerbe- lot indifferently draws his materials (p. 877 888.) from Khondemir, Ebn Schounah, and the Lebtarikh. 6 Demlr, or Timour, fignifies, in the Turkifh. language, Iron ; end Beg is the appellation of a lord or prince. By the change of a letter or accent, it is changed into Lcnc, or lame; and a Eu- ropean corruption confounds the two words in the name of Ta- merlane. 7 After relating fome falfe and foolifh tales of Timour Ltnc, Arabfhah is compelled to fpeak truth, and to own him for a kinfman. of Zingis, per mulieres (as he peevifhly adds) iaqueos Satanze (|:rtri i. c. i. p. -25.). The teftimony of Abulghazi Khan (P ii. c, 5. P. v. c. 4.) ij clear, ur.queftionable, and decifivc. B 2 ftem. 4 THE DECLINE AND FALL C u A P. item 8 . I le v/as born forty miles to the fouth of Sa- i_ - r L' marciind, in the village of S >z;ir, in the fruitful ter- ritory of Cafh, of \vhu~h his f.thers were the here- ditary chiefs, as well as of a toman of ten thou- larid h'.'iTe 9 . I lis birr-i !0 \vas c;;fl on one of thole periods of anarchy w] :h ; nnounce the fail of the A!:.tii>: dvnailieSj r.nd open a ne\v lield to adven- ts: i . anibiiion. 'I i.r khans of Zagatai v.'ere ex tin , th.e emirs r.ikin d to independence; and their dome-die feuJs cuiiid only be fufpended by the c.onqucil and tyranny of the khans of Kafh- gar, v,'/ \vith an army of Ger.es or Calmucks ", invaded the Tivnlbxkin kingdom. From the tuns, twehth year of his age, Timour had entered the V-c.l ^" ( '" l - cllon ' : > l} ^ :c twerity -fifth, lie fiood forth J3;c. as t!;e deliverer of his country ; and the eves and ;i Acct'ic'ir.g *.o ons o; tl.r pedigrees, t!ic fourth nncefor of Zinrn?? ard the iiii:',ii ol Timour, wue brothers; and t!;cy ?. :ILLH!, that r!,c |-O;!LI ity (.: t!ie i.lder ihouid fnccteti to the dignity ot kl.an, and tii.it tl'.i dc.lccr.ilaT-.ts of the younger fliouid fill tlic officeof their miiiiftcranu gtr.C!;il. This tradition v.-.i.-. at lead convenient to jultity \\vtf.rji ileps ot Tiinour's ambition (Inltitutions, p. 24, 25. from the MS. fragments cf Tinioui 's liiili .} ) . 9 S^L' t!:; pixi'aci; of ShevefeiMin, and Alv.iHVda's Gcor;rnp!:v ((,'h : i.'iiiLc, i. c cc. DL!C! ij-tio, |>. 60, 6j.), i;i tlii iir- volume of Jlii.Lw:.';. Minor G it tk. Gci ' See his navivity in Dr. Ilv.k- (Svntac-n-.i DifTcrtnt. torn. ir. p. 466.;, r.s ;t v. ,ic,..t I)', the ..:: ;.' ~.iiof his grai.dlbn UlughBctj. lit v...s 'corn A. D. 133', \j-.iil o, 11 57' P. M. lit. 36. I know ;.. t ; '.cy c,.n piov ;' tat conjiinclion ot tlu- planets from v.'.i'.ci-, like c;!-.cr cur.quciois L'.iul pn-pluts, Tiinmir iltiived the .;.. wi -j.ihi.1) K.i;;;', i.r i;.'.!i,t i,t the conjunctions (Bibliot< Oiii '. ; . ?;S.). " [;, tiu Iiil'ti:n : . (f TinjT.ir, tl; :' ;'.'yJV. of tlif kh;.n of K .: :' ;,;, ! O'.i/.'-- ", or I ..r'icks, a i;jn:e . i: ; ,. :i;-.d c ,-.: TV i 'IV'ais ( Abul; h .zi, "i . :. -. ' . '. .. : I ' ' . . ; : ::'.'-. v.\a\! i in ti:; OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 5 v/i flies of the people were turned towards an hero CHAP. I XV who fuffered in their caufe. The chiefs of the law and of the army had pledged the\r falvation to fupport him widi their lives and fortunes -, but in the hour of danger they \vere filent and afraid; and, after waiting feven days on the hills of Sa~ marcand, he retreated to the defert with only fixtv horiemen. The fugitives were overtaken by a thouiand Getes, whom he repulfed with incredible ilaughter, and his enemies were forced to exclaim, Ci Timour is a wonderful man : fortune and the " divine favour are with him." But in this bloody action his own followers were reduced to ten, a number which was foon diminished by the defertion of three Carizmians. He wandered in the defert with his wife., feven companions, and four horfes ; and fixty-two days was he plunged in a loathfome dungeon, from whence he efcaped by his own courage, and the remorfe of the oppreffor. After fwimming the broad and rapid ft re am of the Ji- hoon, or Ox us, he led, during fome months, the life of a vagrant and outlaw, on the borders of the adjacent Rates. But his fame fhone brighter in adverfity ; he learned to diitinguifh the friends of his perfon, the affociates of his fortune, and to apply the various characters of men for their ad- vantage, and above all for his own. On his re- turn to his native country, Timour was fucceflive- ly joined by the parties o[ his confederates, who anxiouily fought him in tiv; dePcrt ; nor can I refute to deicribe, in his pathetic fimplicity, one of their fortunate encounter.-. 4Ie prefented him- Iclf as a guide to three chiefs, who were at the lead of feven ty horfc. " When their eyes fell B 3 xicr.,i. HL- h.ad done mucli for his o'.vn v; but much remained to be done, inucii art ro be exerted, and fome blood to be Ipilt, before he o"ukl ti'ach Ills ecjuals to obev him as their r.i.uler. TIu- birtli and power of emir Houfiein compelled :,:n to accept a vicious and unworthy cullcaguc, \vliofe i:!ter xvas the bell beloved of his vvivts. Tlu-ir i:;:rj;i v, as fhort and jealous; but :!ie policy of Timotir, in tl:eir frequent quarrels, e.xpofcd liis rival to the reproach of ip.judice and f-er ; n!y : and, after a Imall defeat, llouflein was f;.;i;i by !i,me l.rracious friends, who prefumedj for the Lai time, to difobey the commands of their lord. At the age of thirty-four li } and in a general 11 The ' hook of S'.ircfcdviin is employed on the private life of i::-. hr:o , and he himic.'f, or his fecmary (Inltitiuijns, p. 3 77. ), OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 7 general diet or couroultai> he was invefred with c NAP* Imperial command, but he affected to revere the v ~ w - -'_/ houfe of Zingis ; and while the emir Timour Heafcemis i rr J L T- n. i tlie throne reigned over Zagatai and the hair, a nominal of Zae-atai, khan ferved as a private officer in the armies of f"f* his fervant. A fertile kingdom, five hundred April, miles in length and in breadth, might have fatif- fied the ambition of a fubject j but Timour afpired to the dominion of the world ; and before his death, the crown of Zagatai was one of the twenty- feven crowns which he had placed on his head. Without expatiating on the victories of thirty- five campaigns ; without defcribing the lines of march, which he repeatedly traced over the con- tinent of Afia ; I fnall briefly repreient his con- quells in, I. Perfia, II. Tartary, and, III. India 13 , and from thence proceed to the more interefting narrative of his Ottoman war. I. For every war, a motive of fafety or revenge, His con", of honour or zeal, of right or convenience, may be q ue ' b readily found in the jurifprudence of conquerors. 1370 No fooner had Timour re-united to the patrimony T ^"fper- of Zagatai the dependent countries of Carizme and f, Candahar, than he turned his eyes towards the J3 8o-l kingdoms of Iran or Perfia. From the Oxus to I ^ 3< the Tigris, that extenfive country was left with- out a lawful fovereign fmce the death of Abou- faid, the lair, of the defendants of the great enlarges with pleafurc on the thirteen tkfigns and enterpriiVs which moft truly conftitute his. fe, final meiit. It even fliines through the ilark colouring of Arabfhah, P. i. c. i n. n The conquefb of Perfia, Tartary, and India, are reprcfented in the ii j and iu d books of Sherefeddin, and by Arabih.ih, Ci 13 55, tonfult the excellent Indexes to the Inltitutions, B 4 Holacou. THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. Holacou. Peace a.'id juilice had been banifhed from the land above rorty years; and the Mogul invader might fee in to liiten to the cries of an oppreffed people. Their petty tyrants might have oppoied him with confederate arms : they feparately flood, and fucceffively fell ; and the difference of their fite was only marked by the promptitude of fubmifTion or the obfdnacy of re- fiftance. Ibrahim, prince of Shirwan or Albania, kiffed the footflool of the Imperial throne. His peace-offerings of filks, horfes and jewels, were competed, according to the Tartar faihion, each article of nine pieces ; but a critical fpeftator obierved, that there were only eight flaves. (< I {( myfelf am the ninth," replied Ibrahim, who was prepared for the remark ; and his flattery was rewarded by the fmile of Timour ' 4 . Shah Manfour, prince of Pars, or the proper PC rfia, was one of the leaft powerful, but moil dan- gerous, of his enemies. In a battle under the walls of Shiraz, he broke, with three or foui thoufand foldiers, the coul or main -body of thii'Lv rhou::i:ul horfe, where the emperor fought i;i prrk>:i. No more than fourteen or fifteen guards remained near the ftandard of Timour: flood r'.rm as a rock, and reu-ived on his hel- r.vo weighty ilrokes of a frymetar " : the Moguls rallied j the head of Manfour v.is thrown *- TV.-' revcirnce of the T-Mtti r > h.r the 1 rr.vilericns mrr.bcr of nirr, i'- i!e;l ire-.l by Aiiu'^ha/; Khan, win } tor that r;:-i~on, elivicics his dc- /; iili iitci y into r nc pii (; . '5/-Vcc'ji 'in: t'i A i -ii'i'i.a 'i ( I', i.e. 2?. p. iS 1 ;.), the cmvnrdTimom r-", :r.- .-. (.',; rent, nncFh,'! iiiinlllf fr^in the { iji I'nitol SVnh Miiit'our v men's -,rmsr.:i, I'cilnps ShtiefuMin (!. iii c. >.- ) li: 1 .- n;:ud ; . . com o-. 1C o- OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. Q at his feet, and he declared his efteem of the CHAP. LXV valour of a foe, by extirpating all the males of fo . _ r _ _^j intrepid a race. From Shiraz, his troops advanced to the Perfian gulf ; and the richnefs and weaknefs of Ormuz i6 were difplayed in an annual tribute of fix hundred thouiand dinars of gold. Bagdad was no longer the city of peace, the feat of the caliphs ; bun the nobleit conqueft of Houlacou could not: be overlooked by his ambitious iucceflbr. Tiic whole courfe of the Tigris and Euphrates, from the mouth to the fources of thofe rivers, was reduced to his obedience : he entered Edeffa ; and the Turkmans of the bkck fncep were chaf- tifed for the facrilegious pillage of a caravan of Mecca. In the mountains of Georgia, the native Chriftians {till braved the law and the fvvord of Mahomet ; by three expeditions he obtained the merit of the gazie, or holy war ; and the prince of Teflis became his profelyte and friend. II. A juft retaliation might be urged for the n. of invafion of Turkeitan, or the eafcern Tartary. ^ u ' ketla ' The dignity of Timour could not endure the 1370 lfi The hiftory of Ormuz is not unlike ilint of Tyre. The old cify, on the comiriLT.r, was dcfiroyed by the Taitars, and renewed in a neighbouring ifland without frefh water or vege- tation. The kings of Ormuz, rich in the Indian trade and the pearl fiihery, pofltficu large territories both in Pei i"ia and Arabia j but they were at firit the tributaries of the fultans of Kcrman, nnd at laft were delivered (A. D. 1505) by the L J ortuguefe tyrants from the tyranny of their own vizi;s (Marco Polo, J. i. c. 15, 16. fol. 7, 8. Abulfeda Geograph. tabul. xi. p. 261, 262. an original Chronicle of Orrnuz, in Texeira, or Stevens' Hilrory of Perfia, p. 376 416. and the Itineraries inferted in the t s: volume ot Rainufio, of Ludovico Barthema (1503), tol. 167. cf Andrea C'orfali (1517), foi. zo*. 203, and of Odoardo BarbefHi (in 1516), fol. 31531*.). impunity 1353: 13 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, impunity of the Gctes: he palled the Sihoon, I Y V !_--'_. fubducd die kingdom of Cafhrir, and marched fcven times into the heart of their country. His noil dillant camp was two months journey, or four hundred and eighty leagues to the north-eafl of Samarcand -, and his emirs, who traverfed the river Irtifn, engraved in the fore Its of Siberia a rude memorial of their exploits. The conqueft of Kipzak, or the wdtern Tartary 17 , was founded on the double motive of aiding the cidrefled, and chailifing the ungrateful. Tocla- mifh, a fugitive prince, was entertained and protected in his court : the ambarTadors of Aurufs Khan were difmifled with an haughty denial, and followed on the fame day by the armies of Zagatai , and their luccefs eflablifhed Toctamifh in the Mogul empire of the north. But after a reign of ten years, the new khan forgot the merits and the itrength of his benefac- tor ; the bale ufurper, as he deemed him, of the ucrcd rights of the houfe of Zingis. Through the gates of Dcrbend, he entered Peifia at the head of ninety thoufand horie : with the innume- rable forces of Kipzak, Bulgaria, Circaffia, and Rufila, he pafled the Sihoon, burnt the palaces of Timour, and compelled him, amidtl the v inter Jnows, to contend for Samarcand and ef: ;:... h^s life. After a mild expoflulation and a . * A. D. venire : and by the call, and the weft, of the CiUpian, and the Volga, he twice invaded Kipzak 17 AnViVih hit! tr .ivrl!] ip.fo Ki|v.ik, nn'i acquired a fingular kr. w!fJj-.e t'le ;eoortpi'y, (.i';t5, and re-oiutioii5, of thit jior.htin r^' on (t\ i. r. -,5 4, ; 10 with OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. with fuch mighty powers, that thirteen miles c " were meafured from his right to his left wing. In a march of five months, they rarely beheld the footfteps of man ; and their daily fubfiftence was often trufted to the fortune of the chace. At length the armies encountered each other ; but the treachery of the ftandard-bearer, who, in the heat of action, reverfed the Imperial fbnd- ard of Kipzak, determined the victory of the Zaga- tais; and Toctamifh (I fpeak the language of the Inftitutions) gave the tribe of Toufhi to the wind of defolation '*. He fled to the Chriftian duke of Lithuania ; again returned to the banks of the Volga ; and, after fifteen batcles with a domellic rival, at lad perifhed in the wilds of Siberia. The purfuit of a flying enemy carried Timour into the tributary provinces of Ruffia : a duke of the reigning family was made prifoner amidft the ruins of his capital ; and Yeletz, by the pride and ignorance of the Orientals, might eafily be confounded with the genuine metropolis of the nation. Mofcow trembled at the approach of the Tartar, and the rcfiftance would have been feeble, fince the hopes of the Ruffians were placed in a miraculous image of the Virgin, to whofe pro- tection they afcribed the cafual and voluntary retreat of the conqueror. Ambition and pru- dence recalled him to the fouth, the defolate country was exhaufted, and the Mogul foldiers were enriched with an immenfe fpoil of precious 18 Inftitutions of Timonr, p. 123.125. Mr. White, the editor, heftows fome animadverfion on the i'tipeihcial account of Sherefeddin (1. iii. c. 12, 13, 14.)* w '" was ignorant of the drfigr.s of Timour, nd the true firings of alion. 2 THE DECLINE AND HAP. f ur? O f j: nrn G f A.nuoch ' 5 , and of ingots of raid L X \ . -_* arJ filver ' '. On the b.in.vs 01 the Don, or Tennis, lie receded an humble deputation from the cur,!;. Is and merchant.; of F.gypt sx , Venice, Genoa, Catalonia, and liifcay, who occupied the commerce and city of Tana, or Azoph, at the mouth of the river. They offered their gifts, iidr.ilred his magnificence, and milled his royal v/ord. But the peaceful vifit oi an emir, who explored the 11 iit" of the magazines and harbour, \vas ipetciilv followed by the ueftruclive prefence of the Tartars. The city was reduced to afhes -, the Modems were pillaged and dilnhiTed -, but all tlie Chriflians, v, i;o iud not fled to tlieir iliips, were condemned either to death or fiavtry - 2 . Revenge prompted him to burn the cinrs of Serai and Ailrachan, the moniur.ents of riling civilization ; '9 The fu:s of Ru;T.a arc more cit^iLic than tlie ingots. But the lir.en of Ar.t:o:h i.. 1 ? r.ivtr b'.-cn fainous ; and Antiocli was in ruins. I r;if|.tcl ti'i'.it it was ionic maitufuflurc of Euiope, which the Hani'e r - . :'-.h Hit; lv.il iinjiortt..! '.% tlic way of Novogorod. ~~ ?.'.. I.t v <.'.v|ut (Hill. i!c iluiir. 1 , tor.i.ii. p. 147. Vie de Timour, rjiich Vf:!lon of the InlVitutc?) has c. :(! Cairf 1 , i" nn.ntiont.d in B.ir- J^v .- '- i; - 1 ''''-' <'''; i''"' ix-cn it'^'.iiit (Raiuu- '- Tlif ... k c! ... '; : . ' : ;/"..! !-y Sin .: ii i; or : : 'I^D'I. 1 1\ !,y i!;,; ;.ut!:or cr un li.i.iati cbror.i^if, .; cf li::..X,;;-.n. 1 :i his Ciitiral Me. Moir, lit iilultr/V; with ,'..!r;aur.t anu i^-Jiiln^ ihc marclas of Ai.x- ainlr i and T:;: ... cuirafikrs. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 35 cuiraffiers, forty thoufand of his foot-guards, and one hundred and twenty elephants, whofe tuiks are faid to have been armed with fliarp and poifoned daggers. Againft thefe mo riders, or rather againft the imagination of his troops, he condefcended to life fome extraordinary pre- cautions of fire and a ditch, of iron fpikes and a rampart of bucklers j but the event taught the Moguls to fmile at their own fears ; and, as foon as thefe unwieldy animals were routed, the inferior fpecies (the men of India) difappeared from the field. Timour made his triumphal entry into the capital of Hindodan ; and admired, with a view to imitate 1 , the architecture of the (lately mofch ; but the order and licence of a general pillage and maffacre polluted the feftival of his victory. He refolved to purify his foldiers in the blood of the idolaters, or Gentoos, who ftill fur- pafs, in the proportion of ten to one, the numbers of the Modems. In this pious defign, he ad- vanced one hundred miles to the north-cad of Delhi, paiTcd the Ganges, fought feveral battles by land and water, and penetrated to the famous rock of Coupelc, the ftatue of the cow, that ftems to difcharge the mighty river, whofe fource is far diftant among the mountains of Thibet 46 . His return 16 The two great rivers, the Gorges and Burrampcoter, rife jn Thiber, from the oppoiite ridges of the fam; hills, kparV-e fiom each other to the ciil'..:nce of iaoo miles, anij, after a winding conrfe of 2000 miles, again meet in one point ntar the gult of Bengal. Y< t fo capricious is Farrie, that the Burraiiipoot^r is % L.te clifcovery, while his brother Gnnges has been the t! - ,cme of avritnt jtd ruoJern ftory. Co'-*_i;!r. the J:e"? sf Timour't laft t6 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, return was alon.o; the fkirts of the northern hills ; I.XV. nor could this rapid campaign of one year juftify the flrange forefight of his emirs, that their children in a warm climate would degenerate into a race of Hindoos. It was on the banks of the Ganges that Timour was informed, by his fpeedy meffengers, of the difturbances which had ariten on the confines of Georgia and Anatolia, of the revolt of the Chrif- tians, and the ambitious defigns of the fultan Bajazet. His vigour of mind and body was not impaired by fixty-three years, and innumerable fatigues ; and, after enjoying fame tranquil months in the palace of Samarcand, he proclaimed a new expedition of feven years into the wellern countries of Afia* 7 . To the foldiers who liad ferved in the Indian war, he rranted the choice of remain- O in^ at home, or follov/ing their prince ; but the trcoi)s of ail the TTovr-.ccs r.nd kingdoms of Per- l i O fia were commandc d to af;Vn !)lc at Ifpahan, and v.T.it the arrival of the Irn'VTid ilandard. It was fir!l direiTtcd againfi t!.i Chridir.ns of Georgia, who were ilrorg only in their rcjclcs, their cadles, nnd ti;c winter fer.iV/n j but tliL-fc obflacles were overcoirc bytlie ze.il r.nd perfeverance of Timour : the n.bils il:br,-,ittcJi to the tribute or the Koran; rt-ligio."^ br.afted of th.eir martyr?, that i::in\e io in :- uill due to the Chrillian '.'. :v:.,: I O!I!TV-, ii~e n lie.; from Calcutta 5 /; i"7''., ;i L;.',ii:! ;nji ' (R'.Liul's *<1 -i:'.oi:', p. 7. 59- Sij 5 1 - 99-) *" fcte " ' ; 'ions, ;>. 141. to :'i cr. ! of t'ie I K book, ar.ti i,T. c.j :'.'., i^ :.;-. u^':.''.c: of 1'iui'jur into Syna. priibnerS; OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 17 prifoners, who were offered the choice of ab- CHAP. juration or death. On his defcent from the hills, the emperor gave audience to the firft ambaflfadors of Bajazet, and opened the hoftile correfpondence of complaints and menaces -, which fermented two years before the final explofion. Between two jealous and haughty neighbours, the mo- tives of quarrel will feldom be wanting. The Mogul and Ottoman conquefts now touched each other in the neighbourhood of Erzerum, and the Euphrates ; nor had the doubtful limit been afcertained by time and treaty. Each of thefe ambitious monarchs might accufe his rival of violating his territory ; of threatening his vaffals ; and protecting his rebels -, and, by the name of rebels, each understood the fugitive princes, whofe kingdoms he had ufurped, and whofe life or liberty he implacably purfued. The re fern - blance of charadter was ft ill more dangerous than the oppofition of intereft ; and in their victorious career, Timour was impatient of an equal, and Bajazet was ignorant of a iuperior. The firft epiftle 1S of the Mogul emperor muft have pro- voked, inftcad of reconciling the Turkifh fultan j whole family and nation he affected to defpife * 9 . " Doft s We have three copes of th-.fe liofti'e epifiles in the Inftitutions (P- 1 47-)> ' n Sherefeddin (I. v. c. 14.), ami in Arabfhah (tom. ii. c. 19. p. 183 ;ci.) ; wliicli n^ice with full other in tlie Iprit ar.d lubitance rather than in the flylc. It is probable, that they have been n-jnfhted, with various latitude, fioin tho 'J'takifli original into the Arabic and Fenian tongues. -j The Mogul emir diftinguifhes hiinieif ar.il his countryir.en by the name of 7:/;-.h, ar.d itigmatiics the race and nation o{ Bajazet with the id's honourable epithet of 7;.4rracf. Vet I VOL. XII. c tu 18 THE DECLINE AND FALL c n A r. ) ft thou not know, that the greateit part of " Afia is iubjecl to our arms and our laws ? that " our invincible forces extend from one fea to " the other ? that the potentates of the earth " form a line before our gate ? and that we have c;f the father on the feeble O reiiin of his ion l-'arao'e. The Svrian emirs 34 <.j O * were >~ For the :h ! . of tin.- .M ;ul?, f-c ttic Ir.ltitutions (;.. j-i. 147. ), .i-.i for the Pt'ifir.i:^ tlif liiiil:. t;i( qn-.- Oiicnialc (p. SSi.) : h;,t I do i fiiul tl.-it th'j tit!-.- t I ;c! i,- l>as been npj.Mietl l.y the Arabians, or by '! . Ottumn i s lhc:i;!i u:.-ns if J^iil.o!; :ui(l P 1 ;-.) :\<\ '.:/, ir, M. tie G\ngncs (;.;-i. iv. i. xxii.), v .!-,(), from tl'.r .Aia!:ic tixts of Aboulmahnl'ei 1 , 1.'.: ' . 'i:.d .i;] : ra')i, i;;is ;u!(it.'ci ionic; f:ifts to our common f* :k of m it! iial-,. J* J'or th :). ffrcrt nr.'l (!(,mcOic tranf:i< r t ions, Arnbfliah, t'r.c'.'^h :i i^.n..:l, ii a CK-Ji'jK-, witncis (tom. i. c. (4- ''' / ' am. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. "2 I were aflembled at Aleppo to repel the invafion : CHAP. they confided in the fame and difcipline of the -_ - r _/ Mamalukes, in the temper of their fwords and lances of the pureft fleel of Damafcus, in the ftrength of their walled cities, and in the popu- loufnefs of fixty thoufand villages : and inftead of fuftaining a fiege, they threw open their gates, and arrayed their forces in the plain. But thefe forces \vere not cemented by virtue and union; and fome powerful emirs had been (educed to defert or betray their more loyal companions. Timour's front was covered with a line of Indian elephants, whole turrets were filled with archers and Greek fire : the rapid evolutions of his cavalry compleated the difmay and diforder; the Syrian crowds fell back on each other , many thoufands were ftifled or flaughtered in the entrance of the great ftreet; the Moguls entered with the fugi- tives i and, after a Ihort defence, the citadel, the impregnable citadel of Aleppo, was furren- dered by cowardice or treachery. Among the Sacks iuppliants and captives, Timour diflinguiflied the A1 l F>p j) doctors of the law, whom he invited to the 14.00, dangerous honour of a perfonal conference 3i . The Mogul prince was a zealous Mufulman ; but his Perfian fchools had taught him to revere the memory of AH and Hofain ; and he had imbibed torn. ii. c. i TV-)- Timour muft have been odious to a Syrian } but tiie notoriety ot tatSts would have obliged him, in loine mealiire, to refpecl: his enemy and himlelf. His bitters mnyconect the lulcions fweets oi ; Sherefeddin (1. v. c. 17 2.9-). 35 Thcfe inierefting convei.'atiuns r.ppcnr to liave l>een copied by Anbfhah (torn. i. c. 68. p. 625 6.5.5.) from the ciulhi and liiltori:n Ebn Schounah, a principal actor. Yet how could lie be alive llvcntv- five years afterwards (d'Heibelor, p, 791.)? C 3 A deep 2i THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. a deep prejudice agairrd the Syrians, as the enemies of the Ion of the daughter of the apoftle of God. To thefe doctors he propofed a captious queftion, which the cafuifts of Bochara, Samarcand, and Herat, were incapable of refolving. " \\ho tc are the Tue martyrs, of thofe who are flain on t( my fide, or on that of my enemies r" But he was filenced, or fatisfied by the dexterity of one of the cadhis of Aleppo, who replied, in the words of Mahomet himfelf, that the motive, not the enfign, conditutes the martyr ; and that the Moflems of either party, who fight only for the glory of God, may deferve that facred appellation. The true fucceffion of the caliphs was a contro- verfy of a (till more delicate nature, and the frank - mis of a doctor, too honed for his fituation, pro- voked the emperor to exclaim, " Ye are as falfe " as tliofe of Damafcus : Moawiyah was an " ufurper, Yezid a tyrant, and Ali alone is the paign obliged Timour to renounce the conqueft of Palefline and Egypt ; but in his return to the Euphrates, he delivered Aleppo to the flames ; and juftifted his pious motive by the pardon and reward of two thoufand feclaries of AH, who were defirous to vifit the tomb of his fon. I have ex- patiated on the perfonal anecdotes which mark the character of the Mogul hero j but I fhall briefly mention 36 , that he erected on the ruins of Bagdad a pyramid of ninety thoufand heads j aj?p.in vifited Georgia; encamped on the banks T 4ci, of A raxes ; and proclaimed his refolution of marching agair.lt the Ottoman emperor. Con- fcious of the importance of the war, he collected his forces from every province : eight hundred thouLnd men were enrolled on his military lid 37 ; V 1 T! - n-.nr^!;e- ar.c! occiii>r/;..n" k Tfrr.an war-, ate r(.)i;t.L-i.!;-(! by Shi.it't.i!uin (1. v. c. 29 43.) ar;>! Ai.ibfhah (torn. ii. c. i ^ iS.). "" '1 !,i-, r.innlv.T ot S--o,ccc w.:i txii"5"'i.-(l by Arnlifmli, or rather i / I'.br Sclic\:r.u!i, tx ration;i:ic I'in.u.i, o;i the taitii <-t :i Cv.iizmian :: . i. c. 68. };. 617.) ; ::i:i! it is remarkable enough, that . i .. i ^',: ;:.;'ti 1 1:.. , ( Phi ..i\;.,, I. i.e. 29.) ai!:li no more than ao.ooo 1 :. :-?c,kcr.r, i ; .. ; mi-.itiier I.u'in conttiKj-.oini y lucn. ; n:r, npvi! ?.I , , ' 1:1. xix. p. Xco.) i,icoccoj cjiis f'.ini oi i,(j:c.cco i^ :.;;;-ltnl i v a (jtinior, Iblclicr, v. .: ,:-... :it at ihs battle t'l An i (I funriuv. aJ Chalcomijl. . j>. 1? .i ). 'I:iiioui, iii Iii, J;nti:i.:it,ii ; and after his caf.iure, ;i;vl the defeat of the Oitoh!.;ii powers, tlie kingdom of Anatolia *+ Tunour In-, !!>.-, Met! tins iVcivt ".i.;i imjintnr.t iH-'idci.ition vviili the I'i,;..:i, wliich r.. i ; : ijvitiihly piuvcJ by t!u joii.t evi.Lnc? '-f tl'.c Aiahiun (-ori. i. r. .;. . ;. ~ ), '\"\\\ \:.(\\ (. \nn.i' 1 . 1 !':v. |-. jii.), a:,,i rt:.;;!n i'i . (KhoiuLinii', ajj-.i 1 tl'iic, ; L-lotj ;'. i '>;.;. fuhmittcd OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. iubmitted to the conqueror, who planted his ilandard at Kiotahia, and difperfed on all fides the minifters of rapine and deftruction. Mirza Mehemmed Sultan, the eldeft and beft beloved of his grandfons, was difpatched to Bourfa with thirty thoufand horfe : and fuch was his youthful ardour, that he arrived with only four thoufand at the gates of the capital, after performing in five days a march of two hundred and thirty miles. Yet fear is ftill more rapid in its courfe : and Soliman, the fon of Bajazet, had already paffed over to Europe with the royal treafure. The fpoil, however, of the palace and city was im- menfe : the inhabitants had efcaped ; but the buildings, for the mofc part of wood, were reduced to afhes. From Bourfa, the grandfon of Timour advanced to Nice, even yet a fair and flouriming city ; and the Mogul fquadrons were only flopped by the waves of the Propontis. The fame fuccefs attended the other mirzns and emirs in their excurfions : and Smyrna, defended by the zeal and courage of the Rhodian knights, alone de- ferved the prefence of the emperor himfelf. After an obflinate defence, the place was taken by (lorm; all that breathed was put to the fword ; and the heads of the ChrifHan heroes were launched from the engines, on board of two carracks, or great fhips of Europe, that rode at anchor in the harbour. The Mollems of Afia rejoiced in their deliverance from a dangerous and domertic foe, and a parallel was drawn between the two rivals, by obferving that 1'imour, in fourteen days, had reduced THE DECLINE AND FALL reduced a tbrtrefs which had fuftained feven years the fiege, or at lead the blockade, of Bajazct 45 . ^fa j ron ca g e j n which Bajazet was imprilbned by Tamerlane, fo long and ib often repeated as a moral leiTon, is now rejected as a fable by the modern writers, who fmile at the vulgar cre- dulity **. They appeal with confidence to the Perfian hiflory of Sherefeddin Ali, which has been given to our curiofity in a French verfion, and from which I (hall collect and abridge a more fpccious narrative of this memorable tranfaclion. No fooner was Timour informed that the captive Ottoman was at the door of his tent, than he gracioufly ftept forwards to receive him, feated him by his fide, and mingled with nil! reproaches a foothing pity for his rank a; id misfortune. n every occ'tl:on, to it;ti c t a popular tale, am! to ilimii'iifh the rr,j^nit'rir (/f vice and viituej aiul on molt Q.C ilion 1 hi incredulity u icalona'jle. ' ' ;' ' ' i.y ui Ai :.hili:ili, Icuv^s Jbn.e n.om to tc.[- diftance OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 33 eifbnce of feven years 49 , 2. The name of Poffgius CHAP. the Italian 50 is defervedly famous among the re- vivers of learning in the fifteenth century. His 2 - b V r r Italians elegant dialogue on me vicifiitudes or fortune 5 was cbmpofed in his fiftieth year, twenty- eight years after the Turkifh victory of Tamer- lane " ; whom he celebrates as not inferior to the illuttrious Barbarians of antiquity. Of his exploits and difcipline Poggius was informed by fevcral ocular witnefles; nor does he forget an example fo appofite to his theme as the Ottoman monarch, whom the Scythian confined like a Vv'ild beaft in an iron cage, and exhibited a fpec- tacle to Afia. I might add the authority of two Italian chronicles, perhaps of an earlier date, which would prove at lead that the fame ftory, whether falfe or true; was imported into Europe 49 Et fut lui-meme (Bajaxet') pris, et men*; en prifon, en la. ^utile mourut de durt nor: t Memoires de Boucicault, P. i. c. 37. Thefe memoirs were compofed while the matflnl \vas ftill go- vernor of Genoa, ircm whence he was expelled in the year 1409. by a popular infurreflion (Muratori, Annali d'ltalia, torn. xii. p. 473^ 474-0- ' The reader will find a fatisfaflofy account of the life and v/rlt- ings of Poggius, in the Poggiana, an entertaining woik of M. Len- r..nt, ami in the Bihliotheca Latina media: et infimse /Etatis of Fabri- clus (torn. v. p. 305 308.). Poggius was born in the year 1380, and ditd in 1459. s 1 The dialogue de Varietate Foftunje (of which a complete and decant edition has been published at Paris in 1713, in 4 to } was coin- pc ltd r, fhort time before the death of pope Martin V, (p. 5.), and ccnfequcntly about the end of the year 14.30. 5* bee a Splendid and eloquent encomium of Tamerlane, p. 36 79. ipfe enun novi (fays Poggius) qui fuere in tjus caftris .... Kegem vivum ccpit cavtaque in modum feise inclufum per orn- nem Af;r.;n circumtulit egregium admirandumo^ue fpeflaculum forttirss. VOL. XII. D with 34 THE DECLINE AND FALL c TI A P. w ith the fir ft tidings of the revolution". ?. Ac LXV. the time when Poggius flourifhed at Rome, Ah- 3. by the jy^j pbr, Arabfhah compofed at Damafcus the Arabs ; '. florid and malevolent hiilory of Timour, for which he had collected materials in his journies over Turkey and Tartary 5 *. Without any poffi- ble correfpondence between the Latin and the Ara- bian writer, they agree in the fact of the iron cage ; and their agreement is a ftriking proof of their common veracity. Ahmed Arabfhah like- wife relates another outrage, which Bajazet en- dured, of a more dotneitic and tender nature. His indifcreet mention of women and divorces was deeply relented by the jealous Tartar: in the feafi of victory, the wine was lerved by female cupbearers, and the lultan beheld his own concu- bines and wives confounded among the Haves, and expofcd without a veil to the eyes of intemper- ance. To efcape a fimilar indignity, it is laid, that im fuccefiors, except in a iingle inftance, have abftained from legitimate nuptials j and the Ottoman practice and belief, at leaft in the fix- teenth century, is attcfted by the obierving Buf- bequius ", ambafTador from the court of Vienna n The Clnoiikon Tarvifiamim (in Muratoii, Script. Rerum I'a- licaium, U;m. x:x. p. ?co.), atul ilie Annales LlHnlcs (torn, xv-ii- p. 974. ). I hs t\vo antliors, Allies ile RetUifiis deQuero, and Jau:e dc Dtlayio, \vtic both ct lUcnijioia; its, ni.d boih chancellors, tlit one ot TieMiri, the other of Ferrara. Tlie evidence of the forir.er is tl:: murt pofnivc. 5-i Set Aiabfhah, torn. li. c. 28. 34-. He travelled in regionci Runizas, A. II. 839 (A. D. 14.35, J u b ' 1 ?)> to:n. ii. c. z. p. 13. IJ Bufbequius in Legatione Turcica, cpilt. i. p. 5:. Yet his re- Iptftable authoiity is Tonicwhat rtriken by '.he f'.ib'.erjuent marriages of Aiiun.'t'h II. with a Servian, and of Mahomet II. with an A^a'.ir, princefs (Cantemir, p. 83.93.), 6 to OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. to the great Soliman. 4. Such is the reparation c of hnguage, that the teftimony of a Greek is not lefs independent than that of a Latin or an Arab. I fnpprefs the nar.es of Chalcondyles and Ducas, who flourished in a later period, and who fpeak in a lefs pofitive tone ; but more attention is due to George Phranza * c , protoveftiare of the laft em- perors, and who was born a year before the battle of Angora. Twenty-two years after that event, he was fent ambaflador to Amurath the fecond ; and the hiftorian might converfe with fome veteran Janizaries, who had been made pri loners with the fill tan, and had themfelves feen him in his iron cage. 5. The laft evidence, in 5. by the every fenfe, is that of the Turkifh annals, which UI s> have been confulted or tranfcribed by Leunclavius, Pocock, and Cantemir ". They unanimoufly de- plore the captivity of the iron cage ; and fome credit may be allowed to national hiftorians, who cannot ftigmatize the Tartar without uncovering the fhame of their king and country. From thefe oppofite premiles, a fair and mode- Probable rate conciufion may be deduced. I am fatisfied ( that Sherefeddin Ali has faithfully defcribed the firft oftentatious interview, in which the con- queror, whofe fpirits were harmonifed by fuccefs, affected the character of generofity. But his mind was infenfibly alienated by the unfeafonable arrogance of Bajazet ; the complaints of his ene- J 6 See the teftimony of George Phranza (I. i. c. 29. ), and his life in Hanckius de Script. Byzant. P. i. 0.40.). Chalcondyles and Ducas fpeak in general terms of Bajazet's eLins. 5" Annales Leunclav. p. 321. Pocock, Prolegomeru ad Abui- pharag, Dynaft, Cantemir, p. 55. D 2 mies, 3$ THE DECLINE AND FALL L J ! y p - niies, the Anatolian princes, were juft and Ui y-.^ ment ; and Timour betrayed a defign of leading liis royal caprivc in triumph to Samarcand. An attempt to facilitate his efcape, by digging a. mine under the tent, provoked the Mogul emperor to impofe a harfher reftraint ; and in his perpetual marches, an iron cage on a waggon might be invented, not as a wanton infult, but as a rigor- ous precaution. Timour had read in fome fabu- lous hiftory a fimilar treatment of one of his pre- decefibrs, a king of Perfia ; and Bajazet was con de.mned to reprefent the perfon, and expiate the guilt, of the Roman Cscfar ' 3 . But the (irength of his mind and body fainted under the trial, and Death of his premature death might, without injutticc, be A Z D* afcribed to the feverity of Timour. He warred *4C3, not with the dead ; a tear and a lepulchre were 9 * all that he could bellow on a captive who was deli- vered from his power ; and if Mouia, the fon of Bajazet, was permitted to reign over the ruins of Bourfa, the greateft part of the province of Ana- tolia had been rcftorcd by the conqueror to their lawful fovereigns. Term of From the Jrtifh and Volga to the Pcrfian Gulf, tl ' e f.'' rl " and from the Ganges to Damalcus and the Ar- o iit't s or Timorr, chipclacOj Afia was in the hand of Timour j his A. L>. . ....... ... T /~ armies were invincible, his ambition was buuncl- 1 T J ' J ' ' A Snpcr, kl;:p: of Perfa, h.ic! been made ptifoner and ir:- clolcd in tilt h;;uicot a cow's hide by Maxinn^n or ( ia enus O.-- t;..r. Such i-, tbe fable related dy Lntychius (Anna), ton), i, p. 411. veif. Pocock). The recollection of the tiue hiltory (De- cline and Fa!!, &<-. \(A ii. j>. 144. 15^-) will teach us to ppprcc'.a!?. the knowic(.l^e cf the Oiiiiita'.s of the ages v.hich jirecedc tl;r Hcgiia. Icfs, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 37 Icfs, and his zeal might afpire to conquer and convert the Chriftian kingdoms of the Weft, \vhich already trembled at his name. He touched the utmoft verge of the land j but an infuperable, though narrow, fea, rolled between the two con- tinents of Europe and Afia " ; and the lord of fo many tomans, or myriads, of horfe, was not raafter of a fingle galley. The two paiTages of the Bofphorus and Hellefpont, of Conftantinople and Gallipoli, were poflclTcd, the one by the Chriftians, the other by the Turks. On this great occafion, they forgot the difference of religion, to act with union and firmnefs in the common caufe : the double (heights were guarded with ihips and fortifications ; and they feparately with- held the tranfports which Timour demanded of either nation, under the pretence of attacking their enemy. At the fame time, they foothed his pride with tributary gifts and fuppliant em- bafTies, and prudently tempted him to retreat with the honours of viflory, Soliman, the ton of Bajazet, implored his clemency for his father and himfelf; accepted, by a red patent, the inveftiture of the kingdom of Romania, which he already held by the fword j and reiterated his ardent wifh, of calling himfelf in perfon at the feet of the king of the world, The Greek 53 Arabihah (torn. if. c. 25.) dtfcribes, like a curiovis traveller, the ftreigiits of Gallipoli and Conftantinople. To acquireajr.fi idea "b'f tliele events, I hive compared the narratives and prejudices of the Moguls, Turks, Greeks, and Arabians. The Spanifli ambafladof mentions this hottiie union of the ChriHians an.l Ottomans (Vic de Timeur, p. 9^.). D 3 emperor 38 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, emperor 63 (either John or Manuel) fubmitted to pay the lame tribute which he had ilipui. red with the Turkifh fultan, and ratified the treaty by an oath of allegiance, from which i,c could abfolve his confcience fo foon as the Mogul arms had re- tired from Anatolia. But the fears a ; ,. f. ; ncy of nations afcribed to the ambitious Tamcnanr a new defign of vaft and romantic com p.; ft; a dcfigr. of fubduing Egypt and Africa, marching from the Nile to the Atlantic Ocean, entering Europe by the Streights of Gibraltar, and, after impofing his yoke on the kingdoms of Chriftendom, of" return- ing home by the deferts of RufTia and Tartary. This remote, and perhaps imaginary, d; nger was averted by the ftibmifllon of the fultan of Egypt : the honours of the prayer and the coin, atteJled at Cairo the fupremacy of Timour ; and a rare gift of a giraffe^ or camelopard, and nine oflriches, repreicnted at Samarcand the tribute of the African world. Our imagination is not lefs aftonifhed by the portrait of a Mogul, who, in his camp before Smyrna, meditates and almofl accomplifhes the invafion of the Chinefe empire 61 . Timour was urged to this enterprife. by national honour and religious zeal. The torrents which he had fhed of Mufulman blood could be ex- piated only by an equal destruction of the in- 6 Since the name of Ciefar had heen transferred to tiie fultRns of Roum, the Greek, princes of Ccnfhntino[.le (bherefeddm, i. v. c. 54.) were confounded with the Chriitian lards of Galiipoli, TheiTalonica, &c. under the title of Tctkur, which is derived by corruption from the genitive -r* m^.-d (Cantemir, p. 51.). ftl See blurefeddin, 1. v. 0.4. who marks, in ?. juit itinerary, the road to China, which Arablhah (torn. li. c. 33.) paints in vague and vbetorical coloui;. fi dels i OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 39 ridels ; and as he now flood at the gates of para- CHAP. dife, he might bed fecure his glorious entrance by demolifhing the idols of China, founding mofchs in every city, and eftablifhing the pro- fefllon of faith in one God, and his prophet Ma- homet. The recent expulflon of the houfe of Zingis was an infult on the Mogul name ; and the diforders of the empire afforded the faired op- portunity for revenge. The illuflrious Hongvou, founder of the dynafty of Mingy died four years before the battle of Angora j and his grandfon, a weak and unfortunate youth, was burnt in his palace, after a million of Chinefe had perifhed in the civil war 6 *. Before he evacuated Anatolia, Timour difpatched beyond the Sihoon a nu- merous army, or rather colony, of his old and new fubje&s, to open the road, to fubdue the Pagan Calmucks and Mungals, and to found cities and magazines in the defert ; and, by the diligence of his lieutenant, he foon received a perfect map and defcription of the unknown regions, from the fource of the Irtifli to the wall of China. During thefe preparations, the empe- ror atchievecl the final conqueft of Georgia; pafled the winter on the banks of the Araxes ; appeafed the troubles of Perfia ; and flowly re- turned to his capital, after a campaign of four years arid nine months. (j i Synopfis Hifl. Sinicie, p. 74 76 (in the iv th part of the Rela- tions de Thevenot), Duluilde, Hilt, de la Chine (torn. i. p. 507, 508. folio edition); and for the chronology of the Chinefe emperors, de Gui^nes, Iliit. dts Huns, torn. i. p. 71, 72. D 4 On THE DECLINE AND FALL On the throne of Samarcand 63 , he difplayed, in a fhort repofe, his magnificence and power ; lidened to the complaints of the people j di.iri- . r butcd a juft meafure of rewards and punifhments ; employed his riches in the architecture of palaces 1*04, and temples j and gave audier.ee to the amDaiia- A.'D, dors of Egypt, Arabia, India, Tartary, RufTia, ^1f\ s an< ^ Spain, the l:ift of whom prefcnted a fuit of tapeftry which edipfed the pencil of the Oriental artifts. The marri.'gc of fix of rhc emperor's grandfons was eileemed an act of religion, as well as ot paternal tenderncfs ; and the pomp of the ancient caliphs was revived in their nuptials. They were celebrated in the gardens of Canighul, decor .ted with innumerable tents and pavilions, which difplayed the luxury of a great city and the fpoils of a victorious ca:np. VN'hole forefts were cut down to fupply fuel for the ki:cher:S; the plain was fpiea/' v. i:!i pyramids of meat, and vales of everv l:c;uor, to whic.'i t'^vjfinds of g'.:ells were courteoufiy invited : the oruci's of t!ie ilate, and the nations of ti;c earth, were marfhallcd at the rcyal banquet; nor were the ambaffadors of I\urope (lays the haughty Perium) excluded from tlie feafl ; fince even the c:.jj"i's, the i mailed of fifh, find their place in the ocean 6 *. The public <'! For tiie return, triumph, and tic-.itn of Timo;u , fee Shcrefwddin (1 vi. c i :o ) :tr,il AiahlhrJi (toin. 11. c. 35 4.7 ). 6 -'-- - hercfv'd'iin (I. vi. c. 74..) nu'ntion;, tl\e air.bafTulors of one of thr n olt pt/teiit li.vei ci^r.o ot I'uicpt. \V'c know tLint :t \v.:g lltrry Til. k;i g ot C.sliiicj :.nd the r;ni \;s itl;ition ot his two is u.il c. v :a:;t (Mariana, U^'.t. ilii^an, 1. xix, c. n. torn, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 41 joy was teflifiecl by illuminations and mafquerades ; CHAP, the trades of Samarcand paffcd in review ; and every trade was emulous to execute fome quaint device, fome marvellous pageant, with the ma- terials of their peculiar art. After the marriage- contracts had been ratified by the cadhis, the bridegrooms and their brides retired to the nuptial chambers ; nine times, according to the Afiatic famion, they were drefTed and undrefTed ; and at each change of apparel, pearls and rubies were fhowered on their heads, and contemptuoufly abandoned to their attendants. A general indul- gence was proclaimed : every law was relaxed, every pleafure was allowed ; the people was free, the fovereign was idle ; and the hiftorian of Timcur may remark, that, after devoting fifty years to the attainment of empire, the only happy period of his life were the two months in which he ceaied to exercifc his power. But he was foqn awakened to the cares of government and war. The ilandard was unfurled for the invafion of China: the emirs made their report of two hun- dred thoufand, the felect and veteran foldiers of Iran and Touran : their baggage and provifions were tranfported by five hundred great waggons, and an immenfe train of horfes and camels ; and the troops might prepare for a long abfence, fince more than fix months were employed in the tran- to:n. ii. p. 329, 350. AvertifTement a PHift. de Timur Beo, p. 2833.). There appears likewife to have been fome corref- poncience between the Mogul emperor, and the court of Charley VII. king of Fiance (Hiftoire de Fiance, par Veily ct Villarct, jK)a). *ii. po 336.), quil THE DECLINE AND FALL His death en the road to China, A. D. 1405* CHAP, quil journey of a caravan from Samarcand to Pekin. Neither age, nor the feverity of the winter, could retard the impatience of Timour; he mounted on horfeback, pafied the Sihoon on the ice, marched leventy-fix parafangs, three hundred miles, from his capital, and pitched his laft camp in the neighbourhood of Otrar, where he was expected by the angel of death. Fatigue, and the indifcreet ule of iced water, accelerated the progrefs of his fever ; and the conqueror of Afia expired in the feventieth year of his age, thirty- five years after he had afcended the throne of Zagatai. His defigns were loft; his armies were difbanded ; China was laved , and fourteen years after his deceafe, the moil powerful of his children lent an embafly of friendfhip and com- merce to the court of Pekin CJ . The fame of Timour has pervaded the Earl and Wed ; his pofterity is dill inveiled with the Im- Tuuour. perial title ; and the admiration of his fubjecls, who revered him almnft as a deity., may be judi- fied in loine degree bv the praife or confeffion of his bitterefl enemies 66 . Although he was lame of an hand and foot, his form and ilature were not unworthy of his rank ; and his vigorous health, fo effential to himfelf and to the world, f '^ See the tnr.f: i'ion of the 1'cif ; n acct.unt of thtlr cn.b.-.lTy, 3 c':i:ci:s an.! cri.; r.nl pie: .: (in the u : ' ; |''iit c,t tiie Rchuioiis de 'J hrvc:. :\ Tiuy ; rr!t !:'_.! ti.c Kiji-rioi (/; C.'l'.'iid \vith ;in old hoile v.'hicii Tiinoui ii,-. i ioimciiv if > . Ir \v.'.s 1:1 the )t Sec ShertfeiUin, 1 v. c. 15 25. Arn'ifhili (torn. ii. c 96. p. ?or. 03.) reproves the impit.-ty of Timour and the Moguls, who almott prei'eirtd to the Koran, ih. Yacfa, or Law of Zirgis (cui D<_us maledicat) : nor will he believe that Shaiokh had abohllicd the uie and authority of thru Pagan code* mo(r 44 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, mod fubmiflive fub'eJls , and whenever they . i.i ; deviated from their ui;ty, tney were corrected, according to the laws o! Xin^is, with the ballon- ade, and auenvardo re fro red to honour and command. Perhaps his heart was not devoid or the foci.:! virtues; perhaps hj was no: incapable of loving ho {ri-.T.ds and pardoning his enemies; but tiic rules or moruiiry are ioinvJed on the public intereil , and \t may be iuflicicnt to applaud the ^ijdom of a monarch, f : ;r ti'.e iii\ ivtlity by v.'hich he is no: impoverifned, and tor t!;e juicice by which he is ftrengihencd and enriched. To maintain the harmony of a'.'.choriry and obedience : to ch;:iHle the proud, to protect the \veak, to reward the dclervin.:, to b:i;v,:"ii vice and idicnel.-; from iiii du;nirii:,ns, to fvcure t;:e traveller and n^crchan^ to rcilr;;in the dc-predntions ot the, foKiier, co cli^riili the SrJ)our s ol hie hufoanciman, to trie o 1 -} r:\._e indufi::'y and l.;UTn,i^', and, by an a>:ce(T;on to die tnror*c, Au.i was the pr-.y of arr.rchy and r.;p;-e, w.di.l L:;K':T his pruperou; monarchy a chdJ. f a di :" and unliurt, mi;;hr rirry a j;ur!e ot ^ id irom t!ie }\.;;1 ro the \\'e^' Such was his co. ,.:.:: i,r\ of merit, that Irom this reformation he dorivcd rn e:;;. u: for his victories, and a tirl/ ro i:r.;v(-rlai dori.inion. 'ih';c four foll-'iv, in^ ob; ; h uii claim to t,w- j.uoiic jj;r;: /hall conclude, that ih'_ -^ -v 1 v "- OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 4? rather the fcourgc than the benefactor of mart- c H <\ p. -1.* \ V . kind. i. If fame partial diibrders, fome local cpprciTions, were healed by the fvvord of Timour, the remedy was far more pernicious than the cliicafe. By their rapine, cruelty, and difcord, the petty tyrants c.f Perfia might afMict: their fub- j';-cLs ; but \vhole nations were crufhed under the footileps of the reformer. The ground which had been occupied by flourifhino; cities, was often i. * U_J * marked by his abominable trophies, by columns, or pyramids, of human heads. Aftracan, Cariz- me, Delhi, Ifpahan, Bagdad, Aleppo, Damafcus, Bourfa, Smyrna, and a thoufand others, were flicked, or burnt, or utterly defcroyed, in his pretence, and by his troops; and perhaps his confcience would have been ftartied, if a prieft or philofopher had dared to number the millions of victims whom lie had facriftced to the eftablifh- ment of peace and order 63 , a. His mod de~ ftruftive wars were rather inroads than conquefts. He invaded Turkeftan, Kipzak, Ru(I"ia, Hin- doftan, Syria, Anatolia, Armenia, and Georgia, without a hope or a denre of prcferving thofe dif- tant provinces. From thence he departed, laden with fpoilj but he left behind him nc.r'ier troops to awe the contumacious, nor magiftrates to pro- teft the obedient, natives. When he had broken ^9 Ikfidcs the bio'.-i.'y p^.fTHees of this nai;".tive, I inuft refer to ar anticipation in the tixrli voiuine of the DLclir.e 3r.d F;ill, which, :a a I';IVT! * note (; 56. Note 7 **.'}, accumulates r.er.r 300,000 bt-atls cf tlte iiionuniuiits ci bis cruelty. Except in Kowe's (day on the fifth of Novcrr.brr, I di-.i not expect to henr of Timouj-'s amiable moderation (White's prtfacc, p. 7.}. Yet \ can cxcvfe a geireiou* TthvJii^ii;. in t::c reader, avd. l^;'.'. :ri D * 1403 n-.vay, than it again rofe with frefli vigour and 14.11. more lively vegetation. When Timour, in every fenfe, had evacuated Anatolia, he left the cities without a palace, a treafure, or a king. The open country was overfpread with hords of fbep- herds and robbers of Tartar or Turkman origin -, the recent conquefts of Bajazet were reilored to the emirs, one of whom, in bale revenge, demo- lished his fepulchre ; and his five fons were eager, by civil difcord, to coniume the remnant of their patrimony. I (hall enumerate their names in the order of their age and actions 7 *. i. It is doubt- ful, whether I relate the (lory of the true Mufta- pbciy or of an impoftor, who perfonated that loft "' Shah AHum, the prefent Mogul, is in the fourteenth degree from Timour by Miiv.ii bhah, liis third fon. See ihe ii" 1 volume of Do\v's Hiliory of" Ilir.cSoflin. 7 1 The civil wars, from the death of Bajazet to that of Mnftaph.i, are related, according to the Turks, hy Demetrius (Ji'.ntvrr.ir (p. 5881.). Of" the Greeks, Clr.ikon(iyles (1. iv. and v.), Phr.i-:za (1. i, c. 30 32.), and Ducas (c. iS 17.), the laft is the moft copious and bell informed. i THE DECLINE AND FALt prince, lie fought by his father's fide in th* battle of Angora : but when the captive fultan was permitted to enquire for his children, Moufa alone could be found; and the Turkifh hiftorians, the (laves of the triumphant faction, are perfuaded that his brother was confounded among the flain. If Mullapha efcaped from that diiafrotis field, he was concealed twelve years from his friends and enemies; till he emerged in ThefTaly, and was hailed by a numerous party, as the Ion and fuc- cefTor of Bajazet. His firft defeat would have been his lad, had not the true, or falfe, Mufta- pha been faved by the Greeks, and reftored, after the deceafc of his brother Mahomet, to liberty and empire. A degenerate mind feemed to argue his fpurious birth ; and if, on the throne of Adrian- ople, he was adored as the Ottoman fultan ; his flight, his fetters, and an ignominious gibbet, delivered the importer to popular contempt. A fimilar character and claim was afTerted by leveral rival pretenders -, thirty perfons are faid to have fullered under the name of Muftapha; and thefe frequent executions may perhaps infinuate, that the Turkifh court was not perfectly fecure of the a. Ifaj death of the lawful prince. 2. After his father's captivity, Ifa 73 reigned for ibme time in the neighbourhood of Angora, Sinope, and the Black Sea; and his ambaffadors were difmificd from the prefence of Timour with fair promifes and honourable gifts. But their matter was foon de- prived of his province and life, by a jealous bro- 7J Arabfhah, torn. ii. c. 16. whofe teftimcry or, this occnfion Jr, weighty and vaiunhlr. The exifttnce of II i (u: known to r .hc T-o.rki) is liktwife coi. finned by Slieicfeddin (1. v, c. c; , i c ther, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 49 ther, the fovereign of Amafia; and the final event c * Ij ^ p * fuggefted a pious allufion, that the law of Mofes \. - / ~.^ and Jefus, of IJa and Moufa, had been abrogated by the greater Mahomet. 3. S oilman is not num- 3 . soli, bered in the lifts of the Turkifh emperors: yet he n ' D checked the victorious progrefs of the Moguls ; 1403. and after their departure, united for a while the thrones of Adrianople and Bourfa. In war he was bra ye, active, and fortunate : his courage *vvas foftened by clemency ; but it was likewife inflamed by prefumption, and corrupted by in- temperance and idlenefs. He relaxed the nerves of difcipline, in a government where either the fubject or the fovereign mud continually tremble : his vices alienated the chiefs of the army and the law ; and his daily drunkennefs, fo contemptible in a prince and a man, was doubly odious in a difciple of the prophet. In the (lumber of intoxi- cation, he was furprifed by his brother Moufa ; and as he fled from Adrianople towards the By- zantine capital, Soliman was overtaken and (lain in a bath, after a reign of feven years and ten months. 4. The inveftiture of Moufa degraded 4.. Moufa, him as the flave of the Moguls : his tributary ^" T D " t> 14.10, kingdom of Anatolia was confined within a nar- row limit, nor could his broken militia and empty treafury contend with the hardy and veteran bands of the fovertisn of Romania. Moufa fled O in difguife from the palace of Bourfa ; traverfed the Propontis in an open boat ; wandered over the Walachian and Servian hills ; and after fome vain attempts, afcended the throne of Adrianople, fo recently ftained with the blood of Soliman. VOL. XII. E Im So THE DLCLIX1" AND FALL c n A P. I n a rein of three vcars and a half, his L\V. . . . \_ - T -'_' were victorious againit the Chriftians of Hungary and the Morca ; but Moufa was ruined by his timorous difpofition and unfeaibnable clemency. After refigning the fbvereignty of Anatolia, he fell a victim to the perfidy of his minifters, and the fuperior afccndant of his brother Mahomet. c. Mnl:o. 5- The final victory of Mahomet was the jull recompenfe of his prudence and moderation. MI 3- Before his father's captivity, the royal youth had J *~ 1 ' been entruited with the government of Amafi2, thirty days journey from Conftantinople, and the Turkifh frontier againft the Chriftians of Trebi- zond and Georgia. The caftle, in Afiatic war- fire, was efteemed impregnable ; and the city of Amafia 74 , v\hich is equally divided by the river Iris, rrfes on cither fide in the form of an amphi- theatre, and reprefents on a fmalkr fcale the image of Bagdad. In his rapid career, Timour appears to have overlooked this obfcure and con- tumacious angle of Anatolra ; and Mahomet, wi:ho?it provoking the conqueror, maintained his f:lent independence, and chafed from the province rhe lail ftragglers of the Tartar hod. He relieved himfclf from the dangerous neighbourhood of ini; but in the contells of their more powerful brethren, his firm neutrality was refpected ; till, -tier the triumph of Moula, he flood forth the heir and avenger of the unfortunate Soliman. Mahomet obtained v\natolia by treaty, and Ro- mania by arms ; ar>d the foldier who prefentcd him ~* Arahfhali, !..r. . n:,it. Ahulffda, Clco^raj/a. ;ab. ?vii. p. 301, B'.ilb.-tjuiut, fj'ift. i. p. cjC, 97. i;j Itiiurc C. 1\ ct AinslKino. with OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, S i ivith the head of Moufa, was rewarded as the c IIA ? benefactor of his king and country. The eight ^ -'^ _ ' . years of his fole and peaceful reign were ufefully employed in banifliing the vices of civil difcord, and reftoring on a firmer bafis the fabric of the Ottoman monarchy. His laft care was the choice of two vizirs, Bajazet and Ibrahim 7J , who might guide the youth of his fon Amurath ; and fuch R e jg n of was their union and prudence, that they concealed ^ muralh above forty days the emperor's death, till the A. D. arrival of his fucceflbr in the palace of Bourfa. A new war was kindled in Europe by the prince, Feb - or importer, Muftapha; the firft vizir loft his army and his head ; but the more fortunate Ibra- him, whofe name and family are ftill revered, ex- tinguifhed the lafl pretender to the throne of Ba- jazet, and clofed the fcene of domeftic hoftility. In thefe conflicts, the wifeft Turks, and indeed Re- u the body of the nation, were Itrongly attached to the unity of the empire ; and Romania and Ana- empire, tolia, fo often torn afunder by private ambition, were animated by a flrong and invincible tendency of cohefion, Their efforts might have inftructed the Chriftian powers ; and had they occupied with a confederate fleet, the ftreights of Gallipoli, the Ottomans, at leaft in Europe, mud have been fpeedily annihilated. But the fchiim of the Weft, and the factions and wars of France and England, diverted the Latins from this generous enterprife : 75 The virtues of Ibrahim arc praifed by a contemporary Greek (Ducas, c. 15.)- Hit defcendants are the fole nobles in Turkey i they content themfelves with the adminiftration of his pious founda- tions, are excufed from public offices, and receive two annual vifit* Jrom the fultan (Cantemir, p. 76.}. E 2 they 52 THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A P. they enjoyed the prefent recite, without a thought i_, ^ of fulurity ; and were often tempted by a mo- mentary intercil :o fcrvc the common enemy of their religion. A colmy of Genocfe 76 , which had been planted at Phocara 7r on the Ionian coaft, uas enriched by the lucrative monopoly of alum 7 * ; and their tranquillity, under the Turkifh empire, was fecured by the annual payment of tribute. In the laft civil war of the Ottomans, the Gcnoefe governor, Adorno, a bold and am- bitious youth, embraced the party of Amurath ; and undertook with fcven flout gallies to tranfport him from Afia to Europe. The fultan and five hundred guards embarked on board the admiral's Hup ; which was manned by eight hundred of the braved Franks. His life and liberty were in their hands ; nor can we, without reluctance, applaud the fidelity of Adorno, who, in the mkiil of the palTage, knelt before him, and grate- fully accepted a diicharge of his arrears of tribute. V' 1 See Pnchyrrur (f. v. 19.), N'cephorus Grcgoras (1. it. c. i.), Shererrddin (1. v. c 57 ), and Due is (c. T.C, ). The laft of theft, a curious and caieful ol-.nivu, is entitled, from his !>irth and ttatiun, to p.rtirti!nr cn-ilit in ;ili tint ci.r.ct'rns \vn\i\ aiul the iflaniis. Ainonj \bi r,.T;or,5 th.it rttoittil ro N. v/ Phocau, he mtiitior.s the t'.."giifh (; x>r.o.) j ->n t.u-'.y cvulriue (.f Mfilitci ti.nean tiv.dt. "'/' i''o;- tiic I'jiiiit uf n;'V]:;.iinjii, ami ti;tJ.oni oi ancieiu Phoce:3, or rather o-f the I'hoc.-c.-tr.s, cciiiult the j 5 '- 1> ok of Herodotus, and the Cjeogrnpliicnl Iiv'cx ot his laft a;ul lc:iii,t(i Fiench tranflatc/r, M. Lar- chcr (t< ni. v,i p. -<-jj. ). ~' 1 !,r'.'i!i.livc ni aiuu. j lu it-tkons I'-^vjit as the f;i-;t, ii'il icr tii'j Itcond the lie ot .\it i..:;, whole alum mints arc \ltlci ili' il l.y 1 i viri;ti(.irt (toni i. lettrc iv.), a tiavtilcr atid :t na- a! it. Aiitr 'he l..li << PhouL- , ri t- CJtnotlc, in 14^9, found - vil. !ai !t:ii;.;,.l n :i.u i;lc ot l.'.l)ia (hiiia-.l. liouillaud, ad Ducain, SS .). They OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 53 They landed in fight of Muftapha and Gallipoli ; C HAP. two thoLifknd Italians, armed v.ith lances and ' battle-axes, attended Amurath to the conquer! of Adrianople ; and this venal fervice was foon re- paid by the ruin of the commerce, and colony of If Timour had generoufly marched at the re- state of quell, and to the relief, of the Greek emperor, he e|*' f^' ee might be entitled to the praiie and gratitude of A. D. the Chriilians 79 . But a Mufulman, who carried l^T" into Georgia the fword of perfecution, and re- fpecled the holy warfare of Bnjazet, wa not dif- poffd to pity or fuccour the idolaters of Europe. The Tartar followed the impulfe of ambition ; and the deliverance of Conflantinople was the accidental confequence. When Manuel abdicated the government, it was his prayer, rather than his hope, that the rum of the church and ftate might be delayed beyond his unhappy days ; and after his return from a weftern pilgrimage, he ex- peclcd every hour the news of the fad cataftrophe. On a fudden he was aftonifhed and rejoiced by the intelligence of the retreat, the overthrow, and the captivity of the Ottoman. Manuel 3> im- 79 The writer \vho has the moft almfcil this fabulous generofity, is our ingenious Sir William Temple (liis works, vol. iii p. 349, 350. < ftavo edition), that lo\er of exotic virtue. After the conquelt of Kuliui, &c. and the jralfasie of the Danube, liis Taitar hero relieves, vitits, admire;--, and refutes t!;e city of Cor.ltnntine. Hi? flatteiing |.enc ; l deviates in every line from th:- truth ot hiltoiy: yet his pie-dimg nations are more txcuiubl'e than the giolV errors of Catitemir. Xo For the reigns of Manuel and Jhn, of Mahonn t I. and Amu- rath II. (ee the Othman hiftory of C.'ar.temir (p. 70 95.), and the three GreeTcs, Chalconclyk-s, Phranzn, au-.i Ducas, wha i^ ii.ii (up'.-nui t his rivals. E 3 mediately 54 THE DECLIKE AXD FALL c IT A P mediately Jailed from Motion in the Morea; LXV. L _'_ f ' afcended the throne of Conftantiiv pie ; a id difmified his blind competitor to an eafv exile in the ille of Lcibos The an.bailadors of the fon of Bajazet were foon introduced to his prefence , but their pride was fallen, their tone was mocefl ; they were awed by tlie juft appre- henfion, left the Greeks fhould open to the Mo- guls the gates of Europe. Soliman faluted the emperor by the name of father ; folicited at his hands the government or gift of ivomania; and pro mi fed to deferve his favour by inviolable friend- fhip, and the reilitution of Tiieiral.Yica, with the moil important places along the Strymon, the Prcpont;.'-, and the Black Sea. The Alliance of Solimnn expofed the empeier to the enn.i-y and revenge of Mouia : the Turks appeared in ;inm before the gates of Conftaminopie , bur ti.cy \vere repulied by lea and land ; and unleis the city was guarded by Ibme foreign meK-cr^r es, the (Wrecks mufl h. ve won''' . d ;t thrT own triumph. Bnt, inilead c;f pmk rgiii^ the divifion of the Ottoir.an powers, the policy or pa ill on of Manuel was tempved to afL'it the niofi formidable f t!:c fons of Bajazet. He concluded a treaty with Mahomet, vvhofe j-rogrefs was checked by ?he ir.luperable barrier of G ..llipoli : the fultan .:p,d his troops w^re tranfported over the Bof- rirus j he was liofpir.-b'y entertained in the api:al ; and his fuccclsful i^lly w.is the Hril ftep f o tl.c conc'Jifl of Romania. 'i he nun was fufpcnded by the prudence and moderation of th'j cone,".:' :\.r : he faithfully Uuchar^ed liis own 14 obligations OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 5; obligations and thole of Soliman, refpected the laws of gratitude and peace ; and left the em- peror guardian of his two younger ions, in the vain hope of laving them from the jealous cruelty of their brother Amurath. But the execution of his laft teftament would have offended the na- tional honour and religion : and the divan nnani- moufly pronounced, that the royal youths fhould never be abandoned to the cuftody and education of a Chriftian dog. On this refufal, the Byzan- tine councils were divided : but the age and caution of Manuel yielded to the preemption of his fon John ; and they unfheathed a dangerous weapon of revenge, by difmifiing the true or falie Mufhpty, who had long been detained as a captive and hoftage, and for whofe maintenance they received an annual penfion of three hundred thoufand aipers 21 . At the door of his prifon, Muflapha fubfcribed to every propofal ; and the keys of Gallipoli, or rather of Europe, were ftipulated as the price of his deliverance. But no iboner was he feated on the throne of Romania, than he difrnirTed the Greek ambafTadors with a fmile of contempt, declaring, in a pious tone, that, at the day of judgment, he would rather anfwer for the violation of an oath, than for the furrender of a Mufulman city into the hands of the iniidcls. The emperor was at once the enemy of the two rivals ; from whom he had fuftaimd, Sl TheTurkifh afper (from the Greek .-*- ) is, or wns, apiece of Li'blte or (liver money, at piefent iruch debaKd, Init which \vas for- merly equivalent to the 54.^ j>?rt, at leall, oi n Vei'ttian ducnt or (c- ]uin ; and the 300,000 afpeis, a princely allowance or royal tribute, may be computed at 1500 i. Ikili;;g (Ltuiiclav. Pandccl. Turc. p. 406408.). E .4- and 56 THE DECLINE AND FALL CH A P ' anc ^ to whom he had offered, an injury; and the v__ _' T . viclory of Amurath was followed, in the enfuing fpring, by the fiege of Conftantinople 8l . Siege of The religious merit of lubduing the city of ropleby'" t ^ ie Czfars, attracted from Afia a crowd of volun- Amurath teers, who afpired to the crown of martyrdom : II. ' A.D. their military ardour was inflamed by the promife , I4-il> of rich fpoils and beautiful females ; and the June i o Auguft24- fultan's ambition was confecrated by the prefence and prediction of Seid Bechar, a dcfcendant of the prophet 83 , who- arrived in the camp, on a mule, with a venerable train of five hundred difciples. But he might blufb, if a fanatic could blufli, at the failure of his aiTurances. The flrength of the walls refitted an army of two hun- dred thoufand Turks : their afiaults were repelled by the Tallies of the Greeks and their foreign mercenaries ; the old refources of defence were oppofed to the new engines of attack ; and the enthufiafm of the dervifh, who was {hatched to heaven in vificnary converfc with Mahomet, was anfvvered by the credulky of the Chrillians, who belcid tb.e Virgin Mary, in a violet garment, walking on the rampart and animating their courage s ' v . After a ficge of two months, Amurath v/as recalled to Bouria, bv a domedic revolt, ** I-' or :lu- f-.cr.t: (>t Conftantinople in i.' t a:, fee the pnrticular and c-.i.'f 'i | f.iai v i.;n i.itivc fi John C.:iri;ii)ii;., pi)hiifliL(l hy Leo Ailatius, at ;Kf u, il ct l.i- t'li:i n of Acropohin (p. 1X8 '99-)- i Cui.v.niii, p. So. t'ai..r,u>, v. !v> t!c:.-nln-s bticl Hechar without /Tij.in^ ! i;n, (\ij)jK,!cs tli;it the 1ritr.il i;t M.itiomet afTunieil in his air.c-uis the j.iiviltr-e of;' ;)it!;l:rt, and t!utt i!;-j iaiititof the Grtck j)iiii-> v.tru |,i( mil, ii to the IV.ir.t ar:d his dil.ij'Ks. S 4 For this mil p.culous np|u:i iiion, (J;u,aiu!s nppeals to the Muful- p.up. faint j but who will bear <.t(iin;otA tc; Se:ti Bechar ? which OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 5* which had been kindled by Greek treacherv, and CHAP. LXV. was foon extinguished by the death of a guiltlefs --^-J^j brother. While he led his Janizaries to ne\v The em * conqueSts in Europe and Afia, the Byzantine John Pa- empire was indulged in a fervile and precarious 1 1 s ' olo s U refpite of thirty years. Manuel funk into, the grave ; A - !> and John Palseologus was permitted to reign, for an j'ly !',_ annual tribute of three hundred thoufand afpers, A - ^* and the dereliction of almoit all that he held beyond the fuburbs of Constantinople. In the establishment and restoration of the Turkiih empire, the firit merit muft doubtlefs be aSfio-ned to the perfonal qualities of the fuitans: " v;r '! of r . , ' . the Otto- fmce, in human life, the molt important fcenes mans, will depend on the character of a lingle adtor. By ibme Shades of wifdom niicl virtue., they may be difcriminated from each other ; but, except in a Single inStance, a period oi nine reigns and two hundred and Sixty- five years is occupied, from the elevation of Othman to the death of Soliman, by a rare feries of warlike and acTw- princes, who imprelled their fubjects with obe- dience and their enemies with terror. Inltead of the flothful luxury of the feraglio, the heirs of royalty were educated in the council and the field: from early youth they were entruflcd by their fathers with the command of provinces and armies; and this manly institution, which was often productive of civil war, muft have efTentially contributed to the difcipline and vigour oS the monarchv. The Ottomans cannot Style them- lelves, like the Arabian caiiphy, the dcfcendants or fuccefibrs of the apoStle of God -, and the 1 1 kindred 5 g THE DECLINE AND FALL C ir A P. kindred -which they claim with the Tartar khans '' ' of tHr houfe of Xingis, appears to bo founded in flattery rather than in truth 85 . Their origin is obfcure ; but their facred and indcfeafible right, which no time can erafe and no violence can in- fringe, was loon and unalterably implanted in the minds of their iub;ects. A weak or vicious fultan may be depoiet! and fliangled -, but his inheritance devolves to an infant or an ideot: nor has the moft daring rebel prefumed to aicend th.e throne of his lawful iovereign t6 . While the tranfient dynamics ci Afsa have been continually fubvtrted by a craftv vi/.ir in the palace or a victorious general in -'I o the c-iiTii), the Ottoman fuccemon lr\s been con- firmed by the practice of five centuries, and is now incorporated with the vital principle of the Turkifb nation. , To the fpirit and conftltution of that nation, a f}; r (; ni r anc ] fmnular infiucncc may however be - , s. afcnbed. The primitive i'ubjects of Othman were the four hundred families of wandering Turkmans, v/ho iiad followed his anceftors from the Oxus to the Sangar; and the plains of Anatolia are frill covered with the white and black tents of iiieir i'i :!ti': brethren. But this original drop was -'> S.- K;. -! t!it:i!t, .:. p. i. .."}. i .is pe!i' : : ' !K rctic wa? a gootl whig, and li. inolution of Ln^laiid i-,4-.). His preiumption :Vu!:'' o"i:es in ll dilTulvcJ OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 59 diflolved in the mafs of voluntary and vanquished fuiv^cls, who, under the name of Turks, are linked by '"he common ties of religion, language, and iv.anners. In the cities, from Erzen>um to Belgrade, that national appellation is common to all the Modems, the firft and moft honourable inh .:~ : *ints ; but they have abandoned, at kail in '-^nania, the villages, and the cultivation of the land, to the Chriftian peafants. In the vigo- rous age of the Ottoman government, the Turks \vtre themlelves excluded from all civil and mi- litary honours ; and a fervile clafs, an artificial people, was railed by the difcipline of education to ob.y, to conquer, and to command 87 . From the time of Orch;m and the firft Amurath, the iultans were perfuaded that a government of the fword mult be renewed in each generation with new foldiers ; and that fuch Ibkiicrs nuift be fougntj not in effeminate Ada, but among the hardy and warlike natives of Europe. The pro- vinces of Thrace, Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria, and Se.Tvia, became the perpetual fe mi nary of the Turkifh army; and when the royal fifth of the captives was dimin.ifhed by conquelt, an inhuman tax, of the fifth child, or of every fifth year, was rigorotidy levied on the Chriftian families. At the age of twelve or fourteen years, the mo;'! ro- buft youths were torn from their parents ; then names were enrolled in a book ; and from that moment they were clothed, taught, and mr/in- 8 7 Chalcomlyles (1. v.) and Durr.s (-. 23.) rxlilbit tlir- r\n'.c linen f tht Ottoman policy, and the lr:ir.;;nut:u:on of ChiiH'.ir. cliil- into Tui'kill) iwldicrs. tained oo THE DECLINE AND FALL c HAP. tained, for the public fervice. According to the promife of their appearance, they were fclc<5ted for the royal Ichoois of Bouria, Pera, and Adrian- ople, entruflcd to the care of the bainaws, or difperled in the houfes of the Anatolian pcafantry. It was the firft c.ire of their mailers to inflruct them in the Turiviih language : their bodies \vere (- O exercifcd by every labour that could fortify their itrength ; they learned to wrefHe, to leap, to run, to fhoot with the bow, and afterwards with the inui"ketj till they were drafted into the chamlxrs and companies ot tlie Janizaries, and fi-vcrely trained in the military or monallic diicipline of the order. The youths moll confpicuous for birth, talents, and beauty, were admitted into the inferior clafs of slgiariicglansy or the more liberal rank of hhoglans, of whom the former were attached to the palace, and the h'.trer to the perfon of the prince. In four fucceffive fchools, under the rod of the white eunuchs, the arts of horfe- manfliip and of darting the javelin were their daily exercife, while thole of a more fludious call ap- plied themfclves to the iludy of the Koran, and the knowledge of the Arabic and Perfian tongues. As they advanced in fcniority and merit, they v/erc gradually diimiffed to military, civil, and even ecckfiailical emplovments : the longer their i O ih\y, the higher was their expectation j till, at a mature period, they were admitted into the num- ber of :'ie forty agas, who flood before the fultan, and were promoted by his choice to the govern- ment of pro\ inres and the firil honours of the empire. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 61 empire 88 . Such a mode of inftitution was admlra- c H A 7 p - bly adapted to the form and fpirit of a defpotic monarchy. The minifters and generals were, in the ftrideft fenfe, the flavcs of the emperor, to whole bounty they were indebted for their inftruc- tion and fupport. When they left the feraglio, and fuffered their beards to grow as the fymbol of enfranchifement, they found themfelves in an important office, without fad ion or friendfhip, without parents and without heirs, dependent on the hand which had raifed them from the duft, and which, on the flighted difpleafure, could break in pieces thefe ftatues of glafs, as they are aptly termed by the Turkifh proverb 89 . In the flow and painful fteps of education, their charac- ter and talents were unfolded to a difcerning c> eye : the man, naked and alone, was reduced to the ftandard of his perfonal merit ; and, if the fovercign had wifdom to chufe, he poiTefTed a pure and boundlels liberty of choice, The Ottoman candidates were trained by the virtues of ablli- nence to thofe of action ; by the habits of fub- miiTion to thofe of command. A fimilar Ipirit was diffufed among the troops; and their fiience and fobriety, their patience and modefty, have KS This fketch of the Tutkifh ethic -tion and difcipline, is chiefly borrowed from Ricav.t's State ct tJii Ottoman empire, the Staro Militare del' Imperio Ottoinanno of Count Majiigli (it: Haya. 1732, in tolio), and a De('cii|jtion of the Seraglio, approved by Mr. Grcavt:; hi mil If, a cuiious ttavtllcr, and mftittd in the fecund volume of hii vvui ks. **? From tiie furies of cxv vizirs till the ilcge of Vienna (Mai fig!: p. i'i.} their place may be valued at I'li't-'.- years and a luit" pi:v- dial:.. extorted : THE DECLINE AND I. ALL H A '' extorted the reluct ant praife of their Chnilian LXV. enemies '^. Nor can the victory appear doubtful, if we compare the dilcipline and cxercife of the Janizaries wiui the pride of birth, the independence of chivalry, die ignorance of die new levies, the mutinous temper of the veterans, and the vkes of intemperance and diforder> which 1<> iong con- taminated the armies of Europe, The only hope of falvation for the Greek empire and the adjacent kingdoms, would have been fame more powerful weapon, fome difcovery in die art of war, that mould give them a decifive fuperioi ity over their Turkifh foes. Such a weapon was in their hands ; fuch a difcovery had been made in the critical moment of their fate. The chymifls of China or Kurope had found, by calual or elaborate experiments, that a mixture of falt- petrc, ll'lphur, and charcoal, produces, with a fpark of rire, a tremendous explofion. It was ibon obferved, that if the expanfive force were compreiied in a ilrong tube, a ball of (lone or iron might be expelled with irrefiilible and de- ftructive velocity. The prccife cTra of the inven- tion and application of gunpowder' 1 is involved in doubtful q-p.tiinoiu and equivocal language ; yet we m.iv cl^arh- ililcern, that it was known before the middle of the fourteenth century ; and that befoir the end of th-? lame, the ufe f artillery in ba:ti<-i. .:nd fieires, bv j'e.i and land, was familiar *J * 9^ See t'le r r- rerrnini:-!; nnJ ; 'rciov, letters of Bufbcquius. ?' J i'.c i't n:,J IP- volim-.-s of' Dr. Watfon's Chemical EfCiys, contain two v..!:ir. 1 ^:- il;!rour!n c>ii '.he d.l'cgvtry and coinpofition of to OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. to the -dates of Germany, Italy, Spain, France, C T K ,^ and England '*. The priority of nations is of ^ . -^ fmall account; none could derive any exclufive benefit from their previous or fuperior knowledge j and in the common improvement they flood on the i&fmd '* level of relative power and military fciencd; Nor was it poffible to circumicribe the fecret within the pale of the church ; in was dil- clolcd to the Turks by the treachery of apoflates and the felfifh policy of rivals ; and the fultans had fenfe to adopt, and wealth to reward, the talents of a Chriftian engineer. The Genoefe, who tranfported Amuraih into Europe, muft be accufed as his preceptors; and it was probably by their hands that his cannon was caft and directed at the fiege of Conftantinople 93 . The firil attempt was indeed unfuccefsful ; but in the general warfare of the age, the advantage was on their fide, who were mod commonly the aflaii- ants; for a while the proportion of the attack and defence was fufpendcd ; and this thundering V* On this fubjeft, modern teftimnjt3 cannot be trnfted. The riginal paiTages are collefted by Ducange (Glofi". Latin, torn. r. p. 675. Buxkarde.). But in the early donbtful twilight, tin- name, found, fire, and effeft, that feetn to cxprefs cur artillery, may be fairly interpreted of the old nginei and tlie Greek ie. For the Englifti cannon at Crecy, th authorily of John ViJIani (Chron. 1. xii. c. 65.), muft be weighed again ft the iilence oi Froiffard. Yet Muratpri (Antiquit. Italic niedii yEvi, torn, ii, DifTert. xxvi. p. 514, S J 5-) nas produced a decifive paiTage fioivi ?etrarcl (de Remedvis vitrinfque Fortune Dialog.), who, before the year 1344, execrates this terreftrial thunder, aufer rara, ax- coin- munis. 9^ The Turkifh cannon, which Ducas (. 30.) firft intixu^ir.--, before Belgrade (A. D. 1436), is mentioned by Chalcondyles (!. . . p. 113.) in 1411, at the .fege of Conftantinople. artillerv C 4 THE DECLINE AND FALL c II \ P. artillery was pointed againft the walls and towen L X V which had been creeled only to refift the lels potent engines of antiquity. By the Venetians, the ufe of gunpowder was communicated without reproach to the fultans of Egypt and Perfia, their allies aguinlt the Ottoman power ; the lecret was loon propagated to the extremities of Afia ; and the advantage of the European was confined to his eafy victories over the lavaorcs of the new world. * O If we contraft the rapid progrefs of this mifchievous difcovery with the ilow and laborious advances of reafon, fcience, and the arts of peace, a philofopher. according to his temper., wiii laugh or weep a: the follv of mankind. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. C H A P. LXVI. Applications of the TLaftern Emperors to the Popes.-* Vifits to the Weft, of John the Firft, Manuel, and John the Second, Pafeologus. Union of the Greek and Latin Churches, promoted ly the Council of Enfil, and concluded at Fcrrara and Florence.- State of Literature at Conjlantinople. Its Re~ "ji-'jal in Italy by the Greek Fugitives *> Curiofity and Emulation of the Latins. N the four laft centuries of the Greek emperors, CHAP their friendly or hoftile afpecl to wards, the pope LXVI. and the Latins, may be obferved as the thermo- meter of their profperity or diftrcfsj as the fcale of . . - . r - . ,-. , , n . TT -, younger the rile and rail of the Barbarian dynaities. W hen Androni- the Turks of the houfe of Seljuk pervaded Afia cus to , j * P f/ p e <' e - and threatened Confhmtinople, we have feen at nediftxT die council of Placentia, the fuppliant ambaffadors j,',^' of Alexius, imploring the protection of the com- mon father of the Chriftians. No fooner had the arms of the French pilgrims removed the fuitan from Nice to Iconium, tiian the Greek princes re- fumed, or avowed, their genuine hatred and con- tempt for the fchiiinatics of tiie Weil, which, pre- cipitated the firit dov/nfal of their empire. The date of the Mogul invafion is marked in the fofc and charitable language of John Vataces. After die recovery of Conftantinople, the throne of the VOL, XI f, \< firft 65 THE DECLINE AND FALT, c HA r. f-rfl: Palazologus was encompafTed by foreign anJ *_- r - L> dcmefiic enemies ; as long as the fword of Charles w;,s fufpended over his head, he bafely courted the favour of the Roman pontiff; and facrificed to the prefent danger, his faith, his virtue, and the affection of his fubjedb. On the deccafe of Michael, the prince and people aifrrtcd the inde- pendence of the church and the purity of their creed : the elder Andronicus neither feared nor loved the Latins ; in his lafl diftrefs, pride was the fafeguard of fuperftition, nor could he de- cently retract in his age the firm and orthodox de- clarations of his youth. His grandlbn, the younger Andronicus, was lefs a flavc in his temper and fituation ; and the conquefl of Bithynia by the Turks, admonifhed him to leek a temporal and fpiritual alliance with the weftern princes. After a feparation and filcnce of fifty years, a lecret agent, the monk Barlaam, was difpatched to pope Benedict the twelfth ; and his artful inilrudtions appear to have been drawn by the mafter-hand of The art-u- f ' ic g 1 cat t - o:r - < ^' c * " Moll holy father," was nier.ts for h c ccmmiuioned to fiv, " the emperor is not lefs a cniiadc , ' . . . ^:d union. '' ciciirous than yourlelr of an union between tac cc two ciuirches : but in this delicate tranfadion, Ci he ia obliged to refpecl his own dignity and c< tlic prciudiccs of his fubjecls. I'he ways of "I hi; CT.IOUS it-'t, ;: ^.')\: v.-.-.s t; arfci ihcd (I believe) fiom the Va- T;c.in a;>...:vL-s, by Oiic,:;cus K.iymldu:, in l;is continuation of the ; Haror.itis (Rc.!i:^ 1 , 1646 1^77, in x volumes in fdic). I ':: .-, .^; ;:i ted iryiti: \vi:h ihc abhe Flttny (IJ'it. Ecclefiaftique, to:r. . \x. ;:. i 8.), whole- abiuaifti i have always found to be cie.-r, and imj;- 1 ! '.ij!, ( - union OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 67 ' union are two-fold \ force, and perfuafion. Of " force, the inefficacy has been already tried j " fince the Latins have fubdued the empire, with- " out fubduing the minds, of the Greeks. The " method of perfuafion, though flow, is fure and " permanent. A deputation of thirty or forty of " our doctors would probably agree with thofe of " the Vatican, in the love of truth and the unity of " belief: but on their return, what would be the cc life, the recompenfe of fuch agreement : the " fcorn of their brethren, and the reproaches of a cc blind and obdinate nation. Yet that naiion is 11 union of rhe churches j nor can fiich a fynod " be held till the three Oriental patriarchs, and a " great number of bifhops, are enfranchifed from " the Mahometan yoke. i. The Greeks are " alienated by a long leries of opprefiion and in- " iury ' they mull be reconciled by iorne act of " brotherly love, fome efrcctual fuccour, which " may fortify the authority and arguments of the C( emperor, and the friends of the union. 3. If cc fome difference of faith or ceremonies mould " be found incurable, the Greeks however are " the difciples of Chrill ; and the Turks are the ' c common enemies of the Chriftian name. The " Armenians, Cyprians, and Rhodian?, are equally 5 a ]udicious " j^olicy may yet mOrticl ti.e pov. e;-;> of the Well ic to embrace an t;;- ful r;'v, to i:rhok! a finking t( empire, to guard the confines ot i. ; .urope ; and " lather to ]oir. liic Greeks againf? the T'.:rks, th.au " to exeh ti;e union of thi Turkiih arms with the t: of cative (rreece." OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 69 to call a new fynod to determine old articles of C H A P. JLXVT. faith : and his regard for the obfolete claims of \ Y LJ the Latin emperor and clergy, engaged him to life an offenfive fuperfcription : tc To the mode- " rator* of the Greeks, and the perfons who tC flyle themfelves the patriarchs of the Eaflern (i churches/' For llich an embafly, a time and character lefs propitious could not eaiily have been found. Benedict the twelfth 3 was a dull peafant, perplexed with fcruples, and immerfed in floth and wine : his pride might enrich with a third crown the p?pal tiara, but he was alike uniit for the regai and the pailorai ofrice. After the deceafe of Andronicus, while the Negoca- Grecks were di, traded by interline war, they cantacu. could not prefume to agitate a general union of z f ie witlt the Chiiitians. But as fooa as Cantactizcne had vi. fubdued and pardoned his enemies, he was anxious A ',P* 134.0. to juftify, or at leaft to extenuate, the introduc- tion of the Turks into Europe, and the nup- tials of his daughter with a Mufulman prince. : The ambiguity of t'his title is happy or ingenious ; and mcjcr^zr, r:s fvnonymous to reefer, gubematcr, is a word of claincal, and PVCD Li- ceror.ian, Latlniiy, which may be touiui, not in ilit GlofiVy of Pu- ca:ige, but in tlic i hefiuiri'.s of Robert i>ieph'.-its. 3 Tl'.e fiiil L-v>i!t!e (line titulo) of Pi.trarc'.i, expofcs the danger of the ba>k, aiul the iiintjii'.citv ot ihe piict. Ha.'c int-jr, vino niadidus, :>j'.'o gravis ;;: fopoiif^ro ruic pcrtui'us, j''"ij-.,;,; r>v,ti'-it, dormitnt, jam lomno pu^L't'jis, atqv.t- (utinuni iclns.) ruit .... litn quunto ftlitius putrio ter:?:Ti I'ulcnfiet c.ratro, <;'i;nn 1'calninm )>i!'c;\roi uin nict/iulifiet. This ('..tii'e in ;n^es his biographer to weigh the virtUfS and vices of iitntdift XII. vviiicli linve been exagreia.-ri by Gnelphs and ("Jhilu-- .' r.es, by Piipiits an>l Prutcitar.tR (tec Mur.oires J'.ir la Vie j l-.ciny lilt r'.cclci". toni. xx ]>. 126.), and the Vic dc P< iiaKjiir, (tc :n. n. |'.4' -15-}- ^ lllj -M^ l ' c ba^le treats him wj:h (fit moll uuiiii^ti.ce ; i>t.i is ib a r/^.titivui] as \\cil as 2 ]: ielt. 5 Her n'imp (molt pujh'ih!v roniipitd) w.i= Zimpe.i. Slie Ji.icl ac- com j) -iiiec 1 , Hr.il ,.!oi t i> iiiaii,t.,i wnn l.cr nu!iii;.^ ;;t Conitaritiiioplc, wi'.ric her ))i:i , r.r< , < iiniiticn, ::r,u j ./.r.tr.cis, ilvkr 1 . -J the piaii.s of the Gittki t!it.:.le;v.i (Ca;iU;uz-.;:. 1. i, c. 42.}' luted, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 7 t luted, by the vifits of his female favourites. The CHAP. LXVI wars of France and England were adverfe to the holy enterprife ; but his vanity was amufed by the fplenclid idea -, and the Greek ambaffadors returned with two Latin bifnops, the minifters of the pontiff. On their arrival at Conftantinople a the emperor and the nuncios admired each other's piety and eloquence : and their frequent confer- ences were filled with mutual praifes and pro- mifes, by which both parties were amufed, and neither could be deceived. " I am delighted,'" faid the devout Cantacuzene, " with the project iC of our holy war, which muft redound to my li perfonal glory, as well as to the public benefit cc of Chriftenuom, My dominions will give a if free pafTage to the armies of France : my troops, e my gallies, my treafures, mail be confecrated Cf to the common caufe , and happy would be C my fate, could I deferve and obtain the crown Cf of martyrdom. Words are inefficient to ex- Cf prefs the ardour with which I figh for the re- cc union of the fcattered members of Chrift. If cf my death could avail, I would gladly prefent cc my fword and my neck : if the fpi ritual phoenix < c could arife from my allies, I would erect the v/as the bed difpofcd to em- \vith inno- brace, to believe, and to obey, the fhcphcrd of th.e Cent \ 1. . i , , , T . , i i A. D " e ft- His mother, Anne of Savoy, was baptixed in the boibm of the Latin church: her nv.irri.ip^ v/itii Androiiicus impofed a cliange of nam?, of apparel, and c/f we rilv.p ; but her h'.v.rt v;as iiill fiithful to her country and religion ; flic h-ul formed t!;e infancy oi her ton ; ;;iid {he governed the emperor, af:er !;: ir.ind, or ri leaii his Ma- ture, was enlarged to ihe fi/ oi man. In the* tirli year of his del:vc;u;;c^ and reflorarion, the Turks were fti'i ni; of the Hellespont; the ion of Cantucu/:' .:; ' : OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. nor on his people. By his mother's advice, and in the hope of foreign aid, he abjured the rights both of the church and ftate ; and the act of flavery 7 , fubfcribed in purple ink, and fealed with the golden bull, was privately intruded to an Italian agent. The firft article of the treaty is an oath of fidelity and obedience to Innocent the fixth and his fuccefibrs, the fupreme pontiffs of the Roman and Catholic church. The emperor promiies to entertain with due reverence their legates and nuncios ; to affign a palace for their refidence and a temple for their worfhip ; and to deliver his iecond Ion Manuel as the hoftage of his faith. For thele condeicenfions, he requires a prompt fuccour of fifteen gallics, with five hun- dred men at arms, and a thoufand archers, to ferve again ft his Chriftian and Mufulman enemies. Pala^ologus engages to impofe on his clergy and people the fame fpiritual yoke ; but as the re- iiftance of the Greeks might be juftly forefecn, he adopts the two effectual methods of corruption and education. The legate was empowered to diftribute the vacant benefices among the ecclefi- aftics who fhoukl fubfcribe the creed of the Va- tican: three fchools were inftir.uted to inftrucT: the youth of Conftaminople in the language and doctrine of the I. rains - 3 and the name of Andro- nicus, the heir of the empire, was enrolled as the firft ftudcnt. Should he fail in the meafures of perfuafion or force, Palreologus declares himfejf "' See this ignominious treaty MI Flc'.iry (Hit. Ecclef. p. 151 354..), from Raynaldus, wlio diew it ii'oni the Vatican archives. It v.'-is not worili the trouble oi' a pious ..-\. -, tiic ,.:-.-;n.)!or;y rt /"...';.; (\latttoVir.ini, I. :.'. c. ; ,. i;. Mi:;-.:o:i, torn. >:v. ;i. 7.5/1. ), its t!,L' [.!,.. .:; w : ! /;- - :.';/, t!;c til!': i',a:iic of <.ur ad- '. . . \Va!i ! , "J:::.!', II ii'K Ar.i;iic;:n. i-itcr S'-iipror-. , C'anilv.iciii, p. i^^. x ,. Ai.\r t-,vo-;inii -i\v; i,:y \iv_i::; , . ', . i!, in i 3-.', , U C : c r 1 1 c;t tiic I II/M :;- '.incs, ::!!.! \vas !:.:"! w.'.ii iu ii i: ,!-. i:r if; '.'ic i-fj.;,h!ic li :s j.ci [ -.: i to ]': ; i 1 '-;-. '. (Mural ri, Ann tli il'Iiai; i, tui:i. x'.i, p . n 1 1 .- 1 . ) . '- . . .ill ^!>v !ii :!i \VL'il iV-.;r. ''.'.I i. i.i. (',.: i i T ,!c - :.i i I : . ;, v-rili; i o l;.i iL.li' 1 ' Tr .'.li: ::; i 1 ' I '. ' r , 1. i i'. - -, ~ f < . I i i >;.< ', '- } ': ".-iiirnev ' ' '-- r ; F 1 IT) '.ice, win :i i r!y u-mini i-v li.c i.i.urt ot t.ni . : - N.ir am I inutli iiif it inr. ,:i,'.-.l to lu '.ii.vc, t!;at luly, v_i :,.- Ltr.c ( .; ; .1.3 c: c, r,;cn:i.c L ban V. ;.. 6 : ... OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 77 but even his return was impeded by a mod ignominious obftacle. On his arrival at Venice, he had borrowed large lums at exorbitant ufury j but his coffers were empty, his creditors were impatient, and his perfon was detained as the belt iecurity for the payment. His ekleit ion Androni- cus, the regent of Conftantinople, was repeatedly urged to exhaufc every reiburce ; and, even by ilripping the churches, to extricate his father from captivity and difgrace. But the unnatural youth was infcnfible of the difgrace, and iecredy pleafed with the captivity of the emperor ; the ftate was poor, the clergy was obftinate; nor could fome religious fcruple be wanting to excuie the guilt of his indifference and delay. Such un- dutiful neglect was feverely reproved by the piety of his brother Manuel, who inftantly fold or mortgaged all that he poiTefied, embarked for Venice, relieved his father, and pledged his own freedom to be refponfible for the debt. On his ril return to Conftantinople, the parent and kino; 1 Con " , ihntino- diftineuimed his two fons with fuitable rewards j pic, AD but the faith and manners of the Qothful Palrsolo- i ]7>. ; gus had not been improved by his Roman pil- grimage ; and his apoflacy or converfion, devoid of any fpiritual or temporal efr'ech, was fpeedily forgotten by the Greeks and Latins '*. Thirty years after the return of Palasoiogus, his fon and fucceiTor, Manuel, from a fimilar motive, but on a larger fcale, again vifited the *4- flis return in 1370, and the coronation of Manuel, Sept. 25, I ;73 (Ducan'^e, Fain. Hyzant. p. 24.1.), leaves lome intermcJiale x';;t f; ^ f ' royal officers undertook the care A. D. of his perio n, lourne'.-, and expences i and two 1400, Jane 3 5 T - , , ,...._ , R . u T> : , - c . < * A 1 C 1 1 . u i L > t!~ i>vJ L .Li*-..L..4j i I* t . 35* J 1 " 1 * lG H'S journev into the \vci l of Kurope is llij:!it!y, and I believe reliu-'tantiv, nori;f-.i i>y Chalcondyics (1. ii. c. 4450.) ar.d Duca; (c. ,4.)-' 7 iVIiirn*.;:;, \r.r.-li dTfiiin, torn. xii. ]>. 40^. John Galeazzo wn=; tlio hrlt n::i! :--.,,;; pcv.'er'ul duku ol ^Jiicn. His connection witii Eaj:tzet is ?.tr:iU J by Fi-<.;iii'ird ; ami he conU'ibuttd to favs and deliver the Fn r,( j r : ;. ; ; -it N OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 7 thotifand of the richeft citizens, in arms and on C H A P. LXVI. horfeback, came forth to meet him as far as Charenton, in the neighbourhood of the capital. At the gates of Paris, he was fainted by the chancellor and the parliament; and Charles the fixth, attended by his princes and nobles, wel- .corned his brother with a cordial embrace. The fuccefior of Coniiantine was chthec! in a robe of white filk, and mounted on a milk-white freed; a circumftance, in the French ceremonial, of fingular importance : the white colour is con- Odered as the fym'ool of fovereignty; and, in a late vifit, the German emperor, after an haughty demand and a peevifh refufal, had been reduced to conttnt himielf with a black courfcr. Manuel was loJgecl in the Louvre; a fuccefilon of feafts and balls, the pleafiires of the banquet and the chace, were ingenioufly varied by the politenefs of the French, to difplay their magnificence and amufe his grief: he was indulged in the liberty of his chapel -, and the doctors of the Sorbonne were aftonimed, and pofiibly fcandalifed, by the language, the rites, and the veftments, of his Greek ckrov. But the flio;hteft glance on the *--> J ^-> c * (late of the kingdom, muft teach him to defpair of any tffe final affillance. The unfortunate Charles, though he enjoyed fome lucid intervals, continually relapfed into furious or ftupid in- fanity : the reins of government were alternately feized by his brother and uncle, the dukes of Oilcans and Burgundy, whole factious compe- tition prepared the rnifcries of civil war. The former was a gay youth, diilblved in luxury and love : So THE DECLINE AND FALL ^VxvV* ^ !jve: l ^ lc ^ attt ' r W:IS tne father of John count of ^---v Severs, who had fo lately been ranfomed from Turkiih captivity; and, if the fcarlcfs fon was ardent to revenge his defeat, the more prudent Burgundy was content with the coil and peril of the hiil experiment. Yv'hen Manuel had fatiated the curiofity, and perhaps fatigued the patience, of the French, he rcfolved on a vifit to the ad- luiui, 3 jacent iuand. In his prog re Is from Dover, he A .\ 1 *' was entertained at Canterbury with due reverence TVcem- by the prior and monks of St. Aullin; and, on Blackheath, king Henry the fourth, with the Knglilh court, fainted the Greek hero (I copy our old hiilorian), who, during many days, was lodged and treated in London as emperor of the Ivafl ly . But the Hate of England was flill more ndveifc to the defign of the holy war. In the Janie year, the hereditary fovcreign had been tiepofcd and murderedi , the reigning prince was a luccefsi'iil ullirper, whole an'ibition was puniihed by iea!oi;;y and remurle: nor could Henry of l.^.ncaftcT v.'ithdrav,' i::s peril n or forces from the defence of a throne incenantly il;aken by con- fp!!\;.y and rebellion, lie pitied, he prailed, he feailed, tiie emperor of Confhintinople ; but if l'"' 1 '' '' nionr.v I) ;;, j'.ncd the crc'fs, it was -[..:: : '.:-,', is rrt'vr.a.d by Dr. Hody n :i :,] ,. :: ' : i:!tr ;u 'jv, p. T.;..\ C. P. n ^.-t i .. ' . , iiiu vi , : jv t : !:! ! ;" i I > pp'j^noj'uin iniuit . htis co.irtntu>, pi .' i ! Inn i ; it i 1 : . > ' ,' . . H n, p. * ,j .,,1 , ; _i An;,'oi'iun Kigem ':;ai'e <'- i v,t, Jcc. P. \\ ,.!:. . !..]i;i, p. "''.;-.) no'ui.j n;j., rt j^-i ni'ill ; ilirs exlubu;t iM-.-.i.'V, [ : f'''iVtn , i.t t"iin icij'i ifjs i..nto t-'.ll'.;i > tior,:,'.. v ;s, ]{o l".'j:c.iti t\-J 1 -!'.f M: : i '.? T j , ' 1 N". ' ^ - only OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 2: only to aopeafe his people, and perhaps his con- c HAP. ' : , , ... LXVI. Icienccj by the merit or femblance or this pious intention 10 . Satisfied, however, with gifts and honours, Manuel returned to Paris; and, after Hisre a refidence of two years in the Weft, fhaped his f " v G ^ courfe through Germany and Italy, embarked at J-P-- \ /r enice, and patiently expected, in the Morea, the moment of his ruin or deliverance. Yet he had efcaped the ignominious neceility of offering his religion to public or private fale. The Latin. church was diffracted by the great fchifm : the kings, the nations, the univerfities, of Europe, were divided in their obedience between the popes of Rome and Avignon; and the emperor, anxious to conciliate the friend ill ip of both par- ties, abftained from any correfpondence with the indigent and unpopular rivals. His journey coincided with the year of the jubilee; but he palled through Italy without defiring, or deferving, the plenary indulgence which abolifhed the guilt or penance of the fins of the faithful. The Roman pope was offended by this neglect ; accufed him of irreverence to an image of Grind; and exhorted the princes of Italy to reject and abandon the obfli- nate fchifmatic 2I . During the period of the crufades, the Greeks p'' ee; - . k:io\v- beheld with aftonifliment and terror the perpetual ied, : -a io Shakefpeare begins and ends the piny of Henry IV. with that prince's vow cf a crufade, and his beliaf that he ihor.IJ die in Jerufalem. 21 Tiiis f:\cl is preferved in the Hiftoria Politira, A. D. 1-391 14.78, publiflied by Martin Crufius (Turco Gi:.lci1 lu't^n 11 has ntvt'r inttoducecl himlVlf ; and his editor Lumuavius, as wtii as Fabric'ms (liib'.iot. Gi.ec. torn. vi. p. 4.74. ), Ice;,.', i^nor..r.t oi liis lite and character, For his dtfcriptions ot (jtrmany, France, and England, Jec 1. 11, p. -,6. 37, 4.450. 3 ? 1 lli'li not animadvert on the geos;rapl)ical errors of Chalcon- dyles. In this ir.itancr, he perliaps follc explained (Hero'iMt de Laiclnr, tun;, ii. \>. -19, zi&.), ci \v!.u!t- i^noi.ir.cc may be cxculitd. Had tinic niodu.ii G;;i.k> i;tVLi" icad Suubo, 01 any ot thtir kiicr robufl OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 83 fob uft and healthy; and thefe cold regions are CHAP. LXVI feldom vifited with the calamities of peflilence, or . ___. .'_^ earthquakes. After the Scythians or Tartars, the Germans are the moil numerous of nations ; they are brave and patient, and were they united tinder a finale head, their force would be irre- O ' fiftible. By the gift of the pope, they have ac- quired the privilege of chining the Roman emperor 14 ; nor is any people more devoutly attached to the faith and obedience of the Latin patriarch. The greatcil part of the country is divided among the princes and prelates ; but Strafburghj Cologne, Hamburgh, and more than two hundred free cities, are governed by fage and equal laws, according to the will, and for the advantage, of the whole community. The ufe of duels, or fingle combats on foot, prevails among them in peace and war; their induilry excels in all the mechanic arts, and the Germans may boaft of the invention of gunpowder and cannon, which is now diffuled over the greateft part of the world. II. The kingdom of FRANCE is of France j fpread above fifteen or twenty days journey from Germany to Spain, and from the Alps to the Britifh Ocean; containing many flourishing cities, and among thefe Paris, the feat of the king, which furpafTes the reft in riches and luxury. Many princes and lords alternately wait in his ** A citizen of new Rome, while new Rome furvivecl, would have learned to dignify the Gunum i ; with the titles of ;!.-.3-.x.=u.;, or Av'.-o*.ara' Paj^ajoiv : but ail jiride w t< eximct in the boioin of Cluilcondy'.es; and he deicribes the By/.amine prince, and his iubjuct, by the proper, thoii!;!i humble names of ' L,J,,..c , and J!n?.Si;; 'tX? !);. G :: palace. f IIIL DLCL1NE AND FALL H A p. pabcf, and acknov; ledge him as their foverei^n , - T I c^ O "- r -^,'_f the moft pov.'eriul are the duhes of Bretagne ana Burgundy, of whom the Litter pofieifes the wealthy province of Inlanders, \vhofc harbours are frequented by the fnips and merchants of our own and the more remote leas. The French are an ancient arid opulent people : and their lan- guage and manners) though lomewhat di Re rent, nre not dilfimilar from thole of the Italians. Vain of the Imperial dignity of Charlemagne, of their victories over the Saracens, and of the exploits of their heroes, Oliver and Rowland * 5 ; they cileem themiclves the iirfl or the \veiiern nations : but this fooliili arrogance has been recently hum- bled by tlie unfortiKiate events of their \vars againfl: the Kngliih, the iri'r.'.biLints of the Britidi r: '3- iiiand. III. K;i iT,\r\', in t!ie ocean, and oppofite to the mores o[ Inlanders, may be con fide red nchcr as O'ie, or r.s t;,ree iilands ; but I'IL whole is united bv a common intereft, by the fame mr.nner.s, and !iy a fimiiar government. i'hc measure of it? circumference is live thouiand ;',:';..: the land is overi])iead v/itii tov/ns and xiiiagrs: th';u^h dvilitute of v>ir.r, and not ;u:'.v.:iv/.ir:g in fruit trees, it is fertile in wheat r.r.a buiv,-y ; in honev t -rid wool j and much cl-'Jtii ; rianiifi: .uvcd bv t'ie irhabicants. In populout- - ." ' (' , :'.' i'}i} r.;i! .rre; v.crc 'uiii.flitti-'! in thi- xlv :; i century . ;< . ...-;.',.. i i , ,1 hc.-r.mc t'.'.c fnvourite a;!-i:;i'inc;:t ci :::. l,;i -s :uul n the o,t;:t ot Cl,:i: !L', \' I. It i (ireek I).'. . (' ,i ir '.':.- ',-. i !\;n\'..r.u and Oll-.'ir, lie n-,:.y li'ieiy I :_ ' \ ' "! lh'j ; v C!:ronicles c: C i + i c^'. i i nefi OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. tie Is and power, in riches and luxurv, London" 6 , ' the metropolis of the* ifle, may claim n. pre-emi- nence over all the cities of the \Ytft. It is ntuatc on the Thames, a broad and rapid river, which at the diftance of thirty miles falls into the Gallic- Sea ; and the daily flo\v and ebb of the tide, affords a fafe entrance and departure to the veflels of commerce. The king is the head of a powerful and turbulent ariftocracy ; his principal vaffals hold their eftates by a free and unalterable tenure; and the Jaws define the limits of his authority and their obedience. The kingdom his been often afflicted by foreign conqueft and domeftic fedition ; but the natives are bold and hardy, renowned in arms and victorious in war. The form of their fhields or targets is derived from the Italians, that of their fvvords from the Greeks; the ule of the long bow is the peculiar and decifi re- ad vantage of the Englifh. Their language bears no affinity to the idioms of the continent, in the habits of dorneitic life, they are not cafily diflin- guifhed from their neighbours of France : but the moil fingular circumftance of their manners is their difregard of conjugal honour and of female chaflity. In their mutual vifics, as the fir Pi act cf hofpitality, the gueit is welcomed in the embraces of their wives and daughters : among friends they are lent and borrowed without fhame > nor are the iflanders o/Tendcd at this ftran.^e cc-iii- London npnenrs to have maintained this pre-eminence v;v :::iK.'ii^ tiii < Id I!:.:o -, -is it K :nt.:if led bv ("a-i.tr and Pioil (I. 1 : li C.'rili .1", 1. Ixii. tr.-ii. i:. p. 1007 ), witii Rtim:ir' judicious anm taiion. I !u- /.'rT-y ur e;t. .i...ire, l-> trnn:n at nr!*, is IH-CUIV.L- lei's vi..';'l. . ; ; , !:i j ;r.; ^:: ion :-.b we h.ive i'iudicd ilic ii;;u.i,tis of that ::'!( . rctis people. ' ' S'.e Ltr.t :.t, Ili.t. dii Ccrci!;? de Conftanre, ton 1 , ii. p. 57^ ; ru.d f:.r :hc f ' li I'aiticrd liiltory of the t.ii.es, t'i-- Annais cf Sj-ord:!!v , tbi !,it'i'..ii-,tquc of Du; in, ton;, xii. nnd xx! st acd xxi; : vo!i:n-,ti ol il.t I.':!to:y, or lather tl.e Continuation, ot Fleury. Turkifh OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 87 Turkifh power, as well as of the Latin church; c HA P, the conqucft of the flikans, Mahomet and <_ - T -.Q Amurath, reconciled the emperor to the Vatican; and the liege of Conftantinople rdmoft tempted him to acquidce in the double procedion of the Holy Gho,t. VVhen Martin the afth afcended without a rival the chair of S:. Peter, a friendly inttrcourfe of letters and embaffies was revived between the Had and Weft. Ambition on one Hisncgo. fide, and difcrcfs on the other, difhred the lame c ''^'^ decent Lmguage of chiritv and pence : the artful 14-17 ; tJ .1 Greek exnrciled a defire of marrying his fix fons to I c linn princefies ; and the Roman, not Ids arciui, difpatched the daughter of the marquis of Montferrat, \\iui a company of noble virgins, to forten by their charms die obftinacy of the fchifm- atics. Yet under this mafk of zeal, a difcern- ing eye will perceive that all was hollow and in- fincjre in the court and church of Conftantinople, According to the vicifiitudcs of danger and re- j o * pole, ti;e emperor advanced or retreated; alter- natciy ::; n :n:ded and difavowecl his minifters ; and c leaped from an importunate prcfTure by urging the duty of inquiry, the obligation of collecting the fenie of his patriarchs and bilhops, and die irnpofnbiiity of Convening them at a time v i the Turkifn arms were at the gates of O his capk-iL Krom a review of the public tranfac- tions it will appear, that the Greeks infiited on three fucccf-iVe rneafures, a fuccour, a council, and a final re-union, while ..i;e Latins eluded the fecond, and only proniifed the iirft, as a confe- q'lendal and voluntary rcv/j.rd of che third. But G A we THE DECLINE AND FALL we have an opportunity of unfoldin.fr the moll LXVI fccret intentions of Manuel as he explained them in a private converfation without artifice or dif- guife. In his declining age, the emperor had aflbciated John Palseologus, the fecond of the name, and the eldeil of his fons, on whom he devolved the greateft part of the authority and weight of government. One day, in the prefence only of the hiftorian Phranza 3I , his favourite chamberlain, he opened to his colleague and fucceiTor the true principle of his negociations with the pope 3a . rx;c. torn. vi. p. 615-610.}- " The OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. - c The Latins are proud ; the Greeks are ob- c !I f t]-.j H..XT:V.: inn, from iVi :o ft- a, was " j .r>o ; "' Ol : V^ ; ' r !: ' : ( -' r ' " '^ ' - r (l hn:.7.-t, 1. i. c. ;S.), h ;. :. /-., wiiich i.N .'.:i:^i.-.d H 1 .- d'Ai.v:', :/ a^ :;i!i in uic in Tuikt.-)'. ] . : :. ;umorily ujkohC'.l for tiie l>:c ulii: ui lilt I.tlunus. bte ir \v i L v.. niit.iiy, Cl'iii.i v:a> ;\ 'inc:,ii ; '.v,,,rh t:;c finj.cror par- : . y tV..:i ,'.r. ,;:': t-ii tic ccr.ci p'.ion of ihe v :., ih'j ftnl'c ol ii.. . i . . ] .'.:.. , 5.c . ; i'i : '.: "c ; , !. ;;, c. u. a whale OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 9* the Chriftian faith j and this momentous con- quell is carefully recorded in the hiilory of the times. But: he icon refumed the defign of uniting the Eaft and Weil; and re ga reliefs of his father's advice, liftened, as it mould feem wich finccrity, to the propofd of meeting the pope in a general council beyond the Adriatic. This dangerous project was encouraged by Martin the fifth, and coldly entertained by his iucceftor Kngenius, till, after a tedious negotiation, the emperor received a furnmons from a Latin aflembiy of a new charac- ter, the independent prelates of Bafil, who ftyled themfclves the representatives and judges ot the Catholic church. The Ronip.n pondfT had fousrht and conauered Con-on- , tion ot th in the caule of ecclciiaiucal freedom ; but me i /a .j n vicionouo clergy were loon expofed to the tyranny churclu of tlieir deliverer j and his iacrcd character was in vulnerable to tliofe arms which they found io keen and effectual ;^aind the civil ma^utrate. vJ ^J Their greDt charter, the right of election, was annihilated by appeals, evaded by trulls or com- mendams, di lap pointed by revcrfi>nary grants, and fuperfedecl by previous and arbitrary reierv- ations '*''. A public auction was inilituted in the court of Rome : the cardinals and favourites were en;ichcd with the ipoils of nations j and every country might complain that the rnoft important and valuable benefices were accumulated on the 3 In the tr-ati'"e de'.ie Mater! e Eencfi:iarie of Fr :-P,iolo (in the 5v n vo'umc of ilu: 1 t!l ami beft edition ot his w.;rks), the pajal lyitcm is deeply iivKiitru 1 i'.nd freely tlcfcribed. Sho'.iki Rome and her religion be nnnihilate.-t, tins guK'cn volume n;ay (till iurvive, a philolbphical hiftory, and a faiutu: y .vai'.iiiig. 92 THE DECLINL AND 1'ALL c HA P. heads of aliens and abfentees. During their re-* v_ '-j ' fidence at Avignon, the ambition of the popes fubfided in the meaner pafilons of avarice 37 and luxury: they rigoroufly impofed on the clergy the tributes of fird- fruits and tenths; but they freely tolerated the impunity of vice, dilbrder, c^.ifm, and corruption. Thcfe manifold fcandals were A F) iV: 7 aggravated by the great ichifm of the Weft, '^s- which continued above fifty years. In the furious conflicts of Rome and Avignon, the vices of the rivals were mutually cxpofed ; and their pre- carious lituation degraded their authority, re- o / * laxecl their difcipline, and multiplied their wants Councilor and exactions. To heal the wounds, and reftore !^' D> the monarchy, of the church, the fynods of Pifa 7 >~9; and Conilance 3 * were fucceffively convened; b - ;t thefe great afiemblies, conicious of their ftrength, refolved to vindicate the privileges of the Chriilian ariftocracy. From a perfonal lentence r-aainfc two pontiffs, whom they re]cc"ied, and a third, their acknowledged foverei^n, whom they depofed, the fathers of Conftance proceeded to examine the nature and limits of the Ro- man luprcmacy ; nor did they feparate till : ' Pc-c J:hn X.VH. rin i-.-^ left htltin-.l him, at Avignon, ' i^'r-: .:.! v!' : .ii ons or ',::. c. so. \-:> Mi.iii'.ori's Cuil^vtion, toni. x ; ii. (1.765.), whole :. :c 'jr,; f ; , : ii ;'.:t p:q:jl I|->.:illirt'rs. A trcafu.;; d ' .- o:.s it:':!i,.j ui t!:c xi. :h century is enormous, and they OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ^ they had eftablimed the authority, above the CHAP, J LXVI. pope, of a general- council. It v.ns enacted, that, (or the government and reformation of the church, fuc.li ailemblies fhould be held at regular intervals ; and that each fynod, before its diiib- lution, fhould appoint the time and place of the fubfequent meeting. By the influence of the court of Rome, the next convocation at Sienna \vas eafily eluded ; but the bold and vigorous proceedings of the council of Bafil 39 had almoft c r been fatal to the reigning pontiff, Eugenius the fourth. A jull fufpicion of his defign prompted i-, tlje fathers to hafben the promulgation of their firft decree, that the reprefentatives of the church- miiitant on earth were invcftcd with a divine and Ipiritual jurifdiction over all Chriftians, without excepting the pope ; and that a genera! council could not be diiiblved, prorogued, or transferred, unlels by their free deliberation ^nd ronient. On the notice tliat Eugenius had iul- minated a bull for that purpoie, they ventured fo P.immon, to aclmoniili, to threaten, to cenfiirc, th" contumacious ilicccfnr of many delays, to allo'w tim; finally declared, that, unicfs IK the term of lixty clays, lie was fufpended from die exercife of all >9 The origlnr.! r.ct; or :r:ir.\it'.s of the council of fisf:!, nrc prc.'c:vi in the public library, in twtlve volumes in fulio. ii: 1 .!;! '.v.is a in-t <:'.' conveniently fituate on the Rhine, ;:ml ^'i:-iii'.-d by th^ ?.i-iy. of t neighbouring and confetlerate bwiP;. In 5459, t'-.c i">ivf.i i-: v %v founded by poue i j ijs II. f/Ene^v; Sylvi'ts), wiio h:iJ been lecic! . vo the council. But \vh:;t is> a couricii, or ); jc.iy.'ri'ty, tu llvj p;('l if Frobeti and the [todies of F.ral'irui ' 94 THE DECLINE AND FALL C H A P. authority. And to mark their iurifdiction over LXVJ. . , the prince as well as the pried, they a (Turned the government of Avignon, ann':lK-d the alienation of the lac red patrimony, and protected Rome from the impofition of revv taxes, 'i'heir b^Mnefs wasjudiried, not only by the general opinion of the clergy, but by the fupport and po\ver of the fird monarchs of Chridendoin ; the emperor Si^if- inond declared himfelf the fervant and protector of the lynod ; Germany and 1-Yance adhered to their cauie ; the duke of Milan was the enemy ofEugenius; and he was driven from the Vatican by an infurrection of the Roman people. Re- jected at the fame time by his Temporal and ipiritual fubjects, fubmiffion was h ; o only choice : by a mod humiliating bull, the pope repealed his own acts, and ratified thoie at the council ; in- corporated his legates and cardinals with that venerable bod\ - ; and Jeer/'dd to refign himfelf to the decrees of the iupreme legifiaiure. Their fame pervaded the countries of the li.ad; and it was in their prefencc that Sigifmond received the umbafTadors or tiie Tiii!J n n full, n +0 , who laid at his feet twelve large vales, filled \\\il\ robes of gold. The fathers of Bafil i') the ' ry of red; (jrceks, as the Bohemians, \vith;n the pale of the ; and their deputies invited the emperor :h of Conikintin ;pdc to unite with an allembly ^vhich p.olii n'idence ( a];i:olcgus v,.is not aveile to -, ntttft- ! only hv Ci -.r.:/.:iis is r< Ir.te-i .i. L>. i.' t 33, ^" 25- the OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. the propofal ; and his ambafiadors were intro- c * p * duced with clue honours into the Catholic fcnate. But the choice of the place appeared to be an infupcrable obflacle, fmce he refufed to pals the Alps, or the fca of Siciiy, and pofmvely required that the fynod mould be adjourned to feme con- venient city in Italy, or at lea ft on the Danube. The other articles oi tins treaty were more reacliiy ilipLilated : it v/as agreed to defray the travelling expences of the emperor, with a train of ieven hundred perlbns 41 , to remit an immediate furn of eight thoufand ducats 4 '' tor the accommodation of the Greek clergy; and in his abience to grant, a fupply of ten tboufand ducats, with three hun- dred archers ar.d ibrne gallies, for the pro- tection of ConfLantincple. The city of Avignon J. O advanced the rl;nds for the preliminary expences ; In his diitrefs, the friendfhip cf PalcLobgus J^r. ?a- v/as difputed by the ecclenafacal powers of the embarks \Vffc; but the dextrous activity of a monarch '". t: .'!;, prevailed over the flow debates and inflexible giii^s, temper of a republic. The decrees of .Eahl con- ^1 tinually tenued to circumfcribe the defpotifui cf iNov ' -*' *' Syrojnil5, p. 19. In th'r, K;}, txrc>'d<.(l the rciii iniiPil>U'? ut '-lie cii-i: attended the enipcior and pa'iiarcli, 5'ur by il-.v: great ecclf.-!;:ii di. 'i !:c 7 1; c "o n )i'-.i > )ciatiou ot the po,;e (p. 9.^, %%\ri or \vanr. r" I ufe indifFereritly fie .-"'!-=, d-.i;<\ n lints, the forn.cr from t\*<-t! ...(.> or .Viii:* o: Fortnce. Th'Me 5^l Condolmieri, the pope's nephew and admiral, exprefsly dechreJ, l"n< oi', xt ei Jw?;9*3 xtfiizi cr. KCI\ y.5 r j.:'>yr,. The haval orders of the iynod were lefs peremptory, and, till the hoftile fquadrons appeared, Loth parties tried to co.'.ceal their quarrel from the Greeks. ^ Syropulus mentions the hopes of Palscolo^us (p. 36.)) and the Jaft advice of bigiimond (p. 57.]- At Corfu, theGieek tmperor was informed of his friend's death; had lie known it luoner, he would fcave returned home ',p. 79.). VOL. XII. H that 98 THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A p - that Conftantinople fliould be fecure and inviolate. in the abfence of her fovereign 47 . The refolu- tion of Palseologus was decided by the moft fplendid gifts and the moft fpecious promifes : he wifhed to efcape for a while from a fcene of dan- ger and diftrefs ; and after difmiffing with an am- biguous anfwcr the mefienf;ers of the council, he declared his intention of embarking in the Roman gallics. The age of the patriarch Jofeph was more fufceptible of fear than of hope -, he trembled at the perils of the fea, and exprefied his apprehenfion, that his feeble voice, with thirty perhaps of his orthodox brethren, would be opprcfTed in a foreign land by the power and numbers of a Latin fynod. He yielded to the royal mandate, to the flattering afliirance, that he would be heard as the oracle of nations, and to the fecret wifh of learning from his brother of the Weft, to deliver the church from the yoke of kings 4i . The five crofs- l>e\r t -e)'s or dignitaries of St. Sophia were bound to attend his perfon ; and one of thefe, the great ccclefiarch or preacher, Sylvefter Syropulus 49 , has compofecl -~ Phrnnzes liin.felf, though ficm different motives, was of the a.!- vice ot Amurath (!. ii. c. 13.). Ltinam ne fynodus ilia unqiiarn hiilTet, li tantas oftenfiones et deli imenta paritura erat. ThisTurki/h rir.baiTy is iiktwilc mentioned by Syropulus (p. 58.) ; and Amurath kept his worJ. He might linemen (p. 125. 219.)} but he never at- tacked :hj city. 4 s The leader \vi!l fmile at the fimplicity with wliich he imparted tilde hopes to hii favourites : T-jia.v;r, F'r.r.^if'.yiJ.v cyj.y-.^ r^.tti^t x.-ii ^'t?;i2; T72;a T-t .-, y-.> : u; (p. 91. ). Yet it would have been difficult for him to have jiraftiled the lellons of Gregory VII. W The Cluil'. ian n'inic of SylveAer is hoi i owed from the Latin -alt.ndir. In modern Greek, ca? ;> as a diminutive, i* adutd to the OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 99 compofed J0 a free and curious hiftory of the falje CHAP. union 5I . Of the clergy that reluctantly obeyed the fummons of the emperor and the patriarch, fubmiffion was the firft duty, and patience the moft ufeful virtue. In a chofen lift of twenty bifhops, we diicover the metropolitan titles of Heraclea and Cyzicus, Nice and Nicomedia, Ephefus and Tre- bizond, and the perfonal merit of Mark and BefTa- rion, who, in the confidence of their learning and eloquence, were promoted to the epifcopal rank. Some monks and philofophers were named to difplay the fcience and fanctity of the Greek church : and the fervice of the choir was per- formed by a felect band of fingers and muficians. The patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jeru- falem, appeared by their genuine or fictitious de- puties , the primate of Ruffia reprefented a na- tional church, and the Greeks might contend with the Latins in the extent of their fpiritual empire. The precious vafes of St. Sophia were expofed to the winds and waves, that the patriarch might officiate with becoming fplendour ; whatever gold the end of words : nor can any reafoning of Creyghton, the editor, excufe his changing into .Sg-vrcpulus (Sguros, fufcus) the Syropulus of his own manufcript, whole name is iubfcribed with his own hand in the ac~ls of the council of Florence. Why might not the author be of Syrian exti action ? J From the conclofion of the hiftory, I fnould fix the d;ite to the ytar 1444, four years after the fynod, when the great eccleliarch had abdicated his office (feclio xii. p. 330 350.). His pnfiions were tooled by time and retirement, and, although Syropulus is often partial, he is never intemperate. 5 ! fera biftoria Knicnis Mn vtrnt y-^ t:vt;ri days, this religious fquadron call A.D. anchor before Venice ; and their reception pro- ve**/, claimed the joy and magnificence of that power- ful republic. In the command of the world, the modeft Ai.'gulrus had never claimed fuch honours from his fubjecls as were paid to his feeble fucceffor by an independent (late. Seated on the poop, on a lofty throne, he received the vifit, or, in the Greek ilyle, the adoration, of the doge and k-naion, c4 . They failed in the Bucentaur> which * Syr->pii!'.ib (p. 3.) n;:iply cxpreiTes his intention : ? uru -.:.':.-: u., ,i Irtt'/.'-t; p.:!*: . .'.r./ir,' vzas ir.inui kofti^ci'io ; a nil the Latin o! (.', ,'Vjhtun may a fiord n fyccimen of his fioiid paiaphiafe. Ut jo.i:; i c ii-ci:m(l'.i6ius nolter Imperator Itaiioe populis aliquis dcauratus Jupiter crtdcretur, aut Cirefus ex opulcnta Lydia. ' Ahiuii.'?';, [ cani'.ot f.cp to quote Syroj-.ulus for every fafl, I will c!)l"j;-vc th.it tlie navigation of ihc f'n..CKS from Conltar.tinople to \ c:: ict- and Ferrnra i* coi)t;>ined in 'lie iv ;il I'.ction (p. 67 ico.), and that the hi!*oii.in luj tlif '.MICUIV.II.O:-. talent of placing each fcene efi ;<. the re;Her's ey.'. s* At the tiir.e or tre i'yno:i, Fhr.in/es was in Pcloponnefus ; o ;t he received from tht difpot Demetrius, a faithful account f>f the OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ioi which was accompanied by twelve ftately gallies : CHAP. the Tea was overfpread with innumerable gondolas ' of pomp and pleafure ; the air refounded with mufic and acclamations ; the mariners, and even the veiTels, were drefied in fillc and gold j and in all the emblems and pageants, the Roman eagles were blended with the lions of St. Mark. The triumphal procelTion, afcending the great canal, pafled under the bridge of the Riako : and the eaftern ftrangers gazed with admiration on the palaces, the churches, and the populoufnefs of a city, that feems to float on the bofom of the waves ". They fighed to behold the fpoils and trophies with which it had been decorated after the fack of Constantinople. After an hof- pitable entertainment of fifteen days, Palzologus purfued his journey by land and water from Venice to Ferrara; and on this occafion, the pride of the Vatican was tempered by policy to indulge the ancient dignity of the emperor of the Eaft. He made his entry on a black horfe ; but j nto a milk-white fteed, whofe trappings were em- ,.,,., , , i ,. Feb - broidered with golden eagies, was led before him ; and the canopy was borne over his head by the princes of Efte, the fons or kinfmen of Nicholas, marquis of the city, and a fqvereign -;he honourable reception of the emperor and patriarch both at Venice and Feinvra (Dux . . . . fedentem Impeiatorem adcrat), which arc raore (lightly mentioned by the Latins (1. ii. c. 14, 15,16.). SJ The aitomfhinent of a Greek prirtce and a French ambaflador (Memoires de Philippe de Comines, 1. vii. c. 18.) at the fight of Venice, abundantly prove, that in the xv" 1 century it was tlie firft and nioft fplendid of theChriftian cities. For the fpoils of Conltantinople at Venice, fee Syropulus (p. 87.). H 3 more THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, more powerful than himfelf 1 "''. Palstologus did LXV'I. not alight till he reached the bottom of the (lair- cafe : the pope advanced to the door of the apart- ment ; refufed his proffered genuflexion ; and, after a paternal embrace, conducted the emperor to a feat on his left-hand. Nor would the pa- triarch defcend from his galley, till a ceremony, almoft equal, had been ftipulated between the bifhops of Rome and Conftantinople. The latter was falutcd by his brother with a kiis of union and charity ; nor would any of the Greek ecclcllaftics fubmit to kiis the feet of the Weltern primate. On the opening of the lynod, the place of ho- nour in the centre was claimed by the temporal and ecckfiaftical chiefs ; and it was only by alleg- ing that his predecelTors had not uiTinred in perfon at Nice or Chalcedon, that Eugenius could evade the ancient precedents of Conftantihe and Mar- cian. After much debate, it was agreed that the right and left fides of the church fhould be oc- cupied by the two natbns : that the folitary chair of St. Peter fhould be railed the firil of the Latin line ; and that the throne of the Greek emperor, at the bead of his clergv, mould be equal and op- pofite to the fccond place, the vacant feat of the emperor of the Weil ? ~, But rf Nicholas til. of Ffu, rtigr.ed torry-M^'u vcsrs (A.D. 1^9-; 74.41). ;-.".d %vr>s lord ct rtnva, Moilena, Re; ::to, Prrrna, Rovi^o, and Cuiriiiinri.ic-. CL !.,j lite in Murato.i ( Amichita Ellenfe, torn. li. I* , I ^ , -1 C T . I J * ' I'iic Latin VU!::P.I v ' i p:'f.'- !:ed fo !ni:j;litir nt (lie ftr.inr' 1 drtfTtS ot the Gjceks, and cTpC'.iall 1 '..; '< ; tiieir ;;:i;mtnls, thtir flccvc, and their l;ta:;!--; i '/i w: K.I d itinr;iiifhcd ixc'_|t !/y '.he pur'-it c-^lcu.-, r.i.'J l,is (J^c'cr.i o tiain vi 1 .!: 3 jL-.vJ 0:1 the tc p (Hody (1; OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 103 oa. g A.D. H39 Jly . z6i.). the io 4 THE DECLINE AND FALL c HA P. the hufbandman IS . In the mean while, his unfortunate Greeks were expofed to all the miieries of exile and poverty; for the fupport of each ftranger, a monthly allowance was aiTigned of three or lour "old florins : and although the O C? entire fum did not amount to feven hundred florins, a long arrear was repeatedly incurred by the indigence cr policy of the Roman court' 9 . They fighed for a fpeedy deliverance, but their efcape was prevented by a triple chain : a paflpor; from their fuper;ors was required at the gates of Fcrrara ; the government of Venice had engaged to arreft and fend back the fugitives; and in- evitable punifhment awaited them at Conftanti- nople ; excommunication, fines, and a fentence, which did not refpect the facerdoul dignity, that they fho'jld be furipped naked and publicly whip- ped 60 . It was only by the alternative of liungc" or dispute that the Greeks could be perluaded ro < s For the emperor's hunting, fee Syiopulus (p. 14.3, 144. 191.}- The pope had lent him ttevf.n mifenible hackf ; bi;t ht bought i ftrc.'p^ ind Hsift horlc that came from Rxiilla. The nnnie of Janizariet may !'.;rp:ife; hut the namt, rather thsn tlie itiltitutirtn, had p^fTt.t fiom the Ottuman, to the Byzantine, coint ; ai,c! is often ultLl in the lall ape of the emp'r*. 5y The Gn.fks ohta'r.ed, with much difficulty, that inftcad of prc- viiioiis, moniy fnould be di(tiihu?etl, four florni; f.;r month to the per- f.n of honouiablc: rai.k, r.rtl ''.iec floiins to : 'ntir ftivants, with an ad'lnion of thirty mote to ihc L-;T. i^eror, twenty-five to the patiiarch, a;ui twi-i ty 10 tht prime or ^iipoi Dfii eriu.s. The payment of the: fi \\ mo( th riinoiui'ed to 691 fionr.s, i inni wiikli ..ill not nllow us to reckon s''ove ?oo Grcrks <'i tvijv corvht'on (Svrupulus, p. ic.i, 105.). f) the- zo ; " ' 6t',btr i4V ; > '''ret v. . an iiruar of four ir,r,r. hh j m .-.p'K 14.-';- "' fh'te , :-nd of fu'. ;n;d a half in Ji:!v, at tht :irnc oi tht un on (\>. i ;z. 11;,. ^71.). Svr(;u,iib ([. 141, 141. icj.. zzi.] ( ; -p!o J -fs the imprifonment of the Gr'.ckb, and t'-.e tyranny of tht tnij.cici u:.d ^at OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 105 open the firft conference ; and they yielded with CHAP. extreme reluctance to attend from Ferrara to Florence the rear of a flying fynod. This new tranflation was urged by inevitable necefllty : the city was vifited by the plague ; the fidelity of the marquis might be fufpected ; the mercenary troops of the duke of Milan were at the gates ; and as they occupied Romagna, it was not with- out difficulty and danger that the pope, the em- peror, and the bilhops, explored their way through the unfrequented paths of the Apen- nine 6l . Yet all thefe obftacles were furmounted by time and policy. The violence of the fathers of Bafil rather promoted than injured the caufe of Eugcnins : the nations of Europe abhorred the fchifm, and difbwned the election, of Felix the iifth, who was fucceffively a duke of Savoy, an hermit, and a pope ; and the great princes were gradually reclaimed by his competitor to a favour- able neutrality and a firm attachment. The le- gates, with fome refpectable members, deferted to the Roman army, which infcnfibly rofe in num- bers and reputation : the council of Bafil was reduced to thirty-nine bimops, and three hun- dred of the inferior clergy ** ; while the Latins of Florence 61 The wars of Italy are moft clearly reprefented in the xiii ctl vo. J.imc of the Annals of Muratori. The fchifmatic Greek, Syropului {p. 145. \ nppears to have exaggerated the fear and diforder of tl>*. pope in his retreat from Ferrara to Florence, which is proved by tl;t acts to have bten fomewhat more decent and deliberate. Ci Syropultis is pleaied to reckon feven hundred prelates in the touiicii of Balll. The error is manifelt, and perhaps voluntary. That io6 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. Florence could produce the fubfcriptions of the pope himfelf, eight cardinals, two patriarchs, eight archbifhops, fifty- two bifhops, and forty- five abbots, or chiefs of religious orders. Afcer the labour of nine months, and the debates of twenty-five felTions. they attained the advantage , * j ^j and glory of the re -union of the Greeks. Four principal queflions had been agitated between the two churches: i. The ule of unleavened bread in the communion of (Thrift's body. 2. The na- ture of purgatory. 3. The fupremacy of the pope. And, 4. The fingle or double procefnun of the Holy Ghoft. The caufe of either nation v.as managed by ten theological champions : the Latins were ftipported by the inexhauftible eloquence of cardinal Julian -, and Mark or l ; ])!u. Jus and Beflarion of Nice v>cre the bold and able leaders of the Greek forces. We may I'Lilow fome praife on the progrefs of human ivdfon, by obferving, that :hc rirft of thele queitions was n-^v treated as an immaterial rite, which might innocently vary with the fafhior; cr the age and country. With regard to the fccond, both parties were agreed in the belie 1 of an intermediate (fate of purgation for the venial lir.s of the faithful , and whether thcii l^Mils were purified by elemental fire was a di^ubt:- iiil point, wliicii in a. k\v years rr,;gl:t be con- veniently fettled on ti:^' {pot by tiie diiputants. The dc.irr.b of fupremacy appeared of a more That t.x!:'v.~. nr.t n",irhrr roi;' i r^r !>; r ;t;:| !i. ' 1 v a.'/ the ccrlefi;;fiics t :-v.i \ . 17^. 193. 195. 202. of Syroptsl 1 ,; -~~) . 'Plie fliame of the Latins wr.s aggravated by their producing an o";,- IVjS. of the fecond council ot Nice, \v:th flicqus in the Nicene cretJ ; 51 palinibie forgery ! (p. 173.) the icS THE DECLINE AND FALL c ii A P.. \j\ic gofpel, which lay on the altar, was filent ; the various texts of the fathers might be corrupted by frand or entangled by fophiftry ; and the Greeks were ignorant of the characters and writings of the Latin faints 84 . Of this at leaft we may be fure, that neither fide could be convinced by the argu- ments of their opponents. Prejudice may be en- lightened by reafon, and a fupcrficial glance may- be rectified by a clear and more perfect view of an object adapted to our faculties. But the bifhops and monks had been taught from their infancy to repeat a form of myfrerious words ; their national and perfonal honour depended on the repetition of the fame founds - s and their narrow minds were hardened and inflamed by the acrimony of a public difpute. While they were loft in a cloud of duft and darknefs, the pope and emperor were defirous of a . r r ' feeming union, which could alone accomphui the purpofcs of their interview ; and the obilinacy of public difpute was foftened by the arts of private and perfonal negociation. The patriarch Jofepli had funk under the weight of age and infirmities $ his dying voice breathed the coimfds of charity and concord, and his vacant benefice might tempt the hopes of the ambitious clergy. The ready and active obedience of the arclibifliops of Rufila and Nice, of Ifidore and Beflarion, was prompted and recompenfcd by their fpeedy promotion to the dignity of cardinals. Bdfarion, in the firft de- 'r.; t[L (fakl an eminent Grefk) '".-/ tic >v, iu plllnS, 3, 273. bates, ^"^x.-j-.^i THi T^i iHiif- ayv: , "r;t -. ': : -/:*: ;*(.> Tiva SyroplllnS, p. I S.e the perplexity of the Graks (p. 7.17, ai8. 151, 253, 273.)- OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 109 bates, had flood forth the mod ilrenuous and CHAP. LXVI. eloquent champion of the Greek church ; and if ihe apoftate, the baftard, was reprobated by his country 65 , he appears in ecclefiailical (lory a rare example of a patriot who was recommended to court-favour by loud oppofition and well-timed compliance. With the aid of his two ipiritual coadjutors, the emperor applied his arguments to the general fituation and perfonal characters of the bifhops, and each v/as fucceiTively moved by au- thority and example. Their revenues were in the hands of the Turks, their perfons in thole of the Latins : an epifcopal treaiure, three robes and forty ducats, was loon exhaufted SG : the hopes of their return full depended on the fbips of Venice and the alms of Rome -, and fuch was their in- digence, that their arrears, the payment of a debt, would be accepted as a favour, and might operate as s. bribe r ' 7 . The danger and relief of Conftan- r.mople might excufe fome prudent and pious dif- fimulatibn ; and it was infmuated, that the obfti- nate heretics who fhould refill the confent of the C: S See t'ne polite n'itercr > 'ion of ?lnrk and BcfTarion in Syropuhn (i'- ~S7-) vv ' 10 never difTetnhies the vices of his own party, and fairly praifes the virtues of the Latins. 65 For t're poverty c; the Giefk bifhops, fee a remarkable paffasje of Ducas (c. 31.)- One bad pciTefied, for Ms whole property, three olci clowns, &:c. By teaching one-nnd-twenty years in liis monaftery, LfiTr.rion liimfelf had colltrfled forty gold floiins; but of ihele, the arclibifliop had expended twenty-eight in his voyage from Pelopon. refu?, and the remainder at Conltantinople (Syropulus, p. 127.). c " Syropulus denies that the Gretks received any money before they had fubfcribed t!:e aft of union (p. 183.) : yet he relates fome fufpi- cious circumftancc-s ; and their bribery and torruption are pofiiively affirmed by the biilorian Ducas, Eaft no THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A p. a ft anc j \v e ft would be abandoned in a hoflilc LXVI. land to the revenge or juilice of the Roman pontiff* 1 . In the firll private affcmbly of the Greeks, the formulary of union was approved by twenty-four, and rejected by twelve, members : but the five crop-bearers of St. Sophia, who afpired to reprefent the patriarch, were difqualified by an- cient difcipline ; and their right of voting was transferred to an obfequious train of monks, gram- marians, and profane laymen. The will of the monarch produced a falfe and fervile unanimity, and no more than two patriots had courage to fpeak their own fentiments and tliofe of their country. Demetrius, the emperor's brother, re- tired to Venice, that he might not be witnrfs of the union ; and Mark of Kphcfus, miftaking per- haps his pride for his conference, difclaimed all communion with the Latin heretics, and avowed himlelf the champion and confeiTor of the ortho- dox creed es> . In the treaty between the two na- tions, feveral forms of confent were propofed, fuch a; might fatisfy the Latins, without dishonouring the Greeks : and they weighed the fcruples of v. ords and ivlhbier,. till the theological balance O trembled with a flight preponderance in favour of ihe Vatican. It \\.ts agreed ([ mini intreat the at- u:nrion of the rc.tder;, that the Holy Ghoft pro- <' "I "hi; Gi'Jfk; n<. - :* p;l;ou!l) f^prefs their own fe::rs of exile ni:d }ui p. !>.;! fi.ivtiy (iyi-)[vi . p. 196.) ; and they v/c;-c fbongly movej by '!'.' fmiv.-ior's ihveat-- ^p.r6o.1. '") I i.,i;i iOi;'ur ar.o:!,' : ;:oj>nlnr rir.d orthcxiox protefter ; a }-- i'oi:n:c iiciii,;!, \v':,u uiu'i.iy i.iy i]t;ift v" ti'ie fuot rlotii ot the cmpe- i :;'s ',l.:ore ; !vit v.h(/ ',a;k;.d molt furiou'iy wliiic the ;nft of linon v-:: c : !(':! , t ;, w;'.;,. : \r.,-; !,li r.crd !>y t!;,; I'uotliir.g or tlif iJiHifS of '-''f :.,... si'.i-:: '..:, ', ~ _ : ;;n>i. p. 265, r.66.}. 1 1 ceeus OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. In Creeds from the Father and the Son, as from one c H A p ' LXV I principle and one fubftance ; that he proceeds by > - t _s the Son, being of the fame nature and fubftance, and that he proceeds from the Father and the Son, by onejpiration and production. It is lefs difficult to underftand the articles of the preliminary treaty ; that the pope ihould defray all the expences of the Greeks in their return home -, that he mould an- nually maintain two gallics and three hundred fol- diers for the defence of Constantinople j that all the fhips which tranfported pilgrims to Jeruialem, fhonld be obliged to touch at that port; that as often as they were required, the pope fbould fur- nifh ten gallies fora year, or twenty for fix months ; and that he mould powerfully folicit the princes of Europe, ifthe emperor had occafion for land-forces. The fame year, and nlmolt the fame day, were Ev-en^s marked by the depofition of Eugenius at Balil ; JV; ; v; kd at and, at Florence, by his re-union of the Greeks A. D. and Latins. In the former fynod (\\hich he (lyled jj^^. indeed an aiTembly of demons), the pope was branded with the guilt of (imony. perjury, tyranny, herefy, and fchilln 70 -, and declared to be incor- rigible in !m vices, in. worthy of any title, and in-- capable of holding any ecclefiafiic-al office. In the Re urfon latter he was revered as the true and holy vicar " f ''^ Greeks at of Chrift, who, after a feparation of fix liundred Fioieur*-, years, had reconciled the Catholics of the Eaft ; 4 ' 3 ^" July 6. ~^ Fi'om the original Lives rf tl:e Popes, in Mnratori's Cc!lc6llcn (torri. iii. P, ii. ton), xxv.}, '!'c wiiHieis ot EugeniublV. apix-ar :o have l)?en decent, and even tx-.-irsplajy. ii-f 1'iiuation, cx' t iolcd to the wj:!'J 3VK ( . '.o his i-re.'-f.ies, w:s a j-':ltfir;t, ar.-J is a pledge. and n* THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, and Weft, In one fold, and under one fhepherd. The act of union was fubfcribed by the pope, the emperor, and the principal members of both churches ; even by thofc who, like Syropulus ", had been deprived of the right of voting. Two copies might have iufficed for the Eaft and Weft ; but Eugenius was not fatisfied, unlefs four au- thentic and fimiiar tranfcripts were figned and at- tefted as the monuments of his victory T *. On a memorable day, the fixth of July, the fucceflbrs of St. Peter and Conftantine afcended their thrones ; the two nations afiembled in the cathedral of Flo- rence ; their reprcfentatives, cardinal Julian and BefTarion archbifhop of Nice, appeared in the pulpit, and, after reading in their refpeflive tongues the act of union, they mutually embraced in the name and the prefence of their applauding brethren. The pope and his minifters then of- ficiated according to the Roman liturgy ; the creed was chaunted with the addition Q{ jilioque \ the acquiefcence of the Greeks was poorly excufed by their ignorance of the harmonious, but inarti- 7' Syrcpt;lu, rather thr.n fubfc..be, would have a/lifted, as the leaft evil, ;.; the ceiemony of the union. He was compelled to do both ; .Mul the great ecciefiarch poorly excufes his fubmihioii to the emperor (p. 290291.). 7* None cf thefe original acls of union can at prefent be produced. Of th= ten MSS. that ;ne preserved (f.ve at Roire, and the remainder at Florence, Bologna, Veiace, Paris, and London), nine have been exan-.ined by an accurate critic (M. dt- Brecjuigny), who condemns them for the variety and iniperfcflions of the Greek fignatures. Yet ^evera! of thcfc in^y be tfteerr.td as authentic copies, which were fub- fcribed at Florence before (z6 tfl of Augu'r. 1439) '' lt; fi na ' fepaiatiott of the pope arc! emptrcr (Memoires dc 1'Acudemie dts Infcripticns, fn>. xliii. p. a- 7 in.)- culate, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 113 c'ulate, founds " ; and the more fcrupulous Latins c H A- p - LXVI. refufed any public celebration of the Byzantine - t j rite. Yet the emperor and his clergy were not totally unmindful of national honour. The treaty was ratified by their confent : it was tacitly agreed that no innovation mould be attempted in their creed or ceremonies ; they fpared, and fecretly refpected, the generous firmnefs of Mark of Ephe- ius ; and, on the deceafe of the patriarch, they re- fufed to elecl his fucceiTor, except in the cathedral of St. Sophia. In the diftribution of public and private rewards, the liberal pontiff exceeded their hopes and his promifes : the Greeks, with lefs Their re- pomp and pride, returned by the fame road of o^itum-- Ferrara and Venice ; and their reception at Con- IiC) '( c> D flantinople was fuch as will be defcribed in the 1*40, following chapter 74 . The fuccefs of the firfl trial ] encouraged Eugenius to repeat the fame edifying fcenesj and the deputies of the Armenians, the Maronites, the Jacobites of Syria and Egypt, the Neflorians and the ./Ethiopians, were fuccellively introduced, to kifs the feet of the Roman pontiff, and to announce the obedience and the orthodoxy oftheEaft. Thefe Oriental embalTres, unknown in the countries which they prefumed to repre- fent 7ir , diifufed over the Weft the fame of Euge- ' 5 'llpni & u; ajr.pun I&XHII Quvcti (Syropul. p. 297.) 74 In their return, the Greeks converted at Bologna with tlie amhaffidors of England ; and after fome qneftions and anfwers, thefe impartial ftrangers laughed at the pretended union of Floienc* (Syropul.p. 307.). 75 So nugitory, or rather fo fabulou?, are thefe reunions of the Neftorians, Jacobites, &c. that I have turned over, without fuccefs, the lii;>liotheca Orientali* of Affemaniius, a faithful flave of the Vatican. VOL. XII. J nius: THE DECLINE AND FALL Final peace of the church, A- D. 7449. S'atc of the Gr-.-t-k language at Con- fHr tir.o- nius : and a clamour was artfully propagated ao-ainft the remnant of a fchifm in Switzerland o and Savoy, which alone impeded the harmony of the Chriftian world. The vigour of oppofition was fucceeded by the laiTitude of defpair : the council of Bafil was filently diflblved ; and Fculix, renouncing the tiara, again withdrew to the de- vout or delicious hermitage ofRipaille 7 ". A gene- ral peace was lecured by mutual a6ls of oblivion and indemnity : all ideas of reformation fubfided ; the popes continued to exercife and abufe their ecclefiaftical defpotiiin ; nor has Rome been fince diilurbed by the mifchiefb of a contested elec- tion 77 . The jouniies of three emperors were unavailing for their temporal, or perhaps their fpiritual, falva- tion ; but they were productive of a beneficial con- fequence ; the revival of the Greek learning in Italy, from whence it was propagated to the lad nations of the Weft and North. In their lowell lervitude and deprefllon, the iubjedts of the Byzan- 7 fi Rijuillc H fitmtc near Thonon in Savoy, on the fouthern fide of he lake of Geneva. It is now a Cirthufian abbey 5 and Mr. Addifon / I'ravt'.s into luiiy, vol. ii. j>. 14.7, 148. of B.iikervi lie's edition of * -voi'^s) bas ccic!)i atci! '.'it place and the founder. ./Eneas Sylvius, ,:K. rue fathers of Ha il, apj>l:iud the nulteie life of the ducal hermit ; rnit Uie French and Italian juovtibs rnoll unluckily attelt the popular Cj 1 :: ion of his luxui ;. . 7" In this account of tlic touiicils of Bafil, Fi-rnra, and Flo- rence, I have CuiU'ultcd the oiiginal ncls, which fill the xvii lh and *viii th tomes of tlie editing of Venice, and are doled by the pcr- Ijiicuous, though jmtril, hiilory of Auguflin Patiicius, an Italian of the xv :;< centu: y. 'I t.ey a;e di^.itfd and abridged by Dnpin (Fi'.bii'/lci'j'.ie i''..".!ci. tu;n. \ii. ), ai.d the cor.tinuator of Fltuiy (toin. xxn.) ; u;:-l t!ie i< fpcct of the Oallican church for the adveite parties confir.ss tiicij i;;.:i-ueri ;o an awkward moderation, tine OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. it; tine throne were ftill pofJeffed o r a golden key that could unlock the treafures of antiquity ; of a mu- fical and prolific language, that gives a foul to the objects of fenfe, and a body to the abftractions of philofophy. Since the barriers of the monarchy, and even of the capita], had been trampled under foot, the various Barbarians had doubtlefs cor- rupted the form and fubftance of the national dialect ; and ample glolTaries have been compofed, to interpret a multitude of words of Arabic, Turkifh, Sclavonian, Latin, or French origin 78 . But a purer idiom was fpoken in the court and taught in the college ; and the flourifhing ftate of the language is defcribed, and perhaps embellifhed, by a learned Italian 7S> , who, by a long refidence and noble marriage 8a , was naturalized at Con- fbntinople about thirty years before the Turkifh conqueft. " The vulgar fpeech," lays Philel- 7 3 In the firft attempt, Meurfins colle&ed 3600 Grasco-barbarous words, to which, in a fecond edition, he fubjoined 1800 more; yet what plenteous gleanings did he leave to Portius, Ducange, FabrottF, the Bollandifts, &c. (Fabric. Bibliot. Gnec. torn. x. p. 101, c.) feme Perfic words may be found in Xenophon, and fome Latin ones in Plutarch; and fuch is the inevitable effect of war and commerce: hut the form and fubitance of the language were not affected by this flight alloy. 79 The life of Francis Philephus, a fophift, proud, reftlefs, and rapacious, has been diligently compwfed by Lancelot (Memoires de 1' Academic des Jnfcriptions, torn. x. p. 691 751.) and Tira- bofchi (Iftoria deila Letteiatura Itaiiana, torn. vii. p. 282 194-.)' for the molt part from his own letters. His elaborate writings, and thofc of his contemporaries, are forgotten : but their familiar epiftles ftill defcribe the men and the times. ic> He married, a/id had perhaps debauched, the daughter of John, and the graivl-d.iughter of Manuel Cluyibloras. She was young, beautiful, and wealthy; and her nobie family was allied to the Dorias of Genoa and the emperors of Coiiftaiitincple, I 2 phU3 ? n6 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. phus !l , "has been depraved by the people, and " infected by tl.e multitude of ftrangers and mer- n : : . . . . ita loquuntur . !,ic i:ii;n tji . :tir-: ;. .tojiliar.cs cor..!ciiS, aut Euri- . v ii : ^; .o.^.'.'.piii ut pliilolbphi . . . " it: a : n : i: n . ct ti'/ctins ct trr.cn!. itius .... Nam i ', v;n:t:ttem atqii'-- c!rj::i!-.t;am retire- ; . . s r,. .'.'.-! i :. j i. . : ni< Livn r.ullum efTet J '-.'11 : i , . ::'., I'KTtJS ;.'e 3C puius ^j; ' cumin i Mi, < : (i lii .jiii. Epilt. ad ann, i . ; t , - ! . ; : ' . -.'. |>. i -: '. i : / .. ; . lie ch'.tivc 5 in another pafTigj, : of v. n <.M t\vil\i. is prior f r ':ii "- 1300. '1 hey \VLIC ciov\\lccl iii j>iuj>or;i >n to tlu-n irarcity. L. !.;,". Ci-'.'.'.Liii'.cd iCjCOG ftiulents, chit-fly of the ci\il law. In . J-c- ' c :-,'I:II!KT nt Oxi'or.l !nd decrealeH from 30,000 re fioco .-.lie ;;: (ilcni)'s iii!tt>. y of Great Kiitain, vol. iv. p. 478.). V. 1 . cvei t'-.it i'tc'..'1't is much fuperior to the ^relent liii oi tlie menu li'-.'.'.- A '' '. l.::ir'.: :":ty. bition OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 'bition of Petrarch and his friends to pofiefs and underhand. The arms of the Turks undoubtedly p re (Ted the flight of the mufes; yet we may tremble at the thought, that Greece might have been over- whelmed, with her fchools and libraries, before Europe had emerged from the deluge of barbarifm; that the feeds of fcience might have been fcattered by the winds, before the Italian foil was prepared for their cultivation. The moft learned Italians of the fifteenth cen- Revival of tury have confefied and applauded the refloration j e a rn i'," of Greek literature, after a long oblivion of many in Ital l v hundred years **. Yet in that country, and be- yond the Alps, fome names are quoted ; ibme profound fcholars, who in the darker ages were honourably diftinguimed by their knowledge of the Greek tongue ; and national vanity has been loud in the praife of fuch rare examples of erudition. Without fcrutinizing the merit of individuals, truth muft obferve that their fcience is without a caufe, and without an effect ; that it was e*fy for them to fatisfy themfclves and their more ignorant contemporaries; and that the idiom, which they had fo marvelloufly acquired, was tranfcribed in few manufcripts, and was not taught in any univerfity of the Weft. In a corner *"5 Of thofe writers who profefledly treat of the reftoration ef the Greek learning in Italy, the two principal are Hodius, Dr. Humphrey Hody (de Grzcis Illuftnbus, Linguse Grascae Lite- rarumque humaniorum Inltauratoribus ; Londini, 1742, in large oftavo), and Tirahofclu (Hioria della Letteratura Italiana, torn. v. p. 364 377. torn, vii p. 112 '43-)' The Oxford proferTor is a laborious fcholar, hut the librarian of Modena enjoys the fuperiority fci a modern and national hiltorian. I 4 of 120 THE DECLINE AND FALL C H A P. O f Italy, it faintly exifted as the popular, or at J^l!l kail as the eccltfiaftical, dialedt 8 *. The firft imprefTion of the Doric and Ionic colonies has never been completely crazed: the Calabrian churches were lone; attached to the throne of <^-j Conftantinople ; and the monks of St. Bafil pur- fued their (Indies in mount Athos and the fchools of the Eafh Calabria was the native country of Barlaam, who has already appeared as a feclary Leflbns of and an ambafiador ; and Barlaam was the firll Balaam, ^ Q rcv \ VCi ] ) beyond the Alps, the memory, 1339- or at leaft the writings, of Homer". He is defcribed, by Petrarch and Boccace 88 , as a man of a diminutive Mature, though truly great in the rneafure of learning and genius ; of: a piercing difcernment, though of a flow and painful elo- cution. For n any ages (as they affirm) Greece had not produced his equal in the knowledge of hiftory, grammar, and philofophy ; and his merit was celebrated in the atteilations of the princes and doctors of Conilantinople. One of thefe atteilations is Hill extant , and the emperor Can- tacuzene, the protedtor of his adverfaries, is forced to allow that Euclid, Aiiltotle, and Plato, S6 In Calabria q'irc oliin ma^nn Grrccia clicehatur, coloniis Grxcia rcpieta, rtinaniit lefs liappy than the age of Chirk nvi'jjne. ** Sre t), rliru.uTir of Bailaain, in Boccace de Genealog. Jjeoiun.j 1, xv. c, 6. were OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 121 v r ere familiar to that profound and ilibtle lo- gician ' 9 . In the court of Avignon, he formed an intimate connexion with Petrarch 90 , the lirf'c of the Latin fcholars ; and the defire of mutual inftru61ion was the principle of their litemry commerce. The Tufcan applied himfelf with eager curiofity and afiiduous diligence to the ftudy of the Greek language; and in a laborious flruggle with the drynefs and difficulty of the fir It rudiments, he began to reach the fcnfe, and to feel the fpirit, of poets and philofophers, whofe minds were congenial to his own. But he was foon deprived of the fociety and leflfons of this ufeful afiiftant : Barlaam relinquifhed his fruitlefs embafiy ; and, on his return to Greece, he rafhly provoked the fwarms of fanatic monks, by at- tempting to fubi.litute the light of reafon to that of their navel. After a feparation of three years, the two friends again met in the court of Naples ; but the generous pupil renounced the faired occafion of improvement ; and by his recom- mendation Barlaam was finally fettled in a fmall bifhopric of his native Calabria 91 . 1 he nnnifold avocations of Petrarch, love and friendship, his S 9 C.intacuzcn. 1. ii. c. 36. 9 For the connection of Petrarch and Barham, and the two interviews at Avignon in 1339, a "^ at N tples in 1341, tee the excellent Memoirts fur la Vie de PetraKjue, tout. i. p. 4.06 410. torn. ii. p. - c 77. 9 T The biihopric to which Barlaam retired, wr.s the rid Lorn", in the middle nyes S cta Cynaca, and by conuption Ilieiuciu'n, Gcrace (Difil-it. Chorograpbica Italias niedii ^vi, p. 311.). i he ilives opuni of the Norman times loon lapfed into poverty, fiucc tvtn the church was poor: yet the town itill contains 3000 inhabitants (Swinburne, p. 340.). various 122 THE DECLINE AND FALL C L\VI ? ' var ' lolls correipondencc and frequent journies,. the Roman laurel, and his elaborate compofitions in profe and verfe, in Latin and Italian, diverted him from a foreign idiom ; and as he advanced in life, the attainment of the Greek language was the object of his vvimes, rather than of his hopes. When he was about fifty years of age, a Bvzantine ambaflador, his friend, and a mailer of both tongues, prefented him with a copy of Homer; and the anfwcr of Petrarch is at once expreffive of his eloquence, gratitude, and regret. After celebrating the generofity of the donor, and the value of a gift more precious in his eftima- tion than gold or rubies, he thus proceeds : 44 Your preicnr of the genuine and original text " of the divine poet, the fountain of all invention, " is worthy of yourfelf and of me : you have " fulfilled your promise, and fatisned my defires. " Yet your liberality is dill imperfect : with " Homer you fhould have given me yourlelf ; a 11 guide, who could lead me into the fields of *' light, and difclofe to my wondering eyes the *' fpecious miracles of the Iliad and Odyfiey. " But, alas 1 Homer is dumb, or I am deaf; nor "is it in my power to tmoy the beauty which I friend Boccace s3 , the father of the Tuilan profe. J3 6o, &c.. That popular writer, who derives his reputa- tion from the Decameron, an hundred novels of pleafantry and love, may afpire to the more fe- rious praife of restoring in Italy the ftudy of the Greek language. In the year one thoufand three hundred and fixty, a difciple of Barlaam, whofe name was Leo, or Leontius Pilatus, was detained in his way to Avignon by the advice and hof- pitality of Boccace, who lodged the ilranger in 9 1 I will tranfciibe a paflage from this epiftle of Petrarch (Fa- mil, ix. 2.) Dcr.afti Honierum non in alienum fermonem violento alveo derivatum, ftd ex ipfis Grseci eloquii fcatebris, et qualis divino iiii profivixit ingemo .... Sine tua voce Homerus tuus apud ma mutus, immo vcio ego apud i!ium furdus fum. Gaudeo tamen vel adlpeftu fulo, ac fepe ilium amplexus atque fufpirans dico, O inagne vir, &c. 93 For the life and writings of Boccace, who was born in 131^ and died in 137S> Fubricitis (Bibiiot. Latin, medii ^Evi, torn. i. j>. 14?, &c.) and Tirabofchi (torn. v. p. 83. 439 451.) 'nay be consulted. The editions, verfions, intitations of his novels, aie innumerable. Yet he was afhamed to communicate that tiirling, and peihaps fcandaloas, w -ik to Petrarch rrs refpeilable friend, in whole Zetters and memo'.; s he confpicuouily appears, his 124. THE DECLINE AN9 FALL c IT A P. his houfe, prevaik-d on the republic of Florence ^ lf ^ y ^J to allow him an annual ftipend, and devoted his kifure to the firft Greek profefibr, who taught that langmge in the \VYltern countries of Europe. l.roPi- X!:e appearance of Leo mi^ht diUnut the moll 1 f , ft -A 1 Gieek eager diic'iple ; he was cloathed in the mantle of v '\ fr>r a philofopher, or a mendicant; his countenance at r .a- * ) c, ai.J \v t ;s hideous ; his face was overfhadovyed with v,,' ; blick hair; his beard long and uncombed; his cci.crrn^tnt rullic; his temper gloomy and in- ijtj. conllant ; nor could he grace his difcourlc with the ornaments, or even the perfpicuity, of Latin flQcu:ion. Bi;t his mind was ft o red with a trea- fure of Greek learning : hiftory and fable, philo- fophy and gramm.ir, were alike at his command; and he read the poems of Homer in the fchools of Florence. It was from his explanation that Boc- race compofed and tranfcribed a literal prole ver- fion of the Iliad and OdyfTey, which fatisfied the thirft of his friend Petrarch, and which per- haps, in the fucceeding century, \vas clandestinely ufed by Laurentius Valla, the Latin interpreter. It was from his narratives that the fame Boccace collected the materials for his treatife on the genealogy of the heathen gods, a work, in that age, of Stupendous erudition, and which he oftentatioufly fprinkled with Greek characters and paHa^es, to excite the wonder and applaule cf ins nv;re ignorant readers'*. The rirft Heps ?* Ko-dcc i. c!n1,,es nn hontil vanity: Often!. itlonis causi G;xca niriniKi ;,(1fciij,!i .... jui ( - utor u,to ; in turn ell hoc iltcus mca jri'-ii'i fcilicet ii.ti'i- Etiuf-o', Giac.i u:i CTnninihi:?. Nome tgu tui fjiii I.'onfii.ni P.' :,r, ^c. !!. G^i C2loj; ; ;i Dt^rxim, I. xv. c. 7. a w :k w'-.'h. -.l-.cv.r'. r.ow i-jr^';'.tcn, has run through tliirteen or fcur- OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: 125 of" learning are flow and laborious; no more tlian c HAP. i x v i . ten votaries of Homer could be enumerated in all Italy ; and neither Rome, nor Venice, nor Naples, could add a Tingle name to this ftudious catalogue, But their numbers would have multiplied, their progrefs would have been accelerated, if the in- conttant Leo, ac the end of farce years, had nor: relinquished an honourable and beneficial Ration, In his pafiage, Petrarch entertained him at .Pa- dua a fhort time -, he enjoyed the fcholar, but was juftly offended with the gloomy and unfocial temper of the man. Difcontented with the world and with himfelf, Leo depreciated his prefent en- joyments, while abfent perfons and objects were dear to his imagination. In Italy he was a TherTa- ^j Han, in Greece a native of Calabria ; in the com- pany of the Latins he difdained their language, religion, and manner; no fooncr was he landed at Conftantinople, than he again fjgbed for the wealth of Venice and the elegance of Florence. His Italian friends were deaf to his importunity; he depended on their curiofity and indulgence, and embarked on a itcond voyage ; but on his entrance into the Adriatic, the i-hip was aiTailed by a temped, and the unfortunate teacher, who like Ulyfles had fattened himfelf to the matt, was flruck dead by a fiafh of lightning. The humine Petrarch dropt a tear on his diiatter; but he w:,.s moil anxious to learn whether fome copy of Euri- pides or Sophocles might not be laved from the hands of the mariners . But 9? Leontius, ov Leo Pihtu:, is fnfHcicntly mace kno-.vn by Hy.lj- (p, z 17^, and the Abbe de Saue ''Vie who Ins very !;-ipp!y caught the livd;, . i : . .'..;... :ni' . ..I ,.,, ()r^;ml. '' Di. lu.'.iy (p. 54.) is <':\L,iy wiih Lromr.i Arc\n, r,mrinii < : > P;ci us Juvius, :- ".^ '>: .-r-s , 35 it, ('iys !,., 'i;.y In,! fijuiiilud till ;'.c end it tiu vi;' 1 ' 1 tcntuiy. Thcle \viitcrb molt piolvJ-.ly x i-'l iioin il.c \A\i P_:UK) o}' the L/:-;chatc; and the {nd'cnce ot ::. Clie^k s an v - n ' VVcrc <' ;: " ; "-- l; - :".)rtune, and en- i?:a. dowe.i Wii!i learni; , or r.t ieai: with lai^ui.^e. * '- - O O C :- ; . '.. ., X t/...ll I'm.t, G'.Kirino PM- >;y.u(j.t, ;ic jiitiii'i'ic n'iis tdi.qna:n '...i, qL.'^ur.i ciir.:.-t;oni.' i~i;I:ri in- .; .-'.'. ii;;i: (Piit.irj in Bonn icio IX.) hi . . PMI!UJ Pi-tMii \"(.r:.<.! ius, ^ii:-, TiaiiMfcus H^rb:in..:, ic. Bat ' ; " r L wni.il'i allow Chrj'fvloras a.'V tliefe ;-,JA;C.}, 14 From OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 129 From the terror or opprefTion of the Turkifh arms, c ** A p * the natives of Theflalonica and Constantinople ' efcaped to aland of freedom, curiofity, and wealth. The fynod introduced into Florence the lights of the Greek church and the oracles of the Platonic philofophy : and the fugitives who adhered to the union, had the double merit of renouncing their country, not only for the Chriftian, but for the Catholic, caufe. A patriot, who facrifices his party and confcience to the allurements of fa- vour, may be pofleired however of the private and focial virtues : he no longer hears the reproachful epithets of Have and apoitate j and the confidera- tion which he acquires among his new afibciates will reftore in his own eyes the dignity of his character. The prudent conformity of BelTarion was rewarded with the Roman purple : he fixed his refidence in Italy ; and the Creek cardinal, the titular patriarch of Conftantinople, was refpecled as the chief and protector of his nation 101 : his abilities were excrcifed in the legations of Bo- logna, Venice, Germany, and France -, and his elecTion to the chair of St. Peter floated for a mo- ment on the uncertain brciiui of a conclave x ' 3 . His ecclcfiaftical honours diffuled a fplendour and pre-eminence over his literary merit, and fervice .: Irz See in Hody the article of Beff lion (p. 136 177): Theo- dore Gaza, Geoige of Trebizond, and the icil of the ^.ireks \\lioizi I have named or omitted, arc iniVrted in iluir proper cbap'ers of his .learned woik. See likfvviio 1 uabolchi, in the i 5 '- and a d p:uts uf the vi tl1 tome. 7 J The cardinnls knocked at his door, but his conclavift refufed to interrupt the iuidies of BciTarion , " Nicholas," faid he, " thy *' rcipee-t has coft thee an hat, and me the tiara," 1 VOL. XII, K hi? r. i 3 o THE DECLINE AND FALL C H^A. P. h; s palace was a fchool ; as often as the cardinal <_ .ly^L, vifited the Vatican, he was attended by a learned train of both nations 104 -, of men applauded by themftlves and the public , and whole writings, now overfpread with dull, were popular and ufe- ful in their own times. I mall not attempt to enumerate the reftorers of Grecian literature in the fifteenth century : and it may be fufficient to mention with gratitude tiie names of Theodore Gaza, of George ofTrebizond, of John Argyro- pulus, ;:nd Demetrius Chalcocondyles, who taught their native language in the fchools of Florence Their and Rome. Their labours were not inferior to thofe of BelTarion, whole purple they revered, and whofe fortune was the fccrct object of their envy, But the lives of tlieie grammarians were humble and obfcure : they had declined the lucrative paths of the church ; their drefs and manners ft eluded them from the commerce of the world ; and lip.ce they were confined to the merit, they might be content with the rewards, of learning. From this character, Janus Lafc-.ris l05 will deferve an exception. Mis eloquence, politenefs, and Im- ir ^ Surli us George of Tic'itiz :<',. Theodore G.'.z.i, Argyropiilur. A ' 'iioiiH-i^, oi 'III (iaioni-a, !'!' !p'..i; ., Pi g^iui, Ii!c.r.,;:, I'l :i:,a, . V:n (i;\s Iloiiy, with tr.f (-. cvis zeal of a llholar) IK: !o re.. . . i ''p, 15*5,). ' > He w;is born h',f"oix- the t;ikiiv.; ot L'oiill.intii.cj^e, b;:t his ho- nyniaolt life was ftretclifd t.:r mtc :ii'- xvi th rentiny {A. D. 1535). Lt-'J X. :'.r. t l\'" .it! F.uis (lu.ih 1 , p.i^-j 275.). He lift pofteiity i:i i-'i;i:c.-; l'ir the lOUlits 'ij Vintirnij'ic, and Thtir nun.enr.is hranclits, (tci'.i. ti,-- n III;L- of I.aicii-s from a dvti'itiu! tmri i. !!''- m the xm !fl ctniuiy vvi::i the dau^'r.ci uf a Greek :- ( -ror Uurair-'-. Fa;.;. Hyz ml . \'. -.: .- r z] ->.) . perial OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 13? perial defcent, recommended him. to the French CHAP. monarchs ; and in the lame cities he was alter- nately employed to teach and to negociate. Duty and intereft prompted them to cultivate the ftudy of the Latin language ; and the mod fuccefsful attained the faculty of writing and fpeaking with fluency and elegance in a foreign idiom. But they ever retained the inveterate vanity of their coun- try : their praiie, or at leaft their efteem, was re- ferved for the national writers, to whom they owed their fame and fubfiftence ; and they fome- times betrayed their contempt in licentious cri- ticifm or fatire on Virgil's poetry and the oratory of T ully I0fi . The fuperiority of thefe mailers arofe from the familiar ufe of a living language .; and their firft difciples were incapable of difcern- ing how far they had degenerated from the know- ledge, and even the practice, of their anceilors. A vicious pronunciation 1CT , which they intro- duced, :o6 Two of his epigram? againft Virgil, and three ngainft Tully, are prefer ved and refuted by Francilcus Floridus, who can find no better names than Grasculus ineptus et impudens (Hodvj p. 274.). In our own times, an Ertglifh critic has accu:td the ./Er.eid ot containing niulta languida, nugatoria, ipiiiui et majeftate c::r- nur.is licioici defecta ; many fucli verles us he, the fjKi Jeremiali Markland, would have been sfii Limed of ouiu.ng (;;;:ef;;t. ad btatii Syivas, [). 21, ^2.). I0 7 Einaraiel Chryfoloras, and his colleagues are accufl-.l cl ignorance, envy, or avarice (Syiloge, &.-. to in. ii. p. 23.-.). Tii:: modern (Jreek pronounce the 8 as a V confonant, and confound tiree vov/i-ls fn t v), and lexeral diphthongs. Such was the vul- gar pronunciation wh.ich the item Gaichncr mnintainsd by pens! ftatutes in the univerfity of Cambridge ; b;it the monofyllable 61 renrefentcd to an Attic ear the bleating of flieep : and a belJ- ni THE DECLINE AND FALL C II A r. duced, was baniflicd from the fchools by the rea- Ibn of the Succeeding age. Of the power of the Greek accents they were ignorant: and thofe mu- fical notes, which, from an Attic tongue, and to nn Attic ear, muft have been the fecret foul of harmony, were to their eyes, as to our own, no more than mute and unmeaning marks ; in profc liiperfiuous, and troublefome in veric. The art of grammar thev truly polTefied : the valuable frag- ments of Apollonius and Herodian were tranf- fuicd into their leflbns ; and their treadles of fvntax and etymology, though devoid of phiiolo- phic fpirir, are ilill ufeful to the Greek ftudent. In the fnipwreck of the Byzantine libraries, each fii"itive irr/.cd a fragment of trcallire, a copy of O ^ - I ibme author, who, without his induftry, might have perifhed ; the tranlcripts were multiplied by an afil^L'/Mis, and lometimes an elegant, pen; aiv.i the i< : : was conected and explained by their ov/n ommeni.s, or thofe of the elder fcholialls. 'Hie ''-.!;, -:!i(ni t di not tiie fj)irit, of the Greek clafiics, ^. interpreted to the Latin world: the beauties ,Y!C evaporate in a verlion ; but tlie judgment of Tii' >dore G.I/M Icleded the more lolid works Vrill'jti'j ; :/.; Theophraftus, and their natural .'.' ; '}'-'"- of aiiimals :;nd jilants opened a tich fund ; experimental jciente. Vet t! e Rccting Shadows of metaphyfics v/ere [\:ed \v f .h more curiofity and ardour. After a . : i oftava, Li:ilr. K {. 17-6, i;4''0 ; ' ;ut ^ is t?:f- ii (1- iiy words ; njv.i in tbi.ii 1 i cif'Tc" to iiMnlcrn u!e, '!uy [', .' or.ly by t'f.cir itlj.c^livi ct'iiun nun. Vv'c , ' . L!;I. i. t'.-, ib a|>pioveJ . . ....'.> . . . , . i -_ i i long OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, Ion? oblivion, Plato was revived in Italy by a C T I L^ , LXV venerable Greek 1SS , who taught in the houfe of Cofmo of Medicis. While the fynod of Flo- rence was involved in theological debate, Ibme beneficial confequences might flow from the itudy of his elegant philoibphy ; his ftyle is the pure ft ftandard of the Attic dialect ; and his iublime thoughts are fometirnes adapted to fami- liar converfation, and fometimes adorned with the richelt colours of poetry and eloquence. The dialogues of Plato are a dramatic picture of the life and death ofafage; and as often as he de- fcends from the clouds, his moral fyftem incul- cates the love of truth, of our country, and of mankind. The precept and example of So crate? recommended a rnodcfl doubt and liberal inquiry : .tnd if the Platonifts, with blind devotion, adored the vinons and errors of their divine mafter, their cnthufiafm might correct the dry, dogmatic me- tiiocl of the Peripatetic fchool. So equal, yet fo oppofite, are the merits of Plato and Ariftotle, that they may be balanced in endlefs controverfy i but fome fpark of freedom may be produced by the collifion of adverfe fervitude. The modern Greeks were divided between the two lefts : with more fury than ikill they fought under the banner of thtir leaders ; and the field of battle was removed in their flight from Conftantinople to Rome. But this philofophical debate foon degenerated into an I i C5 Ir - :) George Oemiilus Plethp, a various and voluminous writer, "he mafter of BefTiivion, and rd! the Piatonifts ot the times. He ilited Italy In hii old a^e, and (oon returned fo er.i'l his days in Pe- s. See the curiovis Diatribe of Leo Allatius de Geoigus, in (Uib; : 'jt. GJ-JCC. torn. x. p. 739 756. ) e K 3 ?,ii^ry 134 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, angry and perfonal quarrel of grammarians; and LXVI. Bcfiarion, though an advocate for Plato, protected the national honour, by interpofmg the advice and authority of a mediator. In the. gardens ol the Medici, the academical d':cirire \vai- i-n|e.-yed by the polite and learned: but iheir phili.fophic io- ciety was quickly difiolved ; and if" the wiitings of the Attic iagc v. ere peruicd in the clou-t, the ir.ore powerful Stagyiite continued to reign the oracle of the church and fchool ' 9 . I have fairly reprelcntcd the liternrv merits of the (ireeks ; yet it muii be confVfied that they were feconded and iVrpaiTul by the ardour of the Latins. Italy was divided into many independent (late.-, j and at that time, it was the ambition oi princes and republics to vie \vi;h each other in the encouragement ai;d re'-v rd rr iituature. irbohs The fame of Nicholas the i!i';i" ; i:as not be^n x x o adequate m hh. merits. Froni a j:U beian origin, 1447 he railed himilif by his virtue and learning: the character cl the ina.'i pr / : ,'cr the interefl f>t th( pope i and h_ flii'.rpcncci thoil .-.: , pons winch v-crc icon p'Ointc^l agai:.ll ih i church 1 ". ; - ';;- fu?i uf :! c ri - .<- \ : ,:;^ ' -..- in it, : , '; iiiu^r^cd i \- ' Men;, ih: 1 ' . , ,. t ; i;., ii. ; ,. : i^ ;;.^ ) i (l<<\\ V< [' '..,. 2 V. - ' it ; v . ' '; ' : - , : \ nu'I;:-;?, i'.i,] ^ -y'.i. , . i Vi :'|);iii3i, (,r ' r i (t.;ni. :: vy. i.. 7 '. ,_--," } ; ; . - . :' | V r- . i - '. .) ir.'l llcfiiy in - ' i ',:".-. , -, -.-.-.;.. '.;,,.'.,<;, llin: t'u- [(: LS .;.! i,s, ar.d tli..t -he OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 135 He had been the friend of the mod eminent CHAP. VI. fcholars of the age : he became their patron ; and fuch was the humility of his manners, that the change was fcarcely difcernible either to them or to himfelf. If he prefied the acceptance of a li- beral gift, it was not as the meafure of defert, but as the proof of benevolence; and when modeft merit declined his bounty, (C accept it," would he fay with a confcioufnefs of his own worth ; ' c you will not always have a Nicholas cc among ye." The influence of the holy fee pervaded Chriftendom j and he exerted that in- fluence in the fearch, not of benefices, but of books. From the ruins of the Byzantine libraries, from the darkeft monilieries of Germany and Britain, he collected the dully manufcripts of the writers of antiquity; and wherever the original could not be removed, a faithful copy was tran- fcribed and tranfmitted for his ufe. The Vatican, the old repository for bulls and legends, for iuper- ilition and forgery, v.as daily replenillied with more precious furniture ; and fuch was the induf- try ot Nicholas, that in a reign of eight years, he formed a library of five thoufand volumes. Tu his munificence, the Latin world was indebted for the verfions of Xenophon, Diodorus, Polybius, Thi.;- cydides, Herodotus, and App'uin ; of 3 trace's geography, of the Iliad, of the mofr. vd?:abk works of Pkito and Ariitotle, of Penh: my and Thcophraftus, and of the fathers of tiic Greek- church. The example of the Romr.n pontiff v;r.s preceded or imitated by a Florentine merchant, vho governed the republic \\ichout ara:i; K 4 v, iihout 1 3 6 THE DECLINE AND FALL C HA P. \\ithout a title. Cof:r:o of Medicis Iia was a fa- t^-,, ___ , ther of a line of princes whole name and age are ^- D - almofl fynonymous vviih the reiteration of learn- I4^S / 1492. ing: his credit was ennobled into fame; his riches were dedicated to the fervice of mankind; he correfpondtd at once with Cairo :,nd London : and 2. cargo of Indian fpir.es and Greek books v, - as oiten imported in the fame vche!. The genius and education of his grandfon Lorenzo rendered him, not only a ration, bt;t a judge and candi- date, in the literary race. In nib palace, dittrefs was entitled to relief, and merit to reward: his leifure hours were delightfully fpent in the Platonic academy : he encouraged the emulation of Deme- trius Chalcocondyles and Angelo Poiitian ; and his aclive mifllonary Janus Lalcaris returned from the Hail with a treaiure of i\\o hundred manu- fcripts, fourlcore of which, were as yet unknown in the libraries of Europe "'. The reft of Italy was aninrueci by a fimilar Ipirir, and the progrefs of the nation repaid the liberality of her princes. The Latins held the exciufive property of their own literature : and thefc diiciples or Greece were 111 Sf of Jurmi Late- Hu:!uinT, ~ Jn!u;n that t!:c Kit.rch vv.;s facilitat.n by OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE/ 1 i'bon capable of tranfmitting and improving the C'HA. Je lions which they had imbibed. After a Ihort ._ " lliCccuion of foreign teachers, the tide of emigra- tion fubfided; but the language of Corulantinople was fp re ad beyond the Alps; and the natives of France, Germany, and England " 4 , imparted to their country the facred tire which they had kindled in the fchools of Florence and Home lls . In the productions of the mind, as in thofe of the foil, the gifts of nature are excelled by induftry and fkili : the Greek authors, forgotten on the banks of the Ililius, have been iiluftrated on thofe of the Elbe and the Thames : and BeiTarion or Gaza might have envied the fnperior fcicnce of the Barbarians; the accuracy of Budseus, the tafte of Eralmus, the copioufnefs of Stephens, the erudition of Scaliger, the difcernment of Re i flee, or of Bent- ley. On the fide of the Latins, the difcovery of printing was a cafual advantage : but this ufeful art has been applied by Aldus, and his innumerable fucccilbrSj to perpetuate and multiply the works of ' ll -i- The Greek language was introduced into the univerfity of Oxford in t!:e bit y-ars of ihe xv tl > cumiry, hy Grocyn, Linacrr, and I, runner, v/lio liad rtll itudicd at Florence under Dctnerrius Ctialcccondyles. See Dr. Knight's ci.rious Lite of Eraiinus. Alrlicit^h a it;. ut academical pctriot, lie i icrced to acknowledge, that Eraliiuis learned Gietk at Oxford, ar.d taught it at Cam- bndge. "? The jtalous Italians wei'e defjroiri of keepina; a monopoly of Grtvk Laming. \V(;tn Aldus was about to cnbiifli rhe Greek icho- 1'iUis on Sophoclts anci Euripides, Cave (fa id they), cave hoc facias, lit- Earijr: iih.-i i.djuti domi mant,-.nt, et pauciores in Ir;;!iam vf-ntiu'nt (Dr. Kiiighr, in his Life of Eralmus, p. 365. from Bcatus rihcaanus). antiquity. THE DECLINE AND FALL antiquity " 6 . A finrde manufcript imported from Greece is revived in ten thoufand copies ; and each copy is fairer than the original. In this form, Homer and Pla'.o would penile with more fitif- faftion th.eir ov/r. writings : and th.eir fehoiiafts mule rdlgn the prize to the labours of our wellern editors. Before the revival of ciaflic literature, the Bar- barians in Kurope were irnmerfi:d in ignorance; and their vulgar tongues were marked with the riidcnels and. poverty of thr'r manners. The fh;dcnts of the more perfect idioms of Rome and Greece, were in:r.>diired to a new world of light and Icience ; to the lociety of the tree and po- lifhtd riatior.s of n.ntiouity ; and to a familiar converle with. thole immorta' men v. ho fpoke the fublime I'.nguage of eloquence and. :v;ion. Such, an ir.tercourfe n\: f: rend to refine the tatle, and to elevate the geniu.-, of the moderns : and yet, from the rirfi fxpcrin'.trr.fj ; ' mi: -"he appear that the iludv of the ancients had given fetters, rather than .',:n::-, to t in mind. } !..1 .it I . l-ovt' : x'y conii'iculjlt , N r the jit it ::;i.e ; ltver:ii ;i..il .u.'',, : , aiul <. I ilvjir.l au'.lu-i i , i I', in i . . IJiM.ii r. Gr.vc. toin. xiil. y :iii,!: . ; . : 115 to i<>i;-tt, tluit tl:; :u i ! '. LalVai i , VVTS j-i ;n:t,i Ir. ! 1. ;)!: ili,r.K-rof i.jKs (!ilj)i.i\s ;.ii il.it. ; .' Anrnlt ; ! v i'<'i"i ]>' .' ;.;-. . ;'. I . : ' . vc c dt la;: c, - -;:.^-.v- OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 139 firft difciples of the Greeks and Romans were CHAP. LXV'I. a colony of 11 rangers in the midft of their age and v , .^j country. The minute and laborious diligence \\hicii explored the antiquities of remote times, rni.;2,ht have improved or adorned the nrefcnt itate of ibciety : the critic and metaphyfician were the (laves of Ariitotie-, the poets, hiitorians, and ora- tors, were proud to repeat the thoughts and words of the AuguUan age ; the works of nature were oblerved with the eyes of Pliny and Theophraflus j and forne Pagan votaries profeiicd a iecret devo- tion to the gods of Homer and Plato 1I? . The Italians were opprefled by the ftrength and num- ber of their ancient auxiliaries : the century after the deaths of Petrarch and Boccace was filled with a crowd of Latin imitators, who decently repcfe on our fnelves ; but in that sera of learn- ing, it will not be ealy to difcern a real difcovery of fcience, a \vork of invention or eloquence, ia " I \vill feleft tl'iee iirsrular examples of this claffic enthu- fr-.'"m. i. A A t the iyr.od of P .ere nee, Gemilhis Pietho faid, in fainiliar converfa-io-i to Georjre of Trehizo'irJ, that in a fhcrt t':.:C jr.anknd -oiilci unr-.i/inio-jfiy re-'ouiice the Gofpei and the Kcian for a religion i"inii!.-.r to that of the Gectiics (Leo AU i;.:;tis, npi:cl F;ihiiciuni, totn. x. j>. 7^1.). %. Fani II. perfccutecj ti.e next ccjitvuy, ibir.t ; :!")!ai-s ana poc:s in Fierce ccltbrated t!?c TuccciV of j'jd-ilc's tragedy of Clropr.tra, hy a f\-!tival of Bac- c'r.i:s, :-nd, as i: i J f:tid, by ; he laciifice of a E^oat (Bayie, Diflicn;.:rf, Joi>r.L;.K. Fontentlie, T'.MII. i:i ( . 56 6l ). Yet tlie /pint of b'jy.ti -y iT.ight often difcern a fermij 1 ; impiety in the fpuitlve play of i;.r.cy an-.i learning. the 140 THE DECLINE AKD FALL the popular language of tlie country" 5 . But as f. -on as it had been deeply faturated with the ce- kilial dew, the toil was quickened into vegetation nn;l Lie ; the nioci; rn idioms were refined: the clafiics of Aihins and Rome infpired a pure tafte and a generous emulation ; and in Italy, as after- wards in France and England, the plcafmg reign of piK'.ry and liction w:-.s lucceeded bv the light: ci Jpeculative a::d experimental philofophy. Gc~ nius may anii^ip^te the !rai(;n of maturity j hut in the edr.cat.ion of a people, as in that of an in- dividual, rru-rr.ory n : ui: be exercifcd, before the powers of Kv.fon and fancy c.in be expanded ; nor may the a;t',t; iiope to equal (jr ui'-pah, till he hns h\ir;xd to imiiatCj the \vorko ct his redecefibrs. ] uici, :ii..i tiie CJil.irvlo Inamorrtto of liovaido ( Iit\.bo!chi. to: 1 .). V. I" ii. n. I74--J-7.). OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. M ,i C H A P. LXYII. 'V.!-//;;; of tbc Greeks and Lai'ws. Rti*n and Cut- ra':Jcr of Amur alb tbe Sea-ond. Crujiide of La~ diiliins Kr,.'* cf Hungary. His Defeat and Death. \* /""'' n 4 ' A * J ' H E rdpecuve merits of Rome and Con- c H A p n JL fta::tinc- r ' py li.li redounds (as lie modeflly obferves) to the honour of the original, and parents are de- lighted to be renewed, and even excelled, by the fuperior merit of their children. te Con- b" mentioned. But lie forgets, ''. ..: .: \ .' bi. it-re, ". : rrc.T.bhng fabrics of :;.: ::: ( ': ; ;. . : . id bet ;i laved and .,;:'vi ;, : ..^ t;. . ,- c..,c of Anclrr^mcus the : r, i .. r ./.(/ :h<.' c. mi er; r I'.ad lurti- .h L'.\o :;,. .v buiLreiles or pyra- : n v " ! :'. ' , f J-.ftinJsn . . - ; . lii-i . . : :.....-,! ij.i.oi.:irti.r.t. I'lit t'!(- i..| ; : ' . . . : i i : : .-- . ...'..: 1. iv.l OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 145 mids, the eaftern hemifphere fuddenly gave way; CHAP. and the images, the altars, and the fanctuary, -j-,lj were crufhed by the falling ruin. The mifchief indeed was fpeedily repaired ; the rubbifh was cleared by the inceffant labour of every rank and age; and the poor remains of riches and induftry were confederated by the Greeks to the moft ftately and venerable temple of the Eaft 4 . The Lift hope of the failing city and empire The was placed in the harmony of the mother and f c hifm daughter, in the maternal tendernefs of Rome, after the it rr i t v c r- n i ^ council of and tne filial obedience or Lontlantinople. In Florence, the fynod of Florence, the Greeks and Latins A ' D * 1440 had embraced, and fubfcribed, and promifed 3 1448, but thefe fi'gns of friendmip were perfidious or fruitlefs 5 j and the bafelefs fabric of the union vanifhed like a dream 6 . The emperor and his prelates returned home in the Venetian gallies; but as they touched at the Morea and the ifles of 4 See the decay and repairs of St. Sophia, in Nicephorus Gre- goras (1. vii. 12. 1. xv. ^.], The binding was propped by Andro- nicus in 1317, the eaftern hemifphere fell in 1545. The Greeks, in their pompous rhetoric, exalt the beauty nnd holinefs of the church, an earthly heaven, the abode of angels, and of God him fell, &c. 5 The genuine and original narrative of Syrcpulus (p. 312 > 351.) opens the fchifm from the fi:ft office of the Greeks at Ve- nice, to the general oppofition at Conitantinople c-i '.he clergy and people. 6 Oil the fchifm of Conftantinople, fee Phranza (!. ii. c. 17.); Laonicus Chalcondyles (!. vi. p. 155, 156.), ar.d Ducas (c. 31.)} the lait of whom writes with trut i and f:ecdom. .Ai.ior.g the moderns we may diltinguifh the co itinuator of Fleury (torn. xx:i. p. 338, &;c. 401. 410, &c.), and ^pondanus (A.. D. 1440 30.), Rome und religion are concerned. VOL. XII, L Corfu I 4 5 THE DECLINE AXD FALL CHAP. Corfu and Lefoos, the fubiech of the Latins corn- LXVII plained that the pretended union would be an in- {rrumcnt of opprefTion. No iooner did they land on the Byzantine fhore than they \vere fainted, or rather afTailcd, \vi:h a. general murmur of zeal and difcontcnt. During thvir abfence, above two years, the capital had been deprived of its civil and eccle- fiadical rulers : fanadcifm fermented in anarchy ; the moll furious monks reigned over the con- fcience of women and bigots ; and the hatred of the Latin name was the firfr. principle of nature and religion. Before his departure for Italy, the emperor had filtered the citv with the aftbrance of a p;vinpt relief and a powerful fuccour; and the clergy, confident in their orthodoxy and fcience, had promifed themfelves and their flocks an eafy victory over the blind fhephcrds of tl:e Wed. The double difappointment exafperated the Greeks ; the confrience of the fubfcribing prelates was awakened ; the hour of temptation was pad: ; and they had niore to dread from the public ref< ntment, than they could hope from tiic f.'.vour of the emperor or the pop/e. Inltea;.i (jf juftifying their conduct, they deplored thcii weaknefs, profelled their contrition, and caft themfelves en the mercy of God and of their brethren. To the reproachful question, what had been the event or ufe of their Italian lynod ? they anlwered \vitii fighs and tear?, " Alas! we have made a new faith; we have " exchanged piety for impiety; we have betrayed "the immaculate facrifice , and we are become OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 147 f " Azymites" (The Azymites were thofe who CHAP. celebrated the communion with unleavened bread ; .__ j-Li and I muft retract or qualify the praife which I have beflowed on the growing philofophy of the rimes.) " Alas ! we have been feduced by dif- (c trefs, by fraud, and by the hopes and fears cc of a tranfitory life. The hand that has figned " f the union fliould be cut off; and the tongue (C that lias pronounced the Latin creed deferves fc to be torn from the root." The beft proof of their repentance was an increafe of zeal for the mod trivial rites and the moil incomprehenfible doctrines ; and an abfolute feparation from all^ without excepting their prince, who preferved ibme regard for honour and confiftency. After the deceafe of the patriarch Jofeph, the arch- bifhops of Heraclea and Trebizond had courage to refule the vacant office ; . and cardinal BefTarion preferred the warm and comfortable flicker of the Vatican. The choice of the emperor and his clergy was confined to Metrophanes of Cyzicus : he was confccrated in St. Sophia,, but the temple was vacant. The crofs- bearers abdicated their fervice ; the infection fpread from the city to the villages ; and Metrophanes difcharged, without effect, fome ecclefiaflical thunders againfl a nation of fchifmatics. The eyes of the Greeks were directed to Mark of Ephefus, the champion of his country j and the fufte rings of the holy confeflcr were repaid with a tribute of admiration and applaufc. His example and writings propagated the flame of religious difcord ; age and infirmity foon removed him from the world ; but the gofpel of Mark was L 2 not: i.;8 THE DECLINE AND FALL C HAP. not a law of forgivenefs ; and he requefted with I_- F ' f his dying breach, that none of the adherents of Rome might attend Ida obloquies or pray for his foul. 2cal uf Tlic fchifm wao not confined to the narrow 1,7s limits of the Byzantine empire. Secure under jRi.'ku-,;. t ! ;c M:nialuke leeptre, the three patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerufalcm, affcmbled a numerous iyn:.d; dilowncd their representatives at Fcrrara and Florence ; condemned the creed and council o^ the l/.uins; and threatened the emperor of Cor.ftantinople with the cenfures of the Ka ; k-r:i church. Of the fcctarics of the Greek com;r.urii.:n, the RiMnans were the mod po\vcr(\;l, ignorant, and fuperftitious. Their pri- mate, the cardinal Ifidore, hafte;u\i from Florence to Mofcow 7 , to reduce the independent nation under the RiMiuin yoke. But t;:e Ru'Tian biiliops had been educated at mount Athos ; and the prince and people embraced the theology of their prieiU. They were fcandalifed by the title, the pomp, the Latin crois of the legate, the friend of tlv;'-: imr'.ous rnen \vho uMved their beards, and pcr.'inr.cd tlie divine orTice v. ii'i gloves on tlieir liai^lb and rings on their fingers: lildore was cor, !< mi L'd by a fynodj !d> perlon \va.s impriibned in a nionaftery , and i: was with extreme difficulty, " III! ic '.a metropolitan of" II; w, b : :''.- (rc-. ks fu!ijc3 to L . i" ' 1 tha: lie h iv, : n <>' K;o-.v to Le- hn . 1. . ': (Her!':lUiv, m ]^ .:,. , torn. li. p. 117. ) ('. ' .-'I' ; . ; , ihe Kuliii:^ t , -t'eri-d thr'r fj-iriiunl o'ie- ^ V : - . wi- IK line, in i ;SS, the p-itri^ich, o! "-.i ; i.-. v- : . ,c, II. i. >!c R i7r, t< m. i.i. p. li:. 190. ir-m a Uittk; M;. a: r.iin, I:cr et J./uoiQi Archie] Tcopi, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. lhat the r.ardirrd could tfcaoe from the harrh of (: n A J> - L.X. V f J a f/:rr.e arj'j fanatic people*. The Ru filar/, re- f'jf'-d a paflrr": to the nvfllonarie-, of Rome who ;:.fj/ire'i to f;o;!vrtth<- ]*:.;.'- r/, bevond tlie Tanar/'; an'i t.h'-ir refi.'fd v. a - > ju;';i::ed by t;ie maxirn, tliat the f '/uilt of i iolatry i; JeT damnable than that of f'.h.'frn. T.he error', of t:/: Jjohemians were ex- ci 1 :"-:'! by th'-ir ab.horrencc for the pope ; av' a tiei/j'a'io.-j oft:.'- ^j:eek cl'rr^y folieited t.he frier/i- ^er/i'j'. t;hrnphed in the u;iio:j '-"id ortljodoxy of or r.vher to the p'-.Ker, of CorJ!--i.';ti;;Op]e. 1 :;e x'-x] of l',i;';oio;/;r. I/./! been exei'.ed by Lr.er'rH.; i f : ,'- foo.-i r :o',;'-'! hy oppof:'.:or; : an attempt to violate the r,atio,v^ belief mi^ht er/ ! a;^/er hi'. life tit'j'e of for* ; a.'.d dorr. ";e ;,;'. The f.vord of A rr.il. L '.!':.'. ->rr;. i . A. IJ. i '. M , .'."'- 13. 150 THE DECLINE AND TALL CHAP. hi s brother Demetrius, who in Italy had main- LXVII. L ^ ',. tained a prudent and popular filence, was half unfhcathed in the caufe of religion ; and Amurath, the Turkifn fultan, was difplcafed and alarmed by the feeming friendfhip of the Greeks and Latins. Reign and (c Sultan Murad, or Amurath, lived forty-nine, character ,, j j i r i of Amu- 2n d reigned thirty years, fix months, and eight 1 A* 1 n " d.'ys. He was a jufr. and valiant prince, of a 34.11 cc great foul, patient of labours, learned, rnerci- Ftbruary " r " u ^ religious, charitable ; a lover and en- 9- cc courager of the ftudious, and of all who excel- :( led in any art or icience > a good emperor, fc and a great general. No man obtained more tc or greater victories than Amurath : Belgrade " alone withfcood his attacks. Under his reign, " the foldier was ever vicloriou:-, ti;e citizen f( iich and fecure. If he lubducd any country, < his firft care was to build mofchs and ca- " ravanfcras, hofpitals, and colleges. Every " year he gave a thouland pieces of gold to the " ions of the prophet ; and lent two thoufand " five hundred to the religious per Ions of Mecca, " Medina, and Jerusalem "." Th.is portrait is tranfcribt-d from the hiilorian of the Othman empire : but the applaufe of a ferviie and fuper- fliLious people has been iavifhed on the worit of tvrants ; and the virtues of a fulf.in arc oiren the vices mod ufcful to himfclf, or ir.ofc agreeable to *' Set f.'antf-mir, Fiit"to;yof ti.c Othimn l:!m^ire, |>. 94.. IVIurad, 3rM-':.'ni, m?.% lie mure correct; hut 1 ;;.-; ,-tf: rri-d tlie popular ruiit, to th.it o' iL'.ire iii!ip,f-nct which is r^i'jiy iucctiiful ir. tranfiatincj i.i Oi;<.:.'.a!, i:,t ) :!;. K.^m^i,, ;ilj>:,:i l ji.t. his OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 151 his fubjects. A nation ignorant of the equal be- c H r ^P. nefits of liberty and law, muft be awed by the fkmes of arbitrary power : the cruelty of a defpot will .aflame the character of juftice ; his profufion, of liberality ; his obftinacy, of firmnefs. If the molt reafonable excufe be rejected, few acts of obedience will be found impofllble ; and guilt muft tremble, where innocence cannot always be fern re. The tranquillity of the people, and the difcipline of the troops, were beft maintained by perpetual action in the field ; war was the trade of the Janizaries : and thofe who furvived the peril, and divided the fpoil, applauded the generous am- bition of their fovereign. To propagate the true religion, was the duty of a faithful Mufulman r the unbelievers were his enemies, and thofe of the prophet ; and, in the hands of the Turks, the fcymetar was the only inftrument of converfion. Under thefe circumftances, however, the juftice and moderation of Amurath are atteftcd by his conduct, and acknowledged by the Chriflians themfelves ; who confider a profperous reign and a peaceful death as the reward of his fingular merits. In the vigour of his age and military power, he feldom engaged in a war till he was juiti- ficd by a previous and adequate provocation : the victorious fultan was difarmed by fubmifilon ; and in the obft-rvance of treaties, his word was in- violate and facred ;1 . The Hungarians were com- monly the. aggreiTors ; he was provoked by the lz See Chalcnndyles (i. vii. p. ic>. 198-), D'icas (c. 3-), .inJ. . 14.5, 14.6.). in his ooci liaiietius fin Vir. Scandcrhe gnrrifbn of Sfctii atlu, he was a leflbn and example his ion Mahomet. revolt J 5 2 THE DECLINE AND FALL C rvv A T P ' rcvo ' c of Scanderbeg; and the perfidious Cara-. manian was twice vanquished, and twice par- doned, by the Ottoman monarch. Before he in- vaded the Morea, Thebes had been furpriled by the defpot : in the conqueft of ThcfTalonica, the grandfon of Bajazen might difpute the recent pur- chafe of the Venetians ; and after the firft ficge ot Constantinople, the. fuitan was never tempted, by the dill re f-:, the abfcnce, or the injuries of Palaeo- Jogus, to extinguish the dying light of the Byzan- tine empire. But the mo ft finking feature in the life and character of Amurath, is the double abdication of the Turkilh throne ; and, were not his motives debaled by an alloy of fuperftition, we muft praile the royal philofopher 13 , who at the age of forty could difcern the vanity of human greatnefs, Reilgnii;g th.e fccptre to his fon, he retired to the pleafant rcfidence of Magncfu ; but he retired to the fociety of faints and hermits. It was not till the font:!: century of the Hegira, that the religion of Mahomet had been corrupted by an inllitution fo adiveilc to h.is geniuo ; but in the age of the en. fades, the various orders of DerviShcs were multiplied by the example of the Chriilian, and even the Latin, monk; '*. The lord of nations Submitted to fail, ar.d piv.v, and turn round in n Vo'.tsiie (F.iT.i fur I'lliuoiie Gc.v.nk-, c. ? 9 . r . zl'.;, 284.) rcir.i ' / /. '','' r 'i'r; '- u ',. z i nvt !i*ito>vtcl tlie iaiiu- piaiicona C . :. ;,i.-: , ic;r it'u :: ^ lu a n:i .ittiy ? In his way, Voltaue was :, :,; . ' ; ii; ,i : , '. '. '4 > : /'.,- : F. ,.:,-. ''/r,. 'Rdh.-.r.^,;, in (1'lltr- !'_'' i;, 1 . : . ^ . I '.'I t is ::i,'u lici illy ii tntcd j',c;n '. '. eifiun : i! niu 1 MI 'vj rr. It is among t!rj 'J u.ks :!iat endkfs OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. endlefs rotation with the fanatics, who miflook C T the giddinefs of the head for the illumination of the fpirit Is . But he was foon awakened from this dream of enthufiafm, by the Hungarian invafion ; and his obedient fon was the foremoft to urge the public danger and the wifhes of the people. Under the banner of their veteran leader, the Janizaries fought and conquered ; but he withdrew from the field of Varna, again to pray, to fad, and to turn, round with his Magnefian brethren. Thefc pious occupations were again interrupted by the danger of the ftate. A victorious army difdained the in- experience of their youthful ruler: the city of Adrianople was abandoned to rapine and Daugh- ter; and the unanimous divan implored his pre- fence to appeafe the tumult, and prevent the rebel- lion, of the Janizaries. At tile well-known voice of their matter, they trembled and obeyed ; and the reluctant fultan was compelled to fupport his fplendid fcrvicude, till, at the end of four year?, he was relieved by the angel of death. Age or difeafe, misfortune or caprice, have tempted fe- veral princes to defcend from the throne ; and they have had Icifure to repent of their irretricve-- able ftep. Bu: Amurath alone, in the full liberty of choice, after the trial of empire and folitude a has repeated his preference of a private life. l i Rycaut (in tlic Prefent State of the Ottoman Em pi IT, ,r. 24.2 2/)8.) affords much information, which lie drew from i;i3 p'-]icn::l co; .variation v.iih the heads of the dervifhps, moft of whom afcnhfi) iheir oii^in to th^- time of Oichan. Ke does not mention th-; Ztcbid.? of (Jhalcor.dyUs (l.vii. p. i'c,6.), among whom Amurath retiml ' tilt tid: of that .uuhuj- ate the deicendantb of llahomct, After , 34 THE DECLINE AND FALL <: HAP. After the departure of h:> Greek brethren, Eu- i.xvn. . . v ^-~-/ genius had not been unmindful or their temporal intereil; and his tender regard for the Byzantine league empire was animated by a uifi apprehenfion of the */,t!k s ' Turks, who approached, and might loon invade, A. D. t ' nc borders of Italy. But the fpirit of the cm- fades had expired ; and the coldnefs of the Franks v, as not kfs unreaionable ilv;n their headlong pai- fion. In the eleventh century, a fanatic monk could precipitate Europe on Afia for the recovery of the holy fepuichre ; but in the fifteenth, the inoil prefilng motives of religion and policy were inmfficient to unite the Latins in the defence of Chriltendom. CJcrmanv \vas an inexhauftible ftore-houfe of ir,c-n a;idi arms I6 : but that complex and languid bodv repaired the impulfe of a vio;o- ^^ * I roi:s hand ; andl Frederic the third was alike irn- ]^:c"'it in his pcri':nal character and his Imperial dignity. A long war had. impaired the ftrength, fatiating tr.e animofity, or France and Philip, duke of Burgundy, was iificen: prince:; and lie enjoyed, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 155 without danger or cxpcnce, the adventurous piety CHAP. of his fiibjects, who failed, in a gallant fleet, from v ,j the coaft of Flanders to the Hellefpont. The ma- ritime republics of Venice and Genoa were lefs remote from the fcene of aclion ; and their hof- tile fleets were aflbcLated under the ftandarcl of St. Peter. The kingdoms of Hungary and Po- land, which covered as it were the interior pale of the Latin church, were the moil nearly concerned to oppofe the progrefs of the Turks. Arms were the patrimony of the Scythians and Sarmatians, and thefe nations might appear equal to the con- teft, could they point, againft the common foe,, thole fwords that were fo wantonly drawn in bloody and doineftic quarrels. But the fame fpirit was adverfe to concord and obedience : a poor country and a limited monarch are incapable of maintaining a (landing force ; and the loofe bodies of Polifh and Hungarian horfe were not armed 9 , a young and ** In the Hungarian crufac'e, Spondamis (Annal. Ecclef. A. D. 7443, 1444..) has been my leading guide, lie ha* diligently read, and critically compared, the Greek and Turkifli materials, the historians of Hungary, Poland, and the Well. His nanative is rerlpicuous ; and where he can be free from a rtligious bias, the judg- inent of Sponduiuis is not contemptible. u ; I have curtailed the harfll letter (Wladi flans) which mod wviteis afllx to his name, either in compliance with the Polifh pro- 156 THE DECLINE AND FALL C HAP. an d ambitious foldier ; by the valour of an hero, whofe name, the name of John Hnni.xies, was already popul.tr among the Clinicians, and formid- able to the Turks. An endlds trcafure of par- dons and indulgences was fcattered by the legiie ; many private warriors of France and G- rmany enlifted under the holy banner; and the crui.ide derived fome flrength, or at Icaft fome rcp-Kation, from the new allies, b-Jth of Kuropeand A fit. A fugitive deipot of Scrvia exagi>erared the ciulrcfs and ardour of the Chnitians beyond thr Dan-ibe, who would unanimoufly rile to vindicate rh- ir re- ligion and liberty. The Greek emprror ift , with a fpirit unknown to his fathers, enj.i.^ed.t:.' guard the Bofphorus, and to ii.il y fr-:n Conftantinople at the head of his national arid rv. . . rcenary troops. The fultan of C::ramania. *' announced the retreat of Amurath, and a powerful diverOon in the heart of Anatolia ; and if tiie rlet-tr, of the Weft could occupy at the fa:ne rrnmrnt the itrtights of the Heli'.-lpont, the O cn::n mo.-urciiy \vould be dif- fevered and dellr yi '.. Heaven and earth mull rejoice in the p /dition of the mifcrcantSj and pronunciation, or to .es, ni.J injvncd by his : us. 11 Ci ' mir >. ?!.) afcrihrs :o his | . licy tlic ori.;inn! p!-,n, nivl r;-.:! ii'-s lus :inim:i!;n^ ejultlr to the km:; of II'.i; :;.iry. But the Maho:i;eta!i pov/ti aic itlil ni infoi n.c.l < i :l:':(litcuf Cli; i;ie..^;on, ; ir.cl t. .: litiuitioii and toricijjoiiiltiice of ;!.. '.. n:ghts of Khcdes mult 'ji.jiuilhcm \v.t!i thj ful'aii oi Caian; tilC OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 157 the legate, with prudent ambiguity, inftilled the C H A P. opinion of the invifible, perhaps the vifible, aid, of . _ ^ the Son of God, and his divine Mother. Of the Polifh and Hungarian diets, a religious adiflaus, war was the unanimous cry ; and Ladiflaus, after paffing the Danube, led an army of his confede- rate fubjecls as far as Sophia, the capital of the marches Bulgarian kingdom. In tins expedition they ob- tained two fignal victories, which were juftly afcribed to the valour and conduct of Huniades. In the fir ft, with a vanguard of ten thoufand men, he furprifed the Turkifh camp; in the fecond, he vanquifhed and made prifoner the moft renowned of their generals^ who poflefTed the double advan- tage of ground and numbers. The approach of winter, and the natural and artificial obftacies of mount Hasmus, arrefted the progrefs of the hero, who meaiured a narrow interval of fix days march from the foot of the mountains to the hoftilc towers of Adrianople, and the friendly capital of the Greek empire. The retreat was undifturbed ; and the entrance into Buda was at once a military and religious triumph. An ecclefiaftical procef- fion was followed by the king and his warriors on foot : he nicely balanced the merits and rewards of the two nations ; and the pride of conqueft was blended with the humble temper of Chrif- tianity. Thirteen bafhaws, nine ftandards, and four thoufand captives, were unqueilionable tro- phies -, and as all were willing to believe, and none were prefent to contradict, the crufaders multiplied, with unblufliing confidence, the my- riads of Turks whom they had left on the field of battle* 158 THE DECLINE AND FALL CH A P. battle 7 -. The mod folid proof, and the moft fa- lutary confequence, of victory, was a deputation from the divan to Iblicit peace, to reftore Servia, _ . * to raniom the pnioners, and to evacuate the Hun- garian frontier. By this treaty, the rational objects of the war were obtained : the king, the defpot, and HuniaJes himfeif, in the diet of Scgedin, were fati^ned wiih public and private emolument; a truce of ten years was concluded ; and the fol- lowers of Jefus and Mahomet, who fvvore on the Goinel and the Koran, attefted the word of God as the guardian of truth and the avenger of perfidy. In the place of the Goipel, the Turkim minifters had propofed to fubftitute the Kucharift, the real prefence of t'ne Catholic deitv ; but the Chriftians refilled to profane their holy myfteries ; and a fu- perftitious confcience is lefs forcibly bound by the fpiritual energy, than by the outward and vifible fymbols, of an oath 23 . During the whole tranfaclion, the cardinal le- S ate ' u1 ^ obferve^l a i'ullen nience, un\viiling to approve, and unable to oppole, the conlent of the king and people. But the diet was not diiTolved before Julian was fortified by the welcome intel- ligence, thai Anatoli;i was invaded by the Cara- inanian, and 'i'lirace by the Greek emperor -, that J 1 Tn t'r.c'i letters to '!) cinjitroi rrcdcric III. the Hungarians lliv -,o,o^o 'lu.lx.i iii O:,L' bit::;:, h".t tli-j au.ilcit JuSi.ui rtvluccs tl;c tl .m. iViir to C'0"-o, or ivcii zero ir,;-,i! L -l6 (.Tliii-as Sjlvius in Ihiioj). c. 5. aiiil cpi.t. 44. oi. njmcl S,,o ,;a:i.:n;). t! . , v.-l ...<. in li;s clivi.-.on ar.i! l;y!-.-', c.';;iiei I. ivy \vi;li tolerable I'licccTs. C.iliim . ii. i-4"; ''/' / ij lli'l iiiote jiuie and .re. the J OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. i 5 r> the fleets of Genoa, Venice, and Burgundy, were c H A P. LXVIJ matters of the Hellefpont; and that the allies, in- formed of the victory, and ignorant of the treaty, of Ladiflaus, impatiently waited for the return of liis victorious army. " And is it thus," exclaim- ed the cardinal a4 , " that you will delert their (C expectations and your ov/n fortune ? It is to " them, to your God, and your fcllow-Chriilians, " that you have pledged your faith .; and than f( prior obligation annihilates a ram and iacrile- * c gious oath to the enemies of Chrifb, His et vicar on earth is the Roman pontiff; without: " whole (auction you can neither promife nor ''* perform. In his name I abfolve your perjury " and fanctify your arms: follow my footfteps in cc the paths of glory and falvation; and if ilill ye " have fcruples, devolve on my head the punifc- " ment and the fin." This mifchievous caiuiiir/ was feconded by his refpectable character and the levity of popular affemblies : war was refolved, oa the fame fpot where peace had fo lately been fworn ; and, in the execution of the treaty, the Turks were aiTauIted by the Chriftians ; to W!IC:P, with fome reafori, they might apply the epithet of infidels. The falfehood of Ladiflaus to his word and oath, was palliated by the religion of the times : the mofb perfect, or at leaf! the molt po- 2 4- I do not pretend to warrant the literal r.ccr.incy of juliir.'s fpeerh, which is vaiicufiy worded by CaJlirnachus (1. iii. p. ^05 507.), lionfmius (D;?c. iii. 1. vi. p. 4.57, 4-58.), and other hiitorians, who might indulge their o\vn eluquence, \vhiic t'iey reprcient one of the orators of the age. But they all sgrcc in the advice and argumi'nts for perjury, wliich in the field ot controverfy are fiercely attacked by the Pioteftauts, and feebly defended by the Catholics. The latter are diicuursged by th fortune ar.d t;,.u cf the empire : a veteran Jan ; zary icizcd his horfe's bridle ; and he had magnanimity to pardon and reward the foldier who dared to perceive the terror, and arreft the flight, or' his unvreign. A co{ y of tlie treat}', the monument of Chriflian perricly, had been ci,'pja\.-d in t!ie front of b:it:le ; and it is (aid, that the fuitan in his difirefs, lifrir.g his eyes and his hands to heaven, implored the protection ot the (i'.'d or tru:!i ;, and caiit-d on t!:e prophet Jeius himlelf to averse riie impious mockery c;-r his name and religion '"*. \Vi:h inferior numbers and c! ; .!nrd>';-< d ran!..-, the king of Hungary rufned forwards in the a i.-ndence of victory, till hh career wa'i ilcrpvcl \>y tl.e impenetrable phalanx of the Janizaries. If we may credit the Ottoman Son - Ci.rifliaii '^i/trc r.fr. r:iii thnt he circvv (icrn h;s hoiom the , v ,^rt c i- v. .-.f. ; on v.-;,-;-. ' -c trrnty iir.'i r.:t !- en iw jin. ') !,e M<,ficm$ lbpi_;< ;r, v.iiii D:.JI iimpii-jitVj ''' '' ', '! ^n^icd iiii'i h:s prophet JeltJ-, v.-!iit!i ii likev-iK ),.n;.u.(eJ. b;. Caiinunchu* ('"' P- 5'^- Spbr.dan. A D. j/,4i, i\ l ..\ annals. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 163 annals, his horfe was pierced by the javelin of c " ^ P. Amurath 27 ; he fell among the fpears of the in- . 1< fantry ; and a Turkifh foldier proclaimed with a Dea 'h of 1 . . r Ladilluiis, loud voice, Cf Hungarians, behold the head of " your king !" The death of Ladiflaus was the fignal of their defeat. On his return from an intemperate purfuit, Huniades deplored his error and the public lofs : he ftrove to refcue the royal body, till he was overwhelmed by the tumultuous crowd of the vigors and vanqui(hcd ; and the laft efforts of his courage and conduct were exerted to lave the remnant of his Walachian cavalry. Ten thoufand Chriilians were ilain in the difaftrouS battle of Warna : the lofs of the Turks, more confiderable in numbers, bore a fmaiier propor- tion to their total ftrength ; yet the philofophic fultan was not afhamed to confefs, that his ruin mud be the confequence of a fecond and fimilar victory. At his command a column was erected on the fpot where Ladiflaus had fallen; but the modeft infcription, inftead of accufing the rafhnefs, recorded the valour, and bewailed the misfortune, of the Hungarian youth * B . Before */ A critic will always diftruft thefe fasiiz cf:-^& of a victorious general, To difficult for valour to obtain, io cxij for flattery to invent (CflPttmir, p. 90, 91.). CaHimachus (1. ii;. p. 517 ) mere (imply nr.il jjiob.'.biy a(iarms, rupcrveniei.tibus Janizaris, teiorum jnuiiiiu- tiine. n<;n tain conftffus eft, quam obrutus. '' Ec/icJcG fome valuable hints from ./Er.ess Sylvius, which are diligently colieded by Syono'anus, our beft rjuthojit^s are three iii'lorians of rl;e xv 1 - CL-ninry, Philippus Caliimachus (dr Rebus z. Viadiflao PolfiiDruni atque Hungarorum Rege gcti'is, iibri i:i. ;r. P.el. Sciipt. Keruni Hini^ancarum, tom.i. [5.4.3; 5'^')> Ecn- rinitis (d^'cad isi. 1. v. p. 460 ^67.}, and Cbsicoccr.iiyles (/. vii. p. 165 179.).. J'he tvo firft weie Itr.liaro, but they pr.^Ttd their ,'>/LS in Poland avi Hung^rv f Fabric, 2:.bi'oT, Lati/i. rr.ed. et Ms irc: i6 4 THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A P. Before I lofe fight of the field of Warna, I am s _ T _j tempted to panic on the character and ftory of i he c,u-- two principal ac~tors, the cardinal Julian and John j.'iiij.i. Huniades. Julian J9 Crefarini was born of a noble family of Rome : his ftudies had embraced both the Latin and Greek learning, both the fciences of divinity and law ; and his verfatile genius was equally adapted to the fchools, the camp, and the court. No fooner had lie been inverted with the Roman purple, than he was lent into Germany to arm the empire againrt the rebels and heretics of Bohemia. The fpirit of perfecution is un- worthy of a Chrirtian ; the military profeflion ill becomes a prieft ; but the former is excufed by the times ; and the latter was ennobled by the courage of Julian, who flood dauntlefs and alone in the difgraceful flight of the German hod. As liie pope's legate, he opened the council of Bafil ; but ti.c prcfident foon appeared the mort ftrenuous champion of ecclefiafucal freedom; and an op- pofuion of fevcn years was conducted by his ability a:v,l '/cal. After promoting the ilrongeil meafures apair.il the authority and pcrfon of Eugeniiis, lome lecret motive of intcrcil or confcicnce en- gaged him to deltrt on a llidden the popular party. irvr.e uT.ta'i?, to:n. i. j>. -514.. VofTlus cle Hift. Li\'n. 1. iii. c.S.n. B:i\ le, Dictionmirc, HONFIMUS). A Imall trail of Faelix Ft 1 ,: i'js, c'n:i::ctl,(!r of Sej;nia (ad cuicim Culj.inian. dc Csciarj- hn?, ]>. 716 7:1.), rtpu -n;s ti,c tlieatic of ti.e war in tiic xv'- h ten tin y, ~-s M. Lcr-,:".i! t has liekrihci! the origin (Hift. du Concile de R itic, tom. i. p. i.' r -, >Vc. ), and Bohfinian campaign (p. 315, &c.), ot c:i:''.r.:'.l Ju.ian. }i.s Itrvicts at Hafil and Fcirara, and Ins un- ' ' .:-- f -' ".!, arc occafionally related by Spomlar.us, and the con- :iii ja: -: -.: i :tu. y. The OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 165 The cardinal withdrew himfelf from Bafil to Per- CHAP. rani -, and, in the debates of the Greeks and La- \ y -,^j tins, the two nations admired the dexterity of his arguments and the depth of his theological erudition 3 . In his Hungarian embaffy we have already feen the milchievous effects of his fophif- try and eloquence, of which Julian himfelf was the firft victim. The cardinal, who performed the duties of a prieft and a foldier, was loft in the defeat of Warna. The circumftances of his death are varioufly related ; but it is believed, that a weighty incumbrance of gold impeded his flight, and tempted the cruel avarice of fome Chriftian fugitives. From an humble, or at lead a doubtful origin, John Cor- the merit of John Huniades promoted him to the command of the Hungarian armies. His father was a Walachian, his mother a Greek ; her un- known race might poffibly afcend to the emperors of Conftantinople ; and the claims of the Wala- chians, with the furname of Corvinus, from the place of his nativity, might fuggeft a thin pretence for mingling his blood with the patricians of an- cient Rome 3I . In his youth he fcrved in the wars of Italy ; and was retained, with twelve horfc- men, by the bifhop of Zagrab : the valour of 3 Syropuuis honourably praifes the talents of an enemy (p. 1 17.) : >' bee Bonfinius, ciecad iii. 1. iv. p.4z3. Could the Italian hif- toiian pronounce, or the king of Hungaiy hear, without a hlufh, the abluid fidtteiy, which confounded the n.iaie ot ;i Walachian village with the calual, though glorious, epithet ot a finglc branch of the Va- kiuii iainily at Roir.c ? M 3 the \66 THE DECLINE AND FALL T H ;\ CHP - tne white knigbt** was foon confpicuous ; he cn- creafed his fortunes by a noble and wealthy mar- riage s and in the defence of the Hungarian borders, he won in the lame year three battles againft the Turks. By his influence, Ladiflaus of Poland obtained the crown of Hungary j and the important fervice was rewarded bv the title and office of Waived of Tranlylvania. The firft: of Julian's crufades added t\\o Turkifh laurels on his brow ; and in the public diflrefs the fatal errors of Warna were forgotten. During the abfcnce and minority of Ladiflaus of Aultria, the titular king, Huniades was elected fupreme captain and governor of Hungary ; and if envy at firft was iilenced by terror, a reign of twelve years fuppofes the arts of policy as well as cf war. Ytt the idea of a confutnmate general is not delineated in his campaigns ; the \vhite knight fought with the liana rather than the head, as the chief of defultory Barbarians, who attack without fear and fly with- out frame ; end his military lire is compoi-jJ. of .. romantic ali.crnJt.ive of victories dnd elcapes. By the Turks, who eiv.ployed r.is nair.c to fiiglite;?. their perverle chiiJi'ui, he v;?.-. corruptly denomi- nated J.'tKLXs l.,t;:;-:, cr t!':e \\ ickcd : their hatre^i is the \>\''-'>\ of tlieir ci^ecm ; t'.ie kingdom wln'ch he f^iuirded v.as inacctffible to t!;eir r.nv.s : and tliey felt hiii) a. :>':! daiir.g and formidable, when tliey fondly believed the captain and his country 5- P'li'.i;' .\ Cnir.iiv.-3 'Mtir.oircs, 1. vi. c. 13. 1, t'.cni tlie traJ'tir-n of ll'.c t:;;'.th, I '-'.Tiii.!- 1; iin wit 1 ) ln^i) ti'COil :-..-.;<, but \ir.f'ci' tV.C wiiii-iii.; ,i ,irt!i.t ..I (."-.t\ alu r li,,.nc i!e V,ilai^r.e (\'a!achii\ Ti< Gi'.-k v.li.-iiccco vi.!-:-, .r.,1 tlic T !;kifli Annali of Lcur.clavius, p:t- fumc tu accuit his fil^i;? . '-ji, irrecoverably OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 167 irrecoverably loft. Inftead of confining himfelf c r H A P. to a defenfive war, four years after the defeat of _.. - r - _ Warna he again penetrated into the heart of Bul- garia ; and in the plain of Coflbva iuftained, till the third day, the mock of the Ottoman army, four rimes more numerous than his own. As he fled alone through the woods of Walachia, the hero was furprifed by two robbers ; but while they difputed a gold chain that hung at his neck, he recovered his f\\ord, fiew the one, terrified the other, and, after new perils of captivity or death, confoled by his prefence an afflicted kingdom. But the laft and moft glorious aclion of his life was the defence of Belgrade againil the powers of Mahomet the fecond in pcrfon. After a f:cge Kisde- of ferry days, the Turks, who had already en- ^i^de tered the town, were compelled to retreat; arri a:-.d death, the joyful nations celebrated Huniades and Bel- , 45 'r,,' grade as the bulwarks of Chriftendom ". About J lll - v Sept. 4.. a month after this great deliverance, the cham- pion expired -, and his moll Ip-endid epitaph is the regret of the. Ottoman prince, who right J that he could no longer hope for revenue againfr. or k,^ o the fingle antagonill who had triumphed over his arms. On the firft vacancy of the throne, Mat- thias Corvinus, a youth ot eighteen years of age, was elected and crowned by the grateful Hun- garians. His reign was profperous and long : Matthias afpired to the glory of a conqueror and U See Bonfinius (decaJ iii. 1. viii. p. 49:..) and Spondnniis (A. D. 1456, N i 7.). Huniades fhareil the f loiy of the defence f Bilgrnde with i.opiltian, a Fianciitan friar ; and iu thi-ir rt-i^e^ive nanntivei, neither tlit fuini nor the hero condticend to take notice uf bis rival's nieiii, M 4 a faint -, i6S THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. a faint; but his pureft merit is the encouragement of learning ; and the Latin orators and hiftorians, who were invited from Italy by the fon, have fhed the luftre of their eloquence on the father's character 34 . In the lift of heroes, John Huniades and Scan- d sr beg are commonly afibciated 35 : and they are both entitled to our notice, fince their occupa- t ' lon f tne Ottoman arms delayed the ruin of the A - D - Greek empire. John Caftriot, the father of Scan- I 4.C * _ 1*13, &c. derbeg 36 , was the hereditary prince of a fmall diftrict of Epirus or Albania, between the moun- tains and the Adriatic lea. Unable to contend with the fultan's power, Caftriot fubmitted to the hard conditions of peace and tribute : he deli- 54 See Bonfinius, decad iii. !. viii dcmd iv. I. viii. The oh- ferv.'iticns of Spondnnus on the litj .uid character of M.mhns Cor- vinus, aie ciiiious and critical (A. D. 1464. N' J i. 1475, N 6. 1476, N 14 16. 1490. N4, $.). Italian t:)me wei's Sen:, 'ores Reruin Huii^aricaruiii. 35 Thry rue rarkid hv Sir \\'iiliam Temple, in his i-Ieafirg Fffiy on Heroic Virtue (\.vo:k^, vol. in. p. 385.), :r.r; the levi-n chiefs W'.KI have dcl^ixtd, without wearing, a joyal ci'!\\nj Bthiarius, N.iries, GoPii.ivo of CouK.v.i, W.ihun fiilt puci. ot Oiange, Alrx .ndcr duke (.f Parma, J whi:h would introduce ir.u to ; .e man, the unit, art! the nns I>:n Ictiu,-, a jintft Oeoieii Caltnoti, &:c. r; ace. In the old and national hiitory ot .\ ot scodia (tie Vita, Moiibus, et Rehus gel iihii xi. i. pp. 367. Argtntorat. 1557, in to bcrfome rolies aie iluck with miny ialit; itsveis, 6>.i. likwwile Llial- ,-ltSj 1. vii. p. 185. 1. viii. p. ^^-j, vcrcd OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 169 vcred his four fons as the pledges of his fidelity ; CHAP. and the Chriftian youths, after receiving the mark ._ ,- '^ of circumcifioft, were mftru&ed in the Maho- metan religion, and trained in the arms and arts of Turkifh policy 37 . The three e-lder brothers were confounded in the crowd of (laves ; and the poifon to which their deaths are afcribed, cannot be verified or difproved by any pofitive evidence. Yet the fufpicion is in a great meafure removed by the kind and paternal treatment of George Caftriot, the fourth brother, who, from his tender youth, difplayed the ftrength and fpirit of a foldier. The iuccdlive overthrow of a Tartar and two Per- fians, who carried a proud defiance to the Turkifh court, recommended him to the favour of Amu- rath, and his Turkifh. appellation of Scanderbeg ( Ijkcnder Beg), or the lord Alexander, is an in- delible memorial of his glory and fervitude. His father's principality was reduced into a province : but the lofs was compenfated by the rank and tirie of Sanjiak, a command of five thoufand horfc, and the profpedt of the firfl dignities of the empire. He ferved with honour in the wars of Europe and Afiaj and we may fmile at the art or credulity of the hiftorian, who fuppofes that in every encounter he fpared the Chriftians, while he fell with a thundering arm on his Mufu-lmaa foes. The glory of Huniades is without re- proach ; he fought in the defence of his religion and country ; but the enemies who applaud the patriot, have branded his rival with the name of 37 His circiimcifion, education, &c. are marked by Maiinus with buvity and rclu^'unce (I. i. p. 0, 7.), traitor , 7 o THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A P. trr.itor and apoflate. In the eyes of the Chriftians, LXVII. . - ... i_ I T _ the rebellion of Scanderbeg is juftified by his fa- ther's wrongs, the ambiguous dcarh of his three brothers, his own degradation, and the flavery of his country ; and they adore the generous, though tardy, zeal, with which he alTerted the faith and independence of his anceftors. But he had imbibed from his ninth year the doctrines of the Koran ; he was ignorant of the Gofpel ; the religion of a foldier is determined by authority and habit; nor is it eafy to conceive what new illumination at the age of forty 38 could be poured into his foul. His motives would be lefs ex- pofed to the fufpicion of interefl or revenge, had he broken his chain from the moment that he xvas ienfible of its weight : but a lone: oblivion **.j <^j had iurel}' impaired his original right ; and every year of obedience and reward had cemented the mutual bond of the fuhan and his fubjecb. If Scanderbeg had long harboured the belief of Chrillianity and the intention of revolt, a worthy mind mufr. condemn the bale difTimulation, that could ilrve only to betray, that could promile only to be foiefworn, that could actively join in the temporal and ipiritur.1 perdition of fo many thou- lands of his unhappy brethren. Shall we praife a lecret correlpondtnce with liuniades, wliilc he * Since Scr.ndciV.er dice! A. D. i^Cf>, in the Ixiii- year of his age (M;ui.i:% 1. xii:. p. "0.), lie was horn in 1403; fincc he w.;, toin t.'.in h 1 -- (...LM't,-. hy the 'J'li'k^, when he was r.cvtnn'.i (M.ii"nui, 1. i. Y.I. 6.), that event mtift h.ive li^ppeneti in 14.1 :, r.ine ye.i.f hc- f'!i: lli-j ?c r .ffli(jn ' f .'.. ni'ii A:!I II. v.ho n-.'.iit have inhenttd, not ac- /]iii'-.-.|. tin- /,;!);. p,, . in ll.iVL-. SpMictar.tis l;ss itmarkecl this incor.rift- nry, A. D. i^j, r.'^i. 144.3, V'l*. commanded OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. i ;i commanded the vanguard of the Turkifh army ? c ^ * p. ihall we excufe the defertion of his ilandard, a ^ y _J_ treacherous defertion which abandoned ihe vie- Hls Ievo; t tory to the enemies of his benefactor ? In the con- Tiuks, fufion of a defeat, the eye of Scanderbeg was ' * fixed on the Reis Effendi or principal fecrer.iry : >^v. ?. with a dagger at his bread, he extorted a firman OO or patent for the government of Albania; and the murder of the guiltkfs fcribe and his train prevented the confequences of an immediate dii- covery. With fome bold companions, to whom he had revealed his defign, he efcaped in the night, by rapid marches, from the field of battle to his paternal mountains. The gates of Croya were opened to the royal mandate : and no fuoner did he command the fortrefs, than George Caf- triot dropt the mafk of diffimulation ; abjured the prophet and the fultan, and proclaimed himfclf the avenger of his family and country. The names of religion and liberty provoked a general revolt : the Albanians, a martial race, were unanimous to live and die with their hereditary prince ; and the Ottoman garrifons were indulged in the choice O O of martyrdom or baptifm. In the affembly of the {lares of Epirus, Scanderbeg was ck-fled general of the Turkifh war; and each of the allies en- gaged to furnilh his refpedlive proportion of men .ind money. From thefe contributions., from his patrimonial eflate, and from the valuable fa It- pits ot Selina, he drew an annual revenue of two hundred thoufanJ. ducats 39 ; and the entire fum, *9 His revenue and forces are b.jckily given by Marinus (1. ii. P.*40- exempt 7 a THE DECLINE AND FALL H A p - exempt from the demands of luxury, was driclly J- r - '__> appropriated to the public ufe. His manners were popular ; but his discipline was Severe ; and every Superfluous vice was banifhed from his camp: his example drengther.ed his command; and under his conduct, the Albanians were in- vincible in their own opinion and that of their lis T a- enemies. The braved adventurers of P' ranee and JUi * Germany were allured by his fame and retained in his Service ; his danding militia confided of eight thouSand horSe and Seven thouSand Soot ; the horfes were Small, the men were adive : but he viewed with a diScerning eye the difficulties and reSources of the mountains ; and, at the blaze of the beacons, the whole nation was diftributed in the dronged pods. With Such unequal arms, Scanderbeg refided twenty- three years the powers of the Ottoman empire ; and two conquerors, Amurath the lecond, and his greater ion, were repeatedly baffled by a rebel, whom they purSued \virh Seeming contempt and implacable reient- jner.t. At the head of fixty thouSand horSe and forty thouland Janizaries, Amurath entered Al- b;v.;.i ; he might ravage the open country, oc- i ;:;} t'.c <.:;:!<. .uxk is to\\ns convert the churches into muSchs, circu:r,c:le the Chridian youths, and } NV J:: : /!I v>it!i tiL'.'itli i.is ad'ilt and obdinate c.ip- livch, but tr.e conqueds oi the Sukan were con- fined to the petty tortrei:-. oi SSetignide ; and the arr:h>n, invincible to iiis arms, was opprefied by a paltry arnlicc and a iupcrditious Sc tuple 40 . Amurath *' Thu' wtie two D-bi.is, the u;>;-,!r ".' '< ir.vcr, the Bulgaiian i"i ,:.^w.-.;a.i : '.he:,.;.:.,) 70 ....!., t; ,;:. C -.'-_* (!.!. p. 17. }> VN '' COlKM'^OUS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 173 Amurath retired with fhame and lofs from the c H A r p - walls of Croya, the caftle and refidence of the Caftriots ; the march, the fiege, the retreat, were harafTed by a vexatious, and almoft invifible, ad- verfary *' j and the difappointrnent might tend to embitter, perhaps to morten, the laft days of the fultan * a . In the fulnefs of conquefr., Mahomet the fecond ftili felt at his bofom this domeiiic thorn : his lieutenants were permitted to nego- ciate a truce ; and the Albanian prince may juftly be praifed as a firm and able champion of: his na- tional independence. The enthufiafm of chivalry and religion has ranked him with the names of Alexander and Pyrrhus ; nor would they blufii to acknowledge their intrepid countryman : but his narrow dominion, and (lender powers, mud leave him at an humble diftance below the heroes of antiquity, who triumphed over the Eaft and the Roman legions. His fplendid atchievements, the bafhaws whom he encountered, the armies that he difcomfited, and the three thouiand Turks who were fiain by his fmgle hand, muft be weigher! in the fcales of fufpicious criticism. Againft an illiterate enemy, and in the d.;rk fulitude of contiguous to the fortrefs of Sfetigrade, whefe ii, habitants refufed to drink from a well into which a tle.nl des; had traiteroufiy been calt (1. v. p. i 39, 140.). V/e want n good ir,:-^ of Epiiiis. -* 1 Corrpaie the Turkifli narrative of C;'.iTtem!r ((1.91.) with the pcmftons and prolix dtt!aiT:ation in the iv ta , v t!l , and vi iil bcok? of tb.e Albnnian prieft, who has been copied by the tribe of ftrangcis and. moderns. 4* In honour of his hero, Barletin? 'i.vi. p. j?g 191 ) kills the fultan, by dileafe indeed, under \\\t \v,ii!s of Cioy:i. But ti'is auda- cious fiction is dii'pjoved by the Giccks nnd J inks, who agree ia the time and manner of Aryjiath'.s d';ath a; Adrianu^le. Epirus, 74 THE DECLINE AND FALL H \ P. Fpirus, his partial biographers may fafely indulge ., _'_> the latitude of romance : but their fictions arc expofcd by the light of Italian hiflory ; and they afford a ilrong preemption again ft their own truth, by a fabulous tale of his exploits, when he pafied the Adriatic \vi:h eight hundred horfe to the fuccour of the kir.g of Naples 4J . Without dif- paragement to his fume, they might have owned that he was finally oppreiTed by the Ottoman powers: in his extreme danger, he applied to pope Pius the fecond for a refuge in the eccle- fiaitical it ate ; and his refources v/ere almoft ex- id deith, haulled, fince Scanderbeg died a fugitive at LifTus ' *,'' on the Venetian territory 4 *. 1.1 is fepulchre was *4- J 7 j*n. 17. f oon violated by the Turkifh conquerors; but the Janizaries, \vho \vore his bones enchaled in a bracelet, declared, by this fuperflitiotis amulet, their involuntary reverence for his valour. 1'he in flan t ruin of his country may redound to the hero's glory; yet, had he balanced the confe- quences of fubmifiion and refiilance, a patriot 4? See the rna'vch of his Calabnr.n expedition in tlie ix th and x'" 1 h'.oks d! M.'ii'!'M ir , B.M!C-I. i:s, wlijc'a 111 iy be notified by tlie t--U:inor.y or fiiencf o! Mur.itou (Annrili ii'Iul;u, torn. xiii. p 191.)', r.r.d his ciipnai auti.cjis ('Job. Snnor.ctt.i cle Rebus Kianciici Sforti?-;, in Muratori, Script. Rcnim Iial. torn. xxi. p. 728. er alias). The Albanian civairy, iiiuici the na'ne of Stradijt?, foon K came famous in tiie wr.rs ol lt.;!y JMtmoircs tie Cominis, 1. viii. c. 5 ). 44 Spond.inus from tlie bed evitlence :ir,<.t the mod intiona! cii. ; : - - I'.n, l;:is mf'.itvj the r;i:i!it Sc:uul-.'i!)eo to the luininn f:ze (.\. D. H'IT, N'-zo. 1463, N^n. 1//-5, N 3 ia, 13. 1467, N-i.). lit.- ( A-;I ie:t.: ;) lit: pojn 1 , ;ir,d t!ie tu!t;:no;iy ',t Phrai.z.t (!. i;>. c . -S.), ?. :',; '.'...> in the neu;! 1 . bo unrig ;(!. ot Co: "r, litmonltiate hi 1 ; '. i ; .! -t. .-:"-. \viii !. is :i.vkw^.:ly concealed !;y ?.jaiinus Iiai'lt.tiui (...x.). perhaps OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 175 perhaps would have declined the unequal con- ten: which muft depend on the life and genius of one man. Scanderbeg might indeed be fupported by the rational, though fallacious, hope, that the pope, the king of Naples, and the Venetian re- public, would join in the defence of a free and Chriuian people, who guarded the fea-coafl of the Adriatic, and the narrow pafiage from Greece to Italy. His infant fon was laved from the na- tional fhipwrcck ; the Caftriots 45 were in veiled with a Neapolitan dukedom, and their blood continues to flow in the nobleft families of the realm. A colony of Albanian fugitives obtained a fetdement in Calabria, and they preferve at this day the language and manners of their an- ceftors 4<5 . In the long career of the decline and fall of Con flan- the Roman empire, I have reached at length the iM^'the hft reign of the princes of Conftantinople, who K * m or fo feebly fuflained the name and majefty of the emperors, Csefars. On the deceafe of John PaL-coloo-us, lAioj who furvived about four years the Hungarian Nov 1 ~~ o A O crufade 47 , the royal family, by the death of An- 1453,* dronicus and the monadic profefllon of Ifidor?, May * 9 * was reduced to three princes, Conilantine, De- metrius, and Thomas, the furvivin? ions of the S See the family of the Caftriots, in Ducang.- (Fun. Dalin:;ticx Sec. xviii. p. 34-8350.). 4 4 This colony of Alhanefe is rrentioned bv Mr. Swinb;irr.e (Travels into the Two Sicilies, vol. i. p. 350 3154..}, *7 The chronology of phranza is clear and :,ut ; ,er,i. : c ; tr.it 'rtfi'.-,\-.l of four years and 1. ven 1170111)33, Spor.Jaimr, (A.D. 14^^, N-~i.) affigns (even or eight years vo the icign of the lair Corlhu-.tmc, which he deduces from a ijpvvious epiitJe of JEu^a;ius iV. to the kit ~ I 7 6 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, emperor Manuel. Of thefe the firft and the lad were far diftant in the Morca : but Demetrius, who pofiefied the domain of Sciybria, was in the fub- urbs, at the head of a party : his ambition was not chilled with the public diftrefs ; and his confpiracy v.ith the Turks and the fchifmatics had already difhirbed the peace of his country. The funeral of the late emperor v.v.s accelerated witli fmgular and even fulpiduus hade ; the claim of Deme- trius to the vacant throne was juftiried by a trite and Mi inly fophifm, that he was born in the purple, the tide ft ion of his father's reign. But the emprcis-mother, the fcnate and foldiers, the clergy nd people, were unanimous in the caufe uf the lawful fucceiTor ; and the defpot Thomas, \vho, ignorr.nt of the change, accidentally re- turn -.! to the capital, a HIT ted with becoming zeal rile : rite re it of his abient brother. An ambaf- ; ior, the hiPiorian Phranza, :vas immediately t.iifp;.:chcd to the court of Adrir.nople. Amurath r.c rived .im with honour and cifmiiTcd him wiiii gifts; b':t the gracious approbation of the L'uikilh iukan announced his fupremacy, and the approaching cownfal O of Venice had been propofcd ; but the Byzantine nobles objected the diftance between an heredi- tary monarch and an elective magiftrate ; and in their fubfequent diitrefs, the chief of that power- ful republic was not unmindful of the affront, Conftantine afterwards hcfitated between the royal families of Trebizond and Georgia; and trie ernbafiy of Phranza reprefents in his public and private life the laft days of the Byzantine em- pire 4S . The prctoi'e/t tare, or great chamberlain, Phranza failed from Conflantinople as minifterofa bride- ^. *- A n i tin 7-.i groom ; and the relics of wealth and luxury were A. D. applied to his pompous appearance. His mi- \^. merous retinue confided of nobles and guards, of phyficians and monks ; he was attended by u band of mufic ; and the term of his coflly em- bady was protracted above two years. On his arrival in Georgia or Iberia, the natives from the towns and villages flocked around the it rangers ; and fuch was their fimplicity, that they were de- lighted with the effects, without underftandiiig the caufe, of mufical harmony. 7\mong the crowd was an old man, above an hundred y;. rrs of arc, who had formerly been carried away a captive 4-3 Phranza (1. iii. c. i 6.) ckftrves credit and ef VOL. XII. N bv i;3 THE DECLINE AND FALL c HA?. O y the barbarians 49 , and who amufed his hearers i . x v 1 1 . . with a tale of the wonders of India 5 , from whence he had returned to Portugal by an unknown lea 5I . l-'rom this hofpitable land, Phranza pro- ceeded to the court of Trebizond, where he was informed by the Greek prince of the recent de- ceafe of Amurath. Indead of reioicing in the deliverance, the experienced ftatefman exprefied his apprehcnfion, that an ambitious youth would not long adhere to the Inge and pacific fyftem of his father. After the fultan's deceafe, his Chrif- tian wife Maria SI , the daughter of the Servian deipotj had been honourably redo red to her pa- rents : on the fa me of her beauty and merit, me was recommended bv tiie ambafiador as the mod v> S-} itiics her the dautlitrr of Lazarus Ogli, r^nd the Helen ot the btrvians, jilaccs licr ir.arnage with Ainu- rr.tb in the yrar 1414- It wi,l in>t eaiiiy be believed, t!:at in fix- and-twcrty years cohabitation, the iultan corj^us eius non trti- pit. After tl-,e takinfi; of Conltantinople, flie ficd to Mahomet II. (Phranza, 1. i:i. c. 11.). 4 worthy OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. worthy object of the Royal choice j and Phranza recapitulates and refutes the fpecious objections that might be raifed againft the propofal. The majefty of the purple would ennoble an unequal alliance ; the bar of affinity might be removed by liberal alms and the difpenfation of the church ; the difsrace of Turkifh nuptials had been re- O * peatedly overlooked ; and, though the fair Maria was near fifty years of age, me might yet hope to give an heir to the empire. Conftantine liftened to the advice, which was tranfmitted in the firfl fhip that failed from Trebizond ; but the factions of the court oppofed his marriage ; and it was finally prevented by the pious vow of the fultana, who ended her days in the monailic profeffion. Reduced to the firft alternative, the choice of Phranza was decided in favour of a Georgian princefs; and the vanity of her father was dazzled by the glorious alliance. Inftead of demanding, according to the primitive and national cuftom, a price for his daughter 53 , he offered a portion of fifty -fix thoufand, with an annual penfion of five thouiand ducats j and the fervices of the ambaf- fador were repaid by an a durance, that as his ion had been adopted in baptifm by the emperor, the eilablifhment of his daughter fhould be the pe- culiar care of the emprefs of Conftantinople. On the return of Phranza, the treaty was ratified by the Greek monarch, who with his own hand im- p re fled three vermillion erodes on the Golden bull, and allured the Georgian envoy, that in the s? The claflksl reader vrill rtcollefi the offers ef Agamemnon vilnd !, v, 14-4.), and the gsnerd prauice ui autJ^uity, N 2 !go THE DECLINE AND FALL c u A r. fpring his ('allies fhould conduct the bride to her ^__ '__ Imperial palace. I-ut Condantine embraced his faithful fervant, not v.ith trie cold approbation of a love. rri<:n, bvt v,i:h the warm confidence of a friend, v,ho, aftc-r a loni* alienee, is impatient to pour hi;> iecrcts into the boiom of his friend. " >ince the death of \\\\ mother and of Canta- " cuzene, \\ho alone advifcd me without interred " cr pail-on 5t , I am iurroundcd," laid the emperor, " by ir.cn \\l:"iii 1 can neither love, nor trull, nor " ctreem. You are riot a ilrar.ger to Lucas No- owcrs ; from the " M(;rca '. : ' <:'.'>} i.i'l to Cvp-rus on a particular u commifil . . ' from the nee proceed to (jcor- "j'iitor cei'v'e ar.d coii.ii'ct tiie ii.turc eir.prefs." :t Your comma id .," replied u ' " rtl-fliblt ; but : : . ' [ i C m OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 181 f wife mav be tempted either to feck another c HAP. LXVII. " huiband, or to throw herfelf into a monarlery." ^_1__ VJ ^ After laughing at his apprchenfions, the emperor more gravely confoled him by the pleating af- jl: ranee that this fhoukl be his lail fervice abroad, snd that he deftined for hib fon a wealthy and noble hcirch ; for himfeh, the important oiiice of Gjeat logothete, or principal niiniitt-r of fiute. The marriage %vas immediately flipulated ; but the office, iiovvever incompatible w,r;i liis o\vn, had been ufurped by tlie ambirion of rise li'Jmiral. Some c'.elny v;as requifite to negociate a con- fer; t and an equivalent: ; and the noiTiinr.fion of Phranza was half declared, and half fupprefil-d, left it might be difpleafmg to an infoiiriit and powerful favourite. Tiie winter \vis (pent in t!ie preparations of his enibuny ; and Pnrar.zn. had yefolved, that the you:h iiib Ibii iiiould embrace this opportunity of foreign travel, a on the appearance of danger, wiuli lii kindred of the Morea. Such were d.e piw^re and public defigns, \vliich were interrupted by a Turkilli \var, and finally buried in the ruins of the empire. THE DECLINE AND FALL C H A P. LXVIil. Reign aid Charatier of ^L:bc;:iet the Scccn: ; . Sit^e, jijftiidt^ and final Cinqutft, <*.i Ccnfiar.ti- tiople !>y tbc 'I :-:rks. Dcaib of Ccnf:c:nli:ie l\i- Lcc! r jgus. Servitude cf the Greeks. Extir.cfitn cf the Roman Empire in the Eafi. Cc-njlcrnc.ikn cf Europe. Carquejls and Death cf M.~J;--:w;t the Second, . r~|~1IIE Hrge of Conflantinople (>y the Turks ^ A attract our firll attention to the pfiion arid character oi te L^icnt clro'.'vr. iMa'i^inct te iccond 1 was the ioii of the fccond Anuin-ihi ..i,d though his mother has been decorated \vkh tiie tides of Chriflian r.nd j^'iiiccfi, fl:c b more [ were thole of a devc,ut Muliilmai: ; r.;,;: as oftc:; ;ib he ronveried wit'i an infidel, he ju;r;{ied liio Jiaiid.s and face hy the ic-r.al rites oi abinrion. Age ar.d empire appear to have rehi\t_d tl>i- p.arrow bigotry : lus afpiring creniu- di!,iai:i.. v! to acknov.-lcdge a power above hib ov. n ; and in hii, iooler iiours he T I ( r tii.; (}]-| iiTier of * -T::lio:r.t ' If. !' i- il.i i-^croi; j fot;iiit f ,::. r tlie I ui k - or t '.e C.nnli i.ir. c . I i'f nu it n.ocltiatc p'Ctinc :iT'|;t;..is ['t IK ili.'wn !'v 1'r.i ai, 7.; [i. i. c. ;").;, \viiofe r^ li.:'. Mi.^nt li'a.l it-olttl in : ._,- ;-.n.! fnlinj.lc; Ice iiktv.ili: b ( .o:,:!rr.u5 (A. D. i^si. N IT.), and the rontmn^tor of Fieinv "f m.xMi. ['. S : ~}> t! e ..'..: <>t .F:tu,ns Ji.vius (i. ui. p. i ' 4 i ''>'' .;, aiul ti.c D;c- ;:tnai.c ut J>aj It (twin. in. p. 171 :;;-._. p re fumed OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 183 pre fumed (it is faid) to brand the prophet of CHAP. Mecca as a robber and impofior. Yet the fultan perievered in a decent reverence for the doctrine and difcipline of the Koran*: his private indif- cretion mult have been facred from the vulgar ear ; and we mould fufpect the credulity of ftrangers and fectaries, fo prone to believe that a mind which is hardened againil truth, mull be armed v/ith fuperior contempt for abfurdity and error. Under the tuition of the mod fkilful mailers, Mahomet advanced with an early and rapid progrefs in the paths of knowledge ; and befidcs his native tongue, it is affirmed that he ipoke or underftood five languages 3 , the Arabic, the Perfian, the Chaldean or Hebrew, the Latin, and the Greek. The Perfian might indeed con- tribute to his amufcment, and the Arabic to his edification; and fuch (Indies are familiar to the Oriental youth. In the incercourfe of the Greeks and Turks, a conqueror might vvifh to converfe with the people over whom he was ambitious rp reign: his own praifes in Latin poetry 4 or 1 Caiitemir (p. 1 1 5.), and tue ir.ofchs which he founded, attcft his public regard for religion. Mahomet fiedy diiputed with ti:e patriarch Gcnnadius on the two religions (bpond. A. D, i453> N & 11.). ^ Q_ninque 'inguas praett-r fuam novcvnt ; Grrec^m, Lstinam, ChaKlaicam, Perficain. The Latin tr:.i'il;'.for of Phrr.nza has iropt the Arabic, which ihe Koran muit recommend to eve.-j ylufulmin. + Philelphus, by a Latin ode, requefted and obtained the M- h.fy of his wife's mother and filters from the conqueror of Con- ftntinople. It was delivered into the fultan's hands by the envoys o. the Duke of Milan. Philelphus himfclf was fufpeclcd of a de fijn of iitii ing to Conftantinople ; yet the orator often founded the tamper of holy war (fee his life by M. Launcelot, in tiie Mc- .T.ues de 1 'Academic des Infcription?, torn, x. p. 718. 7^.4, &c.). N 4 proi> 1 8. } THE DECLINE AND FALL C H A p. p-oie 5 miirht find a paHa^e to the royal ear ; but L\V!11. D <_-^ ^_. v. hat u .c or merit could recommend to the ftatefman or the icholar the i:r.couth dialect of his Hebrew Haves : The hiftorv and {/eo^raphy of the world were familiar to hi., memory : the livVs of the heroes of the Kail, perhaps of the Weil f ' 3 excited : i; enruiation : his ikiil in allrolo^y is excufed by th- . the tinvjs, and i'jppofes ibme rudi- nient> of mathematical Icicncc ; ar.d a profane taile i r the cuts is bi.'tra\'cd in his liberal invira- tio;i and reward of the p.dnrers of Italv 7 . But the iniluence oi reh^ion ana l;:arnin,.{ v, ere em- *- > ^J played \vithoiil' tillct on hi-, favage and licentious nature. I will n^t traiiiciibe, nor tlo I flnnly be- fcvei'ed ri'om h' r b )dVj to convince the Jamzan>..> that Llieir m.aler was not t!ie vc)tary of love, llis . is aliened b\ tiie filcnce of the Turkiih ann.ils 3 which acculc tliree, and three c^nly, of the '. !V/> n \" ;'..: ; ;:;:!; : , in i ."-, h : ^ xii hoo!;<: c 1 .: K .:?.'': . . - ( ; . h lint I:.T . t f : on,i-s. I;-/ Irs [>;i:ion h ...;.;,,. I i\J;i!ateli:i, p:-ir,ct- >'t i\:nn:n, it had Ixca . v! with a L:. tin i I'lunict II. r ' S. : .i>!: ' 1 i;i (i:/-i, lie alii'.iuov.lly !t;.clitd t!'e lives r.r.d ...:..:,,.-.... '..it ;: - , v 1. 1 .:..:;.., ur.tl '1'htodoiuis. I Ir.v ' , 'i 1 .' I' in larch's Lives were irandircd hv !. . ! ; into tlu I' - If tie fulfui !rni!i'!f u!-,i!t-r- i: I ( Irct k it mult have Lti-u tor tlit licntfi: ci his fiil-j.tr--. Vtt k \ . . : i ! . , well r:s oi v iK.ur. 7 ! . .,:...u - C j. i.tiit I>( liin , . .1 in i hid niV'tt d f i . n \ T i,i .. ililiVii)' I uiih a ciinin :IIH! ii n i ' rold, ;n; drained at i; ; ^ r> ;;;;.- il in the I'v::a;!tinc court. Yet the neighboi , of' Ai.J.j:;ut mi- tremble at the fevcrity with " v; " 1 -' jjionarrh rcfornicci r : .,/ pomn o OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 187 holcl : the exnences of luxury were applied to C H A P. ' L X V 1 1 1 . of nmbirion, and an ufelefs train of ilven -u^-y .J/ thoufand falconers was either difmified from his fervice, or cnliitec! in his troops. In the fir ft fi: ai- mer of iris reign, he vifited with an array the Afiatic provinces ; but after humbling the pride, Maho- met accepted the fubmiiiion, of the Cararnanian, that he might not be diverted by the fin a lie it ob- itacle from the execution of his great d;T:gn lQ . The Mahometan, and more efpeciaily the HoiKie ?n. Turkiih cafuiits, have pronounced that no pro- ^ nr ,'' :ns cf _ r ^ . Mahomet, mile can bind the faithful againft the intereft A. D. and duty of their religion ; and that the fultan may abrogate his own treaties and thole of his predecelTors. The juftice and magnanimity of Amurath had fcorned this immoral privilege -, but his fon, though the proudeft of men, could iloop from ambition to the bafeft arts of difiimulation and deceit. Peace was on his lips, while \var \va.s in his heart : he inceilantly fighcd for the poiTcf- fion of Conilantinople ; and the Greeks, by tiieir c/.vn indifcretion, allbrded the fir ft pretence of ti;e "atal rupture ". Inilead of labouring to be for- gotten, : See the ncceffion of M.ihomct II. in Ducas (c. 33.), Plin.nza !. i. c. 33. i. iii. c. L), ChakoconilyJes (1. vn. |>. iyf/-)i 3iK ' < -" a '-- 'i.niir (p. 96. ). 11 htfoie I tnter on the llcge of Conftantinople I fli.iil obk-tvc, that except the fnort hints of C'nntcmir nnd Ltunclavius, I have not been able to obtain nny TurkiOi account ot this coriqueil ; luch an accouiit r.s we pule Is of the i'uge of Rhciks by Soiiinan II. (Memoiixs de 1' Acadctnie cles Infcription;., torn. xxvi. p. 723 '69.). 1 mutt therefoie depend on the Greeks, whole pujtuiices, .n ionie degree, are iubducd by their diftiels. Our ftandaid texts zre thofe of Uucui (c. 3452.), phuiua (1. iii. c. 7^0.), Chnl- cocondyles j83 THE DECLINE AND FALL c u A r. gotten, their amhafiadors pur'acd his carnp, to de- ,____ 'j mand the payment, and even the increafe, of their annual ilipend : the- cix-.in wa^ importuned by their complaints, and the vizir, a iecret friend of the Chriilians, was conllrained to deliver the fenfe of his brethren. " Ye fooiifn and inferable Ro- li man?," iiiid Calii, " we know your devices. ,r, ,544, in 4", 1 .';. i '! . ! ' vi - is tlie t ;u ,u it in d iti.-. ; ' , : dl C !' < s, tht I6'- 1 oi .'\tu;i,!t 14 ; - s , \ : ITU if p . i'',',: , >: il.f . i'y, ;in ! in thr !r ,t .'11 t,i,it:c i.t c''d'.,:. '.;:i. : ] i; r;'iM,. f . J'cinii) 1 in cic' I '.: in, . ! l.-ir, C.b: 1 .. <.;:!.!. ( i:i ; i, i; ... i - .. <; ( K,p^ N c!'o!:.s '.'. : :. 1 :i i ' I < ' I . '.' _ .1 . . . i . \v . .:, !i !i .-d-l: L-!'CU in the i '.:,'." ' t - ' '. in {. i - . . , ,c i.:, i . : . p. "4- gX . ,','::!; ', j .'.: x - : '. : i.-, i M" ;! t ^ ; ., a\ , ;ii.u,_ 1) ci '- t ; - '-,'' : i ;>: .; : ' -\ . 1 ' T _; --,, N i 17.}. I'i.s ' : M .lire. i : .i '..i : I.u'.in!-, i Uu). :jkf, If.'iVi.- :L' , .. , OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 189 the courteous audience and friendly fpeeches of c ^ A p - the Ottoman prince ; and Mahomet allured them that on his return to Adrianople he would redrefs the grievances, and confuit the true intereft, of the Greeks. No fooner had he repaffed the Hel- iefpont, than he iiluecl a mandate to iupprcis their penfion, and to expel their officers from the banks of the Strymon : in this ineuilire he betrayed an hofiile mind ; and the iccond order announced, and in fome degree commenced, the ilege or Con- stantinople. In the narrow pals of the Bofphonis, an Afiatic fort re is had formerly been railed by his grandfather: in the oppoi'ite fituation, on the Eu- ropean fide, he reiblved to ere 61 a more formidable caille ; and a thoufand mafons \vere commanded to alTemble in the fpring on a f^ot named Aimna- ton, about five rniks from the Greek metropolis 11 . Perluafion is the reiource of the feeble ; and the feeble can ieldom perluade : tiie ambafl^dors of the emperor attempted, \vitiiout luccefs, to divert Mahomet from the execution of his defi;zn. permiliion of M territories ; but wincii would command tend to violate the tere^pt tiie Lat;;^ a;.d neriiapo to a: id to build a cauie on his ow hat this dt, >ui-jle foniiTcado: * 'iv ; nd the :!' reiv: :t, c:;uld on alliance of 'he i;,i!.ifi;:.Sj to ii 1- XV il" ''<"' ' - T in t'ie H ' ; r k Se o :;ihilaie ti ; e tjj . u -.2 fort ?;>, and tin: t"prvTrv.,hy of ; :!;e 'oit (ViiyaJ'c dar.h ie L.v.'rr, ".:;:. '.:, ..-;;'; I mult iv^ret lisc til:,;; c.' "iai^;-:j!: < ';.:; "i :.-:'.: , ,..>;; ', ; rninilter ot tiu in ir:;ic. T.;<.-. J>: cici' i;:' j .y tiifii b^^;-: to voi. iii. cl:.;;. <-t' this ii.Ujiy. city. THE DECLINE AXD FALL CHAP. city. " I form no enterprife," replied the per- LXVIII. fidicus fultan, " againfl the citv; but the empire " of Conftantinople is meafured by her walls. " Have you forgot the di fire is to which my fa- l< ther was reduced when you formed a league fc with the Hungarians: when they invaded our tl country by land, and the Hellefpont was oc- (i copied by the French gallic 1 ; ? Amurath was cc compelled to force the paffrge of the Bof- " phorus ; and your ilrem/th was not equal to " your malevolcr.ee. I was then a child at Adri- tl anopie ; the Modems trembled ; and for a while " the Gzbcur; n infulted our difgrace. But when * c my father had triumphed in the Held of Warna, (t he vowed to ereJl: a fort on the wcflern more, " and that vow it is my duty to accomplifh. " Have ye the right, have ye the power, to con- (( trol my actions on my ov.n ground : For that " ground is niv o\vn : ns far as the fliores of the :y could reioivc. Return in fafety fi but the next who delivers a fimilar mefiage " may expect to be Hayed alive." After this cic- M Tl:e opprobn'ous n:nne \vhith the Turks beito'.v or; tV.e Irfidc!s, i<; tx pi died K^,:-.-. |v,- pucn'-, ;u:d (,u'.ur hy Ltunci;-v!'ii ;.i,d t!.t ii:o,!iii.s. The former uim is deiivt.i hy Duc^ngc (Gloli. Giitc. ti i/-. . i. p. 5V- 1 -) 'roin K.Z.,- -j ; , in si.igrH Gitcic, a tortoiic, as .it- r.otir-.; i"tin.;i u!e motion fioin the f:\iih. Uut, rii?.s ! (Jj/^ur is ro m..::. ',', i. C.'^. : ,,-r, winch V.T.S tran^iei ic\l from the l-'eilinn to t * 'I ' ill . : ' - tiom :!ie vvorfhippers tl f;ic t^ tl.jfi: of the c:\:c;'.r. (.! :; iiii^iot. Oii.-nt. p. -75.). claratic ;, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. i pl deration, Confhntine, the firft of the Greeks in CHAP. i ,4. j j LXVIII. rpint as in rank , had determined to unmeathe . t _j the fword, and to refifr the approach and eftablifh- ment of the Turks on the Bolphorus. He was difarmed by the advice of his civil and ecclefiaftical minifters, who recommended a fyitem lefs gene- rous, and even lefs prudent, than his own, to ap- prove their patience and long-fufFering, to brand the Ottoman with the name and guilt of an aggreftbr, and to depend on chance and time for their own fafety, and the deilruction of a fort which could not long be maintained in the neighbourhood of a great and populous city. Amidit hope and fear, the fears of the wife and the hopes of the credulous, the winter rolled away ; the proper bufmefs of each man, and each hour, was poftponed ; and the Greeks fhut their eyes again!! the impending danger, till the arrival of the fpring and the fultan decided the aiTurance of their ruin. Of a rn after who never forgives, the orders are He build* feldom dilbbevt'd. On the twenty-fixth of March, J the appointed fpot of Afomaton was covered with an ac'live fv/arrn of Turkilh artificers; and the J I4 ' 5a * materials by ft a and land were diligently tranl- March ported from Europe and Afia 1$ . The lime had been burnt in Cataphrygia ; the timber was cut down '* Phranza does juftice to his matter's fenfe and courage. Calliditatcm horninis nun ignorans Imperator prior anna movers conltituit, and itigmatifes tlie folly of the cum iacii turn profani procerej, which he had heaid, amentes Jpe vana paici. Ducas was no! a privy- counfellor. *i Inftead of this char and confident account, the Tmkifh Annals (Cantemn, p. 97.) revived the fooiifti tale of the ox'j hid*. THE DECLINE AND FALL down in the woods of Ileraclea and Nicomedia; and the (lones were du:i from the Anatolian Quarries. Each of tno thou!a:v.l ma ions was af- fifted by t\vo workmen ; and a meuiure of two cubits was marked for their daiiv talk. The for- treii. l6 was built in a triangular form ; each angle was Ranked bv a 1 Iron a; and maily tower; one en the declivity of the hill, two alon<^ tiie fra-lhore : a thicknefs of twenty-two feet \vas aiTiirned for the wr-Ils, thirtv for tiie towers; .nd the whole build- ing was covered with a fohd pla:rorm of lead. "Mahomet himfeif preiL.d and directe.i t!ie work with indefatigable ardour : his three vizirs claimed the honour of fini!nmg thieir rejpcdive toners ; tiie zeal ot the cadhis emulated tiiat of the Jam- zarirs ; the meaneit labour v.as ennobled, be the fervice of (jod and the fultan ; and the diligence of the multitude was quickened bv the e\'e of a del pot, whole fir.ile was the hope of fortune, and whole frown was the meffcneer ot deat'i. Tiie o Greek emperor beheld v.ith terror tiie irrefiilible progrcfs of the \vork; and va:n!y llrove, by flattery and gifts, to affuage an implacable foe, who loiL'hr, and fccrctly fomented, the fiightcil o^c.-.n^n or a quan\ 1. Suc'i occafions mu!t loo;i and inevitably be iound. The ruins of il.itely churches, and even tiie marble columns \vhich had been conlec;\.ied to St. Michael the archangel, K-J f liulc, nrJ [)i'l'/s llra'-i^em in the !n',,n,l >tion of Carthnge. TlicTc aiiii.iU (;MI id's we ;uc twa'.ctl by P.D ajiticliiiltian prejudice) arc far kls v.i.u Jilt ili.ni tin C.ii . .-. .. :': ; '6 1 . ot ; r - furt:< -. tl'.c old caf'le of Europe, Miri' :\ ' i. : x tlv c \v!tii C!mlcutondyJt'S| whole <)c- Itup'.iji. lias bt.-i> v'Li,:uJ on ;:,L ,.. i ,y i,; editji" Lcuiiclavius. \\crc OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 193 were employed without fcruple by the profane and rapacious Moflems ; and fomc Chriflians, \vho prefumed to oppofe the removal, received from their hands the crown of martyrdom. Con- Itantine had folicited a Turkifh guard to proteft the fields and harvefts of his fubjecb : the guard was fixed ; but their iirft order was to allow free pafture to the mules and horfes of the camp, and to defend their brethren if they ihculd be molefted by the natives. The retinue of an Otto- man chief had left their horfes to pals the night among the ripe corn : the damage was felt ; the infult was refented ; and feveral of both nations were (lain in a tumultuous conflict. Mahomet liflened with joy to the complaint ; and a detach- ment was commanded to exterminate the guilty village : the guilty had fled ; but forty innocent and unfufpecling reapers were mafTacred by the foldiers. Till this provocation, Conflantinople The . had been open to the vifits of commerce and cu- war> ' riofity : on the firft alarm, the gates were fliut j J unc but the emperor, ftill anxious for peace, releafed on the third day his Turkifh captives IJ ; and ex- prefTed, in a laft meflage, the firm refignation of a Chrifthn and a loldier. " Since neither " oaths, nor treaty, nor fubmiflion, can ft- cure " peace, purfue," laid he to Mahomet, fortifications were compl-ted; and v ..... 1; before his departure for Adrianople, he ilaiioned a vigilant Aga and four hun.Jred Janizaries, to levy a tr.burr of the fivips cT every nation that Tr.ouid pals within the re.ith of their cannon. A Venetian veliel, rclufin^ obedience to the new lords of tre Boiphorus, was lunk wi'.'i a finale bullet. The mafter and thirty Tailors cfcapcd in the boat; but tliey were draped in cliains f .o tiie fcr'c: t'it- 1 chief was imna'cd ; . hi . companions were beheaded; and the hi^lorian Di;cas " behcUl, at Demotici, their bodies expoied to the wild beails. The Tiege of Conrta:itinople was (deferred till the enluing Turing ; but a.i Ottoman army marched into t!ie Morea to divert the force of the A. D. brothers or Cor.ilar.tinc. At this a.'ra of calamity, J^ 5 ^' one 01 the!'- princes the deipot 'i'homas, was blefTed or afflicted with rhe birtii c^i a Ton; " the u hit heir," fats the plaintive Phranza, tc ofthe tc lail i]:ark of the II ;ma;i empire 'V ]';-,!. 3ra 'i he (jr(eks and the. '.i urh.s p,a!ied an anxious ':"- ji and ilec;j]eli \vinter : the Tonne r were kfi)t awake . . cit'Cji'.. by their tears, the Lt:e! by their hopes; both by r? L^ic; 1 .'., (.. ;;. l':;.i)/:i .. .:'. c. 3.) who l,nJ lailcd in his '. (.fit !, cu ' '. . . jt as a in. H ! yi . 'v AucLu;!i LJ! i' . .'-,...' : .; ... ^ci.us, u lnijvriii fucctfl^r, jvn: - VV.j'.iu KJ: : .' .1 .. . nri'.llb, Ai.ilri"is, oCc. ( J'luai.zs, i. 1.1. r. -. , i ; ... .'../ '. / . . .. j\. iv^s n.ij'iicil by ins feel irg;. the OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 195 the preparations of defence and attack ; and the CHAP. two emperors, who had the moft to iofc or to J1_.^L_J, gain, were the moft deeply affecled by the national ftanti - , , ^ /r ' nople, Sentiment. In Mahomet, that fentiment was A. D inflamed bv the ardour of his youth and temper: si. 4 "' oepttii.* he amuicd his leifure with building; at Adrian- bei A D. ople 2 the lofty palace of Jehan Numa (the watch- i^V,,' tower of the world) ; but his ferious thoughts Ai ' nl * were irrevocably bent on the conqueft of the city ofCseuir. At the dead of night, about the fecond watch, he darted from his bed, and commanded the inftant attendance of his prime vizir. The meilage, the hour, the prince, and his own fitua- tion, alarmed the guilty ccnfcience of Calil Bafha ; who had polleHcd the confidence, and advifed the reftoration, of Amurath. On the acceftlon of the fon, the vizir was confirmed in his office and the appearances of favour ; but the veteran ftatefman was not infcnfible that he trod on a thin and flippery ice, which might break under his ibotfteps, and plunge him in the abyis. His friend lhip for the Chrifdans, which might be in- nocent under the late reij.n, had frigmatifed him with the name of Gabour Ortjchi, or foflcr- brother of the infidels ai ; ~nd his avarice enter- tained a venal and trealbnable correfpondence, wliich was detected and punimed after the ccn- -^ Cantemir, p. 97, 98. The i'nltan was ei'ht.r couh'fu! of his conqurit, or ignorant of the luperior merits or Conlhrti-. -;opl;. A city or a kingdom in:iy ibinetin?cs i;c mined by t!,t l;n- Aerial fortune or their lovereiLiu i 11 t,vvT?G-o:, by t lie prefident Coufin, is tranf.ated /<.<; nov:iiic:*r, moll correctly indeed from the Latin veciion ; l.-ut in !ii# hiMts.', he ls:s overlooked the note by which Ifmael IJoiJ'uuJ (;id Ducam, c. 35.) acknowledges and rectifies his own errgr. O 2 cluf-on -- THE DECLINE AND FALL C n A r. clufion of the war. On receiving the royal man- L X V 1 1 1 . . date, he embraced, perhaps for the laft time, his wife and children -, filled a cup with pieces of gold, battened to the palace, adored the fultan, and offered, according to the Oriental cuilom, the flight tribute of his duty and gratitude, ". " It is " not my wifh," laid Mahomet, .; hrge a portion of the 4C Roman empire, will not deny the remnant, "and the capital. His providence, and thy " power, alii; re thv fuccelb ; snd mvfclf, wit'i u the rcil of thy faiJiful lldvcs v.ill facrifice our " lives and fortune^." cc Lala I3 ," (or preceptor;, continued tiie fultan, " do ycju fee tliis piilo\v : <{ all th.e night, in my agitaiion, I 'nave pulled it '* on one fiu'j and the otiier ; f liave nien from c: my bed, again have I lain down ; yet deep ha:. c<; n(;t vifited thffc weary eyes. Beware of the '' <:oid and fsivcr of the Ro i::u:s : in arms w i before ,\ N'-'ii antiquity, r.nd i'.-enis ar.3. , i \vitl\ the \i\ci\ ct LiCiit'.'C, I'.ili !ii-j:e nncitnt :u:J univtrfii. .:;.. i. txainj l'-s 01' :. '. i u iiiir. ., : i'- , yF, : ..u , Hilt. Vnr. l.i. c. ~i, ' ' l'.:c L.i'-. "f '.'- '] Jii ' C ir/i'n.ir, p. -,4..), a nil the Tc-'.a of ... !J'.K-... c. ; . , :i:t d-.:".'iil tiuui ti:c lU'viral lin- '; '('r . , '..:;. :iriy be ohl'ci vcd, tliat nil lucl. primi- .- : .-.' i iler.ote '..;.;i jnrcnts, nr^ t!ic finiple repetition ,; i,-, I.! ..: . , '.in-ipofcd oi a i.ihif! cj- Jcr.tal coniunarit ar.d aa .j (- ji c.fc-, M.oli.T. :r .!r Largutj, t;.m. i. p. i .- '. r i v " are ran r.on 01 OF THE ROMAN EiMPIRE. 19, <' are fuperior ; and with the aid of God, raid r n A P. " the prayers of the prophet, we mall fpeedily " become maders of Conftantinople." To found the difpofition of his foldiers, ne often wandered through the ftreets alone, and in difguife : and it was fatal to difcover the fultan, when he wifhed to efcape from the vulgar eye. His hours were fpent in delineating the plan of the hoflile city : in debating with his generals and engineers, on what fpot he fhould erecl his batteries ; on which fide he fhould aflauit the walls; where he fhould fpring the mines ; to what place he diould apply his fcaling ladders : and the exercifes of the day repeated and proved the lucubrations of the night. Among the implements of deflruction, he The fludied with peculiar care the recent and tremen- dous difcovery of the Latins ; and his artillery furpaffcd whatever had yet appeared in the world. A founder of cannon, a Dane or Hungarian, who had been almoft ftarved in the Greek lei vice, deferred to the Modems, and was liberally enter- tained by the Turkifh fultan. Mahomet was fatif- fied with the anfwer to his firft queftion, which he eagerly prefled on the artid. " Am I able to " call a cannon capable of throwing a ball or was I'nlied to.-. ether and cira\\n alor.g by a team ot nx;y oxen: two hundred men on bor.ii lid;, s vvre lia'icned KJ rhe way an.! repair the briJgt-s; a:id near two in'j fifty rrjiics. A livr'y pidlo- b o i this t ifion tiie crtd'.'litv , and obi -r.v , v, ith much reaibn, 1 ^ . .'. ., ; . .nun -,-. ,, cxitrli-l :, it! cm* nun 'id .mil iwrp.i\ -! vc Ltonicius ( iii- r.i.s ilifiliirt.il tirj n . L -.).-) in, (|iu j.jiiiiis i;r..i(.cii:i tx ", r. xci. p. z 9 4, 175.). IJe w.is , ,1; t; the p<'t iic--;iii;:.tiy afj/i/ts to ii.1, r. cliyir.ilt, i5.c. rh:i ' OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 199 that we fhould always diltruft the exagor rations c , H ,/Kf* J LXVIII. of a vanquifhed people. He calculates, that a ball, even of two hundred pounds, would require a charge of one hundred and fifty pounds of powder ; and that the ftroke would be feeble and impotent, fince not a fifteenth part of the in a is could be inflamed at the fame moment. A It ran- ger as I am to the art of deftruclion, ! can dif- cern that the modern improvements of artillery prefer the number of pieces to the weight o metal ; the quicknefs of the lire to the found, or even the confequence, of a fmgle explofion. Yet I dare not reject the pofitive and unanimous evi- dence of contemporary writers; nor can it ieem improbable, that the finl artifis, in their rude and ambitious efforts, mould have tranfgreffed the ftandard of moderation. A Turkifh cannon, more enormous than dint of Mahomet, dill guards the entrance of the Dardanelles ; and if the ufe be inconvenient, it has been found on a late trial that the effect wa.s far from contemptible. A (lone bullet of eleven hundred pounds weight was once difcharged with three hundred and thirty pounds of powder j at the diftance of fix hundred yards it lliivered into thive rocky fragments,, traverfed the ilreight, and, leaving the waters in a foam, again role and bounded ag^ind the oppo- - 6 The Baron de Toll (torn. iii. p. 85 89.), who fortified t':? Daiii. indies a^inlt ihe Ruillans, cieicrihrs in ;i hveiy, and even f/itiic, ih'.iin his own prowefs, and the cuiiit nr.'.tion o; the- Tuiks,, /)ut that ach'cnturous tj'aveller does not pofTeis t! i t- an or j;:iJnin^ cur coj:r;Jer!CC. 04 Whii? 200 THE DECLINE AND FALL CH A P. While Mahomet threatened the capital of the L.VVIII. < ___ t kalt, the Greek emperor implored with fervent Mahomet prayers the afTiltance of earth and heaven. But II. K..M1S . . the inviiible powers were deaf to his lupphca- tions ; and Chriftendom beheld with indifference the fall of Conilantinople, v\hile fhe derived at lead fome promiic of fupply from the jealous and temporal policy of the fultan of Egypt. Some fUtes were too weak, and others too remote; by fome the danger was conficiered as imaginary, by others as inevitable : the Wcflern princes were involved in their endlcfs and domeflic quarrels ; and the Roman pontiff was exafperatcd by the fallehood or obtlinacy of the Greeks. Inftead of employing in their favour the arms and treafures of Italy, Nicholas die fifth had foretold their ap- proaching ruin -, and his honour was engaged in the accomplifhment of his prophefy. Perhaps he was fbftened by the lad extremity of their diitrcfs ; but his compafllon was tardy ; his efforts were faint and unavailing ; and Conflantinople had fiilen, before the fquadrons of Genoa and Venice could fail from their harbours 17 . Even the princes of the Morea and of the Greek iflands affected a cold neutrality : the Genoefe colony of Gaiatia negotiated a private treaty ; and the fultan indulged them in the delufive hope, that by his they might furvive the ruin of the em- '-~ Non niiclivir, in'Iignum on- tifici juvaie <^ii."ctis, ;.ml ilie pofitivc aiiortion of ./Eneas Sylvius, fbuitam chflcin, &::. (S^ar.d, A. D. 1453, N 3.). pi re. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ^01 pire. A plebeian crowd, and fome Byzantine C | { , A]> - r.obles, bafely withdrew from the danger of their country ; and the avarice of the rich denied the emperor, and referved for the Turks, the ft ere I treafures which might have railed in their defence whole armies of mercenaries as . The indigent and folitary prince prepared however to fuftain his for- midable adverfary; but if his courage were equal to the peril, his ftrength was inadequate to the contefL In the beginning of the fpring, the Turkiih vanguard fwtpt the towns and villages as far as the gates of Confbntinopie : fubmim'on was fpared and protected; whatever prefumed to refift was exterminated with fire and fvvord. The Greek places on the Black Sea, Mefcmbria, Acheloum, and Bizon, furrendered on the firft fummons ; Sclybria alone deferred the honours of a. fiege or blockade ; and the bold inhabitants, while they were inverted by land, launched their boats, pillaged the oppofite coati of Cyzicus, and fold their captives in the public market. But on the approach of Mahomet himfelf all was filent and proftrate -, he firft halted at the difhince of five miles ; and from thence advancing in battle array, planted before the gate of St. Ro- manus the imperial ftandard ; and on the fixth ^ Antonin. in Proem. Epift. Cardinal- ludoi. spuii Spoiv.ia- num ; ;nul Dr. Johnion, in the tragedy ot Irene, lias liap^ily fei/i.J fhis cljaraiteiiftic circnniltance : Tlic groaning Greeks dig tip the golden caverns, The accumulated wealth of hoarding ages j That wealth which, gi anted to their veeping r>iir,ce, JJad raiig'd embattled nations at their gutes. day THE DZCLII;E AND FALL <: ii A ?. cijy of Apr;:., formed the memorable fieee of Con- LXVIIJ. . ; . v_~-v^ j itantinop.e. T;>rr.c ? if ^hc troops of Afia ancl ! : , Li rope extended on the t[\m- I I'Tt < ' right and kit from the Propontis to the hirbour: the Janizaries in rhe front were flaiioned before the iukan's tent i the Ouoman line was covered by a deep entrenchment ; and a fubordinate army inclofed the fuburb of Galata, and \vatched tlie doubtful faith of the Genet fe. The inquifkive rhiielphus, who refided in Greece about thirty years before the fiegc, is confident, that all ti;e Turkifli forces, of any name or vah;e 3 could not exceed the number of fixty thoufand liorfc and twenty thouiand foot ; and lie upbraids the pufil- lanimity of the nations, J^.'ho hau tamely yielded to a handful of Barbarians. Such indeed might be the regular eilablilhment o! the C\^'icuii~' 3 } the troops of the Porte, who marched with the prince, and were paid from his royal treafury. But the bafhaws, in tlicir refpedlive governments, main- tained or levied a provincial mihtia - y many lands were held by a miiuary tenure ; mariy volunteers were attracted by tiie hope of Ipoil ; ant! t!ie found of tliC holy trumpet inv;rul a hvarm of -' The pi!^:i-.r frf ps ire f;-!f.-l tif : -\'i, the pro/inci:ils . ( : r.-.?- . : m (I rr.< It of the mrnrs nr, i i;i 'iifni: n- 'T the Tiiri.i'h uii- A rxi.K- i !-.<." :>. :!;<- (:,;> -n .V;--^ f:fS"'i - T: . fl r.'Tvl-,-.-!), ;.,ul < .. , c;, r t.. i ,ir--, rot r.t r>I.ii ^j'i l;n : . c.' MV.VJ ., J h-^ .. ; -"..,y l'..'c :';c OttoiM-.r. (., re. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 203 Ducas, Chalcocondyles, and Leonard of Chios, to c HAP. Lxvur. the amount or tnree or four hundred thouiand men ; but Phranza was a lefs remote and more accurate judge ; and his precife definition of two hundred and fifty-eight thouland dv?es not e:,;- rced the mealure of experience and probability 30 . The navy < c The ob.Vi vntion of Philelpluis is approved by Cufpini.in in the ',--,;. u- i rc-S (ile C-flaribns, in Fji'lo;^. de i\Iilitri T-arcica, p. 6i;/'-)- M-'i fi^li ['I'oves, that the efTectiV'j r.:iii;t.s ni t'ne Turks aie >i,\i:'i It's r>u!iiti'o;:s than they apju-ar. In the anny t'uit bciieg^d C>,r.:K'iinir.cp!e, Lcoiiaidu-j (_,l'"-r i. c . veckoni no more than 15,003 many i^ THE DICLIXE AND FALL <. HAP. rniny of the citizens, or even of the monks, were able and willing to bear arms for their coimtrv. The lilts were intruded to Phranza "; and, after a dili/rent addition, he informed his mailer, with ?;rief and inrprife, that the national defence ^vas reduced to four thoufand nine hun- dred and feventy Rc-:;c;:s. Between Confuintine and his faithful minifrcr, this comfortlcfs fee ret was prtferved ; and a fufT.cient proportion of fhields, crofs-bov/s, ar.d muikets, was diftributcd from the arfennl to the city bands. They de- rived fbme r.cceflion from a body of two thoufand ftningersj i:nder the command of John Juflinrani, a noble Genoefc j a liberal donative was ad- vanced to thefe auxiliitries ; and a princely re- compence, tlie ille of Lemnos, was promifed to the valour and victory of their chief. A i\ rong cliitin was d] - av/n acrofs the mouth of the har- bour : it was fupportcd by lome (jreek and It i- iian vefiels of war and mcrchar.dife ; and the fliips of every Chriflhn nation, that fiicctlTiVciv ar- rivrd from Candia and the Black Sea, were de- tained f ;r the public k-rvice. Againll the fiov.ers of tr.e Ottoman empire, a city of the extent of thirrren, j)erhaps of fixteen, miles was defended by a iranty p^aiiiion of Jcven or ei^ht thoufand !oldiers. Kuroj^e and! Afi.i were open to the be- fiec^rs; but die ilren^tii ;>nd provifu.-ns of the ' r i- '\ .ifn (Ir.ip.^ t.-,''"'i;3y fxrri'.uii no!i r:!;(qiie ilu'.ore ct m- ftiii.i, n,.in'i'.]'if ,-ij->'i'! < <;uos aius occuitiis nuir.crus (I'hranza, i. iii. c. I,/. \V.(h f. ii :iniuif net: f' i i.ilH'ral pri-j'.i(i;cf, \ve r^r.iu,! ,!. ;":,( n IIKH. ui;ihtnt:i; sv.!:!iiV. nut only of ^'ibnc iacti, but i>5 pi.v /.t c^ui.l^li . Greeks OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 205 Greeks muft fuftain a daily decreafe , nor could CHAP. , i rv r r r LXVIII. they indulge the expectation or any foreign iuc- y T r-._/ cour or fupply. The primitive Romans would have drawn their Faife fwords in the relblution of death or conquefL u , ni ' )n of * the two The primitive Chrirtians might have embraced churches -AD each other, and awaited in patience and charity , 4 ' s ,/ the flroke of martyrdom. But the Greeks of Dec - I2 * Constantinople were animated only by the fpiric of religion, and that fpirit was productive only of animofiry and difcord. Before his death, the emperor John Pateologus had renounced the un- popular meafure of an union with the Latins ; nor was the idea revived, till the diftrefs of his brother Confbantine impofed a lafl trial of Mat- tery and difiimulation 3l . With the demand of temporal aid, his arnbafTadors were inilructed to mingle the aliurance of Ipirituai obedience : his neglect of the church was excufed by rhe urgcnc cares of rhe irate : and hi> orthodox \viihes ibli- cited the prefence of a Roman legate. 1'he \ r a- tican had been too often deluded ; yet the figns of repentftpce could not decently be overlooked ; a l:\'Htte was more eafily granted than an army ; and abour fix months before the final deftrucliun, The cardinal Ifidore of Rudia appeared in tha: ciidrafter with a retinue of prinls and fokiier.,. The emperor faluted him as a friend aiid fath reijpectfully iiilcned ro his public and privat 20 6 THE DECLIKF AND TALL c HAP. mons ; and with the mo!l obfcquious or the clergy H ' and hymen tubfcriivd the act or" onion, as it had been rati':ed in thr council of Florence. On the twelfth of Dccemb'.T, the two rvuions, in the church of St. Sophia, joined in the communion oflr.crifice and prayer ; and the narne^ of ti;c two pontiffs were tbicinnly commemorated ; the names of Nicholas t!ic fitch, the vicar ofChrill, ;i;id of the patriarch Gregory \vho had been driven into exile by a rebellious people. But the dreU ?nd ian.-rua^e of the Latin pneil who officiated at the altar, were an object of fcandal ; and it was obfrrved with horror, that lie conlecrated a cake or warer of u/ileirjcned bread, and pcuired Cf)ld water into the cup of the facrament. A nation;.! hiilonan acknowledges v.'it'i a bhifh. that none of liib countrymen, no: the emperut j .,!. ;' e is n( t the atrnji^e or 3) P!:iari7i, ore (! -he cor i ::,': G: ek,ncl " ;! i- ir ti t, ilif^lui'; w.i (:,' . - ! e '.::. ' '.'.!. u [.!'.-3- lu.v, thattlioiew! . . ,,..::, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 207 ?e 3 .] ; nor can the arts of a court be adapted to c FI A l> - L X V I II . the freedom and violence of popular enthufiafm. From the dome of St. Scphia, the inhabitants of cither fex, and of every degree, rufhed in crowds to the cell of the monk Gcnnadius 34 , to conl'.flt the oracle of the church. The holy man was in- visible; entranced, ^.s it mould fee m, in deep me- ditation, or divine rapture ; but he had expofed on the door of his cell, a fpeaking tablet ; and they luccciiiiveiy withdrew after reading thefe tre- mendous words : 4 Hir> jTiinitivc arii.' fecular ;nme %vi3 G? vr^e S:ho!arr,is, w!iici lie chju^c 1 for th; 1 .: of Genii idii!^. '-ither V.-';;L-:: he became a nicjr.k or a p.itri^rcli. flis iit'fr;nce, ?t F!o"-."":e, <_.' the (ante union v/hich he fu iunor.iiy r'.tt::ckjd a: C(ji:li.".-:tir.'V;!e, iias tempted Leo Allati'.is (Diitrib. de Gooi^'is, in F.i 1 ):!.. Kihlior. Gi;cc. torn, x, j). 760735.) toJ.iv.de liirn'info r : .vo men j but Rerjaiulot f p. 34.3 383.) ha? icf'oied tl'.e ;j;r> f: !; oi h s pv:fjn anJ the dupli- c.cy of liis cliaraflsr, of THE DECLINE AND FALL e c l cr gy and people. From the monaftery, the devout Greeks difperled themfelvcs in the ta- verns ; drnnk confufion to the (laves of the pope ; emptied their giafies in honour of the image ot the holy Virgin ; and beibught her to defend again it Mahomet, the city which fhe had for- merly laved from Chofroes and the Chagan. In the double intoxication of zeal and wine, they valiantly exclaimed, " What occafion have we for " fuccour, or ur.ion, or Latins ? far from us be " the worfhip of the Azy mires !" During the winter that preceded the Turki:h conqueft, the nation was diftracled by this epidemical frenzy ; and the feafon of Lenr, the approach of Eafter, initead of breathing charity and love, ferved only to fortify the obilinacy and influence of the zealots. The con'c!:brs fcrutinized and alarmed the confcicnce ot" their votaries, and a rigorous penar.ee was impofcd on thole, who had received the communion from a pried, who had given an cxprefs or tacit conien: to t'r.v union. His fer- vice at the altar propi^ratrd tlie infection to the mute and fimpie ipectarofs of liie ceremony : they forfeited, bv the impure fpectacle, the virtue of the facerdotal character - t nur was it lawful, even in danger of luJJ<;n d'-:itli, to invoke the afiiftance of thrir prayer.- n r abibiMtion. No f*K;ner had th 1 ^ church of St. Sophia been polluted by the La- tin facriiice, t!::i:i it wis defert>.-d as a Jewifn fynagoguCj or ari heath :n temple, by the clergy and people : and a v <: ;; anil g!u.>;ny fiience pre- vailed in that venerable dome, which had fo often frr.oaked \vitli a cloud of incenie, blazed with in- numerable OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 209 numerable lights, and refounded with the voice c H A p - D , , r . . , n , T . LXVIII. or urayer ana thamdgiving. -he Latins were the >_. Y _j moii odious of heretics and infidels; and the fir ft ininiiler of the empire, the great duke, was heard to declare, that he had rather behold in Confhn- tinople the turban of Mahomet, than the pope's ri.jra or a cardinal's hat * 5 , A fentiment fo unwor- thy of Chriftians and patriots, was familiar and fatal to the Greeks : the emperor was deprived of the affection and fupport of his fubjects ; and their native cowardice was fanctified by refignation to the divine decree, or the vifionary hope of a mi- raculous deliverance. Of the triangle which compofes the figure of siege of Constantinople, the two fides alono; the fea w^ere Conliantl - noplc by made inacceffible to an enemy ; the Propontis by Mahomet nature, and the harbour by art. Between the two X. P. waters, the bafis of the triangle, the land fide was '4-53. protected by a double wall, and a deep ditch of May 29. the depth of one hundred feet. Againft this line of fortification, which Phranza, an eye-witnefs, prolongs to the meafure of fix miles 36 , the Otto- mans directed their principal attack; and the emperor, after distributing the fervice and com- mand of the moil perilous flattens, undertook the defence of the external wall. In the firfl days of the fiege, the Greek foldiers deibended into the '5 (J>'n,Xii-,v, K&Xwr.jaj may be fairiv tranflated a cardinal's hat. The difference of the Gicdc and L'ttin h.abi'.s embittered the fchifm. i 4 \\"e are obliged to reduce the Greek miles fo the fin.Vilcll me^fuu: which is piefeived in the .veuls of Rullia, of 54.7 i-\c.r,ch t.'/'jVs, and ot 104} to a dcyree. T!;e \-x. milts of Phrarza do not exceed tour tutr'.iili iniics (J" Aiivil'e, T^Iefurcs ItiiiL- jires, j>. 61. 123. ^c.). VOL. XII, p 2io THE DECLINE AND FALL c: H \ P. ditch, or failicd into the field ; but they loon dil- J v \ J [ covered, that in the proportion of their numbers, one chridi.m was of more value than twenty Turks: and, after thefe bold preludes, they were prudentlv content to maintain the rampart witli their mifliie weapons. Nor Ihould this prudence be accufed of pufillanimity. The nation was in- deed pufillanimous and bafe ; but the lad Con- dantine cleferves the name of an hero : his noble band of volunteers was infpired with Roman vir- tue ; and the foreign auxiliaries fupported the honour of the \Yetlern chivalry. The mediant vollies or" lances and arrows were accompanied with the fmoke, the found, and the fire of their mufketry and cannon. Their linall arms difcharg- ed at the Lime time either five, or even ten, balls of lead, of the fize of a walnut ; and, according to the cl'fenefi of the ranks and the force of the powder, Several bread-plates and bodies were tranfpierced by the fame fhot. But the Turkrfh approaches v;cre foon funk in trenches, or covered with ruins. Each day added to the fcience of the ChriilL.'.ns ; but their inadequate (lock of gun- powder was waited h the operations of each day. Their ordnance was not powerful, either in lize or number; and ii they poficlFcd fome heavy cannon, they 'eared to plant them on the walls, leil the aged ftruCture Ihoukl be fnakcn and over- t!iro\vn by the explofion 37 . The lame delirucHve fee ret OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. iecret had been revealed to the MoQems: by 1 . I I / r whom it was employed with the lupenor energy or zeal, riches, and defpotiim. The great cannoa of Mahomet has been feparately noticed; an im- portant and vifi'ole objett in the hiftory of the times : but that enormous engine was flanked by two fellows al mo fl: of equal magnitude 38 : the long order of the Turkifil artillery was pointed againft the walls ; fourteen batteries thundered at once on the T,oft acceflible places ; and of one of thefe it is ambiguoufly exprefied, that it was mounted with one hundred and thirty guns, or that it dif- chargecl one hundred and thirty bullets. Yet, in. the power and activity of the fultan, we may dif- cern the infancy of the new fcience. Under a mafter who counted the moments, the great can- non could be loaded and fired no more than feven times in one day 3r} . The heated metal unfortu- nately bur ft ; feveral workmen were drflroyed j rind the fkill of an artiii was admired who be- thought himfclf of preventing the danger and the accident, by pouring oil, after each expiofion, into the mouth of the cannon. primvim lioftes offenclere macenelnis alveifqne teflos ncn po terar.t. N:nn fiqux ir.:igi::e eranf, no munis concuterttur noltji'. qx'.itl'cthnr.r. Tiiis pailuge of Leonaruus (Jliieiiiis ir. curie us r.i'.d important. 5~ ; According to Chalcocondyles and Phr.ir.zn, the preat car.non hnrlt ; an accident which, acjorctim:; to Duca?, was prevented by '.lie nrtiirs (kill. It is evident thai they do not fpeak of thi ian;e gun. *') Ke;;r an hundred years after the fioce of ConftantJnople, tiic Fiench and Engliili Jicets in the Channel -.ve;e p.-oud of tiring 700 fiiot in an en^ag-cment of tv/o hours (.M.-nioii'es de Martin du Biliay, ], x. \i\ the Collcchoii Cienciale, torn. xxi. p. 130.}, P i Tl;e in THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A P. The firft random fhots were produclive of more LXV1II. found than effeft : and it was by the advice of a Chriftian, that the engineers were taught to level their aim againft the two oppoiite fides of the fa- lient angles of a baftion. However imperfect, the weight and repetition of the fire made fome im- prefllon on the walls; and the Turks, pufhing their approaches to the edge of the ditch, attempted to fill the enormous chafin, and to build a road to the iifiiiult 4 . Innumerable fafcines, and hogf- heads, and trunks of trees, were heaped on each other; and fuch was the impetuofity of the throng, that the foremen: and the weaked were pufhed headlong down the precipice, and inflamly buried under the accumulated rnafs. To fill the ditch was the toil of the befiegers ; to clear away the rubbifh, was the iafety of the bcfieged -, and, after a long and bloody conflict, the web that had been woven in the day was ilill unravelled in the night. The next refource of Mahomet was the practice of mines; but the foil was rocky; in every at- tr'mpt he was flopped nn.! undermined by the Chriftian engineers ; nor had the art been yet in- vented of replcnifhing thole fubterraneous paHages with gunpowder, and blowing whole towers and cities into the u;r 41 . A circumftance that dif- tinaiiilhes ' Q I have fi'lt.iiled fomc :M:T.-.US i ;''', wi'.hMit fti'vir;; 'o pmulnts the bloody a;ul obttinatr t.oqiicntt i.t the ahi'c c!c Nt-iti.t, in h. ; pi'olix deicri(itions of the M'.^'-; of Klio-ic:-, M;;lta. ccc. jlnt thru agreeable li.ltorian had a tin 1 .) tor mniaiKe, and as h" wirte t<< pleale tlie order, he has adopte;! t!iei".;mc f^iiit oi enthii'.ialr.; ^r.;! chi- valry. *' Thr firll tlicorv of mine, 'virii (M;r,;' 14.^0. in a MS. cf Gcoi-;e of Sienna (Tii.iho.*. 1 i, t^;u. vi. T. :. p. ji-v-}- 'I: :y OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 213 tinguifhcs the fiege of Conftantjnople, is the re- c H A P. union of the ancient and modern artillery. The cannon were intermingled with the mechanical engines for calling Hones and darts ; the bullet and the battering-rain were directed againfl the fame wails ; nor had the difcovery of gunpowder fuperfeded the ufe of the liquid and unextinguifh- able fire. A wooden turret of the largefl fize was advanced on rollers : this portable magazine of ammunition and fafcines was protected by a three- fold covering of bulls hides ; inceflant vollies were fecurely difcharged from the loop-holes ; in the front, three doors were contrived for the al- ternate fally and retreat of the foldiers and work- men. They afcended by a Hair- cafe to the upper platform, and as hu:h as the level of that plat- form, a fcaling-ladder could be raifed by pullies to form a bridge and grapple with the adverfe rampart. By thefe various arts of annoyance, lome as new as they were pernicious to the Greeks, the tower of St. Romanus was at length overturn- ed : after a fevere ft niggle, the Turks were re- pulled from the breach and interrupted by dark- nefs ; but they trufced, that with the return of light they fhould renew the attack with frefli vi- gour and decifive fuccefs. Of this paufe of ac- tion, this interval of hope, each moment was im- proved by the activity of the emperor and Jufti- niani, who pafled the night on the fpot, and urged They were fivft p raft i fed at Sar/anclh, in 14.87.5 bi't th" honour and improvement in 1503 is afciihed to Peter of Nnvarre, who sfed them with fuccefs in the wars of It?.ly (Hilt, oe la L-pie d?. Cambray, torn. ii. p. 93 97.). P 3 the. i! 4 TT 1E DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. ^ ie hi, ,urs which involved the iafetv of the LXVIlI. . . ,~^ enure. i and city. At Me da\vn of day, the im- patient fult.in perceived, with ailoniihrr.rnt "and grief, that his wooden tin-ret had been reduced to afhes : the ditch v, ;.:; cleared and rellored ; and the tower cf St. ~.\.c:na;u;s was again ilrong and entire. He deploi\ i the failure ofhisdefign; and uttered a proianc exciamrtion, that the word of the thirty- lever, thor.fand prophets fhoi:id not have compelled him to believe that inch a work, in ib fhort a time, could have been accompiiilicd by the infidels. The generofiny of the Chriflian princes was cold and tardy ; but in the fiiTc apprehenfion of a lour fhips. liege, Confiantine had negociated, in the iilcs of the Archipelago, the [vlore.i, an,! Siciiv, the moil indiipenfable fupplies. As early as tiie bi^iiinh:^ of April, live 4 * great ilvps cquip:^ .1 for irn-.i'- cli'indiie and \var, \vculd have luiicd from the har- b'.i:r i'ti Chios, had not the v,!;;d bh'/.vn obllinate- ly from the north * J . Or.c of theie iliips bore tiie Imperial flag; the remaining four belonged to tht- Gentvle : and they were laucn w'.th wheat and baric v, v. iCn wine, oil, and xegetuLl,^, and, aocve all, \\JLii foldicrb and marLier.-, lor tiie icrvice of 4 1 Itis firgulnr tint I!;L C'-ivcks fli i;!.i i.-t S^:CK in t!i: number of thfit; i!!'.r.ti-ioi!< V(i 7 .l-l ; ( .!:t f>"~ l! ' th-j /r:,r nt Plir^nza ;.i i I.- i .p.tni'is, ' ii ; ,. :T . ; i r v,, 1 . . ' , iniiil he e:;'cii;l-d tc !:;:: iir,;il]cr, 01 L. . : i ,: ;u, i .. V(,iia.rc. 111 r;-'-inS . 771 37?.;, Thevenct (Voyages, P. i. p. 22.9 24.2..), aiui Tu:t (Mt-:noircs, '<>in. iii.) ; the lalt of \vhoni is always iolicilous to auu:ic a;ul air.iizc i.is; reader. P 4 cftabliflxd THE DECLINE AND FALL p - eilablilhed the tri'.th of their modeft confcffion. F.xcept eighteen gallies of ibme force, the reft of their fleet confifted of open boats, rudely con- ftructed and awkwardly managed, crouded with troops, and deltitute ot cannon ; and, Once courage arifes in a great meafure from the confcioufnefs of flrenoth, the braved of the Janizaries miarht J *r O tremble on a new element. In the Chriftian fqua- dron, five (lout and lofty fhips were guided by fkilful pilots, and manned with the veterans of Italy and Greece, long praclifed in the arts and perils of the fea. Their weight was directed to fink or fcatter the weak obftacles that impeded their paf- fage : their artillery iwept the waters : their liquid fire was poured on the heads of the adverfaries, who, with the defign of boarding, prefumed to approach them ; and the winJs and waves are al- ways on the fide of the able (I navigators. In this conflict, the Imperial vefTcl, which had been al- inoft overpowered, was refcued by the Gcnoefe ; but the Turks, in a diflant and cloier attack, were twice repuhed with confiderable lofs. Mahomet hiir.felf fat on horfeback on the beach, to en- courage tlicir valour by his voice and prefence, by the promife cfrev/ard, anJ by fear, more po- tent t!:.i;i the fear of the enemy. Tiie pair.ons of his foul, and even the gcilii'-cs of his body 45 ., fcein- ed to irnitaee tiic actions of the combatants ; and, as if he had been the lord of nature, lie fpurred hi.< horfj with a fcarki.i an.l impotent effort into i ? tlie OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 21 the fea. His loud reproaches, and the cr.imours of the camp, urged the Ottomans to a third at- tack, more fatal and bloody than the two former; and I mull repeat, though I cannot credit, the evidence of Phranza, who affirms from their own mouth, that they loft above twelve thoufand men in the (laughter of the day. They fled in diforder to the (hores of Europe and Afia, while the Chnf- tian fquadron, triumphant and unhurt, fleered along the Bofphorus, and iecurely anchored with- in the chain of the harbour. In the confidence of victory, they boalled that the whole Turkiih power mud have yielded to their arms > but the admiral, or captain bafhaw, found fome confolation for a painful wound in his eye, by reprefenting that accident as the caufe of his defeat. Baltha vXeli was a rcrie.iade of the race of the Bulgarian t.-j CJ O princes : his military character was tainted with the unpopular vice of avarice -, and under the def- potifm of the prince or people, misfortune is a liifncient evidence of guilt. His rank and ferviccs were annihilated by the difpleafure of Mahomet. In the royal prelence, the captain bafhaw was ex- tended on the ground by four flaves, and received one hundred ftrokes with a golden rod 4 : his death had been pronounced ; and he adored the clemency of the lultan, who was iadsfied with the rnikier punifhment of confifcation and exile. The introduction of this fupply revived the hopes of 4 5 According to the exaggeration or corrupt tcxr of Duca? (r. 38.), this golden bar was of die enormous ami incredible wcio-lit of 500 librae, or pounds. Rouiiland's rending cf ;;oo (iraclnns, or five pounds, is fufficient to exercilc the ai'in of Mahoinc', ;uui bniife t'-,e back of iiis admiral. ihe 2i8 THE DECLINE AND FALL Greeks, and accufed the fupinenefs of their wedern allies. Amidll the deferts of Anatolia and the rocks of Paledine, the millions of the crufades had buried thenifch'es in a voluntary and inevitable grave -, but the fituation of the Imperial city was flrong a^aind her enemies, and acceffible to her friends; and a rational and moderate ar- mament of the 'r-.irhime dates might have laved the re-licks of the ilotv.an name, an J maintained a ChritlLin fbrTcfs in the heart of the Ottoman empire. Yet this was the fole and feeble attempt for the deliverance of Condantinople : the more did:\-;t powers were infenfible of its danger; and the ;nr % ;-.i:'..dor of Hungary, or at lead of Hu- niadu-, reiidcd in the Turki'li camp, to remove the fears, and to dirt 61 the operations, of the Mahomet It was dimcult for the Greeks to penetrate the his'n'ivy 18 ^ t:Cr( - t: of the divan ; yet :he 'Greeks are perfuacled, overland, that a reiiflance, fo obdinate and furprifing, had fa'icrued the perfeverance of Mahomet. lie beo;an Or o t(j meditate a retreat, and the fie 2:0 would have been 7 o fpccdilv railed if the ambition and jealoufy of the kcond vi:'ir had not oppofed the perfidious advice of C.;hl I'ufhaw, who ilill maintained a fecret correfpondcnce with the Byzantine court. The reduction of the city appeared to be hopelefs, un- lefs a double attack could be made from the har- bour as well as from the land : but the harbour V7 Dui".' , v.'h') coi.rt ,Ti ?. liiir.fdf ill i> f<'rn:cJ of tiic r.ff.iirs of IJun- nrv, . r r,s a n-.o'i vc <)i !\ij i er.''i:ion, a i'.it.ii Ijtlit J i,-it Conftantinople \vo",',il !>, ,!.s.tei!i) of i;,. ']'L;;.';iili cofjU'-Jtj. biC i'hraii/a (1. in. - jo.') a: ; ^' u was OF THE ROMAN EM^'TlE. v;as inaeceilible : an impenetrable chain was now dcflnJcd by eight large (hips, more than twenty or' a rnaller (ize, with feveral Allies and flonps ; an 1, inllcad of forcing rhis barrier, the Turks might apprehend A naval lally, and a iecond en- counter in tin-: open lea. In this perplexity, the f r e.'.uus of Mahomet conceived and executed a plan of a bold and marvellous cafb, of tranfporting by land his lighter vellels and military {tores from the Bofphorus into the higher p:>rt of the harbour. The difhnce is about ten miles ; tlie ground is uneven, and was overfpread with thickets ; and, as the road mi; ft be opened behind the fuburb oi Calata, their tree paifage or total deftruction nvjfc depend on the option of the Genoefe. But thcfe felrlfli merchants were ambitious of the fa- vour of being the Lift devoured ; and the de- ficiency 7 of arc was {implied by the ftrength of obedient -mvriads. A level way was covered with a broad platform OL (irong and folid planks ; and to render them more flippery and fmcoth, they v/ere anointjd \vith tne fa: of fheep and oxen. Fourfcore light gallics and brigantines of fifty <;nd thirty oars, were difcmbarked on the Boi~- phorus ihore ; arranged lucec (lively on rollers-, and drawn forvvanis by the power of men ar^i puilie;-. Two guides or pilots were ftationed ac the lielin, and tiie prow, of each vefiel ; the fails v/ere unfurled to the winds; and the labour was cheered by long and acclamation. In thj courlo of a fingle night, this Turkiili ileetpainfvi ty climbed the hill, iltered over the plain, and .,as launched from the declivity into the fnaliov waters of the harbour. -:o THE DECLINE AND FALL ( H V ^ T J > ' harbour, far above the mole Ration of the deeper vefleis of t!:e Greeks. The real importance of this operation was magni'ie i bv the consternation and confidence which it infpired : but the no- torirAis, unqueflionable, fact was cifplayed before the eyes, and is recorded by the pens of the two nations 45 . A fiiy.ii.ir itratr'cm had been repeatedly practifcd by ti;c ancients 43 ; the Ottoman gallics (I mull again repeat) fhculd be confidered as large bo..ts ; aiui, ir we compare the magnitude anci the diflancCj the obftaclcs and the means, the boalled miracle 5 has perhaps been equalled by the ir.dul':ry of our own times 51 . As loon as Mahomet had occupied the upper harbour with a fleet and army ; he conflrucled, in the narrowert part, a bridge, or rather mole, of nfiy cubits in breadth jnd one hundred in length ; it was formed of calks and hogiheads; joined with rafters linked with iror, and covered with a folid floor. On this floating battery, he planted one of his largeil cannon, while the four! core gallics, with troops ' 'J'i'.c iir,:::,'i:v.:".s tt \ i .\:r.'. n ' r '>\ the f:,nr GiccLs is confirmed 1", (.'. :.::! ^;>. /..) fi.jr.i ;"/, J'uik'fh r^'-nals ; but I coulil wiflt to cor.li ct :hi: (iilr.uKc o; t-.r. iiiilc?, .ir.d to jnolv'i'ig the teim of ene i.i^iit. i-.' / I'.i a: 7:1 rtii'i ; r .-(> fx'ir,]'i-< of a i".iiil;ir tranfpo: tation over t!.. ::\ rniics ct tl . [itlinr.is ct C\r:.;!i ; tlic or.t- f.il'i:!otis, of Augtlf- tus ..i.ti '.he hrit:!-: ot Actin:n ; t'.ie otl.er iuic, <^f Nicitas, a Grieh Cjcr.! lal in the x" t ii'i; v. To t'.ui'c iir nii^iit have nJcied .1 bo'.il cn- t . ; -,r. ' ic of i !.ii t ill r, t.> i ' . 1 1 < ,. ! i; c _ !i;5 \\ : "i , ! s i;.;o tlic h.iibour oi Ti- (Pulshuis, I. -,- . p. 749 t lit. Gt< r.kiV.'). A (JinL ot ('.,;.>',, \\'...> lir.i! k-i . i;l the Yci'ctinns in a f:milnt r,;,Jei-t:kin , !, A. 1). i.r,-', N' 37.), ir.ijlit jiollihly he the : ' . " ' I | . . our own embarkations on the lakes of (' . '. ! in l! } r : " J7/^ .'"-! i"" 7 ,') 1^ ;_;:cut in ;:.;. i.ibuur, To fiuitlei^ OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 221 and fcaling-ladders, approached the mod acceiTible c H A p - f J_/ A. V 111., fide, which had formerly oecn ftormcd by the <, y i Latin conquerors. The indolence of the Chriftians has been accufed for not deftroying thefe un- finifhed works ; but their fire, by a luperior fire was controlled and filcnced ; nor were they want- ing iii a nocturnal attempt to burn the veffels as well as the bridge of the flihan. His vigilance o o prevented their approach ; their foremoft galliots were funk or taken ; forty youths, the braveit of Italy and Greece, were inhumanly maffacred at his command 5 nor could the emperor's grief be affuaged by thejuft though cruel retaliation, of expofing from the walls the heads of two hundred and fixty Mufulman captives. After a fiege of Diftrefs of forty days, the fate of Constantinople could no longer be averted. The diminutive garrifon was O t exhaufled by a double attack: the fortifications, which had flood for ages againfl hofcile violence, were difmantled on all fides by the Ottoman cannon: many breaches were opened; and near the gate of St. Romanus, four towers had been levelled with the ground. For the payment of his feeble and mutinous troops, Conftantine was compelled to defpoil the churches with the promife of a fourfold restitution ; and his facrilege offered a new reproach to the enemies of the union. A fpirit of difcord impaired the remnant of the Chrillian flrength : the Genoefe and Venetian auxiliaries afierted the pre-eminence of their re- fpective fervice ; and Juftiniani and the great duke, v.'hofe ambition was not extinsuiuied by ti;e com- mon clanger, accufed each othrr of treaciiLr and THE DECLINE AND FALL During the fiege of Conftandnople, the \vordi, of pence r.nd capitular: n had been fomctimes pronounced; an.! Ic'-'t-ral embafilcs had parted between the camp an,; the c,ty 5i . Ti-,e Greek emperor was humbled by adverfity ; and would have vieldtxi to any terms compatible \\itii religion and royalty. Tne Turkiih fultan was dcfirous of iparing the blood of Ins ioldiers -, it ill more de- iiroiib of fecuring for his own uie the Byzaminc trcafurcs; a;id he accomplished a lacred duty in prtfenting to the Giii^'jurs, the choice of circum- cifr.T), ot' tribute, or of death. The avarice of IVL hornet miiiiit have been iatisfied with en annual fum of one hundred thoufand ducats : but his arr.bition tirafped tiie capital of tiie La It : to the prince he offered a rich equivalent, to the people a free toler.it'/.-r:, or a f:\it departure : but after ibme fruitless treatv, he declared IMS reiok;tion of finding eiiher a throne, or a grave, under the walls ( f ConRantinopie. A ler.le of honour, and tiie fear of univerfal reproach, forbade Palrco- lo:;us to rcfign the city into the han.is of tiie .;: -; and he determined to abide the lafl extremities of war. Several days were employed the fultan in the preparations of the aifault ; an:! a relpite was granted by his favourite fcier.ce oi ailrolo.'^y, w] i nxed on the tv/enty-ninth of May, as the fortunate and fatal hour. On the t\'.T)ing oi the tvventy-leventh, he iifued h.s final orders i ailembled in his j re fence the military OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 22 chiefs; and difperfed his heralds through the camp to proclaim the duty, and die motives, of the perilous enterprife. Fear is the hril principle of a defpotic government; and h:.s n-enaces were expreiled in the Oriental ftyle, th.it the fugitives and deierters, had tliey the wings of a bird s3 , Ihould not efcspe from his inexorable iuflice. The greatetl part of his baHuiws and Janizaries were the offspring of Chrifiian parents; but the glories of the Turkiih name were per- petuated by iucceiTive adoption ; and in the gradual change of individuals, the fpirit of a legion, a regiment, or an cat;, is kept alive by imitation and difcipline. In this holy warfare, the Modems were exhorted to purity their minds with prayer, their bodies with leven ablutions; and to abltain from food till the cloie of the en- filing day. A crowd of derviihes vifited the tents, 53 Thefe wings (Chalcocondyles, 1. viii. p. 208.) are no more than an oriental figure : but in the tragedy of Irene, Mahomet's p af- firm ioars above fenl'e and reafon : Should the fierce North, upon his frozen wings, Bear him aloft above the wondering clouds, And feat him in the Pleiads golden chariot Thence ihould my fury drag him down to tortures. Befides the extravagance of the rant, I mull obferve, j. That thr operation of' the winds mull be confined to the iaiver icgion of the air. 2. Tint the name, etymology, and fable of the Piciads are | ureiy Greek (Scholiari ad ilomer. X. 686. Eudocia in loni: 1 ., p. 33y, Apollodor. 1. iii. c. 10. Heine, p. 229. Not. 681.), and had no affinity with the agronomy of the cult (Hyde ad Ulugheg, Tabul. in Syntagma Dilfert. torn. i. p. 40. 41. (joguet, Oiigine des Arts, &C. torn. vi. p. 73 7^. Gebelin, Hilt, tin Culeruirier, p. 73.^, which Mahomet had lludied. 3. The golden chariot does no: ex; It either in fcience or h'clion ; but I much fear that Dr. Johr.fon k?.~. confounded the Pleiads with the great bear or waggon, the zodnc v. it:; z northern conltellation ; to 224 THE DECLINE AND FALL c M A r. to infill the dcflre of n-r.rrvrdcm, and the afTurance L \" v 1 1 1 of fpf ruling an immortal youth amidft trie rivers rr,;i ^irJcns of p.-iradife, and in the embraces of the biauv-eycd vir'ini;. Yer M.ihomet principally trtiilecl lo t!ie ei'Tcacy o! tc mp-'iral and vilihie reward;. A double pny was promilcd to the C The city and the bu:idi:'.L;s," ;irc mine : b::c ! refign to y^tn and the Ipoil, tlie trealuixs l - of gold r.nd beauty : be rich and be happy. " Many are the provinces of my empire : the ; ut lor th^r o* '., pu^iict . tl.c^;:;Uj ;cal ot Voltaire I-, ^-.. . - :''. ..-,.:' - rvr- . ' ii-:ii, timely OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 22; timely furrenderj anticipated the horrors of their fate ; and fighed for the repofe and ftc'jrity of Turkilh fervitude. The nobieit of the Greeks, and the braved of the allies, were fummoned to the palace, to prepare them, on the evening of the twenty-eighth, for the duties and dangers of the general affault. The laft fpeech of Palseologus was the funeral oration of the Roman empire " : he promifed, he conjured, and he vainly attempted to infufe the hope which was extinguimed in his own mind. In this world all was cotnfortlefs and gloomy } and neither the gofpel nor the church have propofed any confpicuous recompence to the heroes who fall in the fervice of their country. But the example of their prince, and the confine- ment of a fiege, had armed thefe warriors with the courage ofdefpair; and the pathetic fcene is defcribed by the feelings of the hiftorian Phranza, who was himfelf prefent at this mournful affembly. They wept, they embraced ; regardlefs of their families and fortunes, they devoted their lives; and each commander, departing to his ftation, maintained all night a vigilant and anxious watch on the rampart. The emperor, and fome faith- ful companions, entered the dome of St. Sophia, which in a few hours was to be converted into a mofch ; and devoutly received, with trars and prayers, the facrament of the holy communion. lie repoled fome moments in the palace, which JS I am afraid that this difcourfc was compofeil by Phnnza him- felf: and it frnells lo grofsly of the fcirnon am) the to vri t, that I almoft doubt whether it was pronounced l>y Conftamine. Leonaidus afllgris him another fpeech, in which he addiefles himielf moix lei'peti- fully to the Latin auxiliaries, VOL. XII, Q refunded 2-6 THE DECLINE AND FALL r IT \r. refounded \\\:\\ .cries and lamentations; folicired the pardon of all whom he might have injured s6 ; and mounted on horfeback to vifit the guards, and explore the. morions of the entmy. The dif- trefs and fall of the laft Confb.iuine are more glorious than the long profperity of the Byzantine Ca-lars. T-.. p.,-*. j n th c confufion of darknefs an alTailant may Ma"'*-, fometimes fucceed ; but in this great and general attack, the military judgment and aflrological L.iov. leJ^r of Mahomet advifcd him to expect t!ie n:ornii;<;., the memorable twenty-ninth of May, in the fourteen hundred and fifty-third year of the ChrilVum rcra. The preceding night had beer. {Ireniiotifiy employed : the troops, the cannon, and the. f:ifcii;c.s were advanced to the edge of the di T -:h, v. hic'i in many parts prefented a i'moodi and k-vcl pailage to tlie breach ; and his fourfcore g:.lii?s .-.iniufl touched v/ith th.e prows and their k\t!i:,g laddeis, the leis dcfcr.fible walU of the harbour. Under pain ot death, filence was < joined : but t/ir phyficdl laws of motion and V ,. ! ai'e not obedient to dilcipline or fear; each individual mi^iit I'jppif-ia his voice and meaiurc h'u footfleps ; but tiie rrarch and labour of thou- fiUidi u.ull inevitably province a il range confufion (.,. dillbnimt ciamours, \vi;ich reached r.l:e ears of thf w.itchmen of ti;e towei^. At day-break, \\irhotit the cuO.om.iry fignal of the morning gun, t '.:': Turks alu.u]:::d ii:c city by ica and land; and ! fi Tin- ni-i frrvn', v'iv.ch drvo-'on lin-, f:-'"ct ; 'rr; ex'oited frortl d vi ,; iii ire- i, !> an .ir. i : v tineiu oi the gi'lp-Ji ; '-'nre ( f the foi :;;ve- i -'> t !' ' ' - ; ' ;r, been applied to the clofenefs and continuity of . - w -lt their line of attack ". The foremoft ranks con- fifted of the refufe of the hoft, a voluntary crowd who fought without order or command; of the feeblenefs of age or childhood, of peafants and vagrants, and of all who had joined the camp in the blind hope of plunder and martyrdom. The common impulfe drove them onwards to the wail : the mod audacious to climb were inftantly pre- cipitated ; and not a dart, not a bullet, of the Chrifrians, was idly wafted on the accumulated throng. But their ftrength and ammunition were exhaufted in this laborious defence ; the ditch was filled with the bodies of the flain ; they fup- ported the footfteps of their companions ; and of this devoted vanguard, the death was more fervice- able than the life. Under their refpective bafhaws and fanjaks, the troops of Anatolia and Romania were fucceffively led to the charge : their progrefs was various and doubtful ; but, after a conflict of two hours, the Greeks ftill maintained, and im- proved their advantage ; and the voice of the emperor was heard, encouraging his foldiers to atchieve, by a hft effort, the deliverance of their country. In that fatal moment, the Janizaries arofe frelh, vigorous, and invincible. The ful- tan himfelf on horfeback, with an iron mace in his hand, was the fpectator and judge of their valour: he was furrcunded by ten thoufand of S7 Befides the 10,000 guards, and die Tailors and the marines, Ducis numbers ia this general affauk 250,100 Turks, both horfe and tiS THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A P. h', s domeftic troops, whom he referved for the IrfJv V III. B w 1-v ' decifive occafions -, and the tide of battle was dire&ed and impelled by his voice and eye. His numerous minifters of juftice were ported behind the line, to urge, to reftrain, and to punifh ; and if danger was in the front, ihame and inevitable death were in the rear, of the fugitives. The cries of fear and of pain were drowned in the martial mufic of drums, trumpets, and attaballs ; and experience has proved, that the mechanical operation of founds, by quickening the circulation of the blood and fpirits, will act on the human machine more forcibly than the eloquence of reafon and honour. From the lines, the gallics, and the bridge, the Ottoman artillery thundered on all fides ; and the camp and city, the Greeks, and f he Turks, were involved in a cloud of fmoke, which could only be difpellcd by the final de- liverance or deftruction of the Roman empire. The fingle combats of the heroes of hiftory or fable, amufe our fancy and engage our affections : the Ikilful evolutions of war may inform the mind, and improve a necefla-y, though pernicious, fci- cnce. But in the uniform and odious pictures of a general aflault, all is blood, and horror, and confu- fion; nor fhall I drive, at the diftance of three cen- turies and a thoufand miles, to delineate a fcene, of which there could be no fpeftators, and of which the actors themielves were incapable of forming any jult or adequate idea. The immediate lofs of Conftantinople may be afcribcd to the bullet, or arrow, which pierced the gauntlet of John Jultiniani. The fight of his blood. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. blood, and the exquifite pain, appalled the courage of the chief, whofe arms and counfels were the firmed rampart of the city. As he withdrew from his ftation in queft of a furgeon, his flight was perceived and flopped by the indefatigable em- peror. " Your wound," exclaimed Pateologus, imion, gloriae falutis fuicjue oblitus. In the whole feries of their Eaftern policy, his countrymen, the Genoefe, were always fufpecled, and often guilty, QjJ who *3 THE DECLINE AXD FALL C H A P. V^Q deferved the fultan's reward was Hafian the J-' -V V l 1 1 . Janizary, of gigantic ftature and flrength. With his fcymetar in one hand and his buckler in the other, he afcended the outward fortification : of the thirty Janizaries, who were emulous of his valour, eighteen perifhed in the bold adventure. Haflan and his twelve companions had reached the furrunit ; the giant was precipitated from the rampart; he rofe on one knee, and was again opprefied by a fhower of darts and Hones. But his luccefs had proved that the atchievcment was poffible : the walls and towers were inftamly co- vered with a fwarm of Turks ; and the Greeks, now driven from the vantage ground, were over- whelmed by encreafing multitudes. Amidft thefe multitudes, the emperor 5 ', who accomplished all the duties of a general awd a foldier, was long feen, and finally loll. The nobles, who fought round his perfon, fuftained till their la ft breath the honourable names of Palzeologus and Can- tacuzenc : his mournful exclamation was heard, " Cannot there be found a Chriilian to cut off my head 60 ?" and his lail fear was that of fall- W Dueas kills him w ; th two hlnws of Txitkifh foUiers ; Chalco- eonilylet wounds him in tlie Hiouldcr, nnd then trundles him in the rate. Theri'tfot Phianz i canymg him among the enemy, elc.i|>cs froai the piecile nrnge of his dtath ; hut we may, without flattery, ij'i'ly thelo nohl'- Imcsof Diyden : As to jtlialiinn, Itt them Itarch the field ; Ami where ti'.ey f:r.d :< mountain nf the fl.i'n, Set (1 one to clmiii, ai.d looking down beneath, There they wi'.l find him at his marilv length, \Viih I. is f^cc up to ht;u'en, in that red monument Which hi g jod Kvord had diggtd. Cc Spondnruis ( \. .0. 1453, N' 10.), who has hopes of his falva. t:on, w.f.its to abiolvethis dtinand tiomthc gult of luicidc. 14 ing OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE; 231 ing alive into the hands of the infuMs *'. The prudent dcfpair of Conftantine caft awv.y the purple : amitlil the tumult he fell by an unknown r>-'th;>f hand, and his body was buried under a mountain p,, r of the (Lin. After his death, re fi fiance and order ! C ^' ( " ( p a n * v/ere no more: the Greeks Hed towards the city; i^oii^us. and many were prefil-d and ftirlcd in the narrow pals of the g ite of St. Romanus. The victorious Turks ruihed through the breaches of the inner wall; and as they advanced into the ftreets, they were foon joined by their brethren, who had forced the gate Pnenar on the fide of the harbour 61 . In the tirlt heat of the purfuit, about two thoufand Chriftinns were put to the fword; but avarice f >on prevailed over cruelty ; and the viclors acknow- ledged, that they ftiould immediately have given quarter if the valour of the emperor and his choien bands had not prepared them for a fimibr oppo- fition in every part of the capital. It was thus, L-.fsofthe after a fiege of fifty-three davs, that Conftanti- Cl!y :ind 1 til.pliX. nople, which had defied the power of Chofroes, the Chagan, and the caliphs, was irretrievably fubdued by the arms of Manomct the iecond. Ker empire only had been lubverted by the La- tins : her religion was trampled in the dull by the Moilem conquerors 63 . 61 Leonardus Chienfii very properly obferves tliar the -Turks, had they known the emperor, would have laboured to lave and ieuire a captive io acceptable to the lultati. , 61 Cantemir, p. 96. The Cm--rtian mips in the mouth of the liar-, bour, lud flanked and retarded this naval attack. 6 i Chalcocoiulyles molt ablui'dly fu^poles, that Conftantinople was facked by the Aliatics in revenge for the ancient calamities of J'roy 5 and the grammarians of the xv th century tire happy to melt down th,e, uncouih apptllatiou of Turks, into the more claliical najue of '!eue>-i, Q.4 The 1 3 2 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. The tidings of misfortune fly with a rapid wing; i_ -^- yet iuch was the extent of Conftantinople, that 7hiTink tne m ore diftant quarters might prolong; fome emrr and ? , pui.-ge moments the happy ignorance or their rum *. But ConM.,nn- j n t ^ e g enera i confirmation, in the feelings of felfilh or focial anxiety, in the tumult and thunder of the aflault, a Jlecpicfs night and morning mull have elapfcd ; nor can I believe that many Gre- cian ladies were awakened by the Janizaries from a found and tranquil flumbcr. On the aflurance of the public calamity, the houfes and convents were inftantly defeated; and the trembling inhabit- ants flocked together in the flrrets, like an herd of timid animals i as if accumulated weaknefs could be productive of flrength, or in the vain hope, that amid the crowd, each individual might be fafe and invifible. From every part of the ca- pital, they flowed into the church of St. Sophia: in the fpace of an hour, the lancluary, the choir, the nave, the upper and lower galleries, were rilled wkh the multitude of fathers and hufbands, ot \v 'men and children, of priefts, monks, and reli- g 01 '5 virgins : the doors were barred on the infide, and they fought protection from the facred dome, which they had fo lately abhorred as a profane and polluted ecifice. Their confidence was founded on the piophecy of an enthufiait or im- poftor j that one day the Turks would enter Con- *+ When Cyrus fury:ifcd Babylon durinp the celtbraticn of a festival, Ic va(t wat the city, and fo caie'.cfs were the inh'H'itants, mat rrtKli r:n. tlapleti bciuie the diliant qn .trers knew that they wtrr c.-pvves ( i.eioii.iiuf , 1. i. e. 151.), and Urtier (Anr.ul. j>. 75.;, who rus quoted tiom the prophet Jwxrniah a jiaflage of fnmiar OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. ftantinople, and purfue the Romans as far as the column of Conftantine in the fquare before St. Sophia : but that this would be the term of their calamities : that an angel would defcend from heaven, with a fword in his hand, and would de- liver the empire, with that celeflial weapon, to a poor man feated at the foot of the column. " Take this fword," would he fay, and avenge cc the people of the Lord." At thefe animating vvorcio, rhe Turks would inftantly fly, and the victorious Romans would drive them from the Weft, and from all Anatolia, as far as the fron- tiers of Perfia. It is on this occafion, that Ducas, with fome fancy and much truth, upbraids the difcord and obftinacy of the Greeks. " Had that " angel appeared," exclaims the hiftorian, " had " he offered to exterminate your foes if you " would confent to the union of the church, " even then, in that fatal moment, you would " have rejected your fafety or have deceived your "God 65 ." While they expected the defcent of the tardy . angel, the doors were broken with axes ; and os Greeks, the Turks encountered no refiftance, their blood- lefs hands were employed in felecting and fecuring the multitude of their prifoners. Youth, beauty, and the appearance of wealth, attracted their choice ' } and the right of property was decided 65 This lively defcription is extracted from Ducas (c. 39.), who two years afterwards was lent arnbiilTailor horn the prime of Lelbos to the fultan (c. 44.). Till Lefbas was lubclued in 14.63 (Phranza 1. in. c. 17.), that ifland muft have been full of the fugitives of Con- ftantiriople, who delighted to repeat, perhaps to adorn, the tale of their mifery, among 234 THE DECLINE AND FALL c HA. P. among themfelves by a prior feizurc, by perform! ftrength, and by the authority of command. In the fpace of an hour, the male captives were bound with cords, the females with their veils and girdles. The fenators were linked with their (laves ; the prelates, with the porters, of the church ; and young men of a plebeian clafs, with noble maids, whole faces had been invifible to the fun and their neareil kindred. In this common captivity, the ranks of Jociety were confounded ; the ties of nature were cut afunder; and the inex- orable foldier was carelefs of the father's groans, the tears of ehe mother, and the lamentations of the children. The loudeft in their wailings were the nuns, who were torn from the altar with nuked bofonis, outilretched hands, and difhevdled hair : and we fnoukl pioufly believe that few could be tempted to prefer the vigils of the haram to thofe of the monastery. Of the fe unfortunate Greeks, of thefe domeftic animals, whole (1 rings were rudely driven through the ilrcets ; and as the conquerors were eager to return for more prey, their trem- bling pace was quickened with menaces and blows. At the fame hour, a fimilar rapine was exer- cifed in all the churches and monafteries, in all the palaces and habitations of the capital ; nor could any palace, however facred or fcqueftered, protect the perfons or the property of the Greeks. Above fixty thoufand of this devoted people were tranfported from the city to the camp arid fkct ; exchanged or fold according to the caprice or in- to reft of their mailers, and difperfed in remote itrvituue through the provinces of the Ottoman empire. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. empire. Among thefe we may notice fome re- CHAP. markable characters. The hiftorian Phranza, firft chamberlain and principal fccretary, was involved with his family in the common lot. After lufTer- ino- four months the hardihips of fiavery, he re- O l * covered his freedom , in the enfuing winter l>e ventured to Adrianople, and ranfomed his wife from the mir lajhi or mailer of horfe ; but his two children, in the flower of youth and beauty, had been leized for the ufe of Mahomet himfelf. The daughter of Phranza died in the fcraglio, perhaps a virgin : his fon, in the fifteenth year of his aiz;e, preferred death to infamy, and was dab- bed by the hand of the royal lover 66 . A deed thus inhuman, cannot fcrely be expiated by the tafte and liberality with which he releafed a Grecian matron, and her two daughters, on receiving a Latin ode from Philelphus, who had cholen a wife in that noble family 67 . The pride or cruelty of Mahomet would have been molt fenfibly gratified by the capture of a Roman legate ; but the dex- terity of cardinal Ifidore eluded the fearch, and he efcaped from Galata in a plebeian habit 65 . The M See Phranza, I. i'i. c. to, ai. His exprefTions are pofit'.ve: Ameras f'uu manu ju^uuvit volehat enitn eo turpiter et ne- farie abuti. Me rnilerum et mfelicem. Yet lie couid only learn from re-port, the bloody or impure 1'cenes that wuc ailed in the dark recdTes of the feragiio. 7 See Tirabofchi (toin. vi. p. i. p. 190.) and Lancelot (Mem. de 1* Academic dts Inscriptions, torn. x. i>. 71 X.). I Diould be curious to learn how he could praife tlie public enemy, whom lie fo often re- viles as the molt corrupt and inhuman ot tyianrs. ( '^ The Commentaries of I'ms II. fuppofe, that he craftily- placed his cardinal's hat on the head of a corpfe winch wis cut }f iii.d txp'jfcJ in tiiumph, while the legate hirui'eU' was bought and 239 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. i'he chain and entrance of the outward harbour L/ > in. was frill occupied by the Italian fhips of merchan- dife and war. They had fignalized their valour in the fiege ; they embraced the moment of retreat, while the Turkifh mariners were difTipated in the pillage of the city. When they hoifted fail, the beach was covered with a fupplbnt and lament- able croud : but the means of tranfportation were fcanty : the Venetians and Genoefe fclecVd their countrymen ; and notwithftanding the faireft pro- mifes of the fultan, the inhabitants of Galata eva- cuated their houfes, and embarked with their mod precious effects. In the fall and the fack of great cities, an hifto- rian is condemned to repeat the ..ale of uniform calamity : the fame effects mud be produced by the fame pafllons ; and when thofc pafTions may be indulged without controul, fmall, alas ! is the difference between civilized and favage man. Amidft the vague exclamations of bigotry and hatred, the Turks are not accr.Ld of a uanton or immoderate effufion of Chriftian blood : but according to their maxims (the maxims of anti- quity), the lives of the vanquifhed were for- feited; and the legitimate reward of the con- queror was derived from the fervice, the fale, or the ranfom, of his captives of both fexes C9 . The and delivered, as a fprive of no value. The grrat B!gic Chronicle adorrs his tfcaj.e with new adventurrs, which he fuppreffed (fays Spr;nl..nMs, A. 0.14.53, Ni5.)i n his own letters, left he Ihou'.d Jolc tin ic ii' and reward of fufFering tor Chnft. -') lii.f!;- ,mure the lofs of the By- zantine libraries, which were ckPiroyed or fcat- tereci in the general confufion : one hundred ancl twenty thousand manufcripts are faid to have dif- appearcd 72 ; ten volumes might be purchased for a fingle ducat; and the lame ignominious price, too high perhaps for a fhelf of theology, included the whole works of Ariftct'e and Momcr, the nobleft productions of the fci'jncc and literature .of ancient Greece. \Ve may reflect: with plea- fure, that an incllimable portion of our claflic 7- S'-e D;]rn<; (c. 43.), ni'J an ej)iftle, July 15"', 1453, fior I.r.u"is Q^III.I. us ti> pope Nicholas V, (liody cie Grarcis, p. 191. fioin a MS. in tl.e Cuiiou library). trcaurcs OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. treafures was fafely depofited in Italy ; and that ^ H A P. the mechanics of a German town had invented an arc which derides the havoc of time and bar- barifm. From the firfl hour " of the memorable twenty- ninth of May, diforder and rapine prevailed in tt '^ C1 j' v * Constantinople, till the eighth hour of the lame St. Sophia, day; when the lultan himfelf pafied in triumph & c . through the gate of St. Romanus. He was at- tended by his vizirs, bafhaws, and guards, each of whom (fays a Byzantine hiftorian) was robuft as Hercules, dextrous as Apollo, and equal in battle to any ten of the race of ordinary mor- tals. The conqueror 74 gazed with fatisfaction and wonder on the ilrange though fplendid. appear- ance of the domes and palaces, fo uiffimilar from the ft vie of Oriental architecture. In the hippo- drome, or atmidxn, his eye was attracted by the twilled column of the three ferpents ; and, as a trial of his ftrength, he (battered with his iron mace or battle-ax the under- jaw of one of thcfc monfters 7$ , which in the eye of the Turks were the idols cr talifmans* of the city. At the princi- pal door of St. Sophia, he alighted from his horfe, and entered the dome : and fuch was his jealous regard for that monument of his glory, that on O C3 J ' "> The Julian Calendar, which reckons the days and hours from midnight, was ufed at Conftantinople. Bat Ducas lecins to under- ftand the natural hours from fun- rile. /* See the Turkim Anr.ais, p. 329. and the Pandtfls of Leur.- clavius, p. 448. 75 I have had occafion (vol. iii. p< za.) to iv.ei:tion this curious. *elic of Grecian antiuuity. cbfervin- THE DECLINE AND FALL obfervinga zealous Mufulman in the act of break- ing the marble pavement, he admonifhed him with his fcymetar, that if the fpoil and captives were granted to the foldiers, the public and private buildings had been referved for the prince. By his command the metropolis of the F.aftern chur'ch v/as transformed into a mofch : the rich and porr.ibie inltrumcnts of fuperftition had been removed ; the crolies vverc thrown down ; and the w;:lU, which were covered with images, and moiltics, were wafned and purified, and rcftorcd to a (late of naked fimplicity. On the fame day, or on the cniuing Friday, the ir.ncztn or crier, afcended the mod lofty turret, ami proclaimed the czar*, or public invitation in the name of God and his prophet; the imam preached; and Ma- homet the fecond performed thf nanwz of prayer and thankfgiving on the great altar, where the Chriftian inylterics had io lately been celebrated before the la it or the Caviars 7 *. From St. Sophia he proceeded to the aucuPi, but defolate man- fion of an hun-.lrcd fucceiibrs of the great Con- flantine ; but which Hi a fcv/ hours had been dripped oi eiie pomp of rovahy. A melancholy rcficccion on the vicillitudcs ot iiuman grcatnels, forced i:felfori h.i.-i mind; and he repeated an cle- gnnt diilich of Periian poetry: "The fpider has * l wove hi.s web in the imperial palace ; and the "' "\Venie ob'i_;'c! 'o C.ir.teiuir (;i. 101.) Tor the Turk; fh ac- c'ln," (;l ir.c i>;nvn:'.t!ur, of St. bi.pha, fj l-nreriy dfpl.orctl by I hrr-inz i aril Dacns. It ;s r.ir.ulirp (.::o'>!_,h to (.Inn vr, in wlii' o;i- jjofiie lit !.;i ll.c ia.:.t orj'.ct 3j-|)'.a;: tu a Muiulman and a Lhnl- lian i J. ' owl OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 241 >f owl hath fung her watch- fong on the towers of CHAP. T Y V 1 T T " Afrafiab 77 ." ii^IL Yet his mind was not fatisfied, nor did the His . bt victory feem complete, till he was informed of the to the * fate of Conftantine ; whether he had efcaped or ( been made prifoner, or had fallen in the battle. Two Janizaries, claimed the honour and reward of his death : the body, under an heap of (lain, was difcovered by the golden eagles embroidered on his moes : The Greeks acknowledged with O tears the head of their late emperor ; and, after expofing the bloody trophy 7$ , Mahomet bellowed on his rival the honours of a decent funeral. After his cleceafe, Lucas Notaras, great duke ", and firft rhinifter of the empire, was the mod- important prifoner. When he offered his perfon and his treafurcs at the foot of the throne, tc And (( why," faid the indignant fultan, cc did you not " employ thefe treafures in the defence of your ; i, tec. the Fu-nJ 'A' i!ie Cjicek cmpeior : lit would iuiely content i-.iin.tit with a trophy id's inhuman. 79 P'nnmza was tin* pciional enenr/ of t'l.- great diikc; ; nor cr'.iM 'line, or d?:ith, or his mv:i rt treat to ^ nionafteiy, extort a feeling >A\ iyinpathy or fo;^ivei'n [.-.. DIK?S i^ inclined to praife and pity the jn.'.ityr; Chaki ; 'oiulyl. s is neuter, but we are incltbteJ to him fci :!<; }'.';>t o' the Greek cyn!pincy, VOL. XII, K repl : ed THE DECLINE AND FALL c ri A P. replied the defpot, "how have you prefumed to . " _ ^ ', < uirh-hold them fo long by a fruitlefs and fata] " refifhnce ?" The preat duke alleged the ob- C, O fVmacy oi" the ftr-r.gers, and fome fecret encou- ragement fro in the Turkifh vizir; and from rhis perii.TJF interview, he was at length difmiffed v/ith the affurance of pardon and protection. Ma- homet condefcendcd to vifit his wife, a venerable princefs oppreffed with ficknefs and grief; and his confolation for her misfortunes was in the moil tender drain of humanity and filial reverence. A fnTiilar clemency was extended to the principal officers of Uare, of whom feveral were ranfomed at his expence ; and during fome days he de- clared himftlf the friend and father of the van- quiflied people. But the fcene was foon changed ; and before hi^ departure, the hippodrome ftreamed with the blood of his nobleft captives. His per- fidious cruelty is execrated by the Chriftians: they adorn with the colours of heroic martyr- dom the execution of the great duke and his two fons ; and his death is alcribed to the generous refufal of delivering his children to the tyrant's lull. Yet a Byzantine hiftorian has dropt an unguarded word of confpiracy, deliverance, and kalian fuccour : fuch treafon may be glorious ; but the rebel v;ho bravely ventures, has jufily forfeited, his life ; nor mould we blame a con- queror for destroying the enemies whom he can no longer trull. On the eighteenth of June, the victorious fukan returned to Adri- anople 3 and fmiled at the bafe and hollow embattles of the Chriftian princes, who viewed their OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 243 their approaching ruin in the fall of the Eaftern c H_ A P. , 1_/ \.\ i JL 1 empire. i y i Conftantinople had been left naked and de- He re i' eo - pies ar.d folate, without a prince or a people. But fhe nd-ms could not be dcfpoiled of the incomparable fitua- t ^", ! ^ n ' tion which marks her for the metropolis ot a great empire j and the genius of the place will ever triumph over the accidents of time and for- tune. Bcurfa and Adrianople, the ancient feats of the Ottomans, funk into provincial towns; and Mahomet the fecond eftabliihed his own re- fidence, and that of his fuccefibrs, on the fame commanding fpot which had been chofen by C'on- ftantine so . The fortifications of Galata, which might afford a fhelter to the Latins, were prudently deftroyed ; but the damage of the Turkifn can- non was foon repaired ; and before the month of Auguft, great quantities of lime had been burnt for the reftoration of the walls of the capital. As the entire property of the foil and buildings,. whether public or private, or profane or fa c red, was now transferred to the conqueror, he riiit fe- parated a fpace of eight furlongs from the point of the triangle for the eftablifhment of his ieraglio or palace. It is here, in the bofom of luxury, that the grand fignvr (as he has been emphari- 80 For the reftitution of Conftantinople and the Tuikifh found- ations, fee Cantemir (p. ioj i 09.), Ducas (c. 42.), with Ths- venot, Tournefort, and the reft of our modern travellers. From a gigantic pifture of the greatnefs, population, &c. of Conftnn- tinople anl the Ottoman empire (Abrege de THilloire Ottomar.e, torn. i. p. 16 ii.), we may learn, that in the year 1586, the Mof- tems were lei's numerous in the capital than the Chmliam, or evert the Jews. R 2 cally 244 THE nr.ci.iXE AND FALL C H A P. ca ]]y named by thi- Italians) appears to reign over ^ yr - m _ Furope and Alia : hut his ptrlbn on the fhores of the Befphorus may not always be fecure from die ir.fuhi of an holule navy. In the new cha- racter of a moled, [he cathedral of St. Sophia was endowed v\h an ample revenue, crouned \\ith lofty minarets and iurrounded with proves and fountains, for the devotion and refrefhmmr of the Modems. The lame model was imitated in tlu j(',ii:l or n yal rnoilhs ; and the Hi ft of thefe Wc.s built, by Mahomet himfelf, on the ruins of the church of the holy apoftles and the tombs of the Gretk emperors. On the third day after the conquefr, the grr.ve of Abou Ayub or Job, who had fallen in the f;rk fi-j. : e of the Arabs, was re- V(aled in a v:n<;n ; and it is before the lepulchre of the nvrtyr, that the nr\v iuitans are girded with the i \voj\i of empire 81 . Constantinople no longer appert.;ins to the Roman hiftorian ; nor ll.all I tnur, eiate tlie civil and religious edifices that wire profaned or enc.ted by its Turkifh maf- ters : the population was fp.eedily renewed; and bef. of lei's life, perhaps, than mugiiifi- crnct (icra. i. j>. -^ j : *'.. the OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 24$ the remnant of the Greeks; and they returned in c ", crowds as foon as they were allured of their lives, their liberties, and the free exercife of their reli- gion. In the election and invefliture of a patri- arch, the ceremonial of the Byzantine court was revived and imitated. With a mixture of fatif- faction and horror, they beheld the fultan on his throne ; who delivered into the hands of Gen- nadius the crofier or paftoral ft a ft", the fymbol of his ecclefiafiical office ; who conducted the patri- arch to the gate of the feraglio, prefented him with an horfe richly caparifoned, and directed the vizirs and bamaws to lead him to the palace which had been allotted for his refidence 5 *. The churches of Conftantinople were fhared between the two religions : their limits were marked ; and, till it was infringed by Selim, the grandfon of Mahomet, the Greeks 83 enjoyed above fixty years the benefit of this equil partition. Encouraged by the minifters of the divan, who willed to elude the fanaticifm of the fultan, the Chriftian advocates prefumed to allege that this divifion had been an act, not of generofity, but of juftice; 81 Phranza (1. in. c. 19.) relates the ceremony, which hns pof- fibly been .'.domed MI the Greek reports to each other, aiul to the Latins. Tlic tacl is cot'finntd by F.manucl Malaxus, who wrote, in vulgar Greek, the hi rory or the P.it; i.uchs after the taking of Conitantinople, inierted in ;he rurco-Giseaa <>i Crutuis (i. v. p. 106 1X4--). But the moli paiie>-t rcridei vvi : l not believe that Mahomrt adopted the Catholic H.nn, l! Sancli Tiinitas i;uu; uiilii *' don ivit iinpeiHini 'e in patnar i>a;n novx; Ruiivx* iU:iii7.i f -" ? J i'lom the I'urco- Cii .ten ot Ciutius, i^c. by- >ii:ianus (A. D. 14.13, N u ii. i-vsS, N 16.) difcribts tlie fl a'ery and domci^ic (jiiar- rels of the (/e^k chuicli. The patnaich \vlioinccetdeel Gennadius, threw hunlclt in delpair into a wtll. R 3 not 146 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. no a concefnon, but a compact ; and that if one L X V 1 1 1 . half of the city had been taken by ftorm, the other moiety had lurrendered on the faith of a facred capitulation. The original grant had in- deed been confuir.ed by fire : but the lofs was fupplied by the teflimony of three aged Janizaries who remembered the traniaction ; arid their venal oathi'. are of more weight in the opinion of Cante- mir, than the pofitive and unanimous confent of the hiilory of the times 34 . The remaining fragments of the Greek king- dom in Europe and Afia I ft all abandon to the Turkift arms ; but the final extinction of the two latl dynaitics !i which have reigned in Conftan- tinople, rhoukl terminate the decline and fall of the Roman Empire in the EafL The dcipots of the Morea, Demetrius and Thomas * ft , the two iurviving brothers of the name ot PAL/EOLOGUS, 8* Cantemir (p. 101 i5-) ir.firts on the unanimous confent of the Turkifh hiftonans, ar.cient as well as mO'Vin, and aigi:e, th.it thay \\miid i.ot have violated the truth to dimin;fli rhur ra- ticiiiu rlory, fii.ce it is elleemed n.ose honourable to tvike a city by force t!:;iii by coir,po(it:on. But, i. 1 doubt t'.is conlent, fmce he Ojiicti-s 1,0 j artic 1 .:!:.!' hi!l-Jii:.n, a:ul the- Tuikifli Annals of Leur.r!:ivius ati : .;m, witl:ci:t exception, that Mahomet took Conftan- tinopl. .' f t' i-'.m (p. 3-9-)- - The fame argument may be turned in favour oi die Greeks of the time?, who would rot have forgotten tliis 1'onourablc ami lahitary tieaty. Volta'.rc, as ulual, jirtfcis the Turks to the ("niiliians. *i Fur the genealogy and fall of the Com re M of Trebizciul, fee Ducrii'c (Fair,, liyzant. p. 195.) ; for the !alt Pa'.ro o^i, the fame accuiate antiqu-iiian ( ( . 144.. 24.7, 148.). 1 he Palacolo^i of Mont- fen.it were not cxtnv:i '.il the next century ; but they lud roigotten their Greik oii^in Jnii kir.dred. s& I it the we rthltfr iio; y ot t!ie (!;f;>utes nnd mi^f 01 tun?* of ;hc two brothers, Khr.irza '1. iii. c. 21 30.) is roo p"sn ; n] <>r, the fide of Tho- ina ; ; DUCJS (c. 44., 4. 5.) is too brief, and Chalcoconclyles (I. viii, ix, x.) too d:. l iu;e and dirt'-ilr/c. 14 were OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 247 were aftonifhed by the death of the emperor Con- c H . /* i / ftantine, and the ruin of the monarchy. Hopelefs < of defence, they prepared, with the r.obic Greeks who adhered to their fortune, to fcek a refuge in Italy, beyond the reach of the Ottoman thunder. Their firft apprchenfions wen" difpeiied by the victorious fulun, who contented himfcif with a tribute of twelve thoufand ducats ; and while his ambition explored the continent and the ifhncli in fearch of prey, he indulged the M'jrea in a rc- fpite of feven years. But this refpite was a period of grief, difcord, and milery. The hexamilion t the rampart of the Ifthmus, fo often railed and fo often fubverted, could not long be defended by three hundred Italian archers ; the keys of Co- rinth were feized by the Turks : they returned from their Cummer excurfions with a train of cap- tives and fpoil ; and the complaints of the in- jured Greeks were heard with indifference and difdain. The Albanians, a vagrant tribe of (hep- herds and robbers, filled the peninfula with ra- pine and murder ; the two defpots implored the dangerous and humiliating aid of a neighbouring >~> coo bafhaw ; and when he had quelled the revolt, his leflbns inculcated the rule of their future conduct. Neither the tits of blood, nor the o.iths which they repeatedly pledged in the communion and be- fore the altar, nor the ftrcnger preiTure of necelTicy, could reconcile or fufpend their domeflic quarrels. They ravaged each other's patrimony with fire and fword : the alms and iliccours of the Weft v/ere confumed in civil hoftility ; and their power was only exerted in iavage and arbitrary t-xecu- R 4 tions. 24 S THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A P. tions. The diflrefs and revenue of the weaker IA-VIIT. . ,,,./- , , , , ^r-^ __> rival invoked their lupreme Jord ; and, in the Loft of the f ea f on of maturity and revenge, Mahomet declared \. D. himfelf the friend of Demetrius, and marched J-f ' JC ' into the Morea with an irrefidible force. "When he had taken polllflion of Sparta, " You are too " weak," fa id the fultan, ns rj'.i'i'rcls ut iv > i-: i . .' n ... . , : c.{ u:;icli ^o,< o;) I.nzi are coiiinionly cr,- ,'M',:r, :.\ ' (Ij'fw!', '.u'Ti. i.,. [;. j f > , 17-). i ; " anJ OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. c * and treafures by rffigning your kingdom? or s* i had you rather forfeit your kingdom, your cc treafures, and your life ?" The feeble Com- nenus was fubdued by his own fears, and the ex- of . - zone!, ample of a Mufulman neighbour, the Prince of A. D. Sinope **, who, on a fimilar fummons, had H6l> yielded a fortified city with four hundred c'annon and ten or twelve thouiand foldiers. The capi- tulation of Trebizond was faithfully performed; and the emperor, with his family, was tranfported to a cafde in Romania ; but on a flight fufpicion of correfponding with the Perfian king, David, and the whole Comnenian race, were facrificed to the jealoufy cr avarice of the conqueror. Nor could the name of father long protect the unfor- tunate Demetrius from exile and confifcation ; his abject fubmiflion moved the pity and con- tempt of the fultan; his followers were tranl- planted to Conflantinople ; and his poverty was alleviated by a penfion of fifty thoufand afpers, till a monaflic habit and a tardy death releafed Palseologus from an earthly matter. It is not eafy to pronounce whether the fervitude of De- metrius, or the exile of his brother Thomas 9 , be the mod inglorious. On the conquefl of the Kt ) Ifmael Reg, prinre of Sinope or Sinnplc, was polTefil-d (chiefly from his cepper mines) of a revenue of 100,000 ducats (Ch.ilco- coi.d. 1. ix. p. 25^, 259.)- Peyilunel (Commerce clc la Mcr Noire, tun), n. p. 100.) aicribes to rhc modern city 60,000 inha- bitants. Thi? a.-count i'eemr. enormous : vet it is by tradim* "I'll ^ t.i a peopie that we become acquainted witli their wealth and num- bers. : Spondrinus (from Gobelin Com nent. Pti II. 1. v .) relates the r.rnval and rcccpi.ioo of the di-fpor J^hunvis :U Rome (A. D. 1461, V* !)- Morea, 25 THE DECLINE AND FALL ^Lxvm" ^ orcn > ^ e dcfpot efcaped ro Corfu, and from thence to Italy, with ibme naked adherents : his name his ibflering^ and the head of the apoftlc St. An- dre\v, entitled him. to the hofpkality of the Vati- can ; and his milerv was prolonged by a penfion of fix t'louland du:v.:s from the pope and cardinals. His tv;o Ions, An.irev/ and Manuel, were educated in Italy ; bu: tin: cldcu, contemptible to his enc- inics and burthenlome to his friends, was de- gradrd by the bafcntfs of his life and marriage. A tille was his iblc nherkance ; and that inhe- ntance he iuccclilvi-Iv ibid to the kings of France a^d Arrr.gon 51 . Luring this tranfient profperity 3 Charles the eight was anibitious of joining the empire of i;-;e Kail v*kh the kingdom of Naples : in a public fcluval, he afiumed the aj pclhtion and the purple or Angiijins : the Greeks rejoiced, nnd the Ottoman already trembled at the approach of the French chivalry 5 *. Manuel Palxologus, the lecond ion, was tempted to reviilt his native coun- try : his return mi^nt be grateful, and could not be dangerous, to the Porte : he was maintained at 9 1 By as act ti.iu-H A. D. 1494., Sept. 6. nnd lately tranfmit ted from the aichivts oi i:;e C.U.HO! to the royal library of Paris, the tlefpot Andrew ralacold^vis, nltiv;ng the Moirn, and liipulatmg foir.e private advantngts, conveys to Chnrlt; VIII. !;int; of Fiance the empires ot Cop.lt ihtipupie :.iv.l I'r-.biioiul (Spontlnnus, A. D. 14.95, N z.). M. i. p. ^39 5/2.) h.ts bcitownl a 1 >n of the kingdom of Naples. The fu-ge and iac!; of Otranto by the Turks tliiTulcd a general confirmation ; and pope Sixtua \vr.s -[.aring to fv beyond the Alps, w!ien the torm \vas in.lt 1 r.tly difpelled Death of by the death o: fvlcih');net tiie iccond, in the ^.hornet fi y cy . fil . il: yi .., r yf hij . .,, e 9^ His lof[y gcnius A - D - afpired to t!ie co;v;i;cR- (n' It;:ly : he was pof- May I, or feffcd oi" n ilrong cky a;r.i a capacious harbour ; J ul >' * and the lame n-Lni mi;.;Kt liave been decorated **-> *^j 9 6 Bcfulrs tV.e two :;; r. ; !::'' r . tlir vender in-iy confiilt fJiannone (Iltoii.i Civile, I-.::; . ii;. p. 4.49-- ^-"' ) t;;i ti'.c I'mkuli iiivailon of the k;;ir,doi!i ol iS.ijU.T, . For the m~n ar.il ccr.-|iielt5 of Ma- homL-t H. I h;it: occ;!l"or..iiiv vi^J ;! - .e Meir.orie Ilionrhe clr Mdii:;; : l;i O:tonr.u;r,i iii C> i,>v,.r,i,i S:ij-;rcilo (Vcncziu, 1677, in 4 1 ^;. In jitnce ,-.;:v! wir, t'r.c: 'i'lir!;; lnvd evti engage,! the at- ter.tu ii ot ti'c repn!)l:c ol Vtr,.;t.. All !"i"i' dilpatchts and archive* wuc opcii to a pi \>cur;itor o^ St. M.i:k, ai>d c '.-n.'do is not con- tt:;i|)'it)le ci'.licr in l.-:,ic or l'y!-.-. Vet lie too :>iiterly hates the i: :". kli ; lie is i ;i,c'. :.!;: <;i thru Lir. ; -u .^c :ind manr:>.rs j and his r.:tiia::VL', \vl; ,c!i aiiov/.-; o..iy 1'eve/ii'.' l' ; ';;^> to Mal.orm t II. (^. (,'. 14..'., l-.c.'cjiv.t s iiiOrc coji;.,i! :. aiij aii'.htntic .is ! e approaches t!-,-j yti'.rs 164^ and 16^4, the 'icnr. oi !l;c !,:Sic,r,c iubibiS of John b . ^icdo. with OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 15$ with the trophies of the NEW and the AXCIENT CHAP. LXVIII, ROME . 97 As I am now taking an everlafiing farewell of the Greek em- pire, I (hall biitfiy mention the gieat collection o( Byzantine writers, whole names an.l teftimonies have been lucrefiively re- peated in tliis work. The Greek preffes of Aldus and the Italians, were confined to the claflics of a better age ; and the firll rude edi- tions or" Procopius, Agathias, Cedrenus, Zonaras, Sec. were j>ub- lifiied by the learned diligence of the Germans. The whole Byzan- tine (cries (xxxvi volumes in folio) has gradually ifuied (A. D. 1648, &c.) from the royr.l prcfs of the Louvre, with feme collateral aid from Rome and L'jij-,f:c ; but the Venetian edition (A. D. 1729), though cheaper and mere copious, is not IcTs inferior in corrcclnefs than in mr.gnincence to that cf Paris. The merits of the French edi- tors are various 5 but the value of Anna. Ccmmena, Cinnamus, Vil- leh^rdouin, &;c. is enhance:! by the hiftcrical notes cf Charles du Frcfr.e du Cange. His fupptemental works, the Greek Gioffury, the Cor - (lantinopolis Chriftiana, t!'e Familis Byzantinw, dirtuft* i iteady li^ht over the dajkrofs of :hc I-owrr Empire, THE DECLINE AND FALL C II A P. LXIX. State of Rome from t/:e r i' \cdjtb Ccnii'.ry. Temporal Dcminicn of the ropes, Sed;!io/:5 of tbe City. Pditicd Iltrejy of slrndd of Brcjcla. Rcjlora- ticn of ths Republic. I' be Senators. Pride of tbc Rciiic.ns. 1'btlr H-'ars. -1'bey arc deprived of (be Election and Prcfe/ice cf tbe Popes, i^'bo retire to Av'igii'//:. The 'J'iul'^e. ^\obie Families cf Rome. l-'ead cf tbe Colo;ina and Urfini. CHAP. T\ the firit aj;es of the decline and fall of the LXIX. T-, LI 12 i v _j X Roman empire, our eye is invariably r State and the royal city, \vhich Iiad given Lnvs to the faircil -riii portion ot tise globe. \ve contemplate her lor- tunes, at nrfl \vii!i admautfration, at length with pity, always with attention ; and when that attention is diverted from the Capitol to the provinces they are confidcred ;;s lo many branches v/]iic!i have been fuccefilvely levered iron: t!u- Imperial trunk, The foundation of a fecond \\ ;r,ie on ti:e fliores of the Boij>!u:rus lias conipelled tiie hillorian to fbllov; the luccefibrs of Con;laiui;ie : and (/;ir cu- levolu- tions of Kome, -A . L) * HOG 1500 riofity has been tempted countries cr I'.urop cauies and t;;e aMth Byzanrine monarchy. r.ian, vc i'.ave bec'n Tvbcr, to t '.': t ; < .: polis i bsi: ;. ...; .: '., perhaps ar ; ; ." ..: ) viilt tl.e moil remote nd .\n i, t'j explore th.e of the lonr decay ot t'u- onqucits oi f) the bank; of t!,<. th- 1 ancient metro - \ ao a change, or /ude, Rome had l-?cri OF TH ROMAN EMPIRE. been already dripped of her trophies, her gods, c and her Csefars : nor was the Gothic dominion more inglorious and oppreffive than the tyranny of the Greeks. In the eighth century of the Chriftian sra, a religious quarrel, the worfhip of images, provoked the Romans to aflert their in- dependence : their biihop became the temporal, as well as the fpiritual, father of a free people ; and of the Wedern empire, which was reftored by Charlemagne, the title and linage dill decorate O * O the fmgular conftitution of modern Germany. The n.irTie of Rome mud yet command our in- voluntary re 1 peel : the climate (whatfoever may be its influence) was no longer the fame ' : the purity of blood had been contaminated through a thoufind channels ; but the venerable afpect of her ruins, and the memory of pad greatnefs, re- kindled a fpark of the national character. The darknefs of the middle ages exhibits fome fcenes not unworthy of our notice. Nor mall I difmifs the prefcnt \vork till I have reviewed the date and revolutions of the ROMAN CITY, which acquiefced under the abfolute dominion of the popes abouV the fame time that Condantinople was enflaved by the Turkim arms. 1 The Abbe Dubo^, who, with lefs genius tlinn'his fu'cceffc/r Montelcjuieu, has aQerteJ :iiid magnified the influence of climate, 'bjects to liimiclf tlie degeneracy of the Romans and Batavians. To the full: of llu-fc examples lie replies, i. Tliat the change is iefs real than apparent, and tli.it the modern Romans prudently conceal in themielves the virtues of their ancettois. 1. That the air, the foil, and the cliTnr.tr- c-f Romehave Aifftred a great and vifihlr n'.trration (Refl-x'ons fur h V- rllr ct fur la Peinture, part, ii, li-a. 16.)- VOL, XII, S la 258 THE DECLINE AND FALL C H \ P. y n the beginning of the twelfth century *, tlic sera of the ilrit cruiade, Rome was revered by the Latins, as the metropolis of the world, as the throne of the pope and the emperor, who, from the eternal city, derived their title, their honours, and the right or cxercife of temporal dominion. After fo long ;\n interruption, it may not be ufclefs to repeat that tiie hicceilbrs of Charlemagne and the Othos were choicn beyond the Rhine in a national diet; but that theic princes were content with the humble names of kings of Germany and Italy, till they hid p.ified the Alps and the Apen- riine, to feck their imperial crown on the banks of the Tyber 3 . At Ibme dillance from the city, their approach was fainted by a long proceilion of the clergy and people with palms and crclfes ; and the terrific emblems of woK'es and lions, of dragons and cables, that flowed in the military banners, represented the departed legions and colloid of the republic. The royal oath to main- tain the liberties of Rome was thrice reiterated, at the bridge, the g te, and on the flairs of the Vatican ; and the diilribution of a cuftomary donative feebly imitated the magnificence of the firll C;Ulirs. In the Church of St. Peter, the - The reaJt r li.'.a l.ecn f,j '.oi-j; a^'.l-r.t from Rome, thru I \voii!-j a>iviu- hi.n io ucolua or K.V;L\V thjxi;x :h tli.i,:ti;r, in tl:e ixili VLCIJIUC cf ;!,!< Hiih ,y. J I'l.c ci.ion.niun of t'.'.e (Jt-rimn nrprrois at Rome, more . ,y u; t:ie M- h cm'.tiry, is l;e*i: u y\ u i .ted from the ong.nnl ;:. :. i ,i:, 's by t Mni.;o;i (_ ."vi.t'.qur it. 1' iii?c meiin A^i , tcm. i. dilTcitsI. i. \*. 99, \c.), ;.ii.l Cei i-ii (.M. n.rrt i-.t. Doii.ui. I c i.nh t-),u. li. liil!. V!. }> ? f ! ), ;l.e hitti i ot v. liuni 1 only know tioin tl'.-j c' ;>' i- xi i- act i,r b.iiinidt ^ii;.i. JLS Aiitu-uivJi, tom. ui. p.s 5j -z66.) coronation OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 259 Coronation was performed by his fucceftbr: the voice of God was confounded with that of the people ; and the public confent was declared in the acclamations of, 'tl ccins (.\nti(;u'tnt. tc;r.. ii. dill. x:i'. :!. p. 54.3 5-4.). Il fnuU o-iir two more t-arly thun the year i'oc; . nf;y :\\<- lt:,i c;;t itit iiom Leo III. to Leo I \. v/i/,i rnKiition of the ici'.niin; em^troi ; nor.'.- r: :; .::i tf Gref;o;'v \ 11. ot IT.h'iu I!.; but in thoic ot I'aiciiai II. he leeins tohave it;-.i;i:::c^d ti::-; baJ^c ct dependence, S 2 turbcd THE DECLINE AND FALL Authority of the }>opes in Konie, C HAP. turbed by the clamour and fedition of the Roman?, j_ - w ._' who encountered their fovereign as a foreign in- vader : his departure was always fpeedy, and often fhameful ; and* in the abfence of a long reign, his authority was infulted and his nam? was forgotten. The progrefs of independence in Germany and Italy undermined the foundations of the Imperial fovereignty, and the triumph of the popes was the deliverance of Rome. Of her two fovereigns, the emperor had pre* carioufly reigned by the right of conqueft , but the authority of the popes was founded on the foft, though more folid, bafis of opinion and habit. The removal of a foreign influence reitored and endeared the fhepherd to his flock. In'lead of the arbitrary or venal nomination of a German court, the vicar of Chrift was freely chofen by the college of cardinals, mod of whom were either nativ.es or inhabitants of the city. The applauie of the magiflrates and people confirmed his election ; and the ccclefiaftical power that wa obeyed in Sweden and Britain, had been ultimately derived from the fuffrage of the Romans. The lame fuffrage gave a prince, as well as a pontiff, to the capital. Ic was univerfaily believed, that Conilantine hud inverted the popes with a tem- poral dominion of Rome ; and the boldcft civilians, the moil profane fceptics, were iatisfied with dif- puting the right of the emperor and the validity of liis gift. T!ie tn:th of die fact, the authenticity of his donation, was deeply rooted in the ignorance and tradition of four centuries : and the fabulous origin was loft in the real and permanent ciiecls. The from af- f-:t:or, ; OP THE ROMAN EMPIRE. The name of Dominus or Lord was infcribed on c H A P. the coin of the bifhops : their title was acknow- i J^j ledged by acclamations and oaths of allegiance, r 'g ht and with the free, or reluctant, confent of the German Csfars, they had long exercifcd a fu- preme or fubordinate jurifdidlion over the city and patrimony of St. Peter. The reign of the popes, which gratified the prejudices, was not incompatible with the liberties of Rome ; and a more critical inquiry would have revealed a (till nobler fource of their power ; the gratitude of a nation, whom they had refcued from the herefy and opprefTion of the Greek tyrant. In an age of fuperftition, it mould feem that the union of the royal and lacerdotal characters would mutually fortify each other ; and that the keys of paradife would be the fureft pledge of earthly obedience. The fanctity of the office might indeed be degraded by the perfonal vices of the man. But the fcan- virtue j dais of the tenth century were obliterated by the auftere and more dangerous virtues of Gregory the feventh and his iiicceffors ; and in the am- bitious contefts which they maintained for the rights ot the church, their fufferings or their fuccefs mud equally tend to increafe the popular veneration. They fometimes wandered in poverty and exile, the victims of perfecution ; and the apoftolic zeal with which they offered themfelvcs to martyrdom, mult engage the favour and fyrn- pathy of every Catholic b re ail. And fometimes, thundering from the Vatican, they created, judged, and depofed the kings of the world : nor could the proudeft Roman be difgraced by fubmittmg to a S 3 pried, afo THE DECLINE AND FALL C n .\ r. pneft, whole feet were killed, and whofe flirrup was held, by the luca f.ors of Charlemagne". liven the temporal interell of the city fhould have protected in peace and honour the residence of the popes ; from whence a vain and lazy people derived the pirated part of their fubfiftence and riches. The fixed revenue of the popes was pro- bably impaired: many of the old patrimonial eftates, both in Italy and the provinces, had been invaded by facrilegious hands ; ncr could the lofs be compenfatcd by the claim, rather than the poficfiion, of the more ample gifts of Pepin and his defcendants. But the Vatican and Capitol v/ere nourifhcd by the inceffcnt and encreafing fwarms of pilgrims and iuppliants : the pale of Chriliianity v. as enlarged, and the pore and car- dinals ^ere overwhelmed by the judgment of ecclef;auic",' r' ; - ' , t tli;- Rnn'nn iKii!t;;f, are f , / ' / 1 < : .'! .:'; ii . i !i ' I'.i' it/: c, i . i'i. - !ur i lit. i . L .':,: ji--, iv. ,:j . : c i i - . L i ! ' - ~. j.. , a:.u injects t in; p: :;ic.^i.t, o: tii.o ;.L ./ ];;;::- ... ..... the OF TH ROMAN EMPIRE. the apoflles. A rare prodigy is once recorded, C H A p. that two horfes, belonging to the archbifliops ot' ._ - T -^ Mentz and Cologne, repaffcci the Alps, yet laden \vith gold and filvcr s : but it was foon underftood, that the fucceis, both of the pilgrims and clients, depended much kfs on the luilice of their caufe than on the value of their offering. The wealth and piety of theie frrangefs were oftentatioufiy difplayed j and their expenccs, facred or profane, circulated in various channels for the emolument of the Romans. Such powerful motives mould have firmly Inconfhn- attachcd the voluntary and pious obedience of cy '' f lu ~ pciltiUun* the Roman people to their fpintu.d and temporal father. But the operation of prejudice and in- tereft is often difturbed by the fallies of ungovern- able pafTion. The Indian who fells the tree, that he may gather the fruit 9 , and the Arab who plunders the caravans of commerce, are actuated by the fam^ impulie of favage nature, which over- looks the. future in the prefers t, and relinquishes for momentary rapine the long and iccure pnficf- fion of the moll important blcffings. And it was thus, that the (hrine of St. Peter was profmed bv the thoughtlefs Romans -, who piihiged trie offerings, and wounded the pilgrims, without E Gemnrrici . . . . ftimmarii non Icva'is i'.rrinis omilli ni'n.Io- Iiur.us rt-p.ii; i.'ir.t jnvifi. N.iVl its! H cre.'liauis Bcinaid lie Co o! the paiTigc me <; O^:ii>.! Ifs (H coupt-nt i'.nhi'c ai fulr-ratiutie, I. iii <.."-, |>. 4^- ). J ho fiili \\ouls cutf, ;\r:J. i)vo!i;ibi v c i u;.t. .'T?S (it; !.i Lc'iii: n>e vt'irent nvoir d 1 ^ Tnr'. ils ics LoiXj i, v. c. 13-) ; and ju.ilioii a- >i ignorance S 4 computing 264 THE DECLINE AKD FALL CHAP, computing the number and value of fimilar \vhich they prevented by their inhofpitable fa- crilege. Even the influence of fuperflition is fluctuating and precarious : and the Have, whofe realbn is fubdued, will o,ten be delivered by his avarice or pride. A credulous devotion for the fables and oracles of the pricfthood, moft power- fully acts on the mind of a Barbarian : yet fuch a mind is the leaf! capable of preferring imagi- nation to fenff, of iacriricing to a dillant motive., to an invifible, perhaps an ideal, object, the ap- petites and intereih of the prefent world. In the vigour of health and youth, his practice will per- petually contradict his belief; till the preiuire of age, or licknefs, or calamity, awakens his terrors, and compels him to fatisfy the double debt of piety and remorfe. I have already obferved, that the modern times of religious indifference, are the moft favourable to the peace and fecurity of the clergy. Under the reign of fuperflition, they had much to hope from the ignorance, and much to fear from the violence, of mankind. The wealth, Vv'hofe conftant encreafe mult have ren- dered them die iole proprietors of the earth, was alternately bellowed by the repentant father and plundered by the rapacious fon : their perlons were adored or violated ; ;-nd the lame idol, by tiie hands of the fame votaries, was place J on thr; alrar or trampled in the dull. In the feudal iyitcrn cfl'un . -.-, arms were the title ot diitir/Jtion and the meiiiurc of allegiance; and a mid. ft tlitir tu - mult, the i:':Ii voice oi" law and rc;;!on \vas leldom heard or obeyed. The turbulent Romans dif- f daint'.i OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. chined the yoke, and infulted the impotence, of CHAP. their biihop ** -, nor would his education or \_ ^m^i character allow him to exercife, with decency or effect, the power of the fword. The motives of his election and the frailties of his life were ex- pofed to their familiar obfervation ; and proximity mu ft diminiih the reverence, which his name and his decrees impreffed on a barbarous world. This difference has not efcaped the notice of our philo- fophic hifiorian : " Though the name and au- " thority of the court of Rome were fo terrible " in the remote countries of Europe, which were " funk in profound ignorance, and were entirely " unacquainted with its character and conduct, " the pope was fo little revered at home, that his cc inveterate enemies furrounded the gates of Rome 4 itfelf, and even controlled his government in (C that city -, and the ambaffadors, who, from a " diftant extremity of Europe, carried to him the " humble, or rather abject, lubmifiions of the " greateit potentate of the age, found the utmoft ec difficulty to make their way to him, and to throw " themielves at his feet 11 /' Since * In a free converf'atlon with his countryman Adrian IV. John of Salisbury accuies the avarice of the pope and clergy ; Provincia- rum dcripiunt fpolia, ac fi thefauros Crccfi ftudeant reparare. Scd rele cum eis agit Altiinnuis, cjuoniam et ipfi aliis et f?epe vilifliinis hominibus dati Amt in direptionem (de Nugis Curiulium, I. vi. c. 2^.. p. 387.). In the next page, he blames the rafhnels and infidelity of the Romans, whom their bifliops vainly itiove to conciliate by girts, inliead of virtues. It is pity that this iHil'(?ellaneous writer has ;iot given us leis morality and erudition, and more pictures of him- feif and the times. 13 Hume's Kiftory of England, vol. i. p. 41^. The fame writer has given us, frm Fitz-Sttuhtn, a fingular a6l of cruelty perpetrated 266 THE DECLINE AND FALL Since the primitive times, the wealth of the r % , popes was cxpolcd to envy, their power to oppo- fition, and their perlons to violence. But the ''ri- ll, long hofiility of the mitre and the crown cncreafcd the numibeiT, and inflamed th;e pafiions, of their '33 of luch ca- pricious p. ,;.'' V:.'.l r;i the clevpy l>v CitotT.'.-v, tiie f.;tiier cf Hcr.;y II. \Vhin Iv -\ s i it'ci T Noiir-ar.ilv, ! ; c tlriji ! .r (I SM i ; ;'c- tj - ! ''-...; i '.:. [uc;. e< 1 to !i:C e'''c:;on rt n " i .'.: \: ; in ' : !; he i '-.-( \ nil ( ,f thfin, with the hiflioji " i ,-.'.. !'r> '. "i ; ! i: . . ...! - !. s be !>u,-i!<-ht him in :. .' :\ ." ' : : . ;-;iin nr. i .', .: i-~Y i!n y in ;-hr j*t(i!y coinp'.'iin ; ,. \ c V.-L J 'L.iltit', hi (.!.[). ivc-u ihtin 01 a fujieifluous ' '- ' I.. ; I .V. ;u.-l Gicc;'jrv VII. nn nMt!i-ri'ic and co'i'em- ;: : - : :\\ \ - ' ; th-J r^rii:i:i!rf .Armron, !'.., ... : .i ( i .. ;.-. is i!.:' rt^l i:: :h- ha, inn j. . : '.. ; :;:!..:. P. i . j'. r 77 i? 5. ), ;md h -.3 bun :, (: y Ti Trc mTfin, n ny thrr.u^l-.o 1 , ;h:<. clir.p- niy OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 267 pricious brutality, without connection or defign, CHAP. would be tedious and difgufting ; and I ihall con- v ~ y ..l> tent myfcif with forne events of the twelfth cen- tury, which reprefent the ftate of the popes and the citv. On Holy Thurfdav, while Pafchal of- Pnfchaln. * A. 7""^ finated before the altar, he was interrupted by the 10 ' 99 1. clamours of the multitude, who imperioufly de- IllS - inanded the confirmation of a favourite rnagiftrate. His fi lence exafperated their fury: his pious re- fufal to mingle the affairs of earth and heaven was encountered with menaces and oaths, that he jlvould be the caufe and the witnefs of the public ruin. During the feilival of Ealler, while the bilhop and the clergy, barefoot and in proccilion, vifited the tombs of the martyr?, they were twice afiaulted, at the bridge of St. Angcio, and before the Capitol, with vollies of (tones and darts. The hcufes of his adherents were levelled with the ground : Pafchal cleaned with difficulty and dan- ger: he levelled an army in the patrimony of St. Peter ; and his la ft days were embittered by futTering and inflicting the calamities of civii war. The fcenes that followed the election of his iuc- f^ 1 '^ cef'or Gelafius the lecond were Itill more lean- A. r>. dalous to the church and city. Cencio Frangi- puni ''*, a potent and factious baron, buriL in to the \r.-j o:\lir.nry nnd excellent jju'cle. IL; t;f. j ?, r.iiil in.'vcd nxutcs, v,-ith the in.-i.ilom ot :i i>Ki',i,r, lus fc.u C'ol!ec;iim i>t the [t.iliin ilriionans, in :-:\vin. volumes j aiicl ;is tint ti'camre i> in my li- brary, I h'iVtf tli .u s lu it an airiineiiiau, it not a tin}', tu c.;iiiuit thi uiu'iir;!--. '4 I c:inr.ut r:-fV.ii r i from tranfcrihinjj the hijjh-cdlonvfd wor.ls of Pan'.lulphilb I'i:-!:uiS (j>. 384..): llo^ au.'iLiis iniinrcus | -jcis :it- ::t!' j tin!): or j.i'n iatu-, l.'ent us Fr.ipurmi.-. in.jif tiritc;i'.is niinn- ;;;!.-. :n; f:bi!a::, : , ct ub iniis ptdoiibub aahci.i Iji;^a luipi-i.i, :;.-. tu.Cius 6S THE DECLINE AND FALL : H A P. tnc aflembly furious and in arms: the cardinals - f - ,'_i were {tripped, beaten, and trampled under foot; and he ieized, without pity or refpcct, the vicar of Chrift by the throat. Gelafius was dragged by his hair along the ground, buffeted with blows, wounded with fpurs, and bound with an iron chain in the houfe of his brutal tyrant. An in- furred ion of the people delivered their bifhop : the rival families oppofed the violence of the I ; ran- gipani ; and Ccncio, who liied for pardon, re- pented of the failure, rather than of the guilt, of his enterprife. Not many days had elapfed, when the pope was again afTaultcd at the aitar. While his friends and enemies were engaged in a bloody conteft he efcaped in his facerdotal garments. In this unworthy flight, which excited the compalTion of the R< ma.i matrons, his attendants were fcattered or unhorfedj and, in the fiekls behind the church of St. Peter, his fucceflbrwas found alone and half- dead with fear and fatigue. Shaking the duft from his feet, the apcftlc withdrew from a city in which his dignity was infulted and his pcrfon was endanger- ed i and the vanity of facerdotal ambition is re- vealed in the involuntary confcfTion, that one em- peror w^s more tolerable than twenty 15 . Thefe cmfhis retro gir.d:o hne inoit cv.cumt, vaivas ac fores confregit. K' c i c fi :i rr. tin ibumius iiitront, iiuie culioile icinoto ])n|);.in per ^li.'irn Lcctjiiti ii.ltr.ixit, pugtus cnlcibulque pen nflit, et tanqiirun hrutr.m anun.tl ir.tia linn.ii tcc'.ffii- acriti-i cnlc-u ihns crnent;ivit ; et larru tanuim dommuni per c;ipillos et bracliri, jt-M~i liono in- t<:rnn dorni:c.ntt, (ictiaxit ad iloir.um, ufque tltdiixit, inibi catc- ravit t-t incl'r.'t. J ? E^o c-rum Dto ef tcclff.i dico, fi ;in(urim pofTihile efTct, ".ia!!em ur,i:m impciatomn qvuni tot d>;;ninos (Vit. Gtlai". II. i 1 - 2 r ,'^-.- examples OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. examples might fufficej but I cannot forget the iiifferings of two pontiffs of the fame age, the fecond and third of the name of Lucius. The former, as he afcended in battle-array to affault the Capitol, was ftruck on the temple by a fcone, and expired in a few clays. The latter was fe- verely wounded in the perfons of his fervants. In a civil commotion, fcveral of his priefts had been made prifoners ; and the inhuman Romans, referving one as a guide for his brethren, put out their eyes, crowned them with ludicrous mitres, mounted them on afies with their faces to the tail, and extorted an oath, that, in this wretched con- dition, they fhould offer themfclves as a lefibn to the head of the church. Hope or fear, laffitude or, remorfe, the characters of the men, and the circum- ftances of the times, might fometimes obtain an in- terval of peace and obedience ; and the pope was re- ftored with joyful acclamations to the Late ran or Va- tican, from whence he had been driven with threats and violence. But the root of mifchief was deep and perennial ; and a momentary calm was preceded and followed by fuch tempefls as had alrnoft funk the bark of St. Peter. Rome continually pre- iented the afpect of war and difcord : the churches and palaces were fortified and afiaulted by the fic- tions and families ; and, after giving peace to Eu- rope, Caliilus the iecond alone had refolution and power to prohibit the ufe of private arms in the metropolis. Among the nations who revered the apoftolic throne, the tumults of Rome provoked a general indignation -, and, in a letter to his dif- ciple Eugenius the third, St. Bernard, with the iharpnefs of his wit and zeal, has ftigmatiied the CHAP. LXIX. Lucius II. A.D. 1144., 1145. Lucius III. A.D. 1181 1185. Innocent II. A.D. 1130- '142* vices :- THE DECLINE AND FALL : ii A P. vice-, of the rebellious people 16 . "Who is if- i \i x - ___^ cc norant," fays the nun!; of Clairvatix, "of the .hn.u-ttr t th, Ko- , y ^ nai;si:y " nuriecl in ieuition, cruel, untractaole, and Icorn- st " htl " " inii to obev, unlelb they arc t .-o feeble to re- } .u C O " fid. When they promife to fcrve, they afpir? "to re : ari; if they f\vear allegiance, they watch " the opportunity ot icvokj yet th.ey vent their " tiileontent in loud clamours if your door^, or e( your counfi is, are flint againft them. Dextrous " in p.iiiciiief, tliey have never learnt the fcience of tl >.!o;ng cooJ. OJ.iouo to earth and heaven, iai- j intolerable to their equals, Mteful to tlieir benefa.ir.r?, an-'.l alike im- in their demands L ' ai J c :/. ;;r,y, pcrh.iy ana t; (l fur arts ; i tneir poliry." Surelv tliib d^r!: por- trait is not coloured by tiic pui^il oi Ci;:iilian charit 17 ; yet the featuics, h;j\vever liarfu .iiid ''^ C^'ii.l t.-m rotnin uri.i'- ij'.mr. nor; I'v'.i ct c; ; vi :> 'f!'."!.- J\'-j- n i; ,;;;i ? Ln.r.i . . . . ' i j , ; ..:. . \i, :.'.,'-. us l--.iii.M >> t i' ' , . ui ..... , ! . :. : , '" '''''' 1" !: V.iic: i . :..u K (' I ' . i. i' . t. ?. . .. ; \ '1 ' ::',!;! :.:::, -;;, ! T .. . r ;, ; li:, is,', .1. t.n a tl tLt I',. 1 , i;' : .-_ . : ' ; i.. i '.,:..., OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 271 wglv, exprefs a lively refemblance of the Romans CI |. AP * of the twelfth century l3 . \_-lJ The- Jews had rejected the Chrlfl when he ap- peared among them in a plebeian character j and the Romans mi^ht plead their ignorance of his E ( - l " r & _ _ vicar \vhen he affumed the pomp and pride of a temporal fovereign. In the bufy age of the cru- fades, fome fparks of curiofity and reafon were re- kindled in the Weftern world : the herefy of Bul- garia, the Paulician feet, was fuccefsfully tranf- pianted into the foil of Italy and France ; the Gnofdc vifions were mingled with the fimplicity of the gofpcl - } and the enemies ot the clergy re- conciled their pafilons \vith their confcience, the defire of freedom with the profelTion of piety 19 . The trumpet of Roman liberty was fir ft founded by Arnold of Erefcia 20 , whole promotion in the church was confined to the loweit ran!;, and who wore tlie monaftic habit rather as a garb of poverty rnent, aril pofTihly repent of his lisfty pa ffion, &c. c J'nr ! T V i*> i\t* P*-ti*"i*nnp. t m~r _ i - n . T n V -aiv-.i\.i) u:ivi ecD.j'nai'.ii : K> i>;c luiuici nc -'i-i llie latur ail t!,c tvil, ihat is told of the ciiy. 272 THE DECLINE AND TAIL C ii A P. than as an uniform of obedience. His adverfaries LXI Y could not deny the wit and eloquence which they feverely felt : they confefs with reluctance the fpecious purity of his morals ; and his errors were recommended to the public by a mixture of im- portant and beneficial truths. In his theological ftudies, he had been the difciple of the famous and unfortunate Abclard 2I , who was likewife in- volved in the fufpicion of herefy : but the lover of Eloifa was of a foft and flexible nature ; and his ccclefiaftic judges were edified and difarmed by the humility of his repentance. From this mailer, Arnold mod probably imbided fome mctaphyficai definitions of the Trinity, repugnant to the talte of the times : hu' ideas of baptifm and the eucharhl are loolcly cenfured ; but a political herefy was the fource of his fame and misfortunes. lie pre- lumed to quote the declaration of Chrifr, that his kingdom is not of this world : he boldly main- tained, that tivj fword and the fceptre were en- truiled to the civil magiflrate; that temporal ho- nours and pofiefTions were lawfully veiled in fe- cular perfons -, that the abbots, the bilhops, and the pope himfelf, muft renounce either their itatc or their falvation ; and that after the lofs of their revenue^ the voluntary tithes and oblations of the faithful would iuliice, not indeed for luxury and avarice, but for a frugal life in the exercii*.' of fpi ritual labours. During a fhort time, the -' Th" .vi'-kc'l \v:t <: f F-nylc w p.'-. nrr.'.ifL-il in co!np<;fi:i^, \v!t!i riv.icl) k-vity ; ;,! it-iirii.gj the niticiisoi A ;, r'L A R o, F () u I, oj: E :. , IltLDij 17 , in l.is lj\, i .Di-.naire Cut, ;uc. The diljur.c of A'jt.!a;d ar.;l o'. licrr..;.!, of 1 !;,,!:tit:c p.rul jK>i:tive divinity, i-; well undct- ir-:;.'! Ly Malhciir. (Ir-iii'.ut. Jliir. Lcclef. p, /}iz ^15.). preacher OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 273 preacher was revered as a patriot ; and ths difcon- Cii A P. tent, or revolt, of Brefcia againft her bifhop, was the firft fruits of his dangerous leilbns. But the favour of the people is lefs permanent- than the re- fentment of the prieft j and after the herefy of Arnold had been condemned by Innocent the fe- cond", in the general council of the Lateran, the magiftrates themfelves were urged by prejudice and fear to execute the fentence of the church. Italy could no longer afford a refuge ; and the dif- ciple of Abelard efcaped beyond the Alps, till he found a fafe and hofpitable flicker in Zurich, now the firft of the Swift cantons. From a Ro- man ftation 1! , a royal villa, a chapter of noble virgins, Zurich had gradually encreafed to a free and flourifliing city ; where the appeals of the Milanefe were fometimes tried by the Imperial commifTaries H . In an age lefs ripe for reforma- tion, the praecurfor of Zuinglius was heard with Damnatus aV>i!!o Prsefule, qui numeros vetitiim contingere noftroS Nomen ab innoctta ducit laudabile vita. We may applaud the dexterity and correchiefs of LigurinuS) who turns the unpoetical name of Innocent TI. into a compliment. 2 3 A Roman infcription of Static Turicenfis ha3 been fount' sf Zurich (d'Anville, Notice de 1'ancienne Gaule, p. 642^44.) : but it is without iufiicient \vurrant, tint tiie city and canton have tifurped, and even naonopolifed, the names of Tigmuin and Pacnis Tigurinus, z+ Gui!!im?.n (ago Durgaugenfi, \vitli villages, woods, meadows, waters, llavcs, churches, ic. a noble gift. Charles the Bold gave the jus monetse, the city was walled under Otho I. and the line of the bifhop of Frifmtren, Nobile Turegum multaium copia rerum, is repeated with plcniure by the antiquaries uf Zurich. VOL- XII, T appkufc - 274 THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A I', npplaufc : a brave and fimple people imbibed and i_l_ r -l\ long retained the colour of his opinions ; and his art, or merit, feduced the bifhop of Conftance, and even the pope's legate, v, ho forgot, for his fake, the interefl of their mailer and their order. Their tardy zeal was quickened by the tierce exhorta- tions of St. Bernard 25 ; and the enemy of the church was driven by perfection to the defperatc mcaiure of erecYmg his ftandard in Rome itfelf, in the face of the fucceifor of St. Peter. Prevails Yet the courage of Arnold was not devoid of " ;o difcretion ; he was protected, and liad perhaps l!:e been invited, by the nobles and people ; and in V. D.' the llrvice of freedom, his eloquence thundered T:4 -~~ over the feven hiiis. Blending; in the fame dif- l i * ^ courfc the texts of Livv and St. Paul, uniting the i * ^ motives of r_'oij el, ar.d of ciailic, enthufiafm, he admonifhcd the Roma;];,, how ftrangely their pa- tience and the vices of the clergy had degenerated o - o irorn the primitive times of the church and the citv. lie exhorted them to a flirt the inalienable rights or nun and Chriftians; to re (lore the lawb and mrgiilrates of the republic ; to rcfpect the of the emperor; bu: to confine their fliep- ht-rd t-t the fpiritr.al government of liis P.ock if Nor could iiis !; iritiial government efcr.pe the cen pifu.i. CXTV, c>: vi. toin. i. p. 187 190. Air. uir l-.t (!:';. ;i jnetioii? atkiiowiiiJgn.ent, f;vi!, u:-i. . i I ci-c'ii!.'- vjinni :i'(tr:rhc tit vil-f. He cv : . ; \ . nhie :.cij'::..t:on for the cliurcl). ti,t Rcnrir.", ir, : : i i >. ni< i r'ini T.I Ounnia :i i'"i: lu : ni! juris in hue re : y u; C}u'U;.L-: ^..'Ijiti:' truin the jrofe of >; .= OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 27- fure and control of the reformer; and the in- c ferior clergy were taught by his leffbns to refill the cardinals, who had uiurped a defpotic com- mand over the twenty- eight regions or pari flics of Rome lr . The revolution was not accomplished without rapine and violence, the erfiifion of blood and the demolition of houfes : the victorious fac- tion was enriched with the fpoils of the clergy and the adverfe nobles. Arnold of Brelcia enjoyed, or deplored, the effects of his million : his reign continued above ten years, while r.vo popes, In- nocent the feconcl and Anaftafius the fourth, either trembled in the Vatican, or wandered as exiles in the adjacent cities. They were fucceeded by a more vigorous and fortunate pontiff", Adrian the fourth 13 , the only Eng-liihman who has afcended O the throne of St. Peter; and vvhofe merit emerged from the mean condition of a monk, and almoft a beggar, in the monaftery of St. Albans. On the firfl provocation, of a cardinal killed or wounded in ti.e itreets, he caft an interdict on the guilty people ; and, from Chriflmas to Eafler, Rome was deprived of the real or imaginary comforts of reli- gious worship. The Romans had defpifed their tem- poral prince ; they fubmitted with grief and terror to the cenfures of their fpiritual father ; their guilt was expiated by penance, and th^ b.uiifliment of the fe- -7 See Pxironius (A. D. 1148, N- 38, 39.) fiom the Vati- can Mis. He loudly corukmns Arr.oM (A. D. ii.' r i, N" 3.) as the father of the political iicietics, uhofc ii:fluer.ce tli-jn luirt him ia- France. Ii! The Englifti reader siriy c.onfult the Bio^rr.[il:i:i Bntannicn, ADRIAN IV. but oui 1 c.v.n \vnffrs h"i - c added r.otiii;)^ :o t'..; t'avie or merits of t!i;ir ccaintryn; sn, T 2 ditiou-i *7<5 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, clitious preacher was the price of their abiblution. LVIX- - . ' But the revenge of Adrian was yet unfatisfied, and the approaching coronation of Frederic Barba- rofia was fatal to the bold reformer, who had of- fended, though not in an equal degree, the heads of the church and (late. .In their interview a-C Viterbo, the po;:e reprefented to the emperor the furious ungovernable fpirit of the Romans: the iniults, the injuries, the fears, to which his per- ibn and his clergy were continually expofed ; and the pernicious tendency of the herefy of Arnold, which mi;!l fubvert die principles of civil, as well as ecclefiafiical, fubordination. Frederic was con- vinced by thefe arguments, or tempted by the de- lire of the imperial crown ; in the balance of am- bition, the innocence or life of an individual is of fmail account. -, and tiieir common enemy was l-tcri'iced to a moment of political concord. After his retreat from Rome, Arnold had been pro- tected by the vifcounts of Campania, from whom he was extorted by the. power of Csefar : the [>;;Lie.:l of the city pronounced his fentence ; tiic ir.arr.yr of freedom was burnt alive in the prelcncc of a carclefs and ungrateful people; and his afhe:; \\ere call into the Tyber, left the heretics mould c'oiltiT and worfhip the relics of their nnitcr' 9 . The clergy triumphed in his death; witli hi.- .Jlv.->, his feet was difperfed; his memory Rill lived in the minds of the Romans. From his vhool they had probably derived a new article of : 5 ILi'. I 5 the hiii.jran ;u d poor alie^Jy quoted, the laft ad- .cr.turjs 1. 1 ,\ <.;<'.,} ;\>.c jelatcd by the Biographer of Adrian IV, 'M::;atori, i.njt. iltiiiai Iia!. tui:i, iii. P. i. p, 44.*. 44*.). faith, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 277 faith, that the metropolis of the Catholic church CHAP. LXIX is exempt from the penalties of excommunication . y l'_. and interdict. Their bifhops might argue, that the iupreme jurifdiclion, which they exercifed over kings and nations, more fpecially embraced the city and diocefe of the prince of the apoftles. But they preached to the winds, and the fame principle that weakened the e fife ft, muft tempei the abufe, of the thunders of the Vatican. The love of ancient freedom has encouraged a Rtftora- " " U belief, that as early as the tenth century, in their sTnate firft ftruggles againft the Saxon Othos, the com- A.D. monweakh was vindicated and reftored by the fe- nate and people of Rome j that two confuls were annually elected among the nobles, and that ten or twelve plebeian magiftrates revived the name and office of the tribunes of the commons 30 . But this venerable ftruchire difappears before the light of criticifm. In the darknefs of the middle ages, the appellations of fenators, of confuls, of the fons of confuls, may fometimes be difcovered 3 *. 30 Ducange (GlofT. Latinitatis mediae et inrmue ^Etatis, DECAII- CKON'ES, turn. ii. p. 72.6.) gives me a quotation from Blondus (decad. ii, !. ii.) : Duo confules ex nobilitate quotannis fiebant, qui ad vetuftum confuluin exemplar luinnue rerum pr century. Both Blondus, and even Sigonius, too freely copied the claiiic method of fupplying from rc'ilbn or fancy the deficiency of records. 5 1 In the panegyric ot Beiengarius (Muratori, Script. Rer. Ital. torn. i:. I", i. p. 408.), a Runi.-m is mentiohtd DS confulis nutus in the beginning of the X th centuiy. Muratori (difil-rt. v.) difcovcrs in the years 951 and 956, Gratianus m Dei nomine conful et dux, Gcorgius conful tt dux; and in 1015, Romanus, brother of Gre- gory VIII. proudly, but vaguely, Ityks himleif conful et dux et t^uiium Romanorum fciiator. T 3 They 7b* THE DECLINE AND I 'AU, en \ p. Thev were bellowed bv the emperors, or affumed LXIX. by the moll powerful citizens, to denote their rr.rik, their honours 31 , and perhaps the claim of a pure and patrician defcent : but they fiuar on the furface, without a feries or a Jubilance, the titles of men, not the orders of government 33 ; and it is only from the y-.ar of Chrill one thcuiand one hundred and forty-four, that the eftablifhment of the icnate is dated, as a glorious rora, in the acts of the city. A new constitution was hafiiiy framed by private ambition or popular enthu- fiafm ; nor could Rome, in the twelfth century, produce an antiquary to explain, or a legifiator to reftore, the harmony and proportions of the an- cient model. The aii ; ;mblv of a tree, of :m armed, people, will ever fprr.k in LHK! and v. eighty accla- mation.-.. But the i\ou!;.r dillri'ontion iA the thirty- five tribes, ti.e ni e balance of the vvr'lrh and numbers of the centuries, the debates of tiie ad- vci'.r orators, a;,,] the ii^nv operation of votes ntmy, tl.c Gni. 1 -: nr.;- ! Vtr.ice, !s..,\, A.- : ; hi, ivc. l^- ti 1 '- (i JTZT .-, o Chron. S , ; - , i 1 "'^); : ',ru'j;e, C.I i;n. N . i'hc i ' ; i : i-,i v ! . A . H. ; .- 14, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 279 and ballots, could not eafily be adapted by a blind multitude, ignorant of the arts, and infcnfible of the benefits, of legal government. It was propofed by Arnold to revive and difcriminate the equeflrian or- der ; but what could be the motive or meafure of iuch distinction 34 ? The pecuniary qualification of the knights rnuft have been reduced to the poverty of the times : thofe times no longer required their civil functions of pudges and farmers of the re- venue ; and iheir primitive duty, their military fervice on horfeback, was more nobly fupplied by feudal tenures and the fpirit of chivalry. The jurifprudence of the republic was ufelefs and un- known : the nations and families of Italy who lived under the Roman and Barbaric laws were infenfibly mingled in a common mafs ; and fbme faint tradition, fome imperfect fragments, preferv- ed the memory of the Code and Pandects of Juf- tinian. With their liberty the Romans might doubtiefs have rt Peered the appellation and office of confuls ; had they not difdained a tide fo promifcu- oufly adopted in the Italian cities, that it has finally kttled o;i the humble Itation of the agents of commerce hi a foreign land. Eat the rights of the tribunes, the formidable word that arrellecl the public counfels, fuppofe or muft produce a ie^kimace democracy. The old p:;:ricians \\\re the iub.e'.tsj the modern barons the tyrants, of the nor would the enemies oi r^,\- e a:vd ordej , wo 8* THE DECLINE AND FALL ^- r * wno infulted the vicar of Chrift, have lono; re- LXIX. fpected the unarmed fandity or a plebeian ma- giflrate ". In the revolution of the twelfth century, which gave a new exigence and a,Ta to Rome, we may obftrve the real and important events that marked or confirmed her political independence. I. The Capitoline hill, one of her feven eminences 3<5 , is about four hundred yards in length, and two hundred in breadth. A flight of an hundred ftcps led to the fummit of the Tarpcian rock > and far fteeper was the afcent before the declivities had been fmoothed and the precipices filled by the ruins of fallen edifices. From the earlied ages, the Capitol had been ufed as a temple in peace, a fortrefs in war : after the lofs of the city, it maintained a fiege againtT the victorious Gauls ; and the fanduary of empire was occu- pied, aflaulted, and burnt, in the civil wars of Vitcliius and Vefpafian 37 . The temples of Ju- 35 The republican plan of A'nold of Tircfc'3 is thus ftated by Gunther : Q\iin etiam titulos url;:s rencv:'.re vetuftcs ; Nomine plebcio iecerr.ere rom^n equtit;e, Jura tribunorum, Ihrfluni reparaie iciiatum, Et fcnio fcius mataiqiit rt.pop.efe leges. Lapfi ruint-'s, tiadhuc ufiuii-nti;! n.mis ReJdere pri:rcvo Caj'it". i pilfca r.itori. But of thefe rcn>n!.::t!or..- 3 iar.ic wcie no more tliar. ideas, others no rn :t than wont 5. '' Af:er nvir.v ! '";)>. les ?.ir,r;r.g the ar.t:quar.'cs nf Ruine, it ftdns (Jetc: :.'.' r.tti, th.it r..c ;i:,i,:ni: of iiic Cupi;^iin<. hill next die river i' it. d , the ^'(l'lS Ta!rei\if., t;.e Arx ; niu! that ' ID iii ( ; xx\i r ' ill." rt:uion on tli? .^n:i ji;'t : ' - of If.ly (t(>m. n. ~ <( ) ~5'9 )> Mi'i ; i' r 'i'i ixhioi^ a !'-ii. s of t, '- lVi;;itri!.-.n c;;; 1 ?, '..',,Ji !i-:c !;; (' :CM i i:iHa (.i s'r;~.f'i<-~:i, l-.jirt: :ti, I'r'.i ".-:, I'j'ur;-.'.. J);!.!.;;: t!n ; i;ci:"'l ;.il t!i.' |i )j-tj>, \vitl, -JIM -.>:. i j'''.n^ Honi:..rc VI ' i . ab;}aij- , >..!: ;.:.:... .\ ; . \\\\<\ i-c.-r .: . c:,cic.u.l m il.c <; i,i: . ? .' v:'vc:i. A '. - ::)i.i!) ' - i: ., r.;;, ; ! of K- I ; lir:"] . - ; i :1 J:.!::/. Mil' c .;. t ::...;. : , -.,.! i', 1 i '\ . i!,' .-'.:..;.. .:.'.'. s, tun:. ;;i. ; . ; ' - : ' >',;;.(;]>.: I!) ! c. i. ., i . r ' i :; v j; ;-r. "u! i-' ^\v . i,:.n, : ; I! :-i-:;-.'iin iiii ;>(:!..;< . .-in i -ve i!,:::-' Vii..! mm \' 1 '.'.' p: ! i'".'.i!n. i"ii i!^ it 1 ,-. ti.'f.miiM'-j i.:,ic;t u'!t.; ::\;-. - , |,ii) ), (- i f:'M' i.: :V " i;ii:, .' 'iri '.'. ni r i.r.itorv.ni s ,-. "J'MM:''' r,i.ir'.<- :":.i::-t ^;'-; : :;ur; OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 283 duties 41 . A fervant, in v/hom they softened bi-; a C il A P. LXIX. third (hare, xvas difmhTec by the indeDcn.lent Rn- L-~V-^J this title, which Chailcuv gne had not ciiid.uned, was too lofty for a citizen or a fubject ; and, after the firfi fervour of rebellion, they confented with- out reiU'Irance to the refcoraiion or the prre:'ect:. About fifty years after this event, Innocent the A - D - " " 11^8 third., the mo ft ambitious, or at lead the mo ft I2 j5. fortunate, of the pontiff^ delivered the Romans and hi mil- If from this badge ot foreign dominion : he inveiled the pr?efc(5b vvidi a banner inftead of a fword, and abfolved him trom all depcndance of oaths or fervice to the German emperors 41 . la his place an ecclefiarlic, a pr^fent or future car- dinal was named by the pope to the civil govern- ment of Rome ; but his jurifdiilion has been re- duced to a narrow compafs ; and in the days of freedom, the right or exercile was derived from the fenate and people. IV. After the revival of Number the fenate 43 , the confcript fathers (it I may life f t hefe- C the exprefilon) were inveiicci with the legifhtive nate - and executive power ; but their views ieldom + 1 The words of a contemporary writer (Pandulp'i. Pilau, in Vit. Pafcl:;;!. If. p. 3s7, 358.) defcribe theeleclion and oatli oi the pi\t- feel in 1 1 18, inconfultis pntrihus .... loc:i prstViloria .... L.,u- dts pirefcclui iee .... commitiorum a; pbuf\:m .... juraturum p>">- j>ulo in amboiitm iublevant . . . coinirman eu;n in lulic >/i vKituui p rtllllt. 4 Z Url)is piaifeJhim ad liginni ficielitatcin reccp't, et prr m.m- fuin quod ilh donavit de jnuei'.-ittirri eum pubhce inveftivit, cjui -i.'que ad ul tt'oipus juramento Gdulitntis inipcr;itu:'i imt obligatus rt ab eo prxfeiiturae tenuit honorem (Gcitu Innocent. III. in Muid- t jii, foin. i ; i. I 1 , i. p. 4X7,). 4J Sec Otho Frifuig. Chron. vii, 31. i'e GciU Frodciic I. 1. t. c. 27, j 1 reached 284 THE DECLINE AND FALL C LXIX P ' rcac ^ e< ^ beyond the prdtnt day j and that day was moft frequently disturbed by violence and tumult. In its utmofl plenitude, the order or affembly confided of fifty- fix fenators 44 , the mod eminent of whom were diflinguiilied by the title of counfellors s they were nominated, perhaps annually, by the people ; and a previous choice of their electors, ten perfons in each region, or parifh, might afford a balis for a free and per- manent conftitution. The popes, who in this tempeft fubmitted rather to bend than to break, confirmed by treaty the efiablifhment and privi- leges of the fenr.te, and expected from time, peace, and religion, the refloration of their go- vernment. Tiie motives of public and private intereft might fometimes draw from the Romans an occafional and temporary facriftce of their claims ; and they renev/ed their oath of allegiance to the fuccefTor of St. Peter and Conftantine, the lawful head of tliQ church and the republic* 1 . 44- Our countryman, Roger Hcvctlen, fpraks of the finglc of :he Cofuxz. family, &c. quorum tempo: ibua indius regebatur Roma quam nunc (A. D. 1 194) elr temporibus ivi. iuiatorum (Ducangc, GiolF. torn. vi. p. 191. SF. N ATOkt s). 45 Muratori (diflert. xlii. torn. in. p. 785 788.) has publifhei! an original treaty: Concoic!;a inter D. noilium pnpam Clemen- tem III. et fenatores populi Koimni fuper rcgulit>us et aliis digni'a- tibus tirbis, &c. nnno 44 fcnaiiis. The icnate fpcaks, and lpc:.ks \vithauthority: Recichmus ad prxii-iis .... l...bebinius ..... tlubius prefjytcria .... jurabimus |:;:ccm et fi'.ltlitatcni, cVc. A chartv:/a de Tenimentis Tuicular.i, d::tcd inthe47 t: '' yc:ir of the fume sera, and cor, firnn-'d ilecreto ampiiffimi nrdinis it-natu*, acclamatione P. K. puhiici-- v!jp;toiio cor.fillciit'f . Jt : s there \%x- fine', the diiferenceof le- natoi\.s coiiiiiiani a:.i.l i;iiij:!u fcnatcrs (Muiatori, dilfcit. xlii, tcm. iii. P- /?/ 7' :> 9-" The OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. s8j The union and vigour of a public council was CHAP. LXIX diffblved in a lawlefs city ; and the Romans foon .- r ] adopted a more flrong and fimple mode of ad- The office n. -rt i r i L J oi mmiftration. 1 hey condenled the name and au- thority of the fenate in a fingle magiftrate, or two colleagues ; and as they were changed at the end of a year, or of fix months, the greatnefs of the truft was compenfated by the fhortnefs of the term. But in this tranfient reign, the fenators of Rome induced their avarice and ambition : their juftice was perverted by the mtereft of their family and faction ; and as they punifhed only their enemies, they were obeyed only by their adherents. Anarchy, no longer tempered by the pafroral care of their bifhop, admonifhed the Ro- mans that they were incapable of governing them- felves ; and they fought abroad thofe blefiings which they were hopelefk of finding at home. In the fame age, and from the fame motives, mod of the Italian republics were prompted to em- brace a mcafure, which, however ilrange it may feem, was adapted to their fituaticn, and pro- ductive of the mod falutary effects 4r (.is rcput,'.- I'.t tuiiiCUiLics of tnc c: i <:-(-'! Koi: e : . (,i t!;i Li ..! (1; c U it. y . ; . -. v.\:e humbled an J OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 287 taik, had enq-aged him to refufe the honour of c H A p. I xix their choice : the itatutes of Rome were fuf- pended, and his office prolonged to the term of three years. By the guilty and licentious he was accufed as cruel ; by the clergy he was fufpected as partial ; but the friends of peace and order ap- plauded the firm and upright magiftrate by whom thofe bleflmgs were reftored. No criminals were To powerful as to brave, fo obfcure as to elude, the juftice of the ienator. By his fentence t\vo nobles of the Annibakii family were executed on n gibbet ; and lie inexorably demolifhed, in the city and neighbourhood, one hundred and forty towers, the ftrong flickers of rapine and mif- chief. The bifhop, as a fun pie bifhop, was com- pelled to re fide in his diocefe ; and the itandard of Brancaleone was difplayed in the field with terror and effect. His fervices \vere repaid by the ingrati- tude of a people unworthy of the happineis which they enioyed. By the public robbers, whom he bad provoked for their fake, the Romans were excited to depofe and imprifon their benefactor; nor would his iife have been Ipared, if Bologna had not poifeiTed a pledge for his fafety. Before his departure, the prudent ienator had required tlie exchange of thirty holtagcs of the nobleit families of Rome; on the news o! his danger, and at the prayer of his wife, they were more llriv.liy guarded ; and Bologna, i;i th.e caulc or honour, iuilained the thunder-- of a papal inter- dict. This generous rein'lance allowed the Ro- mans to compare the prelep.: v,-it;i the part ; and Brancalcune v/as condueueci i'roni the ^rilbn 10 2 S THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, the Capitol amiclft the acclamations of a repentant u '- ' '_, people. The remainder of his government was firm and fortunate ; and as foon as envy was ap- peafed by death, his head, encloled in a precious vafe, was depofned on a lofty column of marble 45 '. chiles of The impotence of reafon and virtue recom- ^ J p mended in Italy a more effectual choice : inftead 1165 o f a private citizen, to whom they yielded a voluntary and precarious obedience, the Romans elected for their lenutor fome prince of indepen- dent power, who could defend them from their enemies and themfelves. Charles of Anjou and Provence, the mod ambitious and warlike mo- narch of the age, accepted at the fame time the kingdom of Naples from the pope, and the office of fenator frr.m the Roman people : '. As lie palled through the city, in his road to victory, he recnved their oath of allegiance, lodged in the La.vrim p.'.lice, and fmoothed in a ihort vifit the ruu.h features ot his dcipotic character. Yet even Chaiks was expofed to the inconihmcy of the people, who fainted with the lame acclamations M.-itilu-w Fii's thus ?!!;.I (;. 177. p. :lon ot' Ci'iill-'.r.tiiie, is fti!' txtaiit; ami us it has beer, infert-jil by Bcnifacc Vi I [. in t!ic .SV.w <:.f the i'Jucretuls, it ni'ifl hi recuiv;-'! \iy ti;;: C;;'.i:f!-,cs, or ;it lea:;; l->- t!;e P-H'iiti, ns a la. -red and jK.-rpetual l;iu-. '- I am indebted to Ficury ([];';:. Ecc'cf. ( .o;n. xviii. p. toC,.') for an extracl of this Roman :.ct, winch he has taken from th- F.ccitfiaftical Aniuls of Odei'icus lln/r.ul'.Iu", A. D, i:Si, I\" i.;. ''VOL. XII, (1 2 9 o THE DECLINE AND FALL C ii A^F. two fovereigns, who accepted a municipal office t _^l'ji in the government of their own metropolis. Acirfi (its In the rirft moments of rebellion, when Arnold to!he f Brefcia had inflamed their minds againft the ti^CiCi-s. church, the Romans artfully laboured to con- ciliate the favour of the empire, and to recom- mend their merit and iervices in the caufe of Conrad Ca. far. The flyle of their ambaffadors to Conrad A!D. t ' ie thi^ and Frederic the firfr., is a mixture of JI -H- flattery and pride, the tradition and the ignorance of their own hitlory 53 . After Ibme complaint of his filence and neglect, they exhort the former of thefe princes to pals the Alps, and afllime from thtir hands the Imperial crown. (C \Ve befeech " your majcfly, no: to difdain the humility ot " yorr ions and vallals, not to lillen to the accu- y Otho billiop of" f \\\\\ ^cn ' } a'li'ic. ] '!' r. J.::f. ir.cd. tt irlirTi. tuir. . v. p. t^C, ' . , jiti'i. jib i!ie ; ulii it i i , iiton i,--: l.e \vas icn (t Leopold : iij- or .. . /. , w:is ilaiif-'itcr ol :l:t < ;nf.cror H'.i iy IV. ithei ai 1 urcle to Conrad HI. ^nd Fttderic I. lit .... u (,!n;;!iic!e ct thc'luiiLS; in i-.vo, the (juh F ' ici !. tl.e l:>.:t 01 \v..:ch is ir.lcitsd in tl.c r ."' " oivnr. .-... i.ilt^: K'.n;, :{ occupied OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 291 " occupied by our troops, and fome are levelled c H A P. r ; that you v. ill maintain in peace :, civriii :..i. Advcna f uifli i.x T; jn/a!^ irjis par- (C of Rome, the gravity of the fenane, tlie ipirit " of the i;iiig!us, the diicipline of the camp, the "valour of the legnns? you will find them i.'i cc tlie German republic. It is not empire, naked sc and alone, tl-e ornaments and virtues of em- " pire have iike.wife migrated beyond the AJDJ, Ci to a more deierving people 57 : they wiil be cm- <; ployed in your dc. fence, but they claim your t obedience. You pretend tliat iriyk.lt or my 4 - predecefTors have been invited by tne R.omans : <:( vou miilake the word, they were not invited; ?94 THE DECLINE AND FALL C !i A P. " domeftic tyrants, the city was refcued by T \ T V ._ ( 1 , _. " Charlemagne and Otlin, whofe afhes repofe in " our country : and their dominion was the price IC of your dcliverancy. Under that dominion " your anceriors liv.d and died. I claim by the " right of i;ih: rit,i;.cj nr.d pofK-flion, and who " (hall dare to extort you f;om my hands ? Is the * c hand of the Franks 5 ' and Germans enfeebled 4C by age ? Am I vanquished ? Am I a captive ? if Atn I no: encompaiTed \vith the banners of a - c potent ai.ci invincible army ? You impofe con- ' diix-ri:, on vour uuifte; ~ , you iccjuire oaths j if : ii;e curcitions arc jull, an o-.uii is fuperfluousj if i:M : ';U, ::. i;, crimiiuJ. Can you doubt my f tqiiity : it is extended to ti,e mer-.nefi: of my 4f fubjects. Will not rny i\vord be unfheathed in rf rhc defence of the Capitol? 13 y that fword the :c nonhern kingdom of Denmark lias been re- o iiured to the Roman empire. You prefcribe the ;r,ra,urc and the objc6h of my bounty, if \vhich f;O\vs in a copious but a voluntary dream. " All \vi!l be given to patient merit; all will be '.ler.ied to rude importunity 5 V Neither the - irperor nor the fenate could maintain thefe lofty prctciifions of dominion and liberty. United v', :'h the pope, and fui])icious of tlie Romans, [,f ihf Franks in the xii th century *:- 'lie rti^ni: ~ at. on ( i'io(.::i t'.i ir.iui, cijiilfts I''ranci, manus Fran- in) : In- ;.i -. lio-.vc.vtr, tiic cpit!;;t ot 'l\-^tcr;..i. - v ir] , r : " . ii- (1-iiis l : n.iiei ici I. 1. ii. c. 12. p. 720 7*3. The I o :. . : ' . ;.:;; ^d I have ti.-.niirtud and abridged with f:-'JoH., yt-v.-iih J--!-.-:ity. Capitol 3 OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 29$ Capitol j and if the numbers and valour of the CHAP. T -y r \r Germans prevailed in the bloody conflict, he could not fafely encamp in the prefence of a city of which he ftyled himfelf the fovereign. About twelve years afterwards, he befieged Rome, to feat an antipope in the chair of St. Peter; and twelve Pifan gallies were introduced into the Tyber : but the fenate and people were faved by the arts of negociation and the progrefs of difeafe ; nor did Frederic or his fucceflfors reiterate the hoftile attempt. Their laborious reigns were ex- crcifed by the popes, the crufades, and the inde- pendence of Lombardy and Germany ; they court- ed the alliance of the Romans; and Frederic the fecond offered in the Capitol the great ftandard, the Caroccio of Milan 60 . After the extinction of the houfe of Swabia, they were banifhed beyond the Alps ; and their laft coronations betrayed the impotence and poverty of the Teutonic Caefars *' r Under 60 From the Chronicles of Ricobaldo and Francis Pipin, Mura- rori (difFert. xxvi. torn. ii. p. 4.91.) has tranfcribed this curious fail with the doggre! verfes that accompanied the gift. Ave decus orbis ave ! vichis tibi dettinor, ave f Currus ab Angiifto Fiederico Caefare juMo. Vje Mediolanutn ! j am ientis fpernere vanum Tmperii vires, proprias tibi tollcre vires. Ergo triumphorum urbs potes menior effc piionun QJJOS tibi mittebant leges (|ui bella gerebant. Ne ,U dt-e tacere (I now ui'c the Italian DifTtrtations, torn, i p. 4.44.) che neiP anno 1727, una copia deflb Caroccio in irmnia dianzi ignoto Ti fcopri nel Campidoglio, pieilb alle careers di (lu.-I luogo, clove Sillo V. Tavea falto rinchiudere. Stava eflTo j>ofto foprr. quatro colonne di marnio fino colla fequcnte infcrizione, &c. to thf fume purpofe as the old ir.lcription. 1 The decline of the Imptri:;l arms nnd authority in It.ily, i related with impartial learning in the Annals of Muratori (torn. >-,. U 4 itf THE DECLINE AND FALL c ii \ p. Under the reiqn of Adrian, v/hen the empire LXIV. , . . * v j extended from the r.upnrates to me ocean, from 1 mount to the Grampian Lll's a fanciful hiPcori.tn ri1 nrr.r.fed the Konr.r.s \vnli the picture " of their infant wars. ' : Theie v.a.> a time," lays Flr.rr.5, " wlu : Tibur our li-mmcr , tc i\ ; :: , v, ; I-. tiiC . ow.s in tne ir C.;; ; lj v. , M \vc <;: '. ;ced the (Lades of tlie c Ar. Jan i?rov -_, lid triumph v.itiiout a hhiih o ..".'-! /iila^res oftiiC Sabines ;t nrd I .:i:i.i . i >rioli coi.U afford a <: i::; r: )i:s general." f !.' , v .:. : or iri< , \\\> p ratified by : .: p ill a ..1 [..- : . lent : they i . ... . : .: by t'.'.c profpect of .!,,'.-,. i iction, t,.:t after a thoufiind Roii -, . > : v : ; v .... : c 'nrractcd iiiiiitSj ''. 'j-jid :'. dew ii;c Jam^ ..,'; lame ground \vliicii \v;is chen villas anv! garden^. 1'ne a J- . eitlier lide oi the TV'IXT . :. !, . : \ lor/.erimes pollened, as ; c. I J ct . . barons ai- . i ,i re\ '.It a;; i. difrord ot tiiC ;. : t! :. LcciUa cen- : I runes, OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 297 turies, the Romans inceffantly laboured to reduce CHAP. LXIX. or deftroy the contumacious vaflals of the church and fcnate ; and if their headftrong and felfifh ambition was moderated by the pope, he often encouraged their zeal by the alliance of his fpi- ritual arms. Their warfare was that of the iirft confuls and dictators, who were taken from the plow. They alfem'oled in arms at the foot of the Capitol ; fallied from tlie gates, plundered or burnt the harvefts of their neighbours, cn^nped O O O in tumultuary conntil, and returned home alter an expedition of rliteen or twenty days. Their fk-ges were tedious and unfkilful : in the ulc of victory, they indulged the meaner pafnons of jealcufy and revenge j and inftead of adopting the valour, they trampled on the misfortunes, of their adversaries. The captives, in their Hurts, with a rope round their necks, folicited their pardon : the fortifications aacl even the buildings of the rival cities were tkmolifhed, and the inhabitants were fcatteiecl in the adjacent villages. It was thus that the feats of the cardinal bifhops, Porto, O'tia, Albanum, Tufcuhim, Pi nefle, and 'I'ibur or Tivoli, were fucceiTively ovtrtlirowii by the ferocious hoftiiity of the Jlom:ins (: \ Of thele ( "\ i Ne a ferifnts Roinanorum, fii-ut ftuMV.it .Holtienfes, Pr.nucii- ies, Tuicular.er.les, -sllunand-s, I.al)ic;.n!ls, ct n-jjicr 'I'iiitutiiu .leltruerer.tiu- (;,I;itt'n,Av i'aris, j> 757.)- '-i'lifi'e cvtnts are r.v.U'kecl in th Ann:iis ;'.iul iiuicx (the xviii t!l volum,-) of Muratoii. C 4 For the Itate or iu;n of thciL- fu'imiban titles, tlie banks of vhs Tybcr, &rc. ice the lively j)ifture of :!iu p. LnSat (roy;ie tn Efpr.gne et en Italic), who had lon^ rohdcd in the in ii^hhui'i iiood of Rome; and t'n-j mo:e accurate di t'c: iji'.idii of which P. T'iViii- nurd (Roma, I/jo, ill ojV.iVO; h:i. :'J.it\! to ill,; tL>p;>t;i:i[.;;) of Cingoiani. Porto ; 9 3 THE DECLINE AND FALL : H A P. Porto and Oftia. the two keys of the Tyber, arc LIXX. - g '-,^f 11:11 vacant and defolate : the marihy and un- wholefome banks arc peopled with herds of buf- falos, and the river is loll to every purpofe of navigation and trade. The hills which afford a O fhady retirement from the autumnal heats, have again Imiled with the bleffings of peace: Frefcati has ariien near the ruins of Tuiculum : Tibur or Tivoli has refumed the honours of a city 65 , and the meaner towns of Albano and Paledrina are decorated with the villas of the cardinals and princes of Ron.e. In the work of deftruction, the ambiiion of the Romans was often checked and rep;i!fai by the neighbouring; dries and their i - O O allies : in the ;iril fiege of Tibur, tliey were driven from their camp , and the batties of Tuic'ilum " and Viteib:>' ; might be compare! i"i tlieir relative ilatc to the nv morable fiel ! lirafvmenc and Ca: In tl.e firii of t.'.efe petty wars, thirty thoufand Romans were overthrown by a thoufand Cjerman horle, v.v.oni L'nJ.eric Barbarofla had detaeiif. ' to r ' - '.; relief of TiiiculiJin ; and if we number tlr- ilain at t! ree, tiie prilbners at two, thoui'iu,!, x.v iL ill civ.bracc tiie moft authentic and in i;;iL. ^:;XL;. -e;: 1 ;,: years after- '>'. L-'.;r ;:;:.::., - . - n rcccr.l (!.L :cc of vlie Roniaij ;, .'. .,-.-, v.; . , ;_.; t!u jilido filnl [ViVCMV of TIVM j : ;. ,. ,\ : irtitifi 1 , i . : :. Ci VliittT. 1 ' I .. ,. ,'( i] IT i, f't |ti- '.in:; "i .y ' v - ^lie ^ a tc l ^- AI.I ' i i'i' n i t tile criti al b. Uncc m which l,i. . . : . : un the battle of Tui ." 1 " !, i' > of Wir.clieitci was Peter . .V..' \Lilli ('.">. 1^- I1C'> :;,.. , . .:.. liii'.cinun, as a lU.I^i and a v/arii OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 299 ward they marched againft Viterbo in the eccle- c " ^ p * fiaftical ftate with the whole force of the city ; by ,__ j a rare coalition, the Teutonic ea^le was blended, } ** lt[e of Viterho, in the adverfe banners, with the keys of St. Peter ; A. D. and the pope's auxiliaries were commanded by a l234 " count of Tholoufe and a bifhop of Winchefter. The Romans were difcomfited with fhame and (laughter j but the Englifli prelate mud have in- dulged the vanity of a pilgrim, if he multiplied their numbers to one hundred, and their lofs in the field to thirty, thoufand men. Had the policy of the fenate and the difcipline of the legions been reftored with the Capitol, the divided condition of Italy would have offered the faired opportunity of a fecond conqueft. But in arms, the modern Romans were not alovc^ and in arts, they were tar below, the common level of the neighbouring * o o republics. Nor was their warlike (pirit of any long continuance ; after fome irregular failles, they fubfided in the national apathy, in the neglect: of military inftitutions, and in the difgraceful and dangerous ufe of foreign mercenaries. O O Ambition is a weed of quick and early vegetation The dec- in the vineyard of Chrift. Under the iirft Chriftian tic>11 ot the pop??, princes, the chair of St. i j eter was difputed by the votes, the venality, the violence of a popular election : the fanctuaries of Rome were polluted with blood ; and from the third to the twelfth century, the church was diftracled by the mifchief of frequent fchifms. As long as tlic iinal appeal was determined by the civil magidratc, thele mil- chiefs were tranfient and local: tlic merits were fried by equity or favour ; nor could the unfuccc.fi- fii! ir A ?. LXIX. THE DECLINE AND FALL ful competitor long di lurb the triumph of his rival. But after the emperors had been diverted of their prerogatives, alter a iii;i>d:n had been dlahlifhed, that the vicar of Chrifl is amenable to no earthly tribunal, each vacancy of the holy lee might involve Chridendom in controverfy and \var. The claims of the cardinals and inferior den v, or rhe nobles and peoj ]e, were vague and litigious: the freedom of choice was over-ruled bv th" tu:V;ults of a c::v tl:at no longer ov/ned or obeyed a krper; T. r );i the tlcce.-ie of a pope, two factions proceeded indifferent churches to a double trice; ' er and weight of didat; - in ; : n :fi~ re- Ireclable or t! ' we: . , . and the diftan: prii ' >, A - u . M L- the: fp : r;tual thron Hi 1 .-, fj-oni ihe leg;:i;;:a:.-, 1 ,' : were often the ai::!. < v of i., : political mo- tive ofopro an hodile pontiffs . reduced to fufier . ' \vere not awed by cor.! - -- ' tiie fupport of his i by avarice , i .. ., ^a!c OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. fole college of cardinals c ^. The three orders of bishops, prieus, and deacons, were afTimilated to each oclicr by this important privilege: the paro- chlal clergy of Rome obtained the fir PL rank in the hierarchy ; they \vere indiiTerently chofen among the nations or Chridvndom ; and the poiTei- fion of the riched benefices, of the moit im- portant bifnoprics, \vas not incompatible with their title and oi'iice. The ft na tors of the Catholic church, the coadjutors and k-gates of the fupreme pontifi', \verc robed in prirple, the iymbol oi martyrdom or royalty -, tliey claimed a proud equality with kings ; and their dignity was en- hanced by the fmailnefs of dirir number, which, till the rei:ni of Leo the tenth, icldom exceeded c- * f.vtnry, cr twenty-five, pcrfcnr?. l>y t!i;.s v and the root ot ic!;iim was ib effectually d-.-fcroy that in :, period of fix hi:ndred years a dou ciioice l:/as onlv once divided tlie unit cA t thirds of tiie votes had h r en made n r.is; 'pics ct Chrifl. 7 jo2 THE DECLINE AXD FALL :HAP. t ] ie future abufe; and his bull, after fome oppo- __^_^L' fition, has been confecrated in the code of the canon law 7 . Nine days are allowed for the ob- fequics of the deceafcd pope, and the arrival of the abicnt cardinals : on the tenth, they are im- prilor.ed, each with one domeitic, in a common apartment or concidi^ t without any feparation of walls or curt sins ; a fmall window is referved for the introduction of neceflaries ; but the door is locked en both fides, and guarded by the magif- tnitcs of the city, to feclude them from all corre- fpondence with the world. If the election be not con fum mated in three days, the luxury of their t.'bles is contracted to a finale difh at dinner O and lupper; and alter the eighth day, they arc reduced to a (canty allowance of bread, water, and wine. During the vac.v.cy cf the holy iVc, prohibited from touching the unld> in fjme rare cmcr- ; merit, <) 'ill'.- church : all agree- among tiie electors are form- tlicir integrity is fortified by n. 1 the prayeis of th.e Catholics. r.f inccrivcnii-nt or fupcrrluous ;i gradually rcl/.xcd, but the pnn- :.: is vigorous and en. ire ; they i v tl.e : in itives of heakli to accelerate t'u;- mornrnt of their ind the irnprovrir,! ::t of ballot or :!ic ll; ol tiie con- :<;'!; :c ;";oins en apparencc, dui poiivroit clre entre des freres pavfaite- ment unis. "J Rechiefti per bar.do (fays John Villani) fanatori di Ron:a, e 51 del popolo, et capit-.uii de 1 25. e confoli (cr.'ijl.'j <") , et 13 buone huomini, uno per lione. Our knowledge is too imperfeil TO pronounce, how much of this con(titu f ion was ttnipoiary, and liow much ordinary and permanent. Yet it is faintly iiluiti atc-d by the an- cient ilatutss of Rorne from j- 4 'i'HE DECLINE AND FALL C HAP. f r; ;m the city j and that if lie neglected to return i_ - y '- x j. on the third luminous, the public fervar.t mould be degraded and difmified n . P>ut Lewis forrot v. ' O his ov.n debility and the prejudices of the times: bcYond the precincts of a German camp, Ids life- lef, phantom was rejeaedj the Romans deipifed tlieir own \vorkmanfldpj the antipope implored the mi : y oi his h \vful fcr/ereign ?5 ; and the ex- cluilve ri^ht of r!:c cardinals was more firmly , v . _ cilah'hik.ed by t'. is unfeafonable attack. Had the election been always held in the V;i- r \n tiean, tiie ri^iir^ (A the ienate and people would K - ; ' ;c - not Iiavc keen violated wi:h impurnty. Cut the Romans forgot, r.n i v/ere forgotten, in the abfcnce of tiie fuiccx-ilbiv, of Gn )ry the feventh, \\\\^ did no: !-;. ep - [ t! ir ordinary refi- d . The care e; L'-.:': c;y : - I; Is impo'i'tant tlian the rovcrnmcni: G: : . tiie popes de- ,:h :'. . ..'. "-; '.:y \\as alwa\'S r.' 1 . en end ngered. I ' . 'i>, .iiid the i.d 1 oiid the Alps ' ... t OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. and die in the more tranquil fcations of Anagni, c Perugia, Viterbo, and the adjacent cities. AY hen the flock was offended or impoverimed by the abfence of the fhephercl, they were recalled by a ftern admonition, that St. Peter had fixed his chair, not in an o'ofcure village, but in the capital of the world ; by a ferocious menace that the Romans would march in arms to deilroy the place and people that fnotikl dare to afford them a re- treat. They returned \\ith timorous obedience; and were fainted wk!i the account of an heavy debt, of all the Idles which their defertion had occafioned, the hire of lodgings, the fale of pro- vifions, and the various expences of fervants and firangcis who attended the court 70 . After a more interval of peace, and perhaps of authority, they were again banifhcd by new tumults, and again fummoned by the imperious or refpectful invita- tion of the fenate. In thefe occafional retreats, the exiles and fugitives of the Vatican were fel- dom long, or far, diiiant from the metropolis; but in the beginning of the fourteenth century the apoftolic throne was transported, as it might feem. tor ever, from the Tyber to the Rhone; and the caufe ol the tranfmigration may be deduced from 7 f) Rcmnni nutem non valertfs r.cc volenies ultra fuam celarecupi- ditatem graviiTimam conira painm m ,vm- cct'pcrunt fjULilioneni, ex- jgentes a!> c-o urgeniiflime o;i);iia qure Hi'jieini.t p.-i i-iiis abler. tiani dainna ft j::' c turas, videlicet in holj>>ii!--- locandis, in msrciin.iiiii.-, in uuiri:, in redditiljus, in piovii'mnilnis, et in uliis modis ini.u- nierarnlibus. Q^od rum audili^t |>ap;i, prjucordir.htcr iii^eiriuit it &: coiTipcrier.s mujc if datum, Arc. Matt. Paris, ;>. 757. For the oidi- nary luftoiy ot the popes, their lilt- and deatti, their ref, deuce and ab- fence, it is enonph to refer to tiitr ecclefiaftical unnuliiti, S;>on'.ia:vu3 and Flcuiy. VOL, XII- X ihe 306 THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A P. t ] ie furious contefl between Boniface the eighth and the king of France 77 . The fpiritual arms of excommunication and interdict were repulfed by _ * j __ the union of the three eftates, and the privileges of the Gallican church > but the pope \vas not againft the carnal weapons which Philip the Fair had courage to employ. As the pope refidccl at Anagni, \vitliout the fufpicion of danger, his palace and pcrlon were aifaulted by three hundred horfe, who had been fecretly levied by William of Xogaret, a French minifter, and Sdarra Co- lon na, of a noble but ho/vile family of Rome. The cardinals fled ; the inhabitants of Anagni were fcduced from their allegiance and gratitude ; but the dai'ntlels Boniface, unarmed and alone, leated himfelf in his chair, and awaited, like the cor.laipt fathers of old, the f\vords of the Gauls. Nogarct, a foreign adverfary, was content to execute the orders of his mailer : by the domeftic enmity of Colonna, he was infultcd with word? and biov/s ; and during a confinement of three days his lire was threatened by the hardfhips which they inflicted on the obflinacy winch they pro- voked. Their ilrange delay gave time and courage to the adherents of the church, who refcued him n L'.criiegious violence; but his imperious foul was v/ouncled in a vital part; and Boniface ex- t Rome in a frenzy (;f rage and revenge. Ill OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. His memory is ftained with the glaring vices of avarice and pride; nor has the courage of a martyr promoted this ecclefiaftical champion to the ho- nours of a faint; a magnanimous fmner (fay the chronicles of the times), who entered like a fox, reigned like a lion, and died like a dog. He was fucceeded by Benedict the eleventh, the mildeft of mankind. Yet he excommunicated the impious emiffaries of Philip, and devoted the city and peo- ple of Anagni by a tremendous curfe, whofe effects are Hill vifible to the eyes of fuperftition 78 . After his deceafe, the tedious and equal fufpenfe Tmnfh- of the conclave was fixed by the dexterity of the ^TV^y French faction. A fpecious offer was made and ac- ^e to cepted, that, in the term of forty days, they would A.'*D. ' elect one of the three candidates who fhould be I 3 C 9- named by their opponents. The archbimop of Bourdeaux, a furious enemy of his king and country, was the firft on the lift; but his ambi- tion was known ; and his conference obeyed the calls of fortune and the commands of a benefactor, who had been informed by a fwift meffenger that the choice of a pope was now in his hands. . The terms were regulated in a private interview ; and with fuch fpeed and fecrely was the bufmefs trani- acted, that the unanimous conclave applauded the elevation of Clement the fifth 79 . The cardinals 7 s It is difficult to know whether Labat (torn. iv. p. 5; ^7.) be 5n jefl or in earneft, when he fupjioles that Anagni (till feeJU the weight of this cuife, and thai the corn-fields, or vineyards, or olive- trees, arc annually blaited by nature, the obitquious hp.ritlmaid ci' the popes. 79 See in die Chronicle of Giovanni Villain (1. viii. c,. 6?, 64, ->, in Muraton, torn, xui.) the impulonment of Boniface VIJI. and t: e election of Clement V. the lalt of which, like >.noli anecdotes, t\\>- bavrailed with fonie difficulties, X ft of THE DECLINL AND i-ALL c:f both parties were loon aftonifhed by a fum- nions to attend him beyond the Alps ; from whence, as they loon difcovered, they mud never hope to return. lie was engaged, by promile and affection, to prek r the rcfidence of France; and, aiter dragging his court through Poitou and Galcogny, and devouring, by his expence, the cities and convents on the road, he finally repofed at Avignon , which tlourillicd above iVventy years 81 the feat of the Roman pontiff and the me- tropolis of Chnfr.er.dom. By land, by fca, by the Rhone, the pofition of Avignon was on all (ides acceiTible ; the louthern provinces of France do not yicKi to Italy itfek; new palaces arofe for the accommodation of the pope and cardinals ; and the arts of luxury were foon attracted by the trea- fijrcs of the church. They were already pofii ifed of the adjacent territory, the Veiuilfin county bl , p. populous cif Avignon, Cl'-mcnt \'. l:;r,occr.t VI. Ur!>:in V. ! by Stop!!?n Kr.Iuze (\'i;v Vo-is. in 4.' " ) wit!) COJJIGU; OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 309 populous and fertile foot ; and the fovereignty of Avignon was afterwards purchafed from the youth and difirefs of Jane, the firft queen of Naples and counttfs of Provence, for the inade- quate price of fourfcore thouiand florins 83 . Un- der the ihadow of the French monarchy, amidit an obedient people, the popes enjoyed an honour- able and tranquil (late, to which they long had been ftrangers: but Italy deplored their abience ; and Rome., in folituue and poverty, might re- pen: of the ungovernable freedom which had driven from the Vaiican the iucccilbr of St. lacier. Her repen:ance was tardy and fruitlefsj afccr the death of the old members, the facred college was filled with French cardinals **, who beheld Rome and Italy with abhorrence and contempt, and per- petuated a ferieo of national, and even provincial, popes, attached by the moi; indiliolubic ties to their native country. Raymond bad invert them p. pretence of ieir.nre, and th..y de< iv^l fome obfcure claim troiii ilic x: !il ceir.ury to i'uii.e- lai : >'s citra J\!ioi.!aini'ti (Valetii Notitia Galliarum, p. 453. Cio. Longueruf, j^cicfiption dc hi France, torn. i. p. 376 3;.)- S 3 It a puflcf.ion of four cfnturies \vcrc not itfelf a title, f'nch ob- 'jeclior.s m'.: Y Ju anv.ul the; bnr:rr;:n ; !>ur ilic piirc'.uil; ii-oi (.-,' ir.'iii !;:; retunJcd, tor iiuit-jd it was pnui. C'ivi:,,tt ii! ^'vVciiioiii.-in emit .... per ejiiliiH-di venditiunf.ri pecuniu. rcaundaiites, ^'.:c. (n !;l - \'"ii.i (,'i- <;\.r,t VI. in Irialu'/. ton:, i. j). 271. I\]'nato:i, !-c:ipt. to.n. iii. P. ii. p. 565.). The or>iy teir.p'.aric n far June a;:-.i r.ir ft-onJ I^i;")i;u! \v;;s ix-.uly money, aiJ v^Iilicut it they c^ukl no: liavc riLiirncJ to the throne oi Naples. "4- Clement V. immedirUcly promoted ien cLU\ii',iai>, nine French and one Engliih ; v Vita iv 1 -'-, n, 6?. ct Hai'.i/. p. "7.5, t \:c. ).!;'. 13":, ti: 1 . \>'^:^ refuitd two candidates rt\ oinivetKit .1 by the ki,.;' ci i'.a.ice, cuud xx Cardinales, <'<: (juibus xvii. de re: v r.u rr'\!;ci: orip;;n-jin trsx- iiie nofcuntur in tnemoiato c,e His fumrr.ons was obevcd ; and th.e number, zeal, .-.,,;. : i librraHtv, cf :'. ; il; rnr.s did not vicld to t::e ' primitive fcftival. Cut ti:c - : r -red the triple - fcotirge of war, i , and famine: many T - f> 5 xii '", and the C hror.i- ei,r. i\ .!;:..; ..,.:': x ' ' i _, i . , :. . . . : .'. '. u. .it ..; ft Coiiicticr. . I 1 .".)- ii. ' ::.'..; , ^'.. ....:;,...- : . ^ .;, li'.i m c'vio citi iu, cum Milti . i ;,_ tw: :.>.: -'; c:.' ,ent vi. ; -. re ii.rott-d , . .,_ '-;;. i'- -'- . . ^ \. \..\,:,. \. v. tit. i>. . J :; '.' M'i . c h-.v (Cr.r. Si- n. i.e. 14, 15.)). 151,151.), . i tl ia:i- ',t Li-.d-, ! flioui I he :;;-. ! to i ,i v. .o cb;i.i\id by th-; J-".\,:'ii OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 313 dered by the lavage Romans, no longer mode- rated by the presence of their bifhop 39 . To the impatience of the popes v/e may afcribe the fuc- ccliive reduction to flfly, thirty-three, and twenty- live years ; although the iecorid of theie terms is corr.rnenfirr.te widi the life of Chrift. The pro- funon of indulgences, the revel: of the Proteftants, and the decline o( fuperindon, have much d:mi- nimed the value of rhe jubilee : yet even the nineteenth r.r, . fcfuval was a year of pleafure and profit to (.lie. Romans ; and a philofbphic f:n;le v/iii not difhr:b ihc triumph of the pried or the happincis of the people e . Li the beginning of the eleventh century, Italy TI IC no , was expend to the feudal tyranny, alike op- |" leK or , . l barons or prefilvc to the fovereign and the people. The Rome. rig'as of human nature were vindicated by her numerous republics, who fbon extended their li- bery and dominion from the city to the adjacent country. The hvord of the nobles was broken; their (laves were enTranehifed ; their caftles were demolished , they aiTlimed the habits of fociety and obedience ; tiicir ambition v/as confined to municipal honours, and in the provided aridocracy of Venice or Genoa, each patrician was fubjedl ''') See t!-.c ChronicI;' of M.ittfo VilJani (l.i. c- 56.) in tlie xiv ik yoiu;rie of r.'uratori, and vise Memoirs U'.r la Vie uc Petiarque, toni, iii. ;>. 75 159. <; "I IK- fui.'jca is exhncfL-d by M. Cl-.ai^, n 1'rcrch ininifter at the Hagi:c. in his Lettics iiiltoi'iq-^s ct Dc.^!)i:i'.i.]i.'.=., fur Irs Juhiles et les Indulge:: ccs ; i;\ il^ye, 1751, 3 voh. in u 111 -; an tLiburatc and jilfahr.^ \vc;-!:, had not thj au'.hcr nrcf.TicJ the ciuradler of u po- lemic to ih:i: o: a phU^ici-hcr, to 3 i4 THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A P. to the laws'". But the feeble and uiforderly 0- LXIX. vernmcnt of Rome was unequal to the talk of curbing her rebellious fons, who fcorned the au- thority of the magi (Irate within and without the walls. It was no longer a civil contention be- tween the nobles and plebeians for the govern- ment of the itate ; the barons afiertcd in arms their peribnal independence ; their palaces and caftles were fortir.ed againft a iiege ; and their private quarrels were maintained by the num- bers of their vafials and retainers. In origin and affection, they were aliens to their country 91 : and a genuine Roman, could fuch have been produced, might have renounced thcfe haughty itrangcrs, who dildained the appellation of citizens, and proudly ft vied themfelves the princes, of Rome 63 . After a dark feries of revolutions., all records of pedigree were loft; the diftinction of IL'mames was abolilhedj the blood of the nations was mingled in a thoul.md channels; and the Goths and Lombards, the Greeks and Franks, the Germans and Normans, had obtained the ')" Muratori (i>.7:f. \ i vii .) al't^t. ; the Anr.nis ; As -early n r - 'A-.c yuvr $-3., tiu t-nr.'Ci'ci- I,"t',.;iie I. found it <\;-i--licnt to ii.ti-riv 1 it' t 1 . ll'.)HKin p-t; pie, ic l-,.ain ho::i each nuiivi- bt ^ovc; r.^il (Muratori, Dii- fu r. x:::i .). '-i lV-:;:i'ch attarks tin ft; foi'c: :nfr>--, the tyrants cf lioire, in a f! -.! ' t t )i,:k', lull o: ii.)',d tin;!;.-, aiul ,.S!\;rd j^il.iiitiy, in w!ii .. .:,), liits t!ie ni.ix:nis, ;;r,,l even j>n jtidicts, of ;h' oltJ itp ,h!;c to thi :tatc cf :!.'- x;-."- ctn'a:rv f v Mt,inoiii. . tvii.. iii'. J 1 - 157 aireft OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. faired pofTeffions by royal bounty or the prero- gative of valour. Thefe examples might be rea- diiy prefumed : but the elevation of an Hebrew race to the rank of fenatcrs and confuls, is an event without a parallel in the long captivity of thefe miferable exiles 54 . In the time of Leo the ninth, a wealthy and learned Jew was con- verted to chrifdanity ; and honoured at his bap- tifm with the name of his godfather, the reigning pope. The zeal and courage of Peter the Ion Family of of Leo were fignalifed in the caufe of Gregory j^ 1 " the ieventh, who cntruited his faithful adherent with the government of Adrian's mole, die tower of CrefcentiiiS; or, as it is now called, the caftle of St. Angclo. Both the father and the fon were the parents of a numerous progeny ; their riches, the fruits of ulury, were fharecl with the nobleft fa- milies of the city ; and ib extenfive was their al- liance, that the grand fon of the profelyte was ex- alted by the weight of his kindred to the throne of St. Peter. A majority of the clergy and people fupported his caufe ; he reigned feveral years in the Vatican, and it is only the eloquence of St. Bernard, and the final triumph of Innocent the fecond, that has branded Anacletus v.'ith the epi- thet of antipope. After his defeat and ck-ath, the pofterity of Leo is no longer coufpic-ious ; and none will be found of the modern nobles am- Arnulphus SagienHi de ^chil'.nare (in Muratori, Script, It.il. tun,, iii. P. i. p. 423 .532.. ). The fact uniit in fome degree be trm- ; \- r- . <-o di 1 '" i tr.!;.! ' . i.ai ' - :: ; .; t ; the r,:i'Tie = , n'.'j>, :IM! t 'i nil i it i) ' i I ; I v. ' . : > , ''- '.." '.;!''i y ;i> tii - ;r ( : i... i 1 : f..i'ii ,;.!" . ! -.. . i ti. IM :ii.. : 1:1 _ ( ; Vi- ; I j . 1 i:,oit; v.iiuc tl..;n Li i : .'. i - . . n :1 f f S'. ( '- O) .'", ill ' : , ': ' ', or ralliEl' inc- ,,' t , . : ; - , .; >. VI ! ! . (Mr - ! , c : : , N : i ; ' . i > 1 1 . ' . ; . . . . . i .,>,.*'. ' i i ! u b t ! ic f 1 a I c imilici LI KMII^ .it liiL corv).;.iiO,: or l^c; r.jco \ III. (A. I>. i I;*-. : c;i ; , ; -i! . i tdiiini! . f '.''< .it m n. . i ' . , : . i ; i : . u i ! N>.J '. : .' : Ir.tulersi.; 1 ;:; ! i M 1.1 OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 317 of Cor.ON'NA and UR^IXI, whofe private (lory is CHAP. an cill j p.ual part of the annals of modern Rome. I. The name and arms of Gnonna 97 have been the theme of much doubtful etymology; nor have the orators and antiquarians overlooked either Trajan's pillar, or the columns of Hercules, or the pillar of Ch rift's flagellation, or the lu- minous column that prided the Israelites in the delert. Tluir fir ft hillorical appearance in the year eleven hundred and four, attefts the power and antiquity, while it explains the firrjple mean- ing, of the name. By the usurpation of Cavce, the Colonna provoked the arms of Palchal the feconcl ; but they lawfully held in the Campagna of Rome, the hereditary fiefs of Zagarola and Colo r.na ; ard the latter of thefe towns v/as prc- bablv adorned with ibme lofty pillar, tiie relic of a villa or temple 8 ; . They likewife pofFefied one moiety of the neighbouring city of Tufculum; a, itrcng prefumption of their defcenn from the counts Ex i;>fis devota domus prjeftant's ab LV.-. jVclehf, viiltumqiie gerens di Fella Co : umna jocis, ntcnoii Sabei'la nu'is ; Pisetciturcjue urbis niagi^uir. iir.e vinbvis ncmen. (l.ii. c. 5. 100. p. C.j.7, fM-i.) The ancient llatutes of Rniiie (i. iii. c. 19. p. 174, i;;.) cliiiiriijuiiit eleven families of br.ionh, who ;ire obli:?;ecl to i\vx;;r ii; Cviici'.io com- iMKii, bctoie the ienHtor, thar tlity would not haibour or piottct any malefactors, oirlaws, &c. a feeble .'Lcur'ty ! '>' It is pity \\Y.\\ the Co!cK:iT rhcin!t-lv>s I'.r^ve rot ?V.voi!rt.-!crs and Ju!ici$ ac- knowledges (Lentam, Hilt, ilu Cr r.cilc d^ Conit;,ncc, torn. i:. p. ;-,9-) his dcicer.t from the anccitcis of M.inin V. (Ot!:o Colonna): hut the royal author ot the Memoirs of Brandenburg obfervo, that the fceptre in his anrs has been confounded \vi;!i tlr.- column. To maintain t ; e KonrMi or'gin of the Colonm, it \vas in;-en.iouliv AippoUd M)i.,:ioui Monaldefchi, in tin; Suiipt. It.il. toiti. xii. p. 533-)' tnru a c ' ; ' l! '" nn,i, \vl.o had CO:;I:T..,I:>; j.i :i.c i pe's victory of Ltp^nto (Thuai). i!;:t. i. 7. to;:;, iii. O;at:ox. Opp. ton), i. p. iSc 190.). '- 1 Murat^ri. Aunali d'ltaiia, torn, x. p. nC, ^zo. behaviour OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 319 behaviour provoked the difpleafure of the moft im- c H A . p - placable of mankind. The two cardinals, the uncle _ i I/ and the nephew, denied the election of Boniface the eighth ; and the Colonna were oppreffed for a moment by his temporal and fpiritual arms 101 . Pie proclaimed a crufade againft his perfonai ene- mies ; their eftates were confifcated ; their fort- re fles on either fide of the Tyber were befieged by the troops of St. Peter and thofe of the rival nobles ; and after the ruin of Paleftrina or Prse- nefte, their principal ieat, the ground was marked with a ploughfnare, the emblem of perpetual de- folation. Degraded, banimed, profcribed, the fix brothers, in difguife and danger, wandered over Europe without renouncing the hope of de- liverance and revenge. In this double hope, the French court was their fureft afyiurn : they prompted and directed the enterprife of Philip ; and I mould praife their magnanimity, had they refpected the misfortune and courage of the cap- tive tyrant. His civil acts were annulled by the Roman people, \\ho reftored the honours and pofTe (lions of the Colonna ; and fome eftirnate may be formed of their wealth by their lodes, of their loffes by the damages of one hundred thou- tn " Petrarch's attachment to the Colonna, has nuthorifcd the p.blv de Sack- to expatiate on the itate of the family in the fou: teenth cen- tury, the perfecution of Boniface VIII. the chara&er of Stephen av/J his (bus, their quarrels with the Urlmi, &c. (Memoir. s fur Petrarque, torn. i. p. 9& no. 146 148. 174 176. 112130. 27; ;2o.) Hi criticifm often reclines the lu-iulay (lories oi VilLi.i. :. ,j ;:H: t-irors o; th.e lei's diligent modems. 1 up, !t;!*.ar.d thy branch oi Stephen to b;- now cxtir.ft. 320 THE DECLINE AND FALL CH A^P. fjnd gold florins which were granted them ngainfl the accomplices and heirs of the deceafed pope. All the Ipiriiual ceniines and difqualifications were abolifhed IC3 by his prudent fucceflbrs ; and the fortune of the houfe was more firmly efb- blilhed by this traniient hurricane. Tjbe bold- nefs of Sciarra Colon na \vas fignalifed in the cap- tivitv of Boni:uce ; and long afterwards in tire coronation of I .ewis of Bavaria ; and by the gra- titude of the emperor, the pillar in their arms was encircled wirh a royal crown. But the firft of the family in fame and merit was the elder Stephen, whom Petrarch loved and efleemed as an hero fuperior to his own times, and not un- worthy of ancient Rome. Perfecution and exile diiplayed to the nations his abilities 1:1 peace and war; in his diitreis, he was an objee'i, not of pity, but of reverence ; the afpeet of danger pro- voked him to avow his name and country : and when lie was afked, c< where is now your fort- H Vallis te proxima mifit Appenninigenre qua prata virentia fylvae Spoletana metunt armenta grcges prot^rvi. Monaldeichi (torn. xii. Script. Itai. p. 533.) gives the UYfini a French origin, which may be remotely true. J 5 In the metrical life of Celeftin V. by the cardinal of St. George (M lira tori, torn. iii. P. i. p. 613, &c.), we Ihul a luminous, and not inelegant paffa^e (1. i. c. 5. p. 203, &c.) : genu'it quern nobilis Urfcc (UrR?) Progenies, Romana domus, veterataque nngnis Fafcibus in clero, pompafque cxperta ienatv.s, Bellorumque manu graudi itipata parentuin Cardineos apices necnon faitigia dud urn Papatus itcrata tenens, MuiT.tori (Differ:, xlii, to;n. iii. p. .) obfervcs, that the h'rll Urfini pontificate of Celelti;ie III. was unknown: he is inclined to read Urji proven if s. * 6 Filii Urfi, quondam Cncieftini paps r.epotcs, de bonis eccl^. fix Romans ditati (Vit. Innocent. III. in Muratori, Script, torn. iii. P. i.)- The partial prodigality of Nicholas HI. j s more confpi- f.uous in Villani and Muratcri. Ya the Unini would difdain ihe nephews of: a nitdtsr. poue-. VOL. XII. Y that ;22 iHE DECLINE AND FALL C H A^P. t } lflt nafe i oeen oblcrvcd of the greatnefs of the Co- i_ _ r -- _> lonnn, will likewite. redound no the glory of the Urfini, their conflant and equal antagonifts in the long hereditary feud, which diffracted above Thrrhe. two } ulnt ] ret { ant } fif t y y C ars the ecclefiaitical ilate. rcdit.ny ' ' rruch. The jealoufy of pre-eminence and power was the true ground of their quarrel ; but as a fpecious badge of dillinttion, the Colonna embraced the name of Ghibtlines and the party of the empire; the Urfini efpoufed the title of Guelphs and the caufe of the church. The eagle and the keys were difplaycd in their adverfe banners; and the two fictions of Italy moil <\u-'Kiifly raged when the oria'n and nature of the difpute were lone? O 1 *J fmcc f';nK>:ten l 7 . After the retreat: of the popc.i to Avignon, they difnured in arms the va- cant republic: and the mifchiefs of difcord were ]>cr' 'ctuateil by the wretched compromife of elect- ing each yrar two rival ienators. IW their private icoililiiies, t!:e city ap.d counrry were dcfolatcd, ?.::d the ih.iCLuating balance inclined with their iiiceriiJte luc^els. But none of cither family had by the f\vord, till tliC moll renowned cham- ph.n 01" the I rilni was furpriicd and iLiin by the y< Linger Stephen Colonna IC " S . ] lis triumph is Gained \\ich th.e reproach of vi(jlatir,g the truce; :r defeat \v;:s baielv avenged by t!;e ailafllna- - O / f.op.j before t!ie churcli door, of an innocent boy und i;is I-M> fervmts. ^'et the victorious Co- 1 " I . lii in :', . 1'i'ii.n Antiijuitics, Muraloi. ex- J.la i (_ J :,lhc:;,.c^. '"' 1' .;; : '. 't, :.,. i. ;,. en ~">G-) li^ s reltbratcil ti.is victory ac- 'coj-tii-;- -. ;' c C . . , ., ; it twu coi.tt-injioraiies, ;i >"li>ie'.tin- (G o- ii \ii.an;, I. /..(.. 120.) . la Rui.'.;ii, (Luuovicv rvluiiiiiicii.!;!", f- .-33) 5 "it > > >'< itls t-''i/'"rii'i>lc i.^ (....I uiiio, lonna. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. -323 H r A , p ' icnna, with an annual colleague, was declared c Senator of Rome during the rerm of five years. And the mule of Petrarch infpired a wifh, a hope, a prediction, that the generous youth, the fon of his venerable hero, would reftore Rome and Italy to their priftine glory ; that his juftice would ex- tirpate the wolves and lions, the ferpents and bears, who laboured to iubvert the eternal balls of the marble COLUMN l 9 . I0 9 The abbe de Sade (torn. i. Notes, p. 61 66.) has applied the vi th Canzone of Petrarch, Sfirtt Geatil, &c. to Stephen Colonna the younger : Orji, lupi, leoni, aquilee ferpi Ad una gran marmorea ccknna Fauno noja iaveiHe e i ie tlamno, THE DECLINE AM) FALL C H A P. LXX. :'.>:. ir: and T)ca:',}, Return cf the Popes from J 4. */ J-i'igUGi;.' Greet $<:bij]':- cf tb; IV'jl. Re-union of //>; Latin Cb'.'rch. Laft Struggles of Roman LH'trty. Statutes of Row. -Final Settlement of ''',.' Lcct.cfiajn.il it, State. fne a' t prelienfion of modern tinirs, Petrarch l is the I Lallan longer ot l^aura and love. In Pc-tr.u-cii, l ' lc hanv.or.y of his Tufcan riiynie:-, Italy ap- A. D. phuuls, or rathers adores, the fariier of her lyric juuf'/g . poetry : and his verie, or at leaf: ids name, is A / D- repeated by the enth^riaiin, or affectation, of amo- I'.iiv ly. rous fenfibility. "\Vhatcver may be the [irivatc taftc of a fl ranger, his (ligiit and fuperr.cial l:now- ledgc fliould luimLly arquiefce. in the ;uJginent of a learned n,i:;::n : yet I rnny IKV,IC or })relu:iu', th.it the Italians do \\M c;li aiu! g:.l:.:iu; y. In the !'rfT>.r; I. !ii-, rii'il -/..-., !.; t ;.V.M,I. i -;\ > :uv.l \vi ;j;ln v^.-rtv I'.'i.p, . '/i, ':..>, \v'*i'j hr.ve y ti' ;t.d of i!; compoaton-'s OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 325 competitions of their epic mufe, the original wild- nefs of Dante, the regular beauties of Tafib, and i the boundlefs variety of the incomparable Ariofto. The merits of the lover, I am ftill lefs qualified to appreciate: nor am I deeply interefted in a meuphyfical paffion for a nymph fo fhadowy, that her exiftence has been queftioned a ; for a matron fo prolific 3 , that (he was delivered of eleven legitimate children 4 , while her amorous fwain uVhcd and fung at the fountain of Vau- clufe 5 . But in the eyes of Petrarch, and thole of his graver contemporaries, his love was a fin, and Italian verfe a frivolous amufement. His Latin works of philofophy, poetry, and elo- quence, eftablifhed his fcrious reputation, which \vas loon diffbfed from Avignon over France and 1 The allegorical interpretation prevailed in the xv th century ; but the wiib commentators were not agreed whether they ihouid underftand by L:uiia, religion, or virtue, or the blelcd Virgin, or . See tile prefaces to the 1 st and \fi volume, 3 La u re de Noves, horn about the year 1307, was married in Jaruary 1315 to Hugucs de Sade, a noble citizen of Avignon, whole jealoiifv was not the tffctl of love, fiace he married a lecond wife within fcven months of her death, which happened the 6 tfl of Api il 1 14-8, precifely one-and.twcnty years after Petrarch had leen and loved her. 4 Corpus crcbri-- parruhus exhatiftum ; from one of thefe is i(Tued, 5n the tenth degree, the abbe de h:ide, the fond and gritefvil biographer of Petrarch : and ihis doineliic motive tnolt probably luggeited the idea of his work, and urged him to enquire into every c ire urn ft a, nee that could arTVcl ti'.e hiftory and character of his grandmother (fee particuiarly torn. i. p. 122 133. notes, p. 758. torn. ii. p. 4sS~* 495- " ()t - I'- 7 r > Si.)- i Vr,u>.,u!e, i", familiar to our Engiifh travellers, is dtfcribed from the wrinn^s of Petrarch, and the local knowledge of his biographer (Memoires torn. i. p. 34-0 3151;.). It w.is, in truth, the retreat of an hermit 5 and the moderns are much iniiiaken, if they place Laura and an happy lover in the grotto. Y 3 Italy : 326 THE DECLINE -AND FALL CHAP. Italy: his friends and ciiicipic.s were multiplied in L X X . every city; ?.nr; it the ponderous volume of his \vria, igs " be now abandoned to a long repolc, our gratitude mult appu-.ud the man, v>ho by precept and example revived the iV'.rit and fiudy of the Auguftan age. From his ep.rlieic youth, Petrarch aipircd to the poetic crown. Trie aca- demical honours of the three faculties had intro- duced a royal degree of mailer or doclor in the art of poetry 7 ; and the title of poct-laureat, \vhich crutiom, rather tlian vanity, perpetuates in the linglifh court. b , was firit invented by the Cxfars of Germany. In the miifical games of antiquity, a prize was bellowed on the victor 3 , 6 CM" i' -o ; :.:<-,., IP. a ciok |)rii.t, at Rif:i in the xv : . th century, Inn without the dutc or the yenr. 'i l.e abbe Je S.uic Calls ;il u.it tui a nt;w cdit;cn.-'" Pt srar. h's Lnti.i woiks; in,; I ir.v.cii ili.nbi .-.!. ttii-r it vvcniK! I'-j.'A.i.nd to tlie JTJI.C ci t!is bo^Kkiltr, ur the .iPiu.L-in t t ot tlit | '.. lie. 7('nn!"':!t Ss.Mi:n's Titles <;f Honour, in his v.-o:ks (vr.I. iii. p. 4.5- 4.C6.). An hiMviieJ yt.irs bi;,,:L Piti.ach, - . fi^ncis 'fOfivfl the v:f;! (.' :i ; iK-t, c;vn ab mij'iratoic innat coi'o.'.atiis it (xii.il.- KX -U'U: .::.-. fi: ^U3. ' Fi ..; - "' to L.-I'.I'T, the nnih: has too often b.'i: f: lie ?ivi vt." ' I'-" i r iuch cl 'iilu v. deli: r ;M,V ac,t or ccui: " ;; piiul-'ccu fi-: i '..i >. ..>..'.. i rit o1 ; i:; pi , .!] . i y J/S.H ; . \v!;u in tv i y ix 1 :: i 1 , :ir.l ji Sii i-vei . -. li ! .' ', ,' r: .:;:.. - . - ; pr;i:i<: "iul vt-i: !;;( i : ir. . ; . ,-, ;, r ', ! In itve, n: 'l;r pic- f . ' ieic ; .-u, : ,. k il;-j ir.o:t I : . U-,t linn tc i ab'j. ' ..,;... , .. n, ;s v\ hilt the p: nice i- n iiian ot vi:- i,r. iji.il! j n : ; ./ii- . 9 ! ! rr.it-. . MI; .' i.c-Mi-. , U,.n. i. p. i i (, , m . , .' t . LVtir, C -.-,- t:.' . i ---. , f .. . . ' i In i . \ . . ' ;, ; K i l;r.u:.!i^ ^:, !,..,... i . n; '-' - T '- - M " .--- . -.-/-. >'! r - , . _.,; / . 'I lie ex tutp't < t :! : Pn> t!ii]"'"t ... .,.-,: . . .' . bii; t'hi, Oiyr..|- ; r ; ir, .. - -. .u >. i'.j : <.' iTnuica) r: 'v: . i.ii i: v.'if f>: iht \.iin 'yi :.'- 'I . N (< r ,.;-;.; T'l,,. .:, it. : : ;:'' f. v.l-oii .: : !f.,.;i:i ; i' ''-"]) (Jr.iTi,'>. 01 > i, : ... 1. jxn. p. :o3? 3 13^1. 1'uttcr'o CJi'-.-tk Ari t ' r ii- ri,'- OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 327 tlic belief that Virml and Horace had been CHAP. LXX ' crowned in the Capitol inflamed the emulation of a Latin bard 10 ; and the laurel 11 was' endeared to the lover by a verbal refemblance with the name of his mi lire is. The value of either object was enhanced by the difficulties of the puriuit ; and if the virtue or prudence of Laura was in- exorable 12 , he enjoyed, and might boaft of en- joying, the nymph of poetry. His vanity was not of the mod delicate kind, fince he applauds the fuccefs of his own labours ; his name was po- pular ; his friends were active ; the open or ic- cret oppofition of envy and prejudice was fur- mounted by the dexterity of patient merit. In the thirty- fixth year of his age, he was folicited to accept the object of his wiihes : and on the lame .. cky, in the folitude of Vauclufr, h.e received a fimilar and ibiemn invitation from the fenace of Home and the univerfitv of Paris, The learning CJ of a theological ichool, and the ignorance of a 10 The Capitoline games (csrtamen quinqueiv.ile, ;// cum, equeftre, gymnicuiTi), were inltiluted by Domitian (Sueton. c. 4 ) in the year ci .iJhritt 36 (Cenforin. oie Die N:iraii, c 18. P. 100. eust. Haver, camp), and \\ere not nbolifliecl in the iv ;: ' cciituiy ( .-, ir'inius de P,o- tefibril^us -Burdcgal. V.). Lf the crown wi-re given to /u ;;crior ineiir, the extlulion oi Statins (Capitolia ivilhs; inhci.-iui Jvi;e, Silv. i iii. v. 31.) may do honour to the games of the C.'-.jiitolj but tiic Latin potts who lived before Domitian were cicwncd only in the public opinion. '-' retrai'ch and -the fenators of Rome were ignorant that the laurel was not the Capitoiine, but the Delphic, ciown (Plm. Hift. Natur. xv. 39. Hilt. Critique de la Republique des Lettrcs, toiu. i. p. 150.^ 220.). The victors in the Capitol wtie ci owned with a garland ot oak leaves (Martial, 1. iv. epigram 54..). 11 Ths pious grandfon of Lama Ins laboured, ;u;d not without fuccefs, to vindicate her immaculate chaitity agjiinlt Uie cenlurcs ot the grave ancl the fnecrs of the profane (toin. ii. notes, p. 76 32,}' Y 4 Jawlds j:8 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. Inv.-lcfs cirv, were r.lil'e unqualified to beftow the ideal though immortal e[ore tlic fhnne of S". I'ctcr. \\\ the ac: c/f diploma 1 ' which was i' ' : . <:':'[ '. "Tfl"^ of Pi-tr:n'i'!i\ -Tiri. mu ! ,ii i> acciiratclv de- ll' S;i 'c (totn. i. |). 415 .}.;<. torn. i:. \,. i 6. '.n, 1;;: iy.vr, '.vi iMn;^ , and thr Koiv."n Diary or Lu- ;, ' ut . '>:: - \:\ this authentic nairativc the f S nmiiC' ' Delbt-nt- - ' . \. ,:iii 1 - \ nir.cn;; the 1'icces Jufliiicativcs in the rcjus, to-:;, hi. j.. 50-53. p relented OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. prefented to Petrarch, the title and prerogatives of poet laureat arc revived in the Capitol, after the lapfe of thirteen hundred years; and he re- ceives the perpetual privilege of wearing, at his choice, a crown of laurel, ivy, or myrtle, of af- iuming the poetic habit, and of teaching, difput- ing, interpreting, and compofmg in all places whatfoever, and on all fubjedts of literature. The grant was ratified by the authority of the icnate and people; and the character of citizen was the recoinpenfe of his affection for the Roman name. They did him honour, but they did him juflicc. In the familiar fociety of Cicero and Livy, he had imbibed the ideas of an ancient patriot ; and his ardent fancy kindled everv idea to a fentiment, and every fentiment to a pafllon. The afpecl of the ieven hills and their maieuic ruins confirmed thefe lively irpprefnons ; and he loved a country by whofe Lotral fbirit he had been crowned and adopted. The poverty and debafement o r Rome fxcitecl the indignation and pity of her grateful fen : lie diffcmbled the faults or iiis fellow-citi- zens ; applauded with partial fondnefs the la it of their heroes and matrons ; and in the remem- brance of the pail, ir: rhe hope of tin- 1 'i;tnre, was pie ale d to forget the miferics of tiie prefcnt time. Rome was iiill the lawful inillrds of the world: the pope and the emperor, her bifhop and general, had abdicated their ftution by an inglorious re- treat to the Rhone and tiie Danube; but if me could relume her virtue, the republic mi^ht again vindicate her liberty and dominion. Amidst the indulgence *"* fT T T? T> T7 /- T T -\-lT * . - T-< T- ' T T i a i j - L/ 1!, v- Li 1 i\ I- A A i J j .-V : . ! > t. n A i L \ \ . i:xli.:l~-?nce o r e;:thi:n::;r;i ;;nd eloquence: ! ' J 3 Pe- trarch, Itah", mv.1 I:'i:ropr, v/ere auorr.fhcd bv a rc- vok::;.-n which realized I'M- a rrionu-nt his mofl jplcn-iiu vifions. '; ; , ! the tribune Kieir/i v. ill occupy the foihjuh:';; p-.iL',es ' ' : the Jubicct is interfiling, the matM'ial: arc rich, and the glance ot a p:iti -jot-hard ' 7 v.iii iomcrjines vi- vify the ropious, L v :r InTiplc, ranaiivr of i;,e h'io- rcnrhv IE , and more clpecially ot' tiic Ro:i:;:n J % hiftorian. In '' To f'l.j the p' - ( r>fs of M entii-if fi:i fo; Rome, I nee-! oi.'v re- r,u. .\ t'.'irir tlic ic:ii'-.-r v/ouivl o^n, l>y L!I. i ct-, either Petrm t !i, rr !' I-rench 1 i^^r^ji'-tr. Tiic htt.r IMP del" nbtci ihe pori's t : ' ft vii't to Kcmt 'toi:i. i. ji. 3^7 "3 C 0- ^' i:: : " :: ' p!:cc <' fiiiich ii!!ei):t- toi'ic aiii! : j etnuc!) n : .. ve ;;i;!;.i-- r i th? v-it;-..it anJ figure ;.__'; wU:i an on pial ^ .. ' - tlit ciiy ;.:.;; l.is c. 10- '' It lias ' : ,c,- trentti! by :li ; >- r,f n ' ' r, ' - ?. ,' Cci v. -..;;,; iiCilthilT.O'.lS \vo> !; (<.,..;; ' . N;col: C>,.h;,r;, (iit C* Kiei-i Tyi-iii f!f Rctre, :: j- f -; ; -:.. i>:ibiii!u'J i I'..,,: 174*, in i ?."'-. 1 ;.ni in'lch f cti to '.:.:! t'.^ ! n u i.:vts ai.vl t! ,:i;i.,^:,:; in ji/hn it i. :::; ;:ns, cru'.i .. i>: Lit^^j '' c(. '. xii r. ?<). T .; . i:; . r .lui :.:i.i i, Uviuni Iiaii- c,T'..it: i : : if-, ' 'M. >,.,:. 1 1. ' / . ' t . .- ' I 9^' j ''I l.ij i ' v liiiiiL- of IrnliMi Ant j'iitic fp. 249 5^3. )> M i'i u *.; i ' ;:,'.'.! '., I. ;.':i 1: li , . '. ' ':!, niM: ;.!> Aniio I",'/ .::: T %, ; , ;h( ui ii.;i ' . ' II 'me 1 or Nr:j)!is in , , :. ! . . v ' -i ' i 'in- hcntlit . f lt;.:r . \ i s. It i, , ii ;. i, 1 .iii , lit:', litf ot <,(/. a ' Nith'j;;ii N (' i ,:'::!,.: KIMCC i;n,o 1617, in 4', ui-c'tr : . :.' I". ,i [' . tif; .::, --.ho 15 <.i,iv niLTitu-neti IP ti.ii y , . ibr.ne i-i tn^^ry. li;,i;.,iii j-.,' .if. OF THE ROMAN EMPIE.E. 331 In a quarter of the city which was inhabited c H ^ p - . . J j ,\ .X only by mcclianics and Jews, the ma rn age of an innkeeper and a wafherwoman produced the future deliverer of R.ome 20 . From iuch parents Nicholas Ricnzi Gubrini could inherit neither dignity nor fortune ; and the gift of a liberal education, which they painfully bellowed, \vas the cauie of his glory and untimely end. The Paidy of hiftory and eloquence, the writings of Cicero, Seneca, Livy, Csefar, and Valerius Maximus, elevated above his equals and contemporaries the genius of the young plebeian : lie perufed with indefa- tigable diligence the manufcripts and marbles of antiquity; loved to difpenfe his knowledge in fa- miliar language ; and was often provoked to ex- claim, e l r i ;;,,i.it-iiU- fp. 1^9 4.79.), whu.li, in the i'cw diviiion, ioiai: tht ii" Ijcok of I!K hiiiory in xxxvin finaiier cliajilt; s or It.clionj. '' 'I iio rt-ndtr nriy ho (>!(aicii with u f;v.'c^i!ii of t'ir ori;:'!ir.i uiii.nn : Fo ita ioa juventuiirie nutno.i'.o tK hute ck; (.iotnientia, t)o,.o s^raniatico, inf-glioie rtltiionco, .'ivtoniUt bravo. iA'h como rt liiiarto era vcloce leitore ! nioito iifava 'j i;o J.ivio, Sene^i, et Tnliio, rt Halcrio M:\fiiiuo, mo; to li i!i!ct';;v:i ] c inagnifi; cntie di Julio Cfclarc raccontarc. 'j utta !a die Co i'oi:f.i;!;-.VH nc^i' intapli juftsnirrfe ii-.u-rprcfr.va. (>li conic fpcii'o (iiccva, " Dove iuoto quclli biiin.i Runv.sri ? di,v^ *' ene loro lomi.na julluia ? polerarr.nie iio-/re i;i if.r.jio tlic m tl\:i ir ; ::i.-ry he was relieved by the fcnfe of merit or the fmile of favour; and tlie employment of rpcuolic notary aftorded liim a daily itipcnd of five gold fiorins, a more honourable and extenfive cor.riecii^n, and tlie right of contraiting, both in \voi\l.s and aClions, his o\vn integrity v;ith the vices of the flare. The eloquence of Rienzi was prompt and periurfive : the multitude is always prone to envy and cenfure : he was Simulated bv ti-.e lofs of a broth.er and tlie impjuniry of the r.;\-i7":ns; nor was it pofTiblc to excufe or exagge- rate t!ir public cal;:n:itie.s. The blefTmgs of peace ?.nd juflice, tor \vhie!i civil H.'ciety has been inili- e: the jealous ci- every pcrinnal or pecuniary Jrj'.-'ry, were moil deeply wounded in the difhor.our (>[ tixir wives and daughters": they v.rre ecjiiuily o;:p;\ f:ed by the arrogance of the poblf-j a;.d die corrui t;on at tlie niagillrates ; ar.d t;.c abufc of arnu or of laws was the only ciicum- !'>'r-,rch nr"pi"s ''n- j^vcufy of tliu Rom.T!i<, '.v; h the C'Ty r"i^;tv of ti.c l,',.1>.. r,;!i of .Xvi^iiun 'M::r.o!;ts, t<;in. i. I'- 3i-;- were ane :c:m o wiu) rr.iiu have cnduret OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. (lance that diftinguifhed the lions, from the dogs and ferpents, of the Capitol. Thefe allegorical emblems were varioufiy repeated in the pictures which Rienzi exhibited in the iircets and churches; and while the fpectators gazed with curious won- der, the bold and ready orator unfolded the mean- ing, applied the iatire, inflamed their pafiicns, and announced a diftant hope of comfort and de- liverance. The privileges Ot Rome, her eternal fovereignty over her princes and provinces, was the theme of his public and private difcouriej and a monument of icrvirude became in his hands a title and incencive of liberty. The decree of the fen ate. which ^ranted the moil ample prerogatives O 1 -i *- to the emperor Vefpafian, had been inlcribed on * copper- plate ft ill extant in the choir ot the church of St. John Lateran ~$. A numerous afTembly of nobles and plebeians was invited to this political lecture, and a convenient theatre was creeled for their reception. The notary appeared, in a mag- nificent ana rnyfr.erious habit, explained the in- fcription by a verfion and commetrcary **, and defcantcd with eloquence a;xl zeal on tne an- cient glories of the ienate and people, from v.'hc^n all legal authority was derived. The fupine igno- *> Tlie frpgn-ii'nts of the Lrx Rc?la mny be found in the Inscriptions of Giuu-i, t.o'ii. i. |>. iff':, nii'.i at tne tnd of thv T;ici:t:s oi Erne'li, with luuie lir.iMifci n'.'tt-i or ilie <-( ! :ior, toiii. !t. 3 - I cannot ovoiluo:-; a itup.'i,u.;t:s 2!ul K.vi,. ii i!)!e biuinlcr of R->.n.7", The Lex Kcs^i'i embowels Vclpai.;!;) to er.l.i'g-.- iiie Poincerium, awou! familiar to every antiqu'irv. It w is not lo to tho tiiijviDCj Ii-.; cor.fyunds it -.vith j.Mjtitt'* nn crc'.nrJ, traiiflatcs Ju JarJino d j Kotna ciocne 'inii:i, ;uul is c.)pi--ii i ; the iris excufni/!e i;-:ro- r.iiice ot ti'.e Litin tranllator (p. 4-^6.) an.i the French hiitar.un (,). '-,",.). Even tlu k;M;ing of iviui'::toti has flucnbcitJ uvsr the paff-ige, 13 ranee 34 THE DECLINE AND FALL nyvr. rnncc of the nobles was incapable of difcernlnn; the fcrions tendency of iuch representations : they might fometimes chaitife with words and blows the plebeian reformer; but he was often iurTered in the Coloniui palace to amufe the company with his threats and predictions ; and the modern Brutus is v, as conceded under the mafk of folly and the character of a buffoon. V.'hile they in- dulged their contempt, tlie reftoration of the good ef.dtj) his favourite exprefiion, v. as entertained among the people as a defirable, a poiTiblc, and at lennrh as an approaching, event; and while all had the diipofiLion to applaud, fome had the conrare to afnit, tijcir promiled deliverer. A p.r^i/iiCcv, or rather a fummons, affixed on tl;e churcii door of St. (leorge, was the \\vil public evidence of his ticf;, iis ; a nocturnal aficirblv or an Iviinvlrcd citizens on r:.'(;unt Aventinc, the fir (I Hep to their execution. Alter an oath of iecrecv and aid, he ri.-irreil-ir.ed to tin: confpirators the imj ortance an.: iacili:y of tiv, ir enterpriie ; tliat t, lt ; ncjbles, without union or rcicrurces, were tlrona onlv in the fear of their imaginary ftrengthj O L-J . O that all ]x;wer, as \veli as ri;":ht, was in the li.ind^ of uie people ; th.at the revemu-s of t':C api.ftohc^l chmr.ber nuphr ixhf-vc tlie public chllrcis , a:ui th:it t - j ope Iiimfelf \vould. approve their victory ov\r r',:j common (.neiiii'/i, or ;'0\'i. I'nmi nt and freedom. Afrcr iecurin^ ;I i-it.hful band to pro- tea hi:, f.iil dcchirati n, lu: proclaimed *5 }'. '. . -. ' . :> xiter. MI*, lor.-e n ;;er..,v cvr.ini LI jui i.:; , i.ili.ci.'i!, \.\. lub In ; o';;c-i.!u hlt.:';i!oi ii!e i'. . . .,.,;..- ' , rt-r j v.. i..u. . , I lie i t^ibo, ' i; 1} ramiis LOi'-icnij) - tu. o^.p, c:^ ;. 1 rr;e OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 33; the citv. bv found of trumuet, that on the evening CHAP. J J i ' t> LXX of the following day all perfons fhould afiemble _ .. w - ' ^ without aims before the church of St. Angelo, to provide for the re-eftablifhment of the good 4 O cfrate. The whole night was employed in the celebration cf thirty rnaffes of the Huly Ghofl j and in the morning, Rienzi, bareheaded, but in complete armour, ifliu'd trom the church, en- compaffed by the hundred confpiratcrs. The pope's vicar, the iimple bi:hop ot Orvieto, who had bcc ;i perfh.:.:lcd to H''"\ un a pare in this lir.gulur ccrcmory, rnarc!i: r :d on .is ;-"ght-hand ; and three great itMidiM'ds were b^-r.e aloft as the emblems of their dellgn. In the n.n'1", the banner of lilcrtj) Rome \vab ieati'd oil :v-, -j lions, with s. palm in one hand sud a p:lobe in the other : St. Paul, with a drawn iv;ord, wi.s delineated in the banner Q{ juftice i c,iid in tiic ;:!iirJ, '-'c. .Peter held the l-:eys of (;/<:' 6v'J and psace. Kienzi was en- couraged by the pivJence ?r/d applaufe ot an in- numerable crowd, who underfcood little, and hoped much; and the proccfilon Oowly roiled forwards from tli f ; ca'llc oi .jt. ; i:!ge}o to the Capitol. His triumph was diili;rlxd byibmc fee ret emotion which he laboured to ft] pp re Is ; he afcendcal \viciicut (^'.poikion,, and with ieeming confidence, the citadel of the republic; harangued the peoijle fro vn riie balcony , and received the moll Muttering confirination of his nebs and laws. The nobles, as i-'.cleilitute of arms and couniels, beheld in hient confcernation this il'mnge revolu- tion; aiid he moment had been prudently choien, when thv moil formidable, Stephen Colcnna, was abfcnt 336 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, abfent from the city. On the iirft rumour, he returned to his palace, alteded to do/pile this plebeian tumuli:, and decl.Mcd to the meiienger of Rienzi, that at his leih:re he v.(;uld call the madman from the \\indo\\j of the- Capitol. The great bell inilantly rany an alarm, and ib rapid was the tide, ib urgent was the danger, that Coh/nna. efcaped \vitii precipitation to the fuburb of St. Laurence : from thence, after a moment's refrcfhment, lie continued the fame fpeedy career till he reached in fafcty his caftie of Palei'lnna ; lamenting his ov,-n imprudence, which had not trampled the ipark of this mighty conflagration. A general and peremptory order was iffued from the Capitol to all the nobles, that they mould peaceably retire to their erbtes : they obeyed; and their departure fccurcd the traiiquillity of the free and obedient citizens of Rome. But fuch voluntary obedience evaporates v,i:h the fir (I tranfpons oi ztai 3 and Rienzi felt the importance of ;': ti\ :n^ tiis uicrnaticn bv a reLT'ii.ii" form and a kg.u tid . At ! i- ov, n choice, t!ic Roman pec^j/.'.' \Vi;uki !i;:ve diii-Iaved their attach- ment and aui.hr,: _-, !;v iav-n'iin-- 0:5 hi.^ head the names of krv.tor ;; C'-.iiul, oi Li:...; or emperor: he preferre" . ..-..:. .;:.; im.'defl aj/pclinrion of tribune ; t: [Mv^edt:. :: o{ :hc eom^ion^ v;as t!;e civ.TiCe o! L' iacr J .' ice; and tliey \vere i^- norar.r, t : . :: :t had r:e\XT been i:;vei":c i wicii any fh.ire in Li:e . : \i\ -ir-'v '>; < x' '.< \\ ' powers of the rcpiiMi' . I.i tliis character, and wii.h ihe conient of rhi: R(Mi.,in , the ialutarv iav.b ; :; t!ie rclloratio:i and OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. of the good eftate. By the firft he fulfils the v/ifli of honelly and inexperience, that no civil fiiit fhould be protracted beyond the term of fifteen days. The danger of frequent perjury might juftify the pronouncing againfl a fa He accufer the fame penalty which his evidence would have inflicted : the diforciers of the times might compel the legiflator to punifh every homicide with death, and every injury with equal retaliation. But the execution of juilice was hopelefs till he had previoufly abolifhed the tyranny of the nobles. It was formally provided, that none, except the iiipreme magiflrate, mould poflefs or command the gates, bridges, or towers, of the flate : that no private garrifons fliould be introduced into the towns or caftles of the Roman territory ; that none mould bear arms or prefume to fortify their houfes in the city or country ; that the barons fliould be reiponfible for the Safety of the highways and the free pafTage of provifions ; and that the protection of malefactors and robbers fhould be expiated by a fine of a thoufand marks of filver. But thefe regulations would have been impotent and nugatory, had not the licentious nobles been awed by the fword of the civil power. A fuel den alarm from the bell of the Capitol, could ft ill fummon to the flandard above twenty thoufand volunteers : the Support of the tribune and the laws required a more regular and per- manent force. In each harbour of the coair, a vefTel was flationed for the alTurance of commerce; ii (landing militia of three hundred and fixty horfe and thirteen hundred foot was levied, cloathed, Voi., XII. 7 and THE DECLINE AND FALL an ,- p;_;j i n t ]- ie thirteen qi:aitc:b of the city : and -^^. the JDirir of a conimonv/ealth may be traced in the grateful allowance oi one hundred florins, or pounds, to tiie ht;r.s ci every loidicr, \vho loll his liic in the fcrvice or his country. I- or the main- tenance or the pi:Di;c deience, tor ti,e t.-LabJiih- ;ncnr oi granaries, for the rciiei >,f \VK;U\\S, orphans, and indigent convents, Kunzi aj:p;:ed, -.L;. ut fear or iacr:lege, the rtver.i.cs of" the ".c chamber: the thr^e branches of hearth- money, tii, u-.L-diKy, and t!:e cn^oi^s, \vere ca;'\ of the i-.nni j .luce of oi.e hundred tiiou^.nd iiorin; ; ; >us \vt re the abufes, if in ;.r or fi'. ' :: .'.niount oi t!;e lalt-drry )'ja orcoiy my. After . ; ; and ! . net. ^ or t!u- repub , ' c .1 the nobles (rom ce 3 re ci.irc ,1 th:ir p.. r- Cait . ; and imeded ;-n . ;.. \l jme i.i t! rb c.-f f:m; ; , .. - ci:i; . ;. : ti c C< lonna and I : .: : . . and i i\i ij . were con- . ( f the v\. . , '. L> c rten di I'ided, and . . . ; . c..-. --.4.7, i.- : / , . . -. . . ; - :!:, :: :.-;-.v.. t H . . t : - . - f- . ,. : . T T3 IR: was a : and either from accident or ddiy;n, the lame impartial rigour was exercifed againll the heads of the adverfe factions. .Peter Agapct Colonna, who had him- ielf been fenator of Rome, was arrcfttd in the Areer for injury or debt; and juftice was appeafcd by the tardy execution of Martin Urfmi, who, among his various acls of violence and rapine, had pillaged a ihipv.-ircked veflel at the mouth of rhr Tyber - 3 . 1 (is name, the purple of two car- dinals, ' r 01 tin^ccn, I. ii. c. IT. F:OKI the account of tiii* flup ,vi".k, v..: L.trn 1-ii.if curuniliaT;"!." or the traMe and n-vi^tiioii vi '"'' ^. " i. TI'.E ftiip wns hii,:'. n::d frci^ltteii nt N.ipies foi :l,t ji'ii:-; of M:i:;c;)!--.--, and Avi^nrn. ?- The failuis wtic >A Naples nr.ii rlvj ill-.- of O'.nnrn, K-f^ ikiifni tir.m thole of Sicily am! (iei 0:1. -,. T!;c navigation ironi Manciilc; \vas a coaling voyage to the OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. dinals, his uncles, a recent marriage, and a mor- c tal difeafe, were difregarded by the inflexible tribune, who had chofen his victim. The public officers dragged him from his palace and nuptial bed : his trial was fhort and fatisfactory : the bell or the Capitol convened the people : ftript of his mantle, on his knees, with his hands bound behind his back, he heard the fentence of death ; and after a brief confeffion, Urfmi was led away to the gallows. After luch an example, none who were conlcious of guilt could hope for im- punity, and the flight of the wicked, the licentious, and the idle, foon purified the city and territory of Rome. In this time (fiys the hiftorian) the woods began to rejoice that they were no longer in felled with robbers ; the oxen began to plow ; the pilgrims vifited the fanctuaries j the roads and inns were replenished with travellers ; trade, plenty, and good faith were reltored in the markets ; and a purle of gold might be expofed without danger in the mid ft of the highway. As O / foon as the life and property of the fubjecl: are kcure, the labours and rewards of induftry fpon- taneoufly revive : Rome was Hill the metropolis of the Chriftian world ; and the fame and fortunes of the tribune were diffuied in every country by the ftrangers who had enjoyed the bleflings of hii government. mouth of the Tyber, where thsy took ftielter in a ftorm, but, hiltead or iliuUng the current, unibftunately ran on a ihoal : the vefiel was Itrzr.iled, the mariners ei'caped. 4. The cargo, \vhich was pillaged, coniifteti of the revenue of Provence for the royal tiealuiy, many bags o" pepper and cinnamon, and bales of Frnich. cloth, to the vuUie of o,ooo florins ; a rich prut'* Z The 342 THE DECLINE AM) FALL C II A P. The deliverance of his country infpired Rie r.zi I-XX. . . , . . . , , . . L _j with a valt, anci pernaps ruionary, idea or uniting Them- Italy in a great foederative rerublic, of \\hich { ,j Rome fhould be the ancient and hv.fi:! head, and '' ; ' ;>: . v the free cities and i unices t:\.r membi rs and a;To- ^' c - T T- i r 11- nates. J us pen \vas not leis eloquent tr.an his to l\vii": and mi^v r:- "',i":er?. O,i n^or, ,-. ith a \vlii :e \vr.nd i:i liieir hand, they travelled the' foreils und rr.oui >ycd, in t'^e moil hofiil? flares, the li.cred fecuriiy of an-. j:di;;i!ors ; r.nd reported, i;; rl:r fcyie of fl.;*::c-r) L!I, that the higlnvays along their ; v, .- lined v/ith l:r.'.:!\i:ig mukit'jvk-?j v.'ho irrrloivd !;taven tor the lucce^ o: their undertakin; . Could ; ::Hon h.:\ ;- liiler.ed to re ;. i;n, ; could : i\ : - : red trun- ar. co:;! inon o tie ra:;;.n re- public ;T.;. h: ha -.A l-ca!cd t'r/.ir intclline dilcord, an i clofcd !.he Alps :v_ r ~.:::n t::e barbarians c,i die \o.;h. [kit the ; n.-j ::: .L;.- ieaion luid claj^kcl j and ;i Venice, i-' cncr, Sie'ina, I\'ru:M:i, and niai:V inferior t'ltus, oiiered their hv>. s and for- tuiics to r ii< good t ate,; H tyrants o! LoiVibardy and l'u!c.;ny mu]: defpife, or ;: ;: , t!;e plch. : .in . iOr oi a ii'ci con'fi iiution. i- rern d:t in, . ov/- evcr, and iroin every part <-f Ir.ilv, t!:e tribune .! the in .. .. : .. , r.J ; -;,iul ar.fv.ers : th< y ' ere f-.'llov/ed uy i':c <: b.-'i/.J.ors (A the j" \.r.".( s a'i . ;-. . , in this n-reipn con- iiUMj i .; . ( r LuifllH N, , : j . . the f.:nn:ar OF THE ROMANS EMPIRE. or rnaieftic courtefy of" a foverri^n a '. The mod c . glorious circumilance oi: his reign was an appeal _ to his juilice from Lewis kijg of 1 amgarv, ---bo complained, that his brother., r:nd her hiubinu, had been ptrMdiouOy rlrangieu by jane qu< j en of Naples 30 : her guiir or innocence was [.leaded in a folernn trial at Rome; but after hturii;^ tee advocates 3J , the tribune adjourned this weighty and invidious caufe, which was loon determined by the Iv/ord of the Hungarian. Beyond the Alps, more efoeciaily at Avignon, the revolution was the theme of curiofity, wonder, and apphufe. Petrarch had been the private friend, perhaps the ~ n f . . . r L (,,. iecret counfellor, of Rienzi : his writings breathe F the n^ofb ardent fpiric of patriotiim and 50^; and all rei'pecl for the pope, all gratitude for the Coloring, vva.s ioil in the lupcrior duties of a IvOinaa citizen. The poet-laureat of the Capitol 7 -9 It V.T.S thus th.it Oliver Cr>;m'.-/e;!'s old ricqi;;,i:-itinc?, who rein .ii'.b--;;.:.! his viil'^r ;,;:d iuigr:-.L'i-.)iis cr.tviH'C'.: in'.u the 11-::;^.- ot" Ci;:i:ri,or c , were aitonifht-fj a' rii-j c:i!e :-.i;d lO'qe'.'y of t ; ':: ji;'c; T -. ; .tr;r on Ins liii'one (ice 1. arris's Lite or Cri.inuvcll. p. r- -A., ! -.-..im Cliruncion, \*.':.ii '.vick, Whlte'.ockf, Waiici, To:.), li.u COP.- Icioufnefa c;r nierit a;iu powtr \vill lo-.iitliiiits tl^v;:tc the ir.jnnrrs to the (hilion. 5 See tiie caufc?, circuinftnnces, p.:id fiFcr. c ;s of t!ie dr^th of Ar.'liiAv, in Ci'ntino:'!, 1 ('r;:;, n. 1. x:.i;i. p. 2:027.9.). .-.r.u :hc Lire of P;:'rarch ( \len : o:n.'s, :oip. ii. p. ,'43 j/j-'i. .'.45- ? cc. 7-5 ,79. note's, p. 21 37.) T.'ic A'oit- de 6;ui' ^i-ifr-.s 'o i;c- 3 ; Tb.--' advocate *v'r> plendcd a<^ainft Tare, cotiid ;uid ncidiiM" to ihc i-.'.MCal force ;iiid bi'ivity of his n';i;ti-:~s c-j'iitle. 1 t.ii -iii.r 1 . ;n'.>: ~:;ii;;\i:i v;ta praccedens, rctenti;) p:jtc:' ; ;r's in lerno, n ^i^i-Kt vi.Ki'ita. v;r alter ii:ic--'r.;us, ft e\ci.i;;;i?, iui-n-qufi'?, \-.<.^'\* vi, i tin te ;)io'-.:;!it iuil'c pi! 'iicip'-jin et tjmoi tc-:n. jr.n-j ui N:p!es, and Tviury ,: c-.: .-tl?,:'. .i. h:-'. u :i :in<^vil^r conformiry. H ^ - i. .- x. THE DECLINE AND FALL maintains the act, applauds the hero, and mingles with fome apprehenfion and advice the mod lofty hopes of the permanent and rifing greatnefs of the republic ^~. While Petrarch indulged thefe prophetic vi- fions, the Roman hrro was fail declining from the meridian of fame and power; and the people, who had gazed with attonifhment on the afcending meteor, began to mark the irregularity of its courfe, and the vicifiitudes of light and obfcurity. More eloquent than judicious, more enterprifing than refoiutc, the faculties of Rienzi were not balanced by cool and commanding reafon : he magnified in a tenfold proportion the obiects of hope and fear ; and prudence, which could not have erected, did not prefume to fortify, his throne. In the blaze of profperity, his virtues were infenfibly tinctured with the adjacent vices ; juftice with cruelty, liberality with profufion, and the defire of fame with puerile and oflentatious vanity. He might have learned, that the antient tribunes, fo ftrong and i'acrcd in the public opinion, were not diftinguifhed in ftyle, habit, or appearance, from an ordinary plebeian 33 and tliat as often as they vifitecl the city on foot, a {ingle 5 1 Src the F.piftola Hortatoiia de CaptlTenda Republics, from Petrarch to Nicholas Rienzi (Op|>. p. 535 540.), aiu ' l \ ie v:h eclogue or partoral, a pt.rpttu.il and oblt-iite allegory. 5> In h;s Roman Qn<:iiions, Plutarch (OpiiHul. tom. i. p. 5^^, r.cfj. edit. (Ii.T--. Hen. J-i.p'i.) U.fter, on t':t inof: conititution.il jinnciplcj, I:.L fi.-nplc gK.uiv. is of the tribunes, \viio \vt_-re not properly ir. i-jitKiu--, but a ciicck on inngiflracy. It was tlit-iv duty am! mtt,;\!t ':x ,.'.' .?'ai C'/i, -^T;, *:<. r -.'.--; %.*.> ..^Tf,f.;- n:^ ..y ^'t\>i~i. .<- . 7- >..-:.,. ... v i ~-.-cz. 7 -.,;'. ... i'. ( faying of C. C\:no) xc^ j.f. cnu.^^ OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. fingle victor, or beadle, attended the exercife ot" their office. The Gracchi would have frown- 1 /! or 1m i led, could they have read the fonorous titles and epithets of their fuccefibr, " NICHOLAS, ct SEVERE AND MERCIFUL ; DELIVERER OF " ROME ; DEFENDER of ITALY 34 ; FRIEND OF " MANKIND, AND OF LIBERTY, PEACE, AND proceffions through the ciiy, he rode on a white Heed, the iynilr./l of royalty : the great banner of the republic, a furt \\ith a circle of flars, a dove with an olive branch, was difpla-ed over his head; a ihov,er of goid and fiver was featured among the populace; fifty ^uar.ls \vith halberds enconipailcd h^ p/crl ;n j a trc-;jp oi" h'jrlc preceded ins inarch; and ti.cir t\';i;ba!o and truni- pets were of m.'.i; 1 ," :':!ver. 1'iie ambition of the lionours of chivalry 36 be- trayed the iv.tannds o[ his birth, and degraded - O the import.ince of his office ; and tne cqucili ia:i tribune was not ieli odious to ti:e nobles, whom he adopted, than to the plebeians, whoni he del, i'ted. All that; yet remained ol treaiurc, or luxury, or art, was exhauHed on tliat foh.mn day. Ricnzi led the procciilon from the Capitol to tiv: Lateran ; the tediouineis of the way was relieved with decorations and games j the ccciefi.iiLicai, civil, rind military orders marched under their various banners; the Roman ladies attended his wife; and the ambaffafiors 01 Icaiy mi^lu loudly ;-:')pl iid, or Uere'jy deride, the novelty of the [n t; rV'-niiig, \\l;en ii;e\" liad readied the chu-< '. a; d, ; alace of Conilantine, lie thanhed -.;;.! difnviu'd tlie numerous aillmbly, v.irh an : . . ', '.,.. ! ! I !i t'-.i \ . ;. i I ' .-. 7, tw Unxiii ' .. '.., .. , - . . c:t.:;..ii : ; , r, tiv.ii- 1 , ;,,',(! i!,cv xv. it; i ... : L, N.'.;' OF THE ROMAN I-MPIRL. 347 the hands of a venerable knight he received the C H ^P. order of" the Holy Gholt ; the purification of the b.vJi was a previous ceremony; b;:L ia no ftcp of his lire did Rienzi excite luch fcur.dal and centi:re as by the profane ufe of the porphyry vafe, in which Comtantine (a fooliili legend) had been healed of his lenrofy by pope Syivefter ". \Vith equal prefumption the tnb-jne watched or ivpofed within the coniVcrated preempts of the baptifleiy ; and the failure of his (htt-bed was interpreted as an omen of his approaching downfaL At the hour of worship he (hewed iuiiifeil to rhe return- ing crowds in a mnjen:ic atriiude, with a robe of purple, his f.vord, and gilt Ipurs ; but the holy rites were foon interrupted by his levity and in- iuk'nce. Kifing from his throne, and advancing towards the congregation, lie proclaimed in a loud voice : e( We iuimnon to our tribunal pope ' c (Element ; and command him to re fide in his 7076.) \v:t!i ;;. 5 u- n-.er.ts r/.t'icr or" licc-.T.c.y ti,:in oi' \vci^i;t. 'I he ccuri ot' Avignon R.:^iH net cllUib tj ..,;;,:- '.'.iii ii;' 1 ;':.!;; r mftaio v. ere fucccfiivcly placed DII Iiib licad bv the moit eminent oi the Roman clergy, they n prcfented the fcvcn gifts of the i-lolv (jlioil ,; and i-e itiil profellcd to imitate tiie example ot the ar.tient tribunes. Thefe extraor- Jin.-'.iy ipectacle.j mifjit ileceive or flatter the '7 Ti'"; IniTiiiiOi. . c; \},( tv. o n\;il tuipnoc, n monmncnt of free ". .-.lid toilVi ' ' >- !.' ' 111 I i ; ( :] : . ni, |). i (, 3 166.'). - It i IIII, and even oi Ai.i.. - ; 1*71; . --, ; people; OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. people; and their own vanity was gratified in the vanity of their leader. But in his private life he foon deviated from the ftrict rule of frugality and abftinence; and the plebeians, who were awed by the fjplendor of the nobles, were provoked by the luxury of their equal. His wife, his fon, his uncle (a barber in name and profefllon), expofed the contraft of vulgar manners and princely ex- pence : and without acquiring the majefty, Rienzi degenerated into the vices, of a king. A fimple citizen defcribes with pity, or perhaps Fearan4 . r . .... / i i f hatred of With pleafure, the humiliation of the barons or the nobles Rome. " Bareheaded, their hands crofifed on their of Romc - " bread, they flood with downcaft looks in the pre- fl fence of the tribune : and they trembled, good " God, how they trembled 4I !" As long as the yoke of Rienzi was that of juftice and their country, their confcience forced them to efieem the man, whom pride and intereft provoked them to hate : his extravagant conduct foon fortified their hatred by contempt ; and they conceived the hope of fubverting a power which was no longer fo deeply rooted in the public confidence. The old ant- mofity of the Colonna and Urfini was fulpended for a moment by their common dilgrace : they aflbciated their wifhes, and perhaps their de- ligns ; an a (Tallin was feized and tortured ; he accufed the nobles; and as foon as Rienzi dc- ierved the fate, lie adopted the fufpicions and ^ Puoi fe faceva ftnre di-nr^nte .1 ',', tnnr.trc ffrcleva, li baroni tutti in diedi ritti co le vraccia piccatc, c c<> li capurci tnitti. Deli como tbv:mo pa 11 rod ! (Hill. Rom. i, i!. c. 10. n. 459.) He ia\v tliein, and we fee tlu-m. maxim-. ?:-j THE PEC!d v ::: AND FALL CHAP, maxims, of :i tvr.ir..*:. r-.-, t ! ,re!> ; roc a hand, iv>r a voice, was railed to reicue lli-.: ilrd of the r. i iry from their impcnd- ing ilc :m. Their ar.parent boldncds v.'as i^rompt- ed b\' cif-fp.dr ; tiiey piiie'd in Vparatc chaml^-'-i a fieepl--;^ : ; nd pair, i. : :';t; and the vmeraide he;-o. ^t .hen C'dor.m, ,.;i'.:ri T a^idiiifl the doer * '' O ^ t r' hi., priii.>n, repeact-dly ;:r;^-d his guards to deliver liim ro n fpe~dv de^th from iuch irno- ini;.: ' r."" rr.ir : thev un"'er- {". >od ' '" ir !c: ' ' : , ::ir of a (\)nfl-nbr snd -:, ..it hall of the C : , : the bloody fccne - : .. r ' .- : : :,:r;;. ice! ti.r , . . nrr ! . . r j _ OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 35 r ol the world ; and, after rafhly offering a mortal c p ' injury, he vainly prefumccl that, if he could for- give, he might himfclf be forgiven. His ela- borate oration was that of a Chriftian and a fup~ pliant ; and, as the humble minifter of the com- mons, he entreated his matters to pardon thefe noble criminals, for whofe repentance and future fervice he pledged his faith and authority. " If (< you are fparecl," laid the tribune, cc by the < c mercy of the Romans, will you not promifc cc to fupport the good edate with your lives and fc fortunes?" Aflonifhed by this marvellous cle- mency, the barons bowed their heads; and, while they devoutly repeated the oath of alle- giance, might whifper a fecret, and more fm- cere, aiiurance of revenge. A pried, in the name of the people, pronounced their ablblution : they received the communion with the tribune, af- fifled at the banquet, followed the prccefilon ; ?.nd, after every ipirkual and temporal fign of reconciliation, were dl.rnkied in iafety to their rr - fpeclivc homes, with t!ie new honours and titles of generals, confil.s, and patricians 41 . During ibme weeks they were checked by the memory of their danger, rather rha,; of their deli- J K;lc K; verance, till ti.e n,oit powerff;! cf the Urfini, Heaping with the Colonna from the city, erected r,t Mavino the fcandard of rcbeliiGn, The fbrii- iic.itions of the calllc were ir^an::/ refbred .; t!:t' cnri m AND FALL CHAP. vafials attended their lord; the outlaws armed v__ -- t - '__/ againlt the magiltrate ; the llocks and herds, the harvcits and vinevards, from Merino to the sates - J O of Rome, were fwept away or ckTtroyed ; and the people arraigned Uien/.i as the author of the calamities which his government had taught them to forget. In the camp, Rienzi appeared to lefs advantage than in the rotlrum : and he neglected the progrcis o( the rebel barons till their num- bers were Itrong, and their callles impregnable. From the pages of I. ivy he liad not imbibed the art, or even the courage, or a general : an army of twenty thouland Roman-; returned without ho- nour or eii'ecl from the attack of Marino : and his vengeance was amuied by painting his ene- mies, their heads dowir.vards, and drowning two closes Cat lead thev fliould luwe been bears) as the ^ ^ - s reprrier.tatives of the Urfini. U'he belief of his incapacity encouraged their operations: they were invited by their fecrei adherents; and the barons attempted with four th >uK:nd foot and fixteen hundred hor'e, to enter Kome by force or fur- prile. The city was p.repared ior their reception : the a v u'm-bell rung .ill nigi.t : the g;'.tes were lb'i::iv guarded, (;r ir,lbl.-.'i-,tly open; and after ibr.:e iiclirr.ri'.Mi they fouiuied a retreat. The two fir'.t div.i'; us l^id r.^ied alon.- the walh. but the. I O ]:rof[X'^ o! ;: rree entrance tempted the head- llrong , i - : of ri'.r- r'/bles in the rear; and after a Hie; , , inniih, tliey \vere overthrown and p,r,., t \v::.\\. .! v, irliout qu.irter by tii '- crowds of tiic n- f ''*' Lorn : . !e. Srei^u'.-n Coioiiua riir; vounL r er, Of I lit- 1 , - '. , Coi< 'i, ti.e : . :;:: it to wliorn Petrarch aicnoed the ! l ora:ioi OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 55 federation of Italy, was preceded or accompanied C I I * ^ p * in death by his Ton John, a gallant youth, by his brother Peter, who might regret the eafe and ho- nours of the church, by a nephew of legitimate birth, and by two baftards of the Colonna race ; and the number of feven, the feven crowns, as Rienzi fly led them, of the Holy Ghoft, was com- pleted by the agony of the deplorable parent, of the veteran chief, who had furvived the hope and fortune of his houfe. The vifion and pro- phecies of St. Martin and pope Boniface had been ufed by the tribune to animate his troops 43 : he difplayed, at leaft in the purfuit, the fpirit of an hero ; but he forgot the maxims 'of the ancient Romans, who abhorred the triumphs of civil war. The conqueror afcended the Capitol ; de- pofited his crown and fceptre on the altar; and boafled with fome truth, that he had cut off an ear which neither pope nor emperor had been able to amputate 4 *. His bafe and implacable re- venge denied the honours of burial ; and the bodies of the Colonna, which he threatened to expofe with thofe of the vilefl malefactors, were 4J Rienzi, in the above-mentioned letter, afcribes to St. Martin the tribune, Boniface VIII. the enemy of Colonnn, himfelf, and the Roman people, the glory of the day, which Villani likewii'e (1. 12. c. 104..) defcribes as a regular battle. The diforderly fkirmiih, ths flight of the Romans, and the cowardice of Rienzi, are painted in the fimplc and minute narrative of Fortifiocca, or the anonymous citizen (1. ii. c. 34-37-)- 44 In defcribing the fall of the Colonna, I fpeak only of the family of Stephen the elder, who is often confounded by the P. du Cerc.eau, with his Ion. That family was extinguished, but the houfe has been perpetuated in the collateral branches, of winch I have not a very accurate knowledge. Circumipice (lays Petrarch) familiar lux datum, Colummenfumi dtwa: foil to pauciores habeat co lumnas. Quid ad rem ? modu fundamentum itabilc, folidunuj; peimaneat, VOL. XII. A a fecrerlv 351 THE DECLINE AND FALL en A?, fecretlv interred by the holy virgins of their name I^,- T _j and "family 4J . Th.e people fympathifed in their grief, repented of their own fury, and detefted the indecent joy of Rim?.:, who viHted the fpot where thefe iiluftrious vi-ftirns had fallen. It was on that fatal fpot, that he conferred on his fon the honour of knighthood : and the ceremony was accomplifhed by a flight blow from each of the horfemen of the guard, and by a ridiculous and inhuman ablution from a pool of water, which was yet polluted with patrician blood 4 mal;.'. d of his civil virrucs, v.ithout acquiring the Dtc. 15. - . ' fame or military pro\\cl>. A free and vigorous oppofiDon was formed in the citv ; and \vhen the trib'ir.e propofed in trie public council 47 to 5m- poie a nev,- tax, and to r: "ul.ite thr government i '-> O of I'eriL"'::!, thirtv-nine members %'oted a:nnfi; treaclierv OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. treachery and corruption j and urged him to c *? ^ P * prove, by their forcible exclufion, that, if the populace adhered to his caufe, it was already dif- claimcd by the moft refpeclable citizens. The pope and the facred college had never been daz- zled by his fpecious profefTions; they were juftly offended by the infolence of his conduct ; a car- dinal legate was lent to Italy, and after fome fruitlefs treaty, and two perfonal interviews, he fulminated a bull of excommunication, in which the tribune is degraded from his office, and branded \vith the guilt of rebellion, facrilege, and he- reiy' vs . The furviving barons of Rome were now humbled to a fenfe of allegiance j their intereft and revenue engaged them in the fervice of the tj tJ tJ church j but as the fate of the Colonna was be- fore their eyes, they abandoned to a private ad- venturer the peril and glory of the revolution. John Pcpin, count of Minorbino 49 in the king- dom of Naples, had been condemned for his crimes, or his riches, to perpetual imprifonment; and Petrarch, by foliciting his releafe, indirectly contributed to the ruin of his friend. At the head of cr.e hundred and rifry foidiers, the count of Minorbino introduced himfeif into Rome; bar- ricaded the quarter of the Coionna; and found ^ The briefs and bulls of Clement VI. again ft Rienz!, arc tram" l?.'cd by the P. du Cctijjau (p. \y r ,. 23?-.) from the Ecclefiaiticr-i A Jim Is of i\o:Jei.'cus Raynaldus (A. D. 13^7, K 15. 17. 2i| <^c.), who fovnvl them in tii? archives or' the Vatican. 49 M'lt'.co Viiiatii dtTcribcs the oriuin, chara61er, ar;d death of this count oi Minorbino, a man da nrun;'* iticonl'.ante e fenza fe:!c., whole grandfather, a cn'Jty notary, v.-as tni'i;:f'/'J and ennobled by the ipoils of the Sanccr..; of Noctra (i. vii. c. 101, 103.). S'.-e his inijii i;'... r.tner.t, aii'l tii-j cifnts of ."etriirch, t;-n. ">. ^.149 J 71. the 35<5 THE DECLINE AND FALL c HAP. the enterprife as eafy as it had ieemed impofilblr. ' From the firft alarm, the bell of the Capitol in- cefiantly tolled ; but, inttead of repairing to the well-known found, the people was filent and in- active ; and the pufillanimous Rienzi, deploring their ingratitude with fighs and tears, abdicated the government and palace of the republic. Without drawing his fword, count Pepin reftored R' S ]t f t ' ie ar ift crac y an ^ c ' ie cnlircn three fenators A.D. \vere chofcn, and the legate alTuming the firft rank, accepted his two colleagues from the rival fami- lies of Colonna and Urfini. The acts of the tri- bune were abolifhed, his head was profcribed ; yet fuch was the terror of his name, that the barons hefitated three days before they would truft themfelves in the city, and Rienzi was left above a month in the caftle of St. Angelo, from whence he peaceably withdrew, after labouring, without effect, to revive the affection and cou- rage of the Romans. The vifion of freedom and empire had vanifhed : their fallen fpirit would have acquiefced in fervitude, had it been fmoothed by tranquillity and order : and it was fcarcely ob- fcrved, that the new fenators derived their au- thority from the Apoftolic See, that four cardi- nals were appointed to reform with dictatorial power the ftate of the republic. Rome was again agitated by the bloody feuds of the barons, who i>tf-f;ed each other, and defpifcd the commons: their hollile fortrefTes, both in town and coun- try, again ro!<-, and were again demolimed -, and tii^ peaceful cinzcns, a flock of fheep, were de- vciiued, fiys the Florentine hiflorian, by tfiefe ra- pacious 'rvoives. But when their pride and avarice had OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 357 had exhaufted the patience of the Romans, a con- C LXX. P ' fraternity of the virgin Mary protected or avenged < * v the republic : the bell of the Capitol was again tolled, the nobles in arms trembled in the pre- fence of an unarmed multitude j and of the two fenators, Colonna efcaped from the window of the palace, and Urfmi was ftoned at the foot of the altar. The dangerous office of tribune was fuc- ceffively occupied by two plebeians, Cerroni and Baroncelli. The mildnefs of Cerroni was un- equal to the times ; and after a faint ftruggle, he retired with a fair reputation and a decent for- tune to the comforts of rural life. Devoid of eloquence or genius, Baroncelli was diflinguifhed by a refolute fpirit : he fpoke the language of a patriot, and trod in the footfteps of tyrants ; his fufpicion was a fentence of death, and his own death was the reward of his cruelties. Amidft the public misfortunes, the faults of Rienzi were forgotten j and the Romans fighed for the peace and profperity of the good eftate s . After an exile of feven years, the firft deliverer Adven- was again refiored to his country. In the difguife *%[** of a monk or a pilgrim, he efcaped from the cattle of St. Angelo, implored the friend (hip of the king of Hungary and Naples, tempted the ambition of every bold adventurer, mingled at Rome with the pilgrims of the jubilee, lay concealed amon^ the hermits of the Apennine, and wandered through 5 The trouble? of Rome, from the ck pii'ture to the re'tirn of Rienzi, are rehttd by Mmtec Vi:!r.ni (1. ii. c. 4.7. 1. iii. c. 3-?. 57, 7?.) 'ipd Thomas Fcrtif.occn (1. iii. c. i 4.). I h:ive liightly piiffcu over ihe'e itconciary chuiuilers, v, ho imitated the original tiibuue. A a 3 the 358 THE DECLINE AND FALL c ii A r. the cities of Italy, Germany, and Bohemia. His LX\. . ,. . v__ t __i perfon was invinble, his name was yet formidable ; and the anxiety of the court of Avignon fuppofes, and even magnifies, his pcribnal merit. The emperor Charles the fourth gave audience to a. ftranger, who frankly revealed himlclf as the tri- bune of the republic ; and aftonifhed an aMembly of ambafladors and princes, by the eloquence of a patriot and the vilions of a prophet, the downfal of tyranny and the kingdom of the Holy Ghoft J1 . Vv 7 hate\'er had been his hopes, Rienzi found him- felf a captive ; but he fupported a character of in- dependence and dignity, and obeyed, as his own choice, the irrefiftible iummons of the fupreme pontiff. The zeal of Petrarch, which had been cooled by the unworthy conduct, was rekindled by the fufrerings and the prcience, of his friend; and he boldly complains of the times, in which the fuviour of Rome was delivered by her emperor into *A ;-Tifcr.ei- the hands of her bilhop. Rienzi was tranfported flowly, but in fafe cuilody, from Prague to Avig- A. D. no:i : liib entrance into ;he city \\as that of a ma- ]'_'f.:ctor ; in his prifon he wa; 3 ch.ained by the leg ; a;.d four cardinals \vere named to enquire into the < rimes of hcrefy and rebellion. But his trial and condemnation would have involved fome qutftions, Vv; 4 ic!i it was more prudent to leave ur.der tiie veil of myilery : t:ie temporal luprcmacv of die popes ; ?' Ti;c"e vifnr.s, of \vV,;ch the i;;-n,!s ;u,d crcinlcv ot' Ric\. r.i;ittl !iy tlic /.. ;-.! i ;-.,icc I.-:;. r~ii : , arc i.:. . v i j\;i!;;oi : .\.i ; . I'.il. ijni.xxv. c. / . p. , i 9 . N , . ! '. . \ rhst the t.;:.-.- of the ; ;; : wouLI b. abo!;fiu-il, he mi^ht have OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 359 the duty of refidence ; the civil and ecclcfiafticai c f^/Y 1 '" I-/ -A. -A. privileges of the clergy and people of Rome. The __ y J reigning pontiff well deierved the appellation of Clement : the ftrange viciffitudes and magnani- mous fpirit of the captive excited his pity and efteem ; and Petrarch believes that he refpecied in the hero the name and facred character of a poet 5 *. Ricnzi was indulged with an eafy con- finement and the ufe of books ; and in the allidu- ous ftucly of Livy and the bible, he fought the caufe and the confolation of his misfortunes. The fucceeding pontificate of Innocent the fixth Rienzi, fe- opened a new profpect of his deliverance and re- Kome" Iteration ; and the court of Avignon was perfuad- A ; r D * cd, that the fuccefsful rebel could alone appeafe and reform the anarchy of the metropolis. After a folemn profeffion of fidelity, the Roman tribune was fent into Italy, with the title of ienator; but the death of Baronccili appeared -to fuperfede the life of his million ; and the legate, cardinal Albor- noz 53 , a confummate ftatefman, allowed him with reluctance, and without aid, to undertake the pe- rilous experiment. His iinl reception was equal to his wi flies: the day of his entrance was a pub- lic fetlival; and his eloquence and authority re- 5 2 The aftonifhmenf, ihe envy alnioft, of Pttr:irch is r. proof*, if not of the truth of this incmiibie fafl, at Icuit of his own veracity. The abbe tie Sade (Memoircs, toui. ;ii. p. 242..) qiic.tes the vi r!l ejjiltlc of tlie xiii th book of Fctrarch, l.-ut it is of the royal MS. which lie coiilulud, and not oi" tlie ordinal y "Jaiil cditjun (p. 920.). 53 ^giilius, or Giles Alhornoz, n iio!.>i.; Spaniard, nrclibifhop of Toledo, and cardinal legate in Italy (.",. D. 1351 i",^?). ix-iioreii, by his arms and counfels, ihe ttsiiboral domiiiion oi rries. His lite has been feparately wiittei'i by Sepnlveda 5 but L'rydeii could not reafonably iuppoi'e, tliat his nuuif, or that of VVoSiey, biid reached the tars of the Mufti 111 Don Sebulliar., A a j vived THE DECLINE AND FALL v i ve ^ tne l aws or " tne good eftate. But this mo- mentary funfhine was foon clouded by his own vices and thofe of the people : in the Capitol, he might often regret the prifon of Avignon ; and after a fecond adminiftration of four months, Rienzi was maflacred in a tumult which had been fomented by the Roman barons. In the iociery of the Germans and Bohemians, he is faid to have contracted the habits of intemperance and cruelty : adverfity had chilled his cnthunafm, without for- tifying his reafon or virtue ; and that youthful hope, that lively afiunince, which is the pledge of fuccefs, was now fucceeded by the cold impo- tence of dift. mil and defpair. The tribune had reigned with ablblute dominion, by the choice, and in the hearts, of the Romans : the lenator was the fervile minifi.tr of a foreign court ; and while he was fufpected by the people, he was abandoned bv the prince. The legate Albornoz, who feemed defirous of his ruin, inflexibly refilled all fupplies of men and money; a faithful iubjedb could no longer prefume to touch the revenues of the apoftolical chamber j and the firil idea of a tax was the fignal of clamour and Icdition. liven his jurtice was tainted with the guilt or reproach of k-lhfh cruelty : the molt virtuous citizen of Rome \vas facrificed to his jealoufy ; and in the execution (if a public robber, from \vhole purfe he had been ::ir:ltcd, the magirtratc too much forgot, or too much remembcrcdj :iie obligations of the debtor 54 . A civil '-4 From Mattco Villani, antl I-'oitihocca, tlic P. i!u Cer^rau (p. 544 V.,4') Ii.'s ex'! ;:5tt:i the life nmi tltatli oi the chevalier Ma:iiienl, the life ot a i^'.-btr ar.U the death of an hero. At the head OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 361 A civil war exhaufled his treafures, and the pa- c ! 1 tiencc of the city : the Colonna maintained their hoftile ftation at Paleftrinaj and his mercenaries foon defpifed a leader whofe ignorance and fear were envious of all fubordinate merit. In the death as in the lite of Rienzi, the hero and the coward were ftrangely mingled. When the Capi- tol was invefted by a furious multitude, when he was baiely defcrted by his civil and military ier- vants, the intrepid icnator, waving the banner of liberty, prefented himfelf on the oalcony, addref- fed his eloquence to the various paffions of the Romans, and laboured to pcrfuadc them, that in the fame caufc himfelf and the republic mud either ftand or fall. His oration was interrupted by a volley of imprecations and ftones ; and after an arrow had tranfpierced his head, he funk into abject defpair, and fled weeping to the inner cham- bers, from whence he was let down by a meet before the windows of the prifon. Dellitute of aid or hope, he was bcfieged till the evening: the doors of the Capitol were destroyed with axes and fire ; and while the fenator attempted to efcape in a plebeian habit, he was difcovered and dragged to the platform of the palace, the fatal fcene of his judgments and executions. A whole hour, with- out voice or motion, he flood amidft the multi- tude half naked and half dead ; their rage was hufhed into curiofity and wonder; the lafl feelings of reverence and companion yet flruggled in his head of a free company, the firft that defoUted Italy, he brcame rch and formidable: he had money in all the bunks, 60,000 uucats. ^n Padua alone. favour j 362 THE DECLINE AND FALL c ii A P. favour ; and they might have prevailed, if a - -- 1 bold affafiin had not plunged a dagger in his breaft. *A. iT h ' He fdl fentelefs with the firft ftroke ; the impotent '35v, revenge of his enemies inflicted a thoufand wounds ; Sgptein- j i r > j be,- s. and the ienator s body was abandoned to the dogs, to the Jews, and to the flames. Pofterity will compare the virtues and failings of this extraor- dinary man; but in a long period of anarchy and fcrvitude, the name of Ricnzi has often been ce- lebrated as the deliverer of his country, and the lad of the Roman patriots 55 . Petrarch The firft and mo ft generous wifh of Petrarch ilSd^ wus r ^ e rcftoration cf a free republic ; but after tiu; tm- the exile and death of his plebeian hero, he turn- *">cro;* Charles ed his eyes from the tribune, to the king, of the J \' D Romans. The 'Capitol was yet flained with the '"SM blood of Rienzi, when Charles the fourth defcend- M_v. ed from the Alps to obtain the Italian and Impe- rial crowns. In his paflage through Milan he re- ceived the vifit, and repaid the fhttcry, of the poet- laureat ; accepted a medal of Auguftus ; and pro- mifed, without a fmile, to imitate the founder of the Roman monarchy. A falfe application of the names and maxims of antiquity was the iburce ot the hopes and difappointments of Petrarch ; yet he could not overlook the difference of times and characters; the immeafurablc diil.incc betv/een the f;r(l Cr.-llirs and a Bohemian prince, who by the favour of the clergy had been elected the titular lie.ul of the German arillocrac. Infteiid of re- ovcrmr.cr.t, ar.J death cf Rienzi, are 1 15 ). Petrarch, who loved iloring OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 363 ftoring to Rome her glory an 1 her provinces, he c ^ AP - had bound himfelf, by a fecret treaty with the \ v -.- pope, to evacuate the city on the day of his coro- nation ; and his fhameful retreat was purfued by the reproaches of tlie patriot bard 5 . After the lofs of liberty and empire, his third He folidts ii n . , , "" the popes and more humble wiln, was to reconcile the t'Avii 265.), to Clement VI. in 1341 (torn. ii. p. i <; 47.), and :o \ .' i !>:;n V. in 1366 (torn. ill. p. 6-7 6 y t . ) : his [)i..i(e fp. 711 715.) and cxcvifc (p. 771.) of the Lift of ihcie j);:n:ii"^. His angry controvei'fy on the reipeflive niciits of 'Fierce and Italy ':;.i be '^y;! i Cii>. . ioCS i':S <. ), 64 THE DECLINE AND FALL L\\ P tcm P t '> but ne forgets that her fcandalous vices were not the growth of tiie foil, and that in every refidence they would adhere to the power and luxury of the papal court. He confcrTes, that the fuccdfor of St. Peter is the bilhop of the univerfal church ; yet it was not on the banks of the Rhv.'ne, but of the Tiber, that the apoftle had fixed his everlatling throne : and while every city in the Chriflian world was blelTed with a bifhop, the metropolis alone was dcfolate and forlorn. Since the removal of the Holy See, the facred buildings of the Late ran and the Vatican, their altars and their faints, were left in a ftate of po- verty and decay ; and Rome was often painted under the image of a diiconfolate matron, as if the wandering hufband could be reclaimed by the homely portrait of the age and infirmities of his weeping fpoufe s8 . But the cloud which hung over the fevcn hills, w : ould be difpelled by the preience of their lawful fovereign :' eternal fame> t!ie profperity of Rome, and the peace of Italy, v/ould be the recompence of the pope who mould ci.-re to embrace this generous refolution. Of the five whom Petrarch exhorted, the three Hrft, John the tv\cnty-fecond, Bent-did the t\\elfth, and Cle- rncnt the fixth, were importuned or am u led by the bc;JJnelb of the orator ;^ but the memorable change Sr/'ialiiia Ki! ruu'ihm f.icio, negiecta cultii C x.:.:-'it. ; ir.uitilquc jn;ili> l:il!:tt;i it-inctus F.iij-.M'.t l(/:ita,i:i Llligicni . vcius accijic nomtn ; RLIT.'I voci-r. ((.arm. 1. -:.. p. 77-) Tie fpi:'.j iliis ;i!!c:'ory htycm! :il] ir.r:if'vnc <>r p-ititiiff. 'J'lu- I pities ti I'r.n:; V. ir, p;,,i'e, ait mo> fimjilc ami ptiiuaiivc (Scr.ilium, 1. vu. ].. Sn S;?. i. ix. cpilt. i. j>. 844 854..). which OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 363 which had been attempted by Urban the fifth, CHAP. was finally accomplished by Gregory the eleventh. _ - y --Lf The execution of their defign was oppofed by weighty and almoft infuperable obftacles. A king of France who has deferved the epithet of wile, was unwilling to releafe them from a local depen- dence : the cardinals, for the mod part his fub- jecls, were attached to the language, manners, and climate, of Avignon ; to their itately palaces ; above all, to the wines of Burgundy. In their Return of eyes, Italy was foreign or hoftile; and they reluc- U &*i' tantly embarked at Marfeilles, as if they had been \^7* fold or banifhed into the land of the Saracens. js__ Urban the fifth refided three years in the Vatican A< D> . M7 3 , with fafety and honour : his fanctity was protected Aini i~. bv a guard of two thoufand horfe > and the kins * O CD of Cyprus, the queen of Naples, and the emperors of the Eaft and Weft devoutly fainted their com- mon father in the chair of St. Peter. But the joy of Petrarch and the Italians was foon turned into grief and indignation. Some reafons of pub- lic or private moment, his own impatience or the prayers of the cardinals, recalled Urban to France ; and the approaching election was laved from the tyrannic patriotifin of the Romans. The powers of heaven were interelted in their caufe : Bridget of Sweden, a faint and pilgrim, difapprov- ed the return, and foretold the death, of Urban the fifth: the migration of Gregory the eleventh Final re. \vas encouraged by St. Catherine of Sienna, the tl , nnof C ji'eo'orv fpbufe of Chrift and ambafladrefs of the Florcn- M. tines ; and the popes thcmfelves, the great mailers ^', 7 ?' of human credulity, appear to h:ivc liilened to J an - '" thcfe THE DECLINE AND FALL LXX ' c k v ' C? ic k v 'ifi nar y females 59 . Yet thofe celeftial ad- monitions were iupported by fome arguments of temporal policy. The refrdence of Avignon had been invaded by hollile violence : at the head of thirty thoufand robbers, an hero had extorted ran lorn and abfokition from the vicar of Chrill and the facrcd college; and the maxim of the L'rench warriors, to ipare the people and plunder the church, was anew hcrclV of the mole dar.cer- * ^J ousimport 60 . While the pope was driven from Avignon, he was ftrcnuouily invited to Rome. The fen ate and people acknowledged him as their lawful fovercign, and laid at his feet the keys of the gates, the bridges, and the fortreflesj of the quarter at ieafc beyond tiie Tyber '. But this loyal offer was accompanied by a declaration, that they could no linger iuricr the fcandal a;.d calamity of his abfenrc ; and that his obftinacy v/ouid firu:l!v provoke them to revive and afier: the primitive ngkt of election. The abbot of mount 9 j !; v; r -,- Icin.rp td fx; :::; on t!.c lejjerHs of St. ]];;^Vtt .|- Tr . , ('.< !:.,t of wl i h mi;;ht hiiniili feme :,iii';:!ri^ !'.fi:-=. 'i i'.fir (.(: .' 01 the mil ! i-t di< -c-y X!. is atttltt.! I y tiic t.'t ioltiVi!) v. (...-'.is tl the f'vinr; i'"pc> ^lio adinorifpc'.! ti;s '.-.'I. .'.'.:: '. . :'. c..\ .' ,.''!, : :;,!' , ;:v v iris, live nui! :ti I'.i'j', IM> 1, :>;. i , _..!::'-:', \ .:...'; 1 :; C2];iti?, mna pir tnlf: 1- r ihii, ''.:c. ;j.;!i:z. N^r. ..'.! Nit. } ; ap. Avcr.iontr/.iuu;, to;:i. i. !' ' " ; ) f 'I i , j,:c,' toiy f VM --,;:';:-,:: -1 '. I r io;iT.\r(i (Cbron iijue, : :: . i. ;. i-o ), r.r*i i: ti.c iil't; ol il'.i v h;?i'ciin (Ci)!!<-.cti-;ii (itnt-Kiic t'c* Mv : ; f lluti': itj '.it S, t i'::i. iv. c. 16. ;i 107 I i 3. , . As csri'f , ; i !';, ''. . i;t ',! /iVir.on i'.n! hfcii muliIU-il !/y !.,:-.;- OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 367 Cafiin had been confulted, whether he would ac- c HA , p - cept the triple crown 6Z from the clergy and peo- pie s " I am a citizen of Rome 63 ," replied that venerable ecclefiaftic, " and my firft law is the ic voice of my country 6 V If fuperftition will interpret an untimely death 65 ; Kis if the merit of cotmfels be judged from the event 5 ***,*>., the heavens may feem to frov/n on a meafure of March * 7 * fuch apparent reafon and propriety. Gregory the eleventh did not furvive above fourteen months his return to the Vatican ; and his deceafe was fol- lowed by the great fchifm of the Weft, which diftra&ed the Latin church above forty years. is The fuft crown or regnum (Ducsr.ge, GIoiT. Latin, torn. v. p. 702.) on thecpifcopal mitre of the popes, is alcribed t the gift of Conftantine,or Clovis. The fecontUvas added hy Boniface VIII. as the emblem not only of a Spiritual, but of a temporal, kingdom. The three ftates of the church are reprefented by the triple crown which was introduced by John XXII, or Benedict XII. (Memoirea fur Petrarq'.ie, torn, i. p. 15?, 259.). e * Baluze (Not, ad Pap. Avenion, toin. I. p. 1194, 1195.) pro- duces the original evidence which attefts the threats of the Roman ambafladors, and the refignation yf the abbot of mount Ca/Tin, qui v:',tro fe offerers, refpondit fe civem Romanuin e(Te, et illud velle quod ipfi vellent. 6 4 The return of the copes f;o.T\ Avignon to Rome, nnc! their re- ception by the peopl?, ate related in the original Lives of Urban V. and Gregory XI. in Balnre (Vit. Paparum Avenionenfium, torn, J. p. 363 4?S.) r.r.d Mutatoii (Script. Rcr. Italicarnm, torn. iii. P. i. p. 6io---7s6.). In the clifputes of thefchifm, every circnm- ftance was feverely, though partially, fcrutinifed; more efpccb!!y in the great inqueft, which decided the obedience of C.iftile, a-.d to which l>aluze, in his note?, fo often and fo !ar,7c'y appeals, liuiii i MS. velurrs in the Harlay library (p. tagi, &c.). 5 J Can the death of a good man he efteeincd a punifhnient by thnis who be'i-vc t cic- the feventh, whom they announced to the nations s7 P 'S! 2 ,.' as the true and rigi;tful vicar of Chrift. Their Hrlt choice, an involuntary and illegal act, was annulled by the fear of death and the menaces of the Romans ; and their ^ompuiint is juilified by tiie ftrong evidence of probability and fact. The twelve French cartiinals, above two-thirds of the votes, were mailers of the election i and whatever might OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 369 might be their provincial jealoufies, it cannot fairly c be prefumed that they would 'have facrificed their riphc and intereft to a foreign candidate, who O ^"* would never reltore them to their native country. In the various, and often inconfiftent, narratives 65 , the (hades of popular violence are more darkly or faintly coloured: but the licentioufnefs of the fe- ditious Romans was inflamed by a fenfe of their privileges, and the danger of a fecond emigration. The conclave was intimidated by the fhouts, and encompafTed by the arms, of thirty thoufand rebels; the bells of the Capitol and St. Peter's rang an alarm; cc Death, or an Italian pope!" was the univerfal cry ; the fame threat was repeated by the twelve bannerets or chiefs of the quarters, in the form of charitable advice; fome preparations were made for burning the obftinate cardinals; and had they chofen a Tranfalpine fubjecl:, it is probable that they would never have departed alive from the Vatican. The fame conftraint impofed the neceffity of diiTembling in the eyes of Rome and of the world: the pride and cruelty of Urban prefented a more inevitable danger; and they foon difcovered the features of the tyrant, who could walk in his garden and recite his bre- viary, while he heard from an adjacent chamber fix cardinals groaning on the rack. His inflexible *P >j 6 In the firft book of the Hiftoire tlu Concile cle Pile, M. Leti- fatit has abridged and compared the original narratives of the ad- herents of Urban and Clement, of the Italians and Germans, the French and Spaniards. The latter appear to be the moft active and loquacious, and every facl and \void in the original Lives of Gregory XI. and CitT.er.t VII. are iupportsd in the notes of their editor Baluze, Vot. XII. B b zeal. 373 THE DECLINE AND FALL c H A r. zea l, \\hich loudly cenfured their luxury and ] . \ \ vice, would have attached them to the Rations and duties of their parifhes at Rome; and had he not fatally delayed a new promotion, the French cardinals would have been reduced to an help- lets minority in the lacred college. For thetc realbns, and in tiie hope of repaning the Alps, they rafhly violated the peace and unity of the church; and the merits of their double choice are yet agitated in the Catholic fchools 67 . The vanity, rather than the interell, of the nation de- termined the court u:id clergy of France". The ftates of Savoy, Sicily, Cyprus, Arragon, Caftille, Navarre, and Scotland, were inclined by their example and authority to the obedience of Cle- ment the ieventh, and, after his deceafe, of Be- nedicl th" th'.rtecnth. Rome and the princi- pal fl ' of Italy, Germany, Portugal, Kng- KiFiU^j the Low Countries, and the kingdoms of the Xorth, adhered to the prior election of Ur- Kin the ii::th, who was iucceedcd by Boniface Tiic rmlir ,' i- ;:;, her:, of the p'. , . ,; |). ss : i Tar jUir. JBut r. ncr.ri.r ;r.:;'tctian Ins ju'iihed the reading of Ri-x Rjir.x, ut Ksnia, uu ublc'.in. kii.v iU'::i rtJ.nexed to the ciown of Hwogaiy. matters OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 373 matters of theological fcience 71 . Prudently wav- CHAP. ing all invidious enquiry into the origin and me- rits of the diipute, they propofed, as an healing meafure, that the two pretenders of Rome and Avignon mould abdicate at the fame time, after qualifying the cardinals of the adverfe factions to join in a legitimate election ; and that the na- tions mould Jubjlrac^ their obedience, if either of the competitors preferred his own intereft to that of the public. At each vacancy, thefe phy- ficians 'of the church deprecated the mifchiefs of an hafty choice; but the policy of the conclave and the ambition of its members were deaf to reafon and entreaties -, and whatfoever promifes were made, the pope could never be bound by the oaths of the cardinal. During fifteen years, the pacific defigns of the univerfity were eluded by the arts of the rival pontiffs, the fcruples or paffions of their adherents, and the vicifiltudes of French factions, that ruled the infanity of Charles the fixth. At length a vigorous refo- lution was embraced ; and a folemn embafTy, of the titular patriarch of Alexandria, two arch>- " z The leading and decifive part which France nffumed in the fchifm, is ftated by Peter du Puis in a feparate Hiftory, extracted from authentic records, and inferted in the vii th volume of the laft and heft edition of his friend Thuanus (P. xi. p. 170184.). 7> Of this meafure, John Gerfon, a ftout doctor, was the author pr the champion. The proceedings of the univerluy of Paris and the Gallican church were often prompted hy his advice, and are copioufly tlii^iayed in his theological writings, of which Le Clerc (Bibliotheque (Jhoifie, torn. x. p. i 7$.) has given a valuable extract. John Gerfon acted an important part in the councils of Piia and Con- ttance. B b 3 bimops. 3;4 'I HE DECLINE AND FALL c ii A P. bifiiops, five bifhors, live abbots, three knights, LXX. and twenty doftors, was fent to the courts of Avignon and Rome, to require, in the name of the church and king, the abdication of the two pretenders, of Peter de Luna, who ft vied himfelf Benedict the thirteenth, and of Angelo Corra- rio, who aiYumed the name of Gregory the twelfth. For the ancient honour of Rome, and the iiiccefs of their commiiTion, the ambafiadors Tolicited a conference vim the magiftrates of the city, whom they gratified by a pofitive declara- tion, that the moll Clinician king did not enter- tain a wifh of tranfporting the holy fee from the Vatican, which he confidered as the genuine and proper feat of the fucceiibr of St. Peter. In the name of the Senate and people, an eloquent Ro- man afferted their dtfire to co-operate in the union of the church, deplored the temporal and fpi- ritual calamities of the long fchifm, and rcquefted the protection of I ''ranee againll the arms of the ki"!g of Naples. The anlwcrs of Benedict and (.ire-gory were alike ciii!y;;.g arid alike deceitful; and, in evading the d'.mand of their abdication, the two rivals \vere animated by a common Ipirit. Thev agreed on tke neccHlry of a previous inter- f **-s J i view, bi.n t!:e time, the place, and the manner, could never be afcertained by mutual confent. " If oM nun was kit in a ioli- tary cafJe to excommunicate t\vi.;e c.:cii d;;y th.c rrbel kin-^'loms \vhich ha/i dif>-rud his cauf-. After ihi;s eradicating i;u* sc tnair.s oi the icinim, t'u" 1 lvno:i of C'o.ihV.;ve }i>;c<:edtu with lloxv and c.iurioi.;:. ficjxs, to eiecl the Jovertirrn of lionie ;'. nd t::! head of the church. O;^ tiiii niomrntoio occa- t;.')n, t!;c college of twenty- three cai\:!inah V.MS forti- ficd \M::I thirty deputies^ iix of uhom v-ere cholea in each of the hvc great nam.ms of ChrKlendom, tr.e Icaiian, the Gein.in, the 1'rench, the Sp.mifh, and t!ic E):giijh~'* : tlie interference of ilraiigrr* was 75 I cp.nnot ovci Irulc this tie;ii \ n'ior.i! rTilV. r'il:\ inni'..! I'.r.t i hy 'he I m-l;0i :nni ,.!l idi-r.-. .-i^.-iiiilt thoL: <,*" Pierce. The laitci c ,r.tL-n:if.i, that LhrilUiHloin was J!cr,ti ,!',y c'/.itiib'.ifi.'l into OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. was foftcned by their generous preference of an c Italian and a Roman ; and the hereditary, as we 1 ' a perfonal, merit of Otho Colonna recom- E!ea ' on 1 of Mar-- mended mm to the conclave. Rome accepted tin v. with joy and obedience the nobleft of her fons, the ccdef'iiilical ftate was defended by his power- ful family, and the elevation of Martin the fifth is the fcra of the reftoration and eftablifhment of the popes in {.lit Vatican 76 . The into the four erf-t nations and votes, of Italy, Germany, France, and Spain ; ;'i.d i'uit the lefler kingdoms (inch as England, Den- mark, Portiu- 1, ccc.) were comprehended un-ler one or other of thefe great diviliuns. Tiie Englifh aflcrted, that the liritifli Iflands, of which they were the head, fliould be confidered as a fifth and co~ oiHinate nation, with an equal vote; and every argument of truth or fable was introduced to exalt the dignity of their country. Includ- ing England, Scc'.lar.d, Wales, the four kingdoms of Ireland, and the Oiknks, the Britifli IHands are decorated with eight royal crowns, and difcriminated by four or five languages, Engiifh, Wd(h, Cornifh, Scotch, Irifh, &c. The greater id.ind froin north to fouth meafures 800 miles, or 40 days journey; and England alone con- tains 32. counties, and 52,000 parifh tliurches, (a bold account!) befides cathedrals, colleges, priories, and hofpitals, They celebrate the rnidion of St. Joftjih of Arimathea, the birth of Conftantine, and the legantine powers of the two primate?, without forgetting the teftimony of Bartholtmy de ClanviIL- (A. D. 1360), who reckons cniy four ChrKtian kingdoms, i. of Rome, 2. of Constantinople, j. of Ii'eland, which had been transferred to the P'ngliih nio- naichs, and, 4.. of Spain. Our countryir.cn prevailed in tht council, but the victories of Henry V. added much weight to their arguments. 1 he adverfe pleadings were found at Con>- ftance by Sir Robert Wingfield, ambaflltdor fi'om Henry VIII. to the eiv. pti\;r Maximilian I. and bv him printed in 1517 at Louvain. } i- rom a Leipfic MS. they are more correctly publifliej in the C'olicction of Von der Hault, torn. v. ; but I have only feen Lenfant's abliraft of thefe aits (Concile de Conitance, torn. ii. P- 447- -V53. ^' C 0- l h The hiftories of the three fucceflive councils, Pifa, Conftanre, and Ban], have been written with a tolerable degree of candor, in. duftry, May 19 October THE DLCIJM AND I ALL ] ; le royal prerogative of coining money, v. hich had been cxerciled near three hundred years by t j lc fc n:lKj \vjr./;y? relumed by Martin the fifth 7 ', and his image and fuperfcription introduce the icries of the papal medals. Of his two immediate luccefibrs, Iiugenius the fourth was the AV? pops expelled by the tumults of the Roman people 7 *, and Nicholas the fifth, the lajl who was impor- tuned by the prelence of a Roman emperor 7S . J. The conflidt of Eugcnius, v, ith the fathers o! Bafil, and the weight or apprehenfion of a new excife, emboldened and provoked the Romans to _ . ufurp the temporal government ot the city. They role in arms, elected feven governors of the re- public, and a conftable of the Capitol; impnfoncd the pope's nephew ; befieged his perlon in the palace; and ihot vollies ot arrows into his bark as he cfcaped do\vn the Tyber in the habit of a monk. But he dill poifelled in the cafile of St. dnftry, and elegance, by a Prcttftant ir.inilicr, M. Lenfunt, \v!,o rttiictl tipni Fiance toBeilin. They form fix volumes in quarto; and as Buhl is the woili, io Conftar.cc is t!:c hc!l, prut o{ the co!- Itftion. 77 Sec the xxvii' : ' DifTertation of the Antiquities of Mur.itc li. r.rd the i 5 ' Inliruci on ot the Science ties Metinilk? ot llie Fcic Jonl'ti r ar.J the Iiar(.n i!e la B.dlie. The Metallic Hiltory oi M::rtin V. nm! I'.is I'i'.ccciluis, lias liecn ccir.pofecl by t'.vo niorks, M.;nlihtt ;\ l i "rciir!i- ma;i, ar.il i>cnarr.: an Iralian: but I iir.-.ierlt.iiu!, tliat :!ie hilt prut cf the r :i :e-; i s rtftfi : :i f i\ .: n:ore rcc-.i* ctir.s. 7^ Belies t!it Live? o! Kiij;en:us H . (Kcniiii Italic, torn. i;i. P. i. p. S''>9. nncl torn xxv. p. 15^.), ;!..e I^;uies of P.iiil Pctruni rind ^ , hen I ,:,.!;';> a;c the luit oiii;n'..t! ;. , nience icr the tfVf It o) the k', r.ai s .:;iii-.;t Eii.-f.u.-. IV. "I IK; !i-.in-ji, who l;vt,l at tuc tim, I;*.! 'i tir.. :(io:, lj)L..k.s tiij lar.gtiage ct a citi^tii, tijuaiiy atia : u ur {);- , ' ' . ' ..:y. T'> I ;.< ci ion;;tion v.T I tultric III. i? l<.icr;!-td hv I.nfar,t (Con- f i!t lie Kj..t , : in. ii. ;. c-6 -.': *].), iiui., ^X:.'.^^ ^ : i, .u-j, ;t Ij.wcla- ?w; dnil a;\o; , .!-,.: .. J .! ic-.nc. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 3.79, Aneelo a faithful parrifon and a train of artillery: c HA p. T y y their batteries inceffantly thundered on the city, ,_/ ~ ^ and a bullet mere dextroiifly pointed broke down, the barricade of the bridge, and feathered \vith a iingle (hot the heroes of the republic. Their cca- flancy was exhaufted by a rebellion of five months. Under the tyranny of the Ghibeline nobles, the \vifclt patriots regretted the dominion of the church ; and their repentance v, as unanimous and effectual. The troops of St. Peter again occupied the Capitol ; the magiflrates departed to their homes ; the mo ft guilty \vere executed or exiled -, and the legate, at the head of two thou- fand foot and four thoufand horie, was faluted as the father cf the city. The fynods of Ferrara and Florence, the fear or refentment of Eugenius, pro- longed his abfence : he was received by a ilibmif- five people; but the pontiff underfiood from the ac- clamations of his triumphal entry, that to fecure their loyalty and his own repole, he muil grant without delay the abolition of the odious excile. II. Rome was reltored, adorned, and enlightened, by the peaceful reign of Nicholas the fifth. In the rnidft of thefe laudable occupations, the pope \vas Lnft coro alarmed by the approach of Frederic the third of " Q" / Auilria; though his fears could not be juiliiied by cm ( >cior, the charadcr or the power of the Imperial candidate. ^ deric After drawing his military force to the metropolis, A. D. and impofing tlie belt iecurity of oaths 80 and naSi*. ?0 Tiic o:ith cf i';Jelity impofcii on the emperor by the p"pp } is re- corded ami far.&itk'd in the C!eineiHin<.s (I. ii. tit. ix ); and JEne.is Sylvius, who ohjtc'ts to this ni;w Ji-niancl, touKl not torefce, that in a few year- he ihoultl aicenci the tln'oi.e, and irr.hibe the maxims, of VIII, treaties, 38o THE DECLINE AND FALL C i| [A Pi treaties, Nicholas received with a fmiling coun- tcnance the faithful advocate and vaffal of the church. So tame were the times, fo feeble was the Auflrian, that the pomp of his coronation was accomplifhed with order and harmony: but the fuperfluous honour was fo diigraceful to an in- dependent nation, that his fucceflbrs have excufed themfelves from the toilfome pilgrimage to the Vatican ; nnd re PL their Imperial title on the choice oi the eltaois ol Germany, ffi- A citizen has remarked, with pride and plea- in- 11 ^ unr) t ' iat ^- ^ n ^ c ' ie Kws after paffing ot u/jth a flight lalute the cardinals and prelates who C* L C. ,. , -! -,-111 i /- met him at the gate, difnnguifhed the drefs and jierfon of the icnator of Home; and in this laft iarewcl, the pageants of the empire and the re- public were clafped in a friendly embrace 8l . According to the laws of Rome 1 , her firft magiilrate war, required to be a doctor of laws, .in alien, of a place at leaft forty miles from the ciry; with whole inhabitants he mull not be con- nccled in the third canonical degree of blood or alliance. The election was annual : a Icverc icrutiny was inPaiuced into the conduct of the Sl Lo fci,::tore tii Romi, vtfiito di LrocJiio con quelia 1 erettn, r ron (jueiit nianiclie, et oinanviin ih [ic.lc, Co' quali va n!!e fr::e
  • tl'.c c:rfcri-j:cri (I. i. c. 15, 16, 17. 1. lit. c. 4 ), the .'. f '.-:.. M. i. C. 18. 1. ill. C. 8.), til- i.-rtt C'.:;d conllant practice, fince the eftablifh- ment of order has been gr.:du.:iiy connected with the decay of liberty. ]/:: in :i:e year one tliou- fmd live hundred and eighty, tlic ancie.'it ftatutes were colhxled, ir.. :.-,.:;.! in t;ire<- bo->ks, and adapted to i^relent u;e, uivder the pontificate, and with the approbation, of Gregoiy the tiiir- tcenrh 83 : t!d^ civil and criirir.ai code is the modern R; r tJ t : .ta ,*.* l-'.-i'.t K- A:,as'':Me 5. D .V. G'fg:r:i XIII. Ftr:. Afj.-c. a 'i-n'u I'-f-.-Me I'..-.. :' ,::.- ft cd'.'j. F.K&, j-Jo, ir. /'."' 'IHt o''i.)icu-, IL-J ;:^i::ii:t ;tatutes cf :intir!i,'.;y, \vcie couloui. ! ' ii'j i'v-- !i .K-. >,.d L;:. .s 1'stu. , a lawyer and OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 383 modern law of the city; and, if the popular af- CHAP* fcmblies have been abolifhed, a foreign fenator, ' with the three confervators, fall refides in the palace of the Capitol 3 *. The policy of the Ca^fars lias been repeated by the popes; and the bifhop of Rome affected to maintain the form of a republic, while he reigned with the abfolute powers of a temporal, as well as fpiritual, mo- narch. It is an obvious truth, that the times muft be fuited to extraordinary characters, and that the p a c , y ca r l genius of Cromwell or Ketz might now expire in A. D. obfcurity. The political enthufiafm of Rienzi had exalted him to a throne; the fame enthufiafm, in the next century, conducted his imitator to the gallows. The birth of Stcohen Porcaro was O 1 noble, his reputation fpotlefs; his tongue was armed with eloquence, his mind was enlightened with learning; and lie alpired, beyond the aim of vulgar ambition, to free his country and im- mortalize his name. The dominion of priefls is mod odious to a liberal ipirit : every fcruple was removed by the recent knowledge of the fable and forgery of Confbmtine's donation; Petrarch v/as now the oracle of the Italians ; and as often as Porcaro revolved the ode which defcribes the nrul ar.t.nnarhn, \va? appointed to aft as the ir.Ci.Ieni Tribor.ian. Yet I regret the old code, v.'ith ill? ri'^gul milt or freedom and barbarifm. 4 In my time (1765), ai.d M. Grcfley's (Obfervntions fur I'ltalie, toni. ii. p. 361,}, tlic fer.ator ot Rome \\\;s M. Bielke, a noble Swede, and a p.of.lyte to the Catholic faith. The po^j'-i lipht to appoint the feiiator and the ct: !','i'v:'.'cr : r , implied, rather bar. affirmed, ir t!i^ Stat"/^. patriot 384. THE DECLINE AND FALL C H A P. LXX. patriot and hero of Rome, he applied to himfelf the vifions of the prophetic h ird. Mis n"rft trial of the popular feelings was r.t the funeral of Eugenius the fourth: in an elaborate l^ech he called the Romans to liberty and arms; and they liPencd wuh apparent pleafure, til! i'orcnro was interrupted and anf\vcred by a grave advocate, who pleaded for the church and l;,;te. By every lav/ the leditious orator was guilty of trcafon; but the benevolence of the new pontiff, who viewed his character with pity and eiU-em, attempted by an honourable office t) convert the patriot into a friend. The inflexible Roman returned from Anagni with an increafe of reputation and zeal; and, on the fir (I opportunity, the games of the place Navona, he tried to inrlame the cafual dif- pute of fome beys and mechanics into a general riling of the people. Yet the humane Nicholas was Hill averie to accept the forfeit of his life ; and the traitor v, as removed from the fccne of temptation to Bi/lopiv., v. ;:h a liberal allowance for his fupporr, and the eafy obligation of pre- fenting himielf each day beiore tb.e governor of the city. li;,: L > orcaro iud learned from the younger Hrunis, rhat virh tyrants no faith or gratitude IhnulJ IJG obferved : the exile declaimed againft the arL\:r;ry ii-nrer.rCj a party and a con- lly formed; his nep!ie\v, a .;;id o( volunteers; ;ig a fi.alt wr.s pre- end^ of t. K .e r< pu!;iic. 'pej frj::i U-jlogr.a, appeared OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 38; appeared among them in a robe of purple and gold : his voice, his countenance, his geftures, befpoke the man who had devoted his life or death to the glorious caufe. In a ftudied oration, he expatiated on the motives and the means of their enterprife: the name and liberties of Rome; the floth and pride of their ecclefiaftical tyrants; the active or pafiive confent of their fellow- citizens; three hundred foldiers and four hun- dred exiles, long exercifed in arms or in wrongs; the licence of revenge to edge their fvvords, and a million of ducats to reward their victory. It would be eafy (he faid), on the next day, the feftival of the Epiphany, to feize the pope and his cardinals before the doors, or at the altar, of St. Peter's; to lead them in chains under the walls of St. Angelo ; to extort by the threat of their inftant death a furrender of the caftle; to afcend the vacant Capitol; to ring the alarm- bell; and to reitore in a popular afiembly the ancient republic of Rome. While he triumphed, he was already betrayed. The fenator, with a flrong guard, inverted the houfe : the nephew of . Porcaro cut his way through the crowd ; but the unfortunate Stephen was drawn from a cheft, lamenting that his enemies had anticipated by three hours the execution of his defign. After fuch manifeft and repeated guilt, even the mercy of Nicholas was filent. Porcaro, and nine of his accomplices, were hanged without the benefit of the facraments ; and amiclft the fears and in- vectives of the papal court, the Romans pitied, VOL, XII. C c and 386 THE DECLINE AND FALL c r 1!AP - and almoft applauded, thclV martyrs of their country'*. But their applaufe was mute, their pity ineffectual, their liberty for ever extinct; and, it they have fince rilen in a vacancy of the throne or a icarcity of bread, liicli accidental tumults may be found in the boloni of the mod abject fervitude. But the independence of the nobles, which wa;< f'^ented by difcord, furvived the freedom of the commons, which mull be founded in union. A privilege of rapine and opprelTion was long maintained by the barons ot Rome ; their houfes were a fort re Is and a lanctuary : and tlie ferocious train of banditti and criminals whom they pro- tected from the law, repaid the hofpitality with the fervice of their fwords and daggers. The private interell ot the pontiiFs, or their nephews, ibmetimes involved them in thefe domeilic feuds. Under the rcip-n of Sixtus the fourth, Rome was *J> J dift rafted by the battles and fieges of tlie rival houfes : after the conflagration of his palace, the protonotary Colonna was tortured and beheaded; and Savellij his captive friend, was murdered on the ipor, for rcfufing to join in the acclamations ^ Hdidei the curious though concjfe n:irrative of Macliiavel (llloiia ricrentii.a, 1. vi. Opci'c, to;n. i. j>. 210, ni. eilir. Londra, 174.7, in 4 :c ), tl'-e Fcrc..i inn conf|)i: :;cy ii relaicd in the Diary tf Stephen Infctluia (Kti. Jral. toni. in. P. ii. p. 1134, H35-) :.iul in a k-|>;uate r.-a-Jt 'oy !,< , Hnptiil.i Alh.iti (Rer. Its!, toni. xxv. j.. (, z <) (',14..). I; is amuiii.f: to coinpaic ti.c ftylc uiul k-ntiivtnts of the ccuiticr niul citizen. i-'aciiiVis piokcl^ c;uo .... )ic([uc ])eri- tuiu li' i i-!liii u>, i:c(jiie nudacifi dctetlnbilius, neijne ciudeiitatc tctiius, a (r.ioqiinm pcrditiir.ino ufjiiam excogitatr.m (it. . . . Pei - 6tC - a plebeian adverfary. But after their return from Avignon, the keys of St. Peter were guarded by the fword of St. Paul. Rome was commanded by an impregnable citadel : the life of cannon is a powerful engine againft popular feditions : a re- gular force of cavalry and infantry was enlilled under the banners of the pope ; his ample re- venues fupplied the refources of war; and, from the extent of his domain, he could bring down on a rebellious city an army of hoftile neighbours " c The difoideis of Rurne, which were much inflamed by the par- Tapes font ibtrcs et birn n.ii Ifiiii's) ; n:ais tiii Ibuvtnt . n udv'n.i-,t de -^icvls t ; "rusi'r intiirtics tt pi, lei its. 3 S8 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, and loyal fubjecb". Since the union of the dutchies of Ferrara and U rhino, the ecclefiaftical flate extends from the Mediterranean to the Adriatic, and from the confines of Naples to the banks of the Po ; and as early as the fixteenth century, the greater part of that fpacious and fruit- ful country acknowledged the lawful claims and temporal fovcreigmy of the Roman pontiffs. Their claims v/ere readily deduced from the genuine, or fabulous, donations of the darker ages : the fuc- cefiive Heps of their final fettlement would engage us too far in the traniactions of Italy, and even of Europe ; the crimes of Alexander the fixth, the martial operations of Julius the fecond, and the liberal policy of Leo the tenth, a theme which has been adorned by the pens of the noblcil hif- torians of the times 89 . In the fir ft period of their conqutfh-, till the expedition of Charles the eighth, the popes might fuccefsfully wreftle with the adja- cent princes and Rates, whole military force was equal, or inferior, to their own. But as foon as the mon.irchs of France, Germany, and Spain, K) :. c rrror.ctv.y -; Si::';;; V. !;.c rcrerue of the ecclefiaftical fl.i'i w 5 i : .'i to two ir.'.l.. . . a; i a li.iif of Roman crowns (Vi;,;, t.::i. ii. \i. 791 i^.); '''^ lo K'iMil. 1 .!' v/as the niiiifuy r, at in ., ...i. (.'![ n:L-nt VIII. c<;-;. '' ; Mac'.'.ir.vJ ; in the ocroal !;: -.;. oi :.. i, '.-. i. l':ui i t.: o l.i:'r.-.y, the I'l incc, ^iui tl.e y . l.i .. 'I lu-lc \viih ihtir v/oitny I'licctlVurs, ' : " ' D;tvi!.i, -.ire ;".l^y c.irxj;;^! the fiilt hiltoiians of ' i>rslCJU sijc, Scotisnd arofi.-, 10 d.i^ute ' - ; I:-.-,-! .:. ^ contended OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 389 :ontencled with tricantic arn^| for the dominion of Italy, they fiipulic-c! vvith art the deficiency of fire n 2th; and concealed, in a labyrinth of wars and treaties, their afpiring views, and the immortal hop- of chacino; the Barbarians beyond the Alps, The nice balance of the Vatican was often fub- vertecl by the iokuers of the North and Weil, who were united under the ftandard of Charles the fifth: the feeble and fluctuating policy of Clement the feventh expofed his perfon and do- minions to the conqueror; and Rome was aban- doned frv en months to a lawlefs army, more cruel and rapacious than the Goths and Vandals 51 *. After this fevere leiTon, the popes contracted their ambition, which was almofr fatisfied, refumed the character of a common parent, and abfiained from all often five hoftilities, except in an hafty quarrel, when the vicar of Chnit and the Turkifh fultan were armed at the fame time againft the kingdom cf Naples 81 . The French and Germans at length O withdrew from the field of battle : Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the fea-coaft of Tufcany, were firmly poffcffed by the Spaniards; and it became their intereft to maintain the peace and 9 In the hiftory of the Gothic fiege, I have compared the Bar- barians with tile lubjects of Charles V. (vol. v. p, -,19 322.); an anticipation, which, like that of th? Tartar conquefis, I indulged v.irh the left fcruple, as I could ic:;rct:ly hope to reach the concluiion ur tnv \voik. 9 1 The ambitious and feeble hoftiiities of the CarafFs pcij.e, Paul TV. may be ieen in Tlmnmis (1. xvi xviii.) and Gi:mnoi!C (torn. iv. p. 149 163.). Thofe Catholic bigots, Philip]!, and the duke of Alva, pre Aimed to lepnnte the Roman prince frcnrs the vicar of Chrilt: yet tlie holy character, which would have faiict'ficd h;i victory, was decently applied to proteft his defeat. C c 3 dependence 39 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, dependence of Italy, -which continued almoft with- out difturbance from the middle of the fixteenth to the opening of the eighteenth century. The Vatican was fwayed and protected by the religious policy of the Catholic king : his prejudice and intcrefl difpofcd him in every difpute to fupport the prince againft the people ; and inlleacl of the encouragement, the aid, and the afylum, which they obtained from the adjacent rtates, the friends of liberty, or the enemies of law, were encloied on all fide b within the iron circle of defpotifm. The long habits of obedience and education lub- dued the turbulent Ipiiit of the nobles and com- mons of Rome. The barons forgot the arms and factions of their anccilors, and infcnfibly became the fervants of luxury and government. Inflead of maintaining a crowd of tenants and followers, the produce of their eflates was confumed in the private expenccs, which multiply the plealures, and diminifh the power, of the lord 51 . The Co- lor.na and Urfini vied with each other in the de- coration of their palaces and chapels; and their antique fplendour wuh rivalled or furpafled by the iiidden opulence of the papal families. In K^rne the voice of freedom and dilcord is no longer heard; am!, inflcad of the foaming torrent, a fmooth and fl;mnant hike reflects the imacre of idle- i uj ncib and Icrvitudc. T 1 'T i' : '. :"'': 1 :'. :n-f;t rf m".r,r,( :: ; i cxp^ncc, is admirably ex- ji1:iiii( ci t>y l'i. /u..im bn;]' 1 ] (\\ I.,-.'.;', i,i Nations, vol. i. j>. 405 504.), v.l.o )'!uvL.-, ptilnps too ievucly, ilial the molt laluiaiy tliccts in 1 .'.' 1 . i'.'.'V'.u iii'Mi ;!.t ir.tr.nift ai.d iruli ilihrti caulcs. A Chriftiark OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 391 A Chriftian, a philofopher 53 , and a patriot, will C H A P. be equally fcandalized by the temporal kingdom of . w _ the clergy; and the local maiefty of Rome, the Theeccie- L c i_ r i 3 ' i fuftical remembrance or her coniuls and triumphs, may g0 vern- feem to embitter the fenfe, and aggravate the fhame, mt ' nt * of her flavery. If we calmly weigh the merits and defects of the ecclefiaftical government, it may be praifed in its prefcnt ftate as a mild, decent, and tranquil fyftem, exempt from the dangers of a minority, the lailies of youth, the expences of luxury, and the calamities of war. But thefe ad- vantages are overbalanced by a frequent, perhaps a feptennial, election of a fovereign, who is fel- dom a native of the country : the reign of a young ftatefman of threefcore, in the decline of his life and abilities, without hope to accomplifn, and without children to inherit, the labours of his tranfitory reign. The fuccefsful candidate is drawn from the church, and even the convent -, from the mode of education and life the mo ft adverfe to realon, humanity, and freedom. In the trammels of fervile faith, he has learned to believe becaufe it is abfurd, to revere all that is contemptible, and to defpife whatever might defcrve the efteem of a rational being i to punifn error as a crime, to re- ward mortification and celibacy, as the iirft of vir- tues ; to place the faints of the kalendar 5 * above the 95 Mr. Hume (Hi(t. of England, vol. i. p. 389.) too haftily con- cludes, that if the civil and eccledaltical powers be united in the fame perion, it is of little moment whether lie he ifyL-d piince or prelate, l.nce the temporal character will always predominate. 94- A proteftant may difdain t',e unworthy preference of St. Francis or St. Dominic, but he will not raJhiy condemn the real or C c 4. judymen: 39* THE DECLINE AND FALL heroes of R.orne and the fages of Athens; and to-confider the miffal, or the crucifix, as more life ful inftruments than the plough or the loom. In the office of -nuncio, or the rank of cardinal, he may acquire fome knowledge of the world, but the primitive ftain will adhere to his mind and manners; from iltidy and experience he may fufpect the rnyftery of his profeflion i but the fa- cerdotal ami! will imbibe fome portion of the bigotry which he inculcates. The genius of Sixtus the fifth" burl! from the gloom of a Francifcan cloifler. In a reign of five years, He exterminated the outlaws and banditti, abolhhed the profane fancluarits of Rome fr6 , formed a naval and mili- tary force, reflored ar.d enrJated the monuments of antiquity, and after a liberal ule and large en- creafe of the revenue, left five millions of crowns judgment of Sixtus V. who placed th; (rallies of the apoftles, St. Peter and St. P;;ul, on the vacant columns o. v Trajan and An- tonir.e. 95 A wandering Italian, Gre^orio Leti, has givtn the Vita di Silro-Qmnto (Amllel. 1721, 3 \o!s. in i2 :r -' j ), a copicus and aniuf- irc: wcrk, hut which does not cc ir.nv.nd our ablblute confidence-. Yet the character of the man, and the principal t.iU, are luppoited by tiie Anr. Js of Srondr.nus and M.n.r.&ii (A. D. 1,^5 1592), ar.'.! the cor.tcmpor.iry rr.ilory of the great Thuanus v l. Ixxxi;. c. i ; 2, 1. Ixxxiv. c. 10. i. c. c. S ). '/' Thcfe ptiv:!(r'-,ed places, the -^artier: or //,:,/'/, were adopted from the Roir.'ui i, '.)!; s by the ioifgn iiiiniit-ir. Julius i.. l):ul onct nboliflied tlie aboirinanduni tt iletciHnJiim franchitiarum liii-ufinc-di nomen ; an. I ;-.ftu' ^:x: i:s V. i!u-y ,i^".:n revived. 1 can- nr t dif'srn cither th;- jv.ft;-:': 01 magnanimity -t Loin.-, \IV. wlio in if'-; It-lit liis amh.irTador, the inarquis de Lavardin, to Rome, witli a.i ,.::,.! force it a ; iionL.r.d cinreis. guiiid;., and dumeftics, to nrui : us claim, r.r.d ii.iult pope Innoceni- XI. in t!ie hi. '.i' il (Vit:i !i >;ito \ ; . t(,'!i. iii. p. 161 278. rvjiiia- : ; , Ar.i 'i d'It:ii;a, tern. xv. p. 49; 4 tii2 original Lives {' t!ie Popes, we ofieti diicover the city and republic of Kme; ind the events of liie xiv th and xv :h centuries arc prefeiTecl in the rude and domeitic chronicles winch I iiave carefully inlpcitcd, and fliall s tc:tpitul:Ue in t'i order of time. i. Monaldefchi (Ludovici Boncomnis 1 ) Frsgtr.enta Ann::lium Ro- man. A. D. 132.8, in the Srriptores Rerum lu.licarum of Mtira- tori, ton), xii. p. 515. N. B. The cicdit c-f this fragment is fomewhat hurt bv a fmgular interpolation, in which the author re- lates his ctun death at tlie age of 1 1 $ yep.is. '!,. Fragmenta Hiftoris Romans (vu'go Tliomas F<;rtifiocrj?), in Romana Dialcfto vuigari (A. D. ij~7 i}5+} in Mtn:;toii, THE DECLINE AND FALL C H A P. Ai.ncjv.it.it. n.-o.i A : .\i iui.r, tout. iii. p. 247 548-); the au- thentic gromiil-woik i : the i.i' (>!. <>{ K.n ? . 3. De'phii.i (fJi-'itilis' Dia.ium Kv". ;:i k A. I.\ 137: 1410^, in t!it Keiujn Italicarurr., to-n. ::i. 1*. \\. p. 46. 4. Antonn (Pctii) D:~'.>.f. KOI:I. (A. D. 14.4 14'-), torn, xxiv, 5. I\:ioi.i (P-nili") Mifccl'.i-c.-i Ilit.ii > Kc imnn (A.D. i4',3 1446), tom. xxiv. j>. i K' i . 6. Yoljttn.M (Jjcob.) l-\uiiii,i! Ko:n. (A. I). 14-^ 14^4), t>'!T1. X \ ill. ['. i' I . P. ii. p. 10! ;. S. Ir.lcfuii.c ( N tcpii.;rii} Dial. vim Kuniui.tnn (.A.D. 11 4,0; i 37^ i .. 4 } , t , i . . \' . .:. i> . 11:9. <,. Iti'-ciM . c. jA x:.i:driV! i\f rxccr|itn rx Pi.nio l.-'i. l?.ir - cr-.u.i (-V.D. 1491 i 505), n'.ira a Cic.!.;i . Cni'm ,;n. l.nSi.i/o, II.iiK'V.r, I'-f/?, ir. ,' . i ';.: ',:. ;.e r.r.:! v..;n..hu Ruir. i.oi jj;,i- C.U.l I,. ' ' : ' -. '. * i i ; > . M. C II r 1 1 1 I i i). .. : .t - d 1 ,..- :. .1 i . ' ' - ' i.e, i.i iJ.c Mcr.:ri::i s vie I'Ai.'.J. (ir- li i ri,'. torn x\' i. ;. -.- '-,'.'). r.x;cj i the i ', ' . ;, -n i > ..) i ii...:u a: -. ir.\i;f'i - r , :\ f C. ! - . t.- !. it: for lilt: i. $$ v. , : K . < :: : : ; 1 - .,: .' . .; x A . P. t ' . , .', I ...: , l - I 7 . I : l . A \ '.' - . f C 1 :: r!")i. .,i..il .'r.l S Ml II. ... ' '. - . /.-;:.-.;:. /.:.. r..'.. 1 . .-* T , \ \ '. M ' . . i ----- i -.-.-, ! '. \ \v ' i ; ; r.i' .' "L i r ilK.::s ' ' ' ' ; . ' - . : , ..ii,- , ,\ .- . r : ! I : i . r. s c.f i xc !r:v.c c. t t !r.:: -i -, chu'^irlt ;. 5-c. r, t ; - . - j- ;: i \s ;>! :' r ir ; MI c- t . s - 1 . ' ;u ' I in 1 '..:.!. A ' I ' . . 4 ...'- . / . f . x . : . i ; ' .-. i,'.- : v . ! i :':\ , > i! r b i-!i f-i v i i iil to ( : [l, .'. X ' '. IV. .-./'...'..': . . ' . : f ". '.. :: T..; : !, . -., :'ir ci it.v ; > I.- I .- -..-. I - ..!. 1. > .;}.., v, ,. .' .:'.::;, W 1 '. . :|p.: t S :.: .; i _.. r . x:y y-- i, :i - i... : '., ,. AI. . .. i . ! ..,: .. .j ' . . M ; . ; C 1 ' - : , - OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 39; C II A P. LXXJ. Prci'peJl of tie Ruins of Rune in tbj I'ific^ilb Cen- tura. l-ci'.r Caujjs GJ Decay and Deftrufiitn. Ey.(in:p!e of the C^HJev.m. Ren^-jation of the City. Conclufion of the ^holc ll-'^rk. IN the lail clays of pope Eugenius the fourth, CII^AP. tv/o of his fervants, the learned Poggius ' and " _^ a friend, afcencled the Capicoline liiilj repoicd Vi.-.v and i diicourle thcmlclvt-s among; the ruins of columns and re m- c < p i;?! -ius o *- "* i;le:> and viev/td from that commanding fuot f '' on ? t u ! * LapnoliiiC the \vide nnd various profpect of defolation*. The iiiii, A. D. place and the object gave ample fcope for moralif- L/-C." ing on the vicifntudes of fortune, v.hich fparts neither man nor the proudcft of his v/orks, which buries empires and cities in a common grave; and it v, as ;-preeJ, that in proportion to her for- mer givarr.cls, the fail of Rome \vas tlie more awful arid deplorable. it-tits ot toi'tui;tr. Conl'rdinuis m ir'.ia I ai'jic.se ;nxii iinr.i-^, poi,e ir, rjtiiS port.i; cuju!d;m, lit [iu'0, tempi:, t:/ii niorcum linie:;, ^luriiiialquc palfnn eoi.fi"'iJ r > coiumnas, ur,'.:*- ;.ir.'_ :.u tx jiartc j>:'ofjj< cli.i uiLis j)TiCt (P. 5-). 5 /i.r.'.iii vni. rj- ".(.<). T\}\i -u-ci; t pictinc, fo artfully intio- duced, and fo o.qu.f.tt.!y f,i.i:'h-.i, Tr.ult h:ivt-: h'.jn highly intcreilirg to un ml.abinnt ot K'j.;.t ; n.d G.H- ca;!y itudiei allow us to iyir.pa . thife in tiie ftciin^s of a K,:n..r. ' c been THE DECLINE AND FALL cc b een delineated by the fancy of Virgil. This ll Tarpcian roc!-. \v,is then a favage and iblitaiy iJce Pog-gius, p. S 21. infcriptionSj 398 THE DECLINE AND FALL C LXXJ P ' ink"? 1 ' 008 J a Ailing fragment was honoured with the name of Trajan; and two arcli.es, then extant, in the Flaminian way, have been afcribed to the bafer memory of Fauftina and Gallienus. 5. After the wonder of the Colifeurn, Poggius might have overlooked a iinall amphitheatre of brick, moil probably for the ule of the praetorian camp: the theatres of Marcellus and Pompey were occupied in a great meaiure by public and private buildings; and in the Circus, Agonalis and Maxi- mus, little more than the fituation and the form could be investigated. 6. The columns of Tra- jan and Antonine were dill creel ; but the Egyp- tian obelifks were broken or buried. A people of gods and heroes, the workmanfliip of art, was reduced to one equeflrian figure of gilt brals, and to five marble ftatues, of which the mo ft con- fpicuous were the two horfes of Phidias and Praxiteles. 7. The two maufoleums or fepulchres of Auguftus and Hadrian could not totally be loft; but the former was only vifible as a mound of earth; and the latter, the cadle of St. Angelo, had acquired the name and appearance of a mo- dern fortrefs. With the addition of fome ieparate and namelefs columns, fuch were the remains of the ancient city : for the marks of a more recent ilruclure might be detected in the walls, which formed a circumference of ten miles, included three hundred and feventy-nine turrets, and opened into the country by thirteen gates. This melancholy picture was drawn above ninr hundred years after the fall cf the Wtdlcrn em- pire, and even of the Gothic kingdom, of Italy. A loniz; reriyd uf dillreii ^nd aiiarchv, in which em- OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. pi re, and arts, and riches, had migrated from the banks of the Tyber, was incapable of reftoring or adorning the city; and, as all that is human mult retrograde if ic do not advance, every fucceffive age mi i ft have h aliened the ruin of the works of antiquity. To rnrafure the progrefs of decay, and to a leer rain at each a^ra, the Hate of each edifice, would be an endlefs and ufelefs labour, and J ihall content rnyltrlf with two obfervations which will introduce a fhort enquiry into the ge- neral caufes and effects, i. Two hundred years before the eloquent complaint of Poggius, an ano- nymous writer compofed a defcription of Rome . His ignorance may repeat the fame objects under llrange and fabulous names. Yet this barbarous topographer had eyes and ears, he could obferve the vifible remains, he could liften to the tra- dition of the people, and he diftindlly enumerates feven theatres, eleven baths, twelve arches, and. eighteen palace?, oi" which many had difappeared before the time of Poggius. It is apparent, that many {lately monuments of antiquity furvived till a late period 7 , and that the principles of de ftruclion 6 Liber cie Mirabi'ibtis Roma;, ex Regiftro Nicolai Cardinalis de Arnigonia, in Bibliotheca St. Ifidori Annario IV. N 69. This trcatife, with fonie fhort but pertinent notes, lias been pubiiihed by Montfaucon (Diarium Italieum, p. 283 jci.), who thus delivers h;s own critical opinion: bcriptor xiii mi ciiciter iarculi, ut ibidem notatur; antiquan;e rei itnperitiis, et, ut a!) illo ccvo, ir.i^is et anili- bus fabellis refeitus : ied, quia inonunitnta qua; iis tcmponb:. 1 .-. Komce Aipeiernnt pro inodvi'o rcctnier, non paium inde luce mutuabitur qui Romanis antiquitatibus indagandis operain navah-c (p. 283.). V The Fere Mabillon (AnnUcta, tom. iv. p. 501.) has publiiheit ^n anonymous pilgiirn of tlie ix :! - ctntury, whu, in l;:s viiir THE DECLINE AND FALL ftrufrion acted with vigorous and encreafing en* cr g>' i' 1 rnc thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. 2. The fame reflection mufb be applied to the three laft ages; and we fhotild vainly leek the Scptizonium of Severn:^; which is celebrated by Petrarch, and the antiquarians of the fixteenth century. While the Roman edifices were flill en- tire, the fir It blows, however weighty and im- petuous, were refitted by the folidity of the mafs and the harmony of the parts; but the flighted; touch would precipitate the fragments of arches and columns, that already nodded to their fall. Four After a diligent enquiry, I can difcern four prin- tkftMK- cipal caufes of the ruin of Rome, which conti- tiull; nued to operate in a period of more than a thou- fand years. I. The injuries of time and nature. II. The hodile arracks of the Barbarians and Chridians. III. The ufe and abufe of the ma- terials. And, IV. The domcfiic quarrels of the Romans. I>T! ' e ; r ' I. The art of man is able to cenftruct monu- ]in i-.'s or ji^uui ments fir more permanent tl;an the narrow fpan of his own cxiitencc : ye: thcie monuments, like himfclf, are periftable ;::: ; frail; and in the boundlcfs annals of time, his life and his labours nuiit equally be meaiurcd as a ilccting moment. Of a fimple and Iblid edifice, it is nc/t truly hovv- cver to circumfcribe the duration. As the. won- rou!:il tl.e clnnches and hoiy places of Komr v t(jiiches on H-veial tuiil-.iii.;- , ti^tci-ljy jjoi t;c-'-- ; , wiiith h.ul ti.l.-j^'Caied btfoi'e ti)C Xi., r ' teMiiry , 8 On t' .: ::c[>r'i/ JUJUT., if iho Mrmoiics fu. I'c'.r.n.juc ('.c;n;. i. p. 3J5-} Dor,-tu s ,-. 3^3.;, ai.d Nuulir.i (p. 117. 4-140- de rs OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 4 ar ders of ancient days, the pyramids 9 attracted the c H A p - curiofity of the ancients : an hundred genera- tions, the leaves of autumn 10 , have dropt into the crave; and after the fall of the Pharaohs and o Ptolemies, the Cselars and caliphs, the fume py- ramids {land erect and unlhaken above the floods of the Nile. A complex figure of various and minute parts is more acccffible to injury and de- cay; and the filent lapii of time is often acce- lerated by hurricanes and earthquakes, by fires quakes $ ~ and inundations. The air and earth have doubt- lefs been ftiaken; and the lofty turrets of Rome have tottered from their foundations ; but the (even hills do not appear to be placed on the great cavities of the globe ; nor has the city, in any age, been expofed to the convulfions of na- ture, which, in the climate of Antioch, Liibon, or Lima, have crumbled in a few moments the works of ages into dull. Fire is the mod power- 6^35 ful agent of life and deatli : the rapid rnifchief may be kindled and propagated by the mduftry or negligence of mankind ; and every period of the Roman annals is marked by the repetition of fimilar calamities. A memorable conflagration, the guilt or misfortune of Nero's reign, con- tinued, though with unequal fury, either fix, or 9 The age of the pyramids is remote rtmJ unknown, f:ncc D'O'.'orjs Siculus (torn. i. 1. i. c. 44. p. 7?-.) is un:;b!e to decide whether they were conftrucled 1000, or 3400, years before the clxxxrh Olympiad. Sir John Marflnm's contracle-l lc:- ; |f of the Kj-yptinn dynatlies would fix them about 2000 years before Chrift (C.mon, Clirouicus, p. 47.). 10 See the fpeech of Glaucus in the Iliad (z. j/^. }, This r.aturul hut melancholy image i;, familiar to Homer VOL. XIL D d 4*2 THE DECLINE AND FALL c HAP. n j nc days". Innumerable buildings, crowded in i_ - f j. ciofe and crooked ftreets, fupplied perpetual fewel for the flames; and when they ceafed, four only of the fourteen regions were left entire; three were totally deitroyed, and feven were deformed by the relics of fmoking and lacerated edifices l2 . In the full meridian of empire, the metropolis arofe with frefh beauty from her aflies j yet the r.^n.crv of the old deplored their irreparable Hf/e.s thi arts of Greece, the trophies of vic- tory, the monuments of primitive or fabulous antiquity. In the days of diftrefs and anarchy, every wound is mortal, every fall irretrievable; nor can the damage be re Stored either by the public care of government or the activity of private in- tercft. Yet two caufes may be alleged, which render the calamity of rire more deilructive to a fiourifhing than a decayed city. i. The more combufuble materials of brick, timber, and me- tals, are riril nicked or conliimed; but the flames may play wi:ii.,ut injury or effect on. IT 'I'iie icr>min, ar.. 17; 187.) pc jmli Komai i. He then dcpljrcs the c[-i"> t.;L -. : -,. ,; qua-litx- et Cii xcni\i:u artiun-, ckcoia .... s.i.!t.-i qiij- I'.-:,: ,:.". invniiiieiant, . the OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 40* the naked walls, and mafiy arches, that have been defpoiled of their ornaments. It is among \ the common and plebeian habitations, that a mifchievous fpark is mott eafily blown to a con- flagration; but as foon as they are devoured, the greater edifices which have refitted or efcaped, are left as fo many iflands in a ilate of folitude and fafety. From her fituation, Rome ' is expofed to the danger of frequent inunda- tions. Without excepting the Tyber, the ri- vers that defcend from either fide of the Apcn- nine have a fhort and irregular courfe : a (hallow ftream in the fummer heats : an impetuous tor- rent, when it is fwelled in the fpring or winter, by the fail of rain, and the melting of the fnows. When the current is repelled from the fea by ad- verfe winds, when the ordinary bed is inadequate to the weight of waters, they rife above the banks, and overfpread, without limits or control, the plains and cities of the adjacent country. Soon after the triumph of the firft Punic war, the Tyber was cncreafed by unufual rains; and the inundation furpaffing all former meafurc of time and place, deitroyed ail the buildings th.it were fituate below the hills of Rome. According to ' the variety of ground, the fame mifchief was pro- duced by different means; and the edifices were either fwtpt away by the fudden impulfe, or diffolved and undermined by the long conti- nuance, of the flood 13 . Under the reign of Au- guftus, '5 A. U. C. 507, rcuentina fil.verfio ipfius Rom:e prasvei-.it triumphum Romanorum .... divcrfae ignium acjuarumaue chiles D d z THE DECLINE AND FALL gullus, the lame calamity was renewed: the lawlefs river overturned the palaces and temples on its banks 1+ ; and, after the labours of the em- peror in cleanfing and widening the bed that was encumbered with ruins' 5 , the vigilance of his fucceilbrs was exercifcd by iimilar dangers and defigns. ' The pro] eel of diverting into new chamv/is the Tvber iticlf, or ibme of the de- pendent iireams, was long oppofed by fuper- iliiion and local interelis 16 ; nor did the life compenfate the toil and cod of the tardy and imperfect execution. The iervitude of rivers is the nobitll and mod important victory which man iuii obiaincd over the licentioufnefs of na- rv. ne abf'.i:riV'-t' ::ib:.M:i. A:!.;-; Fiberis infoiitis auflus imbribu? tt ultra o ; >inio:um, vtl uiui nitate ve! m i!piit inline redunclans, cn;r.:a Romje a?<':ficia in p',:ir,u j :;f,;-i tk!i.v;t. Divtrfae qualitates locoruui ad uiKiin c:u:veiicre pc!T.:.:L:i; : (j'.iorir.m et quje fegnior inuiuiatiir ttnuit ni.t;i. ;, L-i i il.ho'.vit, (t qux cuiuis tonentis invcnit impulfn rir;ccit (O:c:;x;s, Hill. 1. iv. c. n. p. a^/ ; .. edit. Havercnmp). Yet \ve may ol'iei\e, tlutt it is liie |>i:ui ;n,il liuily of the Chultian aj)ulug,iit, to masniK the c tlamitics cf ihe p.'g.s: world. '4 Vidimus li:ivu:n Tibcriin, sx-toitis Lit; ! !,:iu:co violenter utuiis Ir< IK ii.vi uin iiicnuiv.cr.ta Ri-gi5 'J'ciiij)!ic ( i:t: \'(j!;ie. (i 1 .;. .it. Cam. I. :.) Iftlie palace of Nuna, a;,i! itsiiplc oi V.,1.', \vc';. tliiown d.Avn in Horace's time, wh.it wa; ccniu:).:.! ci iho! . ' u;! .liiits by Nero's fiiC cciiKl !i.:r,':;' d^krve she cpitixts ot Vi_Uiaiii;i:..: 1/1 incuiupta. '-" Ail cocrceni.l;:s innn " i!: '. r.-tu: ^ had OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 405 f ure 17 ; and if fuch were the ravages of the Tyber CHAP. L X > I under a firm and active government, what could ._, T _/ oppofe, or who can enumerate, the injuries of the city after the fall of the Weftern empire ? A remedy was at length produced by the evil itfelf : the accumulation of rubbiflh and the earth, that has been wafhed down from the hills, is fup- pofed to have elevated the plain of Rome, four- teen or fifteen feet, perhaps, above the ancient level IS ; and the modern city is lefs accefiible to the attacks of the river 1 ". II. The crowd of writers of every nation, who ir. T,',.; impute the deftrudtien of the Roman monuments frcks'oi" to the Goths and the Chriftians, have neglected the_Bar- r , -11 bariansand to enquire how far they were animated by an Christians, hoftile principle, and how far they poiTefled the means and the ieiiiire to fatiate their enmity. In the preceding volumes of this Hiflory, I have de- fcribecl the triumph of barbarifm and religion -, and I can only refume, in a few words, their real or imaginary connection with the ruin of ancient Rome. Our fancy may create, or adopt, a plea- fing romance, that the Goths and Vandals tallied from Scandinavia, ardent to avenge the (light of '7 See the Epoqii^s de la Nature of the eloquent anc! philofophic Buffon. His picture of Guyana in Somh Aiv.erci, is that of a new ;mci i'avage land, in which the watu'3 aie ahaniloneil to thenu'clves, without being ixgul.ited by human industry (p. 212. 561. quarto edition), 18 In his Travels in Italy, Mr. Addiibn (his works, vol. ii, p. 58, li;-.fkeiville's edition) has obl'ervtd this cuiious and unqueliionable i'aft. ") Yet in modern times, the Tylier has ro^netimes dnmage'J the city; and in tlu: years 1530, 1557, 1598, the Annals of MuriUori record three Eiifchievcus and rr.cmoiab'.e inundations (tom. xi^ 1 . [>. 268. 429, torn. xv. p. 99, &c.)t. D d i OJiti, 4o6 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP. Odin se , to break the chains, nnd to chaftife the >. - v J, opprefibrs, of mankind ; that they wifhed to burn the records of claffic literature, and to found their national architecture on the broken members of the Tufcan and Corinthian orders. But in fimple truth, the northern conquerors were neither fuf- fitientiy favage, nor fufficiently refined, to en- tertain fuch afpiring ideas of deftruction and re- venge. The fhepherds of Scythia and Germany had been educated m the armies of the empire, \vhofe difcipline they acquired, and whofe weak- nefs they invaded : with the familiar u!c of the Latin tongue, they had learned to reverence the name and titles of Rome ; and, though incapable of emulating, they were more inclined to admire, than to aboliih, the arts und iU^lies of a brighter period. In the tranficnt p-fiefllon of a rich and unrt Oiling capital, the fokitcrs of Alaric and Genferic \\ere iliiv.ulated by the pafTions of a victo- ricus army; amidd t!ie v/anton indulgence of lijfl or cruelty, portable we..!ih v,as tiie object of their fearch ; nor could they derive cither pride or pleafurc from the unprofitable reflection, that they had battered to the ground the works of the con- iuls and Cellars. Their moments were, indeed precious ; tne Gntii5 evacuated K.ome on the ilxth 11 , the Vandals c^n the fifteenth, day 11 ; -'- i .\.^ th's r '|v rti; .ity :. ' decl.'ii if. ;t, fi>:it ir :!;'.' com I . of twelve VL^I - I .. .'. t ::; ;rjo. 1..: ' :!: 2:'. ' . ; i:cni Cie; i b'.M nil K yomi ('a. : pi d '] aci'.vi , is ci.'.iki t-i.- 01 K.blt, in i'.:- ai.ti^urtks of ( i' mi t! . ii Hsftc v of r v ]\ line, Sec. vol. v. p. 325. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, and, though it be far more difficult to build than to deftroy, their hafty aiTault would have made a flight impreflion on the iblid piles of antiquity. We may remember, that both Alaric and Genfcric affected to fpare the buildings of the city; that they fubfiftcd in flrength and beauty under the aufpicious government of Theodoric * 3 ; and that the momentary refentment of Totila 1 * was difarmed by his own temper and the advice of his friends and enemies. From thefe innocent Bar- barians, the reproach may be transferred to the Catholics of Rome. 1 he ftatues, altars, and hcuies, of the demons were an abomination in their eyes j and in the abfolute command of the city, they ought labour with zeal and perfeverance to craze the idolatry of thc.'ir ancestors. The de- molition of the temples in the Eatt 15 affords to them an example of conduct, and to us an argu- ment of belief ; and ic is probable, that a portion of guilt or merit may be imputed with jufdce to the Roman profelytes. Yet their abhorrence was confined to the monuments of heathen fuper- flition ; and the civil ilructures that were dedi- cated to the bufiucli or pleafure of ibciety might be prefcrved without injury cr fcandal. The change of religion was accomnlifhed, not by a popular tumult, but by the decrees of the empe- rors, of the ienate, and of time. Of the Chrif- tian hierarchy, the bifr.ops of Rome were com- monly the moft prudent and ier.fl fanatic : nor "5 Hiftory of the Decline, A:c. vol. vii. r-"9~33. ^ 4- D d A. can 4eS THE DECLINE AND FALL C H A P. cin any pofitive charge be oppofed to the merito- T \ A. J . i r L rious act of favir.g and converting the majcftic flruclure of the Pantheon 16 . TIL The III. The vJue of any object that fupplies the ahufe'of vvants or p^-afures of mankind, is compounded the n:a- of its fubftance and its form, of the materials and the manufacture. Its price muft depend on the number of perfons by \vhom it may be acquired and ufed; on the extent of the market; and con- fequently on the eafe or difficulty of remote ex- portation, according to the nature of the com- modity, its loc.il fixation, and the temporary cir- curnOances of the world. The Barbarian con- querors of Rotr.e i;fur ed in a moment the toil and trtaiure oi fuccefilve a^cs; bur, except the luxurks di imrnedia: confumption, they muft vicv; v.i'J .: dcflre a-i that eo'tki r.oi be removed fit >m the i . i'i ih ' >> '\- MIS or tin- tlc< t of L/.e \\\\: !;.]., ~\ , r,.-i f;!ver were the fir it o^icci; i their ; -. ; a., in every couritry, and . j Piiocate prinrij)e tfniplu.ii, quoil r:p; h.Jvv .' . it '*' ; ; .*ii S;i:v.'-i;c Mii'.i' ii-ii.;:.i' V i : " I : . '. ; . i . I ! \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 . i i . . L- f L I ' L . I 1 1 j > \ > .-. I i ' 1 : 1 1 T. bor.a v . : . .; ; vr] j.-otin; 1 iln-i \ is in 15;.r.it ,f.'j IV. .:. .'. . Hon. tciijit. Rtrriiiii [t, ii.. .nun, \< r\. in. I'- i. }. i 3 -, . } . . tvi ilic ".:. ;i\ riiu',1 . v. . ; -A i b-, A : : , . ! ' , lu-i-.- uud Nt-j'- OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 409 in the fmalleft compafs, they reprefent the moft c i-i A P ample command of the induftry and porTeflions of mankind. A vafe or a ftatue of thofe precious metals might tempt the vanity of fome Barbarian chief i but the grofier multitude, regardlels of the form, was tenacious only of the fubftance; and the melted ingots might be readily divided and damped into the current coin of the empire. The iefs a olive or lefs fortunate robbers were re- duced co the baler plunder of brafs, lead, iron, and copper : whatever had elcaped the Goths and Vandals was pillaged by the Greek tyrants; and the emperor Con dans., in his rapacious vifir, dripped the bronze tiies from the roof of the Pantheon 4!>i . The edifices of Rome might be confidtred as a vail and various mine; the firft labour of extracting the materials was already per- formed; the metals were purified and cad; the marbles were hewn and polifned ; and after foreign and domeflic rapine had been fatiated, the remains' of the city, could a purchafer have been found, were dill venal. The monuments of antiquity had been left naked of their precious ornaments, but the Romans would demolifli with their own hands the arches and walls, if the hope of profit could furpafs the coll of the labour and exporta- tion. If Charlemagne had fixed in Italy the feat of the Weftern empire, his genius would have afpircd to reftore, rather than to violate, the 2 " Oinni.i rjnre erant in rrrc nil oi'ivitum civitntis dcpofuit: fed ct ecclciiam B. M/.n;e ad mr.nyi'cs quoc de te^ulis nereis coopert.:) ilif- coopnrut (Anath in Vit:\i ; an. p 141.)- r l'hc hale and facrilc<;ioua Greek hud not even tlie pool pretence of plundering an heathen tem- pli j the Pantheon was already a Catholic church. works 410 THE DECLINE AND FALL CHAP, works of the Crefars: but policy confined the French monarch to the forefls of Cjcrmany; his tafte couLl be gratified only by deft ruction ; and the ncvv* palace of Aix la Chapelle was decorated with the marbles of Ravenna 19 and Rome 30 . Five hundred vears after Charlemagne, a king; of - O ' O Siciiy, Robert, the wifeft and moil liberal fo- vcfeign of the age, was fupplied with the fame materials by the ea!y navigation of the Tyber and the ica ; a:;d i'ctrarch fi2;hs an indignant com- O O plaint, than the ancient capital of the world mould adorn from her own bowels the flothful luxury of Naples 31 , But thtfe examples of plunder or purchaie *7 Fcr the fpoils of Ravenna (rr.ufiva rurue inarmori) A:e ti.e cri^mr;) gr:;nt of pope Atlr.in I. 10 Charlemagne (Cc :!.:: C.Jic/ii;'. tjjiih Ixvi. in Muratori, Script. Itai- tcm. iii. P. ii, p. zi-.}. i" 1 I ihiil quote the authentic te;iimoiiv of tilt Saxon poet (A. D. ??7 899.)) d? Rchus geiiis C.iro.i in^giii, i. v. 4.37 4.4.0. iri ihe Hiftomni o\ FKUIC-.- v 'tt-m. v. p. igo.): A<1 qvia? n-,ni mortas pncftabat ROMA colirr.ras, Q^afdam prnecipuas pulchra R;.vt.r,na dcdit De t:ini 1 ,r.gir,i;iii poti'.il i^gior.e vc'ult-S. I:!-,;:? o:T,atu;:i i-'i.ir.:ia i.!'i-e tibi. /^pd I fhill :.: i. f: .in the Chronicle of Sigrbtrf (IIirtoriai'3 (/* France, torn. v. p. 3"".^.) extiuxit etiani Aquitgrani bafilicun: piurirr.x p\ii / :iii :(!;; .-, aJ cujus ftructuram a ROMA tt Ravenr; 1 . CO'I'.T.^'.S !. ; :;.'.rr > .iri"i ocv;hi f^:it. ?' J canr^t icnild to inic:ibc r. long j-r.fTi^e of Perrarrh (Opp. p. 5-,''', ;,T- V ir, F f )i;t>)!i hoita'.ou^ au Nicolaum LMIICII- ti.:jr^ it is :r> i::o: ; :;..i ftii! to the pc.:;-,t ; NVc pudor n:cpi:u; irnpiciatis OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 4U purchafe were rare in the darker ages ; and the c H A P* Romans, alone and unenvied, might have ap- plied to their private or public ufe the remaining ilruclurcs of antiquity, if in their prefent form and Gtuation they had not been ufelefs in a great meafure to the city and its inhabitants. The walls Hill defcribed the eld circumference, but the city had defcended from the feven hills into the campus Martius ; and forne of the nobieft monuments which had braved the injuries of time were k ft in a clefert, far remote from the habitations of man- kind. The palaces of the fenators were no longer adapted to the manners or fortunes of their in- digent fucceffors : the ufe of baths 3i and porti- coes was forgotten ; in the iixth century, the games of the theatre, amphitheatre^ and circus, had been interrupted : fome temples were devoted to the prevailing worihip ; but the Chriftian churches preferred the holy figure of the crofsj and faihion, or reatbn, had diftributed after a peculiar model the cells and offices of the cloyfter. Under the ecclefiaftical reign, the number of the (e pious foundations was enormoufly multiplied; and the city was crowded with forty monafteries frsgminihus vin'm q^t-.iluiii turpi mercimonio capture non puduit. Itr.que mine, hcu ciolor ! heu Iccius indignuui ! de veftris inar- nurcis coiumrns, tv '' cnr y of women, and fixty chapters r.nd colleges of canons and prieiis 33 , who aggra- vated, inilead of relieving, the depopulation of the tenth century. But if the forms of ancient archi- tecture were difregarded by a people infenfible of their life and beauty, the plentiful materials were applied to every call of neceflity or fupciitition ; till the faired columns of die Ion;c and Corin- thian orders, the richeft marbles of Paros and "Numidia, were degraded, perhaps, to the fupport of a convent or a ft able. The daily havock which is perpetrated by the Turks in the cities of Greece and Afia, may afford a melancholy example ; and in the gradual dedruciion of the monuments of Rome, Sixtus the fiith may alone be excufed for employing the denes of the Septizonium in the Morions edifice of St. PeterV 4 . A fragment, O O J a ruin, howfoever mangled or profaned, may be viewed v. ith pleofure and regret j but the greater pare of the marble was deprived of fubdance, as v/ell as of place and proportion i it was burnt to lime for the purpofe of cement. S'nce the arrival ofPoggius, the temple of Concord 35 , and many 34- Vitn cii Siftn Q^ir.to, il:i Grcjorio Lf ti, toni. in. p. 50. TV' ' - ' I "O;K i: T p: nn.ni : : il iiiinm accolTi \ ' ' IIIl l|'ftH'!(i : Ruili.'ini |:i.'!t- >!; ; : ' ' , i - | I 'I in < )< Ct is Collllll .us !.i . . , , i '. , '. ' ', i ! >. i ini.,i! \vi.; tlicrtioic r.'.i (' . ; : . ;,t",iy, ;is I h:;vc r. :\d In :\ MS. tit .til Koi! i i iiu- frrnjci'iy at KOT.*.', 'u tl i i- , . , Uravi;,a. Pot cius like- v ;c :iri ; . ': '. ' . ;>..:.:!:'- oi C .1. ii.t T^l-.tt.-.!.! '.'..13 burnt ioi iinie OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 413 capital ftru&ures, had vanifhed from his eyes ; CHAP. and an epigram of the fame age exprefles ajuft w \jt and pious fear, that the continuance of this prac- tice would finally annihilate all the monuments of antiquity 3<5 . The fmallnefs of their numbers was the fole check on the demands and depredations of the Romans. The imagination of Petrarch might create the preience of a mighty people 37 ; and I hefitate to believe, that even in the four- teenth century, they could be reduced to a con- temptible lift of thirty-three thoufancl inhabitants. From that period to the reign of Leo the tenth, if they multiplied to the amount of eighty-five thoufand 38 , the encreafe of citizens was in fome degree pernicious to the ancient city. IV. I have refer ved for the hit, the molt po- iv. The tent and forcible caufe of deftrufHon, the doineilic * C * hoftilities of the Romans themfelves. Under the of the KG- , . - r i t i i T" i mans. dominion or tne GreeK and French emperors, tne peace of the city was difturbed by accident.;,], though frequent, feditions : it is from the decline of the latter, from the beginning of the tenth J 6 Compofed by ^Eneas Sylvius, afteiwauL Pope T :' : ';S II. n-;d pnMiflied by Mabilion from a MS. of the qu;en i.f Sweden (Mufeum Itulicum, torn. i. p. 97.). Oblectat me, Roma, tuas fpe&are ruinas ; Ex cnjus lapsu gloria piifcn pntct. Sed tuus hie popukis rnuris d-;to{T.t vetuftis Calcis in obfequ'ium rn'inioia dura torjuit Impiu terccntum li fie gen:; egcrit unnos Nullum hinc iii'Jic'tun nobiliti.tir. cri*. 57 Vngabamur [:*iittr in illd urbe \-\\\\ ir.agna ; quac, cum proper ipr-tium vacua videi'etur, populura habet iuinicnium (Opp. p. 605- Epift. Familiares, ii. 14.). 3 a Thefe itates of the population of Rome at different period?, are derived from an ingenious treatife of the ph' ilcian Laucii'i, de j-iomain Qualitatibus (p, 121.}. century, THE DECLINE AND FALL C HAP. century, that we may date the licentioufnefs of private war, which violated with impunity the laws of the Code and the Gofpcl; without refpeding the majeily of the ablent fovereign, or the prefence and peribn of the vicar of Chriit. In a dark pe- riod of live hundred years, Rome was perpetually affiicled by the languinary quarrels of the nobles and the people, the Gueiphs and Ghibclines, the Colonna and Urfini: and if much has efcapcd the knowledge, and much is unworthy of the notice, of hillory, I have expofed in the two preceding chapters, the caufes and effects of the public dif- orclcrs. At fuch a time, when every quarrel was decided by the Ivvord ; and none could truft their lives or properties to the impotence of law; the powerful citizens were armed for fafety or ofrence, againii the domeiuc enemies, whom they feared or hated. Except Venice alone, the fame dangers and deGgns were common to all the free republics of Italy ; and the nobles uiurped the prerogative of fortifying their houies, and creeling ilrong tower; :2 that v, ere capable of refifting a fuddtn attack. Tl.e ciiies were filled with thefe hollilc cdih'ces; and. the example of Lucca, which con- tained three hundred towers; her law which con- fined their height to the meafure of fourlcore feet, may be extended with luitable latitu ie to the more opulent and populous ftates. The tint Peep of the fcnator Brar.c.ucone in the eftablifhment of peace 39 /.', ;! . f ' !,..' ; In re to t'-.c Uw'is :it Rome, and H c-'.her free ci'.; <..i I'niv, ii-.r.v \:c ('curd IP. tlie lali^iii-.is ^:;J f rtcrt^irins; compih'iuM '* '. '. : -.t ri, Antitju r:Uis 1";1;K r^tdii /Evi, tl.flerfat. xxvi. (torn. ii. p. 6^^ 4^'). c; i!;s Latin, toin. i. p. 446. of the and OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 415 Tinct juftice, was to demolish (as we have already c ^ / p - 1_* ~\ o I feen) one hundred and forty of the towers of Rome; and. in the laft days of anarchy arid ciif- cord, as lace as the reign of Martin the fifth, forty-four Hill (tood in one of the thirteen or four- teen regions of the city. To this mifchicvous purpofe, the remains of antiquity were mod readily adapted : the temples and arches afforded a broad and ibhd bafis for the new ftrudhires of brick and tloncj and we can name the modern turrets that were railed on the triumphal monuments of Julius Crefar, Titus, and the Antonines 40 . With fome flight alterations, a th>-atre, an amphitheatre, a mauibleum, was transformed into a ftrong and fpacious citadel. I need not repeat, that the mole of Adrian has affumed the title and form of the caflle of St. Angelo 41 j the Septizonium of Seve- rus was capabl ;i of (binding ugainft a royal army 41 ; the fepulchre of Mete Ha has funk under its out- works * l ; the theatres of Ponipey and Marcellus were 3 Ai for inft:',nce ; Tem;>lu.n Jani nunc dicitur, turris Centii Frany.ipa:. s ; tt i.^nc; ]:)no i nip >; !i ; x tiKii'j Interitiss confpicua ho- ditque veliigu hipes {"unt (Moi)u.uirai .i ; r.icua *. r,!or.i:i!, tiirr^ i'e Co!f6lip.j ivc. 4 1 Ha L mull: cuj ~ii importrnt j).:!T.u-;& -^f Mortfaucon- Turris i:)icr: t:ur; lulidi, ir 'p;r:'.!in pci .j'.Kini iiiMi'r.HMn !r.t;:s V'icuvnn iisj'er!::: at '*.-' A' ?frc dicj-'ur, a, b',u:ii r . t .',',nt!b'is nvaro i:..icni.tis. Hu;c ie^uii-ri SEVO, THE DECLINE AND FALL were occupied by the Savelli and Urfini families 4 *; and the rough fortrefs has been gradually fofccned to the fplendour and elegance of" an Italian palace. Even the churches were encompaf'ed with arms and bulwarks, and the military engines on the roof of St. Peter's were the terror of the Vatican and the fcandal of the Chriflian world. Whatever is for- tified will be attacked; and whatever is attacked may be deflroyed. Could the Romans have \vreitcd from the popes the caflle of St. Angelo, they had relolved by a public decree to annihilate that monument of fervitude. Every building of defence was expofcd to a fiege ; and in every fiege the arts and engines of ddtrudtion were labori- ou fly employed. After the death of Nicholas the fourth, Rome, \\ithotit a ibvcreign or a ienate, war. the times 45 , u were trv , t<-m;:or:-- inteflinrrum :.:'..:.. : "M i'.'> ti!|us tii(T;i.-:i i.-t I'll'!'-.- , , - .t K ,''.;,- ,.; i;:r! Ale!;:; .93 tjiuili ?.rx tj] pidnii tn ,''. . ;.'.:, vi'.r.j U.MU otijIiC (.'( llllll!. (-!!'( - 1 '' liclUljt '/iV-LU!, If! U'.lltllV'. I :M ! I- O! 1 ' : : . ..'-..'' .:..'. !U. i^~ ") 44- Si K the tclii.i, " IK! Mon;f..^con. In the SuVfl.'i ]>.>! ,:'... i. ii . . i ; : .'.i . - ir.'s -^re lti!l 'n't-.tt an ! on! ' i:v".5. 45 J.nnt-b t an!; ;:::';,;;.! iiicti i- cui I/I(L . ; Pc;pn LI i _ r. ni. p. 6; i. 1. i. c. i. v.' . i .. llo'j .! Me- . ... ,'- -.'*J I : i i"i ' i i . - , ! . , ' . i ; > ' . t i : 'I < ; i,. : : ' . ; 1' . v . :.-::i 5 IViK ii ''"-:!.:'.., 1. ..:.,. . jmo Luir.ii,.'. \ . . ..> ejiic. :.t :'^i . ..LX. - velocity OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 417 'g:-;;^i:s frang'.mtur civilnis he-; ! tieu ! (J_i_io i ;':'. nt-q:iivit ( Hawijl ) '. ,,;rii ,).rtof the Verona Illuftr.ita of" tlir Maiquis MafTci, . . , .: aiir,ihittieitK-i, parri. uhr 1 y tiic.:'-.- ol Home ar.J . .' i, iV .', : ,' . ; liiuiis, w MJ- PI .; lilajts, i'c. It ii fiom r:..i.-r- " iC i. ' .!.:..* 'he n.uii".- ut Ct'sjTtum, or Co'-j,;,rr. ; lince the iurne - '-v,? f [), ni to itio ainpl ith-.-afre of Ca|/ui, without the .. . ' .. ..lice ti:it ci X'.io \VT crtfitd in the- court , : . c . ' rul nut in :!ie CuJifcj^r:! (P. jv. j>. 15 j^. OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 419 gold, became the firft prey of conqueft or fanati- cifin, of the avarice of the Barbarians or the Chriftians. In the mafiy Hones of the Colifeum, many holes are difcerned; and the two moft pro- bable conjectures reprefent the various accidents of its decay. Thefe itones were connected by folid links of brafs or iron, nor had the eye of rapine overlooked the value of the bafer metals 50 : the vacant fpace was converted into a fair or market; the artifans of the Colifeum are mentioned in an ancient furveyj and the chafms were perforated or enlarged to receive the poles that fupported the fhops or tents of the mechanic trades 51 . Re- duced to its naked majefly, the Flavian amphi- theatre was contemplated with awe and admiration by the pilgrims of the North; and their rude en- thufiafm broke forth in a fublime proverbial ex- preffion, which is recorded in the eighth century, in the fragments of the venerable Bede: "As long Cf as the Colifeum ftands, Rome mail Hand; when ce the Colifeum falls, Rome will fall 3 when Rome " falls, the world will fall 5 V In the modern fyftem of war, a fituation commanded by three 5 Jofeph Maria Suarcs, a learned bi(hop, and the author of an hiitory of Prsenrfte, has compofed a leparate diflcrtation on the feven or ei^ht probable caufes of thefe holes, which has been fince reprinted in the Roman Thelaurus of Sallengre. Montfaucon (Diariucn, p. 233.) pronounces the rapine of the Barbarians to be the unarn germanamque cauiain fotamimini. 1 Donatus, Roma Vetus et Nova, p 285. 5* Quamdiu ftabit Colyietis, ftabit et Roma; quanto cadet Coly- feus, cadet Roma; qu.indo cadet Roma, cadet et mundus (Beda in. Excerptis leu Collectaneis apud Ducange Glwflar. med. et infima" Latinitatis, torn. ii. p. 437. edit. Bafil.)- This faying muft be afcribed to the Anglo-Saxon pilgrims who vifited Rome before the: year 735, the sera of Bede'e death 5 for I do not believe that our venerable monk ever Bailed the fea. E e 2 hills 4 20 THE DF.CLIS'l- AND FALL CHAP, hjjis would not be chofen for a fortrefs; but the (Irength of the \\alls and arches could refill the engines of afi.iult ; a numerous garrilbn might be lodged in the enclofure ; and \\hile one i'aclion occupied the Viitican and the Capitol, the other was entrenched in the Lateran and the Coli- fctim ". The abolition at Rome of the ancient game- nnift be underftood with fome latitude ; and the carnival fports, of the Teftace.an mount and the Circus Agonalis 5 *, were regulated by the law 55 or cuftom of the city. The fenator prefided witli dignity and pomp to adjudge and cii (tribute the prizes, the gold ring, or the pallium 5 ', as it was ftyled, of cloth or filk. A tribute on the Jewr, lupplied the annual expence c "j and the races, on fOOt; v '' I cannot rtcover in Muratori'i or'ginal Live? o( the Po]>fs '_Scr'{>:. Ktriiin It^li(.i; HIV, ti,m. iii. 1'. i.) the pr.;t'i.:' ;hat attellx n.*.-. hcltiU: partition, which rv.ufr he .'-j-lied to the eiiJ of the xi !i - ci ihr beginning of the xii :t - n-rtmy. 14 / Ithontih the Itructuic ct t!.e Lirctr '\f;onn' : $ be deftroyeii, it >lill ictains :t, \u\rn ;iiid nam'- (.-\yo:..!. N^ ; .oii:i, Navona) : and i!\t irtciior fp:ice affouls a A'fTui.-iit irvtl f^r : 'T pnrpote of racmp. But the Monte Teftsceo, tr.ot lirni'g-; \-\.f >.>t !;ivken potteiy, it-ems <-i:!y ^('apffil for the annual j.'i,.ct <*_ ,,f Jan :n<; tir-m top to tx i'i,:;i l* See the btat\nn I' i ;- kr,-.. j; ( i ; .u'. c. S^, X !, 89. p. 185, i$fl. I have already i^ivtn ;n nie.i of tins nmr.it'p -.1 ixde. The racs o: Nagrna and Monte I dt..cto an. iikcwile ir.ts.r-.nr^d in the ])i:iry cf !\ter Antor.ius from 1404 to 14:7 (Miua'or, Sciijit. Kerum Itahta- TUIT, torn. xxiv. p. 1124 .}. <. 6 I he Pa.'ii^ai, wliich M'--ni:;e '^ fviolifhly i '.Drives from I'^'mtr:*'*, is an eal'y i-xtci.lion of tl-e u'ea ar(i th? woi'ds, l-'oni ;i;e rohc or clo.ik, to the materiils, nr.d from thcntu to tlieir aj'juicatiun as a jsiizs (Muratnri, dilh/rt. xxxin.). JT For tl'.c-fe cxpc:,cvs, the Je\vs of Rome p"id e::C!: year TIIO florins, of which the oJd tl.::ty reprel'cnted the pieces ct" filver for which OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 421 foot, on horfeback, or in chariots, were ennobled CHAP. J-*.A. -iV 1 by a tilt and tournament of feventy-two of the Ro- s y j man youth. In the year one thoufand three him- ^^ ll -"~t ' ' realt in the dred and thirty- two, a bull-fe-j.il, after the fafhion Coiiieum, AD of the Moors and Spaniards, was celebrated in 1332," the Colifeum itfclf; and the living manners are Sepr ' >* painted in a diary of the times 5S . A convenient order of benches was reftored , and a general proclamation., as far as Rimini and Ravenna, in- vited the nobles to exercife their Ikill and cou- rage in this perilous adventure. The Roman la- dies were marfhalled in three fquacirons, and feated in three balconies, which on this day, the third of September, were lined with leaflet cloth. The fair Jacova di Rovere led the matrons from beyond the Tybcr, a pure arv.i native race, who flill reprefent the features and cha racier of an- tiquity. The remainder of the city was divided as ufual between the Colonna and Umni: the two factions were proud of the number and beauty of their female bands: the charms o(" Savella Urfmi are mentioned with praife; and the Colonna re- gretted the.abfence of the younger! of their houie, who had fp rained her ancle in the. garden of Nero's tower. The lets of the champions were which Judas had betrayed his tna'ter to 'heir anchors. There wag a loot- race of jevvifh, as well as of Chiiltian jouths (StaUita Urbis, ibidem). 5 This extraordinary bull-feaft in the CoLll-urn, is defcrihed from tradition, rather than memory, by Lm'.ovico Buonconce Monaldefco, in tlie moil ancient fragments ot Roman unnais (Muratori, Script. Reruiu italicarum, torn. xii. p. 535, 536.): and however fanciful they may Item, they are deeply nurite'l witii the colours of truth and nature. E e ? drawn AT.* THE DECLINE AND FALL C j l \\\' ^ r:lwn ^7 an ^ ant * re fp e! ^ a bte citizen; and they dcfcendcd into the aren. 14.2.) affirms this faft from tlie memorrals of Flaminius Vacc:i (N 7^.). I !u-y ftiii hoped, on foinc future occafion, to revive and vir.i!ii.a;e their grant. 6 5 After meafuring the prifcus amphhhcatri gyrtis, Montfaucon (p. 141.) only adds, that it was cr.tire under Paul III.; tacendo clamat. Muraton (Annali d'ltalia, torn. xiv. p. 371.) more freely reports the i^uilt of the Fainefe pope, and the indignation (;t the Rom.'>n people. Againft tlie nephews of Urban VIII. I have no other evidence than the vuigar laying, " Qn_oii non fecervint Har- " b;ui, ftcen: B.iibarir.i," which vVas perhaps luggelted L/y the refem- llaj,ce of the woi\ls. j 5 proach OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. proach is applied to the Barberini; and the repe- tidon of injury might be dreaded from every reign, till the Colifeum was placed under the fafeguard a " d confe- r D cration or of religion, by the moft liberal of the pontiffs, the Coli- Benedict the fourteenth, who confecrated a fpot which perfecution and fable had ftained with the blood of fo many Chriftian martyrs* 4 . When Petrarch firft gratified his eyes with a ignorance r i r i r r if a "d hat- view of thole monuments, whole icattered frag- banl - m oi ments fo far furpafs the moft eloquent defcriptions, the Ro - he was aftonifhed at the fupine indifference* 5 of the Romans themfelves eft ; lie was humbled ra- ther than elated by the difcovery, that, except his friend Rienzi and one of the Colonna, a ftranger of the Rhone was more converfant with thefe antiquities than the nobles and natives of the metropolis 07 . The ignorance and credulity of the Romans are elaborately difplayed in the old furvey of the city which was compofed about the 6 4 As an antiquarian and a prieft, Montfaucon thus deprecates tbe ruin of the Colifeum; Qnod fi non fuopte wriro at'.jiu 1 pul- chritucline dignum fuifTet quod improbas nrceret ir.ain-s, iuiiigni res utique in locum tot martyrum cruoie lacrum t;t!;topere fa;viturn tfle. 6 5 Yet the Statutes of Rome (I. iii. c. Si. p. iKi.) impofe a fine cf 500 aurei on wlioiocver ihall demoiifh sny ancient eJifice, r.c minis tivitas detormetur, et ut untiqua tedificiu decorein uibis jiorpetuo repre lenient. 66 In his fiift vifit to Rome (A. D. 15^7. Sec Memo! res fur Penarque, torn. i. p, 3?. a. .tc.), Petrarch is ftiuck mure miraculo rerum tantalum, et ftupuiis rnoie ohrutus .... IVitfentia ves'o, mirum diftu, nihii ininnnuit : vtre innjor fuit R;;n;r. inajorefque i'unt reiiquifc quani it.bar. J;iiii non oi'l't'ii ab Iiiic uil>e dumituin, Sod tarn i'eio domituin, miroi (Opp. p. ^05. Fainiliares, ii. 14. joanni Columnpe). 6 7 He except s arui praifes tlie rari kno'vKd^e of John Colonna. Qui enim hodie niagis ignaii iciuni Komanarnm, -j[> ft one's., ar.d whole " value iT:ighc be elUtrneu at one tiurd of the ; - world itlrif. The ftatues of a'i tiie provinces " were arranged in order, eacli with a fmaii bell '' fufp.c.::J.-:d from it t; i'cbcllcd agair.il Rome, the ildtue tun:eJ round ,~c inius ;.: o\ inci.c verttJJ'it rci'oi ih:it q:i.:J ; , r.H.'.ir 1 .! :>.i iiit !i!tu>i'.--i iu)T',:, ,!\ :. j]c .; Si:-jvi, v. l. w j, nf :.: iii; y !,.-).) . .'.-. .' : tir.:i:i:v. ; !..U::n i^i.trt ; .. It !;:ili;i :': us n .:: ;:.ivil : :!.c iV.lL.iis (Arn.!iVin. in OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 427 cr to that quarter of the heavens, the bell rang, ^ H A p - Cf the prophet of the Capitol reported the prodigy, " and the fen ate was admonifhed of the impend- ik. of Phidias (Oiym|)i:id ixxxiii.) or Praxiteles (Olympiad civ.), who lived befoit- that onqucToi (l j i;n. Hilt. Natur. xxxiv. 19.'. ? William of Malniihuiy (1. n. |>. S6, 3;.) rci.ites a marvellous iifcovcry (A. D. 1046) of l'.ula, the Ion ot Evandcr, who had >w:en ll^in by Tunius ; the i)i; pt--ru;il hj.;ht 1:1 his fepulchre, n jf.v.tin epitaph, t!i2 corbie, yet entire, of a yurng j-.i'-nt, the 4:S THE DECLINE AND FALL ^Vxxi 1 *' t ^' e Vatican, ^ ac ' ^ een explored by fome labourers, s -,,_i in digging a vineyard near the temple, or convent, of the Minerva ; but the impatient proprietor, who was tormented by fume vifiti of curiofity, re- ftorcd -the unprofitable marble to its former grave ra . The difcovery of a fhitue of Pompey, ten feet in length, was the occafion of a law-iuit. Ic had been found * under a partition- wall : the equitable judge had pronounced, that the head ihould be feparated from the body to fatisfy the claims cf the contiguous owners; and the lenience would have been executed, if the intercefiion of a cardinal, and the liberality of a pope, had not ref- cued the Roman hero from the hands of his bar- barous countrymen ". Kei'ionu But the clouds of barbarifm were gradually dif- pelled; and the peaceful authority of Martin the mentsof fifth and his lucccrTors, reftored the ornaments of "!A!D. tne c ' lt y as we N as tne order of the ecclefiaftical '^-' flate. The improvements of Rome, fince the fifteenth century, have not been the fpontaneous produce of freedom and induftry. The firil and mod natural root of a great city, is the labour and populoufnefs of the adjacent country, which enormous wound in his bread (peftns peiforat ingens), &c. IT this falilc rtfts on tlie (liglirtlt fouinlation, we n-.Tiy pity ;!.e bodicf, as well as the itatuts, th.it were expoful to the air in a baibaious age. i 1 Pro; e ponicum Mincrvr, ft "tea e!i r.cnSnnti;;, cuji: 1 ; rsput i a tfhrcte, tanl^' niagnitudir.is, vi: li^;.u cmi.ia cxctci'if. Q^nlam aii ;,!.i;.r,nnics mix res icioi-.-. s iaciuis (it-icxi'. Ad I oc vikndiun :uiii piiirts in dies ni:'gis cor.ctn i tic; t. It lepitiiiTi ;ulcu..tmin f;.'t;di-- un;r,iie ^er-.ti',. r, b.v-rti |iatrcr,us cc/r.L'cIti ;.Uii:o tcxi; (Poggius de Va iictatt I'ci ; iii.aj, ]. ii.). 71 Seethe Mi rr.c: i^i'- cf Flainir.itis, Vaccn, X" 57. p- n 12- at the end of t''.e Rcai.i Ar.f.ca cf Nurdini (1704, in 4" ). fupplies OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 4:9 fupplies the materials of fubfiftence, of manufac- CH A P " tures, and of foreign trade. But the greater part of the Campagna of Rome is reduced to a dreary and defolate wildernefs : the overgrown eftates of the princes and the clergy are cultivated by the lazy hands of indigent and hopelefs vaffals ; and the fcanty harvefts are confined or exported for the benefit of a monopoly. A fecond and more artificial caufe of the growth of a metropolis, is the refidence of a monarch, the expence of a luxu- rious court, and the tributes of dependent pro- vinces. Thofe provinces and tributes had been loft in the fall of the empire : anci if fome ftreams of the filver of Peru and the gold of Brafil have been attracted by the Vatican ; the revenues of the cardinals, the fees of office, the oblations of pilgrims and clients, and the remnant of eccle- fiaftical taxes, afford a poor and precarious fupply, which maintains however the idlenefs of the court and city. The population of Rome, far below th^ meafure of the great capitals of Europe, does nor. exceed one hundred and feventv thoufand inhabi- tants 7 *; and within the fpacious inciofure of the walls, the large ft portion of the lever, hills is cvi-;r- fpread with vineyards and ruins, The beaucy ar..i fplendour of the modern city may be aicnb^l to the abufes of the government, to the infl'J.c:::c : of fuperftition. Each reign (the exception.: are r:re} 7* In the year 1709, the inhabitants of P. -me ('without including eight or ten thoufand Jew:) amounted i > 1 3';, -,6? fouls (Lulx.i, Voy- ages en Efpagne et en T.i'.lie, torn. ii:. <>. 7. ; 7 , 11?.). In I;MO they had mcreaied to 146, cSc; ?iui i:i 176.-, i kit them, witlu-ut tlie Jews, 161,899. I am ig:ior4iit whctlier they havs urc*- continued in a yrojrdiivc fta:e. has THE DECLINE AND FALL lias been marked by the rapid elevation of a new family, enriched by the childlefs pontiff at the cxpence of the church and country. The palaces of thcfe fortunate nephews are the moft coftly monuments of elegance and fervitude; the perfect arts of architecture, painting, and fculpture, have been proitimted in their iervice, and their galleries and gardens are decorated with the moR precious works of antiquity, which taRe or vanity has prompted them to collect. The ecclefiaftical re- venues were more decently employed by the popes themftlves in the pomp of the Catholic worfhip; but it is fupcrfiuous to enumerate their pious foundations or altars, chapels, and churches, fmce thefe U-lllr Rars are eclipfcd by the fun of the Vatican, by the dome of St. Peter, the moft glo- r'rms firufture that ever has been applied to the life oi religion. The fame of Julius the iccond, 1,<. ; the :enthj ard Sixtus the fifth, is accompanied bv rhe inperior merit of Kiam.uite and Fontana, of Raphael aiul Michaei-Angclo : and the fame ad bcv.n liifphycd in palaces -cted with equal zeal to re- labours of antiquity, Prci- aiild from tlie ground, and con' 'icuous places ; of the C.';-iar.s a:kl confuls, three ;;cial rivers v/ere conducted oici, or 01 new, arches, to baf;na .1 flood of falubrious : and the fpectator, im- ilep:^ uf St. iVter's, is de- f l-fiyrtian granite, which riles OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. 431 rifes between two lofty and perpetual fountains, to the height of one hundred and twenty feet. The map, the defcription, the monuments of ancient Rome, have been elucidated by the dili- gence of the antiquarian and the (Indent " : and the footfteps of heroes, the relics, not of fuperfti- tion, but of empire, are devoutly vifited by a new race of pilgrims from the remote, and once lavage countries of the North. Of thefe pilgrims, and of every reader, the at- Fin..! cor> tendon will be excited by an hiftory of the de- dulion - cline and fall of the Roman empires the greateft, perhaps, and moil awful fcene, in the hiftory of mankind. The various caufes and progrefiive efFecls are connected with many of the events "5 The Pere Montfaucon di (tributes his own obfervations into twenty days, he fhoulci have liykd them weeks, or months, of hi-.; vims to the different parts of the city (Dbrhitp It.ilicum, c. 8 10, p. 104. 301.). That learned HenedicTme reviews the topogra- phers of ancient Rome ; lj. hut effjm of I]!o:uUis, Fulvius, Mav- tianus, and Faunas, the Jupeiiar i.'.boiirs of Fyfrhus Ligoriui, had b.is learning been equal to his labours ; the wji;!ngs ot Oiiu- phrius Panvinius, qui cmnes cbi'curavit, a; id the recent lr.it inii.'tr- Jtft iiocks of Dor.atus and Nardini. \et Montfr.;ico:i itill iu;h^ tor rt ir.ore complete plan and defjription of the o!;i ci;y, \v[)-.c!i rriult be attained by the thiee fallowing metho;is : T. Tlii :nc;;l\ne- ruent c;r ihe fpace ar.il intervals of the ruins. 2. The iiiuty of in- Iciiptions, ar.ti the places where they were found. 3. The inveili- gation t.f all theaclt, charter?, diaries of t!u-. iiii-ldlc r.g..s, v.hich name; any fpot or building of Rome. Tiie lab jiimss work, inch as Monc- faucon defired, muft be proinot-.vi by p:inct-!y or public inuniri-- cence; but the great modern plan of Nol'.i (A. D. 174.0) woulJ K'niifh a K'iJ ai.d 'rtC<-",;'st'.' ball? fir ?br "nci'.-p". tope^:n;-!)y oi Rome. THE DECLINE AND FALL, & c . mod intereding in human annals: the artful policy of the Crefars, who long maintained the name and image of a free republic ; the diforder of military defpotifm; the rife, edablimment, and feels of Chridianity; the foundation of Condantinople ; the divifion of the monarchy; the invafion and fettle- ments of the Barbarians of Germany and Scythia; the inditutions of the new law; the character and religion of Mahomet; the temporal fovcrcignty of the popes; the redoration and decay of the Weft- em empire of Charlemagne; the crufades of the Latins in the Ead; the conqueds of the Saracens and Turks ; the ruin of the Greek empire; the date and revolutions of Rome in the middle age. The hidorian may applaud the importance and va- riety of his fubjec't; but, while he is confcious of his own imperfections, he mud often accufe the deficiency of his materials. It was among the ruins of the Capitol, that I fird conceived the idea of a work which has amufed and exercifed near twenty years of my life, and which, however in- adequate to my own wiQies, I finally deliver to the c;:riofity and candour of the Public. u j A>: N r, GENERAL GENERAL 'INDEX. N. B, The Romr.:: ICi^ierJs r r to the Volume, and the Figure? to Lh_: ."': ;.. - A 1E AX, the Saracen, heroifm of his widow, ix. 593. Alba/fideS) elevation of the iu.iij ol, to i:ie oiace of caliph of the Saracens, x. 28. allal}, the Saracen, his e:;curfi.;n to plunder the fair of Abyla, ix. 400. His African expednior>j 401. Abilalnnilek, caliph of the Saracens, rcniles tribnte to the emperor of Conflantinoplc, and edabliiiics u national minr, x. 7. dbdalrahman, the Saracen, ellablifhes his thron-j at Cordova in Spain, x, 34. Splendour of his court, 37. His eltitnute of his h.'.ppi- iiefs, 59. jGldelazir^,) the Saracen, his treaty \vithTheodemir tlie Golluc prince of Spain, ix. 481, .182. His death, 48 ,. ^likraiiis, his expedition to France, and victories there, x. 21. His death, 26. *$ commands the Andaluliaa iv'iuors who lubdued the ifland of Crete, x. 51). ^ilu Sophian, p"ince of Mecca, confpires the death of Mahomet, ix. 288. Battles of licdcr and Ohnd, 298 301. Befic^-es M; J - ilna without fucccfs, 301. Surrenders Mecca to Miikoiuct, ai:d receives him ai apropliet, W] . VOL. XI { F f dfa GENERAL INDEX. j4l--t Tiller, the Carmathian, pillages M^VCP, r.. 77. stbnlfrda, Ins account of tlic fplcndour nt the caliph Mofiader, \". ^7, Si'.!!, dcfcribed, vi:. v.^. Their allinnre witli the emperor Julhninn, 345. Ecdcliailieal hJitoiy ot, \i!i. 3*7. ^/Jav. - .vj, billiop oi An.ida, an uncommon, mftancc of epiiVopu! benevo- lence, v. 4:7. .^-'.M:.:, itsexlciit, i. 3^!. f kre, the racinorablc lie^e of, bv the crufadsrs, xi. 142. Final loCe of, 1 66. ./.V-;/.-j, mftitutes of Juitiman refpeclin^, viii. ^2. ./''/;, a review oi Roman all.ii.s after t!u- ! .;:ulc of, i. 95. -itiAUflus, the only iiuirtyr oi dillinaion during the pcrfecution unde: Diocletian, ii. 4>!o. tldy/p/jt/s, the brother of Alr.nc, brings I'.ini a rein foi cement of troop:, v. 20.6. Is made count of the domcliics lo the new eniperor At talus, 335. Succeeds his brother ;io kiiy Augullus, v::i. ^-j. Ly t.he CliriiV!un e:ij[;crur.-, i:,2. ^ .'.: L\.-/:::':i>:.2 found : nM , 1>- Il.idiian, ii. 279. f ii : '"i: pjt;;.-, his Tri: c;n:!?, the oldeii xvoii. of Roraan jurilprudcnco, *r>\\is of G.v :, his atlc i!a* in:-! of the: n/rac'do": ';;i"t of fpoeeh to the C'alh.;l: upifnam on the deltiuc- tion of ancient !. :il ! , , : :: Run,.',' 4 i 3. ; v/'. ^7:r,i of th: w< rid, rcrr.urkubk e ; ,c,ha ::., poinlcd out, vii. i;.. Gclalxan of:;, iTiiil. . when fell!: 1, >:. 3^7. . li.J^'.i, ... '....:..' ---- ilW'*''.-e, "-....', '..., i ^ j. GENERAL I N D E X. fnrnamed the Atheift, his character and adventures, in, 354- 376- nofe - The Roman general under Valentinian III. his character, vi. 9. His treacherous fcheme to ruin count Boniface, II. Is forced to retire into Pannonia, 26. His invitation of the Huns into the empire, 39. Seizes the administration of the Weitern empire, 89. His character as given by Renatus a coternporary hiltorian, 90. Employs the Huns and Alani in the defence of Gaul, 92. Concludes a peace with Theodoric, 97. Raifes the fiege of Orleans, no. Battle cf Chalons, 112. His prudence on the invaiion of Italy by Attila, 129. Id murdered by Valen- tin ian, 139. Africa, its lituation and revolutions, i. 41. Great revenue raifed from, by tire Romans, 258. Progreia of Chriitianity there, ii, 366. Is diitrr.cled with religious difcord in the time of Conftan- tine the Great, iii. 309. Character and revolt of the Cirauncrl- lion?, 398. Oppreffions cf, under the government of count Ro- rnanus, iv. 301. General ii ate of Africa, 308. Revolt of count Bortiface there, vi. 11. Arrival of Gen- feric king of the Vandals, 14. Perfceution of the Donatilts, 16. Devaitations of, by the Vandals, 20. Carthage furprifed by Genfcric, 28. Perfecution of the Catholics, 280. Expedition of Belifarius to, vii. 168. Is recovered by the Romans, 186. The government of, fettled by Juitinian, 187. Revolt of the troops there, under Stoza, 349. Devaluation of the v/ar, 353. Invafion of, by the Saracens, ix. 449. Conqueil of, by Akbah, 455. Decline and extinction of Chriftianity there, 495- Revolt and independence of the Saracens there, x. 79. dglabitesi uic Saracen dynaily of, x. 79. Aglue, a Roman lady, patronifes St. Boniface, ii. 482. Slgric'jla, review of his conduct in Britain, i. 7. jlgricitkurc, great improvement of, in the weilern countries of tlis Roman empire, i. 84. State of, in the Eailern empire, under Juitinian, iv. 70. jf/tix, the fepulchre of, how diftinguifhed, iii. ii. Aiznad'in, battle of, between the Saracens and the Greeks, ix. 38?^ Allah, the Sara'cen, his exploits in Africa, ix. 455- Slliini) occafion of thefe people invading Afia, ii. 68. Conqueft of, by the Huns, iv. 37). join the Goths who had emigrated into Thrace, 400. Gee Golbf, and Sandals, Aline, the Goth, k-;.nu; the art of v/ar under Theodofius the Great, v. 80. Becomes the leader of the Gothic revolt, and ravage* Greece, 178. Efcapes from Stilicho, 186. Is appointed mafter general of the Eairern Illyricum, ib8. His invaiion of Italy, 190. Ii defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia, 199. Is driven out cf Italy, ^03. Is, by treaty with Honorius, declared mailer general cf the Roman armies throughout the prefecture of Illyricum, 23/1. His pleas and motives iur marching to Rome, 252. Encamps F f 2 ui;dsr G E N E R A I, I X D E I*. ' tinder the walls of that city, 25". Accepts a ranfom, and raffrf the liege, 2yj. His ncgoeiaiion \vnli the emperor Honoring, 297. His iccond liege ofr Rome, 303. Places Attains on thcr Imperial throne, 305. Degrades hi:-. 1 ., 309. Sei/es the city oi l\o:i,c, 311. His lack of Rome compared with that by the em- peror Charles V. 323. Retires iroin Rome, and ravages Italy, 325. His death and burial, 37.9. ./.'/>-/.<: II. king- of the Goths, his overthrow by Clov'.s king of th i-Yanks, vi. 330. /: .'.' ,'/>, the fon of Marozia, his revolt, and government of Rome, i /. . 201. ..:''. ' ws "f Fiance, perfecution of, x. i?-. jii>. ,'/.', !-.:ng of the Lombards, his hiflory, viii. 117, His nllinnci ivir.ii tl:e Avarr, agamll th.e Gepidre, i in, 120. Reduce.i the Gc- i >! ", MI. He undertakes the conquefl of Italy, 122. Over- riins \vhat is now called Lombardy, ^26. Aflumes the regal i "c therj, 127, 12S. r l'akes Pavia, and nutkes it his capita) fliy, 128, 129. Is murdered at the initigation of his queen Ro- i-.in, nd, 129. yf,' ',;,;", the books of, in Kgvpt, clfftroyed by Diocletian, ii. 137. .s^f' '/. ilt'^e and capt'irc of, by the Saracens, ix. 4:5. Is reco- vered by the Greeks, x. 93. Is taken and lacked by Tamerlane, 1 . ' ' . 21. <-,'/ ::.'cr HI. pope, eftablifhes the papa! election in the college of ' nals, XM. 300. 'v/Vr, archbifiiop o v f Alexandiia, cxcommuiiicatcs Ar'us for l.'s I' .K !y, in. 320. X*. '.- <::.'cr Sci'fi'^", is dedav-cl CxHiv by the emperor F.lagahalus, i, 2' . Is raiftd to tlie tlirone, 2.10. Examination into his pre- ti.i.d'.'i .ictory over ArLaxciXLi-, 337. .Shewed a regard for tlie i,:.! rel'pon, ii. 4;o. . ' -, a general iv.aifar-rc' tht ir, by order r f the emperor Ca- r,u::'!,', i. 219. The- city defcribcd, 452. J : , rained by ridicn- ' ., '',''':. commotions, 4fJ. By t;\mi'' ;;:.'! pcilil'. ncc, .1 5';. 1 bjiiv';('/d and taken by Dioi-lainn, ii. 13.4. 'i lie L hriilian the- lor^y reduced t> a i\ Itematical ioim in tlie iii.oolol, 3 / M. Nurn- !_r uf :r."vtyi'3 '.vh-'j i'liiieud liiere in t-hc \ e: -ieicuti-'n by Decius, , ']"!.? thefl-'gical f\ fiem of P.v.'.o tr.'.:;;ht in the fd;ool of, and- .'>..(' i," th.- I,-,; there, iii. 31^-. Q^ieilions cniu-erning the -.1 . : .r. of tic Tiinily, ain'tatol in the p!ni"!upl,-cul iii-d Lhrillian ''i_i ,;',<'", T.V-. 327. Hilloiy of ti.e are!.',:.!.";) St. Athannlins, - '. C)' trKges atten'"! ; rg h'. eriMil'iun a::il tin: eflabliiluixnt ol .>, I"-: ' i.i'--. George oi Caj-padoc!; 1 , "' ; -:. The city diil i;i'f ,n> ' v. v i"li i- i/. iii.u~ . _, j "lia.ij : 3 J ' , r" S'-rnri-. t:i."v. v. [->!. Tliio tem- riiewijhil is i i i. G E N R A L INDEX. jflfxzndi-'ta is tr.kcn by Amrou the Saracen, ix. 435". The famous library deitroyed, 439. <4!f.\!us Aii'diiS) his ufurpation of the Greek empire, and character, \i. ibj. Flies before the crufaders, 2i2. /dc.<}u; I. Comncnus, emperor of Constantinople, ix. 83. New tides or dignity invented by him, 121. Battle of Durazzo, 294. So- licit; the aid of the Emperor Henry Hi. 300. Solicits the aid of the Chriftlan princes againPc the Turks, xi. 6. His fufpicicus policy on tlie arnvnl oi the cruTaders, 45, 46* Exacts homage from them, 4^. PrciLs by the fuccefs -of tlie cru- faderj, 101, 102. Alexius II. Cvmnenus, emperor of Conflantino-)le, ix. 97. jlli'xlus S.'rati'gopulus, the Greek guivr-:!. retakes Conftantinop'le from the Latins, xi. 284. SlL'xius, the fo;i of Ti'aac Ar. % ..:;.liis, }\'r-. ef.:an<: from his uncle, who had depofecl his father, xi. i;" ; 6. riir. t;v;a.y \vith the crufadcrs for hii reilunition, 202. Ileil.jii; L Jcii ot i..j :,:iiier } 21. His : . . Alfred feuds an e-mbafTy lo the (Jirine ci ot. Thomas in India, viil. 345- Al^t.rn, bv \"h(;:n invented, x. 47. .///, juius Mahuintt in h-3 prophetical mifTicn, ix. 284. H;s IIP- roiim, 304. His character, 329. lo ehoicn ca!inli of the Sa- racens, 333. Devotion paid at his totib, 341, Ii:'s p^ilcrity, 3-r 2 - rfigerr., defends Cumae, for his bvcthcr Tcias, king of the Goths, vii. 390. Is reduced, 392. sj/!('i'!tis murders Caraufius, and ;: r iirps !.'; Ma'.ion, Ji. 127. i, tii,- origin and warlike ipirit of, i. 417. Are driven out of . \iirciian, ii. ?. Are totally routed, :: :.. Caul delivered front ih'jir dcpradations by Conilantius (J!i!cn;:, 131. r -- - invade aad titablifh themfelves in CJaul, ii'. 214. Are de- featcd at Strafburgh by Julian, "23. Are reduce'.! by [rlicu in his, expeditions beyond the Rhine, 229. Invade C'-.inl under the cvnneror Valcntinian, iv. 277. Are re^u^xd by Jovinus, "7y And chaijifed l:v Valentinian, 2-r.. - Ar^ fnbdu.ed by Clovis king of the Frar.ks, vi. 316. .//) Arjlun, full an ot the Turks, his reign, :;. 3J2. .4/y, f -:n.<, governor ot Britain, is commiriloiieu by the emperor Julian to rebuild the temple of Jerufalem, iv, r^r. -Amai'-i, king of tfie Goths, hii hig'a eredi: among them, i. 394. /imalaj'jiitba, queen of Italy, her hiitory auJi character, vii. 2C(j 9 Her death, ?. 10. /JmalfJn, defcription of the city, and its commerce, x. 279, ;!ntu/.'rtis t improbability of any fociety or, ii. 46. rote. ..hi ! -itifj, reflections on the violence, ur.a v..riOLi3 operations of that palTion, ix. 109. //;?/' /'//:', St. compofed a treatife on the Trinity, for the uie of the 'jn-utjror Gratian, v. 4. ?i/^. His birtii, uiid pro.uuuou to the f f wl\' GENERAL INDEX. trrhbifhop of Milan, 38. Oppofes the Allan worfliip of the cm. prefs Juftina, 39. Refufes obedience tu the Imperial power, 45, Controls the emperor Theodofius, 68, f>c). Impotes penance on Theodofms for his cruel treatment ol ThefTalonica, 71. Em- ployed his influence over Oratian and Theodofius, to infpire them with maxims of perfecution, 91. Oppofes Symmachus, the ad- vocate for the old Pagan religion, 99. C'o:r.furts the citi/.ens of Florence with a dream, when befiegcd by Radagaifus, 218. .jinuda, fiege of, by Sapor king of l'er! ; a, iii. 205. Receives the fugitive inhabitants of Niubis, iv. 220. Is befieged and taken by Cabades king of Perfia, vh. 138. Amir, prince of loaia, his charadter, and paffage into Europe, xi. 43*- Ammianus the hiftorian, his religious character of the emperor Con- flantius, iii. 352. His remark on the enmity of Chriilians to- vard each other, 403. Hi-, account of the liery obllructions to rcfloring the temple of Jerufalem, iv. 108. His account of the, holtilc conteft of Damafcus and Uriinii.-> W the bifhopric of Rome, iv. 274. Teflimony in favour of his hiltorical merit, 427. His charac'ter of the noblej of Rome, v. 26". siniritr,nius, the mathematician, his meafurcment of the circuit of Rome, v. 287. jfmmonius, the monk of Alexandria, his martyrcioin, viii. 2^0. ^mofiuni, fiege and deflruftion of, bv the caliph Motaffem, x. ^9. sJmphihcitSy bithop of Icormim, gains the lavour of tlie emperor Theodofius by an orthodox l r ,n m^f, v. i^>. Amphitheatre at Rome, a defcription of, ii. 103. xii. 41^. Amriti) his birth and character, i v .'. \~^- His invaiiou and ronquefl of Egypt, 423. His adminiilration there, 443. His defcription cf the courtry, 445- Avriitl> I. iVltan of the Turk?, his reign, xi. 444. .'>"\:ra'.h II. fultan, his reign and character, xii. 150. dnadetufi pope, liir. Jewifli extraction, :.n. 31^. dnnfinjiiui J. liiairie.-. the emprel.-, Ariadne, v;i. f>. Ills war \vith Thtcdoric, the O-rog^th king of" Italy, 24.. His CECOIIOIT.V ee- Kbrated, 101. His long \vall from the Propontis to the Jtuxine, r:o. Is humbled by the Catholic clergy, viii. 31^. /.rjt.ijiiis II. emperor of Confta:itinop!i_, ;x. 24. His preparations f f deKrrt: a:-:iinil the Sarace;.?, >:. 8. /.".if-fj'.:t.^ St. his brief inftory and martyrdom, viii. 223. note, An, i- ',;'.>, the city ofj on the banks of the Euphrates, deleribed, iv, 164. Andalufiat derivation of the n;:rne of tint province, ix. ^7. ri^'r. Andrcnieus, prejidcnt of Lybia, cxcommunicattd Ly Syueiujs b'fliop of Ptokmais, iii. 299, 300. Andi'vncas C^r-.rcn;-, hir, character, r.r.d f:rfr adventures, ;x. 92. Sc'/es the empire of Constantinople, 114. His unhappy tnte, 107. Andronlcus tlie elder, emperor of Conllantinople, hi.-- fuperililion, xi, jj-S. His war with his grandlcn, and abdiciition, 3^ GENERAL I N D E X. Aufironlcus the younger, emperor of Conftantinople, his iicentiou? character, xi. 363. His civil war againll his grandfather, 365. His reign, 369. Is vanquished and wounded by fnltan Orchan, 436. His private application to pope Benedict of Rome, iii. 66. A*gora t battle of, between Tamerlane and Bajazet, xii. 66. ^. ';.'i. in us, bifiiop of Orleans, liis pious anxiety for the relief of that citv, when befieged by Attila the Hun, vi. 108. Anician family at Rome, brief hiitory of, v. 259. Anne Comnena, character of her hiuorv of her tatlier, Alexius I. em- peror of Conliantinople, ix. 03. Her confpiraey againit her bro- ther John, 86. .-l/ilheniius, emj)eror of the Vv'eu, his dcfcent and irrveftiture by Leo the Great, vi. 195. His election confirmed at Rome, 194. I* killed in the fuck of Rome by Ricim T, 217, 218. .-Inlksmiusi prefect of tlic Kail, character of his admimftration, in the mincnty of the emperor Theodonus the younger, v. 414, 415. .-l>>'.L\'inius the architect, inllances or his gieat knowledge in meehn- ivcs, vii. 114. Forms the dcfiga of the church of St. Sophia at Conliantinople, 117. An'J}ou\, St. father or the Egyptian monks, hi;; hiftory, vi. 241. .Intkr'jpQrmorphiteiy among the early Chrillians, perfoniliers of the Deity, viii. 269. _7/;, ; .'V/', taken and deftroycd by Sapor king of Perfia, i. 438. Flon- riihing itate of the Chrillian church there, in the reign of Theo- doiius, li. 36 1. , Hiitory of the body of St. Eabyla.-, bifliop of, iv. 12?. Thr cathedral of, {hut up, and its wealth connfcated, by the emperor Julian, \2:\. Licentious manners of the citi/ens, 144. Popular difcontents during the relidence of Julian there, 146. , Sedition there, againit tiie emperor Theodofius, v. 59. The city pardoned, 64. , Is taken, and ruined, by Chofroes king of Perfia, vii. 31^, Great deftruCtion there by an earthquake, 417. Is again fei/t\; by Chofroes II. vin. 220. , Is reduced by the Saracens, and ranfomed, ix. 417. Is re- covered by the Greeks, x. 90. , Befieged and taken by the fjrM crnfaders, xi. 64. Antonina, the v.'iie of Behfarius, her character, vii. 164. Examine 1 ! and convicto pope Sylverius of treachery, 2^8. Her activity dur-- IIIT the ficge of Rome, 241. Her fccret lu'liory, 261. Found-} a convent for her retreat, 408. .Ifit'jninusj a Roman refugee at the court of Sapor king of Perfia, ft-i'- niulatcs him to an invaiion of the Roman provinces, i;i. 2;'^. Ant'jtnnus Plus, his character, and that of Hadrian, compared, i. 12. Is adopted by Hadrian, 122. Antsn'mus Alfttru.r, his defeniivc \vars, i. 73. Is adopted by Pin-. at the inrtance of Hadrian, 123. His character, 135. His ^var againft the united Genaans, 381. Sufpicious ilory of his edict in favour of the Chridians, ii. 445. ,tyir, .-/rr.w, praetorian pnriect, and father-in-law to the emperoi F t 4 Nurnerian, GENERAL INDEX. K'.rr.ci'rr. i? i;!,! . b\ -; ~ '.;;, .;i a- the preemptive murderer of th.at prince, i : . icS'. 'X ,'..,r/u./, ihe 1'erlian, hi trr.kafTy from Narfes king of Perfia, to the emperor Ga;<. riu = , if. ! ;. /./ ~.'J ';"', \vh\ now adr.nLL.u '-,.. tiu canon of the Scriptures, ii. 304. Kcfe. _ s'fi ,-j.v. '/.r, admiral of Coa'bu:;:!:::} k , h.'; confederacy again it Joan Cant'ucu/eia, >.i. T".J. ! .:::'.',, ^ s c. y^vV.'/...-rv, bi;!i conqvi u-d by the I\0iir.a;:s, x. 2^2. Is confirmed to y.'yv// .-':/, b iic-gei.1 by the ciripc'ir.r MaKinv'n, i. 296. Is taken and d^: ; e/ved by Attila kinp or the Hun.., vi. 124. Aqi:J3ir. t \- fettled by the Got". , ir.nkr tiiei." k.iu^ Wallui, v. 35^ Is co. quereci bv UKIV;.- n'.r.: f cl thf i'rai'kb, vi. 5^'"). _'/v-,'. : <:, ; L s fit nation, foil, a,,d c!;n f ."viaho- n ', ;{' V-'OIK; .t't i.'t, by Ma.'o:net, jCq. Character t;t the r .' ; '... ; ". Ra ; ''.d ccnui;t-;ls cf, ^61. I.iinit:; oi thui ccn- :, , ;. i. Thi-ee ca"i_'j,.-.. eiiabuihe.' x. ^4. Introduction of - . . -4. :eiv ' :e di! _.<. ..:;t -, ; J)i ,;ne and iall o( '_'. , : iP;:.- . j''' C-tal, lea --TS his retirement I;, , ' ;';:<". .!.. ..'). . , ' - l ' M 1) i' : r Theodofius ir*. (.--..., ... -'o ' .- ', '. vonn^er, v. 77. Is >'.. : ' '. ' ' '. ^'..1. : '. , 8c .. t,... ,,:, ; ; :. /;-.'. /v, ! . ;'u general liiii^.iif.ecnce -, iiidicated by tlic : :' , 7O. >.-..... : ; ..:i txpediticn tc i ... -.-, ic :t Iv.ct thv /;<.'' I in, v:. i. GENERAL INDEX. /[r? snouts, the object of their expedition to Colchos, vii. ?2l. Aruidne, d-' .;,'hur of the emperor Leo. and wif :,i Zeno, her charao t-jr, and nr.u r.-i^e afterward with Anaila.'.U:', vii. C ^;-;7, ;i tribe of the Lyr'ans, their t^rriiic made ox" Vwic;:pg war, ii. 78. Ariuihizui, i,- anpointed general of the hoiTe bv the emperor Julian on h : s i'er.lan expedition, iv. iC~. DiJi.in^"ifl't:s himicii a<;air.H the uuir.v.T I J rocu,;.us, 240. Ario^'n-.ts fV"'/.e:, two-thuds of the; land.-; r,f the Scq;::ini in Gaul, foi hiriifclf and hi-; German foi'owo:.:, \i. 3 onfidence by the e;r.pc.'or Di'.cl,:'.!-.-,,:, ii. ? !.;.. Ai-'i'riil-.', >)ia ' : b for ada;^ d to ;iu detection of error, than for tin.' ciiicovcry Oi truth, x. 46. 4?/ri. , ;s cxc; ,..;nu;i cato i fv.ir licretlcal notions conccr n\; ti-e Trinity, iii. ^;S Strength of his p-.:rty /''/(.'. \i\~- opinions cxainiueu HI tb.-.- cc iixiioi race, 332. Account of A n'au fccts, 538. Coiiiicil of RJr.rni, 3.1.3. tl;s baniihiucnt and rccai, 347, 3.;. I!. Hio i'ai? piciotio d.i.ib,, ^4 V '. , Tnr A riaiio perfecute the Catholics in Africa, vi. 180. slrtr.:".'.ti, is fcizcci by Sapor kin^- of i'fjila, i. .;?,. ' ! ir, dates rcflor- ed, ii. 139. He is a^ain expelled by the Periiaii:-, 144. 5 rtligntd to Tii'idut'.a by treaty between the Romans and Pt-rikms, IJ4-. , is rendci'od tributary to IV.fi:'., on the death of Tiridates, iii, 137. Character of Ariaecs Tirauu-, king of, and liis conduct to- ward ths er.iperor ful.'an, iv. 157; 158. Is reduced by Sapor to a Pel firm ptovinco, 312. f , Itj diilraciio'.is a. id divifion between the Perfians and the Ro-= mans, v. 420. . , Hiltory of Chriflianity there, vi : i. 357, 358. jlrw'i.-; of t!:-e Italic;;; eripire, itate of, under the emperor Maurice, viu. 203. tdrmcric;-, the province of, forra a free government independent on the Romans, v. 3^3. S : .ib;nits to Ciovis kin;/ of the Franks, vi. 322. Settlement of Britons in, 389. .//wi.>-, defcnfivi'. ij L-.id alidt by the Romans, and adopted by tbi Barbai ians, v. 'Jy. A rn<, Id of Brcfeia, hi; Lcrefy, and hiflory, xii. 271. An-a:'jn, dcr'v.'tion e/l the name of that province, i. 31. note. An-': an, hi-, viiit to, and defcription of, Colcho 1 ;, vii, 327. Jlrfuics '1 'ii-taus, kiii^ 1 of Armenia, bis character, and dif.iirecli-);i ta the e;r.;/ero; Juhau, iv. 157, 150. sV iirdia\vs his tioops t':eache rcii;!i\ f.oin the R.mv.'ii lervico, 185. Hio diiallrous end, 312. At'fcnius, patriarch oi Comiantmople, eKc,::inniuiiC'itf , the e r v.peror Pviichael Pal:o(.lo;rus, --:i. 327. L'aCti.m of tin: Arfem'tos, 32^. Ar!-il\iii y kirg of i j arthia, io tleicaUd and (lain by Artaxcrx'.-s king of Peril a, i. 3 i 8. ' /.ridlan, his confpirncy ngainlt the emperor Jnftinian, vii. 374. Is in-- V.-uiicd ^ ith the cvi.dact of tLw urr*uur.e;;t icu; to Italy, 378. G E N ! R A L INDEX. S\i !; /V.' r, king- of Armenia, is depofed by the PciTians at the iniliga- tiu:; of liis ov.-n fuhjtcK, v. 4^1. ,-// ...u. :/'/.-. hi- revolt a^ainfl the Greek emperor Conflantine V. at ( '( nltar,; ::M] If, ix. I cS. S?>'ia*-r;-xj!, ix. loirs the 1'erilan monarchy, i. 318. Prohibits every worfhip but that of Zoroailrr, ?-'> His \var \vith the Romans, ~;~. His character and maxims ";' ./-"...'., cuke ol J:' v ;vpt 'uuler L'onilanti'i?, is condemned to death und:T ];'l:r.r., tor crudity and corruption, iv. .19. .',';,/-, kr.i^- ol the B.ilciis, his Jnltury oDicuied by monkifn hou'ons, T; - 39- *-f/--\ t :i>:, battle of, bul-vvetii Godlrey kinj of Jerufolcm, and th'_ fultan of l-^ypt, xi. ^~._ >',*.'.;.';, :n ccclelmilical hiflory, acco'irt of, vi. 2^9. . ' . . ' ^::.v.- :c:i'.icc~ and kilis the oritiih ufurper Alice; n^, ii. 12^. .-.'.T', i'r.r.r.iary view o! the revolution:; in that quaiter ut r tiic world, u ./ \-.- i- con.""i.Ti. ncii bv Theodofius the Younger to conuiict \ a- "lentininn III. to Iralv, vi. 4. 1'lr.e^s his tleward Lto on trie throne ot the Ka.bem empire, lyi. He and his fous murdered by Leo, vii. 4. yf^/Vj, the principality of, deftroyed by the Mo^\il=, xi. 417. }lfj,-mli::s or tin: people abolifhed nndt-r the Rorn.t-i cinperoro, i. ico. 'i tie nature ol, arno;:.; the r.;i^ii.nt Gerrr.a::?, ^>J. ^ yr/;, the p:-ov::i;-L or, r:-fc: :botl, iv. 1^-6. Is i:r,aded by the Ctri- prro- j':: ; ar, 169. Hii retrear, 193. JljhirtC) licr ima^e brou r lit fro;n C'art:;r.^c to Romt, a^ a fpoufe for Kla^abalus, I 2^. ^'lc!- : "-, ki:i^ of t'i<- T.on'o^'-d-, t:i 7 :f<^ L'IC citv of Ravrnna, and ;.t- " tacks Rome, ix. ).'/. I.s repelled by l\pin ki-^^ of T'rance, i . < .-,... .-"'.-. , \'.-']v cultivated bv the A rah: an aftronomers, x. 4?-. .-/.'.. ,,- , t! v |V n of A: .r:!;'.lV -nth'i ([iiecn of Italy, his cch'.cation and r r , v : . 2 r ^ . .///' : , Gothic r'- : ' f. hi? \var n'raintl the cmp^vnr \ alcn:';, iv. :;'.. I::- -;'!'.::: 't w th 'i iieM-loiiub, ::'- (kath *n<\ funeral, .152. j]:': ,i..;:- -, St. roni ' his und-. rslandinjf l)C\viU!i.ud liy mi-dilating r : > >::-.",; y. f .; bar.rl'lv :, ;.v;. Hi^ eiiarac\er and adventures, ? ^'. iv. j 51. ;r^. 2' 7. \\\> /iot the uulhor of the famous eiecd nniii: V :. , -.--p^. vs. 2r,i( : . i. : : '.. -. ; . ? r- ; . /}';.-; ^.,. caught.-; c: li.e j.hiloK-ph.er Ltontius, :':'. L:'uo:ij. GENERAL I N D E X. Athens, the libraries in that city, why fa Id to have been fpared by the Goths, i. 434. Naval itrength of the republic of, during its prof- perity, ii. 257. nctc. fs laid under contribution by Alarlc the Goth, v. 180. , Review of the philofophical hiftory of, vii. 143. The fchools of, iilenced by the emperor Jultinian, 150. , Revolutions of, after the crufades, and Its ptefent Rate, xi. 35 2 - Athos, mount, beatific vifions of the monks of, xl. 387. Atlantic Ocean, derivation of its name, i. 42. Attacotti, a Caledonian tribe of cannibals, account of, iv. 298. Attains, pnefect of Rome, is chofen emperor by the fenate, under the influence of Alaric, v. 305. Is publicly degraded, 309. His fu- ture fortune, 34^- Attains, a noble youth of Auvergne, hlsadventuves, vi. 365. AitiLi, the Hun, vi. 40. Defcription of his perfon and characler, 41. Hi i conquetts, 45. His treatment of his captives, 55. Impofes terms of peace on Theodofius the Younger, 61. Opprefles Theo- doiius bv his ambafladors, 65. Defcription of his royal refidence, 72. His reception of the ambafTadors of Theodofius, 75. His be- haviour on difcovering the fcheme of Theodofius to get him affaf- iinated, 82. His haughty mefiages to the emperors of the Eaft and Welt, SS. His invation of Gaul, 107. His oration to his troops on the approach of^Etius and Thtodoric, 115. Battle of Chalons, lid. His invalioii of Italy, 122. His retreat purchafed by Va- k'niinian, 131. His death, 134. A'.y. and Cjlelt, the fable of, allegorifed by the pen of Julian, iv. 7 ' Avars, are difcomfited by the Turks, vii. 2^9. Their embaffy to the emperor Juftinian, 291. Their conquefts in Poland and Germany. 292. Tlieir embaily to Juitin II. viii. 115. They join the Lom- bards againil tne Gcpidse, 119. Pride, policy, and power, of their chagan Baiaa, 194. Their conquefts, 199. Inverts Conitantina pie, 243 ,_ //1T/V5.-J-, his religious infidelity, hov/ far iuilifiable, x. ^i. note. sfi'i't'ftt, a town near Naples, built as a fettlement for the Normans, x. 259. .//,';;.'.;-.:, Roman, their number and peculiar office, v. 92. sl."ufl';n, his account of the miracles wrought, by the body of St. Stephen, v. 129. Celebrates the piety ol the Goths in the lacking of Rome, 313. Approves; the pcrfecution of the Donatilts of Africa, vi. 17. His death, character, and writings, 22. Hiilory ot his relicts, vii. iHy. unie. AugiiJluluS) foil of the patrician Oreflcs, is chofen emperor of the Wefl, vi. 222. Is depofed by Odor.cer, 224. Hii baniihnieiit to tta Ij'cuilan villa in Campania, 228. Augujhis t emperor, Ins moderate excrcife of power, i. 2. Is imitated by his fuccellors, 4. His nnval regulation"., 29. His divilion of Gaul, 32. His fitaatii.'i after the battle <>{ Actium, 05. He ve- forms the fenate, 97. Procure; a fer.r.tcri::l grant of tiie Imperial dignity, GENERAL I N D E X. dignity, 9$. Divifton of the provinces betv/ccn him and tlie fcns'e, i'j~. Is allowed his military command and guards in the city of iv.:\c, rc3. Obtains the confular ar.J tnbunitian offices for life, 104. Hii character ar.d policy, II-;. Adopts Tiberius, IE 9. Fjimeu an accurate regifter of the revenues and expenses of the th.rirc, 257. Taxes iuititutcd by him, 2^0. Hi^ naval cltablifli- -... :to at Ravenna, v. 208. ,-j- a..d C-!lir, thole titles explained and diferiminatcd, i, -. j:' L ,'. /..", Ii'.; <_lui;\u:t , r r nd cmbaiTy from Valer.tinian III. to Attila king r-f tlu K\.t Theodoric king of the Vilip^otlK, vi. 110. Afiun^j the empire, 157. l-Iiu dcpolition and death, i6r., 167. A'.irtiiLin^ emperor, Ins birth and ic.vivV?, n. 15. I'Ls expedition againil Palmyra, 3;. His triumph, 45. His cruelty, and death j 54> 55- ngzJe^ nccn 'nt of his /mrnenie camp, i. S3 v '''' b'ns is in\cil(.J with the purple on the Upper Da'-.ulK-, ii. 2. ) the tutor o* the ea^.^ior Grutian, h.5 jirumutur.!.;, v. t, jlutbaris, kin;^ (jf the Lombards i:i Ilalv, his \vars \v:th the Frank;, vi.'i. 144. 1 iis aJ'-x'iti, . utry, 15?. sf't/ui:, the city of, ilormed a;id plundered by tl^e legions in Gaul, n. 32, ../wiyrav^, province and city of, in Gaul, revolutions of, \i. ^6j. >/';:.://:.;;;:.;, .barbarian, fatal confequences of their aJnuilion into the Roman ann;c>, in. ' <>. rfy.-,! I, a Tiirk;:h Have, his generous friend fliip to t!ie prmceis Annt Comnena, ix. 87. .-\nd to Manuel Cuinnemis, b'o. jiznuiuiliufH, the citi/'.-iij of, defend their privileges againfl. Peter, fv.O" tiierot t!:e F,;'.i',:;u tii.pt'inr iVlauric , viii. 2OI, 2 :. /i~ -nusy remarkable ipir;t liiev/n by the citixeiii oi, a^amil Attila an 1 ji.s Huns, vi. 6j, B y7 :.."'.':, defcription r: tlic ra:;i3 of, i:-:. .|-|- j!a'\!ai, dt. i'.iihop of Antioch, his poilhumous hiilory, u'. 121. .';'.;/... .' , in Ga'.:i, jevt>h of, its occafion, and fiij>preflion by MaxT* ; : II), Si. J . . L ',, ';/ bteom-.s the royal : : '.Idciicc of tlie Abbaii;.!. -, x. ^j. Deri v.;:i')ri of '.':.: name, - < note. Tfie falL'r. I. ale ot the caliphs of, 8^ '! tie city or", I'unned and Licked by the Mu^uK, xi. 418. fakran:, tii" i' ' i! er.jral, !u.i .-''arae^er and exploits, vin. iSi. Is provf.ked to ri.bell: ,.i, il-j. Dethrones Ciiofiocs, ibS, His ufurp-, ,i : .7. ; .;.v, c ; , ..".:! ot t!:-- Av-ip>, his ij- de, policy, and pov.cr, v::i. 194. GENERAL I X D E X. r\cp<'?, 22 S. Invefts Conftantinople in conjunction with the Perfians, 743. Retires, 245. .L^u'.^ft I. fultan of the Turks, his reign, xi. 321. His correfpond- ence with Tamerlane, xii. 17. Is defeated ur,d captured by Ta- merlane, 28. Inquiry into the itory of the iron cage, 30. His Tons, 47. JjiJll--:^ eleclecl joint emperor with Maxhnus, by the fenate, on the deaths of the two Gordians, i. 291. .;W-.i':n, count of Flanders, engages in the fourth crufade, xi. lye. Is chofen emperor of Conftantinople, 246. Is taken prifoncr by Caio John, king uf the Bulgarians, 260. His death, 262. Siitd-win II. emperor of Conftantinople, xi. 273. His diilreires and expedient?, 276. His expulfion from that city, 287. Bau! r *i!in, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, accompanies him on the lira, cruf'ide, xi. 31 . Founds the principality of Edefia, 63. Halite S'.-:>, progreifive fubfidence of the water of, i. 346. ncfe. HO-.V the Romans acquired a. knowledge of the naval powers of, iv. 288. Barlary t the na:v.e of that country, whence derived, ix. 463. note. The Moor? <_ : , converted to the Mahometan faith, 5^3. fiarbatlv, ;;->.ner;:] of infantry in Gaul under Julian, his mifconduft, iii. 221. Eaclochfla.^ his rciy.Trn agahul: the: em>':ror Hadrian, ii. 385. Bards * Celtic, their pc-Yver of exciting a martial e:ithulial'm in the poo- pie, i. 3 ;.'.. SarJs, Bnti'h, i'.ieir peculiar office and duties, vi. 3';S. Barclay Ch far, one of the le.loron uiTcaiuing, x, 4^7. JS/j/v is, taken from Lhc S?.,-acerio by the joint efforts of the Latin and Greek c:np;r:r, x. 2 T S. 33arlaam t a Calabria:] monk, his difputc with the Greek theologians about :.h'} lig'.'.t of mount Thabor, :.i. 388. His emually to P-Otne, fr-jin A:i''.roi!.c ; lh. % yoihigcr, xii. 66. Ilis hterai) character, i 20. J2t. \~> le'loi the fan. his prv.vnt-.g'?, i. 229. Is proclaimed L-;-;i)eror at I:. I.A f'.. //;!/'. '"-'C A; ;;;.;, 7.:'.-. i\. : !fi..!n:is, broth, :-i,i-la\v to Conr.a.r^n':, revolts r.gairdl him, ii. 7.44. Cp J)c7J V7/7, GENERAL I N D E 3. ^?,?,f-r.7, its foundation and fituation, ix. 36?. j>. !.:.<, pvibl.'C, ot Rome defcnbed, v. ?.'-z. />'////j, reception ot the emperor {'ili.ni tlu.u-, iv. 154. 7A..-/J, wild, tlie variety ot, introduced in the circus, for the public games at Rome, n. 101. JBfau/otn-, M. de, cluuactcr of his li'jlitre Ct i'l^ue du JManichrij~nie t viii. 2 no. naie. JiiJei -, batt'e cf, between Mahomet and the Koreiih of Mecca, i::. 299. fScd'jiL'fc\s of Aral);; 1 ., their mode of life, ix. 223. _/;V.-.f, remarks on the ilrudlnre ot their comb:, diul celh, x. 42. ;/.*. Jfei'ij'urius, his birth and military promotion, vii. 1^1. is appointed by Juilmiaa to conduct the African war, 164. Embarkation or his troop", 167. Lands in Africa, 171. Defeats Gclinvr, 176. U icceived into Carthage, 177. Second ueifat of Gelimer, I&A. Rcducliuu or Ainca, 186. Surrender oi Gelimer, 191. His ui- umphant leturn to Constantinople, 194. Is declared fok' conful, 195. lie menaces the Ollrogoths of Italy, 205. He fei/.es Siciiv, 212. invade.-, Italy, 217. Takes Naples, 2 20. He e:,U is Rome, 22.}. He io bcn\-g"d in Rome by the Goth?, /'//./. The li'-ge railed, 24^. Caules Conflantuu, one of his general;, to be kil- led, 247. Siege ot Ravenm, 253. Takes R;iveiiua bv (Iraia- c!'.i, 2^''''. RttUMis to Conihinliiioplc, 25^. lli eh;'.:a*ter and behaMour, 2^9. t-candaloiis life oi ins \vite An!oni:;n, 26 I . I::.; diigiace and i\:b:-.iiili;:n, 267. Is fent into the lia!t to opuolc C'holroes k:n.; ot i'eriia, 315. Ii;s politic reception ot '.he- Pel haa ambalfadors, 31^. His ueond CHmpnign in Italy, 3^0. ili.-in- cfFcctual attempt to railc the liege oi Rome, 3^4. DiHuades To- tiia from deRroying Rome, ^C>-j. Recovers the citv, 370. His final recal irum Itaiv, ^72. Retcues Conliantmople trom the Bul- garians, .JO.|. Ilia tlilgraoe and ik;ith, 4?". J'.- ;,-, /.v.--, in feudal language, explained, vi. ^7. L'.-n^i\:::i', battle of, between Ci;ail-j.> ol Anjoti, ai.d Mainfioy the Si- e ilian ufurper, xi. 339. /A /..i -.,.-.':..-, ::: ee.lt tea relating to the fiege of, x. 25-3. l]cr'; ..;:.:-.: c: Tiide u 1 ., his account ot the riche^ oi Conflantinople, x. T ! 2, /' .'.',<, of Aleppo, rtception of the emperor ful'an there 1 , iv. 1^-4. //',/;.'.-/ Rome, 3^6. p t . -.';', is f.iken :\\\>\ garriioned by Sapor ki:-g if Perf.;;, iii. 210. ! ir.i fTedi.aliy ' ' . tins, 212. .Z/.Wv.-j-, a Saluinum p j^. ^vltD iio: ir.cuz ki::^ o; i'erHa, \:;;. 1^4. Li< . :;/://. GENERAL I N D S X. Birthright, the lead invidious of all human difb'nclions, i. 2T, B'tfltQps, among the primitive Chriftians, the oliice of, explained, n. 331. i'rogrefs of epifcopal authority, 3^5. Aflumed dignity of epifcopal government, 351. , Number of, at the time of Conlkntine 'lie Great, iii. 7.8^. Mode of their election, 284. Their power of ordination, 287. The eocldiadical revenue of each cliocefe ho\v divided, 294. Their civ'l jiirifdiclion, 295. Their fpiritual cenfurea, .197. Tueir legif- lative aiTemblies, 303. Bi/Jwps, rural, their rank and duties, iii. 284. Btfixiil?, fuperititious regard to this year by the Romans, :v. 238, Ijiikyn'ui, the cities of, plundered by the Goths, i, 426. jukut;i;jf.t, their revolt acjnir.il the emperci Li-eleliaii, ii. 134, Hoc*nce, h:3 hterary character, xii. 123. Bodkins, the learned ienator ot Rome, his hiftory, vii. 43. Hi: im- pnfonment and death, 48. Bohtmoncl, the Ion of Robert Guiicard, his character and military ex- ploits, x. 298. xi. 3^. His route to Conftantinople on the crufadc, 43. liis flattering reception by the emperor Alexius Coinneui:,*, 49. Takes Antioeh, and obtains the principality of it, OS. ilis fubfequent tranfactions and death, 103. Son If nce t St. his Hiftory, ii. 483. Boniface, count, the Roman General under ValentmJan TiT. his cha- reeler, vi. 9. Is betrayed into a revolt by yi^tms, i I. Hi.-; repen- tance, I 8. Is befieged in Hippo Regius by Genferic king ot the Vandals, 21. Returns to Italy, and is killed by -/Etius, 24. Bcr'ifncc- VIII. pope, hi.j violent conteft \vith Philip the Fair, king of France, and his character, xii. 306. Inllitutes the Jubilee, 3 10. .Boniface, marquis of Montfcrrat, is chofen general ot the foiirUi cni- fade to the Holy Land, xi. 198. Is made king of Macedonia, 249, Is killed by the Bulgarians, 264. Bofphorus, revolutions of th;>t kingdom, I. 422. Is fcizcd by the Goths, 423. The iirait of, tiefcribed, ii. 4. Bofrp, fiege of, by the Saracens, i.v. 38?. 329. flcthrri:, tlie imperial general in Theiialonieaj murdered in a feJiition, v. 65. Boucicault, marfhal, defends Conftantinople againil Baja/et, xi. 458. Boulogne, the port of, recovered from Caraulius, by ConllantiiUI Chlorus, ii. 1 27. Jlv-ivide!,, the Perlian dynafiy of, x. 83. J>>-fir.caleo7ie, Icnator ot P.ome, .his character, xii. 2^ j. Jjretiignr, the province of, in France, fettled by Britons, vi. 389. not*, 'jiritirin, reflections on the cor.quefts of, by the Romans, i. > - Di.-lerip- tion of, 33. Colonies planted in, 58. not;-. A colony of Va;id.ilj fettled there by I'robiio, ii. 83. Revolt ot Caraulius, 12^. , How fir ft peopled, iv. 291. Invalions of, by the icots and J'icls, 295. I" reitcred to peace by Theodofius, 208. ' , Revolt of Maximus there, v. 8. Revolt t the Britons by a million from pope Gregory thf Gieat, via. 167. The doctrine of the incarnation received there, 334- L,- .: ,s the 1 ii'iar, his colonization of Britain, now given up by Intel- !';. '.':-.'. hii^-: iun, iv. 291. note. J .. , '. T . his extiaoidiiiary burning mirrors, vii. 114- note. j.: '-'-.:. thdr ciiaract - vii. 277, 278. Their inroads on the . ilkrn empire, -Si. Invafion of, under Zabergan, ^ci. Re f\:'\. i!i\ j' li: : i;s, .K 3. , Tnc i '. ; . or, licilroyed by Bafil II. the Greek emperor, >. < r. fi-i :-' t 1 '; Greek empire, and fubmifilon to the pope o' K i i -;. \ T ':n \v't!i tfi-j Greeks under Calo-John, 257. . ; . ( ''^".'iinat Ri'inc, ik:cribi.d, xii. 421. n'iciit on tuc i. 'be, and nvaxims of govern- . - . Tii iVttleiritnt in Gaul, v. 359. Limits of the , ui:J.i.r Gundobald, v;. 324. Are fubdued by tl:e 1':, 7 , . : ry <.f tlie Earth, ii. 306. nc!:. , . ' ' ..1 preceptor of Hormoux kir.g of Perfia, liu 1 . rtp'itr.t. !'., \."i. i - - . , J i: /./;< i.i:lona!i-, 1. : ;'.:..! chaniclcr c:f, \n. 2^^. r.ctt. .1'. - 'u'-'m, lu-j'j "', LA- tlie eniperor >\ . verus, i. 19^. Is taken br >i lyr.riin, i:. 23^'. tiie^e c,r, by Conitantine the Great, 260. It- f .;.;:c:) iLij.iLal, iii. 3. iiv \\iicm founded, 4. t^t;. bcc 6\/:- f la nn^l e . C r.,-'^r, or tcn-i!c i.f Mecc?., deicribed, ix. 245. The idols i:i, dc- ttn.ycd by M;.hoir.ct, ^cS. r.'..-'^..':,, king 'i I'tr.'ia, bcilc^cs r.:ul takes Amid?., vi : i. 13?. i^.. i/-:s the iliaits of L'ai:c..:\L-, u;. Viiciffitudes ot his reign, 29.^. :, battle l , bct\vc( ; tin Saracen* and the Perfians, ix. ^65. i.,.t. ' -, l r n ; rriagc with Mahoiv.tt, :::. -$) Is cjnvt.rlcd bv lur.^ to hi i.ew ixli^ion, 2 :. Her ucsth, 2b6. Mahomet's veneration for !n.r in, iv.oi y, ^2>. (" . ::/.', the peace oi tl.L L':. ..J>: in Af. ic.i dllltubed by him and hii n:;rty, ; i. 3- ;. i. v'.'. ; j, tlie a: hi ... .' nr.t of t!:e famous villcn of Ccr.:l-in . ' c Great, , ..;..:' ". ( v-, fcr.a'Dr of (Jar'Jia^.'e, his cli'.trcfs en the taking oftl.r.tc.ty l.v Genferic, vi. : : . ' .. .' ; , j;^:us t II, i;iJ ;:eiil :o the cor.qucll of Liiiair, i. 5. GENERAL INDEX. grades the fenatorial dignity, 96. note. AfTumes a place among the tutelar deities of Rome, in his life-time, I i I. His addrefs in appealing a military fcdition, 252. note. His prudent application of the coronary gold prefented to him, in. 96. C:i. 257. Defeats, and takes him prifoner, 260. His favage character and death, 266. Cahcemsy a cumel-drivcr, excites an infurredion ia the ifland of Cyprus, iii. 119. Calphurniiis, the machinery of his eclogue on the acceffion of the em- peror Cams, ii. 93. Gafoin, the reformer, his doctrine of tlie Euchari.l, x. 189. Exa- mination of hit. cMiiducl to Servctus, 191. Camel, of Arabia, deicribed, .ix. 225. CamtfarJs of Langutdoc, tlieir enthullafm compared with that of the Circumcellions of Numidia, iii, 401. Campania, the province of, dcfolated by the ill policy of the Pvoman emperors, iii. 87. Defcription of the Lucullan villa in, vi. 229. Canada, the prefent climate and circumftanees of, compared with thofe of ancient Germany, i. 3.;^. Cannon, enormous o:ie of the lultun Mahomet II defcribed, xn. 197. Burtl.5, 211. VOL. XI i. C ,~ Cunczs, GENE R A L I N D E X. Canon, Ruffian, a defcviption of, x. 27.9. Cjufatuzene, John, chara&er of his Gicek Hiflory, xJ. 361. Hi* good fortune under the younger AnJronicus, 372. Is diiven to afTume the purple, 376. His li\cly diitinciion between foreign and civil war, 379. His entry into Coultnntinople, and reign, 382. Abdicates, and turns monk, 386. His \var with the Ge- nocfe faclory at Pera, 394. Marries his daughter to a Turk, :\i\. 69. His negociation with pope Clement VI. ilnL ds/HjV*sHi{lory of the OttoniauEmpire, a character of, \i. 434. notf. Capelianus, governor of Mauritania, defeats the younger Gordian, and takes Carthage, i. 290. Capitation ^.v, under the Roman emperors, an account of, iii. 88. CapitO) Auiiis, the civilian, his character, viii. 30. Capitol of R< me, burning and retloration of, ii. 412. Cappadcda t famous for its line breed of hories, iii. 76. Capraria t ifle of, character of the monks there, v. i6S. Captivef, how treated by the Barbarians, vi. :-. 362. Caracal/a, fon of the emperor Severns, his lixed antipathy to hli Brother Geta, i. 206. .Succeed.; to the empire jointly with him, 211. Tendency of his edict to <->:tend the privilt-ge* of Roman Citi/.ens, to a!! the free inhabitant^ of Ins empire, 299. His view in this iranfaction, 266. Doubles the tax on legacies and inheiit- the Tartar fettlemcnt of, defcribed, >. i. Caravans, Sogdian, their route to and fiom China, ply the Roman empire, vii. 94. Caranjiin t his revolt in Britain, ii. 123. Is acknowledged by Dio- cletian and his colleagues, 126. Carbeas, the Paulician, hij revolt from the Greek tmperor to the Saracen--, x. 178. Cardinals, the election of a pope veiled in them, .\ii. 300. Infti- tution of the conclave, 301. Cardutne, fituation and hillory of that territory, ii. 154. Curir.us, the Ion of Cams fucceeds his father in the empire jointly with his brother Numerian, ii. 97. Carizmians, their Invafion of Syria, xi. 15?. Cailovingian race of kings, commencement of, in Prance, ix. TJI. Car math i the Arabian reformer, hii character, x. 75. His military exploits, 76. Carmelites i from whom they derive tin 'r p'xh'grce, vi. 240. note. Carpathian mountains, their fituation, i. 345. Carth/ige, the bimopric of, bought for Majorinus ii. 455. note. , Religious difcord degenerated there by the factions ofCxcihan and Donatus, iii. 310. . , '1 he temple of Venus there, converted into a ChrifHan church, v. 107. Is furpriftd by Genferic king of the Vandals, %i. 28. , The gale; of. opened to Belifarins, vii. 177. Natural alte- rations produced by time in the fituathm of this city, 179. ri'.'t'. The wall; of, repaired !)y Bclilurl;:^ 18 1. Infurrcction of the Roman troops tu-:ie, 3 p. Carlkare GENERAL INDEX. CnrtLage is reduced and pillaged by Haflan the Saracen, ix. 461 Subsequent hiitory of, 462. Carthagena, an extraordinary rich filver mine worked there for the Romans, i. 258. Cants, emperor, h''s election arid character, ii. 91. Cafpian and Iberian gates of mount Caucafus, diftinguimed, vii. 140. CiT/Jt ins, the party of, among the Roman civilians, explained, viii. 3~- Cqfflnlurius, his Gothic hiftory, i. 387. His account of the infant ihite of the republic of Venice, vi. 127. Kis long and profperoua life, vii. 29. Cajir'nt, Gtor'j?, fee Srnrulerlcr*. Catalans their fervice and war in the Greek empire, xi. 346. Catholic church, the doctrines of, ho\v difcriminated from the opi- nions of the Platonic fchool, iii. 322. The authority of, extend- ed f.j the minds of mankind, 9,26. Faith of the Weftern or Latin church, 342. Is detracted by factions in the caufe of Athanafius, 359. The doxology, how introduced, and ho\v perverted, 388. The revenue of> transferred to the heathen pridts, by julian, iv. i 10. , EdicT: of Theodofius for the eft?.r>limment of the Catholic faith, v. 14. The progrefiive fttps of idolatry in, 123. Perfecu- tiou of the Catholics in Africa, vi. 280. Pious frauds of the Ca- tholic clergy, 290. , How bewildered by the clochine of the incarnation., viii. 275. Union of the Greek and Latin churches, 334. , SchiOn or the Greek church, xi. 169. Celefline, pope, efpoufes the party of Cyril againft Neftorius, and, pronounces the degradation of the latter from his epifcopal dig- nity, viii. 287. Celtic language, driven to the mountains by the Latin, i. 60, 61. note, Ctnfor, the office of, revived under the emperor Dccius, i. 400. But without cfTect, 402. Ceos, the mriVitac*urc of filk firlt introduced to Europe from that ifla'id, v'u. 90. Cercf: t the principal queen of Attila king of the Huns, her recep- tion oi ?vliximi:i the R.jrr.an ambaRador, vi. 74. Cerln'.bust his opinion of the tvvc^fold nature of jefus Chrift, viii, 2 r 9 . Ceylon, ancient names given to thit ifland, and the Jmperfecl know- ledge (. ., by t!ie Romans, iv. 142. r.nte. Chaked'-n, the ia;udi.:ious iltuation cf this city ftigmatifed by pro- verbial contempt, iii. 7. A tribunal crecied there by the einpe- ror Julian, tc try and punifh the evil minifters of his preciec'-'ilor Conftantius, iv. .:6. , A tlutJy ciiurch built there by Rufimis, the infamous mirufter of the emperor Theodofius, v. 143. 3 Is taken by Chcfr-AS II- kinr of Periia, viii. 222. GENERAL INDEX. ChaLotufylet, the Greek hiitorian, his remarks on the ftvenil nationa of Europe, xii. 82. Ckalviis, battle of, between the Romans and Attila king of the Huns, vi. 112. Ckan'.ai'ians reduced and generoufly treated by Julian, Jii. 227. Chancellor, the original and modern application of this word com- pared, ii. 99. note. (Jbarac'frs, national, the diiiinctions of, how formed, iv. 341. (.'harlots of the Romans defcribed, v. 269. note. Charlemagne conquers the kingdom of Lombardy, ix. 150. His re- ception at Rome, 154. Eludes fulfilling the promifcs of Pepin and himfelt to the Roman pontiff, .159. His coronation at Rome by the pope Leo III. 173. His reign and character, 174. Ex- tent of his empire* 180. His neighbours and enemies, 185. His i'uccefibrs, 187. His negotiations and treaty with the Eailern em- pirc, 191. Slate of his family and dominions in the tenth cen- turv, x. 148. i'.karlcs the Eat, emperor of the Romans, ix. 189. 'dairies of Anjou fubdues Naples and Sicily, xi. 3^9. The Sicilian } r f/':f>-s, 344. His character as a fenator of Rome, xii. 288. C/.\t>'i.s IV r . emperor of Germany, his weaknefs and poverty, ix. 213. His public oltentation, 215. Contrail between him and Auguftus, 216. C'.cir'.'s V. emperor, parallel between him and Diocletian, ii. 171. Aud between the lack of Rome by him, and that by Alaric the Goth, v. 322. 323. C ! ii/Ii:\', its high etteem among the ancient Germans, i. 367. And the primitive Chritlians, ii. 323. CI:eKilflry t the art of, from whom derived, x. 49. Cbcrfwffuj t Thracutn, how fortified by the emperor Juilinian, vii. I 2$. (.'.hcij'.-iillfs affifl Conftantlne the Great againft the Goths, iii. 124. Arc cruellv pcrfecuted by the Greek emperor Juftinian II. ix. 21. C.i.' fs, the object of the game of, by whom invented, vii. 307. ii'ji .'./.;.'., king of France, depofed under papal fanction, ix. 152. (..':;/c'i-ifi, llie expoling of, a prevailing vice of antiquity, viii. 56. Natural, according to the Roman laws, what, 67. C'.'r.j, how ciiilinguifhsd in ancient hillory, ii. 141. note. Great iiiimbeis of children annually espofed there, 347. nutc. , its lituation, iv. 357. The high chronology claimed by the }i:Uoria::s of, ib'ul. The great wall of, when erected, 361. Was .vice conquered by the northern tribes, 364. , The Romans fupplied with filk by the caravans from, vii. 93. , Is conquered by the Moguls, xi. 414. 426. lixpuliion of the Moguls, 427, 428. Ce:-',{i.-,-, i,r;gin of the order of, xi. 36. C,''" nfcmtir, prince ot the Alemanni taken prifoncr by Julian at the battle of Strafburgh, iii. 224. ("'I'fr'.rs, king of Armenia, afialTiiiated by the cmifThries of Sapor ki::g of 1'alia, i. 435. Clofrottf GENERAL INDEX. Cbofroes, Son of Tiridetes, king of Armenia, his character, in. 138. Chojroes I. king of Perfia, protects the laft furviving philofophers of Athens, in hi< treaty with the emperor Juftinian, vii. 151. Re- view of his h'ltory, 290. Sells a peace to Juftinian, 307. Hig Jnvafion cf Syria, 311. His negotiations with Juftinian, 337. His prosperity, 339. Battle of Melitene, 176. His death, 177. Cbofrr.quers Syria, 219. Falciline, 221. Egypt and Afia Minor., 222. His reign and magnificence, 223. Rejects the Mahometan religion, 226. Impofes an ignominious peace on the cniU'.Tor Htrnclius, 229, 230. His flight, depofition, and death, Cf:- - i/v, the 'r.-nl o r , Sent by the Turks to the affiftance of the em- peror Ho radius, VMI. 24^. Chn/l, the fVftiv?.] of his birth, why fixed by the Romans at the winter folftice, iv. 22. note. Chr'ijlians, primitive, the various Seels into which they branched out, ii. 277. Afcn'bed the Pagan idolatry to the agency of demons, 288. Believed the end of the world to be near at hand, 300. The miraculous powers afcribed to the primitive church, 3-9. Their faith ftrongtr than in modern times, 314. Their Superior virtue and aulterity, 316. Repentance, a virtue in high efteem among them, ibid. Their notions of marriage and chattily, 323. They difclaim war and government, 326. Were active however in the internal government of their own fociety, 328. Bifhops, 331. Synods, 334- Metropolitans and primates, 337. Bifhop of Rome, 339. 'I heir probable proportion to the Pagan Subjects of the empire before the conversion of Conftantine the Great, 371. Inquiry into their perfecutions, 381. Why more odious to the governing powers than the Jews, 387. Their religious meetings fufpected, 394. Are persecuted by Nero, as the incendiaries of Rome, 405. Inftruclions of the emperor Trajan to Pliny the Younger for the regulation of his conduct towards them, 419. Re- mained expofed to popular refentment on public feftivities, 420, Legal mode of proceeding againft them, 422. The ardour with which they courted martyrdom, 437. When allowed to erect places for public worfhip, 448. Their persecution under Diocletian and his aflbciates, 467. An edicl of toleration for them publifhed by Galerius juft before his death, 484. Some confiderations ne- ceflary to be attended to in reading the Sufferings of the martyrs, 491. Edicl of Milan publifhed by Conftantine the Great, iii. 244. Political recommendations of the Chriftian morality to Conftan- tine, 247. Theory and pracl ice of paflive obedience, 248. Their loyalty and /eal, 253. The Sacrament of baptifm, how admi- niflered in early times, 272. Extraordinary propagation of CJhrillianity after it obtained the Imperial Sanction, 276, 277. Becomes the eftabliihed religion of the Roman empire, 280. Spi- G g 3 ritual GENERAL INDEX. ritual and temporal powers diflinguiihed, 282. Review of the epifcopal order in the church, 283. The ecclcfialtical revenue of each diocefe, how divided, 294. Their legillntive affemblics, 303. Edict of Conftautinc the Great againtl heretics, 307. Myiterious do&rine of the Trinity, 220. The doctrines of the Catholic church, how difcriminatcd from the opinions of the Pla- tonic fchool, 322. General character of the Chriftian fects, 403. Chniltan fchools prohibited by the emperor Jul;;\n, iv. iij. They are removed from all offices oftrult, 1:4. Are oh!' 'ed to reinilutt the Pagan umples, 115. Their imprudent and h regu- lar zeal againft iaolatry, 135. Chriftiansi dilHnclion of, into vulgar and afcctic, vi. 238. Con- vtrlion of the barbarous nations, 268. Cbr'ijTtnnity, in^ui.y into the progrcfs and edablifhment of. ii. 265. Rel'gi.ni and character of the jews, 267. The Jewilh reunion the baUs of Chrifnanity, 274. Is offered to all r.iarlund, wid. The feels into which the Cnriftians divided, 277. The theology of, reduced to a fyftematieal form in the iciic o! of Alexandria, 363. Injudicious conduct of its early advocates, 377. Its perie- cution.v, 581. Fivfl erection of cnurch.:s, 448. , The f) ftem or, found in Piatp's doctrine of the Lr^oj y iii. 318.^ , Salutary effects refulting from the converiion of the barbarous nations, vi. 275. , Its progrels in the north of Europe, x. 242. C'uryja^hius the Eunqch, engages Edccon, to afTairinate his king At- tila, vi. bo. I? put to death by the emprefs 1'ulcueria, 84. Ai- iilkd at the fcco-.d council of Ephefus, viu. 300. hr%Jucbeir t general of the revolted Paulicians, over- runs and pil- lages Afra Minor, x. 179. liis death, 181. Cl'rv/cioras, Manuel, the Greek envoy, his character, xii. 126, Ills admiration of Rome and Conflantinople, 142. Cbryf'jpolis, battle oi, between Couilantiue the Great and Licimus^ ii. 262. Ckryfj/ltTKt St. his account of the pompous luxury of the emperor A, radius, v. 373. Protects his fugitive patron the eunuch Eu- tropius, 391. Hidory ol his promotion to the archiepilcopal fee of Con(laiitinop!: j , 398. llis character and adminiliration, 3995 40". liis pcrtculioii, 404. His ci.ath, 410. ins relics re- inoved to Conilaatmople, tl;J. H:s encomiuip oa tiie monaflic life, v:. 247. H'jte. Churr'jcs, Ciinrb'an, tlie firft erection of, ii. 448. Demolition of, Under Diocletian., 47^. Splendour of, under Conilantinc the G.cit, iii. 2^2. Seven, of Afia, the late of, x ; . 4^7. Cildlis, battle of, between Conftantine the Great and Licinius, ii, 240. Cicero, his view of the pliilofophical opinions as to the immortality of the foul, 11. 2^4. His encomium on the lludy of the law, viiu 9. 8 y item of his rtpullic, 27. (Cimmerian darknefs, the txj rellion of, v/hence derived, v, 271. note, Circuit:- GENERAL INDEX. CtrcitmcelKons of Africa, Donatifl fchifmatics, hiftory of their revolt, lii. 398. Then religious filicides, 401. Persecution of, by the emperor Hononus, vi. 16. Circumcision of both ie:;es, a phyfical cuftom in ^Ethiopia, uncon- nected with religion, viii. 373. Circus, Roman, the four tuitions in, defcribed, vii. 76. Conflan- tinople, and the Katie rn empire, diftracted by thefe factions, 77. Cities in the Roman empire enumerated, i. 77. , Commercial, of Italy, rife, and government of, ix. 205, 206. L'it/'zcns of Rome, motive of Caracalla for extending the privileges or, to all the free inhabitants of the empire, i. 255. 267. Politi- cal tendciK'v of this grant, 269. City, the birth of a new one, how celebrated by the Romans, iii. if. note, C'rcUiam of Rome, origin of the profcflion, and the three periods in the hiilory or, viu. 23. C'n'i/is, the Latavian, his fuccefsful revolt again ft. the Romans, i. 377- Claiidla.n the poet, and panegyrift of Stilicho, his works fupply the deficiencies of hiftory, v. 151. Celebrates the murder of Rufinus, 159. His death and character, 247. His character of the eu- nuch Eutropius, 379. Claudius, emperor, chofen by the Pretorian guards, without the con- currence oi the fenate, i. 116. Claudius, emperor, fuceeffor to Gallienus, his character and elevation to the throne, ii. 4. Cleander, minifter of the emperor Commodus, his hiftory, i. 145. Clemens, Flavins, and his wife Domitilla, why diflinguiflied as Chrif- tian martyrs, ii. 416. Clement III. pope, and the emperor Henry III. mutually confirm each other's fovereign characters, x. 302. Clement V. pope, transfers the holy fee from Rome to Avignon, xii. 308. Clergy, when firil diftinguiihed from the laity, ii. 340. iii. 282. , The ranks and numbers ot, how multiplied, iii. 290. Their property, Hid. Their offences only cognifable by their own order, 296. Valentiuian's edkt to retlraiu the avarice of, iv. 270. CloJ'wn, the firit of the Merovingian race of kings of the Franks in Gaul, his reign, vi. ICO. C!',;!iuit Allimis, governor of Britain, his ilcady fidelity during the revolutions at Rome, i. 176. Declares himielf againft. Julianus, T *~ t '.'' . Clotilda niece of the king of Burgundy, is married to Clovis king of the Franks, and converts her Pagan hlifband, vi. 318. Exhorts her hufband to the Gothic war, 331. Chi'is, king of the Franks, his defcrnt, and reign, vi. 310. Clunerius, his account of the objects ot adoration among the ancient, Germans, i. 370. note. C'.clnncaJ, importance of the difcovery of, in the art of dying, vi!. t^-o. fMtf, G 4 CoJs GENERAL INDEX. Codt of Juflinian, how formed, viii. 37. New edition of, 46. Codicils, how far admitted by the Roman law respecting teftaments, viii. 80. Cxnoiites, in monkifh hiftory, defcribed, vi. 263. Coinage, how regulated bv the Roman etnperois, xii. 281. Colcbos, the modern Mingreha, defcribed, vii. 319. Manners of the natives, 322. Revolt of, from the Romans to the Perfians, and repentance, 330. Colchian war, in confequence, 334. Cclifeum, of the emperor Titus, obfervations on, xii. 418. Exhi- bition of a bull-feail in, 421. Collyridian heretics, an account of, ix. 261. Colonies, Roman, how planted, i. 58. Col sir:j, hiftory of the Roman family of, xii. 316. C;!>//!is of Rhodes, lome ; ccount or", ix. 425. Columns of Hercules, their iituation, i. 4;. C'jfi'.ar.a, the rich temple of, fuppreifed, a 'HI the revenues connT- cated, bv the emperors of the ail, iii. "6. Comlal, judicial, origin of, in the Salic taws, vi. 351. The laws of, according to the afii/.e of Jeruiulcrn, xi. 96. Apology for the practice or, 3)9. not f: . Comets, account ot thofe which appeared in the reign of Juftinian, vii. 412. Ccmmentiolvs, his ungraceful ';.rfa:v againft the Avars, viii. 202. emperor, ;, t.ucaton, ca:acur, an reign, . 137. Coinneni, origin oi thj family or, on the tf.-.une of Coutiantinople, ix. 74. Its extinction, xiu 2_|6. C'lr.cciii'ir., immaculate, of t!ie Vi;gin Mary, the doctrine of, from whence derived, ix. 2''^. C.(,K::wini, according to t'he Rorr.r.n civil la-.v, explained, viii. 67. Cvrjijgralion) general, ideas ot the primitive Chriilians concerning, ii. 305. C*nqurjl t the vanity of, not fo juftifiable as the deiire of fpoil, iv. 297. Is rather atchievtd by art, than perfunal \alour, vi. 42. Cc/urad III. err.peror, engages in the fecond crufade, xi. 105. His d;iai:iTi!' expedition, i l ^. Conru.t o\ Montferrat, defends Tyre againft Saladin, xi. 140. Is affadmated, 146. C.'.Tflar.ce, treaty of, ix. 207. C:>>J?jns, the thiid fon of Conflar.tine the Grea', is f.-nt to govern :ne \veftern provinces <;f tiu- empire, HI. riH. Diviiion ot the empire among him and h: c bioti:trs, on the Jea'.h of their father, I <3- Is invaded by 1.J3 brother Ccjnltantine, \,\ f >. Is killed, on the ufurpation of Magnentiu?, 1.19. Efpoufed the caufe of Atha- nalius a^a;nlt hi.-> br killed, 146. CwjluHltne I II. eir.pcror of (Jonilantinople, ix. 10. C'-nflar.tine IV. Pogonattis, empeior of Conltantinople, ix. IJ. CoK/ictitine V. Copronymus, emperor of Conflantinople, ix. 26. 1'iitcs of his five ions, 50. Revolt of Artavafdes, and troubles on account of image woriuip, 12.-!, 129. Abolilhcs the monkiih or- der, 130. Conjinntine VI. emperor of Conftantinople, ix. 31. C<,r;jlam'i;;f VII. Porphyiogciiitus, emperor of Couftantinnple, i\. 57. His cautions a^ainll discovering the fecret of the Gmk flic, x. 17. Account of his w ;iks>, 94. Their imperfections pointed out, y'). His account o: tae CL-remonies of the B;^antine couit, 127. j nil i ties the inania^e of liib fon v.-'ih the princcfa Bertha oi" France, 130. C:>'.Jln ;".'/;; V; It. cmptror of vjonflantinople, 'x. 59. Cuniiunlhie 1\. cir.'.x s cr ol Loiiilaatinople, ix. 6;. Ctti-JltUit'.t.c X. Mouomachuis, tmpcror of Conltaiuinople, ix. 72. ^.tijiii Ktinc X I. JDtxas, emperor of Conitantinople, i.\. 77. C'j>iftat::'^e Palsolo^os, the jail of the Grctk ei.iperoiv, his reig;;, x i i . 175. Co.iftaniini: Sjlvamis, founder of the Paulicians, his death, x. 175. C:i:ftaKtitie, >-. pr:vate toldier in BMLU: i, elecied en.jn-i'ir, ?or the lake ol his name, v. 22-;. He reduces Gaul and o^aia, -31. 342. H'i reduction aud dcaili, 343. Cenfiamiiifi ^^r.cral nr.cer Bdifariu:; in Italy, his death, vii. 24". Ccnju:i'.t'n!.i.i, , iii htuation c;eicnh--d, v.'ith the motives which in- ciucni Cot.i'.antuie the Gvi;:t t-_ make this citv the capital of hij empire,'::. ;. i'-s local advantages, 12. Its extent, 15. Pn;- gret's ct the \vork., it<. Principal edifices, 20. How fnrnilhed v/ilh inhalrt.ints, 24. Pi-ivilege.i granted to it, 2f r >. It.^ dedica- tion, 2'-!. Review i,r the new io;:n of civil and military adnnml- truiion eilubhihed there, 30. Is allotted to Conftantine the Yi.i'.nL r cr, in the divilion of the empire, on the emperor's death, j ^3. Viijlrnt cc .itetts there between the rival bifnops, Paul and ]SIacedonii:s, ^92. Bloody tii^ajrement between the Athanafians and Aii.'ns on t!a- rt inovnl of t!iC body of Condantine, ^9^. Triumpharit mtry or the e ^peror j::lrin, iv. 36. Th.e fenate of, ali iwed the ia:r.e r.jv.ers and h-.,.')urs as that at Rome, 5-4. Ar- rival of V ale n':>, as emperor of the Ealt, 242. Revolt ol Proco- ]>iio, _4'7. , , v.. ..;'. in d the principal feat of the Arian herefy, during the rc'i/K'S of L'oiiilaiilius and V: j ieni, v. 17. Is purged from Aria- uii.Mi l.v ;!;e er.ipfror Theo-i^fius, 22. Council of, 26. Is c:;- ..d by f !.e b. -fii".; ;:;id his Arian Cioths, 395. Perlecution or the a/, i.b'iiinn, S'. Cii. v r M,'lo.n. 4-4. Popular tumults on lus ae- coi'.r.t, ;"-'' ]-:tl'.:'iir.kc there, \:. 53. *- , The wity i.:ia cu:ter:i D'-.piie diilraCted by the faC;!or.s of the 4. circus, G E N E R A L I N D E X. .circus, v!i. 77. foundation of the church of St. Sophia, 116. Other churches ereded there by Julliman, 122. Triumph of Belifarius over the Vandals, 194. The walls of, injured by an earthquake, 402. State of the armies, uaier the emperor Maurice, 203. The armies and city revolt againlt him, 207. Dehverauce of the cky from the Feriians and Avars, 243. Religious war about the Tii- fagion, 3 14. Conftantinople, Profpeclus of the remaining hiftory of the Eaftern empire, ix. I. Summary review of the live dynaflies of the Greek empire, 109. Tumults in the city to oppofe the deftruclion of images, 12$. Abolition of the monkiih order by Con ftantine, 130. Firlt lkge of by the Saracens, x. 2. Second iiege by the Saracens, 8. Review of the provinces of the Greek empire in the tenth cen- tury, 99. Riches of the city of Conftantinople, 112. The Impe- rial palace of, 114. Officers of ftate, 121. Military character of the Greeks, 140. The name and character of Romans, fupported to the hut, 155. Decline, and revival of literature, 156. The city menaced by the Turks, 214. Account of the Varangians, 222. Naval expeditions of the Ruffians againft the city, 228. , Origin of the feparation of the Greek and Latin churches, xi. 169. Maiutcre of the Latins, 180. Invaiion of the Greek empire, and conqueft of Conflantinople by the ci-uladers, 208. The city taken, and Ifaac Angelas reltored, 217. Part of the city burnt by the Latins, 222. Second fiege of the city by the Latins, 226. Is pillaged, 231. Account of the ftatues deuroy- eu, 258. Partition of the Greek empire by the French and Ve- netians, 243. The Greeks rife againft their Latin conquerors, 258. The city retaken by the Greeks, 284. The fuburb of Galata affigned to the Genoefe, 390. Hoftilities between the Genoefe and the emperor, 394. How the city eicaped the Moguls, 428. Is befieged by the fultan Amurath II. xii. 56. Is com- pared with Rome, 141. Is befieged by Mahomet II. fultan of the Turks, 200. Is ilormed and taken, 231. Becomes the capital of the Turkifh empire, 243. Cotijlantiits Chlorus, governor of Dalmatia, was intended to be adopted by the empeior Cams, in the room of his vicious foil Carinus, ii. 100. Is ailociated as Casfar by Diocletian in his adrniniilration, 1 18. A flumes the title of Augultus, on the abdication of Diocletian, 186. Kis death, 193. Granted a toleration to the Chrillians, 479- . Conjlantius, the fecond fon of Conftantine the Great, Ins education, iii. 116. Is fent to govern the Eaflern provinces of the empire, 118. Seizes Conltcintii'opk or the death of his father, 131. Con- i'pires the deaths cT his kinfmen, 133. DiviO >n of the -in pi re mong him :.nd his brothers, ibid. Reftores v^i;ol,JL'3 kin;; of Armenia, 138. Battle of Singara w;th r'apor king of Per fi a, i.vo. J\ejefls the offers of Magnentius and Vetranio, on the p.i..-i u: a vifion, ^52. Hit; oration u the Illyrian troops at the interview v.'ith Vetranio, 154. Defeats Magner.tius at the oaulc of A'^urfa, ;6o, His councils croverncd by eunuvhs, iGJ. Education of his GENERAL INDEX. his coufins Gallus and Julian, 171. Difgrace and death of Gallus, 179. Sends for Julian to court, 186. Inverts him with the title of Caefar, 188. Vifits Rome, 191. Prefents an obelifk to that city, 195. The Qiiadian and Sarmatian wars, ibid. His Perfian negotiation, 200. Mifmanagement of affairs in the Eaft, 211. Favours the Arians, 351. His religious cha- racter by Ammianus the hiftorian, 352. His reillefs endeavours to eftablifh an uniformity of Chriilian doctrine, 354. Athanafius driven into exile by the council of Antioch, 364. Js intimidated by his brother Conftans, and invites Athanafius back again, 368. His fevere treatment of thofe bifhops who refufed to concur in depofing Athanafius, 374. His fcrupulous orthodoxy, 377. His cautious conduct in expelling Athanafius from Alexandria, 378. His flrenuous efforts to feize his perfon, 382. Athanafms writes invectives to expofe his character, 387. Is confhained to reftore JLiberius, bifhop of Rome, 391. Supports Macedonius, bifhop of Conftantinople, and countenances his perfections of the Ca- tholics and Novatians, 396, 397. His conduct towards his Pagan fubjects, 407. Envies the fame of Julian, iv. 3. Recals the legions from Gaul, 4. Negotiations between him and Julian, 19. His preparations to oppofe Julian, 32. His death and cha- racter, 34, 35. Conftantius, general, relieves the Britifh emperor Conftantine when befieged in Aries, v. 343. His characler and victories, 344. His marriage with Placidia, and death, vi. 2. Conftantius, fecretary to Attila king of the Huns, his matrimonial ne- godation at the court of Conllantinople, vi. 66. Conful, the office of, explained, i. 103. Alterations this office underwent under the emperors, and when Conllantinople became the feat of empire, iii. 35. The office of, fuppreffed by the em- peror Juflinian, vii, 152. Is now funk to a commercial agent, xii. 279. Contracts, the Roman laws refpecting, viii. 84. Copts of Egypt, brief hiftory of, viii. 360. Corinth, reviving as a Roman colony, celebrates the Ifthmian games, under the emperor Julian, iv. 55. The iflhmus of, fortified by the emperor Juftmtan, vn. 128. C'jrnwal, reduction of, by the Saxons, vi. 388. Coronary gold, nature of thofe offerings to the Roman emperors, iii. 95- Cori'lnus, Matthias, king of Hungary, his character, xii. 167. Cofmas Indicopleufles, account of his Chriltian topography, vii. ICC. note. riii. 343. note. Co [mo of Medici's, his character, xii. 136. Councils and fynods of Antioch, iii. 364. Aries, iii. 371. Bafil, xii. 93. C.'crfarea, iii. 361. Carthage, vi. 283. vii. 187. GENERAL INDEX, Councils and fynods of Chalcedon, v. 405. viii. 303. Clermont, xi. 8. Conflance, xii. 86. 92. 375. Conftantinople, v. 26. viii. 327. 333, ix. 1 25. xi. 175. Ephefus, viii. 288. 301. Ferrara, xii. 103. Florence, xii. 105. Frankfort, ix. 1 68. Lyons, vi. 325. xi. 276. 334. Milan, iii. 372. Nice, iii. 332. ix. 164. Pifa, xi. 92. Flacentia, xi. 5. Rimini, iii. 343. Bardica, iii. 366. Toledo, vi. 300. 304. 378. Tyre, iii. 361. Count, great difference between the ancient and modern application of this title, iii. 58. By whom iirll invented, ibid. Of the facred largefTes, under Conftantine the Great, his office, 74. Of the domeilics in the Eaftern empire, his office, 77. Courtctiay, hiftory of the family of, xi. 294. Crcfcentlus, conful of Rome, his viciffitudes, and difgraceful death, ix. 203. Crete, the ifie of, fubdued by the Saracens, x. 58. Is recovered by Nicephorus Phocas, 86. Is purchafed by the Venetians, xi. 249. Crimes, how diftinguifhed by the penal laws of the Romans, viii. 98. Crtfpus, fon of Conitantine the Great, is declared Casfar, ii. 249. Diftinguiihes his Valour againfl the Franks and Alemanni, 253. Forces the paflage of the Hellefpont, and defeats the fleet of Li- cinius, 260. His character, iii. 106. His myfterious death, ill. Crtfpus, the Patrician, marries the daughter of Phocas, and contributes to depofc him, viii. 2 14. Is obliged to turn monk, 217. Croatia, account of the kingdom of, X. 198. Croj's, the dirferei t fentiments entertained of this inftrument of punifh- ment, by the 1 agan and Chriitian Romans, iii. 256. The famous llandard of, in the army of Conftantine the Great defcribed, 258. His vifions of, 260. 265. The holy fepulchre and crois of Chrift difcovered, iv. ici. The crofs of Chrift undiminifhed by diflribu- tion to pilgrims, IO2. Crof, impoied by Augnitus, i. 261. i'.\c.!e of indiciiuns, the origin of, traced, and how now employed, iii. < v '^. nil:. Cypnc.r.) bifhop of Carthage, his hiilory and martyrdom, ii. 42^. C'\frus, the kingdom of, beflowed on the houie of Luiignan, by "Richard I. of England, xi. ib'3. C\:-<:nc, the Greek colonies there filially exterminated by Chofrocs II. king of Perha, viii. 222. C \riadeS) an obfcure fugitive, is fet uj) by Sapor the Perf:::n monarch, as emperor of Rome, i. 43". Cj-r:.', bifhop of Jerufalem, }r.s pompous relation of a miraculous ap- ne:>rance of a celtttial crofs, in. 351. His ambiguous character, iv. 103. yr:7, patriarch of Alexandria, his life and character, viii. 276. Con- demn-, the heiefy of Neftorius, 287. Procures t!\e decifion of the CLUncil of Ephefus againil Nellorius, 2^9. His court intrigues, 294. Cy^l-'i-. how it cfcaped dill ruction fn.m the Goths, i. 428. Is at length mined by them, 429. The n'laiid and citv of, teiitd by the vfurptr I'.occj.u-j iv. 247. D /)/: .'.-7, romped if, b^ t'iC csvpcror Trajan, i. S. It'- fituation, 37. is fivti-run by the Goths, 39". L. .'eliinied to th.er.i by Ai;-.xlia:i, ii. 19. />-- //.-, fuppofed to '-e *he authors and objects c.f Pagan :e v.'ry, by I'.-,,- mirnitive Chil'.tiaiij, ii. 288. J)c : -, gener-.d , . the empei 5 Petra, vii. 33!. Cornn.i'ii.'.i the Huns in It;.iy, vi; di: es, 3^3. Z>.v.v.v\ -/, a:ci.'.:.i:hop ei P ::".., inl.alied l\:ti ii.ri;h f.f Jeir.f.i'em, xi. GENERAL INDEX. fiege of, by the Saracens, ;>:. 38,. The city reduced both by ttonn and by treaty, 394. Remarks on KurLcb's tragedy of this liege, 397. r.oie. Taken and derlroyed !..y Tamerlane, xii. 23- , DamafcttS) bifhop of Rome, edict of Valentinian addrefTed to him, to re!; rain the crafty avarice of the Roman clergy, iv. 271. His bloody conteil with Urlinua for the epifcopal dignity, 274. Dames, the Arab, his gallant enterprise againft tlie caillc of Aleppo, ix. 416. Damijlta is taken by Louis IX. of France, xi. 160. Damophilus, archbifhop of Conltantinoplc, n-figns his fee, rather than fubfcribe the Nieene creed, v. 23. Dandalo, Henrv, doge of Venice, Ins character, xi. 195. Is made defpot of Romania, 248. Daniel, firll bifliop of Winchefcer, his initruclions to St. Boniface, for the convtrrfion of infidels, vi. 273. Danlslis, a Grecian matron, her prelcnts to the emperor Bafil, x. 108. Her viiit to him at Conilantinople, 117. Her t^ilament, 1 18. Danube^ courfe of the river, and the province? of, cleicribed, J. ^^. JJciphne, the iacrcd grove and temple of, at ^nt'.och, dtfcribed, iv. 1 1 8. Is converted to Chriitian purpofes by Gallus, and rcftored to the Pagans by Julian, 121, 122. The temple burned, 123. Dara, the 'fortification of, by Jullinian, dtfcribed, vii. 139. The de- molition of, by the 1'eriians, prevented by peace. 308. Is taken by Chofroes king of Perfia, viii. 175. Darius, his icheme tor connecling the continents of Europe and Alia, iii. 6. Darknefs, preternatural, at the time of the paflion, is unnoticed by the heathen philoiophers and hiitorians, ii. 379. Dujlagard, the Perlian royal feat of, plundered by the emperor Hera- clius, viii. 250. DatianuS) governor of Spain, yields ready obedience to tlie Imperial edids pgainit the Chrillians, ii. 478. Dathis, biihop of Milan, in Mi gates the revo't of the Ligurians to Juf- tinian, vii. 242, 243. Efcapes to Coniiantiaople on the taking of Milan, by tlie Burgnndlans, 250. Debtors, infolvtnt, cruel puuiflimcut cf, by the law of the twelve tables, viii. 92. Decemvirs, re vie v/ of the 3a\vs of their twelve tables, viii. 6. Thefc laws fiiperleded by the perpetual edift, 16. Severity of, co. Dfcxts, his Malt&tion to tlie empire, i. 3^5. 324. \\ us n perfectitorof the ChrifiiaiiS, 452. Decuriotts, in the Roman empire, arc feverely treated by the Imperial laws, ii[. 84.. Deification of tlie Roman emperors, ho-.v this fpecies of idolatry \vas -.1- troduced, i. i ; i. Delators, are encouraged by the Emperor Commodus, to gratify his hatred or the fcnate, i. 141. Are fuppreifed by Pertin?.x, 162. Delphi, the farrvl oniaments of tl:e temple of, remgved tc Conilantino- pL: bv Conll.int.inc' th'. Grtnt, iii. 22, ruts. Derxc-cracy, G E N E Px A L I N D E X. Democracy, a form of government unfavourable to freedom in a lar^c Hate, i. 54. Dimoflkenes, governor of C;rfarea, liis gallant defence again ft, and he- roic efcape from, Sapor king of Perfia, i. 439. Dfogratuis, biiliop of Cartilage, humanely h;ccours the captives brought from Rome by Genfcric king of the Vandals, vi. 154. Derar, tlie Saracen, his character, ix. 389. DtJiJerhis, the lail king of the Lombards, conquered by Charlemagne, ix. 150. Deffiot, nature of that title in the Greek empire, x. 1:1. Defbotlfm originates in fuperitition, i. 362. ttctc. Diadem ailumcd by Diocletian, what, ii. 165. Diamonds, the art ot cutting them, unknown to the ancients, i. 262. note, Diditis 'Jii'uinus purcliafcs the Imperial dignity at a public auction, i. I 72. Diocejes of the Roman empire, their number and government, iii. 49. Diocletian, the manner of his military election to the empire, ii. 109. His birth and character, 112. Takes Maximian fur his colleague, 115. AfTbciates as Crefars, Galerious, and Coiiitantius Chlorua, 1 1 8. His triumph in conjunction with Maximian, 156. Fixes his court at the city of Nicomedia, 159. Abdicates the empire, 170. Parallel betv.-etn him and the emperor Charles V. 171. Palfes his life in retirement at Salona, 174. His impartial beha- viour towards the Chriitiaus, 45 S. Caufes that produced the per- fecution of the Chnllians under hi; reign, 460. Dion Cqffi'.is the hiflorian, fcreened from the fury of the foldiers, by the emperor Alexander Scvcrus, i. 250. DiofcoriiS) patriarch of Alexandria, hij outrageous behaviour at the fecond council of Ephefus, viii. 301. Is depoied by the council of Chalcedon, 306. Difalul, great khan of the Turks, his reception of the ambafladors of Juftinian, vn. 295. Divorce, the liberty and abufe of, by the Roman laws, viii. 60. Li- mitations of, 63. D'.^tes, their peculiar tenets, iii. 319. viii. 265. Derivation of their nnme, iii. 320. note. Dominic, St. Loricatus, his fortitude in flagellation, xi. 17. Domimtf, when this epithet was applied to the Roman emperors, ii. 163. Domi:'uin, emperor, his treatment of his kinfmen Flavius Sabinus, and Flavins Clemens, ii. 415. Duniiian, the Oriintal prefect, is fent by the emperor Conftantilis to reform the (late of the Ealt, then opprefled by Gallus, iii. 176. Js put to death there, 177. Dbtuitus, his contefl with Cicilian for the fee of Carthage, iii. 309. Hitlory of the fchifm of the Donatiiis, 311. 398. Perfecution of tlie Donatiiis by the emperor Honorius, vi. 16. D',r-;'.>ra>K, battle of, between fultan Soliman and the firft crufaders, xi. 60. GENERAL INDEX. 7>:'v/,A)orv> how Introduced in the church-femce, and how perverted, iii. 38?. Dramatic reprefentations at Rome, a character of, v. 285. JJ reams, the popular opinion of the preternatural origin of, favour- able to that of Conitantine previous to his battle \vith Maxentius, iii. 262. Dromedary, extraordinary fpeed of this animal, if. 42. note. Dronwr.es of the Greek empire, defcribed, x. 137, 138. Druids, their power in Gaul fupprefled by the emperors Tiberius a^d Claudius, i. 52. Drujes of mount Libanus, a character of, x. 580. note. Duke, derivation of that title, and great change in the modern, from the aneient application of it, iii. 58. Dtiraz-zo, liege of, by Robert Guifcard, x. 288. Battle ofj between him and the Greek, emperor Alexius, 294. E Earthquake, an extraordinary one over great part of the Roman empire, iv. 338. Account of thofe that happened in the reign of Juitinian, vii. 417. Eajl India, the Roman commercial intercourfe with that region} i. 83. Commodities of, taxed by Alexander Scverus, 262; Elionites, account of that feel, li. 279. , A confutation of their errors, fuppofed by the primitive fa- thers, to be a particular object in the writings of St. John the Evan- gelift, iii. 318. , Their ideas of the perfon of Jefus Chrift, viii. 261. Ercleftajles, the book of, why net likely to be the production of kinp- Solomon, vii. 195. note. Ecclffiaftical and civil powers, diilinguifhed, by the fathers of thr Chriflian church, iii. 2^2. Ea'lclus, fon of the emperor Avitus, his gallant conduct in Gaul, vi. 2C". Ealnfis of the emperor Heraclius, viii. 331. EJda, of Iceland, the fyftem of mythology in, i. 390. Edccon, is feiit from Attila king of the Huns, as his amhaflador to the emperor Theodofius the Younger, vi. 68. Engages in a piopoial to aflailmate Attila, 80. His ion Odoaccr, the iirlt Barbarian king of Italy, 224. EJejjli, the purefl dialed of the Syriac language fpoken there, i. 331. note. The property of the Chriitians there;, conllfcated by th : em- peror Julian, for the diforderly conduct or the Ariur.s, iv. 129. Re- volt of the Roman troops there, viii. 205. Account of the fehcol of, 539. Hiflory of the famous image there, ix. iiS. The city and principality of, feizecl by Baldwin the crufadcr, xi. 63. Is re- taken by Zenghi, 122. The counts of, 295". E'i-.ci of Pviilan, pub-iTaed by Conitantine the Great, iii. 244. Editls of the prsetors of Rome, under the republic, their natinv and tendency, viii. 13. E-.b. HI, why that name vas ".pplied to the Roman empire by the Jews, \\, 3^7. note. VOL. XII, lie. EJri/itfs, GENERAL INDEX. F.Jrlfttt's, the Saracen dynafly of, x. So. E '.if anl I. of England, his crufade to the Holy Land, xi. 1 6', Eji'liuSy his character ai.d revolt in Gaul, vi. 185. His fon Syacriur, V 2 - Egypt, general defenption of, i. 40. The ftiperftitions of, with diffi- culty tolerated at Rome, 5;. Amount of its revenues, 257. Public \vorkb executed there by Probus, ii. ^9. Conduct of Diocleliari there, 134. Progrefs of ChrilUanity there, 363. . , Edict of the emperor \ Cu'cns, to reft rain the number of reclufc monks there, iv. 270. , The worihip of Scrapis how introduced there, iv. 108. His temple, and the Alexandria;; library deitroyed by bifhop 'i heophilu., ill, 112. Origin of monkifli inttitutions in, vi. 241. , Great fupplies of wheat furnifhcd by, for the city of Conflanti- nople, in the time of Jultiman, vn. 88. Ecclefiallicnl hiilory of, , Reduced by the Saracen?, v. 427. Capture of Alexandria, 435. Adminiilration of, 443. Defcription of, by Arnrou, 445. , The Egvpt;a'.io take Jerukilem from the Turks, xi. 77. Egypt <:>;. ii'.iered by the Turk.-, 125. Government of the Mamalukes tl ere, 164. .: " -lir./i.'s, is declared emperor by the troops at Emefa, i. 229. Wai '.. fi'il R i 'iv: an who wore o;ar-nents ot pure ii'ik, vii. 92. ;; , inquiry i.ito the number ot, brought into the field by the ..-.cient princes of the Eait, i. ^3" n-lc. With what view intro- duced in tin.' circus a! Rome m the hifl Pun ic war, n. 103. 1: "/' .:/. inv!lcricj, vhy tokratcd by the emperor Valentinian, IT. 264. /J ; .'. ,';'/', qi:cen of Ei:.,l;-.vid, tla political ufe ihe made of the national p'j.lpitr-, iii. 331. W. E ' '"*<-ai':;n of the uncieiit. northern nations, the nature and motives of, examined, i. .3^--. /.' " ro/v of Rome, a ~- . :e\v or their conftitutions, viii. 16. Their It--- intivc jif.Avjr, IN. 1 lu.r Refcnpts, i.:.:;/;::, las legacy lo i.:'s phil'jfopi.lcal dil; :p'..j at Athtlii, vii. 14^^ GENERAL INDEX. j>h":s, defpots of, on the difmembermcnt of the Greek empire, Jci. Eqiihius, matter general of the Illyrian frontier, is defeated by the Sarmatians, iv. 330. Era/nius, his merit as a reformer, x. 102. Effcmans, their diliinguJfhing tenets and practices, ii. 36?-. Eitcharijl) a knotty fubjedl to the lirft reformers, x. 189. Elides, duke of Aquitain, repels the firft Saracen invallon of France, x. 20. Implores the aid of Charles Martel, 24. Recovers his dukedom, 27. Eudocia, her birth, character, and marriage with the emperor Theodo- fius the Younger, v. 42 i. Her difgrace and death, 425. Eudoxia, her marriage with the emperor Arcadius, iii. 148. Stimu- lates him to give up his favourite Eutropius, 390. Perfecutes St. Chryfoftom, 405. Her death and character, 411. JEudoxia, the daughter of Theodofius the Younger, is betrothed to the young emperor Valentinian III. of the Well, vi. 7. Her characler, 140. Is married to the emperor Maximus, 149. Invites Gcnferic king of the Vandals to Italy, 150. Endows, bifliop of Conftantinople, baptifes the emperor Valens, iv. , 265. Eugenitis the Rhetorician Is made emperor of the Weft by Arbogaftes the Frank, \\ 78. Is defeated and killed by Theodofius, 84. Eugenius IV. pope, his conteft with the council of Baiil, xii. 93. Pro- cures a re-union of the Latin and Greek churches, ill, I !2. Forms a league againll the Turks, 154. Revolt of the Roman citizens againil him, 378. Eitmenius the Orator, feme account of. ii. 182. not!. Eunap'uis the Sophift, his character of monks, and of the objecls of their worihip, v. 123, 124. Eunomians, punifhment of, by the edict of the emperor Theodofius againil heretics, v. 33. Ettmtchs) enumerated in the I ill of Kaflern commodities imported and taxed in the time of Alexander 3e\cru~, i. 262. They infeft ths palace of the third Gordian, 307. - , Their afcendency in the court of Conftantius, iii. luS. Why they favoured the Arians, 350. no!:. Procure the banifhmcnt of Liberius biiliop of Rome, 390. , A conlpiracy of, difappoi.it the fchcmcs of Rufinus, and marry the emperor Arcadius to Eudoxia, v. 147, They dittracl the court of the emperor Honorius, 301 . And govern that of Arcadius, 375. Scheme of Chryfaphins to aHafanate Attila king of the Huns, vi. bo. , Tlie bifhop of Suez and hia whole chapter caftrated, xii. 26 j, note. uric, king of th.e Vifigoths in Gaul, hie conquefts in Spain, vi. 206". Is vefted with all the Roman conquefts beyond the Alps by Ode?.- cer king of Italy, 308. feurofe, evidences that the climate of, was much colder in ancient lh;iis in modern times, i. 346. This alteration accounted for, 347, Ii h 2 Europe, O F N L- R A L 1 X D i; X, E"fr;^', final divihon of, between the \V<-vt:rn ami Kaftcrn r-v.^i; r< v. 1^7. Is ravaged by Attilo. kir.rj of the rlnns, \j. 5.:. Js rum-, one great republic, .t r i . Eu^iit!, tmpi'efs, w.fc of L'onP;:r.t;;;s, her ileadv fi ier!nfh;<:> to [i.Van, in. [83. 185. Is accr.kd o: ani to deprive Juhua of children., 190. I: .,. .:::::, his cnara&cr of the followers of Arteraon, i'. ^73. His own ciiaracltrr, 400. His Itory of the rniraculoii.s uj)pearance of the ciofi in the iky to Cor.ftantine the Gr-^at, iii. 204, ^'ij. :.' "His the eunuch, gnat char .;>.'!;;i:i to the crv.pcior Arc;n;iu, coucertj h\-, rr.ari in^e witow;i iccuritv, in a new law a;;,..nfl treaion, j> j. Takei faactuary with St. Chiyfoftom, ;yi. JJi.^ death, ^03. ku:)'cbes t his opinion on the fubjeci: of the incarnation fupportcdby the fecond council at Epheius, vja. ^co. And adhered to bv tiio Ar- , . jF.i\ : n? Fc\i, dtfcription of tlie veilela uft'l in navi;y;iUn^, i. 42^. L\-.'i':^. : :cu of the cj'ul.i, cr^iii of tl'.e annual ic'Uval oi, \i;i. 25^". .\a>\'b, under the (.jrielc tinjine, llic (ifT/ e and rank of, ix. 15 v Of Ka\e::na, the ^nvxru.nehl oi Ju.iy {i-u.<_ii ;:i, and adniiniilcrcd Lv, T.v /'/;, v^hintir.y, under aec.uk-.'.'.<,:i ;;:iu ccT.lfiou an:ong the Romani, viii. ic~. r FJ:,?: and it.; operations d-rn;.--], n. 315. Faf^nJut, iln^o. character of hi^ J/i/l n Sk:;hi, \. 325. n'.tc. H:s lamentation on the tr;,:i.te; of the io->eiL-:g!!ty ot the uiand to the c:r,peror Henry \ I. ^~J:. F'j:'..rt of the C'hnillaii clmivh, caufe ot thtu aufterc tr.oralitv, i'. Fii:j:.vido\v of ti.e Ltr.;jtc. Is befieged by RaJagaifus, and relieved by Stilicho, 217, 218. Floreati.is, prxtonan pr.efecl of Caul under Conftantuis, his charafter, :u, 235. iv. 7. Is condemned by the tribunal of Chalccdon, but fnil. red to eicane by Julian, 48. Floriu/iits, brother of the emperor Tacitus, his eager ufurpatiou of the Imperial dignity, ii. 70. j:\iJix is coofecrate-d bilhop of Rome, to fnperfede Liberius who was exiled, in. 390. Ke is violently expelled, and his adherents {laugh- tertd, 392. h\iix, an .itrican bifliop, his martyrdom, ii. 473. Fornication, a doubtful plea for divorce, by gofpel authority, viii. 6$. note. France, modern, computation of the number of its inhabitants, and the average of their taxation, iii. 91 . , The name of, whence derived, vt. 362. Derivation of the French language, 37?. unit. , Childeric depofed, and Pepin appointed king, by papal fanclion, ix. 152. Reign and character of Charlemagne, 174. Invaiion of bv the Saracens, x. j8. Frangipani, Cenfio, his profane violation of the perfons of pope Gela- iiMs II. and his college ot cardinals^ xii. 267. Derivation of his family name, 316. i'rnni:.!, their origin and confederacy, i. 412. They invade Gaul, and ravage Spain, 414, 4:5. They pafc over into Africa, 415. Bold and fucceihful return of a colony of, from the fea of Pontus, by fea, Ji. 85. , They o\cr-rjs and eftablifti themfelves at Toxandria in Ger- man 1 ', 111. 2 14. , Their fidelity to the Roman government, v. 223. Origin of the Merovingian rp.ee of their kings, vi. 98. How converted to Chriftianity, 272. Reign of their king Clovis, 310. Final eila- bliihinent of the French monarcny in G;.ul, 3^9. Their la\v~, 343. Give the name of Frjr.a: to their conqueits in Gaul, 362, They degenerate into a irate of anarchy, 372. , They invade Italy, vii. 249. 393. , Thtir military character, x. 147. H h 3 Ft\Ti GENERAL INDEX. Fravitta the Go',h, las character, and deadly quarrel with hi$ countryman Priulf, iv. 442. His operations againil Gainas, v. 395; Frederic I. emperor of Germany, hi> tyranny in Italy, i::. 207. En- gages in the third crufade, xi. 105. His difaftrcrus expedition, 113. 141. ^critices Arnold of Brefcia to tlie pope, xii. 275. His re- ply tc the Roman ambalTadors, ?9?. Fredt.ru II. is driven out " r i'uiy, ix. 208. His difptites with the pope, and reluctant crufade, xi. 155. E.xhoits the European princes to un'te in oppohng th_ Tartars, 423. jFVi.1 '' TTL the laft emperor crowned at Rome, xii. 379. Freeri-.-r :;t L^ronin, account of, x 107. Fr;/i-."!/:, the Go. hie c! ut, extricates himfeif from the hands of JLupicinus, governor of 'l hrace, iv. 589. Defeats him, 390. Battle of Salices, 397. Hia itrti;;^'.h rtcnu'ttd by the acceflion of new tribes, 399. Negotiates with Valen.-, 406. Battle of Hadria- nople, 408. The union of the Gothic tribes broken by his death, 43 1 - freedmen, among the Romans, their rank in focietv, viii. 50. Frumentii/s \vas the fir ft Chriftian miffionary in Ah\fnnia, iii. 279. Fitlk of Neuilly, his ardour in pi caching the fourth crulade, xi. 188. G Gjtin'nis, king of the Q_nadi, is treacheroufly murdered by Marcelli- vius governor of \ aleria, iv. 238. Cnillard, M. character of his li'ifi-Arc d: Char'.: i^r.e, ix. 1-5. notf. Gi. Hi.- 'K-.!:iv of Con- ttantinc, Iy2. JJeern- it pr;i'-', i,' to acknowledge hi.;; C-.viar, 195. 1'ii-. unfuccelsfu! i:iv;.u'.:n ot h.iiy, :;.:. Ira-ib Lici- r.ijj with the purple C'n the death uf Sevei' 1 ^, JcS. Hi--, death, 212. l r rom what cault 1 i'-: tntert.'.incd a;i a\<:f.(jn to tr.c Chrif- tians, 4^'v Obtain-, the countenance .,t Diocletian for pcrftcuting th'.m, 465. i'ubhnies ;.ii cdici oi loieration juft be:. /re his death, 484. Ga!ut>i'3, tuo-fcl-1 p.pplicalif.n of that name in the infancy r.f C'r- f- tianity, ii. 411. Why the cmpercc Jiilian applied t.'iii :.ame to the Chrirtians, iv. i :<}. Gail^nus, for. cf the emperor Valerian, is aiTcc.'ated by !,i;n in the Jni;:tnal throne, j. 411. I'rohibiu tiie kru-.tor: irori cxsrrif:;-:^- nulitarj' GENERAL INDEX. military employments, 419. Character of his adminiilration after the captivity of his father, 442. Names Claudius for his fucceflbr, ii. 4. Favoured the Chriflians, 453. G allies of the Greek empire delcribed, x. 138. Callus elected emperor, on the minority of Hoftilianus, the fon of Deeius. i. 405. Callus, nephew of Conftantine the Great, his education, iii. 171. Is inverted with the title of Ciufar, 172. His cruelty and im- prudence, 173. His difgrace and death, 179. Embraced the doctrine, but neglected the precepts, of Chriilianity, iv. 66. Con- verts the grove of Daphne at Antioch to a Chriilian burial-place, 12 . Games, public, of the Romans, defcribed, i. 312. 415. v. 284. Ac- count of the factions ot the circus, vii. 75. Ganges, fourcc of that river, xii. 15. not:. Gaiideniliis, the notary, is condemned to death under the emperor Julian, ^ iv. 49. Caul, the province of, defcribed, i. 31. The power of the druids iupprefled there by Tiberius and Claudius, 52. Cities in, 78. Amount of the tribute paid by that province to Rome, 257. Is defended agahift the Franks by Poilhunuis, 414* Succeffion of murpei-s there, ii. ?.o. Iiuakon of, by tin 1 Lygians, 78. Revolt of the Bagaudce I'r.pprclTed by Maximi;i;i, 120. Pro^refs of Chrjf- t'aniiy there, 367. , Proportion of the capitation tax levied there by the Roman emperors, in. SS. Ls invaded by the Germans, 2 13. The govern- ment of, aifigned to Juhan, 215. His civil adminiltration, 232. Is invaded by the Alemanni, under the emperor Valentinian, iv. 277. And under Gratian, 401. , Deitrudlion of idols and temples there, by Martin bi/hop of Tours, v. 105'. Is over- run by tiie barbarous troops of Rada- ;.raitus, after his defeat by Stilicho, 224. Is fettled by the Goths, Burgundians, and I 1 ranks, 3^9. Affembly ot the feven pro- vinces in, 369. Reign of Theodoric king ot the Viiigoths in, vi. ^3. Origin of the Merovingian race of the kings of the Franks in, 98. Invafion of, by Attila king of" the Huns, ic~. Eatiie of Chalons, 112. Revolutions of, on the death of the rmpuror Majorian, 206. Converiion of, to Chriilianity by the Franks, 295. Reprefentation of the advantages it enjoyed under Roman government, 306, Conquells and profperity of Euric king of the Viiigoths, 308. Character and reign of Clovis, 310. The Alemanni conquered, 317. SubmifTun ot the Armo- r'cans, and the Roman troops, 322. Final eitablifnment or tlie Fre;uh monarchy in Gaul, 339. Hiltory ol t!ic Salic law;, ^.i- : . The lands of, how claimed and divided by the Barbarian co:> G E N R A L I N D E X. Griffins, pope, his zeal againft the celebration of the feaft of Luper- cnlia, vi. 199. Deplores the iniftvable decay of Italy,- 235. Ccl-ifnis II. pope, his rough treatment by Ceniio Frangipani, xii. 267. Gdinifr depofcs Hilderic the Vandal king of Africa, and ufurps the government, vii. 157- Is defeated by Beiilariusj 176. His final defeat, 184. His difm fsful flight, 189. Surrenders himleli to Belifarius, 19;. Graces his triumph, 194. His peaceful retire- ment, 196. Ca:crtil of the Roman army, Ins extenfive power, i. .99, Gfncrofity, Arabian, ilriking inftanc.es of, ix. 242. (jfmifiuius, the monk, hb denunciatiun aguiml a Greek union with the Latin church, xn. 207. Gcnnerld) the Roman general, under the emperor Honorius, his cha- racter, v. 300. Gence;:, their mercantile cftabKlhrr.ent in the fuburb rf l\ra at Con- itantiiiople, xi. 390. Their \var with the crnperor CantacuzeiiUi, 395; G'cnJ'eric, kincr of the Vandals in Spam, Ins character, v:. i^. Goes over to Africa on the imitation of count 13onih.ce, 14. His i'uc- cefles tiitre by the afliftancs of the Donatiils, iH. DcvaiUaion of /ii'rica by his troops, 20. Befieges Boniface in Hippo Regius, 2 i . Hi., treacherous iurpriial of Carthage, 2". Strengthens himfelf by an alliance vith Aitila \<.:r.g oi: the Huns, 49. His brutal treat- ment of his Ton's \v;te, daughter of Fheodonc, 97. Raifcs a naval force, and invades Italy, 147. His tack cot Rome, 151. Dciiroys the fleet of Majorian, iSi, 182. His naval depredations on Italy, 187. Hi's claims on the Kailern empire, iSij. Dv.!lrovs the Ro- man rl.-et under BaiVucf.s, 203. Wa. an Ariim, mid peii'ecuted his Catholic l;iL>;er;~, 280. Gftitletnan, etymology c,t die term, :::. ^6. note. (.Vv-ow/.vof t!',t emperorConftantir.e I'otphyrogenitus, account of, x.90. GVo/'^fof Cappadocia iuperfedes Atlianaluis in the lee or Alexandria, iii. 3 "lo. H's icand.ilouo liiih.ry, :m d tragical death, iv. 125. Becomes* the tutelar Saint of England, 129. C,"/./.r tliLi'r incroachmcnti on the Eailevn empire checked by the Lom- bard?, vii. 277. Arc reduced by them, viii. 121. 6' n>ia:->:s, i^plieu' of the tinperor Juibiiian, Irs character and promo- tion to lh_ cjm.v.and ot tiie army ieuL to Italy, v;:. 379. His death, " "-0. 6'-; /.'.V/.T, the rude inditiitums of thr.t onur.try, the original principles (t I'l'.r-ipea:'. laws .".:,d manners,!. -.14. It.- a .en. i.t extent, ^45. 1 io\v peopled, S49' The natr. c:~ un;;c('u:imtcti \.ilh letters in the ti:r,eo{ Pacitus, ^52. Hr.d no fitier, 3i4- Ivh-.nners of tiie ancient Crcruia;. ;, 357. Population, ',59. t^tate uf liberty amoiig them, \'i. Authority*;.' their magiitratcs, 3^-,-. C'oi.j-.i^al faith arid chaRity, ^67. Tli ( ir religion, ^7v.. .\ r rr,.s and diieiphiK, 375 T;ieir lend-, rvo. General ;cua ct the German tribe.., ;'>2. J'io- b,i._ -p.-r-rs the i : f-rmr; nrr.i^'mt (jemiany, ii. ~>j. A liontier wall bi.ilt by Pro!; .:, f -.-. r!,- Rhir.i to tin- Danube^ Si. GENERAL INDEX. Germany) ftate of, under the emperor Charlemagne, ix. i$}. The Imperial crown ellablifhed in the name and nation of Germany, by the firlt Otho, 191. Divifion of, among independent princes, 208. Fo-mau'on ct the Germanic constitution, 211. State al- fumed by the emperor, 215. Gir-ontii/f, count, fets up Maximus as emperor in Spain, and lofes his life in the attempt, v. 342, 343. Cela and Caracalia, ions of the emperor Severus, their fixed anti- pathy to each other, i. 206. Ch-'lers til" Perlia, hiitory o;, v. 383. Gibraltar, derivation of the name of, v. 368. Gildu the Moor, his revolt in Africa, v. 162. His defeat and death, 171. Gladiators, defperate entcrprife and fate of a party of, referved for the triumph of Frobus, ii. VS. The combats of, abolifhed by the emperor Houorius, v. 20^. U/\'i'i'r:tts is lint emperor of Rome, and then bifhop of Salona, vi. 219, 220. Murders Julius Nepos, and is made archbifliop of iVJilan, 221. C nifties, character and account of the feet of, ii. 282. Principal iccis into v!iich they divided, 2^6, Their peculiar tenets, iii. 319. viii. 266. Co.ifrc.y of Bouillon, his character, and engagement in the firli cru- fade, xi. 30. His route to Conttantinople, 41. 46. Is elected king of Jcrufalem, 86. Compiles th-j Ai'n/.e oi Jerufalen;, 93. Form of his adminiftration, 9^. Gig and Magog, the famous rampart of, defcribed, vn. 142. Goifvintba, wife of Leovigild, king of Spain, her pious cruelty to the princefj Ingundis, vi. 296. C'Ad of affliction, the tax fo denominated in the Ealtera empire, abolifhed by the emperor Anaftatins, vii. 101. Go!dt:i horn, why the Bofpliorus obtained this appellation in remote antiqul:y, iii. 7. Gord'niKutj procoiiful of Afncn, his characler and elevation to tlse empire of Rome, i. 282. His fon aflbciated with him in the Imperial dignity, 284. G';>\!uui, the third and youngeft, declared Coefar, i. 294. Is de- clared emperor by the army, on the murder of Maximus and Balbinus, 506. Colbs of Scandaiiuvia, their origin, i. 3^7. Their religion, 380. The Gotlis and Vandals luppoTe'' to be originally one great people, ^92. Their emigrations to Pruifia a:;rl the Vkraine, 393. They invade the Roman provinces, ^97- They receive tnbutf from the Romans, 406. They lubdae die Bofpliorus, 423. Plunder tin; cities of Bithynia, 426. Tncy ravage Greece, 430. Conduct a treaty v.iia lh>' c'nijeror Aiirelian, 11. if>. They ravage lilyn- cum, aiul are challiled bv Confiantine t!ie Great, 29^.. - , Their war with the Sarmatians, iii. 123. Are again routed by Conilantine, 124. Gothic war under the emperors Valen- llr.ia.ii and V:;lcp,, iv. ^22. Arc defeated by the Huns, 274- '1 hey GENERAL INDEX. They implore the protection of the emperor Valens, 379. They are received into the empire, 3.^2. They are oppreffcd by the Roman governors of Thrace, 385. Arc provoked to hodilities, and defeat Lupicinus, 390. They ravage Thrace, 391. Battle oi Sahces, 397. They are (lengthened by fiefli fwarms of their countrymen, 398. Battle of Hadrianople, 408. Scour the coun- try from Hadrianople to Conilantinople, 414. IVlaifacre of the Gothic youth in Alia. 418. Their formidable union broken by the death of FritigerM, 431. Death and funeral of Athanaric, 432. invafion and defeat of the Oflrogoths, 435. Are fettled in Thrace, by Tiitodoilua, 438. Their holtile fentimcnts, 440. Goths, revolt of, under Honoriti?, v. 176. They ravage Greece, tinder the command of Aiaric, 179. They invade Itr.iv, 190. The fack of Rome by, 310. Death of Aiaric, 329. Victories of Walha in Spain, 357. They are fettled in Aquitain, 35^'. See Can!, and Tkeadorir. Conqueii of the Viligoths in Gaul and Spain, vi. 236. How the Goths weie conveited to the Clmiliaii religion, 26^. 299. , reign of Theodcric king of the Ollrogoths, vii. 2. The Goths in Italy, extingiuihed, 399. Government, civil, the origin of, i. ^2. Governors of -provinces, under the emperors, their great pov/er and ir.ilucnce, i:i. 5^. Gr-.ilittn wa.-. the !ir!l emperor who refuied the pontifical robe, iii. 409. ti'jle. Man'Ko the prince!- Conftantia, and iuccted- to the empire, iv. 335. Defeat, the Alcmnmii in Gaul, 402. Inverts Theodollus with the empue of the Kuit, 420. '< - , hi; characier and conduct, v. i. Hi.-, flight from Maximus, and death, 8. Overthre\v the eccleliauical ellabliihment of Paga- :iiim, 95. Greece, is ravaged by the Goths, i. 430. h over-run by Aiaric, the Goth, v. 179. Is itduccd by the Turk-*, xu. 249. Gr:cL church, origin of the ichiim of, xi. 169. xu. ill. 145. Grctli empire. See (-'.;.;.'. GV : ./j, \vhv a\crle to the Roman language and manners i. i^r. The G;\ek becnmts a fcientilic language among the Roman-, 6^. Character of the Grc<.k language ui L'onitantiiiople, .\:i. 1:5. "\V ; . :i f:rli tatight I'M Italy, I 2 f >. (it . i..ir.::i j, r -_'. :v:il < f, m Italy, xu. 119. C'ri ; th G;x'.it, pope, h,- j ;>>us p:xien'i.-. to Recarcd !;';:g of iSpa::i, v:. "..- 1 . ]'.:::i;,; '.- Tlieodchrula (jiietn of the t.onibarti 1 to pi'>:--' .te '.. Nicene fa:th, :;:,/. il:- Liir.nty io t!ie venerable huild'i . ai'.il learmi'g oi I\OHIL, vui. r ,:. Hi- bi.th and e '.r!y prolrl. .. 162. Hi- elevafon to the ] ntiilcate, \ f ^ mi(Il(jn to cui.vo't the I>ntons, 16". the c ;: ; cror rnoca.' , ~n. (,'/ , -rv 1!. pope, his epi l '.ie. to f.'.-oT!!. t.mpcror of Cordlant'i.o. j !: . :x. 134- Revolt- r,j;,:[,!t the Cinik emperor, IV-. GENERAL INDEX. with the emperor Henry III. x. 301. His retreat to Salerno, 304. xii. 266. Gregory, praefedl of Africa, hiftory of him and his daughter, ix. 450, 451. Gregory Nazlanzen , his lamentation on the difgraceful difcord among Chrittians, iii. 403. Loads the memory of the emperor juliaa with invective, iv. 63. Cenfurcs Conftantius for having fpared his life, 79. note. , Is prefented to the wretched fee of Safima, by his friend arch- biPaop Bafil, v. 19, 20. His million to Conftantinople, 20. Is placed on the archiepifcopal throne by Theodolius, 24. His re- iignation and character, 30. Grumbates, king of the Chionites, attends Sapor king of Perfia, in his invation of Mefopotamia, in. 204. Lofes his fon at the fiege of Amidn, 20,. Returns home in grief, 209. Guardian/hip, ho\v veiled and exercifed, according to the Rorna civii lav.-s, viii. 68. Giibaxes, king of Colchos, his alliance with Chofroes king of Per- jia, vii. 330. Returns to his former connexion with the emperor Juitinian, 331. Is treache^on fly killed, 336. Gueiphs and Ghibclines, the parties 01, in Italy, ix. 208. xii. 322. Guilt, the (ky;ree.s <>f, in ihe penal laws of the Romans, viii. 98. GiiifcarH, Robert, iiis birth and character, x. 270. Acquires the dukedom ;>f Apvlia, 274. His Italian conqueils, 277. Befieges Duraz/o, 2^7. Defeats the Greek emperor Alixius there, 294, 295. Engage., in the caufe of pope Gregory VII. 302. His fe- cond expedition to Greece, and death, 304. Gund'jlahi, kin:; of the Bnrgundians, is reduced by Clovis king of the Franks, vi. 326. His mode of justifying the judicial combat, 35 2 - Gunpowder, the invention and ufe of, xii. 62. Guy of Lufignan, king of Jerufalem, his character, xi. 134. Is defeated and taken prifoncr by Saladin, I 35. Cyarus, a fmall iikind in the -ZEgean fea, an inllance of its poverty, i. 259. H "Hadrian, emperor, relinquifiies the eaftern conquefts of Trajan, i. i i . Their character:; compared, 12. His character contraftcd with t'iat of Antoninus Pins, ibid. His Several adoptions of fnccel- for:-, 121. Founds the city of -ZElia Capitolina on Mount Sio:i> u. 27^. , Reforms the laws of Rome in the perpetual edict, viii. 15. Hadrtaitripli!, battle of, between Coaliantine the Great and i.i^i- nius, i. 258. J's inefFectually beiieged by Friiigeru tlic Goth, iv. 393. Buttle of, between the emperor Valen.; and the Goths, HcJ:em, caliph of the Saracens, affr.me; a uivir.c character to iup- plant the Mahometan faiih, x. 3^9. I'l.unaJunitc}, the Saracen dj ually of, in Mefopotamia, x. 82. 'Hannilal, GENERAL INDEX. ffnnnt!>*J, review of the flate of Rome when he befieged that citv, v. 255. H*n*ikalianus, nephew of Confbantine the Great, is dignified with the tule of king, ni. 1 16. Provinces afligned to him for a king- dom, 118. Is cruelly deftroyed by Conftantius, 132. Hat'p'iHeft, Jnitance how little it depends on power and magnificence, rr *. 3<> fliirmrrzjii, the PeiTian fatrap, lu.s interview with the caliph Omar, r ' x -.574- Harfu'iy an ancient mythologic hiilory, Le Clerc's conjecture con- cerning, 111. 5. nolr. }f,ini;i al Rafliid, caliph, his friendly correfpondence with the em- peror Charlemagne, ix. 186. His wars with the Greek empire, x. 52. }lii/ji'n, the Saracen, conquers Carthage, ix. 461. Jft-iii:'-;T>g t trie arc and ipurt oi, introduced into Italy by the Lom- bards viii. 152. /Vjf/V.v, the rera of, how fixed, ix. 289. ;>. :.:, the mother of Conllantine, her parentage afcertained, ii. JOO. Was converted to Chriihanity by her fon, in. 242. note. iisltna, fj :!(.; of the emperor Conlrantius, married to Julian, iii. i : 6. is reported t\> be deprived of children by the arts of the emprti* Eutebia, ico. Her death, iv. iy. r/.-/.'/i--'Jf take:; by the Saracens, ix. 405. J-fe!/, acc(jrdi:i;^ to Mahomet, deicribed, ix. 280. r'"' : ' '->,; t'r. iciiijed, iii. 9. ILi-cc'.^i, an.auiiL cf HJ population in the time of Csefar, i. 3>9- /.;' Hi. i-mperor, his contcft with pope Gregory VII. X. 301. 'i'i'.krs II -:v.e, aiui iliij '.:;> Pupe Clement HI. 702. }[> r: \ ' L. en.p.Tjr, co:.ip;ei^ and piluigj- the illand ot Sicily, x. j r J- Hen-' the I'nwkr, emperor oi Germany, defeats the Turkifh inva- rkvs, x, 21 r. ///../-. '. S, \')n, eaablifnir-ent of, in Britain, vi. 384. Review of t'.;- itate i,f, 595. /;.,.,'';.:, co. Hit of Af;ica, rct;.;:is that province in obedience to Huno'.'ir, v. -JG^. His cr-.icl ufage of the rclugees from the luck of Ro.rti: by .V.uiic, "21. His revolt ;.nJ deatii, 339, 3 ]O. ['-,.<';.-:;.:. :-.;--.-.v'r of C-m l ;:;;t: ;'o ( )L-, ik. 10. ,.'::,-, ': ^',i\-s i!e Pattern iiinrpcr Phoca:, and i? chofcn nn- ?.^-'.r, - ' iKjueiis of L'iiofrccs II. king of Pcriia, 21';, ?: : , (;;:., \:.". ' d :.tint:>::, .27. /icceois a:i i^'iiomnr.ou^ j'Cace C::< :"- s 2 ?f ". Hi;- :;'it e x pedi'. '.< >n ;!;;^i'ilt the IVitianH, - - : T ". ; i A.-O-K! i^T.-.-.u txp'.il'.ti j;i, r v6. tit.;engthcns hiijltlj 1 by GENERAL INDEX. T oy an alliance with the Turks, 246. His third Periuui cxpecU- tarn, .248. His treaty of peace \vith Perfia, 255. li's triumph and pilgrimage to Jerufalem, 256. His theological enquiries, 330, Heraclius marries his niece Martina, ix. 9. Leaves his tuo ions joint fucceflbrs to the empire, 10. Invaiion of his provinces by l he Saracens, 3<>^. Flies from Syria, 420. Herad'nis the prasfeft, his expedition again ii the Vandals in Africa, vi. 199. Ksrajlius the eunuch indicates the emperor Valentinian III. to the: murder of the patrician 7Etius, vi. 138. His death, 141. Ilerl.slot, character of his Bibliotbeqiie Orientals, ix. 363. nr.tf. Ilercyniaii foreit, the extent of, unknown in tiie time of Ccefar, i. 347. note. _ flerefy in religion, the origin of, traced, ii. 284. Edict of Ccn- Itantine the Great, again it, iii. 307. Hiinnanric king of the Oilrogoths, his conquefts, iv. 3 19. His death, 37^. Hermeiifgild prince of Bccticn, his marriage with Ingundis princcfs CL Auitraiia, and convedion to the Nictne faith, vi. 297. Revolt and death, 298. Hermits of the Eau, their mortified cotirfe of life, vi. 264. Mim- cies performed by them and their relics, 266. llermrtdorus, the Epheiian, aiTills tlie Romans ia compiling thei; twelve tables of laws, viii. 6. Hermogcnes, mailer general of the cavalry, is killed in the attempt to banifh Paul bifhop of Conilantinople, iii. 294. Jl.rrj and Lcander the itory of, by whom controverted and defended, iii. 9. n r itc. Ikroduiri) his life of Alexander Sevcrus, why preferable to that in the Auguftan hillory, i. 254. note. TJ erodes Aliens, his extraordinary fortune and munificence, i. 72. Herodotus, his character of the Perfian wcrfhip, i. ?22. H eruli, of Germany and Poland, their character, vn. 2\. flilar ion, the monk of Paleftine, account of, vi. 244. Hilary, bilhop of Poitiers, his rcu.arka'ule obfcrvations on the divcr- fity of Chriiiian dodtrines, iii. 338. riis txpofition of the ;e>-a Homoioufion, 341. Hilary, pope, ceniures the emperor Antliemins for lus tolerating principles, vi. 196. H'ldcric the Vandal king of Africa, his indulgence to h.'s Cathol'c fubjecls difpleafes both the Arians and Athanafians, vi!. 156, ij" 1 . Is depofed by Gelimer, 157. Is put to death, 177. Hindoos of the Eaft, not the difciplcs of Zcrcr.iter, ix. -192. note. Jiindcfum, conqueft of, by Tamerlane, MIL 13. Hippo Regius, iiege of, by Genferic king of the Vandals, vi, 21: Hijlory, the principal fubjedis of, i. 383. Holy war, the juftice of it enquired into, xi. 12. Homicide, how commuted by the Salic laws, vi. 346. Jrlomooujion, origin, and ufc of that term at the ccur.cil of Nice, iii, 233. And Homoioufion, the diilinclion between, 341. GENERAL INDEX. Hvia'n, \vr.r of, ir. 309. Honoratn:, achbifhop of Milan, is, \vith his clergy, driven from hi? fee, by the Lombards, viii. 127. 7/i.'.'.i;vV:, priiiccis, lifter of the emperor Valentinian III. her hiftory, vi. 103. Hcrrsrius, fon of Theodofius the Great, is declared emperor of the Weil, by his dying father, v. Hfi. Marries Maria, the daughter of Stilicho, 172, 173. Hi, character, 174. Flics from Milan on the ir.vafion cf Italy by Abiric, 190". His triumphant entry into Rome, 204. Abolifhes the combats of Gladiators, 207. }'"ixes his refidence at Ravenna, 210. Orders the death of Stilicho, 242. Hii; impolitic mcafures rind cruelty unite his Barbarian loldiers again It him under . \laric, 2^2. His councils diltratec! \ \ the eunuch?, 5-1. His nbject oveif.iris to Attalus and Alaric, 3 1:7. His l:;, r i i.cts, and death, 540. His triumph for the reduc- tion of Spain by \Vall'ia the Go'.h, 25^. Is fufpefted of inceft v.-iri I '? lifter F-acuii;!, \i. 2, j. iii..- perfccution of the Donathu in Africa, 16. ?' .'.-/;, the rt'.v v..-.:ks of, introduced in the city of Constantinople, iii. :.> x. i J'.. //(-)VK;'..-'..'f, :- '\.;; : tive Pcrflnn prince, in the court of the emperor Coi-atar-tiii:-:, his remarks en the city of Rome, iii. 194. ?/?. '. Lis hillory, and f'atio-.i under Julian, iv. 1^2. H ' rr>.<--:i~- , the ii_/;i of L'holroes, k:r.^ of Perfia, his acceflion, viii, J7 ft . Ills character, i;y. Is deuofed, and at length killed, 184. ~:Sr'). P t ->r~-:, ofArab-'p.. their peculiar Dualities, ir. 224. ///./- ' , 'Jie fon o Ali, hi., tra^-'c;;': d.-.-mh, ix. 343. Kpfoi. Her:, knights, of St. John of Jerufalem, popularity and cha n'.ctcr ot the order of, :::. ^2. //'..\". : ,;'.vo, tlie mil. or ion of the emperor Decius, cleclcd emperor, ur.'.k'r the guardiiinlhip of Callus, i. 405. /A;;,', kincj of Burgundy, his marriage \vitli Marozia, and expul- fio:i fro:: 1 . Rome by Alberic, ix. 2ci. ?':. : ':, count of Ve-rr.ar.doi', engn:(c in the 1 fufl crufade, xi. 32. ti fh'pv/recked r.nd made captive by the Greek emperor Alex::'.: CVry.iK-nu:, 45. His return, ~2. Ji .:,..::: nature, its i:aturrl propenfities, ii. 320. f !:,:?: , Mr. Irs natural hiflo.T of religion, the bed commentary on t'n j,'.'!vtheinn of the ancients, :'. 4^). note. His difficulty as to ;. \ttnt of the I:/.pjrnl j:a;;'.cc at R-)mr, revived, 212. not:, (.'!.'. ges the mo.i refined i;:id philofophic iects v.-ith intoleraney, 3 2< - 7/ic .,,-, eftablifnment of the liun? in, v:. ^R. State of, r.rv r . t'.ie cmps.ror Charlemagne, ix. 1^4. 'J'error excited li>,- the'r fail aj.pi .ae'.i to Kuropc, x. 203. Their character, ')' /,'. ..-. ;_....-.,, the iun of Gw..fe:.'e, king of tho Var.dals, perfecutes his Catholic GENERAL INDEX. Catholic fubjeds, vi. 280. His cruelty to the Catholics of Ti- pafa, 293. Ilitns, their original feat, and their conquefts, iv. 359. Their de- cline, 364. Their emigrations, 367. Their victories over the Goths, 374. 377. . , they drive other barbarous tribes before them, upon the Ro- man provinces, v. 212. Their eftablifliment in Hungary, vi. 38- Character of their king Attila, 41. Their invalion of Per- iia, 4.7. The empire of, extinguifhed by the death of Attila, }!uniliiT"a more liberal fpirit adopted th-- theological fyftein of Plato, iii. 316. '1 heir condition under the emperors Conllan- tiriC and Coniiantius, Jr. 97. Abortive attempt of fulian to rebuild the temple of (eiufalem, 1C]. , Miraculous converiion of a number of, at Minorca, v. 132. ncte. Perfecntion of, in Spain, \i. 302. -- , Are perfecuted by the CafTTolieT in Italy, vii. 40. And by Cyril at Alexandria, viii. 279. I low plagued by the empuur Juiiinian, 322. - , Thofe in Arabia fiibc'uccl by Mahomet, !::. 302. Afutl the Saracens in the reductii u of Spain, \\. 476. -, Mafiacres of, by tlie firit ciufaders, xi. jfer*,dteri! } king of Perfia, is fa id to be kit guardian to Theodofius t'.ic Ym;n-;cr, by the emperor Arcadius, v. 413. His war with Theodoiius, 426. JgiHum, the Imall iiland of, fervcs r.s a place of refuge for Romans who rlew from the lack of Koine bv Alaric, v. q2r>. /^nalius, bifhop of Antioch, the Chnitian fortitude difplayed in h'* . ...,'iiv . ;; ->- t-pi.uts, K. 43, . Ikjkidites, the .Saracen ilynafly of, x. ^2. IlhJlrioitSy the title o^, how limited in the times of Romnn fj mpl i- cilv, and how extended when ConRantinople became the feat of empire, iii. 34. T 1 lyric um defcribed, i. 75". /'/./:-.-,-, introduction ot, into the Chriflian church, ix. 113. Th in the Roman hifiory, explained, i. 00. r'.'~. T ;ie Itn- pt-riai prerogatives, 106. The coin"., i 10. 'i lie le:ne oi thib np- pt-llation altered by lont; ufe, ii. lf.^. In'urr.aii^r:, theological hiitory of the doiEtrine of, viii. 2^1. li:ct~;l, natural, and aibitrary, diilinguiflu'd, vi::. 66. j- /', account of the C hrillia:.: oi St. Tl;or.:ro ;ii, MH. 34'*. Pcr- urjhtion of, by t'hc Pv;rtug :tfe, 347- Jncliiiiir.:, the memorable r?:,:, ot, \vhenc-? t'a'eci. ;i. 22Q. r.olf. The r amc and ufe of, in ti.e n.iddle u^t-.-, \,lier.ce derived, iii. 83. /-.v/^/,r/>K in the Romifh church, the n;i;i::c cv, t.rpkii'icd, XL 16, i-. Ir.gnr.dist princtfs of Aulirafia, is inarried fn Kermencg'.'J j.iiiicc of Birtica, and cruelly tvc:.l"d by !iii :: u'.'..; - r ti-x'. lli;i, ^i. 297- GENERAL INDEX. inheritance, paternal, fubject to parental dilcrction among the Romans, i. 264. The Roman law of, viii. 74. Teilamentary difpofitions of property, 77- The Voconian law, ho\v evaded, 8i. Injuries, review of the Roman laws for the redrefs of, viii. 87. Innocent III. pope, enjoyed the plenitude of papal power, xi. 152. Jtnqu'ifii'i'jr., the firll erection of that tribunal, xi. 152. Injliiutfs of Jufunian, an analyfis of, viii. 471 Interejl of money, how regulated by the Roman laws, viii. 86. Joan, pope, the itory of, fictitious, is; 197. note. 'John, principal fecretary to the emperor Honorius, ufurps the em-* pire after his death, vi. 4. j^ohri, tlie almfgiver, archbiihop of Alexandria, relieves the Jewifh refugees when Jerufalem was taken by tlie Pcrfians, viii. 221. His extraordinary liberality of the church tread' re, 363. Jokti, bilhop of Antioch, arrives at Ephefus after the meeting of the council, and, with his bifhops, decides againit Cyril, viii. 291. Coalition between him and Cynl, 293. "John of Apri, patriarch of L'onilantinople, his pride, and confede* racy againO: John CautacuzenCj xi. 375. j'olm ot Brienne, emperor of Conftantinople, xi. 273. 'John of Cappadocia, pratorian prefect of the Eall, under tlie em peror Juitinian, his character, vii. 109. Is diigrac'ed by the emprefs Theodora, and becomes a bifhop, no. Oppofes the African war, 159. His fraud in fupplying the array with bread, 169. 'John Comneniij, emperor of Conftantinople, ix. h?6. John DamafceniiSf St. his hiitory, ix. 129. n-.-.'c. 'join of 1 ,ycopo!is, the hermit, his character, a-icl oracular promifc to the emperor Theodofuw tlie Great, v. 70. "Y'j/.'f>, the Monophyfite bifhop of Afra, is employed by the emperor Juflunian to root out pagans and heretics, viii. 321. 'John XII. pope, his flagitious character, ix. lyb. "John XXII I. pope, his profligate character, xii. 375. j f o/.r::t.n'.ts t emperor or Conftdiilinople, ix. 74. Ijiia: II. Angtliiif ci'-v.^eror ot ConllautinopK, i:\. lc^>. His clia- rafler r.nd rei'^n, xu ibi. is depoled bs' hii biother .'iL.\;.io, 185. Ii r'.,li,reu by tlie en'.'.ai.'.er.-., 2i~. j !i- di-atli, ^27. Iliitic* archbunoij ol ArmeEiu. i.ij ii'.joloii'v IL,;' ;lie v.^e; oi KIII" Ar- i O . t- ^ fliur;.-;, '. he rcheil'.on tlicro a^air.'l tl.e emperor Galienus, i. 45 ' r . Jiiuirians, reduction nt, by tue I-i!!?crsi e!Tipcioi>, v:i. ui;. //;\. './(, 4 ./.liinal, hi; ill tra.tuieiiu in Ivi.ii'.a, > i;. 1/..8. Receives an ai't ot :.r.:io:: from tli'. G/cel; clei ; ~v ai Conltantmople, 2oO. /, : .. /..'/. .r, bib piiee Tor 'l.j ti..t.^n 01 r;s pii^ii., \ii. 146. /.-.. V ; t'ut d'.,iii!:i!oii of, u.;'iL-r O;i-.,..et.r, Uiece-^ds the extinction of ti.e ',v'tili.rii empiu', v;. ^2^.. it- f.ulerubl': lUite at thi.-. ;era, 2:4. C'^:;v -. ; i;un of the J^uiiibaru oJ", to Ur.: Xicene iaith, 301. -- , !; rfuU';--u uv Thto-j .. :.. t:.>: Ujlrojrolli, \ii. 15. Hi.i admi- n::i.rt!Uo:i, 17. CJove:r.mt.:.t ^i, iiecordin;^ to the ROITMII ia'.v, bv '1'i.v^ uu. ic, :'. ; t> il'ju: ::i...ij ilate at thij i'rne, v, Ho 1 ./ !.:' ; puud \v:th ii:'v from Cliina, v ; - Ij.iiovy uT Ama.!<'.folith?., < Mti.n -it It;:]*. , . . .;. Invaiioii o!, by Buiir.!;us, 217. i< ~" l <^ ( - : ^ ,l,.u^ by li/t GL i.-, -.;. Ji.-.;-.non ..f Italy, bv the l-'rauks, .: i . ilt^'^i ut '!ic G-.'hs, j^s- L;-:pi:u:i!.e'-ial palace, 41. lJecomcr,_': lloven to^avoid foppery, 4'. K reels a tnbunal i->\' the trial 01 tue evi; ir.nHlLert; of C'-iijixantiu;:, 46. Difmhils the {pies and iuformrrs enip'oycd oy \\\A ])n.de- cei'ior, 50. His love of freedom and the repuh'ic. ~_. His kind- jiciics to the Giccian cii.es, 55. liis abjirci-jd ;.. an oialor, 5^, And as a jud-;e, co. His charac'.ei', U-U. iii., i-po:lacv, account- ed for, 6.{.. /'idopts tlie i'araii myth'ilo^y, !>". f l.s theological iyile.ii, 72. HM init!: 1 !;')'] niio tlse i'-It'ciii'.iaii luvilents, ;uid h:* .huiaticilm, 75. Hij hypocritical du;;hc;ty, 78. \V r ,-,tcs a vhu:.'- caiion of I..;-; iipoiiacy, ' ; i. Hi.^ td'.cl fora general l.u:t:r.:tioii, c:; T '' '.<; "5- Hij c:;v..dar letters i\n : !-:.;.''.,:'[-!.; :"':'-. '[' -,';- };- .'::., to 'l;e iav.'.h. -.1 ;-,L;u, i .o. Gb!i-. ; ;.s tlie Ch. ; ., 176. H.: fuecefsful paffage over the Tigris, 180. JUirn, hi> 1 ',<.-. t, 183. I lis retreat and diihefs, 1^3. Hi.-, death, 202. 1 \\* fu-.eia!, 22 3. Juliai, count, oilers to betray Spain into the hands of the Arabs, ix. 4^7. H>; : sdvicc to the victorious Tuiks, 47v "J:i!'..m, tlie papal legate, exhorts Ludiflaus king of Hungary and Poland, to brfhch of faith \\iththe Turks, xii. 159. His death and character, I 65. V;; //;/;, mailer-general of the troop? in the Eaflern empire, concerts a general maliacre of the Gothic youth in .'ilia, iv. 41^. JiirifpntJence, Roman, a rev;c\v oi, viii. i. Wa^ polilhed by Gre- cian philofopiiy, 26. Abules of, icy. jfulliii the l'-lder, h:> military promotion, vii. 54. His elevation to the empire, and character, 56. His death, 62. ^jtiflln II. emperor, fuccecels his uncle )uilinian s vm. 11 ]. His firiu behaviour to the ambafTadors of the . -.vaii, 16. 11:- abdication, and Jnveliit i:re of I iberius. a< his inccefibr, 1^5. y.'//'//j jl/i/r/^v, hi> deeil;on in tlie cafe of the I'lhionltcs, i.'. 2*- . Jiis extrava;;a:.t account of the pru^rel:, of C'hiiiliui.ilv, ^<'j- Occafion of hia own converiion, S7-- j- hire, the popular Itory of her niavriage \vi',}i the rr.iperor Valen- tiiu'an examined, iv. 3^4. tier inf;.:.t fon V'aleittinian II. n;- telled with the Imperial eiifi'.;ns, vm the (kath of hi- father, 33^>. Her contell n ith Air.hri'le ai\ hbifhop of Milan, v. 40. 1'hej from 'lie in v alior. of Alaximus, ;vith her fon, .1^. "/".'.'/'''' ''' l ' peror ot tlie 1.; ft. .: birth and j roni.M : m, vii. ^4. Hi ; . orthi'd/\v, 5^). I-; invef'cd wi'.h the diackm In hi- uncle Jtiilin, 6c. Manieb Theodora, 70. i'atro-ii.e^ the blue faction of the cii ": ."'>. State of agner.lt r.rc and ma:.i;;ac; DI e in hi.- pr r . > '.nee 1 , *iS. : ce: the cult lire or the filk-wc;vm, and ir.an-.ihirhire of lilk, into (/recce, >j" . Stute oi hii rtvcn'.ie, i:;o. ill. avarice ai-fl J ice, i ; 6. i Us mi- * . i ' j ' '' , re-;. i: ;. :b!i building;, 112. rounds >.e church of .V . S. '.i\ ..: L' : ' :-..* : ; '. .', i : ". [ ! is oth.er pubhe woi ks, 122 , Hi;- Kuropean f lii H'OI;S, 12;. [Us \f:atic fort i!l.-.Y.tio:v , 132. ! ' ;. . ' of \then--, 143. And the cuniular dig- nity, ;::. Pv.;-c;,a!e-! a peace frt-m tin iY:!ians, 15^.307. l'ii- tlcit-'.k' ; ! I'tihiu.- Hil :; . i : king of (.'a, thnge, i ^S. \\\ d-icVon ''*' Afiii . .''. Hi- inlii i:;;ioi:> for the govinimcnt of, 1^7. Hi, L : . \\ , .: i ;:-.,;... i , - -- . K t cei\es an emb;::' v from the AY: .:,-. -. .: : : . tin i : , 20,3. i' --i-an \\a:, 315. i ' v. it: C holro , :?-. ]i'~ ;;'! ;;'!..'_ :\:'Ai the ..^ :,- '-. ' t.- ti.e J uisticr Uclifarius, ^ f >-- GENERAL INDEX. Settles the government of Italy under the exarch of Ravenna, 398. Difgrace and death of Belifarius, 407. His deatli and cha- racter, 409. Comets and calamities in his reign, 412. His Code, Pandccb, and Inltitutes, viii. i. His theological character and government, 317. His perfecuting ipirit, 320. His orthodoxy, 324. Died a heretic, 328. yiifiinlnn II. emperor of Constantinople, ix. 17. JujTunaii, the fon of Gennanus, his confpiracy, with the emprefs Sophia, and fuccefles again it the Perlians, viii. 137, 138. Juvenal, his remarks oa the crowded Rate of the inhabitants of Koine, v. 288. K Khan, import of this title in the northern parts of Afia, iv. 353. v. 2 11. King, the title of, conferred by Conllantine the Great on his nephew Hannibalianus, iii. 116. Kindred, degree^ of, according to the Roman civil law, viii. 75. Knighthood, how originally conferred, and its obligations, xi. 37. K-)i-,:n of Mahomet, account and character of, ix. 267. Koretjlj, the tribe of, acquire the cnftody of tlie Caaba at Mecca, ix. 246. Pedigree of Mahomet, 253. They oppoie his pretentious to a prophetical ehaiader, 286. Flight of Mahomet, 288. Battle of Beder, 299. Battle of Ohud, 301. Mecca furron- dcrcd to Mahomet, 307. L Lnbiinim, or Randard of the crofs, in the army of Conftantinc the Gixat, defcrihed, iii. 258. Lab's, the civilian, his diligence in bufmefs and competition, viii. 2:. His profcfiional character, 30. I*aclanilus, diilicultied in afcertaining the date of his Divine Inkitu- tions, iii. 238. note. His flattering prediction of the influence of Chrili.ian.ity among mankind, 24.8. Inculcates the divine right of Conilantine to the empire, 2jo. Lailijlius, king of Hungary and Pol:md, leads an army ngainft the 'I urkb, xii. 1^7- Hi.s breach of faith with them, 158. L(id!/Li:is, king of Xapks, huraffeb Rome duri.ig tlie ichifm of the i-ap,z!us, praetorian prcefect, confpires tlie death of Commodus, and confers the empire on Peitrnax, i. 156, 157. /,'/v, when firl't dillinguifhed from the clergy, ii. 340. 2.,/\7i/:'t.i, a Roman fenato: - boldly condemns the taaty with Alaric the C.io'tli, v. 2 38. ,,;'.;./, how aiTefied by the Roman emperors, iii. 85. How d'vidv'-J by tlie iV-iioarians, vi. 3^. Allodial, and Salic, dillinguii!i;:d, 3J~. Of I'-'-i'-', how partitioned by Theodoric the Otlrogoth, vii. 17. ^dic^a, its undent fplcndour, i. 80. I i 3 La/caris* GENE R A L I N D E X. /.'7_.,-f7/-. ; ,-, T::.--.;'-rc, tfiablifhes an empire r.t Nice, x:. 253. K;5 character, *::S. Lnjcxris, Tbtoiswe II. his character, \i. ^TJ. Lr.karis, 'Jt:;:::s, the Greek grammarian, his charrrler, xii. I ^o. jL.7. 1 .''.-/ churrb, occafion of its f;.paratio:i from the Greek church, xi. 169. Ccrruption and fch ifm of, xii. .;*. Rcimion of, v. >th the Grctk church, 111. The iubiequent Greek fchiim, 145. /.-.' :;;;/, the nVht of, explained, i. c'. : . /. :.v .";r, in nionkiin hittorv, explained, vi. 2'";. I.titC) rtview of the profi-iuon 01, liinVr tlie rrnprror.;, ii". 57. /...-t.-'j- of Rr.nn-, revicv,- of, viii. :. Tl.oiV of 'J,e k.::i^>, a. (;f*nc twelve: L'.; ;:", 27. The li'.c of, ixuiieed by Cor.lrariline the Ci'.'ent, i;i. '-j. l,fi of Thrace is ir.a.le craperrr of tr.^ Ivift, by liis maHer Afpar, v'. r^!. \\"ar, the (nil L"i.;ii l Jan potentate who \vas crowned by a priclt, 192. d.-'.iferj t::e . :r.p;;e of the \\'eit (Mi Ar.tiieir.ii!?, l''^. Hi5 anrp.:-.ent a^-a;i..i the \ ar.duls in Airica, i',o. Alur-. ciei - Aipar ar.u hi.-, !:/;,:;, vi:'. .1. /.<.': III. tinperor (. Lonllanl -.'.i-plc, !:-:. i~. TIis ccxis a^aink i:" ".;:-":;. .12.}. Rc"oit c-f Italy, i ^3. /,-- [V. er^pen;r oi Conirant:!'.! " , ''. ~'j. ;, V. Linpti'ir rf (\ ;! Uai-.ti^o;le, i :. . 57. y.:-9Vi. ti-.c j-.l.ilof.'vhcr, enip-jior of C'onf'i'ntii'.cple, ix. 55. Ex- :\.: ':;".;:<, . '.. e, x. 1 :.;.. //", l.'.iiK'p ot [\( ir>t', ! i-; Liiiy aclcr ;;iui cTTi'isfTy from ^'aVntinian Til. to A! til;, kii / - r t!.e I inns, vi. i;:. Ir.';., rce,!. , with Cen- f< lie ! ':'!' of the \ ':.::'".> f .- i ! - : v to t!:e cily of Ro-;:^ 1 , 151. C';- v the F( V' ' ' : , ". ;'-;. / ill. - ' . ' , ,..-,.:. !>;.-'.' :.;'',.; -.;!t of rrV.iTn:, f..r. ; '. . [-op-, -,; . -. : , , '. :. 1' ' tin- J.nv.iric i : iy, <-f>. f , ; : ........ : ,.:'!.. uli./.;."a, one o; th>. rc;.crc:s c'f C^reel; itain- J... , , . ral c.f:; v. ; ' -'. GENERA L 1 N D E X. /,.O/',T, the qu reft or, his embaffy from Conftantius to Julian, iv. 2 r. /,.;/:,',/;- city at Rome founded, x. 66. J^ontl:;- is taken from prifon, and chofen emperor of ConuantinopiC, on the depofition of Juflinian II. i\. iS. LeoTjigihi, Gothic kin.;- or" Jp.iin, lu's character, vi. 206. Revolt and death of his fon Hermenegild, 2o,S. ./>//.'/-.,, a knowledge of, the t 1): of civilisation in a people, i. 35.:, L -a, 1 ;'.; t he Pious, emperor of Llie Romans, ix. 188. 7,f-w : > II. emperor of the Ro-nans, ix. iSy. His epiille to the Grce 1 . emperor Baiil I. x. 248. Libnniitsy his account of the private life o r the emperor Julian, :v. 3.. And of his divine vi'l'ins, 77. Applauds ill': diffimulation of Julian, 7^, 8c. His character, I ^ i . His eulo^iurn on the L\lcnus, h' : hop of Rc..r;c, is b'lnifhed by the emp'Tor Conftrmtiu?, for ieluii.1;; to concur in depoiing Athanalius, in. 57 v 39"- 1 ' Lilsrly, pub.'.c, the only furc guardians oi, againft an aiming prince, /V//.Oii- is inveRed with the purple by the emperor Galerius, n. 208. II' ^ alliance \\-ich Conihintine the Great, 237. Deieats Maximin, 2^!'. Hi- ci >;eiiv, 239. Is defeated by Co. r n .! :\' Mar^iu, 'l-\-~ . Peace concluded \vic!\ Conttar.tine, 2.^9. Second civil war with Conttantine, 255. ILs iiumiiiaLiOD, an.i dea.h, 26 j. -, K.ie of hij fo'! ; iii. in. Concurred with Conflant.'nc in publ!'hi.-i:{ 'he ediO.t of Milan, 24.;.. Violated this engagement by oppreiTng the ChrLlians, 2^2. Cieeilius's account or uis vilion, 261. ./ l>"i> -7/V7.Y, Imperial, his office and rank, i. 101. Lightning, fup.-ritition of the Roina.is with reference to p^r.ons and places (truck with, 11. 97. J, !-"('- nn'r.{, Sarmatian flav "S, expol tiieir maiiers, and ufurp pof- {'.lii'n of tlieir counirv, in- 120. Lxtmdtun or, by Comlantius, _. 9 H. Literature, revival of, m Italy, xii. 119. An.- ent ufe and ahiue oi, 138. /./': L'U'wia, its lav converfion to Chriftiaiuty, ::. 24?. /.;.'o, "./.'.-, count, is deioatcd and t;:x.en captive m Gaid by Xhcodoric, vi. /,. Li'ti'^r.nul, king of the Lombards, attacks the city of Rome, ix, 146, J.'.ut -rar:d, bif::op of Cremona, ambaffador to Conflantinop!e cere- rnony of his audience v/itli the crnpr^-or, >:. irij. L r 'Z'i-, Plato's doctrine of, iii. 3;",. Is expounded by St. John the ]'",vangeli!l, 3 i ">. Atlnnalius confrllls hin.felf unable t.i.) com- prehtud it, 322. Controveriies on the eternity of, 3^ s> . ,','^o!/.'ffe, great, hi-~- oflice under the Greek emperor', x. i 11. L r :inlcir'9- /. vv: . ni .::'.s cjf i ',;-,e . i'.. t llie r.iSLCpnl diilribution c.[ M .".' '. ' /.;, t;i ' t bill)

    ;'. < - . , ,"...'' n t 'on It .: lit Hie t') '. h:: church ( : t . '. ra- < ,5, 'l'. ,'.ioiiiui tin. Calholics .ir.d. \--vu' i:u-, GENERAL INDEX. Ufatriantts, prrutorian prefect under the emperor Valerian, his charac- ter, i. 436. Macrianus, a prince of the Alemanni, his fteady alliance with the em- peror Valentinian, iv. 286. Alacrinus, his fucceilion to the empire predicted by an African, i. 222. Accelerates the completion of the prophecy, ibid. Purchafes a peace with Parthia, 332. MacLiyn, the cnpital of Perfia, facked by the Saracens, ix. 368. Msonius of Palmyra aflafiinatts his uncle Odenathus, ii. 35. Mafia, its fituation, i. 37. Magi, the wormip of, in Perfia, reformed by Artaxerxes, i. 31!?. Abridgment of the Perfian theology, 320. Simplicity of their v/orfhip, 322. Ceremonies and moral precepts, 323. Their power, 32.5- Jlfagic, fevere profecution of perfons for the crime of, at Rome and Antioch, iv. 252. JllagnenliuSf afTunies the empire in Gaul, iii. 148. Death of Conftans, 149. Sends mi embaiTy to Confiantius, 15 i. Makes war againlfc Conftantins, 157. is defeated at the battle of Iviurla, 159. Kill* himfelf, 166. Mahmud, the Gaznevid, his t'.velve expeditions into Hindoftan, x. 335. His character, 338. Mahomet, the prophet, his ernbafTy to ChofroesII. king of Perfia, via. 226. , His genealogy, birth, and education, ix. 253. His perfon and characler, 255. Affum.es his prophetical million, 26?. Incul- cated the unity of GoJ, 262. His reverential mention of J:fus Chrifl, 265. His Koran. 267. His miracles, 270. His precepts, 273. His Hell, and Paradife, 279. The bell authorities for liis hiitory, 282. u'jte. Converts his own family, 283. Preaches publicly at Mecca, 285. Efcapes from the Koreiihites there, 288. Is received as prince of Medina, 292. His regal dignity, and fucerdotal oifice, ibid. Declares war again!l inndels, 295. Eattle of Eeder, 299. Battle of Ohud, 301. Subduui the Jews of Arabia, 302. Sub- miffion of Mecca to him, 307. Hi; conquers Arabia, 209. His ficknefs and death, 317, 318. His character, 320. His private His children, 328. His posterity, lie belieges Coniltmtinople, 2co. Takes the cilvby (lo His entry into the city, 239. Makes it his capital, 243. His death, 2 74. MabomctiJ'iii, bv what means propagated, ix. 4^9. Toleration of Chriftianity under, 388. j$f.: : ',r:an, his hiilory, character, and elevation to the WV!';'vr: ernpire, vi. 167. I Us cr/iil!'j to the ieuate, i6y. His ialutary laws, 171. His G E N E R A L I N D E X. His preparations to invade Africa, 177. IIi fleet dcflroycd bf Gcnfenc, : ^ i . HIJ death, ;?;. j\7x!ittrr.i, hij character of the Normans, \. 264. Llal:'" >>':<;/, fultan of the Tuiks, his profpeu-us reign, x. 363. Re-. torrru the Caflem calendar, 366. lli.s death, 3^:. fdj.i'.'.'i: Theadorus, the great civil honour.- to winch he attained, iii. 5 j . *>:-. f-Lunalutcs. their or.gm arid character, xi. 162. Their edablifhment in Kcr v vt, 164. J\Ii!>.':,?ei, P.H:'.!A v of the youi 1 ,^ oir.peror Alexander Severtis, acTts a 1 " regent ot the cnn>;:c, i- 241. ]<- put to death with hirn, 277. Her con- ference with On,;cn, 11. 419. Jlfj": s v, an Arir.inia-i nobh , I-HN hiflory, ii. 14^. j'-jt;r, tlie only animal that ci'.ii accommodate himfelf to all ch'mate.;, i . note. 7 1 .' -..'':./, :n the Roman la\v explained, vi:i. "2. jMiinicksccns are devoted to death, by the edict of TheodofiUj a^ainfl 1 ; : tries, v. 3 j. JljanvJ Cnmncniis, eir.peror of Conflantinoplc, i>:. 8S. He rrpnlf.-, the Xormans, x. 317. B : .t faild in In- iclieir.c of fubduing the Vs'eilern tir.p'n-, 52;. Hii ill treatment of the crnfade;-:>, xi. A', r.f, t.-: ic,r;r ;y . . 71^'. --r.v .''.'.':.-.-, co'.int f tr.e ucre.l lav^efTe- under tl - e enineror Confla^s in (),;;)!, a!;i!K the u:urpat;o' i Ai i^r.er.tius, iii. 140. Kia cm- b..'Vy to Co!::T.:'.r,:i-.:i;, IJI. \V; ; i kilkd in tlie battle of Murla, 1 66. f>!.Tr.-!/inu', lii.Kv-'t in Da'nia'ia, a -id chnt:'. r i.e-, vi. r^. Join-jthc emperor Aiitlicniiu., and i.:.ptia the Vandals Lum Sardinia, 2CC. Hij death, 5. /"!''; - --vr. for nf t'nr r.i ,-=;'.; Max-niin, 1 ii treacherous irai/dcr of G'ihir.iii- king of : //./r.v/.'vr thf cent 1:1 "i i"..:' 1 .r .- i .:,,]'.. \f, ;. y;/-- -:'.-, bif T , , I., f.yiin, lofcs hi. life in d.urc;.:,^ tin '<' . V: - :; 1. ~, v. i '.I'-. ;1 '" -".<, t'ri ncur/mi o; tht ei p'.ioi Cominodir-, a patronefs of the rh,-;-", ii. M .^. //.-/ . - :.) i. { C.'onff, ','.,, : f: '.- c" y: t -f. r::>!nr:a, ri:in ; . ' ' '. " ', ' ) i ' i'.'i: p: :;.:- ; <.,'';; hi) f,t t'.c ,/:, of" Att :!, ; '' ; J'.i, ," " : >-:'!<'.' ' ' '.''< ' : 'r : ',' '' , '. //;""/"'. ':.> ' .' .'.:.'.;:. ' : ."-l ! ,y " ,' -..-..'. v ' o- ; n \) >, i. :";. GENERAL INDEX. ATardia, battle of, between Conflantine the Great and Licin'us, ii. 247. Margits, battle of, between Diocletian and Carinus, ii. i 10. Margus, bifhop of, betrays his epitcopal city into the hands of the Huns, vi. 5 i. Maria, daughter of Eudcemon of Carthage, her remarkable adventures, vi. 3 I. Mariana, his account of the misfortunes of Spam, by an irruption of the barbarous nations, v. 35^. Maritnis, a fubaltern oiiicer, ehofcu emperor by the legions of Mx-fia, i. 385. Mariw the armourer, a candidate for the purple among the competi- tors agauul Gallienus, his character, i. 446. Mark, bifliop of Artthufa, is cruelly treated by the emperor Julian, iv. H 6. Mftiwga, engagement there between the emperor Julian, and Sapor king of Perfia, iv. 104. jl'Tiirotiitcs of the Eafl, eaarafter and hiicory of, viii. 354. Marozia, a Roman proftitute, the mother, grandmother, and great- grandmother, or three popes, ix. iy8. Marriage, regulation?, <*, by the Roman laws, viii. c". Of Roman citi/ens with ftram^ers:, profcribed by thur juriiprudcnce, x. 129. Muriel, Cbarhs, duke of the Franks, his character, x. 23. Pii- nuliuc conduct on the Sn-.v.cen iuvaiion. of France, 24, 25-. IX i cist-; the Saracens, 26. "\Vhy he \vas coiifignc-w over to hell flames by the clergy, 27. Martin, bifhop of Tour?, deilrovs the iOoK p.nd Pagpi) temples in Ciaul, v. ic5. K;-, rnonkilh inilitution tiiere, vi. 2^r. .Martina ma.ries her unc'e, the tmpercr lleraelius, is. 9. Endei- vours to ihare the imperial dignity \vith her ionb, 10. Ilcr iv.te, 12. Martlnianus receives the title of Csefar, from the emperor Licinius, i;. 361. Martyrs, primitive, an enquiry into the true hiflory of, ii. ?!"!r. The feveral inducements t;> martyrdom, 45.5. Three mfti'.oi.u of efcan. ing it, 440. Marks by vvhicli learned Catholic.; dilliiiguitM the relies of the martyrs, 427. note. The \vorfiiip of, and Uu-ir rtiicj, intro- duced, v. 123. Mary, Virgin, her immaculate conception, borrowed from t!;e Koran, ix. 266. Mafca~d, the pci Tecuted brotl-.er of Gildo the Moor, take:, refuge in the Imperial court ot Hormruii, v. f (>(>. Is intriiiied with troops to reduce Gildo, 167. Defeats him, 170. Hus fufpicious death, 172. Mujhr of the officer* under Conflantinc the Great, his functions, iii. Maturnus, his revolt and confpiracy nr-ainft the emperor Commcdus, i. 144. Matthew, St. his gofpel originally compoied in Hebrew, i:. 357. note. viii. 263. r.ole, GENERAL INDEX. ALuirice, liij birth, character, and pro, notion to the Eaftern empire, viii. 140. Reftores Chofrots 11. ki.i^ of I'erlia, 189. His war againit the Avars, 200. State of ins armies, 203. Hi:> abdica- tion and death, 209, 210. Mauratania, ancient, .':? iiti^tion and extent, i. 41. Character of the native Moor; of, vi. i j. Jlfaxentins, the lo>-. of Maxim. a:i, dec!:! ; -jd emperor at Rome, ii. 200. l:;i tyranny in Italy and Africa, 2'^. The military force he had to oppofe L'oiiilantir.e, 221. Hi- defeat and death, 252. His po- litic humanity to the (Jim ilia us, 4 s '. JUr.xhnicin. affociate in the empire \v.' i ') to the emjjire of Rome, i. 2-;. \\ !; v c.jtned :' periec',:i.o, o: ti.e Ciiriilians, 450. I-.- : ':,'. ':- ;c!?.i ' * : ;, on '!. . ; hcation of 1 Jiocl'.tian, ii. 189. (^' N; -:'.. : S J . raiik or /\ : ' i.iier^'s, 2:.S. HKS deftat and ce.- ' .: , tit). Renevec ;' . perK-cution of the Chriftians after t'.u- t. '.L-! -:i si gr, ced ! 'Jal -itii, i ; . // v.'; ,. ; , the c; i mini: 1 : : ei; Valentiiiian, promoted to :.., pr.crVJinre >i C,:.\\\. iv. 2, s. yi/.jv ; , ;.::, !.'., cmbaffy fr. :.i 'I'licod^iV.'.s t..e Yc-im^or, to Attila kin- ot tr.e i HIP.?, vi. ^"i. /i.:\:. :.; and Ijai'oii: ,s e'.'cled ;< nt eniperors l.iy the ienatc, on tl; deaths o: the t\vo Uor.l'-.sn^, i. 290. //.:;;-:v-. hi.--, ch iract T an ; revolt M ''fitaiii, v. >!. ll\ treaty \vith the ftrperor 'Flicodi .: :. , 12. riecutcs '.he I'niciiliannls, 34. His invafion of Italy, 47. } Ii;, defer, t and death, f2. J /.;.- .''?.:..-, the Pa an j)ieceptor of the empi ror [uhan, initiates him into the i'-len!'i;:ian niv:', r:e^, iv. 7^. Is honourably invited to C'on- il.'ir.'iiiopK hv hi.s i.r.peri^l pup;!, 92. !> cornsptcd by his relidtnce at court r i <. .V.;v-;,:.'/r, p( i- 1 nii'is, hi.i wit" ravi'.h-'d by Valentir.ian III. en^per^v < f the \V(..., vi. 14-. li'b ch. itetci .:lid ele'..it:on to tiie Cn;pi:\, ;,/, '.-, the Perfian ^-^ \ ui stcfully treated by Cl.ofrocs, vii. : i . /.;..-, its il'.'iali.in. r.r ' d'_i( ij^'.K-n, i\. :2". The Caaba "r tem- pi-, of, 2.1^. I ' > : .. iciiu, iroin Abralirdi, 2j.t. The dot - t , - ' ! . : : '!, n , 2- ''>. His eica'je, ^^S. I'hc city of, h:r:^:iJen \ :> ..,.:. -..>. , V-7- J pilbged by Abu Tahcr, G E N E R A L 1 N D E X. t\klitene, battle of, between the Eaflern emperor Tiberius, and Chofroes king of Periia, viii. 176. Melo, citi/en of Ban, invites the Norm ins into Italy, x. 258. Memphis, its lituation, and reduction by the Saracens, ix. 429. Merovingian kings ot the Franks in Gaul, origin of, vi. 98. Tlieir domain and benefices, 356. Mervan, caliph of the Saracens, and the laft of the houfe of Ommiyah, his defeat and death, x. 31, 32. Meftipotamia, invaiion of, by the emperor Julian, iv. 162. Defcribed by Xcnophon, 163, 164. Mej/ala, Valerius, the liril prxfect of Rome, his high character, in. 46. note. Mcffiah, under what characb:;- ' ;vas eyp.-rtod by the Jews, ii. 275. His birth-day, how iixed by the Romans, iv. 22. note. Metals and money, their operation in improving the human mind, i. 35<5. McuHus Numidicus, the ccnfor, his invective againil women, i. 241, note. Mctius Falconius, his artful fpcech to the emperor Tacitus in the fenatc on his election, ii. 64. Metrojikaties of Cyzicus, is made patriarch of Constantinople, xii. 147. Metz, cruel treatment ol, by Alula king ot the Huns, vi. 108. Michael 1. Rhangabe, emperor of Conitantinople, ix. 35. Michael II. the Stammerer, emperor o!" Conitantinople, ix. 40. Michael III. emperor of Conhantmople, ix. 45. Is defeated by the Paulicians, x. 179. Michael IV. the Paphlagonian, emperor of Conftantinople, ix. 71. Michael V. Calaphates, emperor of Conlhmtinople, ix. 72. Michael V I . Strut loticus, emperor of Conitantinople, ix. 73. Michael VII. 1'arapinaces, emperor of Conttantinople, ix. 78. Milan, how the Imperial court of the Weftern empire came to be trans- ferred from Rome to that city, if. 158. , famous edict of Conftantine the Great in favour cf the Chriftians, publilhed there, lii. 244. -- , St. Ambrofe elected archbifhop of that city, v. 37. Tumults occafioned by his refuling a church for the Arian worihip of the emprefs Jullina and her ion, 40. - ---- , Revult of, to Jnllinian, vii. 242, 243. Is taken and deftroyed -- , Is again deilroycd by Frederic I. ix. 207. Military force, its Itrength and efficacy dependent on a due proportion to the number of the people, \. if)']. Military oilicers of the Roman empire at the time of Conftantine the Great, a review or, iii. 56. Millenium, the doclrine of, explained, n. 301. Mingrilia. See CJchs. Minor-fj-, two diilinction:; of, in the Roman law, v. 154. n'ifr. Miracles, thofe of Chrill and his apoilles, elcaped the notice of tlic heathen philofophers and hiitorians, ii. 378, 379. Account of thofe by the body of Ijt. otcphciij Y. 128. Miraculous G E X !: R A L 1 X D E X. /I /.-V.r.v .'.,;. j power-* of the primitive church, an inquiry into, ii. 309. . v.-.j, ciiJk-. 1 n.i.ii.tcr a.;d f:;ther-in-law of the thud Gordian, hi c!;aiaaei, i. ?,'-'. -.V,/'^ /. :.// o: the emperor jiihan, on \vhat occafion written, iv. i co. jtfifl'irlxm, IT t;re.(L ^ok.ui di.li ot Adolphus king of the Vifigothsj Hfoawijit'', m;i;;v.i..-. tin: tn.le of caliph, a:?d makes war againft Ali, ix. :;S. 1'iio ch..r..'. ..-; .';;d i'ci^'ii, ]-'.!. jLav a I'RVC to Conftantino- pic, x. 5. .T; . / ./;-, prince c r tl.c Ai^ali, fcvlfced by the emperor Thcodofiusj tur::s !ii.< .111:13 a^.jiii!. hi.i . .-n crur.tr^mi.:), iv. 4^2. J/^../j, j>rii..i;ivv.-, t'.u-ir ::\':;hou oi treating tlicir conquered cncmic?, vi. 54. Rei^-.i an'! aj!!^i.cii.i or Ziiigiii, xi. 402. Coriquelis of his :\.._ .:: ;. , . i 3. Ln i j :,.,., id;!?. ^ ; .,.. : . ,, , tin: oil) ut", :ii;-j).-ilcil by the Alemr.iiTii, iv, 2^1. jl U;;:A'./J L..c 1 .;.:.., L.J ticaty \v;i.i :in_ banv^en Ainrou, i\. 43-- ^.' . v <( td, -. Jvivt'.ifary, rltllc'.ilniis in theory, but falu- taiy i;. Hi:, _":: 1 I.L :..<-^i;ar chj-jcid u.' eriiLl'.y ?j. note. ^.L:.ks !v;ve ei^btUiihed tin; ...;^;lr J of the r;:.i!:;-. e i:.;ir -, (Jhi.i'i-eLcr of, by Eunapius, v, 12^, 12.|. ]Jv Rulilius, \(,?,. Origin i.:.d iiiilcry ot, M'. 2;^u. TT ir iiuii.Pi.-;. in r.,;,kiii^ proklytcj, 248. T'nt-ir obeiliciice, ^ 3 c. I I..,: d;xia a;.,i i.aLi'.:i.'.:^ns, 253. Tucir clu-t, 254. 'llif.r ...a:. ...I !abi ;r, 2-6. 'i iieir rieiie^, 25^. 'i Iieir i^lil'.iue, 260. "i. lit n ilrvotu/i) and . iliui..-, 261. '; :..!. i/.iYiiiou iii'io liic cialles ui C^/.-/i..'tv and tliiuchsrztit "' ". . ---- , Sirv.ixfn.'n of, at CoLfiantinoj Ie, ;;v Conilantine V. ix. 130. Munophv'';^ uf the Kait, liiit-iry or the ieCt o., vai. 350. /./'/.,./././.' cn'.itiuv:: !y, uecoviiit o!', \ui. 33':. JJ,r.i' ' ..'.'..", i.'. ULII-'I ii>iio:i o.' t'.iC nn Uiry .';overnrr.ent; of the Roman t;i ;->K, i. 31'-" ^J ;> *","!;'.''- :i ti.ut Vfie Lle^rec^ ol freedom 1:1 u itate uic . n'iili.'.cd tiV taxation, contrir.xT'.ed, 1.1. ^A. A? ,.:.:. ....... . ..i .;' :;'-- ; a'.aee, ia iriit by tli^ et:.;,c: or Cm! rant ins, \vith LJeMiiiti' .1, to ci'iixci ; l.e ;.fluiiii;!i.iutio;i ot Ga!h;a n* the Eait, iii, i"6. 1 3 put toteatii Li. in.', '"7- l*l'.:r.i ,jf l',i!,Larv, thi.ir i:.:u;\ib!e povcrtv, vii. i(,o. Their Jnva iiui. ul ' :. a. .;:..... ; ,i;:( pui;ii'..ed Ly I:/. .,^,i^o;i the ei:;;u,;!i, GENERAL INDEX. i "tilofes, the do&rine of the immortality of the foul not inculcated in his law, ii. 299. His fanguinary laws compared with thole of Maho- met, ix. 295. jtfojbeim, charadler of his work De rebus Chriflianis ante Conjfantinum, viii. 260 note. Mo/Jcmah the Saracen befieges Conftantinople, x. 10. MutaJJem, the la ft caliph of the Saracens, his wars with the Greek em- peror Theophilus, x. 67. Is killed by the Moguls, xi. 418. Mmirzuifle, uiurps the Greek empire, and deftroys Ifaae Angelas, and his foa Alexius, xi. 225. Is driven from Conftantiuople by the Latins, 230. His death, 252. Moufa, the ion of Bajazet, hwelled with the kingdom of Anatolia, by Tamerlane, xii. 31. His reign, 49. Mozarabes, in the hittory of Spain, explained, ix. 497. Municipal cities, their advantages, i. 58. Mur atari, his literary character, xii. 394. note. Mur fa, buttle of, between the emperor Coullantius, and the ufurper Magnentius, iii. 159. Mil fu the Saracen, his conqueft of Spain, ix. 478. His difgracc, 483. His death, 486. Mujli^hci, the fuppofed fon of Baj-i/et, his ftory, xii. 47. Mitt a, battle of, between the iu.ce;> oi the emperor Heraclius and thole of Mahomet, ix. 313. Mygd'jn'rus, river, the i-oude of, Hopped by Sapor king of Perlia, at the liege of Niiibis, iii. 144. f,T Narlonne is befieged by Theodoric, and relieved by count Litorius, vi, 95- Nucoragan, the Perfian general, his defeat by the Romans, and cruel fate, vii. 335. s, battle of, -between the emperor Claudius and the Goths, ii. 12. r fijjl;s is befieged and taken by Belifarius, vii. 218. Extent of the dutchy of, under the exarchs ol Ravenna, via. 146. 'iirfes, his embdily from Sapor king of Perlia to the emperor Con- fiantius, iii. 201. uir/'cs, king of Perfm, prevails over the pretenfions of his brother Honnuz, and expels Tindates king ot Armenia, ii. 143. Over- throws Galerius, 1^4. Is lurprikd and routed by Gaicrius, 1.17. -. r i . i* i.'ii Articles of pence between him mid the Romans, 153. fS.tr/ls, the 1'eruan General ci the emperor .Vlauricc, reliores Chofroes II. king oi; " Pffia, viii. 189. Hi^ revolt agaiult Phocaj, and cruel death, 2 19. Warfis, the eunuch, his military promotion, and diflenfion with Beli- farius, vii. 247. His characier P.IK! ex;>e ii'.ioi! to It:-.!y, 301. Bat- tle of Tagma, 385- Takes RoirK. 1 , 388. Reduces and kills Teias, the luil king of the Goths, 59 i . DeL::.;:; the Fnuiks and Alemanni, 395. Governs Italy in the capacity- cf exarch., 398. His difgrac- Miid death, via. J-~. G i: N r: RAT, INDEX. r, a chief of the Heruh, enters into the Roman ftrvice, and is made coniul, i. 431. A"<;7T of th.e Roman t-mpire dcfciibed, i. 2^. A' ; rj-../.r.v,Y church at Jerufalem, account of, ii. 277. A~a~an:is the Pagan orator, h;s account of miraculous appearances 1:1 the (Ivy in t.ivoiir ot Conltantine th.e Great, ir.. 264. Kehrii'.iiif, prictonan Mrttkcl in Gaul, is maimtd and fuperfeded, by his indilcreit oppolition to the troops or Jniian, iv. 24. Afgroes ot .\trica, evidences of then intellectual inferiority to the reft of mankind, .jy. ^' i -^ j\tr!ii>-fns is chufen archbifhop of Constantinople, v. 30. Aitinius, his account of the arrival ot the Saxons in Britain, different iiom that or Gilda>, liedc, and \Vitikind, vi. 3^1. r.'.tt. A cpfjS, luluis. is made emperor (;t the \\ elt by 1 .co Llie Great, vi. 2 irj. A',/".'/..'//, account of his revolt in Italy, in. 162. A",/'-/ pciTecutes the Clirilliars a< the mcendia.ric;; nf R 0:1:0, ii. 405. j\,(.. His rpimons '.'nil iita.i;cd in i'erlia, 330. A-iiilions ol his difciples in th.e halt fiulie--., ,43. x\.7v;v, lc.hu c(ni'.:t of, diiaiie.otib i;.t<- of him and his party at the battle ol" Xicv-polis, xi. 4. i. A ".'.v becomes the capital reiidence of ftiltan Soliaian, ::. 37-5. Siege of, bv the I:; 'I cniladers, xi. 57. A..-./,. ,rus I. einpcfor ot Conllaiitmople, i.r. 35. lus v-ars with the Saracens, x. 54. His death, 2 bi-'tpkorus 11. Phocas, empcrur of ConiLantinoplc, ix. 62. II;j mih- ': i - v <. nter;)i ilc-^, :;. ^'^. '.:ras ill. Ijt.taniate.-, emperor CM Conilantinoplc, i:-:. So. "Wua railed to the t ':.;' i:e i,y fr.'tP.n ' .'. man, :,. ; ~ I . Ai . .'/, Icnator of Conilantinople, hi', liight, on tiic capture :.{ th.e city li\ the I, at!;..-, xi. 2^5. Iii 1 ;>::et liiliorv, 2?-^. t^ii. ilij account i : the ihituca dellroyed at Couflantinople, 2-^s. A'\ ' A -, patriarch of Conllantinojdc, oppnfcj ti.e fourth ir.a'.-iage of em:>eror Leo the philolopher, ix. 57. V. p i] . iiis cliiiracter, .\ii. 134. IIo\v interfiled in the fall ?. >; ,.:.:. the e ;:; t < t' Diocletian hud there, and the city cmbe'lifherj b\ i.;:".. ii. ij'j. The church ol, dciiiohihcd bv Diocletian, 4^7 II- |,ai:,c ilivd, 472. ?.';.'/;/, . battle of, bet\vecn fultan Baj-'./.ct, and Sigifmond king of Hui, ir; , :.:. .! - . AT-./, ;L :'-:.: . :.' :. :-.l Cc.r.il : 1 . '.' : S.t. AV, :./, battli or", :,'.,/:: th. emp.rur Heraelius, and the Perfians f GENERAL INDEX. Afizam, tlic Perfian vizir, his illuflrious character, and unhappy fate, x 3 6 7- Noah, his ark very convenient for refolving the difficulties of Mofaic antiquities, J. 350. KobiliJ/tmus, a title invented by Conftantine the Great to diflinguilb. h:s nephew Hannibalianus, iii. 116. Nortciim defcribed, i. 56. Normans, their fettlement in the province of Normandy in France, x 2,7. Their introduction to Italy, 258. They ferve in Sicily, 261. They conquer Apulia, 262. Their character, 264. Their treaty with the pope, 269. Novations are exempted by Conftantine the Great, in a particular edict, from the general penalties of herely, iii. 308. Are cruelly perux cuted by Macedonius bifhop of Conilantinople, 397. Novels of juflinian, how formed, and their character, viii. ^6. Noui'i'ddln, fultan, his exalted character, xi, 122. Nubia, converiion of, to Chriftianity, viii. 368. NuniLfiim, the Ion of Cams, fucceeds his father in the empire, in con- junction with his brother Carinus, ii. 97. Numidia, its extent at different seras of the Roman hiitory, i. 41. o Oaf:s, in the Jefarts of Lybia, defcribed, v. 382. note. Three places under this name pointed out, vii;. 298. irjtc, Obedience, palhve, theoiy and practice of the Chriftian doctrine of, iii, 248. Obcii/ks, Egyptian, the purpofe of their erection, iii. 194. (.'illations to the church, origin of, ii. 341. Obligations, human, the fcurces of, viii. 82. Laws of the Romans re- fpeaing, 83. Odenathns, the Falmyrene, his fuccefsful oppofition to .Sapor king of Periia, i. 440. Is afTociated in the empire by Gallienus, 449. Character and fate of his Queen Zenobia, ii. 32. Odin t the long reign of his family in Sweden, i. 362. nils. Kis hiRorr, 39- Qdoacer the firfl Barbarian king of Italy, vi. 224. His character and reign, 232. Refigns all the Roman conquefts beyond the Alps, to Eu-ic king of the Vifigoths, 308. Is reduced and killed by '1'heo- doric the Oflrogoth, vii. 13. LL-.i.i, buttle of, between Mahomet ar.J Abu Sophian prince of Mecca 9 ix. 301. Ci'^-i, princefs of Rudia, lier baptifm, x. 239. O.'.-7r, its introduction into the Weflern world, 5. Sy. (}r;tT:::s is raifed to the Well ern empire by count Kicimcr, vi. 215. (jlympic grimes compared with the tournai:n.-nrs of the Goths, xi. '9. Olym'-ioilonis, liis r,n:ount of the magnificence of the city of P.uir.e, v r 262. Hi:-' account of ihe marriage of Adwlphus king of the Yiii- gothr, with the prmccfs IMacidta, 334. OlympiuSf favourite (>t the emperor Honorius, alarms him \i';;!i un- favourable fufpi-iuii* of the deiigns of ^uiiclio, v. 239. Cauics VOL, XII. Kk S'lUcho GENERAL I N D E X. Snhcho to be put to death, 242. His difgrace, and ignominious death, 299. 0"u:r, caliph of the Saracens, ix. 332. His character, 359. His ;;..irney to Jertifalem, 412. Omniiyab, elevation of the lunife of, fo the office of caliph of the Sara- ems, ix. 341. \\l\\ not the objects of public favour, x. 28. E>e- fli IK :ion of, 3 I . Crocks, Heathen, are filenced by Conftantine the Great, iii. 406. 6 r< /'.- lent ambaflador fvom Attila Icing of the Hunr., to the emperor '1 htodofiu? the ^ oMngcr, vi. 6^. His lultoiy and promotion under t'ne Wefhni emperor.-, 221. H.s Ion AuguiUdus, the lall emperor f;f the Wed, 222. C/'c^.'s, prtttor of i'.gypt> is infulted by a monkifii mob in Alexandria, viii. 280. Driven declare^ the number of primitive martyrs to be very inconfidera- ble, ii. 427. H's conference with the eTrprefbMammsa, 449. His TT.emory perfecuted by the emperor Juitiiiian and his clergy, viii, S 2 5- fjrL-ans befieged by Attila king of the Hans, and relieved by yEtius and Theodoric, v'. lc8. Cf.iis, bifliop or Cordova, liis great influence with Condantine the Gre;it, iii. 2^'S. Prevails t-n L'oiiiiantine to ratify the Xicene creed, 547. Is \vith difficulty prevailed on to concur in dcpofing Athanaiius, 37^-- ri l'rh r icnf t the fmall kingdom of, reduced by the Romans, i. 334. '. '/an, liii poems, whether to be conneckd vvuh the invalion ot Cale- donia by the cmpen^r Sevcrus, i. 209. Is laid to have difputed v.iih a Chriftian midionary, 11. 370. note. r ?:<:, the port of, '.'.elcribed, v. 303. C-- ; .>h(i'i, calip'a of t!ie Saracens, ix. 333. :. the father of the Ottomans !i:s reign, xi. 432. (j.:.; 1. king of Germany, relloies and appropriates tlie Weilt-rn cm- [>;:(, ix. 190. Chums by treaty the nomination ot the pop: of Ktr.ne, n/i. l^efeats theTtnks, x. 216. r ''r- II. depofes pope John XII. and chuiliici h:s partv at Rom',-, is. r.c2. f ' . bi'hop of rrillngL-.i, hi 1 character as an hiilorian, xii. 290. v!\ (<:: :r: , ongin ami hiilory of, :\i. 431 . '1 hey obtain an utabhlhiiicnt in F.uropr, 443. fji'ni is banilhed to the banks of the Danube, 11'. 121. QxyrincLus, in Egypt, inonkiih piety Oi t'ual city, \\. 243. P Piica'its, liii. encomium on the emperor Theodofms tlie Great, T. ^8. j\ . 'r-i ,'//y, how punilhed by the bcatinian lu\v> viii. ico. Dy Juf. tiniu:, IC2- GENERAL INDEX. Pagan, derivation and revolutions of the term, iii. 410. note. Piigamfm, the ruin of, fufpended by the divifions among the Chriftianj, iii. 410. Theological fyflem of the emperor Julian, iv. 72. - -- , General review of the ecclefiallical cdablifhment and jurifdio tion of, before it was fubverted by Chriilianity, v. 92. Is re- nounced by the Roman fenate, 100. The Pagan facriiices prohi- bited, 103. The temples dernolilhed, 105. The ruin of, deplored bythe fophifts, 123. Pagan ceremonies revived inChritlian churches, Conflantine, Greek emperor, his reign, xii. 175. Is killed in the florin of Conilantinople by the Turks, 230. Pal&ologus, John, emperor of Conilantinople, xi. 372. Marries the daughter of John Cantacuzene, 382. Takes up arms agaiiat Cantacu/eiK', and is reduced to flight, 385. His restoration, 386. Difcord between hir.i and his f,:i!s, 454. His treaty with, pope Innocent VI. xii. 72. His viiit to pope Urban V. at Rome, 74- Pa/ti'o/ogus, John II. Greek emperor, his zeal, xii. 90. His voyage to Italy, 95. Pciltfologits, Manuel, afTociated with his father John, in the Greek empire, xi. 454. Tribute exacted from him by fultan Bajazet, 457. His treaties with Soliman and Mahomet, the fons of Baja- zet VI. xii. 54. His viiit to the courts of Europe, 77. Private motives of his European negotiations explained, 88. His death, 89. Palizologus, Michael, emperor of Nice, his brief replies to the nego- tiations of Baldwin ] I. emperor of Conilantinople, xi. 283. His family and character, 315. His elevation to the throne, 31 3. His return to Conftantinople, 324. Blinds and banifhes his young aflbciate John Lafcaris, 325. He is excommunicated by the pa- triarch Aifenius, 327. Affociatcs his fon Andronicus in the empire, 330. His union with the Latin church, 331. Inftigates the re- volt of Sicily, 342. Palatines and Borderers, origin and nature of thefe diflinclions in the Roman troops, iii. 60. Palermo taken by Belifarius by ftratagem, vii. 212. Pale/line, a character of, i. 39. Palladium of Rome, defcribed, v. 93. note. Palladium, the nota;y, fent by Valentinian to Africa to Inquire into the government of count Romanus, connives with him in opprcffing the province, iv. 302. Palmyra, defcription of, and its deflrudion by the emperor Aurelian, ii. 39. Panatius was the firil teacher of the Stoic philofophy at Rome, viil. 2S. ll'jfc. Pandccls of Juilinian, how formed, v'tii. 57. PanhyperfebtijinS) import of that, title in the Greek empire, x. 1 20. Pannonia, defcribed, i. 36. Pantheon at Rome, Ny whom ertcled, i. 71. n-jtf. Is converted into a Chriilian church, v. 107. K k 7, Pmtwmtt, G E X E R A L I N D E X. i".?f.-.':.'.'..'.v.:v, Roman, defcribed, v. 2^. ,",-_;-, where a'.ui \vr.er, the manufacture of, \vas fi'"li found out, ix / ; ... ..:.,';.', the celebrated lawyer, created prcrtorian pwfcd, bv the emperor Severus, i. 201. His death, 217. l\rl>-'uts, C'aius, reaions for concluding that he could not be the author of the 'Jus Paftruiiiuin, vui. ). //.';. 1 \~ryi', proportion their member bore to that of the Protcflants i;; l.nedaiid, at the beginning oi ihe lail ccnturv, in. 2;^. //'//.-. P.,;\t, k:m: of Annenia, h^ hitlory, iv. 316. Is trcacherouily killed bv the Romans, ^i of Alexandria, account of, viii. 278. r.'/ic. J\:;\iJ'i,> ', Mahomet's, ducribcd, ix. 2.^2. /'.-:.-..., defcn'ption of that citv, under the govcrnir.eiit of Julian, i:: 2^. Situation of his palace, iv. ic. ti'i'.c. Par-L'ui, fubdiicd l>y Artaxerxes king of Periia, i. 329. Its connilr,- tion of government, ihnilar to the feudal fyitem oi Europe, ;.';'./, Rec;'p;tulation of the \\nrwith Rome, ^\i. Pi'jl'L'iil II. pope, his troubleiome pi.-iuincate, xu. 2^7. P^/'/o/W manners, mueli better adapted to the iiercen^i,; of war, tha:: to peaceful innocence, iv. ^j--- /"<:/. r; ? i,7 authority, extent of, bv the Roman laws, vui. 51. Siicccf- hve limitations <.f, ,3. P.;.'i\;s, extraordinary deliverance of, from the ijclavonians ami Sara- cens, x. 105. P.i'>-:-ii : r, s, the order of, under the Roman republic, rmd under tr.c emperors, compared, in. ;y. Under the Cii^ek empire, their rau.v P.::r: /, '-he tutelai S;.iut t>r Ire'ar.d, derivation of !.-is uan'C, vi. 12^-. /'.r./;, n-.affacre of ?he r : \ ::.'.; of Stilieho '.here, bv the in inept ions or Olyrinius, v. 240. h taken by Albul.i kiiit; ut the l.or-.bauh,, \\ ho f)\es (UN reiidenee there, viii. \z~ . P.: i! of Samofatn, bithi p of Aatio.!:, his diancler i-.nd hiilorv, i.\ /'..,..', a:eh: ifnop of ( 'c :.i':::-.tinople, hi., fatal coi.teil \'.i;h hij com;.. ti'.or Maecdoii'.us, i;i. ^^- . /';/.,.', a Ron,:.;i v.iJ , . her i!h.-.;lr!ous de ; Vent, v. 257. \Y - o'.v-.cr cf the city , .' N ; cc; Ab, J^J. iier juon.du'c / 1 : i :'."-. h-. 1. 1 cd U i Thrace, ibl . '11.-:: i :\ ier.t i: ale, \ '. + . /', .:.,. .-.;:- (,f the tvrant Max:'::. it;, iv.Uer.^ hi^ kroeity by r;cntlc j '....:-, r. '. ' oi the ofH^eb to I'liCutloiius the Voiii'jjer, n.b c:. :rt' 3 d x" I'ior., v. 4? ).. /\, . . .::-': (. f A": ilei.i, flit- rroni t!'.-; L. " jr.rcL v/.tli h.i trc.r;- .;.: the !..>.:.-. i..: U: jdo, vjn. i - ' . GENERAL INDEX. Pi:r.:>::, the party of, among the Roman civilians, explained, vn; 3-:. .A;/';/, the city of, taken by Z-'ngis the Mogul emperor, x.i. 409. i' .; '/''' controverfy agitated by the Lutia clergy, v. 226. And in i-riiain, ^69. /' /.'/, thv church of the Nazarcnes fettled there on the dcllruftion of j Tuialem, n. 278. I\i-:>>-:nnfji:;, iiate of, under the Gieek empire, x. 105. Manufactures, iC : ' ! . Pea,/' irr.vs of Rome, the aboliiion and revival of, viii. 94. /'. H.'ru^wi, his office and power in Biitain, v. 369. Pcnifeutiiih, of the Greek and Latin churches, hiltory of, xi. 16. Pij\n, king of France, affids the pope of Rome againit the Lombards, ix. 148. Receives the title of king by papal fan&ion, 152. Grants the exarchate to the pope, 156. 7Y/;/w, John, count of iVlinorbino, reduces the tribune Rienzi, and re- Itoixs aiiltocracy and church go'-ernment at Rome, xii. 355. j\:i\-r, its hi^h eili:r.ation and price :\t Rome, v. 295. note. Pii-cnni.!, miniiter of the emperor Commodus, his great exaltation and down ta!, 143. /vr;/>^;:r, a city of Affyria, reduced and burned by the emperor Julian, iv. i 70. Perezes, king of Perfia, his fatal expedition againft the Neptlialitcs, vii. j:6. Pc'rkaiilt'jii:, ten, of the primitive Chriitians, a review of, ii. 443. /Y,-/.''.".r, amount ot the treafures taken irom that prince, i. 256. P.-rfa, the monarchy of, restored by Artaxerxes, i. 318. i he rcli- pv./n of the Magi reformed, lild. Abridgment of the Perlian th.eo- lries a!id 1'iormu/., 14^. Galeri'.is defeated by the Ferirni: 1 , 144. Naries ov rthrown in his turn by Galerius, 148. Articles ot peace agreed on between the Perlians and tlie Romans, 15^;. . , War between Sapor kii.g of, and the emperor Confiantius, iii. 139. Battle of Siiig; 1 .!"!, 140. 8apor invade. 1 - Mcfopotatnia, 204. 'i'he Perfian territories invaded by the empe:\)r Julian, iv. iul. Paf- fage of the Tigris, 180. Julian haraffed in his retreat, 194. Treaty {,t peace between Sapor and tlic emperor Jovian, 209. Reduction '.jf Armenia, and death of S'tpor, 3 13. 3 1 5", , The filk trade-, how carried on in>m China through IV;-''!: 1 ., for the fupplv of the RonUii er,-.p;;\ - , v;i. 94. Death of i\]\y/-^, ia an expedition agaii.lt the white IMI'IIM, 136. Review of t:ic vcigns of Cabades, arid his ion Chofroes, 798. Anarclty of, af- ter the death uf Cholrocs II. vin. 2j'j. Leeleiiaitieal hiiloi y of, 33''- * ; Ir,-.\;fion of, by the Caliph Abubtkcr, ix. 365.. Brittle of, K k 3 Cadtlia, GENERAL INDEX. Cadefia, 365. Sack of Ctefiphon. -^S. Conqueft of, by the Sara- cen.i, 372. 'I lie Marian religion iu;>planted by JV'ahometifm, 493. The power of the Aiah:; ei \i\\\*. i bv ;:ic dynafty of the liowides, x. 83. Ptrlia lubdiicil by the Turks, ^44. Pf-.\t, conqudt ot, by the Moguls, xi. 416. Ey Tamerlane, x:i. 7. /V/-.V :<7.v, Irs <.h:ir;u".er, and exa'ta'io,. lo tin. Imperial throne, i. 157. His funeral and apothtolis, iS~. P-. f. t ,':niu.f Ni ;;(.;-, governor of Syria, r.flumes the Imperial dignity oa the d^ath of Pertiriax, i. I 78. Psta-vl::*, character of \\\* Dogmata Tkfohgira, viii. 260. ncV^. Piter, brother of the .Laiiern emperor Maurice, his injurious trcat- nitnt of the citi/ens of Azimuiitir.m, and flight from tlunee, viii, 2OI. Piter I. r/ar of Rrilin, his ccmliu'T. toward his fon, contrailtd wi'Ji tliat of Conllantino the Cireat, iii. i \:. Pc.'if of Ariagon, aiu'.nus the kingdom ot Sieily, \i. ^44. 1 c'.cr, Bartholcmy, his miraculous difcovcr) of the Holy Lar.cc, xi. 73. His ihaiu>;e death, 76. /V.'L / of Conrleiuiy, cnij''':-c\r ot Confiantirioplc, xi. 2^8. P.tcr the Hermit, Ins character ;.iul i'-ln-me to recover the Holy Land from tlie infidels, :;i. :. LLacit the (nil crulauci , 21.. I'aiiure of his zeal, 7.:. P !ra, the city of, taker, by the Peril; !>. \ii. 350. 1^ bc:leged by ths Human's, <;i. Is demoli flicd, ;:;. I'-.!) :ir,-'.i, l.'is ihidies and literary ri.ara'Mer, . v n. 12 f. And h'ilcrv, ",--, I"i:s account ot the rum of the antient buildings of Rome, 417. P/^-'i ch-i-actcr c-f I 1 .:- hiftory of Gc :; an}', ix. z \2. note. ./'/, -7/.7/:. - r, Grecian, comj^aied \\itii th- ivoniaii legion, i. 21. Pharfimonel, the actions, and foundation of the 1' reneh monarchy bv him, of doubtful authority, v. 360. /'A .v.'.f commands the I lenili, in the .\ incau \\ ar, imder Uelifarius, vii, 16-7. Purfues Gelimtr, 1^9. ] ii;> letter to Gelirnci, lyi. r\ ->:j~;-s, ac--_'our:t of that dct among the iev;^, !i. 2c;y. r ! : '':--. liver, i'." roinTe defcribed, \i:. 319. /'/i> ./'//, di rivation of the name of that bird, vn. ^21. /'..'' / v.v.i, 1' ranci , h:s character ot the Greek language of ConRantJ- r.'ipK 1 , xii. 115. i. of 1'Yance, his limited dignity arid po\\er, xi. 8. PJ.'i'. i; Aucnilus, oi l''rance, en; ^a'es m '.he third cruiade, xi. 143. Philip, pi.tloiKin prrc.fi.c1 under tiie third Ciordian, railed to the cm- p : ie (.n } ,'.--, iLatli, i. y 'j- Was a favourite of the ChrilUanSj ii. 451. Philip) prrtorinn prnefect ' ! Conf'antinople, conveys the billiop Paul into banilhment clandeilii: -lv, i;i. 3^4. Pl/iHfl'ic'is, emperor of (.'onltantii.ople, ix. 23. Pbilippopelis taken ami faik-.i by tiie Goth-;, j. 399^ Phi'o, a character ( ; h: . works, 1:1. 3 17. 1'i.il'j^^j-, Grecian, review ui the \u;iuus feels cf, i. 4^. GENERAL INDEX. P':inf!JS, the fituation of his palace, iii. 5. Pi^icea is fettled by Genoefe, who trade in allum, xn. <;2. Phocas, a centurion, is chofcn emperor by the diialTecied troops of the Eail'.m empire, viii, coo. Murders the emperor Maurice, and his children, 209. Hu character, 212. His tall, and death f 216. Phtznicia defcribed, i. 39. I 1 -: oflu-, the fon of Autonina, diflinguimes himfelf at the fiege of Napier, vii, 261. Is exiled, 2')}. Betrays his mother's vices to "Beliiarius, 264. Turns monk, 267. Pb'jtlus the patricia-.i, kills him felt' to efcape the pafccation of Juf- tir.ian, viii. 322 . Photrus, patriarch of Conftantinople, chnraler of his Library, x. 158, His quarrel with the pope of Rome, xi. 173. Phran^a, G<:Cige, tlic Greek hiitorian, fome account of, xn. 88. r.'ts. li'is einL:::lu:.;, 176. His fate t;n the taking of Couitaatir.ople by the Turks, 235. P'icardy, uerivaiLcn ci the name of that province, xi. [. note. Pllaif', Par.': a- , ;:is tclliirif.'-.iy iu favour of jchi.: Uhriit, much i:n- ^rovvd by tiie primitive Jolliers, ii. 445. j':/rcy's fab!-.". !":'ovy and chanii'.tc'r of, vii. 306. !,iad ot lilk iuamifaclured tror.i the threads fptui by this .:ans, vii. 02. of t!:e Marcomanni, efpoufed by the emperor Galllo- deili * :. . :er f Thv.s.Ljiius : h : G.cat, her iiillory, and marriage \I'LM i\ . jjriu.s kin c ^ '> LIU Goth.j, \'. 3 -,4. is iujurioufly treated b" lie niiirj,er hui^eric, ai L er tiiu dentil cjf lier huToandj 355. Her rr;u:-;i t ;c with Conitantius, and retre.it to Contlantinople, vi. 2. Her .idrn.ni'lration in the Weil, as ^viardii;;! of h.er fon the emperor Valentiiran III. 3. Hidory of her daughter Honoria, 103. Her death arid Lurial, I ^8. noit. Plague, origin and nature of this difeafe, vii. 418. Great extent, and long duration of that in the reign ot Juliinian, 423. PL-it 'i ^ his theological iy Item, iii. 314. Is received by the Alexandria:! je-.vs, 316. And expounded by St. John the Evangelist, 3i!ri, The theological iyftem of the tmpcror Julian, iv. 72. Platonic philofophy introduced into Italy, xn. 133. Platonfa, new, an account of, ii. 182. Unite with th: heatlicn r.ri- (Is to oppoft: the Cliriilians, 4^2. Phiuttaiius, prjct^rian prelect under the emperor Severu^, his h:J: ory, i. 2ci. f'/sbci: ns of Rome, (l:ite ar.,1 chara^ier of, v. 278. fl.'i\' the Younger, examination of uii condtic: towr.rd the C::.''-'i.^...'j ii. 417. Post laureat, a ridiculous appointment, xii. 326. note. Pogglus, his reflections on the ruin of ancient Rome, xii. 30?. K k 4 J\'.:irf. GENERAL INDEX. /V ;:;frr, battle of between Clovis king of the Franks, and Alaric king ot the Goths, vi. ^j. P'.lhv.tia, battle of, between Stilieho the Roman general, and Alaric the Gotli, v. \f^. Polytbeifm ot the Romans, its origin and tfTecls, i. 46. How accounted lor by the primitive Chriftian--, if. ^KS. Sccpticifm of the people at the time of the publication of ChrtRianity, 35,. The L'hriimns \vr.v more odious to the Pagans than the Jen;, ^7. - - , The rum of, fii'pcndid by the diviiiuns among Chriftians, 111. 41 ~>. J lieologica! lyilein of the emperor Julian, iv 72. - , Review of the Pagan ccclefialtical ellablilhment, v. c;2. Re- viva! of, bv the C'hrillian monks, i ^o. Ponipei.ir.us, prefect of Koine, propofcs to drive Alaric from the walls by Ipclls, v. 2(,2. Pcmpclanus, R:ir:ci:is, general under Maxentins, defeated and killed by C'onitantine the Great, i;. 227. 2*ompry, his dilcrctional excrcile ot power during his command in the Eaft, i. ico. Inc'/eafe of the tributes of Alia by his ccnqueils, , 2 \'i Pontiffs, Pngnn, tl'.e'r jurifdirtion, v. 1^2. Por.tifo: Maxlninsy i:i i'agan Rome, by whom that cilice \vas cxer- cifcd, iii. 2S i. P'~.*.-s of llcme, the growtli of their power, ix. 1^1. Revolt of, Jrum the Greek emperors, t ^~. Ovigm of their temporal riomi- r.ion, icr. T. :'>!, ciition ot the Decrtt.i'is, and ot the fictitious donation or Ccnl:a:;'j;;c the Great, 159. Authority of the Girman rtr.^eicr., ::i their elcci.ui,, 1^5. \ loleiit diitractions in then tiec- tio.;, lr Uomo, a computation of, v. 2^6. !' , ;/,.:.'/> f'i-;z, h:3 con fpiracy at Ron , ' 3'^. /' ,'.' v.'/r, tf:e Ron an general ii!!('ur the < mpcror Gallicnus, defends G.i!)l ag;'.::;lt ihe incnriirr^ ot the 1'r.H.k:-, i. 414. is killed by his roops, if. 220. /' Tr.-r, :ibfo!;ite, the c-xercife of, hou- clucked, v. I ^,. . \ .-; i : the l;:cre.l bed-cnaiiibcr, L.;iCer v_'on;l.u;it!r.e t'.ic Great, his _;j. 'ihe ofiue revived at Rome, xii, ci of Roir.j under Valentinian, his character, iv. fe : I t!;c c;r,pi'e of Ko:ne !:'. public aii(!:on, 171. Are difgniced . ' . A nc v\ t;iah!.!l ment ,: tin.::;, tin pr.i".or;a:i pr;.vleCt, 2zo. Are inluccci, ..... .!, , : .. their pi:.tc l-.-ppiicd/ by tiit |o- C- vians GENERAL INDEX. r'ans and Hcrculcans, iu 161. Their clefperate courage nm'er Maxentias, 232. Arc totally iupprcileu by Confuntine the Great, 235- Pr;'..';'. /Vi-T'/Wfj of tho Roman empire defcribtd, i. 53. l;.' r r:i:ct'nn h,-- t ween Latin and Greek pnjvinces, 'o. Account ti the IIIDU':^ received iVom, 257. 'i'iieir number and gc vt vr... r -nt alter tne ivat ot niipire was removed to Ccnfti:ntinop!e, in. jo. Pr-:''i:, c(^i "lift of, by the Ottomans, si. 4^4. .P;-'. ,"'./, ( :y : ;;rr:tii,n of !':. Cioth.s t", j. ^2. Pu:iL,!a, i'liier cf the nv.pt ror Theodofr.is thr Yo!::-r;er, her cha- racitr and adminiitration, v. 41^. Her lellons to her biotl;cr, ,; \f). IKr c nt efts with the cnvpren Eudocia, 424. Is proclaim- ed empn-fs ot the I'.aft, or, the death of Theodofius, vi. 84. Her death ;;IK! canonr/.:!iioii, i^o. J J ;t>-?i/.-, tb.e royal coK/ir of, arming the ancients, far furpaffed by the mi'dern difcovery of cochineal, MI. 90. note. /^m/i-j- of Africa, ancient fabulous account of, iv. 310. CL / ^'!:r.(Jl, the inroads of, punifned bv the emperor Cnnftantius, iii. KjCi. Revenge the tu. aekeroiio murder of thc:r king Gabinius, iv. 530. .^'. ,.'< r, hiftori'.-n! review of this office, iii. 71. ^..,l::n, erm.inal, how cxercikd und-.-r the Roman emperors, ni. "<> ^lii.filnin brothers, Maxirrus and Condianu?, their hiftoiy, i. 142. Qiiintiiius, brother of the emperor Claudius, his ineffectual effort to rut eed him, 11. I $. Qhuus Cur:ius, an nitcrrpt to decide the age i;i \\li.eh he wrote, J. ^" ; -.;,'/;.., the efTe.i of that \vord ',vh/.r. oppoftd toft/a'icrs, i. 252. note. GENERAL INDEX. R Radagaifus, king of the Goths, his formidable Jnvafion of Italy, v. 213. His favage character, 217. Is reduced by Stilicho, arid put to death, 220. Radiger, king of tlie Varni, compelled to fulfil his matrimonial ob- ligations by a Britifh heroine, vi. 402. Ramadan, the month of, how obfervcd by the Turks, ix. 276. Raneio, a chieftain of the Alemanni, his unprovoked attack of Mo- guntiacum, iv. 281. Ravenna, the ancient city of, defcribed, v. 207. The emperor Ho- norius fixes his refidence there, 210. Invafion of, by a Greek fleet, ix. 140. Is taken by the Lombards, and recovered by the Venetians, 146. Final conquelt of, by the Lombards, 147. The exarchate of, bcftowed by Fepin on the pope, 156. Raymond of Thouloufe, the crufader, his ciiarac'tcr, xi. 33. His route to Conftanrinople, 43. His bold behaviour there, 51. Raymond, count of Tripoli, betrays Jerufalem into the hands of Sa- ladin,-xi. 135. Raynal, Abbe, tniftaken in afTerting that Conftantine the Great fupprefled Pagan wovflnp, iii. 404. Reids, who the moft inveterate or, x. 177. Recared, the ih-ft Catholic king of Spain, converts his Gothic fub- jects, vi, 299. Reformation from popery, the amount of, eftimated, x. 188. A fe- cret refonr, -.tion ft ill working in the reformed churches, 492. Rein-deer, thL animal driven northward by the improvement of cli- Relics, tne \vurihip of, introduce;! by the monks, v. 124. A Repentance, its high efteern, and extenfive operation, among the pri- mitive Chriitians, ii. 316. Rcfnrrcci'wn, general, the Mahometan doczrine of, ix. 277. Rttianns, the in )dc of his combat with the fecutor, in the Roman amphitheatre, i i ^4. Revenue of the primitive church, how diftributed, ii. 345. iii. 294. Of the Roman empire, when removed to Conitantinople, a review of, iii. 82. Rhttcum, city o r , its iltuation, iii. II. Rbtatia defcribed, i 35. Rbazatcs, the IVr.'hin general, defeated and killed by the emperor Heraclius, \\\\. 249. Rhetoric, the itiitiv of, congenial to a popular fiate, vii. 144. Rhine, the banks of, fortified by the emperor Valentinian, iv. 283. Rhodes, account of the coioflus of, ix. 425. The knights of, xi. 43 B - Richard I. of England, engages in the third crufade, xi. 145. Be- G i: N F. R A L INDEX. llou-t ' L Yj if! and (,* Cvpp'o on the hor.fe of Lnfi^na.!!, iS:. II:> reply M the c khoi tn.tl^v.s of l''-.i!: of Xeuillv, ib^. I\ir/-\;rt', rnork. H Ci'.'encelU'r, hi: literary character, v. ^-. r? ;><. j/i'.v'i.v.T, eo';:,t, ln~ hill'-rv, vi. i r ^. Pet mils Majorian to afhunc th.e Imperial (hgiiily ni the Weliern empire, i6r;. Lnioys iupreine p'Aver under cover of t'ie np.nv. 1 ot the en-pj>or l.ibius Severns, iS^. A ] rimes th'- d-iui;h.ter o: tht crs-.rwor Anthemius, 195. Satki Rot'iic, P.'.V! kills Anthcmiiis, ''17. His death, ^i^. ]\ : :',-?:, Niche-Ins di, his hirt'n, cha - ter, and hiliorv, xii. ^31. P.; ,-,;.;, Ron-ar., t'ie conit. notion a;v.l ;;re-it extent of, i. Si. /','{// r' (/,,-;:!-;--, r-iv.p ror ot L< 'ii !t?i. . in:>'ih, xi. 2~C. j^.'-r:, count o! 1 i;i;- der. , h: 3 character a^.d e n ^ a ;^t m e n t in thef,,:: :r'ii; l .-.l'-, v:. "i. Ri' ! i->-f, d.;!o' ct N'oinni'!-, his charn.ctf'r and en^n^ement in t:;c ;., crutr. lr, x - . 2 r . l\eealieil by 'he C'riiHire'; cf the chiircli, 7 i. ,;;>, the G,,th : .c. kin^ of Snain', hUdtf.al ,:ud death by Tarik rii : ;i <-f I:.T clnrr. 'tor, ;i; Ro\vc's R.ov;:l Con- vt 1 1, vi. .4.0::, ^r ;. r /. -T;-:-, count or Sic.iiy, hi, exploits, and c:-,!v:'.jefl of that iilnnd, v. 281! /?;^v-. Con ". the foiirjfr, t!v.- fii\1 k'n-; of Sicily, x. i;c8. His ii.iiit.n.-v utchi^vemenf in Afriin aii i (Jrt-frt, ;ii. /?; r dt- Flor, en ;a.;- n^ ar, ai.:;iii.ry in t!:e in vie- of the GfCoi trrpti or An: :;<".-, X'. ^-. J: '.:r.ln::';'ion, "50. /O m,iv;;s I. Lee;* "<;'.-; , eror-'io; (.( f , L-HMI in; pie, ix. cS'. J\ r ,m t .!.::; IT. ciri^fror of Coi::l nv.ii.iop',-,-, .v. ^i. /?,;::, 7/; .vj- III. rVi^yni-, e:rr,5tr: r ot Loni 1 ;^ 4 in.-;.\-, ix. ^9. /v i-;.,".vf I\'. D:< : -n- , , M ; ., -..- ,,f . i: ';'..-, i::. 7.^. Is .lc- fcated and tak.t.n : loner . ' ihe ['-. . iultan .\lp Avihin, ::. ^56. Hi: treati.ieiU, dJ.iv-i - , .;.'.:-". Rr>mf!~t.'f, couiit, ;.; r.'. :::.<:! ..:.: . , !.! c-.i/iV, ' t : ::. 1 ,r,i ,'u ation, i\ - . ';OI . p:m;:;--'-, prr.Trnor c,l I'uf ;t, betrays It *o '.::. Sar::,:c:,-, ix. ?'"'.', > v - /? w , the three p MI-' c^" : ' c'.vrlir.c point, '. n;;', i. A-^JV. Its profp ' " < ' ' i c -,: Lirv, I . Tin- pi ;i;:-i- pil cor.c_n ;' lit, :' the rrpuMie-, 2. C'JrujUe'.l -, iT.der t!ie t;r.; . v : , c. M ' , i. . ..'..:':'-"-.'-:'t of th- emperors, l.i. !\; .;:! ' ,' i'i '. fr.; re, ;^. \'i--\v ni tin- provinet^ of t'n .;:;<-, '"' ' -V : ' ' e>:tc;.t, 4;. 'i'he union and mtn'- ; ' <\ -^ '.'>: - o' '} \uton::ie , aivv.in'- < ! :-,'.;;. ' ! ..',- ^' -, lh< : , . r/,. Dciielit iV.rlu.ied i :'.: . ' . ;. Diliin.-Ji.ln he" vs :. tlv.: I.n'in =' r- C .'-,'.' ".:" t,; ''; ,k, .., :i feien- t h'l . ' '- ?: : ' :i: ' .. . I ' , KOI. KID Have , iV /. ' ! - ; ' - : . \' :.'- :-! i , of :.!, :''.':.:.-. v . A T ;>; . . II u, ran ivhiu-ct ':'.', "' 'i'i.e i . :.. . u! clli ' "-. I' ' !.- i. (^.-;,r GENERAL I K D E X. improvements of agriculture in the weflern countries of the empire, 84. Arts of luxury, 87. Commerce with the Eaft, 88. Contemporary rcprei'entntion ot the proipcrity of the empire, 90. Decline of courage and genius, yi, 92. Review ot public affairs after the battle of Actium, 95. The Imperial power and uig- nitv confirmed to Augulhis by the fenate, yS. 'i he various cha- racters and powers veiled in the emperor, 103. General idea ut the Imperial fyttem, 109. Abortive attempt of tiie ien.tte to re- lurne its right;; afttr the murder ot Caligula, I 1 6. I he emperors aflbciate their intended fuccefiors to power, 119. The moil hap- py period in the Roman hiftory pointed out, 126. Their pecu- liar mifery under their tyrants, 129. The empire public!) lo!d by auction by the praetorian guard;, 171. Civil wars ot the Ro- mans, how generally decided, 192. When the army firit re- ceived regular pay, 256. How the cUi/.er.s were relieved troin taxation, il'uL General eRimate ot the Koman revenue trom the provinces, 260. Miferies flowing trom the iuccc.iuon to the em- pire being elective, 271. A funimary review of the Roman uii- tory, 313. Recapitulation of the war with Parthia, 531. Inva- fion ot the provinces by the Goths, 397. The ofhee of center revived, by the emperor Decius, .po. Peace purcl:afed of tiicr Goths, 406. The emperor Valerian taken pnioncr by Sapt/r, king of Terfia, 456. 1'he popular conceit of the thirty tyrants of Koine inveiiigatcd, -J44- Famine aud peililence throughout the empire, 455. The city fortified agai;,;t the inroads of the Alenianni, ii. 27. Remarks on the alleged udition of the officers ot the mint under Aurelian, 50. Obiervations on the peaceful interregnum after the death of Aurelian, 50. Colonies of Barbarians introduced into the provinces by 1'rcbjs, > ! i. xhi- hitiuu ol the public games hy Canmis, loo. 'i realv of peace between the Ferlians and the Romans, is". Tue Liil triumph celebrated at Rome, 156. How the. Imperial court-, cr.me to be transferred to Milan and Nicomedia, 158. The prretoriail bands Aiperfeded by the ]ov!an and Herculean guards, 161. The power oi the lenate aniiilnlated, 162. Four uiv.Uonr, of t':e empire under fo Ojjit appi; the tyranny or ;via:;ent:us, 220. Uoniui; victorious, 233- .Laws ot Conllantine, 250. C on/rantine remains fole empeior, 264. liiltory ot the progre'., uiul ciUtbliihrrieiit oi" Chriilianity, 2^5. Pretenlions or t .':_ L/;;.'I ~.p ot Roi:if, v.'hcr.ce? c'.e;li:::ed . "39- .St::te of the church at Rome i'.t trie tuue ot the perfccutioti i)y Ken./, 3^4. Jsarrauve or the !.',i of Rcjme, in the i' ign oi Isero, 403. i he Clu'iiuar.^ i-- : d'cu^.d as tlie incendia- ries, .1C). '1 lie memorable edicts ot iJiocletmn and his aflociattS ;:gainit the Chriilians, 46:!. o;rc t r.ecoimt of the building and c-unblimmcnt of the rival citv of (.'oiiiUialiiioplc, tu. ^ Jicw ioi'ius oi uduuiailiiitivju eitabhihed there. GENERAL INDEX. there, 30. Divifion of the empire among the fons of Coniian- tine, 133. Eltabliihment of Chriftianity as the national religion, 280. '1 umults excited by the rival bifhops, Liberius and Fxlix, 390. Paganifm reltored by Julian, iv. 84. And Chriftianity by Jovian, 227. The empire divided into the Eafl and //V/7, by the emperor Valentinian, 242. Civil inltitutions of Valentinian, 259. The crafty aMirice of the clergy leflramed by Valentinian, 270. Bloody conteil of Damafus and Urlinus for the bifliopric of Rome, 274. Great earthquake, 338. Runii', the emperor Theodofuis vifits the city, v. 55. Enquiry into th.e caufe of the corruption of morals in his reign, 87. Review of the Pagan eilabliilur.cnt, 92. The Pagan religion renounced bv the knate, ico. Sacrifices prohibited, 103. The Pagan re- l:j;icn prohibited, 116. Triumph of Honomia and Stilicho over Alaric the Goth, 204. Alaric encamps under the walls of the city, 255. Retroipect of the flate of the city when befieged by Kaunibal, ibid. Wealth of the nobles, and magnificence of the citv, 262. Character of the noble* of, by Ammianus Marcel- linns, 267. State and character oi the common people, 278. Public diliributions of bread, &c. 280. Public baths, 282. Games aud fpeclacles, 284. Attempts to afcertain the population of the city, 286. The citi/.ens fuller by famine, 290. Plague, 292. The retreat of Alaric purchaied by a ranfom, 295. Is again be- fegcd by Alaric, 303. The fenate unite* with him in tlecting Attaius emperor, 305. The city lei/ed by Alaric, and plunder- ed, 311. Companion between this event, and the fack of Rome by th.e emperor Charles V. 322. Alaric quit? Rome, and ra- T.4geb J'.'.ly, 32^. LawspafTed tor the relief of Rome, and Italy, 3^7. Triumph of Hononus for the reduction of Spain by Wallia, 358. Is i rcierved from tlie hands oi Attna by a raiuom, vi. 131. Indications of the ruin of the empire, at the death of Valentinian, III. 142. Sack of the city by Genfenc king of the Vandals, 151. The public buildings of, protected from depradation by the laws of Majorian, 174. Is lacked again by the patrician Rici- mer, 2i~. Auguilulus, the lait emperor of the Weil, 222. The cVvay oi the Reman ipint remarked, 231. Iliitory of monaftic in'.titutiou:' in, 244. General obfervatior.s en the nillory of the Roman empire, 405. R-jn;elr*\\ C(MUjuued by Theodoric the Oftrogoth?. vii. 13. Pro- 1- :.'.-. ot the city under his gove: nmcnt, 21;. Account of the iw."- tariioiib in the circu>, ^C>. l'i::l n n GENERAL I N D E X. Rom?) the government of the city new modelled under the popes, after their revolt from the Greek emperors, ix. 142. Is attacked by the Lombards, and delivered by king Pepin x 146. The office and rank of exarchs and patricians explained, 153. Reception of Charlemagne by pope Adrian I. 154, 155. Origin of the temporal power of the popes, Ij6. Mode of electing a pope, 195. Is menaced by the Saracens, x. 61. Profperous pontificate of Leo IV. 64. L bciieged and taken by the emperor Henry JlL 302. Great part of the city burnt by Robert Guifcard, in the caufe of pope Gregory VII. 304. - , The hiftory of, ivfumed, alter the capture of Conftantinople by the Turk;, xii. 256. French and German emperors of, 258. Authority 01 the popes, 260. Re ft oration of the republican form of government, 277. Office "f fenator, 285. Wars agai aft the neighbouring cities, 297. Institution of the Jubilee, 310. Re- volution :n the city, by the tribune Ritn/i, 331. Calamities flowing from the fchifm of the papacy, 369. Statutes and govern- ment of the city, 380. Porcaro's conspiracy, 383. '1 he eccle- fiaftical government of, 391. Reflections of Poggius on the ruin of the city, 395'- Four principal caufes of Us ruin fpeciried, 400. The Colifeum of Titus, 418. Reiteration and ornaments of ths city, 428. Rom'ilda, the betrayer of Friuli to the Avars, her cruel treatment by them, viii. 227. Rofamond, daughter of Cunimund king of the Gepids, her marriage with Albo;;i king oi tiie Lombards, vin. 119. Confpires his murder, 129. Her flight and death, 131. Roum, the Seljukian kingdom of, formed, ::. 372. Rallied, Olaus, fummary abridgment of the argument in his ///- lantica, i. 35 i Rnjinns, the confidential minifter of tlie emperor Theodofius the Great, ftimulates his cruelty apalnfl Theifalonica, v. 66. 111* character and administration, 139. His death, 1^7, 158. Riivilas, the Hun, hi- iettlement in Hungary, vi. 38. Ruiiic cln vacttr;, th; antiquity of, traced, i. 3 5 2. not:. Rujjia, oiigincfthe monarehv of, x. 219. Geography a;sd lnlc, 72 : :!. Ileigii of the czur Swatoflaus, 2^3. The Rufiians converted to Chnfuamty, 238. Is conquered by the Moguls, xi. 420. Ritjlan, a Peri: an r.ob'e-.r.an, a faying of his, expreflive of the c'anger Riiltlius, his characur of the monks of Capraria, v. \C~, 16 Salellius the hr:efiarch, hii opinion;; afterward adopted by his sute- gonill, iii. 237. His doctrine of the Trinity, 331. Tiie babel- lians unite v.'itn the TriihtiiU at the council of Nice to overpower the Avians, 334. Sid'-u.'i-, their auronornicu] invthology, i."., 249. Salwar, GENERAL INDEX. ;*.v;.'/7fl obtains the command of the Eaflcrn provinces from Con- llantins, lii. 21 l . SaHti'tan, <. r c:ural of the Kali, is defeated by Theodoiic the OftroTOth kii) 4 'C oi Italy, vii. 24. Sal>J/tians, origin ot the iecl of, in the Roman civil law, viii. 30. SsdJ'.:cf?s, account ot that irci; among the jews, n. 299. Siilndin, hi-> biith, promotion, and ehaiact^', .:. ij;j. Conc;uerv the kingdom ot Jernfa'em, i "' .His 1:1-. i'eett! . I in '_;e ot I vre, 140. ^i'-t;e e>t Ac;e, 142. His negocuuiun- \vith Richard i. oi England, 149. His death, \~,i. Sunrii'j, account ot the irieihcal tchool of, x. 278. iW/c laws, hillorv oi, vi. ,.v". Safin/I, the pr.viect, ;:*id ir:ei:d of the c:nper.)r [i.lir.n, declines thir oiler of the c'ladem ^a\ Jiij d.eath, iv. 204. Declines it a^'ain on the death of ]ovian, -^5. lj retained in In.-) employment by thtf rnineror x aletitir.i:.!n, 2AI. Sal'uJ?, the Initonan, by \\hat fnr.da he railed h;;- palace on theQni- iinal lull, v. 3 i i-'-. ?. . -. Sj/'-rii, the retreat of t!;c cmpcrov Diocletian, d.lcr!bid, ii. 177. S;it-vu.:n, his aecoun: of the djilreta and rebellion ci the iiuga'.jdcs, vi. 1 . . S :'.;',!-, k!r.-^ of I\TKa, p,rocr.re"i the a.la'Iiriatlon of CheTrors king of Arrr.er.ia, ;.:::i k!.t'^ the country, i. 45.'. ])e!"cati tht e;nperor Valeria/ 1 ., ami takes Inni ]'rih:;vr, 4,' r> . Se!- up t'yri.'.d/s a, inc- <-e. Tur to Valtnan in the Roman u:>-,'irc, .11". t -ver-Minj Sy;;;-, Cilicia, ar.d Cappadocia, 4;S. His death, :. . : . ii:.r, th.e i-in ot iiormnu/, is ctov.'nitl RM.- of }'::. :a before Ins birth, ili. 135. His c'r.araiter ruid early lieroiur,, 15'). Harafu-.s the i. a, leva province- ft tiie Reman empire, i ;. lhatle ot Sin- ^ar:, r.j;;t:jut the empeior C'oii'.lanti'i.-, 140. }'.':-, Ijn br:;tally killed bv C'onliantii^, 142. Hi- K-\vral atte::-pts on >>:!:', I:-, ;'';./. C. onehidi s a tnife xviili Confhmtiu.-, i.ir. M'- jK-.'.'/,hty pi'i.ipr'fitiu;,^ to C'cmili.r.tn:-, 2~I. In-.a.ies }>!.'. pntamia, 2CJ. Jltdi'.ce"-, _\'r.id.a, 20^. Rettn;. ho::;-, 210. Hi.-, peUvtf\:! (;vcr- ture- to th.e ciiij.ero' Ti:l an, iv. 14^. Ill- coi.l'u n,:.t ,' . ;:t the fuce^iies i t Jnh.'.n, iS'>. llaralle t:ie ivt:cat ot the Rr,:.,a-,., i-.^. ill- treaty with ti e ti..percr ]e.vi^.:), r:_^. 11:.. lethxti ..i i ; -Ar- m nia, ;..; 1 death., ^ l i . 3 I $. S'.f^r.r., %:;,; i> deiii.iti n iftlint a:; "ation, ix. r:~. ;;.-'.-. . Oi i- c . r *p r j 4 - J I':v<>.Uo'iS cr .\! . . .:/''-. Their ii'ihlarv c ;,..r;v:;'r, x. 144. GENERAL INDEX. Sardinia, expulfion of the Vandals from, by Marcellintr-, vi. 200. Is conquered by Zano, the brother of Gclimer king of the Vandab, viii. i Si. Is furrcndercd to Belifurius, 186. Sarmatlam, memorable defeat of, by the eir.peror Carus, ii. 93. Their manners defcribed, iii. 119. Brief hiitory of, 122. They apply to Conltantine the Great for affiitance againft the Goths, i 23. A;e expelled their country by the I-imigantes, 126. Are rcilorcd by Coiiitantiiis, 2CO. Savage manners, a brief view of, i. 356. Are more uniform than thoje of civilized nations, iii. 341. Sams, the Goth, plunders the camp of Stilicho, and drives him into the hands of the emperor at Ravenna, v. 242. Infults Alaric, and occafions the fackini^ of Rome, 3:0. Is killed by Adolphus king; of the Vifigoths, 348, 349. Safttrnhtus, one of the competitors for empire againll Gsllienus, hiscb- fervation en his inveiliture, i. ^ .:.?.. Saiiirnlm;.-:* lieutenant under the emperor Piobus, in the Eaft, is driven into rebellion by his troops, ;j. 85. Saxons, ancient, an account <;;, iv. ?86. Their pirat'al eonfe- derations, 2t!8. 1 heir invrJions of Gaul checked by the Romans, 290. How convened to C!v. :!.,v;;:tr, vi. 272. Defcent of the Saxons on Britain, 3^1. Their brutal defolation of the country, 39 3 - ScanJtrbeg, prince or Albania, his !uf:or", xii. :63. Scatlnian law c/f the Roman;, accou-it of, viii. ico. Scaurus, the pat,/;cuia iamily of, how reduced under the emperor.?, iii. 40. not:. _ Schifm in religion, the osi^in of, traced, ii. 284. Science reducible to fuur claiTes, x. 4.^. Ssla-Tjonitui;) their national character, v'i. 278. Their barbarous In- roads on the Ealicrri empire, 2!:'^. Of Dalmatia, account cf, x. 198. Scot,' and Pidts, the nations of, how diilinguifhed, iv. 292, 293. In- vaiions of Britain by, 295. ScjthianS) this name vaguely applied to mixed tribes of Barbarians, i, 432. Their paftoral manners, iv. 341. Extent and boundaries of Scythia, 355. Revolutions of, \. 210. Their mode ot war, vi - .S3- Scbaflian, mafter-generalof the infantry under the emperor \ alens, his iuccefsful expedition againll the Goths, iv. 405. 1^ kdled in the battle of Hadrianople, 41 j . Sebafllan, the brother of the ufurper J(;viiius, is affociated with him in his afTumed Imperial dignities, v. 348. S^lafirocrator, import of that title in ilie Greek empire, x. liy. S:c-z, in Normandy, the bifhop and chapter of, all callrated, xii. 265. nctc. Scgrjitin, tlie princes of, fupport t!;eir independency obflinately againit Artaxerxes, i. 330. note. Sr-t'cd, emperor of Abyflinia, is with his whole court converted by the jffnils, viii. 373. Vyi.. XI K II StUiit, GENERAL INDEX*. cV/<:V-!, ?.:s fer.rcnt'ous character of tranfubfrantiation, ir. 11:. note. $ruuc:a, the pi'tat citv of, mined hv the Romans, i. '>}> Settucits A:..;.';r, number ot citres founded by him, i. 329. SsfjtiK, Turkifh dynally of the lu.ufe. of, x. 344. Divifion of their crr.p:;i, ^68. Serjrani, legal arc! military import of that term, xi. 2T i. note. Se'cfiis Sfffrnias, jrer.vra! of the Pa:::ior,Li.i L';;ioiis, ailTiinic.) the purple on tin 1 death of Peitinax, i. 181. Hi- conduct ton an] tlie L'lmi- crripe; ;.;-. i .,. Is fubj( cud to rrihtary diipotiim, by Severn-, zci. "Worsen exrludcJ fiom this aiTunbly h/v a ioltinn law, 242. ' a !ec;et r.o .-.,;..-, ~_ ;. Me >fures taken to fnpport the authority c ; :he t\vo Gcrdians, c c ". Tlie i-..n::te elect Maximus anr! E?.'; :r.'.:s emperors on the cicaths of thf Gordians, 290. They " tn- .-'.Itiuanni (,ut of Ii.':l'-, 41^. 'j lie (eiia'.oi^ forbid to e\- c ei!e rr..l ."iy einployment^ by (iailieiuis, 4.19- E.ect Tacitus, the f;'t r ,ei (.: the lenaU" 1 , emperor, n. C~. Prerogatives gained to the ft-.r-.tCj 1" ' : (!::t::)ii, 05. Their pouer a:.d auth; rity annihil- at rd '. ; ' . elet : ar: , . ".':<:.".' :jf the ccroi.ary gol.I. o! r-nuonary free ^\ft cf, to tl:e errj : :. . :i:. ^''. The >.h:i.ii u: J;.- .an to tiie en;p.re ad:n:tied, iv. , i':t 1: ".; cf. to the emnevor-. for the rt. ^ration ot the altar of v: .o:y. v. 90. Ti'.e Pa;:an rili; ion rt n.jf.rieed, ice. Debates , on trie p'c-p'ifal- f f Al'::ic t: e CJc.'/"., :_'/>. Genealogy of the .. : .. : ' ~ . i':,i;i a i\ e: ee f :;::;:..:.; o ;:.. :t:i Strcr.a the \vi- i '.. . ' V, 2 1,:.. L'adu' : ' !'.,t lire of Aiarir, elicts Atti.!i"> < r . i ::..;-,-. 'j . , : ' . \i- . a pr;:. ton^n p;x-fe6t of Gai;l, v:. _. . ;-i i, ers ihe iovtier :i }.> .ver oi Italy to the euipeicr ('..I''::, 22 7. , Lx'.iiiC 1 .: .: '.f t' a; i.'.il,; :!:' ' !y, \'ii. ^^ f )' , ''(.:'. .::':'i. ; - i.. - .-. . '. : ' . eeiii i/.-y, xii. 2 7 y. The affer.ibly ^r/ ;, h\, liiiTieiitai on fur the i. : of a pcrlen.hed c^ity, vm. i'fr.r ' hi'ory of h's v.-orHiip, s:id i 1 his teirple at Alexandria, v. i , N . ' I ' '. ; . ' " , - (1 . i ; ; iiii' ..<, iuii ! . .c ; i ; :,- ! in , - . ' : . .i s ,.;e;i ','al Sti.i- flv, % . 1','2. i.-, e.'Utli\ . :r.'j .^ by old-, r oi U.e Roman ieii.-tc, StTfi'^n:. 1 ', St. > ::co:;ra^' s O lor.f rr ' in *ne domn.iyn of Ita^}', vi. it-icrui > a . . C' : ' .' '':.' " ., .. u: IJiCC-lettan ai.cl ?-lax- ;rrv..n ;i. ' . !:;,( ; . ! i. :.:;.:, '.2. ,'<'-' ii < . ojiiitd I'.c;.. 1 .^ i i ti,c cuvairv n. Gau: i.:.Utr fu..aa, i.;. GENERAL 1 N D E X. Shepherds and warriors, their refpec/Hve modes of life compared, iv. 34 2 > 343- Sbiiiesi a let of Mahometans, their diftinction from the Sonnites, xi. 334- Siberia, cv.treme coldnefs of the climate, ?,\\3. miferable ftate of the natives oi, iv. 359. Is feized a. id occupied by the Tartars, xi. .4 2 3- Sicily, reflections on the diftraftions in that ifland, i. 451. Is con- quered by the Saracens, x. 59. Introduction of tl.c iilk manu- facture there, i 10. Exploits of the Normans there, 260. Is con- quered by count kog-r, 281. Roger, for. of the former, made kin:; of, 308. Reign or William the Bad, 324. Reign of William the Good, 326. Conqueft of, by the emperor Henry VI. 329. Is fubdned by Charles <-! Anjou, xi. 338. 'i he Sicilian /-'V- pers, 344. Sidonlus Appolinar'is the poet, ;IK humourous treatment of the capitation tax, iii. go. ILs character oi 1 hec'doric king of the Visigoths in Gaul, vi. 158. riis panegyric, on the emperor Avitus, 164. His panegyric on the emperor Anthemius, 195. Sigifniond, kiiU; oi the Burgr.ndians, mm-ders his fon, and is canonifed, vi. 328. Is overvvhclined by an anny of Franks, 329. Stlenluirnts, Paul, his nccouni of the various fpecies of ftone and mar- ble employed in the c'nuveh of St. Sophia at Conitantinople, vii. 120. nofe. $"://, Hr (I manufactured in China, and then in the fmail Grecian ifla-;d of Ceos, vii. 90. A peculiar kind of iilk procured from the pin;;a marina, 92. The iilk \v>)rm, ho\v introduced to Greet 1 ", 97. ^rogreib of the manufacture of, in the tenth century, x. 1 10. Simeon, pcrfecutor of tl:e Paulicians, becomes a profclyte to their opi- nions, x. 175. S'lnenn, king of Bulgaria, "ins exploits, x. 2CO. Simeon StyiiL's, the hermit, his extraordinary mode of life, \i. 265. .V/'wv;-v, an early inrhtiice of, ii. 455. note. Simpt'ciiis, one of the la!l furviving l ; ?.'.;an philofopaers of Athens, Iris wnimtrs, and character, vii. 151, 152. Sbr.-ara, battle of, l)et\veen the emperor Conftantius, and Sapor king of j j criia, iii. 140. The eity or, redueed by Sapor, 2ic. Is yielded to him by Jovian, iv. 211. Si-;jfi-!;:, brother of Sarns, is made king of tlic Got.'i^, v, 354. biHj'.'iirtum is perfidiouOy taken by Baiau ehagaa of the .ivars, viii. l( J~*,- Sinnii/m is pcrfidioudy taken by Ba'.an chagan of the Avars, vii., 197. Sii-',?.r depofes and murders his father Chofro-.s II. king of Perfui, viii. 2)^. iiis treaty of peace \villi ihe emptior Heraclius, S'Muf, a Gothic king of Spain, p.rftcutes the jews there, vi. 33' i:;;us V. pope, character ofhis adminiftration, xii, 392, L 1 2 SLve, G L N E R A I. I X D E X. Slave, fu ange pervcii'on of the o:'ig:;".al itufe of that appellation, x. 197. S.tii'fs, among the Romans, \vho, and their condition dcfcribed, i. ,63- Si.TL-fy, perfonal, impofed on captives by the barbarous nations, vi. 359- Sbfpers, feven, narrative of the legendary talc of, vi. 53. Stxjrna, capture of, by '] amerlctiic, xii. 29. iV/V/y, philosophical, reflections on the revolutions of, vi. 417. Soundest the Saracen dynaily of, x. ^c. Soldiers, Roman, their obligations and difciphne, i. 15. When they firit received regular pay, 256. Softman, hiltan, conquers r^fia Minor, x. 371. Fixes his residence at Nice-, 373. Nice taken by the fir ft. crufaders, xi. 58. Battle of Dor\ lajnin, Co. S'l'nnan, the ion of Bajv/et, hi ch-.:!?.cU>r, xii. 49. His alliance with the Greek en^evur /.iaivu J 1^.1. olo^i,--, ^4. Sckm i '.n, king of the Jews, not the aiii!r.>r of the book \vli;..h be-nrs the n; j me of hi- //".-'^A/v, iii. -;i''>. Re::k:;;s for ftippofing he did not write either the bc-t/l; .-1 1~.\ ''j'j">.* o: the Proverbs, vn. 195. 0/f. Schmcn the ennnch r> lirve^ the l\on.;-.n j..ovmce m Africa, from the dcpreduticuis of the M<.-o:>, v'i. ;: :. Revolt of his trc:ops at Ca: iha^c, 3.:". Is defeated ar.d kiileu by Ainalus the Moc;r, 5 ' 2 . S;iyrutu, r;Jij/1i of the S-rarer 1 :. und- r!:;ke-s tlv: f.ege of Condantinople, x. S. Hi: enoimou; iippe'v-te, and death, 1 1 . f :/ ,.::-, i;. the Mah. n.tt;-n leli, ' n, th.ir tenets, ix. ^54- $:..-;-, ;^, <' :r. ; h:!< lophc'-, h luadt d h : C\>r.iT;.ntiiK tltc Great, on a eti::rc,c of binding tlx . : ,, : -. ir.d^ic, i;:. 3 r '-}- '-'" 5 ;^ ; /i. tl'ic \vido\v of (uil.'n II. he-i coui.-ii^^^ .- :-.;;. It the c-r ;>cror Ti- / J I ^ O ins, vi : . i;-. $':f l '.n, St. fi--.:nekitien of the chin\h f.'", ::t ConfTantinople, vii. 116. 1 1. dc fei '/ ion, i 18. I >feh, xii. 2^0. Z'ji^r:, the Aiab, C'lm^iTi.b i:;^ f::lt iie^e of L't-iiitantinoplc, x. 3. S'.fl-r^'i'a, a Rn;nn . . ki"s h,;fe!f t,. efc.:- e the violence of Max; 'iti'i.-,, i ; . 2 i -. / . . 5 :.-.-.- . v ,/-:.-;.', a ;.' -f Chriiliar. divination, adopted fr<;in the Pa- vi. ;;;.--. .r,..:, , .,:-..,, -..:, T.S of :!,, :;: , c :, ; !.:. ...: 'i hi, d..;:-i , !. 5.zo.v.'.-\z dcilrrr.cc: b]i thi G:e< '; < > - ,;-.,; T!iU'p!.;h:s, x. ^7. J; /;?, the ptovi; ct , ; , .!.':..: - .;, i. ; ; . Great revenues raifid f nrn thi'- p-o.ii.cc by the Roaia:^, 25,-., i: rav;>g.d \>y the i''ru. r .ks, GENERAL INDEX. Sjxif?, review of the hillory of, v. 350. Is invaded by the barbarous ij.itio:i5, 35-?. 'i'he invaders conquered by Wa!!ia king of the' Goths, 3)"~. Succtfles of the Vandals there, vi. 12. Expedition ct Theo.louV king of the V T iiigoU.-, into, 161. The Chrillian re- ligion received there, 296. Revolt and martyrdom of Hernrifne- g.lJ, 297, 20!.;. Perfecution ot the Jews in, 302. Legiilativs aflemblies of, 375. , Acquisitions of Juftinian there, vii. 203. , State of, under the emperor Charlemagne, ix. 181. Firft in- troduction of the Arabs into the country, 467. Defeat and death of Roderic the Gothic king of, 474. Conqueil of, by Mufa, 478. Its profperity under the Saracens, 486. The Chriftian faith there, fupplanted by that of Mahomet, 387. Tlie throne of Cordova tilled by Abdalrahman, 34. Sladium, Olympic, the races of, compared with thofe in the Roman cir cus, vn. 75. Stauracias, emperor of G ndantinople, ix. 35. Stephen^ a freedman of Domitilla, afl\;li nates t!ie emperor Domitian, ii. 416. Stephen, count of Chartres, h> ; character, and engagement in the firll crufade, xi. 32. Deferts his itandarcl, 72. Stephen, St. the tirfl chriftian martyr, miraculous difcovery of his bodv, and the miracles worked by it, v. 12$. Stephen the favage, fent by the Greek emperor Juftinian II. to exter- minate'the Cherfonites, ix. 22. Stephen III. pope, folicits the aid of 1'epin king of France, againft the Lombards, under the character of St. Peter, ix. 4^. Cru'.vns king Pepin, 152. Stilicho, the great general of the Weflern empire under tlie emperor Honoring, his character, v. 150. Puts .to death Rufiruis t!ie tyrannical prxfeci of theEaft, 157. His expedition againil .\iar;c in Greece, 184. His diligent endeavors ru c'.ieck his progreis in Italy, 194. Defeats Alan':: fit Pollentia, 199. l>;ives ium out of Italy, 203. His triumph at R^rac, zcj.. His preparations to oppofe the invafion of Radagaifns, .? r j. Rec'ives a:i .1 putt \MK\ to death, 220. Supports the claim o( .ih.ric in tiie !\onia;i ieiiatf, 236. Is put to death at Raver^a, 243. i;i= memory perfscutcd, 244. Slozfi heads the revolted troops o! the eyr.pevj:' lufuiiian in Au;c.'., v.i 349- Stra/barv, battle of, between jnhr.n a;-,d tlie Alemanni, ;;;. 225. Succeyiarius defeiula the K;);rian f:unlier agamic t.ie LJOI..>, u 4-4- Si Conftantine the Giiv.t, b.toi'-' h:s conwriioi., n;. 242. And of Julian after his apoltacy, iv. 5 . S-<.'l', the ciiv <:f, taken bv Conflantine the Great, ii. 224. ':;.,<< yA.t; :.;, czar cf Rullia, hi; rei,;n, x. 233. i$V//.- canton;-, the confederacy oi, how far fimilar to that of the an- ctcnt Franks, i. 4 14. $-i".i J of Mar;, the iacred v\vapon of the Huns, hi (lory of, vi. 4}. S\fi'.r>-ius, k!;:g or the Franks and Burgundians, his character, vi. 312^ J j coiHjiuTed by C'lovis, ^ 14. F;.'t'.i the diciator, h:s Icpflative character, via. ^5. 2j/t\'iiius tlic conlul, liu ipeccli to the kn;Uc, recommending the elec- tion of the t\vo Goidia!;s to their apprjbation, i. 287. S';!?::!::.:, filter of the prxfcct Ruiinus, her uncommon fanftity, v. 159. /."/:/. S-:!\'r.d fent into exile by Bel! fan in for nil attempt to betray the city or Rome to the Goths, vii. 23^. His death, " y 7. noi't. S'.'iuinfi.'/.'iis, hi; account of the Pagan conformity of the err.pevor Coii- itar.tiu?, during ho v.nt to l\on;e, ni. 4 ."9. i'leads i.- behalf of the ii)ic:ent Pagan rel::ion oi Rome, to tiie emperor Valeutinian, v. 9 6 - Syvf/ias, bilT.op oi Ptoleraais, excommunicates the prelident Androni- cus, ni. 209. H:s extraordinary character, il:J. note. His advice to the Ea!:ern tiuperor Arcadius, v. 187. 5;";';.',-, provincial, 1:1 the primitive churches, uiititution of, ii. 334. Na,..re <>f tnoie aflenibhcs, 1:1. 303. See Csunci.'.t. Sji'ts, its revolutions and extent, i. 39. Is reduced by Chofroes IT, ki::.' ot Perfia, viu. 219. General deicription d, ir. 402. I; tor.qui.red by the Saracen;, 406. Invalion ol, by Tamtrlane, xii. 2 . , c , ' ;.'. where fpoken in the greateft puntv, i. 33". in,'.:. 7 1 , :.'..... , < :ke ; ; F.g' pi, :i::priie> tl.e t ily oi Alexandria, and expel Atua:::: 1 . :. I: A ^i!::iate c-t Lgypt, in. 379. . t-!, in L'pper Thebais, is fettled v.ith moiik-, by '.- oi . in the Gothic trcafury in Spain, account of, v. / . p" v ', : 1.1 ' ' :tion and character, ii. fy\. i - ', I'- clia;r.eter oi the pnnciples of the portico, i. i-:-;. /. '- The intent^ n cf hi- epilodes, 315. liis charac:- tfr ; ; - '.; | . J i;'cc()iii:t ot the aiicieiit Gii mans, 352. k ' ' ' '-} > -"' pivicrw.* ^r.J Lrai.imilttd dvv. u to u-:., ii. 6/. i'Wu', G E N E R A L INDEX. His account o' the pcrfecuticn o; the Chriituns as th; inje:i duties ot :\o nc, 404, 403'. *7"av7vj- of Leo and Coiifuutine, character of, x. 98. Military cha- racter or the Greeks, iJ r J. agin a, bait'e of, b-t.vee.i t;:_ eunujh Narfes, aniTolila kinj of th.2 Goi. hs in Italy, vn. ^S-; jflzk-riffs, the S. tract n Jynaily of : x. So. 'J'tcncrlunc, his birth, rL'gn, and conquefts, "ii. 3. Hi', letter to Ba- ja/.et, 17. Ii'; c ;nferenec \vitli the doctors cr'tlu I.iv/, at Al.;p?j, 22. D^-tvats -:i!i'.l tak.s B'ju:'. .-t prifoncr, 28. Hj'.v kept out o* Europf, :'7- ;]:': trinr.iph at Sa;;inrc-;nJ, 40. DLd on a march ta China, 42. His characier, .'.'A/. 7an-'-t(l Uie cr::!ader, his ch :i .,Yi-ur, xi, 35. Flis bold behaviour at nople, ix. 161. i'ri.laci dt, a.:i L'arncs tiu a^cr^cs o^", tlu f^con co'.!iicil of Nice, 165. Tank, tlic Anh, h's Jelccnt on Spain, ix. 472. D-'K:;; 1 ^ and klllj Roderic t!r: Ooth--: kin^ of, 474. His diC;rijj, 4^0. ,.i'i(j. Tnrraguna, ihe city :>f, aliiuit deAroycd by ta^ j iva :;!;;>, i. 415. Tartars. : ee S:-;t.'j':a:u. Tartary^ Lalcern, co:iqusl1 of, by Tamerlane, xi:. n. Tutian, an.i hi, ion i'rucr.lus, ddtroyod by the b;'.f. arts of rlu'inuj, thi coniiucntial minister of the cmpjror Thtodofv.is, v 1.5.1. Taurus the conful, h batndicd by the tribunal oi Ch.i!ceJon, iv. 48. Taxes, how the Roman citizens were exonerated irom ths burden of, i. 256. Account of tliok: in !.ita j ..:d hy Auguflu? ; 261 . How raiicd under Con ilantine the Grc.it, and his.iucceflbri, iii. ^3. Tuj.f, Ilj;rc of, by Mahomet, ix. 310. J>?.7j, the hul king of the Got!;^, deieattd and killed by the eu:ii'jh Narfc", vii. 309. Tehm-'icbus, an Aiiaac monk, !of, s hi3 ute at Rome, ia an attempt to prevent the combat of the gladiators, v. 206. Ti-;nL' of Jerula'.em, burned, ii. 412. iiiitory of the cmper jr J a!i.;::'p attempt to reilore it, iv. 103. 7J?,v ? v.7. Ste Zwjw. 'i^pLru-c is occupied and fortified by the Paulicians, >:. I 70. 7i/v',-'/7. ; ;;.', his pious exultation in the expected damiiAii-.v-i of all i.hs Pagan \vorid, ii. 307. Suggeitsdeicilion to Cliriihan i^idi-.-rs, 327. Mi;. His fufpicious account oftv.-o edicr-oi Fiberiuj and ivlarc^'.s Antoninus, in favour of the Chnihans, 4ff- Tcftiimenis, the Rotnan !H\VS for regulating, v:;i. 77. Cod;c:;s, 80. "i'elrlcus, affuir.ej th.e einpire in Gaul, at the iniligation of Victoria, i. : . -jc. i>e trays his legions into the hands of Aurelian, 31. Is led ..i triumph bv Ann Iran, 47. Thaler, r.you-rt, diipufc concerning the light of, ::'. 3^". '1'hcnct, the iiluud of, granted by Vortigcrn, us a iettl.rr.er.t for h"? Saxon auxiliaries, vi. 382. l".'-?:v'r:z/ eaiirtainmsnts yf the Romans defcrtbed, v. 2 '34. L 1 4 T'j.'bjjn G E N E R A L I N D E X. T).:i."an K-^iu:i, the nurtynlo:n of, apocryphal, ii. 463, 464 r: L-. T'-f!, th'- 1 R en -iir.iiinn on religions toleration, iv. 231. .'.-,"., HA birti. aiuK-lcvtitir.r. to the throne of Italy, vii. z\c. Ills ci-l^ra.'ei'i! treat <.- \\ith tl.j ur.pcror (ullinian, and revolt auainll i'n'ii, _ v ! A. 1 ' 1-1 iii-p(,!it!on and ilfii'.h, 2^2. '7' ',:' ' ', I-.iii^o! '. '.e Franks in Aniir.Uia, joins the Goths in the fie"c r.-.d ivilr.Xlio:-, of Milan, \ii. 24^;. Invades Italy, 251. HiscL-atli, - ' ' '. piir.ce of Si :.i;i, C'-.py of hii treaty of fubmiiiion j -.-, ;x. 4^1. . .. - ' f , ; : rb:rth, ami virly liiiioi y, vii. 64. Her marriage ,':i i :..':. i-T., 6S. K:;;- tymnnv, 71. Her vir'.ik-i, 73. H ' . ., . i '-.:'>- .-. - ; . 'C'liter of the Greek cmporor Conflantine IX. her!,;;lor\. th- G -i,!..- f ;- hy ;'.. mirdtr of his brother ; . ijS Ji'. ch-.-Jter by SM-miih, i7-.v/. Ii ; , exju'- 'i. i ' i . -t Alani-, I.'s i ' ''V"t-.',- rtijrn ever the Vii^-ot!. : . '. '. ' ';i: ::; ;.v fa:e- u! his i! m-.;litc:---, ;;. I- prcv;:il ; .'. ' ' :n li s t ./.<. ;:^:::ull Altila, i f ! . E killed ut ti : v . . i i -. '.h, i '- V ' : ai : cduca'.ion, vii. 2. Is forced bv ' : uiMt the eti.p-. ror /eno, ~. I k iiruE-rtakt. i ',11. Kcc!i:-. , and kill, Od,;u-,-r, ij. I, ac- y, i''). K'jvu\*. ot hi- adiiiMiiitration, i". ' : care i.ftl..- pui lie l.-ildi;,.; , ; .. Hi, uli- . . ; . a i l.a:'n, 50. '. ! IV '.!':'., li l : lt , V. 42-;. Hion bt-t ween a Koioan j)rinec and a ._ Tie ; ,- ; ir,.-e of M.i-fia p-.x-fiiv.J ' ; . -' . ' ited by Grafan ai fmpc-'iir ot~ tht: ''> a-, M ei.aiacter, /'/.,. I-jJs pi udt rit and ine- Cl u!i!j -i/ar, 4- y >. l^el.at- an invalioii ot th- i 'ili M.sii. : , v, xii. Hi, baptifui, and edi.t la GENERAL INDEX. to t'ftabliih Orthodox faith, 14. Purges die city of Conftantino- ple from Ariarufm, 22. Enforces the Nicene doArine through- nut the Eal'l, 24. Convenes a council at Conftantinoplt-, 26. His edicts againli herefy, 31. Receives the fugitive family of Valenti- nian, and marries his filler Galla, 51. Defeats Maximus, and vi- iits Rome, 53. His character, 55. His lenity to the city of Antioch, 62. His cruel treatment of ThefTalonica, 65. Submits t-.> tlie penance impofed by St. Ambrofe, for his iuverity to Thef- i'alonica, 70. Reltores Valentinian, 73. Confults John of Lyco- pulis, the hermit, on the intended war againfl Eugenius, 79. De- feats Eugeniuf, 84. His death, 85. Procured a fenatorial re- nunciation of the Pagan religion, ico. Abolifhts Pagan rites, 103. Prohibits the Pagan religion, 116. Tkeodo/ius the Younger, his birth, v. 411. Is faid to be left by his father Arcadius, to the care of Je/degerd king of Perfia, 415. Ilia education and character, 418. His marriage with Eudocia, 421. His war with Pcriia, 426. Hi-j pious joy on the deatli of John, the ufurper of the Weftj vi. 5. His treaty \vith the Huns, 39. ilis armies defeated by Attila, 52. is reduced to accept a jvace dictated by Attila, 60. Is oppreiFed by the embaffies of Attila, 6r. Embaffy of Maximin to Auila, 68. Is privy to a fcheme for the aifaiunation of Attila, 81. Attila's cmbaiiy to him on that occaiion, 82. Hi? death, 84. , Kis perplexity at the religious fciuL between Cyiil and Nef- torius, vii. 293. Baniflies Neitorius, 297. "Jhtffji'-f::;: II I. emperor of CoRitantinoplc, i>:. 24, 'J tfr'il f *jn!;, the i,.:'ier of ;:he emperor, h^ iiicci.-faful expedition to Jiiitai;;, iv. 298. SupprefTes t!ic revolt of Firmus the Moor, in Africa^ 306. b beheaded at Carth-ge, 308. "iffjdofitis, ]j.itr:ar-h of Alexatidr::'., hi: cor.Tpelition with Gaian, hovr His r.-.^ ion ^ at i\iz court of Byzantium, l i.fjfi-JiU:^ 111-- .. bv hi. brotfier L'onilaiij ' >. ix. 14. 7 !'c i,t.'-y. v. I l i. Aili'ts the pcriccution ot it. Ch;yioiio:n. 404. His inveclive againil him, -fo.). r. ; ',; t '. '2'.'.':'>- t '-!/:!.HSj h's piou-j c. ; i;L.;liy from the cinprror Coiiilnntius to the Kuft Indies, ii:. 2-9. TLwpbuluSi the J \-rii : j .u, his unfortunate initnry, ix. 4.5. GENERAL INDEX. 'apyfc, the {traits of, fortified by the emperor Juilinian, vii. 27- Tkel/aloti'ira, ledition and mafTacre there, v. 64. Ct'jel treatment of the citizens, 65. Penance of Theodofn:5 for this feverity, 70. Tkeutiei:ntia t princefs of Baviria, married to Aulharis king of the 1. on. bards, vii. \ 54, I 55. Tf:ilaut, count of Champagne, engages in the fourth crif'.dc, xi. iHg. Thomas the Cappadocian, his revolt againlt the Greek emperor Mi- chael 11. and cruel pur.ifhment, ix. 40. 'J'homas of Damafcus, i^s exploits again il the Saracens when befico-- mg that cv.v, ix. z<)2. T/'J. ;;...., St. account of the Chrlftir.ns of, in India, viii. 346. l\-ife- CUtion .. !, bv the 1'ortn r lit . , V. Thrace, \- col -i, it by tin. BaftariKt, in tlu 'reign of Probus, if. ^4. 'i he fugitive Goih' . :. .'".-d Us ft.ti.ie tiiere by the emperor \'a- lens, iv. 3 V ![. 1.; ravagcj by tiiern, 391. The Goths fc tiled there by 'I'heodufiu?, .4:8. 1'braf,nmnd \J\rig ^, the famous difpute coneernmsx, viii. ^25. 7/j.'-,.r, /' c ^. .;..':-., the ilory concerning, of iuir.iciuui veracitv, if. 446. Tilir'a:; is adopted by Auguflus, i. 1 19. Reduces the Pannonians, iSo. Reduces Cappadocia, 263. note. Sufpicious fl(;iy of liis edict in favour of tlic Chriilians, ii. 444. e T:l?r;;;s is inveiled by Juuin 11. as hi.i lucceiTor in t:ir uv.pire of ilie E.'it, v:n. 13". His character and death, i ^8, 139. Tiinafu's, nr.ilitr-general of tlie arrny under the i-;r : pe:or Theodofms, is dilgraced and exiled under Arcadius, v. ^Si. 5Trw://>y the Cr.t confpiies th.e mr.rdi- (.1 Proteri;i3 archbifhop of Alexandria, and fuceeeds him, vi:i. v 5. "1ij''.'/,i, niiraciiloiis ^;it 01 i; 'ecii bjllo-.vi . on the C';iL:-;.l:e^, v.h. ;!';_ t( ;, ufs lad been cut c.i't there, vi. 2- y ^, : 77r.'.-/..'.'r.r king ot Arr.ienip., hi-; eL ; , -i liiuory, ii. I -,S. 1^ rcilorcd to his kir.gdom by Diueiftiu!!, 140. Ii cxpelLd \>) the r.:.d l\rfianb, 15.;. !'.!:.= convciiion LJ C hi^luuiity, a:.d Jc-n!,, :.,. 137- 7r. ;.-. admitted to H.urc th^. Imperial d; i:iu \vi h 'uia falacr \ -. f[,.-- tian, i. i I 9. Tnym, '" , I :!tan of ;';- Ti rks, ' ' : : \- ' chLi.^rc-, r. -..ij He n ' ' - t '" . '" "..- , :., j . 7':,', ' the Ar: !-s i::u! r : ' . - ;. y \Vhui the I ; ''>. i - a< .: : 11. L k:.:- GENERAL I X D E X. %"orlurf, ho\v admitted in the criminal l:uv of the Romans under thtf emperors, iii. 79. T'jilhi is elected kiii of Italy by the Goths, vii. 355. Hisjuftice and moderation, 350. Bei'ie^x's ana takes the city of Rome, 362. Io induced to Ipare R.ome from dedraction, at tlie iultance of Bcli- larius, 7.69. Takes Rome apain, 376. Plunders Sicily, 377. Battle of" Tagina, 3^5. His death, 387. Tonlunldes, the 3:'.r?c;n dynaity i.f, x. 82. Tournaments preferrabie exhibitions i.> the Olympic Barnes, xi. 39. Tours, battle of, between Charles Marte! and the Saracen?, x. 2C. j o?:am/r;a t in Germany, is uvcr-nm and occupied by the Franks, lil. 21.].. Tradiiors, in the primitive church, who, ii. 474. V/v/'iT.v, emperor, his conqtich o: Due:;!, i. 8. II;s conquefts i:% tlie att, 9. CJonf.'ait between the ch^va^ters of !nm and Ha- diian, 12. liii pillar deicribed, 76. Wliv adopted by ti\e em- peror Nerva, 12.?. H;s ii:kn:;:li' ;.= to Pliny the Y.um <_;;. r ior his conduct toward the Chiiitian-:, ii. 41!']. Deicripcijn of -us fa~ mous bridge over the Danube, v.i. i'-'j. n :/;. Trnian, count, his ireacherous murder oi i'c.a k:;:^ cf Arnierila, iv, 3 x y- Trxnf:ioflan!iathn, the doctrine of, when eftabliflied, xi. 1^2. Tri'liz.'jtul, the city of, taken and plundered by the Goths, i. 425. The dukes of, become independent on the Greek empire, xi. 254. Is yielded to the Turks, xii. 2^9. Trll^lld the Cllnj;;^Ui, his rebellion in i'iiry^ia againft the emperor Arcadius, v. 386. Trilia;:, the office of, explained, i. 105. Trlbonian, his genius and character, viii. 34. Is employed by Jufti- Hi'iiian to reform the code of Ro v r:?.n lav.-, 57. ZjvV/.'/}', the myfter:oi:s dodtrine ol, ii.. 3?.-- Is violently agitated in t!;e ichocls of JJe^nr.dria, 3-7. Three fyfrems of, 329, De- ciao 1 ':; cf the couuoii ot j^:e. concerning, 3:^4- Diirerent forms of the dcxology, ^bS. iMaudi ufed to fupport the doctrine of, pay, 256. Cai.fe of the difficulty in levying the::;, iii. (;.;. Sec 'j'rcli~,;is, pjkl;:iiS, and Prz-'j/icu lair.is. Troy, tlic ihuation oft!;a': city, and o; the Grecian camp ;:f beiirg'- ers, defcvibed, iii. 10. Tuna, battle of, 1 t-'.'ren Conitantme the Great and the lieutenants or Maxe;;t;u., ii. 235. ^' ;.'.///.:.';n :n battle, vui. I ' 7, I 18. 'T.//vL-, their on...;in, vii. 2_ : |. Tiieir primitive irfl'turions, 287. Their conradU, ?..''.->. Tiieir alhauce with the e;;:pjror jultinian, 2 .)'- Send auy.;i:; 4 .:'ivi tj r!eiv.Ciiu.-, v,a. 246, G E X K A I. I N D E X. Turf:, gro\v powerful and licentious under the Saracens, r. 7?. Terror excited by their menacing Europe, 203. Their mi'itaiy character, 208. They extend thetnfelves over Afin, 33^5. Kni r n of Mahmud the Ga/.nevide, 3S4- Their mamur-i and emi^.-a- ti'm, 340. They hibcue Perfia, 344. Dynafty of the Seljukians, il'i.l. They invade the provinces ot the Greek empire, 391. K formation of the Eafteru calendar, 3^6. They conq'ier Alia Minor, 370. -- , Their capital <. :ty, Nice, taken by the crufaders, xi. 57. Th feat of government removed to Icomum, 104. Valour a:iJ con- queits ot Zi.Tr/;ii, I2f. Character oi fultaa Noureddin, 122. Co;.q'K-!t ot i. r .,:, i-j. (Jr::.^::) arid hiitory of t!ie Ottomans, 4^1. Thiirtirii ; : ^ into Europe, 438. Their education and difu'plir,?, >:ii. 5^. i ': from, to llie eniveror Siyifmond, 94. T; ( .';c ', i .-.' city ot f 'o !.ii npu 1 , ?";'- 7*./rA,''.-, '.. '.;....<-.. ; : .. , ir.d when written, xi. 7. w.'r. l - "', viii. ^>. Tlicir fcverity, 90. 444- :/;;v i a 1- ' !r. Zrroafler ;^ 'n- Mofc.s, i. . , ..: ' ciiM-d. b. L!;.::!,-:r.ane; /', . ; ..r to -.,.: , by the r:r.p ... ; . i.' ',>'. rv.uidered by llr: K "I'ui:^, 2Si. /'.:. .', ; , reives the title of CVlat 1 .. , : . .' ~. J,.:u !r new title ai:d !i:^ lite, 24^;. }', '.i. ., L!.V i. . ei sror \ alentinijui, ii a'ioc.atL-d \\ .th him i...;-;; . : . J. . U'/ : :: f;oi:i hij h;.uh.r the l^;:iteni ],.,;.'"'. i'' ti:- '. i :- timiclitv on t'ie ixvult uf 1'ioco- , ;.:,:/. !./:.._ /, ;< 5 , 256. J" bnplifed by Eik!o\i: s . . . ,: :-i ,i: '.!;: . ' , :/,-.. 1 vindicated fiMtr, the cliarje o; |, -i v-'itii..:'., - r >~'. ' * .- L a c i r amtt thv- Egyptian monks, 271. . ' ;:;. 'K i- 1 ',v- ,he r i\ippiia:U Got!'.- iiti-., -'- : JI;u", , -i \, j />, 4ic. Hir, eulogiinn ' , fan J by 1 hiod.Jiui-., iv. 30^. V ''; v. '. ;;;-,;. 240. D.'.'iiles tin.' e;n- . . , 2J<). riis et'iCts to r.'fliir 'i : : -y, :; .. Lt.uliifes ihe .\]< ir.r.iir.i, a,,d GENE P. A I, 1 N D E X. I'tilttitinian II. is invefled with the Imperial ornaments in his mo- tiler's arms, on the death of his father, iv. 336. Is refufed, hy St. Ambrofe, the privilege ot a church for him and his mother Juftina, on account of their Aiian principles, v. 40. Hi.s flight, from the invafion of Max; in us, 48. Is ix-Mored by the emperor Thecdofms, yj. His character, 74. His death, 76. Fa/eiititiiufi III. 1:; eilublifhed emperor of the Y\ r e;r., by Im ceiifia Th'-ut'o ius the Yo'ingc-r, vi. 6. Is committed to the giiardiar.f^rp of his mother Placidut, 8. Ihcs, on the ir.\T.fio!i of Iu!y by Attila i -]O. Scnda an cmbafly to A'tila to purchafe his ictreat, i"i. I\; urdev. t:,e patrician ^Etius, 139. Raviilies the wife of Pctronius l\:axitr:us, 140. Kij der'.th, and character, 14'. l r .:L;:!lr:lii>:: t their confufed ideas ol ihe divinity oi Jcfus Chrifl, viii. 270, n'jis. /",/.-/-/,-.', civ. profs, \vido\v of Galerius, the unfortunate fates of her V&l::i:;m i; tleaed ciiilor unc'tr the emperor Decius, i. 400. His ci.-v, ion to tl; . fa.pire, and his eliarafterj 410. Is defeated and tak-r,! prif. ;ii:r by Supur king of Perlla, 436. [iis treatment, 441. Hi", iv.cL'iifiilent behaviour tovvaid the C'hriilians, ii. 453. Va:.ddh. See G'jlhs. , Their fucccfTes in -Spain, vi. 12. Their expedition into Africa uuder G:r.lene, 14. They raiie a naval force and invade Italy, 14". Sack of Rome, 151. Their naval depredations on the coaih of tlie Mediterranean, 187. Their convcrfion to the Chriftian religion, 2~'. Perfjcation of the Catliolics, 280. , FxpeditiwP. of Belifarius agaiiifi; Gelimer, vii. 167. C'onquefl of, 1-6. Their name and dilHnftion loll in Africa, 196. Ke- niiiins oi' their Hciilon li.il! :e.i;i;cl in Germany, jc;8. rura:es. Sec Bab rum. / r ://-^.v;-,v.7.M (if the north, origin and hiflory of, x. 221. r/irruiihni, the ir.iant fon ot the emperor 1 Jovian, his hiltory, iv. 234, Faltices, '/',/, hii lung and profperoiii reign at Nice, xi. 271. 282. II;.- cirn acier, 3^9' J^CC'.'/T, hi', ren-ark:-. on the degeneracy of the Roman difcipline ut the time of Theodofius the Great, v. 89. V'.n t the liege of ,hat city, the xra of the^Roman army firft receiving regular pay, i. 2~:. Vcn'ic", foundation of that republic, vi. 126. Its infant ft ate under the exarchs of Ravenna, \:n. 146. its growth and profpcuty at the tir.ie of the fourth crufade, xi. 191. Alliance with France, 1^4. Divides the Greek empire with the French, 243. J\>\>;;us, hi; mode oi obeying the law of the twelve tables refpeetiipr pcrfoiud infulls viii. 89. ftnua, tt..prcl,, the widow of Leo, depofes Zeno, vii. 5. Her turbulent life, 6. J r cKna, iiegc of, by Conflantine the Great, ii. 226. Battle of, be- tween Stilicho the Koman general, and Alaric the Goth, v. 20^. /'/vvYJ 1 , why his puniihment was inadequate to hi:, offences, viii. 96. /', .'y\v/',7.v, his ]vud.s;cc in ilu'.riug the Imperial dignity with hi; for; Titus, i. i 10. y rtf*h, G E N ERA L I N D E X. Vtftuls, Roman, their ir.imhcr and peculiar offic , v. 9?. f/ttr. /';.', the K-. >n.;iM general in lllyncum, allur,;;. s the purple, and enters in!;) an ahiiincc vath the Gaulifh ufurper IVIagnentiuo, iii. 150. Is reduced U: abdicate his i>eu' di^iiitv, 15;;. Viftoria cxercv.es the gove. ument over the legions and province of G a i d , n. so. Vitlorji hi.* uatue and al*?.r, in tlie ft mtc-Houfc at Rome, defcribrd, v. forced f> raife the liege, 246. lie is hei'i .ed hv Jkhl;,v.u:, 1-1 Ravenna, 2,3. Is taken prii(M-,.'r in Ksv:r . --. Conform* to tlit- Athanaiiari faith, and ii honour- i.V:. ; -., . , i ; : .',., : .!;.< ;.-,! 'h:!!;, Gahias tl- G^.th, v. ^ /" . ' . .!-:.;.'- v u.iiii v o, t'i" I :iipv.i ;ul iruiiiilci's, .-] I c. 7" .::.;. . '; ; . ' V Ot.'l:,, ii .. ],\>f Hungary and Poland, xii. 161. 1V>::\U:>, the Greek gentrai, defeated by the Saracens at Aizuadin, ix. ';; ; H. // / /;v/.', t!>e avcrrge price of, under the iuccefiors of Conftantine the Cvrc ;t, iv. 146. ii'tic. Ji'-'i. ;.',:.; :,-, IX'] r. rei.Kirizs on his account of the Irifh defccnt of tlie Scc-ttiih nation, iv. :>.}'. ;i..t:\ WLi'':, Air. Arabic proieii'or at Oxford, charafter of his fermons at Lampton's ledlure, x. 2?. aiie. tt'i/fi--.,', the apcillc oi Su.'il-x, his benevolent cllablifliment at Se'fey, vi. 396. JVilu^'ii I. the Lad, king of Sicily, x. 324. Hlliinti TI. the Good, klr.g of Sicily, x. 32^. ii'siiJniiXsy the uie oi, from v, hence derived, xi. 290. // / //;.-, the uie of, exprefslv prohibited by Mahomet, ix. 276. ii'ifjoiii oi Solomon, when, and by whom that book \vas \vritten, iii. f,io. Walodouiir, great prince of Ruilla, marries Anne, dau^liier of t!i e:r.})CrGi lvora;i:ius, x. 133. His couvci lion to Clirillianity, 241. TS'otr.L-ti, } hereditary monarchies, allo\ve i to t\ercite toveici^iUy, iLo'jjj'h i;ieapabl? ol iuburdinatc iUttc offices, i. 24,. iiow trcatc-d br GENERAL I N I) L X. f>v the Rrr.ian civil laws, v.;i. 57. The Vncoiiian la\v, how <\ad'.d, 82. Aic not excluded from Faradile by Mahomet, ix. X Xenofkzti, his dcfcnption of the dcfert of Mesopotamia, iv. 16^. A. ...-..-, the f:tm:t!on of his bridge of boats fur puffing o\vr to Europe, puuilcJ out, ni. 9. Y TVrw .'!-, battle ot, between the Greeks and the Saracen;, ix. 40. 7~. ;..'. .<.'"'- king of I'erfia, his reign the ;cra (./ the .'M! of the Suf- fa!iian dvnatly, and of the religion of Z or jr. Her, ix. 3^5. Tc~sS, caliph of the Saracens, ix. 342. Z Z*il '!'~r..:, invades the Eailcrn empire wilh an armv of Lu'''?.!;,-.:^ vii. 402. Is repulk-d by Belifariu?, 4",. Z^.-'.'C.r;. pope, pronounces the depoiuion cf C'h'lder'c king cf France, :::,'! tl '.-ppomtment or IV; --.i to fuceeed him, ix. 152. ZJT., bruib.er of Gelimer tlie \';;hdal murpcr, con-'uers Sardinia, viii. iKl. h vecnlled to aiM his bt other, 182. Is killed, r :.. Z/!fi, a city on the Sc/.ivon'an coall, reduced 'ny the crufadtii u.r tl;e republic cf Venice, xi. 2cc. Zen"/.:, fultri'i, !.i'. va\',ur and conqticft?, xi. 121. Z.r , Li:v,jeror ot the l ; .,;:t, receive: a furrender of t:.e ImjAiial '-o- VLrn;:ie::t of the Wtilern empire, from the fei.ale of Krr.u-, \i. 22". The vicifl.tudes of his life and reign, \u. 4. lli^ 1 lenoJ- c i!. \i:i. 311. 7 ::.;, rueen of P..lrr.vrn, her character and hiflorv, i''. *2. Z,v/ : .-, :" : ! tir-; i r ci the Moguls and Tartar,, 'j-arallJl lutvccn him ;n:d rt.lti'i, kir.gfiftlie Hun;, vi. j2. li.'s pn;pt.f-il f.-, j m - pru\i-,g i'.i e -. , -. ^ m Ciii: a, 5.:.. ln.-> birth av.d t-:i;ly n.ilitaiy exploit., xi. -" -. His hnvj, .--4. I lis invjfio,] ( f(i : ':-;, j^s. Carifme, Tr:r ---.i.uKi, uml Pcrlh, _ 4 10. _ Hi 7.I.---, a noble - r.r.; ":. ., .. nude L::;g oi ta..t i:.t::>.n \'.\ t;:e ein- Zc-!'i r > t; ' : " >n c-f Afiica, i\. 45 1. /' , ' i !i t; :' "e, i comes the foitith >siit- ot the rnpcror L'oti.t -;:/ :. r, ; 7 -, wlv cf K, :,. .-, Ill ; '.:-L! IV. emperor.-, ix. 70. /\ . i .- t ( - , "2 1 . l ; to\ iik: f,r the cn- :;.;cn;e;:t o) ri f . . ;:.;-. /,:= lytli-.s to the ],, :eii; 3 \. . r. ' . 7. ' , , his ,-eprck :;:;i : i ':" t!;t -'pprefli : cf the luilral contrfLu- THE L' N D-. 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